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AFG

Afghanistan

1st NDC

2016-11-23 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_AFG_20150927_FINAL.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b5ff312b55e0bb69d507c468a4d494d496790f38f5be6bc8ef0d1c22380f08c8.pdf

['ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ***** The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and information to facilitate understanding of the contribution. Executive Summary Base Year: 2005 Target Years: 2020 to 2030 Contribution Type: Conditional Sectors: Energy, natural resource management, agriculture, waste management and mining Gases Covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) Target: There will be a 13.6% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) 2030 scenario, conditional on external support. Financial Needs: Total: USD 17.405 billion Adaptation: USD 10.785 billion Mitigation: USD 6.62 billion (2020-2030) Figure 1 Figure 1.', 'Financial Needs: Total: USD 17.405 billion Adaptation: USD 10.785 billion Mitigation: USD 6.62 billion (2020-2030) Figure 1 Figure 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Afghanistan showing 13.6% relative reduction in emissions compared to a business as usual scenario for the year 20301. Afghanistan’s National Circumstances and Commitment to Climate Change Introduction Afghanistan has extensive development and climate adaptation needs and, currently, low levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.', 'Afghanistan’s National Circumstances and Commitment to Climate Change Introduction Afghanistan has extensive development and climate adaptation needs and, currently, low levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world today, with an estimated population of 28.6 million (2015)1 and a per capita GDP of USD 660.2 Afghanistan is highly prone to natural disasters throughout its 34 provinces.3 As a result of climate change, it is anticipated that the incidence of extreme weather events, including heat waves, floods, and droughts will likely increase, as will climate change-linked disasters such as glacial lake outflows.', 'Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world today, with an estimated population of 28.6 million (2015)1 and a per capita GDP of USD 660.2 Afghanistan is highly prone to natural disasters throughout its 34 provinces.3 As a result of climate change, it is anticipated that the incidence of extreme weather events, including heat waves, floods, and droughts will likely increase, as will climate change-linked disasters such as glacial lake outflows. The majority of Afghanistan’s population relies directly or indirectly on the available natural resources for their livelihoods so with these climatic changes the foundation of the country’s economy, stability, and food security is under threat.', 'The majority of Afghanistan’s population relies directly or indirectly on the available natural resources for their livelihoods so with these climatic changes the foundation of the country’s economy, stability, and food security is under threat. Despite these challenges, Afghanistan can remain a low emission economy while developing rapidly if, under the Paris Climate Change Agreement, extensive financial and other resources are made available to allow Afghanistan to successfully develop and implement Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) and Highly Effective Adaptation and Development Strategies (HEADS). Appropriate support in the form of finance, capacity building, technology and legal assistance is needed for Afghanistan to make substantial progress on social and economic fronts while maintaining low per capita GHG emission levels.', 'Appropriate support in the form of finance, capacity building, technology and legal assistance is needed for Afghanistan to make substantial progress on social and economic fronts while maintaining low per capita GHG emission levels. Description of Fairness and Ambition Afghanistan recognizes that all countries in the world need to make rapid progress towards lowering, or maintaining if already low, per capita emission levels to avoid dangerous levels of global warming. It is therefore critical that under the Paris Agreement, financial resources, capacity building, technology transfer, and other support is provided to Afghanistan in order to enable it to implement LEDS and HEADS. This will allow Afghanistan to continue developing while maintaining low level of emissions and increasing adaptive capacity to climate change.', 'This will allow Afghanistan to continue developing while maintaining low level of emissions and increasing adaptive capacity to climate change. There would be lower costs and a clearer development path for Afghanistan if it pursued development using mainly fossil fuels, as other countries have. This would likely result in GHG emission in Afghanistan continuing to increase at current rates for the period to 2025 and beyond. However, given the extremely limited remaining global GHG emissions budget, Afghanistan requires the UNFCCC, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and other international institutional arrangements to provide the extra finance and other support needed to successfully implement LEDS across all sectors of its economy without compromising socio-economic development goals.', 'However, given the extremely limited remaining global GHG emissions budget, Afghanistan requires the UNFCCC, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and other international institutional arrangements to provide the extra finance and other support needed to successfully implement LEDS across all sectors of its economy without compromising socio-economic development goals. National Development Objectives Despite suffering decades of instability and war, Afghanistan has made considerable development progress. Over the past 13 years notable achievements have been made in the areas of environment, agriculture, health, education, infrastructure, the economy, and the provision of other important basic services.4 Afghanistan’s National Development Strategy (ANDS) is based on Afghanistan’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).', 'Over the past 13 years notable achievements have been made in the areas of environment, agriculture, health, education, infrastructure, the economy, and the provision of other important basic services.4 Afghanistan’s National Development Strategy (ANDS) is based on Afghanistan’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It identifies the environment as “a cross-cutting issue that underpins the entire social and economic development framework for the country.” The National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA), mandated to address environmental concerns, continues to work with all parts of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to mainstream environmental and climate CSO 2015 estimation 2 IMF 2015 estimate for Afghanistan.', 'It identifies the environment as “a cross-cutting issue that underpins the entire social and economic development framework for the country.” The National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA), mandated to address environmental concerns, continues to work with all parts of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to mainstream environmental and climate CSO 2015 estimation 2 IMF 2015 estimate for Afghanistan. 3 NEPA (2009), National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environmental Management (NCSA) and National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA).change considerations into the country’s national development framework. NEPA advocates for appropriate policies and measures that enable rapid development while ensuring good environmental and climate change outcomes.', 'NEPA advocates for appropriate policies and measures that enable rapid development while ensuring good environmental and climate change outcomes. Afghanistan has developed its INDC with the conviction that countering the effects of climate change requires a commitment from all countries with regard to mitigation, and adaptation. In terms of international commitments on climate change, Afghanistan joined the UNFCCC in 1992, and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2013. Afghanistan completed its National Adaptation Programmes of Action for Climate Change (NAPA) and National Capacity Needs Self-assessment for Global Environmental Management (NCSA) in 2009. Afghanistan submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) under the UNFCCC in 2012, and is currently preparing its Second National Communication (SNC) for submission to the UNFCCC in 2016.', 'Afghanistan submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) under the UNFCCC in 2012, and is currently preparing its Second National Communication (SNC) for submission to the UNFCCC in 2016. At present, Afghanistan is finalizing its national Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (ACCSAP) as well as its National Adaptation Plan (NAP). In 2015, as part of the INDC preparation process, NEPA convened a series of consultation and awareness- raising workshops to bring together decision-makers from government institutions and stakeholders from non-governmental organizations to develop the current INDC and establish a sustainable development vision for Afghanistan.', 'In 2015, as part of the INDC preparation process, NEPA convened a series of consultation and awareness- raising workshops to bring together decision-makers from government institutions and stakeholders from non-governmental organizations to develop the current INDC and establish a sustainable development vision for Afghanistan. Through this INDC process and existing policies and strategies, the overall vision that was developed for Afghanistan aims to enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience of its agriculture, environment, and population to climate change, while developing and implementing LEDS. Climate Change Trends, Impacts, and Vulnerabilities Afghanistan is ranked among the most vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change.5 Afghanistan’s INC report has documented an increase of 0.6°C in the country’s mean annual temperature since 1960.', 'Climate Change Trends, Impacts, and Vulnerabilities Afghanistan is ranked among the most vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change.5 Afghanistan’s INC report has documented an increase of 0.6°C in the country’s mean annual temperature since 1960. Based upon recent climate observations, precipitation patterns have decreased during springtime (March-May) by approximately 40.5mm; however, the total annual precipitation has only slightly decreased by approximately 30mm since there is a slight increase in precipitation from June until November. This implies that Afghanistan is already beginning to experience the initial adverse impacts of climate change.', 'This implies that Afghanistan is already beginning to experience the initial adverse impacts of climate change. Recent climate projections, based on Cordex regional climate models and representative concentration pathways (RCPs)6, indicate that Afghanistan will face an overall strong increase in mean annual temperature, considerably higher than global mean projections, when compared to a baseline period of 1986-2006. More specifically, under the “optimistic” scenario (RCP4.5), the mean of the model ensembles projects a warming of approximately 1.5°C until 2050 and of approximately 2.5°C until 2100. For the “pessimistic” scenario (RCP8.5), the models project an extreme warming of approximately 3°C until 2050, with further warming up to 7°C by 2100. Under both scenarios there are regional differences, with a higher temperature increases at higher altitudes compared to the lowlands.', 'Under both scenarios there are regional differences, with a higher temperature increases at higher altitudes compared to the lowlands. For precipitation a significant (α=0.05) mean decrease of precipitation during springtime (March-May) for the North, the Central Highlands and the East for both scenarios from 2006 until 2050 between 5-10 percent is seen. This decrease is offset by a slight increase of precipitation during autumn and wintertime (October-December) in these regions. For the Hindu Kush area, a significant and substantial increase in precipitation during the winter season of approximately 10 percent is seen, whereas during spring season precipitation is projected to stay stable. For the arid South of the country, the models do not project significant trends for precipitation.', 'For the arid South of the country, the models do not project significant trends for precipitation. The decrease of precipitation during spring is particularly relevant since during these months the main plant growth for agricultural production takes place. In addition, the decrease 5 DARA Climate Vulnerability Monitor (2012); GermanWatch Global Climate Risk Index (2013); and Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (2014). 6 Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are GHG emission scenarios adopted by the IPCC to describe four possible climate futures depending on the levels of future global GHGs emitted.', '6 Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are GHG emission scenarios adopted by the IPCC to describe four possible climate futures depending on the levels of future global GHGs emitted. There are four RCPs: 1) RCP2.6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline; 2) RCP4.5, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2040 and then decline; 3) RCP6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2080 and then decline; and 4) RCP8.5, which assumes that GHGs emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century.is projected to take place in the regions with the highest agricultural productivity of Afghanistan (East, North, and Central Highlands).', 'There are four RCPs: 1) RCP2.6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline; 2) RCP4.5, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2040 and then decline; 3) RCP6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2080 and then decline; and 4) RCP8.5, which assumes that GHGs emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century.is projected to take place in the regions with the highest agricultural productivity of Afghanistan (East, North, and Central Highlands). In combination with the overall increase in temperature and the related increase in evapotranspiration across the country, this will most likely negatively impact the hydrological cycle, agricultural productivity, and availability of water resources.', 'In combination with the overall increase in temperature and the related increase in evapotranspiration across the country, this will most likely negatively impact the hydrological cycle, agricultural productivity, and availability of water resources. Climatic changes are also likely to impact upon the spread of water, food and vector-borne diseases, presenting considerable health risks to both urban and rural populations. Finally, the aforementioned climate-induced risks and challenges can enhance social inequalities, poverty, and food insecurity causing considerable and fundamental threats to human life, livelihoods, property, political stability, the economy, and the environment in Afghanistan. Based upon these climate change projections, Afghanistan’s environment will experience considerable changes over the remainder of this century.', 'Based upon these climate change projections, Afghanistan’s environment will experience considerable changes over the remainder of this century. Climate change, based on sound scientific analysis of climatic changes and uncertainties, must be mainstreamed into sectoral planning to reduce the negative impacts of climate change in Afghanistan and increase resilience, both in rural and urban areas. 2. Climate Change Adaptation Near- and Long-term Adaptation Visions, Goals and Targets Afghanistan’s vision for addressing the adverse impacts of climate change through adaptation aims to protect the country and its population by enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience, effectively respond to the vulnerabilities of critical sectors, and efficiently mainstream climate change considerations into national development policies, strategies, and plans.', 'Climate Change Adaptation Near- and Long-term Adaptation Visions, Goals and Targets Afghanistan’s vision for addressing the adverse impacts of climate change through adaptation aims to protect the country and its population by enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience, effectively respond to the vulnerabilities of critical sectors, and efficiently mainstream climate change considerations into national development policies, strategies, and plans. In order to achieve this vision, a national strategy for climate change adaptation must include community level vulnerabilities and build up their adaptive capacities by investment in short- and long-term initiatives. Short-term action plans formed part of the 2009 NAPA, while the NAP will implement both short- and long-term priorities These priorities include, but are not limited to: 1.', 'Short-term action plans formed part of the 2009 NAPA, while the NAP will implement both short- and long-term priorities These priorities include, but are not limited to: 1. Reducing vulnerability of the country and its population through enhancement of adaptive capacity and resilience, and deployment of disaster risk reduction approaches 2. Integrating climate change consideration into the national planning processes 3. Promoting economic development and sustainable rural livelihoods through sustainable management of environmental resources and increase access to modern forms of efficient and sustainable energy services 4. Improvement of technical capacity in governmental institutions 5. Adaptive and integrated land and water management 6. Improving access by rural communities and farmers to water to support food security, reduce poverty and improve agricultural productions 7.', 'Improving access by rural communities and farmers to water to support food security, reduce poverty and improve agricultural productions 7. Raising awareness for people of Afghanistan on climate change impacts and adaptation measures Current Adaptation Undertakings and Support Afghanistan has initiated a number of steps to promote the country’s sustainable development. In term of national development policies, plans, and legal frameworks, considerable effort has been placed on addressing environmental challenges, disaster risk reduction, food security, water security, protection of forest and rangelands, and biodiversity conservation, all of which have clear relevance to climate change adaptation.', 'In term of national development policies, plans, and legal frameworks, considerable effort has been placed on addressing environmental challenges, disaster risk reduction, food security, water security, protection of forest and rangelands, and biodiversity conservation, all of which have clear relevance to climate change adaptation. Some noteworthy examples of such policies and plans that have successfully and explicitly integrated climate change include: Afghanistan National Renewable Energy Policy (ANREP) National Water and Natural Resource Management Priority Programme Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP) National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) National Comprehensive Agriculture Production and Market Development Programme Energy for Rural Development (ERDA) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)Additional national development policies, strategies, and plans that currently do not mention climate change but have entry points for the further mainstreaming of climate change include: National Agricultural Development Framework (NADF) National Environment Strategy Energy Sector Strategy National Forestry Management Plan Rangeland Management Plan Strategic Policy Framework for the Water Sector In term of programmes and projects, support provided by the international community and multilateral agencies have laid the groundwork for building Afghanistan’s adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change.', 'Some noteworthy examples of such policies and plans that have successfully and explicitly integrated climate change include: Afghanistan National Renewable Energy Policy (ANREP) National Water and Natural Resource Management Priority Programme Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP) National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) National Comprehensive Agriculture Production and Market Development Programme Energy for Rural Development (ERDA) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)Additional national development policies, strategies, and plans that currently do not mention climate change but have entry points for the further mainstreaming of climate change include: National Agricultural Development Framework (NADF) National Environment Strategy Energy Sector Strategy National Forestry Management Plan Rangeland Management Plan Strategic Policy Framework for the Water Sector In term of programmes and projects, support provided by the international community and multilateral agencies have laid the groundwork for building Afghanistan’s adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. Major contributors include the Tokyo Framework bilateral partners, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which has provided support through enabling activities, mid-size projects, and full-size climate change adaptation projects funded by the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), as well as bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the United Nations.', 'Major contributors include the Tokyo Framework bilateral partners, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which has provided support through enabling activities, mid-size projects, and full-size climate change adaptation projects funded by the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), as well as bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the United Nations. With the scale and urgency of Afghanistan’s adaptation needs, additional financial and other resources are strongly needed in order to effectively build the adaptive capacity and resilience of the country and its people before more severe impacts of climate change begin to be felt. Adaptation Needs and Means of Implementation (MOI) Afghanistan faces a number of specific challenges in terms of addressing climate change through adaptation.', 'Adaptation Needs and Means of Implementation (MOI) Afghanistan faces a number of specific challenges in terms of addressing climate change through adaptation. These challenges include, but are not limited to, funding gaps, lack of expertise, lack of reliable historical climate data, weak public awareness about environmental issues, and security. Afghanistan has identified the following key actions as part of its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in order to overcome existing gaps and barriers towards sufficiently addressing its climate change adaptation needs. The total estimated cost of full implementation of the NAP is USD10.785 billion over ten years. Action- Planning, technology and capacity building needs Technology Needs Capacity Building Needs Finance Needs (USD) Development and adoption of the Afghanistan CCSAP. -- -- Own contribution Development of a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.', '-- -- Own contribution Development of a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. Climate science technology Climate science institutes with university Identification and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation technologies into the sectoral policies, strategies and development plans, and promotion of regional and international cooperation and coordination for adaptation technology transfer. Climate policy technologies and methods Training Afghan climate policy experts Strengthen and expand meteorological and hydrological monitoring networks and services, including a national database to archive and store meteorological and hydrological data. Hydrological, meteorological and data equipment and integrated systems Operators and analysts for hydrological, meteorological and data integrated systems Development of water resources through rehabilitation and reconstruction of small-, medium-, and large-scale Improved designs and methodologies for catchment management Ecological engineering and spatial planning for water resourcesinfrastructure. technology Planning for proper watershed management and promoted through community-based natural resources management. Full catchment planning technology and models Practitioners for watershed management Increasing irrigated agricultural land to 3.14 M-ha, through restoration and development of Afghanistan’s irrigation systems.', 'Full catchment planning technology and models Practitioners for watershed management Increasing irrigated agricultural land to 3.14 M-ha, through restoration and development of Afghanistan’s irrigation systems. Eco-agriculture and climate friendly irrigation technology transfer to Afghanistan Vocational and engineering capacity to design, build and maintain climate friendly irrigation networks and local schemes. At least 10% of Afghanistan land area and the habitat of selected species under a system of conservation Conservation ecology methods and tools Protected areas and species ecologists, and ecological economists trained and working. Behavioural change and opportunities for provision and development of alternative and renewable energy sources for 25% of the rural population above existing levels (15%), in order to contribute to a reduction in the unsustainable usage of natural resources and decreasing the strong reliance on fossil fuels by rural communities. Technology transfer of renewable energy and sustainable energy National centre for sustainable energy strengthened and expanded. Combine public and private competencies.', 'Technology transfer of renewable energy and sustainable energy National centre for sustainable energy strengthened and expanded. Combine public and private competencies. Regeneration of at least 40% of existing degraded forests and rangeland areas (the area covered will be approximately 232,050 ha for forestry; and 5.35 million ha for rangelands). Forestry and rangeland management tools and methods transferred to Afghanistan Practitioners group built in university, government and local delivery levels. TOTAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES NEEDED: 10.785 Billion 3. Climate Change Mitigation GHG Emissions and Mitigation Measures Afghanistan has very low relative per capita GHG emissions.', 'Climate Change Mitigation GHG Emissions and Mitigation Measures Afghanistan has very low relative per capita GHG emissions. While 1990 emissions were at 0.2 metric tons per capita, data indicates that per capita emissions were around 0.3 for 2010, making Afghanistan one of the lowest GHG emitters globally.7 However, the country is on a growth path, which is expected to strengthen over the coming years, meaning GHG emissions are likely to increase. It is important that support be provided to Afghanistan to develop LEDS to minimize the increase in its GHG emissions.', 'It is important that support be provided to Afghanistan to develop LEDS to minimize the increase in its GHG emissions. Afghanistan’s overall GHG emission figures (Table 1) demonstrate that the most important sources of CO2 emissions are from the “Land-Use Change and Forestry” and “Energy” sectors.8 In terms of CH4 O emissions, the agriculture sector is the major contributor.9 It is therefore important that greater attention should be focused on GHG mitigation measures within these sectors. Afghanistan has only started to access UNFCCC technology transfer opportunities. It needs to build national capacity to navigate opportunities and play a more critical role in international negotiations.', 'It needs to build national capacity to navigate opportunities and play a more critical role in international negotiations. The following mitigation options are designed to enable Afghanistan to make a mitigation contribution which is condition on support needs for financial and technical support being met. 7 The World Bank, CO2 Emissions (Metric Tons Per Capita). 8 NEPA & ADB (2007), Afghanistan Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report.2030 Mitigation Contribution Type of Contribution Conditional Target: A relatively reduction in GHG emission is achievable through meeting Afghanistan’s financial, technical, and technological needs in energy, forest and rangeland, industrial process and extractive industry, agriculture and livestock, and waste management sectors. Primarily focused is on sustainable process and development initiatives based on the outcomes of 2015 national consultation on LEDS and NAMA.', 'Primarily focused is on sustainable process and development initiatives based on the outcomes of 2015 national consultation on LEDS and NAMA. Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) Sectors Energy Production (hydropower, solar systems, wind and biomass, commercial, domestic: clean cook stoves and fuels, and solar energy Energy Efficiency (households, transport, industry, services, mining, agriculture) Land Use, Forests and Rangelands (Afforestation and reforestation, natural forests, fuelwood from forest and orchards, rangelands rehabilitation) Agriculture and Livestock (manure management, land use/change for agriculture) Irrigation Infrastructure Improved Cropping Systems Industrial Processes and Extractive Industries (mining and extractives, gas and hydrocarbons, coal and minerals) end-use saving, and fuel shifts Power plants: fuel shift to natural gas and renewables Transport: more efficient vehicles, clean fuels, and alternative fuels Waste Management (solid waste management and wastewater recycling/composing of biodegradable waste instead of landfill, and methane recovery from landfill) Coal mines: gas recovery in coal mines Rice paddies: modified rice strains Mitigation measures for N2 O include reduced fertilizer application; optimal timing of fertilizer application; nitrification inhibitors, less use of histosols (peat soils)10.', 'Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) Sectors Energy Production (hydropower, solar systems, wind and biomass, commercial, domestic: clean cook stoves and fuels, and solar energy Energy Efficiency (households, transport, industry, services, mining, agriculture) Land Use, Forests and Rangelands (Afforestation and reforestation, natural forests, fuelwood from forest and orchards, rangelands rehabilitation) Agriculture and Livestock (manure management, land use/change for agriculture) Irrigation Infrastructure Improved Cropping Systems Industrial Processes and Extractive Industries (mining and extractives, gas and hydrocarbons, coal and minerals) end-use saving, and fuel shifts Power plants: fuel shift to natural gas and renewables Transport: more efficient vehicles, clean fuels, and alternative fuels Waste Management (solid waste management and wastewater recycling/composing of biodegradable waste instead of landfill, and methane recovery from landfill) Coal mines: gas recovery in coal mines Rice paddies: modified rice strains Mitigation measures for N2 O include reduced fertilizer application; optimal timing of fertilizer application; nitrification inhibitors, less use of histosols (peat soils)10. Afghanistan’s GHG inventory in Table 1 is calculated for each GHG emission sector for 200511 and business-as-usual projections based on the growth rate for a medium-term timeframe (2020-2030).', 'Afghanistan’s GHG inventory in Table 1 is calculated for each GHG emission sector for 200511 and business-as-usual projections based on the growth rate for a medium-term timeframe (2020-2030). Table 1: Green House Gas Emissions of CO2 0 in Afghanistan in 2005-2030* GHG emission sector O Aggregated CO2 -eq, Gg CO2 -eq, Gg CO2 -eq, Gg Land use change and forestry Total GHG emission incl. LULUCF Total GHG emission excl. LULUCF * Information used from ADB – Afghanistan Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and projection for 2020-2030 using GACMO model emission x 21) and N2 O emission x 310) counted as CO2 -eqClimate Mitigation Gaps and Barriers and Support Needs USD 662 Million/Year from 2020 Sector Technology and Capacity Building Needs Finance Needs (USD) Energy Efficiency in Buildings and in Transport Sector Carbon finance and project development skills. Information on available technologies, measures, and financing skills.', 'Information on available technologies, measures, and financing skills. Traditional customs and administered pricing. Building codes, and standards on appliances and equipment. Clean cooking, heating and power projects. million/Year Energy Human and institutional capacity for adoption of cleaner technology. Capital markets that encourage investment in decentralized systems. Information and intellectual property rights for mitigation technologies. Renewable energy, entry costs support, access to capital, and subsidies. Environmental compliance standards (emission and indoor). Million/Year Waste Management Landfill management, decentralised wastewater treatment. Climate Project development skills. Million/Year Forest and Rangelands Carbon sequestration on forest/rangelands, and forest carbon skills. Funding institutional capacity to monitor and verify projects. Better spatial planning for community and production agriculture. Reduce rural peoples’ dependence on fuel for cooking and heating.', 'Reduce rural peoples’ dependence on fuel for cooking and heating. Million/Year Industry and Mining Cleaner coal mining, leave-it-in-the-ground approaches, combustion, and transportation of minerals. Hydrocarbon fields management. Technical industrial capacity to link basic industry and mining private and public sector with climate sector experts. Million/Year Agriculture and Livestock National herd, reduction in fuel used, or cleaner fuel technologies. South-south collaboration on low-carbon agriculture, study tours. Funding for R&D activities. Improved national dataset on agriculture, food security data. Million/Year']

en-US

ALB

Albania

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Albania%20First.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/0880b88fed3b2184ad2a5ade54bd54d07408ff2eaec1fdfc6922398488c30712.pdf

['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Albania following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20 This document presents Albania’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which invited Parties to communicate the UNFCCC Secretariat their INDCs, with the aim to achieve the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention. Albania is a developing country with a per capita GDP of 10 thousand USD. It’s total greenhouse emissions are relatively low (8,4 M tons in 2009, of which roughly 60% is of the CO2 emissions) it is aiming to take its fair share from the efforts to avoid dangerous climate change.', 'It’s total greenhouse emissions are relatively low (8,4 M tons in 2009, of which roughly 60% is of the CO2 emissions) it is aiming to take its fair share from the efforts to avoid dangerous climate change. The country has unique emission profile as its electricity generation is based on renewable source generation at currently, with hydro power providing dominant part of it. Unfortunately, this hydro power capacity is vulnerable to climate change impacts. The unique electricity mix of Albania is positive in the sense that electricity system is on a level of decarbonisation what other countries aim for only on the long term, but it also means that there is limited opportunity for further policies and measures in this sector to reduce emissions.', 'The unique electricity mix of Albania is positive in the sense that electricity system is on a level of decarbonisation what other countries aim for only on the long term, but it also means that there is limited opportunity for further policies and measures in this sector to reduce emissions. Maintaining the low greenhouse gas emission content of the electricity generation and decoupling growth from increase of greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors are the primary drivers of the country regarding mitigation contribution as its INDC. Having high uncertainty of data regarding non CO2 greenhouse gases results that Albania is to provide its INDC regarding CO2 . If data quality of non‐CO2 greenhouse gases improves, Albania intends to expand its INDC to other greenhouse gases as well.', 'If data quality of non‐CO2 greenhouse gases improves, Albania intends to expand its INDC to other greenhouse gases as well. The INDC of Albania is a baseline scenario target: it commits to reduce CO2 emissions compared to the baseline scenario in the period of 2016 and 2030 by 11.5 %. This reduction means 708 kT carbon‐dioxide emission reduction in 2030. The emission trajectory of Albania allows to have a smooth trend of achieving 2 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 2050, which can be taken as a target for global contraction and convergence of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The emission trajectory of Albania allows to have a smooth trend of achieving 2 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 2050, which can be taken as a target for global contraction and convergence of greenhouse gas emissions. In the following additional information is provided regarding the INDC in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.Mitigation contribution of GHG emissions Type Baseline scenario target: a reduction in GHG emissions relative projected future emissions Gases covered Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Target year 2030 Baseline Business As Usual scenario of emissions projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2016 Sectors covered The INDC covers the following sectors of the greenhouse gas inventory: Energy Industrial processes Planning process Planning process of the INDC included the review of available data and modelling work applicable to greenhouse gas reduction pathway as well as consultations with government stakeholders as well as with the public.', 'In the following additional information is provided regarding the INDC in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.Mitigation contribution of GHG emissions Type Baseline scenario target: a reduction in GHG emissions relative projected future emissions Gases covered Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Target year 2030 Baseline Business As Usual scenario of emissions projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2016 Sectors covered The INDC covers the following sectors of the greenhouse gas inventory: Energy Industrial processes Planning process Planning process of the INDC included the review of available data and modelling work applicable to greenhouse gas reduction pathway as well as consultations with government stakeholders as well as with the public. The scenarios for the INDC were developed taking into consideration draft of the 3rd National Communication of Albania and all available scenario development work related to greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The scenarios for the INDC were developed taking into consideration draft of the 3rd National Communication of Albania and all available scenario development work related to greenhouse gas emissions. Within the preparation process of the INDC it became clear that significant data uncertainty exist regarding the emissions of greenhouse gases other than CO2 and in sectors outside of sectors covered by the INDC. Improvements were made on existing modelling work and the scenarios presented are result of this work. Participation in international market mechanism Albania intends to sell carbon credits during the period until 2030 to contribute to cost‐effective implementation of the low emission development pathway and its sustainable development.', 'Participation in international market mechanism Albania intends to sell carbon credits during the period until 2030 to contribute to cost‐effective implementation of the low emission development pathway and its sustainable development. Albania foresees that for the utilization of international market mechanism is conditional on having effective accounting rules developed under the UNFCCC to ensure the environmental integrity of the mechanisms. Fairness, equity, ambition and Means of Implementation Fairness, equity and ambition Albania is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change.', 'Fairness, equity, ambition and Means of Implementation Fairness, equity and ambition Albania is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0,017 % of global emissions and the net per capita GHG emissions Albania was 2.76 tCO2 e which is less the a quarter of emissions of high‐income countries. . Albania will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway.The INDC submitted by Albania is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions while it the country pursues a strong economic development pathway.', 'National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0,017 % of global emissions and the net per capita GHG emissions Albania was 2.76 tCO2 e which is less the a quarter of emissions of high‐income countries. . Albania will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway.The INDC submitted by Albania is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions while it the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Moreover, the pathway allows on long term for the convergence of Albania’s per capita emissions to the 2 ton/capita level.', 'Moreover, the pathway allows on long term for the convergence of Albania’s per capita emissions to the 2 ton/capita level. Means of implementation The results of the preparation of the INDC will be reflected in the Third National Communication of Albania and also will form the basis of the Environmental and Climate Change strategy which is in preparation. Development of the strategic directions for energy and transport sectors will take into consideration the INDC. Coordination of activities in relation to the strategy is foreseen to be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment which is the chair of the inter‐ministerial body on Climate Change.', 'Coordination of activities in relation to the strategy is foreseen to be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment which is the chair of the inter‐ministerial body on Climate Change. Albania also transposes and implements parts of the EU legislation, including legislation on climate change and builds capacity for its implementation which supports its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Albania is a contracting party of the Energy Community Treaty which aims to extend the EU internal energy market to South East Europe and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. The overall objective of the Energy Community Treaty is to create a stable regulatory and market framework which also includes legislation aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The overall objective of the Energy Community Treaty is to create a stable regulatory and market framework which also includes legislation aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key Assumptions Metric Applied The metric used for the GHG emissions is the Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report Inventory methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses Greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently not included in the accounting. Emissions and removals from these sectors can be included in the INDC at a later stage when technical conditions allow for that.', 'Emissions and removals from these sectors can be included in the INDC at a later stage when technical conditions allow for that. Having relatively high uncertainty regarding emission data in the LULUCF sector and non‐CO2 greenhouses gas emissions and removals Albania reserves its right to review its INDC until 2020 upon the availably of more accurate data and improved technical conditions regarding land use, land use change and forestry as well as non‐CO2 greenhouse gases and include it in its nationally determined contribution. If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that in effect alters the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Albania reserves the right to revisit the INDC.', 'If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that in effect alters the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Albania reserves the right to revisit the INDC. Albania requests the UNFCCC Secretariat that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that our INDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the Secretariat.']

en-US

DZA

Algeria

1st NDC

2016-10-20 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Algérie%20-INDC-%2003%20septembre%202015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/48983d178b3c79b518ae1868e3c189f90b66f2a4b3b727f7dcea2d471539346f.pdf

['République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CPDN – ALGERIERépublique Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CPDN – ALGERIE L’Algérie, pays sévèrement affecté par la désertification, est, à l’instar des pays africains et d’autres pays de la rive sud de la Méditerranée, particulièrement vulnérable aux effets multiformes des changements climatiques qui menacent de compromettre son développement économique et social. Fidèle à ses engagements contractuels, l’Algérie renouvelle, sa détermination à travailler, de concert avec l’ensemble des Parties Contractantes, en vue de la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).', 'Fidèle à ses engagements contractuels, l’Algérie renouvelle, sa détermination à travailler, de concert avec l’ensemble des Parties Contractantes, en vue de la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). A cet effet, elle réaffirme, au plus haut niveau, sa volonté de ne ménager aucun effort pour le succès de la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties, devant se tenir à Paris en décembre 2015.', 'A cet effet, elle réaffirme, au plus haut niveau, sa volonté de ne ménager aucun effort pour le succès de la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties, devant se tenir à Paris en décembre 2015. Face à l’urgence climatique, l’Algérie réitère la nécessité de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques, qui soit à la fois ambitieux et durable, inspiré par les dernières données scientifiques et articulé autour du principe de la responsabilité commune mais différentiée des Etats, tout en tenant dûment en considération, des circonstances spécifiques et des capacités respectives des Parties Contractantes.', 'Face à l’urgence climatique, l’Algérie réitère la nécessité de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques, qui soit à la fois ambitieux et durable, inspiré par les dernières données scientifiques et articulé autour du principe de la responsabilité commune mais différentiée des Etats, tout en tenant dûment en considération, des circonstances spécifiques et des capacités respectives des Parties Contractantes. C’est dans cet esprit que la présente contribution provisoire, déterminée au niveau national a été préparée et soumise par l’Algérie, et ce conformément aux dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP 19 et 1/CP 20 de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC.', 'C’est dans cet esprit que la présente contribution provisoire, déterminée au niveau national a été préparée et soumise par l’Algérie, et ce conformément aux dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP 19 et 1/CP 20 de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC. Cette contribution provisoire concerne les deux piliers, d’égale importance, de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; à savoir l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effets de serre et l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques.En tant que pays en développement, la responsabilité historique de l’Algérie en matière d’accumulation des gaz à effet de serre n’est nullement engagée. Pays peu émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, sa responsabilité actuelle étant très limitée.', 'Pays peu émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, sa responsabilité actuelle étant très limitée. En outre, les besoins de croissance du pays sont en constante augmentation afin de répondre aux attentes légitimes de développement économique et social de sa population, et en particulier de sa jeunesse. La contribution provisoire de l’Algérie est donc soumise sous conditions de l’accès aux ressources financières extérieures nouvelles tant auprès de ses partenaires bilatéraux que multilatéraux ainsi que du transfert de technologies propres en des termes concessionnels et préférentiels et du renforcement de ses capacités techniques. Cette contribution provisoire a été conçue en prenant en compte la conjoncture financière et économique particulièrement difficile que traverse l’Algérie, en raison de la baisse considérable des prix des hydrocarbures.', 'Cette contribution provisoire a été conçue en prenant en compte la conjoncture financière et économique particulièrement difficile que traverse l’Algérie, en raison de la baisse considérable des prix des hydrocarbures. Sa contribution définitive au moment de l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques sera ajustée en conséquence. La CPDN de l’Algérie couvre la période 2021-2030 et concerne principalement les secteurs de l’énergie, l’industrie, les transports, l’agriculture et les forêts, le bâtiment et l’environnement ; ainsi que d’autres secteurs non moins importants. L’Algérie s’engage à soumettre sa contribution définitive au moment de la ratification dudit accord et bien avant son entrée en vigueur prévue en 2020. 2.', 'L’Algérie s’engage à soumettre sa contribution définitive au moment de la ratification dudit accord et bien avant son entrée en vigueur prévue en 2020. 2. Cadre de préparation de la CPDN A l’issue de l’adoption de la décision 1/CP20 en décembre 2014 qui a défini le cadre de soumission des contributions prévues et déterminées au niveau national, l’Algérie a entamé la révision de son cadre institutionnel et réglementaire en matière d’efficacité énergique ; ainsi que de la promotion des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables adopté en 2011. En février 2015, cette révision a été finalisée et a été soumise à l’adoption du Conseil des Ministres qui l’a entérinée lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015.', 'En février 2015, cette révision a été finalisée et a été soumise à l’adoption du Conseil des Ministres qui l’a entérinée lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015. Un groupe de travail sur la CPDN a été constitué avec la participation des représentants de 14 départements ministériels et du Conseil National Economique et Social et placé sous l’autorité du Ministre chargé de l’environnement. Les résultats préliminaires des travaux dudit groupe ont été soumis à l’examen et décision du Conseil Interministériel consacré au dossier Climat, réuni le 07 juillet 2015, sous la présidence de Monsieur le Premier Ministre. Un Comité National Climat (CNC), placé sous l’autorité de Monsieur le Ministre en charge de l’environnement a été institué.', 'Un Comité National Climat (CNC), placé sous l’autorité de Monsieur le Ministre en charge de l’environnement a été institué. Il est composé de représentants des départements ministériels concernés et du Conseil National Economique et Social. Le CNC vient renforcer le dispositif institutionnel pour assurer la coordination, le suivi et l’évaluation des politiques et des programmes nationaux relatifs aux changements climatiques et proposer les mesures destinées à assurer la mise en œuvre desengagements souscrits, par l’Algérie, dans le cadre de CCNUCC, des institutions internationales et/ou des décisions prises sur les questions des changements climatiques. Lors de sa réunion du 26 juillet 2015, le CNC a finalisé la contribution provisoire de l’Algérie. Les travaux dudit comité se sont tenus sous la présidence de Monsieur le Ministre chargé de l’environnement.', 'Les travaux dudit comité se sont tenus sous la présidence de Monsieur le Ministre chargé de l’environnement. La CPDN de l’Algérie a été élaborée dans un cadre intersectoriel et a largement bénéficié du processus de consultation engagé avec les différentes parties prenantes au niveau national. Aussi, la Conférence Nationale de Concertation sur le Climat organisée le 28 juillet 2015 a constitué un cadre de dialogue et d’échanges sur les ambitions climatiques de l’Algérie entre les acteurs institutionnels et socio- économiques, les collectivités locales et les organisations patronales, les associations socio-professionnelles, les associations de protection de l’environnement, ainsi que les experts et les universitaires et de manière générale avec les représentants de la société civile.', 'Aussi, la Conférence Nationale de Concertation sur le Climat organisée le 28 juillet 2015 a constitué un cadre de dialogue et d’échanges sur les ambitions climatiques de l’Algérie entre les acteurs institutionnels et socio- économiques, les collectivités locales et les organisations patronales, les associations socio-professionnelles, les associations de protection de l’environnement, ainsi que les experts et les universitaires et de manière générale avec les représentants de la société civile. Six ministres, dont quatre représentés au Comité National Climat ont pris part aux travaux de cette conférence, ainsi que le Président du Conseil National Economique et Social.', 'Six ministres, dont quatre représentés au Comité National Climat ont pris part aux travaux de cette conférence, ainsi que le Président du Conseil National Economique et Social. Cette rencontre qui a regroupé plus de 500 participants et qui est la première du genre en Algérie, a également vu la participation des représentants des medias dans le cadre du volet éducation et sensibilisation du public. Sur la base de cette large consultation, une mouture révisée de la CPDN de l’Algérie a été soumise pour adoption au Conseil Interministériel, présidé par Monsieur le Premier Ministre, lors de sa réunion du 03 septembre 2015. 3. Circonstances nationales L’Algérie est un pays africain et méditerranéen qui s’étend sur une superficie de 2 381 741 km2.', 'Circonstances nationales L’Algérie est un pays africain et méditerranéen qui s’étend sur une superficie de 2 381 741 km2. A l’instar des pays de sa région, l’Algérie est particulièrement affectée par la désertification et la dégradation des sols. Le pays est majoritairement aride et semi-aride. Les zones du territoire qui reçoivent plus de 400 mm de pluie par an se limitent à une bande d’un maximum de 150 km de profondeur à partir du littoral. De plus, en raison des changements climatiques, la pluviométrie a baissé de plus de 30% au cours de ces dernières décennies. Par leur disposition parallèle au littoral, les chaines de relief accentuent la rapidité de l’assèchement du climat en allant vers le Sud.', 'Par leur disposition parallèle au littoral, les chaines de relief accentuent la rapidité de l’assèchement du climat en allant vers le Sud. Les effets anthropiques ont aggravé les effets induits par les caractéristiques du relief. 85% de la population algérienne est concentrée dans la partie nord du pays, aggravant ainsi sa vulnérabilité aux aléas des changements climatiques. De plus, les caractéristiques du sol pénalisent lourdement l’Algérie en matière de séquestration de carbone par rapport aux pays disposant d’un large couvert végétal.Notre pays se trouve de plus en plus confronté à la recrudescence d’évènements climatiques extrêmes qui accentuent sa vulnérabilité. En outre, la récurrence des cycles de sécheresse, devenus de plus en plus longs, a accentué la désertification.', 'En outre, la récurrence des cycles de sécheresse, devenus de plus en plus longs, a accentué la désertification. En effet, plus de 50 millions d’hectares connaissent actuellement un niveau de dégradation très avancé, des populations rurales constituées principalement d’agriculteurs et d’éleveurs pour assurer leur survie sont contraintes à l’exode vers les grandes agglomérations. Cette situation est le résultat direct de l’appauvrissement des sols et de la diminution des ressources hydriques. D’importants programmes ont été lancés par les pouvoirs publics à partir des années 1970 qui se sont traduits par la réalisation d’un grand barrage vert sur une longueur de 1200 km et une profondeur d’une moyenne de 20km. Cette réalisation constitue aujourd’hui l’une des grandes fiertés de notre pays et qui représente un véritable puits de carbone.', 'Cette réalisation constitue aujourd’hui l’une des grandes fiertés de notre pays et qui représente un véritable puits de carbone. De même, de grands projets ont été initiés tels que le programme de plantation pastorale couvrant des milliers d’hectares. Concernant les inondations, le pays est constamment confronté à ce phénomène. De nombreuses régions ont connu des épisodes tragiques qui ont engendré d’importantes pertes en vies humaines et des dégâts matériels considérables. On peut citer à titre d’exemple le cas des inondations qui ont frappé la ville d’Alger en 2001,causant la mort de 715 personnes, en plus de 115 disparus et de milliers de sinistrés. Ces inondations, compte tenu de leur caractère récurrent, continuent à peser lourdement sur le trésor public.', 'Ces inondations, compte tenu de leur caractère récurrent, continuent à peser lourdement sur le trésor public. L’Algérie, est donc en droit de bénéficier de la solidarité internationale climatique découlant du futur Accord de Paris, du fait qu’elle est particulièrement vulnérable aux effets de l’accumulation des gaz à effet de serre dont elle n’est nullement responsable ni historiquement, ni présentement, ni dans le futur en raison de la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique, énergie propre contrairement au charbon. Dans ce contexte les ressources prouvées et estimées de l’Algérie en matière de gaz naturel devraient pouvoir aider ses partenaires à promouvoir l’utilisation de cette source propre d’énergie.', 'Dans ce contexte les ressources prouvées et estimées de l’Algérie en matière de gaz naturel devraient pouvoir aider ses partenaires à promouvoir l’utilisation de cette source propre d’énergie. Elle doit aussi faire face aux défis liés à la sécurité alimentaire, à la résilience de ses écosystèmes et de son agriculture vis à vis des changements globaux, aux risques majeurs et à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles. Comme elle doit, aussi, faire face à la satisfaction des besoins sans cesse croissants d’une population en constante augmentation en matière d’emploi, d’éducation, de santé et d’habitat, et cela dans un contexte économique et financier aggravé par la baisse sensible des prix des hydrocarbures.', 'Comme elle doit, aussi, faire face à la satisfaction des besoins sans cesse croissants d’une population en constante augmentation en matière d’emploi, d’éducation, de santé et d’habitat, et cela dans un contexte économique et financier aggravé par la baisse sensible des prix des hydrocarbures. Il convient également de souligner que l’Algérie contribue déjà aux efforts d’atténuation, depuis plusieurs décennies, le mix énergétique est vertueux, basé principalement sur le gaz naturel. Le développement de sa capacité de production électrique repose essentiellement sur le développement des centrales à cycle combiné.Une centrale hybride combinant énergie solaire et le gaz naturel est déjà opérationnelle. Par ailleurs, les efforts entrepris par l’Algérie pour la diminution des émissions des gaz torchés seront poursuivis et soutenus. 4.', 'Par ailleurs, les efforts entrepris par l’Algérie pour la diminution des émissions des gaz torchés seront poursuivis et soutenus. 4. Mesures d’atténuation La stratégie d’atténuation de l’Algérie couvre principalement les secteurs de l’énergie, des forêts, de l’habitat, des transports, de l’industrie et des déchets. Elle se base notamment sur les programmes nationaux des énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétique, qui traduisent sa volonté de poursuivre ses efforts de lutte contre les effets négatifs des changements climatiques. Ces programmes seront poursuivis et renforcés pour peu que l’Algérie bénéficie de l’appui international en matière de ressources financières nouvelles et extérieures et de transfert de technologies et de savoir-faire.', 'Ces programmes seront poursuivis et renforcés pour peu que l’Algérie bénéficie de l’appui international en matière de ressources financières nouvelles et extérieures et de transfert de technologies et de savoir-faire. Le volet atténuation des gaz à effet de serre de la contribution de l’Algérie porte sur les trois gaz les plus importants en termes d’émission : le gaz carbonique (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l’oxyde nitreux (N20). Lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015, le Conseil des Ministres, sous la Présidence de son Excellence le Président de la République, Monsieur Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a adopté l’actualisation du programme national des énergies renouvelables et d’efficacité énergétique.', 'Lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015, le Conseil des Ministres, sous la Présidence de son Excellence le Président de la République, Monsieur Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a adopté l’actualisation du programme national des énergies renouvelables et d’efficacité énergétique. Ce programme ambitieux vise la réduction de 9 % de la consommation globale d’énergie à l’horizon 2030 et ambitionne de procéder à l’isolation thermique d’un important programme de logements ; ainsi qu’à la conversion au GPL d’un million de véhicules particuliers et de plus de 20.000 autobus. Il ambitionne à l’horizon 2030, un déploiement à plus grande échelle du photovoltaïque et de l’éolien, accompagné, à moyen terme, de la production de l’énergie à partir du solaire thermique, ainsi que de l’intégration de la cogénération, de la biomasse et de la géothermie.', 'Il ambitionne à l’horizon 2030, un déploiement à plus grande échelle du photovoltaïque et de l’éolien, accompagné, à moyen terme, de la production de l’énergie à partir du solaire thermique, ainsi que de l’intégration de la cogénération, de la biomasse et de la géothermie. Ce programme, vise à terme, d’atteindre 27% de la production nationale d’électricité grâce aux énergies renouvelables. En effet, l’Algérie, le plus grand pays d’Afrique, de la Méditerranée et du monde arabe, de par sa surface, dispose de l’un des gisements solaires les plus élevés au monde estimé à plus de 5 milliards Gwh/an. La moyenne annuelle d’ensoleillement de tout le territoire est estimée à plus de 2500 heures et dépasserait les 3600 heures dans certaines parties du territoire.', 'La moyenne annuelle d’ensoleillement de tout le territoire est estimée à plus de 2500 heures et dépasserait les 3600 heures dans certaines parties du territoire. Par ailleurs, en sus de ses 200 stations thermales, l’Algérie, dixième plus grand pays au monde, dispose d’un réservoir géothermique constitué par la nappe albienne qui s’étale sur plus de 700,000 km2. Le plan d’action du gouvernement ambitionne, en outre, de réduire à 1% seulement les gaz torchés en Algérie à l’horizon 2030.En matière de réduction de méthane, l’Algérie entend accorder la priorité à la gestion des déchets solides ménagers. Elle ambitionne de réaliser, à l’horizon 2030, une couverture complète de son territoire de la collecte des déchets, entrainant ainsi une réduction considérable des quantités d’émission en équivalent de CO2.', 'Elle ambitionne de réaliser, à l’horizon 2030, une couverture complète de son territoire de la collecte des déchets, entrainant ainsi une réduction considérable des quantités d’émission en équivalent de CO2. En matière de séquestration de carbone, le pays ambitionne d’accélérer et d’intensifier son Plan National de Reboisement avec un objectif global de reboisement de 1.245.000 ha. Les actions d’atténuation à mettre en œuvre par l’Algérie, projetées sur la période 2021-2030, conduiront à la contribution suivante : Une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 7 à 22%, à l’horizon 2030, par rapport à un scénario de référence (Business As Usual - BAU), subordonnée aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités.', 'Les actions d’atténuation à mettre en œuvre par l’Algérie, projetées sur la période 2021-2030, conduiront à la contribution suivante : Une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 7 à 22%, à l’horizon 2030, par rapport à un scénario de référence (Business As Usual - BAU), subordonnée aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités. Les 7 % de réduction des GES seront réalisés avec les moyens nationaux. La contribution de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation est décrite dans le tableau ci- dessous : Type de la CPDN : Réduction relative par rapport à un scenario de référence Business as Usual (BaU).', 'La contribution de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation est décrite dans le tableau ci- dessous : Type de la CPDN : Réduction relative par rapport à un scenario de référence Business as Usual (BaU). Période de mise en œuvre : 2021 – 2030 Approche méthodologique : Approche combinée : Bottom-Up concernant les secteurs et Top-Down concernant les objectifs nationaux. Couverture Sectorielle : Energie (Production, Transports, Bâtiment, Industrie) ; Procédés industriels ; Agriculture, Forêts et Utilisation des Terres ; Déchets.', 'Couverture Sectorielle : Energie (Production, Transports, Bâtiment, Industrie) ; Procédés industriels ; Agriculture, Forêts et Utilisation des Terres ; Déchets. Estimation des émissions des GES : Directives du GIEC 2006 et Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global comme retenu dans le 4ème Rapport d’Evaluation du Climat par le GIECGaz à Effet de Serre Couverts : Dioxyde de Carbone (СО2), Méthane (СН4), Protoxyde d’azote (N2O) Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) : Les PRG utilisés sont ceux du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC : PRG (CO2) = 1, PRG (CH4) = 25 ; Instruments de mise en œuvre, de suivi et de réajustement - Comité National Climat ; - Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques ; - Plan National Climat ; - Plan National d’Actions pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) ; - Cadre juridique; - Système national de Mesurabilité, de Reporting et de Vérification MRV (2016- 2020).', 'Estimation des émissions des GES : Directives du GIEC 2006 et Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global comme retenu dans le 4ème Rapport d’Evaluation du Climat par le GIECGaz à Effet de Serre Couverts : Dioxyde de Carbone (СО2), Méthane (СН4), Protoxyde d’azote (N2O) Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) : Les PRG utilisés sont ceux du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC : PRG (CO2) = 1, PRG (CH4) = 25 ; Instruments de mise en œuvre, de suivi et de réajustement - Comité National Climat ; - Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques ; - Plan National Climat ; - Plan National d’Actions pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) ; - Cadre juridique; - Système national de Mesurabilité, de Reporting et de Vérification MRV (2016- 2020). Principales actions projetées : Subordonnées aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités.', 'Principales actions projetées : Subordonnées aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités. Opérer une transition énergétique et une diversification économique pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable de l’Algérie. Actions phares du secteur de l’Energie : - Atteindre 27% de la production nationale d électricité à partir des Energies Renouvelables à l’horizon 2030 ; - Généralisation de l’éclairage performant ; - Isolation thermique de logements entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Augmentation des parts du gaz de pétrole liquéfié et du gaz naturel dans la consommation de carburants entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Réduire à moins de 1% le volume des gaz torchés à l’horizon 2030.', 'Actions phares du secteur de l’Energie : - Atteindre 27% de la production nationale d électricité à partir des Energies Renouvelables à l’horizon 2030 ; - Généralisation de l’éclairage performant ; - Isolation thermique de logements entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Augmentation des parts du gaz de pétrole liquéfié et du gaz naturel dans la consommation de carburants entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Réduire à moins de 1% le volume des gaz torchés à l’horizon 2030. Actions phares dans le secteur des Déchets : - Valorisation des déchets ; - Compostage des déchets organiques et des déchets verts ; - Récupération et valorisation énergétique du méthane issu des centresd’enfouissement technique et des stations de traitement des eaux usées.', 'Actions phares dans le secteur des Déchets : - Valorisation des déchets ; - Compostage des déchets organiques et des déchets verts ; - Récupération et valorisation énergétique du méthane issu des centresd’enfouissement technique et des stations de traitement des eaux usées. Actions phares dans le secteur des Forêts: Boisement et reboisement et Prévention des incendies de forêts et amélioration des moyens de lutte. Actions de sensibilisation, d’information et d’éducation : Information, sensibilisation et communication sur les questions et enjeux des changements climatiques et mise en place d’un programme national d’éducation, de formation et de recherche sur les changements climatiques.', 'Actions de sensibilisation, d’information et d’éducation : Information, sensibilisation et communication sur les questions et enjeux des changements climatiques et mise en place d’un programme national d’éducation, de formation et de recherche sur les changements climatiques. Considérations de la justesse et de l’ambition de la CPDN basées sur les circonstances nationales - L’Algérie est un pays faiblement émetteur de gaz à effet de serre ayant déjà consenti de lourds investissements pour s’adapter aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que pour l’atténuation et entend poursuivre ses efforts dans ce sens ; - L’Algérie participe de longue date à l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre, de par la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique; - L’économie algérienne est fortement dépendante des recettes d’exportation des hydrocarbures.', 'Considérations de la justesse et de l’ambition de la CPDN basées sur les circonstances nationales - L’Algérie est un pays faiblement émetteur de gaz à effet de serre ayant déjà consenti de lourds investissements pour s’adapter aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que pour l’atténuation et entend poursuivre ses efforts dans ce sens ; - L’Algérie participe de longue date à l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre, de par la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique; - L’économie algérienne est fortement dépendante des recettes d’exportation des hydrocarbures. Cette situation rend l’Algérie doublement vulnérable (naturellement et économiquement) aux effets adverses des changements climatiques, mais aussi aux mesures de riposte; - Les besoins de développement et d’adaptation très importants et sans cesse croissants, dus aux nombreuses vulnérabilités, à l’accroissement démographique, et caractérisés par une demande d’énergie en constante évolution et un accroissement des diverses consommations de la société algérienne.', 'Cette situation rend l’Algérie doublement vulnérable (naturellement et économiquement) aux effets adverses des changements climatiques, mais aussi aux mesures de riposte; - Les besoins de développement et d’adaptation très importants et sans cesse croissants, dus aux nombreuses vulnérabilités, à l’accroissement démographique, et caractérisés par une demande d’énergie en constante évolution et un accroissement des diverses consommations de la société algérienne. Comment la CPDN contribuera à l’accomplissement de l’Article 2 de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques Par ses actions d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, et considérant ses objectifs de développement socio-économique dans le cadre de ses circonstances nationales, l’Algérie contribuera d’une manière équitable à l’accomplissement de l’objectif de l’article 2 de la Convention. 5.', 'Comment la CPDN contribuera à l’accomplissement de l’Article 2 de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques Par ses actions d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, et considérant ses objectifs de développement socio-économique dans le cadre de ses circonstances nationales, l’Algérie contribuera d’une manière équitable à l’accomplissement de l’objectif de l’article 2 de la Convention. 5. Mesures d’adaptation L’Algérie ambitionne de développer un plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans le cadre de la finalisation de sa contribution, et ce, en vue de la promotion d’une société et d’une économie plus résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques ; La priorité étant donnée à la protection des populations, à la préservationdes ressources naturelles et des infrastructures de base contre les risques des phénomènes extrêmes.', 'Mesures d’adaptation L’Algérie ambitionne de développer un plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans le cadre de la finalisation de sa contribution, et ce, en vue de la promotion d’une société et d’une économie plus résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques ; La priorité étant donnée à la protection des populations, à la préservationdes ressources naturelles et des infrastructures de base contre les risques des phénomènes extrêmes. L’objectif de ce plan national sera de: - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes (inondations et sécheresse) afin de minimiser les risques de catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques; - Lutter contre l’érosion et réhabiliter les terres dégradées dans le cadre de la lutte contre la désertification ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques dans les stratégies sectorielles, en particulier, l’agriculture, l’hydraulique, la santé humaine et les transports ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques sur la stabilité politique et la sécurité nationale.', 'L’objectif de ce plan national sera de: - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes (inondations et sécheresse) afin de minimiser les risques de catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques; - Lutter contre l’érosion et réhabiliter les terres dégradées dans le cadre de la lutte contre la désertification ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques dans les stratégies sectorielles, en particulier, l’agriculture, l’hydraulique, la santé humaine et les transports ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques sur la stabilité politique et la sécurité nationale. Les principales mesures d’adaptation à engager nécessitent un appui international diversifié, incluant le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le transfert technologique.', 'Les principales mesures d’adaptation à engager nécessitent un appui international diversifié, incluant le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le transfert technologique. Ces mesures d’adaptation prévues par le Plan National Climat se déclinent comme suit : - Adaptation du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire aux changements climatiques; - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et humaines pour la lutte contre les changements climatiques ; - Mise en place d’un dispositif de veille et d’alerte précoce et renforcement des capacités pour la gestion des évènements climatiques extrêmes ; - Elaboration de plans régionaux et locaux d’adaptation aux Changements Climatiques. 6. Planification et cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre La finalisation entre 2016 et 2020 de la contribution provisoire déterminée au niveau national se fera sous l’autorité du Comité Ministériel du Climat.', 'Planification et cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre La finalisation entre 2016 et 2020 de la contribution provisoire déterminée au niveau national se fera sous l’autorité du Comité Ministériel du Climat. La contribution provisoire sera actualisée en prenant en considération les résultats de la Conférence de Paris sur le Climat. L’actualisation de la contribution provisoire tiendra compte de l’évolution de la situation financière de l’Algérie au moment de la finalisation de sa contribution. Elle portera sur des objectifs quantifiés d’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre pour la période 2020-2030, en utilisant la méthodologie développée par le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’experts sur les Changements Climatiques.', 'Elle portera sur des objectifs quantifiés d’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre pour la période 2020-2030, en utilisant la méthodologie développée par le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’experts sur les Changements Climatiques. La finalisation de la contribution et sa mise en œuvre se fera avec la participation active de tous les acteurs de la société et en particulier les représentants de la société civile, les acteurs économiques, les représentants des collectivités locales ainsi que la communauté scientifique.Elle sera accompagnée d’une vaste compagne d’éducation et de sensibilisation du public à travers les medias, les écoles, les entreprises, les collectivités locales et les mosquées. Dans cette perspective des forums sur les villes et les changements climatiques seront institués.', 'Dans cette perspective des forums sur les villes et les changements climatiques seront institués. L’ambition de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation sera réalisée dans le cadre de la coopération Nord-Sud et Sud-Sud, avec ses partenaires bilatéraux et multilatéraux, traditionnels et nouveaux. Il sera ainsi mis en place un Groupe « des Amis de l’Ambition de l’Algérie pour l’Adaptation et l’Atténuation » (G5A), qui tiendra sa première réunion en marge des travaux de la Conférence de Paris. Enfin, l’Algérie ambitionne de créer et d’abriter un Forum Mondial des Energies Renouvelables qui constituera le cadre idoine de dialogue et de concertation entre les décideurs politiques, les organisations patronales et la société civile.', 'Enfin, l’Algérie ambitionne de créer et d’abriter un Forum Mondial des Energies Renouvelables qui constituera le cadre idoine de dialogue et de concertation entre les décideurs politiques, les organisations patronales et la société civile. La première édition de ce Forum se tiendra durant l’année 2016 et les résultats de ses travaux seront présentés à la 22ème Conférence des Parties Contractantes. Conclusion L’ambition d’atténuation des GES, affichée par l’Algérie dans sa CPDN provisoire, s’appuie sur quatre piliers : un outil institutionnel représenté par l’Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques, un mécanisme de coordination et de suivi, représenté par le Comité National Climat, la feuille de route climat de l’Algérie à travers le Plan National Climat ; ainsi que le système national MRV (Mesurabilité, Reporting et Vérification) qui sera mis en place.', 'Conclusion L’ambition d’atténuation des GES, affichée par l’Algérie dans sa CPDN provisoire, s’appuie sur quatre piliers : un outil institutionnel représenté par l’Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques, un mécanisme de coordination et de suivi, représenté par le Comité National Climat, la feuille de route climat de l’Algérie à travers le Plan National Climat ; ainsi que le système national MRV (Mesurabilité, Reporting et Vérification) qui sera mis en place. La stratégie climatique de l’Algérie est formalisée dans le Plan National Climat qui vise, notamment, le renforcement de la mobilisation des ressources en eau, la lutte contre les inondations, la protection du littoral, la lutte contre la sècheresse et la désertification et l’augmentation de la résilience des écosystèmes et de l’agriculture et aux changements climatiques.', 'La stratégie climatique de l’Algérie est formalisée dans le Plan National Climat qui vise, notamment, le renforcement de la mobilisation des ressources en eau, la lutte contre les inondations, la protection du littoral, la lutte contre la sècheresse et la désertification et l’augmentation de la résilience des écosystèmes et de l’agriculture et aux changements climatiques. A cet effet, l’Algérie s’engage à finaliser et à adopter son Plan National Climat avant la tenue de la 21ème Conférence des Parties de Paris en décembre 2015.']

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Andorra

LTS

2021-11-10 00:00:00

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https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/AND_LTS_Nov2021.pdf

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High-income

Europe

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['LONG-TERM STRATEGY ON ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGEThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (LTSECC) Approved by the Government of Andorra on 3 February 2021 Main authors: Agency of Energy and Climate Change Technical team Albert Gomà Roca Head of the Unit of Energy and Climate Change of the Agency of Energy and Climate Change Meritxell Cuyàs Lamana Anna Boneta Herrero Technical experts from the Agency of Energy and Climate Change Management Carles Miquel Garcia Director of the Agency of Energy and Climate Change of the Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability Ministry of the Environment and Sustainability of the Government of Andorra Marc Rossell Soler, Secretary of State for the Environment and Sustainability Natàlia Rovira, advisor to the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainability With the participation of the National Energy and Climate Change Committee advisory body Mayors in representation of the communes: Mr Josep Majoral Obiols, Mayor of Sant Julià de Lòria Ms Rosa Gili Casals, Mayoress of Escaldes-Engordany Representative of the Department of Territorial Planning on behalf of the Government in the field of building: Carles Blasi Vidal, Head of the Public Building Department Representative of the Department of Mobility on behalf of the Government in the field of mobility: Jaume Bonell, Head of the Mobility and Paving Department Representative of the Department of Business, Trade, Industrial Development and Transport on behalf of the Government in the field of transport and industrial safety: Josep Lluís Pujol Carrascosa, Director of Business, Trade, Industrial Development and Transport Representative of the Department of Educational Systems and School Services on behalf of the Government in the field of school transport: Joan Marc Guàrdia Llorens, Head of the Unit of Educational Planning and Schools Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Florència Aleix, Director of Multilateral Affairs and Cooperation Representative of Andorran Electric Forces (FEDA): Albert Moles Betriu, Director de FEDA Representatives of the four distribution companies (Nasa, Mútua, EE and Sercensa): Yolanda Palmitjavila, President of AESE Representative of the Association of Electricity, Plumbing and Air Conditioning Companies of Andorra (Adelca): Edgar Francome Martínez, President of Adelca Representative of the Association of Fuel Importers and Distributors (AIDC): Carles Visent Guitart, Member of the AIDC Representative of the Andorran Association of Architects (COAA): Albert Villamajor Rosados, Member of the COAA Representative of the Andorran Association of Technical Architects of the Principality of Andorra (COATA):The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Jaume Rifà i Giribet, President of the COATA Representative of the Andorran Association of Engineers (COEA): Vicenç Jorge Seco, Member of the COEA Representative of the Andorran Association of Work Contractors (Acoda): Mònica Dalmau Gamarra, Manager of Acoda Representative of the Andorran Association of Estate Agents and Property Managers (AGIA): Jordi Ribó Casanovas, Vice-President of the AGIA Representative of the Andorran Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services: Jordi Duró Espineta, Member of the Andorran Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services Representative of the Andorran Business Confederation: Miquel Àngel Armengol, Vice-President of the Andorran Business Confederation Representative of the university and research sector: Jordi Llombart Pubill, technical expert from the Department of Higher Education and Qualification Recognition Representative of the innovation sector: Marc Pons Pons, Director of ActuaTech Representative of the Automobile Club of Andorra: Enric Pujal Torres, President of the ACA Representative of the two associations for the protection of nature (ADN and Apapma): Jordi Deu, technical representative of ADN and Apapma Representative of the Andorran National Youth Forum: Marta Calsina, Member of the Andorran National Youth ForumThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change INTRODUCTION In recent years Andorra has endowed itself with a set of resources and instruments to demonstrate its willingness to support the international commitments acquired in 2015 under the Paris Agreement.', 'LONG-TERM STRATEGY ON ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGEThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (LTSECC) Approved by the Government of Andorra on 3 February 2021 Main authors: Agency of Energy and Climate Change Technical team Albert Gomà Roca Head of the Unit of Energy and Climate Change of the Agency of Energy and Climate Change Meritxell Cuyàs Lamana Anna Boneta Herrero Technical experts from the Agency of Energy and Climate Change Management Carles Miquel Garcia Director of the Agency of Energy and Climate Change of the Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability Ministry of the Environment and Sustainability of the Government of Andorra Marc Rossell Soler, Secretary of State for the Environment and Sustainability Natàlia Rovira, advisor to the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainability With the participation of the National Energy and Climate Change Committee advisory body Mayors in representation of the communes: Mr Josep Majoral Obiols, Mayor of Sant Julià de Lòria Ms Rosa Gili Casals, Mayoress of Escaldes-Engordany Representative of the Department of Territorial Planning on behalf of the Government in the field of building: Carles Blasi Vidal, Head of the Public Building Department Representative of the Department of Mobility on behalf of the Government in the field of mobility: Jaume Bonell, Head of the Mobility and Paving Department Representative of the Department of Business, Trade, Industrial Development and Transport on behalf of the Government in the field of transport and industrial safety: Josep Lluís Pujol Carrascosa, Director of Business, Trade, Industrial Development and Transport Representative of the Department of Educational Systems and School Services on behalf of the Government in the field of school transport: Joan Marc Guàrdia Llorens, Head of the Unit of Educational Planning and Schools Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Florència Aleix, Director of Multilateral Affairs and Cooperation Representative of Andorran Electric Forces (FEDA): Albert Moles Betriu, Director de FEDA Representatives of the four distribution companies (Nasa, Mútua, EE and Sercensa): Yolanda Palmitjavila, President of AESE Representative of the Association of Electricity, Plumbing and Air Conditioning Companies of Andorra (Adelca): Edgar Francome Martínez, President of Adelca Representative of the Association of Fuel Importers and Distributors (AIDC): Carles Visent Guitart, Member of the AIDC Representative of the Andorran Association of Architects (COAA): Albert Villamajor Rosados, Member of the COAA Representative of the Andorran Association of Technical Architects of the Principality of Andorra (COATA):The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Jaume Rifà i Giribet, President of the COATA Representative of the Andorran Association of Engineers (COEA): Vicenç Jorge Seco, Member of the COEA Representative of the Andorran Association of Work Contractors (Acoda): Mònica Dalmau Gamarra, Manager of Acoda Representative of the Andorran Association of Estate Agents and Property Managers (AGIA): Jordi Ribó Casanovas, Vice-President of the AGIA Representative of the Andorran Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services: Jordi Duró Espineta, Member of the Andorran Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services Representative of the Andorran Business Confederation: Miquel Àngel Armengol, Vice-President of the Andorran Business Confederation Representative of the university and research sector: Jordi Llombart Pubill, technical expert from the Department of Higher Education and Qualification Recognition Representative of the innovation sector: Marc Pons Pons, Director of ActuaTech Representative of the Automobile Club of Andorra: Enric Pujal Torres, President of the ACA Representative of the two associations for the protection of nature (ADN and Apapma): Jordi Deu, technical representative of ADN and Apapma Representative of the Andorran National Youth Forum: Marta Calsina, Member of the Andorran National Youth ForumThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change INTRODUCTION In recent years Andorra has endowed itself with a set of resources and instruments to demonstrate its willingness to support the international commitments acquired in 2015 under the Paris Agreement. The objectives and initiatives established in Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) and the 2020-2050 Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change should lead to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and ensure carbon neutrality is achieved by 2050.', 'The objectives and initiatives established in Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) and the 2020-2050 Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change should lead to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and ensure carbon neutrality is achieved by 2050. As the experts explain, mountainous areas are among the first to notice the effects of climate change. Andorra, where the signs are already noticeable, is a particularly vulnerable country due to its dependence on snow tourism, which is why it’s essential for it to make a firm undertaking to prevent an increase of more than 1.5ºC (compared to pre-industrial levels) by the end of the 21st century.', 'Andorra, where the signs are already noticeable, is a particularly vulnerable country due to its dependence on snow tourism, which is why it’s essential for it to make a firm undertaking to prevent an increase of more than 1.5ºC (compared to pre-industrial levels) by the end of the 21st century. For this reason, the set of actions launched in recent years and the short and mid-term objectives are ambitious and will hopefully lead to a decrease in emissions while promoting an improvement in the quality of the environment, with benefits related to human health and a positive impact on the prevention of potential natural hazards stemming from climate change.', 'For this reason, the set of actions launched in recent years and the short and mid-term objectives are ambitious and will hopefully lead to a decrease in emissions while promoting an improvement in the quality of the environment, with benefits related to human health and a positive impact on the prevention of potential natural hazards stemming from climate change. In 2020 Andorra was one of the first countries in the world to update its nationally determined contribution with a document by means of which countries can demonstrate their efforts to reduce national emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change. The above once again demonstrates the importance of Andorra’s commitment to the fight against climate change.', 'The above once again demonstrates the importance of Andorra’s commitment to the fight against climate change. Similarly, on 23 January 2020, the General Council approved the Agreement on the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency, which tasks the Government with different actions in this area. Some initiatives are already having an impact on our reality, such as the confirmed increase in the contribution of renewable energies to the national energy package. The actions triggered by the Government are necessary and the objectives it has set won’t be achieved without a robust, realistic and ambitious roadmap.', 'The actions triggered by the Government are necessary and the objectives it has set won’t be achieved without a robust, realistic and ambitious roadmap. However, we won’t achieve a long-lasting energy transition if we aren’t able to secure a real accompanying social transition to ensure that everyone in Andorra is informed, aware and capable of applying this indispensable change of model to society so as to combat climate change.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) As Prime Minister Xavier Espot declared on 12 December at the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit: “The Principality of Andorra’s commitment to climate change remains firm and, despite the exceptional situation, we’ve worked tirelessly to reinforce our fight against climate change.', 'However, we won’t achieve a long-lasting energy transition if we aren’t able to secure a real accompanying social transition to ensure that everyone in Andorra is informed, aware and capable of applying this indispensable change of model to society so as to combat climate change.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) As Prime Minister Xavier Espot declared on 12 December at the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit: “The Principality of Andorra’s commitment to climate change remains firm and, despite the exceptional situation, we’ve worked tirelessly to reinforce our fight against climate change. (.) We’re convinced that only the coordination of all our intense efforts will allow us to reverse the current trend.', '(.) We’re convinced that only the coordination of all our intense efforts will allow us to reverse the current trend. Let’s be ambitious!” Sílvia Calvó Armengol Minister of the Environment, Agriculture and SustainabilityThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change Contents INTRODUCTION Contents 1 Introduction and diagnosis of the current situation 2 The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change 3 The Strategy’s action programmes and activities Programme I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: mitigating greenhouse gas emissions Programme II. Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Programme III. Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme IV.', 'Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme IV. Social transition programme Programme V. Innovation, research and systematic observation 4 Monitoring indicators 5 Monitoring and review of the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change 6 Relationship between the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and other national strategies Annexes to the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change Annex 1. Impacts and vulnerability in the face of climate change in Andorra Annex 2. Regulatory framework and relationship with the Strategy’s programmesThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 1 Introduction and diagnosis of the current situation Evidence of climate change in the Pyrenees and Andorra Mountainous territories such as Andorra are particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change1.', 'Regulatory framework and relationship with the Strategy’s programmesThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 1 Introduction and diagnosis of the current situation Evidence of climate change in the Pyrenees and Andorra Mountainous territories such as Andorra are particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change1. Therefore, although the country’s emissions account for a tiny share of the global total (less than 0.001% in 2017), the Long-Term on Energy and Climate Change must set the path towards implementing firm, decisive and immediate climate action that integrates the initiatives required to achieve a territory which is more resilient to this climate challenge.', 'Therefore, although the country’s emissions account for a tiny share of the global total (less than 0.001% in 2017), the Long-Term on Energy and Climate Change must set the path towards implementing firm, decisive and immediate climate action that integrates the initiatives required to achieve a territory which is more resilient to this climate challenge. A recent study titled Climpy2 shows how the evolution of the average temperature in the Pyrenees has been +0.24ºC/decade and the evolution of the average annual rainfall has totalled -1.87% between 1959 and 2015 (according to the 1981-2010 reference period), and that these impacts have been most noticeable in summer and spring in terms of temperature and in winter and autumn in terms of rainfall.', 'A recent study titled Climpy2 shows how the evolution of the average temperature in the Pyrenees has been +0.24ºC/decade and the evolution of the average annual rainfall has totalled -1.87% between 1959 and 2015 (according to the 1981-2010 reference period), and that these impacts have been most noticeable in summer and spring in terms of temperature and in winter and autumn in terms of rainfall. The same study also evaluates the trend of the snow cover in the Pyrenees. Overall, the study highlights the fact that the snow cover decreased between 1958 and 2017 and that the most noticeable reduction can be detected above an altitude of 2,100 metres.', 'Overall, the study highlights the fact that the snow cover decreased between 1958 and 2017 and that the most noticeable reduction can be detected above an altitude of 2,100 metres. One of the analyses carried out within the framework of this study addresses the evolution of the days with snow cover via satellite images and, although there is no statistically representative data history, a certain downward trend can be observed. Similarly, one of the main conclusions drawn by this study is that it is essential to continue with the systematic observation of these climate indicators.', 'Similarly, one of the main conclusions drawn by this study is that it is essential to continue with the systematic observation of these climate indicators. According to the results of the study, the upward trend in the temperature will persist with different intensities during the 21st century (depending on the evolution of the greenhouse gas concentrations) and, in any event, the maximum daily temperature is expected to increase by between 4ºC and 6.3ºC with respect to the average values for the 1986-2005 period, while the rise will total between 3.2ºC and 4.9ºC for the minimum temperature.', 'According to the results of the study, the upward trend in the temperature will persist with different intensities during the 21st century (depending on the evolution of the greenhouse gas concentrations) and, in any event, the maximum daily temperature is expected to increase by between 4ºC and 6.3ºC with respect to the average values for the 1986-2005 period, while the rise will total between 3.2ºC and 4.9ºC for the minimum temperature. In the specific case of Andorra3 , as demonstrated by the climate data on annual average temperatures and rainfall in the 1950-2019 period under study (Chart 1), the average annual temperature has risen by +0.21°C/decade and, if we analyse this evolution over the last 50 years (1970-2019), the increase is even more remarkable, totalling +0.36ºC/decade.', 'In the specific case of Andorra3 , as demonstrated by the climate data on annual average temperatures and rainfall in the 1950-2019 period under study (Chart 1), the average annual temperature has risen by +0.21°C/decade and, if we analyse this evolution over the last 50 years (1970-2019), the increase is even more remarkable, totalling +0.36ºC/decade. The average annual rainfall has fallen by -22.01 mm/decade since 1950 (Chart 2). 1 High mountains are some of the areas particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change, according to the fourth report (2007) published by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).', '1 High mountains are some of the areas particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change, according to the fourth report (2007) published by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2 Study conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC); this is a cross-border territorial cooperation initiative on climate change launched in 2010 and headed by the Pyrenees Working Community (CTP), seeking to monitor and understand the phenomenon of climate change in the Pyrenees. This initiative enjoys the support of the Government of Andorra, together with the Pyrenean regions of the two neighbouring countries.', 'This initiative enjoys the support of the Government of Andorra, together with the Pyrenean regions of the two neighbouring countries. 3 According to the data provided by FEDA’s Central and Ransol weather stations and processed by the Andorran Meteorological Service.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Charts 1 and 2. Evolution of the anomaly of the average annual temperature and rainfall in Andorra (1950-2019) according to the 1981-2010 reference period. Source: the authors, based on the data from two weather stations (Central and Ransol) The annual climate bulletins published by the National Meteorological Service contain updated data on climate anomalies in the Principality and related events.', 'Source: the authors, based on the data from two weather stations (Central and Ransol) The annual climate bulletins published by the National Meteorological Service contain updated data on climate anomalies in the Principality and related events. Upon the basis of the results of the PAAC (participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change) in 2014 and the foundations of scientific knowledge of the impacts and vulnerabilities of the Pyrenees in the face of climate change4, Annex 1 lists the main impacts and associated vulnerabilities for the socio-economic and biophysical sectors and indicates the degree of prioritisation resulting from the above-mentioned participatory process. The set of identified impacts have been grouped together as much as possible to obtain an overall diagnosis to facilitate analysis of the situation.', 'The set of identified impacts have been grouped together as much as possible to obtain an overall diagnosis to facilitate analysis of the situation. The most recent studies carried out within the framework of the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory serving to identify the chief impacts and vulnerabilities in the face of climate change (Annex 1) include the Canopee project, which, following on from the Bosc project, has provided an assessment of the impact on the forest masses by means of the phenological observation of different species, the evolution of the defoliation and the distribution by climatic areas. The main results worth highlighting are that climate change can lead to changes in structure, composition, health status, areas of geographical distribution and vulnerability to external phenomena (pathogens, climate phenomena, etc.).', 'The main results worth highlighting are that climate change can lead to changes in structure, composition, health status, areas of geographical distribution and vulnerability to external phenomena (pathogens, climate phenomena, etc.). In addition, the Florapyr project, a continuation of the Biodiversity project of the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (2011-2014), has led to an updated version of the Atlas of the Flora of the Pyrenees and triggered a device to monitor Pyrenean snowdrifts. The results show how the flora and vegetation of the Pyrenees are likely to be affected by climate change, with consequences both for the maintenance of this exceptional heritage (species, communities, landscapes and living conditions) and for the value of the resources they constitute.', 'The results show how the flora and vegetation of the Pyrenees are likely to be affected by climate change, with consequences both for the maintenance of this exceptional heritage (species, communities, landscapes and living conditions) and for the value of the resources they constitute. Finally, the Replim project has characterised the impact of climate change on high mountain wetlands and aquatic ecosystems particularly vulnerable to the above effects. Climate change in the Pyrenees will affect the ability of these ecosystems to be carbon sinks and regulators of the quantity and quality of the water in the safeguarding of biodiversity.', 'Climate change in the Pyrenees will affect the ability of these ecosystems to be carbon sinks and regulators of the quantity and quality of the water in the safeguarding of biodiversity. The purpose of the Piragua project currently underway is to analyse the hydric resources in the Pyrenees and identify the main problems and the adaptation initiatives to be undertaken. This issue is particularly sensitive in a territory such as Andorra due to the multi-sectoral nature of the uses of this resource.', 'This issue is particularly sensitive in a territory such as Andorra due to the multi-sectoral nature of the uses of this resource. 4Study Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC).The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Active commitment in the face of climate change Given that the effects of climate change are already perceptible, the set of actions defined by the Strategy are not only goals to be achieved in the long term, but also short and mid-term objectives, given the urgency of the need to act on a global scale.', '4Study Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC).The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Active commitment in the face of climate change Given that the effects of climate change are already perceptible, the set of actions defined by the Strategy are not only goals to be achieved in the long term, but also short and mid-term objectives, given the urgency of the need to act on a global scale. The commitments currently made at a global level in the field of mitigation propose a future scenario very different from the objective defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), namely preventing any rise in temperature beyond 2ºC (compared to pre-industrial levels) by the end of the 21st century.', 'The commitments currently made at a global level in the field of mitigation propose a future scenario very different from the objective defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), namely preventing any rise in temperature beyond 2ºC (compared to pre-industrial levels) by the end of the 21st century. However, the scientific community has emphasised the importance of taking the action required to prevent any rise in global warming beyond 1.5ºC with respect to pre-industrial levels and the international call to overcome this challenge is increasingly intense. Andorra therefore supports the implementation of the actions envisaged in the Paris Agreement entailing a reduction in domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions until carbon neutrality is achieved5.', 'Andorra therefore supports the implementation of the actions envisaged in the Paris Agreement entailing a reduction in domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions until carbon neutrality is achieved5. In addition, in domestic terms, reducing emissions will lead to an improvement in the quality of the environment, with benefits for human health and a positive impact on the prevention of the potential natural risks associated with climate change. In both cases the goal is to ensure better quality of life for present and future generations. At the same time, the energy transition must allow the creation of a new ecosystem that promotes high added value activities, thus improving the diversification of our economy.', 'At the same time, the energy transition must allow the creation of a new ecosystem that promotes high added value activities, thus improving the diversification of our economy. The Strategy establishes the mid and long-term goals and is sustained by the updates of the Principality’s nationally determined contribution (NDC), a statistic which demonstrates its efforts to reduce its domestic emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change in accordance with the Paris Agreement (article 4, paragraph 2). Subsequently, on 17 April 2019, the Council of Ministers approved the National Strategic Plan for the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which complements these international objectives and transfers them to a national level.', 'Subsequently, on 17 April 2019, the Council of Ministers approved the National Strategic Plan for the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which complements these international objectives and transfers them to a national level. 5 These actions are specified in the nationally determined contributions (updated in 2020) declared to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', '5 These actions are specified in the nationally determined contributions (updated in 2020) declared to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. NDC of A StrategyThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change National Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) establishes the energy-related future of Andorra and defines its objectives in the area of climate change, while, more recently, on 23 January 2020, the General Council approved the Agreement on the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency, which tasks the Government with different actions in this area.', 'NDC of A StrategyThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change National Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) establishes the energy-related future of Andorra and defines its objectives in the area of climate change, while, more recently, on 23 January 2020, the General Council approved the Agreement on the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency, which tasks the Government with different actions in this area. In response to these commitments and the above-mentioned regulations, the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change is Andorra’s roadmap for addressing climate change and increasing its resilience to its effects while, in terms of emissions, it will seek carbon neutrality in keeping with the Horizon 2050.', 'In response to these commitments and the above-mentioned regulations, the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change is Andorra’s roadmap for addressing climate change and increasing its resilience to its effects while, in terms of emissions, it will seek carbon neutrality in keeping with the Horizon 2050. To achieve this goal, the Strategy also seeks to reduce the carbon footprint6 of the sectors in the country that emit these gases. Annex 2 of the Strategy outlines the national and international regulatory contexts in greater detail and is correlated with the objectives, milestones and programmes that have been set.', 'Annex 2 of the Strategy outlines the national and international regulatory contexts in greater detail and is correlated with the objectives, milestones and programmes that have been set. Characterisation of the greenhouse gas emission and absorption sources The calculation of the GHG emissions is based on the information available and is subject to a process of continuous improvement, in such a way that it should be understood that the GHG emission values lack accuracy but enable us to assess the relative importance of each sector with regard to the entirety of the emissions and therefore identify the areas of action to be prioritised. The calculation is performed in accordance with the guidelines defined by the International Panel of Climate Experts for the determination of the national inventories.', 'The calculation is performed in accordance with the guidelines defined by the International Panel of Climate Experts for the determination of the national inventories. However, given the systemic vision that this Strategy seeks to provide, the information on GHG emissions expands its scope to emissions that are not included in the national inventories, e.g. emissions related to the production of electricity beyond national borders. According to the data for 20177, about 600 Gg CO2-equivalent are emitted in Andorra and the country’s sinks absorb 23% of them (the sink capacity of the forest mass is almost -140 Gg CO2- equivalent/year).', 'According to the data for 20177, about 600 Gg CO2-equivalent are emitted in Andorra and the country’s sinks absorb 23% of them (the sink capacity of the forest mass is almost -140 Gg CO2- equivalent/year). However, these data are obtained by calculating all the fuels sold in the country8 but, if only emissions produced by domestic traffic are taken into account, the emissions actually attributable to the activity carried out within the territorial boundaries amount to approximately 340 Gg CO2-equivalent and the absorption by the sinks totals 40%.', 'However, these data are obtained by calculating all the fuels sold in the country8 but, if only emissions produced by domestic traffic are taken into account, the emissions actually attributable to the activity carried out within the territorial boundaries amount to approximately 340 Gg CO2-equivalent and the absorption by the sinks totals 40%. In terms of emissions per inhabitant and year, the values in Andorra stand at around 4.6 tonnes of CO2-equivalent9 (a value lower than the average for European countries (6.8 tonnes of CO2- equivalent per person and year) and those of the neighbouring countries (5.44 and 5.12 tonnes of CO2-equivalent per person and year in Spain and France, respectively)10.', 'In terms of emissions per inhabitant and year, the values in Andorra stand at around 4.6 tonnes of CO2-equivalent9 (a value lower than the average for European countries (6.8 tonnes of CO2- equivalent per person and year) and those of the neighbouring countries (5.44 and 5.12 tonnes of CO2-equivalent per person and year in Spain and France, respectively)10. Chart 3 shows that the energy sector emits more than 95% of GHG emissions (about 570 Gg CO2-equivalent/year11) and that approximately 56% is produced due to the consumption of mobility-related fossil fuels, 23% corresponds to the consumption of fossil fuels in buildings (the 6 The carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) directly or indirectly emitted due to human activity.', 'Chart 3 shows that the energy sector emits more than 95% of GHG emissions (about 570 Gg CO2-equivalent/year11) and that approximately 56% is produced due to the consumption of mobility-related fossil fuels, 23% corresponds to the consumption of fossil fuels in buildings (the 6 The carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) directly or indirectly emitted due to human activity. 7Data drawn up upon the basis of the national GHG inventory submitted in the third biannual update report in compliance with the UNFCCC, to which the GHG emissions related to the consumption of imported electricity are added to assess the country’s total carbon footprint. 8 With high demand for fuel tourism.', '8 With high demand for fuel tourism. 9 Indicator calculated according to the census population (source: Department of Statistics of the Government of Andorra) and GHG emissions, without taking fuel tourism into account. & GHG emissions of all world countries, EDGAR (2017). The data in the report are indicators for 2016. 11 A gigagram (1 Gg) is equivalent to 1,000 tonnes.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) commercial, institutional and residential sectors) and 17% to electricity consumption and energy production. Moreover, the forestry and other land use sector absorbs approximately 23% of the emissions generated, while the country’s forest mass, which covers 40% of the territory’s surface area, is the chief absorber of these emissions (-140 Gg CO2/year). Charts 3 and 4.', 'Moreover, the forestry and other land use sector absorbs approximately 23% of the emissions generated, while the country’s forest mass, which covers 40% of the territory’s surface area, is the chief absorber of these emissions (-140 Gg CO2/year). Charts 3 and 4. Source of the GHG emissions in 2017, taking into account all the emissions produced by mobility (left) and only internal mobility (right). (Source: the authors, based on the data from the national GHG inventory) One characteristic feature of energy consumption in Andorra is the significant influence of fuel tourism, in other words, the amount of fossil fuels for road transport sold in Andorra but actually consumed in the neighbouring countries.', '(Source: the authors, based on the data from the national GHG inventory) One characteristic feature of energy consumption in Andorra is the significant influence of fuel tourism, in other words, the amount of fossil fuels for road transport sold in Andorra but actually consumed in the neighbouring countries. If we integrate the data obtained from the analysis of the evolution and composition of traffic in the country showing that approximately 76% of fuels for road transport are consumed outside Andorra,12 the data change significantly. Despite the fact that the energy sector remains the main source of GHG emissions (Chart 4), the forests’ capacity to absorb GHG emissions accounts for almost 40% of the emissions actually generated in the country.', 'Despite the fact that the energy sector remains the main source of GHG emissions (Chart 4), the forests’ capacity to absorb GHG emissions accounts for almost 40% of the emissions actually generated in the country. Approximately 23% of emissions correspond to the consumption of mobility-related fossil fuels, 40% correspond to the consumption of fossil fuels in the residential, commercial and institutional construction sector and 29% of the emissions correspond to electricity consumption and energy production. Therefore, the management of the energy sector and the forest mass within the territory gives rise to two key elements of Andorra’s contribution to the fight against climate change. As a result, the strategic policies must be geared primarily, albeit not exclusively, towards achieving key objectives in these two sectors.', 'As a result, the strategic policies must be geared primarily, albeit not exclusively, towards achieving key objectives in these two sectors. Carbon neutrality entails a balance between GHG emissions and carbon sequestration in natural ecosystems such as forests, the main carbon sinks currently in existence in Andorra. The importance of the ecosystem services and so-called “nature-based solutions” is thus highlighted. The cross-cutting nature of energy and its global importance mean it is essential to fully integrate the energy policies into the future strategies, prioritising the sustainable development of our economy and society.', 'The cross-cutting nature of energy and its global importance mean it is essential to fully integrate the energy policies into the future strategies, prioritising the sustainable development of our economy and society. As for energy sources, 80% of electricity is imported13 (see Chart 5, which shows the sources of electrical power in the country), as well as almost 100% of thermal energy and any which is required for mobility. This leads to external dependence totalling more than 90% of the total energy demand, constituting a risk to the energy supply in the event of potential fossil fuel price 12 Source: Analysis of the evolution and composition of traffic in Andorra (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2012) conducted by DOYMO (2014).', 'This leads to external dependence totalling more than 90% of the total energy demand, constituting a risk to the energy supply in the event of potential fossil fuel price 12 Source: Analysis of the evolution and composition of traffic in Andorra (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2012) conducted by DOYMO (2014). 13 Source: FEDA ( National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change crises and generating uncertainty and vulnerability for the national economy. As shown in Chart 5, almost all the energy produced in Andorra comes from renewable sources.', 'As shown in Chart 5, almost all the energy produced in Andorra comes from renewable sources. It should be emphasised that, although the consumption of fuels for road transport constitutes one of the main sources of GHG emissions, the trend since 2010 has displayed a certain stabilisation in terms of consumption, despite a continuous rise in the size of the fleet. This situation is the result of the enhanced technology within the sector, albeit a very incipient one, and the arrival on the market of electric vehicles, which accounted for 568 of the total of 81,284 (47 electric vans, 443 electric cars and 75 electric motorbikes), is more visible, with the respective percentages in each category totalling 1.2%, 0.73% and 0.51%. Chart 5.', 'This situation is the result of the enhanced technology within the sector, albeit a very incipient one, and the arrival on the market of electric vehicles, which accounted for 568 of the total of 81,284 (47 electric vans, 443 electric cars and 75 electric motorbikes), is more visible, with the respective percentages in each category totalling 1.2%, 0.73% and 0.51%. Chart 5. Energy source (source: the authors, based on data from the Office of Energy and Climate Change (2019)The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 2 The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change implements article 10 of Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc).', 'Energy source (source: the authors, based on data from the Office of Energy and Climate Change (2019)The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 2 The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change implements article 10 of Law 21/2018 of 13 September on the promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc). It has been drawn up by the Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability (to which the Agency of Energy and Climate Change reports) and reviewed within the framework of the National Energy and Climate Change Committee. In addition, to support the global movement towards carbon neutrality, Andorra contributes to the general efforts to achieve the above by 2050 by significantly increasing the targets set by the Litecc.', 'In addition, to support the global movement towards carbon neutrality, Andorra contributes to the general efforts to achieve the above by 2050 by significantly increasing the targets set by the Litecc. The commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 is a highly ambitious goal given the current GHG emissions within the territory, although it is regarded as a minimum commitment objective to be achieved. If the global situation and the technology available in the future make a reduction beyond this commitment possible, the achievement of a more ambitious fall will be pursued with the aim of reducing emissions below the territory’s sink capacity.', 'If the global situation and the technology available in the future make a reduction beyond this commitment possible, the achievement of a more ambitious fall will be pursued with the aim of reducing emissions below the territory’s sink capacity. The activities may be aimed at specific sectors such as energy, mobility, agriculture and waste management and include different sectors to address more cross-cutting issues such as the promotion of the circular economy, changes in our consumption habits, the promotion of research in the above areas and the inclusion of new concepts in the sensitisation of all the citizenry.', 'The activities may be aimed at specific sectors such as energy, mobility, agriculture and waste management and include different sectors to address more cross-cutting issues such as the promotion of the circular economy, changes in our consumption habits, the promotion of research in the above areas and the inclusion of new concepts in the sensitisation of all the citizenry. The main objectives set out in the Strategy are: Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050: Reinforce resilience to the effects of climate change by means of a national climate change adaptation plan.', 'The main objectives set out in the Strategy are: Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050: Reinforce resilience to the effects of climate change by means of a national climate change adaptation plan. The Strategy is expected to be reviewed at least every six years in order to adapt it to new technical, economic and social knowledge and any new obligations arising from the international situation, depending on the achievement of the objectives established in each area. Therefore, the path towards carbon neutrality, taking into account each of the planned reviews of the Strategy, should be as follows (Chart 6). Carbon neutrality 37% reduction in non-absorbed emissions with regard to the BAU (business as usual) scenario What is it?', 'Carbon neutrality 37% reduction in non-absorbed emissions with regard to the BAU (business as usual) scenario What is it? It is the instrument that allows the planning, coordination and rationalisation of the actions, measures and projects to combat climate change and the achievement of the goals of Law promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) in a way that is binding on the Public Administration.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change The Strategy consists of five action programmes and seventeen activities to meet the emission reduction targets for achieving neutrality by 2050, developing a climate change adaptation plan to address the current and projected situation, structuring a funding system to carry out the planned actions, sensitising, educating and training the population and performing the research and innovation tasks required to understand and respond to the new environmental and technological challenges.', 'It is the instrument that allows the planning, coordination and rationalisation of the actions, measures and projects to combat climate change and the achievement of the goals of Law promotion of the energy transition and climate change (Litecc) in a way that is binding on the Public Administration.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change The Strategy consists of five action programmes and seventeen activities to meet the emission reduction targets for achieving neutrality by 2050, developing a climate change adaptation plan to address the current and projected situation, structuring a funding system to carry out the planned actions, sensitising, educating and training the population and performing the research and innovation tasks required to understand and respond to the new environmental and technological challenges. Based on the above diagnosis and bearing in mind that 95% of GHG emissions come from the energy sector, the Strategy’s first programme must focus on decarbonising this sector as well as other equally strategic sectors with fewer emissions (programme I).', 'Based on the above diagnosis and bearing in mind that 95% of GHG emissions come from the energy sector, the Strategy’s first programme must focus on decarbonising this sector as well as other equally strategic sectors with fewer emissions (programme I). At the same time, given that the effects of climate change in Andorra are already noticeable (see section 1 titled Evidence of Climate Change in the Pyrenees and Andorra), it is essential to work on adapting to this phenomenon to reduce risks and improve the country’s resilience (programme II).', 'At the same time, given that the effects of climate change in Andorra are already noticeable (see section 1 titled Evidence of Climate Change in the Pyrenees and Andorra), it is essential to work on adapting to this phenomenon to reduce risks and improve the country’s resilience (programme II). In order to achieve the mitigation and adaptation objectives it is vital to anticipate their financing system, as a result of which the programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools has been created to contribute to bearing the cost of the implementation and functioning of the activities envisaged in the Strategy (programme III).', 'In order to achieve the mitigation and adaptation objectives it is vital to anticipate their financing system, as a result of which the programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools has been created to contribute to bearing the cost of the implementation and functioning of the activities envisaged in the Strategy (programme III). Finally, it is important to emphasise that this is a relatively recent problem with a significant degree of uncertainty and, therefore, the mechanisms to promote innovation and research must always be reinforced to implement the most advanced technologies and continue with a systematic observation of the phenomena that occur in order to readjust the planned activities (programme IV).', 'Finally, it is important to emphasise that this is a relatively recent problem with a significant degree of uncertainty and, therefore, the mechanisms to promote innovation and research must always be reinforced to implement the most advanced technologies and continue with a systematic observation of the phenomena that occur in order to readjust the planned activities (programme IV). However, it will not be possible to make a paradigm shift in the energy sector and the fight against climate change without the implementation of a social transition allowing the education, training, sensitisation and empowerment of society as a whole with regard to the importance of these strategic goals and the changes in habits required to achieve them (programme V).', 'However, it will not be possible to make a paradigm shift in the energy sector and the fight against climate change without the implementation of a social transition allowing the education, training, sensitisation and empowerment of society as a whole with regard to the importance of these strategic goals and the changes in habits required to achieve them (programme V). Each of the above-mentioned programmes is broken down into a set of activities that will be conducted in different actions. The Strategy has a set of indicators, as shown in Section 4 titled Strategy Indicators. The set of programmes and specific goals for the decarbonisation programme are shown in the following image: Chart 6.', 'The set of programmes and specific goals for the decarbonisation programme are shown in the following image: Chart 6. Evolution of GHG emissions and periods for the review of the National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 -37% with respect to 2005 -29% with respect to 2017 NeutralityThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) The set of programmes also permits a response to the regulatory framework and international commitments in the area, as well as the challenges concerning adaptation and the fight against climate change detected in the Pyrenees. Annex 2 schematically displays the relationship between the Strategy and this national and international regulatory framework.', 'Annex 2 schematically displays the relationship between the Strategy and this national and international regulatory framework. Descarbonisation programme Adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme of social transition Programme of Innovation, research and systematic observation Mobility: Reduction of 50% internal emissions from mobility 20% electric vehicles (turisms) Descarbonisation Buildings: Cosnumption reductions of 40% Descarbonisation Electricity: consumption from national productioni electricity zero emissions consumption from national productionThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 3 The Strategy’s action programmes and activities The five (5) programmes and the seventeen (17) activities planned are as follows: Programme I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: mitigating greenhouse gas emissions The Strategy seeks carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'Descarbonisation programme Adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme of social transition Programme of Innovation, research and systematic observation Mobility: Reduction of 50% internal emissions from mobility 20% electric vehicles (turisms) Descarbonisation Buildings: Cosnumption reductions of 40% Descarbonisation Electricity: consumption from national productioni electricity zero emissions consumption from national productionThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 3 The Strategy’s action programmes and activities The five (5) programmes and the seventeen (17) activities planned are as follows: Programme I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: mitigating greenhouse gas emissions The Strategy seeks carbon neutrality by 2050. The concept of carbon neutrality has increased the awareness of a wide range of actors in light of the challenge of combating climate change, thus facilitating the empowerment of all the agents in this stage of the transition, a process essential for adapting to and dealing with this climate phenomenon.', 'The concept of carbon neutrality has increased the awareness of a wide range of actors in light of the challenge of combating climate change, thus facilitating the empowerment of all the agents in this stage of the transition, a process essential for adapting to and dealing with this climate phenomenon. In Andorra, the far-reaching decarbonisation of the energy sector is a key condition for achieving the most demanding objectives in the fight against climate change, given that this sector accounts for 95% of the country’s global GHG emissions. Within this sector, approximately 56% of emissions correspond to energy consumption associated with mobility (23% if only internal mobility is included) and 24% to the energy consumption of buildings (40% if only internal mobility is included).', 'Within this sector, approximately 56% of emissions correspond to energy consumption associated with mobility (23% if only internal mobility is included) and 24% to the energy consumption of buildings (40% if only internal mobility is included). I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: national action programmes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions 1. Energy transition 2. Sustainable, connected and safe mobility 3. Agriculture and forest management respectful towards the territory’s sink capacity 4. Circular economy 5. Industry and use of industrial products II. National action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience 6. Plan for adaptation to climate change 7. Promotion of nature-based solutions for greater resilience III. Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality 8. National carbon credit market and renewable energy 9.', 'National carbon credit market and renewable energy 9. Green Fund and other taxation tools IV. Social transition 10. Sensitisation and dissemination regarding carbon neutrality 11. Educational transition 12. Training to achieve carbon neutrality 13. User information and protection 14. Participation of the different agents in the process to achieve carbon neutrality V. Innovation, research and systematic observation 16. Research and knowledge transfer 17. Systematic observationThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Therefore, the decarbonisation programme (I) sets out the energy transition required to reduce energy consumption, improve energy efficiency and promote energy production from renewable sources, among other targets. Similarly, decarbonisation also encompasses a shift of model towards more sustainable, connected and safer mobility. The National Sustainable Mobility Strategy therefore needs to be developed.', 'The National Sustainable Mobility Strategy therefore needs to be developed. Although the other economic sectors account for less than 5% of domestic GHG emissions and given that the mitigation actions often represent synergies with each other, the decarbonisation programme also aims to boost the circular economy as a new economic model for promoting savings on resources, chiefly materials, energy and water, and generating fewer emissions than the linear consumption models developed until now. Similarly, actions are planned in the field of industry and the use of products. As for the primary sector, contrary to what occurs in most countries which is responsible for a significant part of the emissions, there is a radically different situation in Andorra, as the forest management sector is the only existing CO2 sink.', 'As for the primary sector, contrary to what occurs in most countries which is responsible for a significant part of the emissions, there is a radically different situation in Andorra, as the forest management sector is the only existing CO2 sink. Approximately 23% of the GHG emissions emitted are absorbed by the forest mass, which covers 40% of the country’s surface area (191 km2). Therefore, in order to achieve carbon neutrality, the Strategy includes agricultural and forestry management to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the country’s sink capacity. Activity 1.', 'Therefore, in order to achieve carbon neutrality, the Strategy includes agricultural and forestry management to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the country’s sink capacity. Activity 1. Energy transition The main objectives in terms of the energy transition are the improvement of the electricity sector, the promotion of renewable energies and high-efficiency energy technologies and the encouragement of energy savings and energy efficiency, particularly in construction. More specifically, the set of activities envisaged for each of these sectors are summarised below.', 'More specifically, the set of activities envisaged for each of these sectors are summarised below. As for the promotion of energy production from renewable sources, it is essential to promote new investments to develop the existing production potential in the country by means of the forecasts established in the Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures 14 (PSIEd’A) in terms of solar power, hydraulic energy and biomass use. The production potential of these renewable sources in accordance with the Plan is chiefly based on the production of photovoltaic energy, followed at a considerable distance by energy production based on hydraulic power and the use of forest biomass, in such a way that the diversification of energy production is pursued at the same time.', 'The production potential of these renewable sources in accordance with the Plan is chiefly based on the production of photovoltaic energy, followed at a considerable distance by energy production based on hydraulic power and the use of forest biomass, in such a way that the diversification of energy production is pursued at the same time. At the time of the writing of the PSIEd’A the potential for wind energy production was also studied and estimated at 67.4 installed MW and production totalling 154.1 GWh/year, in accordance with the technologies available at the time of the study (2017) and the locations deemed most suitable from the point of view of production, execution costs, the environmental impact, etc.', 'At the time of the writing of the PSIEd’A the potential for wind energy production was also studied and estimated at 67.4 installed MW and production totalling 154.1 GWh/year, in accordance with the technologies available at the time of the study (2017) and the locations deemed most suitable from the point of view of production, execution costs, the environmental impact, etc. The deployment of this technology must also be the subject of sectoral planning, in accordance with the provisions of the Qualified Law on the delimitation of the powers of the communes. The Strategy must promote the evolution of the energy system towards internal production on large, medium and small scales with the encouragement of self-consumption and electricity production from exclusively renewable sources.', 'The Strategy must promote the evolution of the energy system towards internal production on large, medium and small scales with the encouragement of self-consumption and electricity production from exclusively renewable sources. Therefore, Law 21/2018 stipulates the granting of aid for the promotion of distributed electricity generation and self-consumption, while the provisions of Law 21/2013 specify aid for the acquisition and installation of equipment for micro- cogeneration and electricity generation using renewable sources.', 'Therefore, Law 21/2018 stipulates the granting of aid for the promotion of distributed electricity generation and self-consumption, while the provisions of Law 21/2013 specify aid for the acquisition and installation of equipment for micro- cogeneration and electricity generation using renewable sources. 14 The Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures in Andorra was approved by the Government on 16 May 2018.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change In this regard, it is possible to study tools to promote the self-consumption of electricity, including relocated consumption based on the establishment of an “energy transport toll” allowing electricity to be generated by an owner and consumed at another point in the territory as if it were its own energy in exchange for paying a toll for the cost of transporting the energy to the point of consumption.', '14 The Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures in Andorra was approved by the Government on 16 May 2018.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change In this regard, it is possible to study tools to promote the self-consumption of electricity, including relocated consumption based on the establishment of an “energy transport toll” allowing electricity to be generated by an owner and consumed at another point in the territory as if it were its own energy in exchange for paying a toll for the cost of transporting the energy to the point of consumption. In the specific case of the exemplary role of the communal public administration, the Litecc states that the communes must work on creating a value chain based on the management of the communal forest masses for energy use, thus primarily covering the thermal needs of their buildings.', 'In the specific case of the exemplary role of the communal public administration, the Litecc states that the communes must work on creating a value chain based on the management of the communal forest masses for energy use, thus primarily covering the thermal needs of their buildings. Buildings are a key factor in energy consumption for driving the energy transition, as they are some of the chief consumers of electricity and fossil fuels. The implementation of energy saving and efficiency measures in the building must be guaranteed at the time of the design of the buildings and during their use.', 'The implementation of energy saving and efficiency measures in the building must be guaranteed at the time of the design of the buildings and during their use. To this effect, sufficient regulations must be implemented to ensure that newly-built homes have nearly zero-energy consumption and incorporate a minimum percentage of in-situ energy production based on renewable sources, adapting the urban planning regulations if necessary. As for the new housing stock, the resulting plan must encompass the possibility of implementing centralised heat networks in the action units in the phase prior to the building projects, in such a way that it will be necessary to adapt the urban planning regulations to include these energy studies in the planning phase.', 'As for the new housing stock, the resulting plan must encompass the possibility of implementing centralised heat networks in the action units in the phase prior to the building projects, in such a way that it will be necessary to adapt the urban planning regulations to include these energy studies in the planning phase. In the case of the existing housing stock it is important to maintain and further the momentum of energy renewal and refurbishment by means of aid programmes and preferential funding systems. One example is the aid for the refurbishment of the housing stock (the Renova programme); a large part of this line of aid is intended for energetic improvements to the stock in existence since 2011.', 'One example is the aid for the refurbishment of the housing stock (the Renova programme); a large part of this line of aid is intended for energetic improvements to the stock in existence since 2011. This programme should also focus on the refurbishment of buildings in a more unfavourable energy situation and thus encourage energy improvements in often older buildings that have poorer energy ratings. The Public Administration has an exemplary role to play in creating a new model of energy consumption and, therefore, lighting systems and public buildings must meet energy efficiency criteria and have high-efficiency production systems or renewable energy sources, especially those produced in situ.', 'The Public Administration has an exemplary role to play in creating a new model of energy consumption and, therefore, lighting systems and public buildings must meet energy efficiency criteria and have high-efficiency production systems or renewable energy sources, especially those produced in situ. In order for public buildings to guarantee the transition to carbon neutrality during their operation, the Litecc envisages integrating the position of the energy manager into the public operational organisation charts. Energy audits in heated buildings are a mandatory tool of the Litecc, in such a way that the planning of the execution of all the audits required 2022 is an action that needs to be expedited. As well as the energy consumption of public buildings, any work or service must apply energy efficiency criteria.', 'As well as the energy consumption of public buildings, any work or service must apply energy efficiency criteria. It is therefore necessary to encourage companies to implement environmental management systems within the framework of their corporate responsibility, integrating GHG emissions and, therefore, energy efficiency into their operations and including these voluntary systems in the criteria for assessing public tenders or providing tools for calculating GHG emissions within organisations, such as the dissemination of the simplified emission calculation tool that the Government provides free of charge. Activity 2. Sustainable, connected and safe mobility The mobility sector accounts for 56% of GHG emissions and internal mobility is responsible for approximately 24% of the emissions produced by this sector, according to the data for 2017.', 'Sustainable, connected and safe mobility The mobility sector accounts for 56% of GHG emissions and internal mobility is responsible for approximately 24% of the emissions produced by this sector, according to the data for 2017. For this reason it will be necessary to develop a national mobility strategy with the aim of reducing emissions and respecting the hierarchy in the prioritisation of transport systems established in the Litecc; firstly, it will be essential to prioritise public transport and promote motorised or assistedThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) non-public mobility (walking, cycling, etc.) and, secondly, electric motorised mobility without a source of GHG emissions.', 'and, secondly, electric motorised mobility without a source of GHG emissions. With the aim of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels in transport, it will be necessary to study alternative means of transport (e.g. cable transport) interoperable with each other and accessible in terms of mobility and economic competitiveness. In addition, according to the Litecc, the administrations, public entities and companies with more than one hundred workers must have a sustainable mobility plan for their workers, according to the hierarchical criteria mentioned above. These plans should evaluate the possibility of reducing travel by means of reorganisation and changes in operation such as teleworking.', 'These plans should evaluate the possibility of reducing travel by means of reorganisation and changes in operation such as teleworking. These mobility plans must provide the necessary elements to promote the use of bicycles when travelling, such as having indoor parking or charging points for electric bicycles. The experience of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 in 2020 has shown how policies to restrict mobility, which have forced the implementation of teleworking or reduced mobility to essential minimum levels, could mean the country witnesses a 52% reduction in GHG emissions if they are maintained throughout a year (see Chart 7), taking into account domestic mobility, fuel tourism and the reduction in electricity consumption.', 'The experience of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 in 2020 has shown how policies to restrict mobility, which have forced the implementation of teleworking or reduced mobility to essential minimum levels, could mean the country witnesses a 52% reduction in GHG emissions if they are maintained throughout a year (see Chart 7), taking into account domestic mobility, fuel tourism and the reduction in electricity consumption. This reduction in GHG emissions is accompanied by an improvement in air quality, especially with the reduction of NO2 levels, with values 70% lower than usual.', 'This reduction in GHG emissions is accompanied by an improvement in air quality, especially with the reduction of NO2 levels, with values 70% lower than usual. Although this situation is not a desirable one, the post-COVID-19 policies must take into account the connection between health, air quality and climate change, in such a way that positive experiences need to be drawn from them, assessing the possibility of incorporating those that allow us to better reconcile the impact on GHG emissions and the maintenance of the economy into mobility habits.', 'Although this situation is not a desirable one, the post-COVID-19 policies must take into account the connection between health, air quality and climate change, in such a way that positive experiences need to be drawn from them, assessing the possibility of incorporating those that allow us to better reconcile the impact on GHG emissions and the maintenance of the economy into mobility habits. The promotion of electric mobility should facilitate the energy transition with a reduction in dependence on fossil fuel consumption; therefore, these actions must be accompanied by an increase in the percentage of renewable sources in the country’s energy mix (see activity no. 1). Ultimately, renewable energies should be promoted to have greater presence in mobility.', 'Ultimately, renewable energies should be promoted to have greater presence in mobility. The electrification of mobility requires an increase in the vehicles of this type in both the private and public mobile fleets and the implementation and management of the charging infrastructures for these vehicles must be continued; the aim is to have a fully interoperable and compatible national network and for both publicly and privately owned car parks for public use have these infrastructures. It is vital to ensure that the public parking spaces for cars and bicycles have publicly or privately owned connection elements for electric vehicles in buildings, not only on the public highway.', 'It is vital to ensure that the public parking spaces for cars and bicycles have publicly or privately owned connection elements for electric vehicles in buildings, not only on the public highway. In this regard, the implementation of a regulation that establishes the conditions for the transmission of electrical energy and the possibility of the Administration creating a Chart 7.', 'In this regard, the implementation of a regulation that establishes the conditions for the transmission of electrical energy and the possibility of the Administration creating a Chart 7. Comparison of annual GHG emissions with and without COVID-19 (source: the authors, based on data on the reduction of mobility and electricity consumption in the Principality during the 2020 lockdown)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change mediator and informative campaigns for residents’ associations and individuals who want to execute these facilities may be tools to secure the implementation of these infrastructures and private investment in this sector.', 'Comparison of annual GHG emissions with and without COVID-19 (source: the authors, based on data on the reduction of mobility and electricity consumption in the Principality during the 2020 lockdown)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change mediator and informative campaigns for residents’ associations and individuals who want to execute these facilities may be tools to secure the implementation of these infrastructures and private investment in this sector. Similarly, the possibility of modifying the urban planning regulations governing public car parks must be studied to increase the degree of demand for the availability of spaces for new constructions, in keeping with the aim of introducing electric vehicles.', 'Similarly, the possibility of modifying the urban planning regulations governing public car parks must be studied to increase the degree of demand for the availability of spaces for new constructions, in keeping with the aim of introducing electric vehicles. With regard to the Administration’s fleet of vehicles, care must be taken to ensure that 100% of the cars purchased are EVs or ones that don’t produce GHG emissions, with the exception of those that cannot be adapted due to service safety requirements. This criterion must be included in any new contractual specifications for this type of product.', 'This criterion must be included in any new contractual specifications for this type of product. With regard to aid for the improvement of the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleet, in 2014 the Government approved the Engega Plan, an aid programme which has assigned financial support to the acquisition of rechargeable electric and hybrid vehicles since 2016. Although this aid programme has caused a relatively insignificant change in the total mobile fleet (0.73% of cars were electric vehicles in 2019), the Plan is thought to be causing a shift in consumption habits towards vehicles emitting fewer GHGs and thus encouraging the electric vehicle market.', 'Although this aid programme has caused a relatively insignificant change in the total mobile fleet (0.73% of cars were electric vehicles in 2019), the Plan is thought to be causing a shift in consumption habits towards vehicles emitting fewer GHGs and thus encouraging the electric vehicle market. The Plan needs to popularise the use of the electric vehicle, especially with regard to internal travel in the country, and concentrate efforts on vehicles intended for logistical purposes with more intense use than private ones.', 'The Plan needs to popularise the use of the electric vehicle, especially with regard to internal travel in the country, and concentrate efforts on vehicles intended for logistical purposes with more intense use than private ones. However, aid for sustainable mobility should be diversified and potential allowances or premiums associated with the implementation of charging points or the promotion of individual journeys on foot or by PMVs (personal mobility vehicles without emissions) should be studied via Andorra’s public transport integrating platform (Mou_T_B) or any other.', 'However, aid for sustainable mobility should be diversified and potential allowances or premiums associated with the implementation of charging points or the promotion of individual journeys on foot or by PMVs (personal mobility vehicles without emissions) should be studied via Andorra’s public transport integrating platform (Mou_T_B) or any other. With regard to public transport, distribution logistics, urban waste collection, the construction sector and new piste-grooming machines, among other types of vehicles, it will be necessary to ensure a transition to a model with fewer or zero emissions, using other technologies such as those based on green hydrogen15. Activity 3.', 'With regard to public transport, distribution logistics, urban waste collection, the construction sector and new piste-grooming machines, among other types of vehicles, it will be necessary to ensure a transition to a model with fewer or zero emissions, using other technologies such as those based on green hydrogen15. Activity 3. Agriculture and forest management respectful towards the territory’s sink capacity The agricultural and livestock farming sectors account for less than 2% of the total GHGs (2017), so actions in this sector are not aimed at mitigation but rather at promoting production to boost the consumption of local food and thus reduce food waste and emissions associated with food transport.', 'Agriculture and forest management respectful towards the territory’s sink capacity The agricultural and livestock farming sectors account for less than 2% of the total GHGs (2017), so actions in this sector are not aimed at mitigation but rather at promoting production to boost the consumption of local food and thus reduce food waste and emissions associated with food transport. It is currently estimated that the meat products provided by the country’s livestock farmers generates about 1,500 tonnes of food marketed through wholesalers, butchers and restaurants. This amount accounts for approximately 15% of the meat consumed in the country. Given the uncertainty generated by the current climatic circumstances, the preservation of traditional systems that have adapted over time is essential.', 'Given the uncertainty generated by the current climatic circumstances, the preservation of traditional systems that have adapted over time is essential. Extensive livestock farming is not only able to adapt to climate change but it also helps to mitigate it as a result of its relationship with the environment and the ecosystem services provided by grazing in the form of maintaining the forests, the main sinks in Andorra.', 'Extensive livestock farming is not only able to adapt to climate change but it also helps to mitigate it as a result of its relationship with the environment and the ecosystem services provided by grazing in the form of maintaining the forests, the main sinks in Andorra. In this regard, it is estimated that the forest mass of Andorra is able to absorb 23% of GHG emissions (2017), in such a way that managing the forests properly and ensuring adaptive forestry as a nature-based solution allowing the maintenance and improvement of the 15 Green hydrogen, unlike grey hydrogen, is produced using water and electricity from renewable sources.', 'In this regard, it is estimated that the forest mass of Andorra is able to absorb 23% of GHG emissions (2017), in such a way that managing the forests properly and ensuring adaptive forestry as a nature-based solution allowing the maintenance and improvement of the 15 Green hydrogen, unlike grey hydrogen, is produced using water and electricity from renewable sources. Once produced, it can be stored or used; it recovers energy in the form of heat through direct combustion with oxygen (1) (in the case of hydrogen engines) or in the form of electricity by means of a fuel battery (2).', 'Once produced, it can be stored or used; it recovers energy in the form of heat through direct combustion with oxygen (1) (in the case of hydrogen engines) or in the form of electricity by means of a fuel battery (2). O the other hand, grey hydrogen is produced by bringing methane and water to high temperatures, resulting in hydrogen and carbon dioxide, to which the emissions from the production of heat required for the reaction must be added.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Principality’s sink capacity is a key element within the actions to be implemented as part of the Strategy.', 'O the other hand, grey hydrogen is produced by bringing methane and water to high temperatures, resulting in hydrogen and carbon dioxide, to which the emissions from the production of heat required for the reaction must be added.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Principality’s sink capacity is a key element within the actions to be implemented as part of the Strategy. Law 7/2019 of 7 February on the conservation of the natural environment, biodiversity and the landscape attributes a multi-functional role to the forest masses (which occupy more than 40% of the country’s surface area) in the environmental and economic fields, due to their productive and regulatory role in the biological cycle, its function as a reservoir for biodiversity, its ability to protect the soil from erosion and its social function in aspects related to leisure, recreation and the landscape.', 'Law 7/2019 of 7 February on the conservation of the natural environment, biodiversity and the landscape attributes a multi-functional role to the forest masses (which occupy more than 40% of the country’s surface area) in the environmental and economic fields, due to their productive and regulatory role in the biological cycle, its function as a reservoir for biodiversity, its ability to protect the soil from erosion and its social function in aspects related to leisure, recreation and the landscape. More specifically, Law 7/2019 recognises the forest masses as the main GHG sink in Andorra and recommends managing them as such in response to the global obligations arising from the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', 'More specifically, Law 7/2019 recognises the forest masses as the main GHG sink in Andorra and recommends managing them as such in response to the global obligations arising from the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Section V regulates the management of the Principality’s forest masses and establishes communal forest management plans as basic instruments for regulating them. These plans should preferably incorporate the demand anticipated for the thermal energy needs of the communal buildings into the forest management planning. In this regard, the Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures in Andorra also provides for the use of biomass energy by means of these forest management plans and considers that the management must ensure their maintenance and improve the sink capacity.', 'In this regard, the Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures in Andorra also provides for the use of biomass energy by means of these forest management plans and considers that the management must ensure their maintenance and improve the sink capacity. In any event, the current sink capacity of the territory is calculated upon the basis of the available data and variables, often national bibliographic sources or other from nearby territories, which outline the most representative scenario of Andorra’s forest mass.', 'In any event, the current sink capacity of the territory is calculated upon the basis of the available data and variables, often national bibliographic sources or other from nearby territories, which outline the most representative scenario of Andorra’s forest mass. Within the framework of the drawing up of the national GHG Inventory and in accordance with the guidelines of the IPCC of 2006, this estimate must be continuously improved and therefore it will be necessary to make a systematic observation of the variables that are determined essential to better allocate the Principality’s sink capacity. This task is included in the innovation, research and systematic observation programme (V). Activity 4.', 'This task is included in the innovation, research and systematic observation programme (V). Activity 4. Circular economy After 20 years of the implementation of the National Waste Plan that was approved in 2001 with objectives set for 2020, it can be stated that the goals set out in the Plan have been achieved and the country’s waste management complies with the European regulations. Currently, however, in the fields of waste and other areas of production and consumption it’s necessary to change the model and move towards a circular economy allowing significant savings in the consumption of raw materials, energy and water. Work is therefore already underway on the drafting of a circular economy bill and a circular economy strategy to be implemented in tandem with it.', 'Work is therefore already underway on the drafting of a circular economy bill and a circular economy strategy to be implemented in tandem with it. The general objectives will be to reduce the consumption of materials in relation to the GDP and minimise food waste and waste generation in general. This regulation will also implement obligations on labelling requirements in relation to GHG emissions from different products and services. More specifically, the construction sector is a key sector for the reuse of materials such as residual forest biomass for the generation of new building materials. It is therefore appropriate to explore the possibilities in this regard.', 'It is therefore appropriate to explore the possibilities in this regard. Similarly, subsidies for products designed to optimise their useful life and to be as efficient as possible, such as the most efficient tyres and the reuse of tyres of heavy goods vehicles by means of retreading leads to reductions in GHG emissions. Potential allowances or taxation tools should be studied in order to promote these initiatives.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Activity 5. Industry and use of products The industrial sector accounts for less than 2%16 of the country’s gross domestic product and its share of GHG emissions is small in comparison with other countries (less than 2.5%).', 'Industry and use of products The industrial sector accounts for less than 2%16 of the country’s gross domestic product and its share of GHG emissions is small in comparison with other countries (less than 2.5%). However, we must not forget the importance of ensuring the development of a green economy with high value added industries based on clean and sustainable technologies and giving increasing characterisation to this sector in order to specify the appropriate mitigation measures to be undertaken and have a sector which is better prepared for the future changes that may occur, such as the increase in competition for hydric resources, the regulation of the use of certain products with heating power, etc.', 'However, we must not forget the importance of ensuring the development of a green economy with high value added industries based on clean and sustainable technologies and giving increasing characterisation to this sector in order to specify the appropriate mitigation measures to be undertaken and have a sector which is better prepared for the future changes that may occur, such as the increase in competition for hydric resources, the regulation of the use of certain products with heating power, etc. The above also applies to the use of products such as refrigerant gases, solvents, foaming agents, aerosols, etc.', 'The above also applies to the use of products such as refrigerant gases, solvents, foaming agents, aerosols, etc. There is limited knowledge of the use of these products and, therefore, the related diffuse and fugitive emissions, and, although no consumption that could generate significant GHG emissions is expected due to the type of economy and size of the country, it is important to identify the emitting sources so as to define the actions to be implemented.', 'There is limited knowledge of the use of these products and, therefore, the related diffuse and fugitive emissions, and, although no consumption that could generate significant GHG emissions is expected due to the type of economy and size of the country, it is important to identify the emitting sources so as to define the actions to be implemented. Therefore, an initial set of actions in this sector require better identification and characterisation of these emission sources and the continuity of the line of work that has been carried out so far to reduce the consumption of gases with high warming potential that have already led to international agreements, such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention.', 'Therefore, an initial set of actions in this sector require better identification and characterisation of these emission sources and the continuity of the line of work that has been carried out so far to reduce the consumption of gases with high warming potential that have already led to international agreements, such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention. The proper implementation of the Vienna Convention and its protocols has had positive effects in terms of achieving the objectives of the UNFCCC. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best-known greenhouse gas, but there are others that have a much higher potential greenhouse effect that are of industrial origin, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).', 'Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best-known greenhouse gas, but there are others that have a much higher potential greenhouse effect that are of industrial origin, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The development of HFCs was a consequence of the Montreal Protocol as a response by the chemical companies to address the ban on the use of ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs. Therefore, the Kigali Amendment, the latest amendment to the Montreal Protocol, seeks to progressively reduce HFCs, which, while not being harmful to the ozone layer and accounting for only a small percentage of the GHGs.in the atmosphere, have an impact a thousand times greater than that of carbon dioxide, due to their global warming potential.', 'Therefore, the Kigali Amendment, the latest amendment to the Montreal Protocol, seeks to progressively reduce HFCs, which, while not being harmful to the ozone layer and accounting for only a small percentage of the GHGs.in the atmosphere, have an impact a thousand times greater than that of carbon dioxide, due to their global warming potential. These gases are chiefly used in air conditioning and cooling appliances, which are therefore one of the sectors that this Strategy will strive to improve in terms of the quantification and qualification of the gases used in them.', 'These gases are chiefly used in air conditioning and cooling appliances, which are therefore one of the sectors that this Strategy will strive to improve in terms of the quantification and qualification of the gases used in them. The reduction schedule of the Kigali Amendment for countries such as Andorra (parts classified as “Non-article 5”) stipulates that the reduction phase should begin in 2019 and a reduction of 85% should be achieved in its baseline by 2036. Achieving these reduction objectives entails having a good strategy that envisages both the technical aspects associated with the use of a new generation of refrigeration gases and the essential associated administrative and regulatory adaptations within a context of cooperation with the chief national economic sectors most affected.', 'Achieving these reduction objectives entails having a good strategy that envisages both the technical aspects associated with the use of a new generation of refrigeration gases and the essential associated administrative and regulatory adaptations within a context of cooperation with the chief national economic sectors most affected. This activity is closely related to the 2017-2030 Atmospheric Environment Strategy. 16 Source: Department of Statistics, 2018The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Programme II. Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience The impacts caused by the increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena and the progressive changes in the climatic conditions of the Pyrenees are already noticeable in Andorra (see section 1 and annex 1).', 'Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience The impacts caused by the increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena and the progressive changes in the climatic conditions of the Pyrenees are already noticeable in Andorra (see section 1 and annex 1). Therefore, the Strategy envisages a national action programme for adaptation (II) to climate change that increases the resilience of the socio-economic and environmental sectors. Activity 6. Plan for adaptation to climate change On an international scale the UNFCCC acknowledges the vulnerability of all countries to the effects of climate change.', 'Plan for adaptation to climate change On an international scale the UNFCCC acknowledges the vulnerability of all countries to the effects of climate change. Although the adaptation processes received less attention than the efforts to mitigate GHGs during the first years of the Convention, the need to work on adaptation issues has acquired greater prominence since the publication of the third IPCC Evaluation Report (2001) and all the signatories of the Convention agree that it is of vital importance. In 2010, during the COP16, the process for the national adaptation plans (NAPs) was established to enable the parties to identify their mid and long-term adaptation needs with the aim of developing strategies and programmes to respond to said needs (the Cancun Adaptation Framework).', 'In 2010, during the COP16, the process for the national adaptation plans (NAPs) was established to enable the parties to identify their mid and long-term adaptation needs with the aim of developing strategies and programmes to respond to said needs (the Cancun Adaptation Framework). The development of the adaptation plans should be an ongoing, progressive, iterative, participatory and transparent process. The participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (PAACC) was carried out in 2014 with the aims of identifying the potential impacts of climate change on the socio- economic and environmental sectors, assessing the vulnerabilities of each of them and identifying the adaptation measures to address them and reduce their vulnerability.', 'The participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (PAACC) was carried out in 2014 with the aims of identifying the potential impacts of climate change on the socio- economic and environmental sectors, assessing the vulnerabilities of each of them and identifying the adaptation measures to address them and reduce their vulnerability. Annex 1 lists the chief impacts and associated vulnerabilities for the socio-economic and biophysical sectors and indicates the degree of prioritisation resulting from the PAACC.', 'Annex 1 lists the chief impacts and associated vulnerabilities for the socio-economic and biophysical sectors and indicates the degree of prioritisation resulting from the PAACC. Upon the basis of this work and the information contained the recent report updating the bases of the scientific knowledge with regard to the impacts and vulnerabilities facing the Pyrenees in terms of climate change titled Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018) performed by the OPCC2 project, Annex 1 lists the main impacts and associated vulnerabilities for the socio-economic and biophysical sectors and indicates the degree of prioritisation resulting from the PAACC. The set of identified impacts have been grouped together as much as possible to obtain an overall diagnosis to facilitate analysis of the situation.', 'The set of identified impacts have been grouped together as much as possible to obtain an overall diagnosis to facilitate analysis of the situation. The scientific consensus in relation to the main challenges facing the Pyrenees in terms of climate change, as indicated in the above-mentioned OPCC2 report, is directly correlated with the set of impacts identified for the different sectors in Annex 1 for Andorra and are as follows:The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change These challenges are taken into account when defining the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and, in particular, will need to be incorporated when a climate change adaptation plan is defined for the country.', 'The scientific consensus in relation to the main challenges facing the Pyrenees in terms of climate change, as indicated in the above-mentioned OPCC2 report, is directly correlated with the set of impacts identified for the different sectors in Annex 1 for Andorra and are as follows:The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change These challenges are taken into account when defining the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and, in particular, will need to be incorporated when a climate change adaptation plan is defined for the country. The United Nations recommends that the NAPs include four general and cyclical components: (1) assessment of the impacts and associated vulnerabilities and risks, (2) drawing up of the adaptation plans, (3) implementation of the measures and (4) monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation.', 'The United Nations recommends that the NAPs include four general and cyclical components: (1) assessment of the impacts and associated vulnerabilities and risks, (2) drawing up of the adaptation plans, (3) implementation of the measures and (4) monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation. 43 measures were identified (table 1) in the 2014 process, of which more than 30% are currently under development. However, it will be necessary to update some of the actions envisaged in the PAACC in order to plan them in terms of time and funding and integrate them into the policies, plans and programmes of the administrations, making it easier to transfer them to the private sector.', 'However, it will be necessary to update some of the actions envisaged in the PAACC in order to plan them in terms of time and funding and integrate them into the policies, plans and programmes of the administrations, making it easier to transfer them to the private sector. Typology of measure Number of measures Thematic field Planning 15 Hydric resource, energy, tourism, natural risks and mobility Operational 10 Agriculture and livestock farming, health and energy Regulation 5 Natural spaces, landscape, renewable energies and hydric resource Research and studies 5 Natural spaces, landscape and natural risks Sensitisation 3 Hydric resource, energy and natural risks Financial instruments. 5 Tourism and natural risks Table 1. Number of actions per typology of the PAACC 1. Prepare the population to cope with extreme weather 2. Increase safety in view of the natural risks 3.', 'Increase safety in view of the natural risks 3. Support the actors from the territory in the event of water scarcity and droughts 4. Guarantee the quality of the surface waters and groundwater 5. Maintain the tourist appeal of the Pyrenees 6. Address the changes in crop productivity and quality and capitalise on the emerging opportunities 7. Anticipate irreversible changes in the landscape 8. Consider the potential loss of biodiversity and changes in the ecosystems 9. Adapt to the imbalances between energy supply and demand 10. Address the increased spread of diseases, pests and invasive speciesThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Image 1.', 'Address the increased spread of diseases, pests and invasive speciesThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Image 1. Adaptation cycle under the climate change regime of the United Nations17 For the implementation of the PAACC, the impacts of climate change on the territory of the Principality were identified upon the basis of previous scientific work carried out in Andorra and the Pyrenees as a whole within the framework of the cooperation project of the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC)18. To ensure that the adaptation measures are consistent and suited to the real and foreseen changes in the territory, it’s necessary to continue studying the impact and vulnerability in terms of climate change and to identify and calculate the indicators required to monitor it properly.', 'To ensure that the adaptation measures are consistent and suited to the real and foreseen changes in the territory, it’s necessary to continue studying the impact and vulnerability in terms of climate change and to identify and calculate the indicators required to monitor it properly. The OPCC, with funding from members of the CTP and the Poctefa programme, is currently developing a Pyrenean strategy for adaptation to climate change as part of the Adapyr project19 (due to be completed in 2022), in such a way that this document will also constitute a basic tool for defining Andorra’s plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change.', 'The OPCC, with funding from members of the CTP and the Poctefa programme, is currently developing a Pyrenean strategy for adaptation to climate change as part of the Adapyr project19 (due to be completed in 2022), in such a way that this document will also constitute a basic tool for defining Andorra’s plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change. In order to plan the actions, priority will be given to studies in the health, agriculture, energy and tourism sectors, as stipulated by the Litecc. To carry out these studies, the Government will rely on the country’s research and investigation centres and cross-border territorial cooperation initiatives addressing climate change (without ruling out other potential collaboration). Activity 7.', 'To carry out these studies, the Government will rely on the country’s research and investigation centres and cross-border territorial cooperation initiatives addressing climate change (without ruling out other potential collaboration). Activity 7. Promotion of nature-based solutions for greater resilience If biodiversity and the ecosystems are protected and managed sustainably, they can offer a wide range of services. The sustainable management and restoration of the ecosystems can generate resilience-mean. 18 The Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory is a cross-border territorial cooperation initiative on climate change launched in 2010 and conducted by the Pyrenees Working Community (CTP) that seeks to monitor and understand the phenomenon of climate change in the Pyrenees. 19 Project of the Interreg V-A programme for Territorial Cooperation between Spain, France and Andorra (Poctefa 2014- 2020).', '19 Project of the Interreg V-A programme for Territorial Cooperation between Spain, France and Andorra (Poctefa 2014- 2020). Evaluation, impacts, vulnerability and risks Adaptation plans Implementati on of the adaptation measures Monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation Involve the greatest possible number of interested actors Increase sensitisation and ambition Promote a political space for commitment Share information and knowledge Reinforce technical and institutional skills Facilitate the provision of financial and technological supportThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change social, economic and environmental benefits (e.g. use of the forest biomass), improving the exploitation of natural resources and protecting the ecosystem services that stem from them. Well-preserved ecosystems have a cushioning effect on the climate and can help to reduce the risks and impacts of extreme weather events such as storms, avalanches and floods, the frequency and intensity of which will be exacerbated by climate change.', 'Well-preserved ecosystems have a cushioning effect on the climate and can help to reduce the risks and impacts of extreme weather events such as storms, avalanches and floods, the frequency and intensity of which will be exacerbated by climate change. Preserving and restoring wetlands and riverbank vegetation are solutions that can reduce the intensity of flooding and the damage it causes and protect hydric resources during droughts. Protected natural areas are among the privileged tools for conserving biodiversity in the face of the main threats and for maintaining the ecosystems’ potential for resilience and adaptation. They are therefore receiving increasing recognition as effective, economical and sustainable tools for combating climate change and acting as carbon sinks.', 'They are therefore receiving increasing recognition as effective, economical and sustainable tools for combating climate change and acting as carbon sinks. As a result, it is important to envisage measures to prevent the loss of habitats and to manage and control invasive species and those most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The conservation and expansion of protected areas must ensure the maintenance of biodiversity in the future. These areas must remain connected internally and with cross-border areas of interest in order to allow certain species to move around in the event that future climatic conditions oblige them to do so to survive (a factor of particular importance in mountainous areas where the differences in altitude are significant).', 'These areas must remain connected internally and with cross-border areas of interest in order to allow certain species to move around in the event that future climatic conditions oblige them to do so to survive (a factor of particular importance in mountainous areas where the differences in altitude are significant). The protected area management plans must incorporate aspects of vulnerability and sensitivity to the effects of climate change and, as appropriate, schedule actions to restore and recover the ecosystems and ecosystem services regarded as priorities. Mechanisms must be provided to ensure that these plans incorporate the results of the monitoring and associated recommendations (see Programme V, Innovation, research and systematic observation) in the decision-making processes during the land planning management.', 'Mechanisms must be provided to ensure that these plans incorporate the results of the monitoring and associated recommendations (see Programme V, Innovation, research and systematic observation) in the decision-making processes during the land planning management. More specifically, the mountain forests help to stabilise the soil and provide protection against avalanches and landslides, as well as being CO2 sinks. Older and more mature forests are thought to be able to store greater amounts of carbon above the ground (in the trunk and branches) and underground (in the roots), but a well-managed forest (with suitable clearings) further optimises their ability to absorb CO2.', 'Older and more mature forests are thought to be able to store greater amounts of carbon above the ground (in the trunk and branches) and underground (in the roots), but a well-managed forest (with suitable clearings) further optimises their ability to absorb CO2. Identifying the factors that condition the sink capacity of the forest mass and defining the management criteria to be integrated into the different management tools for these areas to optimise said factors are key to improving GHG absorption. Green spaces also play an important role in urban areas, as they help to combat the effects of heatwaves and cool the air while improving its quality.', 'Green spaces also play an important role in urban areas, as they help to combat the effects of heatwaves and cool the air while improving its quality. In addition, reducing the waterproofing of cities helps to minimise the risk of flooding, facilitates the infiltration of rainwater into the soil and restricts surface runoffs. In this regard, it’s essential for the urban planning regulations and parish urban development schemes to allow the creation of green roofs and façades, taking into account the limitations imposed by cultural heritage protection and the promotion of natural green public spaces and streets with a greater density of vegetation.', 'In this regard, it’s essential for the urban planning regulations and parish urban development schemes to allow the creation of green roofs and façades, taking into account the limitations imposed by cultural heritage protection and the promotion of natural green public spaces and streets with a greater density of vegetation. Similarly, the use of rainwater is also an important element to be borne in mind for the maintenance and management of these spaces, given the potential scarcity of this resource in the future. The traditional extensive livestock farming system developed in the Principality has a positive impact on the territory because it indirectly contributes to the cleaning of the forests and mountains, thus minimising the risk of fires and promoting biodiversity.', 'The traditional extensive livestock farming system developed in the Principality has a positive impact on the territory because it indirectly contributes to the cleaning of the forests and mountains, thus minimising the risk of fires and promoting biodiversity. It also naturally fertilises the soil, so there is no need to use synthetic fertilisers. The mowing of the meadows at the bottom of the valley, an activity inherent to livestock farming, is important for the landscape and it also has a positive impact on biodiversity.', 'The mowing of the meadows at the bottom of the valley, an activity inherent to livestock farming, is important for the landscape and it also has a positive impact on biodiversity. Encouraging these traditional activities is therefore a significant measure to be maintained and prioritised.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) In the same vein, the more extensive implementation of other crop alternatives could be studied, ones based on the application of permaculture techniques to minimise the sector’s emissions, maintain the richness of the soil, use water efficiently and so on; in short, sustainable agriculture. Nature-based solutions constitute an economically viable and sustainable alternative which is often less costly than technological investments or the construction and maintenance of infrastructures in the long term.', 'Nature-based solutions constitute an economically viable and sustainable alternative which is often less costly than technological investments or the construction and maintenance of infrastructures in the long term. Therefore, the consolidation of a territorial management model that takes into account the protection of biodiversity and the extension and enhancement of the forest mass and the ecosystem services20 will improve the Principality’s resilience to mid and long-term changes. Programme III.', 'Therefore, the consolidation of a territorial management model that takes into account the protection of biodiversity and the extension and enhancement of the forest mass and the ecosystem services20 will improve the Principality’s resilience to mid and long-term changes. Programme III. Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality To implement all the actions envisaged for decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality and the actions required to ensure proper adaptation to the planned changes, the Strategy includes the programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools (III) to sustain the Green Fund created by the Litecc. Activity 8.', 'Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality To implement all the actions envisaged for decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality and the actions required to ensure proper adaptation to the planned changes, the Strategy includes the programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools (III) to sustain the Green Fund created by the Litecc. Activity 8. National carbon credit and renewable energy market The creation of a voluntary and regulated emission offset system entails the adoption of innovative initiatives in the field of GHG emission mitigation.', 'National carbon credit and renewable energy market The creation of a voluntary and regulated emission offset system entails the adoption of innovative initiatives in the field of GHG emission mitigation. The implementation of this system is key to supporting organisations, entities and companies within the framework of social, corporate and entrepreneurial responsibility, as it facilitates the offsetting of their carbon footprint and the approval of policies to combat climate change in its operation. Similarly, the articulation of a national GHG emission offset system can serve to encourage and coordinate disperse activities related to the environment to be conducted by institutions and companies.', 'Similarly, the articulation of a national GHG emission offset system can serve to encourage and coordinate disperse activities related to the environment to be conducted by institutions and companies. For this system to be reliable it is essential to create the foundations to ensure the full transparency and integrity of the carbon credits that enter the system. Therefore, in parallel with the creation of the emission offset system, it will be necessary to determine a carbon standard that demonstrates the environmental integrity of the carbon credits generated by the different projects and the creation of a credit registry system that clarifies the ownership of the credits and their traceability.', 'Therefore, in parallel with the creation of the emission offset system, it will be necessary to determine a carbon standard that demonstrates the environmental integrity of the carbon credits generated by the different projects and the creation of a credit registry system that clarifies the ownership of the credits and their traceability. More specifically, with regard to the energy system, mechanisms must be created and the necessary instruments must be provided for the certification of the origin of the electrical power as an incentive to use renewable energies in the field of electricity with the aim of transmitting and marketing this renewable energy by means of guarantee of origin certificates to validate that it is 100% renewable.', 'More specifically, with regard to the energy system, mechanisms must be created and the necessary instruments must be provided for the certification of the origin of the electrical power as an incentive to use renewable energies in the field of electricity with the aim of transmitting and marketing this renewable energy by means of guarantee of origin certificates to validate that it is 100% renewable. To promote the offsetting of GHG emissions, a straightforward tool must be provided to facilitate the simplified calculation of the emissions generated by users who may be interested in them, either at home or in economic activities in the private sector or activities conducted by the public sector.', 'To promote the offsetting of GHG emissions, a straightforward tool must be provided to facilitate the simplified calculation of the emissions generated by users who may be interested in them, either at home or in economic activities in the private sector or activities conducted by the public sector. Within the framework of international commitments, it should be borne in mind that although the Paris Agreement doesn’t explicitly refer to the offsetting of GHG emissions, article 6.4 provides for the creation of a new mechanism to support countries in reducing their emissions and 20 The ecosystem services are generated upon the basis of the functions inherent in the ecosystems and generate benefits for society by improving the economy and the quality of life of people.', 'Within the framework of international commitments, it should be borne in mind that although the Paris Agreement doesn’t explicitly refer to the offsetting of GHG emissions, article 6.4 provides for the creation of a new mechanism to support countries in reducing their emissions and 20 The ecosystem services are generated upon the basis of the functions inherent in the ecosystems and generate benefits for society by improving the economy and the quality of life of people. Ecosystem services that generate provisions of resources and others of a regulatory or cultural nature or supportive of the above can all be identified.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change promoting sustainable development and acknowledges the possibility of the parties voluntarily participating to enable them to be more ambitious; therefore, it sets out certain principles that must be complied with, including transparency, environmental integrity and solid accounting.', 'Ecosystem services that generate provisions of resources and others of a regulatory or cultural nature or supportive of the above can all be identified.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change promoting sustainable development and acknowledges the possibility of the parties voluntarily participating to enable them to be more ambitious; therefore, it sets out certain principles that must be complied with, including transparency, environmental integrity and solid accounting. These principles must be taken into account when designing a national carbon credit market. In this regard, in October 2020, the Government approved its support for the San Jose Principles Coalition for High Ambition and Integrity in International Carbon Markets established in article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Activity 9.', 'In this regard, in October 2020, the Government approved its support for the San Jose Principles Coalition for High Ambition and Integrity in International Carbon Markets established in article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Activity 9. Green Fund and other taxation tools The Government promotes the Green Fund to encourage plans and actions for the development of climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives. This Fund, as stipulated by the Litecc, is incorporated into the draft general budget law and is sustained by any earmarked taxes that are determined for this purpose, as well as the complementary budgetary allocations provided for in the State’s general budget laws, the donations and contributions it receives and any other potential income.', 'This Fund, as stipulated by the Litecc, is incorporated into the draft general budget law and is sustained by any earmarked taxes that are determined for this purpose, as well as the complementary budgetary allocations provided for in the State’s general budget laws, the donations and contributions it receives and any other potential income. At the same time, the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency promoted by the General Council (2020) establishes that the proceeds from the tax on vehicle ownership also sustains said Fund. Decision 1/CP.21 of the Paris Agreement recognises the need, among other measures, to provide incentives to reduce emissions by means of instruments such as national policies and carbon pricing.', 'Decision 1/CP.21 of the Paris Agreement recognises the need, among other measures, to provide incentives to reduce emissions by means of instruments such as national policies and carbon pricing. In this regard, the regulation of carbon taxes may lead to increases in the prices of fossil fuels, reducing pollution and encouraging the business sector and consumers to choose cleaner and more affordable options. Specifically, the proposal involves creating a price for carbon as an additional element of the general branch of the excise tax on hydrocarbons whose use generates or is likely to generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Gradually integrating the CO2 element would internalise the social and environmental costs of the negative effects of fossil fuel use and improve the competitiveness of other less polluting energy sources.', 'Gradually integrating the CO2 element would internalise the social and environmental costs of the negative effects of fossil fuel use and improve the competitiveness of other less polluting energy sources. Ultimately, the chief goals of a tax such as this one are to send out a price signal to the economic agents and improve the competitiveness of other less polluting counterparties. These taxes can sustain the Green Fund and other mechanisms for distribution and a return for the citizenry can be studied in the future.', 'These taxes can sustain the Green Fund and other mechanisms for distribution and a return for the citizenry can be studied in the future. This Green Fund should serve to financially sustain aid programmes such as the Engega Plan and the Renova Programme, as well as other aid programmes created to promote mitigation and adaptation initiatives associated with climate change and activities related to the purposes of Law 21/2018. Similarly, the issuance of green bonds that seek to implement projects for climate change mitigation or adaptation by public and private institutions that are qualified to manage them must allow funding to be obtained from investors interested in carrying out plans that would be more difficult to execute without this fiscal mechanism.', 'Similarly, the issuance of green bonds that seek to implement projects for climate change mitigation or adaptation by public and private institutions that are qualified to manage them must allow funding to be obtained from investors interested in carrying out plans that would be more difficult to execute without this fiscal mechanism. These bonds must also comply with the transparency and publicity guidelines required for carbon credits and 100% renewable energy certificates. Lastly, the implementation of energy efficiency criteria for other national taxes and communal levies must be studied and, if necessary, the regulations should be adapted to apply them and allocate the revenue to climate change mitigation and adaptation projects around the county and in the parishes.', 'Lastly, the implementation of energy efficiency criteria for other national taxes and communal levies must be studied and, if necessary, the regulations should be adapted to apply them and allocate the revenue to climate change mitigation and adaptation projects around the county and in the parishes. In this regard, it will be necessary to study the possibility of subsidising buildings that go beyond the regulatory requirements and achieve the characteristics of passive buildings.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Programme IV. Social transition programme Technological progress is not enough to limit GHG emissions so as to achieve carbon neutrality, and therefore the transition to a low-carbon economy cannot be solely technological, which is why the Strategy includes a social transition programme (IV) on individual, collective and professional scales.', 'Social transition programme Technological progress is not enough to limit GHG emissions so as to achieve carbon neutrality, and therefore the transition to a low-carbon economy cannot be solely technological, which is why the Strategy includes a social transition programme (IV) on individual, collective and professional scales. Society must receive the necessary information by means of dissemination and sensitisation to achieve carbon neutrality and an appropriate educational transition must be performed to generate a future society aware of the importance of the effects of climate change and individual influence in achieving carbon neutrality. The Strategy also schedules the training of the professional sector, a key element in the execution of actions within the framework of the energy transition (energy efficiency, renewable energy production, etc.).', 'The Strategy also schedules the training of the professional sector, a key element in the execution of actions within the framework of the energy transition (energy efficiency, renewable energy production, etc.). Although the citizenry is aware of the phenomenon of climate change, to ensure that the decarbonisation initiatives related to energy, mobility and the economy are clear and transparent and allow them to act consciously, the Strategy envisages user information and protection to provide them with sufficient tools to enable them to make their decisions as active agents with opinions and good judgement.', 'Although the citizenry is aware of the phenomenon of climate change, to ensure that the decarbonisation initiatives related to energy, mobility and the economy are clear and transparent and allow them to act consciously, the Strategy envisages user information and protection to provide them with sufficient tools to enable them to make their decisions as active agents with opinions and good judgement. However, in order for the social transition to be real and close to the needs and concerns of society, the programme includes the participation of the different actors in the process to achieve carbon neutrality and ensures that there is institutional reinforcement and the structure and resources required to ensure its functionality. Activity 10.', 'However, in order for the social transition to be real and close to the needs and concerns of society, the programme includes the participation of the different actors in the process to achieve carbon neutrality and ensures that there is institutional reinforcement and the structure and resources required to ensure its functionality. Activity 10. Sensitisation and dissemination regarding carbon neutrality The transition towards a low GHG emission economy is not only a technological transition and one of research and innovation, it also entails a change in the habits of citizens (how we move, work, consume, etc.). The role of consumers becomes a key element in ensuring that the transition towards carbon neutrality is a success.', 'The role of consumers becomes a key element in ensuring that the transition towards carbon neutrality is a success. Individual decisions when it comes to choosing a home or food or purchasing a vehicle have a direct impact on the carbon footprint of society as a whole. Some widespread lifestyles around the world, such as long-haul international flights and the generalisation of a meat-rich diet, etc. have an environmental impact and until now technological progress has not been enough to limit their effect on the generation of GHGs (among other environmental impacts), in such a way that the selection of lifestyle choices can make a real difference in terms of the speed at which society can make the transition towards carbon neutrality.', 'have an environmental impact and until now technological progress has not been enough to limit their effect on the generation of GHGs (among other environmental impacts), in such a way that the selection of lifestyle choices can make a real difference in terms of the speed at which society can make the transition towards carbon neutrality. In view of the above, it’s important for society to obtain the right information and education so as to make individual decisions with regard to their habits and lifestyles and how they influence society as a whole on the path towards carbon neutrality.', 'In view of the above, it’s important for society to obtain the right information and education so as to make individual decisions with regard to their habits and lifestyles and how they influence society as a whole on the path towards carbon neutrality. For this reason, thematic initiatives such as the holding of international events like Energy Week and other specific actions including Earth Hour and the celebration of historical milestones such as Andorra’s accession to the UNFCCC are important for maintaining and improving the content and the scope of the target audience.', 'For this reason, thematic initiatives such as the holding of international events like Energy Week and other specific actions including Earth Hour and the celebration of historical milestones such as Andorra’s accession to the UNFCCC are important for maintaining and improving the content and the scope of the target audience. It is also important to make more technical activities available to the public, such as the international and Pyrenean conferences and the international seminars on climate change conducted by the OPCC which, thanks to remote tools, enable more people to gain access to them and extract the information they regard as relevant in keeping with their interests.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change From the standpoint of changing the mobility model, it is important to tell users how their actions can affect GHG emissions, in such a way that informing them about how their emissions can be reduced if they travel on foot or in a PMV via the country’s mobility applications such as Mou_T_B is a channel that requires study.', 'It is also important to make more technical activities available to the public, such as the international and Pyrenean conferences and the international seminars on climate change conducted by the OPCC which, thanks to remote tools, enable more people to gain access to them and extract the information they regard as relevant in keeping with their interests.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change From the standpoint of changing the mobility model, it is important to tell users how their actions can affect GHG emissions, in such a way that informing them about how their emissions can be reduced if they travel on foot or in a PMV via the country’s mobility applications such as Mou_T_B is a channel that requires study. Furthermore, information on the social and economic importance of the ecosystem services and the need to adapt to future climate scenarios will also lead to a positioning closer to the climate reality of society in the face of the management policies that are applied.', 'Furthermore, information on the social and economic importance of the ecosystem services and the need to adapt to future climate scenarios will also lead to a positioning closer to the climate reality of society in the face of the management policies that are applied. In this respect, it is vital to obtain more information on our environment and study it to ensure that it is accessible and understandable to the citizenry or any specific public. However, one of the key elements in terms of sensitisation to reach the citizenry is the business world. Its involvement in sensitisation and outreach initiatives also demonstrates its corporate and entrepreneurial social responsibility and the organisations allow contact with the different employment stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise be easily accessible, including suppliers, customers, etc.', 'Its involvement in sensitisation and outreach initiatives also demonstrates its corporate and entrepreneurial social responsibility and the organisations allow contact with the different employment stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise be easily accessible, including suppliers, customers, etc. Activity 11. Educational transition The educational transition must permit the drawing up and implementation of training and educational actions in the fields of climate change and energy, particularly with a view to disseminating the available information on the effect of social positioning on all the socio- economic sectors and biodiversity and the associated ecosystem services and the capacity for future adaptation with the purpose of enhancing the citizenry’s knowledge to facilitate conscious decision-making.', 'Educational transition The educational transition must permit the drawing up and implementation of training and educational actions in the fields of climate change and energy, particularly with a view to disseminating the available information on the effect of social positioning on all the socio- economic sectors and biodiversity and the associated ecosystem services and the capacity for future adaptation with the purpose of enhancing the citizenry’s knowledge to facilitate conscious decision-making. The training tools must be adapted to the educational sphere and pedagogical resources must be created and updated in keeping with the available information. It is therefore crucial to include the climate dimension in school syllabuses.', 'It is therefore crucial to include the climate dimension in school syllabuses. The ministry responsible for education will ensure the sensitisation and education of the country’s school population with regard to climate change and the national action in accordance with this Strategy. More specifically, in the case of higher education it will be necessary to cover the climate dimension in the syllabuses of state higher education qualifications within the cross-cutting competence related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, more specifically, the syllabuses developed by the Bachelor’s Degree in Educational Sciences. In addition, the climate neutrality of schools should be included in the Green Schools project as a goal for the participants.', 'In addition, the climate neutrality of schools should be included in the Green Schools project as a goal for the participants. The schools’ energy audits are a basic tool for this objective; they must be planned in accordance with the deadlines defined by the Litecc (by 2022) in order to ensure sufficient resources. 82% of the country’s schools were affiliated to the Green Schools programme during the 2018-2019 academic year and the aim is for all the public and denominational schools to join it. The set of educational sustainability initiatives must be aligned with the future environmental education strategy for sustainability, as well as the future Pyrenean environmental education strategy, which is currently being drafted as part of the Interreg-Poctefa project (ADNPYR)21.', 'The set of educational sustainability initiatives must be aligned with the future environmental education strategy for sustainability, as well as the future Pyrenean environmental education strategy, which is currently being drafted as part of the Interreg-Poctefa project (ADNPYR)21. It is worth noting that this Pyrenean education strategy to achieve sustainability will include a specific axis related to encouraging the involvement of the Administration and society in climate change mitigation and adaptation. 21 ADN Pirineus, a project for the valorisation of Pyrenean heritage and cooperation with the Pyreneus Vius Education Network.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Activity 12.', '21 ADN Pirineus, a project for the valorisation of Pyrenean heritage and cooperation with the Pyreneus Vius Education Network.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Activity 12. Training to achieve carbon neutrality Professionals from the energy sector are key players in the transition, which is why it is essential to plan training for technicians engaged in the refurbishment of buildings, the installation of energy production systems from high-efficiency renewable sources, electrical mobility and other more cross-cutting energy sectors such as energy management and audits. Training and retraining programmes must be designed for the professionals in these sectors, ensuring the quality of the training provided, adaptation to the current regulations and their full attendance.', 'Training and retraining programmes must be designed for the professionals in these sectors, ensuring the quality of the training provided, adaptation to the current regulations and their full attendance. To design these training programmes it will be vital to collaborate with the country’s higher education institutions in order to create ones that abide by the principles of the EHEA (student- centred learning and programmes defined by competences and learning outcomes), measured in accordance with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and quality standards. The professionals’ training must lead to the creation of a more competent business environment that offers qualified work in the energy sector and consolidates said sector as having potential for economic growth.', 'The professionals’ training must lead to the creation of a more competent business environment that offers qualified work in the energy sector and consolidates said sector as having potential for economic growth. Furthermore, within the Administration, the development of the tools, plans and programmes for the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change will require updated and enhanced institutional and vocational training in order to develop new skills, such as planning in accordance with unstable climate scenarios, and apply institutional adjustments to facilitate the implementation of the identified measures.', 'Furthermore, within the Administration, the development of the tools, plans and programmes for the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change will require updated and enhanced institutional and vocational training in order to develop new skills, such as planning in accordance with unstable climate scenarios, and apply institutional adjustments to facilitate the implementation of the identified measures. In this respect, during the international process for the analysis and consultation of the reports issued within the framework of the UNFCCC conducted by climate change experts held every two years, a set of skill development requirements are identified to improve the characterisation of GHG emissions and specify and optimise the most suitable mitigation and adaptation initiatives.', 'In this respect, during the international process for the analysis and consultation of the reports issued within the framework of the UNFCCC conducted by climate change experts held every two years, a set of skill development requirements are identified to improve the characterisation of GHG emissions and specify and optimise the most suitable mitigation and adaptation initiatives. One of the tools to be implemented is a programme to enhance skills and competences related to adaptive forest management and the management of natural areas and the biodiversity most vulnerable to climate change. Activity 13. User information and protection According to the Litecc, user information and protection are becoming key elements in the field of climate change.', 'User information and protection According to the Litecc, user information and protection are becoming key elements in the field of climate change. Empowering consumers requires informing them so that they can make their decisions as active agents with opinions and good judgement. This user empowerment will mean the energy policies can be implemented more effectively as a result of the citizenry’s decisions, in such a way that the citizenry will drive the energy transition. At the same time, making information available to consumers constitutes a defence of their rights, which is why the information must be clear, understandable and transparent. The creation of public registries providing rapid access to the information is an important process that requires implementation.', 'The creation of public registries providing rapid access to the information is an important process that requires implementation. However, general speaking and without limitation, users should be able to obtain information on the following data: - The contribution of each energy source to the electricity they consume. - The energy consumption of the properties they live in and public buildings. - The energy efficiency ratings of the properties they live in.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change - Consumption and CO2 emissions and the rate of ownership of new and second-hand vehicles for sale. - The energy efficiency of new household appliances that are marketed. Energy can be regarded as an essential resource, particularly in mountainous areas and in winter.', 'Energy can be regarded as an essential resource, particularly in mountainous areas and in winter. It will therefore be necessary to ensure the quality and reliability of the energy supply by means of a regulation that determines the criteria, to identify users who are liable to suffer from energy insecurity and to provide information to companies and entities within the energy sector on how to act in the above cases. These initiatives must be accompanied by a protocol of action to be applied by the Public Administration in the event that it becomes necessary to protect users. Activity 14.', 'These initiatives must be accompanied by a protocol of action to be applied by the Public Administration in the event that it becomes necessary to protect users. Activity 14. Participation of the different agents in the process to achieve carbon neutrality To ensure the participation of the key players in the strategic energy and climate change policies for achieving carbon neutrality, the Litecc (with the unanimous approval of the General Council) has created the National Energy and Climate Change Committee (CNECC). The Committee has a particularly important role to play in the evaluation and monitoring of the national Strategy outlined in this document.', 'The Committee has a particularly important role to play in the evaluation and monitoring of the national Strategy outlined in this document. This Committee is made up of representatives of the Public Administration, the private sector and the third sector of the Principality, including the National Youth Forum of Andorra, which was also a promoter of the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency. In order to give greater scope to the envisaged participation in the above-mentioned strategic policies, the Committee will approve the creation of the work sub-committees required to facilitate the evaluation of the proposals and concerns of the different actors with regard to initiatives under development or in operation, such as the future National Mobility Strategy.', 'In order to give greater scope to the envisaged participation in the above-mentioned strategic policies, the Committee will approve the creation of the work sub-committees required to facilitate the evaluation of the proposals and concerns of the different actors with regard to initiatives under development or in operation, such as the future National Mobility Strategy. Given that the CNECC is an inter-ministerial committee, this organisation must improve the coordination between the ministries so as to facilitate the prior implementation of the standards by the Public Administration as an exemplary act.', 'Given that the CNECC is an inter-ministerial committee, this organisation must improve the coordination between the ministries so as to facilitate the prior implementation of the standards by the Public Administration as an exemplary act. Similarly, to deploy the Litecc it will be vital to obtain the collaboration of the different agents from the public and private sectors and formalise said collaboration by means of cooperation agreements if deemed necessary, In this respect, there are currently several working groups involved in the area of mitigation, such as the one that focuses on energy efficiency in buildings, with the participation of the Andorran Association of Architects and the Andorran Association of Engineers, and the one that focuses on vocational training in the energy field, with the participation of the Association of Electricity, Plumbing and Air Conditioning Companies and the Andorran Association of Engineers.', 'Similarly, to deploy the Litecc it will be vital to obtain the collaboration of the different agents from the public and private sectors and formalise said collaboration by means of cooperation agreements if deemed necessary, In this respect, there are currently several working groups involved in the area of mitigation, such as the one that focuses on energy efficiency in buildings, with the participation of the Andorran Association of Architects and the Andorran Association of Engineers, and the one that focuses on vocational training in the energy field, with the participation of the Association of Electricity, Plumbing and Air Conditioning Companies and the Andorran Association of Engineers. There is also the working group involved in the area of adaptation, made up of research institutions from the country such as the Institute for Andorran Studies.', 'There is also the working group involved in the area of adaptation, made up of research institutions from the country such as the Institute for Andorran Studies. These working groups will have to be updated and expanded as part of the development of new adaptation and mitigation initiatives, in accordance with the topics that need to be worked on. The results generated by these working groups may be reported at the meetings of the CNECC if said Committee so requests.', 'The results generated by these working groups may be reported at the meetings of the CNECC if said Committee so requests. As for the Public Administration, any public procurement of works, supplies or technical services will have to apply efficiency criteria, in such a way that all the public agents from the central and communal administrations must be involved in the integration of the actions to achieve neutrality when it comes to defining the bases of the new technical and administrative specifications regulating the awarding of the above procurement.', 'As for the Public Administration, any public procurement of works, supplies or technical services will have to apply efficiency criteria, in such a way that all the public agents from the central and communal administrations must be involved in the integration of the actions to achieve neutrality when it comes to defining the bases of the new technical and administrative specifications regulating the awarding of the above procurement. Finally, it is important to bear in mind the possibility of creating crowd-funding projects in the areas of mitigation and adaptation in which any individual, company or organisation can participate in order to implement plans to promote the fight against climate change.', 'Finally, it is important to bear in mind the possibility of creating crowd-funding projects in the areas of mitigation and adaptation in which any individual, company or organisation can participate in order to implement plans to promote the fight against climate change. These projectsThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) can be launched via a private or public platform and the Administration must promote policies aimed at facilitating the development of initiatives in this regard. These projects also acquire an added value in terms of sensitisation and dissemination.', 'These projects also acquire an added value in terms of sensitisation and dissemination. Programme V. Innovation, research and systematic observation Lastly, it should be borne in mind that the technologies are evolving very rapidly and that it is urgent to apply the most advanced ones for decarbonisation and adaptation to the phenomena of climate change; the application of these technologies requires their subsequent evaluation by means of the indicators that are defined. In view of the above, the Strategy envisages the innovation, research and systematic observation programme (V).', 'In view of the above, the Strategy envisages the innovation, research and systematic observation programme (V). To ensure that the transfer of all the information generated by this programme is useful and practical, it will be essential to anticipate how the results will be disclosed and how the different players that implement and execute the mitigation and adaptation initiatives within the territory will be involved. Activity 15. Innovation As established by the Litecc, the Public Administration must promote innovation, and, to do so, it will be necessary to encourage interaction among the different agents in the economic and scientific systems so that they can study, evaluate and determine the usefulness and appropriateness of certain technologies and measures.', 'Innovation As established by the Litecc, the Public Administration must promote innovation, and, to do so, it will be necessary to encourage interaction among the different agents in the economic and scientific systems so that they can study, evaluate and determine the usefulness and appropriateness of certain technologies and measures. It is therefore intended to authorise pilot tests to implement new technologies, particularly within the energy sector. In this regard, a key element that needs developing is a value chain associated with the use of hydrogen and other energy sources such as synthesis gas obtained from renewable energy sources as potential energy for achieving carbon neutrality, particularly within the transport sector and other sectors that are difficult to decarbonise.', 'In this regard, a key element that needs developing is a value chain associated with the use of hydrogen and other energy sources such as synthesis gas obtained from renewable energy sources as potential energy for achieving carbon neutrality, particularly within the transport sector and other sectors that are difficult to decarbonise. These forms of energy also allow storage, which is why they can constitute an excellent alternative for storing electrical power from renewable sources and subsequently transforming it into electricity or directly using it as fuel. One platform that promotes these tests is made up of living labs and care must be taken to include real research and innovation in the fight against climate change. Activity 16.', 'One platform that promotes these tests is made up of living labs and care must be taken to include real research and innovation in the fight against climate change. Activity 16. Research and knowledge transfer The activities envisaged within the Strategy’s programmes will have an impact on the mitigation of GHGs, which are expected to total 21% by 2030 in comparison with the emissions in 2017 (equivalent to a 37% reduction in global emissions with respect to a static scenario for 2030) and 77% by 2050 compared to 2017, thus achieving climate neutrality. Achieving carbon neutrality requires contributions from all the sectors, especially those entailing higher energy consumption, in order to guarantee a sustainable energy transition and maintain the reduction in emissions over time.', 'Achieving carbon neutrality requires contributions from all the sectors, especially those entailing higher energy consumption, in order to guarantee a sustainable energy transition and maintain the reduction in emissions over time. Therefore, research and the development of new products, technologies and work methodologies are key to achieving the goals set by the Strategy and international commitments.', 'Therefore, research and the development of new products, technologies and work methodologies are key to achieving the goals set by the Strategy and international commitments. One of the lines of research regarded as a priority is the optimisation of the sink capacity of different ecosystems in the country, taking into account the integration of their ecosystem values and the climate neutrality goal which is set.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change However, it is not only necessary to conduct research to optimise the reduction of emissions, we must also adapt more effectively and become more resilient. Therefore, the research programmes in the fields of biodiversity, ecosystems, forest management, health, energy and agriculture must be adjusted to prioritise climate factors.', 'Therefore, the research programmes in the fields of biodiversity, ecosystems, forest management, health, energy and agriculture must be adjusted to prioritise climate factors. Climate projections are an important element when it comes to assessing the incidence of climate change in the different sectors and, therefore, defining the projections on a more local scale will help to improve and adapt the recommendations of the research studies that are conducted. One of the lines of applied research that needs prioritising consists of nature-based solutions to deal with extreme climatic phenomena, measures that are less costly than the traditional grey ones.', 'One of the lines of applied research that needs prioritising consists of nature-based solutions to deal with extreme climatic phenomena, measures that are less costly than the traditional grey ones. The success of measures such as forests to ward off avalanches, which enjoy specific protection due to their function of reducing risks, has already been demonstrated, but other measures, including the treatment of high mountain river courses with nature-based techniques, have not yet been sufficiently tested, particularly given the uncertainty of the pluviometric regimen in the future.', 'The success of measures such as forests to ward off avalanches, which enjoy specific protection due to their function of reducing risks, has already been demonstrated, but other measures, including the treatment of high mountain river courses with nature-based techniques, have not yet been sufficiently tested, particularly given the uncertainty of the pluviometric regimen in the future. The set of results must be transferred in a streamlined way between the actors with planning capacity and the researchers, and this information must also reach society as a whole in an understandable and useful manner, in such a way that an information exchange platform is promoted to bring the research studies closer to the territory’s real mitigation and adaptation needs.', 'The set of results must be transferred in a streamlined way between the actors with planning capacity and the researchers, and this information must also reach society as a whole in an understandable and useful manner, in such a way that an information exchange platform is promoted to bring the research studies closer to the territory’s real mitigation and adaptation needs. Knowledge transfer is a key element in the development of new technologies. Activity 17. Systematic observation The effects of climate change are already noticeable in the Principality and to improve and envisage mitigation and adaptation initiatives in view of this phenomenon it is essential to monitor the chief indicators, variables and phenomena that provide the most information and best reflect the effects of climate change.', 'Systematic observation The effects of climate change are already noticeable in the Principality and to improve and envisage mitigation and adaptation initiatives in view of this phenomenon it is essential to monitor the chief indicators, variables and phenomena that provide the most information and best reflect the effects of climate change. The Government has identified the information required to draw up the GHG Inventory by decree, in accordance with the forecasts defined in the methodologies established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in relation to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This legislative tool will institutionally enhance the management of the systematic observation required to sustain the Inventory, a basic tool for steering the mitigation actions to be implemented.', 'This legislative tool will institutionally enhance the management of the systematic observation required to sustain the Inventory, a basic tool for steering the mitigation actions to be implemented. One of the key variables for achieving the Strategy’s goals is the improvement of the estimate of the territory’s sink capacity, which is currently calculated upon the basis of the data and variables that are available. Within the framework of the drawing up of the national GHG Inventory and in accordance with the IPCC’s 2006 guidelines, this estimate must be continuously improved and Administration or agent responsible for the planning Research entity Citizenry and business sectorThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) it’s therefore essential to systematically observe the variables deemed essential for better allocation of the Principality’s sink capacity.', 'Within the framework of the drawing up of the national GHG Inventory and in accordance with the IPCC’s 2006 guidelines, this estimate must be continuously improved and Administration or agent responsible for the planning Research entity Citizenry and business sectorThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) it’s therefore essential to systematically observe the variables deemed essential for better allocation of the Principality’s sink capacity. Another example would be better characterisation and consideration of fuel tourism. In addition, the National Energy Registry is the tool for centralised monitoring and control of the country’s energy flows. The Registry contains information on the amounts of thermal and electrical power produced, distributed, consumed, stored, imported and exported on a national scale.', 'The Registry contains information on the amounts of thermal and electrical power produced, distributed, consumed, stored, imported and exported on a national scale. The aim of the National Energy Registry is to determine the country’s energy balance from a quantitative standpoint in order to provide objective and transparent information in relation to the results of the national Strategy and the energy policy. In this regard, one of the improvements that should be incorporated is the definition of the emission factors of each energy agent, in such a way that the GHG emission estimates made for the national GHG Inventory are more and more accurate, in accordance with the IPCC’s 2006 guidelines.', 'In this regard, one of the improvements that should be incorporated is the definition of the emission factors of each energy agent, in such a way that the GHG emission estimates made for the national GHG Inventory are more and more accurate, in accordance with the IPCC’s 2006 guidelines. As well as the climate indicators, among others, it’s essential to envisage long-term supervisory and monitoring programmes for the populations of species most sensitive to climate change (e.g. those related to snowdrifts) and the control and monitoring of invasive species in order to plan the appropriate measures to prevent any loss of habitats.', 'those related to snowdrifts) and the control and monitoring of invasive species in order to plan the appropriate measures to prevent any loss of habitats. Some cross-border cooperation projects such as Phenoclim or Faunapyr generate these kinds of indicators and citizen science is becoming increasingly important in maintaining them over time.', 'Some cross-border cooperation projects such as Phenoclim or Faunapyr generate these kinds of indicators and citizen science is becoming increasingly important in maintaining them over time. To implement these tasks it will be necessary to obtain the collaboration and cooperation of administrative and research institutions (both domestic ones and others from neighbouring countries and abroad) One key example of the above is the close collaboration with the Centre for Snow and Mountain Studies of Andorra (CENMA) through the Monitoring Committee of the Agreement between the Institute for Andorran Studies and the OECC, which should permit the organisation of the working groups required to plan and carry out the systematic observation of climate change, together with the collaboration with the same institution’s Centre for Sociological Research (CRES) so as to obtain information on the perception of the effects of climatic change and the population’s anxiety in this matter.', 'To implement these tasks it will be necessary to obtain the collaboration and cooperation of administrative and research institutions (both domestic ones and others from neighbouring countries and abroad) One key example of the above is the close collaboration with the Centre for Snow and Mountain Studies of Andorra (CENMA) through the Monitoring Committee of the Agreement between the Institute for Andorran Studies and the OECC, which should permit the organisation of the working groups required to plan and carry out the systematic observation of climate change, together with the collaboration with the same institution’s Centre for Sociological Research (CRES) so as to obtain information on the perception of the effects of climatic change and the population’s anxiety in this matter. The promotion of cross-border and international cooperation for the development of this programme’s activities is of particular importance.', 'The promotion of cross-border and international cooperation for the development of this programme’s activities is of particular importance. This is the case of the Adapyr project conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory previously discussed in programme II, which addresses national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience.', 'This is the case of the Adapyr project conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory previously discussed in programme II, which addresses national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience. The Agency of Energy and Climate Change plays the role of an integrating agent that compiles all the information generated and a facilitator that engages the different parties so as to ensure that the information resulting from the systematic observation proves useful and allows the adaptation of the energy policies and, more generally, those on climate change within the Principality.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 4 Monitoring indicators A set of quantitative and qualitative indicators are defined to assess the degree of achievement of the objectives set by the Strategy and the need to review and/or modify the associated activities.', 'The Agency of Energy and Climate Change plays the role of an integrating agent that compiles all the information generated and a facilitator that engages the different parties so as to ensure that the information resulting from the systematic observation proves useful and allows the adaptation of the energy policies and, more generally, those on climate change within the Principality.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 4 Monitoring indicators A set of quantitative and qualitative indicators are defined to assess the degree of achievement of the objectives set by the Strategy and the need to review and/or modify the associated activities. These indicators are summarised in the following table and constitute an essential tool for the participation of the National Committee in the monitoring of this Strategy.', 'These indicators are summarised in the following table and constitute an essential tool for the participation of the National Committee in the monitoring of this Strategy. An assessment of the status of the indicators made on at least an annual basis will enable the CNECC to evaluate the monitoring and implementation of the Strategy. The chief indicators of the energy situation and the fight against climate change in terms of emissions and mitigation are listed below as a summary of the current situation for the monitoring and implementation of the Strategy.', 'The chief indicators of the energy situation and the fight against climate change in terms of emissions and mitigation are listed below as a summary of the current situation for the monitoring and implementation of the Strategy. 22 For international purposes the national GHG Inventory presented within the framework of the UNFCCC includes information on imported electrical power and the GHG emissions for 2017 total approximately 520 Gg CO2 -equivalent (and a balance of 390 Gg CO2 -equivalent). 23 Or a reduction of 37% with respect to the BAU scenario for 2030. 24 Taking into account that fuel tourism accounts for 76.1% of the consumption of locomotion fuels.', '24 Taking into account that fuel tourism accounts for 76.1% of the consumption of locomotion fuels. 25 Both the Litecc and the Agreement on the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency stipulate that the administrations have to conduct audits of all their heated buildings by Current situation Objective for Objective for 2050 Global GHG emissions 600 Gg CO2 - respect to the BAU scenario Carbon neutrality Energy intensity 89 TEP/€M of nominal Sink capacity Approx.', '25 Both the Litecc and the Agreement on the acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological emergency stipulate that the administrations have to conduct audits of all their heated buildings by Current situation Objective for Objective for 2050 Global GHG emissions 600 Gg CO2 - respect to the BAU scenario Carbon neutrality Energy intensity 89 TEP/€M of nominal Sink capacity Approx. -140 Gg CO2 - Maintain the territory’s sink capacity and improve its quantification Improve the territory’s sink capacity Decarbonisation programmes to achieve carbon neutrality Energy production sector Percentage of national electricity production from renewable sources and distribution by source waste recovery, 5% LNG cogeneration and 2% photovoltaic Increase energy diversification Maintain the energy diversification of renewable sources Mobility Percentage of electric propulsion vehicles in the car fleet in 2020 Percentage of electric propulsion vehicles in the Administration’s car fleet GHG emissions produced by internal mobility -equivalent emissions Decarbonisation Building Reduce the building’s energy consumption Heated public buildings energetically audited until 202025 Government buildings: 100% -The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 2022.', '-140 Gg CO2 - Maintain the territory’s sink capacity and improve its quantification Improve the territory’s sink capacity Decarbonisation programmes to achieve carbon neutrality Energy production sector Percentage of national electricity production from renewable sources and distribution by source waste recovery, 5% LNG cogeneration and 2% photovoltaic Increase energy diversification Maintain the energy diversification of renewable sources Mobility Percentage of electric propulsion vehicles in the car fleet in 2020 Percentage of electric propulsion vehicles in the Administration’s car fleet GHG emissions produced by internal mobility -equivalent emissions Decarbonisation Building Reduce the building’s energy consumption Heated public buildings energetically audited until 202025 Government buildings: 100% -The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 2022. The aim is to reduce CO2 emissions; when these tools become available, a sub-indicator corresponding to the energy consumption of these buildings will be considered. 26 Baseline emissions in accordance with the UNEP’s instructions.', '26 Baseline emissions in accordance with the UNEP’s instructions. 31.5% of property: seventeen buildings audited Industry and use of products -equivalent 26 -85% of the HFC consumption baseline Identify and eliminate fugitive and diffuse emissions Programme for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Global adaptation indicator Definition and calculation of a global adaptation indicator (quantitative targets are not set until the first indicator and its calculation become available) Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools National carbon credit and green energy market Implementation and introduction of market credits (quantitative targets are not set until the market can operate) Implementation and introduction of green energy certificates, 100% renewable sources Green Fund and other taxation tools Implementation of the Green Fund and evolution of the annual amount in euros allocated to each of the projects related to climate change (quantitative targets are not set until the Green Fund can operate) Social transition programme The citizenry’s perception of climate change as a more serious problem CRES observatory (first quarter of 2020) Increase the citizenry’s perception of the problem of climate change Families suffering from energy insecurity (user protection) Reduce the number of families suffering from energy insecurity to 0% Innovation, research and systematic observation programme Systematic observation Definition of climate change indicators to be systematically followed (*)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 5 Monitoring and review of the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change enables the Government to plan, coordinate and rationalise the actions, measures and projects aimed at achieving the objectives defined by the Litecc, as well as the long-term goal of carbon neutrality.', '31.5% of property: seventeen buildings audited Industry and use of products -equivalent 26 -85% of the HFC consumption baseline Identify and eliminate fugitive and diffuse emissions Programme for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Global adaptation indicator Definition and calculation of a global adaptation indicator (quantitative targets are not set until the first indicator and its calculation become available) Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools National carbon credit and green energy market Implementation and introduction of market credits (quantitative targets are not set until the market can operate) Implementation and introduction of green energy certificates, 100% renewable sources Green Fund and other taxation tools Implementation of the Green Fund and evolution of the annual amount in euros allocated to each of the projects related to climate change (quantitative targets are not set until the Green Fund can operate) Social transition programme The citizenry’s perception of climate change as a more serious problem CRES observatory (first quarter of 2020) Increase the citizenry’s perception of the problem of climate change Families suffering from energy insecurity (user protection) Reduce the number of families suffering from energy insecurity to 0% Innovation, research and systematic observation programme Systematic observation Definition of climate change indicators to be systematically followed (*)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change 5 Monitoring and review of the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change enables the Government to plan, coordinate and rationalise the actions, measures and projects aimed at achieving the objectives defined by the Litecc, as well as the long-term goal of carbon neutrality. The objectives, actions and measures provided for in the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change are binding on the Public Administration and are integrated into its sectoral planning and programming.', 'The objectives, actions and measures provided for in the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change are binding on the Public Administration and are integrated into its sectoral planning and programming. The Ministry responsible for climate change will be responsible for disseminating the Strategy document to the rest of the Administration and will provide technical support for its implementation. The Strategy is a public document that must be made available to the public and, as provided for by the Litecc, it will be reviewed at least every six years. The approval and subsequent reviews will be published in the Official Gazette of the Principality of Andorra.', 'The approval and subsequent reviews will be published in the Official Gazette of the Principality of Andorra. The National Energy and Climate Change Committee is the advisory body whose function is to monitor the Strategy, as well as to participate in the reviews, modifications and adaptation of its objectives. To ensure that it can carry out these tasks, the Committee and the sub-committees will receive information on an annual basis to determine the status of the indicators associated with each of the programmes and activities identified in the Strategy. The Strategy establishes mid and long-term goals and includes the objectives that the Litecc has already set for 2030 and 2050.', 'The Strategy establishes mid and long-term goals and includes the objectives that the Litecc has already set for 2030 and 2050. This planning tool will constitute the basis for the updates of the Principality’s nationally determined contribution (NDC), a statistic which demonstrates its efforts to reduce its domestic emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change in accordance with the Paris Agreement (article 4, paragraph 2).The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 6 Relationship between the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and other national strategies To ensure the proper implementation and suitability of the Strategy, it will be necessary to analyse its relationship with other Governmental strategies.', 'This planning tool will constitute the basis for the updates of the Principality’s nationally determined contribution (NDC), a statistic which demonstrates its efforts to reduce its domestic emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change in accordance with the Paris Agreement (article 4, paragraph 2).The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) 6 Relationship between the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and other national strategies To ensure the proper implementation and suitability of the Strategy, it will be necessary to analyse its relationship with other Governmental strategies. Therefore, a search has been conducted to identify the main recently approved strategies with a special relationship with the field of climate change in accordance with the diagnosis submitted in this document (energy, mobility, agriculture, forest management, health, tourism, atmospheric quality, biodiversity, landscape, sustainable development, economy, industry, education, research, etc.).', 'Therefore, a search has been conducted to identify the main recently approved strategies with a special relationship with the field of climate change in accordance with the diagnosis submitted in this document (energy, mobility, agriculture, forest management, health, tourism, atmospheric quality, biodiversity, landscape, sustainable development, economy, industry, education, research, etc.). In April 2019, the Government of Andorra approved its National Strategic Plan for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, in a further step towards making this roadmap a national priority and a state project. These sustainable development goals (SDGs) include achieving affordable and non-polluting energy (SDG 7), ensuring sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) and action on climate (SDG 13).', 'These sustainable development goals (SDGs) include achieving affordable and non-polluting energy (SDG 7), ensuring sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) and action on climate (SDG 13). All these SDGs are directly integrated into the Strategy and, in particular, are correlated with the following programmes and activities within the Strategy: Sustainable development goals (SDGs) The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (LTSECC) Programme I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: mitigating greenhouse gas emissions Programme II. Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Programme III. Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme IV.', 'Programme for the national carbon credit market and other taxation tools to achieve carbon neutrality Programme IV. Social transition programme Programme V. Innovation, research and systematic observationThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the two conventions that were drafted focused on climate change and biodiversity. In this regard, the 2016-2024 National Biodiversity Strategy of Andorra (ENBA) responds to the commitment to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992, defines how Andorra can contribute to the international objectives regarding biodiversity preservation and sets out the guidelines for the management of biodiversity in the country.', 'In this regard, the 2016-2024 National Biodiversity Strategy of Andorra (ENBA) responds to the commitment to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992, defines how Andorra can contribute to the international objectives regarding biodiversity preservation and sets out the guidelines for the management of biodiversity in the country. The ENBA is divided into five strategic objectives broken down into 24 activities and takes into account that climate change and its effects, such as desertification, bioinvasions, deforestation, soil loss, the extinction of species and varieties and the overexploitation of resources represent a failure on an international scale and action must be taken to achieve a reversal of the trend and a recovery of biodiversity.', 'The ENBA is divided into five strategic objectives broken down into 24 activities and takes into account that climate change and its effects, such as desertification, bioinvasions, deforestation, soil loss, the extinction of species and varieties and the overexploitation of resources represent a failure on an international scale and action must be taken to achieve a reversal of the trend and a recovery of biodiversity. In this respect, we should highlight the following ENBA activities in relation to the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change and their correlation with the programmes and activities within this Strategy: Objectives and activities of the ENBA The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change OBJECTIVE 1. INVENTORY THE BIODIVERSITY OF ANDORRA AND ITS TREND AND IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE Activity 1.4.', 'INVENTORY THE BIODIVERSITY OF ANDORRA AND ITS TREND AND IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE Activity 1.4. Identify the factors that may affect biodiversity and the state of conservation of the ecosystems Programme V. Innovation, research and systematic observation Activities 16 and 17. Research and systematic observation OBJECTIVE 3. PROMOTE THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN NATIONAL AND LOCAL SECTORAL POLICIES Activity 3.3. Promote and conserve forest biodiversity. The content of the forest plans should focus on the axes of productive forestry (biomass and green economy), protective forestry (erosion, environmental services, river basins, forest health), forestry for the conservation of biodiversity (mixed masses, strong biomass, old forests, relict spaces, etc.) and adaptive forestry (climate change, CO2 fixation) Programme I. Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: national action programmes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions Activity 3. Agricultural and forest management respectful towards the territory’s sink capacity OBJECTIVE 5. GOVERNANCE AND COOPERATION Activity 5.2.', 'Agricultural and forest management respectful towards the territory’s sink capacity OBJECTIVE 5. GOVERNANCE AND COOPERATION Activity 5.2. Encourage cooperation in international initiatives and cross-border projects related to biodiversity Programme V. Innovation, research and systematic observation Activity 16 and 17. Research and systematic observation Axes of action that are incompatible with the Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change are not detected in any of these cases. The National Landscape Strategy and the Circular Economy Plan are currently being reviewed and drafted; since previous versions of these strategies and action plans have already been finalised, it is considered more appropriate to assess the appropriateness and the relationship with these strategies when they have been reviewed and approved.', 'The National Landscape Strategy and the Circular Economy Plan are currently being reviewed and drafted; since previous versions of these strategies and action plans have already been finalised, it is considered more appropriate to assess the appropriateness and the relationship with these strategies when they have been reviewed and approved. In this regard, within the framework of the National Energy and Climate Change Committee, the suitability, compatibility and relationship of the Strategy with the new plans, programmes and strategies that are approved in the future can be considered.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Impacts and vulnerability in the face of climate change in AndorraSector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING 1 Changes in plant productivity (crops and pastures or mowed meadows) and animal productivity and the demand for hydric resources within the sector -Crop vulnerability -Pasture vulnerability -Vulnerability of the livestock to changes in the composition and quality of the pastures Changes in the composition and quality of the pastures -Vulnerability of the livestock to changes in the composition and quality of the pastures Changes in the phenology of the plant species that could generate misalignments with the pollinating insect cycles -Vulnerability of the crops to the difficulties facing insect pollination Rise in the altitudinal limit of the forest to the detriment of the pastures Extension of the pasturage period due to the rising temperatures Viability of new crops due to the rising temperatures New pests and diseases due to the new climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the crops to the presence of diseases and pests -Vulnerability of the livestock’s health to the presence of diseases and pests Damage and difficulties in the management of the agricultural and livestock farming land, infrastructures, meadows and pastures due to the increase in the number of extreme climatic phenomena and the year-on-year variability of the climatic conditions (storms, gales, floods, landslides, etc.)', 'In this regard, within the framework of the National Energy and Climate Change Committee, the suitability, compatibility and relationship of the Strategy with the new plans, programmes and strategies that are approved in the future can be considered.The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Impacts and vulnerability in the face of climate change in AndorraSector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING 1 Changes in plant productivity (crops and pastures or mowed meadows) and animal productivity and the demand for hydric resources within the sector -Crop vulnerability -Pasture vulnerability -Vulnerability of the livestock to changes in the composition and quality of the pastures Changes in the composition and quality of the pastures -Vulnerability of the livestock to changes in the composition and quality of the pastures Changes in the phenology of the plant species that could generate misalignments with the pollinating insect cycles -Vulnerability of the crops to the difficulties facing insect pollination Rise in the altitudinal limit of the forest to the detriment of the pastures Extension of the pasturage period due to the rising temperatures Viability of new crops due to the rising temperatures New pests and diseases due to the new climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the crops to the presence of diseases and pests -Vulnerability of the livestock’s health to the presence of diseases and pests Damage and difficulties in the management of the agricultural and livestock farming land, infrastructures, meadows and pastures due to the increase in the number of extreme climatic phenomena and the year-on-year variability of the climatic conditions (storms, gales, floods, landslides, etc.) -Vulnerability of the soil to extreme climatic phenomena such as heavy rainfall and storms, floods and landslides that will generate more soil erosion -Vulnerability of the livestock’s health to heatwaves -Vulnerability of the economy of the farmers and livestock breeders to declining production due to droughts -Vulnerability of the crops to the difficulties faced by insect pollination -Vulnerability of the soil to extreme climatic phenomena such as heavy rainfall and storms, floods and landslides that will generate more soil erosion BIODIVERSITY The disappearance, displacement or modification of the distribution and functioning of habitats, with a consequent change in the distribution of animal and plant species and the risk of their extinction -Vulnerability of the habitats of ombrophilous species and others with poor tolerance of droughts (such as the fir tree) to the reduced availability of water and the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of species associated with habitats linked to the forest’s 27 Source: Participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (2014) 28 Source: Participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (2014) and the study titled Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC)The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 altitudinal limit to the rise in this limit.', '-Vulnerability of the soil to extreme climatic phenomena such as heavy rainfall and storms, floods and landslides that will generate more soil erosion -Vulnerability of the livestock’s health to heatwaves -Vulnerability of the economy of the farmers and livestock breeders to declining production due to droughts -Vulnerability of the crops to the difficulties faced by insect pollination -Vulnerability of the soil to extreme climatic phenomena such as heavy rainfall and storms, floods and landslides that will generate more soil erosion BIODIVERSITY The disappearance, displacement or modification of the distribution and functioning of habitats, with a consequent change in the distribution of animal and plant species and the risk of their extinction -Vulnerability of the habitats of ombrophilous species and others with poor tolerance of droughts (such as the fir tree) to the reduced availability of water and the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of species associated with habitats linked to the forest’s 27 Source: Participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (2014) 28 Source: Participatory process for the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (2014) and the study titled Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory (OPCC)The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 altitudinal limit to the rise in this limit. Changes in the distribution of habitats that favour some species of fauna due to the rise in the forest’s altitude -Vulnerability of the springs, a habitat directly related to the presence of water, to droughts.', 'Changes in the distribution of habitats that favour some species of fauna due to the rise in the forest’s altitude -Vulnerability of the springs, a habitat directly related to the presence of water, to droughts. Vulnerability of the species linked to this habitat -Vulnerability of the habitats related to the presence of snow.', 'Vulnerability of the species linked to this habitat -Vulnerability of the habitats related to the presence of snow. Vulnerability of animal and plant species linked to these habitats, such as the white partridge and flora species in snowdrifts -Vulnerability of species linked to host plants due to the variability of the distribution of these habitats Changes in the phenology of the species that could generate misalignments with the pollinating insect cycles -Vulnerability of plants to the phenological changes that may generate misalignments with the pollinators’ cycles Rise in the rate of soil erosion due to the increase in heavy rainfall that leads to losses of the habitats of several species 3 Entry of new vectors and new allochthonous species that may lead to new pests and diseases or the displacement of native species -Vulnerability of the native flora to the colonisation of exotic invasive species -Vulnerability of the forests due to the increased risk of fires, the possibility of periods of drought and the presence of pests -Vulnerability of the wildlife’s health due to the potential presence of diseases and pests FOREST MANAGEMENT Changes in the phenology and distribution of the species Changes in the distribution of the forest plant species and an increase in the forest’s altitudinal limit due to the rising temperatures and the reduce pressure of the livestock An increase in biomass production (due to the rise in CO2 ) An increased likelihood of droughts (greater hydric stress) and less atmospheric humidity, which will increase the risk of forest fires and affect vegetation, reduce the growth of vegetation, cause its defoliation and discolouration, weaken the forests and increase their vulnerability to diseases and pests and other natural damage that may even lead to their death from drought -Vulnerability of the forests to drought -Vulnerability of ombrophilous species and others with poor tolerance of droughts (such as the fir tree) to the reduced availability of water and the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of the forests to potential attacks by pests and diseases The forest will be more vulnerable if it is weakened by drought conditions -Vulnerability of the forests to the risk of fire -Vulnerability of the forests due to changes in soil quality and increased erosion -Vulnerability to severe weather events, such as high winds and torrential rain causing physical damage to the forest, resulting in falling trees, landslides, etc.', 'Vulnerability of animal and plant species linked to these habitats, such as the white partridge and flora species in snowdrifts -Vulnerability of species linked to host plants due to the variability of the distribution of these habitats Changes in the phenology of the species that could generate misalignments with the pollinating insect cycles -Vulnerability of plants to the phenological changes that may generate misalignments with the pollinators’ cycles Rise in the rate of soil erosion due to the increase in heavy rainfall that leads to losses of the habitats of several species 3 Entry of new vectors and new allochthonous species that may lead to new pests and diseases or the displacement of native species -Vulnerability of the native flora to the colonisation of exotic invasive species -Vulnerability of the forests due to the increased risk of fires, the possibility of periods of drought and the presence of pests -Vulnerability of the wildlife’s health due to the potential presence of diseases and pests FOREST MANAGEMENT Changes in the phenology and distribution of the species Changes in the distribution of the forest plant species and an increase in the forest’s altitudinal limit due to the rising temperatures and the reduce pressure of the livestock An increase in biomass production (due to the rise in CO2 ) An increased likelihood of droughts (greater hydric stress) and less atmospheric humidity, which will increase the risk of forest fires and affect vegetation, reduce the growth of vegetation, cause its defoliation and discolouration, weaken the forests and increase their vulnerability to diseases and pests and other natural damage that may even lead to their death from drought -Vulnerability of the forests to drought -Vulnerability of ombrophilous species and others with poor tolerance of droughts (such as the fir tree) to the reduced availability of water and the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of the forests to potential attacks by pests and diseases The forest will be more vulnerable if it is weakened by drought conditions -Vulnerability of the forests to the risk of fire -Vulnerability of the forests due to changes in soil quality and increased erosion -Vulnerability to severe weather events, such as high winds and torrential rain causing physical damage to the forest, resulting in falling trees, landslides, etc. 3 Damage to the forests caused by extreme phenomena such as heavy storms, heavy rainfall and winds may lead to falling and uprooted trees, greater soil erosion and landslidesThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 WATER MANAGEMENT Fewer hydric resources (due to increased ETP), which may lead to drinking water supply problems.', '3 Damage to the forests caused by extreme phenomena such as heavy storms, heavy rainfall and winds may lead to falling and uprooted trees, greater soil erosion and landslidesThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 WATER MANAGEMENT Fewer hydric resources (due to increased ETP), which may lead to drinking water supply problems. A decrease of 14.9% is expected in the 2021-2050 Horizon (240 Hm3/year) and 37.6% is forecast in the 2071-2100 Horizon -Vulnerability of the hydric resources to the decrease in rainfall and the rising temperatures.', 'A decrease of 14.9% is expected in the 2021-2050 Horizon (240 Hm3/year) and 37.6% is forecast in the 2071-2100 Horizon -Vulnerability of the hydric resources to the decrease in rainfall and the rising temperatures. The quality and quantity of the available surface waters and groundwater may be affected -Vulnerability of the public economy in its response to the increase in costs associated with the treatment of water, given the potential decrease in its quality and quantity -Vulnerability of the consumer economy in terms of it assuming the potential increase in the cost of supplying drinking water to homes in the event that the supply companies increase the charges associated with the treatment of water to ensure its quality A reduction in the volume of water stored in the form of snow, the duration of this storage (snow season) and the modification of the hydrological regimes, a reduction in the snow-related nature of the rivers, a potential increase in the winter flows, a fall in the thawing points and the advancement of the start of the thawing period The increased risk of flooding due to the greater potential for torrential rain and severe storms 2, 7 and 8 The increased competition between the different uses of water The need for prioritisation based on requirements and the emergence of conflicts over water use: drinking water, irrigation, energy use, recreational use, etc.', 'The quality and quantity of the available surface waters and groundwater may be affected -Vulnerability of the public economy in its response to the increase in costs associated with the treatment of water, given the potential decrease in its quality and quantity -Vulnerability of the consumer economy in terms of it assuming the potential increase in the cost of supplying drinking water to homes in the event that the supply companies increase the charges associated with the treatment of water to ensure its quality A reduction in the volume of water stored in the form of snow, the duration of this storage (snow season) and the modification of the hydrological regimes, a reduction in the snow-related nature of the rivers, a potential increase in the winter flows, a fall in the thawing points and the advancement of the start of the thawing period The increased risk of flooding due to the greater potential for torrential rain and severe storms 2, 7 and 8 The increased competition between the different uses of water The need for prioritisation based on requirements and the emergence of conflicts over water use: drinking water, irrigation, energy use, recreational use, etc. -Vulnerability of the hydroelectric sector to variations in availability linked to surface hydric resources Changes in the monthly regime of the rivers and a decrease in the volume, with a consequent reduction in the quality of the water, an increase in the concentration of pollutants, a loss of quality in the aquatic ecosystems and an increase in the costs of treating the water to make it drinkable -Vulnerability of the public economy in its response to the increase in costs associated with the treatment of water, given the potential decrease in its quality and quantity -Vulnerability of the consumer economy in terms of it assuming the potential increase in the cost of supplying drinking water to homes in the event that the supply companies increase the charges associated with the treatment of water to ensure its quality -Vulnerability of the ecological state of the aquatic systems due to the decrease in the quantity and quality of the water An increase in the frequency of heatwaves, leading to negative impacts on health, especially that of children and the elderly -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population to extreme climatic phenomena such as heatwaves, natural risks associated with climate change, etc.', '-Vulnerability of the hydroelectric sector to variations in availability linked to surface hydric resources Changes in the monthly regime of the rivers and a decrease in the volume, with a consequent reduction in the quality of the water, an increase in the concentration of pollutants, a loss of quality in the aquatic ecosystems and an increase in the costs of treating the water to make it drinkable -Vulnerability of the public economy in its response to the increase in costs associated with the treatment of water, given the potential decrease in its quality and quantity -Vulnerability of the consumer economy in terms of it assuming the potential increase in the cost of supplying drinking water to homes in the event that the supply companies increase the charges associated with the treatment of water to ensure its quality -Vulnerability of the ecological state of the aquatic systems due to the decrease in the quantity and quality of the water An increase in the frequency of heatwaves, leading to negative impacts on health, especially that of children and the elderly -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population to extreme climatic phenomena such as heatwaves, natural risks associated with climate change, etc. -Vulnerability of the most sensitive groups (children and the elderly) and people with a fragile state of health to the health-related impacts of climate changeThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 The rising temperatures and humidity conditions may lead to negative health problems: a greater presence of gases and polluting particles in the atmosphere, an increase in new disease vectors, drinking water supply problems with repercussions for health and changes in the phenology of plants that may lead to an increase in the risk of allergies -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population to extreme climatic phenomena such as heatwaves, natural risks associated with climate change, etc.', '-Vulnerability of the most sensitive groups (children and the elderly) and people with a fragile state of health to the health-related impacts of climate changeThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 The rising temperatures and humidity conditions may lead to negative health problems: a greater presence of gases and polluting particles in the atmosphere, an increase in new disease vectors, drinking water supply problems with repercussions for health and changes in the phenology of plants that may lead to an increase in the risk of allergies -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population to extreme climatic phenomena such as heatwaves, natural risks associated with climate change, etc. -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population due to the appearance of new vectors transmitting diseases due to the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population due to the rise and diversification of allergies and the increase in cases of asthma and rhinitis The increase in temperature in winter could have a positive impact on the health of the population, with a decrease in diseases typical of this season of the year (colds, flu, etc.)', '-Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population due to the appearance of new vectors transmitting diseases due to the rising temperatures -Vulnerability of the health and well-being of the population due to the rise and diversification of allergies and the increase in cases of asthma and rhinitis The increase in temperature in winter could have a positive impact on the health of the population, with a decrease in diseases typical of this season of the year (colds, flu, etc.) NATURAL RISKS A greater likelihood of extreme weather events, storms, exceptional flooding, torrential rain, major movements due to heavy rain, drag currents, falling blocks and avalanches that may have an impact on the country’s socio- economic sector, infrastructures and natural habitats -Vulnerability of the infrastructures, chiefly buildings, public services and roads, to the greater frequency and intensity of avalanches, fires, floods, snowfalls, hail, strong winds, collapses, fallen trees, etc.', 'NATURAL RISKS A greater likelihood of extreme weather events, storms, exceptional flooding, torrential rain, major movements due to heavy rain, drag currents, falling blocks and avalanches that may have an impact on the country’s socio- economic sector, infrastructures and natural habitats -Vulnerability of the infrastructures, chiefly buildings, public services and roads, to the greater frequency and intensity of avalanches, fires, floods, snowfalls, hail, strong winds, collapses, fallen trees, etc. -Vulnerability of the human and animal populations to the greater frequency and intensity of fires, snowfalls, cold and heat waves, frosts, lightning, landslides, drag currents, etc. -Vulnerability of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the greater frequency and intensity of fires, floods, droughts, strong winds, landslides, fallen trees, etc. INFRASTRUCTU RES AND MOBILITY Effects on specific infrastructures, service networks (telecommunications, energy, etc. )', 'INFRASTRUCTU RES AND MOBILITY Effects on specific infrastructures, service networks (telecommunications, energy, etc. ) and the road network and a reduction in citizen mobility in Andorra and abroad Vulnerability of the electrical networks (for energy and communications) to temperature variations and extreme temperatures -Vulnerability of accessibility to the country due to the impact of extreme climatic phenomena -Vulnerability of the economy, which is highly dependent on the existing network of infrastructures and the transport of goods Improvement in the internal and external movement and transport of fluids through pipes in winter (given the fewer days with ice and cold spells)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 URBAN PLANNING Damage to or weakening of the structures of buildings and public and private infrastructures due to the greater frequency of extreme climatic events (floods, heavy rain, etc.)', 'and the road network and a reduction in citizen mobility in Andorra and abroad Vulnerability of the electrical networks (for energy and communications) to temperature variations and extreme temperatures -Vulnerability of accessibility to the country due to the impact of extreme climatic phenomena -Vulnerability of the economy, which is highly dependent on the existing network of infrastructures and the transport of goods Improvement in the internal and external movement and transport of fluids through pipes in winter (given the fewer days with ice and cold spells)The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 URBAN PLANNING Damage to or weakening of the structures of buildings and public and private infrastructures due to the greater frequency of extreme climatic events (floods, heavy rain, etc.) and increased construction and building costs for protection against these phenomena -Vulnerability of old buildings with weakened structures or buildings with construction shortcomings due to exposure to extreme climatic events and their consequences -Vulnerability of the people exposed to damage caused to buildings and infrastructure by the effects of extreme climatic events -Vulnerability of the infrastructures to extreme climatic events and the risk of flooding, landslides and other natural risks influenced by the effects of climate change -Vulnerability of developed and developable areas close to watercourses (development guarantee) to the risk of major flooding - Vulnerability of developed areas downstream from canalised areas Changes in the energy demand of buildings Increased energy consumption in summer due to the air conditioning of buildings as a result of the greater frequency of urban heat islands Increased competition for water resources from different environmental, social and economic sectors: irrigation of grassed areas, human consumption, etc.', 'and increased construction and building costs for protection against these phenomena -Vulnerability of old buildings with weakened structures or buildings with construction shortcomings due to exposure to extreme climatic events and their consequences -Vulnerability of the people exposed to damage caused to buildings and infrastructure by the effects of extreme climatic events -Vulnerability of the infrastructures to extreme climatic events and the risk of flooding, landslides and other natural risks influenced by the effects of climate change -Vulnerability of developed and developable areas close to watercourses (development guarantee) to the risk of major flooding - Vulnerability of developed areas downstream from canalised areas Changes in the energy demand of buildings Increased energy consumption in summer due to the air conditioning of buildings as a result of the greater frequency of urban heat islands Increased competition for water resources from different environmental, social and economic sectors: irrigation of grassed areas, human consumption, etc. -Vulnerability of parks and gardens and other public urban services to the water deficit -Vulnerability of the population to drinking water supply problems due to a decrease in the availability of hydric resources and their quality ENERGY 3 It will be necessary to refurbish buildings and homes to adapt them to the new thermal gradients and comply with the degree of climate comfort.', '-Vulnerability of parks and gardens and other public urban services to the water deficit -Vulnerability of the population to drinking water supply problems due to a decrease in the availability of hydric resources and their quality ENERGY 3 It will be necessary to refurbish buildings and homes to adapt them to the new thermal gradients and comply with the degree of climate comfort. Consideration of energy poverty -Vulnerability of the domestic economy to potential increases as a result of fluctuations and increases in energy prices (fossil fuels, production systems, etc.)', 'Consideration of energy poverty -Vulnerability of the domestic economy to potential increases as a result of fluctuations and increases in energy prices (fossil fuels, production systems, etc.) Increased risks in relation to the linear distribution networks and specific electrical infrastructures -Vulnerability of the electricity transmission and distribution systems to a loss of efficiency when the environmental operating conditions such as the temperature are higher -Vulnerability of the energy installations to damage caused by storms, fires, droughts, falling trees, etc.', 'Increased risks in relation to the linear distribution networks and specific electrical infrastructures -Vulnerability of the electricity transmission and distribution systems to a loss of efficiency when the environmental operating conditions such as the temperature are higher -Vulnerability of the energy installations to damage caused by storms, fires, droughts, falling trees, etc. Increased energy demand in the summer, which may exceed the supply capacity provided by the existing infrastructures -Vulnerability of the electricity supply capacity to a peak in energy demand due to the saturation of the supply network The rising temperatures will reduce energy needs in winterThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 A potential increase in the price of hydrocarbons, not only due to the rise in demand and the progressive depletion of the natural resources that provide this energy source, but also compliance with any potential regulations (e.g.', 'Increased energy demand in the summer, which may exceed the supply capacity provided by the existing infrastructures -Vulnerability of the electricity supply capacity to a peak in energy demand due to the saturation of the supply network The rising temperatures will reduce energy needs in winterThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 A potential increase in the price of hydrocarbons, not only due to the rise in demand and the progressive depletion of the natural resources that provide this energy source, but also compliance with any potential regulations (e.g. in accordance with the decisions resulting from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) -Vulnerability of the domestic economy to potential increases as a result of fluctuations and increases in energy prices (fossil fuels, production systems, etc.)', 'in accordance with the decisions resulting from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) -Vulnerability of the domestic economy to potential increases as a result of fluctuations and increases in energy prices (fossil fuels, production systems, etc.) Modification of the operating guidelines for the hydrological system of Andorra’s hydroelectric power plant and the potential impact on production due to less water availability as a global resource and the modification of the annual hydrological regime -Vulnerability of the hydroelectric power plants due to the variability of river flows and water availability Potential associated technical problems -Vulnerability of the electricity supply capacity to a peak in energy demand due to the saturation of the supply network Wind energy production could be negatively affected in the coming decades due to climate change New strategic opportunities stemming from preparation for the effects of climate change to increase national production and reduce current energy dependence, including the use of national renewable resources INDUSTRY 2 and 3 The increase in economic costs, energy availability and the cost of water due to changes in the climatic conditions could affect the performance and competitiveness of industry.', 'Modification of the operating guidelines for the hydrological system of Andorra’s hydroelectric power plant and the potential impact on production due to less water availability as a global resource and the modification of the annual hydrological regime -Vulnerability of the hydroelectric power plants due to the variability of river flows and water availability Potential associated technical problems -Vulnerability of the electricity supply capacity to a peak in energy demand due to the saturation of the supply network Wind energy production could be negatively affected in the coming decades due to climate change New strategic opportunities stemming from preparation for the effects of climate change to increase national production and reduce current energy dependence, including the use of national renewable resources INDUSTRY 2 and 3 The increase in economic costs, energy availability and the cost of water due to changes in the climatic conditions could affect the performance and competitiveness of industry. -Vulnerability of the industrial sector to variations in the prices of energy, raw materials (provided by means of transport) and water, preventing it from continuing its activity under the same conditions as those to date 1 The increase in adverse weather phenomena such as heavy storms, gales, hail, etc.', '-Vulnerability of the industrial sector to variations in the prices of energy, raw materials (provided by means of transport) and water, preventing it from continuing its activity under the same conditions as those to date 1 The increase in adverse weather phenomena such as heavy storms, gales, hail, etc. may affect the infrastructures of the industrial areas and their buildings -Vulnerability of the industrial sector to the foreseeable increase in natural risks -Vulnerability of public and private industrial infrastructures and communication in the event of adverse climatic events Consideration of stricter regulations arising from compliance with international agreements designed to prevent the exceeding of the threshold level for greenhouse gases emissions and particles emitted into the atmosphere, potentially affecting the industrial activities that emit pollutants into the atmosphere.', 'may affect the infrastructures of the industrial areas and their buildings -Vulnerability of the industrial sector to the foreseeable increase in natural risks -Vulnerability of public and private industrial infrastructures and communication in the event of adverse climatic events Consideration of stricter regulations arising from compliance with international agreements designed to prevent the exceeding of the threshold level for greenhouse gases emissions and particles emitted into the atmosphere, potentially affecting the industrial activities that emit pollutants into the atmosphere. -Vulnerability of the industrial sector to variations in the prices of energy, raw materials (provided by means of transport) and water, preventing it from continuing its activity under the same conditions as those to date Opportunity for the country’s future industrial fabric still to be developed, with the capacity to include climate change in its strategic approach from the outsetThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 TOURISM The changes in rainfall distribution and the rising natural snow level will affect the quality, thickness and covering of the snow at ski resorts -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the decrease in natural snow, depending on the altitude -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability -Vulnerability of snow sports, which are heavily dependent on the weather and climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the country’s economy, which is closely linked to tourism and, therefore, snow tourism The tourism sector has a very significant influence on the domestic GDP in the current economic model -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Difficulty in the planning of investments and the scaling of infrastructures designed for tourism activities, as well as increased associated costs such as the production of artificial snow -Vulnerability of snow sports, which are heavily dependent on the weather and climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the country’s economy, which is closely linked to tourism and, therefore, snow tourism The tourism sector has a very significant influence on the domestic GDP in the current economic model -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Less availability of water for tourism-related uses: snow production, catering, shopping malls, etc.', '-Vulnerability of the industrial sector to variations in the prices of energy, raw materials (provided by means of transport) and water, preventing it from continuing its activity under the same conditions as those to date Opportunity for the country’s future industrial fabric still to be developed, with the capacity to include climate change in its strategic approach from the outsetThe National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 TOURISM The changes in rainfall distribution and the rising natural snow level will affect the quality, thickness and covering of the snow at ski resorts -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the decrease in natural snow, depending on the altitude -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability -Vulnerability of snow sports, which are heavily dependent on the weather and climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the country’s economy, which is closely linked to tourism and, therefore, snow tourism The tourism sector has a very significant influence on the domestic GDP in the current economic model -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Difficulty in the planning of investments and the scaling of infrastructures designed for tourism activities, as well as increased associated costs such as the production of artificial snow -Vulnerability of snow sports, which are heavily dependent on the weather and climatic conditions -Vulnerability of the country’s economy, which is closely linked to tourism and, therefore, snow tourism The tourism sector has a very significant influence on the domestic GDP in the current economic model -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Less availability of water for tourism-related uses: snow production, catering, shopping malls, etc. -Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Rising temperatures in both summer and winter Improved climate comfort for summer tourism, measured by the climate comfort index (ICT), which will rise from the current acceptable values (1961-1990) to good and very good values Changes in the natural ecosystems and landscape that may have an irreversible effect on some iconographic elements of the Pyrenean landscape -Vulnerability of mountain tourism in terms of the enjoyment of nature and the landscapes in relation to the impact of climate change on biodiversity and the ecosystemsThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 The increased pressure from summer tourism may have an impact on the landscape and the natural environment 4 An increase in Andorra’s competitiveness in the Pyrenees in winter and summer TRADE AND SERVICES Decrease in the influx of tourism linked to winter sports and, therefore, all the economic activity related to shops, bars, restaurants and accommodation services associated with snow tourism -Vulnerability of the sector due to its dependence on tourism and winter sports The greater likelihood of severe and extreme weather events that could result in heavy flooding, landslides, etc., cause damage to goods, infrastructures, shops and service and financial buildings and lead to an increase in the maintenance costs and investment to adapt the infrastructures to these extreme events -Vulnerability of the trade and service infrastructures to extreme climatic events -Vulnerability of the logistics of the shops and services due to their direct dependence on the networks (roads, electricity, telecommunications, etc.)', '-Vulnerability of the ski resorts due to the fact that the production of artificial snow requires water and energy and a certain temperature, leading to rising temperatures and less water availability Rising temperatures in both summer and winter Improved climate comfort for summer tourism, measured by the climate comfort index (ICT), which will rise from the current acceptable values (1961-1990) to good and very good values Changes in the natural ecosystems and landscape that may have an irreversible effect on some iconographic elements of the Pyrenean landscape -Vulnerability of mountain tourism in terms of the enjoyment of nature and the landscapes in relation to the impact of climate change on biodiversity and the ecosystemsThe Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change (2020-2050) Sector Prioritisation of the Impacts of climate change28 Associated vulnerabilities2 The increased pressure from summer tourism may have an impact on the landscape and the natural environment 4 An increase in Andorra’s competitiveness in the Pyrenees in winter and summer TRADE AND SERVICES Decrease in the influx of tourism linked to winter sports and, therefore, all the economic activity related to shops, bars, restaurants and accommodation services associated with snow tourism -Vulnerability of the sector due to its dependence on tourism and winter sports The greater likelihood of severe and extreme weather events that could result in heavy flooding, landslides, etc., cause damage to goods, infrastructures, shops and service and financial buildings and lead to an increase in the maintenance costs and investment to adapt the infrastructures to these extreme events -Vulnerability of the trade and service infrastructures to extreme climatic events -Vulnerability of the logistics of the shops and services due to their direct dependence on the networks (roads, electricity, telecommunications, etc.) Uncertainties in the insurance sector New opportunities for the market and the diversification of range of commercial products, generated by the deseasonalisation of tourism envisaged as a response to the threats to snow tourism posed by climate change.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Regulatory framework and relationship with the Strategy’s programmes29 Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory 2.', 'Uncertainties in the insurance sector New opportunities for the market and the diversification of range of commercial products, generated by the deseasonalisation of tourism envisaged as a response to the threats to snow tourism posed by climate change.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change Regulatory framework and relationship with the Strategy’s programmes29 Climate change in the Pyrenees: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation (2018), conducted by the Pyrenean Climate Change Observatory 2. 30 In accordance with the San Jose Principles on high Ambition and Integrity in the international carbon markets established in article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', '30 In accordance with the San Jose Principles on high Ambition and Integrity in the international carbon markets established in article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change Paris Agreement/United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Challenges when addressing climate change in the Law 21/2018 (Litecc) Andorra’s energy infrastructure sectoral plan (2018) Acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: national action programmes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions Long-term temperature objective (article 2): restrict the increase in global temperature to below 2ºC and then restrict the increase even further to 1.5ºC High point and climate neutrality/mitigation (article 4): reach the GHG emission high point as soon as possible Communicate and maintain the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and implement national measures to achieve them Deposits and sinks (article 5): encourage the conservation and improvement of the GHG sinks, including the forests Adapt to the imbalances between energy supply and demand 33% of the country’s electricity demand by 2030 with domestic production 67% of this source of renewable energy resources in the energy mix Procure the infrastructures necessary for the transport of the energy and increase the capacity to import electrical power in accordance with the guidelines of the 2016- 2026 FEDA master plan for electrical infrastructures Reduce GHG emissions by 32% in the case of electrical energy (84g CO2equivalent/kWh) and by 7% in the case of thermal energy (248g CO2 equivalent/kWh) 33% of demand for electricity per year by Horizon 2030 and at least 50% per year by >75% of this source of renewable energy resources in the energy mix Reduce GHG emissions by 37% per year in relation to the BAU scenario by Horizon 80% of national electricity production must come from renewable energies, promoting hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energies One third of electricity production must be nationally produced by 2030 It’s necessary to use renewable energies in all the Administration’s buildings and to reduce the consumption of electricity and heating in public establishments The energy efficiency of public lighting has to be improved by means of the passing of a regulation within a year It will be necessary to incorporate an energy manager by the end of 2020 and to conduct energy audits in all the Administration’s heated buildings by 2022 Housing refurbishment needs more promotion to make it more efficient Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Adaptation (article 7): increase the capacity for adaptation and resilience and reduce the vulnerability to climate change.', 'The Long-Term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change Paris Agreement/United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Challenges when addressing climate change in the Law 21/2018 (Litecc) Andorra’s energy infrastructure sectoral plan (2018) Acknowledgement of the climate crisis and the declaration of the state of climate and ecological Decarbonisation to achieve carbon neutrality: national action programmes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions Long-term temperature objective (article 2): restrict the increase in global temperature to below 2ºC and then restrict the increase even further to 1.5ºC High point and climate neutrality/mitigation (article 4): reach the GHG emission high point as soon as possible Communicate and maintain the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and implement national measures to achieve them Deposits and sinks (article 5): encourage the conservation and improvement of the GHG sinks, including the forests Adapt to the imbalances between energy supply and demand 33% of the country’s electricity demand by 2030 with domestic production 67% of this source of renewable energy resources in the energy mix Procure the infrastructures necessary for the transport of the energy and increase the capacity to import electrical power in accordance with the guidelines of the 2016- 2026 FEDA master plan for electrical infrastructures Reduce GHG emissions by 32% in the case of electrical energy (84g CO2equivalent/kWh) and by 7% in the case of thermal energy (248g CO2 equivalent/kWh) 33% of demand for electricity per year by Horizon 2030 and at least 50% per year by >75% of this source of renewable energy resources in the energy mix Reduce GHG emissions by 37% per year in relation to the BAU scenario by Horizon 80% of national electricity production must come from renewable energies, promoting hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energies One third of electricity production must be nationally produced by 2030 It’s necessary to use renewable energies in all the Administration’s buildings and to reduce the consumption of electricity and heating in public establishments The energy efficiency of public lighting has to be improved by means of the passing of a regulation within a year It will be necessary to incorporate an energy manager by the end of 2020 and to conduct energy audits in all the Administration’s heated buildings by 2022 Housing refurbishment needs more promotion to make it more efficient Programme for national action for adaptation to climate change and greater resilience Adaptation (article 7): increase the capacity for adaptation and resilience and reduce the vulnerability to climate change. We should highlight the parties’ commitment to the formulation of national adaptation plans Losses and damages (article 8): increase the capacity for adaptation and resilience and reduce the vulnerability to climate change.', 'We should highlight the parties’ commitment to the formulation of national adaptation plans Losses and damages (article 8): increase the capacity for adaptation and resilience and reduce the vulnerability to climate change. We should highlight the parties’ commitment to the formulation of national adaptation plans Increase safety in view of the natural risks Support the actors from the territory in the event of water scarcity and droughts Guarantee the quality of the surface waters and groundwater Address the changes in crop productivity and quality and capitalise on the emerging opportunities Adapt to the imbalances between energy supply and demand It’s necessary to incorporate the measures of the PAACC (Participatory Process for the Adaptation of Andorra to Climate Change) into the National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change, re-edit the participatory process if necessary and incorporate new measures to adapt the Strategy to any changes and needs that arise The national carbon credit market and other taxation tools for achieving carbon neutrality Voluntary participation/related and non-related approaches to Establish a mechanism to contribute to mitigating GHG emissions and supporting sustainable development and define a framework for non-mercantile approaches to sustainable development Social transition programme Prepare the population to cope with extreme weather Maintain the tourist appeal of the Pyrenees Address the increased spread of diseases, pests and invasive species Consumers need to be informed by means of the energy labels for vehicles, household appliances and buildings by 2023.', 'We should highlight the parties’ commitment to the formulation of national adaptation plans Increase safety in view of the natural risks Support the actors from the territory in the event of water scarcity and droughts Guarantee the quality of the surface waters and groundwater Address the changes in crop productivity and quality and capitalise on the emerging opportunities Adapt to the imbalances between energy supply and demand It’s necessary to incorporate the measures of the PAACC (Participatory Process for the Adaptation of Andorra to Climate Change) into the National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change, re-edit the participatory process if necessary and incorporate new measures to adapt the Strategy to any changes and needs that arise The national carbon credit market and other taxation tools for achieving carbon neutrality Voluntary participation/related and non-related approaches to Establish a mechanism to contribute to mitigating GHG emissions and supporting sustainable development and define a framework for non-mercantile approaches to sustainable development Social transition programme Prepare the population to cope with extreme weather Maintain the tourist appeal of the Pyrenees Address the increased spread of diseases, pests and invasive species Consumers need to be informed by means of the energy labels for vehicles, household appliances and buildings by 2023. Workshops must be incorporated into the Andorran School to study the ecological footprint, raise awareness of climate change and encourage better use of natural resources Innovation, research and systematic observation programme Transparency (article 14): a solid transparency and accounting system to provide clarity with regard to the measures and the support of the parties, with flexibility for different capabilities Anticipate irreversible changes in the landscape Consider the potential loss of biodiversity and changes in the ecosystems An environmental audit of the economic, tourist, commercial and industrial sectors must be conducted within three years (24 January 2023).', 'Workshops must be incorporated into the Andorran School to study the ecological footprint, raise awareness of climate change and encourage better use of natural resources Innovation, research and systematic observation programme Transparency (article 14): a solid transparency and accounting system to provide clarity with regard to the measures and the support of the parties, with flexibility for different capabilities Anticipate irreversible changes in the landscape Consider the potential loss of biodiversity and changes in the ecosystems An environmental audit of the economic, tourist, commercial and industrial sectors must be conducted within three years (24 January 2023). The agreement specifically stipulates that these audits will incorporate the GHGs generated and the consumption requirements (e.g. energy)']

en-US

AND

Andorra

1st NDC

2017-03-24 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Alg%C3%A9rie%20-INDC-%2003%20septembre%202015.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/48983d178b3c79b518ae1868e3c189f90b66f2a4b3b727f7dcea2d471539346f.pdf

['République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CPDN – ALGERIERépublique Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CPDN – ALGERIE L’Algérie, pays sévèrement affecté par la désertification, est, à l’instar des pays africains et d’autres pays de la rive sud de la Méditerranée, particulièrement vulnérable aux effets multiformes des changements climatiques qui menacent de compromettre son développement économique et social. Fidèle à ses engagements contractuels, l’Algérie renouvelle, sa détermination à travailler, de concert avec l’ensemble des Parties Contractantes, en vue de la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).', 'Fidèle à ses engagements contractuels, l’Algérie renouvelle, sa détermination à travailler, de concert avec l’ensemble des Parties Contractantes, en vue de la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). A cet effet, elle réaffirme, au plus haut niveau, sa volonté de ne ménager aucun effort pour le succès de la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties, devant se tenir à Paris en décembre 2015.', 'A cet effet, elle réaffirme, au plus haut niveau, sa volonté de ne ménager aucun effort pour le succès de la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties, devant se tenir à Paris en décembre 2015. Face à l’urgence climatique, l’Algérie réitère la nécessité de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques, qui soit à la fois ambitieux et durable, inspiré par les dernières données scientifiques et articulé autour du principe de la responsabilité commune mais différentiée des Etats, tout en tenant dûment en considération, des circonstances spécifiques et des capacités respectives des Parties Contractantes.', 'Face à l’urgence climatique, l’Algérie réitère la nécessité de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques, qui soit à la fois ambitieux et durable, inspiré par les dernières données scientifiques et articulé autour du principe de la responsabilité commune mais différentiée des Etats, tout en tenant dûment en considération, des circonstances spécifiques et des capacités respectives des Parties Contractantes. C’est dans cet esprit que la présente contribution provisoire, déterminée au niveau national a été préparée et soumise par l’Algérie, et ce conformément aux dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP 19 et 1/CP 20 de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC.', 'C’est dans cet esprit que la présente contribution provisoire, déterminée au niveau national a été préparée et soumise par l’Algérie, et ce conformément aux dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP 19 et 1/CP 20 de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC. Cette contribution provisoire concerne les deux piliers, d’égale importance, de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; à savoir l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effets de serre et l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques.En tant que pays en développement, la responsabilité historique de l’Algérie en matière d’accumulation des gaz à effet de serre n’est nullement engagée. Pays peu émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, sa responsabilité actuelle étant très limitée.', 'Pays peu émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, sa responsabilité actuelle étant très limitée. En outre, les besoins de croissance du pays sont en constante augmentation afin de répondre aux attentes légitimes de développement économique et social de sa population, et en particulier de sa jeunesse. La contribution provisoire de l’Algérie est donc soumise sous conditions de l’accès aux ressources financières extérieures nouvelles tant auprès de ses partenaires bilatéraux que multilatéraux ainsi que du transfert de technologies propres en des termes concessionnels et préférentiels et du renforcement de ses capacités techniques. Cette contribution provisoire a été conçue en prenant en compte la conjoncture financière et économique particulièrement difficile que traverse l’Algérie, en raison de la baisse considérable des prix des hydrocarbures.', 'Cette contribution provisoire a été conçue en prenant en compte la conjoncture financière et économique particulièrement difficile que traverse l’Algérie, en raison de la baisse considérable des prix des hydrocarbures. Sa contribution définitive au moment de l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques sera ajustée en conséquence. La CPDN de l’Algérie couvre la période 2021-2030 et concerne principalement les secteurs de l’énergie, l’industrie, les transports, l’agriculture et les forêts, le bâtiment et l’environnement ; ainsi que d’autres secteurs non moins importants. L’Algérie s’engage à soumettre sa contribution définitive au moment de la ratification dudit accord et bien avant son entrée en vigueur prévue en 2020. 2.', 'L’Algérie s’engage à soumettre sa contribution définitive au moment de la ratification dudit accord et bien avant son entrée en vigueur prévue en 2020. 2. Cadre de préparation de la CPDN A l’issue de l’adoption de la décision 1/CP20 en décembre 2014 qui a défini le cadre de soumission des contributions prévues et déterminées au niveau national, l’Algérie a entamé la révision de son cadre institutionnel et réglementaire en matière d’efficacité énergique ; ainsi que de la promotion des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables adopté en 2011. En février 2015, cette révision a été finalisée et a été soumise à l’adoption du Conseil des Ministres qui l’a entérinée lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015.', 'En février 2015, cette révision a été finalisée et a été soumise à l’adoption du Conseil des Ministres qui l’a entérinée lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015. Un groupe de travail sur la CPDN a été constitué avec la participation des représentants de 14 départements ministériels et du Conseil National Economique et Social et placé sous l’autorité du Ministre chargé de l’environnement. Les résultats préliminaires des travaux dudit groupe ont été soumis à l’examen et décision du Conseil Interministériel consacré au dossier Climat, réuni le 07 juillet 2015, sous la présidence de Monsieur le Premier Ministre. Un Comité National Climat (CNC), placé sous l’autorité de Monsieur le Ministre en charge de l’environnement a été institué.', 'Un Comité National Climat (CNC), placé sous l’autorité de Monsieur le Ministre en charge de l’environnement a été institué. Il est composé de représentants des départements ministériels concernés et du Conseil National Economique et Social. Le CNC vient renforcer le dispositif institutionnel pour assurer la coordination, le suivi et l’évaluation des politiques et des programmes nationaux relatifs aux changements climatiques et proposer les mesures destinées à assurer la mise en œuvre desengagements souscrits, par l’Algérie, dans le cadre de CCNUCC, des institutions internationales et/ou des décisions prises sur les questions des changements climatiques. Lors de sa réunion du 26 juillet 2015, le CNC a finalisé la contribution provisoire de l’Algérie. Les travaux dudit comité se sont tenus sous la présidence de Monsieur le Ministre chargé de l’environnement.', 'Les travaux dudit comité se sont tenus sous la présidence de Monsieur le Ministre chargé de l’environnement. La CPDN de l’Algérie a été élaborée dans un cadre intersectoriel et a largement bénéficié du processus de consultation engagé avec les différentes parties prenantes au niveau national. Aussi, la Conférence Nationale de Concertation sur le Climat organisée le 28 juillet 2015 a constitué un cadre de dialogue et d’échanges sur les ambitions climatiques de l’Algérie entre les acteurs institutionnels et socio- économiques, les collectivités locales et les organisations patronales, les associations socio-professionnelles, les associations de protection de l’environnement, ainsi que les experts et les universitaires et de manière générale avec les représentants de la société civile.', 'Aussi, la Conférence Nationale de Concertation sur le Climat organisée le 28 juillet 2015 a constitué un cadre de dialogue et d’échanges sur les ambitions climatiques de l’Algérie entre les acteurs institutionnels et socio- économiques, les collectivités locales et les organisations patronales, les associations socio-professionnelles, les associations de protection de l’environnement, ainsi que les experts et les universitaires et de manière générale avec les représentants de la société civile. Six ministres, dont quatre représentés au Comité National Climat ont pris part aux travaux de cette conférence, ainsi que le Président du Conseil National Economique et Social.', 'Six ministres, dont quatre représentés au Comité National Climat ont pris part aux travaux de cette conférence, ainsi que le Président du Conseil National Economique et Social. Cette rencontre qui a regroupé plus de 500 participants et qui est la première du genre en Algérie, a également vu la participation des représentants des medias dans le cadre du volet éducation et sensibilisation du public. Sur la base de cette large consultation, une mouture révisée de la CPDN de l’Algérie a été soumise pour adoption au Conseil Interministériel, présidé par Monsieur le Premier Ministre, lors de sa réunion du 03 septembre 2015. 3. Circonstances nationales L’Algérie est un pays africain et méditerranéen qui s’étend sur une superficie de 2 381 741 km2.', 'Circonstances nationales L’Algérie est un pays africain et méditerranéen qui s’étend sur une superficie de 2 381 741 km2. A l’instar des pays de sa région, l’Algérie est particulièrement affectée par la désertification et la dégradation des sols. Le pays est majoritairement aride et semi-aride. Les zones du territoire qui reçoivent plus de 400 mm de pluie par an se limitent à une bande d’un maximum de 150 km de profondeur à partir du littoral. De plus, en raison des changements climatiques, la pluviométrie a baissé de plus de 30% au cours de ces dernières décennies. Par leur disposition parallèle au littoral, les chaines de relief accentuent la rapidité de l’assèchement du climat en allant vers le Sud.', 'Par leur disposition parallèle au littoral, les chaines de relief accentuent la rapidité de l’assèchement du climat en allant vers le Sud. Les effets anthropiques ont aggravé les effets induits par les caractéristiques du relief. 85% de la population algérienne est concentrée dans la partie nord du pays, aggravant ainsi sa vulnérabilité aux aléas des changements climatiques. De plus, les caractéristiques du sol pénalisent lourdement l’Algérie en matière de séquestration de carbone par rapport aux pays disposant d’un large couvert végétal.Notre pays se trouve de plus en plus confronté à la recrudescence d’évènements climatiques extrêmes qui accentuent sa vulnérabilité. En outre, la récurrence des cycles de sécheresse, devenus de plus en plus longs, a accentué la désertification.', 'En outre, la récurrence des cycles de sécheresse, devenus de plus en plus longs, a accentué la désertification. En effet, plus de 50 millions d’hectares connaissent actuellement un niveau de dégradation très avancé, des populations rurales constituées principalement d’agriculteurs et d’éleveurs pour assurer leur survie sont contraintes à l’exode vers les grandes agglomérations. Cette situation est le résultat direct de l’appauvrissement des sols et de la diminution des ressources hydriques. D’importants programmes ont été lancés par les pouvoirs publics à partir des années 1970 qui se sont traduits par la réalisation d’un grand barrage vert sur une longueur de 1200 km et une profondeur d’une moyenne de 20km. Cette réalisation constitue aujourd’hui l’une des grandes fiertés de notre pays et qui représente un véritable puits de carbone.', 'Cette réalisation constitue aujourd’hui l’une des grandes fiertés de notre pays et qui représente un véritable puits de carbone. De même, de grands projets ont été initiés tels que le programme de plantation pastorale couvrant des milliers d’hectares. Concernant les inondations, le pays est constamment confronté à ce phénomène. De nombreuses régions ont connu des épisodes tragiques qui ont engendré d’importantes pertes en vies humaines et des dégâts matériels considérables. On peut citer à titre d’exemple le cas des inondations qui ont frappé la ville d’Alger en 2001,causant la mort de 715 personnes, en plus de 115 disparus et de milliers de sinistrés. Ces inondations, compte tenu de leur caractère récurrent, continuent à peser lourdement sur le trésor public.', 'Ces inondations, compte tenu de leur caractère récurrent, continuent à peser lourdement sur le trésor public. L’Algérie, est donc en droit de bénéficier de la solidarité internationale climatique découlant du futur Accord de Paris, du fait qu’elle est particulièrement vulnérable aux effets de l’accumulation des gaz à effet de serre dont elle n’est nullement responsable ni historiquement, ni présentement, ni dans le futur en raison de la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique, énergie propre contrairement au charbon. Dans ce contexte les ressources prouvées et estimées de l’Algérie en matière de gaz naturel devraient pouvoir aider ses partenaires à promouvoir l’utilisation de cette source propre d’énergie.', 'Dans ce contexte les ressources prouvées et estimées de l’Algérie en matière de gaz naturel devraient pouvoir aider ses partenaires à promouvoir l’utilisation de cette source propre d’énergie. Elle doit aussi faire face aux défis liés à la sécurité alimentaire, à la résilience de ses écosystèmes et de son agriculture vis à vis des changements globaux, aux risques majeurs et à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles. Comme elle doit, aussi, faire face à la satisfaction des besoins sans cesse croissants d’une population en constante augmentation en matière d’emploi, d’éducation, de santé et d’habitat, et cela dans un contexte économique et financier aggravé par la baisse sensible des prix des hydrocarbures.', 'Comme elle doit, aussi, faire face à la satisfaction des besoins sans cesse croissants d’une population en constante augmentation en matière d’emploi, d’éducation, de santé et d’habitat, et cela dans un contexte économique et financier aggravé par la baisse sensible des prix des hydrocarbures. Il convient également de souligner que l’Algérie contribue déjà aux efforts d’atténuation, depuis plusieurs décennies, le mix énergétique est vertueux, basé principalement sur le gaz naturel. Le développement de sa capacité de production électrique repose essentiellement sur le développement des centrales à cycle combiné.Une centrale hybride combinant énergie solaire et le gaz naturel est déjà opérationnelle. Par ailleurs, les efforts entrepris par l’Algérie pour la diminution des émissions des gaz torchés seront poursuivis et soutenus. 4.', 'Par ailleurs, les efforts entrepris par l’Algérie pour la diminution des émissions des gaz torchés seront poursuivis et soutenus. 4. Mesures d’atténuation La stratégie d’atténuation de l’Algérie couvre principalement les secteurs de l’énergie, des forêts, de l’habitat, des transports, de l’industrie et des déchets. Elle se base notamment sur les programmes nationaux des énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétique, qui traduisent sa volonté de poursuivre ses efforts de lutte contre les effets négatifs des changements climatiques. Ces programmes seront poursuivis et renforcés pour peu que l’Algérie bénéficie de l’appui international en matière de ressources financières nouvelles et extérieures et de transfert de technologies et de savoir-faire.', 'Ces programmes seront poursuivis et renforcés pour peu que l’Algérie bénéficie de l’appui international en matière de ressources financières nouvelles et extérieures et de transfert de technologies et de savoir-faire. Le volet atténuation des gaz à effet de serre de la contribution de l’Algérie porte sur les trois gaz les plus importants en termes d’émission : le gaz carbonique (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l’oxyde nitreux (N20). Lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015, le Conseil des Ministres, sous la Présidence de son Excellence le Président de la République, Monsieur Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a adopté l’actualisation du programme national des énergies renouvelables et d’efficacité énergétique.', 'Lors de sa réunion du 24 mai 2015, le Conseil des Ministres, sous la Présidence de son Excellence le Président de la République, Monsieur Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a adopté l’actualisation du programme national des énergies renouvelables et d’efficacité énergétique. Ce programme ambitieux vise la réduction de 9 % de la consommation globale d’énergie à l’horizon 2030 et ambitionne de procéder à l’isolation thermique d’un important programme de logements ; ainsi qu’à la conversion au GPL d’un million de véhicules particuliers et de plus de 20.000 autobus. Il ambitionne à l’horizon 2030, un déploiement à plus grande échelle du photovoltaïque et de l’éolien, accompagné, à moyen terme, de la production de l’énergie à partir du solaire thermique, ainsi que de l’intégration de la cogénération, de la biomasse et de la géothermie.', 'Il ambitionne à l’horizon 2030, un déploiement à plus grande échelle du photovoltaïque et de l’éolien, accompagné, à moyen terme, de la production de l’énergie à partir du solaire thermique, ainsi que de l’intégration de la cogénération, de la biomasse et de la géothermie. Ce programme, vise à terme, d’atteindre 27% de la production nationale d’électricité grâce aux énergies renouvelables. En effet, l’Algérie, le plus grand pays d’Afrique, de la Méditerranée et du monde arabe, de par sa surface, dispose de l’un des gisements solaires les plus élevés au monde estimé à plus de 5 milliards Gwh/an. La moyenne annuelle d’ensoleillement de tout le territoire est estimée à plus de 2500 heures et dépasserait les 3600 heures dans certaines parties du territoire.', 'La moyenne annuelle d’ensoleillement de tout le territoire est estimée à plus de 2500 heures et dépasserait les 3600 heures dans certaines parties du territoire. Par ailleurs, en sus de ses 200 stations thermales, l’Algérie, dixième plus grand pays au monde, dispose d’un réservoir géothermique constitué par la nappe albienne qui s’étale sur plus de 700,000 km2. Le plan d’action du gouvernement ambitionne, en outre, de réduire à 1% seulement les gaz torchés en Algérie à l’horizon 2030.En matière de réduction de méthane, l’Algérie entend accorder la priorité à la gestion des déchets solides ménagers. Elle ambitionne de réaliser, à l’horizon 2030, une couverture complète de son territoire de la collecte des déchets, entrainant ainsi une réduction considérable des quantités d’émission en équivalent de CO2.', 'Elle ambitionne de réaliser, à l’horizon 2030, une couverture complète de son territoire de la collecte des déchets, entrainant ainsi une réduction considérable des quantités d’émission en équivalent de CO2. En matière de séquestration de carbone, le pays ambitionne d’accélérer et d’intensifier son Plan National de Reboisement avec un objectif global de reboisement de 1.245.000 ha. Les actions d’atténuation à mettre en œuvre par l’Algérie, projetées sur la période 2021-2030, conduiront à la contribution suivante : Une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 7 à 22%, à l’horizon 2030, par rapport à un scénario de référence (Business As Usual - BAU), subordonnée aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités.', 'Les actions d’atténuation à mettre en œuvre par l’Algérie, projetées sur la période 2021-2030, conduiront à la contribution suivante : Une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 7 à 22%, à l’horizon 2030, par rapport à un scénario de référence (Business As Usual - BAU), subordonnée aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités. Les 7 % de réduction des GES seront réalisés avec les moyens nationaux. La contribution de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation est décrite dans le tableau ci- dessous : Type de la CPDN : Réduction relative par rapport à un scenario de référence Business as Usual (BaU).', 'La contribution de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation est décrite dans le tableau ci- dessous : Type de la CPDN : Réduction relative par rapport à un scenario de référence Business as Usual (BaU). Période de mise en œuvre : 2021 – 2030 Approche méthodologique : Approche combinée : Bottom-Up concernant les secteurs et Top-Down concernant les objectifs nationaux. Couverture Sectorielle : Energie (Production, Transports, Bâtiment, Industrie) ; Procédés industriels ; Agriculture, Forêts et Utilisation des Terres ; Déchets.', 'Couverture Sectorielle : Energie (Production, Transports, Bâtiment, Industrie) ; Procédés industriels ; Agriculture, Forêts et Utilisation des Terres ; Déchets. Estimation des émissions des GES : Directives du GIEC 2006 et Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global comme retenu dans le 4ème Rapport d’Evaluation du Climat par le GIECGaz à Effet de Serre Couverts : Dioxyde de Carbone (СО2), Méthane (СН4), Protoxyde d’azote (N2O) Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) : Les PRG utilisés sont ceux du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC : PRG (CO2) = 1, PRG (CH4) = 25 ; Instruments de mise en œuvre, de suivi et de réajustement - Comité National Climat ; - Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques ; - Plan National Climat ; - Plan National d’Actions pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) ; - Cadre juridique; - Système national de Mesurabilité, de Reporting et de Vérification MRV (2016- 2020).', 'Estimation des émissions des GES : Directives du GIEC 2006 et Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global comme retenu dans le 4ème Rapport d’Evaluation du Climat par le GIECGaz à Effet de Serre Couverts : Dioxyde de Carbone (СО2), Méthane (СН4), Protoxyde d’azote (N2O) Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) : Les PRG utilisés sont ceux du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC : PRG (CO2) = 1, PRG (CH4) = 25 ; Instruments de mise en œuvre, de suivi et de réajustement - Comité National Climat ; - Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques ; - Plan National Climat ; - Plan National d’Actions pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) ; - Cadre juridique; - Système national de Mesurabilité, de Reporting et de Vérification MRV (2016- 2020). Principales actions projetées : Subordonnées aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités.', 'Principales actions projetées : Subordonnées aux soutiens en matière de financements extérieurs, de développement et de transfert technologique et de renforcement des capacités. Opérer une transition énergétique et une diversification économique pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable de l’Algérie. Actions phares du secteur de l’Energie : - Atteindre 27% de la production nationale d électricité à partir des Energies Renouvelables à l’horizon 2030 ; - Généralisation de l’éclairage performant ; - Isolation thermique de logements entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Augmentation des parts du gaz de pétrole liquéfié et du gaz naturel dans la consommation de carburants entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Réduire à moins de 1% le volume des gaz torchés à l’horizon 2030.', 'Actions phares du secteur de l’Energie : - Atteindre 27% de la production nationale d électricité à partir des Energies Renouvelables à l’horizon 2030 ; - Généralisation de l’éclairage performant ; - Isolation thermique de logements entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Augmentation des parts du gaz de pétrole liquéfié et du gaz naturel dans la consommation de carburants entre 2021 et 2030 ; - Réduire à moins de 1% le volume des gaz torchés à l’horizon 2030. Actions phares dans le secteur des Déchets : - Valorisation des déchets ; - Compostage des déchets organiques et des déchets verts ; - Récupération et valorisation énergétique du méthane issu des centresd’enfouissement technique et des stations de traitement des eaux usées.', 'Actions phares dans le secteur des Déchets : - Valorisation des déchets ; - Compostage des déchets organiques et des déchets verts ; - Récupération et valorisation énergétique du méthane issu des centresd’enfouissement technique et des stations de traitement des eaux usées. Actions phares dans le secteur des Forêts: Boisement et reboisement et Prévention des incendies de forêts et amélioration des moyens de lutte. Actions de sensibilisation, d’information et d’éducation : Information, sensibilisation et communication sur les questions et enjeux des changements climatiques et mise en place d’un programme national d’éducation, de formation et de recherche sur les changements climatiques.', 'Actions de sensibilisation, d’information et d’éducation : Information, sensibilisation et communication sur les questions et enjeux des changements climatiques et mise en place d’un programme national d’éducation, de formation et de recherche sur les changements climatiques. Considérations de la justesse et de l’ambition de la CPDN basées sur les circonstances nationales - L’Algérie est un pays faiblement émetteur de gaz à effet de serre ayant déjà consenti de lourds investissements pour s’adapter aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que pour l’atténuation et entend poursuivre ses efforts dans ce sens ; - L’Algérie participe de longue date à l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre, de par la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique; - L’économie algérienne est fortement dépendante des recettes d’exportation des hydrocarbures.', 'Considérations de la justesse et de l’ambition de la CPDN basées sur les circonstances nationales - L’Algérie est un pays faiblement émetteur de gaz à effet de serre ayant déjà consenti de lourds investissements pour s’adapter aux effets des changements climatiques ainsi que pour l’atténuation et entend poursuivre ses efforts dans ce sens ; - L’Algérie participe de longue date à l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre, de par la prépondérance du gaz naturel dans son mix énergétique; - L’économie algérienne est fortement dépendante des recettes d’exportation des hydrocarbures. Cette situation rend l’Algérie doublement vulnérable (naturellement et économiquement) aux effets adverses des changements climatiques, mais aussi aux mesures de riposte; - Les besoins de développement et d’adaptation très importants et sans cesse croissants, dus aux nombreuses vulnérabilités, à l’accroissement démographique, et caractérisés par une demande d’énergie en constante évolution et un accroissement des diverses consommations de la société algérienne.', 'Cette situation rend l’Algérie doublement vulnérable (naturellement et économiquement) aux effets adverses des changements climatiques, mais aussi aux mesures de riposte; - Les besoins de développement et d’adaptation très importants et sans cesse croissants, dus aux nombreuses vulnérabilités, à l’accroissement démographique, et caractérisés par une demande d’énergie en constante évolution et un accroissement des diverses consommations de la société algérienne. Comment la CPDN contribuera à l’accomplissement de l’Article 2 de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques Par ses actions d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, et considérant ses objectifs de développement socio-économique dans le cadre de ses circonstances nationales, l’Algérie contribuera d’une manière équitable à l’accomplissement de l’objectif de l’article 2 de la Convention. 5.', 'Comment la CPDN contribuera à l’accomplissement de l’Article 2 de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques Par ses actions d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, et considérant ses objectifs de développement socio-économique dans le cadre de ses circonstances nationales, l’Algérie contribuera d’une manière équitable à l’accomplissement de l’objectif de l’article 2 de la Convention. 5. Mesures d’adaptation L’Algérie ambitionne de développer un plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans le cadre de la finalisation de sa contribution, et ce, en vue de la promotion d’une société et d’une économie plus résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques ; La priorité étant donnée à la protection des populations, à la préservationdes ressources naturelles et des infrastructures de base contre les risques des phénomènes extrêmes.', 'Mesures d’adaptation L’Algérie ambitionne de développer un plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans le cadre de la finalisation de sa contribution, et ce, en vue de la promotion d’une société et d’une économie plus résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques ; La priorité étant donnée à la protection des populations, à la préservationdes ressources naturelles et des infrastructures de base contre les risques des phénomènes extrêmes. L’objectif de ce plan national sera de: - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes (inondations et sécheresse) afin de minimiser les risques de catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques; - Lutter contre l’érosion et réhabiliter les terres dégradées dans le cadre de la lutte contre la désertification ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques dans les stratégies sectorielles, en particulier, l’agriculture, l’hydraulique, la santé humaine et les transports ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques sur la stabilité politique et la sécurité nationale.', 'L’objectif de ce plan national sera de: - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes (inondations et sécheresse) afin de minimiser les risques de catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques; - Lutter contre l’érosion et réhabiliter les terres dégradées dans le cadre de la lutte contre la désertification ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques dans les stratégies sectorielles, en particulier, l’agriculture, l’hydraulique, la santé humaine et les transports ; - Intégrer les effets des changements climatiques sur la stabilité politique et la sécurité nationale. Les principales mesures d’adaptation à engager nécessitent un appui international diversifié, incluant le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le transfert technologique.', 'Les principales mesures d’adaptation à engager nécessitent un appui international diversifié, incluant le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le transfert technologique. Ces mesures d’adaptation prévues par le Plan National Climat se déclinent comme suit : - Adaptation du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire aux changements climatiques; - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et humaines pour la lutte contre les changements climatiques ; - Mise en place d’un dispositif de veille et d’alerte précoce et renforcement des capacités pour la gestion des évènements climatiques extrêmes ; - Elaboration de plans régionaux et locaux d’adaptation aux Changements Climatiques. 6. Planification et cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre La finalisation entre 2016 et 2020 de la contribution provisoire déterminée au niveau national se fera sous l’autorité du Comité Ministériel du Climat.', 'Planification et cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre La finalisation entre 2016 et 2020 de la contribution provisoire déterminée au niveau national se fera sous l’autorité du Comité Ministériel du Climat. La contribution provisoire sera actualisée en prenant en considération les résultats de la Conférence de Paris sur le Climat. L’actualisation de la contribution provisoire tiendra compte de l’évolution de la situation financière de l’Algérie au moment de la finalisation de sa contribution. Elle portera sur des objectifs quantifiés d’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre pour la période 2020-2030, en utilisant la méthodologie développée par le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’experts sur les Changements Climatiques.', 'Elle portera sur des objectifs quantifiés d’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre pour la période 2020-2030, en utilisant la méthodologie développée par le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’experts sur les Changements Climatiques. La finalisation de la contribution et sa mise en œuvre se fera avec la participation active de tous les acteurs de la société et en particulier les représentants de la société civile, les acteurs économiques, les représentants des collectivités locales ainsi que la communauté scientifique.Elle sera accompagnée d’une vaste compagne d’éducation et de sensibilisation du public à travers les medias, les écoles, les entreprises, les collectivités locales et les mosquées. Dans cette perspective des forums sur les villes et les changements climatiques seront institués.', 'Dans cette perspective des forums sur les villes et les changements climatiques seront institués. L’ambition de l’Algérie en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation sera réalisée dans le cadre de la coopération Nord-Sud et Sud-Sud, avec ses partenaires bilatéraux et multilatéraux, traditionnels et nouveaux. Il sera ainsi mis en place un Groupe « des Amis de l’Ambition de l’Algérie pour l’Adaptation et l’Atténuation » (G5A), qui tiendra sa première réunion en marge des travaux de la Conférence de Paris. Enfin, l’Algérie ambitionne de créer et d’abriter un Forum Mondial des Energies Renouvelables qui constituera le cadre idoine de dialogue et de concertation entre les décideurs politiques, les organisations patronales et la société civile.', 'Enfin, l’Algérie ambitionne de créer et d’abriter un Forum Mondial des Energies Renouvelables qui constituera le cadre idoine de dialogue et de concertation entre les décideurs politiques, les organisations patronales et la société civile. La première édition de ce Forum se tiendra durant l’année 2016 et les résultats de ses travaux seront présentés à la 22ème Conférence des Parties Contractantes. Conclusion L’ambition d’atténuation des GES, affichée par l’Algérie dans sa CPDN provisoire, s’appuie sur quatre piliers : un outil institutionnel représenté par l’Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques, un mécanisme de coordination et de suivi, représenté par le Comité National Climat, la feuille de route climat de l’Algérie à travers le Plan National Climat ; ainsi que le système national MRV (Mesurabilité, Reporting et Vérification) qui sera mis en place.', 'Conclusion L’ambition d’atténuation des GES, affichée par l’Algérie dans sa CPDN provisoire, s’appuie sur quatre piliers : un outil institutionnel représenté par l’Agence Nationale des Changements Climatiques, un mécanisme de coordination et de suivi, représenté par le Comité National Climat, la feuille de route climat de l’Algérie à travers le Plan National Climat ; ainsi que le système national MRV (Mesurabilité, Reporting et Vérification) qui sera mis en place. La stratégie climatique de l’Algérie est formalisée dans le Plan National Climat qui vise, notamment, le renforcement de la mobilisation des ressources en eau, la lutte contre les inondations, la protection du littoral, la lutte contre la sècheresse et la désertification et l’augmentation de la résilience des écosystèmes et de l’agriculture et aux changements climatiques.', 'La stratégie climatique de l’Algérie est formalisée dans le Plan National Climat qui vise, notamment, le renforcement de la mobilisation des ressources en eau, la lutte contre les inondations, la protection du littoral, la lutte contre la sècheresse et la désertification et l’augmentation de la résilience des écosystèmes et de l’agriculture et aux changements climatiques. A cet effet, l’Algérie s’engage à finaliser et à adopter son Plan National Climat avant la tenue de la 21ème Conférence des Parties de Paris en décembre 2015.']

fr-FR

AND

Andorra

Updated NDC

2020-05-20 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20200514-%20Actualitzaci%C3%B3%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/187f05c2afa2679a6361985967b3a5a17a1e0907ee510ca59a0cf846fa5e7823.pdf

['CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL DE ANDORRA PREÁMBULO El 2 de marzo del 2011 Andorra se adhirió al Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) como Parte no incluida en el anexo I (non- Annex I)2. Durante la decimonovena sesión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) celebrada en Varsovia (2013), se adoptó la decisión 1 / CP.19, titulada Medios para continuar con la implementación de la plataforma Durban, que establece en el párrafo 2, punto b, que en el vigésimo primer período de sesiones (en diciembre de 2015), se adoptaría un protocolo, instrumento jurídico o un texto mutuamente acordado con valor jurídico, elaborado de conformidad con el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes.', 'Durante la decimonovena sesión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) celebrada en Varsovia (2013), se adoptó la decisión 1 / CP.19, titulada Medios para continuar con la implementación de la plataforma Durban, que establece en el párrafo 2, punto b, que en el vigésimo primer período de sesiones (en diciembre de 2015), se adoptaría un protocolo, instrumento jurídico o un texto mutuamente acordado con valor jurídico, elaborado de conformidad con el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes. Para que este instrumento entrara en vigor y se aplicara a partir de 2020, invitaba a todas las Partes a iniciar o ampliar los preparativos internos para elaborar sus contribuciones esperadas determinadas a nivel nacional (INDC), sin perjuicio de la naturaleza jurídica de dichas contribuciones, con miras a la adopción de un protocolo, otro instrumento legal o un texto mutuamente acordado que tuviera valor legal, elaborado bajo el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes.', 'Para que este instrumento entrara en vigor y se aplicara a partir de 2020, invitaba a todas las Partes a iniciar o ampliar los preparativos internos para elaborar sus contribuciones esperadas determinadas a nivel nacional (INDC), sin perjuicio de la naturaleza jurídica de dichas contribuciones, con miras a la adopción de un protocolo, otro instrumento legal o un texto mutuamente acordado que tuviera valor legal, elaborado bajo el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes. Esto, con vista a lograr el objetivo del Convenio establecido en el artículo 2, y comunicarlo mucho antes del 21° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes (primer trimestre de 2015 para las Partes que estén listas para hacerlo) para mejorar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión de las contribuciones planificadas, sin perjuicio de la naturaleza legal de dichas contribuciones.', 'Esto, con vista a lograr el objetivo del Convenio establecido en el artículo 2, y comunicarlo mucho antes del 21° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes (primer trimestre de 2015 para las Partes que estén listas para hacerlo) para mejorar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión de las contribuciones planificadas, sin perjuicio de la naturaleza legal de dichas contribuciones. En 2014 todas la Partes fueron invitadas a comunicar su primera NDC antes de la COP21, durante el primer trimestre de 2015, de manera clara, transparente y comprensible (párrafo 13 de la decisión 1/CP.20 de la 20ena Conferencia de las Partes, Lima).', 'En 2014 todas la Partes fueron invitadas a comunicar su primera NDC antes de la COP21, durante el primer trimestre de 2015, de manera clara, transparente y comprensible (párrafo 13 de la decisión 1/CP.20 de la 20ena Conferencia de las Partes, Lima). Andorra fue una de las Partes pioneras en comunicar su INDC en 2015, según la cual el compromiso era reducir las emisiones de GEI en un 37% respecto al escenario Bussines as usual (BAU), 530,55 Gg CO2 eq. ), para el año 2030. 1 Tal como indica el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de Paris la NDC debe mostrar la progresión respecto el anterior NDC, por ello en este documento se destaca en texto de color azul la información relativa a la progresión.', '1 Tal como indica el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de Paris la NDC debe mostrar la progresión respecto el anterior NDC, por ello en este documento se destaca en texto de color azul la información relativa a la progresión. 2 El CMNUCC entró en vigor el 31 de mayo del 2011.Durante la negociación de la COP21 (diciembre de 2015), las Partes adoptaron la decisión 1 / CP.21, que propone una nueva estrategia y se convierte en un instrumento necesario para la implementación de los procesos relacionados con la lucha contra el cambio climático, el Acuerdo de París.', '2 El CMNUCC entró en vigor el 31 de mayo del 2011.Durante la negociación de la COP21 (diciembre de 2015), las Partes adoptaron la decisión 1 / CP.21, que propone una nueva estrategia y se convierte en un instrumento necesario para la implementación de los procesos relacionados con la lucha contra el cambio climático, el Acuerdo de París. Este nuevo acuerdo, firmado por Andorra el 22 de abril de 2016 y ratificado por el parlamento andorrano por unanimidad el 30 de noviembre de 2016, se ha convertido en un instrumento legal universal.', 'Este nuevo acuerdo, firmado por Andorra el 22 de abril de 2016 y ratificado por el parlamento andorrano por unanimidad el 30 de noviembre de 2016, se ha convertido en un instrumento legal universal. Las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) son el núcleo del Acuerdo de París y han de permitir la consecución de los objetivos a largo plazo, tanto para reducir las emisiones nacionales como para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático. El artículo 4, párrafo 2 y 9 de este Acuerdo prevé que cada Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga sus NDC, y que esta comunicación se realice cada 5 años.', 'El artículo 4, párrafo 2 y 9 de este Acuerdo prevé que cada Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga sus NDC, y que esta comunicación se realice cada 5 años. En este sentido, con la firma del Acuerdo de París, Andorra debe informar cada cinco años sobre sus contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) para reducir sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, siendo este año 2020 la primera actualización de nuestra NDC.', 'En este sentido, con la firma del Acuerdo de París, Andorra debe informar cada cinco años sobre sus contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) para reducir sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, siendo este año 2020 la primera actualización de nuestra NDC. En el décimo Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de ONU-Medio Ambiente (2019) se evalúan los últimos estudios científicos sobre las emisiones actuales y futuras estimadas de GEI, en el que se comparan con los niveles de emisiones admisibles para que el mundo progrese en la trayectoria de menor coste hacia la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París.', 'En el décimo Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de ONU-Medio Ambiente (2019) se evalúan los últimos estudios científicos sobre las emisiones actuales y futuras estimadas de GEI, en el que se comparan con los niveles de emisiones admisibles para que el mundo progrese en la trayectoria de menor coste hacia la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Durante la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Acción Climática, que tuvo lugar durante la semana de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en septiembre de 2019, se marcó como objetivo promover la adopción de medidas y, sobre todo, hacer lo posible para que los países contrajeran la obligación de incrementar sus CDN en 2020 y se propusieran alcanzar las cero emisiones netas antes de 2050.', 'Durante la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Acción Climática, que tuvo lugar durante la semana de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en septiembre de 2019, se marcó como objetivo promover la adopción de medidas y, sobre todo, hacer lo posible para que los países contrajeran la obligación de incrementar sus CDN en 2020 y se propusieran alcanzar las cero emisiones netas antes de 2050. Durante dicha Cumbre, Andorra mostró su compromiso con estos objetivos mediante la presentación de las diferentes acciones que nuestro país pretende establecer para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2030 y también para alcanzar la neutralidad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2050.', 'Durante dicha Cumbre, Andorra mostró su compromiso con estos objetivos mediante la presentación de las diferentes acciones que nuestro país pretende establecer para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2030 y también para alcanzar la neutralidad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2050. Asimismo, el 23 de enero de 2020 el Parlamento de Andorra aprobó la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, elaborada con participación activa de los jóvenes, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima).', 'Asimismo, el 23 de enero de 2020 el Parlamento de Andorra aprobó la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, elaborada con participación activa de los jóvenes, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima). Por todo ello, este año 2020 es una oportunidad para el proceso de lucha frente al cambio climático porque las Partes actualizamos nuestras NDC, manteniendo y reforzando el compromiso y planificando las estrategias de desarrollo a largo plazo para reducir nuestras emisiones de GEI, teniendo en cuenta que el Acuerdo de París nos compromete a aproximarnos al máximo a la limitación del incremento de temperatura global por debajo de 1,5ºC a finales del siglo XXI.', 'Por todo ello, este año 2020 es una oportunidad para el proceso de lucha frente al cambio climático porque las Partes actualizamos nuestras NDC, manteniendo y reforzando el compromiso y planificando las estrategias de desarrollo a largo plazo para reducir nuestras emisiones de GEI, teniendo en cuenta que el Acuerdo de París nos compromete a aproximarnos al máximo a la limitación del incremento de temperatura global por debajo de 1,5ºC a finales del siglo XXI. En este sentido, y mediante el presente documento, Andorra comunica sus contribuciones determinadas en 2020 a nivel nacional de acuerdo con la decisión 1/CP.21.Circunstancias nacionales Andorra es un país pequeño (468 Km2) y montañoso (ubicado en los Pirineos, entre Francia y España, con una población de 77.543 habitantes (2019).', 'En este sentido, y mediante el presente documento, Andorra comunica sus contribuciones determinadas en 2020 a nivel nacional de acuerdo con la decisión 1/CP.21.Circunstancias nacionales Andorra es un país pequeño (468 Km2) y montañoso (ubicado en los Pirineos, entre Francia y España, con una población de 77.543 habitantes (2019). Debido a su ubicación en medo de la cordillera montañosa de los Pirineos, es un terreno accidentado, con una altura promedia de 2.044 metros (la altura mínima del país está a 850 m en el valle del río Valira, y la altura máxima es de 2.942 m en la cima de Coma Pedrosa).', 'Debido a su ubicación en medo de la cordillera montañosa de los Pirineos, es un terreno accidentado, con una altura promedia de 2.044 metros (la altura mínima del país está a 850 m en el valle del río Valira, y la altura máxima es de 2.942 m en la cima de Coma Pedrosa). Las aguas del país cruzan la frontera con Francia y España, y alimentan dos grandes cuencas de drenaje europeas: el Ebro, en el sur, y el Garona, en el norte.', 'Las aguas del país cruzan la frontera con Francia y España, y alimentan dos grandes cuencas de drenaje europeas: el Ebro, en el sur, y el Garona, en el norte. Después de un período de deforestación a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, los bosques recuperaron tierras de los prados y praderas abandonadas, y en la actualidad aproximadamente un 39% del territorio del país está cubierto por masa forestal, mientras que las infraestructuras y las zonas urbanas ocupan sólo un 1,7% del territorio. El clima de Andorra es un clima de montaña húmedo de latitud media con influencia mediterránea en la zona sur, que se caracteriza por un clima mediterráneo continental.', 'El clima de Andorra es un clima de montaña húmedo de latitud media con influencia mediterránea en la zona sur, que se caracteriza por un clima mediterráneo continental. Este clima confiere al país una rica biodiversidad con las condiciones necesarias para adaptarse a una amplia gama de hábitats diferentes que albergan una gran cantidad de seres vivos, algunos de ellos especies únicas o incluso endémicas. Las temperaturas evolucionan de acuerdo a la temperatura de las zonas del hemisferio norte, con un promedio anual de 5,36ºC. La precipitación media es de alrededor de 950 mm / año (1950- 2017).', 'La precipitación media es de alrededor de 950 mm / año (1950- 2017). Este clima ya ha evolucionado, con una tendencia en los últimos 30 años, de aproximadamente un aumento de + 0,13ºC / década en las temperaturas promedio (cambio más pronunciado en la primavera), y una reducción de al menos -43 mm / década en precipitaciones anuales (con las disminuciones más pronunciadas en otoño e invierno) (1950-2017). Estas variaciones climáticas tendrán consecuencias sobre los diferentes ecosistemas, pero también sobre sus habitantes y las actividades económicas que se desarrollan. La economía andorrana se centra principalmente en actividades terciarias. Los servicios son el sector más importante de la economía del Principado: 86,1% de las empresas y el 87,7% de los empleados.', 'Los servicios son el sector más importante de la economía del Principado: 86,1% de las empresas y el 87,7% de los empleados. El sector financiero tiene un papel importante como motor de este sector y representa un 19,6% del PIB, según cifras de 2017. El turismo es uno de los pilares fundamentales de la economía andorrana, directa o indirectamente responsable del 60% del PIB con aproximadamente 8 millones de visitantes al año. En invierno, predominan los productos relacionados con el esquí con 2,51 millones de días de esquí vendidos (temporada 2017-2018) distribuidos en más de 3.200 hectáreas de superficie esquiable.', 'En invierno, predominan los productos relacionados con el esquí con 2,51 millones de días de esquí vendidos (temporada 2017-2018) distribuidos en más de 3.200 hectáreas de superficie esquiable. El sector de la nieve es el pilar de 2.000 puestos de trabajo, pero es muy vulnerable a los cambios climáticos y al aumento de los precios de los hidrocarburos, dado que las redes de carreteras son el único vínculo de hoy en día con los países vecinos.', 'El sector de la nieve es el pilar de 2.000 puestos de trabajo, pero es muy vulnerable a los cambios climáticos y al aumento de los precios de los hidrocarburos, dado que las redes de carreteras son el único vínculo de hoy en día con los países vecinos. El sector agrícola, basado en un sistema tradicional de gestión agrícola y ganadería extensiva que garantiza un equilibrio sostenible entre la ganadería y el uso agrícola, sólo representa un 0,54% del PIB del país (2017), pero desempeña un papel importante al proporcionar una gran cantidad de servicios ambientales, particularmente en la conservación del paisaje y el control de seguridad contra incendios. El sector industrial es muy limitado a nivel de país (5,1% del PIB en 2017).', 'El sector industrial es muy limitado a nivel de país (5,1% del PIB en 2017). En cuanto al sector energético, Andorra depende en gran medida de los combustibles fósiles y la energía eléctrica importada. El 76% de la energía total consumida en el país depende de los combustibles fósiles (totalmente importados). La electricidad consumida en Andorra (alrededor de 600 GWh / año) se importa principalmente de Francia y España.', 'La electricidad consumida en Andorra (alrededor de 600 GWh / año) se importa principalmente de Francia y España. La producción nacional alcanzó el 18,5% en 2017 (producida a partir de fuentes de energías renovables y la valorización energética de residuos).PRINCIPIOS RECTORES DE LA POLÍTICA CLIMÁTICA La política de lucha contra el cambio climático que condiciona la normativa y la estrategia climática nacional se basa en cuatro principios rectores que son integrados en cualquier normativa, proyecto o acción climática que desarrolla la política climática del país. Con esta voluntad en septiembre de 2018 el Parlamento andorrano aprobó por unanimidad la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, que recoge estos principios en su capítulo primero.', 'Con esta voluntad en septiembre de 2018 el Parlamento andorrano aprobó por unanimidad la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, que recoge estos principios en su capítulo primero. Con posterioridad, el 17 de abril del 2019, el Consejo de Ministros de Andorra aprobó el Plan estratégico nacional para la implementación de la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, que complementa estos objetivos establecidos en la normativa climática nacional. El conjunto de estos principios y objetivos globales representan también una oportunidad para el desarrollo de una nueva economía, con la creación de nuevos tipos de empleo y de nuevas tecnologías.', 'El conjunto de estos principios y objetivos globales representan también una oportunidad para el desarrollo de una nueva economía, con la creación de nuevos tipos de empleo y de nuevas tecnologías. Estos principios son: Sostenibilidad: las acciones que de desarrollan satisfacen las necesidades de la generación actual, sin comprometer la capacidad para satisfacer las necesidades de las generaciones futuras, aplicándolo en el sentido más amplio y en todo tipo de aspectos en los ámbitos sociales, ambientales y económicos. En las acciones del sector energético, concretamente se priorizan las energías de fuentes renovables, la reducción de la demanda energética, la eficiencia energética y la reducción de las emisiones globales de GEI que provienen de este sector.', 'En las acciones del sector energético, concretamente se priorizan las energías de fuentes renovables, la reducción de la demanda energética, la eficiencia energética y la reducción de las emisiones globales de GEI que provienen de este sector. Protección e información: facilitar información comprensible para los ciudadanos que permita tomar decisiones y hábitos de consumo conscientes. La participación de los ciudadanos y agentes implicados en la elaboración de las estrategias climáticas también es un aspecto clave. Para asegurar esta participación efectiva, la ciudadanía recibe la información necesaria de manera transparente. Para ello, la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, crea la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático, configurada por diferentes actores del sector, privados y públicos, jóvenes, tercer sector, etc.', 'Para ello, la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, crea la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático, configurada por diferentes actores del sector, privados y públicos, jóvenes, tercer sector, etc. que participa activamente en la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. La protección de los ciudadanos pasa por generar equidad territorial, un repartimiento justo de los costes y una calidad y garantía de los servicios, especialmente los energéticos. Crecimiento económico: el fomento de actividades económicas con un alto valor añadido se lleva a cabo a través de la aplicación de las mejores técnicas disponibles para crear nuevas posibilidades de mercado o negocio.', 'Crecimiento económico: el fomento de actividades económicas con un alto valor añadido se lleva a cabo a través de la aplicación de las mejores técnicas disponibles para crear nuevas posibilidades de mercado o negocio. La utilización de la mejor tecnología disponible evita, o al menos reduce al máximo, las emisiones y el impacto en el conjunto del medio ambiente.Soberanía y diversificación: para fomentar la resiliencia del país frente los cambios que se produzcan se incrementa la soberanía y se diversifican los diferentes sectores económicos. Concretamente, en el sector energético se incrementa la producción energética nacional, para reducir los riesgos frente a los cambios en el mercado.', 'Concretamente, en el sector energético se incrementa la producción energética nacional, para reducir los riesgos frente a los cambios en el mercado. La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual consta de 5 programas de acción y de 17 actividades, es la herramienta o hoja de ruta para alcanzar la neutralidad; desarrollar un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para hacer frente a la situación actual y prevista en el futuro; estructurar un sistema de financiación para llevar a cabo las acciones previstas; sensibilizar, educar y formar a la población; desarrollar tareas de investigación e innovación indispensables para entender y responder a los nuevos retos ambientales y tecnológicos.', 'La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual consta de 5 programas de acción y de 17 actividades, es la herramienta o hoja de ruta para alcanzar la neutralidad; desarrollar un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para hacer frente a la situación actual y prevista en el futuro; estructurar un sistema de financiación para llevar a cabo las acciones previstas; sensibilizar, educar y formar a la población; desarrollar tareas de investigación e innovación indispensables para entender y responder a los nuevos retos ambientales y tecnológicos. Las acciones que recoge la estrategia se dirigen a sectores concretos como el de la energía, la movilidad, la agricultura y la gestión de residuos, entre otros, así como a diferentes sectores para tratar temas más transversales como la promoción de la economía circular, los cambios en nuestros hábitos de consumo, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, el fomento de la investigación en estos ámbitos y la inclusión de nuevos conceptos en la educación del conjunto de la ciudadanía.', 'Las acciones que recoge la estrategia se dirigen a sectores concretos como el de la energía, la movilidad, la agricultura y la gestión de residuos, entre otros, así como a diferentes sectores para tratar temas más transversales como la promoción de la economía circular, los cambios en nuestros hábitos de consumo, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, el fomento de la investigación en estos ámbitos y la inclusión de nuevos conceptos en la educación del conjunto de la ciudadanía. El conjunto de estas acciones sigue siempre los principios rectores comentados anteriormente, y cuenta con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático.', 'El conjunto de estas acciones sigue siempre los principios rectores comentados anteriormente, y cuenta con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático. Este documento se revisa como mínimo cada 6 años, de manera que recogerá los compromisos de los nuevos NDC presentados en el futuro, siendo ambos documentos retroalimentados y revisados periódicamente según los acuerdos internacionales y la normativa nacional.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN MITIGACIÓN Descripción del compromiso y escenarios Los compromisos en materia de reducción de emisiones no absorbidas presentados en 2015 a través de la INDC eran el resultado del Primer informe bianual de actualización (BUR) de Andorra al Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (diciembre 2014).', 'Este documento se revisa como mínimo cada 6 años, de manera que recogerá los compromisos de los nuevos NDC presentados en el futuro, siendo ambos documentos retroalimentados y revisados periódicamente según los acuerdos internacionales y la normativa nacional.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN MITIGACIÓN Descripción del compromiso y escenarios Los compromisos en materia de reducción de emisiones no absorbidas presentados en 2015 a través de la INDC eran el resultado del Primer informe bianual de actualización (BUR) de Andorra al Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (diciembre 2014). Según los compromisos presentados, en 2030 las contribuciones previstas determinadas a nivel nacional (CPDN) de Andorra estaban en línea con la evolución del escenario RCP2.6, compatible con mantener el aumento mundial de las temperaturas por debajo del umbral de los 2ºC durante el siglo XXI, sobre la base de los valores 1850-1900, y coherente con unas medidas rigurosas de mitigación, así como el mantenimiento de las concentraciones globales de CO2 eq.', 'Según los compromisos presentados, en 2030 las contribuciones previstas determinadas a nivel nacional (CPDN) de Andorra estaban en línea con la evolución del escenario RCP2.6, compatible con mantener el aumento mundial de las temperaturas por debajo del umbral de los 2ºC durante el siglo XXI, sobre la base de los valores 1850-1900, y coherente con unas medidas rigurosas de mitigación, así como el mantenimiento de las concentraciones globales de CO2 eq. en el rango de 430 a 480 ppm. Estos compromisos se concretaron en la reducción de las emisiones equivalentes no absorbidas de aquí al 2030, en un 37% (193,73 Gg CO2 eq.) en relación a las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario BAU, propuesto en el Primer BUR de Andorra al CMNUCC (diciembre 2014).', 'en relación a las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario BAU, propuesto en el Primer BUR de Andorra al CMNUCC (diciembre 2014). El compromiso que se presenta en esta actualización refuerza las acciones para alcanzar el objetivo definido en el primer NDC a medio plazo, para el año 2030, y persigue más allá a largo plazo la neutralidad en carbono para el año 2050. Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y a largo plazo Se mantiene a mediano plazo para el 2030, la reducción cuantificada en un valor absoluto relativo a las emisiones no absorbidas respecto el escenario Business as usual definido en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra a la CMNUCC (2014).', 'Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y a largo plazo Se mantiene a mediano plazo para el 2030, la reducción cuantificada en un valor absoluto relativo a las emisiones no absorbidas respecto el escenario Business as usual definido en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra a la CMNUCC (2014). Se incluye un compromiso a largo plazo para el 2050, buscando la neutralidad en carbono, es decir el equilibrio entre las emisiones y las absorciones para el año 2050. Así, el período de implantación para los objetivos de mitigación se divide en dos periodos, el primero a corto y mediano plazo que comprende desde el año 2020 al año 2030, y el segundo, a largo plazo, que comprende desde el año 2031 al año 2050.', 'Así, el período de implantación para los objetivos de mitigación se divide en dos periodos, el primero a corto y mediano plazo que comprende desde el año 2020 al año 2030, y el segundo, a largo plazo, que comprende desde el año 2031 al año 2050. • Reducción 37% emisiones no absorbidas respecto escenario BAU Medio plazo 2030 • Neutralidad en carbono Largo plazo 2050Los niveles de reducción del escenario a mediano plazo se concretan en un eq.) de las emisiones anuales no absorbidas respecto al escenario Business as usual, de aquí al 2030. Este porcentaje será revisado en caso de que se realice una modificación importante en la metodología para la elaboración del inventario de GEI nacional que fue presentada en el primer informe bianual de actualización bajo el CMNUCC (2014).', 'Este porcentaje será revisado en caso de que se realice una modificación importante en la metodología para la elaboración del inventario de GEI nacional que fue presentada en el primer informe bianual de actualización bajo el CMNUCC (2014). Para el año 2050, el nivel de reducción será suficiente para que las emisiones de GEI queden equilibradas con las absorciones de estos gases, ya sea a través de la capacidad sumidero nacional como otras medidas de captura, almacenaje o compensación a través de mecanismos nacionales o internacionales basados en el mercado, alcanzando un valor aproximado de 140 Gg CO2 eq.', 'Para el año 2050, el nivel de reducción será suficiente para que las emisiones de GEI queden equilibradas con las absorciones de estos gases, ya sea a través de la capacidad sumidero nacional como otras medidas de captura, almacenaje o compensación a través de mecanismos nacionales o internacionales basados en el mercado, alcanzando un valor aproximado de 140 Gg CO2 eq. Las acciones que han de permitir conseguir a mediano plazo (2030) la reducción de las emisiones para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorras son: Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación.', 'Las acciones que han de permitir conseguir a mediano plazo (2030) la reducción de las emisiones para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorras son: Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación. En este sentido se prevé reducir la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 20%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 75% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 33% de la demanda eléctrica. Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción fijada es del 50% de las emisiones de GEI producidas por el transporte interno.', 'Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción fijada es del 50% de las emisiones de GEI producidas por el transporte interno. Para ello, entre algunas de las acciones previstas, se establece a través de la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, la reducción de las emisiones de GEI por el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20% para el año 2030. En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo, tal y como también queda regulado per la Ley anteriormente referida.', 'En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo, tal y como también queda regulado per la Ley anteriormente referida. Sector agricultura, silvicultura y usos del suelo: se prevé mantener como mínimo la capacidad sumidero de la masa forestal del país del año 2017, cuantificada en -139 Gg CO2 eq. anual. Para ello es importante contar con una buena cuantificación de la capacidad sumidero de nuestros bosques como solución basada en la naturaleza de vital importancia, por esto hemos mejorado nuestro inventario de GEI partiendo de un análisis de los usos del suelo a través de la recopilación y evaluación de imágenes satélite. El resultado de esta mejora se analiza en el BUR a comunicar este año 2020.', 'El resultado de esta mejora se analiza en el BUR a comunicar este año 2020. Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se ajustarán a los objetivos de la Ley de Economía circular, actualmente en redacción. Estos objetivos se concretarán en las acciones necesarias a través del Plan de Economía circular que desarrolle la ley para su correcta implementación. Para el compromiso a largo plazo (2050), las acciones previstas para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI son las que se presentan a continuación. Complementariamente a estas acciones, se implementarán mecanismos de compensación para alcanzar la meta en caso que sea necesario:Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación.', 'Complementariamente a estas acciones, se implementarán mecanismos de compensación para alcanzar la meta en caso que sea necesario:Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación. Se reducirá la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 30%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 85% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 50% de la demanda eléctrica. Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción no se fija a largo plazo, pero se continuará con el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 50%.', 'Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción no se fija a largo plazo, pero se continuará con el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 50%. En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo o positivo.', 'En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo o positivo. Sector agricultura, silvicultura y usos del suelo: alrededor del 23% de las emisiones son absorbidas por la masa forestal del territorio, de manera que una mejora en la gestión silvícola que incorpore soluciones basadas en la naturaleza ha de permitir que no sólo se mantenga el escenario previsto a mediano plazo, es decir que como mínimo se mantenga la capacidad sumidero de la masa forestal del país del año 2017 (cuantificada en -139 Gg eq. anual) sino que se incremente la ambición en respecto la capacidad sumidero de los bosques del país.', 'anual) sino que se incremente la ambición en respecto la capacidad sumidero de los bosques del país. Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se reducen respecto el escenario a mediano plazo debido al avance de implementación del Plan de Economía circular. El conjunto de medidas o acciones previstas se resumen en la tabla anexada a esta NDC. Compromiso justo y ambicioso El compromiso de las Partes es coherente con sus responsabilidades y de acuerdo a sus capacidades así como el apoyo recibido de la comunidad internacional. En este sentido: Andorra es Parte en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático como Parte no incluida en el Anexo I.', 'En este sentido: Andorra es Parte en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático como Parte no incluida en el Anexo I. A nivel internacional, para el año 2017, Andorra es responsable de aproximadamente el 0,0009496% 3 de las emisiones globales, responsabilidad que tiende a disminuir (con una reducción entre 2000 y 2010 del 21%, y entre el 2010 y el 2017 del 15%). Las emisiones de GEI de Andorra han mostrado una clara tendencia a la baja desde 2005 (-23% entre 2005 y 2017), al contrario de lo que se observa en todo el mundo con un aumento de más del 15% para el mismo período.', 'Las emisiones de GEI de Andorra han mostrado una clara tendencia a la baja desde 2005 (-23% entre 2005 y 2017), al contrario de lo que se observa en todo el mundo con un aumento de más del 15% para el mismo período. 3 Emisiones no absorbidas de Andorra del tercer Informe bianual de actualización (BUR, 2019) y emisiones totales mundiales según el Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Nairobi (55,3 Gt CO2 eq. ) Las políticas de mitigación asociadas con los sectores mencionados son acciones a largo plazo, con rentabilidad y resultados a corto plazo limitados.', ') Las políticas de mitigación asociadas con los sectores mencionados son acciones a largo plazo, con rentabilidad y resultados a corto plazo limitados. Para 2030, la NDC de Andorra está en coherencia con el escenario de concentraciones RCP2.6, escenario con medidas estrictas de mitigación y el mantenimiento de concentraciones globales de CO2 eq. en el rango de 430-480 ppm (tal y como se justificaba en los primeros NDC presentados) una condición necesaria para mantener una temperatura por debajo de 2ºC en el siglo XXI (en comparación con el período 1850-1900), con un grado probable de certeza (probable, 66% -100%).', 'en el rango de 430-480 ppm (tal y como se justificaba en los primeros NDC presentados) una condición necesaria para mantener una temperatura por debajo de 2ºC en el siglo XXI (en comparación con el período 1850-1900), con un grado probable de certeza (probable, 66% -100%). A nivel global, para asegurar que el incremento de temperaturas se sitúe por debajo de la barrera de los 2ºC a final del siglo XXI (en comparación con el período de referencia 1850-1900), se deben reducir las emisiones informadas en 2010 entre un 41 y un 72% para el año 2050.', 'A nivel global, para asegurar que el incremento de temperaturas se sitúe por debajo de la barrera de los 2ºC a final del siglo XXI (en comparación con el período de referencia 1850-1900), se deben reducir las emisiones informadas en 2010 entre un 41 y un 72% para el año 2050. Según el último informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, esta reducción debe ser a partir del 2020 del 2,7 % anual (7,6 % si en cambio se quiere conseguir el objetivo de no incrementar más de 1,5ºC al final del siglo XXI), este compromiso de reducción del 2,7% anual está en consonancia con nuestro compromiso de neutralidad en carbono a largo plazo para el año 20504.', 'Según el último informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, esta reducción debe ser a partir del 2020 del 2,7 % anual (7,6 % si en cambio se quiere conseguir el objetivo de no incrementar más de 1,5ºC al final del siglo XXI), este compromiso de reducción del 2,7% anual está en consonancia con nuestro compromiso de neutralidad en carbono a largo plazo para el año 20504. Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión Valores de referencia Para poder hacer un correcto seguimiento del compromiso definido en la primera NDC y del refuerzo de este compromiso con esta nueva actualización, se mantiene como referencia el valor de las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario Business as usual (530,55 Gg CO2 eq., para el 2030), definidas en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra para el CMNUCC.', 'Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión Valores de referencia Para poder hacer un correcto seguimiento del compromiso definido en la primera NDC y del refuerzo de este compromiso con esta nueva actualización, se mantiene como referencia el valor de las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario Business as usual (530,55 Gg CO2 eq., para el 2030), definidas en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra para el CMNUCC. Alcance de las acciones de mitigación de GEI Debido a que más del 98% de las emisiones totales de GEI (desde el año 1990 hasta 2017) provienen del sector de la energía y del sector residuos (véase evolución de las emisiones y absorciones nacionales de GEI según el tercer BUR presentado en el marco del CMNUCC, gráfico 1), de acuerdo con las categorías definidas en las directrices del GIECC 2006 para realizar el inventario nacional de GEI, el alcance de las acciones previstas para conseguir el objetivo de mitigación de GEI fijado en esta NDC para Andorra se centra en estos 2 sectores.', 'Alcance de las acciones de mitigación de GEI Debido a que más del 98% de las emisiones totales de GEI (desde el año 1990 hasta 2017) provienen del sector de la energía y del sector residuos (véase evolución de las emisiones y absorciones nacionales de GEI según el tercer BUR presentado en el marco del CMNUCC, gráfico 1), de acuerdo con las categorías definidas en las directrices del GIECC 2006 para realizar el inventario nacional de GEI, el alcance de las acciones previstas para conseguir el objetivo de mitigación de GEI fijado en esta NDC para Andorra se centra en estos 2 sectores. Pese a que el alcance del inventario nacional de emisiones de GEI según las directrices del GIECC 2006 integra la energía eléctrica importada sólo a nivel informativo, este representa más del 23 % del consumo energético del país y un 4 Una reducción de las emisiones de GEI que alcance el valor de la capacidad sumidero del país ( aproximadamente de eq a 140 Gg CO2 eq) representa una reducción del 77% de las emisiones de GEI en un plazo de 32 años (2018-2050), de manera que la media de reducción anual es del 2,4%.12 % aproximado de las emisiones totales, según nuestro cálculo de la huella de carbono, de manera que se ha considerado pertinente incluir las acciones de mitigación necesarias para minimizar el consumo eléctrico y las emisiones de GEI de este subsector.', 'Pese a que el alcance del inventario nacional de emisiones de GEI según las directrices del GIECC 2006 integra la energía eléctrica importada sólo a nivel informativo, este representa más del 23 % del consumo energético del país y un 4 Una reducción de las emisiones de GEI que alcance el valor de la capacidad sumidero del país ( aproximadamente de eq a 140 Gg CO2 eq) representa una reducción del 77% de las emisiones de GEI en un plazo de 32 años (2018-2050), de manera que la media de reducción anual es del 2,4%.12 % aproximado de las emisiones totales, según nuestro cálculo de la huella de carbono, de manera que se ha considerado pertinente incluir las acciones de mitigación necesarias para minimizar el consumo eléctrico y las emisiones de GEI de este subsector. Asimismo, las acciones de mitigación también contemplan acciones sobre el sector que otorga la capacidad sumidero del país para absorber los GEI, que es el sector agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo.', 'Asimismo, las acciones de mitigación también contemplan acciones sobre el sector que otorga la capacidad sumidero del país para absorber los GEI, que es el sector agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo. Gráfico 1. Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq presentado en el tercer BUR de andorra (2019) Cobertura de GEI Los gases siguientes de efecto invernadero son incluidos en la NDC, de acuerdo con los gases inventariados y reportados en nuestros BUR según las Directrices del GIECC 2006 y posteriores revisiones para la realización de inventarios nacionales de GEI: Dióxido de carbono (CO2 ), metano (CH4 ), óxido nitroso (N2 O), los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre ).', 'Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq presentado en el tercer BUR de andorra (2019) Cobertura de GEI Los gases siguientes de efecto invernadero son incluidos en la NDC, de acuerdo con los gases inventariados y reportados en nuestros BUR según las Directrices del GIECC 2006 y posteriores revisiones para la realización de inventarios nacionales de GEI: Dióxido de carbono (CO2 ), metano (CH4 ), óxido nitroso (N2 O), los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre ). Los GEI emitidos por el sector energía y residuos representan más del 96% del total de GEI inventariados según el último inventario de GEI (2017). Para la contabilidad se consideraron los potenciales de calentamiento global del Quinto Reporte del GIECC (2014).', 'Para la contabilidad se consideraron los potenciales de calentamiento global del Quinto Reporte del GIECC (2014). Contribución de mecanismos internacionales basados en el mercado La Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático crea el mercado nacional voluntario para la compensación de GEI, y pese a que su integración en el mercado internacional no está planificada de manera inmediata, sí que cumple con los estándares internacionales para poder contar con una herramienta adicional que incorpora actuaciones de mitigación en los sectores difusos y, en caso que sea necesario, en el futuro sea una medida complementaria para cumplir con los compromisos de la NDC. Gg CO2 eq. Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq.)', 'Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq.) Otros Residuos AFOLU Procesos industriales y uso de productos Energía Total de emisiones y absorciones nacionalProceso de planificación Para la revisión y actualización de la NDC del Gobierno de Andorra des de la Oficina de la Energía y del Cambio Climático, integrada en el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad, se ha valorado el conjunto de normativa y compromisos nacionales e internacionales que en los últimos años se han aprobado. Es especialmente destacable la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático5.', 'Es especialmente destacable la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático5. Una Ley aprobada por unanimidad en el Parlamento que se elaboró a partir de una propuesta de Ley del Gobierno, para la que los diferentes Ministerios que lo componen participaron y aportaron sus puntos estratégicos y consideraciones, de acuerdo con los compromisos internacionales que previamente se habían firmado, como el CMNUCC (adhesión el 2 de marzo del 2011) y el Acuerdo de París (2016).', 'Una Ley aprobada por unanimidad en el Parlamento que se elaboró a partir de una propuesta de Ley del Gobierno, para la que los diferentes Ministerios que lo componen participaron y aportaron sus puntos estratégicos y consideraciones, de acuerdo con los compromisos internacionales que previamente se habían firmado, como el CMNUCC (adhesión el 2 de marzo del 2011) y el Acuerdo de París (2016). Para la elaboración de la propuesta de Ley que posteriormente fue aprobada se tuvo en cuenta, a parte de otros documentos técnicos de referencia: El Libro blanco de la Energía de Andorra del 2012 El Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra del 2016 El Plan Nacional de Residuos revisado para el período 2017-2020 La Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de andorra (ENBA) para el La normativa existente en materia de eficiencia energética, energías renovables y organización y gestión del sistema energético nacional.', 'Para la elaboración de la propuesta de Ley que posteriormente fue aprobada se tuvo en cuenta, a parte de otros documentos técnicos de referencia: El Libro blanco de la Energía de Andorra del 2012 El Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra del 2016 El Plan Nacional de Residuos revisado para el período 2017-2020 La Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de andorra (ENBA) para el La normativa existente en materia de eficiencia energética, energías renovables y organización y gestión del sistema energético nacional. La primera NDC aprobada por Andorra. Las comunicaciones en cumplimiento del CMNUCC de Andorra desde el año 2014.', 'Las comunicaciones en cumplimiento del CMNUCC de Andorra desde el año 2014. Así pues, esta actualización de la NDC tiene en cuenta las metas definidas a mediano y largo plazo por la Ley 21/2018, anteriormente referida, así como posteriores compromisos estratégicos del Gobierno, que se incorporan en la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, a largo plazo para el año 2050.', 'Así pues, esta actualización de la NDC tiene en cuenta las metas definidas a mediano y largo plazo por la Ley 21/2018, anteriormente referida, así como posteriores compromisos estratégicos del Gobierno, que se incorporan en la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, a largo plazo para el año 2050. La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático da respuesta al compromiso de determinar una ruta para alcanzar la meta de neutralidad de GEI en 2050 que se tomó en la PreCOP 25 (octubre de 2019) y que se comunicó formalmente durante el discurso en el plenario de la COP25 (10 de diciembre de 2019) por parte de la Ministra de Medio ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad del Gobierno de Andorra, y por ello se introduce como tal en la actualización de la NDC de este año 2020.', 'La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático da respuesta al compromiso de determinar una ruta para alcanzar la meta de neutralidad de GEI en 2050 que se tomó en la PreCOP 25 (octubre de 2019) y que se comunicó formalmente durante el discurso en el plenario de la COP25 (10 de diciembre de 2019) por parte de la Ministra de Medio ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad del Gobierno de Andorra, y por ello se introduce como tal en la actualización de la NDC de este año 2020. Para la próxima actualización de la NDC, la participación de los diferentes actores del sector privado y público a través de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del cambio climático y los grupos de trabajo que dependen de ella, es una pieza clave en la planificación, ya que este órgano participativo será activo durante el proceso de revisión de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual alimentará a su vez la próxima NDC (véase Mecanismos legales y estratégicos para la implementación de la NDC).', 'Para la próxima actualización de la NDC, la participación de los diferentes actores del sector privado y público a través de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del cambio climático y los grupos de trabajo que dependen de ella, es una pieza clave en la planificación, ya que este órgano participativo será activo durante el proceso de revisión de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual alimentará a su vez la próxima NDC (véase Mecanismos legales y estratégicos para la implementación de la NDC). 5 Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climáticoValores considerados del potencial de calentamiento global de los gases Con el fin de hacer que el compromiso de Andorra sea comprensible y comparable, los valores se han comparado con los valores equivalentes de dióxido de carbono a través de su Poder de Calentamiento Global (GWP).', '5 Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climáticoValores considerados del potencial de calentamiento global de los gases Con el fin de hacer que el compromiso de Andorra sea comprensible y comparable, los valores se han comparado con los valores equivalentes de dióxido de carbono a través de su Poder de Calentamiento Global (GWP). Los valores de referencia de GWP considerados son los del quinto informe de evaluación del GIECC (SAR, GWP, horizonte temporal de 100 años).', 'Los valores de referencia de GWP considerados son los del quinto informe de evaluación del GIECC (SAR, GWP, horizonte temporal de 100 años). Aunque no es aplicable a las Partes no incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención, se han adoptado en la medida de lo posible los valores propuestos por la decisión 24 / CP.19 (revisión de las directrices del GIECC para la notificación de inventarios anuales de las Partes incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención).', 'Aunque no es aplicable a las Partes no incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención, se han adoptado en la medida de lo posible los valores propuestos por la decisión 24 / CP.19 (revisión de las directrices del GIECC para la notificación de inventarios anuales de las Partes incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención). Metodología de trabajo Con el objetivo de planificar las acciones necesarias para alcanzar la meta de la reducción de emisiones de GEI a mediano (2030) y a largo plazo (2050), se parte de la información de base del inventario de GEI nacional y de la definición de los escenarios siguientes: a) Hipótesis adoptada para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI presentados en los informes bianuales de actualización de la información para el CMNUCC.', 'Metodología de trabajo Con el objetivo de planificar las acciones necesarias para alcanzar la meta de la reducción de emisiones de GEI a mediano (2030) y a largo plazo (2050), se parte de la información de base del inventario de GEI nacional y de la definición de los escenarios siguientes: a) Hipótesis adoptada para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI presentados en los informes bianuales de actualización de la información para el CMNUCC. Estos inventarios se realizan de acuerdo a las Directrices para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI del Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos en materia de cambio climático (2006 y 2019 Refinements).', 'Estos inventarios se realizan de acuerdo a las Directrices para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI del Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos en materia de cambio climático (2006 y 2019 Refinements). b) La definición del escenario Business as usual se realiza según las siguientes hipótesis para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorra: Sector energía: se mantienen les emisiones de GEI per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente, es decir la población residente y flotante media) a partir del año 2005 (año de máximas emisiones de GEI) hasta 2050.', 'b) La definición del escenario Business as usual se realiza según las siguientes hipótesis para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorra: Sector energía: se mantienen les emisiones de GEI per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente, es decir la población residente y flotante media) a partir del año 2005 (año de máximas emisiones de GEI) hasta 2050. Sector AFOLU: Las emisiones de GEI relativas al subsector agricultura y ganadería se mantienen desde el año 2000 (no se prevé un incremento en la superficie agrícola y la capacidad de reses también está en el máximo de su valor según la superficie y la tipología de ganadería del país, que es extensiva), mientras que la capacidad sumidero de GEI por la masa forestal del sector usos del suelo se considera constante e igual a la media de la capacidad de absorción de GEI estimada para el período 1990-2011.', 'Sector AFOLU: Las emisiones de GEI relativas al subsector agricultura y ganadería se mantienen desde el año 2000 (no se prevé un incremento en la superficie agrícola y la capacidad de reses también está en el máximo de su valor según la superficie y la tipología de ganadería del país, que es extensiva), mientras que la capacidad sumidero de GEI por la masa forestal del sector usos del suelo se considera constante e igual a la media de la capacidad de absorción de GEI estimada para el período 1990-2011. Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se mantienen a partir de 1995 (año en el que las primeras acciones de reducción de emisiones de este subsector empiezan a tener sus efectos, por la introducción progresiva de la recogida selectiva y la mejora de las instalaciones de tratamiento) hasta 2050.', 'Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se mantienen a partir de 1995 (año en el que las primeras acciones de reducción de emisiones de este subsector empiezan a tener sus efectos, por la introducción progresiva de la recogida selectiva y la mejora de las instalaciones de tratamiento) hasta 2050. En lo que respecta a las emisiones per cápita (también en base a la población equivalente) del subsector aguas residuales, se considera que estas, en cambio, se mantienen constantes a partir del año 2005, año en el que las acciones para la mejora del tratamiento de estas aguas empiezan a tener efectos sobre las emisiones de GEI.El resto de hipótesis utilizadas para la elaboración de los escenarios parten de los datos básicos de evolución de la población residente, población equivalente y evolución del PIB.', 'En lo que respecta a las emisiones per cápita (también en base a la población equivalente) del subsector aguas residuales, se considera que estas, en cambio, se mantienen constantes a partir del año 2005, año en el que las acciones para la mejora del tratamiento de estas aguas empiezan a tener efectos sobre las emisiones de GEI.El resto de hipótesis utilizadas para la elaboración de los escenarios parten de los datos básicos de evolución de la población residente, población equivalente y evolución del PIB. Una descripción más detallada del escenario BAU se recoge en los BUR presentados a la Secretaría del CMNUCC hasta 2019.', 'Una descripción más detallada del escenario BAU se recoge en los BUR presentados a la Secretaría del CMNUCC hasta 2019. Los escenarios a mediano y largo plazo se estiman a partir del escenario BAU, incorporando el conjunto de objetivos y medidas previstas y descritas en el apartado Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y largo plazo.', 'Los escenarios a mediano y largo plazo se estiman a partir del escenario BAU, incorporando el conjunto de objetivos y medidas previstas y descritas en el apartado Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y largo plazo. Las estimaciones para el cálculo del escenario a medio plazo se incorporaron ya en el primer BUR presentado por Andorra (2014), y puesto que la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, sobre la que se basan los objetivos de este plazo para nuestros NDC, recoge como mínimo las acciones previstas por el primer BUR, tal y como se expone en el apartado Proceso de planificación, la proyección de las emisiones realizadas a medio plazo en el primer BUR se mantienen como tales en este documento.', 'Las estimaciones para el cálculo del escenario a medio plazo se incorporaron ya en el primer BUR presentado por Andorra (2014), y puesto que la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, sobre la que se basan los objetivos de este plazo para nuestros NDC, recoge como mínimo las acciones previstas por el primer BUR, tal y como se expone en el apartado Proceso de planificación, la proyección de las emisiones realizadas a medio plazo en el primer BUR se mantienen como tales en este documento. Por lo que respecta al escenario de emisiones a largo plazo, el documento que recoge estas proyecciones es el que sirve de hoja de ruta para las acciones que se implementan, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático.', 'Por lo que respecta al escenario de emisiones a largo plazo, el documento que recoge estas proyecciones es el que sirve de hoja de ruta para las acciones que se implementan, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Enfoque de contabilización para la agricultura, la silvicultura y otros usos de la tierra Las perturbaciones naturales o los eventos extraordinarios relacionados con los sumideros de carbono no se considerarán para evaluar el cumplimiento de los compromisos de la NDC. Estas perturbaciones hasta el momento no han representado cambios significativos en estos sectores, tal y como se ha ido comunicando en nuestros BUR.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN A nivel internacional, el CMNUCC reconoce la vulnerabilidad de todos los países ante los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Estas perturbaciones hasta el momento no han representado cambios significativos en estos sectores, tal y como se ha ido comunicando en nuestros BUR.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN A nivel internacional, el CMNUCC reconoce la vulnerabilidad de todos los países ante los efectos del cambio climático. Aunque durante los primeros años del Convenio los procesos de adaptación recibieron menos atención que los esfuerzos destinados a la mitigación de los GEI, desde la publicación del tercer Informe de Evaluación del GIECC (2001), la necesidad de trabajar sobre los temas de adaptación ganó importancia y todas las Partes del Convenio acordaron que era de vital importancia.', 'Aunque durante los primeros años del Convenio los procesos de adaptación recibieron menos atención que los esfuerzos destinados a la mitigación de los GEI, desde la publicación del tercer Informe de Evaluación del GIECC (2001), la necesidad de trabajar sobre los temas de adaptación ganó importancia y todas las Partes del Convenio acordaron que era de vital importancia. En 2010, durante la COP16, se estableció el proceso de los planes de adaptación nacionales (PAN) para que las Partes pudieran identificar las necesidades de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias y programas para hacer frente a estas necesidades (Convenio de Adaptación de Cancún).', 'En 2010, durante la COP16, se estableció el proceso de los planes de adaptación nacionales (PAN) para que las Partes pudieran identificar las necesidades de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias y programas para hacer frente a estas necesidades (Convenio de Adaptación de Cancún). Bajo este marco internacional, en Andorra en 2014 se llevó a cabo un proceso participativo sobre la adaptación de Andorra al cambio climático (PAACC) con el objetivo de identificar los posibles impactos del cambio climático sobre los sectores socioeconómicos y ambientales en el país y valorar así cuáles eran las vulnerabilidades de cada uno de ellos, así como identificar las medidas de adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad y hacer frente a estos impactos.', 'Bajo este marco internacional, en Andorra en 2014 se llevó a cabo un proceso participativo sobre la adaptación de Andorra al cambio climático (PAACC) con el objetivo de identificar los posibles impactos del cambio climático sobre los sectores socioeconómicos y ambientales en el país y valorar así cuáles eran las vulnerabilidades de cada uno de ellos, así como identificar las medidas de adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad y hacer frente a estos impactos. Para llevar a cabo el PAACC se identificaron los impactos del cambio climático sobre el territorio del Principado a partir de trabajos científicos previos efectuados en Andorra y el conjunto del Pirineo en el marco del proyecto de cooperación del Observatorio Pirenaico del cambio climático (OPCC)6.', 'Para llevar a cabo el PAACC se identificaron los impactos del cambio climático sobre el territorio del Principado a partir de trabajos científicos previos efectuados en Andorra y el conjunto del Pirineo en el marco del proyecto de cooperación del Observatorio Pirenaico del cambio climático (OPCC)6. En total se identificaron 43 medidas de adaptación, que se clasifican según la tipología de acción y el ámbito temático de la siguiente manera: Tipología de medidas Número de medidas Temática Planificación 15 Recurso hídrico Energía Turismo Riesgos naturales Movilidad Operacionales 10 Agricultura y ganadería Salud Energía Normativa 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Energía Recurso hídrico Investigación y estudios 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Riesgos naturales Sensibilización y educación 3 Recurso hídrico Energía Riesgos naturales Instrumentos financieros 5 Turismo Riesgos naturales Tabla 1.', 'En total se identificaron 43 medidas de adaptación, que se clasifican según la tipología de acción y el ámbito temático de la siguiente manera: Tipología de medidas Número de medidas Temática Planificación 15 Recurso hídrico Energía Turismo Riesgos naturales Movilidad Operacionales 10 Agricultura y ganadería Salud Energía Normativa 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Energía Recurso hídrico Investigación y estudios 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Riesgos naturales Sensibilización y educación 3 Recurso hídrico Energía Riesgos naturales Instrumentos financieros 5 Turismo Riesgos naturales Tabla 1. Medidas de adaptación identificadas y priorizadas en el PAACC (2014) 6 El OPCC es una iniciativa transfronteriza de cooperación territorial en materia de cambio climático de la Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), que tiene como objetivo realizar un seguimiento y comprender el fenómeno del cambio climático en los Pirineos para ayudar al territorio a adaptarse a sus impactos.Para asegurar que las medidas de adaptación son coherentes y se adaptan a los cambios reales y previstos sobre el territorio, se continúa con el estudio del impacto y vulnerabilidad en relación al cambio climático, y la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, considera que las temáticas prioritarias son la salud, la agricultura, la energía y el turismo.', 'Medidas de adaptación identificadas y priorizadas en el PAACC (2014) 6 El OPCC es una iniciativa transfronteriza de cooperación territorial en materia de cambio climático de la Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), que tiene como objetivo realizar un seguimiento y comprender el fenómeno del cambio climático en los Pirineos para ayudar al territorio a adaptarse a sus impactos.Para asegurar que las medidas de adaptación son coherentes y se adaptan a los cambios reales y previstos sobre el territorio, se continúa con el estudio del impacto y vulnerabilidad en relación al cambio climático, y la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, considera que las temáticas prioritarias son la salud, la agricultura, la energía y el turismo. Las medidas de adaptación identificadas el año 2014 se revisan y se incorporan nuevas medidas si es necesario, en coherencia con la hoja de ruta establecida por la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático.', 'Las medidas de adaptación identificadas el año 2014 se revisan y se incorporan nuevas medidas si es necesario, en coherencia con la hoja de ruta establecida por la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Estas medidas tienen en cuenta los servicios ecosistémicos de la naturaleza e incorporan soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para incrementar la resiliencia del territorio, especialmente para la mejora de la capacidad sumidero y la gestión y minimización de los riesgos relacionados con les efectos del cambio climático en un territorio de montaña como el de Andorra.', 'Estas medidas tienen en cuenta los servicios ecosistémicos de la naturaleza e incorporan soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para incrementar la resiliencia del territorio, especialmente para la mejora de la capacidad sumidero y la gestión y minimización de los riesgos relacionados con les efectos del cambio climático en un territorio de montaña como el de Andorra. Para poder llevar a cabo estudios científicos de rigor, se considera necesaria la cooperación trasfronteriza, por ello Andorra continúa impulsando el OPCC6, que en la actualidad tiene como uno de los objetivos en el marco del proyecto ADAPYR7 el desarrollo durante el período 2020-2022 de una Estrategia Pirenaica de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Para poder llevar a cabo estudios científicos de rigor, se considera necesaria la cooperación trasfronteriza, por ello Andorra continúa impulsando el OPCC6, que en la actualidad tiene como uno de los objetivos en el marco del proyecto ADAPYR7 el desarrollo durante el período 2020-2022 de una Estrategia Pirenaica de adaptación al cambio climático. Con el apoyo de este trabajo transfronterizo se actualizarán las medidas de adaptación identificadas en el PAACC en 2014 de acuerdo con las prioridades establecidas en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático. Cabe destacar que, tal como se ha descrito en las circunstancias nacionales, Andorra cuenta con un importante patrimonio natural.', 'Cabe destacar que, tal como se ha descrito en las circunstancias nacionales, Andorra cuenta con un importante patrimonio natural. Por ello, y como respuesta al Convenio sobre la diversidad biológica (Río de Janeiro, 5 de junio de 1992), en el año 2016 se aprobó la Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de Andorra (ENBA) para el período 2016-2024, la cual integra los efectos del cambio climático (bioinvasiones, pérdida de especies, sobreexplotación de recursos, etc.). Cabe esperar que la implementación de esta estrategia permita a mediano plazo la adopción de las medidas de adaptación necesarias en coherencia con los resultados del proyecto ADAPYR y otros estudios que se desarrollen en este ámbito.', 'Cabe esperar que la implementación de esta estrategia permita a mediano plazo la adopción de las medidas de adaptación necesarias en coherencia con los resultados del proyecto ADAPYR y otros estudios que se desarrollen en este ámbito. Asimismo, la mejora del conocimiento de nuestro entorno natural y su funcionamiento nos lleva a la consolidación de un modelo de gestión del territorio natural y rural que nos permite mejorar la resiliencia del país a partir de medidas basadas en la naturaleza.', 'Asimismo, la mejora del conocimiento de nuestro entorno natural y su funcionamiento nos lleva a la consolidación de un modelo de gestión del territorio natural y rural que nos permite mejorar la resiliencia del país a partir de medidas basadas en la naturaleza. 7 Proyecto del Programa Interreg V-A de Cooperación Territorial entre España, Francia y Andorra.MECANISMOS DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN PARA ALCANZAR LOS COMPROMISOS DEL NDC Mecanismos legales y estratégicos Aprobación de forma unánime en el Parlamento de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático y despliegue de los reglamentos correspondientes.', '7 Proyecto del Programa Interreg V-A de Cooperación Territorial entre España, Francia y Andorra.MECANISMOS DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN PARA ALCANZAR LOS COMPROMISOS DEL NDC Mecanismos legales y estratégicos Aprobación de forma unánime en el Parlamento de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático y despliegue de los reglamentos correspondientes. La Ley del 2018 incluyó en el texto legal como objetivo la reducción de las emisiones a los niveles de compromiso de la primera NDC de Andorra (-37 % de las emisiones no absorbidas para el año 2030 respecto el escenario BAU), y concretamente medidas específicas para los diferentes subsectores en el ámbito de la mitigación y la adaptación.', 'La Ley del 2018 incluyó en el texto legal como objetivo la reducción de las emisiones a los niveles de compromiso de la primera NDC de Andorra (-37 % de las emisiones no absorbidas para el año 2030 respecto el escenario BAU), y concretamente medidas específicas para los diferentes subsectores en el ámbito de la mitigación y la adaptación. Una de las herramientas que la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático prevé es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Esta Estrategia incluye diferentes programes de mitigación, adaptación, capacitación innovación y tecnología, educación y sensibilización, etc.', 'Esta Estrategia incluye diferentes programes de mitigación, adaptación, capacitación innovación y tecnología, educación y sensibilización, etc. y define un objetivo más ambicioso que la Ley en cuanto a compromiso de reducción, ya que incluye la meta de neutralidad climática para el año 2050, tal y como Andorra ya avanzó en la preparación de la COP 25 y como se contempla en la actualización de la NDC de este año 2020.', 'y define un objetivo más ambicioso que la Ley en cuanto a compromiso de reducción, ya que incluye la meta de neutralidad climática para el año 2050, tal y como Andorra ya avanzó en la preparación de la COP 25 y como se contempla en la actualización de la NDC de este año 2020. La estrategia y sus revisiones serán la herramienta de planificación que servirá de base para las actualizaciones posteriores de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), tal y como a continuación se presenta de manera esquemática: Donde E2C2 es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Este compromiso gubernamental se ve impulsado también por la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, aprobada por el parlamento el 23 de enero del 2020, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima).', 'La estrategia y sus revisiones serán la herramienta de planificación que servirá de base para las actualizaciones posteriores de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), tal y como a continuación se presenta de manera esquemática: Donde E2C2 es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Este compromiso gubernamental se ve impulsado también por la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, aprobada por el parlamento el 23 de enero del 2020, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima). El sector del transporte representa el 59% de las emisiones de GEI, según datos del año 2017.', 'El sector del transporte representa el 59% de las emisiones de GEI, según datos del año 2017. Por este motivo se elabora la Estrategia nacional de movilidad con el objetivo de disminuir las emisiones y respetando la jerarquía en la priorización de los sistemas de transporte establecida en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático: en primer lugar, privilegiar el transporte público e impulsar la movilidad no motorizada o asistida;, en segundo lugar, promover la movilidad motorizada eléctrica o de una fuente baja en emisiones de GEI. 1ª Rev.', 'Por este motivo se elabora la Estrategia nacional de movilidad con el objetivo de disminuir las emisiones y respetando la jerarquía en la priorización de los sistemas de transporte establecida en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático: en primer lugar, privilegiar el transporte público e impulsar la movilidad no motorizada o asistida;, en segundo lugar, promover la movilidad motorizada eléctrica o de una fuente baja en emisiones de GEI. 1ª Rev. 2ª NDC 3ª NDC 4ª NDC 2ª Rev.Previo a la aprobación de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, en el año 2018, ante la necesidad de un cambio de modelo energético, el Gobierno aprobó el Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra (Decreto del 16-05-2018), la herramienta urbanística para identificar y planificar la ejecución de las infraestructuras energéticas que deben permitir el desarrollo del nuevo modelo energético, siguiendo el criterio de reducir las emisiones de GEI y fomentar las energías renovables.', '2ª NDC 3ª NDC 4ª NDC 2ª Rev.Previo a la aprobación de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, en el año 2018, ante la necesidad de un cambio de modelo energético, el Gobierno aprobó el Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra (Decreto del 16-05-2018), la herramienta urbanística para identificar y planificar la ejecución de las infraestructuras energéticas que deben permitir el desarrollo del nuevo modelo energético, siguiendo el criterio de reducir las emisiones de GEI y fomentar las energías renovables. El objetivo global de este Plan sectorial en materia energética, vigente actualmente, fueron recogidos posteriorimente por la referida Ley.', 'El objetivo global de este Plan sectorial en materia energética, vigente actualmente, fueron recogidos posteriorimente por la referida Ley. Mecanismos en innovación, tecnología, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades Las tecnologías evolucionan muy rápidamente y es urgente la adopción de las tecnologías lo más avanzadas posible de descarbonización y de adaptación a los fenómenos del cambio climático; y la aplicación de estas requiere su posterior evaluación a través de los indicadores que se definan.', 'Mecanismos en innovación, tecnología, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades Las tecnologías evolucionan muy rápidamente y es urgente la adopción de las tecnologías lo más avanzadas posible de descarbonización y de adaptación a los fenómenos del cambio climático; y la aplicación de estas requiere su posterior evaluación a través de los indicadores que se definan. Por todo ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y del cambio climático incorpora un programa de innovación, investigación y observación sistemática, el cual incluye, tal y como la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, establece: la posibilidad de realizar pruebas piloto, así como fomentar la interacción entre los actores del sistema económico y el mundo científico (Artículo 8).', 'Por todo ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y del cambio climático incorpora un programa de innovación, investigación y observación sistemática, el cual incluye, tal y como la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, establece: la posibilidad de realizar pruebas piloto, así como fomentar la interacción entre los actores del sistema económico y el mundo científico (Artículo 8). Una pieza clave en la mejora de la gestión frente al cambio climático y otros sectores, como el sanitario, tal y como se ha demostrado en la reciente crisis sanitaria producida por el COVID-19.', 'Una pieza clave en la mejora de la gestión frente al cambio climático y otros sectores, como el sanitario, tal y como se ha demostrado en la reciente crisis sanitaria producida por el COVID-19. Ley de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Plan sectorial de infraestructuras Estrategia nacional de movilidad Declaración de estado de emergencia climática y Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climáticoLa transición hacia una economía baja en emisiones de GEI no debe ser sólo una transición tecnológica, y por ello también se trabja en una transición social que pasa por la educación y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades.', 'Ley de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Plan sectorial de infraestructuras Estrategia nacional de movilidad Declaración de estado de emergencia climática y Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climáticoLa transición hacia una economía baja en emisiones de GEI no debe ser sólo una transición tecnológica, y por ello también se trabja en una transición social que pasa por la educación y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades. Por ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático incluye: - La capacitación hacia la neutralidad del carbono del sector profesional, un sector clave en la ejecución de las acciones en el marco de la transición energética (eficiencia energética, producción de energías renovables, etc.).', 'Por ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático incluye: - La capacitación hacia la neutralidad del carbono del sector profesional, un sector clave en la ejecución de las acciones en el marco de la transición energética (eficiencia energética, producción de energías renovables, etc.). El artículo 43 de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, prevé más concretamente que los profesionales que prestan servicios en el ámbito ejecutivo de la instalación, del montaje y de la obra en la edificación, en el contexto de la transición energética, requieren una capacitación profesional específica, con el objetivo final de garantizar un alto grado de calidad en los servicios prestados y de asegurar la protección del consumidor.', 'El artículo 43 de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, prevé más concretamente que los profesionales que prestan servicios en el ámbito ejecutivo de la instalación, del montaje y de la obra en la edificación, en el contexto de la transición energética, requieren una capacitación profesional específica, con el objetivo final de garantizar un alto grado de calidad en los servicios prestados y de asegurar la protección del consumidor. Esta ley encomienda al Gobierno la aprobación y publicación de los requisitos de las formaciones y de las capacitaciones profesionales que resulten, así como la adaptación y la adopción de la normativa que proceda para hacer efectivas estas previsiones. - La sensibilización y divulgación hacia la neutralidad en carbono de la ciudadanía.', '- La sensibilización y divulgación hacia la neutralidad en carbono de la ciudadanía. En la actualidad ya se cuenta con una agencia de información y sensibilización en material ambiental (Andorra Sostenible) des de la que se refuerza la información relativa al cambio climático, con el objetivo de que la sociedad tenga la información suficiente y adecuada para poder decidir también individualmente sobre sus hábitos y estilos de vida, de cómo estos influyen sobre el conjunto de la sociedad hacia la neutralidad de carbono. - La transición educativa.', 'En la actualidad ya se cuenta con una agencia de información y sensibilización en material ambiental (Andorra Sostenible) des de la que se refuerza la información relativa al cambio climático, con el objetivo de que la sociedad tenga la información suficiente y adecuada para poder decidir también individualmente sobre sus hábitos y estilos de vida, de cómo estos influyen sobre el conjunto de la sociedad hacia la neutralidad de carbono. - La transición educativa. La Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, encomienda al Gobierno, a través del Ministerio competente en materia de educación, que asegure la sensibilización y la educación de la población escolar del país en relación con el cambio climático y con la acción nacional prevista.', 'La Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, encomienda al Gobierno, a través del Ministerio competente en materia de educación, que asegure la sensibilización y la educación de la población escolar del país en relación con el cambio climático y con la acción nacional prevista. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la integración de esta temática en los diferentes grados o unidades didácticas de los sistemas educativos del país. - La información y protección del usuario. Tal y como la Ley anteriormente referida prevé, el empoderamiento de la ciudadanía como consumidora pasa por informar para que pueda tomar sus decisiones, como agente activo con opinión y criterio.', 'Tal y como la Ley anteriormente referida prevé, el empoderamiento de la ciudadanía como consumidora pasa por informar para que pueda tomar sus decisiones, como agente activo con opinión y criterio. Este empoderamiento de los usuarios permite que las políticas energéticas se apliquen de manera más eficaz gracias a las decisiones de la ciudadanía, por lo que será esta la que impulsará la transición energética. Para ello es necesario que la información sea clara, comprensible y transparente. Concretamente, se mejora la información y protección del usuario en lo que se refiere a:o La creación de registros públicos que permitan el acceso rápido a la información.', 'Concretamente, se mejora la información y protección del usuario en lo que se refiere a:o La creación de registros públicos que permitan el acceso rápido a la información. o Asegurar la calidad y fiabilidad del abastecimiento energético, así como identificar a los usuarios que pueden ser susceptibles de estar en una situación de precariedad energética y dotar de información a las empresas y entidades del sector energético de cómo actuar ante estos casos. Estas actuaciones van acompañadas de un protocolo de actuación por parte de la Administración pública en caso de ser necesario proteger al usuario.', 'Estas actuaciones van acompañadas de un protocolo de actuación por parte de la Administración pública en caso de ser necesario proteger al usuario. o Por otra parte, la información sobre la importancia social y económica de los servicios ecosistémicos y las necesidades de adaptación frente a los futuros escenarios climáticos también permite un posicionamiento más aproximado a la realidad climática de la sociedad ante las políticas de gestión que se toman. Mecanismos en participación, colaboración y cooperación Para asegurar la participación de los actores claves en las políticas estratégicas en materia de energía y de cambio climático que nos conduzcan hacia la neutralidad de carbono, se pone en funcionamiento la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del Cambio Climático a través del reglamento8 aprobado el 12 de febrero de 2020.', 'Mecanismos en participación, colaboración y cooperación Para asegurar la participación de los actores claves en las políticas estratégicas en materia de energía y de cambio climático que nos conduzcan hacia la neutralidad de carbono, se pone en funcionamiento la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del Cambio Climático a través del reglamento8 aprobado el 12 de febrero de 2020. La Comisión tiene un papel especialmente relevante en la evaluación y el seguimiento de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Esta Comisión cuenta con la participación de representantes de la Administración pública, del sector privado, el tercer sector, colegios profesionales, el sector de la investigación, así como de la juventud a través de los representantes del Foro Nacional de la Juventud de Andorra.', 'Esta Comisión cuenta con la participación de representantes de la Administración pública, del sector privado, el tercer sector, colegios profesionales, el sector de la investigación, así como de la juventud a través de los representantes del Foro Nacional de la Juventud de Andorra. Para dar más amplitud a la participación, la Comisión aprueba la creación de las subcomisiones de trabajo necesarias, las cuales evalúan las propuestas y preocupaciones de los diversos agentes en las materias que se desarrollan o que están en funcionamiento, tales como la Estrategia nacional de movilidad. Asimismo, para solucionar problemas comunes y generar conocimiento, la cooperación es una herramienta clave y especialmente importante para países pequeños y vulnerables al cambio climático como Andorra.', 'Asimismo, para solucionar problemas comunes y generar conocimiento, la cooperación es una herramienta clave y especialmente importante para países pequeños y vulnerables al cambio climático como Andorra. Este es uno de los motivos por el que la cooperación transfronteriza con las regiones más próximas, como Francia y España, se sigue priorizando. Muestra de ello es el seguimiento y participación en proyectos de la Comunidad de trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), como el Observatorio Pirenaico de cambio climático (OPCC) o el de Emergencias médicas (EM).', 'Muestra de ello es el seguimiento y participación en proyectos de la Comunidad de trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), como el Observatorio Pirenaico de cambio climático (OPCC) o el de Emergencias médicas (EM). 8 Decreto del 12-2-2020 de aprobación del Reglamento de funcionamiento interno y composición de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y dl Cambio climático (CNECC)Otros mecanismos de colaboración y cooperación con regiones no transfronterizas se llevan a cabo desde hace años, y a través de la capitalización y transferencia de información esta cooperación permite avanzar y mejorar en las estrategias en el ámbito del cambio climático. En la primera Comunicación Nacional de Andorra en el marco del CMNUCC se describe esta cooperación en mayor detalle.', 'En la primera Comunicación Nacional de Andorra en el marco del CMNUCC se describe esta cooperación en mayor detalle. Como ejemplo, tenemos los protocolos bilaterales de acuerdo en materia de cambio climático con el Ministerio competente del Gobierno de España (2016) y el del Gobierno Costa Rica (2016), así como en materia de observación sistemática climática con la agencia estatal meteorológica de Francia (Météo-France) des del año 2012, y otros convenios multilaterales como el de colaboración con la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas del Cambio Climático.', 'Como ejemplo, tenemos los protocolos bilaterales de acuerdo en materia de cambio climático con el Ministerio competente del Gobierno de España (2016) y el del Gobierno Costa Rica (2016), así como en materia de observación sistemática climática con la agencia estatal meteorológica de Francia (Météo-France) des del año 2012, y otros convenios multilaterales como el de colaboración con la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas del Cambio Climático. Por lo que respecta a la cooperación internacional, cabe destacar que cada año, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores elabora un plan para la ayuda al desarrollo, el cual se basa en las prioridades estratégicas, sectoriales y geográficas de Andorra y en los 17 ODS establecidos por las Naciones Unidas.', 'Por lo que respecta a la cooperación internacional, cabe destacar que cada año, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores elabora un plan para la ayuda al desarrollo, el cual se basa en las prioridades estratégicas, sectoriales y geográficas de Andorra y en los 17 ODS establecidos por las Naciones Unidas. Las prioridades estratégicas de la cooperación del Gobierno se basan en los siguientes 3 ejes principales: - Educación - Grupos vulnerables - El medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, con especial atención a los temas relacionados con el agua.', 'Las prioridades estratégicas de la cooperación del Gobierno se basan en los siguientes 3 ejes principales: - Educación - Grupos vulnerables - El medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, con especial atención a los temas relacionados con el agua. Durante el período 2013-2015, el 12% del presupuesto total del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores se asignó a proyectos o programas de cooperación centrados específicamente en el medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, para el período más reciente 2016-2019 se dispondrá de los datos próximamente, pero el apoyo al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía (OIF) para proyectos ambientales se ha mantenido como en el período anterior.', 'Durante el período 2013-2015, el 12% del presupuesto total del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores se asignó a proyectos o programas de cooperación centrados específicamente en el medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, para el período más reciente 2016-2019 se dispondrá de los datos próximamente, pero el apoyo al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía (OIF) para proyectos ambientales se ha mantenido como en el período anterior. Andorra también forma parte de varios grupos o alianzas internacionales, como el Grupo de Amigos de las Montañas, que creó con Kirguistán, que tienen como prioridad el cambio climático en el marco de organizaciones internacionales como las Naciones Unidas o la FAO.', 'Andorra también forma parte de varios grupos o alianzas internacionales, como el Grupo de Amigos de las Montañas, que creó con Kirguistán, que tienen como prioridad el cambio climático en el marco de organizaciones internacionales como las Naciones Unidas o la FAO. En el marco del plan para la ayuda al desarrollo sostenible, con respecto a la cooperación con las ONG andorranas, actualmente se subvencionan 2 proyectos cada año que priorizan aspectos ambientales, ya sean energéticos, de optimización de recurso hídrico, etc. No se ha recibido apoyo internacional hasta la fecha para la implementación de acciones de mitigación o adaptación.', 'No se ha recibido apoyo internacional hasta la fecha para la implementación de acciones de mitigación o adaptación. Andorra solicitó, y recibió en abril de 2013, el apoyo de un consultor externo designado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) para identificar las circunstancias específicas del país, los pasos a seguir (documentación, plazos, etc.) y posibles canales de financiación.', 'y posibles canales de financiación. En línea con esta asistencia técnica, a principios de 2014, el país presentó un proyecto de financiación al Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial para la preparación del primer informe bienal (BUR1) y la primera comunicación nacional (NC1), que no recibió respuesta.Mecanismos financieros Con el fin de sacar adelante todas las acciones previstas para la descarbonización hacia la neutralidad del carbono, así como las acciones necesarias para asegurar una buena adaptación a los cambios previstos, se ha creado un Fondo Verde.', 'En línea con esta asistencia técnica, a principios de 2014, el país presentó un proyecto de financiación al Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial para la preparación del primer informe bienal (BUR1) y la primera comunicación nacional (NC1), que no recibió respuesta.Mecanismos financieros Con el fin de sacar adelante todas las acciones previstas para la descarbonización hacia la neutralidad del carbono, así como las acciones necesarias para asegurar una buena adaptación a los cambios previstos, se ha creado un Fondo Verde. Este Fondo se incorpora en el proyecto de Ley de los presupuestos generales del Gobierno, y se alimenta de los impuestos finalistas que se puedan determinar con este objetivo, así como de las dotaciones presupuestarias complementarias que prevean las leyes de presupuestos generales del Estado, así como de las donaciones y las aportaciones que reciba y otros posibles ingresos.', 'Este Fondo se incorpora en el proyecto de Ley de los presupuestos generales del Gobierno, y se alimenta de los impuestos finalistas que se puedan determinar con este objetivo, así como de las dotaciones presupuestarias complementarias que prevean las leyes de presupuestos generales del Estado, así como de las donaciones y las aportaciones que reciba y otros posibles ingresos. En este sentido, a medio plazo se regulará los impuestos sobre el carbono que permita también alimentar el Fondo Verde.', 'En este sentido, a medio plazo se regulará los impuestos sobre el carbono que permita también alimentar el Fondo Verde. Por otra parte, se crea un mercado de créditos de carbono de carácter voluntario, que promueve la adopción de iniciativas innovadoras en el campo de la mitigación en sectores difusos y es una herramienta de apoyo para organizaciones, entidades o empresas, en el marco de la responsabilidad social corporativa o empresarial, dado que facilita la comprensión de la huella de carbono y la adopción de políticas de lucha contra el cambio climático en el funcionamiento de estas organizaciones.Anexo A continuación, se detallan los objetivos y medidas de mitigación consideradas para los dos horizontes previstos en los principales sectores clave relacionados con la emisión de GEI.', 'Por otra parte, se crea un mercado de créditos de carbono de carácter voluntario, que promueve la adopción de iniciativas innovadoras en el campo de la mitigación en sectores difusos y es una herramienta de apoyo para organizaciones, entidades o empresas, en el marco de la responsabilidad social corporativa o empresarial, dado que facilita la comprensión de la huella de carbono y la adopción de políticas de lucha contra el cambio climático en el funcionamiento de estas organizaciones.Anexo A continuación, se detallan los objetivos y medidas de mitigación consideradas para los dos horizontes previstos en los principales sectores clave relacionados con la emisión de GEI. Sector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) Energía Movilidad Aumentar el porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20%.', 'Sector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) Energía Movilidad Aumentar el porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20%. Aumentar el porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 50%. Reducir a la mitad las emisiones derivadas del transporte interno. Edificación Seguir fomentando la rehabilitación de las viviendas para hacerlas más eficientes. Cualquier edificio de nueva construcción a partir del 1 de enero de 2020 debe ser de consumo de energía casi nulo. Incorporar un gestor energético antes de finalizar el año 2020. Realizar auditorías energéticas antes del año 2022 en todos los edificios calefactados de la Administración. Colocación de energías renovables en todos los edificios de la Administración, reduciendo así el consumo de electricidad y calefacción en los establecimientos públicos.', 'Colocación de energías renovables en todos los edificios de la Administración, reduciendo así el consumo de electricidad y calefacción en los establecimientos públicos. Electricidad Aumentar la producción eléctrica nacional hasta el 33% de la demanda eléctrica. Aumentar la producción eléctrica nacional hasta como mínimo el 50 % de la demanda eléctrica. Producción eléctrica nacional con más del 75% proveniente de fuentes renovables. Que la producción eléctrica nacional provenga en un 80% de energías renovables, fomentando así la energía hidráulica, la solar, la eólica, la geotermia y la biomasa. Infraestructuras necesarias para el transporte de la energía e incrementar la capacitad de importación de energía eléctrica según las directrices del Plan director de infraestructurasSector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) eléctricas de FEDA 2016-2026.', 'Infraestructuras necesarias para el transporte de la energía e incrementar la capacitad de importación de energía eléctrica según las directrices del Plan director de infraestructurasSector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) eléctricas de FEDA 2016-2026. Que las emisiones de GEI se reduzcan como mínimo un 32% cuanto a la energía eléctrica y una reducción del 7% en cuanto a la energía térmica. Mejorar la eficiencia energética del alumbrado público con la regulación a través de un reglamento. Reducir la intensidad energética un mínimo del 20%. Reducir la intensidad energética un mínimo del 30%. Agricultura y usos del suelo Fomentar la diversificación de la producción agrícola y el consumo de los productos de proximidad. Mantener como mínimo la capacidad de sumidero del territorio respecto al año 2017 (-139 eq/año).', 'Mantener como mínimo la capacidad de sumidero del territorio respecto al año 2017 (-139 eq/año). Mantener como mínimo la capacidad de sumidero del territorio respecto al año 2017 (-139 Gg CO2 eq/año) y fomentar el incremento de ésta mediante proyectos del mercado voluntario de carbono y la aplicación de acciones de silvicultura adaptativa, priorizando las medidas basadas en la naturaleza. La demanda térmica de las administraciones locales deberá ser cubierta prioritariamente per biomasa, lo cual desarrolla proyectos de silvicultura adaptativa que mejore el rendimiento de capacidad sumidero de los bosques. Residuos Disponer de la Ley de Economía circular que fije objetivos cuantificables y permita el desarrollo del Plan de Economía Circular que incluya la mejora de la huella de carbono de las actuaciones previstas. Implementación avanzada y revisada del Plan de Economía Circular.']

es-ES

AND

Andorra

Updated NDC

2022-11-08 00:00:00

missing

x

NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/20222410_Actualitzacio%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/aa6c20b6b3854c225e16250808ef98f24ffd61c228afded010ef3eb8ed15539a.pdf

['CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL DE ANDORRA PREÁMBULO El 2 de marzo del 2011 Andorra se adhirió al Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) como Parte no incluida en el anexo I (non- Annex I)2. Durante la decimonovena sesión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) celebrada en Varsovia (2013), se adoptó la decisión 1 / CP.19, titulada Medios para continuar con la implementación de la plataforma Durban, que establece en el párrafo 2, punto b, que en el vigésimo primer período de sesiones (en diciembre de 2015), se adoptaría un protocolo, instrumento jurídico o un texto mutuamente acordado con valor jurídico, elaborado de conformidad con el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes.', 'Durante la decimonovena sesión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) celebrada en Varsovia (2013), se adoptó la decisión 1 / CP.19, titulada Medios para continuar con la implementación de la plataforma Durban, que establece en el párrafo 2, punto b, que en el vigésimo primer período de sesiones (en diciembre de 2015), se adoptaría un protocolo, instrumento jurídico o un texto mutuamente acordado con valor jurídico, elaborado de conformidad con el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes. Para que este instrumento entrara en vigor y se aplicara a partir de 2020, invitaba a todas las Partes a iniciar o ampliar los preparativos internos para elaborar sus contribuciones esperadas determinadas a nivel nacional (INDC), sin perjuicio de la naturaleza jurídica de dichas contribuciones, con miras a la adopción de un protocolo, otro instrumento legal o un texto mutuamente acordado que tuviera valor legal, elaborado bajo el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes.', 'Para que este instrumento entrara en vigor y se aplicara a partir de 2020, invitaba a todas las Partes a iniciar o ampliar los preparativos internos para elaborar sus contribuciones esperadas determinadas a nivel nacional (INDC), sin perjuicio de la naturaleza jurídica de dichas contribuciones, con miras a la adopción de un protocolo, otro instrumento legal o un texto mutuamente acordado que tuviera valor legal, elaborado bajo el CMNUCC y aplicable a todas las Partes. Esto, con vista a lograr el objetivo del Convenio establecido en el artículo 2, y comunicarlo mucho antes del 21° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes (primer trimestre de 2015 para las Partes que estén listas para hacerlo) para mejorar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión de las contribuciones planificadas, sin perjuicio de la naturaleza legal de dichas contribuciones.', 'Esto, con vista a lograr el objetivo del Convenio establecido en el artículo 2, y comunicarlo mucho antes del 21° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes (primer trimestre de 2015 para las Partes que estén listas para hacerlo) para mejorar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión de las contribuciones planificadas, sin perjuicio de la naturaleza legal de dichas contribuciones. En 2014 todas la Partes fueron invitadas a comunicar su primera NDC antes de la COP21, durante el primer trimestre de 2015, de manera clara, transparente y comprensible (párrafo 13 de la decisión 1/CP.20 de la 20ena Conferencia de las Partes, Lima).', 'En 2014 todas la Partes fueron invitadas a comunicar su primera NDC antes de la COP21, durante el primer trimestre de 2015, de manera clara, transparente y comprensible (párrafo 13 de la decisión 1/CP.20 de la 20ena Conferencia de las Partes, Lima). Andorra fue una de las Partes pioneras en comunicar su INDC en 2015, según la cual el compromiso era reducir las emisiones de GEI en un 37% respecto al escenario Bussines as usual (BAU), 530,55 Gg CO2 eq. ), para el año 2030.', '), para el año 2030. 1 Tal como indica el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de Paris la NDC debe mostrar la progresión respecto el anterior NDC, por ello en este documento se destaca en texto de color azul la información relativa a la progresión 2 El CMNUCC entró en vigor el 31 de mayo del 2011.Durante la negociación de la COP21 (diciembre de 2015), las Partes adoptaron la decisión 1 / CP.21, que propone una nueva estrategia y se convierte en un instrumento necesario para la implementación de los procesos relacionados con la lucha contra el cambio climático, el Acuerdo de París.', '1 Tal como indica el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de Paris la NDC debe mostrar la progresión respecto el anterior NDC, por ello en este documento se destaca en texto de color azul la información relativa a la progresión 2 El CMNUCC entró en vigor el 31 de mayo del 2011.Durante la negociación de la COP21 (diciembre de 2015), las Partes adoptaron la decisión 1 / CP.21, que propone una nueva estrategia y se convierte en un instrumento necesario para la implementación de los procesos relacionados con la lucha contra el cambio climático, el Acuerdo de París. Este nuevo acuerdo, firmado por Andorra el 22 de abril de 2016 y ratificado por el parlamento andorrano por unanimidad el 30 de noviembre de 2016, se ha convertido en un instrumento legal universal.', 'Este nuevo acuerdo, firmado por Andorra el 22 de abril de 2016 y ratificado por el parlamento andorrano por unanimidad el 30 de noviembre de 2016, se ha convertido en un instrumento legal universal. Las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) son el núcleo del Acuerdo de París y han de permitir la consecución de los objetivos a largo plazo, tanto para reducir las emisiones nacionales como para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático. El artículo 4, párrafo 2 y 9 de este Acuerdo prevé que cada Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga sus NDC, y que esta comunicación se realice cada 5 años.', 'El artículo 4, párrafo 2 y 9 de este Acuerdo prevé que cada Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga sus NDC, y que esta comunicación se realice cada 5 años. En el décimo Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de ONU-Medio Ambiente (2019) se evalúan los últimos estudios científicos sobre las emisiones actuales y futuras estimadas de GEI, en el que se comparan con los niveles de emisiones admisibles para que el mundo progrese en la trayectoria de menor coste hacia la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París.', 'En el décimo Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de ONU-Medio Ambiente (2019) se evalúan los últimos estudios científicos sobre las emisiones actuales y futuras estimadas de GEI, en el que se comparan con los niveles de emisiones admisibles para que el mundo progrese en la trayectoria de menor coste hacia la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Durante la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Acción Climática, que tuvo lugar durante la semana de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en septiembre de 2019, se marcó como objetivo promover la adopción de medidas y, sobre todo, hacer lo posible para que los países contrajeran la obligación de incrementar sus CDN en 2020 y se propusieran alcanzar las cero emisiones netas antes de 2050.', 'Durante la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Acción Climática, que tuvo lugar durante la semana de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en septiembre de 2019, se marcó como objetivo promover la adopción de medidas y, sobre todo, hacer lo posible para que los países contrajeran la obligación de incrementar sus CDN en 2020 y se propusieran alcanzar las cero emisiones netas antes de 2050. Durante dicha Cumbre, Andorra mostró su compromiso con estos objetivos mediante la presentación de las diferentes acciones que nuestro país pretende establecer para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2030 y también para alcanzar la neutralidad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2050.', 'Durante dicha Cumbre, Andorra mostró su compromiso con estos objetivos mediante la presentación de las diferentes acciones que nuestro país pretende establecer para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2030 y también para alcanzar la neutralidad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de aquí a 2050. Asimismo, el 23 de enero de 2020 el Parlamento de Andorra aprobó la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, elaborada con participación activa de los jóvenes, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima).', 'Asimismo, el 23 de enero de 2020 el Parlamento de Andorra aprobó la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, elaborada con participación activa de los jóvenes, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima). Durante la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático del 2021 (COP26) celebrada en Glasgow, las Partes reafirmaron el objetivo del Pacto de París de limitar el incremento de la temperatura media mundial a 2 °C por encima del nivel preindustrial y esforzarse por no superar 1,5 °C.', 'Durante la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático del 2021 (COP26) celebrada en Glasgow, las Partes reafirmaron el objetivo del Pacto de París de limitar el incremento de la temperatura media mundial a 2 °C por encima del nivel preindustrial y esforzarse por no superar 1,5 °C. En este sentido, y de acuerdo con el Pacto de Glasgow para el Clima, cláusula IV.22, relativa a la mitigación, las Partes acordaron que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono deben reducirse un 45 % en 2030 respecto el 2010 con el fin de alcanzar las emisiones netas cero para mediados de siglo. Por ello, insta a que las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional se actualicen en el año 2022 en lugar del 2025, como estaba previsto.', 'Por ello, insta a que las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional se actualicen en el año 2022 en lugar del 2025, como estaba previsto. Por todo ello, con la firma del Acuerdo de París, Andorra debe informar cada cinco años sobre sus contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) para reducir sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En el 2020 presentó su primera actualización, incrementado la ambición a largo plazo con el objetivo de alcanzar la neutralidad en el 2050, y este año 2022, de acuerdo con el Pacto por el Climade Glasgow, Andorra presenta la segunda actualización de nuestra NDC, reforzando su ambición a medio plazo (2030).', 'En el 2020 presentó su primera actualización, incrementado la ambición a largo plazo con el objetivo de alcanzar la neutralidad en el 2050, y este año 2022, de acuerdo con el Pacto por el Climade Glasgow, Andorra presenta la segunda actualización de nuestra NDC, reforzando su ambición a medio plazo (2030). En este sentido, y mediante el presente documento, Andorra comunica sus contribuciones determinadas en 2022 a nivel nacional de acuerdo con la decisión 1/CP.21 y la cláusula IV.24 del Pacto por el Clima de Glasgow.CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES Andorra es un país pequeño (468 Km2) y montañoso (ubicado en los Pirineos, entre Francia y España, con una población de 80.836 habitantes (2022).', 'En este sentido, y mediante el presente documento, Andorra comunica sus contribuciones determinadas en 2022 a nivel nacional de acuerdo con la decisión 1/CP.21 y la cláusula IV.24 del Pacto por el Clima de Glasgow.CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES Andorra es un país pequeño (468 Km2) y montañoso (ubicado en los Pirineos, entre Francia y España, con una población de 80.836 habitantes (2022). Debido a su ubicación en medo de la cordillera montañosa de los Pirineos, es un terreno accidentado, con una altura promedia de 2.044 metros (la altura mínima del país está a 850 m en el valle del río Valira, y la altura máxima es de 2.942 m en la cima de Coma Pedrosa).', 'Debido a su ubicación en medo de la cordillera montañosa de los Pirineos, es un terreno accidentado, con una altura promedia de 2.044 metros (la altura mínima del país está a 850 m en el valle del río Valira, y la altura máxima es de 2.942 m en la cima de Coma Pedrosa). Las aguas del país cruzan la frontera con Francia y España, y alimentan dos grandes cuencas de drenaje europeas: el Ebro, en el sur, y el Garona, en el norte.', 'Las aguas del país cruzan la frontera con Francia y España, y alimentan dos grandes cuencas de drenaje europeas: el Ebro, en el sur, y el Garona, en el norte. Después de un período de deforestación a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, los bosques recuperaron tierras de los prados y praderas abandonadas, y en la actualidad aproximadamente un 39% del territorio del país está cubierto por masa forestal, mientras que las infraestructuras y las zonas urbanas ocupan sólo un 1,7% del territorio. El clima de Andorra es un clima de montaña húmedo de latitud media con influencia mediterránea en la zona sur, que se caracteriza por un clima mediterráneo continental.', 'El clima de Andorra es un clima de montaña húmedo de latitud media con influencia mediterránea en la zona sur, que se caracteriza por un clima mediterráneo continental. Este clima confiere al país una rica biodiversidad con las condiciones necesarias para adaptarse a una amplia gama de hábitats diferentes que albergan una gran cantidad de seres vivos, algunos de ellos especies únicas o incluso endémicas. Las temperaturas evolucionan de acuerdo a la temperatura de las zonas del hemisferio norte, con un promedio anual de 7,39ºC (referencia 1950-2019). La precipitación media es de alrededor de 840 mm/año (1950-2019).', 'La precipitación media es de alrededor de 840 mm/año (1950-2019). Este clima ya ha evolucionado, con una tendencia en los últimos 30 años, de aproximadamente un aumento de + 0,21ºC / década en las temperaturas promedio (cambio más pronunciado en la primavera), y una reducción de al menos -22 mm / década en precipitaciones anuales (con las disminuciones más pronunciadas en otoño e invierno) (1950-2019). Estas variaciones climáticas tendrán consecuencias sobre los diferentes ecosistemas, pero también sobre sus habitantes y las actividades económicas que se desarrollan. La economía andorrana se centra principalmente en actividades terciarias. Los servicios son el sector más importante de la economía del Principado (85% delPIB en el 2021), con el 85,2% de los empleados (2021).', 'Los servicios son el sector más importante de la economía del Principado (85% delPIB en el 2021), con el 85,2% de los empleados (2021). El sector financiero tiene un papel importante como motor de este sector y representa un 12,3% del PIB, según cifras de 2020. Pese a ello, cabe destacar que debido a la pandemia sanitaria el número de empleados se ha visto reducido en todos los sectores excepto el de la construcción (sector que representa el 9,3 % del PIB en el 2021). El turismo es la principal fuente de recursos económicos del país (6,3% del PIB directo en el año 2020, pero se estima alrededor del 60% del PIB si se tienen en cuenta su impacto indirecto).', 'El turismo es la principal fuente de recursos económicos del país (6,3% del PIB directo en el año 2020, pero se estima alrededor del 60% del PIB si se tienen en cuenta su impacto indirecto). Andorra cuenta con una amplia oferta turística, especializada en actividades invernales (2,36 millones de días de esquí vendidos en la temporada 2021-2022, cifras similares a la pre pandemia COVID-19), gracias a su relieve de montaña, pero que también recibe una gran afluencia de visitantes durante otras épocas del año. Antes de la crisis sanitaria, ocho millones de personas visitaba Andorra de media anualmente, un 64,9% durante el día, y un 35,1% iba a menos una noche allí.', 'Antes de la crisis sanitaria, ocho millones de personas visitaba Andorra de media anualmente, un 64,9% durante el día, y un 35,1% iba a menos una noche allí. Pese a que en el año 2020 la cifra de visitantes aún se mostraba baja, 5,4 millones, el dinamismo de las cifras de visitantes parece que ha sido recuperado este año 2022, dos años después de la crisis sanitaria. Actualmente Andorra tiene más de 3.200 hectáreas de superficie esquiable, y este sector es el pilar de 2.000 puestos de trabajo, pero es muy vulnerable al cambio climático y al aumento de los precios de los hidrocarburos, dado que las redes de carreteras son el único vínculo de hoy en día con los países vecinos.', 'Actualmente Andorra tiene más de 3.200 hectáreas de superficie esquiable, y este sector es el pilar de 2.000 puestos de trabajo, pero es muy vulnerable al cambio climático y al aumento de los precios de los hidrocarburos, dado que las redes de carreteras son el único vínculo de hoy en día con los países vecinos. El sector agrícola, basado en un sistema tradicional de gestión agrícola y ganadería extensiva que garantiza un equilibrio sostenible entre la ganadería y el uso agrícola, sólo representa un 0,6% del PIB del país (2020), pero desempeña un papel importante al proporcionar una gran cantidad de servicios ambientales, particularmente en la conservación del paisaje y el control de seguridad contra incendios.', 'El sector agrícola, basado en un sistema tradicional de gestión agrícola y ganadería extensiva que garantiza un equilibrio sostenible entre la ganadería y el uso agrícola, sólo representa un 0,6% del PIB del país (2020), pero desempeña un papel importante al proporcionar una gran cantidad de servicios ambientales, particularmente en la conservación del paisaje y el control de seguridad contra incendios. El sector industrial es muy limitado a nivel de país (5,4% del PIB en 2020), pero tiene una evolución positiva en cuanto a contribución al PIB nacional, hecho que está relacionado con el consumo de energía eléctrica nacional. En cuanto al sector energético, Andorra depende en gran medida de los combustibles fósiles y la energía eléctrica importada.', 'En cuanto al sector energético, Andorra depende en gran medida de los combustibles fósiles y la energía eléctrica importada. El 76% de la energía total consumida en el país depende de los combustibles fósiles (totalmente importados). La electricidad consumida en Andorra (alrededor de 600 GWh / año) se importa principalmente de Francia y España. La producción nacional alcanzó el 18,5% en 2017 (producida a partir de fuentes de energías renovables y la valorización energética de residuos). Fotografía de Gerard Mussot, “Neu i brases”PRINCIPIOS RECTORES DE LA POLÍTICA CLIMÁTICA La política de lucha contra el cambio climático que condiciona la normativa y la estrategia climática nacional se basa en cuatro principios rectores que son integrados en cualquier normativa, proyecto o acción climática que desarrolla la política climática del país.', 'Fotografía de Gerard Mussot, “Neu i brases”PRINCIPIOS RECTORES DE LA POLÍTICA CLIMÁTICA La política de lucha contra el cambio climático que condiciona la normativa y la estrategia climática nacional se basa en cuatro principios rectores que son integrados en cualquier normativa, proyecto o acción climática que desarrolla la política climática del país. Con esta voluntad en septiembre de 2018 el Parlamento andorrano aprobó por unanimidad la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, que recoge estos principios en su capítulo primero.', 'Con esta voluntad en septiembre de 2018 el Parlamento andorrano aprobó por unanimidad la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, que recoge estos principios en su capítulo primero. Con posterioridad, el 17 de abril del 2019, el Consejo de Ministros de Andorra aprobó el Plan estratégico nacional para la implementación de la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, que complementa estos objetivos establecidos en la normativa climática nacional. El conjunto de estos principios y objetivos globales representan también una oportunidad para el desarrollo de una nueva economía, con la creación de nuevos tipos de empleo y de nuevas tecnologías.', 'El conjunto de estos principios y objetivos globales representan también una oportunidad para el desarrollo de una nueva economía, con la creación de nuevos tipos de empleo y de nuevas tecnologías. Estos principios son: Sostenibilidad: las acciones que de desarrollan satisfacen las necesidades de la generación actual, sin comprometer la capacidad para satisfacer las necesidades de las generaciones futuras, aplicándolo en el sentido más amplio y en todo tipo de aspectos en los ámbitos sociales, ambientales y económicos. En las acciones del sector energético, concretamente se priorizan las energías de fuentes renovables, la reducción de la demanda energética, la eficiencia energética y la reducción de las emisiones globales de GEI que provienen de este sector.', 'En las acciones del sector energético, concretamente se priorizan las energías de fuentes renovables, la reducción de la demanda energética, la eficiencia energética y la reducción de las emisiones globales de GEI que provienen de este sector. Protección e información: facilitar información comprensible para los ciudadanos que permita tomar decisiones y hábitos de consumo conscientes. La participación de los ciudadanos y agentes implicados en la elaboración de las estrategias climáticas también es un aspecto clave. Para asegurar esta participación efectiva, la ciudadanía recibe la información necesaria de manera transparente. Para ello, la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, crea la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático, configurada por diferentes actores del sector, privados y públicos, jóvenes, tercer sector, etc.', 'Para ello, la Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y de lucha contra el cambio climático, crea la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático, configurada por diferentes actores del sector, privados y públicos, jóvenes, tercer sector, etc. que participa activamente en la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. La protección de los ciudadanos pasa por generar equidad territorial, un repartimiento justo de los costes y una calidad y garantía de los servicios, especialmente los energéticos.Crecimiento económico: el fomento de actividades económicas con un alto valor añadido se lleva a cabo a través de la aplicación de las mejores técnicas disponibles para crear nuevas posibilidades de mercado o negocio.', 'La protección de los ciudadanos pasa por generar equidad territorial, un repartimiento justo de los costes y una calidad y garantía de los servicios, especialmente los energéticos.Crecimiento económico: el fomento de actividades económicas con un alto valor añadido se lleva a cabo a través de la aplicación de las mejores técnicas disponibles para crear nuevas posibilidades de mercado o negocio. La utilización de la mejor tecnología disponible evita, o al menos reduce al máximo, las emisiones y el impacto en el conjunto del medio ambiente. Soberanía y diversificación: para fomentar la resiliencia del país frente los cambios que se produzcan se incrementa la soberanía y se diversifican los diferentes sectores económicos.', 'Soberanía y diversificación: para fomentar la resiliencia del país frente los cambios que se produzcan se incrementa la soberanía y se diversifican los diferentes sectores económicos. Concretamente, en el sector energético se incrementa la producción energética nacional, para reducir los riesgos frente a los cambios en el mercado.', 'Concretamente, en el sector energético se incrementa la producción energética nacional, para reducir los riesgos frente a los cambios en el mercado. La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, aprobada el 3 de febrero del 2021, consta de 5 programas de acción y de 17 actividades, es la herramienta o hoja de ruta para alcanzar la neutralidad; desarrollar un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para hacer frente a la situación actual y prevista en el futuro; estructurar un sistema de financiación para llevar a cabo las acciones previstas; sensibilizar, educar y formar a la población; desarrollar tareas de investigación e innovación indispensables para entender y responder a los nuevos retos ambientales y tecnológicos.', 'La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, aprobada el 3 de febrero del 2021, consta de 5 programas de acción y de 17 actividades, es la herramienta o hoja de ruta para alcanzar la neutralidad; desarrollar un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para hacer frente a la situación actual y prevista en el futuro; estructurar un sistema de financiación para llevar a cabo las acciones previstas; sensibilizar, educar y formar a la población; desarrollar tareas de investigación e innovación indispensables para entender y responder a los nuevos retos ambientales y tecnológicos. Las acciones que recoge la estrategia se dirigen a sectores concretos como el de la energía, la movilidad, la agricultura y la gestión de residuos, entre otros, así como a diferentes sectores para tratar temas más transversales como la promoción de la economía circular, los cambios en nuestros hábitos de consumo, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, el fomento de la investigación en estos ámbitos y la inclusión de nuevos conceptos en la educación del conjunto de la ciudadanía.', 'Las acciones que recoge la estrategia se dirigen a sectores concretos como el de la energía, la movilidad, la agricultura y la gestión de residuos, entre otros, así como a diferentes sectores para tratar temas más transversales como la promoción de la economía circular, los cambios en nuestros hábitos de consumo, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, el fomento de la investigación en estos ámbitos y la inclusión de nuevos conceptos en la educación del conjunto de la ciudadanía. El conjunto de estas acciones sigue siempre los principios rectores comentados anteriormente, y cuenta con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático.', 'El conjunto de estas acciones sigue siempre los principios rectores comentados anteriormente, y cuenta con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía y Cambio climático. Este documento se revisa como mínimo cada 6 años, de manera que recogerá los compromisos de los nuevos NDC presentados en el futuro, siendo ambos documentos retroalimentados y revisados periódicamente según los acuerdos internacionales y la normativa nacional. El contexto energético internacional de estos últimos tiempos hace imprescindible impulsar, con carácter de urgencia, medidas que permitan afrontar con la mayor garantía posible tensiones en los mercados y situaciones de dificultad en el abastecimiento de la energía siempre considerando la acción climática en estas decisiones, aumentando así nuestra resiliencia.', 'El contexto energético internacional de estos últimos tiempos hace imprescindible impulsar, con carácter de urgencia, medidas que permitan afrontar con la mayor garantía posible tensiones en los mercados y situaciones de dificultad en el abastecimiento de la energía siempre considerando la acción climática en estas decisiones, aumentando así nuestra resiliencia. Por ello, la política climática en el último año se ha concentrado en dotar al Gobierno, ya los demás actores implicados, de las herramientas necesarias para la aplicación de medidas de ahorro que ayuden a sentar unas bases sólidas para un modelo energético sobrio.', 'Por ello, la política climática en el último año se ha concentrado en dotar al Gobierno, ya los demás actores implicados, de las herramientas necesarias para la aplicación de medidas de ahorro que ayuden a sentar unas bases sólidas para un modelo energético sobrio. En este contexto global, el rol ejemplar de la administración toma una especial importancia, así como la búsqueda de nuevas herramientas de financiación y fiscales que ayuden a dar un impulso a las acciones iniciadas.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN MITIGACIÓN Descripción del compromiso y escenarios Los compromisos en materia de reducción de emisiones no absorbidas presentados en 2015 a través de la INDC eran el resultado del Primer informe bianual de actualización (BUR) de Andorra al Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (diciembre 2014).', 'En este contexto global, el rol ejemplar de la administración toma una especial importancia, así como la búsqueda de nuevas herramientas de financiación y fiscales que ayuden a dar un impulso a las acciones iniciadas.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN MITIGACIÓN Descripción del compromiso y escenarios Los compromisos en materia de reducción de emisiones no absorbidas presentados en 2015 a través de la INDC eran el resultado del Primer informe bianual de actualización (BUR) de Andorra al Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (diciembre 2014). Según los compromisos presentados, en 2030 las contribuciones previstas determinadas a nivel nacional (CPDN) de Andorra estaban en línea con la evolución del escenario RCP2.6, compatible con mantener el aumento mundial de las temperaturas por debajo del umbral de los 2ºC durante el siglo XXI, sobre la base de los valores 1850-1900, y coherente con unas medidas rigurosas de mitigación, así como el mantenimiento de las concentraciones globales de CO2 eq.', 'Según los compromisos presentados, en 2030 las contribuciones previstas determinadas a nivel nacional (CPDN) de Andorra estaban en línea con la evolución del escenario RCP2.6, compatible con mantener el aumento mundial de las temperaturas por debajo del umbral de los 2ºC durante el siglo XXI, sobre la base de los valores 1850-1900, y coherente con unas medidas rigurosas de mitigación, así como el mantenimiento de las concentraciones globales de CO2 eq. en el rango de 430 a 480 ppm. Estos compromisos se concretaron en la reducción de las emisiones equivalentes no absorbidas de aquí al 2030, en un 37% (193,73 Gg CO2 eq.) en relación a las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario BAU, propuesto en el Primer BUR de Andorra al CMNUCC (diciembre 2014).', 'en relación a las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario BAU, propuesto en el Primer BUR de Andorra al CMNUCC (diciembre 2014). Este compromiso se incrementó con la primera actualización de la NDC en 2020, concretamente con un objetivo a largo plazo de neutralidad en carbono para el año 2050. La actualización que ahora se presenta responde al Pacto por el Clima de Glasgow anteriormente comentado, y refuerza el compromiso a medio plazo para asegurar conseguir la neutralidad en el 2050.', 'La actualización que ahora se presenta responde al Pacto por el Clima de Glasgow anteriormente comentado, y refuerza el compromiso a medio plazo para asegurar conseguir la neutralidad en el 2050. Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y a largo plazo Se refuerza a mediano plazo para el 2030, la reducción cuantificada en un valor absoluto relativo a las emisiones no absorbidas respecto el escenario Business as usual definido en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra a la CMNUCC (2014), pasando del objetivo previamente asumido de una reducción del 37% a una reducción del 55% para el 2030 respecto un escenario inmovilista (BAU).Se mantiene y refuerza así el compromiso ya adquirido en la primera actualización de la NDC a largo plazo para el 2050, buscando la neutralidad en carbono, es decir el equilibrio entre las emisiones y las absorciones para el año 2050.', 'Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y a largo plazo Se refuerza a mediano plazo para el 2030, la reducción cuantificada en un valor absoluto relativo a las emisiones no absorbidas respecto el escenario Business as usual definido en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra a la CMNUCC (2014), pasando del objetivo previamente asumido de una reducción del 37% a una reducción del 55% para el 2030 respecto un escenario inmovilista (BAU).Se mantiene y refuerza así el compromiso ya adquirido en la primera actualización de la NDC a largo plazo para el 2050, buscando la neutralidad en carbono, es decir el equilibrio entre las emisiones y las absorciones para el año 2050. Así, el período de implantación para los objetivos de mitigación se divide en dos periodos, el primero a corto y mediano plazo que comprende desde el año 2020 al año 2030, y el segundo, a largo plazo, que comprende desde el año 2031 al año 2050.', 'Así, el período de implantación para los objetivos de mitigación se divide en dos periodos, el primero a corto y mediano plazo que comprende desde el año 2020 al año 2030, y el segundo, a largo plazo, que comprende desde el año 2031 al año 2050. Los niveles de reducción del escenario a mediano plazo se concretan en un 55% (292 Gg CO2 eq.) de las emisiones anuales no absorbidas respecto al escenario Business as usual, de aquí al 2030. Este porcentaje ha sido revisado de acuerdo a la tendencia del consumo energético en el país des del 2005 hasta el 2021, sector responsable de más del 94% de las emisiones de GEI de Andorra.', 'Este porcentaje ha sido revisado de acuerdo a la tendencia del consumo energético en el país des del 2005 hasta el 2021, sector responsable de más del 94% de las emisiones de GEI de Andorra. Para el año 2050, el nivel de reducción será suficiente para que las emisiones de GEI queden equilibradas con las absorciones de estos gases, ya sea a través de la capacidad sumidero nacional como otras medidas de captura, almacenaje o compensación a través de mecanismos nacionales o internacionales basados en el mercado, alcanzando un valor aproximado de 140 Gg CO2 eq.', 'Para el año 2050, el nivel de reducción será suficiente para que las emisiones de GEI queden equilibradas con las absorciones de estos gases, ya sea a través de la capacidad sumidero nacional como otras medidas de captura, almacenaje o compensación a través de mecanismos nacionales o internacionales basados en el mercado, alcanzando un valor aproximado de 140 Gg CO2 eq. Recientemente se ha llevado a cabo un inventario nacional forestal3 que ha permitido mejorar la caracterización de la capacidad embornal del territorio, y los primeros resultados apuntan a una cuantificación superior a la estimada hasta ahora, de aproximadamente 204 Gg CO2 eq, cuando se valide los resultados definitivos del estudio comentado se introducirá esta mejora en nuestro inventario nacional de GEI.', 'Recientemente se ha llevado a cabo un inventario nacional forestal3 que ha permitido mejorar la caracterización de la capacidad embornal del territorio, y los primeros resultados apuntan a una cuantificación superior a la estimada hasta ahora, de aproximadamente 204 Gg CO2 eq, cuando se valide los resultados definitivos del estudio comentado se introducirá esta mejora en nuestro inventario nacional de GEI. Las acciones previstas para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI son las que se presentan a continuación. Complementariamente a estas acciones, se implementarán mecanismos de compensación para alcanzar la meta en caso que sea necesario: 1. Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación.', 'Sector energía, y más concretamente acciones sobre el sector eléctrico, la movilidad y la edificación. A mediano plazo (2030) 3 Elaborado por el centro de investigación Andorra Recerca i Innovació, 2022 • Reducción 55% emisiones no absorbidas respecto escenario BAU Medio plazo 2030 • Neutralidad en carbono Largo plazo 2050Se prevé reducir la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 20%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 70% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 33% de la demanda eléctrica.', 'A mediano plazo (2030) 3 Elaborado por el centro de investigación Andorra Recerca i Innovació, 2022 • Reducción 55% emisiones no absorbidas respecto escenario BAU Medio plazo 2030 • Neutralidad en carbono Largo plazo 2050Se prevé reducir la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 20%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 70% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 33% de la demanda eléctrica. Tal y como se ha expuesto en el apartado de política climática, debido a la situación energética global, se ha reforzado el modelo energético sobrio y se está trabajando para favorecer las modalidades de autoconsumo a partir fuentes de energía renovables, con el objetivo de facilitar esta transición energética que nos permitirá reducir las emisiones de este sector.', 'Tal y como se ha expuesto en el apartado de política climática, debido a la situación energética global, se ha reforzado el modelo energético sobrio y se está trabajando para favorecer las modalidades de autoconsumo a partir fuentes de energía renovables, con el objetivo de facilitar esta transición energética que nos permitirá reducir las emisiones de este sector. En el marco del rol ejemplar de la administración se ha fijado la referencia de la reducción del consumo energético en un 15% a partir de setiembre del 2022.', 'En el marco del rol ejemplar de la administración se ha fijado la referencia de la reducción del consumo energético en un 15% a partir de setiembre del 2022. También se han definido criterios para racionalizar el gasto de la energía en la contratación pública como, por ejemplo, que en los nuevos proyectos de construcción, reforma de edificios o de instalaciones, y en la adquisición de aparatos relacionados con la energía, ya sea en la elaboración del proyecto o en la adjudicación, se tengan en cuenta parámetros que permitan un mayor ahorro de energía. Al mismo tiempo, se implanta una estructura de seguimiento centrada en la figura del gestor energético, responsable de seguir, coordinar y asegurar el cumplimiento de las previsiones de la normativa aprovada.', 'Al mismo tiempo, se implanta una estructura de seguimiento centrada en la figura del gestor energético, responsable de seguir, coordinar y asegurar el cumplimiento de las previsiones de la normativa aprovada. Para poder evaluar la eficacia de las medidas tomadas, analizar los resultados obtenidos y definir otras medidas, deben poder medirse una serie de indicadores. Por este motivo, se ha creado un sistema de información para facilitar la toma de decisiones. Por último, se prevé la elaboración de un plan de actuación con el fin de sentar las bases que permitan la implantación de un modelo energéticamente sobre en la Administración general y entidades relacionadas.', 'Por último, se prevé la elaboración de un plan de actuación con el fin de sentar las bases que permitan la implantación de un modelo energéticamente sobre en la Administración general y entidades relacionadas. Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción fijada es del 50% de las emisiones de GEI producidas por el transporte interno. Para ello, entre algunas de las acciones previstas, se establece a través de la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, la reducción de las emisiones de GEI por el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20% para el año 2030.', 'Para ello, entre algunas de las acciones previstas, se establece a través de la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, la reducción de las emisiones de GEI por el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20% para el año 2030. Para promover este cambio y dar impulso al rol ejemplar de la administración se ha definido normativamente la obligación de que cualquier Administración pública o entidad dependiente cuando adquiera un nuevo vehículos, o deba reponer los existentes, se realice con vehículos cero emisiones (Z) y ECO (E), sólo en casos muy concretos, en los que las necesidades lo justifiquen, y previa valoración de los ministeriosresponsables en materia de adquisición de vehículos del parque móvil y de la Oficina de la Energía y del Cambio Climático, pueden adquirirse otras tipologías de vehículos.', 'Para promover este cambio y dar impulso al rol ejemplar de la administración se ha definido normativamente la obligación de que cualquier Administración pública o entidad dependiente cuando adquiera un nuevo vehículos, o deba reponer los existentes, se realice con vehículos cero emisiones (Z) y ECO (E), sólo en casos muy concretos, en los que las necesidades lo justifiquen, y previa valoración de los ministeriosresponsables en materia de adquisición de vehículos del parque móvil y de la Oficina de la Energía y del Cambio Climático, pueden adquirirse otras tipologías de vehículos. Estos criterios también son aplicables en las modalidades de leasing o renting, y en cualquier caso, antes una nueva adquisición, los ministerios anteriormente comentados deben racionalizar y redistribuir los vehículos ya existentes, con el fin de optimizar su uso en función de su eficiencia energética.', 'Estos criterios también son aplicables en las modalidades de leasing o renting, y en cualquier caso, antes una nueva adquisición, los ministerios anteriormente comentados deben racionalizar y redistribuir los vehículos ya existentes, con el fin de optimizar su uso en función de su eficiencia energética. En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción a partir del año 2020 se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo, tal y como también queda regulado per la Ley anteriormente referida. A largo plazo (2050) Se reducirá la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 30%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 85% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 50% de la demanda eléctrica.', 'A largo plazo (2050) Se reducirá la intensidad energética en un mínimo de un 30%, con un incremento de la producción eléctrica nacional (que será de más del 85% proveniente de fuentes renovables) del 50% de la demanda eléctrica. Más concretamente en el subsector de actividades de combustión de combustibles, para el transporte por carretera la reducción no se fija a largo plazo, pero se continuará con el incremento del porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 50%. En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo o positivo.', 'En cuanto al sector de la edificación, cualquier nueva construcción se diseña y ejecuta para conseguir un edificio de consumo energético casi nulo o positivo. Tal y como se ha expuesto en el apartado de política climática, debido a la situación energética global, se ha reforzado el modelo energético sobrio y se está trabajando para favorecer las modalidades de autoconsumo a partir fuentes de energía renovables, con el objetivo de facilitar esta transición energética que nos permitirá reducir las emisiones de este sector. 2.', 'Tal y como se ha expuesto en el apartado de política climática, debido a la situación energética global, se ha reforzado el modelo energético sobrio y se está trabajando para favorecer las modalidades de autoconsumo a partir fuentes de energía renovables, con el objetivo de facilitar esta transición energética que nos permitirá reducir las emisiones de este sector. 2. Sector agricultura, silvicultura y usos del suelo: alrededor del 23% de las emisiones son absorbidas por la masa forestal del territorio, de manera que una mejora en la gestión silvícola que incorpore soluciones basadas en la naturaleza ha de permitir que no sólo se mantenga el escenario previsto a mediano plazo, es decir que como mínimo se mantenga la capacidad sumidero de la masa forestal del país del año 2017 (cuantificada en -139 Gg CO2 eq.', 'Sector agricultura, silvicultura y usos del suelo: alrededor del 23% de las emisiones son absorbidas por la masa forestal del territorio, de manera que una mejora en la gestión silvícola que incorpore soluciones basadas en la naturaleza ha de permitir que no sólo se mantenga el escenario previsto a mediano plazo, es decir que como mínimo se mantenga la capacidad sumidero de la masa forestal del país del año 2017 (cuantificada en -139 Gg CO2 eq. anual) sino que se incremente la ambición en respecto la capacidad sumidero de los bosques del país.', 'anual) sino que se incremente la ambición en respecto la capacidad sumidero de los bosques del país. Para ello se ha mejorado la cuantificación de la capacidad sumidero de nuestros bosques (inventario nacional forestal e interpretación de los usos del suelo a través de imágenes satélite) y se fomenta una gestión forestal sostenible que permita incrementar la capacidad de absorción a través de la silvicultura adaptativa. El resultado de la mejora en la cuantificación de la capacidad embornal será objeto de análisis en el primer BTR que comunique Andorra. 3.', 'El resultado de la mejora en la cuantificación de la capacidad embornal será objeto de análisis en el primer BTR que comunique Andorra. 3. Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se ajustarán a los objetivos de la Ley de Economía circular, aprobada este año 2022, la cual prevé la reducción de las emisiones de GEI a mediano y largo plazo a través de la mejora de las herramientas de modelización, así como a la obligación de que las empresas de telecomunicaciones deben reducir sus emisiones degases de efecto invernadero y deben hacer públicos anualmente los datos y las acciones impulsadas en este sentido.', 'Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se ajustarán a los objetivos de la Ley de Economía circular, aprobada este año 2022, la cual prevé la reducción de las emisiones de GEI a mediano y largo plazo a través de la mejora de las herramientas de modelización, así como a la obligación de que las empresas de telecomunicaciones deben reducir sus emisiones degases de efecto invernadero y deben hacer públicos anualmente los datos y las acciones impulsadas en este sentido. Para que los consumidores sean conscientes del impacto de su consumo digital, estas empresas deben proporcionar a los clientes información sobre la cantidad de datos consumidos y el equivalente en emisiones de GEI correspondientes.', 'Para que los consumidores sean conscientes del impacto de su consumo digital, estas empresas deben proporcionar a los clientes información sobre la cantidad de datos consumidos y el equivalente en emisiones de GEI correspondientes. Estos objetivos se concretan en la Estrategia de Economía circular, que se prevé aprobar antes de finalizar este año 2022. Entre algunas de las acciones destacan las relacionas con el eje 1 de consumo sostenible, y más concretamente con el programa de acción 2 relativas a la prevención del despilfarro alimentario, ya que cuando se estropean los alimentos también se desperdician el agua y el suelo, así como los productos químicos y los combustibles y la energía necesarios para cultivarlos y transportarlos. Esto tiene un gran impacto sobre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Esto tiene un gran impacto sobre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Otro de los ejes de la estrategia es el número 2, relativo a los sistemas de producción y sectores económicos. Este eje incluye el programa de acción 6, relativo al sector de la construcción. Se estima que en la UE las emisiones de GEI debidas a la extracción de los materiales y los procesos de construcción representan entre el 5-12% de las emisiones globales, por ello la estrategia prevé disponer del 70% de los residuos de la construcción valorizables4.', 'Se estima que en la UE las emisiones de GEI debidas a la extracción de los materiales y los procesos de construcción representan entre el 5-12% de las emisiones globales, por ello la estrategia prevé disponer del 70% de los residuos de la construcción valorizables4. En último lugar, cabe destacar en este mismo eje, el programa de acción 10 de circularidad en los bosques, el cual prevé tener u plan de ruta de gestión de los bosques teniendo en cuenta su función de sumidero de carbono. El conjunto de medidas o acciones previstas se resumen en la tabla anexada a esta NDC.', 'El conjunto de medidas o acciones previstas se resumen en la tabla anexada a esta NDC. Compromiso justo y ambicioso El compromiso de las Partes es coherente con sus responsabilidades y de acuerdo a sus capacidades así como el apoyo recibido de la comunidad internacional. En este sentido: Andorra es Parte en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático como Parte no incluida en el Anexo I. A nivel internacional, para el año 2019, Andorra es responsable de aproximadamente el 0,0009054% 5 de las emisiones globales.', 'A nivel internacional, para el año 2019, Andorra es responsable de aproximadamente el 0,0009054% 5 de las emisiones globales. Las emisiones de GEI de Andorra han mostrado una clara tendencia a la baja desde su pico histórico en el 2005 (-13% entre 2005 y 2019), al contrario de lo que se observa en todo el mundo con un aumento de más 6). Las políticas de mitigación asociadas con los sectores mencionados son acciones a largo plazo, con rentabilidad y resultados a mediano plazo que se han reforzado con las políticas de sobriedad energética recientes.', 'Las políticas de mitigación asociadas con los sectores mencionados son acciones a largo plazo, con rentabilidad y resultados a mediano plazo que se han reforzado con las políticas de sobriedad energética recientes. 4 Objetivo acorde a la Directiva 2008/98, sobre les residuos 5 Emisiones no absorbidas de Andorra del cuarto Informe bianual de actualización (BUR, 2020, 507 Gg CO2 ) y emisiones totales mundiales según el Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Nairobi (55,3 Gt CO2 eq 2018) 6 Our world in data ( Para 2030, la actualización del NDC de Andorra está en coherencia con un escenario intermedio de concentraciones SSP1 2.6 y SSP1 1.9, escenario con medidas estrictas de mitigación y una condición necesaria para mantener una temperatura por debajo de 2ºC en el siglo XXI (en comparación con el período 1850-1900).', '4 Objetivo acorde a la Directiva 2008/98, sobre les residuos 5 Emisiones no absorbidas de Andorra del cuarto Informe bianual de actualización (BUR, 2020, 507 Gg CO2 ) y emisiones totales mundiales según el Informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Nairobi (55,3 Gt CO2 eq 2018) 6 Our world in data ( Para 2030, la actualización del NDC de Andorra está en coherencia con un escenario intermedio de concentraciones SSP1 2.6 y SSP1 1.9, escenario con medidas estrictas de mitigación y una condición necesaria para mantener una temperatura por debajo de 2ºC en el siglo XXI (en comparación con el período 1850-1900). A nivel global, para asegurar que el incremento de temperaturas se sitúe por debajo de la barrera de los 2ºC a final del siglo XXI (en comparación con el período de referencia 1850-1900), se deben reducir las emisiones informadas en 2010 entre un 41 y un 72% para el año 2050.', 'A nivel global, para asegurar que el incremento de temperaturas se sitúe por debajo de la barrera de los 2ºC a final del siglo XXI (en comparación con el período de referencia 1850-1900), se deben reducir las emisiones informadas en 2010 entre un 41 y un 72% para el año 2050. Según el último informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, esta reducción debe ser a partir del 2020 del 2,7 % anual (7,6 % si en cambio se quiere conseguir el objetivo de no incrementar más de 1,5ºC al final del siglo XXI), este compromiso de reducción del 2,7% anual está en consonancia con nuestro compromiso de neutralidad en carbono a largo plazo para el año 20507.', 'Según el último informe sobre la disparidad en las emisiones de 2019 del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, esta reducción debe ser a partir del 2020 del 2,7 % anual (7,6 % si en cambio se quiere conseguir el objetivo de no incrementar más de 1,5ºC al final del siglo XXI), este compromiso de reducción del 2,7% anual está en consonancia con nuestro compromiso de neutralidad en carbono a largo plazo para el año 20507. Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión Valores de referencia Para poder hacer un correcto seguimiento del compromiso definido en la primera NDC y del refuerzo de este compromiso con esta nueva actualización, se 7 Una reducción de las emisiones de GEI que alcance el valor de la capacidad sumidero del país ( aproximadamente de eq a 140 Gg CO2 eq) representa una reducción del 77% de las emisiones de GEI en un plazo de 32 años (2018-2050), de manera que la media de reducción anual es del 2,4%.', 'Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión Valores de referencia Para poder hacer un correcto seguimiento del compromiso definido en la primera NDC y del refuerzo de este compromiso con esta nueva actualización, se 7 Una reducción de las emisiones de GEI que alcance el valor de la capacidad sumidero del país ( aproximadamente de eq a 140 Gg CO2 eq) representa una reducción del 77% de las emisiones de GEI en un plazo de 32 años (2018-2050), de manera que la media de reducción anual es del 2,4%. Andorra-World: 55% reducción GEI respecto Andorra BAUmantiene como referencia el valor de las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario Business as usual (530,55 Gg CO2 eq., para el 2030), definidas en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra para el CMNUCC.', 'Andorra-World: 55% reducción GEI respecto Andorra BAUmantiene como referencia el valor de las emisiones no absorbidas del escenario Business as usual (530,55 Gg CO2 eq., para el 2030), definidas en el Primer informe bianual de actualización de Andorra para el CMNUCC. Alcance de las acciones de mitigación de GEI Debido a que más del 94% de las emisiones totales de GEI (desde el año 1990 hasta 2019) provienen del sector de la energía (véase evolución de las emisiones y absorciones nacionales de GEI según el cuarto BUR presentado en el marco del CMNUCC, gráfico 1), de acuerdo con las categorías definidas en las directrices del GIECC 2006 para realizar el inventario nacional de GEI, el alcance de las acciones previstas para conseguir el objetivo de mitigación de GEI fijado en esta NDC para Andorra se centra principalmente en el sector de la energía, pero también se apoya en otras acciones en sectores menos emisores, como el de residuos.', 'Alcance de las acciones de mitigación de GEI Debido a que más del 94% de las emisiones totales de GEI (desde el año 1990 hasta 2019) provienen del sector de la energía (véase evolución de las emisiones y absorciones nacionales de GEI según el cuarto BUR presentado en el marco del CMNUCC, gráfico 1), de acuerdo con las categorías definidas en las directrices del GIECC 2006 para realizar el inventario nacional de GEI, el alcance de las acciones previstas para conseguir el objetivo de mitigación de GEI fijado en esta NDC para Andorra se centra principalmente en el sector de la energía, pero también se apoya en otras acciones en sectores menos emisores, como el de residuos. Pese a que el alcance del inventario nacional de emisiones de GEI según las directrices del GIECC 2006 integra la energía eléctrica importada sólo a nivel informativo, este representa más del 23 % del consumo energético del país y un 12 % aproximado de las emisiones totales, según nuestro cálculo de la huella de carbono, de manera que se ha considerado pertinente incluir las acciones de mitigación necesarias para minimizar el consumo eléctrico y las emisiones de GEI de este subsector.', 'Pese a que el alcance del inventario nacional de emisiones de GEI según las directrices del GIECC 2006 integra la energía eléctrica importada sólo a nivel informativo, este representa más del 23 % del consumo energético del país y un 12 % aproximado de las emisiones totales, según nuestro cálculo de la huella de carbono, de manera que se ha considerado pertinente incluir las acciones de mitigación necesarias para minimizar el consumo eléctrico y las emisiones de GEI de este subsector. Asimismo, las acciones de mitigación también contemplan acciones sobre el sector que otorga la capacidad sumidero del país para absorber los GEI, que es el sector agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo. Gráfico 1.', 'Asimismo, las acciones de mitigación también contemplan acciones sobre el sector que otorga la capacidad sumidero del país para absorber los GEI, que es el sector agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo. Gráfico 1. Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq presentado en el cuarto BUR de andorra (2020) Cobertura de GEI Los gases siguientes de efecto invernadero son incluidos en la NDC, de acuerdo con los gases inventariados y reportados en nuestros BUR según las Directrices del GIECC 2006 y posteriores revisiones para la realización de inventarios nacionales de GEI:Dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6).', 'Evolución de las emisiones totales de GEI (Gg CO2 eq presentado en el cuarto BUR de andorra (2020) Cobertura de GEI Los gases siguientes de efecto invernadero son incluidos en la NDC, de acuerdo con los gases inventariados y reportados en nuestros BUR según las Directrices del GIECC 2006 y posteriores revisiones para la realización de inventarios nacionales de GEI:Dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6). Los GEI emitidos por el sector energía y procesos industriales y usos de productos representan más del 98% del total de GEI inventariados según el último inventario de GEI (2019). Para la contabilidad se consideraron los potenciales de calentamiento global del Quinto Reporte del GIECC (2014).', 'Para la contabilidad se consideraron los potenciales de calentamiento global del Quinto Reporte del GIECC (2014). Cabe destacar que en el último inventario nacional de GEI se ha mejorada significativamente la serie de datos relativos a los gases refrigerantes gracias a una mejora del sistema de recogida de datos a través de un aplicativo informático, por ello el sector procesos industriales y usos de productos han ganado peso como sector emisor en comparativa con inventarios anteriores.', 'Cabe destacar que en el último inventario nacional de GEI se ha mejorada significativamente la serie de datos relativos a los gases refrigerantes gracias a una mejora del sistema de recogida de datos a través de un aplicativo informático, por ello el sector procesos industriales y usos de productos han ganado peso como sector emisor en comparativa con inventarios anteriores. Contribución de mecanismos internacionales basados en el mercado La Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático crea el mercado nacional voluntario para la compensación de GEI, y pese a que su integración en el mercado internacional no está planificada de manera inmediata, el reglamento que lo regula prevé que cumpla con los estándares internacionales para poder contar con una herramienta adicional que incorpora actuaciones de mitigación en los sectores difusos y, en caso que sea necesario, y sea así una herramienta complementaria para promover acciones de mitigación en el sector privado, e indirectamente contribuyan a alcanzar los compromisos nacionales de reducción de emisiones previstos en la NDC.', 'Contribución de mecanismos internacionales basados en el mercado La Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático crea el mercado nacional voluntario para la compensación de GEI, y pese a que su integración en el mercado internacional no está planificada de manera inmediata, el reglamento que lo regula prevé que cumpla con los estándares internacionales para poder contar con una herramienta adicional que incorpora actuaciones de mitigación en los sectores difusos y, en caso que sea necesario, y sea así una herramienta complementaria para promover acciones de mitigación en el sector privado, e indirectamente contribuyan a alcanzar los compromisos nacionales de reducción de emisiones previstos en la NDC. Proceso de planificación Para la revisión y actualización de la NDC del Gobierno de Andorra des de la Oficina de la Energía y del Cambio Climático, integrada en el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad, se ha valorado el conjunto de normativa y compromisos nacionales e internacionales que en los últimos años se han aprobado.', 'Proceso de planificación Para la revisión y actualización de la NDC del Gobierno de Andorra des de la Oficina de la Energía y del Cambio Climático, integrada en el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad, se ha valorado el conjunto de normativa y compromisos nacionales e internacionales que en los últimos años se han aprobado. Es especialmente destacable la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático8.', 'Es especialmente destacable la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático8. Una Ley aprobada por unanimidad en el Parlamento que se elaboró a partir de una propuesta de Ley del Gobierno, para la que los diferentes Ministerios que lo componen participaron y aportaron sus puntos estratégicos y consideraciones, de acuerdo con los compromisos internacionales que previamente se habían firmado, como el CMNUCC (adhesión el 2 de marzo del 2011) y el Acuerdo de París (2016).', 'Una Ley aprobada por unanimidad en el Parlamento que se elaboró a partir de una propuesta de Ley del Gobierno, para la que los diferentes Ministerios que lo componen participaron y aportaron sus puntos estratégicos y consideraciones, de acuerdo con los compromisos internacionales que previamente se habían firmado, como el CMNUCC (adhesión el 2 de marzo del 2011) y el Acuerdo de París (2016). Para la elaboración de la propuesta de Ley que posteriormente fue aprobada se tuvo en cuenta, a parte de otros documentos técnicos de referencia: El Libro blanco de la Energía de Andorra del 2012 El Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra del 2016 El Plan Nacional de Residuos revisado para el período 2017-2020 La Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de andorra (ENBA) para el 8 Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático La normativa existente en materia de eficiencia energética, energías renovables y organización y gestión del sistema energético nacional.', 'Para la elaboración de la propuesta de Ley que posteriormente fue aprobada se tuvo en cuenta, a parte de otros documentos técnicos de referencia: El Libro blanco de la Energía de Andorra del 2012 El Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra del 2016 El Plan Nacional de Residuos revisado para el período 2017-2020 La Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de andorra (ENBA) para el 8 Ley 21/2018, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático La normativa existente en materia de eficiencia energética, energías renovables y organización y gestión del sistema energético nacional. La primera NDC aprobada por Andorra. Las comunicaciones en cumplimiento del CMNUCC de Andorra desde el año 2014.', 'Las comunicaciones en cumplimiento del CMNUCC de Andorra desde el año 2014. Actualmente la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático está en proceso de modificaciones puntuales, con el objetivo de favorecer las modalidades de autoconsumo a partir fuentes de energía renovables, con el objetivo de facilitar esta transición energética que nos permitirá reducir las emisiones de este sector. En los últimos meses se han aprobado una serie de normas para promover un modelo energético más sobrio y se está trabajando especialmente para racionalizar el gasto de la energía en el sector público.', 'En los últimos meses se han aprobado una serie de normas para promover un modelo energético más sobrio y se está trabajando especialmente para racionalizar el gasto de la energía en el sector público. Así pues, la primera actualización de la NDC tuvo en cuenta las metas definidas a mediano y largo plazo por la Ley 21/2018, anteriormente referida, así como las posteriores compromisos estratégicos del Gobierno, que se incorporaron en la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, a largo plazo para el año 2050. Cabe esperar, tal y como prevé la estrategia comentada, que la próxima revisión de este documento estratégico, prevista para el año 2027, deba incluir las actualizaciones de la NDC de este año 2022 y del año 2025.', 'Cabe esperar, tal y como prevé la estrategia comentada, que la próxima revisión de este documento estratégico, prevista para el año 2027, deba incluir las actualizaciones de la NDC de este año 2022 y del año 2025. La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático daba respuesta al compromiso de determinar una ruta para alcanzar la meta de neutralidad de GEI en 2050 que se tomó en la PreCOP 25 (octubre de 2019) y que se comunicó formalmente durante el discurso en el plenario de la COP25 (10 de diciembre de 2019) por parte de la Ministra de Medio ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad del Gobierno de Andorra.', 'La Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático daba respuesta al compromiso de determinar una ruta para alcanzar la meta de neutralidad de GEI en 2050 que se tomó en la PreCOP 25 (octubre de 2019) y que se comunicó formalmente durante el discurso en el plenario de la COP25 (10 de diciembre de 2019) por parte de la Ministra de Medio ambiente, Agricultura y Sostenibilidad del Gobierno de Andorra. Para las actualización de la NDC posteriores al año 2025, la participación de los diferentes actores del sector privado y público a través de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del cambio climático y los grupos de trabajo que dependen de ella, es una pieza clave en la planificación, ya que este órgano participativo será activo durante el proceso de revisión de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual alimentará a su vez la siguiente NDC (véase Mecanismos legales y estratégicos para la implementación de la NDC).', 'Para las actualización de la NDC posteriores al año 2025, la participación de los diferentes actores del sector privado y público a través de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del cambio climático y los grupos de trabajo que dependen de ella, es una pieza clave en la planificación, ya que este órgano participativo será activo durante el proceso de revisión de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, la cual alimentará a su vez la siguiente NDC (véase Mecanismos legales y estratégicos para la implementación de la NDC). Valores considerados del potencial de calentamiento global de los gases Con el fin de hacer que el compromiso de Andorra sea comprensible y comparable, los valores se han comparado con los valores equivalentes de dióxido de carbono a través de su Poder de Calentamiento Global (GWP).', 'Valores considerados del potencial de calentamiento global de los gases Con el fin de hacer que el compromiso de Andorra sea comprensible y comparable, los valores se han comparado con los valores equivalentes de dióxido de carbono a través de su Poder de Calentamiento Global (GWP). Los valores de referencia de GWP considerados son los del quinto informe de evaluación del GIECC (SAR, GWP, horizonte temporal de 100 años). Aunque no es aplicable a las Partes no incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención, se han adoptado en la medida de lo posible los valores propuestos por la decisión 24 / CP.19 (revisión de las directrices del GIECC para la notificación de inventarios anuales de las Partes incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención).', 'Aunque no es aplicable a las Partes no incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención, se han adoptado en la medida de lo posible los valores propuestos por la decisión 24 / CP.19 (revisión de las directrices del GIECC para la notificación de inventarios anuales de las Partes incluidas en el Anexo I de la Convención). Metodología de trabajoCon el objetivo de planificar las acciones necesarias para alcanzar la meta de la reducción de emisiones de GEI a mediano (2030) y a largo plazo (2050), se parte de la información de base del inventario de GEI nacional y de la definición de los escenarios siguientes: a) Hipótesis adoptada para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI presentados en los informes bianuales de actualización de la información para el CMNUCC.', 'Metodología de trabajoCon el objetivo de planificar las acciones necesarias para alcanzar la meta de la reducción de emisiones de GEI a mediano (2030) y a largo plazo (2050), se parte de la información de base del inventario de GEI nacional y de la definición de los escenarios siguientes: a) Hipótesis adoptada para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI presentados en los informes bianuales de actualización de la información para el CMNUCC. Estos inventarios se realizan de acuerdo a las Directrices para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI del Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos en materia de cambio climático (2006 y 2019 Refinements).', 'Estos inventarios se realizan de acuerdo a las Directrices para la elaboración de los inventarios de GEI del Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos en materia de cambio climático (2006 y 2019 Refinements). b) La definición del escenario Business as usual se realiza según las siguientes hipótesis para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorra: Sector energía: se mantienen les emisiones de GEI per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente, es decir la población residente y flotante media) a partir del año 2005 (año de máximas emisiones de GEI) hasta 2050.', 'b) La definición del escenario Business as usual se realiza según las siguientes hipótesis para los 3 sectores clave en cuanto a GEI en Andorra: Sector energía: se mantienen les emisiones de GEI per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente, es decir la población residente y flotante media) a partir del año 2005 (año de máximas emisiones de GEI) hasta 2050. Sector AFOLU: Las emisiones de GEI relativas al subsector agricultura y ganadería se mantienen desde el año 2000 (no se prevé un incremento en la superficie agrícola y la capacidad de reses también está en el máximo de su valor según la superficie y la tipología de ganadería del país, que es extensiva), mientras que la capacidad sumidero de GEI por la masa forestal del sector usos del suelo se considera constante e igual a la media de la capacidad de absorción de GEI estimada para el período 1990-2011.', 'Sector AFOLU: Las emisiones de GEI relativas al subsector agricultura y ganadería se mantienen desde el año 2000 (no se prevé un incremento en la superficie agrícola y la capacidad de reses también está en el máximo de su valor según la superficie y la tipología de ganadería del país, que es extensiva), mientras que la capacidad sumidero de GEI por la masa forestal del sector usos del suelo se considera constante e igual a la media de la capacidad de absorción de GEI estimada para el período 1990-2011. Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se mantienen a partir de 1995 (año en el que las primeras acciones de reducción de emisiones de este subsector empiezan a tener sus efectos, por la introducción progresiva de la recogida selectiva y la mejora de las instalaciones de tratamiento) hasta 2050.', 'Sector residuos: Las emisiones per cápita (teniendo en cuenta la población equivalente) de GEI del subsector residuos sólidos se mantienen a partir de 1995 (año en el que las primeras acciones de reducción de emisiones de este subsector empiezan a tener sus efectos, por la introducción progresiva de la recogida selectiva y la mejora de las instalaciones de tratamiento) hasta 2050. En lo que respecta a las emisiones per cápita (también en base a la población equivalente) del subsector aguas residuales, se considera que estas, en cambio, se mantienen constantes a partir del año 2005, año en el que las acciones para la mejora del tratamiento de estas aguas empiezan a tener efectos sobre las emisiones de GEI.', 'En lo que respecta a las emisiones per cápita (también en base a la población equivalente) del subsector aguas residuales, se considera que estas, en cambio, se mantienen constantes a partir del año 2005, año en el que las acciones para la mejora del tratamiento de estas aguas empiezan a tener efectos sobre las emisiones de GEI. El resto de hipótesis utilizadas para la elaboración de los escenarios parten de los datos básicos de evolución de la población residente, población equivalente y evolución del PIB. Una descripción más detallada del escenario BAU se recoge en los BUR presentados a la Secretaría del CMNUCC hasta 2020.', 'Una descripción más detallada del escenario BAU se recoge en los BUR presentados a la Secretaría del CMNUCC hasta 2020. Los escenarios a mediano y largo plazo se estiman a partir del escenario BAU, incorporando el conjunto de objetivos y medidas previstas y descritas en el apartado Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y largo plazo.', 'Los escenarios a mediano y largo plazo se estiman a partir del escenario BAU, incorporando el conjunto de objetivos y medidas previstas y descritas en el apartado Tipo de compromiso: visión a mediano y largo plazo. Las estimaciones para el cálculo del escenario a medio plazo que se incorporaron ya en el primer BUR presentado por Andorra (2014), y que la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático recoge, se mantienen, pero para el escenario de medidas complementarias des del 2021 hasta el 2030 se proyectan de nuevo las emisiones en base a la tendencia del consumo energético de los últimos 18 años (hay que tener en cuenta que el añode máximas emisiones para Andorra fue el 2005 y el sector energía representa más del 94% de las emisiones totales nacionales).', 'Las estimaciones para el cálculo del escenario a medio plazo que se incorporaron ya en el primer BUR presentado por Andorra (2014), y que la Ley 21/2018, de 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático recoge, se mantienen, pero para el escenario de medidas complementarias des del 2021 hasta el 2030 se proyectan de nuevo las emisiones en base a la tendencia del consumo energético de los últimos 18 años (hay que tener en cuenta que el añode máximas emisiones para Andorra fue el 2005 y el sector energía representa más del 94% de las emisiones totales nacionales). Por lo que respecta al escenario de emisiones a largo plazo, el documento que recoge estas proyecciones es el que sirve de hoja de ruta para las acciones que se implementan, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático.', 'Por lo que respecta al escenario de emisiones a largo plazo, el documento que recoge estas proyecciones es el que sirve de hoja de ruta para las acciones que se implementan, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Enfoque de contabilización para la agricultura, la silvicultura y otros usos de la tierra Las perturbaciones naturales o los eventos extraordinarios relacionados con los sumideros de carbono no se considerarán para evaluar el cumplimiento de los compromisos de la NDC. Estas perturbaciones hasta el momento no han representado cambios significativos en estos sectores, tal y como se ha ido comunicando en nuestros BUR.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN A nivel internacional, el CMNUCC reconoce la vulnerabilidad de todos los países ante los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Estas perturbaciones hasta el momento no han representado cambios significativos en estos sectores, tal y como se ha ido comunicando en nuestros BUR.CONTRIBUCIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN A nivel internacional, el CMNUCC reconoce la vulnerabilidad de todos los países ante los efectos del cambio climático. Aunque durante los primeros años del Convenio los procesos de adaptación recibieron menos atención que los esfuerzos destinados a la mitigación de los GEI, desde la publicación del tercer Informe de Evaluación del GIECC (2001), la necesidad de trabajar sobre los temas de adaptación ganó importancia y todas las Partes del Convenio acordaron que era de vital importancia.', 'Aunque durante los primeros años del Convenio los procesos de adaptación recibieron menos atención que los esfuerzos destinados a la mitigación de los GEI, desde la publicación del tercer Informe de Evaluación del GIECC (2001), la necesidad de trabajar sobre los temas de adaptación ganó importancia y todas las Partes del Convenio acordaron que era de vital importancia. En 2010, durante la COP16, se estableció el proceso de los planes de adaptación nacionales (PAN) para que las Partes pudieran identificar las necesidades de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias y programas para hacer frente a estas necesidades (Convenio de Adaptación de Cancún).', 'En 2010, durante la COP16, se estableció el proceso de los planes de adaptación nacionales (PAN) para que las Partes pudieran identificar las necesidades de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias y programas para hacer frente a estas necesidades (Convenio de Adaptación de Cancún). Bajo este marco internacional, en Andorra en 2014 se llevó a cabo un proceso participativo sobre la adaptación de Andorra al cambio climático (PAACC) con el objetivo de identificar los posibles impactos del cambio climático sobre los sectores socioeconómicos y ambientales en el país y valorar así cuáles eran las vulnerabilidades de cada uno de ellos, así como identificar las medidas de adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad y hacer frente a estos impactos.', 'Bajo este marco internacional, en Andorra en 2014 se llevó a cabo un proceso participativo sobre la adaptación de Andorra al cambio climático (PAACC) con el objetivo de identificar los posibles impactos del cambio climático sobre los sectores socioeconómicos y ambientales en el país y valorar así cuáles eran las vulnerabilidades de cada uno de ellos, así como identificar las medidas de adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad y hacer frente a estos impactos. Para llevar a cabo el PAACC se identificaron los impactos del cambio climático sobre el territorio del Principado a partir de trabajos científicos previos efectuados en Andorra y el conjunto del Pirineo en el marco del proyecto de cooperación del Observatorio Pirenaico del cambio climático (OPCC)9.', 'Para llevar a cabo el PAACC se identificaron los impactos del cambio climático sobre el territorio del Principado a partir de trabajos científicos previos efectuados en Andorra y el conjunto del Pirineo en el marco del proyecto de cooperación del Observatorio Pirenaico del cambio climático (OPCC)9. En total se identificaron 43 medidas de adaptación, que se clasifican según la tipología de acción y el ámbito temático de la siguiente manera: Tipología de medidas Número de medidas Temática Planificación 15 Recurso hídrico Energía Turismo Riesgos naturales Movilidad Operacionales 10 Agricultura y ganadería Salud Energía Normativa 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Energía Recurso hídrico Investigación y estudios 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Riesgos naturales Sensibilización y educación 3 Recurso hídrico Energía Riesgos naturales Instrumentos financieros 5 Turismo Riesgos naturales Tabla 1.', 'En total se identificaron 43 medidas de adaptación, que se clasifican según la tipología de acción y el ámbito temático de la siguiente manera: Tipología de medidas Número de medidas Temática Planificación 15 Recurso hídrico Energía Turismo Riesgos naturales Movilidad Operacionales 10 Agricultura y ganadería Salud Energía Normativa 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Energía Recurso hídrico Investigación y estudios 5 Espacios naturales/Paisaje Riesgos naturales Sensibilización y educación 3 Recurso hídrico Energía Riesgos naturales Instrumentos financieros 5 Turismo Riesgos naturales Tabla 1. Medidas de adaptación identificadas y priorizadas en el PAACC (2014) 9 El OPCC es una iniciativa transfronteriza de cooperación territorial en materia de cambio climático de la Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), que tiene como objetivo realizar un seguimiento y comprender el fenómeno del cambio climático en los Pirineos para ayudar al territorio a adaptarse a sus impactos.Para asegurar que las medidas de adaptación son coherentes y se adaptan a los cambios reales y previstos sobre el territorio, se continúa con el estudio del impacto y vulnerabilidad en relación al cambio climático, y la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, considera que las temáticas prioritarias son la salud, la agricultura, la energía y el turismo.', 'Medidas de adaptación identificadas y priorizadas en el PAACC (2014) 9 El OPCC es una iniciativa transfronteriza de cooperación territorial en materia de cambio climático de la Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), que tiene como objetivo realizar un seguimiento y comprender el fenómeno del cambio climático en los Pirineos para ayudar al territorio a adaptarse a sus impactos.Para asegurar que las medidas de adaptación son coherentes y se adaptan a los cambios reales y previstos sobre el territorio, se continúa con el estudio del impacto y vulnerabilidad en relación al cambio climático, y la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, considera que las temáticas prioritarias son la salud, la agricultura, la energía y el turismo. Las medidas de adaptación identificadas el año 2014 se revisan y se incorporan nuevas medidas si es necesario, en coherencia con la hoja de ruta establecida por la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático.', 'Las medidas de adaptación identificadas el año 2014 se revisan y se incorporan nuevas medidas si es necesario, en coherencia con la hoja de ruta establecida por la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Estas medidas tienen en cuenta los servicios ecosistémicos de la naturaleza e incorporan soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para incrementar la resiliencia del territorio, especialmente para la mejora de la capacidad sumidero y la gestión y minimización de los riesgos relacionados con les efectos del cambio climático en un territorio de montaña como el de Andorra.', 'Estas medidas tienen en cuenta los servicios ecosistémicos de la naturaleza e incorporan soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para incrementar la resiliencia del territorio, especialmente para la mejora de la capacidad sumidero y la gestión y minimización de los riesgos relacionados con les efectos del cambio climático en un territorio de montaña como el de Andorra. Para poder llevar a cabo estudios científicos de rigor, se considera necesaria la cooperación trasfronteriza, por ello Andorra continúa impulsando el OPCC6, que en noviembre del 2021, en el marco del proyecto ADAPYR10 ha aprobado la Estrategia Pirenaica de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Para poder llevar a cabo estudios científicos de rigor, se considera necesaria la cooperación trasfronteriza, por ello Andorra continúa impulsando el OPCC6, que en noviembre del 2021, en el marco del proyecto ADAPYR10 ha aprobado la Estrategia Pirenaica de adaptación al cambio climático. Actualmente se está configurando el plan operativo para complementar esta estrategia, buscando para ello fuentes de financiamiento y la creación de grupos de trabajo consolidados con un objetivo común, hacer del Pirineo un territorio resiliente. Con el apoyo de este trabajo transfronterizo se complementarán las medidas de adaptación identificadas en el PAACC en 2014 de acuerdo con las prioridades establecidas en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático.', 'Con el apoyo de este trabajo transfronterizo se complementarán las medidas de adaptación identificadas en el PAACC en 2014 de acuerdo con las prioridades establecidas en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático. Cabe destacar que, tal como se ha descrito en las circunstancias nacionales, Andorra cuenta con un importante patrimonio natural. Por ello, y como respuesta al Convenio sobre la diversidad biológica (Río de Janeiro, 5 de junio de 1992), en el año 2016 se aprobó la Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de Andorra (ENBA) para el período 2016-2024, la cual integra los efectos del cambio climático (bioinvasiones, pérdida de especies, sobreexplotación de recursos, etc.).', 'Por ello, y como respuesta al Convenio sobre la diversidad biológica (Río de Janeiro, 5 de junio de 1992), en el año 2016 se aprobó la Estrategia nacional de biodiversidad de Andorra (ENBA) para el período 2016-2024, la cual integra los efectos del cambio climático (bioinvasiones, pérdida de especies, sobreexplotación de recursos, etc.). Cabe esperar que la implementación de esta estrategia permita a mediano plazo la adopción de las medidas de adaptación necesarias en coherencia con los resultados del proyecto ADAPYR y otros estudios que se desarrollen en este ámbito.', 'Cabe esperar que la implementación de esta estrategia permita a mediano plazo la adopción de las medidas de adaptación necesarias en coherencia con los resultados del proyecto ADAPYR y otros estudios que se desarrollen en este ámbito. En este sentido, se está trabajando, juntamente con los órganos gestores de los parques naturales del territorio y el centro de investigación nacional Andorra recerca i innovació para establecer una serie de indicadores para evaluar el impacto del cambio climático en las zonas húmedas del territorio Asimismo, la mejora del conocimiento de nuestro entorno natural y su funcionamiento nos lleva a la consolidación de un modelo de gestión del territorio natural y rural que nos permite mejorar la resiliencia del país a partir de medidas basadas en la naturaleza.', 'En este sentido, se está trabajando, juntamente con los órganos gestores de los parques naturales del territorio y el centro de investigación nacional Andorra recerca i innovació para establecer una serie de indicadores para evaluar el impacto del cambio climático en las zonas húmedas del territorio Asimismo, la mejora del conocimiento de nuestro entorno natural y su funcionamiento nos lleva a la consolidación de un modelo de gestión del territorio natural y rural que nos permite mejorar la resiliencia del país a partir de medidas basadas en la naturaleza. En este sentido, y en el marco de la cooperación transfronteriza, cabe destacar el estudio y capitalización de la experiencia del caso piloto en Andorra del proyecto del programa Sudoe, 10 Proyecto del Programa Interreg V-A de Cooperación Territorial entre España, Francia y Andorra.Montclima11: Actions to prevent the risk of forest fires and improve the protective function of the forest against erosion and falling blocks and rocks in Andorra o NBS for post-disaster highland erosion control.', 'En este sentido, y en el marco de la cooperación transfronteriza, cabe destacar el estudio y capitalización de la experiencia del caso piloto en Andorra del proyecto del programa Sudoe, 10 Proyecto del Programa Interreg V-A de Cooperación Territorial entre España, Francia y Andorra.Montclima11: Actions to prevent the risk of forest fires and improve the protective function of the forest against erosion and falling blocks and rocks in Andorra o NBS for post-disaster highland erosion control. DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN PARA ALCANZAR LOS COMPROMISOS DEL NDC Mecanismos legales y estratégicos La Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, fue aprobada unánimemente por el Parlamento, y des del 2018 se ha desarrollado los reglamentos correspondientes.', 'ALCANZAR LOS COMPROMISOS DEL NDC Mecanismos legales y estratégicos La Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, fue aprobada unánimemente por el Parlamento, y des del 2018 se ha desarrollado los reglamentos correspondientes. La Ley del 2018 incluyó en el texto legal como objetivo la reducción de las emisiones a los niveles de compromiso de la primera NDC de Andorra (-37 % de las emisiones no absorbidas para el año 2030 respecto el escenario BAU), y concretamente medidas específicas para los diferentes subsectores en el ámbito de la mitigación y la adaptación.', 'La Ley del 2018 incluyó en el texto legal como objetivo la reducción de las emisiones a los niveles de compromiso de la primera NDC de Andorra (-37 % de las emisiones no absorbidas para el año 2030 respecto el escenario BAU), y concretamente medidas específicas para los diferentes subsectores en el ámbito de la mitigación y la adaptación. Una de las herramientas que la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático prevé es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático, aprobada en febrero del 2021. Esta Estrategia incluye diferentes programes de mitigación, adaptación, capacitación innovación y tecnología, educación y sensibilización, etc.', 'Esta Estrategia incluye diferentes programes de mitigación, adaptación, capacitación innovación y tecnología, educación y sensibilización, etc. y define un objetivo más ambicioso que la Ley en cuanto a compromiso de reducción, ya que incluye la meta de neutralidad climática para el año 2050, tal y como Andorra ya avanzó en la preparación de la COP 25 y como se contempla en la 1ª actualización de la NDC del año 2020. Esta 2ª actualización del NDC prevé incrementar la ambición a mediano plazo, estableciendo un objetivo de reducción del 55% respecto nuestro escenario BAU, este nuevo objetivo deberá ser integrado en las herramientas estratégicas de escala nacional.', 'Esta 2ª actualización del NDC prevé incrementar la ambición a mediano plazo, estableciendo un objetivo de reducción del 55% respecto nuestro escenario BAU, este nuevo objetivo deberá ser integrado en las herramientas estratégicas de escala nacional. En este sentido, la estrategia y sus revisiones serán la herramienta de planificación que servirá de base para las actualizaciones posteriores de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), tal y como a continuación se presenta de manera esquemática: Donde E2n es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Este compromiso gubernamental se ve impulsado también por la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, aprobada por el parlamento el 23 de enero del 2020, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la Update NDC Update NDC Update NDC revisió Update NDCneutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima).', 'En este sentido, la estrategia y sus revisiones serán la herramienta de planificación que servirá de base para las actualizaciones posteriores de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), tal y como a continuación se presenta de manera esquemática: Donde E2n es la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Este compromiso gubernamental se ve impulsado también por la Declaración del estado de emergencia climática y ecológica, aprobada por el parlamento el 23 de enero del 2020, la cual solicita al Gobierno que impulse la transición hacia la Update NDC Update NDC Update NDC revisió Update NDCneutralidad en carbono de acuerdo con el Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 13 (Acción por el clima). El sector del transporte representa el 57% de las emisiones de GEI, según datos del año 2019.', 'El sector del transporte representa el 57% de las emisiones de GEI, según datos del año 2019. Por este motivo se ha aprobado en setiembre del 2021 la Estrategia nacional de movilidad con el objetivo de disminuir las emisiones y respetando la jerarquía en la priorización de los sistemas de transporte establecida en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático: en primer lugar, privilegiar el transporte público e impulsar la movilidad no motorizada o asistida; en segundo lugar, promover la movilidad motorizada eléctrica o de una fuente baja en emisiones de GEI.', 'Por este motivo se ha aprobado en setiembre del 2021 la Estrategia nacional de movilidad con el objetivo de disminuir las emisiones y respetando la jerarquía en la priorización de los sistemas de transporte establecida en la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático: en primer lugar, privilegiar el transporte público e impulsar la movilidad no motorizada o asistida; en segundo lugar, promover la movilidad motorizada eléctrica o de una fuente baja en emisiones de GEI. Concretament esta estrategia marca los objetivos siguientes: En relación con la mitigación de las emisiones provocadas por la movilidad, antes de finalizar este año 2022 todas las admisnitraciones y entitades privadas deben disponer de un plan de mobilidad de su personal con un plan de acción en coherencia con los objetivos de la Estrategia nacional de movilidad sostenible aprovada en el 2021.', 'Concretament esta estrategia marca los objetivos siguientes: En relación con la mitigación de las emisiones provocadas por la movilidad, antes de finalizar este año 2022 todas las admisnitraciones y entitades privadas deben disponer de un plan de mobilidad de su personal con un plan de acción en coherencia con los objetivos de la Estrategia nacional de movilidad sostenible aprovada en el 2021. Debido al pequeño tamaño de Andorra, la totalidad de entidades está alrededor de 55, pero es un aspecto clave para ayudar a la reduccion de las emisiones de la quema de combustible fósiles.', 'Debido al pequeño tamaño de Andorra, la totalidad de entidades está alrededor de 55, pero es un aspecto clave para ayudar a la reduccion de las emisiones de la quema de combustible fósiles. Previo a la aprobación de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, en el año 2018, ante la necesidad de un cambio de modelo energético, el Gobierno aprobó el Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra (Decreto del 16-05-2018), la herramienta urbanística para identificar y planificar la ejecución de las infraestructuras energéticas que deben permitir el desarrollo del nuevo modelo energético, siguiendo el criterio de reducir las emisiones de GEI y fomentar las energías renovables.', 'Previo a la aprobación de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de septiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, en el año 2018, ante la necesidad de un cambio de modelo energético, el Gobierno aprobó el Plan sectorial de infraestructuras energéticas de Andorra (Decreto del 16-05-2018), la herramienta urbanística para identificar y planificar la ejecución de las infraestructuras energéticas que deben permitir el desarrollo del nuevo modelo energético, siguiendo el criterio de reducir las emisiones de GEI y fomentar las energías renovables. El objetivo global de este Plan sectorial en materia energética, vigente actualmente, fueron recogidos posteriorimente por la referida Ley.', 'El objetivo global de este Plan sectorial en materia energética, vigente actualmente, fueron recogidos posteriorimente por la referida Ley. En la imagen siguiente se muestra el marco estratégico y normativo que refuerza la acción climática nacional: • Reducción del 50% de las emisiones de la mibilida interna • Incremento del 20% de vehículos eléctricos de turismos • Descarbonización del sector transproteEn el decurso de este año 2022, si bien Andorra no está expuesta de forma directa al suministro de gas ruso, las consecuencias de la crisi energética global pueden ser diversas y numerosas. En este contexto, es de primordial importancia que los gestores públicos, la ciudadanía y los responsables de las actividades económicas del país tomen conciencia de la necesidad de adoptar patrones de austeridad y ahorro energético.', 'En este contexto, es de primordial importancia que los gestores públicos, la ciudadanía y los responsables de las actividades económicas del país tomen conciencia de la necesidad de adoptar patrones de austeridad y ahorro energético. Por esta razón, y apelando al rol ejemplar de la Administración y a la responsabilidad colectiva, el Gobierno ha preparado un paquete de normas que persiguen este objetivo y que afectan tanto a la Administración general, a las entidades parapúblicas o de derecho público y las sociedades públicas con participación mayoritaria de la Administración general, a través de este Decreto, como, a través de otros instrumentos, en la Administración comunal, en el sector empresarial y a los ciudadanos.', 'Por esta razón, y apelando al rol ejemplar de la Administración y a la responsabilidad colectiva, el Gobierno ha preparado un paquete de normas que persiguen este objetivo y que afectan tanto a la Administración general, a las entidades parapúblicas o de derecho público y las sociedades públicas con participación mayoritaria de la Administración general, a través de este Decreto, como, a través de otros instrumentos, en la Administración comunal, en el sector empresarial y a los ciudadanos. Una de estas herramientas es el Decreto de medidas de ahorro energético de la Administración general, organismos autónomos y entidades parapúblicas o de derecho público, y sociedades acon participación mayoritaria de la Adminsitración general o cuando tengan el control.', 'Una de estas herramientas es el Decreto de medidas de ahorro energético de la Administración general, organismos autónomos y entidades parapúblicas o de derecho público, y sociedades acon participación mayoritaria de la Adminsitración general o cuando tengan el control. Por otra parte, recientemente también se ha aprobado la Ley 31/2022, de 21 de julio, para el desarrollo y la diversificación de los sectores ganadero y agrícola, la cual prevé como actuación protegible, la instalación de sistemas de aprovechamiento de energías procedentes de fuentes renovables en los edificios que forman parte de las instalaciones y equipamientos que configuran las explotaciones agrarias que consten inscritas en el Registro de Explotaciones Agrarias.', 'Por otra parte, recientemente también se ha aprobado la Ley 31/2022, de 21 de julio, para el desarrollo y la diversificación de los sectores ganadero y agrícola, la cual prevé como actuación protegible, la instalación de sistemas de aprovechamiento de energías procedentes de fuentes renovables en los edificios que forman parte de las instalaciones y equipamientos que configuran las explotaciones agrarias que consten inscritas en el Registro de Explotaciones Agrarias. Con ello la modernización del sector agícola y ramadero y su implicación en la producción de energía a partir de fuentes renovables, hacen de este sector económico un actor más a considerar en la ación climática nacional.', 'Con ello la modernización del sector agícola y ramadero y su implicación en la producción de energía a partir de fuentes renovables, hacen de este sector económico un actor más a considerar en la ación climática nacional. Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Estrategia nacional de movilidad sostenible Declaración de estado de emergencia climática y ecológicaMecanismos en innovación, tecnología, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades Las tecnologías evolucionan muy rápidamente y es urgente la adopción de las tecnologías lo más avanzadas posible de descarbonización y de adaptación a los fenómenos del cambio climático; y la aplicación de estas requiere su posterior evaluación a través de los indicadores que se definan.', 'Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático Estrategia nacional de movilidad sostenible Declaración de estado de emergencia climática y ecológicaMecanismos en innovación, tecnología, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades Las tecnologías evolucionan muy rápidamente y es urgente la adopción de las tecnologías lo más avanzadas posible de descarbonización y de adaptación a los fenómenos del cambio climático; y la aplicación de estas requiere su posterior evaluación a través de los indicadores que se definan. Por todo ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y del cambio climático incorpora un programa de innovación, investigación y observación sistemática, el cual incluye, tal y como la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, establece: la posibilidad de realizar pruebas piloto, así como fomentar la interacción entre los actores del sistema económico y el mundo científico (Artículo 8).', 'Por todo ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y del cambio climático incorpora un programa de innovación, investigación y observación sistemática, el cual incluye, tal y como la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, establece: la posibilidad de realizar pruebas piloto, así como fomentar la interacción entre los actores del sistema económico y el mundo científico (Artículo 8). Una pieza clave en la mejora de la gestión frente al cambio climático y otros sectores, como el sanitario, tal y como se ha demostrado en la pasada crisis sanitaria producida por el COVID-19.', 'Una pieza clave en la mejora de la gestión frente al cambio climático y otros sectores, como el sanitario, tal y como se ha demostrado en la pasada crisis sanitaria producida por el COVID-19. La transición hacia una economía baja en emisiones de GEI no debe ser sólo una transición tecnológica, y por ello también se trabja en una transición social que pasa por la educación y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades. Por ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático incluye: - La capacitación hacia la neutralidad del carbono del sector profesional, un sector clave en la ejecución de las acciones en el marco de la transición energética (eficiencia energética, producción de energías renovables, etc.).', 'Por ello, la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático incluye: - La capacitación hacia la neutralidad del carbono del sector profesional, un sector clave en la ejecución de las acciones en el marco de la transición energética (eficiencia energética, producción de energías renovables, etc.). El artículo 43 de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, prevé más concretamente que los profesionales que prestan servicios en el ámbito ejecutivo de la instalación, del montaje y de la obra en la edificación, en el contexto de la transición energética, requieren una capacitación profesional específica, con el objetivo final de garantizar un alto grado de calidad en los servicios prestados y de asegurar la protección del consumidor.', 'El artículo 43 de la Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, prevé más concretamente que los profesionales que prestan servicios en el ámbito ejecutivo de la instalación, del montaje y de la obra en la edificación, en el contexto de la transición energética, requieren una capacitación profesional específica, con el objetivo final de garantizar un alto grado de calidad en los servicios prestados y de asegurar la protección del consumidor. Esta ley encomienda al Gobierno la aprobación y publicación de los requisitos de las formaciones y de las capacitaciones profesionales que resulten, así como la adaptación y la adopción de la normativa que proceda para hacer efectivas estas previsiones.', 'Esta ley encomienda al Gobierno la aprobación y publicación de los requisitos de las formaciones y de las capacitaciones profesionales que resulten, así como la adaptación y la adopción de la normativa que proceda para hacer efectivas estas previsiones. Anualmente se convocan dos convocatorias destinados al sector de instaladores energéticos y ya es obligatorio disponer de esta capacitación para poder realizar este tipo de actuaciones en el país, y a partir de 2023 se prevé dos convocatorias anuales para alcanzar la formación de todo el personal que trabaja en la edificación antes del 2025.- La sensibilización y divulgación hacia la neutralidad en carbono de la ciudadanía.', 'Anualmente se convocan dos convocatorias destinados al sector de instaladores energéticos y ya es obligatorio disponer de esta capacitación para poder realizar este tipo de actuaciones en el país, y a partir de 2023 se prevé dos convocatorias anuales para alcanzar la formación de todo el personal que trabaja en la edificación antes del 2025.- La sensibilización y divulgación hacia la neutralidad en carbono de la ciudadanía. En la actualidad ya se cuenta con una agencia de información y sensibilización en material ambiental (Andorra Sostenible) des de la que se refuerza la información relativa al cambio climático, con el objetivo de que la sociedad tenga la información suficiente y adecuada para poder decidir también individualmente sobre sus hábitos y estilos de vida, de cómo estos influyen sobre el conjunto de la sociedad hacia la neutralidad de carbono.', 'En la actualidad ya se cuenta con una agencia de información y sensibilización en material ambiental (Andorra Sostenible) des de la que se refuerza la información relativa al cambio climático, con el objetivo de que la sociedad tenga la información suficiente y adecuada para poder decidir también individualmente sobre sus hábitos y estilos de vida, de cómo estos influyen sobre el conjunto de la sociedad hacia la neutralidad de carbono. Complementariamente se ha abierto un canal de comunicación directo a través de las redes sociales des de la Oficina de la energía y del cambio climático, más destinada a divulgar información de carácter profesional o normativa (@accioclima). - La transición educativa.', 'Complementariamente se ha abierto un canal de comunicación directo a través de las redes sociales des de la Oficina de la energía y del cambio climático, más destinada a divulgar información de carácter profesional o normativa (@accioclima). - La transición educativa. La Ley 21/2018, del 13 de setiembre, de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático, encomienda al Gobierno, a través del Ministerio competente en materia de educación, que asegure la sensibilización y la educación de la población escolar del país en relación con el cambio climático y con la acción nacional prevista. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la integración de esta temática en los diferentes grados o unidades didácticas de los sistemas educativos del país.', 'Para ello se realiza un análisis de la integración de esta temática en los diferentes grados o unidades didácticas de los sistemas educativos del país. Este año 2022 ha sido aprobada la Estrategia andorrana de Educación ambiental para la sostenibilidad (Aprende para el futuro), elaborada de forma participativa con los sectores, agentes implicados y los jóvenes, y aprobada por el Gobierno de Andorra para el Horizonte 2030. Esta estrategia se alinea con los objetivos internacionales, pirenaicos y nacionales y planifica 9 acciones en 9 años, entre ellas pasar a la acción de relativa a los jóvenes frente a la crisis climática. - La información y protección del usuario.', '- La información y protección del usuario. Tal y como la Ley anteriormente referida prevé, el empoderamiento de la ciudadanía como consumidora pasa por informar para que pueda tomar sus decisiones, como agente activo con opinión y criterio. Este empoderamiento de los usuarios permite que las políticas energéticas se apliquen de manera más eficaz gracias a las decisiones de la ciudadanía, por lo que será esta la que impulsará la transición energética. Para ello es necesario que la información sea clara, comprensible y transparente.', 'Para ello es necesario que la información sea clara, comprensible y transparente. Concretamente, se mejora la información y protección del usuario en lo que se refiere a: o La creación de registros públicos que permitan el acceso rápido a la información, como el registro energético nacional, la herramienta de seguimiento y control centralizado de los flujos energéticos del país, que incluye información relativa a las cantidades de energía térmica y eléctrica producida, distribuida, consumida, almacenada, importada y exportada a escala nacional y la venta de la energía, o el distintivo ambiental de vehículos, que ha generado una aplicación digital con la información relativa a cada vehículo puesto en el mercado y facilita la toma de decisiones para los usuarios.o Asegurar la calidad y fiabilidad del abastecimiento energético, así como identificar a los usuarios que pueden ser susceptibles de estar en una situación de precariedad energética y dotar de información a las empresas y entidades del sector energético de cómo actuar ante estos casos.', 'Concretamente, se mejora la información y protección del usuario en lo que se refiere a: o La creación de registros públicos que permitan el acceso rápido a la información, como el registro energético nacional, la herramienta de seguimiento y control centralizado de los flujos energéticos del país, que incluye información relativa a las cantidades de energía térmica y eléctrica producida, distribuida, consumida, almacenada, importada y exportada a escala nacional y la venta de la energía, o el distintivo ambiental de vehículos, que ha generado una aplicación digital con la información relativa a cada vehículo puesto en el mercado y facilita la toma de decisiones para los usuarios.o Asegurar la calidad y fiabilidad del abastecimiento energético, así como identificar a los usuarios que pueden ser susceptibles de estar en una situación de precariedad energética y dotar de información a las empresas y entidades del sector energético de cómo actuar ante estos casos. Estas actuaciones van acompañadas de un protocolo de actuación por parte de la Administración pública en caso de ser necesario proteger al usuario.', 'Estas actuaciones van acompañadas de un protocolo de actuación por parte de la Administración pública en caso de ser necesario proteger al usuario. o Por otra parte, la información sobre la importancia social y económica de los servicios ecosistémicos y las necesidades de adaptación frente a los futuros escenarios climáticos también permite un posicionamiento más aproximado a la realidad climática de la sociedad ante las políticas de gestión que se toman. Mecanismos en participación, colaboración y cooperación Para asegurar la participación de los actores claves en las políticas estratégicas en materia de energía y de cambio climático que nos conduzcan hacia la neutralidad de carbono, se pone en funcionamiento la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del Cambio Climático a través del reglamento12 aprobado el 12 de febrero de 2020.', 'Mecanismos en participación, colaboración y cooperación Para asegurar la participación de los actores claves en las políticas estratégicas en materia de energía y de cambio climático que nos conduzcan hacia la neutralidad de carbono, se pone en funcionamiento la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y del Cambio Climático a través del reglamento12 aprobado el 12 de febrero de 2020. La Comisión tiene un papel especialmente relevante en la evaluación y el seguimiento de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático. Esta Comisión cuenta con la participación de representantes de la Administración pública, del sector privado, el tercer sector, colegios profesionales, el sector de la investigación, así como de la juventud a través de los representantes del Foro Nacional de la Juventud de Andorra.', 'Esta Comisión cuenta con la participación de representantes de la Administración pública, del sector privado, el tercer sector, colegios profesionales, el sector de la investigación, así como de la juventud a través de los representantes del Foro Nacional de la Juventud de Andorra. Para dar más amplitud a la participación, la Comisión aprueba la creación de las subcomisiones de trabajo necesarias, las cuales evalúan las propuestas y preocupaciones de los diversos agentes en las materias que se desarrollan o que están en funcionamiento, tales como la Subcomisión permanente de trabajo técnico en el marco de la movilidad. Asimismo, para solucionar problemas comunes y generar conocimiento, la cooperación es una herramienta clave y especialmente importante para países pequeños y vulnerables al cambio climático como Andorra.', 'Asimismo, para solucionar problemas comunes y generar conocimiento, la cooperación es una herramienta clave y especialmente importante para países pequeños y vulnerables al cambio climático como Andorra. Este es uno de los motivos por el que la cooperación transfronteriza con las regiones más próximas, como Francia y España, se sigue priorizando. Muestra de ello es el seguimiento y participación en proyectos de la Comunidad de trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), como el Observatorio Pirenaico de cambio climático (OPCC) o el de Emergencias médicas (EM).', 'Muestra de ello es el seguimiento y participación en proyectos de la Comunidad de trabajo de los Pirineos (CTP), como el Observatorio Pirenaico de cambio climático (OPCC) o el de Emergencias médicas (EM). Otros mecanismos de colaboración y cooperación con regiones no transfronterizas se llevan a cabo desde hace años, y a través de la capitalización y transferencia de información esta cooperación permite avanzar y mejorar en las 12 Decreto del 12-2-2020 de aprobación del Reglamento de funcionamiento interno y composición de la Comisión Nacional de la Energía y dl Cambio climático (CNECC)estrategias en el ámbito del cambio climático. En la primera Comunicación Nacional de Andorra en el marco del CMNUCC se describe esta cooperación en mayor detalle.', 'En la primera Comunicación Nacional de Andorra en el marco del CMNUCC se describe esta cooperación en mayor detalle. Como ejemplo, tenemos los protocolos bilaterales de acuerdo en materia de cambio climático con el Ministerio competente del Gobierno de España (2016) y el del Gobierno Costa Rica (2016), así como en materia de observación sistemática climática con la agencia estatal meteorológica de Francia (Météo-France) des del año 2012, y otros convenios multilaterales como el de colaboración con la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas del Cambio Climático.', 'Como ejemplo, tenemos los protocolos bilaterales de acuerdo en materia de cambio climático con el Ministerio competente del Gobierno de España (2016) y el del Gobierno Costa Rica (2016), así como en materia de observación sistemática climática con la agencia estatal meteorológica de Francia (Météo-France) des del año 2012, y otros convenios multilaterales como el de colaboración con la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas del Cambio Climático. Por lo que respecta a la cooperación internacional, cabe destacar que cada año, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores elabora un plan para la ayuda al desarrollo, el cual se basa en las prioridades estratégicas, sectoriales y geográficas de Andorra y en los 17 ODS establecidos por las Naciones Unidas.', 'Por lo que respecta a la cooperación internacional, cabe destacar que cada año, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores elabora un plan para la ayuda al desarrollo, el cual se basa en las prioridades estratégicas, sectoriales y geográficas de Andorra y en los 17 ODS establecidos por las Naciones Unidas. Las prioridades estratégicas de la cooperación del Gobierno se basan en los siguientes 3 ejes principales: - Educación - Grupos vulnerables - El medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, con especial atención a los temas relacionados con el agua.', 'Las prioridades estratégicas de la cooperación del Gobierno se basan en los siguientes 3 ejes principales: - Educación - Grupos vulnerables - El medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, con especial atención a los temas relacionados con el agua. Durante el período 2013-2015, el 12% del presupuesto total del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores se asignó a proyectos o programas de cooperación centrados específicamente en el medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, para el período más reciente 2016-2019 se dispondrá de los datos próximamente, pero el apoyo al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía (OIF) para proyectos ambientales se ha mantenido como en el período anterior.', 'Durante el período 2013-2015, el 12% del presupuesto total del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores se asignó a proyectos o programas de cooperación centrados específicamente en el medio ambiente y la lucha contra el cambio climático, para el período más reciente 2016-2019 se dispondrá de los datos próximamente, pero el apoyo al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía (OIF) para proyectos ambientales se ha mantenido como en el período anterior. Andorra también forma parte de varios grupos o alianzas internacionales, como el Grupo de Amigos de las Montañas, que creó con Kirguistán, que tienen como prioridad el cambio climático en el marco de organizaciones internacionales como las Naciones Unidas o la FAO, y este año está participando activamente con diferentes eventos para la celebración el Año Internacional del desarrollo sostenible de las Montañas, declarado por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas en diciembre del 2021.', 'Andorra también forma parte de varios grupos o alianzas internacionales, como el Grupo de Amigos de las Montañas, que creó con Kirguistán, que tienen como prioridad el cambio climático en el marco de organizaciones internacionales como las Naciones Unidas o la FAO, y este año está participando activamente con diferentes eventos para la celebración el Año Internacional del desarrollo sostenible de las Montañas, declarado por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas en diciembre del 2021. En el marco del plan para la ayuda al desarrollo sostenible, con respecto a la cooperación con las ONG andorranas, actualmente se subvencionan 2 proyectos cada año que priorizan aspectos ambientales, ya sean energéticos, de optimización de recurso hídrico, etc.', 'En el marco del plan para la ayuda al desarrollo sostenible, con respecto a la cooperación con las ONG andorranas, actualmente se subvencionan 2 proyectos cada año que priorizan aspectos ambientales, ya sean energéticos, de optimización de recurso hídrico, etc. No se ha recibido apoyo internacional hasta la fecha para la implementación de acciones de mitigación o adaptación. Andorra solicitó, y recibió en abril de 2013, el apoyo de un consultor externo designado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) para identificar las circunstancias específicas del país, los pasos a seguir (documentación, plazos, etc.) y posibles canales de financiación.', 'y posibles canales de financiación. En línea con esta asistencia técnica, a principios de 2014, el país presentó un proyecto de financiación al Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial para la preparación delprimer informe bienal (BUR1) y la primera comunicación nacional (NC1), que no recibió respuesta. Complementariamente a los compromisos en el marco del CMNUCC Andorra ha tomado diferentes compromisos multilaterales de cooperación en acción climática, concretamente forma parte de la Coalición por la Neutralidad de Carbono, elemento que permite alinearse con el compromiso nacional que anunció el Principado para alcanzar la neutralidad carbono en 2050.', 'Complementariamente a los compromisos en el marco del CMNUCC Andorra ha tomado diferentes compromisos multilaterales de cooperación en acción climática, concretamente forma parte de la Coalición por la Neutralidad de Carbono, elemento que permite alinearse con el compromiso nacional que anunció el Principado para alcanzar la neutralidad carbono en 2050. Esta Coalición por la Neutralidad de Carbono reúne a un grupo de países pioneros que han acordado desarrollar estrategias climáticas ambiciosas por alcanzar los objetivos a largo plazo del Acuerdo de París, y pretende recoger los beneficios socioeconómicos de la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono, construir economías resilientes y acelerar la acción climática global a la velocidad y escala necesarias.', 'Esta Coalición por la Neutralidad de Carbono reúne a un grupo de países pioneros que han acordado desarrollar estrategias climáticas ambiciosas por alcanzar los objetivos a largo plazo del Acuerdo de París, y pretende recoger los beneficios socioeconómicos de la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono, construir economías resilientes y acelerar la acción climática global a la velocidad y escala necesarias. Otra de las coaliciones es la Coalición por la fijación de un precio del carbono a nivel internacional (Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition). Tal y como apunta la coalición, los beneficios de disponer de un precio del carbono son uno de los instrumentos políticos más fuertes disponibles para hacer frente al cambio climático.', 'Tal y como apunta la coalición, los beneficios de disponer de un precio del carbono son uno de los instrumentos políticos más fuertes disponibles para hacer frente al cambio climático. Tiene el potencial de descarbonizar la actividad económica mundial cambiando el comportamiento de los consumidores, empresas e inversores a la vez que desencadena la innovación tecnológica y genera ingresos que pueden aprovecharse productivamente. En este sentido, Andorra ha impulsado la tasa carbono con el objetivo de reclamar un precio del carbono universal que permita financiar la transición energética y la acción climática, así como las acciones necesarias para el pleno cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París (ver apartado de mecanismos financieros sobre la tasa de carbono).', 'En este sentido, Andorra ha impulsado la tasa carbono con el objetivo de reclamar un precio del carbono universal que permita financiar la transición energética y la acción climática, así como las acciones necesarias para el pleno cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París (ver apartado de mecanismos financieros sobre la tasa de carbono). Otra de las coaliciones a las que se ha adherido Andorra es la del Global Methane Pledge, iniciativa lanzada por el gobierno de Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y sus socios para reducir las emisiones globales de metano y apoyar el objetivo de limitar el calentamiento global a 1,5⁰C.', 'Otra de las coaliciones a las que se ha adherido Andorra es la del Global Methane Pledge, iniciativa lanzada por el gobierno de Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y sus socios para reducir las emisiones globales de metano y apoyar el objetivo de limitar el calentamiento global a 1,5⁰C. A esta coalición se ha adherido a más de 100 países que representan el 70% de la economía mundial y casi la mitad de las emisiones antropogénicas de metano. En último lugar, durante la COP26 de Glasgow, Andorra se adhirió a la Declaración sobre bosques y uso del suelo impulsada por la presidencia inglesa.', 'En último lugar, durante la COP26 de Glasgow, Andorra se adhirió a la Declaración sobre bosques y uso del suelo impulsada por la presidencia inglesa. Un texto que alienta a los Estados, de forma colectiva, a reforzar los compromisos en materia de protección de los bosques y acelerar la reforestación, aumentar la financiación y la inversión, a compartir acciones en favor de la producción y consumo sostenibles ya apoyar las comunidades locales y propietarios de tierra así como avanzar desde el multilateralismo en la protección y restauración de los ecosistemas naturales, paso imprescindible para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Un texto que alienta a los Estados, de forma colectiva, a reforzar los compromisos en materia de protección de los bosques y acelerar la reforestación, aumentar la financiación y la inversión, a compartir acciones en favor de la producción y consumo sostenibles ya apoyar las comunidades locales y propietarios de tierra así como avanzar desde el multilateralismo en la protección y restauración de los ecosistemas naturales, paso imprescindible para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. Mecanismos financieros Con el fin de sacar adelante todas las acciones previstas para la descarbonización hacia la neutralidad del carbono, así como las acciones necesarias para asegurar una buena adaptación a los cambios previstos, se ha creado un Fondo Verde.', 'Mecanismos financieros Con el fin de sacar adelante todas las acciones previstas para la descarbonización hacia la neutralidad del carbono, así como las acciones necesarias para asegurar una buena adaptación a los cambios previstos, se ha creado un Fondo Verde. Este Fondo se incorpora en el proyecto de Ley de los presupuestos generales del Gobierno, y se alimenta de los impuestos finalistas que se puedan determinar con este objetivo, así como de las dotaciones presupuestarias complementarias queprevean las leyes de presupuestos generales del Estado, así como de las donaciones y las aportaciones que reciba y otros posibles ingresos. En este sentido, a medio plazo se regulará los impuestos sobre el carbono que permita también alimentar el Fondo Verde.', 'En este sentido, a medio plazo se regulará los impuestos sobre el carbono que permita también alimentar el Fondo Verde. El pasado año 2021 se modificó la Ley de impuestos especiales para incluir un nuevo precio relacionado con la venta de hidrocarburos. El texto legal sigue los criterios y objetivos marcados por la Ley de impulso de la transición energética y del cambio climático (Litecc) para la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. Con la aprobación de esta tasa de ha dado un nuevo impulso al Fondo verde para la transición energética y la lucha contra el cambio climático y que se destina a impulsar las previsiones, planes o acciones que determina la propia Litecc.', 'Con la aprobación de esta tasa de ha dado un nuevo impulso al Fondo verde para la transición energética y la lucha contra el cambio climático y que se destina a impulsar las previsiones, planes o acciones que determina la propia Litecc. En el caso del consumo de hidrocarburos en las calefacciones, el Gobierno ha previsto una gradualidad de la tasa verde para que esto no suponga un mayor impacto para las familias. Así, pese a que se preveía que durante el 2022, y por un consumo medio, supondría un incremento de un céntimo por litro, lo que supone un incremento de tan sólo 4 euros al año, se ha aplazado su imposición debido al contexto energético y económico actual hasta el año 2023.', 'Así, pese a que se preveía que durante el 2022, y por un consumo medio, supondría un incremento de un céntimo por litro, lo que supone un incremento de tan sólo 4 euros al año, se ha aplazado su imposición debido al contexto energético y económico actual hasta el año 2023. Al ser una tasa finalista, ésta ha servido para rebajar el precio del abono mensual para utilizar el transporte público en todo el país. La medida entró en vigor el 1 de septiembre de 2021, y gracias a la tasa, a partir de este año 2022 se ha podido ofrecer gratuitamente el transporte público nacional, suponiendo un incremento de usuario de más del 100%.', 'La medida entró en vigor el 1 de septiembre de 2021, y gracias a la tasa, a partir de este año 2022 se ha podido ofrecer gratuitamente el transporte público nacional, suponiendo un incremento de usuario de más del 100%. También se han rebajado las tarifas del transporte escolar, así como otras tarifas de ahorro para los más jóvenes. Con el objetivo de que la tasa verde repercuta de forma directa sobre la ciudadanía, también se ha incrementado la partida presupuestaria para el programa de ayudas para cambiar o mejorar el sistema de calefacción de gasoil por uno más sostenible y proveniente de energía renovable. Las ayudas han sido de hasta un 55% del presupuesto final de la renovación del sistema de calefacción.', 'Las ayudas han sido de hasta un 55% del presupuesto final de la renovación del sistema de calefacción. En último lugar este Fondo verde también alimenta un programa de ayudas destinado a la promoción del vehículo eléctrico en el país, y se ha podido ampliar su alcance a vehículos de logística y transporte, no sólo turismos utilitarios, de acuerdo con la Estrategia de movilidad sostenible.Por otra parte, des de septiembre 2021, Andorra cuenta con su propio mercado de compensación de emisiones que tiene la voluntad de estimular proyectos sostenibles, respetuosos con el medio ambiente y en favor de la transición energética.', 'En último lugar este Fondo verde también alimenta un programa de ayudas destinado a la promoción del vehículo eléctrico en el país, y se ha podido ampliar su alcance a vehículos de logística y transporte, no sólo turismos utilitarios, de acuerdo con la Estrategia de movilidad sostenible.Por otra parte, des de septiembre 2021, Andorra cuenta con su propio mercado de compensación de emisiones que tiene la voluntad de estimular proyectos sostenibles, respetuosos con el medio ambiente y en favor de la transición energética. La implementación de este sistema es una nueva herramienta para seguir dando pasos decididos hacia el objetivo de neutralidad carbono en 2050, implementando la hoja de ruta establecida en la Ley de impulso de transición energética y cambio climático (Litecc, artículo 50) y del tercer programa de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático 2020-2050.', 'La implementación de este sistema es una nueva herramienta para seguir dando pasos decididos hacia el objetivo de neutralidad carbono en 2050, implementando la hoja de ruta establecida en la Ley de impulso de transición energética y cambio climático (Litecc, artículo 50) y del tercer programa de la Estrategia energética nacional y de lucha contra el cambio climático 2020-2050. Las compensaciones, de carácter voluntario, deben servir como herramienta que promueva y potencie la creación de proyectos innovadores en el campo de la lucha contra el cambio climático a escala local y, al mismo tiempo, refuerce las políticas ambientales de mitigación para alcanzar los objetivos de reducción de emisiones fijadas por Andorra.', 'Las compensaciones, de carácter voluntario, deben servir como herramienta que promueva y potencie la creación de proyectos innovadores en el campo de la lucha contra el cambio climático a escala local y, al mismo tiempo, refuerce las políticas ambientales de mitigación para alcanzar los objetivos de reducción de emisiones fijadas por Andorra. Aparte, el mercado tiene como finalidad apoyar la actividad económica y social del Principado apoyando a la sociedad civil, las organizaciones, las entidades y las empresas que, en el marco de la responsabilidad social corporativa, por motivos éticos o de relaciones públicas, quieran adoptar políticas ambientales de reducción de emisiones y contribuir a la generación de proyectos de compensación dentro del territorio andorrano, avanzando en el conocimiento y la capacidad institucional para hacer frente al cambio climático a largo plazo.', 'Aparte, el mercado tiene como finalidad apoyar la actividad económica y social del Principado apoyando a la sociedad civil, las organizaciones, las entidades y las empresas que, en el marco de la responsabilidad social corporativa, por motivos éticos o de relaciones públicas, quieran adoptar políticas ambientales de reducción de emisiones y contribuir a la generación de proyectos de compensación dentro del territorio andorrano, avanzando en el conocimiento y la capacidad institucional para hacer frente al cambio climático a largo plazo. En este sentido, se prevé que el precio de los créditos esté formado, además de la parte intrínseca al carbono, por una parte asociada a los cobeneficios del proyecto, definidos de acuerdo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), dotando así a los proyectos de un valor añadido aparte de la estricta compensación de emisiones.', 'En este sentido, se prevé que el precio de los créditos esté formado, además de la parte intrínseca al carbono, por una parte asociada a los cobeneficios del proyecto, definidos de acuerdo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), dotando así a los proyectos de un valor añadido aparte de la estricta compensación de emisiones. Así pues, el mercado nacional de compensación de emisiones de GEI, prevé impulsar mecanismos que permitan coordinar a los diferentes actores facilitando la canalización voluntaria de fondos hacia proyectos que tengan como fundamento la mitigación del cambio climático, en un marco de absoluta transparencia e integridad ambiental, fomentando así la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono.En último lugar, cabe destacar el mercado de garantías de origen de energía eléctrica, una herramienta prevista para fomentar el uso de las energías renovables para la generación de energía eléctrica que se ha puesto en funcionamiento este año 2022.', 'Así pues, el mercado nacional de compensación de emisiones de GEI, prevé impulsar mecanismos que permitan coordinar a los diferentes actores facilitando la canalización voluntaria de fondos hacia proyectos que tengan como fundamento la mitigación del cambio climático, en un marco de absoluta transparencia e integridad ambiental, fomentando así la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono.En último lugar, cabe destacar el mercado de garantías de origen de energía eléctrica, una herramienta prevista para fomentar el uso de las energías renovables para la generación de energía eléctrica que se ha puesto en funcionamiento este año 2022. Una garantía de origen de la energía eléctrica acredita que una cantidad determinada de energía eléctrica ha sido producida a nivel nacional o bien importado, y acredita su origen según se ha generado en: - Instalaciones de producción de electricidad partir de fuentes de energía renovable - Instalaciones de cogeneración de alta eficiencia - Instalaciones que generan energía a partir de la fracción biodegradable de los residuos La transmisión y comercialización de las garantías de origen representa un nuevo mecanismo de financiación para los distintos actores del sector eléctrico.', 'Una garantía de origen de la energía eléctrica acredita que una cantidad determinada de energía eléctrica ha sido producida a nivel nacional o bien importado, y acredita su origen según se ha generado en: - Instalaciones de producción de electricidad partir de fuentes de energía renovable - Instalaciones de cogeneración de alta eficiencia - Instalaciones que generan energía a partir de la fracción biodegradable de los residuos La transmisión y comercialización de las garantías de origen representa un nuevo mecanismo de financiación para los distintos actores del sector eléctrico. Además, en el marco de la información y protección de los usuarios, las garantías de origen se sitúan como mecanismo de información para facilitar la toma de decisiones y de fomento del consumo responsable en un contexto de transición energética.Anexo A continuación, se detallan los objetivos y medidas de mitigación consideradas para los dos horizontes previstos en los principales sectores clave relacionados con la emisión de GEI.', 'Además, en el marco de la información y protección de los usuarios, las garantías de origen se sitúan como mecanismo de información para facilitar la toma de decisiones y de fomento del consumo responsable en un contexto de transición energética.Anexo A continuación, se detallan los objetivos y medidas de mitigación consideradas para los dos horizontes previstos en los principales sectores clave relacionados con la emisión de GEI. Sector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) Energía Movilidad Aumentar el porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 20% y del 30% de la flota de la administración pública. Reducir el 84% de los desplazamientos con vehículo privado en el Valle Central y posicionar la movilidad a pue o vehículos de movilidad personal como los mayoritarios.', 'Reducir el 84% de los desplazamientos con vehículo privado en el Valle Central y posicionar la movilidad a pue o vehículos de movilidad personal como los mayoritarios. Incrementar al máximo los usuarios del transporte público sin incrementar las emisiones de GEI a partir del 2030. Aumentar el porcentaje de vehículos a propulsión eléctrica del parque automovilístico nacional de turismos hasta el 50% y del 70% de la flota de la administración pública. Reducir a la mitad las emisiones derivadas del transporte interno. Descarbonización del sector de la movilidad Edificación Seguir fomentando la rehabilitación de las viviendas para hacerlas más eficientes. Cualquier edificio de nueva construcción a partir del 1 de enero de 2020 debe ser de consumo de energía casi nulo. Incorporar un gestor energético antes de finalizar el año 2020.', 'Incorporar un gestor energético antes de finalizar el año 2020. Realizar un plan de actuación en base a las auditorías energéticas realizadas antes del año 2022 en todos los edificios calefactados de la Administración. Perseguir una reducción del 15% del consumo Colocación de energías renovables en todos los edificios de la Administración, reduciendo así el consumo de electricidad y calefacción en los establecimientos públicos.Sector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) energético de la Administración pública como rol ejemplar a partir de octubre del 2022. Electricidad Aumentar la producción eléctrica nacional hasta el 33% de la demanda eléctrica. Aumentar la producción eléctrica nacional hasta como mínimo el 50 % de la demanda eléctrica. Producción eléctrica nacional con más del 75% proveniente de fuentes renovables.', 'Producción eléctrica nacional con más del 75% proveniente de fuentes renovables. Que la producción eléctrica nacional provenga en un 80% de energías renovables, fomentando así la energía hidráulica, la solar, la eólica, la geotermia y la biomasa. Infraestructuras necesarias para el transporte de la energía e incrementar la capacitad de importación de energía eléctrica según las directrices del Plan director de infraestructuras eléctricas de FEDA 2016-2026. Que las emisiones de GEI se reduzcan como mínimo un 32% cuanto a la energía eléctrica y una reducción del 7% en cuanto a la energía térmica. Mejorar la eficiencia energética del alumbrado público con la regulación a través de un reglamento. Limitación horaria de acuerdo con el decreto de medidas de ahorro energético y el reglamento de contaminación lumínica vigente. Reducir la intensidad energética un mínimo del 20%.', 'Reducir la intensidad energética un mínimo del 20%. Reducir la intensidad energética un mínimo del 30%. Agricultura y usos del suelo Fomentar la diversificación de la producción agrícola y el consumo de los productos de proximidad. Mantener como mínimo la capacidad de sumidero del territorio respecto al año 2017 (-139 Mantener como mínimo la capacidad de sumidero del territorio respecto al año 2017 (-139 Gg CO2 eq/año) ySector ODS Mediano plazo (2030) Largo plazo (2050) Gg CO2 eq/año). fomentar el incremento de ésta mediante proyectos del mercado voluntario de carbono y la aplicación de acciones de silvicultura adaptativa, priorizando las medidas basadas en la naturaleza. La demanda térmica de las administraciones locales deberá ser cubierta prioritariamente per biomasa, lo cual desarrolla proyectos de silvicultura adaptativa que mejore el rendimiento de capacidad sumidero de los bosques.', 'La demanda térmica de las administraciones locales deberá ser cubierta prioritariamente per biomasa, lo cual desarrolla proyectos de silvicultura adaptativa que mejore el rendimiento de capacidad sumidero de los bosques. Residuos Disponer de la Ley de Economía circular que fije objetivos cuantificables y permita el desarrollo del Plan de Economía Circular que incluya la mejora de la huella de carbono de las actuaciones previstas. Implementación avanzada y revisada del Plan de Economía Circular.']

es-ES

AGO

Angola

1st NDC

2020-11-16 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Angola%20deposito.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e05ef62787193b105ff80d27ecd68aee14245b7e0d02f26ca675681cad561a82.pdf

['DRAFT Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of AngolaTable of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT . 5 2. ANGOLA‟S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION . 5 Objectives and expected trajectories for 2030 5 Strategy and planning processes 7 3. ANGOLA‟S ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION . 14 Objectives and Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation . 14 4. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 19 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 19 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS 20 7. GENDER PERSPECTIVE 20EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The contributions of Angola to this INDC are in the framework of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, the Strategy to Fight Poverty (SFP), the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).', 'GENDER PERSPECTIVE 20EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The contributions of Angola to this INDC are in the framework of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, the Strategy to Fight Poverty (SFP), the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025). Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this, Angola‟s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG.', 'For this, Angola‟s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. The country is committed to stabilize its emissions, and contribute to climate change mitigation by 2030, targeting the following sectors: Power generation from renewable sources; and Reforestation. Angola plans to reduce GHG emissions up to 35% unconditionally by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario (base year 2005). In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenariothe country could reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. In achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030 at overall cost of over 14.7billion USD.', 'In achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030 at overall cost of over 14.7billion USD. Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola‟s INDC also includes priority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025). Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc. Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years.', 'Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years. However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security. Therefore within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors: Agriculture Coastal Zone Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity Water resources Health Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts.', 'Therefore within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors: Agriculture Coastal Zone Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity Water resources Health Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts. The overall cost of implementing both the unconditional and conditional actions amounts to around 1billion USDacross sectors up to 2030. Given the time constraint, thisreport on theINDCcould not beexhaustive, and it is of adynamic natureand thus willbe refinedin the light ofnew data and information.1.', 'Given the time constraint, thisreport on theINDCcould not beexhaustive, and it is of adynamic natureand thus willbe refinedin the light ofnew data and information.1. NATIONAL CONTEXT The Republic of Angola with a size of 1.25m sq km (481,354 sq miles) is located in SW Africa and extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts such as drought and floods particularly in the southern regions. Projections of mean annual rainfall averaged over the country from different models indicate a wide range of changes in precipitation for Angola. Furthermore, IPCC scenarios (SRES A1B scenario as shown in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report) have projected an increase of mean annual temperature in the region by 1.2 to 3.2°C by the 2060s, and 1.7 to 5.1°C by the 2090s.', 'Furthermore, IPCC scenarios (SRES A1B scenario as shown in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report) have projected an increase of mean annual temperature in the region by 1.2 to 3.2°C by the 2060s, and 1.7 to 5.1°C by the 2090s. Climate models predict that over the next 50 to 100 years, Angola will experience increased temperatures, more extreme weather events, an expansion of arid and semi-arid regions, seasonal shifts in rainfall, localized floods, increased wildfires, sea level rise, increased rainfall in the northern parts of the country, changes in river flows and changes in sea and lake temperatures. According to the Angolan NAPA (2011), the major expected climate change threats and impacts are: floods, soil erosion, drought episodes, rise in sea-level.', 'According to the Angolan NAPA (2011), the major expected climate change threats and impacts are: floods, soil erosion, drought episodes, rise in sea-level. The main sectors identified as affected by climate change are: agriculture and food security; forest and biodiversity; fisheries; water resources; human health; infrastructures; coastal zones; energy. In response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as a demonstration of its commitment to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Angola has embarkedon the process of preparation of its intended determined contributions through a participatory approach.', 'In response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as a demonstration of its commitment to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Angola has embarkedon the process of preparation of its intended determined contributions through a participatory approach. This document therefore presents Angola‟s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) which encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG.', 'This document therefore presents Angola‟s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) which encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola‟s INDC also includespriority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025). 2. ANGOLA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Objectives and expected trajectories for 2030 Greenhouse gases covered The contribution of Angola is based on the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) for all economic sectors. F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country.', 'F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country. Sectoral and geographical coverage Based on the last GHG inventory, the selected sectors are defined according to the revised IPCC Guidelines 1996 and cover the entire territory. Base year period and baseline data The year 2005 is used as the reference year. Data are extracted from the latest national inventory of greenhouse gases and from the database of ENERDATA1.', 'Data are extracted from the latest national inventory of greenhouse gases and from the database of ENERDATA1. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the preparation of national emissions inventories accordingDecision 4/CMP.7 of the UNFCCC by which from 2013 GWP of CH4 is 25 and not 21, and PWG of N2 O is 298 and not 310.For the year 2005, GHG emissions amounted to 66.8 million tons of CO2 e, of which over 95% stemmed from the fossil fuel consumption. The baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector shown below indicates the dominance of Energy fuel combustion sector followed by the Agriculture and Change in Land-Use Change and Forestry sectors.', 'The baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector shown below indicates the dominance of Energy fuel combustion sector followed by the Agriculture and Change in Land-Use Change and Forestry sectors. In addition, the contribution of the fugitive emissions in the energy sector is clearly evident. Baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector and emissions in the energy sector Reference scenario without mitigation policies The baseline scenario was developed with the GACMO model (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model2) based on linear sectoral projections. It is based on the 2005 inventory of GHG emissions.', 'It is based on the 2005 inventory of GHG emissions. This inventory was produced according to the revised guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published in the Initial National Communication.The sectoral linear projection estimates the level of GHG emissions without mitigation measures to triple by 2030 from the level of emissions in 2005. More than 90% of these emissions would come from the Energy sector making this the privileged area for the development of mitigation options for Angola. Contribution level Therefore, the country is committed to stabilize its emissions by reducing GHG emissions up to 50% below BAU emission levels by 2030 through unconditional and conditional actions targeting the following sectors: Power generation from renewable sources; and Reforestation.', 'Contribution level Therefore, the country is committed to stabilize its emissions by reducing GHG emissions up to 50% below BAU emission levels by 2030 through unconditional and conditional actions targeting the following sectors: Power generation from renewable sources; and Reforestation. Unconditional Reduction The level of reduction planned unconditionally is expected to be up to 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, taking 2005 as the reference year. Conditional Reduction In a conditional mitigation scenario Angola plans to reduce further its emissions. Therefore, the mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030.', 'Therefore, the mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. In total, in achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola 2JoergenFenhann, UNEP DTU Partnership, e-mail jqfe@dtu.dkexpects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario across sectors by 2030. Baseline scenario and projections of Unconditional and Conditional mitigation scenarios for Angola Emissions – BAU scenario (ktCO2 e) Emissions - Unconditional scenario e) Emissions - Conditional scenario e) *From the baseline scenario. Strategy and planning processes For metrics and methodologies Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale is used in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report. The contribution is to be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030.', 'The contribution is to be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030. National strategy and unconditional mitigation options Unconditional Measures are the ongoing projects which funding has been fully identified and the Government of Angola is expected to implement during this INDC timeframe to accomplish a GHG reduction of at least 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. The table below indicates sector strategies to achieve the mitigation goals in 2030. e/yr Projection of GHG emissions in 2030 BAU Conditional scenario Unconditional scenarioSectors Description Promotion of renewable energy Even though Angola is an oil-producing country, the potential for renewable energy is significant. With the growing energy demand in Angola, this type of project is seen as priority in the Angolan energy sector strategy.', 'With the growing energy demand in Angola, this type of project is seen as priority in the Angolan energy sector strategy. Being an environmentally friendly technology, the renewable-energy projects contribute to sustainable development of the country and will serve as an example for the expansion of this technology locally and nationally. In addition, the production of renewable energy and the dispatching of the entire production to the Angolan electrical system will not only reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) but also will mitigate local pollution caused by atmospheric emissions from burning fossil fuel. On the economical perspective, the projects will lead to a reduction on demand from fossils fuels, which are a very expensive item within the national economy.', 'On the economical perspective, the projects will lead to a reduction on demand from fossils fuels, which are a very expensive item within the national economy. Below are identified some examples of renewable energy projects that are being developed and/or implemented in Angola: 1. Repowering of Cambambe Central I Hydroelectric Power Plant: The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The Municipality of Cambambe is located on the south of the Kwanza Province, which is delimited by the Kwanza River. The proposed project comprises an expansion of the installed capacity to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant, from 180 MW to the current 260 MW.', 'The proposed project comprises an expansion of the installed capacity to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant, from 180 MW to the current 260 MW. The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels could be burned in power plants that are connected to the grid. An ex ante estimative of emission reductions achieved by the project is of1,529,311 e per year. 2. Cambambe Hydroelectric Second Power Plant: The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital.', 'Cambambe Hydroelectric Second Power Plant: The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The proposed project comprises a capacity addition to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant with installation of additional 700 MW of the actual generation capacity. The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels burned in power plants that are connected to the grid. An ex ante estimative of annual emission reductions is 3,282,000tCO2 e per year. 3. Tombwa Wind Farm The Tombwa project activity is located on the Municipality of Tombwa, Namibe Province, 1,234 km east of Luanda, the National Capital.', 'Tombwa Wind Farm The Tombwa project activity is located on the Municipality of Tombwa, Namibe Province, 1,234 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The project activity consists of a wind energy conversion into electrical energy, providing an alternative source of renewable energy. The energy generated will be a result of a total installed capacity of 100 MW and will produce power through 50 wind turbines, with a rated individual potency of 2MW. The wind farm has a main objective of generate electricity to the interconnected national system. This energy will reduce the amount of energy produced by the power plants that runs using fossil fuel, insertingSectors Description renewable energy into the system. Thus, helping to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and encourage the use of alternative energy technologies.', 'Thus, helping to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and encourage the use of alternative energy technologies. Although the ex-ante estimative of emission reductions are e per year),the implementation of the project will mean an important contribution to achieve the government efforts to diversify the energy matrix, with the input of another source of clean energy with low environmental impact. Stabilization of emissions in the agriculture production Angola„s climate diversity allows for the cultivation of a great variety of crops. The national agricultural potential of Angola is high enough that the country has the ability to be self-sufficient. Nevertheless, the sector is characterized mostly by small farmers working under subsistence farming methods. The surface area used for agriculture amounts to about 26% of the territory.', 'The surface area used for agriculture amounts to about 26% of the territory. GHG emissions in agriculture stem from animal production and wild fires. The objective is to stabilize GHG emissions from these sources. Besides, the country is willing to develop the production of ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels. Industrial processes Angola‟s annual growth in manufacturing rose from 6.5% in 2012 to 8% in 2013 and was driven particularly by wood, cement, and electric materials production. In 2005 GHG emissions of the industry sector were related to activities such as these: breweries, cement, clinker, pastry, crackers and cookies, margarine, beef, animal feed, glass, freezer assembly, etc. The GHG emissions from Industrial processes are estimated to be very low (less than one million tons of CO2 e).', 'The GHG emissions from Industrial processes are estimated to be very low (less than one million tons of CO2 e). Land Use, Land Use Change and As regards the resource base, natural forest is the most significant biomass resource in the country, comprising an estimated 59 million hectares according to the latest data with current deforestation rates estimated at 0.2% per year. About 53 million hectares of land are considered to be forests – however of those only 2% are actually made up of dense, humid, high productivity forests, that are very rich in biodiversity, 47.1% comprises of a mosaic of forest and savannah, 45.4% is woodland (miombo) and the remaining percentage is occupied by steppe, mangrove and wetlands. Wood logging is essential to the local population, both economically and socially.', 'Wood logging is essential to the local population, both economically and socially. The potential for wood cutting each year is estimated at 333,000 m3 and the current rate of cutting is estimated to be 85,000 m3 per year. The calculation of CO2 emissions and removals from land use changes and forestry is primarily based on the following main activities: - Forestry conversion; - Use of biomass; - Phase-out of harvested land. The sector is thought to have captured close to 3 million tons of CO2 e in 2005, and the country is committed to increase carbon sequestration from the forestry sector to 5 million tons of CO2 e per year by 2030.', 'The sector is thought to have captured close to 3 million tons of CO2 e in 2005, and the country is committed to increase carbon sequestration from the forestry sector to 5 million tons of CO2 e per year by 2030. Presentation of conditional mitigation options Key available projects that are expected to maximize the amount of avoided emissions, while concurrently minimizing the level of required upfront investment have been selected as potential mitigation options to be developed conditionally.These mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030.', 'Presentation of conditional mitigation options Key available projects that are expected to maximize the amount of avoided emissions, while concurrently minimizing the level of required upfront investment have been selected as potential mitigation options to be developed conditionally.These mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. By undertaking Personal Communication.Forest Development Institute of Angola (IDF).these actions Angola will achieve the potential conditional target of 50 % emissions reductionbelow BAU emission levels by 2030.For this, the Government of Angola will pursue international support to utilize existing and emerging climate finance mechanisms and will encourage investments in green growth development initiatives.', 'By undertaking Personal Communication.Forest Development Institute of Angola (IDF).these actions Angola will achieve the potential conditional target of 50 % emissions reductionbelow BAU emission levels by 2030.For this, the Government of Angola will pursue international support to utilize existing and emerging climate finance mechanisms and will encourage investments in green growth development initiatives. These projects are briefly described below and several of them are already on the agenda or subjected to feasibility assessments. The total funds required for the implementation of these projects are roughly about 14.7billion USD to reach the mitigation target. The power sector:As part of the project“Mapping of the Winds and Solar of Angola” (Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water.', 'The power sector:As part of the project“Mapping of the Winds and Solar of Angola” (Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy), which aimed at identifying the most suitable sites for the development of endogenous energy resources,a potential of 8,491MW of renewable sources were identified 681 MW for wind energy projects, 438 MW for solar projects, 640 MW for biomass projects, and 6,732 MW hydroelectric projects With an investment of 11,346 million USD.', 'National Directorate of Renewable Energy), which aimed at identifying the most suitable sites for the development of endogenous energy resources,a potential of 8,491MW of renewable sources were identified 681 MW for wind energy projects, 438 MW for solar projects, 640 MW for biomass projects, and 6,732 MW hydroelectric projects With an investment of 11,346 million USD. Considering that Angola installed generating capacity was 2,388 MW in the first semester of 2015, of which 41.7% is hydroelectric and 58.3% diesel-generated, and that less than 20% of Angola s population has access to electricity, with most depending on wood or charcoal, the objective is to promote access to renewable energy.', 'Considering that Angola installed generating capacity was 2,388 MW in the first semester of 2015, of which 41.7% is hydroelectric and 58.3% diesel-generated, and that less than 20% of Angola s population has access to electricity, with most depending on wood or charcoal, the objective is to promote access to renewable energy. The table presents the list of renewable energy projects to be considered under a conditional contribution by the Angola to the international climate regime.This projects are in the early stages of feasibility assessment. Developing this portfolio of renewable power projects will stabilize the CO2 emissions by 2030 from the power sector, as these projects enable to respond to the needs of the increasing demand.', 'Developing this portfolio of renewable power projects will stabilize the CO2 emissions by 2030 from the power sector, as these projects enable to respond to the needs of the increasing demand. Considering an investment of 1,138 US$/kW for a large-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 4,500US$/kW for a small-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 1300US$/kW forwind turbines connected to main grid (on- shore) (GACMO), 3,396US$/kW for biomass projectsand 1,500 US$/kW for PV solar.', 'Considering an investment of 1,138 US$/kW for a large-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 4,500US$/kW for a small-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 1300US$/kW forwind turbines connected to main grid (on- shore) (GACMO), 3,396US$/kW for biomass projectsand 1,500 US$/kW for PV solar. Under evaluationTômbwa, Namibe province 100 Wind power 130 CaculoCabaça Hydropower Project 2,172 Large scale hydropower 2,472 Tumulo do Cacador 450 Large scale hydropower 512 Luime 330 Large scale hydropower 376 Carianga 381 Large scale hydropower 433.6 Bembeze 260 Large scale hydropower 295.9 Salamba 47.9 Large scale hydropower 54.5 Quissonde 120 Large scale hydropower 136.6 Quissuca 121 Large scale hydropower 137.7 Cuteca 203 Large scale hydropower 231.0 Cafula 403 Large scale hydropower 458.7 Dala 360 Large scale hydropower 409.7 Utiundumbo 169 Large scale hydropower 192.3 Capunda 283 Large scale hydropower 322.1 Balalunga 217 Large scale hydropower 247.0 Calindo 58 Large scale hydropower 66.0 Cuvera 62 Large scale hydropower 70.6 Cacombo 29 Large scale hydropower 33.0 Capitongo 41 Large scale hydropower 46,7 Mucundi 73.5 Large scale hydropower 83.7 Calengue 190 Large scale hydropower 216.2 Pampos de Sonhe 37 Wind power 48.1 Quitobia 103 Wind power 133.9 Samba caju 84 Wind power 109.2 Uige 20 Wind power 26 Maquela do Zombo 10 Wind power 13 Capande 23 Wind power 29.9 Hoque 23 Wind power 29.9 Dunga 103 Wind power 133.9 Mombollo 41 Wind power 53.3 Tundavala 23 Wind power 29.9 Quimone 103 Wind power 133.9 Huila 11 Wind power 14.3 Chipindo 6 Solar power plant 9 Lubango 28 Solar power plant 42 Kuito 5 Solar power plant 7.5 CH Gove 5 Solar power plant 7.5 Caála 5 Solar power plant 7.5 WakuKungo II 76 Solar power plant 114 Balém do Dango 20 Solar power plant 30 WakuKungo I 5 Solar power plant 7.5 Lubango II 23 Solar power plant 34.5 Capanda 225 Solar power plant 337,5 CT Luena 4 Solar power plant 6 Lucapa 5 Solar power plant 7.5 CT Dundo 7 Solar power plant 10.5 CH Chicapa 4 Solar power plant 6 CT Ondjiva 2 Solar power plant 3 Camenongue 2 Solar power plant 3 CTG Fútila 14 Solar power plant 21 Leua 2 Solar power plant 3Altocatumbela 150 Biomass- wasteforest 371.15 Chinguar 60 Biomass- wasteforest 166.33 Cuima 60 Biomass- wasteforest 166.3 Biocom 40 Biomass – sugar cane 115.74 Lucapa 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.45 Luena 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.76 Luachimo 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.67 Dala 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.74 Chicapa 30 Biomass- wasteforest 96.56 Lumeje 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.93 Dinge 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.41 1.', 'Under evaluationTômbwa, Namibe province 100 Wind power 130 CaculoCabaça Hydropower Project 2,172 Large scale hydropower 2,472 Tumulo do Cacador 450 Large scale hydropower 512 Luime 330 Large scale hydropower 376 Carianga 381 Large scale hydropower 433.6 Bembeze 260 Large scale hydropower 295.9 Salamba 47.9 Large scale hydropower 54.5 Quissonde 120 Large scale hydropower 136.6 Quissuca 121 Large scale hydropower 137.7 Cuteca 203 Large scale hydropower 231.0 Cafula 403 Large scale hydropower 458.7 Dala 360 Large scale hydropower 409.7 Utiundumbo 169 Large scale hydropower 192.3 Capunda 283 Large scale hydropower 322.1 Balalunga 217 Large scale hydropower 247.0 Calindo 58 Large scale hydropower 66.0 Cuvera 62 Large scale hydropower 70.6 Cacombo 29 Large scale hydropower 33.0 Capitongo 41 Large scale hydropower 46,7 Mucundi 73.5 Large scale hydropower 83.7 Calengue 190 Large scale hydropower 216.2 Pampos de Sonhe 37 Wind power 48.1 Quitobia 103 Wind power 133.9 Samba caju 84 Wind power 109.2 Uige 20 Wind power 26 Maquela do Zombo 10 Wind power 13 Capande 23 Wind power 29.9 Hoque 23 Wind power 29.9 Dunga 103 Wind power 133.9 Mombollo 41 Wind power 53.3 Tundavala 23 Wind power 29.9 Quimone 103 Wind power 133.9 Huila 11 Wind power 14.3 Chipindo 6 Solar power plant 9 Lubango 28 Solar power plant 42 Kuito 5 Solar power plant 7.5 CH Gove 5 Solar power plant 7.5 Caála 5 Solar power plant 7.5 WakuKungo II 76 Solar power plant 114 Balém do Dango 20 Solar power plant 30 WakuKungo I 5 Solar power plant 7.5 Lubango II 23 Solar power plant 34.5 Capanda 225 Solar power plant 337,5 CT Luena 4 Solar power plant 6 Lucapa 5 Solar power plant 7.5 CT Dundo 7 Solar power plant 10.5 CH Chicapa 4 Solar power plant 6 CT Ondjiva 2 Solar power plant 3 Camenongue 2 Solar power plant 3 CTG Fútila 14 Solar power plant 21 Leua 2 Solar power plant 3Altocatumbela 150 Biomass- wasteforest 371.15 Chinguar 60 Biomass- wasteforest 166.33 Cuima 60 Biomass- wasteforest 166.3 Biocom 40 Biomass – sugar cane 115.74 Lucapa 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.45 Luena 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.76 Luachimo 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.67 Dala 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.74 Chicapa 30 Biomass- wasteforest 96.56 Lumeje 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.93 Dinge 30 Biomass- wasteforest 95.41 1. The use of biomass as energy source: In Angola about 80% of the population, depend on biomass for their everyday energy purposes, i.e.', 'The use of biomass as energy source: In Angola about 80% of the population, depend on biomass for their everyday energy purposes, i.e. water heating, cooking and lighting the majority of which are living in rural areas and utilizing biomass as firewood. The demand for wood for charcoal is, therefore, also a significant driver of forest degradation and, subsequently, the release of GHG emissions. Biomass consumption (wood-energy and agricultural residues) remains the main source of domestic energy, and energy in small-scale commercial sectors. This intense cutting of trees to produce and supply charcoal to the urban and periurban areas is putting an extreme pressure on the local resources.', 'This intense cutting of trees to produce and supply charcoal to the urban and periurban areas is putting an extreme pressure on the local resources. Two-thirds of the population in Luanda are living in periurban areas, and approximately 270,000 tons of charcoal are utilized in the capital city annually. Reducing the demand for firewood is, therefore, an important strategy to reduce drivers of deforestation and an exhaustion of Angola‟s natural resources. Considering that about 1 million tons of charcoal may be used annually in the country, the potential emission reduction from the production of charcoal is estimated at more than 750,000 tCO2 /year and at approximate cost of around 300 million USD4. 2.', 'Considering that about 1 million tons of charcoal may be used annually in the country, the potential emission reduction from the production of charcoal is estimated at more than 750,000 tCO2 /year and at approximate cost of around 300 million USD4. 2. The agriculture sector: In addition to efforts to mitigate GHG emissions from the agriculture sector, the country intends to promote the use of biofuels, by producing ethanol and sugar, using the experience from Brazil. The objective is to cultivate and harvest 34 thousand hectares of sugarcane in the province of Malange, to process a capacity of 2.25 million tons of raw material per season. The country intends to produce 23 million liters of ethanol and 170 GW of power through co-generation by 2019.', 'The country intends to produce 23 million liters of ethanol and 170 GW of power through co-generation by 2019. The budget is between 540 million and 1 billion USD. 3. The Forest Carbon Options: Angola possesses significant opportunities for initiating large- scale afforestation/reforestation activities, which hold several economic, social and environmental advantages while alleviating the pressure on natural forests. Afforestation and Reforestation of degraded forest lands and mangrove habitats have a strong potential for mitigation purposes. Angola is currently undertaking legislative reforms in the forestry sector, while FAO is assisting the Government of Angola in carrying out a national forestry assessment with the aim of producing comprehensive information on the state of forests in the country.', 'Angola is currently undertaking legislative reforms in the forestry sector, while FAO is assisting the Government of Angola in carrying out a national forestry assessment with the aim of producing comprehensive information on the state of forests in the country. Several large scale afforestation initiatives are currently being planned which includes 50 000ha to be planted in the 10 years; 140 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in Huila province; 60 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in the Province of Kuando-Cubango and 25 000ha about to be planted in Malange province in the next five years. Considering that the current cost of planting 1000 ha = 6 250 000 USD the approximate cost of these afforestation initiatives will amount around 2 billion USD. 4.', 'Considering that the current cost of planting 1000 ha = 6 250 000 USD the approximate cost of these afforestation initiatives will amount around 2 billion USD. 4. Presently, the potential income from REDD+ projects in the country is considered to be substantial. Calculating the potential emission reductions from REDD+ activities in Angola demonstrates that there is mitigation potential if deforestation is avoided completely. Assuming thatthe baseline is entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual deforestation in Angola, estimated to be 124,800 ha per year (based on numbers from the period 1990-2010), by 82 tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the country‟s forests.', 'Assuming thatthe baseline is entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual deforestation in Angola, estimated to be 124,800 ha per year (based on numbers from the period 1990-2010), by 82 tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the country‟s forests. Avoiding deforestation, alone, in Angola has the potential to contribute to more than 35 million tons in CO2 emission reductions every year. The budget required is above 500 million USD. The Republic of Angola recognizes the roll that Carbon Market can play for the mobilization of resources and promotion of the development and transfers of climate friendly technology.3.', 'The Republic of Angola recognizes the roll that Carbon Market can play for the mobilization of resources and promotion of the development and transfers of climate friendly technology.3. ANGOLA’S ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION This Adaptation Intended Contribution is included for the purposes of Information of other Parties and the Public that this is part of the country‟s intended climate actions, and it does not constitute international obligations of the country. The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc.', 'The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc. Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years, namely the Agriculture, Coastal Zone, Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems andBiodiversity, Water resources, Health. However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security. The need for adaptation seems thus obvious. The vulnerability increases for higher temperature increases, so adaptation needs will depend on the expected temperature rise.', 'The vulnerability increases for higher temperature increases, so adaptation needs will depend on the expected temperature rise. The Republic of Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. Angola completed its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2011. In 2012 Angola submitted its Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). Among the priorities identified in the NAPA, two policy measures are noteworthy: revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation; national institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming.', 'Among the priorities identified in the NAPA, two policy measures are noteworthy: revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation; national institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming. Accordingly, Angola has developed in recent years various national plans and strategies which include activities relevant to climate change, including the: National Strategy for Climate Change (2008); National Afforestation and Reforestation Strategy (2010); Strategic Plan of Disaster Risk Management (2011); National Action Programme to fight Desertification (2014); and, above all, the Strategy of Long-term Development for Angola (2025). Many of the actions envisaged in these plans and strategies, particularly in the energy sector, are linked to both adaptation and mitigation.', 'Many of the actions envisaged in these plans and strategies, particularly in the energy sector, are linked to both adaptation and mitigation. Objectives and Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation Within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors: 2. Coastal Zone 3. Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity 4. Water resources Presentation of Unconditional Adaptation options Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts. The unconditional actions (current) are listed below and its implementation costs amounts to around 500 million USD at current price.Project Title Description Sector Land Rehabilitation and Rangelands Management in Small Holders Agropastoral Production Systems in Soutwestern Angola (Project RETESA).', 'The unconditional actions (current) are listed below and its implementation costs amounts to around 500 million USD at current price.Project Title Description Sector Land Rehabilitation and Rangelands Management in Small Holders Agropastoral Production Systems in Soutwestern Angola (Project RETESA). To enhance the capacity of southwestern Angola‟s smallholder agro-pastoral sector to mitigate the impact of land degradation processes and to rehabilitate degraded lands by mainstreaming SLM technologies into agro-pastoral and agricultural development initiatives. Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Total project cost (US $ million): 15.397 Implementing GEF agency: FAO Enhancing climate change resilience in the Benguela current fisheries system (regional project: Angola, Namibia and South Africa) The project aims to build resilience and reduce vulnerability of the Benguela Current marine fisheries systems to climate change through strengthened adaptive capacity and implementation of participatory and integrated adaptive strategies in order to ensure food and livelihood security. Fisheries.', 'Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Total project cost (US $ million): 15.397 Implementing GEF agency: FAO Enhancing climate change resilience in the Benguela current fisheries system (regional project: Angola, Namibia and South Africa) The project aims to build resilience and reduce vulnerability of the Benguela Current marine fisheries systems to climate change through strengthened adaptive capacity and implementation of participatory and integrated adaptive strategies in order to ensure food and livelihood security. Fisheries. Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 16.520 Implementing GEF agency: FAO Promoting climate- resilient development and enhanced adaptive capacity to withstand disaster risks in Angola s Cuvelai River Basin The project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence- based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning.', 'Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 16.520 Implementing GEF agency: FAO Promoting climate- resilient development and enhanced adaptive capacity to withstand disaster risks in Angola s Cuvelai River Basin The project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence- based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning. Early warning systems. Disaster risk management Total project cost (US $ million): 37.179 Implementing GEF agency: UNDP Integrating climate change into environment and sustainable land management practices The project will disseminate sustainable land management and adaptation practices in agro-forestry and land ecology in 350 communities.', 'Disaster risk management Total project cost (US $ million): 37.179 Implementing GEF agency: UNDP Integrating climate change into environment and sustainable land management practices The project will disseminate sustainable land management and adaptation practices in agro-forestry and land ecology in 350 communities. Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 24.831 Implementing GEF agency: AfDB Addressing urgent coastal adaptation needs and capacity gaps in Angola Enhancement of coastal adaptive capacities at the institutional, systemic and community levels; response to urgent needs posed by climate change. Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Total project cost (US $ million): 17.850 Implementing GEF agency: UNEP Disaster risk reduction/ management to support agropastoral communities affected by recurrent droughts and other natural disasters in southern Angola and northern Namibia (Project PIRAN) The objective is to strengthen food security and DRR/M, and increase the resilience of agro-pastoral livelihoods by increasing capacity to manage risks related to natural disasters at the level of communities and local institutions.', 'Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Total project cost (US $ million): 17.850 Implementing GEF agency: UNEP Disaster risk reduction/ management to support agropastoral communities affected by recurrent droughts and other natural disasters in southern Angola and northern Namibia (Project PIRAN) The objective is to strengthen food security and DRR/M, and increase the resilience of agro-pastoral livelihoods by increasing capacity to manage risks related to natural disasters at the level of communities and local institutions. The expected results are: improved agricultural and livestock production, health and animal nutrition, soil and water management and management of early warning systems. Disaster risk management. Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 1.600 (1.180 for Angola) for the first year Implementing GEF agency: FAO Donor: United States of America (USAID/OFDA)Presentation of Conditional Adaptation options Adaptation options exist in all sectors, but their context for implementation and potential to reduce climate-related risks differ across sectors.', 'Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 1.600 (1.180 for Angola) for the first year Implementing GEF agency: FAO Donor: United States of America (USAID/OFDA)Presentation of Conditional Adaptation options Adaptation options exist in all sectors, but their context for implementation and potential to reduce climate-related risks differ across sectors. Some adaptation responses involve significant co- benefits, synergies and trade-offs). The adaptation projects identified as priorities in the NAPA are listed in the following Table as well as costing to be expected for each of those options. The estimated cost of implementing the NAPA priority projects amounts to over 500 million USDif current inflation rates are applied to 2011 costing.', 'The estimated cost of implementing the NAPA priority projects amounts to over 500 million USDif current inflation rates are applied to 2011 costing. Project Title Description Sector Integrating Climate Resilience into Agricultural and Agropastoral Production Systems through Soil Fertility Management in Key Productive and Vulnerable Areas Using the Farmers Field School Approach The project aims to strengthen the climate resilience of the agropastoral production systems in the key vulnerable areas of Angola of the Central Plateau (Bie, Huambo and Malanje). This includes mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into agricultural and environmental sector policies, programmes and practices, building capacity and promoting CCA through soil fertility and sustainable land management (SLM) practices by using the Farmers Field School (FFS) approach. Agriculture and food security.', 'This includes mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into agricultural and environmental sector policies, programmes and practices, building capacity and promoting CCA through soil fertility and sustainable land management (SLM) practices by using the Farmers Field School (FFS) approach. Agriculture and food security. Capacity building Total project cost (US $ million): 32.143 Implementing GEF agency: FAO Promotion of Sustainable Charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach To reduce the current unsustainable and GHG-intensive biomass production and utilization from Angola‟s Miombo woodlands via an integrated suite of interventions in the country‟s charcoal value chain. Renewable energy. Forestry Total project cost (US $ million): 17.884 Implementing GEF agency: UNDP The "Solar Village" Programme The "Solar Village" Programme, launched by the Executive under the National Development Plan (PND) 2013-2017, allowed to date the electrification of 48 villages in different regions of the country, benefiting 100,000 families.', 'Forestry Total project cost (US $ million): 17.884 Implementing GEF agency: UNDP The "Solar Village" Programme The "Solar Village" Programme, launched by the Executive under the National Development Plan (PND) 2013-2017, allowed to date the electrification of 48 villages in different regions of the country, benefiting 100,000 families. The goal of the Executive is to produce by 2025 about 100 megawatts of solar power to all rural areas, an investment estimated at $ 150 million. Renewable energy. Total project cost (US $ million): 150 (to 2025) Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy. Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants (CaculoCabaça, Soyo …) that will generate about five thousand megawatts, during the period 2013/2017. Energy Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy.', 'National Directorate of Renewable Energy. Energy and Water Sector Action Plan A characterisation of the two sub-sectors, including infrastructure and the institutional component, which result in commonalities, e.g. the undersizing and operational inefficiency of the systems, the economic-financial imbalance of public enterprises and a lack of skills. Energy.', 'the undersizing and operational inefficiency of the systems, the economic-financial imbalance of public enterprises and a lack of skills. Energy. Water resources Total project cost (US $ million): 29,170PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) Promote alternative renewable energies to avoid deforestation* Energy Renewable energy, Forestry Promote SLM for increased agricultural yields* Agriculture and food security Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Ensure basic access to health services and health monitoring* Health Health 3,000,000 Study the vulnerability of the fisheries sector to climate change and current modifications* Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Fisheries, Agriculture and food security Extend electricity grid to rural areas* Energy Electricity provision 5,000,000 Revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation Create an early warning system for flooding and storms Early warning system and disaster risk management Early warning system National institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming Soil erosion control through organic methods Terrestrial ecosystems Diversify crops to less climate sensitive cultures Agriculture and food security 11 Technology needs assessment 500,000 Locally available adapted seed varieties Agriculture and food security Climate monitoring and data management system Early warning system and disaster risk management Study the implication of climate change on disease patterns for humans and livestock Agriculture and food security Increase water availability through village-level wells and boreholes Water resources Water availability and distribution Implement water resources integrated management Water resources Water management 17 Map areas of erosion risk Terrestrial ecosystems Implement water-harvesting system in drought-prone areas Agriculture and food security Water resources 3,000,000 19 Improve knowledge of hydrology Water resources 2,000,000 Extend water and sanitation network to rural areas Water resources Infrastructure 10,000,000 Explore industrial opportunities from climate change 22 Monitor groundwater Water resources 3,000,000 Construct flood protection barriers along major rivers Water resources Disaster risk management Study impacts of sedimentation and siltation rates on coastal processes Coastal zones/marine ecosystems 25 Improve design and construction Infrastructure 1,000,000PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) of buildings Study impact of climate change on hydroelectricity Water resources Energy 1,000,000 Revise building codes to promote retreat from flood plains and coastal zones Construct sea level protection structure Infrastructure Coastal zones and marine ecosystems Study impact of climate change on mining * Priority project for which a project profile has been developed **Not accounting for the inflationary impact of the 2011 costing exercise4.', 'Water resources Total project cost (US $ million): 29,170PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) Promote alternative renewable energies to avoid deforestation* Energy Renewable energy, Forestry Promote SLM for increased agricultural yields* Agriculture and food security Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Ensure basic access to health services and health monitoring* Health Health 3,000,000 Study the vulnerability of the fisheries sector to climate change and current modifications* Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Fisheries, Agriculture and food security Extend electricity grid to rural areas* Energy Electricity provision 5,000,000 Revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation Create an early warning system for flooding and storms Early warning system and disaster risk management Early warning system National institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming Soil erosion control through organic methods Terrestrial ecosystems Diversify crops to less climate sensitive cultures Agriculture and food security 11 Technology needs assessment 500,000 Locally available adapted seed varieties Agriculture and food security Climate monitoring and data management system Early warning system and disaster risk management Study the implication of climate change on disease patterns for humans and livestock Agriculture and food security Increase water availability through village-level wells and boreholes Water resources Water availability and distribution Implement water resources integrated management Water resources Water management 17 Map areas of erosion risk Terrestrial ecosystems Implement water-harvesting system in drought-prone areas Agriculture and food security Water resources 3,000,000 19 Improve knowledge of hydrology Water resources 2,000,000 Extend water and sanitation network to rural areas Water resources Infrastructure 10,000,000 Explore industrial opportunities from climate change 22 Monitor groundwater Water resources 3,000,000 Construct flood protection barriers along major rivers Water resources Disaster risk management Study impacts of sedimentation and siltation rates on coastal processes Coastal zones/marine ecosystems 25 Improve design and construction Infrastructure 1,000,000PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) of buildings Study impact of climate change on hydroelectricity Water resources Energy 1,000,000 Revise building codes to promote retreat from flood plains and coastal zones Construct sea level protection structure Infrastructure Coastal zones and marine ecosystems Study impact of climate change on mining * Priority project for which a project profile has been developed **Not accounting for the inflationary impact of the 2011 costing exercise4. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Angola is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some specific regions of Angola such as the southern regions are already experiencing a regular worsening of droughts and floods, as well as costal degradation and regional and national-level adaptation action plans are in place to address those sectors which have been particularly affected.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Angola is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some specific regions of Angola such as the southern regions are already experiencing a regular worsening of droughts and floods, as well as costal degradation and regional and national-level adaptation action plans are in place to address those sectors which have been particularly affected. The estimated global warming of 2°C would imply for Angola severe economic losses for Agriculture sector, a sector that contributes to over 8% of the country GDP and at threat to the stability of food security. The Government of Angola has been diverting own funds to carry out implementation of complementary initiatives addressing these Climate Change impacts.', 'The Government of Angola has been diverting own funds to carry out implementation of complementary initiatives addressing these Climate Change impacts. In addition, Angola is the third-largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa and a net exporter of fossil fuels, and by now the second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria. According to the country‟s Initial National Communication (INC) report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) released in 2012 (but based on emission inventory statistics from 2005) Angola only contributed approximately with 66.8 million tons of CO2e of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to the atmosphere. This contribution is meagre and represents a small percentage of current global GHG emissions.', 'This contribution is meagre and represents a small percentage of current global GHG emissions. However, though showing an insignificant contribution, at 0.1% of the total global emissions, while the per-capita emissions are 4.15 tons of CO2 e in 20055compared to the global average6.Angola recognises that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation measures.', 'However, though showing an insignificant contribution, at 0.1% of the total global emissions, while the per-capita emissions are 4.15 tons of CO2 e in 20055compared to the global average6.Angola recognises that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation measures. In fact the Government of Angola has enacted a considerable amount of Laws and Policies as well has developed important sectoral studies which gives an idea of how determined the Government Authorities are to take the country to the forefront of African countries reducing their GHG emissions.Angola‟s approach focuses on avoiding an increase of emissions per capita beyond the current level, while pursuing its development goals.Through this INDC Angola is determined to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030.', 'In fact the Government of Angola has enacted a considerable amount of Laws and Policies as well has developed important sectoral studies which gives an idea of how determined the Government Authorities are to take the country to the forefront of African countries reducing their GHG emissions.Angola‟s approach focuses on avoiding an increase of emissions per capita beyond the current level, while pursuing its development goals.Through this INDC Angola is determined to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030. In selecting the actions outlined above, Angola has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in its national development plans in particular the Angola 2025 Policy Document.', 'In selecting the actions outlined above, Angola has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in its national development plans in particular the Angola 2025 Policy Document. In addition, Angola has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation, not only by prioritising those adaptation activities with significant mitigation co-benefits but also by seeking to minimise the carbon footprint of its adaptation portfolio as a whole. Angola is therefore putting forward Mitigation actions as well as Adaptation measures with mitigation benefits amounting over 15,7 billion USDthat align with a low carbon development pathway, which to be fully implemented would require additional international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. 5.', 'Angola is therefore putting forward Mitigation actions as well as Adaptation measures with mitigation benefits amounting over 15,7 billion USDthat align with a low carbon development pathway, which to be fully implemented would require additional international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Angola‟s contribution will be implemented following the Government strategy set of pursuing the enforcement/execution of the already enacted laws and policiesso to reduce the gap between the recent vigorous legislative activity and the real implementation of mitigation measures. Within this framework Angola has already engaged with Clean Development Mechanism by submitting a number of important large scale projects.', 'Within this framework Angola has already engaged with Clean Development Mechanism by submitting a number of important large scale projects. This action will be complemented by the continuation of climate change mitigation/adaptation mainstreaming into the National Plans and Policies as well as the implementation of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. This framework comprises: generating reports and inventories about GHG emissions in 5Ministry of Environment.Angola Initial National Communication.', 'This framework comprises: generating reports and inventories about GHG emissions in 5Ministry of Environment.Angola Initial National Communication. (2011) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).194 p. 6 GHG time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries and their impact on the environment and public health; producing programmes and projects with measures to mitigate climate change; developing technical and professional training actions in areas related to climate change; fostering international co-operation within the context of climate change, particularly in terms of transfer of knowledge, experience and technology.', '(2011) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).194 p. 6 GHG time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries and their impact on the environment and public health; producing programmes and projects with measures to mitigate climate change; developing technical and professional training actions in areas related to climate change; fostering international co-operation within the context of climate change, particularly in terms of transfer of knowledge, experience and technology. Therefore,Angola will address the clear shortness of human and technical capacity to keep abreast with the real situation of GHG emissions in the various sectors for which Angola will require support to implement capacity building and training at various level and sectors.', 'Therefore,Angola will address the clear shortness of human and technical capacity to keep abreast with the real situation of GHG emissions in the various sectors for which Angola will require support to implement capacity building and training at various level and sectors. The overall preliminary cost of implementing the proposed Mitigation and Adaptation contributions amount to over 15.7 billion USD across sectors up to 2030. Some of this amount has already been provided by the Government of Angola within the Unconditional Mitigation and Adaptation scenario. Therefore, the implementation of all the Conditional mitigation and adaptation contributions that the country endeavour to deliver will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully accomplish the intended contributions. 6.', 'Therefore, the implementation of all the Conditional mitigation and adaptation contributions that the country endeavour to deliver will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully accomplish the intended contributions. 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS The accomplishment of the mitigation and adaptation contributions being proposed in the Angolan INDC will undoubtedly bring important benefit for the wider communities and to the rural communities in particular, namely: - The climate resilience program includes increasing hydropower plants and other renewable energy sources to provide electricity to rural communities and businesses, replacing diesel fuelled off grid generation.', 'SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS The accomplishment of the mitigation and adaptation contributions being proposed in the Angolan INDC will undoubtedly bring important benefit for the wider communities and to the rural communities in particular, namely: - The climate resilience program includes increasing hydropower plants and other renewable energy sources to provide electricity to rural communities and businesses, replacing diesel fuelled off grid generation. - The implementation of the proposed contribution carries a huge potential of youth job creation in the country either through the local manufacturing/assembly of renewable energy machines/parts or through the forestation and afforestation programmes which demand for labour will be certainly a source of employment for the rural communities.', '- The implementation of the proposed contribution carries a huge potential of youth job creation in the country either through the local manufacturing/assembly of renewable energy machines/parts or through the forestation and afforestation programmes which demand for labour will be certainly a source of employment for the rural communities. - The eventual support provided by the international community to Angola will strengthen the technical capacity of the country‟s human resources through assisted training and capacity building programmes. - Finally, overall, both the mitigation and the adaptation actions offered as contribution in the Angolan INDC will certainly enhance the adaptive capacity of the rural population and consequently augmenting their resilience to climate change impacts. 7.', '- Finally, overall, both the mitigation and the adaptation actions offered as contribution in the Angolan INDC will certainly enhance the adaptive capacity of the rural population and consequently augmenting their resilience to climate change impacts. 7. GENDER PERSPECTIVE The underlining policies supporting the implementation of the INDC mitigation and adaptation contributions and the actions to be implemented in this context include cross-cutting issues which are gender sensitive and therefore will take into account women as important decision makers regarding energy consumption in particular. Systematically, mitigation and adaptation measures offered in the Angolan INDC emphasize the importance of their implementation avoiding exacerbation of the impacts of climate change that already have disproportionate adverse effects based solely on gender, in particular in the agriculture, water resources and biomass energy sectors.']

en-US

AGO

Angola

Updated NDC

2021-05-31 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20Angola.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/6df072b1f21c46e7adf4ba68d4aafb0c1fa8980ab3918c39d877e58193bd93f1.pdf

['Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF ANGOLA Republic of AngolaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 ACKNOWLEDGES The Government of Angola recognizes the country s vulnerability to climate change and is aware of the impacts that the country has been suffering, and the tendency for them to become worse. In this context, Angola wants to be part of the solution, showing its commitment for emissions reduction and adaptation efforts. The document presented here resulted from the interaction with the different ministerial departments and several Angolan entities, which responded to the challenge launched by the National Directorate of Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) and participated in bilateral meetings to discuss this NDC, showing a great sense of responsibility and commitment.', 'The document presented here resulted from the interaction with the different ministerial departments and several Angolan entities, which responded to the challenge launched by the National Directorate of Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) and participated in bilateral meetings to discuss this NDC, showing a great sense of responsibility and commitment. This document represents an important step for Angola in its commitment to the Paris Agreement. A very special thanks to the President of the Republic, His Excellency João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, for the strategic orientation to the environment and climate change sector, without which it would not have been possible to develop this document.', 'A very special thanks to the President of the Republic, His Excellency João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, for the strategic orientation to the environment and climate change sector, without which it would not have been possible to develop this document. The Government of Angola appreciates the exceptional availability and commitment of all those identified below and who contributed to the update of this NDC.', 'The Government of Angola appreciates the exceptional availability and commitment of all those identified below and who contributed to the update of this NDC. Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA) National Directorate of Culture and Arts National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts Ministry of Economy and Planning (MEP) National Directorate of Studies and Planning National Directorate for Economy, Competitiveness and Innovation Population Policy Office Cabinet for Public-Private Partnerships National Institute of Statistics Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA) National Directorate of Electric Energy National Directorate of Rural and Local Electrification National Directorate for Renewable Energies National Directorate of Water National Institute of Water Resources Office for the Administration of the Cunene, Kubango and Cuvelai River Basins (GABHIC) Regulatory Institute for the Electricity and Water Sector Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MINAGRIP) National Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Department of Food Security National Directorate of Forests Agrarian Land Management Office Agrarian Development Institute Forest Development Institute National Fisheries Research Institute Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MINDCOM) Industrial Licensing Office National Directorate of Industry Monitoring Department, Environment Promotion and Safety in Industry Industrial Development Institute of Angola Angolan Institute for Standardization and Quality National Directorate of Foreign TradeNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Ministry of Mineral Resources, Oil and Gas (MIREMPET) National Directorate of Security, Emergencies and Environment.', 'Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA) National Directorate of Culture and Arts National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts Ministry of Economy and Planning (MEP) National Directorate of Studies and Planning National Directorate for Economy, Competitiveness and Innovation Population Policy Office Cabinet for Public-Private Partnerships National Institute of Statistics Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA) National Directorate of Electric Energy National Directorate of Rural and Local Electrification National Directorate for Renewable Energies National Directorate of Water National Institute of Water Resources Office for the Administration of the Cunene, Kubango and Cuvelai River Basins (GABHIC) Regulatory Institute for the Electricity and Water Sector Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MINAGRIP) National Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Department of Food Security National Directorate of Forests Agrarian Land Management Office Agrarian Development Institute Forest Development Institute National Fisheries Research Institute Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MINDCOM) Industrial Licensing Office National Directorate of Industry Monitoring Department, Environment Promotion and Safety in Industry Industrial Development Institute of Angola Angolan Institute for Standardization and Quality National Directorate of Foreign TradeNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Ministry of Mineral Resources, Oil and Gas (MIREMPET) National Directorate of Security, Emergencies and Environment. Department of Environmental Protection Ministry of Transports (MINTRANS) National Institute of Road Transport Angola Maritime and Port Institute National Institute of Civil Aviation National Institute of Railways of Angola Institute of Hydrography and Maritime Signaling of Angola National Council of Porters Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies and Social Communication (MINTTICS) National Directorate of the Information and Meteorological Society Angolan Communications Institute National Centre for Information Technologies National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Telecommunications Institute Ministry of Interior (MININT) National Civil Protection and Fire Service Office of the Secretary of State for Civil Protection (Office of the Secretary of State for the Interior) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MIREX) Directorate for Multilateral Affairs Directorate for Legal Affairs, Treaties and Litigation Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Office of the Secretary of State for Cooperation SADC Office Minister of Public Works and Territory Planning (MINOPOT) National Directorate for Spatial Planning National Directorate of Urban Infrastructure National Directorate of Housing National Institute for Spatial Planning and Urban Development Geographical and Cadastral Institute of Angola National Institute of Public Works and Construction Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESCTI) National Directorate of Graduated Training National Directorate of Advanced Training and Scientific Research National Directorate for Access, Vocational Guidance and Student Support National Directorate for Management and Training of Higher Education Staff Ministry of Finance (MINFIN) International Studies and Relations Office National Directorate of State Budget National Directorate of Public Investments Ministry of Health (MINSA) National Directorate of Public Health National Institute for Health Research National Institute of Medical Emergencies of Angola Center for Disease Prevention and Control Health Research Center of Angola Ministry of Education (MED) National Institute for Education Research and Development – INIDE United Nations Agencies United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Photos Eduardo GriloNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU Business-as-Usual Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of Parties ENAC National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 (acronym in Portuguese) GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GEF Global Investment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential INC Initial National Communication iNDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry MCTA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (acronym in Portuguese) MINEA Ministry of Energy and Water (acronym in Portuguese) MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (acronym in Portuguese) MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MW Megawatts NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution PA Paris Agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goals t Tonne UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollarNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . Erro!', 'Department of Environmental Protection Ministry of Transports (MINTRANS) National Institute of Road Transport Angola Maritime and Port Institute National Institute of Civil Aviation National Institute of Railways of Angola Institute of Hydrography and Maritime Signaling of Angola National Council of Porters Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies and Social Communication (MINTTICS) National Directorate of the Information and Meteorological Society Angolan Communications Institute National Centre for Information Technologies National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Telecommunications Institute Ministry of Interior (MININT) National Civil Protection and Fire Service Office of the Secretary of State for Civil Protection (Office of the Secretary of State for the Interior) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MIREX) Directorate for Multilateral Affairs Directorate for Legal Affairs, Treaties and Litigation Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Office of the Secretary of State for Cooperation SADC Office Minister of Public Works and Territory Planning (MINOPOT) National Directorate for Spatial Planning National Directorate of Urban Infrastructure National Directorate of Housing National Institute for Spatial Planning and Urban Development Geographical and Cadastral Institute of Angola National Institute of Public Works and Construction Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESCTI) National Directorate of Graduated Training National Directorate of Advanced Training and Scientific Research National Directorate for Access, Vocational Guidance and Student Support National Directorate for Management and Training of Higher Education Staff Ministry of Finance (MINFIN) International Studies and Relations Office National Directorate of State Budget National Directorate of Public Investments Ministry of Health (MINSA) National Directorate of Public Health National Institute for Health Research National Institute of Medical Emergencies of Angola Center for Disease Prevention and Control Health Research Center of Angola Ministry of Education (MED) National Institute for Education Research and Development – INIDE United Nations Agencies United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Photos Eduardo GriloNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU Business-as-Usual Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of Parties ENAC National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 (acronym in Portuguese) GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GEF Global Investment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential INC Initial National Communication iNDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry MCTA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (acronym in Portuguese) MINEA Ministry of Energy and Water (acronym in Portuguese) MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (acronym in Portuguese) MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MW Megawatts NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution PA Paris Agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goals t Tonne UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollarNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . Erro! Indicador não definido.', 'Department of Environmental Protection Ministry of Transports (MINTRANS) National Institute of Road Transport Angola Maritime and Port Institute National Institute of Civil Aviation National Institute of Railways of Angola Institute of Hydrography and Maritime Signaling of Angola National Council of Porters Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies and Social Communication (MINTTICS) National Directorate of the Information and Meteorological Society Angolan Communications Institute National Centre for Information Technologies National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Telecommunications Institute Ministry of Interior (MININT) National Civil Protection and Fire Service Office of the Secretary of State for Civil Protection (Office of the Secretary of State for the Interior) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MIREX) Directorate for Multilateral Affairs Directorate for Legal Affairs, Treaties and Litigation Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Office of the Secretary of State for Cooperation SADC Office Minister of Public Works and Territory Planning (MINOPOT) National Directorate for Spatial Planning National Directorate of Urban Infrastructure National Directorate of Housing National Institute for Spatial Planning and Urban Development Geographical and Cadastral Institute of Angola National Institute of Public Works and Construction Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESCTI) National Directorate of Graduated Training National Directorate of Advanced Training and Scientific Research National Directorate for Access, Vocational Guidance and Student Support National Directorate for Management and Training of Higher Education Staff Ministry of Finance (MINFIN) International Studies and Relations Office National Directorate of State Budget National Directorate of Public Investments Ministry of Health (MINSA) National Directorate of Public Health National Institute for Health Research National Institute of Medical Emergencies of Angola Center for Disease Prevention and Control Health Research Center of Angola Ministry of Education (MED) National Institute for Education Research and Development – INIDE United Nations Agencies United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Photos Eduardo GriloNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU Business-as-Usual Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of Parties ENAC National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 (acronym in Portuguese) GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GEF Global Investment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential INC Initial National Communication iNDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry MCTA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (acronym in Portuguese) MINEA Ministry of Energy and Water (acronym in Portuguese) MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (acronym in Portuguese) MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MW Megawatts NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution PA Paris Agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goals t Tonne UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollarNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . Erro! Indicador não definido. Acknowledges 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations 4 Table of Contents. 5 Figures . 7 Tables . 7 Executive summary 9 1.2.', 'Acknowledges 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations 4 Table of Contents. 5 Figures . 7 Tables . 7 Executive summary 9 1.2. Outline of this document 12 2. Current National Context . 14 2.2. Geographical Characteristics 15 2.3. Climate Profile . 16 2.3.1. Future Climate Projections & Trends in climate variables . 16 2.3.1. Climate Change Impacts 18 2.4. Sociocultural Characteristics . 19 2.5. Socioeconomic Characteristics . 21 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Primary sector 24 2.5.2. Characteristics of the Secondary Sector . 26 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Tertiary Sector . 26 3. NDC Revision Process . 31 3.1. Justification & Time Frame of this NDC 31 3.2. Scope and coverage 31 3.3. Revision process and NDC Enhancement 31 3.4. Institutional arrangements . 32 4.1.1. Source of information 35 4.1.2. Scope and Coverage . 36 4.2.', 'Scope and Coverage . 36 4.2. Reference point: National GHG Inventory . 38 4.2.2. GHG Emissions by sector . 42 4.3. Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario 44 4.4. Mitigation Contribution 45Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Unconditional contributions 46 Conditional contributions 48 5.1.1. Source of information 51 5.1.1. Scope and Coverage . 52 5.2. Adaptation Contribution . 56 Unconditional contributions 57 Conditional contributions 58 6. Means of Implementation . 61 6.1. Barriers to the implementation of NDC . 61 6.2. Institutional arrangements required for effective NDC implementation 62 6.2.1. Coordination for NDC implementation . 62 6.2.2. Responsibilities and Strategic Partnerships required . 65 6.3. Capacity building and technology transfer required . 66 6.4. Financial requirements . 67 6.5. Funding options . 68 6.5.1. National Framework for Climate Finance . 68 6.5.1. Carbon Markets 72 6.6.', 'National Framework for Climate Finance . 68 6.5.1. Carbon Markets 72 6.6. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system . 73 7. Fairness and ambition 78 8. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 80 Documents 85 Websites 87 Annex 89 9.1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 80 Documents 85 Websites 87 Annex 89 9.1. Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation . 89Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Figures Figure 1 – Angola’s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association) 15 Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48] . 20 Figure 3 – Evolution of GDP growth rates between 2012 and 2019 [30] . 24 Figure 4 - Rail Transport Angola [29] 27 Figure 5 - Location of Angola s main ports [41] . 28 Figure 6 – Greenhouse gas emission by sector 43 Figure 7 – Ambition for the Angolan NDC 44 Figure 8 - Institutional Arrangements for NDC Implementation 64 Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola . 74 Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver 75 Tables Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable[28] 17 Table 2 – Climate change impacts[28] . 19 Table 3 – Estimated population projections for the 2015-2030 period [15] . 20 Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015) 29 Table 5 - Global Warming Potential 39 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources 40 Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources 40 Table 8 – Industry GHG Sources . 41 Table 9 - Emissions breakdown by sector 42 Table 10 - Emissions breakdown per capita by sector 43 Table 11 – Unconditional Mitigation Contributions 46 Table 12 – Conditional Mitigation Contributions . 48 Table 13 - Adaptation Measures – Unconditional . 57 Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional 58 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition 63 Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework . 65 Table 17 – Capacity building actions 67 Table 18 – Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs 67 Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitigação e adaptação 69 Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation . 71Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) 90 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) . 92Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Facing climate change is the greatest global environmental challenge in the present.', 'Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation . 89Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Figures Figure 1 – Angola’s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association) 15 Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48] . 20 Figure 3 – Evolution of GDP growth rates between 2012 and 2019 [30] . 24 Figure 4 - Rail Transport Angola [29] 27 Figure 5 - Location of Angola s main ports [41] . 28 Figure 6 – Greenhouse gas emission by sector 43 Figure 7 – Ambition for the Angolan NDC 44 Figure 8 - Institutional Arrangements for NDC Implementation 64 Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola . 74 Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver 75 Tables Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable[28] 17 Table 2 – Climate change impacts[28] . 19 Table 3 – Estimated population projections for the 2015-2030 period [15] . 20 Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015) 29 Table 5 - Global Warming Potential 39 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources 40 Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources 40 Table 8 – Industry GHG Sources . 41 Table 9 - Emissions breakdown by sector 42 Table 10 - Emissions breakdown per capita by sector 43 Table 11 – Unconditional Mitigation Contributions 46 Table 12 – Conditional Mitigation Contributions . 48 Table 13 - Adaptation Measures – Unconditional . 57 Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional 58 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition 63 Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework . 65 Table 17 – Capacity building actions 67 Table 18 – Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs 67 Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitigação e adaptação 69 Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation . 71Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) 90 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) . 92Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Facing climate change is the greatest global environmental challenge in the present. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they are highly dependent on natural resources and have limited capacity to respond to these impacts.', 'Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they are highly dependent on natural resources and have limited capacity to respond to these impacts. At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in 2015, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement [45]. This is a historic agreement, the first global legal framework binding the responsibilities of all Parties in joint efforts to combat climate change. The implementation of each Party s responsibilities for climate change response is primarily reflected through the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), that Angola submitted in the same year as Paris Agreement was adopted (2015). In August 2020 the Paris Agreement and Doha Amendment Ratification were formally approved by the Government of Angola.', 'In August 2020 the Paris Agreement and Doha Amendment Ratification were formally approved by the Government of Angola. In November 2020, Angola ratified the Paris Agreement to UNFCCC. In accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of COP21, Parties were requested to communicate or update the NDC by 2020, Angola reviewed and updated its NDC to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020 based on the actual country context. Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.', 'Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this, Angola’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) encompasses for Mitigation and Adaptation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG emissions and adaptation of its territory and population to the adverse impacts of climate change. An “unconditional contribution” is what Angola could implement without any conditions and based on their own resources and capabilities. A “conditional contribution” is one that Angola would undertake if international means of support are provided, or other conditions are met.', 'A “conditional contribution” is one that Angola would undertake if international means of support are provided, or other conditions are met. The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario considered for this NDC was developed using 2015 as the base year and provides projections for up to 2025. Angola plans to reduce GHG emissions up to 14% by 2025 as compared to the base year (unconditionally). The baseline corresponds to the most recent National GHG Inventory (2015), and accounts for 99.99 million tonnes of CO2 e. The emissions under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 103.9 million tonnes of CO2 e in 2020 and 108.5 million tonnes of CO2 e in 2025.', 'The baseline corresponds to the most recent National GHG Inventory (2015), and accounts for 99.99 million tonnes of CO2 e. The emissions under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 103.9 million tonnes of CO2 e in 2020 and 108.5 million tonnes of CO2 e in 2025. The mitigation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Energy (including Transport); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Industry; Waste. The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures.', 'The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures. The adaptation component identifies strategic measures in key sectors in order to improve adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce risks caused by climate change, thus contributes to the achievement of the country’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and National Development Plan objectives. The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government.', 'The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government. Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 In reviewing the 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), the government organized bilateral meetings, conducted during 2020-2021, in order to identify and discuss relevant measures to achieve the proposed target, responding to the main priorities of the country.', 'Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 In reviewing the 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), the government organized bilateral meetings, conducted during 2020-2021, in order to identify and discuss relevant measures to achieve the proposed target, responding to the main priorities of the country. Due to the global pandemic COVID-19 the bilateral meetings were developed through virtual platform.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future [45].', 'Due to the global pandemic COVID-19 the bilateral meetings were developed through virtual platform.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future [45]. The Paris Agreement guides developed and developing countries to made individual commitments to transition toward a climate-resilient and low- emissions future. Parties are required to undertake and communicate efforts to contribute to the achievement of these goals in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) communicated to the UNFCCC (Article 3).', 'Parties are required to undertake and communicate efforts to contribute to the achievement of these goals in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) communicated to the UNFCCC (Article 3). All Parties agreed to either communicate their current NDCs or submit new or updated NDCs by 2020, and to do so every five years thereafter. Each successive NDC is expected to represent a progression beyond the current NDC (Article 4) and reflect the Party’s highest possible ambition. This upward spiral of ambition underpins the achievement of the goals agreed to in Paris. The first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) of Angola was submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015.', 'The first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) of Angola was submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015. Five years later and following the ratification of the Paris Agreement in November 2020, Angola is submitting an updated NDC, setting targets to contribute to the achievement of the PA goals and meet the country compromises in climate change policy. 1.2. Outline of this document This document describes Angola’s update of its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2025.', 'Outline of this document This document describes Angola’s update of its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2025. It is structured as follows: Section 2 describes Angola’s national circumstances Section 3 presents the NDC Revision Process Section 4 describes Angola’s contribution to Mitigation Section 5 describes Angola’s contribution to Adaptation Section 6 outlines the means of implementation for the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC and identifies the barriers to the implementation Section 7 describes the fairness and ambition of the present NDC Section 8 describes Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Section 9 contains the references As an annex to this document, a list of indicators for tracking NDC implementation is presented.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 2.', 'It is structured as follows: Section 2 describes Angola’s national circumstances Section 3 presents the NDC Revision Process Section 4 describes Angola’s contribution to Mitigation Section 5 describes Angola’s contribution to Adaptation Section 6 outlines the means of implementation for the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC and identifies the barriers to the implementation Section 7 describes the fairness and ambition of the present NDC Section 8 describes Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Section 9 contains the references As an annex to this document, a list of indicators for tracking NDC implementation is presented.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 2. CURRENT NATIONAL CONTEXT Angolan vision for Climate Change “Angola adapted to the impacts of climate change with a low carbon development pathway that contributes to the eradication of poverty.” (ENAC 2020-2035) The Republic of Angola is vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some territories are already experiencing frequent episodes of extreme weather events of concern such as droughts or floods, as well as coastal degradation.', 'CURRENT NATIONAL CONTEXT Angolan vision for Climate Change “Angola adapted to the impacts of climate change with a low carbon development pathway that contributes to the eradication of poverty.” (ENAC 2020-2035) The Republic of Angola is vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some territories are already experiencing frequent episodes of extreme weather events of concern such as droughts or floods, as well as coastal degradation. Concerned with making its contribution to the protection of communities and the rational management of its most varied natural resources, counting on future generations, the Republic of Angola has, in recent decades, become a signatory to several international environmental conventions with the signature of their respective protocols.', 'Concerned with making its contribution to the protection of communities and the rational management of its most varied natural resources, counting on future generations, the Republic of Angola has, in recent decades, become a signatory to several international environmental conventions with the signature of their respective protocols. Angola ratified the United Nations Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, reaffirming its commitment to the implementation of measures and programs to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In May 2000, the country ratified the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention, after being signed by the Parties in July 1998, being one of the most successful United Nations treaties to date with 197 signatory countries.', 'In May 2000, the country ratified the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention, after being signed by the Parties in July 1998, being one of the most successful United Nations treaties to date with 197 signatory countries. Angola is also a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Combating Drought and Desertification (UNCCD), the Convention on the Conservation of Wild Migratory Species (CMS), better known as the “Bonn Convention”, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Angola is also part of the Law of the Sea Convention.', 'Angola is also part of the Law of the Sea Convention. Most of the conventions continue to deserve their implementation by Angola, through the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA), within the scope of the commitments assumed at international level to contribute to the protection of the planet earth and its living beings. In 2011, Angola completed its National Adaptation Action Plan (PANA) and in 2014 submitted its 1st National Communication to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2015, the country prepared and submitted its Intended National Contribution for the reduction of GHG emissions to the UNFCCC.', 'In 2015, the country prepared and submitted its Intended National Contribution for the reduction of GHG emissions to the UNFCCC. Angola recognizes that the country has been greatly affected by the impacts of climate change (prolonged droughts, floods, forest fires, reduced agricultural productivity, reduced water availability, affected fishing resources, .) and that adaptation is an obvious need. To address these issues, Angola has developed several national plans and strategies, including the National Strategy for Afforestation and Reforestation (2010), Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Management (2011) and Program of Action National Plan to Combat Desertification (2014).', 'To address these issues, Angola has developed several national plans and strategies, including the National Strategy for Afforestation and Reforestation (2010), Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Management (2011) and Program of Action National Plan to Combat Desertification (2014). In 2017, the Angolan Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment prepared its National StrategyNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change 2020-2035, being revised at the moment, which identifies and defines a set of strategic mitigation and adaptation options for different economic sectors.', 'In 2017, the Angolan Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment prepared its National StrategyNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change 2020-2035, being revised at the moment, which identifies and defines a set of strategic mitigation and adaptation options for different economic sectors. The Republic of Angola is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. 2.2.', 'The Republic of Angola is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. 2.2. Geographical Characteristics Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the south west coast of Africa, whose main territory is limited to the north and northeast by the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the east by Zambia, to the south by Namibia and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean.', 'Geographical Characteristics Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the south west coast of Africa, whose main territory is limited to the north and northeast by the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the east by Zambia, to the south by Namibia and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes the exclave of Cabinda, through which it borders the Republic of Congo to the north. Angola has a surface area of 1.246.700 square kilometers and a coastline of 1.650 square kilometers. Angola is divided into 18 provinces (Bengo, Benguela, Bié, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza- Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uíge, and Zaire). The most populated province is Luanda which contains its capital city.', 'The most populated province is Luanda which contains its capital city. Its largest province by area is Cuando Cubango located in the south-east at 204,000 km² followed closely by its northern neighbor Moxico at 201,000 km². Cabinda is an exclave that is separated from the rest of Angola by a narrow strip of territory that belongs to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Figure 1). Figure 1 – Angola’s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association)Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 2.3.', 'Figure 1 – Angola’s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association)Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 2.3. Climate Profile Due to its geographical position, the Angolan territory presents an important climatic diversity, resulting from the combination of several factors such as its size, both in the north-south axis and in the coast-inland axis, the diversity of its topography and the effects of the Oceanic Current of Benguela (cold water). In this way, Angola has three major climatic zones. To the north the climate is characterized as hot and humid tropical and as we walk south, the climate becomes drier until it reaches a desert climate in the south-west, on the border with Namibia. The central plateau region has a temperate tropical climate.', 'The central plateau region has a temperate tropical climate. There are two different seasons, a hot and humid season, in which rainfall is greater and another cooler and drier. In general, rainfall is higher in the north and inland, increasing with altitude. The Benguela current makes the coastal regions of Angola arid or semi-arid. 2.3.1. Future Climate Projections & Trends in climate variables The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has defined four different scenarios, called Representative Concentration Pathways (CPR), which differ in their ability to dissipate heat, ranging from the optimistic (2.6) to the pessimistic (8.5) scenario, through the intermediate scenarios 4.5 and 6.0. The difference between these two intermediate scenarios is when radiation stabilization occurs, respectively, before 2060 or in 2100[8].', 'The difference between these two intermediate scenarios is when radiation stabilization occurs, respectively, before 2060 or in 2100[8]. Considering RCP4.5 scenario, future projections for Angola indicate an increase in the average annual temperature of 1.2 to 3.2ºC in 2060, with warmer and less cold days and nights, a generalized warming of surface waters on the northern and southern frontiers of the large marine ecosystem of the Benguela current, a variation in annual precipitation between -27% and + 20% in 2090, a greater probability of extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts and intense rains. The waterproofing of urban soil will increase the risk of flooding caused by high-intensity point rains [20].', 'The waterproofing of urban soil will increase the risk of flooding caused by high-intensity point rains [20]. The wind direction is not expected to change, as well as the direction of the sea currents. The pH of rainwater is expected to become more acidic, particularly in urban environments, more as a result of the increase in urban population and pollution of anthropogenic origin and not so much due to climate change. Also, the ocean acidification, the decrease in the pH of the Earth s oceans, is ongoing caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere.', 'Also, the ocean acidification, the decrease in the pH of the Earth s oceans, is ongoing caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere. An increase in the frequency and intensity of flooding in the coastal zone of Angola is expected in all seasons, except in winter months June, July and August, interspersed with longer periods of drought. The average of sea level is expected to rise, which will have direct consequences for the coastal zone of Angola, not only because that is where the country s population and infrastructure is concentrated, but also because it affects coastal biotopes, such as mangroves, increasing its salinity and making the survival of plant species impossible or altering the local flora.', 'The average of sea level is expected to rise, which will have direct consequences for the coastal zone of Angola, not only because that is where the country s population and infrastructure is concentrated, but also because it affects coastal biotopes, such as mangroves, increasing its salinity and making the survival of plant species impossible or altering the local flora. Table 1 presents a summary of projections by climate variable.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable [28] Projection Condition Trend Air temperature The average global temperature of the earth s surface is likely to exceed, by the end of the 21st century, 1.5 ° C with respect to trademarks registered in the 1850-1900 period.', 'Table 1 presents a summary of projections by climate variable.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable [28] Projection Condition Trend Air temperature The average global temperature of the earth s surface is likely to exceed, by the end of the 21st century, 1.5 ° C with respect to trademarks registered in the 1850-1900 period. Increase Sea water temperature Positive changes in the temperature of the water in the cold Benguela current may affect outcrop pulses in the planktonic system as a whole. There is shading of effects and causes with the condition of the ichthyofauna and the activities of commercial overfishing in the area, as well as secular variations typical of marine dynamics.', 'There is shading of effects and causes with the condition of the ichthyofauna and the activities of commercial overfishing in the area, as well as secular variations typical of marine dynamics. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Sea current temperature A tropicalization of the equatorial heating zone of the cold Benguela current is expected by 2050. However, the heating of the Benguela current as well as new phenomena such as El Niño de Benguela respond to secular dynamics that cannot yet be statistically separated from each other. possible consequences of global warming. Stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with sub-dimensioning of data to establish effects arising Precipitation A decrease in average annual rainfall in the south and north of the country and an increase in the central coast is expected.', 'Stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with sub-dimensioning of data to establish effects arising Precipitation A decrease in average annual rainfall in the south and north of the country and an increase in the central coast is expected. In monthly terms, a decrease is expected in the driest months, extending the dry season to the months of April and October. The maximum daily precipitation is expected to increase throughout the territory, this increase being more accentuated in the coastal zone. In the South, precipitation episodes will decrease by the end of the century but will be more intense in the future. Increase Sea Level Rise (SLR) Average sea level increase until the year 2100 between interval, between 17% and 84%.', 'Increase Sea Level Rise (SLR) Average sea level increase until the year 2100 between interval, between 17% and 84%. Already incorporating an increase in the global average temperature between 1.5 ° C and 2.0 ° C, the increase in sea level would be between 0.35m and 0.93m for the same confidence interval. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Wind direction No drastic changes expected. Local phenomena produced by urban corridors may have a specific impact, more linked to the effects of urbanization than global warming. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Direction of sea currents No drastic changes planned in terms of direction. Variability can be recorded in terms of vertical adjustments resulting from changes in temperature.', 'Variability can be recorded in terms of vertical adjustments resulting from changes in temperature. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effectsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Projection Condition Trend Rainwater pH due to anthropic action Expressively linked to the emission into the atmosphere of compounds derived from fossil fuels or possible mining of sulfur compounds in the open. Increase Rainwater pH by natural effects No drastic changes predicted by natural conditions. Anthropogenic action would be primarily responsible. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Occurrence and intensity of extreme events Drought: They will tend to increase in frequency and intensity in the coastal area, but with significant consolidation in the central and western regions of the country.', 'Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Occurrence and intensity of extreme events Drought: They will tend to increase in frequency and intensity in the coastal area, but with significant consolidation in the central and western regions of the country. Floods: Expected to increase the frequency of floods as well as their intensity, however interspersed with more consolidated periods of drought. Heat waves: Expected to increase the frequency Storm surges: Expected to increase the frequency Wildfires: As global temperatures rise, wildfires are getting more frequent and intense. Increase Ocean acidification The ocean has been playing an important role in helping slow down global climate change by removing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, decades of ocean observations show that the CO2 absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of seawater.', 'However, decades of ocean observations show that the CO2 absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of seawater. When seawater absorbs carbon dioxide its acidity is increased. Increase 2.3.1. Climate Change Impacts Angola s vulnerability to climate change has been felt over time, with frequent episodes of extreme weather phenomena such as drought or floods, as well as coastal degradation and marked temperature variability in some areas of the country [19], with a special focus on the coast where most of the country s population is concentrated. Policy makers and other relevant stakeholders are increasingly aware of the tendency for them to get worse.', 'Policy makers and other relevant stakeholders are increasingly aware of the tendency for them to get worse. The growing signs of sensitive changes in biophysical systems, whether at regional and/or global scale, highlight the need to identify, analyze and assess the potential impacts of climate change in various socio-economic sectors, in order to plan a concerted response and mobilize adequate resources for its realization.', 'The growing signs of sensitive changes in biophysical systems, whether at regional and/or global scale, highlight the need to identify, analyze and assess the potential impacts of climate change in various socio-economic sectors, in order to plan a concerted response and mobilize adequate resources for its realization. The main climate change impacts are presented below (Table 2).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 2 – Climate change impacts[28] Climate change impacts Sea level rise Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion Change in sea currents circulation Rising water temperature and increased salinization Increased soil instability and landslide Increased susceptibility to desertification and soil erosion Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Electricity supply instability Health risks and disease transmission Change / Loss of biodiversity Acidification of the sea and fresh water Intrusion of seawater in coastal areas Erosion of riverbeds and consequent sediment accumulation in estuaries 2.4.', 'The main climate change impacts are presented below (Table 2).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 2 – Climate change impacts[28] Climate change impacts Sea level rise Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion Change in sea currents circulation Rising water temperature and increased salinization Increased soil instability and landslide Increased susceptibility to desertification and soil erosion Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Electricity supply instability Health risks and disease transmission Change / Loss of biodiversity Acidification of the sea and fresh water Intrusion of seawater in coastal areas Erosion of riverbeds and consequent sediment accumulation in estuaries 2.4. Sociocultural Characteristics Population According to the results of the Angolan General Population and Housing Census (RGPH 2014), the country’s total population was of 25.789.024 inhabitants (31.127.674 est.', 'Sociocultural Characteristics Population According to the results of the Angolan General Population and Housing Census (RGPH 2014), the country’s total population was of 25.789.024 inhabitants (31.127.674 est. in 2020), unevenly distributed in the territory with 63% residing in urban areas and 37% in rural areas[10], and a strong concentration in the province of Luanda of around 6.9 million people. The country has one of the lowest demographic densities in the world with only 20.6 inhabitants per km2 and vast regions with no inhabitants or with less than 5 inhabitants per km2, however continues to have one of the highest fertility rates of Africa (registering 5.9 children per woman on average in 2010-2015)[19].', 'The country has one of the lowest demographic densities in the world with only 20.6 inhabitants per km2 and vast regions with no inhabitants or with less than 5 inhabitants per km2, however continues to have one of the highest fertility rates of Africa (registering 5.9 children per woman on average in 2010-2015)[19]. Despite the demographic density is globally low, it is extremely unequal: the urban areas, which are constantly expanding, are contrasted with large sparsely populated areas, particularly in the provinces located along to the coast of the country.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48] The population projections for the period 2014-2050, from the National Institute of Statistics, (based on birth, mortality and migration, using an average natural population growth rate of 3%) predicts that the total population will be more than double from just over 31.1 million in 2020 to 67.9 million in 2050, as presented in the table below (Table 3).', 'Despite the demographic density is globally low, it is extremely unequal: the urban areas, which are constantly expanding, are contrasted with large sparsely populated areas, particularly in the provinces located along to the coast of the country.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48] The population projections for the period 2014-2050, from the National Institute of Statistics, (based on birth, mortality and migration, using an average natural population growth rate of 3%) predicts that the total population will be more than double from just over 31.1 million in 2020 to 67.9 million in 2050, as presented in the table below (Table 3). Thus, this evolution of the population was considered in the projections of emissions until 2025 and 2030.', 'Thus, this evolution of the population was considered in the projections of emissions until 2025 and 2030. Contributing to the population growth tendency is the declining of mortality in the country in recent years as a reflection of the increase of life expectancy at birth, decrease of juvenile mortality rates and lower VIH prevalence in pregnant women (despite existence of some provincial variation)[15]. Table 3 – Estimated population projections for the 2015-2030 period [15] Population projections 2020-2050 (hab.) According to the 2014 Census estimates, the life expectancy at birth of an Angolan is 60.3 years (57.6 years for men and 63 for women), although the country aims to belong to the Human Development Index high score countries (index higher than 0.70) by 2025.', 'According to the 2014 Census estimates, the life expectancy at birth of an Angolan is 60.3 years (57.6 years for men and 63 for women), although the country aims to belong to the Human Development Index high score countries (index higher than 0.70) by 2025. Furthermore, the age structure of the population is very young (average age of 20.6 years), with 65% of the national total population under 24 and only 2% over 65 years old [19].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Education and Literacy Angola is a multicultural and multilingual country. Portuguese, the only official language, is known by 80% of the population as the primary or secondary language.', 'Portuguese, the only official language, is known by 80% of the population as the primary or secondary language. The six Bantu languages most widely spoken: Umbundu (23%), Kikongo (8.2%), Kimbundu (7.8%), Chokwe (6.5%), Ngangela (3.1%), Kwanyama (2.3%) [48]. In 2020, the Multidimensional Poverty Report of Angola [27] was developed, which considers 4 dimensions: i) Health; ii) Education, iii) Quality of life; iv) Employment - and sixteen indicators that express the different deprivations faced by people living in poverty and are, quite important, to capture the reality of the Country. According to this report, the incidence rate of multidimensional poverty in the rural area (87.8%) is more than double the incidence rate in the urban area (35.0%).', 'According to this report, the incidence rate of multidimensional poverty in the rural area (87.8%) is more than double the incidence rate in the urban area (35.0%). Angola has, according to UNESCO, an adult literacy rate1 of 66.03% (a 1.38% decline from 2001). While the male literacy rate is 79.97%, for females is 53.41%, showing a big gap between the sexes. In Angola, primary education is mandatory and free, which comprises 6 years of schooling (1st grade to 6th grade). Government Currently under the 2010 Constitution, the President in office is João Lourenço from the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola party (MPLA, in Portuguese), elected when the country held its second Presidential elections in 23rd August 2017 as part of a stable democratic transition.', 'Government Currently under the 2010 Constitution, the President in office is João Lourenço from the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola party (MPLA, in Portuguese), elected when the country held its second Presidential elections in 23rd August 2017 as part of a stable democratic transition. The country is administratively divided into 18 provinces, each of which is headed by a governor appointed by the central government. Provinces are further divided into councils, communes, circles, neighborhoods, and villages. The government type is a multiparty democracy with an Executive Presidency composed of the following State bodies: The President of the Republic, the National Assembly, the Government and the Courts2. The actual Angolan government is composed by 21 Ministries. 2.5.', 'The actual Angolan government is composed by 21 Ministries. 2.5. Socioeconomic Characteristics Angola has been an independent nation since 11th November 1975, following over 500 years of Portuguese colonization, and has maintained political stability since the end of the 27-year civil war in 2002. In 2010, a constitution established a presidential parliamentary system with the 1 Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. 2 Angola: UN Country ProfileNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 president no longer elected by direct popular vote but instead as the head of the party winning the most seats.', '2 Angola: UN Country ProfileNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 president no longer elected by direct popular vote but instead as the head of the party winning the most seats. Angola has made substantial economic and political progress since the end of the war in 2002. However, the country continues to face massive development challenges, which include reducing its dependency on oil and diversifying the economy; rebuilding its infrastructure; and improving institutional capacity, governance, public financial management systems, human development indicators, and the living conditions of the population. The World Bank classifies the world s economies into four income groups — high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low. The Republic of Angola is a lower-middle income country and is transitioning to be classified as an upper-middle income country.', 'The Republic of Angola is a lower-middle income country and is transitioning to be classified as an upper-middle income country. Faced with the degrading situation of its economy from the civil war, Angola joined the least developed country (LDC) category in 1994[1]. In 2015, the United Nations considered that, given its economic growth, it should no longer be considered as a least developed country [14]. Angola’s graduation from the LDC category will be effective in 2021[16]. For the Government of Angola, graduation is an important milestone for the country and its process should be used as a catalyst to accelerate the country’s transformation and development agenda [21]. This graduation process is expected to have economic implications.', 'This graduation process is expected to have economic implications. Poverty reduction is one of the priority objectives of Angolan policy and the actions developed under the Poverty Reduction Strategy, the Integrated Municipal Program for Rural Development and Poverty Reduction and the National Development Plan of 2013-2017 and of 2018-2022, currently in force and under revision, allowed for a positive evolution of national indicators. According to the National Development Plan of 2018-2022, the poverty rate in Angola fell from 60% to 36% from the beginning of this century to 2018, with almost half of Angola s population rising above the threshold of absolute poverty, with poverty being more prevalent in rural (58%) than in urban areas (19%)[14].', 'According to the National Development Plan of 2018-2022, the poverty rate in Angola fell from 60% to 36% from the beginning of this century to 2018, with almost half of Angola s population rising above the threshold of absolute poverty, with poverty being more prevalent in rural (58%) than in urban areas (19%)[14]. Although the country s wealth concentration indicator is evolving positively, empirical evidence suggests that inequality remains high [22]. In 2018, the GINI index3 for was 51,3%. The Government has already in place a programme to support vulnerable families.', 'The Government has already in place a programme to support vulnerable families. The KWENDA program, which provides for the transfer of a fixed monthly income, in the amount of 8,500 kwanzas, to vulnerable families, as well as their inclusion in income-generating activities, came into force with its approval in the Diário da República. Despite the positive outcomes, it is essential to strengthen and broaden the scope of policies and measures to reduce poverty, eliminate extreme poverty, promote access to equal opportunities and assure a fairer distribution of wealth and income. Some of the proposed measures in the PDN 2018-2022 are the implementation of a minimum income program for the population with greater economic and social difficulties and a sustainable and fair wage policy and tax system[19].', 'Some of the proposed measures in the PDN 2018-2022 are the implementation of a minimum income program for the population with greater economic and social difficulties and a sustainable and fair wage policy and tax system[19]. According to the 2014 Census, 42.2% of the country’s population was employed in the primary sector, 26.2% in the tertiary sector and only 6.1% in the secondary sector. In 2018, the unemployment rate was estimated at 28% and remained predominantly high among youth in urban areas (38%)[34]. Is it important to highlight the informal economy, which is constituted as 3 The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.', 'Is it important to highlight the informal economy, which is constituted as 3 The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 a driving force of the organization of economic and social life, and not included in official numbers. Second largest oil producer in Africa, Angola also has the third largest GDP in sub-Saharan Africa, after Nigeria and South Africa. After a long civil war, the country posted one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, driven by its oil wealth.', 'After a long civil war, the country posted one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, driven by its oil wealth. Angola was then severely affected by the fall in oil prices and by the fall in world demand (notably from China). In 2019, it entered its fourth year of recession, which was extended by the drop in production in mature oil fields; indeed, GDP growth contracted by -1.5% in 2019[35]. Angola is expected to remain in recession in 2020 due to the recent plunge in oil prices and the global slowdown resulting from the impact of COVID-19. Oil sector growth will be highly affected due to the combined effect of supply and demand shocks.', 'Oil sector growth will be highly affected due to the combined effect of supply and demand shocks. Non-oil sector growth is also projected to decline due to spillover effects from lower oil prices, reduced imported capital goods, tighter financing conditions, currency depreciation, and restrictions in the movements of goods and people. The COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic disruptions caused by it put at risk Angola’s achievements of macro-economic stabilization and transition to a more sustainable and inclusive growth model [35]. Despite having reached the top of the countries with the highest economic growth, changes in the international economic context following the global financial crisis and recession in 2012 affected funding and economic dynamics nationally, contributing to a significant economic slowdown over the 2013-2016 period.', 'Despite having reached the top of the countries with the highest economic growth, changes in the international economic context following the global financial crisis and recession in 2012 affected funding and economic dynamics nationally, contributing to a significant economic slowdown over the 2013-2016 period. Angola, characterized by its oil industry dependence, suffered the drop-in oil production since 2014 and consequent price decline of this commodity, which resulted in reduced oil exports and affected tax revenues [30]. As a result, the real GDP growth rate decreased from 12.6% in the 2006-2010 period to 4.7% registered in 2011-2015, instigating government cuts in infrastructure spending by 55% between 2014 and 2017.', 'As a result, the real GDP growth rate decreased from 12.6% in the 2006-2010 period to 4.7% registered in 2011-2015, instigating government cuts in infrastructure spending by 55% between 2014 and 2017. The reduction in the price of oil and subsequent divestment in the sector over the 2015-2017 period, has strongly impacted oil production nationally causing inflation rates to rise exponentially and fiscal sector indicators to deteriorate, resulting in a contraction of economic activity, public consumption expenditure and public investment, and increasing the public deficit leading to a four year long recession [30]. Since 2016 the real GDP growth rates have been negative (Figure 3).', 'Since 2016 the real GDP growth rates have been negative (Figure 3). In light of this scenario, in 2016 entered into force a memorandum defining the government strategy to tackle this problem and increase state revenues based mainly on four pillars [17]: 1) oil substitution as the main source of revenue, 2) short-term export promotion, 3) program of public debt payment, and 4) a new non-oil dependent economic stability cycle. Hence, the government of Angola has been taking the necessary actions to help the country overcome the financial crisis, including the constraints in the oil sector, through measures of macroeconomic and financial stabilization, implementation of structural and financial reforms, improvement the business environment, and promoting non-oil sector growth, essential to reduce the high unemployment rate.', 'Hence, the government of Angola has been taking the necessary actions to help the country overcome the financial crisis, including the constraints in the oil sector, through measures of macroeconomic and financial stabilization, implementation of structural and financial reforms, improvement the business environment, and promoting non-oil sector growth, essential to reduce the high unemployment rate. Nonetheless, regardless of the efforts made in the non-oil sector in the past year - by the end of 2019, non-oil GDP growth estimate was of 0.6% due to the non-oil economy positive performance - the prediction is of continuing economic recession [30].', 'Nonetheless, regardless of the efforts made in the non-oil sector in the past year - by the end of 2019, non-oil GDP growth estimate was of 0.6% due to the non-oil economy positive performance - the prediction is of continuing economic recession [30]. The government strategy also involves investing in infrastructure, reducing imports throughNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 economic diversification, developing skills and improving the business environment through reducing bureaucracy and easing credit access to companies [19]. Also, the National Development Plan 2018-2022 reinforces the strategic need for the country s development through investment in agriculture and industry.', 'Also, the National Development Plan 2018-2022 reinforces the strategic need for the country s development through investment in agriculture and industry. Figure 3 – Evolution of GDP growth rates between 2012 and 2019 [30] In the 2013-2017 period, the average growth rate of the non-oil sector of 1.2% has been threefold the 0.4% registered for the oil sector [19]. The Government is strongly committed in developing the agricultural sector in order to make the country self-sufficient in basic food supplies, thus reducing imports and increasing exports. Subsistence agriculture remains the main source of income for the majority of the population representing about 47.8% of the total national labour force [19] and a GDP growth rate of 3.8% in 2019 in relation to the previous year [30].', 'Subsistence agriculture remains the main source of income for the majority of the population representing about 47.8% of the total national labour force [19] and a GDP growth rate of 3.8% in 2019 in relation to the previous year [30]. Recently, the Government of Angola developed the Integrated Plan for the Acceleration of Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries (PIAAPF), stating its plans to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and dependence on oil, increasing increase national production by at least 15 to 25%, as well as investments in chains of value [33]. Between 2018 and 2022, projections show that the national economy is expected to have a real average growth rate of 3%, considering the stabilisation of oil production and the acceleration of the non-oil sector.', 'Between 2018 and 2022, projections show that the national economy is expected to have a real average growth rate of 3%, considering the stabilisation of oil production and the acceleration of the non-oil sector. In this scenario, the main drivers of growth are: agriculture with an average rate of 8.9%; fisheries with an average rate of 4.8%; manufacturing with an average rate of 5.9%; construction with an average rate of 3.8%; and services, including tourism with an average rate of 5.9% [19]. 2.5.1.', 'In this scenario, the main drivers of growth are: agriculture with an average rate of 8.9%; fisheries with an average rate of 4.8%; manufacturing with an average rate of 5.9%; construction with an average rate of 3.8%; and services, including tourism with an average rate of 5.9% [19]. 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Primary sector Oil, Mineral & Gas Producing more than 800,000 barrels per day, Angola is Africa s second largest oil producer, a net producer of natural gas and also the third largest producer of diamonds in the continent, surpassed only by Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo.', 'Characteristics of the Primary sector Oil, Mineral & Gas Producing more than 800,000 barrels per day, Angola is Africa s second largest oil producer, a net producer of natural gas and also the third largest producer of diamonds in the continent, surpassed only by Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Angolan economy - the third largest in sub-Saharan Africa - is dominated by the oil and gas industry, which accounts for about 50% of its GDP and is the primary source of revenue for the country (more than 80% of government revenue and 90% of Angola s exports come from oil activities) [47].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Besides oil, Angola has a wide range of valuable natural resources, particularly geological and mineral, including diamonds, iron ore, phosphate, copper, gold and manganese.', 'The Angolan economy - the third largest in sub-Saharan Africa - is dominated by the oil and gas industry, which accounts for about 50% of its GDP and is the primary source of revenue for the country (more than 80% of government revenue and 90% of Angola s exports come from oil activities) [47].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Besides oil, Angola has a wide range of valuable natural resources, particularly geological and mineral, including diamonds, iron ore, phosphate, copper, gold and manganese. Some of these resources are still unexplored in vast areas of the territory, reason why the government is implementing the National Geology Plan (PLANAGEO) to promote their exploitation and generate revenues.', 'Some of these resources are still unexplored in vast areas of the territory, reason why the government is implementing the National Geology Plan (PLANAGEO) to promote their exploitation and generate revenues. The diamond, metallic mineral and other mineral extraction sectors are expected to perform the best in 2019, in consequence of the entry into operation of new diamond mines and of new quarries for the production of ornamental rocks, in addition to the continued production of other gold, iron ore and concentrated iron mines [19], with a growth rate of 17.9%, followed by Energy with 10.7% and the Manufacturing Industry 3.2% [30]. Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture Despite its potential, the agricultural sector is underdeveloped and not very productive, contributing to 9% of GDP but employs 51% of the population.', 'Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture Despite its potential, the agricultural sector is underdeveloped and not very productive, contributing to 9% of GDP but employs 51% of the population. Only about a third of Angola s arable land is used for harvests; of those, only 100,000 out of 5 million arable hectares benefit from machinery and/or animal traction for sowing and harvesting. Angola s agriculture mainly consists of subsistence farming. The key industrial crops are coffee and cotton. The Government recently heavily invested in coffee, sugarcane and ethanol productions, which should help to diversify agricultural revenues and exports [40]. Fisheries The fishing sector is third in importance in the country after the oil and diamond industries.', 'Fisheries The fishing sector is third in importance in the country after the oil and diamond industries. The Angolan coastline is 1.650 km long, with two diverging currents (Angola and Benguela currents) that create a strong upwelling system that supports a high primary production of marine resources. However, overfishing and changes in hydroclimatic conditions have strongly reduced the fisheries potential. [49] The area from Lobito to the mouth of the Cunene River is by far the most productive of Angola’s fishing zones, with an abundance of horse mackerel, sardines, tunas and a range of demersal species. Angola’s northern fishing zone extends from Luanda to the mouth of the Congo River, and the central fishing zone stretches from Luanda to Benguela. Artisanal fishing activities are scattered along the coast.', 'Artisanal fishing activities are scattered along the coast. Benguela and Luanda provinces have the greatest concentration of artisanal fishing areas. There is a real potential for increased artisanal fisheries and Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries (IPA) has put great effort into developing the sector, particularly in terms of improving quality and tonnage of landings, as well assisting to improve the standard of living of the artisanal communities. [49]Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 2.5.2. Characteristics of the Secondary Sector Energy Angola s current energy matrix, regarding electricity, is fundamentally based on two sources: water and thermal (from oil derivatives) and with regard to energy consumption in rural areas, in biomass (firewood and charcoal). New renewable energies have no expression and represent less than 1% of the energy consumed.', 'New renewable energies have no expression and represent less than 1% of the energy consumed. Angola is currently one of the countries in the world with the highest penetration of renewable energies in the electricity sector due to the weight of its hydroelectric plants. In 2013, more than 70% of the electricity produced in the country came from water. [13] The electricity network of Angola is constituted by 3 main independent systems, based on hydrographic basins, namely, the North, Center and South Systems. The provincial headquarters not covered by these systems are supplied by Isolated Systems. The electricity access rate in Angola is 44% today and most rural areas lack access to electricity and other modern sources of energy.', 'The electricity access rate in Angola is 44% today and most rural areas lack access to electricity and other modern sources of energy. Combustible firewood continues to be one of the most used forms of energy in rural Angola for heating and cooking. The uncontrolled use of this resource has created some problems of deforestation, although limited to the peripheries of small towns and villages in rural areas. Charcoal, which is mostly used in urban areas, is normally produced unsustainably, since the felled trees are not replaced. [26] In 2016, the government developed the “Angola Energy 2025”, a document setting the objectives and targets for the electricity sector from 2018 to 2025.', '[26] In 2016, the government developed the “Angola Energy 2025”, a document setting the objectives and targets for the electricity sector from 2018 to 2025. According to this document, electricity supply is expected to increase, with new electricity projects under way and demand growth is expected to reach 7.2 GW by 2025, four times the current value, as a result of the electrification of 60% of the territory. This expansion will guarantee wider access of the population to electric energy and an increase in residential electricity consumption, thus contributing to national wealth growth, services improvement and industrial development [18]. In sum, infrastructure development and incentives to create supply will increase demand and electricity consumption which, in turn, is intrinsically associated with the expected economic development of the country. 2.5.1.', 'In sum, infrastructure development and incentives to create supply will increase demand and electricity consumption which, in turn, is intrinsically associated with the expected economic development of the country. 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Tertiary Sector Transports Road transport A country s economic and social development cannot be dissociated from the growth of national transport networks that accompany this growth. The growth forecasts for the country in the coming years, both in terms of population growth and the growth of its economy, have implications for emissions in the transport sector.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The roadway network covers about 75,000 km, 7,955 of which are paved. The main axis links the capital with the interior (East to West).', 'The main axis links the capital with the interior (East to West). At the same time there are a series of branches that connect the main roadways and allow communication with neighboring countries, specifically with Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. Public passenger transport is underdeveloped in Angola, with the use of individual transport being primarily to the detriment of collective transport. “Candongueiros”, old vans of informal public transport used in Angola, are widely used in the country. At peak times, traffic in urban areas is very intense, and GHG emissions are especially aggravated because a large part of the country s car fleet is made up of old vehicles with old and inefficient engines.', 'At peak times, traffic in urban areas is very intense, and GHG emissions are especially aggravated because a large part of the country s car fleet is made up of old vehicles with old and inefficient engines. Most of the freight in Angola is transported by road on trucks. Rail transport The rail system in Angola consists of around 2.750 km, divided in three main railways that were built eastwards from the coast during colonial times, linking Angola’s key Atlantic ports to the interior. Many of these lines were destroyed during the 27-year-long civil war, but a programme of rehabilitation has been ongoing since 2005. The three railway lines are: • Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda (Luanda Railways - CFL): This links Luanda to Malanje in northern central Angola.', 'The three railway lines are: • Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda (Luanda Railways - CFL): This links Luanda to Malanje in northern central Angola. • Caminhos de Ferro de Benguela (Benguela Railways - CFB): This links the Port of Lobito and Luau on the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC). • Caminhos de Ferro Namibe (Moçâmedes Railways - CFM): This links the port of Namibe to the southern provinces of Cuando Cubango and Hull (town of Menongue) and on to the border of Namibia. Figure 4 - Rail Transport Angola [29] Maritime transportNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Regarding the maritime transport, Angola’s coastline stretches 1,600 kilometers and is served by numerous ports. The largest ports are Luanda, Lobito, Cabinda, Namibe and Soyo (Figure 5).', 'The largest ports are Luanda, Lobito, Cabinda, Namibe and Soyo (Figure 5). The port of Cabinda serves the Cabinda enclave region and is heavily tied to offshore petrol operations and handling, as is Soyo. The port of Namibe is the most important fishing port in the country, while Lobito is a historical port that once served as a direct gateway to DRC Katanga region’s copper exports (using the Benguela railway) [31]. Also, there is a fluvial network made up of large rivers with several falls, rapids, and lakes, some of which are navigable over dozens of kilometers and also appropriate for bathing and water sports. Some of those rivers are the Kwanza, Zaire, Kuando and Cunene.', 'Some of those rivers are the Kwanza, Zaire, Kuando and Cunene. Angolan rivers offer excellent opportunities for transportation both for Tourism or a mix of Trade and Tourism. Figure 5 - Location of Angola s main ports [41] This is Angola’s most important foreign trade route. The maritime infrastructure in general is in an acceptable condition, and this has allowed Angola to meet the very heavy traffic needs. Air transport Air transport in Angola is mostly aimed at passenger traffic, both international and national.', 'Air transport Air transport in Angola is mostly aimed at passenger traffic, both international and national. There is a network of airports and airfields distributed over the whole country that allows immediate access to every point in the national territory as well as to other countries from the 4 de Fevereiro International Airport in the capital Luanda which has some of the heaviest air traffic in the whole of Africa. The national airline is TAAG and has routes to Africa, Europe and South America. Services The services sector (banking, telecommunications, tourism and hospitality) is also growing rapidly, accounting for 48,7% of GDP and employing 41% of the population.', 'Services The services sector (banking, telecommunications, tourism and hospitality) is also growing rapidly, accounting for 48,7% of GDP and employing 41% of the population. Tourism is growing, although there is a severe shortage of hotels and other types of accommodation.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The construction sector is booming (9% of GDP), driven by a large reconstruction program launched by the government. Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015)4 Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector Agriculture Industry5 Services Employment by Sector (in % of Total Employment) Value Added (in % of GDP) 8,6 47,9 43,2 Value Added (Annual % Change) -,76 -3,6 0,3 Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.', 'Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015)4 Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector Agriculture Industry5 Services Employment by Sector (in % of Total Employment) Value Added (in % of GDP) 8,6 47,9 43,2 Value Added (Annual % Change) -,76 -3,6 0,3 Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%. 4 World Bank latest data (updated October 2020) 5 The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water),Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 3. NDC REVISION PROCESS 3.1. Justification & Time Frame of this NDC Angola is reviewing its NDC following ratification of Paris Agreement in November 2020.', 'Justification & Time Frame of this NDC Angola is reviewing its NDC following ratification of Paris Agreement in November 2020. Article 4.10 of the Paris Agreement calls on the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA1) to “consider common time frames” for nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The common time frame is necessary to monitor and review the effectiveness of NDC implementation as well as to aggregate the global number of emission reduction. Angola is setting the target to achieve a 14% reduction (unconditionally) by 2025. 3.2.', 'Angola is setting the target to achieve a 14% reduction (unconditionally) by 2025. 3.2. Scope and coverage The NDC scope is fully aligned with the recent National Strategy for Climate Chance 2020-2035 (ENAC 2020-2035) and the coverage is nation-wide, and the gases covered include CO2 and N2O gases. The mitigation action of this NDC comprises 4 sectors, namely: Energy AFOLU Industry Waste The adaptation action of this NDC comprises 6 sectors, namely: Agriculture and Fisheries Coastal Zone Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Water resources Human Health Infra-structures 3.3. Revision process and NDC Enhancement The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government. Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations.', 'Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations. In reviewing the 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), the government organized bilateral meetings, conducted during 2020-2021, in order to identify and discussNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 relevant measures to achieve the proposed target, responding to the main priorities of the country. Due to the global pandemic COVID-19 the bilateral meetings were developed through virtual platform. Guided discussions with relevant stakeholders focused on three elements: Review of iNDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing? What are the implementation arrangements and needs? Discussion of additional options: What other options could be applicable in Angola? What are the key challenges?', 'Discussion of additional options: What other options could be applicable in Angola? What are the key challenges? What are the policy gaps and support needs? Identifying data sources and gaps: What are the existing information sources? Where are the key data gaps required for detailed analysis? The Angolan NDC was enhanced by adding measures and actions aimed at strengthening implementation. Also, new information on the most recent National Inventory of CO2 e emissions was added to the document. 3.4. Institutional arrangements The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment of Angola (MCTA in Portuguese) was the entity responsible for the update of the Angolan NDC, with the support of UNDP Angola.', 'Institutional arrangements The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment of Angola (MCTA in Portuguese) was the entity responsible for the update of the Angolan NDC, with the support of UNDP Angola. MCTA currently has 6 National Directorates, namely the (1) National Directorate of Culture and Arts; the (2) National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions; the (3) National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development; the (4) National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products; (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action; the (6) National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts.', 'MCTA currently has 6 National Directorates, namely the (1) National Directorate of Culture and Arts; the (2) National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions; the (3) National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development; the (4) National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products; (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action; the (6) National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts. Under the (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action, MCTA has the task of formulating, conducting, executing and controlling the policy related to the environment in a perspective of protection, preservation and conservation of environmental quality, pollution control, conservation areas and enhancement of the natural heritage, as well as the preservation and rational use of natural resources.', 'Under the (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action, MCTA has the task of formulating, conducting, executing and controlling the policy related to the environment in a perspective of protection, preservation and conservation of environmental quality, pollution control, conservation areas and enhancement of the natural heritage, as well as the preservation and rational use of natural resources. The National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) is responsible for: Conceive, propose and implement the national environmental policy and the National Environmental Management Program; Guide, coordinate and supervise all the activity of the Ministry in accordance with the law; Ensure the correct application of the technical and scientific development policy for the sector s human resources;Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Guarantee the prosecution of laws and other legal instruments.', 'The National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) is responsible for: Conceive, propose and implement the national environmental policy and the National Environmental Management Program; Guide, coordinate and supervise all the activity of the Ministry in accordance with the law; Ensure the correct application of the technical and scientific development policy for the sector s human resources;Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Guarantee the prosecution of laws and other legal instruments. Its executive services also include the Climate Change Office, responsible for the implementation of the National Climate Change Program (NCCP) and the integration of policies leading to sustainability, GHG emission reduction, offset programs and projects, and the National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental policy in activities that are likely to cause significant harm to the environment.', 'Its executive services also include the Climate Change Office, responsible for the implementation of the National Climate Change Program (NCCP) and the integration of policies leading to sustainability, GHG emission reduction, offset programs and projects, and the National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental policy in activities that are likely to cause significant harm to the environment. In 2000, Angola created the Multisectoral Commission for the Environment, to deal with climate change issues under the UNFCCC. The Commission has the authority to establish sustainable development measures for various sectors, the implementation of strategies, policies, programs and actions related with environmental protection, as well as to convene agreements between different sectors with regard to environmental management programs.', 'The Commission has the authority to establish sustainable development measures for various sectors, the implementation of strategies, policies, programs and actions related with environmental protection, as well as to convene agreements between different sectors with regard to environmental management programs. Also, a National Commission on Biodiversity and Climate Change (CIBAC) was created in 2012 (Presidential Order No. 10/12 of February 1) with the responsibility to create the necessary conditions for the execution and implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Change and for creating a national investment plan for climate change, biodiversity, drought and desertification. The Commission is coordinated by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment and integrates several ministries.', 'The Commission is coordinated by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment and integrates several ministries. The Commission has the following duties: Agree on the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; Create the conditions for the execution and implementation of the national plan for climate change; Create a national investment plan that integrates issues related to climate change, biodiversity, drought and desertification; Create centres of excellence for research and systematic observation of the climate system.', 'The Commission has the following duties: Agree on the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; Create the conditions for the execution and implementation of the national plan for climate change; Create a national investment plan that integrates issues related to climate change, biodiversity, drought and desertification; Create centres of excellence for research and systematic observation of the climate system. A successful implementation of this NDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MCTA and all potential stakeholders including the private sector, civil society and public institutions.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 IPCC’s latest report (2014)6 on the impact of global warming underlines the need for ambitious and immediate action to keep the Paris Agreement goals within reach, in particular the 1,5ºC temperature goal.', 'A successful implementation of this NDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MCTA and all potential stakeholders including the private sector, civil society and public institutions.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 IPCC’s latest report (2014)6 on the impact of global warming underlines the need for ambitious and immediate action to keep the Paris Agreement goals within reach, in particular the 1,5ºC temperature goal. The report warns that global mean surface temperature is likely to rise if the current trend on emissions continue. Through this NDC, Angola presents its ambition and its commitment to contribute to the Paris Agreement objectives.', 'Through this NDC, Angola presents its ambition and its commitment to contribute to the Paris Agreement objectives. Also, the country is committed to contribute towards achieving the objective of the Convention for the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, as set out in its Article 2. Angola’s mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline (2015) over the period 2015-2025. The contribution comprises of two components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 14% relative to BAU (2015) in the year 2025; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 15,4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide e) in that year.', 'The contribution comprises of two components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 14% relative to BAU (2015) in the year 2025; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 15,4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies. • Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 10% relative to BAU in the year 2025; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 11,1 million tCO2 e e in that year. This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding.', 'This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding. The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 24% reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU scenario in 2025; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 26,5 million tCO2 e in 2025. 4.1.1.', 'The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 24% reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU scenario in 2025; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 26,5 million tCO2 e in 2025. 4.1.1. Source of information This NDC relies on relevant national and sectorial plans and strategies, namely: • National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 • National Development Plan for 2018-2022 • Angola Energia 2025 - Long-Term Vision for the Electricity Sector • Action Plan for the Energy and Water Sector 2013-2017Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 • Atlas and National Strategy for New Renewable Energies • Strategic Plan for New Environmental Technologies • Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management in Angola (PESGRU) • National Energy Security Policy and Strategy • Long-term development strategy for Angola (Angola 2025) For the GHG inventory, the following data sources were considered: • Consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas sector 4.1.2.', 'Source of information This NDC relies on relevant national and sectorial plans and strategies, namely: • National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 • National Development Plan for 2018-2022 • Angola Energia 2025 - Long-Term Vision for the Electricity Sector • Action Plan for the Energy and Water Sector 2013-2017Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 • Atlas and National Strategy for New Renewable Energies • Strategic Plan for New Environmental Technologies • Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management in Angola (PESGRU) • National Energy Security Policy and Strategy • Long-term development strategy for Angola (Angola 2025) For the GHG inventory, the following data sources were considered: • Consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas sector 4.1.2. Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of mitigation measures in the following main sectors: Energy AFOLU Industry Waste Energy The energy sector is fundamental to the economic and social development of Angola, allowing to improve the quality and welfare standards of the population.', 'Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of mitigation measures in the following main sectors: Energy AFOLU Industry Waste Energy The energy sector is fundamental to the economic and social development of Angola, allowing to improve the quality and welfare standards of the population. Renewable electricity generation is on the rise and expected to continue growing, due to private investment and also government strategies and orientation. Renewables like hydro, solar and wind power are perhaps the most widely recognized low-carbon technologies and are likely to be central to a decarbonized power system. One of the challenges of decarbonizing the power sector is sufficiently reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while guaranteeing reliability, security, and affordability of energy.', 'One of the challenges of decarbonizing the power sector is sufficiently reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while guaranteeing reliability, security, and affordability of energy. Decarbonization is likely to hinge on increased electrification of other sectors. Therefore, the electric power sector may need to grow capacity or increase efficiency as it decarbonizes. This will occur while the sector also changes in other ways, including the development of increasingly complex networks of supply and demand, new demands for bidirectional flow of power, new business models for power generation and grid infrastructure development, and increasing digitization of power technology. Transport A country s economic and social development cannot be dissociated from the growth of national transport networks that accompany this growth.', 'Transport A country s economic and social development cannot be dissociated from the growth of national transport networks that accompany this growth. The growth forecasts for the country in the coming years, both in terms of population growth and the growth of its economy, haveNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 implications for emissions in the transport sector, resulting in a rise in global temperature and climate change. Waste Waste is one of the most complex problems in modern society, with its growth, parallel to economic development, and the difficulties inherent in its management taking on a great political and social importance.', 'Waste Waste is one of the most complex problems in modern society, with its growth, parallel to economic development, and the difficulties inherent in its management taking on a great political and social importance. When waste is not properly disposed of in landfills but in landfills or uncontrolled landfills, it becomes a problem for public health and contributes to the pollution of surface and groundwater, making it unfit for consumption. Industrial development, population growth and high growth rates in cities will continue leading to an increase of waste production in Angola. The Strategic Plan for the Management of Urban Waste (PESGRU) [7], approved in 2012, forms the basis for the definition of a strategy to solve the problem of urban waste management.', 'The Strategic Plan for the Management of Urban Waste (PESGRU) [7], approved in 2012, forms the basis for the definition of a strategy to solve the problem of urban waste management. The development of the waste sector allows not only to minimize environmental and public health impacts, improving the well-being of the population, but also to create valuable jobs and by-products, being a sector with a high economic potential if well managed. Additionally, waste management contributes effectively to mitigating GHG emissions.', 'Additionally, waste management contributes effectively to mitigating GHG emissions. The use of methane generated in landfills for electricity production is an example of how waste management can have a double benefit: if, on the one hand, waste collection in urban areas contributes to the improvement of the health and hygiene conditions of the populations, on the other hand, the use of biogas generated in landfills contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions and to the security of energy supply, allowing the decentralization of electricity production to consumption areas.', 'The use of methane generated in landfills for electricity production is an example of how waste management can have a double benefit: if, on the one hand, waste collection in urban areas contributes to the improvement of the health and hygiene conditions of the populations, on the other hand, the use of biogas generated in landfills contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions and to the security of energy supply, allowing the decentralization of electricity production to consumption areas. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use According to the “Guidelines for Defining a Strategy for Exiting the Crisis Derived from the Fall in Oil Prices on the International Market” [17], agriculture will be a key sector for reducing oil dependence and diversifying the economy.', 'Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use According to the “Guidelines for Defining a Strategy for Exiting the Crisis Derived from the Fall in Oil Prices on the International Market” [17], agriculture will be a key sector for reducing oil dependence and diversifying the economy. The country is endowed with conditions conducive to agricultural and forestry practice, with great production potential all over the territory. Currently, the sector is of significant importance in the country, not only in terms of GDP, 9.9% in 2015, but also in terms of the amount of labour force it employs. One of the Government s objectives for the agricultural sector is to increase exports and reduce imports, with the aim of making the country self-sufficient regarding basic food products.', 'One of the Government s objectives for the agricultural sector is to increase exports and reduce imports, with the aim of making the country self-sufficient regarding basic food products. Thus, and in response to this strategy, the agricultural sector is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, which is why it is important to promote this growth based on the promotion of sustainable practices in agriculture, which allow the sector to grow in a sustainable manner from an economic, environmental and energy point of view. The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to capture carbon plays a vital role in reducing the increase of the planet s average temperatures.', 'The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to capture carbon plays a vital role in reducing the increase of the planet s average temperatures. Forest ecosystems can capture and sequester large quantities of CO2 through the accumulation of aerial and underground biomass, and the deposit of organic matter accumulated in ground.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Forests are of great socioeconomic importance due to the use of wood as a fuel, building materials, and the use of other resources for food and medicinal purposes.', 'Forest ecosystems can capture and sequester large quantities of CO2 through the accumulation of aerial and underground biomass, and the deposit of organic matter accumulated in ground.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Forests are of great socioeconomic importance due to the use of wood as a fuel, building materials, and the use of other resources for food and medicinal purposes. The forest is thus a valuable resource for the country, not only because of the importance it has for the Angolan economy, providing countless socioeconomic and environmental benefits, but also in its fundamental role as a carbon sink and regulator of the balance of ecosystems, and should be explored. in a sustainable way.', 'The forest is thus a valuable resource for the country, not only because of the importance it has for the Angolan economy, providing countless socioeconomic and environmental benefits, but also in its fundamental role as a carbon sink and regulator of the balance of ecosystems, and should be explored. in a sustainable way. Forests have a good capacity to recover from natural climatic variations, but the loss of vegetation cover can have consequences in aggravating the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. In this sense, it is for the fundamental Government that some mitigation measures are established for the forest sector that contribute to preserve this country s source of wealth.', 'In this sense, it is for the fundamental Government that some mitigation measures are established for the forest sector that contribute to preserve this country s source of wealth. [20] Industry Considering the objective of diversifying the economy that the Angolan Government intends to promote in the coming years, both to respond to the oil crisis and to promote economic diversification in the context of its PMA graduation, the development of other industries in the country. The manufacturing industry, for instance, is expected to develop quite a lot short term. In this sense, the Government recognizes that the growth of economic activity must be sustained by the consumption of energy in a conscious and efficient way.', 'In this sense, the Government recognizes that the growth of economic activity must be sustained by the consumption of energy in a conscious and efficient way. Direct GHG emissions from industry sector result from diverse processes, including the on-site combustion of fossil fuels for heat and power, non-energy use of fossil fuels, and chemical processes used in cement production, for example. In addition, industry generates indirect emissions from the centrally generated electricity it consumes. With the objective of promoting a more sustainable national industry from an energy and environmental point of view, the Government intends to encourage the replacement of diesel generators by natural gas cogeneration systems with the capacity to produce energy and heat, out of other measures.', 'With the objective of promoting a more sustainable national industry from an energy and environmental point of view, the Government intends to encourage the replacement of diesel generators by natural gas cogeneration systems with the capacity to produce energy and heat, out of other measures. From the point of view of security of energy supply, the production of electricity for self- consumption from cogeneration systems guarantees the supply of electricity in a reliable manner, avoiding power outages and the instability of the Angolan electrical networks, avoiding any damage that these may cause the machinery, in addition to the advantage of using an endogenous and abundant fuel that is produced in the country.', 'From the point of view of security of energy supply, the production of electricity for self- consumption from cogeneration systems guarantees the supply of electricity in a reliable manner, avoiding power outages and the instability of the Angolan electrical networks, avoiding any damage that these may cause the machinery, in addition to the advantage of using an endogenous and abundant fuel that is produced in the country. In addition, cogeneration systems allow the heat generated in the combustion of natural gas to be used in the industrial process itself, increasing the efficiency of energy use. From an environmental point of view, replacing the use of diesel with natural gas in industry is a measure that will contribute to the reduction of GHG 4.2.', 'From an environmental point of view, replacing the use of diesel with natural gas in industry is a measure that will contribute to the reduction of GHG 4.2. Reference point: National GHG Inventory The base year considered in this NDC is 2015, Angola’s latest GHG inventory data that was concluded in November 2020. Total greenhouse gas emissions in Angola is 99.992 ktCO2 e, which e per capita [38].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The GHG Inventory follows the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and emissions include CO2 O and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the IPCC Second Assessment Report.', 'Total greenhouse gas emissions in Angola is 99.992 ktCO2 e, which e per capita [38].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The GHG Inventory follows the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and emissions include CO2 O and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the IPCC Second Assessment Report. The most recent inventory considers the updated data in order to remain minimally consistent with the material of the 1st national inventory of Angola (2000 and 2005). The 1st inventory was prepared following the guidelines provided for in the IPCC Guide 1996. However, to apply the IPCC Guide 2006 it is necessary to carry out a contextualization, as the methods are substantially different.', 'However, to apply the IPCC Guide 2006 it is necessary to carry out a contextualization, as the methods are substantially different. To conduct their inventories, countries use various methods to obtain data, including annual inventory, ten-year forest inventories, periodic surveys and remote sensing. Each of these data collection methods produces different types of information (for example, maps or tabs), at different reporting frequencies and with different attributes, which made it possible to calculate emissions for the sector.', 'Each of these data collection methods produces different types of information (for example, maps or tabs), at different reporting frequencies and with different attributes, which made it possible to calculate emissions for the sector. Table 5 - Global Warming Potential Gases GWP GHG emissions were calculated using the activity data for each source and their respective emission factor, according to the following formula: Since Angola does not have specific emission factors (own) until the present moment, for the elaboration of the GHG inventory, the emission factors by default of the 2006 IPCC Guides were used. Energy For this sector, greenhouse gas emissions were inventoried from the adoption of the Bottom-up methodology (or sectoral approach), in which those emissions are calculated from the final energy consumption.', 'Energy For this sector, greenhouse gas emissions were inventoried from the adoption of the Bottom-up methodology (or sectoral approach), in which those emissions are calculated from the final energy consumption. The sectoral approach made it possible to identify where and how emissions occur. CO2 emissions are dependent on the carbon content of fuels and can be estimated at a high level of aggregation and with reasonable precision. For non-CO2 gases, the IPCC default values were used. In addition to CO2, CH4 and N2O gases are estimated. For the calculation of national greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector, the Level - 1 calculation method was used. The survey of the information required for the calculation was carried out through consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas.', 'The survey of the information required for the calculation was carried out through consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas. GHG emissions are calculated by knowing the activity data (fuel consumption or burning) for each source and its respective emission factor.', 'GHG emissions are calculated by knowing the activity data (fuel consumption or burning) for each source and its respective emission factor. Emissions = Activity Data x Emission FactorNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Energy Fuel use activities Energy industries Electricity generation Transport Civil aviation, rail, sea and road transport Fugitive fuel emissions Oil and Natural Gas Residential Oil and Natural Gas Natural gas Oil Flaring Venting (atmospheric discharge) Emissions from the consumption of firewood and charcoal Residential Cooking Emissions in the charcoal Energy Industries Charcoal Production Waste The Waste sector includes CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions resulting from the final disposal and incineration of solid waste and wastewater treatment in the Republic of Angola, based on the application of the 2006 Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.', 'Emissions = Activity Data x Emission FactorNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Energy Fuel use activities Energy industries Electricity generation Transport Civil aviation, rail, sea and road transport Fugitive fuel emissions Oil and Natural Gas Residential Oil and Natural Gas Natural gas Oil Flaring Venting (atmospheric discharge) Emissions from the consumption of firewood and charcoal Residential Cooking Emissions in the charcoal Energy Industries Charcoal Production Waste The Waste sector includes CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions resulting from the final disposal and incineration of solid waste and wastewater treatment in the Republic of Angola, based on the application of the 2006 Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The calculations related to emissions from the disposal of solid urban waste were made, considering primarily national data and when not available, default data from the IPCC was used.', 'The calculations related to emissions from the disposal of solid urban waste were made, considering primarily national data and when not available, default data from the IPCC was used. The parameters used for the calculation were: population, degradable organic carbon, gravimetric composition of the residues, rate of generation of residues per inhabitant, oxidation factor, methane recovery and IPCC default data. Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Residues e effluents Disposal of solid waste Waste disposal in unmanaged sites Dumpsters Waste disposal in managed sites Landfills Incineration and open burning of waste Waste incineration Waste incineration Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluentsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Agriculture & Livestock In the agricultural sector, the main greenhouse gases of interest are CO2 O and CH4 .', 'Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Residues e effluents Disposal of solid waste Waste disposal in unmanaged sites Dumpsters Waste disposal in managed sites Landfills Incineration and open burning of waste Waste incineration Waste incineration Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluentsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Agriculture & Livestock In the agricultural sector, the main greenhouse gases of interest are CO2 O and CH4 . The Agricultural Division includes all emissions related to enteric fermentation, handling of animal manure, rice cultivation, burning of agricultural residues, agricultural soils, and liming.', 'The Agricultural Division includes all emissions related to enteric fermentation, handling of animal manure, rice cultivation, burning of agricultural residues, agricultural soils, and liming. The subcategory Greenhouse Gas Emissions from burning biomass in agricultural crops referring to the category Aggregate sources and sources of non-CO2 gases on land were not included in the Emission Inventory by sources and removal by sinks of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Angola, given the low representativeness of these activities in the territory. Industry The industrial sector in Angola represents about 8% of the gross domestic product generated estimated at around US $ 100 billion in 2019. The main industries in the territory are the processing of oilseeds, cereals, meat, cotton, and tobacco.', 'The main industries in the territory are the processing of oilseeds, cereals, meat, cotton, and tobacco. Also noteworthy is the production of sugar, beer, cement, and wood, in addition to oil refining. Among the industries, tires, fertilizers, cellulose, glass, and steel stand out. The industrial sector is responsible for a considerable part of CO2 emissions, from burning fossil fuels, for example, in the production of cement, which are treated in the Energy sector. However, there are other sources of greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector. The table below shows which are the relevant subsectors considered for this sector.', 'The table below shows which are the relevant subsectors considered for this sector. Table 8 – Industry GHG Sources Sector Sub-sector Category Description Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Mineral industry Cement production Cement production Lime Production Production of Dolomitic limestone and virgin lime Glass Production Glass Production Ceramics Production Bricks and Tiles Production Metal industries Production of Iron and Steel Alloys Production of Iron and Steel AlloysNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Forestry and Other Land Use The inventory also contains information on forests, land use and land use change. In terms of classification, area and sampling data that represent various categories of land use are needed to estimate carbon stocks, the emission and removal of greenhouse gases associated with the activities in which the IPCC 2006 guidelines summarize how the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector.', 'In terms of classification, area and sampling data that represent various categories of land use are needed to estimate carbon stocks, the emission and removal of greenhouse gases associated with the activities in which the IPCC 2006 guidelines summarize how the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. The classification presented formed the basis for estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases on the use of different types of data to represent land use categories and conversions between land use categories, so that they could be applied more appropriately. and consistent as possible in inventory calculations. The IPCC classification addresses land use in conjunction with agricultural activities.', 'The IPCC classification addresses land use in conjunction with agricultural activities. Such an economic activity must present its inventory calculations separately, as well as the Agriculture sector and not as a component sub-sector of the forest and land use sector. 4.2.2. GHG Emissions by sector Total GHG emissions for the year 2015 accounted for 99.992 ktCO2 e. Table 9 shows an emissions breakdown – total greenhouse gases, plus carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide individually – by sector.', 'GHG Emissions by sector Total GHG emissions for the year 2015 accounted for 99.992 ktCO2 e. Table 9 shows an emissions breakdown – total greenhouse gases, plus carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide individually – by sector. Table 9 - Emissions breakdown by sector GHG emissions source (2015) e emissions Total % Agriculture & Livestock 6.544,911 7% Land Use and Land Use Change 70.360,442 70%Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Figure 6 – Greenhouse gas emission by sector Per capita greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tons of carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per person per year. This metric converts all greenhouse gases to CO2e based on their global warming potential value over a 100-year timescale7.', 'This metric converts all greenhouse gases to CO2e based on their global warming potential value over a 100-year timescale7. Table 10 - Emissions breakdown per capita by sector GHG emissions source (2015) per capita e emissions Total % Agriculture & Livestock 0,25 7% Land Use and Land Use Change 7 The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period.', 'The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period. The time period usually used for GWPs is 100 years. GWPs provide a common unit of measure, which allows analysts to add up emissions estimates of different gases (e.g., to compile a national GHG inventory), and allows policymakers to compare emissions reduction opportunities across sectors and gases. GHG Emissions Energy Waste IPPU LULUCF AFOLUNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 In this chart we show how the average person’s emissions would be distributed across the different sectors – in effect, this shows the average ‘footprint’, measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Per capita emissions were calculated using the population for the year 2015 (26.681.590 inhab).', 'Per capita emissions were calculated using the population for the year 2015 (26.681.590 inhab). 4.3. Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario The BAU refers to a scenario that assumes that no mitigation policies or measures will be implemented further than those that are already in force and/or are legislated or planned to be adopted, i.e., the level of emissions that would take place without further policy effort. Projections were calculated using GACMO - The Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO), developed by UNEP DTU Partnership. The BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory of 2015, according to the IPCC guidelines.', 'The BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory of 2015, according to the IPCC guidelines. The mitigation measures were selected and prioritized based on consultation with stakeholders, which formed the basis for the calculation of the mitigation scenario, calculated using the GACMO model. According to BAU projections, and with no considerations for mitigation measures in the country, the GHG emissions in Angola are expected to keep rising for the next decade (Figure 7). Figure 7 – Ambition for the Angolan NDCNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 4.4. Mitigation Contribution In this NDC update, Angola sets the target of achieving those 15% of emission reduction by 2025, unconditionally.', 'Mitigation Contribution In this NDC update, Angola sets the target of achieving those 15% of emission reduction by 2025, unconditionally. In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 10% below BAU emission levels by 2025. To achieve that, several measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 11) and Conditional Contribution (Table 12). Additionally, in annex 9.2, measures to achieve Angola set of targets by 2030 are presented. Unconditionally, the target it is to achieve a 21% emission reduction by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 23,3 million tCO2 e in that year.', 'Unconditionally, the target it is to achieve a 21% emission reduction by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 23,3 million tCO2 e in that year. In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 39,7 million tCO2 e in that year.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Unconditional contributions Table 11 – Unconditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 104 MW 159,58 1,23% 156 Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (solar villages) – 100 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 2 MW 2,76 < 0,1% 13 Installation of wind farms – 100 MW 154,71 0,98% 130 Waste Municipal Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 500 ton/day 2 068,39 13,13% 7 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 8 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries.', 'In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 39,7 million tCO2 e in that year.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Unconditional contributions Table 11 – Unconditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 104 MW 159,58 1,23% 156 Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (solar villages) – 100 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 2 MW 2,76 < 0,1% 13 Installation of wind farms – 100 MW 154,71 0,98% 130 Waste Municipal Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 500 ton/day 2 068,39 13,13% 7 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 8 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries. The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Assumptions For the measures relating to renewable energy, biomass, mini hydro, and wind power, it was considered what was identified at ENAC, which is in line with what is stated in the Angola Energy 2025 strategy, corresponding to the installation of 800 mw of renewable energy by 2025, where 500 MW was considered for biomass, 100 MW for mini hydro and 100 MW for wind.', 'The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Assumptions For the measures relating to renewable energy, biomass, mini hydro, and wind power, it was considered what was identified at ENAC, which is in line with what is stated in the Angola Energy 2025 strategy, corresponding to the installation of 800 mw of renewable energy by 2025, where 500 MW was considered for biomass, 100 MW for mini hydro and 100 MW for wind. In terms, of hydro and solar power potential projects were considered from projects that were already identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. The hydroelectric capacity proposed to be installed in this scenario considers the Cambambe 2 project.', 'The hydroelectric capacity proposed to be installed in this scenario considers the Cambambe 2 project. The proposal for solar energy considers the Waku Kungo II and Lubango project. For reforestation, 50% of what was proposed for reduction in the INDC by 2030 (target 2030: 2032 ktCO2and sequestration) was considered. For the reduction of flaring, the information from the World Bank9 was used, which said in 2011 that Angola aimed to reduce flaring by 75%. In this scenario half of this reduction target was considered, compared to the value of flaring in 2015 (reported in the National Inventory).', 'In this scenario half of this reduction target was considered, compared to the value of flaring in 2015 (reported in the National Inventory). For the solar villages it was considered as an assumption what was present in the PND 2013-2017, where the objective was the installation of 100 MW of solar PV in solar villages by 2025. For solar panels in industry a value of 2 MW was proposed, since ENAC did not make assumptions associated with this measure. Finally, composting, the capacity to send 500 ton/day of waste for composting was considered. 9 Angola’s Major Natural Gas Project to Cut Emissions from Flaring.', '9 Angola’s Major Natural Gas Project to Cut Emissions from Flaring. Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Conditional contributions Table 12 – Conditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 104 MW 159,58 0,60% 156 Installation of small-scale solar panels (solar villages) – 187 MW 258,25 0,97% 1 209 Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 2 MW 5,52 < 0,1% 26 Installation of small-scale solar panels (NAMA Program) – 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets – 2000 lamps 1,55 < 0,1% 3 Installation of wind farms – 100 MW 154,71 0,58% 130 Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings – 2000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting – 2000 lamps 1,36 < 0,1% 2 Road Transport Natural gas buses – 2000 buses 6,59 < 0,1% 3 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 1 000 ton/day 4 136,78 15,58% 8,1 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 10 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries.', 'Conditional contributions Table 12 – Conditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 104 MW 159,58 0,60% 156 Installation of small-scale solar panels (solar villages) – 187 MW 258,25 0,97% 1 209 Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 2 MW 5,52 < 0,1% 26 Installation of small-scale solar panels (NAMA Program) – 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets – 2000 lamps 1,55 < 0,1% 3 Installation of wind farms – 100 MW 154,71 0,58% 130 Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings – 2000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting – 2000 lamps 1,36 < 0,1% 2 Road Transport Natural gas buses – 2000 buses 6,59 < 0,1% 3 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 1 000 ton/day 4 136,78 15,58% 8,1 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 10 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries. The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Assumptions In this scenario, 4 additional measures were considered compared to the previous one.', 'The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Assumptions In this scenario, 4 additional measures were considered compared to the previous one. For Biomass, solar and wind were considered the same projects and also the same installed capacity. Two measures about efficient lamps, one for solar luminaries in streets and one for natural gas buses, also proposed at ENAC, but without assumptions. It was considered the implementation of 2000 units for each of these four measures. Hydroelectric power was considered a potential project, some of the projects already identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola (2199 MW).', 'Hydroelectric power was considered a potential project, some of the projects already identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola (2199 MW). In addition to Cambambe 2 already considered in de unconditional scenario, three more projects were added the Luime, Túmulo do Caçador and Zenza (1+2). The program called NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), brought the opportunity for the implementation 15 MW to replace the use of diesel in three commercial farms in Angola was considered in this scenario as a small-scale solar panel. For the Mini-hydro, 150 MW were considered, coming from 3 projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola.', 'For the Mini-hydro, 150 MW were considered, coming from 3 projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. For solar villages and solar panels in industry, the value used in the unconditional 2025 scenario was doubled in this scenario. In the flaring reduction, 75% of the target considered in the unconditional scenario was considered.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The Paris Agreement states that one of its aims is to increase “the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development” (Article 2).', 'In the flaring reduction, 75% of the target considered in the unconditional scenario was considered.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The Paris Agreement states that one of its aims is to increase “the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development” (Article 2). It also established the global goal of “enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change” (Article 7). In this context, Angola recognizes the importance of adaptation in strengthening domestic resilience to the impacts of climate change and has decided to include adaptation in the NDC.', 'In this context, Angola recognizes the importance of adaptation in strengthening domestic resilience to the impacts of climate change and has decided to include adaptation in the NDC. In addition to outlining conditional and unconditional mitigation contributions and the NDC will contribute to the global target of adaptation, reducing vulnerability, strengthening resilience and increasing the country s adaptive capacity in order to protect ecosystems, people, livelihoods and strategic sustainable development and economic investment, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of the country, based on the best science available and national context. While inclusion of adaptation in the NDC is voluntary, countries are encouraged by the Paris Agreement (Article 7) to submit an adaptation communication to report on adaptation.', 'While inclusion of adaptation in the NDC is voluntary, countries are encouraged by the Paris Agreement (Article 7) to submit an adaptation communication to report on adaptation. The present chapter – Adaptation Contribution – serves as this adaptation communication for Angola. The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have been developed over time starting with the National Strategy for Climate Chance 2020-2035 and the associated sectors working papers. 5.1.1.', 'The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have been developed over time starting with the National Strategy for Climate Chance 2020-2035 and the associated sectors working papers. 5.1.1. Source of information The main document considered for this NDC update was the National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035, which was developed after a long process of consultation with stakeholders and of document review, namely: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 2011 National Development Plan 2018-2022; Long-Term Development Strategy for Angola 2025; National Health Development Plan 2012-2025; Medium-Term Development Plan for the Agrarian Sector 2018-2022; National Action Program to Combat Desertification; National Development Plan (PDN) Disaster Preparedness, Contingency, Response and Recovery Plan for the period 2014- Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction; Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Plan for the period 2018-2022 Recently, in 2019, Angola elaborated its Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Coastal Zone, identifying the main vulnerabilities of this area to the impacts of climate change, as well as several adaptation measures to adapt the territory to those expected impacts.', 'Source of information The main document considered for this NDC update was the National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035, which was developed after a long process of consultation with stakeholders and of document review, namely: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 2011 National Development Plan 2018-2022; Long-Term Development Strategy for Angola 2025; National Health Development Plan 2012-2025; Medium-Term Development Plan for the Agrarian Sector 2018-2022; National Action Program to Combat Desertification; National Development Plan (PDN) Disaster Preparedness, Contingency, Response and Recovery Plan for the period 2014- Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction; Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Plan for the period 2018-2022 Recently, in 2019, Angola elaborated its Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Coastal Zone, identifying the main vulnerabilities of this area to the impacts of climate change, as well as several adaptation measures to adapt the territory to those expected impacts. This plan is an outcomeNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 of the National Strategy for Climate Change, as it is one of the adaptation measures proposed for the Coastal Zone sector 5.1.1.', 'This plan is an outcomeNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 of the National Strategy for Climate Change, as it is one of the adaptation measures proposed for the Coastal Zone sector 5.1.1. Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of adaptation measures in the following main sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries Coastal Zone Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Water resources Human Health Infra-structures Agriculture and Fisheries Climate change requires farmers to adapt to new agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, growing of drought tolerant crops, precision agriculture (which in turn also requires a better access to input for seeds and fertilizers) and agro-forestry amongst others in order to improve productivity.', 'Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of adaptation measures in the following main sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries Coastal Zone Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Water resources Human Health Infra-structures Agriculture and Fisheries Climate change requires farmers to adapt to new agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, growing of drought tolerant crops, precision agriculture (which in turn also requires a better access to input for seeds and fertilizers) and agro-forestry amongst others in order to improve productivity. Climate change translated by the generalized heating of surface waters on the northern and southern borders of the front of the Benguela current and cooling on the western and southern coasts of South Africa could alter the distribution and stocks of fish off the coast of Angola.', 'Climate change translated by the generalized heating of surface waters on the northern and southern borders of the front of the Benguela current and cooling on the western and southern coasts of South Africa could alter the distribution and stocks of fish off the coast of Angola. Angola has a great potential for fishing capacity, particularly along its coastline due to the resources it contains, which is relevant to the universe of flora and fauna in the country. The impacts of climate change in Angola are likely to be strongly felt in fisheries: according to the conclusions of the fifth IPCC evaluation report, Angola is among the most vulnerable countries in terms of the impact of the climate on their fisheries.', 'The impacts of climate change in Angola are likely to be strongly felt in fisheries: according to the conclusions of the fifth IPCC evaluation report, Angola is among the most vulnerable countries in terms of the impact of the climate on their fisheries. By 2050 the value of fisheries in West Africa, including Angola, is expected to decrease 21%, resulting in a loss of $ 311 million in revenue from this economic activity. The level increase and the increase in water temperature will also have an impact on the major currents of the Angolan seacoast (Benguela and Gulf of Guinea), with subsequent changes in the levels of salinity and existing marine ecosystems.', 'The level increase and the increase in water temperature will also have an impact on the major currents of the Angolan seacoast (Benguela and Gulf of Guinea), with subsequent changes in the levels of salinity and existing marine ecosystems. Rivers may also be affected by an increase in the level of salinity in the estuaries. As a result, fishing carried out along the coastal zone and rivers will be severely affected. Mindful of the challenge of climate change on marine resources, in the Strategic Action Plan of the Benguela Current Convention, Angola, Namibia and South Africa seek to introduce an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.', 'Mindful of the challenge of climate change on marine resources, in the Strategic Action Plan of the Benguela Current Convention, Angola, Namibia and South Africa seek to introduce an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. For the 2018-2022 period, the Government advocated as general objectives of the sector the promotion of competitiveness and the development of industrial and artisanal fisheries in a sustainable way, also providing for the improvement of infrastructures and the development of aquaculture. In this context, the African Development Bank, in partnership with FAO, approvedNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 in 2013 a project to support the development of artisanal fisheries in Angola, which should start in 2019.', 'In this context, the African Development Bank, in partnership with FAO, approvedNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 in 2013 a project to support the development of artisanal fisheries in Angola, which should start in 2019. At the same time, the creation of support centers for artisanal fisheries was recently announced with a view to supporting fishing activities by local communities, in particular, seeking to improve the income of fishing communities, increasing revenues, managing marine resources and maritime safety. The first support center is under construction since January 2017 in the Salinas community, on the coast of the city of Sumbe (Cuanza Sul).', 'The first support center is under construction since January 2017 in the Salinas community, on the coast of the city of Sumbe (Cuanza Sul). In these circumstances, it is essential to give due continuity to the activities carried out in the context of the enhancement of marine resources in order to ensure the sustainable development and resilience of the Angolan fishing sector. Coastal Zone The coastline is an area with great potential and of relevance to the country due to its fishing capacity, the natural resources it contains and its potential for tourism and recreation, relevant to the universe of flora and fauna and the resulting benefits for society.', 'Coastal Zone The coastline is an area with great potential and of relevance to the country due to its fishing capacity, the natural resources it contains and its potential for tourism and recreation, relevant to the universe of flora and fauna and the resulting benefits for society. Angola is vulnerable to the rise in the average sea level caused by climate change, as around 50% of its population lives along the coast. In recent years, Angola has been facing several problems with natural disasters, namely in the rainy season and mainly due to construction in risk areas, with an estimated 10% of the Angolan population living in risk areas.', 'In recent years, Angola has been facing several problems with natural disasters, namely in the rainy season and mainly due to construction in risk areas, with an estimated 10% of the Angolan population living in risk areas. It is predicted that the increase in the average level of the sea waters could reach 0.13m-0.56m in 2090, compared to the years 1980-1999 affecting densely populated areas such as the areas closest to the ocean and the city of Luanda. This rise in level is a serious threat to the coastal population and is responsible for the destruction of infrastructure as well as its corresponding impact on the country s development and on the national economy.', 'This rise in level is a serious threat to the coastal population and is responsible for the destruction of infrastructure as well as its corresponding impact on the country s development and on the national economy. The increase in level and the increase in water temperature will also have an impact on the great currents of the Angolan seacoast (Benguela and Gulf of Guinea), with subsequent changes in salinity levels and existing marine ecosystems. Rivers may also be affected by an increase in the level of salinity in the estuaries. As a result, fisheries along the coastal zone and rivers will be severely affected. In view of the above, it is important to adapt the country to the consequences that climate change will bring to its coastal areas.', 'In view of the above, it is important to adapt the country to the consequences that climate change will bring to its coastal areas. The adaptation measures listed in Table 13 and Table 14 aim to contribute to the resilience of its population and economic activities. Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity While forest sequestration is one of the functions strengthening the response to the impacts of climate change, it is important to recognize that it is not the only climate action provided by forests, as they also deliver beneficial services for climate change adaptation. Angola has a wide range of ecosystems and a large surface area is covered with shrubs and savannas.', 'Angola has a wide range of ecosystems and a large surface area is covered with shrubs and savannas. The tropical humid forests are found mainly in the provinces of Cabinda, Zaire, Uíge, Kwanza Norte and Kwanza Sul. These are areas of high relevance with regard to the biodiversity they support and therefore their protection is necessary.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 The sustainable use of forests and related agroforestry products is hampered by the lack of adequate legal instruments and limited management capacity. However, there is still much untapped economic potential with regard to the country s forest and wildlife resources11.', 'However, there is still much untapped economic potential with regard to the country s forest and wildlife resources11. The impacts of the indirect effects of climate change such as floods, severe droughts and soil erosion will have implications for the increase in displacement and loss of species and also for the increased risk of fire in forests. Stress to flora and fauna caused by variations in climate will condition the life of species, which can cause extinctions. The increase in soil erosion and flooding may affect the distribution and resilience of Angolan biodiversity12.', 'The increase in soil erosion and flooding may affect the distribution and resilience of Angolan biodiversity12. The impacts of the indirect effects of climate change such as floods, severe droughts and soil erosion will have implications for the increase in displacement and loss of species and also for the increased risk of fire in forests. Stress to flora and fauna caused by variations in climate will condition the life of species, which can cause extinctions. The increase in soil erosion and flooding may affect the distribution and resilience of Angolan biodiversity. Water Resources Angola is a country abundant in water resources, with sufficient availability to satisfy all drinking water needs, if supported by adequate storage, supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures.', 'Water Resources Angola is a country abundant in water resources, with sufficient availability to satisfy all drinking water needs, if supported by adequate storage, supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures. Longer, more frequent and intense droughts will increase the demand for water in areas already impacted by drought, as well as in new drought zones that will arise with climate change. Natural soil erosion aggravated by climate change has implications for sedimentation in river basins. Although Angola is making a notable effort in terms of adapting to climate change, namely through the adaptation project in the Cuvelai Basin, there is a need to deepen the knowledge and information related to water resources.', 'Although Angola is making a notable effort in terms of adapting to climate change, namely through the adaptation project in the Cuvelai Basin, there is a need to deepen the knowledge and information related to water resources. Currently, the existing data is not sufficient to formulate a robust assessment of the sources of water supply and the magnitude of the impacts of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. In addition, the mechanisms and technical capacities available for climate monitoring are insufficient to support the realization of long-term climate projections. In 1974, Angola had an extensive weather network, with more than 500 weather stations across the country. However, the number of weather stations has been drastically reduced over the years, and there are now about 20.', 'However, the number of weather stations has been drastically reduced over the years, and there are now about 20. In these circumstances, the deepening of knowledge and the establishment of robust systems for monitoring watersheds and models for forecasting precipitation with new weather stations will support the creation of efficient systems for preventing and alerting extreme weather events, getting more frequent in Angola. 11 FAO, 2012. Angola Country Programming Framework 2013-2017. 12 USAID, 2011.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 Human Health The human health has clear links to climate variability through both direct exposure as well as indirect pathways. Obviously, negative health impacts come from extreme climate events, such as heat waves, hurricanes/storms, floods and droughts.', 'Obviously, negative health impacts come from extreme climate events, such as heat waves, hurricanes/storms, floods and droughts. Gradual changes of climate affecting water, food and air quality also have negative influence on human health around the world. Additionally, various studies have shown that under climate change scenario, the spread of climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria and diarrhea would increase, and food production would decline resulting in malnutrition. The incidence of malaria in Angola is one of the highest in the African continent, with more than 3 million people affected today. This disease is the main cause of death in the country (130 per 1000 inhabitants in 2014), affecting the child population in a remarkable way (around 33% of perinatal deaths).', 'This disease is the main cause of death in the country (130 per 1000 inhabitants in 2014), affecting the child population in a remarkable way (around 33% of perinatal deaths). It is estimated that about 37% of households are located in areas with environmental diseases such as malaria, diarrhea and cholera, and that about 50% of households living in coastal areas do not have access to piped water. The high temperatures and changes in precipitation (for example, extreme rainy periods) resulting from climate change lead to the prolongation and, consequently, to the favorable conditions for exponential growth of species of mosquitoes that transmit malaria and other diseases, increasing the number cases and deaths.', 'The high temperatures and changes in precipitation (for example, extreme rainy periods) resulting from climate change lead to the prolongation and, consequently, to the favorable conditions for exponential growth of species of mosquitoes that transmit malaria and other diseases, increasing the number cases and deaths. High temperatures are conducive to prolonging the seasonality of diseases such as malaria, and in a predicted future scenario that is hotter and more humid, even in areas with altitudes above 1500m, where the risk of contracting the disease is lower, episodes of malaria will be more frequent [4].', 'High temperatures are conducive to prolonging the seasonality of diseases such as malaria, and in a predicted future scenario that is hotter and more humid, even in areas with altitudes above 1500m, where the risk of contracting the disease is lower, episodes of malaria will be more frequent [4]. In order to effectively combat the spread of tropical diseases, it is necessary to provide Angola with knowledge about the relationship between epidemics and extreme climatic events, about the most effective treatments and how to combat their transmission, based on a continuous monitoring of the number and evolution of patients that allows the identification of patterns.', 'In order to effectively combat the spread of tropical diseases, it is necessary to provide Angola with knowledge about the relationship between epidemics and extreme climatic events, about the most effective treatments and how to combat their transmission, based on a continuous monitoring of the number and evolution of patients that allows the identification of patterns. In addition, the “Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan in Africa for the Health sector 2012- 2016” [6] prioritizes the identification of risks to human health resulting from extreme climate effects, as well as the strengthening of the health systems of the signatory countries ( including Angola), with a view to strengthening the national capacity to prevent and respond to threats to human health.', 'In addition, the “Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan in Africa for the Health sector 2012- 2016” [6] prioritizes the identification of risks to human health resulting from extreme climate effects, as well as the strengthening of the health systems of the signatory countries ( including Angola), with a view to strengthening the national capacity to prevent and respond to threats to human health. Infrastructures Angola s urbanization scenario for the next years will influence the transport sector, leading to an increase in the road network, mainly residential.', 'Infrastructures Angola s urbanization scenario for the next years will influence the transport sector, leading to an increase in the road network, mainly residential. The country has invested in the recovery and construction of the road network, which was badly damaged after the conflicts that followed its independence, however infrastructure conditions that are still in a precarious state can be aggravated if no investments are made to increase their resilience and adapt them to new conditions.', 'The country has invested in the recovery and construction of the road network, which was badly damaged after the conflicts that followed its independence, however infrastructure conditions that are still in a precarious state can be aggravated if no investments are made to increase their resilience and adapt them to new conditions. Damaged roads and bridges leads to the isolation of communities, difficulties in accessing health and medical emergency services, and may even compromise the evacuation routes of the village in the face of smells, impeding access to schools, workplaces, shops and markets, they interrupt the traffic of goods, leading to a loss of productive capacity and can lead to increased costs for establishing alternative transport routes.', 'Damaged roads and bridges leads to the isolation of communities, difficulties in accessing health and medical emergency services, and may even compromise the evacuation routes of the village in the face of smells, impeding access to schools, workplaces, shops and markets, they interrupt the traffic of goods, leading to a loss of productive capacity and can lead to increased costs for establishing alternative transport routes. In the long term, there may be an increase in roadNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 maintenance costs, especially when they are not well planned to adapt to future weather events, compromising the growth of the economy and the safety of the population. 5.2.', 'In the long term, there may be an increase in roadNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2021 maintenance costs, especially when they are not well planned to adapt to future weather events, compromising the growth of the economy and the safety of the population. 5.2. Adaptation Contribution Angola is already experiencing the adverse effects of climate change and recognizes that will seriously undermine efforts towards resilience building, sustainable development and eradicating poverty. In parallel with the mitigation efforts, it is necessary to develop balanced adaptation actions that allow to minimize the impacts of climate change efficiently and ensure the sustainability of Angola s development.', 'In parallel with the mitigation efforts, it is necessary to develop balanced adaptation actions that allow to minimize the impacts of climate change efficiently and ensure the sustainability of Angola s development. To this end, it is necessary to incorporate into strategies and development plans measures that strengthen current and future resilience to the impacts of climate change, reviewing, if necessary, measures already foreseen. This challenge – facing climate change – is compounded in coastal areas and cities that are subject to pressure resulting from demographic and economic concentration for which they are not yet fully prepared. A proactive attitude of planning and adaptation increases resilience and brings increased opportunities for lasting growth.', 'A proactive attitude of planning and adaptation increases resilience and brings increased opportunities for lasting growth. Additionally, the country needs to work on the impacts of climate change on access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) services. To this end, the prioritization of climate resilient WASH interventions is needed to target communities simultaneously suffering from: a) lack of access to basic water and exposed to increasing incidence and frequency of droughts or affected by salinization of coastal aquifers due to sea level rise; b) Lack of access to basic sanitation and hygiene and exposed to increasing incidence of floods and soil erosion. To do that Angola needs to ensure that: 1. WASH infrastructure, services and behaviours are sustainable, safe and resilient to climate- related risks.', 'WASH infrastructure, services and behaviours are sustainable, safe and resilient to climate- related risks. This goes hand-in-hand with the sustainable use, protection and management of surface and groundwater resources, and resilient waste management; 2. Resilient WASH programmes contribute to building community resilience to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change. To achieve this, inequalities in service provision that disproportionately expose vulnerable groups to climate threats, or restrict their capacity to respond effectively, need to be addressed first. Further WASH contributions to community resilience can be achieved through creating systems that connect communities with local authorities in order to enable their integration into response plans, capacity development and by fostering income generation, as well as food, energy and ecosystem resilience; 3.', 'Further WASH contributions to community resilience can be achieved through creating systems that connect communities with local authorities in order to enable their integration into response plans, capacity development and by fostering income generation, as well as food, energy and ecosystem resilience; 3. Finally, Angola needs to work towards a low-carbon WASH sector by improving water and energy efficiency and ensuring, where possible, the use of renewable energy for water and sanitation operations to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and energy generation from waste.', 'Finally, Angola needs to work towards a low-carbon WASH sector by improving water and energy efficiency and ensuring, where possible, the use of renewable energy for water and sanitation operations to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and energy generation from waste. Several adaptation measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 13) and Conditional Contribution (Table 14).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Unconditional contributions Table 13 - Adaptation Measures – Unconditional Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct studies on the impact of climate change on fishing productivity and coastal economies Acidification of the sea and fresh water; Rising water temperature and increased salinization Develop community and school gardens Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Apply the national collection of local seeds in programs to improve and create adapted local varieties Change / Loss of biodiversity 7,50 Coastal Zone Assess the defense capacity of existing protection structures in risk areas, including the analysis of the feasibility of new investments for the construction of protection structures against sea level rise Sea level rise 2,00 Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop forest fire prevention actions Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Improve the management of existing conservation areas and continue the process of creating new areas Change / Loss of biodiversity 5,80 Water Resources Develop characterization studies of hydrographic basins and groundwater Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Increase the number of meteorological and hydrometric stations to improve monitoring of rainfall and watersheds Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Implement a water collection and storage system in drought-prone areas to ensure continuity of human supply and watering of livestock Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity 13 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries.', 'Several adaptation measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 13) and Conditional Contribution (Table 14).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Unconditional contributions Table 13 - Adaptation Measures – Unconditional Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct studies on the impact of climate change on fishing productivity and coastal economies Acidification of the sea and fresh water; Rising water temperature and increased salinization Develop community and school gardens Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Apply the national collection of local seeds in programs to improve and create adapted local varieties Change / Loss of biodiversity 7,50 Coastal Zone Assess the defense capacity of existing protection structures in risk areas, including the analysis of the feasibility of new investments for the construction of protection structures against sea level rise Sea level rise 2,00 Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop forest fire prevention actions Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Improve the management of existing conservation areas and continue the process of creating new areas Change / Loss of biodiversity 5,80 Water Resources Develop characterization studies of hydrographic basins and groundwater Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Increase the number of meteorological and hydrometric stations to improve monitoring of rainfall and watersheds Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Implement a water collection and storage system in drought-prone areas to ensure continuity of human supply and watering of livestock Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity 13 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries. The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Human Health Improve existing wastewater collection and treatment systems and build new systems in underserved areas focusing on urban areas with a high concentration of population Health risks and disease transmission 13,82 Infrastructures Map human settlements at risk of flooding and erosion.', 'The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Human Health Improve existing wastewater collection and treatment systems and build new systems in underserved areas focusing on urban areas with a high concentration of population Health risks and disease transmission 13,82 Infrastructures Map human settlements at risk of flooding and erosion. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion Conditional contributions Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct a study on the impact of changing the geographical distribution of animal diseases (infectious and parasitic) and the availability of water on the country s animal production levels Health risks and disease transmission 7,50 Replicate the project “Promotion of sustainable charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach” in the Luanda-Uíge corridor Change / Loss of biodiversity 17,88 Coastal Zone Reinforce inspection in order to condition the occupation of territory located in areas at high risk of flooding coastal areas Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop models to analyze the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystems based on national and regional climate change scenarios Change / Loss of biodiversity 5,10 Actions to preserve forest perimeters in Huambo province, in line with the Government s efforts to elevate the province to the ecological capital of Angola Change / Loss of biodiversity 3,00 14 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries.', 'Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion Conditional contributions Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct a study on the impact of changing the geographical distribution of animal diseases (infectious and parasitic) and the availability of water on the country s animal production levels Health risks and disease transmission 7,50 Replicate the project “Promotion of sustainable charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach” in the Luanda-Uíge corridor Change / Loss of biodiversity 17,88 Coastal Zone Reinforce inspection in order to condition the occupation of territory located in areas at high risk of flooding coastal areas Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop models to analyze the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystems based on national and regional climate change scenarios Change / Loss of biodiversity 5,10 Actions to preserve forest perimeters in Huambo province, in line with the Government s efforts to elevate the province to the ecological capital of Angola Change / Loss of biodiversity 3,00 14 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries. The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Water Resources Create water drainage systems in high-risk areas.', 'The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Water Resources Create water drainage systems in high-risk areas. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Build flood protection barriers along the main rivers (vegetation or physical barriers).', 'Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Build flood protection barriers along the main rivers (vegetation or physical barriers). Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Create a water quality monitoring system for consumption in the main sources of drinking water Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Human Health Implement an early warning system, involving the Civil Protection and the National Institute of Meteorology, in order to reinforce public health contingency and emergency plans in the face of the effects of extreme weather events Health risks and disease transmission 7,50 Infrastructures Continuously update the territorial register Increased soil instability and landslide 5,00Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 6.', 'Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Create a water quality monitoring system for consumption in the main sources of drinking water Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Human Health Implement an early warning system, involving the Civil Protection and the National Institute of Meteorology, in order to reinforce public health contingency and emergency plans in the face of the effects of extreme weather events Health risks and disease transmission 7,50 Infrastructures Continuously update the territorial register Increased soil instability and landslide 5,00Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 6. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Angola will require finance, capacity building, technology transfer, partnerships and country driven policy process and institutional arrangements, in order to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation contributions contained in this NDC.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Angola will require finance, capacity building, technology transfer, partnerships and country driven policy process and institutional arrangements, in order to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation contributions contained in this NDC. This section provides an overview of those means of implementation. 6.1. Barriers to the implementation of NDC The integration of climate change adaptation measures into plans, strategies and policies, within the framework of territorial planning instruments at different scales (national, sectoral and provincial) is the first step for measures implementation. However, it faces a set of constraints.', 'However, it faces a set of constraints. The main barriers were identified together with the main stakeholders, and are as follow: Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas.', 'The main barriers were identified together with the main stakeholders, and are as follow: Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas. Angola is committed to overcome the identified barriers.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 6.2.', 'Angola is committed to overcome the identified barriers.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 6.2. Institutional arrangements required for effective NDC implementation Angola’s NDC is based on and aligned with several existing national policies, namely the National Strategy for Climate Change, which was developed considering major national policies, strategies and plans. NDC will be implemented across Ministries in charge of core NDC mitigation and adaptation contributions with the coordination oversight of MCTA. For an efficient implementation of the NDC, it will be essential to ensure good coordination and correct allocation of responsibilities, define regulations and legislation and adopt an integrated monitoring, reporting and verification system. The overriding national implementation arrangement will guide the integration of NDC priority interventions in the broad sectoral planning.', 'The overriding national implementation arrangement will guide the integration of NDC priority interventions in the broad sectoral planning. The institutional arrangements proposed for NDC implementation are aligned with ENAC 2020- 2035. 6.2.1. Coordination for NDC implementation The Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment is responsible for the theme of climate change, having for this purpose the Office of Climate Change. This body is responsible for monitoring and participating in Angola in international policy on climate change, being responsible for reporting Angola to UNFCCC, as well as coordinating Angola s participation in the parties conferences (COP) organized by UNFCCC. The Climate Change Office is the Designated National Authority (DNA) of Angola, responsible for the authorization and participation of projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).', 'The Climate Change Office is the Designated National Authority (DNA) of Angola, responsible for the authorization and participation of projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Following its first strategy for climate change, Angola created the National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity (CNACB), with a more specific mandate for climate change and more executive and political harmonization, composed of several entities such as the Ministry Petroleum, Transport, Higher Education, Science and Technology, Health, and Agriculture and Fisheries, under the coordination of the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment. Taking into account the past experience of this Commission, it was found that coordination and cooperation between Ministerial Departments and public institutions in the relevant sectors should be further explored.', 'Taking into account the past experience of this Commission, it was found that coordination and cooperation between Ministerial Departments and public institutions in the relevant sectors should be further explored. In addition, it was found that it is essential that this Commission redefines its responsibilities, functions and objectives and that it draws up an annual program of activities, in which it defines the calendar of its meetings. Additionally, it is recognized that the extension to the participation in this commission of provincial governments is important for the decentralization process currently underway in the country, which allows these governmental structures to participate in the decisions taken at the national level.', 'Additionally, it is recognized that the extension to the participation in this commission of provincial governments is important for the decentralization process currently underway in the country, which allows these governmental structures to participate in the decisions taken at the national level. In this context, it is proposed to extend the composition of the Commission with other Ministerial Departments and Public Institutions, relevant to the implementation of NDC. It is also proposed to establish two Committees, the Executive Committee and the Technical Committee in order to guarantee a more operational character and greater efficiency in the Commission s results, particularly with regard to the articulation between the different sectors.', 'It is also proposed to establish two Committees, the Executive Committee and the Technical Committee in order to guarantee a more operational character and greater efficiency in the Commission s results, particularly with regard to the articulation between the different sectors. The proposed redefinition of the National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity is presented in Table 15.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition Assignments (proposed new assignments) Concert the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; Create the necessary conditions for the execution and implementation of NDC; Coordinate and articulate the different sectors in the implementation of the Initiatives defined in this NDC; Create a national investment plan that integrates the mitigation and adaptation initiatives foreseen in NDC, articulated with the future Angolan Fund for Climate Change (PAAC); Create centers of excellence to carry out studies of disasters and systematic observations and observation of the climate; Formulate proposals on national mitigation and adaptation policies for climate change; Identify legislative needs on the matter; Coordinate the integration of climate change policies in the various sectors of the economy and at the provincial level; Prepare an opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Prepare a recommendation opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Develop guidelines for planning and preparing NDC progress assessment reports; Promote public discussion on climate change; Establish an NDC monitoring secretariat.', 'The proposed redefinition of the National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity is presented in Table 15.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition Assignments (proposed new assignments) Concert the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; Create the necessary conditions for the execution and implementation of NDC; Coordinate and articulate the different sectors in the implementation of the Initiatives defined in this NDC; Create a national investment plan that integrates the mitigation and adaptation initiatives foreseen in NDC, articulated with the future Angolan Fund for Climate Change (PAAC); Create centers of excellence to carry out studies of disasters and systematic observations and observation of the climate; Formulate proposals on national mitigation and adaptation policies for climate change; Identify legislative needs on the matter; Coordinate the integration of climate change policies in the various sectors of the economy and at the provincial level; Prepare an opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Prepare a recommendation opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Develop guidelines for planning and preparing NDC progress assessment reports; Promote public discussion on climate change; Establish an NDC monitoring secretariat. Composition Executive Committee, composed of the Minister of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least quarterly.', 'Composition Executive Committee, composed of the Minister of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least quarterly. Technical Committee, composed of focal points technical offices of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least once a month Indicators Elaboration of annual activity plans Creation of working groups to discuss the theme of climate change in the various sectors Meetings held Periodic publication of documents within the scope of Angola s obligations under the UNFCCC (National Communication, INDC, BUR) The National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity must be a medium where the exchange of ideas has a central value, recognizing the enriching role it can play for the country.', 'Technical Committee, composed of focal points technical offices of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least once a month Indicators Elaboration of annual activity plans Creation of working groups to discuss the theme of climate change in the various sectors Meetings held Periodic publication of documents within the scope of Angola s obligations under the UNFCCC (National Communication, INDC, BUR) The National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity must be a medium where the exchange of ideas has a central value, recognizing the enriching role it can play for the country. This secretariat should promote public discussion on its own initiative, on issues related to climateNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 change, as well as carry out information actions on climate change, both for the general public and in schools, also bearing in mind the promotion of gender equality in participation.', 'This secretariat should promote public discussion on its own initiative, on issues related to climateNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 change, as well as carry out information actions on climate change, both for the general public and in schools, also bearing in mind the promotion of gender equality in participation. public. In addition, it is important to establish, within the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment, namely within the Climate Change Office, an NDC monitoring secretariat, which allows the performance of the implementation of the measures registered here to be evaluated, and which is an open way for receiving suggestions from the public, private or public opinion.', 'In addition, it is important to establish, within the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment, namely within the Climate Change Office, an NDC monitoring secretariat, which allows the performance of the implementation of the measures registered here to be evaluated, and which is an open way for receiving suggestions from the public, private or public opinion. The results of these assessments must be kept in electronic form, to be subsequently integrated into the future Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system of Angolan climate policy. An approach to the specifications of the MRV system in Angola is carried out in subchapter 6.6. The conceptual coordination model proposed for NDC, aligned with ENAC 2020-2035, is shown in Figure 8.', 'The conceptual coordination model proposed for NDC, aligned with ENAC 2020-2035, is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 - Institutional Arrangements for NDC ImplementationNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 6.2.2. Responsibilities and Strategic Partnerships required NDC implementation requires coordination across partners to mobilize resources, deliver complementary services and monitor progress. It will be essential to develop international partnerships to finance the low carbon economy in Angola, through bilateral or multilateral agreements, which allow the flow of resources to permeate the different sectors (energy, industry, mobility, etc. ), inducing effective actions of reduction of GHG emissions. A NDC Partnership Plan, a catalyst document to support the implementation of NDC 2020-2025 should be developed.', 'A NDC Partnership Plan, a catalyst document to support the implementation of NDC 2020-2025 should be developed. The NDC Partnership Plan development exercise should involve government institutions at central and provincial levels, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, academia and all sector considered in this NDC. To guarantee an efficient implementation of NDC, it is essential to define the different actors and their role and responsibilities, Table 16.', 'To guarantee an efficient implementation of NDC, it is essential to define the different actors and their role and responsibilities, Table 16. Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework Stakeholders Responsibilities Government and public institutions • Create legislative conditions to provide the best possible environment for developing projects that mitigate climate change; • Implement mitigation and adaptation projects; • Leverage investment, taking advantage of international financing lines; • Budgetary allocation of Angolan funds for climate change; • Sensitize the population and the private sector to the need to respond jointly to the problem of climate change.', 'Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework Stakeholders Responsibilities Government and public institutions • Create legislative conditions to provide the best possible environment for developing projects that mitigate climate change; • Implement mitigation and adaptation projects; • Leverage investment, taking advantage of international financing lines; • Budgetary allocation of Angolan funds for climate change; • Sensitize the population and the private sector to the need to respond jointly to the problem of climate change. Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment • Coordinate and monitor the implementation of NDC; • Represent Angola in the UNFCCC negotiations; • Responsible for reporting under UNFCCC; • Coordinate and develop mitigation and adaptation measures; • Coordinate and develop training and awareness actions; • Coordinate and boost climate finance.', 'Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment • Coordinate and monitor the implementation of NDC; • Represent Angola in the UNFCCC negotiations; • Responsible for reporting under UNFCCC; • Coordinate and develop mitigation and adaptation measures; • Coordinate and develop training and awareness actions; • Coordinate and boost climate finance. Private sector • Take advantage of investment lines to develop mitigation and adaptation projects; • Participate in the provision of data for the national GHG inventory; • Mobilize international investment funds to improve process efficiency and make more rational use of energy; • Cooperate with the Government in the establishment of projects that mitigate climate change; • Actively participate in the definition of sectoral policies for climate change.', 'Private sector • Take advantage of investment lines to develop mitigation and adaptation projects; • Participate in the provision of data for the national GHG inventory; • Mobilize international investment funds to improve process efficiency and make more rational use of energy; • Cooperate with the Government in the establishment of projects that mitigate climate change; • Actively participate in the definition of sectoral policies for climate change. Civil society • Adopt more conscious daily behaviours, which lead to a smaller carbon footprint;Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 • Promote community mitigation and adaptation projects; • Participate in the global effort to fight the effects of climate change in Angola.', 'Civil society • Adopt more conscious daily behaviours, which lead to a smaller carbon footprint;Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 • Promote community mitigation and adaptation projects; • Participate in the global effort to fight the effects of climate change in Angola. Universities / research institutes • Develop scientific knowledge in the area of climate change; • Include climate change content in university programs; • Train citizens who are aware and aware of the urgency to act on the effects of climate change. 6.3. Capacity building and technology transfer required Under the Paris Agreement, developed countries have also committed to provide technology transfer and capacity building to developing countries. Many developing countries will require enhanced capacities to effectively track inflows of bilateral and multilateral resources and support and identify pending gaps and needs.', 'Many developing countries will require enhanced capacities to effectively track inflows of bilateral and multilateral resources and support and identify pending gaps and needs. And support effective and efficient implementation of resources, and good documentation. Angola recognizes that capacity building and technology transfer is an important component of international support to the country and for its efforts in combating climate change and in reducing its vulnerabilities. In this way, the country has developed an analysis of its needs in terms of capacity building and technology transfer for the short term related with mitigation and adaptation. The National Strategy for Climate Change identifies capacity needs to succeed the targets of each mitigation and adaptation measure.', 'The National Strategy for Climate Change identifies capacity needs to succeed the targets of each mitigation and adaptation measure. Specific national needs related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change include: Better knowledge on new and more efficient technologies among the different sectors and public and private entities Increase qualified human resources for the development and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions Build national capacity for the development of low carbon technologies Expand knowledge and access to financing mechanisms by public and private entities Create a robust national data collection system In this context, the Government of Angola plans to: Promote information sessions for private investors on the regulation of renewables in the country Awareness raising and communication campaigns about: o renewable energy and energy efficiency o good maintenance of own vehicles o use of public transportation o waste management: waste collection, recycling, circular economy o health impacts of climate change Strengthen the climate modelling capacity of agricultural production systemsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Create early warning systems in order to support communities and reinforce contingency and emergency plans Besides that, there are other two thematic areas where the government intends to act, which are institutional and climate change education in schools and university, as education is an essential component and a facilitator for responding to global climate change.', 'Specific national needs related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change include: Better knowledge on new and more efficient technologies among the different sectors and public and private entities Increase qualified human resources for the development and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions Build national capacity for the development of low carbon technologies Expand knowledge and access to financing mechanisms by public and private entities Create a robust national data collection system In this context, the Government of Angola plans to: Promote information sessions for private investors on the regulation of renewables in the country Awareness raising and communication campaigns about: o renewable energy and energy efficiency o good maintenance of own vehicles o use of public transportation o waste management: waste collection, recycling, circular economy o health impacts of climate change Strengthen the climate modelling capacity of agricultural production systemsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Create early warning systems in order to support communities and reinforce contingency and emergency plans Besides that, there are other two thematic areas where the government intends to act, which are institutional and climate change education in schools and university, as education is an essential component and a facilitator for responding to global climate change. Angola’s goals related to capacity building training and education are presented in the table below.', 'Angola’s goals related to capacity building training and education are presented in the table below. Table 17 – Capacity building actions Capacity building Actions Institutions Ensure public service has climate change training sessions Ensure ministerial officers are trained on climate change Schools and Universities Train teachers and educators on climate change, to promote climate change education Integration of climate change education in school curricula Include degrees focused specifically on teaching the complex problems and solutions to climate change in Angola’s universities 6.4. Financial requirements An initial assessment of the funding requirements for the identified measures is described below and implementation costs will be refined as more evidence-based information is obtained.', 'Financial requirements An initial assessment of the funding requirements for the identified measures is described below and implementation costs will be refined as more evidence-based information is obtained. The total estimated cost for Angola’s identified NDC mitigation contribution through 2025 is estimated at around 44 billion USD and 144 million USD for adaptation contribution, representing a combined funding requirement of around 44.1 billion USD, across sectors. The Table 18 summarizes the estimated funding needs. For both mitigation and adaptation combined, the mitigation unconditional contribution, account for around 99.7% of the total estimated funding requirements, and the adaptation contribution around 0.3%.', 'For both mitigation and adaptation combined, the mitigation unconditional contribution, account for around 99.7% of the total estimated funding requirements, and the adaptation contribution around 0.3%. Table 18 – Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs Contribution Unconditional (million USD) Conditional (million USD) Total (million USD) Total (%)Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Lack of funds is the main obstacle to development and implementation of actions that may assist in climate change mitigation and adaptation. The funding issue is also a major impediment to national research and development efforts, as well as to human and institutional capacity. Thus, climate finance leveraged by Angola is a key factor for NDC success in implementing its mitigation, adaptation and capacity building initiatives. 6.5. Funding options Angola’s contribution will be implemented with both domestic and international support.', 'Funding options Angola’s contribution will be implemented with both domestic and international support. Unconditional contribution will be achieved based on national investment for NDC implementation. Angola intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate., building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms. These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allows Parties to voluntarily cooperate in the implementation of their NDCs through market and non-market-based mechanisms. Negotiations on Article 6 are currently underway, and the country is following the opportunities that can arise from the future carbon market.', 'Negotiations on Article 6 are currently underway, and the country is following the opportunities that can arise from the future carbon market. In addition, Article 13 of the Paris Agreement establishes a transparency framework to provide a clear understanding of climate change action, mutual trust and confidence that involves reporting data in a regular basis. 6.5.1. National Framework for Climate Finance Since Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, it has managed to use some of the international financial instruments for climate action and at national level to mobilize public and private funds for mitigation and adaptation measures.', 'National Framework for Climate Finance Since Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, it has managed to use some of the international financial instruments for climate action and at national level to mobilize public and private funds for mitigation and adaptation measures. However, the level of financing necessary for the development of the measures indicated in previous chapters is still lower comparing to the real needs that the country presents. At theNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 national level, Angola has been experiencing a sharp slowdown in its economic growth for some years, motivated by the drop in oil production, with a negative impact on the internal capacity to finance all of its economic activity.', 'At theNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 national level, Angola has been experiencing a sharp slowdown in its economic growth for some years, motivated by the drop in oil production, with a negative impact on the internal capacity to finance all of its economic activity. In accessing international financing, it is important to highlight the current PMA graduation process which, despite being a process that reflects national economic and social development, will have some disadvantages in accessing finance in the international markets from which LDCs benefit: 1. Special and differential treatment in the World Trade Organization (WTO), namely longer periods in the implementation of multilateral agreements and commitments; 2.', 'Special and differential treatment in the World Trade Organization (WTO), namely longer periods in the implementation of multilateral agreements and commitments; 2. Public Development Aid: the international community has committed a series of financing lines to support LDCs (Example: Angola received financial assistance from the Least Developed Countries Fund which is exclusive to LDCs); 3. Preferential market access: Preferential market access gives LDC exporters the right to benefit from lower tariffs or even exemption from customs duties. The section below describes the main financial instruments, national and international, available and used by Angola in its climate finance. National Climate Finance At the national level, Angola has a relatively small set of financing lines for mitigation and adaptation measures.', 'National Climate Finance At the national level, Angola has a relatively small set of financing lines for mitigation and adaptation measures. The main instrument used by the Government for the management and conservation of the environment is the National Environment Fund (FNA). In addition, there are other instruments and funds capitalized through the state budget that support climate projects and programs. Table 19 describes these national funds briefly. Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitigação e adaptação National Environment Fund (FNA)15 Description The FNA was created in January 2011 and is administratively supervised by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment.', 'Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitigação e adaptação National Environment Fund (FNA)15 Description The FNA was created in January 2011 and is administratively supervised by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment. Its objectives are: Financially support the management, promotion and conservation of the environment; Contribute to the promotion of activities related to the rational management of environmental protection areas, rehabilitation or recovery of degraded areas; Support technical and scientific activities for the introduction of clean technologies; Support the activity of civil society. Financing sources Budget appropriations; Percentage of the values of environmental licensing fees; 15 MINEA (2017).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Percentage of fines applied; Proceeds from the sale of the seal or certificate of clean technologies; Values from pollutant emission rates; Compensation and compensation.', 'Financing sources Budget appropriations; Percentage of the values of environmental licensing fees; 15 MINEA (2017).Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Percentage of fines applied; Proceeds from the sale of the seal or certificate of clean technologies; Values from pollutant emission rates; Compensation and compensation. National Electricity Fund (FUNEL)[18] Description FUNEL intends to support the fulfilment of the Angola Energia 2025 vision by supporting rural electrification programs. The fund s allocations, rules and management will be carried out by the National Institute of Rural Electrification (INER). Its objectives are: Support renewable energy projects connected to the grid; Finance or subsidize rural electrification; Support the distribution of improved solar lanterns and ovens, manufactured in Angola; The performance of CDM procedures reverting their benefits to the financing of rural electrification.', 'Its objectives are: Support renewable energy projects connected to the grid; Finance or subsidize rural electrification; Support the distribution of improved solar lanterns and ovens, manufactured in Angola; The performance of CDM procedures reverting their benefits to the financing of rural electrification. Financing sources State financing via concessions; Articulation with the Sovereign Fund of Angola (FSDEA), which will seek to take a minority stake in larger projects; Collaboration with local banks for credit lines; Cooperation with international entities to maximize obtaining non-repayable financing. Support Fund for Agricultural Development in Angola (FADA) Description Created under Executive Decree no. 40/87, FADA was reactivated in October 2016, under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance, as a “specialized financial institution” designed to support the country s agricultural development policy.', '40/87, FADA was reactivated in October 2016, under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance, as a “specialized financial institution” designed to support the country s agricultural development policy. According to government data, the agriculture sector adds more than 80% of the country s labour force and represents less than 10% of the national GDP. The fund is intended to be an instrument to boost agriculture, one of the priority sectors for the diversification of the national economy. The Government intends to develop the sector by promoting the local, regional and national economy and being a driving force for compliance with SDG 2: Eradicate hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Financing sources Tax revenue associated with the import of agricultural products; State budget.', 'Financing sources Tax revenue associated with the import of agricultural products; State budget. Angola Sovereign Fund (FSDEA)[46] Description On November 20, 2008, the President of Angola, José Eduardo dos Santos, announced the establishment of a special commission to create the basis for a new Sovereign Wealth Fund (FSR) in order to promote growth, prosperity and socio-economic development in Angola. In 2011, the Fund was legally ratified and officially established as the Angola Sovereign Fund in 2012, with an initialNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 allocation of US $ 5 billion. Its objective is to promote the social and economic development of Angola, generating wealth for the Angolan people. Financing sources FSDEA is capitalized with revenues from oil exports and an important part of its investments are allocated to national energy conversion.', 'Financing sources FSDEA is capitalized with revenues from oil exports and an important part of its investments are allocated to national energy conversion. FSDEA has already allocated $ 1.1 billion to a venture capital fund for the infrastructure sector with capital-intensive investments in the energy, transport and industry sectors. In terms of agriculture, FSDEA has allocated $ 250 million. FSDEA expects that its investments in the agricultural sector will contribute decisively to economic growth in Angola and other regions of the continent by increasing the revenues from this activity. Despite the existence of these climate finance instruments, the financial allocation to mitigation and adaptation measures may be further enhanced with greater financial availability and in order to cover all priority sectors / domains.', 'Despite the existence of these climate finance instruments, the financial allocation to mitigation and adaptation measures may be further enhanced with greater financial availability and in order to cover all priority sectors / domains. International Climate Finance In terms of international climate finance, the following instruments used by Angola to finance mitigation and / or adaptation to climate change projects are identified [5], Table 20. Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation Least Developed Countries Fund [50] By the end of 2016, 4 adaptation projects were approved in Angola with a total grant amount exceeding USD 25 million and channeled through the following DFIs: African Development Bank (AfDB), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Organization United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).', 'Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation Least Developed Countries Fund [50] By the end of 2016, 4 adaptation projects were approved in Angola with a total grant amount exceeding USD 25 million and channeled through the following DFIs: African Development Bank (AfDB), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Organization United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The overall amount of co-financing for these projects amounted to approximately US $ 90 million. GEF Trust Fund By the end of 2016, 2 projects in Angola (1 for mitigation and 1 for adaptation) with a total grant amount exceeding US$ 7 million and channelled through the following DFIs were approved: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).', 'GEF Trust Fund By the end of 2016, 2 projects in Angola (1 for mitigation and 1 for adaptation) with a total grant amount exceeding US$ 7 million and channelled through the following DFIs were approved: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The global co-financing value of these projects amounted to approximately US $ 36 million. Carbon Markets (MDL)16 Angola has only one project registered under the CDM mechanism, the Gove hydroelectric power station. The project was registered in 2014 and has the potential to reduce 126,118 tCO2 e / year. By the end of 2016 the project had not issued any certified emission reduction (CER) and therefore had no access to finance from developed countries.', 'By the end of 2016 the project had not issued any certified emission reduction (CER) and therefore had no access to finance from developed countries. 16 See section 6.1.1. Carbon MarketsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Angola also benefited from funding from a number of financial and bilateral institutions that include the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the European Development Fund (EDF), the French Fund for the World Environment (FFEM), German cooperation through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), UNDP and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP, or in English UNEP - United Nations Environment Program).', 'Carbon MarketsNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Angola also benefited from funding from a number of financial and bilateral institutions that include the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the European Development Fund (EDF), the French Fund for the World Environment (FFEM), German cooperation through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), UNDP and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP, or in English UNEP - United Nations Environment Program). Angola also benefited from the Fast-Start financing program that was agreed upon at COP15, in 2009, in which developed countries pledged to channel resources worth around US $ 30 billion for the period between 2010 and 2012 to support efforts in developing countries.', 'Angola also benefited from the Fast-Start financing program that was agreed upon at COP15, in 2009, in which developed countries pledged to channel resources worth around US $ 30 billion for the period between 2010 and 2012 to support efforts in developing countries. In a global way, Angola should take advantage of the main international financial instruments already identified (Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund GEF Trust Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Special Climate Change Trust Fund) and maximize the use of existing national funds (Fundo Nacional do Environment, National Electricity Fund, Support Fund for Agricultural Development of Angola and Sovereign Fund of Angola) in order to cover all identified mitigation and adaptation sectors / domains. 6.5.1.', 'In a global way, Angola should take advantage of the main international financial instruments already identified (Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund GEF Trust Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Special Climate Change Trust Fund) and maximize the use of existing national funds (Fundo Nacional do Environment, National Electricity Fund, Support Fund for Agricultural Development of Angola and Sovereign Fund of Angola) in order to cover all identified mitigation and adaptation sectors / domains. 6.5.1. Carbon Markets Carbon markets have played an important role in channeling climate finance for mitigation since 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol came into force. The main mechanism defined in Article 12 of the Protocol was the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).', 'The main mechanism defined in Article 12 of the Protocol was the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This mechanism was designed with two main objectives: to support developed countries to achieve their emission reduction objectives in a cost-effective manner and to support developing countries and those least advanced in sustainable development. The mechanism allows the financing of emission reduction projects through the certification and transaction of certified emission reductions (Certified Emission Reduction - CER). By the end of the first quarter of 2017, more than 7,700 projects had been registered and more than 1.7 billion emission reductions had been certified. For the period between 2007 and 2011, it was estimated by the UNFCCC that the financial transactions of CERs totalled around 9.5 billion dollars.', 'For the period between 2007 and 2011, it was estimated by the UNFCCC that the financial transactions of CERs totalled around 9.5 billion dollars. A significant part of this value was mobilized by the private sector. However, the market generated by the CDM has suffered a drastic reduction in value since 2011 as a result of the main CER buyer market, the European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), defining a very significant reduction in CER usage limits. As a result of the level of demand having drastically reduced, RECs are no longer desirable for public and private actors to allocate financial resources to mitigation projects in developing countries.', 'As a result of the level of demand having drastically reduced, RECs are no longer desirable for public and private actors to allocate financial resources to mitigation projects in developing countries. The role of carbon markets in global climate finance is still considered very relevant by a considerable number of countries and regions.', 'The role of carbon markets in global climate finance is still considered very relevant by a considerable number of countries and regions. By the end of 2019, around 40 countries and more than 20 cities, states and regions used carbon markets as climatic instruments, which represents about 13% of annual GHG emissions worldwide [25].Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 A positive trend observed in the African continent was the growth of CDM programmatic approaches (from English, Program of Activities - PoA17) that allowed to extend the channelling of climate finance in countries and regions that are still under-represented. The CDM is part of a type of financing called Results-based-finance (RBF) that channels funds into projects and programs through the achievement of verified objectives.', 'The CDM is part of a type of financing called Results-based-finance (RBF) that channels funds into projects and programs through the achievement of verified objectives. There has been a significant growth in this type of financing in recent years. The Green Climate Fund, for example, is considering this type of approach in allocating its funding [12]. The relevance of the carbon markets was also evident in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes the creation of a new sustainable development mechanism that aims to succeed the Kyoto mechanisms and that will produce “mitigation units” called ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes) that can be used to meet the mitigation objectives set out in the NDCs.', 'The relevance of the carbon markets was also evident in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes the creation of a new sustainable development mechanism that aims to succeed the Kyoto mechanisms and that will produce “mitigation units” called ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes) that can be used to meet the mitigation objectives set out in the NDCs. At a time when carbon markets are spreading and developing all over the world, it will be strategic for African governments to position themselves regarding access to and use of these financial instruments. 6.6. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system The evolution of international negotiations on Climate Change has determined a set of reporting obligations over time.', 'Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system The evolution of international negotiations on Climate Change has determined a set of reporting obligations over time. In addition, Angola s graduation from PMA scheduled for 2021 will have implications in terms of reporting to UNFCCC. Before the Cancún Agreements, developing countries were asked to produce their National Communications but on a voluntary basis, in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention, but at COP 16, in 2010, more demanding reporting targets were set for developing countries, namely the obligation to produce National Communications (CN) every 4 years and the production of biennial update reports (BUR) every 2 years, which means that the national emissions inventory will have to be produced every two years.', 'Before the Cancún Agreements, developing countries were asked to produce their National Communications but on a voluntary basis, in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention, but at COP 16, in 2010, more demanding reporting targets were set for developing countries, namely the obligation to produce National Communications (CN) every 4 years and the production of biennial update reports (BUR) every 2 years, which means that the national emissions inventory will have to be produced every two years. In 2015, the Paris Agreement brought a set of challenges on the accounting and reporting of GHG emissions and mitigation and adaptation actions developed by the countries, calling for transparency, rigor, comparability and consistency in accounting and reporting: beyond the CN and BUR, the Parties are now subject to the production and five-year update of their national contributions (NDCs) every 5 years.', 'In 2015, the Paris Agreement brought a set of challenges on the accounting and reporting of GHG emissions and mitigation and adaptation actions developed by the countries, calling for transparency, rigor, comparability and consistency in accounting and reporting: beyond the CN and BUR, the Parties are now subject to the production and five-year update of their national contributions (NDCs) every 5 years. These developments in international climate policy mean that from 2021 onwards Angola will, in the light of the UNFCCC, be obliged to elaborate: a) National Communication every 4 years; b) the Biennial Update Report every 2 years; c) NDC update every 5 years.', 'These developments in international climate policy mean that from 2021 onwards Angola will, in the light of the UNFCCC, be obliged to elaborate: a) National Communication every 4 years; b) the Biennial Update Report every 2 years; c) NDC update every 5 years. 17 Activity Programs (PoA) incorporate within an individual program / project an unlimited number of activities with the same characteristics.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 In view of the challenges presented, it is important to implement a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system that ensures efficient monitoring of the implementation of climate policy in the country.', '17 Activity Programs (PoA) incorporate within an individual program / project an unlimited number of activities with the same characteristics.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 In view of the challenges presented, it is important to implement a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system that ensures efficient monitoring of the implementation of climate policy in the country. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) refers to the process by which countries track and report on the implementation and impacts of mitigation and adaptation actions, and the finance used to support these actions. To date, in Angola there is no domestic system in place in order to track the implementation of the NDC. The information available is often dispersed and incomplete, and difficult to collect.', 'The information available is often dispersed and incomplete, and difficult to collect. Thus, responding to the control needs of its national internal policy and the new challenges of the Paris Agreement, Angola will establish an MRV system consisting of 4 subsystems: GHG inventory, mitigation measures, adaptation measures and financial, technical and technological support, Figure 9. Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola The operationalization of a national MRV system will allow not only to elaborate in a systematic way the national inventory of GHG emissions in Angola, essential for the improvement of the reporting process to UNFCCC, but also to serve as a tool to implement this strategy, to ensure a efficient implementation of climate policy in the country.', 'Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola The operationalization of a national MRV system will allow not only to elaborate in a systematic way the national inventory of GHG emissions in Angola, essential for the improvement of the reporting process to UNFCCC, but also to serve as a tool to implement this strategy, to ensure a efficient implementation of climate policy in the country. Additionally, the implementation of an MRV platform will represent a valuable database for the country for the development of future policies not only in the environmental area, but also in areas such as land use planning or industrial policy.', 'Additionally, the implementation of an MRV platform will represent a valuable database for the country for the development of future policies not only in the environmental area, but also in areas such as land use planning or industrial policy. Using the database of this system, it will be possible to assess the most polluting sectors of the economy and develop political tools that serve to encourage the reduction of GHG emissions, measure the implementation of adaptation measures, in addition to monitoring the support received (financial, technical and technological). The Government believes that the transparency that this system will bring to the implementation of the Angolan climate policy will also allow it to leverage more international financing for the country.', 'The Government believes that the transparency that this system will bring to the implementation of the Angolan climate policy will also allow it to leverage more international financing for the country. The Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment is responsible for the development of the MRV system and for the coordination of its implementation, which must include: 1. Plan of methodologies and base data 2. Knowledge management system 3. Capacity development plan 4. Quality control and quality assurance system 5. Legal and institutional frameworkNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 The Methodology and Base Data Plan will define the methodologies to be applied in the monitoring of GHG emissions, mitigation and adaptation measures and financial, technical and technological support.', 'Legal and institutional frameworkNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 The Methodology and Base Data Plan will define the methodologies to be applied in the monitoring of GHG emissions, mitigation and adaptation measures and financial, technical and technological support. The Knowledge Management System to be developed should aggregate all the information collected by the various subsystems, allowing consultation and data entry in a simple and systematic way. On the other hand, in order for the system to be implemented efficiently, a process of training focal points from different ministries, relevant entities in data collection, must be initiated, as well as training technicians from provincial governments, so that they can in turn , train other actors.', 'On the other hand, in order for the system to be implemented efficiently, a process of training focal points from different ministries, relevant entities in data collection, must be initiated, as well as training technicians from provincial governments, so that they can in turn , train other actors. The Capacity Development Plan should identify the training needs for the implementation of the MRV system at different levels. Quality control and quality assurance are fundamental to the effectiveness and credibility of the system. In particular for the GHG inventory, the definition and implementation of a quality assurance and control system is considered a good practice required by UNFCCC.', 'In particular for the GHG inventory, the definition and implementation of a quality assurance and control system is considered a good practice required by UNFCCC. Finally, the legal and institutional framework should be defined to formalize the implementation of the MRV system, as well as to define responsibilities and deadlines that will constitute the annual cycles of the MRV system in Angola. Figure 10 shows a schematic of the MRV system that the Government of Angola intends to operate in the country. Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver For the short term (up to 2025), it is planned that Angola will develop and implement a MRV system, as part of the tracking process of the NDC.', 'Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver For the short term (up to 2025), it is planned that Angola will develop and implement a MRV system, as part of the tracking process of the NDC. Angola aims to integrate the necessary MRV activities into existing processes and structures for international reporting to ensure an efficient and consistent approach. Angola is in the process of determining the most appropriate process for MRV of NDC implementation and is intending to implement a robust MRV system. Regarding the process of monitoring and evaluation, the mitigation efforts will be assessed on an annual basis, based on the implementation results of the mitigation contributions proposed.', 'Regarding the process of monitoring and evaluation, the mitigation efforts will be assessed on an annual basis, based on the implementation results of the mitigation contributions proposed. In order to cross-check the mitigation results, un update of GHG inventory will be conducted annually at both the national and sector levels.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Adaptation efforts will be assessed through indicators of resilience based on the implementation process and results and international indexes, as the vulnerability to climate change and climate- related risk reduction18.', 'In order to cross-check the mitigation results, un update of GHG inventory will be conducted annually at both the national and sector levels.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Adaptation efforts will be assessed through indicators of resilience based on the implementation process and results and international indexes, as the vulnerability to climate change and climate- related risk reduction18. Examples of relevant indicators are [39]: Area Indicator Climate parameters Change in annual temperature Mean monthly temperature Number of hot days Change in annual precipitation Monthly precipitation Extreme precipitation events Climate impacts Number of households affected by drought Percentage of total livestock killed by drought Number of people at high risk of heat stress Number of people living in flood prone areas Number of properties flooded per year Number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year Weather-related disruption of electricity supply Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall Adaptation Action Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation Degree of integration of climate change into development planning Percentage of municipalities with local regulations considering adaptation and vulnerability assessment results Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation Uptake of early warning systems Percentage of coastline under marine protection Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adaptation 18 For example: World Risk Index, Global Climate Risk IndexNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 7.', 'Examples of relevant indicators are [39]: Area Indicator Climate parameters Change in annual temperature Mean monthly temperature Number of hot days Change in annual precipitation Monthly precipitation Extreme precipitation events Climate impacts Number of households affected by drought Percentage of total livestock killed by drought Number of people at high risk of heat stress Number of people living in flood prone areas Number of properties flooded per year Number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year Weather-related disruption of electricity supply Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall Adaptation Action Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation Degree of integration of climate change into development planning Percentage of municipalities with local regulations considering adaptation and vulnerability assessment results Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation Uptake of early warning systems Percentage of coastline under marine protection Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adaptation 18 For example: World Risk Index, Global Climate Risk IndexNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 7. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10%19 of global in 2015.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10%19 of global in 2015. This NDC is fair and ambitious as it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions, while the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Angola will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway. Also, this NDC present a significant commitment, through both mitigation and adaptation measures at the sector-level, to reach indicated contributions, prepared through an extensive consultation process with stakeholders.', 'Also, this NDC present a significant commitment, through both mitigation and adaptation measures at the sector-level, to reach indicated contributions, prepared through an extensive consultation process with stakeholders. The impacts that the current pandemic COVID - 19 will have in the country are not certain yet, but it is already identified that the impacts in terms of the economy and public health may delay the implementation of the proposed objectives. Thus, given the current socio-economic development of a developing country affected by climate change, in its updated NDC Angola has shown the country s highest level of efforts in contributing to global climate change mitigation and implementation of the Paris Agreement. are-emitted-by-the-countryNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 8.', 'are-emitted-by-the-countryNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 8. INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING In accordance with the provisions of Annex I of Decision 4/CMA.1, Angola informs the following: Parameter Information NDC Time period Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Type of commitment The type of contribution selected by Angola in terms of mitigation is based on results, i.e. the reduction of greenhouse gases to levels below the BAU. The BAU scenario by 2025 was based on the last GHG inventory of 2015. Reference point & base year In 2015 (base year), emissions were about 99992 ktCO2eq, and BAU projection indicates that to fulfil the condition of the supposed growth parameters by 2025, the emissions will reach 108473 ktCO2eq.', 'Reference point & base year In 2015 (base year), emissions were about 99992 ktCO2eq, and BAU projection indicates that to fulfil the condition of the supposed growth parameters by 2025, the emissions will reach 108473 ktCO2eq. Accounting methodology With the support of GACMO model, developed by UNEP DTU Partnership, the BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory of 2015, according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The mitigation measures were selected and prioritized based on consultation with stakeholders, which formed the basis for the calculation of the mitigation scenario, calculated using the GACMO model. Metric applied Global Warming Potential on a 100-year timescale in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report. Reduction level (Unconditional) At least 14% domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.', 'Reduction level (Unconditional) At least 14% domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Reduction level (Conditional) Additional 10% of GHG reduction by 2025 Scope and coverage Greenhouse gases (GHG) 0. F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country. Coverage (sectors) The mitigation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Energy (including Transport); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Industry; Waste. The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Angola adaptation measures are aimed at improving the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse consequences of climate change, thus contributing to country’s development.', 'The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Angola adaptation measures are aimed at improving the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse consequences of climate change, thus contributing to country’s development. The rational for the inclusion of the adaptation component in the NDC takes into consideration that the country shows vulnerability and fragile conditions as a developing country, for which negative impacts of climate change are evident in all sectors of the national economy.', 'The rational for the inclusion of the adaptation component in the NDC takes into consideration that the country shows vulnerability and fragile conditions as a developing country, for which negative impacts of climate change are evident in all sectors of the national economy. Geographical boundaries Whole country Means of implementation To implement the listed mitigation and adaptation measures, it is estimated that a total investment of not less than US$ 4.1 billion in the form of internal and external aid will be required between 2020 and 2025. Angola requests the technologies support and capacity building.', 'Angola requests the technologies support and capacity building. Gaps and Barriers Angola faces several barriers in addressing climate change issues, mainly related to: • Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); • Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; • Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; • Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; • Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; • Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; • Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; • Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; • Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas.', 'Gaps and Barriers Angola faces several barriers in addressing climate change issues, mainly related to: • Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); • Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; • Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; • Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; • Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; • Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; • Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; • Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; • Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas. Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets According to the Marrakesh Call for Climate Action, agreed at the Ministerial Dialogue of the SeventhNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 African Forum of Carbon, in April 2015, Angola recognizes the experience gained from the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and want to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity, contributing to sustainable development and establishing strong incentives to harness the power of private sector.', 'Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets According to the Marrakesh Call for Climate Action, agreed at the Ministerial Dialogue of the SeventhNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 African Forum of Carbon, in April 2015, Angola recognizes the experience gained from the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and want to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity, contributing to sustainable development and establishing strong incentives to harness the power of private sector. Angola supports the use of market mechanisms including the results of mitigation pre- 2020, such as the use of Emission Reduction Certificates (ERCs) generated by CDM projects and programs. Fair and ambitious Angola is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10% of global emissions (2015).', 'National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10% of global emissions (2015). The NDC submitted by Angola is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions while it the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, Angola’s proposed targets are fair and ambitious. A revised GHG Inventory is a prerequisite for operating a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system suitable to tracking the contributions of NDC-aligned projects.', 'A revised GHG Inventory is a prerequisite for operating a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system suitable to tracking the contributions of NDC-aligned projects. In 2020, Angola updated its GHG inventory (base year: 2015) and by 2025 the country is planning to revise and update that GHG Inventory as part of its Second National Communication.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Angola requests the UNFCCC Secretariat that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that the country’s NDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the Secretariat.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Documents [1] UN General Assembly (1995). Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its forty- [2] 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its forty- [2] 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Link: [3] Ministry of Economy and Planning: Long-Term Strategy, 2025, 2007. Link: [4] National Adaptation Programme of Action, UNFCCC 2011. Link: [5] UNFCCC Angola 1st National Communication, 2012. Link: [6] Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan in Africa for the Health sector 2012-2016, 2012. Link Action.pdf [7] Republic of Angola, 2012 - Strategic Urban Waste Management Plan (PESGRU). Link: [8] IPCC 5th Assessment Report: Climate Change 2014. Link: [9] Carabine E. and Lemma A. (2014), The IPCC’s fifth assessment report: what’s in for Africa? Overseas Development Institute and Climate and Development Knowledge Network. Link: [10] INE (2016). Census 2014. General Population and Housing Census in Angola 2014 – Final Results.', 'General Population and Housing Census in Angola 2014 – Final Results. Link: [11] Republic of Angola, 2015. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for the Republic of Angola. Republic of Angola. Link: gsp.org/sites/default/files/documents/indc_angola_deposito.pdf [12] New Climate Institute (2015). Connecting the dots, Results-based financing in climate policy. climate-policy/ [13] Atlas and National Strategy New Renewable Energies, 2015. Link: FOR-THE-NEW-RENEWABLES.pdfNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 [14] United Nations (2015a). Committee for Development Policy Report on the seventeenth session (23-27 March 2015) Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2015 Supplement No. 13 E/2015/33. United Nations. New York. [15] INE Angola, 2016. Population projection 2014-2050. [16] UN General Assembly (2016). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 12 February 2016, Graduation of Angola from the least developed country category 70/253 [17] Republic of Angola (2016).', 'Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 12 February 2016, Graduation of Angola from the least developed country category 70/253 [17] Republic of Angola (2016). Guidelines for Defining a Strategy for Exiting the Crisis Derived from Falling Oil Prices in the International Market. Link: [18] Ministry of Energy and Water (2016). Angola Energy 2025: Long term vision for electric sector. Link: SECTOR-LONG-TERM-VISION.pdf [19] Ministry of Economy and Planning, 2018, National Development Plan 2018-2022. Link: [20] Republic of Angola, 2017. National Strategy for Climate Change. Republic of Angola. Link: [21] Republic of Angola, 2017, First Annual Report On The Angola Graduation Process From LDC Category, Monitoring of Graduated and Graduating Countries from the Least Developed Country category: Angola, CDP2017/PLEN5-Annex 1, February 2017. [22] African Development Bank, African Economic Outlook 2019.', '[22] African Development Bank, African Economic Outlook 2019. Link: [23] Angola Disaster Risk Profile, 2019. Link: profile-angola [24] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019: Angola. Link: f [25] World Bank (2019). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019. Link: [26] International Energy Agency, Africa Energy Outlook – Overview: Angola 2019. Link: [27] INE, 2019. Final Report on Multidimensional Poverty in Angola. Link: [28] Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Coastal Zone of Angola, 2019. Link:Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 [29] Ministry of Transports, 2019 - National Master Plan for the Transport Sector & Preliminary Feasibility Study for the Railway Link between the Benguela Railway (CFB) and Zambia. Link: planodirectornacionaldosectordostransportes.pdf [30] Ministry of Finance 2019, State Budget Report 2020. Link: //www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation_home.jsp?', 'Link: planodirectornacionaldosectordostransportes.pdf [30] Ministry of Finance 2019, State Budget Report 2020. Link: //www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation_home.jsp? [31] Creating Markets in Angola: Opportunities for Development Through the Private Sector, World Bank 2019. Link: [32] Country Engagement Strategy: A Country-Driven Approach For Collective Impact On Climate And Development Action, October 2020. Link: engagement/NDCP_CountryEngStrategy_Final.pdf [33] Integrated Plan for the Acceleration of Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries (PIAAPF), 2020. Link: pesca-familiar-piaapf [34] African Development Bank, 2020. African Economic Outlook 2020. Link: [35] International Monetary Fund – World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020. Link: [36] The graduation of Angola from the LDC category: impact of the withdrawal of international support measures GILBERTO D.F. ANTÓNIO1, ADELINO A.S. MUXITO. Link: Antonio-and-Muxito.pdf [37] Global Business Reports, The Official Mining in Africa Country Investment Guide (MACIG) 2020.', 'Link: Antonio-and-Muxito.pdf [37] Global Business Reports, The Official Mining in Africa Country Investment Guide (MACIG) 2020. Link: [38] Republic of Angola, 2020 - National GHG Inventory 2005-2018 (draft Nov 2020) [39] GIZ Repository of Adaptation Indicators, Real case examples from national Monitoring and Evaluation Systems. Link: Websites [40] Angola - Main sectors. Link: export.societegenerale.fr/en/country/angola/market-sectors?accepter_cookies=oui [41] Current State of Maritime Transport in Angola: Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 [42] Natural Earth Data. Link: [43] Angolan Banking Association. Link: association/ [44] Angola - UN Country Profile. Link: [45] UNFCCC – What is the Paris Agreement. Link: paris-agreement/what-is-the-paris-agreement [46] Angola Sovereign Fund. Link: [47] The Economic Context of Angola, Lloyds Bank. Link: [48] Central Intelligence Agency – Country Profile of Angola. Link: [49] FAO Fishery Country Profile. Link: [50] GEF.', 'Link: [49] FAO Fishery Country Profile. Link: [50] GEF. Link: Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 ANNEX 9.1.', 'Link: Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 ANNEX 9.1. Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation General Population (million) GDP (million USD) GHG Emissions BAU GHG Emissions e) Energy Waste AFOLU Industry TOTAL Current GHG emissions e) Energy Waste AFOLU Industry TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures e) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (% change from BAU) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Finance Internal TOTAL External TOTALNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 329 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) – 200 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – Installation of wind farms – 203 MW 546,18 2,341% 263,9 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste– 1000 ton/day 4 136,78 17,732% 8,1 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land UseNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Assumptions Biomass and hydroelectric values remained under the same assumptions as in the unconditional 2025 scenario, where for biomass the assumption is in ENAC (500 MW) and for hydroelectric the potential projects identified in the Angolan Renewable Energy Atlas are considered, in this case Cambambe 2.', 'Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation General Population (million) GDP (million USD) GHG Emissions BAU GHG Emissions e) Energy Waste AFOLU Industry TOTAL Current GHG emissions e) Energy Waste AFOLU Industry TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures e) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (% change from BAU) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Finance Internal TOTAL External TOTALNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Unconditional Contributions e reduction potential % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 329 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) – 200 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – Installation of wind farms – 203 MW 546,18 2,341% 263,9 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste– 1000 ton/day 4 136,78 17,732% 8,1 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land UseNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Assumptions Biomass and hydroelectric values remained under the same assumptions as in the unconditional 2025 scenario, where for biomass the assumption is in ENAC (500 MW) and for hydroelectric the potential projects identified in the Angolan Renewable Energy Atlas are considered, in this case Cambambe 2. The mini-hydro has remained under the same assumption as conditional 2025 scenario (150 MW).', 'The mini-hydro has remained under the same assumption as conditional 2025 scenario (150 MW). In terms of reforestation, the total value of emissions reduction in reforestation present in INDC (2032ktCO2e) was considered. For flaring, the reduction target value (75%) indicated by the World Bank in 2011 was considered. For solar and wind energy, potential projects were considered from projects identified in Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. For solar energy, additionally to the Waku Kungo II and Lubango projects, considered in the unconditional 2025 scenario, it was also considered the Capanda project.', 'For solar energy, additionally to the Waku Kungo II and Lubango projects, considered in the unconditional 2025 scenario, it was also considered the Capanda project. For wind energy the projects of Quitobia and Tômbwa were considered.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Conditional Contributions e reduction potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 419 MW 642,94 1,619% 628,5 Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) – 187 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 6 MW 8,29 < 0,1% 39 Solar PVs, small isolated grid, 100% solar to replace Diesel (NAMA Program) – 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets– 4000 lamps 3,11 < 0,1% 6,3 Installation of wind farms – 409 MW 632,75 1,593% 532 Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings – 4000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting - 4000 lamps 2,71 < 0,1% 3,2 Road Transport Natural gas buses – 4000 buses 13,18 < 0,1% 6,3 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 2000 ton/day 8 273,56 20,831% 16,3 Agriculture, Forestry andNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Area Conditional Contributions e reduction potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Other Land Use Assumptions Since the ambition is extremely high, we have increased the values of all measures except for reforestation and mini-hydro, where the values remain the same as the unconditional 2030 scenario.', 'For wind energy the projects of Quitobia and Tômbwa were considered.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Conditional Contributions e reduction potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) – 419 MW 642,94 1,619% 628,5 Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) – 187 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry – 6 MW 8,29 < 0,1% 39 Solar PVs, small isolated grid, 100% solar to replace Diesel (NAMA Program) – 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets– 4000 lamps 3,11 < 0,1% 6,3 Installation of wind farms – 409 MW 632,75 1,593% 532 Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings – 4000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting - 4000 lamps 2,71 < 0,1% 3,2 Road Transport Natural gas buses – 4000 buses 13,18 < 0,1% 6,3 Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste – 2000 ton/day 8 273,56 20,831% 16,3 Agriculture, Forestry andNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 Sector Area Conditional Contributions e reduction potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Other Land Use Assumptions Since the ambition is extremely high, we have increased the values of all measures except for reforestation and mini-hydro, where the values remain the same as the unconditional 2030 scenario. For biomass, hydroelectric, solar and wind power plants, potential projects were considered from projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola.', 'For biomass, hydroelectric, solar and wind power plants, potential projects were considered from projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. For biomass, the projects were Luanda, Benguela/Lobito/Catumbela, Alto Catumbela, Chinguar, Cuima, Biocom, Lucapa, Luena, Luachimo, Dala, Chicapa, Lumeje and Dinge. The program called NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), brought the opportunity for the implementation 15 MW to replace the use of diesel in three commercial farms in Angola was considered in this scenario as a small-scale solar panel. For the hydroelectric power plants, additionally to the projects of Cambambe 2, Luime, Túmulo do Caçador and Zenza (1+2), presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Cacombo project.', 'For the hydroelectric power plants, additionally to the projects of Cambambe 2, Luime, Túmulo do Caçador and Zenza (1+2), presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Cacombo project. For the solar energy, additionally to the projects of Waku Kungo II, Lubango and Capanga, presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Balém Dango, Lubango ii, Fútila, Chipindo, Lubango, Kuito, Gove, Waku Kungo I, Lucapa and Dungo projects. For wind energy, additionally to the projects of Tômbwa and Quitobia, presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Dunga and Quimone projects.', 'For wind energy, additionally to the projects of Tômbwa and Quitobia, presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Dunga and Quimone projects. For the lightning and natural gas buses measures, we double the number of lamps and buses used in the conditional 2025 scenario.Nationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020 In terms of flaring, we have increased the ambition to reduce flaring. Instead of 75% reduction, as planned and presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it is now considered a 91% emission reduction compared to 2015 emissions.', 'Instead of 75% reduction, as planned and presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it is now considered a 91% emission reduction compared to 2015 emissions. For solar panels in industry, we increased one more unit in this measure (from 4 MW in scenario unconditional 2030 scenario, to 6 MW in this scenario) For composting, the value (1000 t/day) in the unconditional 2030 scenario has been doubled.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Angola – 2020 updaNationally Determined Contribution of Angola 2020']

en-US

ATG

Antigua and Barbuda

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20First.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/533664867d1f96090ccd744fd5ff80340b8bd10ef1aabd9a5506897438b5a0f8.pdf

['ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) Communicated to the UNFCCC on 15th October, 2015 Introduction The Government of Antigua and Barbuda is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad-\xad‐Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21 in Paris, a new legally binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) appropriate to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020 onwards.', 'ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) Communicated to the UNFCCC on 15th October, 2015 Introduction The Government of Antigua and Barbuda is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad-\xad‐Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21 in Paris, a new legally binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) appropriate to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020 onwards. Antigua and Barbuda hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), in accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, towards achieving the objective of the Convention to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2), and towards the Convention’s commitment for all Parties to take “measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change” (Article 4).', 'Antigua and Barbuda hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), in accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, towards achieving the objective of the Convention to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2), and towards the Convention’s commitment for all Parties to take “measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change” (Article 4). As agreed in Decision 1 CP/20 para 11, “Small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” Mitigation and adaptation targets in this INDC are presented in an up-\xad‐front format to facilitate clarity and transparency, and are a mix of conditional and unconditional contributions, contingent upon receiving international support for technology transfer, capacity-\xad‐building and financial resources.', 'As agreed in Decision 1 CP/20 para 11, “Small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” Mitigation and adaptation targets in this INDC are presented in an up-\xad‐front format to facilitate clarity and transparency, and are a mix of conditional and unconditional contributions, contingent upon receiving international support for technology transfer, capacity-\xad‐building and financial resources. Antigua and Barbuda reserves the right to revise this INDC prior to finalization and/or ratification under a new global climate agreement.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Conditional Adaptation Targets 1. By 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels. 2.', 'By 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels. 2. By 2030, all buildings are improved and prepared for extreme climate events, including drought, flooding and hurricanes. 3. By 2030, 100% of electricity demand in the water sector1 and other essential services (including health, food storage and emergency services) will be met through off-\xad‐grid renewable sources. 4. By 2030, all waterways are protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts. 5. By 2030, an affordable insurance scheme is available for farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners to cope with losses resulting from climate variability. Conditional Mitigation Targets 1. By 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances. 2.', 'By 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances. 2. By 2020, finalize the technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant by 2025.2 3. By 2030, achieve an energy matrix with 50 MW of electricity from renewable sources both on and off-\xad‐grid in the public and private sectors.3 4. By 2030, all remaining wetlands and watershed areas with carbon sequestration potential are protected as carbon sinks. Unconditional Targets 1. Enhance the established enabling legal, policy and institutional environment for a low carbon emission development pathway to achieve poverty reduction and sustainable development. 2. By 2020, update the Building Code to meet projected impacts of climate change.', 'By 2020, update the Building Code to meet projected impacts of climate change. Support for Implementation The conditional adaptation and mitigation targets presented in this INDC are contingent upon Antigua and Barbuda receiving international support for capacity building, technology transfer 1 The water sector includes water generation (seawater desalination), distribution and usage, to ensure water delivery when grid electricity may be interrupted. Based on an informal assessment, water distribution and usage is equal to approximately 15% of GHG emissions in the electricity sector. 2 This waste to energy target is not considered part of the 50 MW renewable energy target. 3 This target includes distributive renewable energy capacity to be used as backup energy by the commercial sector and some residences.', '3 This target includes distributive renewable energy capacity to be used as backup energy by the commercial sector and some residences. The assumption is that the commercial sector has full backup capacity of approx. 20 MW to continue business when electricity via the grid may be interrupted. Backup electricity generation is currently fossil fuel-\xad‐based.and financial resources, including through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund and multilateral agencies and bilateral agreements. The cost of implementing the adaptation targets is estimated at approximately $20M USD per year for the next ten years, and the cost of implementing the mitigation targets is estimated at approximately $220M USD, however these figures require further analysis.', 'The cost of implementing the adaptation targets is estimated at approximately $20M USD per year for the next ten years, and the cost of implementing the mitigation targets is estimated at approximately $220M USD, however these figures require further analysis. National contributions include establishing an enabling legal, policy and institutional environment to facilitate an efficient and effective transfer of resources to support implementation and achievement of the INDC targets. This enabling environment includes enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2015 and the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) of 2015, in addition to policies in energy and the environment such as the National Energy Policy and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan.', 'This enabling environment includes enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2015 and the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) of 2015, in addition to policies in energy and the environment such as the National Energy Policy and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan. National efforts have contributed to an enabling financing environment through the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund), which was established under national environmental law. The Fund’s executing agency, the Department of Environment, has achieved accreditation to the Adaptation Fund as a National Implementing Entity, and the Department is seeking direct access to the GCF.', 'The Fund’s executing agency, the Department of Environment, has achieved accreditation to the Adaptation Fund as a National Implementing Entity, and the Department is seeking direct access to the GCF. INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY AND TRANSPARENCY Parameter Information Period of implementation Pre 2020 and 2020 – 2030 Type of commitment We recognize that contributions from developed countries may be absolute economy-\xad‐wide emission reduction targets relative to a base year, and that contributions from developing countries may be policies, measures and actions departing from business as usual. As a developing country, a small island developing state, and one of the lowest emitters in the world, Antigua and Barbuda presents conditional and unconditional policies, measures and actions (non-\xad‐GHG target).', 'As a developing country, a small island developing state, and one of the lowest emitters in the world, Antigua and Barbuda presents conditional and unconditional policies, measures and actions (non-\xad‐GHG target). Reference point Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals (Gg) for Scope and coverage Emissions impact Contributions will reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce the cost of energy and help alleviate poverty through increasing access to affordable andsustainable energy. Sectors Sectors addressed in the adaptation and mitigation targets include: Energy, Health, Tourism, Agriculture, Waste, Water, Transportation, Forestry and Land Use Change. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) The national GHG inventory covers Carbon Dioxide ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).', 'Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) The national GHG inventory covers Carbon Dioxide ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Geographical boundaries Entire country Intention to use market-\xad‐based mechanisms to meet target Antigua and Barbuda considers the establishment of an international market mechanism as an important complementary option to reduce total costs associated with limiting GHG emissions and to assist global efforts limiting temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-\xad‐industrial levels. Antigua and Barbuda acknowledges the potential for a renewed and reformed Clean Development Mechanism to fulfill this roll through its existing structure. The final mechanism should be a robust system that guarantees transparency and environmental integrity, and delivers real, permanent and verified emissions reductions and ensures that double counting is avoided.', 'The final mechanism should be a robust system that guarantees transparency and environmental integrity, and delivers real, permanent and verified emissions reductions and ensures that double counting is avoided. Planning process This initial draft INDC was developed through a Cabinet mandate, where the Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda also reviewed the adaptation and mitigation targets. The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), was the primary drafting and review committee in the development of this initial INDC. The TAC is an inter-\xad‐agency, multi-\xad‐stakeholder advisory committee that includes fifteen government agencies, three NGOs and community interest groups, and one private sector coalition representative. Additional consultations were arranged with public, private, and civil society stakeholders, through meetings, workshops, public awareness and online publication.', 'Additional consultations were arranged with public, private, and civil society stakeholders, through meetings, workshops, public awareness and online publication. Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the importance of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on transparency, access and accountability in environmental matters through participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant levels, as well as to involve the community by encouraging public awareness and participation by making information readily available.Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is a working document and will be updated periodically, as appropriate. This initial draft INDC will be supported by a technical road map and additional technical assessments to facilitate the drafting of policies, regulations, and standards for implementation.', 'This initial draft INDC will be supported by a technical road map and additional technical assessments to facilitate the drafting of policies, regulations, and standards for implementation. Assumptions and Methodological Approaches The full implementation of Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is made on the assumption of an ambitious and equitable multilateral agreement being reached among Parties that provides the means of implementation to enable Antigua and Barbuda to access international support through climate finance, and an agreement that stimulates investments, technology transfer and capacity building.', 'Assumptions and Methodological Approaches The full implementation of Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is made on the assumption of an ambitious and equitable multilateral agreement being reached among Parties that provides the means of implementation to enable Antigua and Barbuda to access international support through climate finance, and an agreement that stimulates investments, technology transfer and capacity building. The methodologies used to estimate GHG emissions in relevant sectors correspond to the 2006 IPCC Guidance for Conducting National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and assume Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a residence period in the atmosphere of 100 years pertaining to the Second Assessment report of the IPCC.', 'The methodologies used to estimate GHG emissions in relevant sectors correspond to the 2006 IPCC Guidance for Conducting National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and assume Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a residence period in the atmosphere of 100 years pertaining to the Second Assessment report of the IPCC. Consideration on Fairness and Ambition Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is fair, ambitious, and science-\xad‐based, and is therefore a responsible contribution toward the global efforts of meeting the objectives of the UNFCCC to limit the average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-\xad‐industrial levels, and to enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in vulnerable countries.', 'Consideration on Fairness and Ambition Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is fair, ambitious, and science-\xad‐based, and is therefore a responsible contribution toward the global efforts of meeting the objectives of the UNFCCC to limit the average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-\xad‐industrial levels, and to enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in vulnerable countries. The ambitious adaptation and mitigation targets presented in this INDC represent a national commitment towards addressing the global climate change challenge. Antigua and Barbuda’s emissions are negligible in a global context (less than 0.002%), and as a small island developing state (SIDS) the country is highly vulnerable to climate trends and impacts.', 'Antigua and Barbuda’s emissions are negligible in a global context (less than 0.002%), and as a small island developing state (SIDS) the country is highly vulnerable to climate trends and impacts. Antigua and Barbuda aspires to increase national resilience to climate change through implementing integrated mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'Antigua and Barbuda aspires to increase national resilience to climate change through implementing integrated mitigation and adaptation actions. Antigua and Barbuda reaffirms its commitment to the AOSIS position that, “Research clearly shows that unless we act immediately, the opportunity to keep global warming below the crucial 1.5 degree Celsius threshold could be irrevocably lost.” The country believes in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR) to address the global climate challenge.ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA’S INDC General Information Antigua and Barbuda is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean Sea with a population of 90,000, of which 1,200 people reside in Barbuda.', 'Antigua and Barbuda reaffirms its commitment to the AOSIS position that, “Research clearly shows that unless we act immediately, the opportunity to keep global warming below the crucial 1.5 degree Celsius threshold could be irrevocably lost.” The country believes in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR) to address the global climate challenge.ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA’S INDC General Information Antigua and Barbuda is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean Sea with a population of 90,000, of which 1,200 people reside in Barbuda. The country’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources, low-\xad‐lying coastal zones, and favorable climate conditions to support the tourism sector, which accounts for about 80% of output gross domestic product (GDP), about 70% of direct and indirect employment and 85% of foreign exchange earnings.', 'The country’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources, low-\xad‐lying coastal zones, and favorable climate conditions to support the tourism sector, which accounts for about 80% of output gross domestic product (GDP), about 70% of direct and indirect employment and 85% of foreign exchange earnings. Antigua and Barbuda is exposed economically, environmentally and socially to projected climate change impacts.4 Climate models for the Caribbean highlight the need for downscaled climate data. Temperature projections from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) indicate more rapid increases in temperatures over Antigua and Barbuda compared to the Global Climate Model (GCM), as the improved spatial resolution in the RCM allows the land mass of the larger Caribbean islands to be represented, whilst the region is represented only by ‘ocean’ grid boxes at GCM resolution.', 'Temperature projections from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) indicate more rapid increases in temperatures over Antigua and Barbuda compared to the Global Climate Model (GCM), as the improved spatial resolution in the RCM allows the land mass of the larger Caribbean islands to be represented, whilst the region is represented only by ‘ocean’ grid boxes at GCM resolution. RCM projections indicate increases of 2.4 ̊C to 3.2 ̊C in mean annual temperatures by the 2080s.5 Analysis of climate change for the island also projects accelerated coastal erosion and inundation, lower average annual rainfall, increased rainfall intensity causing flooding and a likely increase in tropical storm intensity.', 'RCM projections indicate increases of 2.4 ̊C to 3.2 ̊C in mean annual temperatures by the 2080s.5 Analysis of climate change for the island also projects accelerated coastal erosion and inundation, lower average annual rainfall, increased rainfall intensity causing flooding and a likely increase in tropical storm intensity. Accompanying Information on Adaptation Actions Antigua and Barbuda’s development strategy is guided by a national physical development plan, a requirement under the Physical Planning Act of 2003, and is periodically updated.', 'Accompanying Information on Adaptation Actions Antigua and Barbuda’s development strategy is guided by a national physical development plan, a requirement under the Physical Planning Act of 2003, and is periodically updated. In 2012, Cabinet approved the Sustainable Island Resource Management and Zoning Plan (SIRMZP) to serve as the updated national physical development plan, which presents a forward-\xad‐looking strategic, national spatial development framework that addresses current development issues, and provides a platform for feasible private and public sector development initiatives, reflecting local cultural values and aspirations over the next twenty years. Complementing the SIRMZP strategy, the adaptation targets presented in this INDC are incremental efforts to the national physical development plan as the targets elevate ambition beyond development, to build resilience through adaptation interventions in preparation for projected climate impacts.', 'Complementing the SIRMZP strategy, the adaptation targets presented in this INDC are incremental efforts to the national physical development plan as the targets elevate ambition beyond development, to build resilience through adaptation interventions in preparation for projected climate impacts. 4 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. Draft Vulnerability Impact and Adaptation Analysis in the Caribbean (VIAAC): National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda. Prepared with funding from UNEP-\xad‐ROLAC. 5 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA): Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda.', 'The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA): Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda. Prepared with funding from DFID and AusAID, p. 14.Since the year 2001, Antigua and Barbuda has been up to date with its commitments to report to the UNFCCC and is now in the process of preparing its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, to be presented by the end of 2015. Antigua and Barbuda has presented two National Communications, the first in 2001 and the second in 2011, which highlight climate change present and future impacts. The National Communications elaborate in detail the impact that climate change will have on weather-\xad‐ and climate-\xad‐sensitive sectors.', 'The National Communications elaborate in detail the impact that climate change will have on weather-\xad‐ and climate-\xad‐sensitive sectors. Antigua and Barbuda is currently developing its biennial update report (BUR), which will be submitted to the UNFCCC by the end of 2016. Drought is a major concern for the country. Historically, the water sector in Antigua and Barbuda has been vulnerable to shortages as a result of droughts every 5 to 10 years coupled with contamination from saltwater intrusion that threatens groundwater supplies. Some wells have already been capped to address the issue of saltwater intrusion.6 Climate impacts will exacerbate freshwater scarcity.', 'Some wells have already been capped to address the issue of saltwater intrusion.6 Climate impacts will exacerbate freshwater scarcity. Antigua and Barbuda lie in a zone that is expected to receive 30-\xad‐50% less average annual rainfall by 2090 compared to late 20th century norms.7 In the Caribbean, sea level rise has been observed at between 1.5 and 3 mm per year, which will increasingly put inland freshwater resources at risk of saline intrusion. Adaptation in the water sector is of national priority. Desalination reliance has already grown to account for 60% of national water supply, and this is the most viable option for enhancing freshwater resources.8 During times of drought, desalination can account for up to 90% of freshwater supply.', 'Desalination reliance has already grown to account for 60% of national water supply, and this is the most viable option for enhancing freshwater resources.8 During times of drought, desalination can account for up to 90% of freshwater supply. Antigua and Barbuda have the goal to, by 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels, from approximately 5.4 million to over 8 million US gallons per day (GPD) to counteract freshwater scarcity in Antigua and Barbuda. Given that desalination is the primary adaptation solution to Antigua and Barbuda’s freshwater challenges, and that its ability to meet demand is contingent on a stable and uninterrupted energy supply, implementing resilience in energy systems for water resources is a critical adaptation measure.', 'Given that desalination is the primary adaptation solution to Antigua and Barbuda’s freshwater challenges, and that its ability to meet demand is contingent on a stable and uninterrupted energy supply, implementing resilience in energy systems for water resources is a critical adaptation measure. Off-\xad‐grid renewable energy resources can enhance resilience in the water sector. By 2030, 100% of electricity demand in the water sector and other essential services (including health, food storage and emergency services) will be met through off-\xad‐grid renewable sources to enhance resilience to drought and hurricanes. 6 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 36.; Environment Solutions Limited (ESL), 2014.', 'Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 36.; Environment Solutions Limited (ESL), 2014. National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan to Address Climate Change in the Water Sector in Antigua and Barbuda: Final Report. An initiative of the ACP Group of States funded by the EU, November 30: p. 11. 7 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. Draft National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 9. 8 ESL, 2014. National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, p. 174.The need for adaptation in the water sector is not limited to freshwater supply.', 'National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, p. 174.The need for adaptation in the water sector is not limited to freshwater supply. In recent years, the impact of floods in Antigua and Barbuda have become particularly acute, in part due to climate variability affecting the frequency and severity of storms and rainfall extremes, and to development that has increased impervious surface cover and constricted drainage.9 The health sector is exposed to climate impacts through vector borne diseases and the spread of water-\xad‐ borne illnesses, where trends suggest increases in Antigua and Barbuda.10 By 2030, all waterways will be protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts.', 'In recent years, the impact of floods in Antigua and Barbuda have become particularly acute, in part due to climate variability affecting the frequency and severity of storms and rainfall extremes, and to development that has increased impervious surface cover and constricted drainage.9 The health sector is exposed to climate impacts through vector borne diseases and the spread of water-\xad‐ borne illnesses, where trends suggest increases in Antigua and Barbuda.10 By 2030, all waterways will be protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts. Climate models projecting hurricane trends have generally determined that there will be an increase in intensity, if not frequency, of hurricanes in the Atlantic and Caribbean.11 As such, hurricanes will pose an increasing threat to Antigua and Barbuda’s economy.', 'Climate models projecting hurricane trends have generally determined that there will be an increase in intensity, if not frequency, of hurricanes in the Atlantic and Caribbean.11 As such, hurricanes will pose an increasing threat to Antigua and Barbuda’s economy. Over 15 years, between 1995 and 2010, six hurricanes resulted in economic losses and damages on the twin island state totaling US $335 million (Hurricane Luis in 1995, Hurricane Georges in 1998, Hurricanes Jose and Lenny in 1999, Hurricane Omar in 2008, and Hurricane Earl in 2010).12 Physical infrastructure in Antigua and Barbuda must be adapted to the dynamic threats of water scarcity, heavy rainfall events, and more intense storms and hurricanes. By 2030, all buildings will be improved and prepared for extreme climate events, including drought, flooding and hurricanes.', 'By 2030, all buildings will be improved and prepared for extreme climate events, including drought, flooding and hurricanes. Physical adaptation measures will not always be enough to prevent significant loss and damage to the infrastructure and economy of Antigua and Barbuda. As a coastal economy, one-\xad‐meter sea level rise (SLR) would impact 10% of major tourism resorts, all seaports, and 2% of major road networks in Antigua and Barbuda. The fisheries sector sustains significant losses during hurricanes, and will be negatively impacted by ocean acidification, SLR, and increasing sea surface temperatures. The recent annual influx of Sargassum seaweed to Antigua and Barbuda’s windward shores, which may be a result of climatic factors, is an unanticipated slow onset event with significant economic repercussions in tourism and fisheries.', 'The recent annual influx of Sargassum seaweed to Antigua and Barbuda’s windward shores, which may be a result of climatic factors, is an unanticipated slow onset event with significant economic repercussions in tourism and fisheries. The agricultural sector is also particularly vulnerable to climate impacts. A drought in 2010 resulted in an overall loss of crops by 15%, with some crops sustaining losses up to 50%, while later that year excessive rain incurred losses to the crop sector totaling US $1 million.13 A loss and damage mechanism is integral to building resilience to climate change in Antigua and Barbuda. By 2030, an affordable insurance scheme will be available for farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners to cope with losses resulting from climate variability. 9 UN-\xad‐HABITAT, 2011.', 'By 2030, an affordable insurance scheme will be available for farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners to cope with losses resulting from climate variability. 9 UN-\xad‐HABITAT, 2011. Antigua and Barbuda: National Urban Profile, p. 23. 10 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 189. 11 Ibid, p. 28. 12 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 44. 13 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. xxv.Accompanying Information on Mitigation Actions Without any known fossil fuel resources, Antigua and Barbuda relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels for energy: heavy fuel oil in electricity generation; gasoline and diesel in transport; and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking.', 'Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. xxv.Accompanying Information on Mitigation Actions Without any known fossil fuel resources, Antigua and Barbuda relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels for energy: heavy fuel oil in electricity generation; gasoline and diesel in transport; and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. This has resulted in relatively high emissions and extremely high fuel costs. In 2006, Antigua and Barbuda’s national emissions , of which 92% were derived from fuel combustion in the energy sector.14 In addition, the cost of fossil fuel imports, valued at US $165.4 million in 2013, or equivalent to 13.7% of the country’s GDP, is a financial burden on the country’s economy.', 'In 2006, Antigua and Barbuda’s national emissions , of which 92% were derived from fuel combustion in the energy sector.14 In addition, the cost of fossil fuel imports, valued at US $165.4 million in 2013, or equivalent to 13.7% of the country’s GDP, is a financial burden on the country’s economy. The cost of electricity has risen to over US $0.40 per kWh,15 and consumers in Antigua and Barbuda pay among the highest electricity prices in the world. High electricity rates inhibit adaptation strategies, such as energy intensive seawater desalination; the provision of essential services; small businesses and low-\xad‐ and middle-\xad‐income households; and economic growth. However, in recent years, Antigua and Barbuda has made important strides in its sustainable energy policy.', 'However, in recent years, Antigua and Barbuda has made important strides in its sustainable energy policy. A National Energy Policy (NEP) was approved in November 2011, serving as the main policy for renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) development. The NEP sets out the national approach to achieving its vision that, “By 2030 Antigua and Barbuda will meet the needs of the present generation while safeguarding the environment and enabling future generations to meet their own energy needs. All citizens and residents will have access to affordable, efficient, socially responsible and reliable forms of energy”. This strategic plan proposes to exploit local energy resources and reduce fossil fuel dependence.', 'This strategic plan proposes to exploit local energy resources and reduce fossil fuel dependence. In March 2013, Antigua and Barbuda released a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP), to foster energy conservation and efficiency, diversification of energy sources, sustainable energy consumption and generation as well as the utilization of renewable energy sources. In 2015, Parliament enacted the Renewable Energy Act of 2015, to establish a legal, economic and institutional basis to promote the use of renewable energy resources. Towards this end, Antigua and Barbuda will, by 2030, achieve an energy matrix with 50 MW of electricity from renewable sources both on and off-\xad‐grid in the public and private sectors.', 'Towards this end, Antigua and Barbuda will, by 2030, achieve an energy matrix with 50 MW of electricity from renewable sources both on and off-\xad‐grid in the public and private sectors. Domestic and industrial waste is a growing environmental concern in Antigua and Barbuda, whereas technological assistance could reverse this trend and create new opportunities. A preliminary review of annual waste streams to the sanitary landfill suggests that some 80,000 tonnes annually of feedstock could be available for conversion to energy if an appropriate 14 Government of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB), 2013. National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases for Antigua and Barbuda: Inventory Year 2006. Draft Report, p. 4. 15 Samuel, H. A., 2014.', '15 Samuel, H. A., 2014. Antigua & Barbuda Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) Background Paper, Working Draft for discussion at RRA Experts & Stakeholders Workshop. IRENA, p. 6.facility were available, mitigating CO2 O and CH4 emissions. Antigua and Barbuda’s goal is to, by 2020, finalize technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant by 2025. In 2006, land use change and forestry contributed 7% of national emissions.16 Land use change can be mitigated through removal of GHG emissions by carbon sinks.', 'In 2006, land use change and forestry contributed 7% of national emissions.16 Land use change can be mitigated through removal of GHG emissions by carbon sinks. The Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2015 establishes the legal backing such that, “Where the area is protected as a carbon sink it shall follow the principles developed by the UNFCCC.”17 By 2030, all remaining wetlands and watershed areas with carbon sequestration potential will be protected as carbon sinks.', 'The Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2015 establishes the legal backing such that, “Where the area is protected as a carbon sink it shall follow the principles developed by the UNFCCC.”17 By 2030, all remaining wetlands and watershed areas with carbon sequestration potential will be protected as carbon sinks. In 2014, the transport sector consumed over one quarter of the country’s fossil fuel imports, 20% of which were gasoline and 11% diesel.18 The NEP addresses this emissions sector by inter alia recommending the use of vehicles with higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions, and support for hybrid, flex-\xad‐fuel for electric vehicles as national targets. Antigua and Barbuda aims to, by 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances.', 'Antigua and Barbuda aims to, by 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances. Consideration of INDC Mitigation/Adaptation Co-\xad‐benefits National circumstances highlight the country’s exposure and vulnerability to climate impacts, and the ways in which mitigation actions, namely on and off-\xad‐grid renewable energy, can increase resilience in critical sectors such as energy, water, health, and emergency services. Similarly, mitigation actions can have adaptation co-\xad‐benefits. For example, expanding the protection of wetlands and watersheds to sink GHG emissions also serves as an adaptation strategy by enhancing water retention and reducing the risks of climate impacts, namely flooding and storm surge. Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the co-\xad‐benefits of adaptation and mitigation in the area of low carbon development as an efficient and cost-\xad‐effective strategy for sustainable development.', 'Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the co-\xad‐benefits of adaptation and mitigation in the area of low carbon development as an efficient and cost-\xad‐effective strategy for sustainable development. Additional Information on Support for Implementation Antigua and Barbuda requires international support from multilateral and bilateral sources, including through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the GEF and the Adaptation Fund, for capacity building, climate finance and technology transfer to be able to strengthen its current programs, policies and regulations, to develop and implement new initiatives, and to fully assess and 16 GoAB, 2013. National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases, p. 4. 17 GoAB, 2015. Antigua and Barbuda Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2015, Section 53(8). 18 Samuel, H. A., 2014.', '18 Samuel, H. A., 2014. RRA Background Paper IRENA, p. 9.address the impacts of climate change, as defined in the adaptation and mitigation targets.', 'RRA Background Paper IRENA, p. 9.address the impacts of climate change, as defined in the adaptation and mitigation targets. Additional activities requiring support for implementation include, inter alia: • Technology, human resources and financial capacity assessment; • Support for the development of a Technology Strategy and Road Map that includes repurposing, decommissioning, and disposing of stranded assets; • Comprehensive assessment of the national costs of adaptation and mitigation; • Elaboration of a National Adaptation Plan; • Enhancing Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) processes; • Development of standardized baselines to assess and monitor the impacts of implementing INDC adaptation and mitigation initiatives; • Support for data collection, storage and management; and • Support for education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation throughout implementation of the INDC targets.', 'Additional activities requiring support for implementation include, inter alia: • Technology, human resources and financial capacity assessment; • Support for the development of a Technology Strategy and Road Map that includes repurposing, decommissioning, and disposing of stranded assets; • Comprehensive assessment of the national costs of adaptation and mitigation; • Elaboration of a National Adaptation Plan; • Enhancing Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) processes; • Development of standardized baselines to assess and monitor the impacts of implementing INDC adaptation and mitigation initiatives; • Support for data collection, storage and management; and • Support for education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation throughout implementation of the INDC targets. Antigua and Barbuda expresses that this INDC is provisional and an updated version will be submitted upon the completion of the Technology Strategy and Road Map and following ratification of the Paris Agreement in December 2015.']

en-US

ATG

Antigua and Barbuda

Updated NDC

2021-02-09 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/ATG%20-%20UNFCCC%20NDC%20-%202021-09-02%20-%20Final.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/91a7e95f4d4ca6a51bcda51d939bb6bcb27a4420241d24fcc36da0bc7bf36fa9.pdf

['ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION For the period 2020 – 2030 Communicated to the UNFCCC on 2nd September 2021 This NDC submission has been produced by the Government of Antigua and Barbuda’s, Department of Environment Ministry of Health, Wellness and the Environment with the support of the Cabinet and other government entities, NGOs, community groups, and the private sector. (Image courtesy of the Department of Environment)Table of Contents List of Acronyms 3 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 5 Message from the Honourable Gaston Browne 7 Message from the Honourable Sir Molwyn M. Joseph 9 2. Summary of the NDC 12 3. Methods of NDC Preparation 12 4. Areas of Additional Targets Since INDC 15 4.2. Children and Youth 16 5.1. Progress Since Submission of the INDC 22 6.', 'Progress Since Submission of the INDC 22 6. Means of Implementation of the NDC 23 7. Accompanying Information on Antigua and Barbuda’s Updated NDC 26 7.1. General Information and National Circumstances 26 7.2. Climate Vulnerability of Antigua and Barbuda 26 7.3.1. Sustainable Development Alignment Planning 27 7.4. Loss and Damage Response 28 7.6. Means of Implementation 32 7.6.1. Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy 32 7.6.2. Financial Strategy to Support Gender Responsive and Socially Inclusive Implementation of the NDC 32 7.6.3. Just Transition of the Workforce 33 7.6.4. Data Management and MRV System 33 7.6.6. NDC Implementation Plan 34 7.7. NDC Alignment with 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 35 8.', 'NDC Alignment with 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 35 8. Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding 37 References Cited 63Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution List of Acronyms ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AF Adaptation Fund AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use APUA Antigua Public Utilities Authority CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package initiative CARICOM Caribbean Community CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CCMRV Caribbean Cooperation Monitoring Reporting and Verification Hub CRDF Climate Resilience and Development Fund DOE Department of Environment EbA Ecosystem-based adaptation EDP Entrepreneurs Development Fund EE Energy Efficiency ECCB Eastern Caribbean Central Bank ECSE Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange EIMAS Environmental Information Management and Advisory Systems EPMA Environmental Protection Management Plan EDA Enhanced Direct Access EV Electric vehicles GARD Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Centre GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GGA Global Goal on Adaptation GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas emissions GIS Geographic Information Systems GOAB Government of Antigua and Barbuda IAS Invasive Alien Species ICE Internal combustion engine ILO International Labour Organisation INDC Intended Nationally Determined ContributionsAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LAP Local Area Planning MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements Micro-IPPs Micro-independent power producers MTDS Medium-Term Development Strategy M/SME Micro and Small to Medium Sized Enterprise MOF Ministry of Finance MRV Monitoring Verification and Reporting NAP National Adaptation Plan NEIS National Environmental Data Information System NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCP Nationally Determined Contributions Partnership NGOs Nongovernmental Organisations OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PV Photovoltaic RE Renewable Energy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SIRF Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund SIRMZP Sustainable Island Resource Management and Zoning Plan SLIM Antigua and Barbuda Sustainable Low-emission Island Mobility SLM Sustainable land management TAC Technical Advisory Committee TAPs Technology Action Plans TNA Technology Needs Assessments UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-DTU United Nations Environment Programme DTU Partnership UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund UWI University of West Indies WTE Waste to energy WIOC West Indies Oil CompanyAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution List of Tables Table 1: Targets to be achieved by 2030 19 Table 2: Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding 40 Table 3: Active and Approved Projects 49 Table 4: Pipeline of Priority Projects in the GCF Country Programme (2020) 53 Table 5: Other Priority Projects in Development 55 Table 6: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2015 57 Table 7: Stakeholder agencies represented at consultations on the enhanced NDCs 59 List of Figures Figure 1: NDC Targets Alignment to SDG Goals 38 Figure 2: Projected Sea Level Rise in 2080, RCP 8.5 58Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Acknowledgments The development of Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was led by the Department of Environment (DOE) based within the Ministry of Health, Wellness and the Environment and in consultation with the Ministry of Finance and over 15 other government entities.', 'Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding 37 References Cited 63Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution List of Acronyms ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AF Adaptation Fund AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use APUA Antigua Public Utilities Authority CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package initiative CARICOM Caribbean Community CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CCMRV Caribbean Cooperation Monitoring Reporting and Verification Hub CRDF Climate Resilience and Development Fund DOE Department of Environment EbA Ecosystem-based adaptation EDP Entrepreneurs Development Fund EE Energy Efficiency ECCB Eastern Caribbean Central Bank ECSE Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange EIMAS Environmental Information Management and Advisory Systems EPMA Environmental Protection Management Plan EDA Enhanced Direct Access EV Electric vehicles GARD Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Centre GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GGA Global Goal on Adaptation GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas emissions GIS Geographic Information Systems GOAB Government of Antigua and Barbuda IAS Invasive Alien Species ICE Internal combustion engine ILO International Labour Organisation INDC Intended Nationally Determined ContributionsAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LAP Local Area Planning MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements Micro-IPPs Micro-independent power producers MTDS Medium-Term Development Strategy M/SME Micro and Small to Medium Sized Enterprise MOF Ministry of Finance MRV Monitoring Verification and Reporting NAP National Adaptation Plan NEIS National Environmental Data Information System NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCP Nationally Determined Contributions Partnership NGOs Nongovernmental Organisations OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PV Photovoltaic RE Renewable Energy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SIRF Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund SIRMZP Sustainable Island Resource Management and Zoning Plan SLIM Antigua and Barbuda Sustainable Low-emission Island Mobility SLM Sustainable land management TAC Technical Advisory Committee TAPs Technology Action Plans TNA Technology Needs Assessments UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-DTU United Nations Environment Programme DTU Partnership UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund UWI University of West Indies WTE Waste to energy WIOC West Indies Oil CompanyAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution List of Tables Table 1: Targets to be achieved by 2030 19 Table 2: Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding 40 Table 3: Active and Approved Projects 49 Table 4: Pipeline of Priority Projects in the GCF Country Programme (2020) 53 Table 5: Other Priority Projects in Development 55 Table 6: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2015 57 Table 7: Stakeholder agencies represented at consultations on the enhanced NDCs 59 List of Figures Figure 1: NDC Targets Alignment to SDG Goals 38 Figure 2: Projected Sea Level Rise in 2080, RCP 8.5 58Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Acknowledgments The development of Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was led by the Department of Environment (DOE) based within the Ministry of Health, Wellness and the Environment and in consultation with the Ministry of Finance and over 15 other government entities. The DOE as well as the respective government entities consulted with NGOs, community groups and the private sector.', 'The DOE as well as the respective government entities consulted with NGOs, community groups and the private sector. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB) would like to gratefully acknowledge the generous support received from the NDC Partnership through its Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) initiative to update Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC.', 'The Government of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB) would like to gratefully acknowledge the generous support received from the NDC Partnership through its Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) initiative to update Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC. Special thanks to our implementing partners Climate Analytics, the Global Green Growth Institute, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Regional Collaboration Centre, the Caribbean Cooperative MRV Hub, OECS Commission, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNECLAC (United National Economic Commission) Trinidad Office, and United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) for the technical assistance provided in the production of key studies, technical papers, policy papers, as well as support given in the conduct of consultations.', 'Special thanks to our implementing partners Climate Analytics, the Global Green Growth Institute, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Regional Collaboration Centre, the Caribbean Cooperative MRV Hub, OECS Commission, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNECLAC (United National Economic Commission) Trinidad Office, and United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) for the technical assistance provided in the production of key studies, technical papers, policy papers, as well as support given in the conduct of consultations. The NDC also benefited from the reviews and comments of these implementing partners as well as local and international experts.', 'The NDC also benefited from the reviews and comments of these implementing partners as well as local and international experts. Special thanks to The Honourable Molwyn Joseph, Minister for Health, Wellness and the Environment, for his unwavering commitment to advance this ambitious climate change agenda, while Antigua and Barbuda faced an outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant contributions to the process were made by a wide-cross section of stakeholders from the public and private sector, civil society, trade and industry groups and training institutions, who attended NDC-related workshops, consultations and participated in key stakeholder interviews organized to inform the NDC update.', 'Significant contributions to the process were made by a wide-cross section of stakeholders from the public and private sector, civil society, trade and industry groups and training institutions, who attended NDC-related workshops, consultations and participated in key stakeholder interviews organized to inform the NDC update. Thanks to the DOE s Project Management Unit and the commitment of its interns and apprentices, who worked tirelessly to collect much needed baseline data and to find alternative ways of engaging with stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Message from the Honourable Gaston Browne Prime Minister & Minister of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships As a Party to the Paris Agreement, Antigua and Barbuda has committed itself to pursuing the global goal of holding global average temperature to well below 2°C and focusing efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C.', 'Thanks to the DOE s Project Management Unit and the commitment of its interns and apprentices, who worked tirelessly to collect much needed baseline data and to find alternative ways of engaging with stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Message from the Honourable Gaston Browne Prime Minister & Minister of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships As a Party to the Paris Agreement, Antigua and Barbuda has committed itself to pursuing the global goal of holding global average temperature to well below 2°C and focusing efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C. To address this challenge, our country is taking bold steps to update and implement its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).', 'To address this challenge, our country is taking bold steps to update and implement its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Our main actions are focused within the transition away from imported energy to grow a new nationally sourced energy sector based on hybrid systems of wind, solar, batteries, LNG, LPG and eventually hydrogen. The aim is to build physical and financial resilience across our entire economy through economic growth in the energy sector. To accelerate the energy transition, our country will grow a new energy sector that puts focus on local generation of energy using an abundance of wind and solar to replace 86% of fossil fuel imports by 2030.', 'To accelerate the energy transition, our country will grow a new energy sector that puts focus on local generation of energy using an abundance of wind and solar to replace 86% of fossil fuel imports by 2030. The transition to a new energy sector is a long-term process that requires changes on many levels and will be accompanied with adequate policies to ensure sustainable and socially inclusive growth for all citizens, particularly women. We remain committed to increasing our ambition to cut emissions, scale up renewable energy, support a socially inclusive energy transition and a just transition of our workforce. We are advancing efforts to build a national climate resilient insurance scheme to increase protection of home and business owners, farmers, and fishers.', 'We are advancing efforts to build a national climate resilient insurance scheme to increase protection of home and business owners, farmers, and fishers. Our country is confronted with more frequent and intense tropical storms and hurricanes and is prone to droughts, intense floods, rising air temperatures, decreased annual rainfall and sea level rise. Its economic vulnerability has increased following every extreme weather event— such as Hurricane Irma in 2017 that was nothing short of devasting and hit us at our core. An estimated 80.4% of our country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is at risk due to economic and natural disaster shocks. Under pressure to recover, we have had to divert critical financing away from meeting development challenges to climate change loss and damage response programmes.', 'Under pressure to recover, we have had to divert critical financing away from meeting development challenges to climate change loss and damage response programmes. The harmful effects of climate change are indeed growing, and inaction will cost human lives and livelihoods.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution In our NDC, Antigua and Barbuda was careful to include into our targets regional hopes and plans in an effort to recognize that we want to work with our OECS colleagues to face the threat of climate change together. The implementation of our NDC will be designed to support the creation of new jobs, stimulate new investments in renewable energy and the development of green business opportunities.', 'The implementation of our NDC will be designed to support the creation of new jobs, stimulate new investments in renewable energy and the development of green business opportunities. For the transition to be successful, no one must be left behind, especially disadvantaged, and vulnerable groups. While my government recognizes the importance to transition to a low-carbon economy, such a shift should not be at the detriment of our people, their wellbeing, their livelihoods, and their way of life.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Message from the Honourable Sir Molwyn M. Joseph Minister of Health, Wellness & The Environment Antigua and Barbuda like other small island developing states (SIDS) are forced to endure the impacts of a climate crisis, not of our own making.', 'While my government recognizes the importance to transition to a low-carbon economy, such a shift should not be at the detriment of our people, their wellbeing, their livelihoods, and their way of life.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Message from the Honourable Sir Molwyn M. Joseph Minister of Health, Wellness & The Environment Antigua and Barbuda like other small island developing states (SIDS) are forced to endure the impacts of a climate crisis, not of our own making. Given this climate challenge, as part of our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), we are preparing to develop a robust national energy system powered by natural energy resources such as solar and wind.', 'Given this climate challenge, as part of our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), we are preparing to develop a robust national energy system powered by natural energy resources such as solar and wind. Delaying transformation of our energy system and other climate actions will only serve to worsen Antigua and Barbuda’s vulnerability and exposure to climate-related risks. Pursuing an energy transition, undoubtedly presents a myriad of opportunities as well as challenges for the most vulnerable in society, particularly, as it relates to accessing and affording energy. Currently, our communities, households and businesses are hard hit by rising energy costs. We also acknowledge that vulnerable groups are an integral part of the low-carbon transition.', 'We also acknowledge that vulnerable groups are an integral part of the low-carbon transition. To ensure participation, they will be introduced to social inclusion and investment opportunities that promote the economic benefits of renewable energy and energy efficiency options. The challenges faced by these groups are varied and tend to be exacerbated by climate change and its negative impacts. A key priority is removing barriers that inhibit female-headed households and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) from accessing back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems to support their post-extreme weather event recovery. To allow households in vulnerable communities to better cope with the financial impacts of climate change, they will be introduced to micro-financing programmes to facilitate their access to affordable renewable energy products and services.', 'To allow households in vulnerable communities to better cope with the financial impacts of climate change, they will be introduced to micro-financing programmes to facilitate their access to affordable renewable energy products and services. A just transition of the workforce by 2030 remains at the heart of our transition policies. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB), led by the Honourable Gaston Browne, envisions the creation of new skillsets and enhancement of capabilities to strengthen this effort. Our ambitious plans to increase renewable energy generation will require us to expand workers’ renewable energy capacity within the next decade. Apprenticeship programmes targeting individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds will help prepare a new workforce for a net-zero future.', 'Apprenticeship programmes targeting individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds will help prepare a new workforce for a net-zero future. New entrants to the labour market and current workers will be trained and re-trained to operate and maintain renewable energy technologies; and adopt new standards and practices. To cope with such transformational shifts, businesses will need to adapt their models and ready their operations for change. Our climate action plans are focused on building the entrepreneurial capacity of women, youth, and MSMEs.', 'Our climate action plans are focused on building the entrepreneurial capacity of women, youth, and MSMEs. We will work to stimulate growth in green businesses that implement renewable energy and adaptation interventions.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution In collaboration with key government entities, civil society, and the private sector along with supporting legislative frameworks and much needed climate finance a lot of this work and the change that we seek can be realized.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) for the period of 2020 - 2030 Communicated to the UNFCCC on 2nd September 2021 This submission communicates Antigua and Barbuda’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution to the global response to climate change (NDC) in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 and its Paris Agreement 2015.', 'We will work to stimulate growth in green businesses that implement renewable energy and adaptation interventions.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution In collaboration with key government entities, civil society, and the private sector along with supporting legislative frameworks and much needed climate finance a lot of this work and the change that we seek can be realized.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) for the period of 2020 - 2030 Communicated to the UNFCCC on 2nd September 2021 This submission communicates Antigua and Barbuda’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution to the global response to climate change (NDC) in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 and its Paris Agreement 2015. Antigua and Barbuda, as a Party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement 2015, submitted its first Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)1 in October 2015.', 'Antigua and Barbuda, as a Party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement 2015, submitted its first Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)1 in October 2015. The INDC subsequently became a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and Antigua and Barbuda ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in December 2016. Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, and in an effort towards contributing to limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, Antigua and Barbuda hereby submits its updated NDC.', 'Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, and in an effort towards contributing to limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, Antigua and Barbuda hereby submits its updated NDC. This NDC will cover the period 2020 to 2030 and it includes targets for mitigation and adaptation as well as targets that are designed to: ● Reduce transitional risks, ● Support vulnerable groups, including women, the elderly and people living with disabilities ● Support an inclusive, gender responsive approach to the energy transition with special focus on women fully participating in the new economy and providing support for men working within the power and transportation sectors as the transition advances, ● Support youth fully with a gender responsive approach for girls and boys of all income levels in meeting the new challenges and opportunities that this process can provide; and ● Provide investment and business opportunities for local micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and businesses in the informal sector.', 'This NDC will cover the period 2020 to 2030 and it includes targets for mitigation and adaptation as well as targets that are designed to: ● Reduce transitional risks, ● Support vulnerable groups, including women, the elderly and people living with disabilities ● Support an inclusive, gender responsive approach to the energy transition with special focus on women fully participating in the new economy and providing support for men working within the power and transportation sectors as the transition advances, ● Support youth fully with a gender responsive approach for girls and boys of all income levels in meeting the new challenges and opportunities that this process can provide; and ● Provide investment and business opportunities for local micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and businesses in the informal sector. As agreed in Decision 1 CP/20 para 11, “Small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” The NDC targets represent a significant increase in scope and ambition compared to the INDC, specifically, in mitigation ambition and adaptation, with supporting actions in the 1 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda.', 'As agreed in Decision 1 CP/20 para 11, “Small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” The NDC targets represent a significant increase in scope and ambition compared to the INDC, specifically, in mitigation ambition and adaptation, with supporting actions in the 1 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2015b). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution areas of loss and damage response, gender responsive approaches in access to finance, and the just transition of the workforce. 2.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution areas of loss and damage response, gender responsive approaches in access to finance, and the just transition of the workforce. 2. Summary of the NDC The NDC targets included in this submission are based on the 1.5°C mitigation goal and adaptation goals that assume a 3.4°C increase in global temperatures (based on projections from the assessments of the INDCs). The targets are aligned with the Government of Antigua and Barbuda’s (GoAB) goal of net-zero by 2040. These targets are intended to be met by using relevant technologies, policies such as land use planning and updated building codes, with financial instruments such as catastrophic insurance instruments for extreme weather events.', 'These targets are intended to be met by using relevant technologies, policies such as land use planning and updated building codes, with financial instruments such as catastrophic insurance instruments for extreme weather events. The targets are set to be conditional, or unconditional based on information and assumptions available about technology costs as well as transitional risks. Considering the climate impacts over the first five years of the INDC, the next 10 years may result in over 0.5 billion of climate damage in the country. The approach is, therefore, an urgency to become resilient as fast as possible to reduce the cost of these impacts and reduce the transitional risks related to climate change.', 'The approach is, therefore, an urgency to become resilient as fast as possible to reduce the cost of these impacts and reduce the transitional risks related to climate change. This updated NDC is an update of the 2015 INDC and does not replace the previously communicated targets as set out in the INDC. Rather, the updated NDC maintains targets not met and updated some targets to reflect more ambition. The INDC was a 10-year document and is still relevant as all targets were not achieved. This NDC is building on the achievements of the last five years and new information on marked decreases in technology cost, which has allowed more ambition for some targets.', 'This NDC is building on the achievements of the last five years and new information on marked decreases in technology cost, which has allowed more ambition for some targets. This NDC has its strategy and approaches aligned with the developmental priorities of the country and where appropriate, examined a sector coupling approach for the energy and agricultural sectors, energy and resilience building, Energy and Transportation and decoupling of energy for economic growth. If successful, this approach should reduce the overall cost of mitigation and adaptation projects, while reducing the importation of fossil fuel and concentrating on the abundant solar and wind energy resources.', 'If successful, this approach should reduce the overall cost of mitigation and adaptation projects, while reducing the importation of fossil fuel and concentrating on the abundant solar and wind energy resources. This approach also recognizes the transitional risks that may result from implementing an inclusive energy transition, considering that the roles and hopes of men, women and youth are different; thus, the process should ensure differences are respected and supported to ensure that no one is left behind. The NDC further considers the financial challenges as well as transitional risks expected during the implementation phase. The NDC recognizes the need for gender responsive approaches, and a just transition of the workforce.', 'The NDC recognizes the need for gender responsive approaches, and a just transition of the workforce. It notes immense challenges, concerns, and uncertainty, but also offers opportunities for new businesses for citizens of Antigua and Barbuda. 3. Methods of NDC Preparation Antigua and Barbuda began its NDC revision process in 2019. The process was led by the UNFCCC focal point, the Department of Environment (DOE), based within the Ministry responsible for the Environment and with the support of the Ministry of Finance.', 'The process was led by the UNFCCC focal point, the Department of Environment (DOE), based within the Ministry responsible for the Environment and with the support of the Ministry of Finance. The process wasAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution supported by NDC Partnership s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) initiative, the United Nations Development Programme’s Climate Promise initiative, IRENA’s Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Lighthouses Initiative, Green Climate Fund’s Readiness (4) Project, and the 4th National Communications Project. The DOE led the execution of several technical studies in the areas of energy, gender, just transition and socially inclusive transition.', 'The DOE led the execution of several technical studies in the areas of energy, gender, just transition and socially inclusive transition. These studies built upon existing national and strategic priorities to inform the final targets as well as the collection of primary data from over 1,700 participants to support emerging views and opportunities for a strategic approach for the implementation of the targets. The NDC revision process was inclusive and included a whole-of-society, and whole of government approach to the extent permitted by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The process engaged the public sector, private sector, and civil society through meetings, focus groups, workshops, stakeholder interviews, public awareness campaigns, household surveys, business surveys and online consultations.', 'The process engaged the public sector, private sector, and civil society through meetings, focus groups, workshops, stakeholder interviews, public awareness campaigns, household surveys, business surveys and online consultations. The NDC targets are aligned with significant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the co-benefits have been identified. The NDC is fully supporting the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs, with the aim to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all, beginning with eradicating poverty (SDG1) in line with the “leaving no one behind” principle.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Students viewing an electric vehicle on display at the Department of Environment. Image courtesy of the Department of EnvironmentAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 4.', 'Image courtesy of the Department of EnvironmentAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 4. Areas of Additional Targets Since INDC Addressing the gender dimension of climate change is a priority in Antigua and Barbuda due to the gender differentiated impacts and vulnerabilities experienced by women and men associated to climate change and their gender differentiated contributions to mitigation and adaptation actions and climate resilience. The GoAB has conducted baseline gender assessments to identify multiple cases of vulnerability to climate change among men and women as well as identifying the differential adaptive capacity to climate change. The overall outcome is to ensure that projects and programmes are gender responsive: meaning that it aims to go beyond gender sensitivity to actively promote gender equality and women’s empowerment.', 'The overall outcome is to ensure that projects and programmes are gender responsive: meaning that it aims to go beyond gender sensitivity to actively promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. The country is committed to achieving SDG 5: Gender equality by promoting low carbon development where men and women contributions to climate change mitigation and adaptation are recognized and valued, existing gender inequalities are reduced and opportunities for effective empowerment for women are promoted. To achieve this objective, Antigua and Barbuda will recognize and integrate the different and complementary roles of men and women into policies and strategies on climate change and will ensure that the implementation of the NDC will be gender responsive.', 'To achieve this objective, Antigua and Barbuda will recognize and integrate the different and complementary roles of men and women into policies and strategies on climate change and will ensure that the implementation of the NDC will be gender responsive. This approach will ensure that the NDC implementation a) recognizes and acknowledges gender norms and inequalities and responds to them by creating actions, policies, and initiatives to address the different needs, constraints, and opportunities of women and men and b) ensures that women and men s differential needs are addressed; that participation of women and men is equitable; and that distribution of benefits, resources, status, and rights are equitably attended.', 'This approach will ensure that the NDC implementation a) recognizes and acknowledges gender norms and inequalities and responds to them by creating actions, policies, and initiatives to address the different needs, constraints, and opportunities of women and men and b) ensures that women and men s differential needs are addressed; that participation of women and men is equitable; and that distribution of benefits, resources, status, and rights are equitably attended. As links between climate impacts, energy access and gender are critical, therefore, Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the gendered aspect of energy poverty and how it disproportionately affects women and girls. Antigua and Barbuda will mainstream gender in its energy planning through an Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy.', 'Antigua and Barbuda will mainstream gender in its energy planning through an Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy. This strategy will recognize and acknowledge, among other things, the gender norms, and inequalities prevalent in the energy sector, women and men’s differentiated access to energy, their different energy needs and preferences, and different impacts that energy access could have on their livelihoods. Antigua and Barbuda’s plan for an inclusive renewable energy transition will ensure continued affordable and reliable access to electricity and other energy services for all.', 'Antigua and Barbuda’s plan for an inclusive renewable energy transition will ensure continued affordable and reliable access to electricity and other energy services for all. This is in line with the gender responsive targets for mitigation, adaptation and just transition sections: - 100% of female-headed households have all barriers removed to access back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems (i.e., 20,000 homes), 20% increase in the number of women-led businesses implementing renewable energy and adaptation interventions; - 100% of community businesses and organizations that support women in their post-extreme weather event recovery are identified and provided with support for their efforts to facilitate women’s ability to resume work/livelihoods; and - Develop a gender-responsive approach to the just transition of men in the energy and construction sectors (Baseline: currently approximately 95% men in these sectors)Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 4.2.', 'This is in line with the gender responsive targets for mitigation, adaptation and just transition sections: - 100% of female-headed households have all barriers removed to access back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems (i.e., 20,000 homes), 20% increase in the number of women-led businesses implementing renewable energy and adaptation interventions; - 100% of community businesses and organizations that support women in their post-extreme weather event recovery are identified and provided with support for their efforts to facilitate women’s ability to resume work/livelihoods; and - Develop a gender-responsive approach to the just transition of men in the energy and construction sectors (Baseline: currently approximately 95% men in these sectors)Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 4.2. Children and Youth Antigua and Barbuda is developing a National Youth Policy that will place focus on youth development and promote their involvement in environmental issues.', 'Children and Youth Antigua and Barbuda is developing a National Youth Policy that will place focus on youth development and promote their involvement in environmental issues. The country will continue its promotion of environmental education to support the delivery of its climate change ambitions. The country’s UNFCCC Focal Point is further undertaking the development of a Youth Engagement Strategy and Action Plan that will be designed in line with the Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) commitments, to facilitate the involvement of children and youth, including the most vulnerable. The Strategy and Action Plan will serve as the framework for youth engagement as part of the GoAB’s Climate Change Programme and will primarily support the engagement of youth in adaptation and mitigation initiatives.', 'The Strategy and Action Plan will serve as the framework for youth engagement as part of the GoAB’s Climate Change Programme and will primarily support the engagement of youth in adaptation and mitigation initiatives. It will also equip them with the skills needed to be part of an expansion of social inclusion opportunities. This will be linked to inclusive investment opportunities in renewable energy and the new project funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) - FP133: Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda, which aims to generate interest in the field of renewable energies (including among students).', 'This will be linked to inclusive investment opportunities in renewable energy and the new project funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) - FP133: Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda, which aims to generate interest in the field of renewable energies (including among students). As part of just transition initiatives, the country’s UNFCCC Focal Point is expanding training and skills development programmes in collaboration with training providers to enable the creation of new jobs in the labour force, enhance youth employability and ensure their access to meaningful and decent work.', 'As part of just transition initiatives, the country’s UNFCCC Focal Point is expanding training and skills development programmes in collaboration with training providers to enable the creation of new jobs in the labour force, enhance youth employability and ensure their access to meaningful and decent work. Antigua and Barbuda is also committed to ensuring that ACE becomes, as per Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, a key cross-cutting instrument to involve all levels of society in climate action, in particular children and youth (as well as other vulnerable groups including women, the elderly and people living with disabilities) in support of all elements of mitigation and adaptation. ACE has the potential to provide the social and political will for action, in addition to the scientific and technological know-how.', 'ACE has the potential to provide the social and political will for action, in addition to the scientific and technological know-how. As such, the country’s ACE commitments, as non-GHG targets, will help accelerate the achievement of the NDC’s GHG related targets. 4.3. Vulnerable Groups Along with gender equity, Antigua and Barbuda recognize that climate change disproportionately impacts the vulnerable groups of the country. Climate change impacts increase financial exclusion and is also a barrier to financial stability.', 'Climate change impacts increase financial exclusion and is also a barrier to financial stability. As part of the GoAB’s Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy, inclusive programmes are proposed that will facilitate the involvement of vulnerable communities in the energy transition and help them build resiliency and mitigate losses that are caused by climate change.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Image courtesy of the Department of EnvironmentAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 5. NDC Targets The Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda considered and approved the following targets for Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC. Note: These targets are in addition to the 2030 targets set in the INDC. Table 1: Targets to be achieved by 2030 Thematic Area Target and Actions Completion Date Year Communicated Conditionality NDC Targets Mitigation 1.', 'Table 1: Targets to be achieved by 2030 Thematic Area Target and Actions Completion Date Year Communicated Conditionality NDC Targets Mitigation 1. 86% renewable energy generation from local resources in the electricity sector 2030 2021 Conditional 2. 100% all new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles 2030 2021 Conditional 3. Explore potential for emissions reductions in the waste sector 2025 2021 Conditional 4. Explore potential for emissions reductions in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector Indicative actions supporting implementation of mitigation targets 1.', 'Explore potential for emissions reductions in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector Indicative actions supporting implementation of mitigation targets 1. Energy Sector a) Enhance the established enabling legal, policy and institutional environment for a low carbon emission development pathway to achieve poverty reduction and sustainable development None 2015 Unconditional b) Establish efficiency standards for the importation of all appliances 2020 2015 Conditional c) Dedicated technical and other support aimed at de-risking investments in greenhouse gas reduction by MSMEs in Antigua and Barbuda d) A legal and technical framework is established as an enabling environment to support the raising of necessary resources for the low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient transition from international support providers, private sector (community, national, and international levels), and social investors a) 100 MW of renewable energy generation capacity available to the grid 2030 2015 (Updated in Conditional b) 50 MW of renewable energy generation capacity owned by farmers who can sell electricity to off-takers c) 100 MW of renewable energy generation capacity owned by social investment entities for (for e.g., Social Security Board, Medical BenefitAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Scheme, non-governmental organizations, faith-based organizations, community-based organization, taxi associations, bus associations, and other businesses registered as social investors) d) 20 MW of wind-powered energy generation 2030 e) 100% renewable energy generation for all government operations 2030 f) 100% of fixtures and appliances in government buildings will be energy efficient g) Elimination of the fuel surcharge tax on electricity bills 2030 h) Finalize the technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant a) Change fiscal policies on fossil fuel by 2025 to enable the transition to 100% renewable energy generation in the transportation sector b) Ban on the importation of new internal combustion engine vehicles (with an indicative start year of 2025) c) 100% of government vehicles will be electric vehicles 2035 d) Establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles 2020 2015 Conditional a) Circular economy policy and regulations agreed on 2025 2021 Conditional 5.', 'Energy Sector a) Enhance the established enabling legal, policy and institutional environment for a low carbon emission development pathway to achieve poverty reduction and sustainable development None 2015 Unconditional b) Establish efficiency standards for the importation of all appliances 2020 2015 Conditional c) Dedicated technical and other support aimed at de-risking investments in greenhouse gas reduction by MSMEs in Antigua and Barbuda d) A legal and technical framework is established as an enabling environment to support the raising of necessary resources for the low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient transition from international support providers, private sector (community, national, and international levels), and social investors a) 100 MW of renewable energy generation capacity available to the grid 2030 2015 (Updated in Conditional b) 50 MW of renewable energy generation capacity owned by farmers who can sell electricity to off-takers c) 100 MW of renewable energy generation capacity owned by social investment entities for (for e.g., Social Security Board, Medical BenefitAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Scheme, non-governmental organizations, faith-based organizations, community-based organization, taxi associations, bus associations, and other businesses registered as social investors) d) 20 MW of wind-powered energy generation 2030 e) 100% renewable energy generation for all government operations 2030 f) 100% of fixtures and appliances in government buildings will be energy efficient g) Elimination of the fuel surcharge tax on electricity bills 2030 h) Finalize the technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant a) Change fiscal policies on fossil fuel by 2025 to enable the transition to 100% renewable energy generation in the transportation sector b) Ban on the importation of new internal combustion engine vehicles (with an indicative start year of 2025) c) 100% of government vehicles will be electric vehicles 2035 d) Establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles 2020 2015 Conditional a) Circular economy policy and regulations agreed on 2025 2021 Conditional 5. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use a) All remaining wetlands, watershed areas, and seagrass bed areas with carbon sequestration potential are protected as carbon sinks (Updated in Conditional Adaptation2 6.', 'Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use a) All remaining wetlands, watershed areas, and seagrass bed areas with carbon sequestration potential are protected as carbon sinks (Updated in Conditional Adaptation2 6. Building Code updated and passed into law in line with a climate resilient development pathway including, inter alia, a requirement that all new homes built after 2025 have back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems (Updated in Conditional 7. 100% of the water supply infrastructure powered by their own grid-interactive renewable energy sources 2 Any mitigation co-benefits arising from the adaptation actions are not additional to the mitigation targets.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated in 8. 100% education, health, food security, and emergency shelter facilities powered by their own grid-interactive renewable energy sources (Updated in Conditional 9.', '100% education, health, food security, and emergency shelter facilities powered by their own grid-interactive renewable energy sources (Updated in Conditional 9. 100% of community and sports infrastructure and assets are climate resilient (to withstand at a minimum Category 4 tropical cyclones) and have adequate water harvesting and storage system 10. 30,000 homes or 50% of pre-2020 homes to have back-up renewable energy systems for at least 4–6 hours of energy 11. All waterways are protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts 2030 2015 Conditional Targets to support social inclusion, gender and reduce transitional risks Just Transition 12. 100% of the affected parts of the national workforce are trained to use new mitigation technologies for a low greenhouse gas emissions transition 13.', '100% of the affected parts of the national workforce are trained to use new mitigation technologies for a low greenhouse gas emissions transition 13. 50% increase in the number of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that provide energy services aligned with the objectives of the Paris Agreement (through the Sustainable Island Resources Framework Fund [SIRF Fund] and using the Entrepreneurial Development Programme [EDP] Fund) 14. Develop a gender-responsive approach to the just transition of men in the energy and construction sectors (Baseline: currently approximately 95% men in these sectors) Gender- Responsive 15.', 'Develop a gender-responsive approach to the just transition of men in the energy and construction sectors (Baseline: currently approximately 95% men in these sectors) Gender- Responsive 15. Gender-responsive green business development programme particularly focused on (1) providing support to SMEs to access to green technologies and climate-related investment; (2) providing support to green entrepreneurs via the EDP Fund and other means, (3) providing support to businesses in their transition towards a low-carbon development 16. Farmers and their families are provided with support needed to recover from drought and hurricanes in order to prevent the accumulation of unsustainable debt and its corresponding increased risks, while supporting food security, taking into account the differential needs of male and female farmers (e.g., loan default, foreclosure, etc.) 17.', 'Farmers and their families are provided with support needed to recover from drought and hurricanes in order to prevent the accumulation of unsustainable debt and its corresponding increased risks, while supporting food security, taking into account the differential needs of male and female farmers (e.g., loan default, foreclosure, etc.) 17. 50% reduction in the average annual preparation costs for hurricanes on single-parent households (Baseline average preparation costs hurricane: USD 2,000 per year or 20% of annual median income) 18.', '50% reduction in the average annual preparation costs for hurricanes on single-parent households (Baseline average preparation costs hurricane: USD 2,000 per year or 20% of annual median income) 18. 100% of community businesses and organizations that support women in their post-extreme weather event recovery are identified and provided with support for their efforts to facilitate women’s ability to resume work/livelihoods (and potentially return to their homes/communities) within seven (7) days after such an eventAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 19. 100% of female-headed households have all barriers removed to access back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems (i.e., 20,000 homes) 20. 20% increase in the number of women-led businesses implementing renewable energy and adaptation interventions Children and Youth 21.', '20% increase in the number of women-led businesses implementing renewable energy and adaptation interventions Children and Youth 21. All students from primary to tertiary level have access to relevant climate change education 22. 25% increase in access to financing for businesses related to the transition to a low carbon, high resilient economy 23. Provide apprenticeship programme for 100% of all students at secondary and tertiary institutions Loss and Damage Response 24. Farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners have access to comprehensive and tailored national programmes that allow them to affordably manage and transfer risks resulting from increasing climate variability (Updated in Conditional Finance 25. A legal and technical framework via regulations is agreed as an enabling environment to support the national alignment of all finance flows with a low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient development pathway (i.e.', 'A legal and technical framework via regulations is agreed as an enabling environment to support the national alignment of all finance flows with a low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient development pathway (i.e. achieving Article 2(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement) 26. Debt-for-climate swaps initiated with willing creditors with the objective to support implementation of NDC 27. USD 120 million in finance from external support providers for adaptation in the private sector (for e.g., via back-up renewable energy system3, climate- resilient homes and businesses, and cooling) is raised Regional Engagement 28. Engage on the potential operationalization of non-market approaches for climate action (e.g., bulk procurement of climate technology) with the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Member States in line with Article (6)(8) of the Paris Agreement 29.', 'Engage on the potential operationalization of non-market approaches for climate action (e.g., bulk procurement of climate technology) with the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Member States in line with Article (6)(8) of the Paris Agreement 29. Promote the use of a sustainable procurement policy within the OECS Commission and its Member States 30. The University of West Indies (UWI) Five Island Campus commences its leadership role in the operationalization of the just transition of the workforce through initiatives such as the development of new training and entrepreneurship programmes to encourage local businesses and investments to engage in low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient development 31.', 'The University of West Indies (UWI) Five Island Campus commences its leadership role in the operationalization of the just transition of the workforce through initiatives such as the development of new training and entrepreneurship programmes to encourage local businesses and investments to engage in low greenhouse gas emissions, climate resilient development 31. Engage with the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) and the Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange (ECSE) to build capacity and broaden the financial instruments available to local investors via local banks in anticipation of low greenhouse gas emission, climate resilient transition as well as the implementation of Article (2)(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement 3 Any mitigation co-benefits arising from this action will not be additional to the mitigation targets.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 32.', 'Engage with the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) and the Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange (ECSE) to build capacity and broaden the financial instruments available to local investors via local banks in anticipation of low greenhouse gas emission, climate resilient transition as well as the implementation of Article (2)(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement 3 Any mitigation co-benefits arising from this action will not be additional to the mitigation targets.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 32. Engage on the potential adoption of OECS regional agreements on the conservation and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouses gases for the results-based payments (Note: Payments could be collected at the regional level and channelled to community-based climate resilience programmes) 33.', 'Engage on the potential adoption of OECS regional agreements on the conservation and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouses gases for the results-based payments (Note: Payments could be collected at the regional level and channelled to community-based climate resilience programmes) 33. Operationalization of the SIRF Fund to act as an interim regional funding mechanism for the OECS through the financing of high-risk climate action projects, including ones focused on communities and lower-income persons who are at a high risk of being affected by the negative climate change impacts as well as the just transition of the workforce 34. Engage on the potential adoption of OECS regional agreements, frameworks and policies on forced displacement and human mobility caused by climate change within the OECS region 5.1.', 'Engage on the potential adoption of OECS regional agreements, frameworks and policies on forced displacement and human mobility caused by climate change within the OECS region 5.1. Progress Since Submission of the INDC To date, Antigua and Barbuda has made significant strides towards the implementation and achievement of its 2015 INDC targets. The INDC was a ten-year plan and the first few years focused on the establishment of an enabling legal, policy and institutional environment, and capacity building activities to build the resilience of Antigua and Barbuda and reduce emissions.', 'The INDC was a ten-year plan and the first few years focused on the establishment of an enabling legal, policy and institutional environment, and capacity building activities to build the resilience of Antigua and Barbuda and reduce emissions. This enabling environment includes the enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2015 and the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) of 20194 which included provisions for the formation of the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund).', 'This enabling environment includes the enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2015 and the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) of 20194 which included provisions for the formation of the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund). The updating of the Country’s Building Code, in addition to policies in energy and the environment such as the National Energy Policy5 and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan.6 A detailed assessment of the targets and what was accomplished since the INDC has not been completed yet but will be done by the end of 2021. 4 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2019). Environmental Protection and Managemet Bill, 2019. 5 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2011). National Energy Policy. 6 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2013).', '6 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2013). Sustainable Energy Action Plan.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 6. Means of Implementation of the NDC The mitigation and adaptation targets presented in this NDC are contingent upon receiving international support for technology transfer, capacity-building and financial resources, including through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), multilateral and bilateral agreements and the local private sector. This support is required as the frequency and intensity of impacts is well above the ability of the country’s Government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and private sector to adapt.', 'This support is required as the frequency and intensity of impacts is well above the ability of the country’s Government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and private sector to adapt. The country’s strategy, therefore, is to effectively and efficiently use climate finance to leverage local resources from the Government and the private sector by establishing the necessary national enabling environment to allow for the flow of funds. The indicative cost for Antigua and Barbuda’s identified NDC measures through 2030 is between USD 1 billion and USD 1.7B for mitigation and adaptation actions. The exact cost for these activities will be further developed over the next few years.', 'The exact cost for these activities will be further developed over the next few years. As a result of low international ambition for mitigation as well as still very high subsidies for financing of carbon intensive activities, the cost of adaptation is expected to continue to increase and even go beyond the ability of certain sectors to adapt. Antigua and Barbuda with such a small economy is not able to pay for the incremental cost of adaptation and mitigation while supporting the development agenda of the country.', 'Antigua and Barbuda with such a small economy is not able to pay for the incremental cost of adaptation and mitigation while supporting the development agenda of the country. To support implementation of the updated NDC and to develop key policies, Antigua and Barbuda with external support undertook a series of detailed technical analysis, including, inter alia, a National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Report 7, a Renewable Energy Roadmap assessments towards the development of a national insurance scheme, baseline analysis for the electricity and transport sector for Antigua and Barbuda towards the Framework for the Just Transition of the Workforce, a Policy Guide to Inclusive Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy in Antigua and Barbuda 2020-2025 9 with associated strategy and work plan, National Gender Assessment Survey: The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Men and Women in Antigua and Barbuda 10 and an Affordability and Accessibility of Renewable Energy Household Survey.11 This process helped the country to identify opportunities and strategies for cost reduction while managing transitional risk as well as understanding the role of men, women, and youth in a series of detailed technical and policy analysis.', 'To support implementation of the updated NDC and to develop key policies, Antigua and Barbuda with external support undertook a series of detailed technical analysis, including, inter alia, a National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Report 7, a Renewable Energy Roadmap assessments towards the development of a national insurance scheme, baseline analysis for the electricity and transport sector for Antigua and Barbuda towards the Framework for the Just Transition of the Workforce, a Policy Guide to Inclusive Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy in Antigua and Barbuda 2020-2025 9 with associated strategy and work plan, National Gender Assessment Survey: The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Men and Women in Antigua and Barbuda 10 and an Affordability and Accessibility of Renewable Energy Household Survey.11 This process helped the country to identify opportunities and strategies for cost reduction while managing transitional risk as well as understanding the role of men, women, and youth in a series of detailed technical and policy analysis. At present, there are several barriers to financing the NDC and meeting the targets: (i) The greatest barrier is access to highly concessional finance, Antigua and Barbuda is classified as a high-income country and is no longer considered for concessional financing for its development agenda.', 'At present, there are several barriers to financing the NDC and meeting the targets: (i) The greatest barrier is access to highly concessional finance, Antigua and Barbuda is classified as a high-income country and is no longer considered for concessional financing for its development agenda. Financing classified for climate change mitigation and resilience as well as reconstruction after an extreme weather event is generally categorized by the international community as developmental financing to which the GDP access criteria may be explicitly, or administratively applied. Climate spending for developing countries, especially SIDS, is not 7 Climate Analytics, (2020). Antigua and Barbuda National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Report 8 IRENA. (2021). Antigua and Barbuda: Renewable energy roadmap, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Mar. 2021. 9 Global Green Growth Institute. (2021c).', '9 Global Green Growth Institute. (2021c). Policy Guide to Inclusive Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy in Antigua and Barbuda 2020-2025. 10 Department of Environment. (2020b). National Gender assessment survey. Economic Impact of climate change on men and women in Antigua and Barbuda 11 Global Green Growth Institute. (2020). Accessibility of Renewable Energy Household Survey.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution considered developmental spending. But it is considered spending that the countries are forced to make due to GHG emissions pollution from other countries. Since the polluter principle is not being enforced at the international level, the cost of the impacts falls on each country, but particularly SIDS, which are disproportionately impacted. These funds should not be subjected to the GDP eligibility criteria.', 'These funds should not be subjected to the GDP eligibility criteria. Most countries would prefer not to have to spend on climate change resilience if they do not need to. (ii) The lack of access to technologies at the prices and the quality that developed countries have access; and (iii) Finally SIDS’ private sector and NGOs do not have access to financing as their counterparts in more developed countries and therefore cannot adequately compete. This reduces the competitiveness of the already small private sector in SIDS and in Antigua and Barbuda there is no exception. These barriers are a great risk to the transition to a low-emission and resilient economy.', 'These barriers are a great risk to the transition to a low-emission and resilient economy. Without addressing these risks, Antigua and Barbuda can face gentrification, have its protected areas used for developmental purposes or privatized, and experience increases in the cost of living, which will result in hardships for the high number of single-parent or single income homes in country. It is imperative, therefore, that the issue to access funding at acceptable rates is urgently addressed. To assist the country to address these barriers, its Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA), 2019 included provisions for the establishment of the SIRF Fund. The SIRF Fund forms part of the accredited institutional structure of the Department of Environment.', 'The SIRF Fund forms part of the accredited institutional structure of the Department of Environment. The department is accredited to the AF as a National Implementing Entity and to the GCF. In addition, the Department of Environment is now a Delivery Partner for Readiness for the GCF and the AF. The Ministry of Finance (MOF) is also working to expand the range of financial instruments it plans to access and deploy into the economy thus relying less and less on loans.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Image by Nick HollandsAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 7. Accompanying Information on Antigua and Barbuda’s Updated NDC 7.1.', 'Accompanying Information on Antigua and Barbuda’s Updated NDC 7.1. General Information and National Circumstances Antigua and Barbuda is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean Sea consisting of two main inhabited islands and several smaller islands, with a total land area amounting to ~456 km.12 Antigua is the larger of the two islands at 280 km, while Barbuda — which is 40 km north of Antigua — has a land area of 176 km.13 Both islands are low-lying with 70% of the land in Antigua less than 30 m above mean sea level and most of Barbuda only 3 m above mean sea The country’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources, low-lying coastal zones, and favourable climate conditions to support the tourism sector, which accounts for about 80% of output gross domestic product (GDP), about 70% of direct and indirect employment and 85% of foreign exchange earnings.', 'General Information and National Circumstances Antigua and Barbuda is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean Sea consisting of two main inhabited islands and several smaller islands, with a total land area amounting to ~456 km.12 Antigua is the larger of the two islands at 280 km, while Barbuda — which is 40 km north of Antigua — has a land area of 176 km.13 Both islands are low-lying with 70% of the land in Antigua less than 30 m above mean sea level and most of Barbuda only 3 m above mean sea The country’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources, low-lying coastal zones, and favourable climate conditions to support the tourism sector, which accounts for about 80% of output gross domestic product (GDP), about 70% of direct and indirect employment and 85% of foreign exchange earnings. Despite a high-income ranking, approximately 18% of the total population (which is above 97,000) falls below the national poverty line15; 3.7% indigent (food poor); and 10% vulnerable to poverty in the event of a significant socio-economic shock or natural hazard.16 When considering the proportion of the population that is at risk of falling into poverty if there is a shock to the economy,17 the percentage rises to 28%.', 'Despite a high-income ranking, approximately 18% of the total population (which is above 97,000) falls below the national poverty line15; 3.7% indigent (food poor); and 10% vulnerable to poverty in the event of a significant socio-economic shock or natural hazard.16 When considering the proportion of the population that is at risk of falling into poverty if there is a shock to the economy,17 the percentage rises to 28%. This barrier has placed a strain on the country, limiting its ability to maintain economic growth and requiring the diversion of critical financing away from health and other development sectors to climate change loss and damage response programmes. 7.2.', 'This barrier has placed a strain on the country, limiting its ability to maintain economic growth and requiring the diversion of critical financing away from health and other development sectors to climate change loss and damage response programmes. 7.2. Climate Vulnerability of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda is exposed economically, environmentally and socially to projected climate change impacts which will result in a greater intensity of hurricanes, more frequent droughts, high temperatures and sea-level rise.18 Downscaled climate projections to inform detailed risk modelling for Antigua and Barbuda indicate that Antigua stands to lose approximately 26.6 to 35.3 square kilometres of low-lying coastal land to sea level rise by 2080.19 The estimated value of assets on this land is USD196 to USD 293 million.', 'Climate Vulnerability of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda is exposed economically, environmentally and socially to projected climate change impacts which will result in a greater intensity of hurricanes, more frequent droughts, high temperatures and sea-level rise.18 Downscaled climate projections to inform detailed risk modelling for Antigua and Barbuda indicate that Antigua stands to lose approximately 26.6 to 35.3 square kilometres of low-lying coastal land to sea level rise by 2080.19 The estimated value of assets on this land is USD196 to USD 293 million. Similarly, Barbuda is projected to lose between 24.2 and 29.6 square kilometres of land, as well as assets valued at between USD 68.9 and USD 12 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b).', 'Similarly, Barbuda is projected to lose between 24.2 and 29.6 square kilometres of land, as well as assets valued at between USD 68.9 and USD 12 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b). Antigua and Barbuda’s First Biennial Update Report 13 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b). 14 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b). 15 The poverty line is a monetary measure of the minimum amount of money a household would need to spend to meet its minimum food and non-food requirements. In Antigua and Barbuda, the poverty line is USD2,366 per annum, or an average of USD6.57 per day. 16 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020c). Medium Term Fiscal Strategy, December 2020 17 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020a).', 'Medium Term Fiscal Strategy, December 2020 17 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020a). 18 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020c). 19 Department of Environment. (2020a). National Adaptation Plan Project. 20 Department of Environment. (2020a).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Analysis of climate change for the islands also projects accelerated coastal erosion and inundation, lower average annual rainfall, increased rainfall intensity causing flooding, prolonged periods of drought, and an increase in tropical cyclones frequency and intensity. Economic and natural disaster shocks put an estimated 80.4% of the country’s GDP at risk. The country is still recovering from the economic and social fallout caused by the devasting Hurricane Irma in 2017.', 'The country is still recovering from the economic and social fallout caused by the devasting Hurricane Irma in 2017. The country suffered damage and loss of USD155.1 million (10% of GDP) impacting houses, public buildings, hotels, firms engaged in tourism sector and safety nets of vulnerable households.21 In Barbuda, 95% of the housing stock was damaged or destroyed and the entire population of 1,600 persons were evacuated to Antigua following the devastation.22 Between 2015 and 2020 (the INDC period), the combined cost incurred to Antigua and Barbuda from tropical storms and hurricanes was USD232 million.', 'The country suffered damage and loss of USD155.1 million (10% of GDP) impacting houses, public buildings, hotels, firms engaged in tourism sector and safety nets of vulnerable households.21 In Barbuda, 95% of the housing stock was damaged or destroyed and the entire population of 1,600 persons were evacuated to Antigua following the devastation.22 Between 2015 and 2020 (the INDC period), the combined cost incurred to Antigua and Barbuda from tropical storms and hurricanes was USD232 million. On average, hurricanes account for 8.4% of the annual loss in GDP for Antigua and Barbuda.23 The combined immediate post-event damages caused by hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017 — which equated to USD136 million — lowered Antigua and Barbuda’s GDP growth rate by 1.1% because of reduced tourism infrastructure and increased spending on relief efforts and repairs.24 Under Article 2, one of the Paris Agreement goals is to strengthen the global climate change response by enhancing the adaptive capacity and resiliency, and reducing vulnerability.', 'On average, hurricanes account for 8.4% of the annual loss in GDP for Antigua and Barbuda.23 The combined immediate post-event damages caused by hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017 — which equated to USD136 million — lowered Antigua and Barbuda’s GDP growth rate by 1.1% because of reduced tourism infrastructure and increased spending on relief efforts and repairs.24 Under Article 2, one of the Paris Agreement goals is to strengthen the global climate change response by enhancing the adaptive capacity and resiliency, and reducing vulnerability. Antigua and Barbuda, as one of the most vulnerable countries to the negative impacts of climate change, recognizes the importance of this goal and has decided to include an adaptation component in its updated NDC.', 'Antigua and Barbuda, as one of the most vulnerable countries to the negative impacts of climate change, recognizes the importance of this goal and has decided to include an adaptation component in its updated NDC. Antigua and Barbuda’s adaptation action will follow a gender-responsive, participatory, and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups. Since the year 2001, Antigua and Barbuda has been up to date with its UNFCCC reporting commitments. Antigua and Barbuda has presented three National Communications, in 2001, 2011 and 2015 respectively, with the 4th National Communication under development and its First Biennial Update Report in 2020, highlighting the current and future impacts of climate change. The National Communications elaborate in detail the impact of climate change on the weather- and climate-sensitive sectors. 7.3.1.', 'The National Communications elaborate in detail the impact of climate change on the weather- and climate-sensitive sectors. 7.3.1. Sustainable Development Alignment Planning Antigua and Barbuda’s development is guided by a national physical development plan, a requirement under the Physical Planning Act 2003, which is updated periodically.25 In 2012, the Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda approved the Sustainable Island Resource Management and Zoning Plan (SIRMZP) to serve as the updated national physical development plan, which presents a forward-looking strategic, national spatial development framework that addresses 21 Acevedo S. (2016). Gone with the wind: estimating hurricane climate change costs in the Caribbean. International Monetary Fund Working Paper. 22 Acevedo S. (2016). 23 Acevedo S. (2016). 24 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2018). Hurricane Irma Needs Assessment. Available at:', 'Hurricane Irma Needs Assessment. Available at: current development issues, and provides a platform for feasible private and public-sector development initiatives, reflecting local cultural values and aspirations over the next twenty years. Additionally, Antigua and Barbuda is currently preparing its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which will be submitted to the UNFCCC by 2022. This NAP project aims to contribute to the achievement of the 2015 Paris Agreement’s global goal on adaptation by mainstreaming evidence-based adaptation planning processes and implementation into the day-to-day operations of Antigua and Barbuda’s public and private sectors.', 'This NAP project aims to contribute to the achievement of the 2015 Paris Agreement’s global goal on adaptation by mainstreaming evidence-based adaptation planning processes and implementation into the day-to-day operations of Antigua and Barbuda’s public and private sectors. The National Adaptation Planning process is a hybrid approach, incorporating sector focused adaptation planning with broad national assessments to form a comprehensive strategic plan for national adaptation planning. The priority sectors are: ● Finance ● Protected/Managed Areas ● Infrastructure and Housing ● Tourism ● Food Security ● Wholesale and Retail The NAP will be used to update the SIRMZP to ensure recent climate information is included as well to inform actions to achieve progress towards accomplishing NDC targets.', 'The priority sectors are: ● Finance ● Protected/Managed Areas ● Infrastructure and Housing ● Tourism ● Food Security ● Wholesale and Retail The NAP will be used to update the SIRMZP to ensure recent climate information is included as well to inform actions to achieve progress towards accomplishing NDC targets. Guided by its NDC, Antigua and Barbuda’s NAP process involves, inter alia: downscaled and GIS-based baseline data collection and climate risk assessment activities for adaptation action; evidence-based and consultative sectoral and local areas planning; and development of a corresponding enabling environment via policies, legislation, and financial incentives necessary for the implementation of the selected adaptation actions.', 'Guided by its NDC, Antigua and Barbuda’s NAP process involves, inter alia: downscaled and GIS-based baseline data collection and climate risk assessment activities for adaptation action; evidence-based and consultative sectoral and local areas planning; and development of a corresponding enabling environment via policies, legislation, and financial incentives necessary for the implementation of the selected adaptation actions. Through climate modelling, Antigua and Barbuda will predict future impacts of climate change and assess current and future risk from tropical cyclones (wind and storm surge), drought (increased temperatures and low precipitation), marine heat waves, and sea level rise. This data will form the basis of vulnerability risk assessments for sectoral adaptation plans that will help assess exposure to climate risks, climate- related hazards, and vulnerability to climate change the sectoral level.', 'This data will form the basis of vulnerability risk assessments for sectoral adaptation plans that will help assess exposure to climate risks, climate- related hazards, and vulnerability to climate change the sectoral level. Adaptation planning at the Local Area Planning (LAP) scale (i.e., community and parish level), as well will help the GoAB understand the spatial distribution and quantification of catastrophe risk in a changing climate at a local scale. The GoAB also intends to implement regulations, which recognise the need for the integration of risk information into the adaptation planning framework. Monitoring and reporting on the varied adaptation outcomes is important for Antigua and Barbuda to accurately reflect its efforts and contribute to achieving the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA). 7.4.', 'Monitoring and reporting on the varied adaptation outcomes is important for Antigua and Barbuda to accurately reflect its efforts and contribute to achieving the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA). 7.4. Loss and Damage Response The country struggles with an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes, and severe droughts, rising temperatures, a decrease in annual rainfall and sea level rise, all of which impact people, affect livelihoods and businesses. Additionally, the passage of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the region have driven up insurance prices.', 'Additionally, the passage of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the region have driven up insurance prices. Antigua and Barbuda considers a loss and damage response to be addressing the actual harm associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution As a SIDS, extreme weather events have significant negative impacts on the lives and livelihoods of local communities and economy, and result in considerable recovery and rehabilitation costs after an event.', 'Antigua and Barbuda considers a loss and damage response to be addressing the actual harm associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution As a SIDS, extreme weather events have significant negative impacts on the lives and livelihoods of local communities and economy, and result in considerable recovery and rehabilitation costs after an event. Some of these extreme weather events include: ● More frequent and intense tropical cyclones ● More frequent and intense droughts ● Heat waves ● Storm surges ● Torrential rains and flooding Slow on-set events also cumulatively affect the lives and livelihoods of the population as well as the wider economy, but at a slower pace than extreme weather events.', 'Some of these extreme weather events include: ● More frequent and intense tropical cyclones ● More frequent and intense droughts ● Heat waves ● Storm surges ● Torrential rains and flooding Slow on-set events also cumulatively affect the lives and livelihoods of the population as well as the wider economy, but at a slower pace than extreme weather events. These events include: ● Sea level rise ● Desertification ● Ocean acidification Antigua and Barbuda (both the public and private sectors) spends large amounts in addressing the economic loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change. This happens in response to both extreme weather events and slow onset events, when increases in spending on capital as well as recurrent expenditure are experienced.', 'This happens in response to both extreme weather events and slow onset events, when increases in spending on capital as well as recurrent expenditure are experienced. Such financing of domestic loss and damage response reduces the fiscal space of a country and slows down ongoing development to address the immediate needs of the climate-related extreme weather event, or slow onset event. On the public sector side of things, it incurs high costs. The funding for such a response is normally non-concessional given the government’s income status. This creates further pressure on the country’s economy and fiscal stability.', 'This creates further pressure on the country’s economy and fiscal stability. That said, solutions such as debt-for-climate swaps assist in reducing our debt burden and creates much needed fiscal space for our national response to the adverse effects of climate change and its associated loss and damage. For the private sector, they experience similar issues but within their context.', 'For the private sector, they experience similar issues but within their context. This includes: ● Temporary or permanent loss of livelihoods (for e.g., loss of tourism-related job post- hurricane or loss of crops due to a severe drought) ● Damage to or permanent loss of assets (for e.g., damage to the floor of a home or destruction of a hotel as result of a hurricanes) ● Capital flight (for e.g., international financial institutions closing/selling local branches to avoid loss and damage of their asset from sea level rise or more frequent and intense hurricanes) ● Temporary or permanent increased costs of goods and services (for e.g., increased insurance premiums, food, building supplies) Antigua and Barbuda recognizes that non-economic losses associated with the adverse effects of climate change present real and devasting consequences for our population, livelihoods, way of life, health, human mobility and disaster displacement.', 'This includes: ● Temporary or permanent loss of livelihoods (for e.g., loss of tourism-related job post- hurricane or loss of crops due to a severe drought) ● Damage to or permanent loss of assets (for e.g., damage to the floor of a home or destruction of a hotel as result of a hurricanes) ● Capital flight (for e.g., international financial institutions closing/selling local branches to avoid loss and damage of their asset from sea level rise or more frequent and intense hurricanes) ● Temporary or permanent increased costs of goods and services (for e.g., increased insurance premiums, food, building supplies) Antigua and Barbuda recognizes that non-economic losses associated with the adverse effects of climate change present real and devasting consequences for our population, livelihoods, way of life, health, human mobility and disaster displacement. The evacuation of Barbuda during the 2017 hurricane season shed light on the multifaceted needs of displaced persons and the importance of comprehensive and timely response systems.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Given the country’s exposure and vulnerability, Antigua and Barbuda has proposed the implementation of gender-responsive national schemes that will offer risk management tools, such as parametric or indemnity insurance, that will allow farmers, fishers, residential and commercial business owners to cope with losses resulting from increased climate variability.', 'The evacuation of Barbuda during the 2017 hurricane season shed light on the multifaceted needs of displaced persons and the importance of comprehensive and timely response systems.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Given the country’s exposure and vulnerability, Antigua and Barbuda has proposed the implementation of gender-responsive national schemes that will offer risk management tools, such as parametric or indemnity insurance, that will allow farmers, fishers, residential and commercial business owners to cope with losses resulting from increased climate variability. The proposed schemes are in line with the loss and damage action of: Farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners have access to comprehensive and tailored national programmes that allow them to affordably manage and transfer risks resulting from increasing climate variability.', 'The proposed schemes are in line with the loss and damage action of: Farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners have access to comprehensive and tailored national programmes that allow them to affordably manage and transfer risks resulting from increasing climate variability. Antigua and Barbuda is further seeking to increase the climate resilience of households with climate-vulnerable livelihoods that depend upon the fisheries and agricultural sectors by: i) Strengthening the physical climate resilience of the fisheries and agricultural sectors to slow onset and extreme weather events through the identification and implementation of priority adaptation interventions, with a focus on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA); and ii) Managing remaining extreme weather risk to climate-vulnerable livelihoods and food security by building the financial resilience of vulnerable households to climate shocks.', 'Antigua and Barbuda is further seeking to increase the climate resilience of households with climate-vulnerable livelihoods that depend upon the fisheries and agricultural sectors by: i) Strengthening the physical climate resilience of the fisheries and agricultural sectors to slow onset and extreme weather events through the identification and implementation of priority adaptation interventions, with a focus on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA); and ii) Managing remaining extreme weather risk to climate-vulnerable livelihoods and food security by building the financial resilience of vulnerable households to climate shocks. Financial climate resilience will be achieved through the development and implementation of sustainable ex ante risk financing, including the design and deployment of novel risk financing products through a pilot livelihood protection programme, catalysing private sector investment into additional sustainable risk financing products for the fisheries and agricultural sectors to further support livelihood security under future climate change conditions.', 'Financial climate resilience will be achieved through the development and implementation of sustainable ex ante risk financing, including the design and deployment of novel risk financing products through a pilot livelihood protection programme, catalysing private sector investment into additional sustainable risk financing products for the fisheries and agricultural sectors to further support livelihood security under future climate change conditions. The increasing frequency and intensity of hurricanes is already evident in the country with the return rate of Category 4 hurricanes rising from 1 in 50 years in the first half of the 20th century to 1 in 10 years. In 2017, the country experienced and was affected by its first recorded Category 5 hurricanes in history — Hurricane Irma.', 'In 2017, the country experienced and was affected by its first recorded Category 5 hurricanes in history — Hurricane Irma. Hurricane Irma, directly hit Barbuda and resulted in the destruction of ~95% of all infrastructure on the island. The combined impact of the 2017 hurricanes amounted to ~USD136 million in damages and ~USD19 million in post hurricane economic losses, with total recovery costs estimated at USD222 million.26 Following a major weather event, such as a hurricane, critical infrastructure networks, including power and water supply in Antigua and Barbuda can be disrupted for 3 - 24 months, while damage to communication and transport infrastructure disrupts associated services for up to 6 months. These disruptions have considerable impacts on the country’s economy.', 'These disruptions have considerable impacts on the country’s economy. Disruptions can extend to the importation of goods such as food and medicine, which are mostly imported and have implications for the health and wellness of local communities. The damage to critical public service infrastructure also curtails the capacity of emergency services to prepare for and respond to extreme weather events, which further exacerbates the impacts outlined. To increase the adaptative capacity of the infrastructure, adaptation targets are introduced such as 100% of community and sports infrastructure and assets are climate resilient (to withstand at a minimum Category 4 tropical cyclones) and have adequate water harvesting and storage systems.', 'To increase the adaptative capacity of the infrastructure, adaptation targets are introduced such as 100% of community and sports infrastructure and assets are climate resilient (to withstand at a minimum Category 4 tropical cyclones) and have adequate water harvesting and storage systems. Given the projected increase in the frequency of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes and the vulnerability of the energy system to these extreme events, Antigua and Barbuda plans to expand the use of renewable energy within household back up energy systems. This is in line with the adaptation target of 30,000 homes or 50% of pre-2020 homes to have back-up renewable energy systems 26 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda.', 'This is in line with the adaptation target of 30,000 homes or 50% of pre-2020 homes to have back-up renewable energy systems 26 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2018).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution for at least 4–6 hours of energy. This will be implemented through the target Building Code updated and passed into law in line with a climate resilient development pathway including, inter alia, a requirement that all new homes built after 2025 have back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems. Antigua and Barbuda’s total emissions are negligible globally as it contributes less than 0.002% of the global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).', 'Antigua and Barbuda’s total emissions are negligible globally as it contributes less than 0.002% of the global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Despite the low contribution, Antigua and Barbuda will pursue an ambitious mitigation target, which will reflect its highest possible ambition to support the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement - “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C”. Antigua and Barbuda does not possess any known indigenous sources of fossil fuel resources; hence it depends heavily on fossil fuel imports – heavy fuel oil in electricity generation, gasoline and diesel in transport, and liquid petroleum gas for cooking.', 'Antigua and Barbuda does not possess any known indigenous sources of fossil fuel resources; hence it depends heavily on fossil fuel imports – heavy fuel oil in electricity generation, gasoline and diesel in transport, and liquid petroleum gas for cooking. As a result, the energy sector (including transport) is the major contributor of GHG emissions, emitting 650 Gg CO2e (kt CO2) and accounting for 76% of the total CO2 emissions in 2015.27 Fossil fuel imports put an additional burden on the country’s economy; in 2013, the fuel imports amounted to USD 165.4 million, equivalent to 13.7 % of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).', 'As a result, the energy sector (including transport) is the major contributor of GHG emissions, emitting 650 Gg CO2e (kt CO2) and accounting for 76% of the total CO2 emissions in 2015.27 Fossil fuel imports put an additional burden on the country’s economy; in 2013, the fuel imports amounted to USD 165.4 million, equivalent to 13.7 % of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Additionally, Antigua and Barbuda has one of the world’s highest electricity costs, at USD 0.35/kWh.28 Antigua and Barbuda has significant renewable energy resources such a solar and wind that have accelerated the energy transition. To achieve the targets from its first NDC, it has adopted several national and sectoral mitigation actions.', 'To achieve the targets from its first NDC, it has adopted several national and sectoral mitigation actions. Antigua and Barbuda has adopted a programmatic approach oriented towards installing renewable energy plants and innovative grid-interactive renewable energy systems designed to improve resilience during extreme weather events. Despite its negligible contribution in the global GHG emission, Antigua and Barbuda is committed in putting forward an ambitious NDC. This updated NDC includes ambitious mitigation target for Energy (electricity generation and transport), Waste and Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. For the energy sector, the two main targets are - 86% renewable energy generation from local resources in the electricity sector by 2030 and 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030.', 'For the energy sector, the two main targets are - 86% renewable energy generation from local resources in the electricity sector by 2030 and 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. While the transport sector target is set to be achieved by 2040, continuous actions will be taken starting 2025. Transforming the transport sector is a radical change and will require a modal shift. Antigua and Barbuda’s transport sector is dominated by fossil fuels with more than 97% of the 54, 891 road transport vehicles in the country fuelled by gasoline and the remaining 2.7% running on diesel. 29 It is expected that this transition from predominantly internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EV) will take several years.', '29 It is expected that this transition from predominantly internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EV) will take several years. This is in line with the proposed indicative target of “Ban on the importation of new internal combustion engine vehicles from 2025”. 27 Climate Analytics. (2020). 28 Climate Analytics. (2020). 29 IRENA. (2021).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution While the first NDC had a waste sector target of completing technical studies for a waste to energy (WTE) plant, due to shifts in the sector, the DOE will be undertaking technical studies to assess the feasibility of a WTE plant. The updated NDC includes a waste sector target to develop a circular economy policy and regulations. 7.6.', 'The updated NDC includes a waste sector target to develop a circular economy policy and regulations. 7.6. Means of Implementation In addition to setting ambitious conditional mitigation and adaptation targets, Antigua and Barbuda is determined to create an enabling environment for the implementation of the NDC. To do so, it has undertaken various additional research, assessments, and activities to support the NDC implementation. 7.6.1.', 'To do so, it has undertaken various additional research, assessments, and activities to support the NDC implementation. 7.6.1. Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy Antigua and Barbuda acknowledges the importance of equity and inclusivity in energy transition and is committed to establishing socially inclusive, gender responsive and accessible investment opportunities in renewable energy through an Inclusive Renewable Energy Strategy.30 The aim is to integrate international and regional standards for equitable investment opportunities for its citizens of different gender, people with disabilities, and youth, as well as those households in economic hardship, and MSMEs. Inclusive renewable energy is also a vehicle for entrepreneurship opportunities and households, lowers the cost of energy and can improve livelihoods. 7.6.2.', 'Inclusive renewable energy is also a vehicle for entrepreneurship opportunities and households, lowers the cost of energy and can improve livelihoods. 7.6.2. Financial Strategy to Support Gender Responsive and Socially Inclusive Implementation of the NDC The GOAB notes its ability to programme taxes and loans. However, this limited approach in accessing financing has resulted in the government increasing its debt. The Government has, therefore, sought to access other instruments such as grants, and equity, and to leverage the abilities and support of the private sector and NGOs. To this end, the GoAB submitted and received accreditation of its environment department to the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund and has built the capacity of its Ministry of Finance to execute transformational climate-change related projects.', 'To this end, the GoAB submitted and received accreditation of its environment department to the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund and has built the capacity of its Ministry of Finance to execute transformational climate-change related projects. These projects are designed to leverage the work of NGOs and the private sector with support from The SIRF Fund— a national environmental fund that is based within the DOE. This fund can allow for concessional financing to be channelled to vulnerable persons, the private sector, and NGOs for environmental, climate mitigation and adaptation projects. In addition, the Government has recently announced the formation of the Climate Resilience and Development Fund (CRDF). The CRDF is financed via a tourist levy and is proposed for implementation in 2021.', 'The CRDF is financed via a tourist levy and is proposed for implementation in 2021. Alongside international climate finance, between 2014 and 2017 an annual average of 3% budget has been allocated to over 140 actions on climate mitigation and adaptation with an increase anticipated in 2020 and beyond.31 Until recently, initiatives supporting 30 Global Green Growth Institute. (2021b). 31 Watson C, Robertson M, Ramdin A and Bailey C. (2020). Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows: Antigua and Barbuda 2014–2017. (p 70-1).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution the most vulnerable in society have been predominantly focused on adaptation measures like building resilience to flooding and hurricanes.', '(p 70-1).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution the most vulnerable in society have been predominantly focused on adaptation measures like building resilience to flooding and hurricanes. The updated NDC ambition provides an opportunity to focus more intently on enabling access to energy efficiency and renewable energy for the most vulnerable, particularly women who are most affected when electricity is not available since the grid is down after an extreme weather event. Nationally, Antigua and Barbuda intends to utilize the SIRF Fund as a mechanism primarily to catalyse and leverage investment in the transition for NGOs, MSMEs and informal sectors that normally cannot access traditional local commercial financing due to perceived high risks.', 'Nationally, Antigua and Barbuda intends to utilize the SIRF Fund as a mechanism primarily to catalyse and leverage investment in the transition for NGOs, MSMEs and informal sectors that normally cannot access traditional local commercial financing due to perceived high risks. Regionally, Antigua and Barbuda intends to use the national experience to support the development of the SIRF Fund to be able to act as a regional funding mechanism for the OECS countries to fund high risks projects and channel funds to communities and lower income persons at higher risks of climate impact. 7.6.3. Just Transition of the Workforce With Antigua and Barbuda’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions by transitioning to renewables, it foresees an ambitious energy transition.', 'Just Transition of the Workforce With Antigua and Barbuda’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions by transitioning to renewables, it foresees an ambitious energy transition. This change in the way energy is produced and consumed will require a significant shift in policies and have an impact on infrastructure in the country. It is anticipated that this will have both positive and negative impacts on jobs and workers’ livelihoods. Transitioning towards phasing out of fossil fuels can become a strong driver of job creation, job upgrading, poverty eradication, social justice and reduce youth unemployment.', 'Transitioning towards phasing out of fossil fuels can become a strong driver of job creation, job upgrading, poverty eradication, social justice and reduce youth unemployment. Antigua and Barbuda is committed to ensuring a just transition of the workforce, keeping the Paris Agreement’s mandate that government should consider “the imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined development priorities”. Developing a Just Transition will also support the implementation of the NDC and provide inputs to future mitigation actions. Antigua and Barbuda is undertaking baseline analysis to inform the framework for the Just Transition based on the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) principles of decent work, green jobs and sustainable development.', 'Antigua and Barbuda is undertaking baseline analysis to inform the framework for the Just Transition based on the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) principles of decent work, green jobs and sustainable development. Subsequent to the development of the framework for the Just Transition, Antigua and Barbuda will develop, in partnership with the national and regional organizations, a training and retraining programme, targeted at the transition towards a low- carbon climate-resilient economy. While the initial work focuses on the emission intensive sectors, the intention is to develop a Just Transition for the whole of economy, focusing on the impacts of developing a new energy sector and the impacts of climate change. 7.6.4.', 'While the initial work focuses on the emission intensive sectors, the intention is to develop a Just Transition for the whole of economy, focusing on the impacts of developing a new energy sector and the impacts of climate change. 7.6.4. Data Management and MRV System Antigua and Barbuda needs to be able to understand and articulate its key vulnerabilities and risks as well as design and monitor sectoral plans to mobilise investment for increased climate resilience. Antigua and Barbuda also understands the importance of measuring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems in communicating and tracking the country’s climate actions as well as reporting on the progress made in achieving the NDC. Therefore, it is on the path of designing a MRV system.', 'Therefore, it is on the path of designing a MRV system. It aims to design a MRV system that focuses on three main areas – MRV of Adaptation (to include loss and damage tracking and reporting), MRV of Mitigation Actions (to include GHG Emissions), and MRV of Climate Support (to include climate finance, technologyAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution transfer and capacity building). Part X section 87 of the EPMA, 2019 also defines the institutional arrangements for the MRV system. The MRV system for Antigua and Barbuda when in place will enable it to meet the Paris Agreement requirements on transparency and reporting.', 'The MRV system for Antigua and Barbuda when in place will enable it to meet the Paris Agreement requirements on transparency and reporting. It will enable the country to be fully aware of its challenges, threats, and options for addressing them that are sensitive to wider strategies and goals for the economy, society, and the environment. The MRV system will help the Government and citizens of Antigua and Barbuda to engage actively in, and benefit from its investment in climate action. The system will promote the collection of sex and age disaggregated data and focus on ensuring that there is sufficient information available for all social/gender groups (including women, children, men, people with disabilities, the elderly and vulnerable and disadvantaged people, etc.) to participate in decision making.', 'to participate in decision making. The MRV system will support a thriving low emission, climate resilient economy, society, and environment and benefits from a system that is fully integrated in its main growth and development decision making functions. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda has proposed a debt-for-climate swap as a means of generating investment for climate adaptation and/or mitigation projects. This is seen as a key strategy to assist Antigua and Barbuda in mobilising finance for climate adaptation and mitigation, while simultaneously reducing its debt burden.32 As a SIDS with a high public debt, Antigua and Barbuda faces constraints in financing climate adaptation and responding to natural disasters.', 'This is seen as a key strategy to assist Antigua and Barbuda in mobilising finance for climate adaptation and mitigation, while simultaneously reducing its debt burden.32 As a SIDS with a high public debt, Antigua and Barbuda faces constraints in financing climate adaptation and responding to natural disasters. This has subsequently increased its vulnerability to climate change and climate change-related disasters, such as hurricanes, which pose a major threat to sustainable development. The increasing frequency and burden of extreme weather events (such as Category 4 and 5 hurricanes) will continue to erode Antigua and Barbuda’s capacity to service its current debt obligations, whilst also adequately financing further interventions to reduce the vulnerability of its citizens.', 'The increasing frequency and burden of extreme weather events (such as Category 4 and 5 hurricanes) will continue to erode Antigua and Barbuda’s capacity to service its current debt obligations, whilst also adequately financing further interventions to reduce the vulnerability of its citizens. The proposed debt-to-climate swap aligns with first NDC commitments by: (i) increasing the fiscal space necessary to fund climate adaptation and mitigation activities because of reduced debt service requirements; and (ii) directly contributing to financial capacity of the SIRF Fund, which was identified in the first NDC as a central financial institution for meeting conditional commitments. 7.6.6. NDC Implementation Plan Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC Implementation Plan, to be finalized in 2021, will be a roadmap for how the country will achieve its NDC targets.', 'NDC Implementation Plan Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC Implementation Plan, to be finalized in 2021, will be a roadmap for how the country will achieve its NDC targets. It will develop mitigation, adaptation and climate finance supporting activities, indicators, timelines for implementation, estimated costs as well as enabling actions such as governance and capacity support to advance NDC implementation.33 The NDC Implementation Plan will include a capacity building action plan to strengthen the enabling environment to achieve the NDC targets through actions such as enhancing the relevant policy, regulatory and financing frameworks, institutional arrangements as well as ensuring resource allocation processes and capacity development and awareness raising mechanisms, 32 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020a). 33 Global Green Growth Institute. (2021a).', '33 Global Green Growth Institute. (2021a). Implementation Plan for the Nationally Determined Contribution of Antigua and Barbuda (2021 to 2030).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution such as a youth engagement strategy. With the NDC Implementation Plan in place, the country will implement several actions to ensure a gender responsive implementation (this will be in compliance with the Gender Action Plan of the UNFCCC). It will be a living document and is expected to be refined and updated continuously to reflect national circumstances, new knowledge and science on climate change and new developments in international climate change negotiations. 7.6.7.', 'It will be a living document and is expected to be refined and updated continuously to reflect national circumstances, new knowledge and science on climate change and new developments in international climate change negotiations. 7.6.7. Project Pipeline The GoAB’s Climate Change Transformational Programme will initially give priority to projects that build resilience in the building, infrastructure, energy (off –grid back-up energy), micro - finance and health sectors. Priority mitigation projects and programmes are related to grid resilience and stability, transportation, and waste to energy.', 'Priority mitigation projects and programmes are related to grid resilience and stability, transportation, and waste to energy. 34 The projects are designed in line with the NDC’s main thematic focus areas, inter alia: ● transition from importing fossil fuels to local generation of renewable energy and energy storage, transportation, and back-up energy sectors; ● national climate resilience insurance scheme for vulnerable groups (including farmers, fisherfolk, and certain households); ● debt-for-climate swap; and ● just transition of the workforce. The projects will be implemented alongside the development portfolio of the Ministry of Finance. This general approach will allow for coordination of financing including co-financing, improve social and gender inclusion into projects and generate measurable results.35 7.7.', 'This general approach will allow for coordination of financing including co-financing, improve social and gender inclusion into projects and generate measurable results.35 7.7. NDC Alignment with 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the importance of building upon the synergies between climate action and sustainable development gains and strives to link the implementation of the NDC with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A particular emphasis will be put on development outcomes that contribute to building the resilience of most vulnerable groups, and social co-benefits of the mitigation measures presented in the NDC. The primary purpose of SDGs is to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all, beginning with eradicating poverty (SDG1) in line with the “leaving no one behind” principle.', 'The primary purpose of SDGs is to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all, beginning with eradicating poverty (SDG1) in line with the “leaving no one behind” principle. Antigua and Barbuda will therefore work on ensuring a ‘just transition’ to end poverty in all its forms including “through the implementation of appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable to leave no one behind” (Target 1.3) and “building the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters” (Target 1.5). 34 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b). 35 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda.', '35 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution The full implementation of the updated NDC would bring about a significant number of sustainable development co-benefits in Antigua and Barbuda, including but not limited to the SDGs outlined in the figure below. Figure 1: NDC Targets Alignment to SDG Goals In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda developed a national Medium-Term Development Strategy (MTDS) for 2016-2020 period with a vision of – “a harmonious, prosperous and modern Antigua and Barbuda founded on the principles of sustainability and inclusive growth; where equality of opportunity, peace, and justice prevail for all citizens and residents”.36 The implementation of the NDC will also assist in achieving the current and future MTDS, which is currently under development.', 'Figure 1: NDC Targets Alignment to SDG Goals In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda developed a national Medium-Term Development Strategy (MTDS) for 2016-2020 period with a vision of – “a harmonious, prosperous and modern Antigua and Barbuda founded on the principles of sustainability and inclusive growth; where equality of opportunity, peace, and justice prevail for all citizens and residents”.36 The implementation of the NDC will also assist in achieving the current and future MTDS, which is currently under development. The government has acknowledged that this can only be attained and guided by the four key principles outlined below: 1. Optimal Generation of National Wealth 2. Enhanced Social Cohesion 3. Improved Health of the Natural Environment and Sustained Historical and Cultural Assets 4. Enhanced Citizen Security 36 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda.', 'Enhanced Citizen Security 36 The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2015c).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 8. Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Table 2: Information Necessary to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year used in Antigua and Barbuda’s updated NDC is 2006 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Antigua and Barbuda’s net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in 2006 were estimated to be 1060.25 GgCO2e.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year used in Antigua and Barbuda’s updated NDC is 2006 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Antigua and Barbuda’s net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in 2006 were estimated to be 1060.25 GgCO2e. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction As electricity generation and transport are the biggest contributor to the total GHG emissions, Antigua and Barbuda has mitigation sector targets for the energy sector: ● 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector by 2030 ● 100% all new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Antigua and Barbuda’s First Biennial Update ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Third National f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Antigua and Barbuda may update the base year data based on the continuous methodological improvement and data availability.', 'c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction As electricity generation and transport are the biggest contributor to the total GHG emissions, Antigua and Barbuda has mitigation sector targets for the energy sector: ● 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector by 2030 ● 100% all new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Antigua and Barbuda’s First Biennial Update ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Third National f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Antigua and Barbuda may update the base year data based on the continuous methodological improvement and data availability. Any updated information will be included in the Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report.', 'Any updated information will be included in the Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 2021-2030, with an indicative transport sector target b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single yearAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector b.', 'General description of the target; 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector b. Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy ● Waste ● AFOLU Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ● Methane (CH4) ● Nitrous Oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; As per paragraph 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, Antigua and Barbuda is committed to expanding the scope of the coverage of its NDC towards ultimately including all categories of anthropogenic emissions. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'd. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. There are mitigation co-benefits resulting from the adaptation actions in Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC, these however are not additional to the mitigation targets and as a result are not quantified. It will be important for these actions to be quantified in the future. 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC planning process was led by the UNFCCC Focal Point, the Department of Environment.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Antigua and Barbuda’s NDC planning process was led by the UNFCCC Focal Point, the Department of Environment. The DOE was supported by the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), an inter- agency, multi-stakeholder advisory committee that includes 17 government agencies, three NGOs and community interest groups, and one private sector coalition representative. The NDC revision process was inclusive and involved a significant number of stakeholder consultations with public, private, and civil society stakeholders through key informant interviews, meetings, workshops, public awareness campaigns, household surveys, business surveys and online consultations.', 'The NDC revision process was inclusive and involved a significant number of stakeholder consultations with public, private, and civil society stakeholders through key informant interviews, meetings, workshops, public awareness campaigns, household surveys, business surveys and online consultations. It included the consultation of over 2,000 nationals with support from the DOE apprenticeship and internship programme, international partners such as the NDC Partnership’s CAEP initiative, IRENA, Climate Analytics, GGGI, OECS Commission, CCMRV Hub, UNDP Climate Promise initiative, and others.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Social institutions and gender, equality and social inclusion groups were included in the planning process and will be included in the implementation of the NDC.', 'It included the consultation of over 2,000 nationals with support from the DOE apprenticeship and internship programme, international partners such as the NDC Partnership’s CAEP initiative, IRENA, Climate Analytics, GGGI, OECS Commission, CCMRV Hub, UNDP Climate Promise initiative, and others.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Social institutions and gender, equality and social inclusion groups were included in the planning process and will be included in the implementation of the NDC. Stakeholder consultations with these institutions also focused on the development of a Social Inclusion and Renewable Energy (RE) Investment Programme that will offer affordable RE energy options to vulnerable groups. This programme will seek to bring about a paradigm shift that considers the needs of vulnerable groups and make them an integral part of the low-carbon transition.', 'This programme will seek to bring about a paradigm shift that considers the needs of vulnerable groups and make them an integral part of the low-carbon transition. It will take a systemic approach by embedding social inclusion and gender-based principles in the GoAB’s policies and strategies to combat climate change. Gender-responsive consultations were conducted with farmers and fisherfolk, who experience high incidence of and susceptibility to natural hazards/disasters, such as hurricanes, storms, droughts, and flooding in periods of heavy rainfall. These groups also supported assessments on the likelihood of developing an insurance scheme that can facilitate their recovery after events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Youth Actions: The country’s UNFCCC Focal Point has introduced capacity building initiatives, internships, and apprenticeships for youth to support them in combatting climate change and its impacts.', 'Youth Actions: The country’s UNFCCC Focal Point has introduced capacity building initiatives, internships, and apprenticeships for youth to support them in combatting climate change and its impacts. The country is working on offering sector-based workforce training and certified training opportunities in collaboration with training institutions to facilitate the implementation of climate targets and reducing in the long-run possible negative impacts of the transition. When made available these training and skills development programmes will enable the creation of new jobs in the labour force, enhance youth employability and ensure their access to meaningful and decent work. Additionally, Antigua and Barbuda through its Department of Youth Affairs is also developing the National Youth Policy that will focus on youth development and the green economy. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography: Antigua and Barbuda is a twin island state that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 250 miles southeast of Puerto Rico. It has an exclusive economic zone of 110,071 sq. km. The precise coordinates of AntiguaAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution is located 28 miles north of Antigua at latitude 17 ̊35’, and longitude 61 ̊48. Climate: Antigua and Barbuda experiences a relatively arid tropical maritime climate. Average monthly temperatures range between 23.9 - 29.6 ̊C, while the average rainfall is about 46.75 inches. The country experiences heavy rainfall from July to December. However, rainfall trends are often variable, and severe droughts may occur every 5-10 years.', 'However, rainfall trends are often variable, and severe droughts may occur every 5-10 years. The country went into the worst drought in its history from 2013-2016. The islands are also prone to hurricanes that tend to occur between June and November. From 1851 to 2011, Antigua and Barbuda has had 93 storm systems, with 44 developing into hurricanes. In September 2017, the country experienced its first-ever Category 5 hurricane according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. On September 5, 2017, Hurricane Irma hit Barbuda with winds over 185 mph. The hurricane destroyed more than 90% of the infrastructure in Barbuda, leaving the island uninhabitable. Economy: Antigua and Barbuda has a service- based economy with tourism being the main driving force of economic growth, accounting for nearly 60% of the total GDP and 40% investment.', 'Economy: Antigua and Barbuda has a service- based economy with tourism being the main driving force of economic growth, accounting for nearly 60% of the total GDP and 40% investment. Tourism directly provides 5,000 jobs and accounts for 18% of total employment in the nation. The financial sector is another major contributor to the GDP. In 2019, Antigua and Barbuda had a GDP of USD 1.662 Billion and GDP per capita of USD 17,112 (World Bank). b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC 1. Use and importance of Data Management. Antigua and Barbuda manages a number of environmental databases that contribute to the understanding and tracking of climate data.', 'Antigua and Barbuda manages a number of environmental databases that contribute to the understanding and tracking of climate data. These databases include: The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database and The Environmental Information Management and Advisory Systems (EIMAS), which are both used to track spatial data, and the National Environmental Data Information System (NEIS), which will be used to track progress of the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). Additionally, transparency on progress towards meeting climate targets is being addressed with the deployment of a NDC Web Tracking Tool, a public facing platform where members of the public will be able to see progress on the NDCAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution targets and gain access to reports concerning the NDC. 2.', 'Additionally, transparency on progress towards meeting climate targets is being addressed with the deployment of a NDC Web Tracking Tool, a public facing platform where members of the public will be able to see progress on the NDCAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution targets and gain access to reports concerning the NDC. 2. Development of a MRV System: The MRV system will enhance Antigua and Barbuda’s capability to collect, analyse, and report on data that is key to decision making processes. This MRV system will also ensure that data is collected periodically and is easily accessible when reports to international conventions need to be produced.', 'This MRV system will also ensure that data is collected periodically and is easily accessible when reports to international conventions need to be produced. Furthermore, the existence of this platform will allow Antigua and Barbuda to easily compare data across a time series, and to accurately track progress on the NDC targets and other national objectives. 3. Development of an NDC Implementation Plan: The Plan will serve as the roadmap for how the country will achieve its NDC targets. It identifies mitigation, adaptation and climate finance actions and activities, timelines for implementation, estimated costs as well as enabling actions such as governance and capacity support to advance NDC implementation. The country’s updated NDC and its NDC Implementation Plan were developed during this unfolding pandemic and consider the need for green, low carbon and resilient COVID-19 recovery.', 'The country’s updated NDC and its NDC Implementation Plan were developed during this unfolding pandemic and consider the need for green, low carbon and resilient COVID-19 recovery. The plan will build upon the country’s existing national climate change policy framework to meet national and international climate change commitments. 4. Significant engagement of stakeholders: In the update of the NDC, public sector, civil society, and private sector were involved throughout process to garner buy-in for execution of NDC. 5. Building on existing processes like the BUR, National Communication and GCF Readiness projects were implemented to be able to take advantage of updated inventories and robust data. 6. Partnerships: Antigua and Barbuda formed key partnerships with international and regional agencies to get “out of the box ideas”. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 1.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 1. Adopting a cross-cutting approach to resilience building that include the energy sector as a key adaptation approach 2. Technology for the transition: Antigua and Barbuda understands that access to technology is key barrier to a successful transition. The transition will require the use of technologies that are relatively novel to the country’s population as well as decommissioning of old technology in areas such as renewable energy, transportation, andAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution electricity. These technologies will be introduced through new projects that will involve new business models and innovative financial mechanisms such as debt swaps, just transition of the workforce, and socially inclusive investments. 3.', 'These technologies will be introduced through new projects that will involve new business models and innovative financial mechanisms such as debt swaps, just transition of the workforce, and socially inclusive investments. 3. Capacity building at the local level /expertise: The Government’s ambitious transition requires a wider variety of human and technical capacity for its project pipeline baseline work, coordination, and implementation as well as its role in priority identification and setting, tracking climate finance flows, assessment of fiscal and monetary policy in line with Article 2(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement, strategic impact assessments on the proposed actions, and stakeholder engagements. This clear need for capacity building and support is best achieved through a mixed approach of in situ technical assistance, expert consultancies, and training. 4.', 'This clear need for capacity building and support is best achieved through a mixed approach of in situ technical assistance, expert consultancies, and training. 4. Access to finance: Antigua and Barbuda is ineligible for grant or concessional financing such as official development assistance due to its ranking as a high-income country by the . As climate threats increase, high levels of public debt combined with limited access to concessional finance inhibit the government s ability to sustain economic prosperity. 5. Ensure vulnerable persons are identified using evidence-based data across various economic sectors and communities. 6. Advance sustainable development: Antigua and Barbuda hopes to move the country towards its long-term goals, through undertaking various strategies and actions over the medium-term.', 'Advance sustainable development: Antigua and Barbuda hopes to move the country towards its long-term goals, through undertaking various strategies and actions over the medium-term. A revised Medium-Term Development Strategy (MTDS) to be delivered in 2021 will present national priorities and incorporate Sustainable Development Goals as well as low-emission, climate-resilient development strategies. 7. Inclusion of the private sector and NGOs: The Government will play a catalytic role in transitioning to a low emission, climate resilient economy for downstream private sector and NGO mobilization. Moreover, the government committed to involving the private sector in environmental decision-making when it enacted the Environmental Protection and Management Act 2019 and ratified the Escazu Agreement on 37 This ranking was determined based on their GNI per capita, which was US$ 20,520 in 2018. From: World Bank Data.', 'Moreover, the government committed to involving the private sector in environmental decision-making when it enacted the Environmental Protection and Management Act 2019 and ratified the Escazu Agreement on 37 This ranking was determined based on their GNI per capita, which was US$ 20,520 in 2018. From: World Bank Data. N.d. GNI per capita, PPP (current international S) – Antigua and Barbuda. [online] Available: Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters. These two instruments create a legal mandate on the government to actively engage with private sector when developing and implementing its climate actions. b.', 'These two instruments create a legal mandate on the government to actively engage with private sector when developing and implementing its climate actions. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Antigua and Barbuda is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Antigua and Barbuda is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not yet applicable for this NDC, as first global stocktake will take place in 2023. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not yet applicable for this NDC, as first global stocktake will take place in 2023. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Antigua and Barbuda has considered the economic, social and environmental impacts of its mitigation and adaptation actions in developing the updated NDC.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Antigua and Barbuda has considered the economic, social and environmental impacts of its mitigation and adaptation actions in developing the updated NDC. As a result of this, the NDC included the just transition of the workforce and the establishment of the SIRF Fund as key mitigation measures and to reduce transitional risks. ii.', 'As a result of this, the NDC included the just transition of the workforce and the establishment of the SIRF Fund as key mitigation measures and to reduce transitional risks. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. See Section 3(d) of this table above. 5.', 'See Section 3(d) of this table above. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimatingAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Antigua and Barbuda accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as guided by 1/CP.21 Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Agreement. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; See Section 5(a) of this table above.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; See Section 5(a) of this table above. Antigua and Barbuda will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for the progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See Section 5(a) of this table above. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; See Section 5(a) of this table above.', 'd. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; See Section 5(a) of this table above. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; See Section 5(a) of this table above.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable.', 'Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Antigua and Barbuda considers the establishment of an international market mechanism through the negotiations under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important complementary option to reduce total cost associated with limiting GHG emissions and to assist global efforts limiting temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The final mechanism should be a robust system that guarantees transparency and environmental integrity, and delivers real, permanent and verifies emissions reductions and ensures that double counting is avoided.', 'The final mechanism should be a robust system that guarantees transparency and environmental integrity, and delivers real, permanent and verifies emissions reductions and ensures that double counting is avoided. Upon the completion of the negotiations of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Antigua and Barbuda intends to discuss the potential of a regional climate change market for participation— either to support the achievement of its own NDC or to provide additional mitigation outcomes to support NDC attainment by other countries. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Antigua and Barbuda is a SIDS and highly vulnerable to climate change.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Antigua and Barbuda is a SIDS and highly vulnerable to climate change. Its total GHG emissions are negligible globally, as it contributes to less than 0.002% to the global emissions. The adaptation actions are, however, great since the world seems to be headed towards 3 degrees. The targets are not fair, however, since SIDS are having to spend more on adaptation due to the small targets of the largest emitters. This updated NDC is a significant enhancement of the first NDC and consists of ambitious mitigation and adaptation actions which reflects its highest possible ambition to support Paris Agreement’s temperature goal of limiting the average temperature rise to 1.5°C. b.', 'This updated NDC is a significant enhancement of the first NDC and consists of ambitious mitigation and adaptation actions which reflects its highest possible ambition to support Paris Agreement’s temperature goal of limiting the average temperature rise to 1.5°C. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This NDC is a considerable progression from the INDC submitted in 2015. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; See 6 (c) of this table above with a consideration for an 86% reduction in emissions in the electricity sector by 2030 and policies for similar reductions in the transportation sector by 2040. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This NDC is a considerable progression from the INDC submitted in 2015. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; See 6 (c) of this table above with a consideration for an 86% reduction in emissions in the electricity sector by 2030 and policies for similar reductions in the transportation sector by 2040. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. This NDC communicated both mitigation, adaptation targets, gender, and other associated targets. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its This NDC set targets for low emission, and for building resilience at economy wide levels, including in the financial sector. The targets set are based on science and meeting a 1.5-degree temperature goal. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. The mitigation targets were guided by the IPCC targets to meet a 1.5-degree goal.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Annex 1: Projects Supporting the Implementation of the NDC Antigua and Barbuda has adopted, and plans to adopt, a variety of national and sector specific mitigation projects and policies to support the country in achieving its national mitigation and adaptation commitments. Table 3: Active and Approved Projects # Project Title Description Support Providing Entity Status Low-Emission Island Mobility project Promote low-carbon and climate-resilient public and private transportation systems in Antigua and Barbuda.', 'Table 3: Active and Approved Projects # Project Title Description Support Providing Entity Status Low-Emission Island Mobility project Promote low-carbon and climate-resilient public and private transportation systems in Antigua and Barbuda. Global Environmental Facility In implementation 2 SOILCARE Caribbean Soil Management for Restored Watersheds and Sustainable food systems Project This project is improving soil management in Caribbean SIDS, including, inter alia, specific initiatives on soil organic carbon, agrobiodiversity, national soil surveys, strengthening of the legal and institutional framework for Soil Management in Caribbean SIDS. The main outputs are: (i) digital soil information database, (ii) published Caribbean Soil and Land Outlook, (iii) Sustainable land management (SLM) approaches in agriculture implemented and (iv) SLM approaches in watershed restoration.', 'The main outputs are: (i) digital soil information database, (ii) published Caribbean Soil and Land Outlook, (iii) Sustainable land management (SLM) approaches in agriculture implemented and (iv) SLM approaches in watershed restoration. Global Environmental Facility Approved Enhanced Direct Access in the public, private, and civil society sectors of Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Grenada in the Eastern Caribbean (EDA) The project will be implemented in three (3) countries within the Eastern Caribbean – Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Grenada. The overall goal of the project is to contribute to the achievement of the provisions enshrined in Article 24 of the Eastern Caribbean’s Revised Treaty of Basseterre governing environmental sustainability, namely addressing the causes and impacts of climate change, by piloting an integrated and collaborative approach to increasing adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities.', 'The overall goal of the project is to contribute to the achievement of the provisions enshrined in Article 24 of the Eastern Caribbean’s Revised Treaty of Basseterre governing environmental sustainability, namely addressing the causes and impacts of climate change, by piloting an integrated and collaborative approach to increasing adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. Green Climate Fund In Implementation 4 Antigua and Barbuda - Path to 2020 Biodiversity (and agri-biodiversity) protection project that will undertake preparatory legal work in the EPMA; establish a high-use conservation site at Dunnings, which will also be part of the Green Card SIRF Fund system; Global Environmental Facility In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution and provide grants to communities and the private sector (farms) for sustainable practices.', 'Green Climate Fund In Implementation 4 Antigua and Barbuda - Path to 2020 Biodiversity (and agri-biodiversity) protection project that will undertake preparatory legal work in the EPMA; establish a high-use conservation site at Dunnings, which will also be part of the Green Card SIRF Fund system; Global Environmental Facility In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution and provide grants to communities and the private sector (farms) for sustainable practices. 5 Preventing COSTS of Invasive Alien Species in Barbados and the OECS Countries Prevention, early detection, control, and management frameworks for invasive alien species (IAS) that emphasize a risk management approach by focusing on the highest risk invasion pathways of Barbados and OECS countries. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation Pathways Protected Areas and Renewable Energy This project is designed to enhance the financing and management of protected areas through innovations in renewable energy capacity and arrangements.', 'Global Environmental Facility In Implementation Pathways Protected Areas and Renewable Energy This project is designed to enhance the financing and management of protected areas through innovations in renewable energy capacity and arrangements. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 7 Transformation of the Water and Government Sectors using Renewable Energy Concessional loan from the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development for Antigua and Barbuda to invest in renewable (solar and wind) energy, which will establish the national financial mechanism, the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund) as an independent power produced and will secure some additional revenue for national environmental management.', 'Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 7 Transformation of the Water and Government Sectors using Renewable Energy Concessional loan from the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development for Antigua and Barbuda to invest in renewable (solar and wind) energy, which will establish the national financial mechanism, the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund) as an independent power produced and will secure some additional revenue for national environmental management. Abu Dhabi Fund for Development In Implementation 8 Transformation of the Water and Government Sectors using Renewable Energy Concessional loan for Antigua and Barbuda to invest in renewable (solar and wind) energy, which will establish the national financial mechanism, the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund) as an independent power produced and will secure s Abu Dhabi Fund for Development In Implementation 9 An integrated approach to physical adaptation and community resilience in Antigua and Barbuda’s northwest McKinnon’s watershed The project will implement concrete adaptation interventions in Antigua s northwest watershed.', 'Abu Dhabi Fund for Development In Implementation 8 Transformation of the Water and Government Sectors using Renewable Energy Concessional loan for Antigua and Barbuda to invest in renewable (solar and wind) energy, which will establish the national financial mechanism, the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund) as an independent power produced and will secure s Abu Dhabi Fund for Development In Implementation 9 An integrated approach to physical adaptation and community resilience in Antigua and Barbuda’s northwest McKinnon’s watershed The project will implement concrete adaptation interventions in Antigua s northwest watershed. The project goal is to reduce vulnerability of the community, by increasing the ability of the watershed to handle extreme rainfall, while increasing the resilience of the built environment simultaneously to cope with the multiple stressors of climate change.', 'The project goal is to reduce vulnerability of the community, by increasing the ability of the watershed to handle extreme rainfall, while increasing the resilience of the built environment simultaneously to cope with the multiple stressors of climate change. It will do this by: 1) restoring 3 km of waterways, 2) providing concessional loans to households and small businesses for adaptation, and 3) engaging community groups through grants and contracts to continue project interventions. This integrated approach will ensure that the community will be able to withstand projected climate change impacts while the ecosystems can accommodate increased rainfall. Adaptation Fund In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 10 GCF Readiness - National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Green Climate Fund is allocating Readiness for NAP development.', 'Adaptation Fund In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution 10 GCF Readiness - National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Green Climate Fund is allocating Readiness for NAP development. Antigua and Barbuda will submit a USD 3 million project to develop sectoral adaptation/climate resilient plans. Green Climate Fund 11 GCF Enhanced Direct Access (EDA) Enhanced Direct Access project by Antigua and Barbuda with Dominica and Grenada, and in partnership with the OECS Commission. The project will demonstrate enhanced access to climate financing in the public, private and non-governmental sectors. Green Climate Fund In Implementation 12 Construction of Wind Turbine Bases Objectives are two-fold: 1. Preparatory work for final wind turbine designs and costing, and 2. Construct 16 wind turbine bases. This financing will be a concessional loan.', 'This financing will be a concessional loan. Italian Government In Implementation 13 Building climate- resilience through innovative financing mechanisms for Ecosystem-based Adaptation This project will build resilience of ecosystems and vulnerable communities who depend on them for their livelihoods through innovative financing of EbA measures. Such innovative mechanisms which the project could develop, or support are the proposed Sustainable Island Resource Fund (SIRF), a planned levy on water, microfinance for small scale investors in ecosystem-oriented enterprises, reinvesting or using carbon credits, and capacity building with private sector small and medium enterprises e.g., in the tourism sector. These financing mechanisms will catalyse resilient livelihood activities that are dependent on healthy ecosystems (including in and around protected areas) and the services they provide to small-scale agriculture production, and fisheries and tourism-related activities.', 'These financing mechanisms will catalyse resilient livelihood activities that are dependent on healthy ecosystems (including in and around protected areas) and the services they provide to small-scale agriculture production, and fisheries and tourism-related activities. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 14 Technology Needs Assessments - Phase III (TNA Phase III) Provide participating countries (23 countries) targeted financial and technical support to prepare new or updated and improved TNAs, including Technology Action Plans (TAPs), for prioritized technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support adaptation to climate change, and are consistent with Nationally Determined Contributions and national sustainable development objectives Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 15 Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC To prepare Antigua and Barbuda s Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 16 Monitoring and assessment of MEA implementation and environmental trends Capacity building for the implementation of the newly passed Environmental legislation. The areas of focus are the Environmental monitoring and pollution management.', 'The areas of focus are the Environmental monitoring and pollution management. Global Environmental Facility In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution in Antigua and Barbuda technologies for improved water availability to increase food security in Antigua and Barbuda This project aims to improve food security in Proposal Approved Antigua and Barbuda by facilitating the availability and use of ground or surface water for agricultural purposes via innovative technologies. The proposed technologies for demonstration purposes run on self- generating renewable power, making them resilient to disruptions from grid instabilities or extreme climate events, and are aligned with the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of transitioning to 100% renewable energy by 2030. Currently, water for agriculture is provided by RO plants or through surface water catchments.', 'Currently, water for agriculture is provided by RO plants or through surface water catchments. The electrical grid that powers the RO plants run on heavy fuel oil, creating a large dependency for both the food and water sector on the importation and combustion of fossil fuels. This project would introduce technologies that have not been tested in the Agriculture Sector of Antigua and are new to the market. Adaptation Fund In Implementation 19 Capacity Building for Access and Transparency on Climate Actions through an Environment Registry in Antigua & Barbuda (CBIT) CBIT is an initiative launched to help countries meet their reporting and transparency requirements under the Paris Agreement. It is to build confidence that countries are reporting on their climate change actions.', 'It is to build confidence that countries are reporting on their climate change actions. The CBIT project goal in Antigua and Barbuda is to operationalize the Environment Registry, which includes Pollution and is the key to compliance under the EPMA 2015.', 'The CBIT project goal in Antigua and Barbuda is to operationalize the Environment Registry, which includes Pollution and is the key to compliance under the EPMA 2015. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 20 Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda The project will build the climate resilience of Antigua and Barbuda to the impacts of hurricanes by: ● supporting the mainstreaming of climate-proofing measures into funding mechanisms, policies, and standards for the building sector ● strengthening technical capacity for planning, implementing, and monitoring climate-proofing and other adaptation interventions in the building sector ● assessing barriers, identifying financial instruments, and developing operational guidelines to enable the private sector to access funding for adaptation in buildings ● climate-proofing identified public buildings to improve resilience to extreme climate events — including tropical storms, hurricanes, droughts and extended dry periods, floods, and rising air Global Environmental Facility ApprovedAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution temperatures — and improve adaptation interventions during such events ● developing and implementing plans for climate-proofing activities and interventions in critical service buildings 21 Sustainable Energy Facility Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels by promoting the implementation of Energy Efficiency (EE) measures and RE pilot demonstration projects and solutions, including through promotion of Smart Grid solutions, to reduce energy consumption and costs.', 'Global Environmental Facility In Implementation 20 Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda The project will build the climate resilience of Antigua and Barbuda to the impacts of hurricanes by: ● supporting the mainstreaming of climate-proofing measures into funding mechanisms, policies, and standards for the building sector ● strengthening technical capacity for planning, implementing, and monitoring climate-proofing and other adaptation interventions in the building sector ● assessing barriers, identifying financial instruments, and developing operational guidelines to enable the private sector to access funding for adaptation in buildings ● climate-proofing identified public buildings to improve resilience to extreme climate events — including tropical storms, hurricanes, droughts and extended dry periods, floods, and rising air Global Environmental Facility ApprovedAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution temperatures — and improve adaptation interventions during such events ● developing and implementing plans for climate-proofing activities and interventions in critical service buildings 21 Sustainable Energy Facility Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels by promoting the implementation of Energy Efficiency (EE) measures and RE pilot demonstration projects and solutions, including through promotion of Smart Grid solutions, to reduce energy consumption and costs. Budget total for Antigua & Barbuda is USD3,013,669; portion managed by the Department of Environment is shown here.', 'Budget total for Antigua & Barbuda is USD3,013,669; portion managed by the Department of Environment is shown here. Global Environmental Facility In Implementation Table 4: Pipeline of Priority Projects in the GCF Country Programme (2020) # Project Title Description 1 A Blueprint for adapting road infrastructure to projected climate extremes in Antigua and Barbuda The proposed GCF Roads project will build on the existing Road Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programme to increase the climate resilience of critical road infrastructure and utilities in Antigua and Barbuda. In particular, the proposed project will climate-proof four primary roads and their associated infrastructure as well as adapting target utilities to withstand the impacts of extreme climate events including Category 4 and 5 hurricanes, as well as climate- induced floods and droughts.', 'In particular, the proposed project will climate-proof four primary roads and their associated infrastructure as well as adapting target utilities to withstand the impacts of extreme climate events including Category 4 and 5 hurricanes, as well as climate- induced floods and droughts. 2 Transition from ICE to EVs in the public and private transportation sector using a Sector coupling of the transport and electricity sectors This project will upscale the GEF project entitled Antigua and Barbuda Sustainable Low-emission Island Mobility (SLIM) project”.', '2 Transition from ICE to EVs in the public and private transportation sector using a Sector coupling of the transport and electricity sectors This project will upscale the GEF project entitled Antigua and Barbuda Sustainable Low-emission Island Mobility (SLIM) project”. The focus of the project would be to: ● Create an enabling institutional and regulatory environment for the transition to EVs in the public and private sectors ● Facilitate the procurement of EVs in the government sectors and charging infrastructure to demonstrate bidirectional charging 3 Resilient and renewable back-up energy systems for vulnerable homes and community businesses This project will facilitate the expansion and transition of back-up power supply from reliance on diesel generators to renewable energy systems for vulnerableAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution to facilitate rapid recovery from extreme weather events and strengthen adaptation approaches in the water and food security sectors of Antigua and Barbuda homes and community businesses to facilitate rapid recovery from extreme weather events.', 'The focus of the project would be to: ● Create an enabling institutional and regulatory environment for the transition to EVs in the public and private sectors ● Facilitate the procurement of EVs in the government sectors and charging infrastructure to demonstrate bidirectional charging 3 Resilient and renewable back-up energy systems for vulnerable homes and community businesses This project will facilitate the expansion and transition of back-up power supply from reliance on diesel generators to renewable energy systems for vulnerableAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution to facilitate rapid recovery from extreme weather events and strengthen adaptation approaches in the water and food security sectors of Antigua and Barbuda homes and community businesses to facilitate rapid recovery from extreme weather events. 4 Preparing the National Grid for integration of 86% Renewable Energy This project will prepare the national grid for the transition to renewable energy as well as increasing the resilience of grid infrastructure to Category 4 and 5 hurricanes.', '4 Preparing the National Grid for integration of 86% Renewable Energy This project will prepare the national grid for the transition to renewable energy as well as increasing the resilience of grid infrastructure to Category 4 and 5 hurricanes. 5 Antigua and Barbuda Debt-for-Climate Swap The proposed project considers options for a trilateral Debt for Climate Swap with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the country’s Paris Club member creditors. Under the proposed debt swap arrangement, GCF funds would support or partially finance the redirection of Antigua and Barbuda’s ~US$147 million debt towards domestic investment in climate change projects. The intention of such an arrangement is to simultaneously ease the country’s external debt obligations and increase investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions.', 'The intention of such an arrangement is to simultaneously ease the country’s external debt obligations and increase investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions. These investments would be operationalised through the country’s SIRF Fund, which will be a key instrument in the implementation modality and will programme these funds for vulnerable sections of Antigua and Barbuda including community businesses and community groups. GCF Readiness funds could be used to support the establishment of financial and institutional mechanisms to facilitate the debt swap. 6 Strategy for a Just Transition of the Workforce Pursuing a transition to a low-carbon economy and more climate-resilient development will require a significant policy shift that will have a major impact on, inter alia, the labour market.', '6 Strategy for a Just Transition of the Workforce Pursuing a transition to a low-carbon economy and more climate-resilient development will require a significant policy shift that will have a major impact on, inter alia, the labour market. In this regard, the GoAB seeks to facilitate a ‘Just Transition’ of affected sector workforces, through institutional and regulatory reforms, retraining and employment schemes, and economic diversification. A Just Transition approach will target those employed in affected fossil fuel- dependent industries (like energy, building and construction, and transportation). Interventions will ensure these employees are supported and protected to guarantee that they have viable livelihoods throughout the transition period, and beyond.', 'Interventions will ensure these employees are supported and protected to guarantee that they have viable livelihoods throughout the transition period, and beyond. Additionally, this approach can also promote the creation and expansion of decent work and quality jobs through the process of building resilience to climate change. This approach will also provide a window of opportunity for women to become involved in sectors normally dominated by men.', 'This approach will also provide a window of opportunity for women to become involved in sectors normally dominated by men. 7 Transformation of the Finance Sector to meet the needs of Climate Change – Insurance and As a means of achieving the finance goal of the Paris Agreement 2015 outlined in Article 2(1)(c), this project aims to provide the enabling environment for theAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution resilience in the fisheries and agriculture sectors of Antigua and Barbuda alignment/development of the specific products from the private financial sector (i.e., banking and insurance) to de-risk climate-resilient development for the fisheries and agriculture sectors in Antigua and Barbuda.', '7 Transformation of the Finance Sector to meet the needs of Climate Change – Insurance and As a means of achieving the finance goal of the Paris Agreement 2015 outlined in Article 2(1)(c), this project aims to provide the enabling environment for theAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution resilience in the fisheries and agriculture sectors of Antigua and Barbuda alignment/development of the specific products from the private financial sector (i.e., banking and insurance) to de-risk climate-resilient development for the fisheries and agriculture sectors in Antigua and Barbuda. The project will mainstream climate-resilient investment and de-risking options into Antigua and Barbuda’s key economic sectors, including agriculture and fisheries.', 'The project will mainstream climate-resilient investment and de-risking options into Antigua and Barbuda’s key economic sectors, including agriculture and fisheries. It has two primary objectives: ● to build climate resilience in the financial sector; and ● strengthen the resilience of farmers and fisherfolk to improve food security. The financial resilience will be created by developing alternative finance models, focusing on financial tools to de-risk investments and improve insurance options, particularly for farmers and fisherfolk. The project will also increase climate resilience prior to, and after extreme climate events by engaging the private sector to facilitate investment in climate-smart adaptation interventions in these sectors, as well as rebuilding following extreme events.', 'The project will also increase climate resilience prior to, and after extreme climate events by engaging the private sector to facilitate investment in climate-smart adaptation interventions in these sectors, as well as rebuilding following extreme events. In addition to the financial resilience, the project will work with farmers and fisherfolk to build the resilience of their livelihood activities to extreme events, including exploring options for renewable energy and land/ocean management frameworks.', 'In addition to the financial resilience, the project will work with farmers and fisherfolk to build the resilience of their livelihood activities to extreme events, including exploring options for renewable energy and land/ocean management frameworks. 8 Multi-Year Readiness Programme (2021–2023) ATG’s Readiness Support was requested for the purposes of: i) further support the NDA capacity building to review projects consistent with the new NDC ii) development of six (6) Funding Proposals within the Entity Work Programme iii) identification and assessment of new technologies, policy, legal framework, and investment climate needed to support a transition in the electricity and transportation sectors using a sector coupling bidirectional charging approach iv) to support the possible upgrade of the DOE ATG accreditation specialized fiduciary standard for on-lending/blending (for loan) as well as its environmental and social risk category.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution All these activities are to support the country’s transition to a low emission, climate resilient economy able to reasonable withstand the new climate projections from the IPCC.', '8 Multi-Year Readiness Programme (2021–2023) ATG’s Readiness Support was requested for the purposes of: i) further support the NDA capacity building to review projects consistent with the new NDC ii) development of six (6) Funding Proposals within the Entity Work Programme iii) identification and assessment of new technologies, policy, legal framework, and investment climate needed to support a transition in the electricity and transportation sectors using a sector coupling bidirectional charging approach iv) to support the possible upgrade of the DOE ATG accreditation specialized fiduciary standard for on-lending/blending (for loan) as well as its environmental and social risk category.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution All these activities are to support the country’s transition to a low emission, climate resilient economy able to reasonable withstand the new climate projections from the IPCC. Table 5: Other Priority Projects in Development # Project Title Description Donor Agency 1 Building a Circular Economy and Reducing Emissions in the Waste Sector The objective of this project is to initiate a transition to circular economy by working with waste industry stakeholders to repurpose waste as a valuable resource, and as a result drive emission out of the sector.', 'Table 5: Other Priority Projects in Development # Project Title Description Donor Agency 1 Building a Circular Economy and Reducing Emissions in the Waste Sector The objective of this project is to initiate a transition to circular economy by working with waste industry stakeholders to repurpose waste as a valuable resource, and as a result drive emission out of the sector. Global Environment al Facility 2 Climate-resilient and renewable distributed energy systems to facilitate rapid recovery after extreme climate events and support a 2030 fossil fuel phase- out in Antigua and Barbuda To increase the country’s climate resilience and reduce its GHG emissions, the GoAB intends to transition away from the reliance on fossil fuels for its electricity supply, towards the use of RE.', 'Global Environment al Facility 2 Climate-resilient and renewable distributed energy systems to facilitate rapid recovery after extreme climate events and support a 2030 fossil fuel phase- out in Antigua and Barbuda To increase the country’s climate resilience and reduce its GHG emissions, the GoAB intends to transition away from the reliance on fossil fuels for its electricity supply, towards the use of RE. As part of Antigua and Barbuda’s GCF Country Programme, the proposed project will support this transition by: i) creating an enabling environment for investment in distributed, grid- interactive RE systems; ii) initiating the Just Transition of the electricity sector workforce to reduce transition risks and to prevent unemployment and economic losses from stranded assets associated with the transition; iii) implementing an investment programme to enable the installation of 30 MW of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems for backup power supply; and iv) enabling community and social investors, including farmers, to develop RE systems and enter the electricity market as micro- independent power producers (micro-IPPs).', 'As part of Antigua and Barbuda’s GCF Country Programme, the proposed project will support this transition by: i) creating an enabling environment for investment in distributed, grid- interactive RE systems; ii) initiating the Just Transition of the electricity sector workforce to reduce transition risks and to prevent unemployment and economic losses from stranded assets associated with the transition; iii) implementing an investment programme to enable the installation of 30 MW of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems for backup power supply; and iv) enabling community and social investors, including farmers, to develop RE systems and enter the electricity market as micro- independent power producers (micro-IPPs). Green Climate Fund 3 Increasing resilience of the education system to climate change impacts in the Eastern Caribbean region The objective of the proposed project concept is to advance climate- resilient sustainable development in both Antigua and Barbuda and St. Lucia by enhancing the resilience of their respective educational systems to extreme climate events.', 'Green Climate Fund 3 Increasing resilience of the education system to climate change impacts in the Eastern Caribbean region The objective of the proposed project concept is to advance climate- resilient sustainable development in both Antigua and Barbuda and St. Lucia by enhancing the resilience of their respective educational systems to extreme climate events. The proposed approach will shift these countries educational sector away from reactive development — involving costly recovery actions after an extreme climate event — towards a proactive approach. Adaptation Fund 4 Sustainable Integrated Water Resources Management to Build Resilience to Climate Change in the Water Sector of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda, already an arid island state, lie in a zone that is expected to receive 30 – 50% less rainfall in 2090 compared to late twentieth century rainfall norms.', 'Adaptation Fund 4 Sustainable Integrated Water Resources Management to Build Resilience to Climate Change in the Water Sector of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda, already an arid island state, lie in a zone that is expected to receive 30 – 50% less rainfall in 2090 compared to late twentieth century rainfall norms. Surface water will be an increasingly unreliable source of potable freshwater in Antigua and Barbuda due to Green Climate FundAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution climate change impacts, with implications for both household storage and cisterns, and national supplies from surface water catchments. Saltwater intrusion is already causing abandonment of coastal groundwater wells.', 'Saltwater intrusion is already causing abandonment of coastal groundwater wells. With the increased frequency of droughts because of climate change, there is need for an integrated approach to use available best practises for water generation, water capture, distribution, storage, and reuse, while respecting the natural balance of water needs for the forest and natural ecosystem systems and sectors such as farming. The project is to ensure consistent water supply for the people of Antigua and Barbuda. Annex 2: GHG Emissions Table 6: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 201538 Sector Emission Gases (Gg CO2 e) Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs NMVOCs Forestry and other Land Use 191.53 38 Climate Analytics.', 'Annex 2: GHG Emissions Table 6: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 201538 Sector Emission Gases (Gg CO2 e) Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs NMVOCs Forestry and other Land Use 191.53 38 Climate Analytics. (2020).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Annex 3: Map on Projected Sea Level Rise Figure 2: Projected Sea Level Rise in 2080, RCP 8.5Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Annex 4: Key Stakeholder Agencies Consulted Table 7: Stakeholder agencies represented at consultations on the enhanced NDC39 Key NDC Update Outputs Key Stakeholder Agencies Consulted Collaborators/Partners National GHG Reduction Report Government Agencies ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Department of Analytical Services o Fisheries Division o Forestry Division o Plant Protection Unit ● Ministry of Health, Wellness, and the Environment o Department of Environment o Technical Advisory Committee o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Antigua and Barbuda o Bureau of Standards o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Housing, Lands and Urban Renewal o Development Control Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board o Energy Desk ● Ministry of Tourism and Economic Development o National Parks Authority ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o National Office of Disaster Services ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● Caribbean Cooperation Monitoring Reporting and Verification Hub (CCMRV) ● C4 Eco Solutions ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Fauna and Flora International ● Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Centre (GARD Centre) ● Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture ● MegaPower Antigua ● Marine Ecosystem Protected Areas Trust ● P.V.', '(2020).Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Annex 3: Map on Projected Sea Level Rise Figure 2: Projected Sea Level Rise in 2080, RCP 8.5Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Annex 4: Key Stakeholder Agencies Consulted Table 7: Stakeholder agencies represented at consultations on the enhanced NDC39 Key NDC Update Outputs Key Stakeholder Agencies Consulted Collaborators/Partners National GHG Reduction Report Government Agencies ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Department of Analytical Services o Fisheries Division o Forestry Division o Plant Protection Unit ● Ministry of Health, Wellness, and the Environment o Department of Environment o Technical Advisory Committee o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Antigua and Barbuda o Bureau of Standards o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Housing, Lands and Urban Renewal o Development Control Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board o Energy Desk ● Ministry of Tourism and Economic Development o National Parks Authority ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o National Office of Disaster Services ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● Caribbean Cooperation Monitoring Reporting and Verification Hub (CCMRV) ● C4 Eco Solutions ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Fauna and Flora International ● Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Centre (GARD Centre) ● Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture ● MegaPower Antigua ● Marine Ecosystem Protected Areas Trust ● P.V. Energy ● Themba Biofuel ● United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) DTU Partnership ● Zero Waste Antigua Barbuda Renewable Energy Roadmap Government ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Energy Desk o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o Department of Environment ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Secretary’s Office o Bureau of Standards o Customs Department ● IRENA ● Climate Analytics ● Antigua Public Utilities Authority ● Energy Desk 39 Individual sector experts and other sectoral stakeholders who took participated in consultations but are not reflected in this table.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Social Inclusion and Investment Programme Government Agencies ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda Institute for Continuing Education o National Accreditation Board o National Training Agency o Entrepreneurial Development Fund o Antigua and Barbuda Science and Innovation Park ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o AIDS Secretariat o Department of Environment ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Antigua and Barbuda Social Security Scheme o Inland Revenue Department o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority (Electricity Division) o Energy Desk o PDV Caribe ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o Board of Guardians o Citizens Welfare Division o Community Development Division o Directorate of Gender Affairs o Department of Youth Affairs o Family and Social Services Division Training and Education Institutions ● Global Innovation Centre ● GARD Centre (vocational training for youth) ● University of the West Indies Civil Society ● Association of Persons with Disabilities ● Calvin Ayre Foundation ● Rotary Club Sundown ● GEF Small Grants Programme ● Gunthropes Community Gardens ● Honeybee Theatre ● National Youth Ambassadors ● Pigott’s Sport Youth Club ● Red Cross ● Rotary Club of Antigua Sundown ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women ● Together We Must ● Women Against Rape ● Youth Connect ● NDC Partnership ● Global Green Growth Institute ● Statistics Division ● CCMRV Hub ● OECS CommissionAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution ● Youth Today ● Wallings Nature Reserve ● Zero Waste Antigua Barbuda Faith-Based Organisations ● Antigua and Barbuda Christian Council ● Anglican Church, The Diocese of North-eastern Caribbean and Aruba ● Ecclesiastical Commission of Antigua and Barbuda Financial Institutions ● Caribbean Development Bank ● Antigua and Barbuda Development Bank ● Antigua Commercial Bank ● Caribbean Union Bank ● Antigua and Barbuda Credit Union League ● AB Credit Union League ● Antigua and Barbuda Seventh Day Adventist Co- operative Credit Union, Ltd ● Antigua and Barbuda Police Co-operative Credit Union Ltd. ● Antigua Public Utilities Authority Credit Union Ltd Solar Sector ● Mega Power Antigua/GreenTech Solar ● PV Energy (Antigua and Barbuda) Limited ● Action Jack Engineering ● Amory Joseph ● Owia Energy Solutions ● Mega Solar Energy Systems, Limited ● New Energy Antigua Agriculture and Fishers Sector ● Antigua and Barbuda Fisheries Alliance ● Antigua and Barbuda Women Agro Processors ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women Producers ● Antigua and Barbuda Cooperative Fishermen s Society ● Southern Farmers Association ● Hydro-growers Association ● Team Fresh Produce Cooperative ● The Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Center ● Farmers Forum ● Faraga Farms ● Livestock Association ● SMART Farmers ● Antigua and Barbuda Association of Youth FarmersAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Just Transition Framework Government ● His Excellency Sir Rodney Williams, Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda ● Ambassador Lionel Hurst ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Boar ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda National Accreditation Board o Antigua and Barbuda Institute for Continuing Education o National Archives o National Training Agency Other Training Institution ● University of the West Indies, Five Islands Campus Unions ● Antigua and Barbuda Free Trade Union ● Antigua and Barbuda Workers Union Trade and Industry Groups ● Engineers Association ● Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Architects ● Electricians Association ● Antigua and Barbuda Chambers of Commerce ● Contractors Association ● Land Surveyors Association ● Antigua Hotels and Tourist Association ● Small Business Association Energy Sector Stakeholders ● Megapower ● P.V.', 'Energy ● Themba Biofuel ● United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) DTU Partnership ● Zero Waste Antigua Barbuda Renewable Energy Roadmap Government ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Energy Desk o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o Department of Environment ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Secretary’s Office o Bureau of Standards o Customs Department ● IRENA ● Climate Analytics ● Antigua Public Utilities Authority ● Energy Desk 39 Individual sector experts and other sectoral stakeholders who took participated in consultations but are not reflected in this table.Antigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Social Inclusion and Investment Programme Government Agencies ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda Institute for Continuing Education o National Accreditation Board o National Training Agency o Entrepreneurial Development Fund o Antigua and Barbuda Science and Innovation Park ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o AIDS Secretariat o Department of Environment ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Antigua and Barbuda Social Security Scheme o Inland Revenue Department o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua Public Utilities Authority (Electricity Division) o Energy Desk o PDV Caribe ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o Board of Guardians o Citizens Welfare Division o Community Development Division o Directorate of Gender Affairs o Department of Youth Affairs o Family and Social Services Division Training and Education Institutions ● Global Innovation Centre ● GARD Centre (vocational training for youth) ● University of the West Indies Civil Society ● Association of Persons with Disabilities ● Calvin Ayre Foundation ● Rotary Club Sundown ● GEF Small Grants Programme ● Gunthropes Community Gardens ● Honeybee Theatre ● National Youth Ambassadors ● Pigott’s Sport Youth Club ● Red Cross ● Rotary Club of Antigua Sundown ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women ● Together We Must ● Women Against Rape ● Youth Connect ● NDC Partnership ● Global Green Growth Institute ● Statistics Division ● CCMRV Hub ● OECS CommissionAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution ● Youth Today ● Wallings Nature Reserve ● Zero Waste Antigua Barbuda Faith-Based Organisations ● Antigua and Barbuda Christian Council ● Anglican Church, The Diocese of North-eastern Caribbean and Aruba ● Ecclesiastical Commission of Antigua and Barbuda Financial Institutions ● Caribbean Development Bank ● Antigua and Barbuda Development Bank ● Antigua Commercial Bank ● Caribbean Union Bank ● Antigua and Barbuda Credit Union League ● AB Credit Union League ● Antigua and Barbuda Seventh Day Adventist Co- operative Credit Union, Ltd ● Antigua and Barbuda Police Co-operative Credit Union Ltd. ● Antigua Public Utilities Authority Credit Union Ltd Solar Sector ● Mega Power Antigua/GreenTech Solar ● PV Energy (Antigua and Barbuda) Limited ● Action Jack Engineering ● Amory Joseph ● Owia Energy Solutions ● Mega Solar Energy Systems, Limited ● New Energy Antigua Agriculture and Fishers Sector ● Antigua and Barbuda Fisheries Alliance ● Antigua and Barbuda Women Agro Processors ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women Producers ● Antigua and Barbuda Cooperative Fishermen s Society ● Southern Farmers Association ● Hydro-growers Association ● Team Fresh Produce Cooperative ● The Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Center ● Farmers Forum ● Faraga Farms ● Livestock Association ● SMART Farmers ● Antigua and Barbuda Association of Youth FarmersAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution Just Transition Framework Government ● His Excellency Sir Rodney Williams, Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda ● Ambassador Lionel Hurst ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Energy o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Boar ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda National Accreditation Board o Antigua and Barbuda Institute for Continuing Education o National Archives o National Training Agency Other Training Institution ● University of the West Indies, Five Islands Campus Unions ● Antigua and Barbuda Free Trade Union ● Antigua and Barbuda Workers Union Trade and Industry Groups ● Engineers Association ● Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Architects ● Electricians Association ● Antigua and Barbuda Chambers of Commerce ● Contractors Association ● Land Surveyors Association ● Antigua Hotels and Tourist Association ● Small Business Association Energy Sector Stakeholders ● Megapower ● P.V. Energy ● NDC Partnership ● UNDP Climate Promise ● Climate Analytics ● International Labour Organization ● IRENA SIDS Lighthouses Initiative ● Environment Awareness Group NDC Implementation Plan and Stakeholder and Communications Plan Government ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Extension Division o Fisheries Division o Forestry Unit o Veterinary Services ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda National Accreditation Board ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Services Regulation Commission ● NDC Partnership ● Global Green Growth Institute ● UNEP-DTU PartnershipAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution o Inland Revenue Division o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company o Entrepreneurial Development Programme o Social Security Board ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o AIDS Secretariat o Department of Environment o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Legal Affairs, Public Safety and Labour o Department of Labour o Development Control Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation, Transport and Energy o Energy Desk o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board ● Ministry of Tourism and Investment o National Parks Authority o National Office of Disaster Services ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o Community Development Division o Department of Youth Affairs o Family and Social Services Division Civil Society Stakeholders ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Marine Ecosystems Protected Area Trust Inc ● Women Against Rape Inc.', 'Energy ● NDC Partnership ● UNDP Climate Promise ● Climate Analytics ● International Labour Organization ● IRENA SIDS Lighthouses Initiative ● Environment Awareness Group NDC Implementation Plan and Stakeholder and Communications Plan Government ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Extension Division o Fisheries Division o Forestry Unit o Veterinary Services ● Ministry of Education, Science and Technology o Antigua and Barbuda National Accreditation Board ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Services Regulation Commission ● NDC Partnership ● Global Green Growth Institute ● UNEP-DTU PartnershipAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution o Inland Revenue Division o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company o Entrepreneurial Development Programme o Social Security Board ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o AIDS Secretariat o Department of Environment o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Legal Affairs, Public Safety and Labour o Department of Labour o Development Control Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation, Transport and Energy o Energy Desk o Antigua Public Utilities Authority o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board ● Ministry of Tourism and Investment o National Parks Authority o National Office of Disaster Services ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o Community Development Division o Department of Youth Affairs o Family and Social Services Division Civil Society Stakeholders ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Marine Ecosystems Protected Area Trust Inc ● Women Against Rape Inc. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of mitigation, adaptation actions and support, including climate finance Government ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Forestry Division o Fisheries Division ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Inland Revenue Department o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company o Financial Secretary’s Office o Financial Services Regulatory Commission ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation, Transport and Energy ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Climate Analytics ● IRENA ● OECS Commission ● Global Green Growth Institute ● UNEP-DTU Partnership ● Caribbean Cooperative MRV Hub ● Greenhouse Gas Management Institute ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration CentreAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution o Antigua Public Utilities Authority (Water Division) o Energy Desk o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o National Office of Disaster Services ● Ministry of Housing, Lands and Urban Renewal o Development Control Authority National Insurance Scheme for Farmers, Fishers and Residential Business Owners Government Stakeholders ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Extension Division o Fisheries Division ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Service Regulatory Commission ● Ministry of Health, Wellness, and The Environment Insurance Sector Stakeholders o AM Insurance Agency Ltd. o Anjo Insurance o Caribbean Alliance Insurance o Gallagher Brokers o Island Heritage Insurance o Kenneth A. Gomez and Sons o Kelsick Insurance Agency o Massy United Insurance o Sagicor o State Insurance Company o Selkridge Insurance Agency Agriculture and Fisheries Sector ● Antigua and Barbuda Fisheries Alliance ● Antigua and Barbuda Women Agro Processors ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women Producers ● Antigua and Barbuda Cooperative Fishermen s Society ● Southern Farmers Association ● Hydro-growers Association ● Team Fresh Produce Cooperative ● The Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Center ● Farmers Forum ● Faraga Farms ● Livestock Association ● SMART Farmers ● Antigua and Barbuda Association of Youth Farmers ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● UNDP Climate Promise ● Climate Analytics ● Global Green Growth Institute ● Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ● International Labour Organisation ● Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism ● World Bank ● Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science ● Willis, Towers, WatsonAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution References Cited Acevedo S. (2016).', 'Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of mitigation, adaptation actions and support, including climate finance Government ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Forestry Division o Fisheries Division ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Inland Revenue Department o Statistics Division o West Indies Oil Company o Financial Secretary’s Office o Financial Services Regulatory Commission ● Ministry of Health, Wellness and The Environment o National Solid Waste Management Authority ● Ministry of Public Utilities, Civil Aviation, Transport and Energy ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● Environmental Awareness Group ● Climate Analytics ● IRENA ● OECS Commission ● Global Green Growth Institute ● UNEP-DTU Partnership ● Caribbean Cooperative MRV Hub ● Greenhouse Gas Management Institute ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration CentreAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution o Antigua Public Utilities Authority (Water Division) o Energy Desk o Antigua and Barbuda Transport Board o Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services ● Ministry of Social Transformation and the Blue Economy o National Office of Disaster Services ● Ministry of Housing, Lands and Urban Renewal o Development Control Authority National Insurance Scheme for Farmers, Fishers and Residential Business Owners Government Stakeholders ● Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Barbuda Affairs o Extension Division o Fisheries Division ● Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance o Financial Service Regulatory Commission ● Ministry of Health, Wellness, and The Environment Insurance Sector Stakeholders o AM Insurance Agency Ltd. o Anjo Insurance o Caribbean Alliance Insurance o Gallagher Brokers o Island Heritage Insurance o Kenneth A. Gomez and Sons o Kelsick Insurance Agency o Massy United Insurance o Sagicor o State Insurance Company o Selkridge Insurance Agency Agriculture and Fisheries Sector ● Antigua and Barbuda Fisheries Alliance ● Antigua and Barbuda Women Agro Processors ● Antigua and Barbuda Network of Rural Women Producers ● Antigua and Barbuda Cooperative Fishermen s Society ● Southern Farmers Association ● Hydro-growers Association ● Team Fresh Produce Cooperative ● The Gilbert Agricultural and Rural Development Center ● Farmers Forum ● Faraga Farms ● Livestock Association ● SMART Farmers ● Antigua and Barbuda Association of Youth Farmers ● NDC Partnership CAEP ● UNDP Climate Promise ● Climate Analytics ● Global Green Growth Institute ● Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ● International Labour Organisation ● Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism ● World Bank ● Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science ● Willis, Towers, WatsonAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution References Cited Acevedo S. (2016). Gone with the wind: estimating hurricane climate change costs in the Caribbean.', 'Gone with the wind: estimating hurricane climate change costs in the Caribbean. International Monetary Fund Working Paper. Climate Analytics. (2020). Antigua and Barbuda s National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Report . Department of Environment. (2020a). National Adaptation Plan Project. Department of Environment. (2020b). National Gender assessment survey. Economic Impact of climate change on men and women in Antigua and Barbuda Global Green Growth Institute. (2020). Accessibility of Renewable Energy Household Survey. Global Green Growth Institute. (2021a). Implementation Plan for the Nationally Determined Contribution of Antigua and Barbuda (2021 to 2030). Global Green Growth Institute. (2021b). The Inclusive Renewable Energy Investment Strategy and Workplan 2020-2030. Global Green Growth Institute. (2021c). Policy Guide to Inclusive Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy in Antigua and Barbuda 2020-2025. IRENA. (2021).', 'Policy Guide to Inclusive Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy in Antigua and Barbuda 2020-2025. IRENA. (2021). Antigua and Barbuda: Renewable Energy Roadmap, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Roadmap. Accessed 17 Mar. 2021. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2011). National Energy Policy. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2013). Sustainable Energy Action Plan. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2015a). Antigua & Barbuda Third National Communication on Climate Change: Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2015b). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC). The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2015c). Medium-Term Development Strategy 2016 to 2020. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2018). Hurricane Irma Needs Assessment. Available at: assessment-antigua-and-barbuda The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2019).', 'Available at: assessment-antigua-and-barbuda The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2019). Environmental Protection and Managemet Bill, 2019. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020a). Antigua and Barbuda’s Draft Green Climate Fund Country Programme. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020b). Antigua and Barbuda s First Biennial Update Report. The Government of Antigua and Barbuda. (2020c). Medium Term Fiscal Strategy, December Watson C, Robertson M, Ramdin A and Bailey C. (2020). Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows: Antigua and Barbuda 2014–2017. (p 70-1). World Bank. (2020) World Bank Data. N.d. GNI per capita, PPP (current international S) – Antigua and Barbuda. Available at: Jul. 2020.']

en-US

ARG

Argentina

1st NDC

2016-11-17 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/17112016%20NDC%20Revisada%202016.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2e67370369f4ac96492d29848f97a4024522e678ad664a11973260de3e493bae.pdf

['República Argentina Primera Revisión de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional En concordancia con las Decisiones 1/CP.19 y 1/CP.20, y teniendo en cuenta los principios, disposiciones y estructura de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República Argentina presentó el 1° de octubre de 2015 su Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional (INDC, por sus siglas en inglés). A partir de los logros alcanzados durante la vigésimo primera Conferencia de las Partes (COP 21), en particular el Acuerdo de París, el país tomó la decisión de realizar un primer esfuerzo de revisión de su INDC, esfuerzo que continuará los próximos años.', 'A partir de los logros alcanzados durante la vigésimo primera Conferencia de las Partes (COP 21), en particular el Acuerdo de París, el país tomó la decisión de realizar un primer esfuerzo de revisión de su INDC, esfuerzo que continuará los próximos años. La Argentina firmó y ratificó el Acuerdo de París, depositando su instrumento de ratificación el día 21 de septiembre de 2016, por lo que la presente contribución revisada reemplaza a la primera versión de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) de acuerdo al párrafo 22 de la Decisión 1/CP.21.', 'La Argentina firmó y ratificó el Acuerdo de París, depositando su instrumento de ratificación el día 21 de septiembre de 2016, por lo que la presente contribución revisada reemplaza a la primera versión de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) de acuerdo al párrafo 22 de la Decisión 1/CP.21. Los esfuerzos de la Argentina y de todas las Partes de la CMNUCC, se orientan a alcanzar el objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su artículo 2, así como el propósito del Acuerdo de París.', 'Los esfuerzos de la Argentina y de todas las Partes de la CMNUCC, se orientan a alcanzar el objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su artículo 2, así como el propósito del Acuerdo de París. La Argentina entiende que, mientras se avanza en la resolución de los aspectos técnicos relativos a la comunicación de las contribuciones en función del mandato dado por la Decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 28, y en vista de la rápida entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de París, esta es una oportunidad para realizar una revisión de su contribución a los esfuerzos globales en la lucha contra el cambio climático.', 'La Argentina entiende que, mientras se avanza en la resolución de los aspectos técnicos relativos a la comunicación de las contribuciones en función del mandato dado por la Decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 28, y en vista de la rápida entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de París, esta es una oportunidad para realizar una revisión de su contribución a los esfuerzos globales en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Tal revisión se funda en lo establecido en el artículo 4, párrafo 11 del Acuerdo de París con miras a aumentar el nivel de ambición y proporcionar mayor claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la contribución, de conformidad con lo establecido en la decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 27.', 'Tal revisión se funda en lo establecido en el artículo 4, párrafo 11 del Acuerdo de París con miras a aumentar el nivel de ambición y proporcionar mayor claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la contribución, de conformidad con lo establecido en la decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 27. Los esfuerzos de las Partes comunicados a través de las NDCs involucran elementos de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación, de acuerdo al artículo 3 del Acuerdo de París. En este sentido, la Argentina presenta su NDC revisada compuesta por componentes de mitigación y adaptación, los cuales involucran, a su vez, los medios de implementación necesarios para incrementar la ambición propuesta. La NDC revisada se presenta en dos partes diferenciadas.', 'La NDC revisada se presenta en dos partes diferenciadas. La sección 2 presenta una nueva meta de emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalente como resultado de medidas de mitigación planificadas al año 2030, así como la planificación para los próximos años en términos de adaptación y medios de implementación. Ello constituye la nueva meta de la Argentina al 2030. En la sección 3, a efectos de contextualizar la meta asumida se proporciona información adicional sobre sus diversos atributos, sobre los ahorros proyectados con medidas condicionales que pudieran ser implementadas a futuro, y acerca de la trayectoria esperada para alcanzarla. Esta información se presenta al soloefecto informativo y no integra la meta, sino que promueve la transparencia y claridad necesarias para facilitar su comprensión. 2.', 'Esta información se presenta al soloefecto informativo y no integra la meta, sino que promueve la transparencia y claridad necesarias para facilitar su comprensión. 2. Revisión de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Argentina La Argentina no excederá la emisión neta de 483 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono eq) en el año 2030. La meta se logrará a través de la implementación de una serie de medidas a lo largo de la economía, focalizando en los sectores de energía, agricultura, bosques, transporte, industria y residuos.', 'La meta se logrará a través de la implementación de una serie de medidas a lo largo de la economía, focalizando en los sectores de energía, agricultura, bosques, transporte, industria y residuos. La Argentina presenta una comunicación de adaptación de acuerdo a los artículos 7.10 y 7.11 del Acuerdo de París, que incluye circunstancias nacionales, vulnerabilidad e impacto del cambio climático, esfuerzos realizados y en proceso, así como necesidades concretas que surgen del proceso nacional realizado en el marco del Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático. Asimismo, en el marco del artículo 7.9 del Acuerdo de París, Argentina se encuentra abocada al diseño e implementación de un Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA) antes de 2019. 3.', 'Asimismo, en el marco del artículo 7.9 del Acuerdo de París, Argentina se encuentra abocada al diseño e implementación de un Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA) antes de 2019. 3. Información adicional sobre la NDC 3.1 Características de la meta de mitigación A fin de optimizar el entendimiento acerca de la consistencia, comparabilidad, viabilidad técnica y política de la meta de mitigación se incluye la siguiente información adicional. Alcance y cobertura: la totalidad del territorio nacional1 con alcance en los siguientes sectores: energía,2 procesos industriales, agricultura, ganadería, cambio del uso del suelo, silvicultura y residuos. Incluye todos los gases efecto invernadero comprendidos bajo la Convención: Dióxido de ); Metano (СН4 ); Óxido nitroso (N2 O); Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC); Perfluorocarbonos (PFC); y Hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6 ).', 'Incluye todos los gases efecto invernadero comprendidos bajo la Convención: Dióxido de ); Metano (СН4 ); Óxido nitroso (N2 O); Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC); Perfluorocarbonos (PFC); y Hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6 ). Enfoque metodológico: enfoque basado en inventario para la estimación y contabilización de las emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero y las remociones de dióxido de carbono conforme a las guías metodológicas del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés) del 2006. Métrica: se utiliza como métrica el Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP-100) usando los valores del IPCC SAR, sin perjuicio de poder utilizar otras métricas en el futuro.', 'Métrica: se utiliza como métrica el Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP-100) usando los valores del IPCC SAR, sin perjuicio de poder utilizar otras métricas en el futuro. La República Argentina expresa que no se incluye información respecto de las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios marítimos circundantes, debido a que dicha porción de su territorio nacional se encuentra sometida a ocupación ilegal por parte del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y es objeto de una disputa de soberanía reconocida por sucesivas resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas y declaraciones de otros foros y organizaciones internacionales, por lo que la Argentina se ve impedida de hecho para acceder a esa parte de su territorio.', 'La República Argentina expresa que no se incluye información respecto de las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios marítimos circundantes, debido a que dicha porción de su territorio nacional se encuentra sometida a ocupación ilegal por parte del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y es objeto de una disputa de soberanía reconocida por sucesivas resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas y declaraciones de otros foros y organizaciones internacionales, por lo que la Argentina se ve impedida de hecho para acceder a esa parte de su territorio. Las emisiones relacionadas con las actividades de aviación y navegación internacional no se incluyen.Incertidumbre: el monitoreo de reducciones en los sectores agricultura, ganadería, cambio del uso del suelo y silvicultura presenta una incertidumbre mayor que en los otros sectores y por lo tanto las emisiones, reducciones y absorciones proyectadas tales sectores serán monitoreadas y eventualmente revisadas con mayor periodicidad.', 'Las emisiones relacionadas con las actividades de aviación y navegación internacional no se incluyen.Incertidumbre: el monitoreo de reducciones en los sectores agricultura, ganadería, cambio del uso del suelo y silvicultura presenta una incertidumbre mayor que en los otros sectores y por lo tanto las emisiones, reducciones y absorciones proyectadas tales sectores serán monitoreadas y eventualmente revisadas con mayor periodicidad. Está previsto, además, fortalecer el sistema de monitoreo de los bosques. Otra fuente de incertidumbre está dada por las proyecciones de crecimiento económico al 2030 y sus emisiones asociadas, a partir de las cuales se estiman las reducciones de emisiones planificadas.', 'Otra fuente de incertidumbre está dada por las proyecciones de crecimiento económico al 2030 y sus emisiones asociadas, a partir de las cuales se estiman las reducciones de emisiones planificadas. Mejoras a la contribución presentada en 2015: Como resultado de la revisión de la INDC presentada en 2015, la Argentina mejora su contribución planificando medidas de mitigación incondicionales que logran bajar su meta al 2030 de 570 a 483 millones de tCO2 eq. La diferencia - eq- entre la contribución original y la revisada radica en dos aspectos principales. En primer lugar, el cambio a metodología IPCC 2006 permite mejorar la calidad del inventario evitando la sobreestimación de las emisiones agrícolas, resultando en una diferencia de eq.', 'En primer lugar, el cambio a metodología IPCC 2006 permite mejorar la calidad del inventario evitando la sobreestimación de las emisiones agrícolas, resultando en una diferencia de eq. En segundo lugar, la revisión de más de 50 medidas incondicionales y la incorporación de nuevas medidas más ambiciosas en la contribución nacional implica 8 millones tCO2eq de reducción adicionales. Medidas condicionales: La Argentina ha calculado, además, el impacto de medidas condicionales, las cuales, de implementarse en conjunto, llevarían las emisiones a 369 millones tCO2 eq al año 2030.', 'Medidas condicionales: La Argentina ha calculado, además, el impacto de medidas condicionales, las cuales, de implementarse en conjunto, llevarían las emisiones a 369 millones tCO2 eq al año 2030. Estas medidas no integran la contribución, pero definen un trabajo a futuro en el cual se procurará avanzar junto con la comunidad internacional para resolver los aspectos que fundamentan su condicionalidad a fin de poder incluirlas en una nueva NDC a ser presentada en el futuro.', 'Estas medidas no integran la contribución, pero definen un trabajo a futuro en el cual se procurará avanzar junto con la comunidad internacional para resolver los aspectos que fundamentan su condicionalidad a fin de poder incluirlas en una nueva NDC a ser presentada en el futuro. La condicionalidad de las medidas tienen origen diverso y puede resumirse en aspectos relativos a: a) financiamiento internacional; b) el apoyo a la transferencia, la innovación y el desarrollo de tecnologías (por ejemplo para medir y monitorear adecuadamente las reducciones/capturas obtenidas); c) el apoyo a la creación de capacidades para difundir buenas prácticas e implementar efectivamente las medidas propuestas.', 'La condicionalidad de las medidas tienen origen diverso y puede resumirse en aspectos relativos a: a) financiamiento internacional; b) el apoyo a la transferencia, la innovación y el desarrollo de tecnologías (por ejemplo para medir y monitorear adecuadamente las reducciones/capturas obtenidas); c) el apoyo a la creación de capacidades para difundir buenas prácticas e implementar efectivamente las medidas propuestas. Si se implementaran todas las medidas condicionales en conjunto con las incondicionales, la Argentina lograría reducir un total de 223 millones tCO2 eq totales respecto al escenario de base para el año 2030.Figura 1. Trayectoria de emisiones en los escenarios BAU, incondicional y con medidas condicionales. Argentina 2016.', 'Trayectoria de emisiones en los escenarios BAU, incondicional y con medidas condicionales. Argentina 2016. Fuente: Elaboración propia en base al Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización de Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de la República Argentina (2016) y proyecciones de emisiones al 2030 . 3.2. Contribución Justa y Ambiciosa A fin de poder realizar una evaluación objetiva de la justicia y ambición de la contribución revisada por la Argentina, se toman las siguientes fuentes de datos: (i) la actualización del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero recientemente concluido por la República Argentina para el año 2014 y (ii) el informe Emissions Gap Report del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) del 2016.', 'Contribución Justa y Ambiciosa A fin de poder realizar una evaluación objetiva de la justicia y ambición de la contribución revisada por la Argentina, se toman las siguientes fuentes de datos: (i) la actualización del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero recientemente concluido por la República Argentina para el año 2014 y (ii) el informe Emissions Gap Report del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) del 2016. Sobre la base de dichos estudios se tomaron los siguientes índices con el objeto de dimensionar, en términos relativos, los valores de la siguiente NDC revisada: (a) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo de reducción global ofrecido en la actualidad: La participación porcentual3 de la República Argentina en las emisiones globales de GEIs en 2014 fue de 0,7% del total de emisiones globales.4 La contribución de mitigación revisada de la Argentina representa una participación de 2,8% del país sobre el total de las reducciones incondicionales comunicadas por las Partes de la CMNUCC (suma de las contribuciones ofrecidas).5 En tal sentido, la contribución revisada de la Datos finales del Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización de Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Argentina, correspondiente al año 2014, siguiendo guías metodológicas IPCC 2006.', 'Sobre la base de dichos estudios se tomaron los siguientes índices con el objeto de dimensionar, en términos relativos, los valores de la siguiente NDC revisada: (a) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo de reducción global ofrecido en la actualidad: La participación porcentual3 de la República Argentina en las emisiones globales de GEIs en 2014 fue de 0,7% del total de emisiones globales.4 La contribución de mitigación revisada de la Argentina representa una participación de 2,8% del país sobre el total de las reducciones incondicionales comunicadas por las Partes de la CMNUCC (suma de las contribuciones ofrecidas).5 En tal sentido, la contribución revisada de la Datos finales del Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización de Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Argentina, correspondiente al año 2014, siguiendo guías metodológicas IPCC 2006. Emisiones globales: 52700 MtCO2eq (2014).', 'Emisiones globales: 52700 MtCO2eq (2014). Fuente: The emissions gap report (UNEP, 2016). El porcentaje del 2,8% surge de la relación entre la reducción comunicada por la Argentina en esta contribución de mitigación revisada eq.) y el valor agregado de las reducciones propuestas por las Partes en sus INDCs (3900 MtCO2 eq.) obtenido del informe “The emissions gap report” (UNEP, 2016).Argentina, comparada con las contribuciones incondicionales del resto de los países, cuadruplica su participación actual en las emisiones globales, mostrando su nivel de ambición.', 'obtenido del informe “The emissions gap report” (UNEP, 2016).Argentina, comparada con las contribuciones incondicionales del resto de los países, cuadruplica su participación actual en las emisiones globales, mostrando su nivel de ambición. (b) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo necesario a futuro para lograr la meta de 2°C: Si se implementaran todas las medidas incondicionales contabilizadas en la presente NDC, el aporte de la Argentina al esfuerzo global necesario al 2030 para lograr la meta de mantener el incremento de la temperatura por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a niveles preindustriales6 sería muy cercano a la proporción de sus emisiones actuales (0,6%7 de las reducciones comparado con 0,7% de las emisiones).', '(b) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo necesario a futuro para lograr la meta de 2°C: Si se implementaran todas las medidas incondicionales contabilizadas en la presente NDC, el aporte de la Argentina al esfuerzo global necesario al 2030 para lograr la meta de mantener el incremento de la temperatura por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a niveles preindustriales6 sería muy cercano a la proporción de sus emisiones actuales (0,6%7 de las reducciones comparado con 0,7% de las emisiones). Este indicador muestra la justicia de la meta presentada, y la razonabilidad de la decisión de continuar el proceso de revisión y adecuación de las medidas de mitigación que componen el NDC, con el fin de acompañar apropiadamente el esfuerzo global necesario para alcanzar los objetivos climáticos del Acuerdo, identificando nuevas acciones que serán debidamente comunicadas como parte de la contribución nacional presentada ante la CMNUCC.', 'Este indicador muestra la justicia de la meta presentada, y la razonabilidad de la decisión de continuar el proceso de revisión y adecuación de las medidas de mitigación que componen el NDC, con el fin de acompañar apropiadamente el esfuerzo global necesario para alcanzar los objetivos climáticos del Acuerdo, identificando nuevas acciones que serán debidamente comunicadas como parte de la contribución nacional presentada ante la CMNUCC. (c) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales, comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo necesario a futuro para lograr la meta de 2°C si implementara todas las medidas condicionales planificadas: Si se implementaran todas las medidas condicionales incluidas en la planificación de la NDC, el aporte de la Argentina al esfuerzo global necesario al 2030 para lograr la meta de mantener el incremento de la temperatura por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a niveles preindustriales8 casi duplicaría su proporción de emisiones actuales (1,3% de las reducciones comparado con 0,7% de las emisiones).', '(c) la participación de la Argentina en las emisiones globales, comparada con su participación en el esfuerzo necesario a futuro para lograr la meta de 2°C si implementara todas las medidas condicionales planificadas: Si se implementaran todas las medidas condicionales incluidas en la planificación de la NDC, el aporte de la Argentina al esfuerzo global necesario al 2030 para lograr la meta de mantener el incremento de la temperatura por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a niveles preindustriales8 casi duplicaría su proporción de emisiones actuales (1,3% de las reducciones comparado con 0,7% de las emisiones). Ello demostraría su capacidad de acompañar la ambición necesaria global a través de la implementación de las medidas condicionales 3.3.', 'Ello demostraría su capacidad de acompañar la ambición necesaria global a través de la implementación de las medidas condicionales 3.3. Componente de adaptación La Argentina incluye en su contribución aspectos ligados a la adaptación, de acuerdo al artículo 7.10 y 7.11 del Acuerdo de París. Cabe destacar que, de acuerdo al artículo 7.9 del Acuerdo de París, la Argentina desarrollará e implementará un PNA para el año 2019. El PNA, que contará con capítulos sub-nacionales y sectoriales, servirá para priorizar acciones de adaptación a nivel nacional, y para generar un marco conceptual e institucional que permitirá el diseño y la implementación de planes de adaptación locales por parte de otros actores. 3.3.1.', 'El PNA, que contará con capítulos sub-nacionales y sectoriales, servirá para priorizar acciones de adaptación a nivel nacional, y para generar un marco conceptual e institucional que permitirá el diseño y la implementación de planes de adaptación locales por parte de otros actores. 3.3.1. Circunstancias nacionales, vulnerabilidad e impactos del cambio climático Con un total estimado de 43.590.000 habitantes al año 2016, repartidos entre 23 provincias y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, la Argentina cuenta con un 92%10 de población que habita en zonas urbanas, cifra que se encuentra por encima del promedio regional y global. A su vez, el país 17600 MtCO2eq. Fuente: The emissions gap report (UNEP, 2016).', 'Fuente: The emissions gap report (UNEP, 2016). El porcentaje de 0,6% surge de la relación entre la contribución de mitigación incondicional revisada propuesta por la Argentina (109 eq.) la cual incluye las medidas incondicionales, y las reducciones necesarias (17600 MtCO2eq.) estimado por UNEP para lograr la meta de temperatura del Acuerdo de París. Fuente: The emissions gap report (UNEP, 2016). 17600 MtCO2eq. Fuente: The emissions gap report (UNEP, 2016). El porcentaje de 1,3% surge de la relación entre la contribución de mitigación condicional revisada propuesta por la Argentina (223 eq.) la cual incluye todas las medidas condicionales e incondicionales, y las reducciones necesarias (17600 MtCO2eq.) estimado por UNEP para lograr la meta de temperatura del Acuerdo de París.', 'estimado por UNEP para lograr la meta de temperatura del Acuerdo de París. una gran biodiversidad, con diversas características geomorfológicas, climáticas y edafológicas, situación que da lugar a la presencia de 18 ecorregiones, de las cuales 8 han sido clasificadas como de alta prioridad para la conservación. Estudios recientes demostraron que durante el periodo 1960-2010 se observó un aumento de la temperatura media en la mayor parte de la Argentina, de alrededor de 0,5°C, llegando a superar 1°C en algunas zonas de la Patagonia, y registrándose un aumento de los días con olas de calor y una reducción en el número de días con heladas11.', 'Estudios recientes demostraron que durante el periodo 1960-2010 se observó un aumento de la temperatura media en la mayor parte de la Argentina, de alrededor de 0,5°C, llegando a superar 1°C en algunas zonas de la Patagonia, y registrándose un aumento de los días con olas de calor y una reducción en el número de días con heladas11. En lo que respecta a las precipitaciones, se produjeron los mayores aumentos en el este del país ocasionando inundaciones de gran impacto socio-económico.', 'En lo que respecta a las precipitaciones, se produjeron los mayores aumentos en el este del país ocasionando inundaciones de gran impacto socio-económico. En zonas semiáridas, se observó una disminución de las precipitaciones en la zona cordillerana y una disminución de los caudales de los ríos Cuyanos.12 Con relación a los potenciales impactos del cambio climático para el resto del siglo XXI cabe destacar que se proyecta un aumento de la temperatura media de entre 0,5 a 1°C en casi todo el país hacia mediados del presente siglo, que implicaría una aceleración del calentamiento observado en los últimos 50 años. En lo que respecta a la precipitación media no se esperan grandes variaciones en las próximas décadas.', 'En lo que respecta a la precipitación media no se esperan grandes variaciones en las próximas décadas. Sin embargo, consistente con lo observado recientemente, se proyectan aumentos en la frecuencia de eventos de precipitaciones intensas.13 A lo largo de todo el siglo, se prevé la aceleración de los procesos de desertificación con menor eficiencia del uso del agua por parte de los sistemas ecológicos, disminución de la capacidad productiva, pérdida de suelo y de nutrientes, y corrimiento o reducción de la distribución geográfica de algunas especies.14 Debido al aumento de la temperatura y sumando en algunos casos la menor precipitación, casi todos los glaciares de los Andes patagónicos entre los 37° y 55° S han estado retrocediendo durante las últimas décadas.', 'Sin embargo, consistente con lo observado recientemente, se proyectan aumentos en la frecuencia de eventos de precipitaciones intensas.13 A lo largo de todo el siglo, se prevé la aceleración de los procesos de desertificación con menor eficiencia del uso del agua por parte de los sistemas ecológicos, disminución de la capacidad productiva, pérdida de suelo y de nutrientes, y corrimiento o reducción de la distribución geográfica de algunas especies.14 Debido al aumento de la temperatura y sumando en algunos casos la menor precipitación, casi todos los glaciares de los Andes patagónicos entre los 37° y 55° S han estado retrocediendo durante las últimas décadas. Cabe destacar que son esperables mayores cambios en la composición y dinámica de los ecosistemas de la región debido a la ocurrencia de períodos de sequía más intensos y/o Con relación a la costa marítima del país, donde se realizan numerosas actividades que la convierten en un sistema altamente dinámico, el cambio climático podría afectar el litoral marítimo debido al aumento de la temperatura del agua, los cambios en la circulación de las corrientes marinas y el ascenso del nivel medio del mar.16 La vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático cobra gran relevancia en relación con la actividad agropecuaria, debido a su lugar preponderante en el desarrollo económico del país y a su rol fundamental en la producción y provisión de alimentos a nivel mundial.', 'Cabe destacar que son esperables mayores cambios en la composición y dinámica de los ecosistemas de la región debido a la ocurrencia de períodos de sequía más intensos y/o Con relación a la costa marítima del país, donde se realizan numerosas actividades que la convierten en un sistema altamente dinámico, el cambio climático podría afectar el litoral marítimo debido al aumento de la temperatura del agua, los cambios en la circulación de las corrientes marinas y el ascenso del nivel medio del mar.16 La vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático cobra gran relevancia en relación con la actividad agropecuaria, debido a su lugar preponderante en el desarrollo económico del país y a su rol fundamental en la producción y provisión de alimentos a nivel mundial. La intensificación de los eventos extremos (lluvias intensas, inundaciones, sequías, olas de calor) amplifica la variabilidad Tercera Comunicación Nacional, p.99.', 'La intensificación de los eventos extremos (lluvias intensas, inundaciones, sequías, olas de calor) amplifica la variabilidad Tercera Comunicación Nacional, p.99. ( Tercera Comunicación Nacional, p.101. ( Ibid., p.105. Ibid., p.113. Ibid., p.120. Ibid., p.125.interanual de la producción y compromete la estabilidad del sistema, produciendo un alto impacto negativo, tanto económico como social.17 En el sistema energético argentino la demanda de electricidad y gas natural puede ser afectada sensiblemente por el cambio climático en razón del cambio en las condiciones térmicas extremas. La elevada demanda eléctrica puede ocasionar severos problemas a la red de distribución en centros urbanos densamente poblados.', 'La elevada demanda eléctrica puede ocasionar severos problemas a la red de distribución en centros urbanos densamente poblados. También pueden sufrir impactos significativos la generación hidroeléctrica asociada a los caudales de los ríos y la infraestructura de la red de transporte como consecuencia de vientos severos.18 En el norte y noreste de la Argentina, el riesgo de trasmisión de dengue y otras enfermedades transmitidas por vector es elevado durante todo el año, mientras que en el centro del país el riesgo se concentra en los meses de verano.', 'También pueden sufrir impactos significativos la generación hidroeléctrica asociada a los caudales de los ríos y la infraestructura de la red de transporte como consecuencia de vientos severos.18 En el norte y noreste de la Argentina, el riesgo de trasmisión de dengue y otras enfermedades transmitidas por vector es elevado durante todo el año, mientras que en el centro del país el riesgo se concentra en los meses de verano. Con el calentamiento del clima se espera una intensificación en la transmisión de enfermedades en las áreas endemo-epidémicas actuales.19 Finalmente, para el sector turístico se estima que en el futuro cercano la demanda general no se verá afectada por el cambio climático, aunque es muy probable que se afecten determinados destinos y ocurra un re-direccionamiento hacia diferentes zonas y en razón de la estacionalidad de ciertos 3.3.2.', 'Con el calentamiento del clima se espera una intensificación en la transmisión de enfermedades en las áreas endemo-epidémicas actuales.19 Finalmente, para el sector turístico se estima que en el futuro cercano la demanda general no se verá afectada por el cambio climático, aunque es muy probable que se afecten determinados destinos y ocurra un re-direccionamiento hacia diferentes zonas y en razón de la estacionalidad de ciertos 3.3.2. Esfuerzos actuales y necesidades de adaptación En el marco del Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático, se ha iniciado el proceso de desarrollo del PNA, el cual responderá a prioridades identificadas por parte de cada uno de los diferentes sectores, jurisdicciones (representadas a través del Consejo Federal del Medio Ambiente –COFEMA- y la participación de representantes municipales) y actores relevantes de la sociedad civil, la academia y el sector privado.', 'Esfuerzos actuales y necesidades de adaptación En el marco del Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático, se ha iniciado el proceso de desarrollo del PNA, el cual responderá a prioridades identificadas por parte de cada uno de los diferentes sectores, jurisdicciones (representadas a través del Consejo Federal del Medio Ambiente –COFEMA- y la participación de representantes municipales) y actores relevantes de la sociedad civil, la academia y el sector privado. Durante el 2016 se llevaron a cabo mesas de adaptación con los representantes del estado nacional (con la participación de los Ministerios de Agroindustria, Energía, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Defensa, Seguridad, Hacienda y Finanzas Públicas, Interior y Transporte).', 'Durante el 2016 se llevaron a cabo mesas de adaptación con los representantes del estado nacional (con la participación de los Ministerios de Agroindustria, Energía, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Defensa, Seguridad, Hacienda y Finanzas Públicas, Interior y Transporte). De ese modo se inició un proceso de relevamiento de políticas y programas de inversión pública y privada en adaptación, como así también reuniones de Gabinete Ampliado con representación de todos los actores relevantes. En esta primera etapa de un relevamiento que continuará a futuro, se pudieron identificar las siguientes necesidades iniciales en materia de adaptación: En el área de investigación y desarrollo: Tercera Comunicación Nacional, p.127. ( Ibid., p.131. Ibid., p.137.', '( Ibid., p.131. Ibid., p.137. Ibid., p.140.● La ampliación de las redes de monitoreo, el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de alerta temprana y los servicios climáticos para la salud, seguridad alimentaria, el agua, la energía y la reducción de riesgos de desastres ● El impulso a proyectos de I+D y de tecnologías como así también de buenas prácticas productivas ● El mapeo de vulnerabilidades y riesgos climáticos como herramienta de diagnóstico del estado de situación y apoyo a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático ● La cuantificación económica de los impactos del cambio climático y la implementación de medidas de adaptación En el área de fortalecimiento institucional: ● La creación de capacidades en recursos humanos y la mejora en la coordinación inter- institucional para la planificación y gestión, en temas de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Ibid., p.140.● La ampliación de las redes de monitoreo, el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de alerta temprana y los servicios climáticos para la salud, seguridad alimentaria, el agua, la energía y la reducción de riesgos de desastres ● El impulso a proyectos de I+D y de tecnologías como así también de buenas prácticas productivas ● El mapeo de vulnerabilidades y riesgos climáticos como herramienta de diagnóstico del estado de situación y apoyo a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático ● La cuantificación económica de los impactos del cambio climático y la implementación de medidas de adaptación En el área de fortalecimiento institucional: ● La creación de capacidades en recursos humanos y la mejora en la coordinación inter- institucional para la planificación y gestión, en temas de adaptación al cambio climático. ● La creación de equipos multidisciplinarios de apoyo a las diversas iniciativas en marcha o planificadas, con el objetivo de fortalecer los procesos de ordenamiento territorial.', '● La creación de equipos multidisciplinarios de apoyo a las diversas iniciativas en marcha o planificadas, con el objetivo de fortalecer los procesos de ordenamiento territorial. En materia de reducción de la vulnerabilidad se identifican como actividades prioritarias: ● La utilización de instrumentos financieros de transferencias de riesgos de mercado y de producción para el sector agropecuario. ● El desarrollo de obras estructurales y no estructurales de prevención frente a inundaciones, sequías y olas de calor. ● Fortalecimiento de iniciativas que apoyen los procesos de recuperación y rehabilitación de tierras, incluyendo la adaptación basada en ecosistemas.', '● Fortalecimiento de iniciativas que apoyen los procesos de recuperación y rehabilitación de tierras, incluyendo la adaptación basada en ecosistemas. En materia de concientización y educación: ● La generación de conciencia ciudadana y el avance en la estrategia de comunicación, como son los canales de difusión, la calidad de los mensajes y la adaptación a nuevas tecnologías. ● El desarrollo de programas de educación formal y no formal sobre impactos, vulnerabilidad y adaptación al cambio climático. La Argentina, a partir de la creación de una Dirección de Adaptación en diciembre de 2015, ha comenzado a abordar algunas de estas necesidades, por ejemplo, con el desarrollo de una plataforma virtual para la visualización de riesgos climáticos como interfase entre el proceso de diagnóstico y la toma de decisiones.', 'La Argentina, a partir de la creación de una Dirección de Adaptación en diciembre de 2015, ha comenzado a abordar algunas de estas necesidades, por ejemplo, con el desarrollo de una plataforma virtual para la visualización de riesgos climáticos como interfase entre el proceso de diagnóstico y la toma de decisiones. Con el objetivo de fortalecer los sistemas de información y conocimiento, se están llevando a cabo estudios sectoriales de impacto, vulnerabilidad y adaptación que contribuirán a los procesos de planificación e implementación de medidas y políticas de adaptación al nivel nacional, provincial y local.', 'Con el objetivo de fortalecer los sistemas de información y conocimiento, se están llevando a cabo estudios sectoriales de impacto, vulnerabilidad y adaptación que contribuirán a los procesos de planificación e implementación de medidas y políticas de adaptación al nivel nacional, provincial y local. En este sentido, cabe destacar que el país se encuentra en pleno proceso de implementación de dos proyectos de adaptación en el sector agropecuario (por un total de US$ 9.936.817), a partir de recursos procurados por el Fondo de Adaptación. Dichos proyectos permiten financiar medidas concretas de adaptación en comunidades altamente vulnerables.', 'Dichos proyectos permiten financiar medidas concretas de adaptación en comunidades altamente vulnerables. En tal sentido, los proyectos se vinculan: en el noreste de Argentina, con la adaptación y resiliencia de la agricultura familiar ante el impacto del cambio climático y su variabilidad; y en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, con la resiliencia climática y el manejo sostenible de la tierra.En la figura siguiente se resumen las iniciativas y actores identificados durante 2016 en el marco del Gabinete Nacional del Cambio Climático, las cuales constituyen la base para el desarrollo del Plan Nacional de Adaptación. Figura 2: Medidas e instituciones proponentes 21 ADAPTACIÓN PROPUESTAS DISCUTIDAS EN LA MESA DE ADAPTACION DEL GABINETE NACIONAL APORTES DE ACTORES Generación de información climática.', 'Figura 2: Medidas e instituciones proponentes 21 ADAPTACIÓN PROPUESTAS DISCUTIDAS EN LA MESA DE ADAPTACION DEL GABINETE NACIONAL APORTES DE ACTORES Generación de información climática. Investigación y desarrollo • Organismos públicos nacionales: MinCyT, Agroindustria, MAyDS • Provincias: Tierra del Fuego, San Juan • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Análisis de vulnerabilidad, identificación de riesgos climáticos y planificación • Organismos públicos nacionales: YPF, Transporte • Provincias: CABA, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego • Universidades: UNGS – UMET • ONGs/Asociaciones: Dialogo Ciudadano, CIPPEC, CISP, CEADS Fortalecimiento y ampliación de sistemas de alerta temprana y redes de monitoreo • Organismos públicos nacionales: SMN, MAyDS, Agroindustria, MinCyT • Provincias: CABA, Jujuy, Corrientes, La Rioja, Tierra del Fuego, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Gestión integral del territorio • Organismos públicos nacionales: APN, MAyDS, Agroindustria.', 'Investigación y desarrollo • Organismos públicos nacionales: MinCyT, Agroindustria, MAyDS • Provincias: Tierra del Fuego, San Juan • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Análisis de vulnerabilidad, identificación de riesgos climáticos y planificación • Organismos públicos nacionales: YPF, Transporte • Provincias: CABA, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego • Universidades: UNGS – UMET • ONGs/Asociaciones: Dialogo Ciudadano, CIPPEC, CISP, CEADS Fortalecimiento y ampliación de sistemas de alerta temprana y redes de monitoreo • Organismos públicos nacionales: SMN, MAyDS, Agroindustria, MinCyT • Provincias: CABA, Jujuy, Corrientes, La Rioja, Tierra del Fuego, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Gestión integral del territorio • Organismos públicos nacionales: APN, MAyDS, Agroindustria. • Provincias: Chaco, CABA, Corrientes, Córdoba, Formosa, La Rioja, Santa Fe, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Río Negro, Jujuy, Salta, Entre Ríos, Mendoza • Municipios/Comuna: Crespo, Las Flores, Guaminí, Herrera, Armstrong, Chañar Ladeado, Malabrigo, Camilo Aldao, Daireaux, Moreno, Caseros, Paraná, Ciudad de Mendoza, Potrero de Los Funes.', '• Provincias: Chaco, CABA, Corrientes, Córdoba, Formosa, La Rioja, Santa Fe, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Río Negro, Jujuy, Salta, Entre Ríos, Mendoza • Municipios/Comuna: Crespo, Las Flores, Guaminí, Herrera, Armstrong, Chañar Ladeado, Malabrigo, Camilo Aldao, Daireaux, Moreno, Caseros, Paraná, Ciudad de Mendoza, Potrero de Los Funes. • ONGs/Asociaciones: Fundación Vida Silvestre, CISP Reducción de la vulnerabilidad • Organismos públicos nacionales: Agroindustria, Transporte, Energía, MAyDS, SMN, MINCYT • Provincias: Salta, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Mendoza, Misiones, Córdoba, Jujuy, Entre Ríos Acrónimos MinCyT : Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, MAyDS: Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, ACDI: Asociación Cultural para el Desarrollo Integral, UNGS: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, UMET: Universidad Metropolitana para la Educación y el Trabajo, CIPPEC: Centro de implementación de políticas públicas para la equidad y el crecimiento, CISP: Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli, CEADS: Consejo Empresario Argentino para el Desarrollo Sostenible, SMN: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, USAL: Universidad del Salvador• Sector privado: UpGrid • ONGs/Asociaciones: Fundación C40 Identificación y promoción de buenas prácticas y herramientas para adaptación • Organismos públicos nacionales: Agroindustria, MAyDS • Provincias: Río Negro, Jujuy • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, CTA-A , Fortalecimiento institucional y creación de capacidades • Organismos públicos nacionales: MinCyT, SMN, MAyDS • Provincias: Jujuy, Misiones, Chaco, Córdoba, CABA, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, San Juan • Municipios/Comuna: Daireaux, Totoras • Universidades: USAL • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Educación y comunicación • Organismos públicos nacionales: SMN • Provincias: CABA, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán • Universidades: UNGS – UMET • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, Ong Proyectar - Fundación Nehuen – Bioproyectual, CIPPEC 3.4.', '• ONGs/Asociaciones: Fundación Vida Silvestre, CISP Reducción de la vulnerabilidad • Organismos públicos nacionales: Agroindustria, Transporte, Energía, MAyDS, SMN, MINCYT • Provincias: Salta, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Mendoza, Misiones, Córdoba, Jujuy, Entre Ríos Acrónimos MinCyT : Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, MAyDS: Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, ACDI: Asociación Cultural para el Desarrollo Integral, UNGS: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, UMET: Universidad Metropolitana para la Educación y el Trabajo, CIPPEC: Centro de implementación de políticas públicas para la equidad y el crecimiento, CISP: Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli, CEADS: Consejo Empresario Argentino para el Desarrollo Sostenible, SMN: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, USAL: Universidad del Salvador• Sector privado: UpGrid • ONGs/Asociaciones: Fundación C40 Identificación y promoción de buenas prácticas y herramientas para adaptación • Organismos públicos nacionales: Agroindustria, MAyDS • Provincias: Río Negro, Jujuy • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, CTA-A , Fortalecimiento institucional y creación de capacidades • Organismos públicos nacionales: MinCyT, SMN, MAyDS • Provincias: Jujuy, Misiones, Chaco, Córdoba, CABA, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, San Juan • Municipios/Comuna: Daireaux, Totoras • Universidades: USAL • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt Educación y comunicación • Organismos públicos nacionales: SMN • Provincias: CABA, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán • Universidades: UNGS – UMET • ONGs/Asociaciones: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, Ong Proyectar - Fundación Nehuen – Bioproyectual, CIPPEC 3.4. Mejoras en la institucionalidad del cambio climático A partir del cambio de gobierno a fines de 2015, la temática de cambio climático ha tomado una nueva dimensión a través de un enfoque estratégico, con un fuerte apoyo político y un compromiso a la altura de las necesidades globales para hacer frente a uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta la humanidad.', 'Mejoras en la institucionalidad del cambio climático A partir del cambio de gobierno a fines de 2015, la temática de cambio climático ha tomado una nueva dimensión a través de un enfoque estratégico, con un fuerte apoyo político y un compromiso a la altura de las necesidades globales para hacer frente a uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta la humanidad. En diciembre de 2015 se creó el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, fortaleciendo la estructura institucional para la gobernanza del cambio climático, con una Secretaría, una Subsecretaría y una Dirección Nacional con competencia específica en la materia. A partir de marzo de 2016 entró en funciones el Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático (Decreto 891/2016) que agrupa a doce ministerios.', 'A partir de marzo de 2016 entró en funciones el Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático (Decreto 891/2016) que agrupa a doce ministerios. Esta decisión permitió contar con una instancia de participación, revisión y validación política del más alto nivel para definir las medidas sobre las que se construye la NDC revisada. El Gabinete coordina su trabajo en mesas temáticas sectoriales (Energía, Agro y Bosques, Residuos, Transporte e Industria) como así también en mesas transversales (Concientización y Educación, Adaptación, Financiamiento). También incluye una instancia formal de participación de las provincias a través del COFEMA y con organismos no gubernamentales (ONGs), asociaciones de trabajadores, sector privado y académico científico y municipios, a través de la mesa ampliada del Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'También incluye una instancia formal de participación de las provincias a través del COFEMA y con organismos no gubernamentales (ONGs), asociaciones de trabajadores, sector privado y académico científico y municipios, a través de la mesa ampliada del Gabinete Nacional de Cambio Climático. En el seno del Gabinete, se acordó presentar el resultado de los trabajos realizados durante el año como contribución revisada, sin interrumpir las tareas aún pendientes para continuar incrementando la ambición y mejorando los sistemas de inventario y monitoreo, a ser presentados en el futuro bajo la forma de una nueva NDC.', 'En el seno del Gabinete, se acordó presentar el resultado de los trabajos realizados durante el año como contribución revisada, sin interrumpir las tareas aún pendientes para continuar incrementando la ambición y mejorando los sistemas de inventario y monitoreo, a ser presentados en el futuro bajo la forma de una nueva NDC. La presente revisión de la contribución incorpora los resultados de la revisión realizada a las medidas de le contribución nacional, así como los datos del Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización del inventario de GEI (BUR por sus siglas en inglés) al año 2014, realizado conmetodología IPCC 2006 lo cual mejora su consistencia metodológica al reflejar, entre otras, las particularidades propias de las prácticas agrícolas utilizadas en la Argentina.', 'La presente revisión de la contribución incorpora los resultados de la revisión realizada a las medidas de le contribución nacional, así como los datos del Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización del inventario de GEI (BUR por sus siglas en inglés) al año 2014, realizado conmetodología IPCC 2006 lo cual mejora su consistencia metodológica al reflejar, entre otras, las particularidades propias de las prácticas agrícolas utilizadas en la Argentina. De modo paralelo, se trabajó con el Congreso Nacional para la pronta aprobación por ley del Acuerdo de París, logrando un apoyo por amplia mayoría parlamentaria de todo el arco político (Ley 27.270 sancionada el 1° de septiembre de 2016).', 'De modo paralelo, se trabajó con el Congreso Nacional para la pronta aprobación por ley del Acuerdo de París, logrando un apoyo por amplia mayoría parlamentaria de todo el arco político (Ley 27.270 sancionada el 1° de septiembre de 2016). Con el depósito del instrumento de ratificación el 21 de septiembre de 2016, la Argentina realizó su aporte para lograr una pronta entrada en vigor del Acuerdo. 3.5. Utilización de Mercados El Acuerdo de París en su artículo 6, párrafos 2 y 4, refiere a un enfoque cooperativo que involucra el uso de resultados de mitigación transferidos internacionalmente y al establecimiento de un mecanismo para contribuir a la mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero entre las Partes del Acuerdo, respectivamente.', 'Utilización de Mercados El Acuerdo de París en su artículo 6, párrafos 2 y 4, refiere a un enfoque cooperativo que involucra el uso de resultados de mitigación transferidos internacionalmente y al establecimiento de un mecanismo para contribuir a la mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero entre las Partes del Acuerdo, respectivamente. En este sentido, cualquier transferencia de unidades de reducción de emisiones alcanzadas en territorio argentino deberá contar con la expresa autorización del Gobierno Nacional, y, salvo disposición expresa en contrario, todas las reducciones de emisiones en el territorio nacional serán contabilizadas para el logro de la meta de la NDC.', 'En este sentido, cualquier transferencia de unidades de reducción de emisiones alcanzadas en territorio argentino deberá contar con la expresa autorización del Gobierno Nacional, y, salvo disposición expresa en contrario, todas las reducciones de emisiones en el territorio nacional serán contabilizadas para el logro de la meta de la NDC. ACRÓNIMOS COP 21: Vigésimo primera Conferencia de las Partes CMNUCC: Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático INDC: Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional NDC: Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional tCO2eq: toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente PNA: Plan Nacional de Adaptación IPCC: Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático GWP: Potencial de Calentamiento Global PNUMA: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente GEIs: Gases de Efecto Invernadero COFEMA: Consejo Federal de Medio Ambiente ONGs: Organismos no gubernamentales BUR: Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización del inventario de GEIs']

es-ES

ARM

Armenia

1st NDC

2017-03-23 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20of%20Republic%20of%20Armenia%20%202021-2030.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e75f8d4ff922aa4c57d67fafe4b9c3165c8af27c9b67564baa16527841ccd0f9.pdf

['DECISION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON APPROVAL OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO PARIS AGREEMENT Based on the Article 146 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia and taking into consideration paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 8 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Government of the Republic of Armenia decides to: 1. Approve the Nationally determined contribution 2021-2030 of the Republic of Armenia to the Paris Agreement. 2. This decision enters into force the next day following its official publication.Annex to the Government Decision N 610 – L, 22 April 2021 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 1.', 'This decision enters into force the next day following its official publication.Annex to the Government Decision N 610 – L, 22 April 2021 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 1. The Republic of Armenia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in May 1993. In December 2002, Armenia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and in February 2017, it ratified the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In May 2019, the Republic of Armenia ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, undertaking a commitment to phase down HFCs1. Armenia remains committed to multilateral process addressing the climate change. 2. The Republic of Armenia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015.', 'The Republic of Armenia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015. The INDC started with a preparatory period 2015-2019, following with a next phase from 2020, with a horizon to 2050. 3. With the ratification of the Paris Agreement in February 2017, the INDC of Armenia became its nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the period of 2015 – 2050. 4. The Republic of Armenia is a developing country and, as a developing country Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is not included in the Annex I to the Convention.', 'The Republic of Armenia is a developing country and, as a developing country Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is not included in the Annex I to the Convention. Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement provides that developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reductions targets, and that developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. 5.', 'Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement provides that developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reductions targets, and that developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. 5. In its 2015 INDC, Armenia undertook to pursue economy-wide mitigation measures, striving to achieve per capita net emissions of 2.07 tCO2eq in 2050, 1 From year 2033, the ban will be enacted on the import of HFCs to the Republic of Armenia from the countries that are not Parties to Kigali Amendment, export to the said countries, as well as the transit transfer of HFCs through the territory of the Republic of Armenia to the said countries.subject to adequate international financial, technological and capacity-building support.', 'In its 2015 INDC, Armenia undertook to pursue economy-wide mitigation measures, striving to achieve per capita net emissions of 2.07 tCO2eq in 2050, 1 From year 2033, the ban will be enacted on the import of HFCs to the Republic of Armenia from the countries that are not Parties to Kigali Amendment, export to the said countries, as well as the transit transfer of HFCs through the territory of the Republic of Armenia to the said countries.subject to adequate international financial, technological and capacity-building support. 6. By 2030, Armenia is going to double its share of renewables in energy generation on the path to achieve climate neutrality in the second half of this century. 7.', 'By 2030, Armenia is going to double its share of renewables in energy generation on the path to achieve climate neutrality in the second half of this century. 7. Armenia is a land-locked country with vulnerable mountainous ecosystems, already facing negative impacts of climate change and water scarcity. Therefore, adaptation policies and measures are of paramount importance for Armenia’s ability to achieve its social and economic development goals. 8. This submission constitutes the update of the INDC, which was submitted in 2015, following guidance provided by decision 4/CMA.1, decision 9/CMA.1 and decision 18/CMA.1. It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”. 9.', 'It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”. 9. The NDC is based on the principle of green economy and is compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflected in social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia. 10. In its updated NDC, the Republic of Armenia adopts a ten-year NDC implementation period (2021-2030) unlike its INDC, which proposed a timeframe of 2015-2050. Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO2eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS).', 'Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO2eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). The new mitigation target to be achieved in 2030 equals 40 per cent reduction below 1990 emissions levels. QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT information on the reference indicators • 40 per cent reduction from 1990 emission levels • Total GHG emissions 1990: 25,855, Gg CO2eq • Net GHG emissions 1990: 25,118, Gg CO2eq, (NIR 3. Sources of data used in quantifying the reference points • Historical data are quoted from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of the Republic of Armenia for 1990-2017, Yerevan2020.', 'Sources of data used in quantifying the reference points • Historical data are quoted from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of the Republic of Armenia for 1990-2017, Yerevan2020. • Calculations of the 2030 emissions target are based on: − 1990-2017 GHG Inventory data; − The main provisions of the new "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”2, providing for more ambitious development of renewable energy and further lifetime extension of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant. The measures provided in the new Strategy have been prioritized in the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, adopted in 2019, justifying projections of GHG emissions from the Energy Sector; − Emissions targets for IPPU, Agriculture and Waste sectors are based on the projections and assumptions provided in 4th National Communication. 4.', 'The measures provided in the new Strategy have been prioritized in the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, adopted in 2019, justifying projections of GHG emissions from the Energy Sector; − Emissions targets for IPPU, Agriculture and Waste sectors are based on the projections and assumptions provided in 4th National Communication. 4. The circumstances under which the Republic of Armenia may update the values of reference indicators The values of reference indicators may be updated in the event of further improvements made to the National GHG Inventory such as higher tier approaches for sub-categories, including data for new sub-categories, updates to country-specific emission factors or other improvements resulted from the quality assurance of GHG Inventory, inter alia, identified within the Technical Analysis of the NIRs. TIMEFRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION 6.', 'TIMEFRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION 6. Number of targets Single year target (2030) SCOPE AND COVERAGE 2 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 20217. General description of the target Economy-wide These gases are compiled in the National GHG Inventory. 9. Sectors covered Sectors included in the mitigation contribution: a. Energy (Energy Production and Use) b. Industrial Processes and Product Use (Mineral Industry and F-gases) c. Agriculture (Enteric Fermentation, Direct and Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils) d. Waste (Solid Waste management, Wastewater) e. Forestry (afforestation, forest protection) and Other Land Use. PLANNING PROCESSES 10. Planning processes and implementation plans Planning processes • Coordination of the NDC preparation and monitoring of its implementation is a task of the Inter-agency Coordinating Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012.', 'Planning processes and implementation plans Planning processes • Coordination of the NDC preparation and monitoring of its implementation is a task of the Inter-agency Coordinating Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012. The Council is composed of representatives of 10 ministries, three State agencies adjunct to the Government and two independent bodies, namely the Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission and Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. • Public consultation process of the NDC update has been carried out in line with the government procedures, including involvement of the civil society, in a gender-responsivemanner, and followed by a parliamentary debate.', '• Public consultation process of the NDC update has been carried out in line with the government procedures, including involvement of the civil society, in a gender-responsivemanner, and followed by a parliamentary debate. • The implementation of the NDC will be supported on subnational level by involving local communities and encouraging all stakeholders to take action, including NGOs, taking into account the needs of youth, vulnerable groups, in a gender-responsive manner. In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: • Armenia GHG emissions come primarily from the energy sector (electricity and heat generation, other stationary and mobile combustion including in transport and residential sectors, fugitive emissions from natural gas system).', 'In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: • Armenia GHG emissions come primarily from the energy sector (electricity and heat generation, other stationary and mobile combustion including in transport and residential sectors, fugitive emissions from natural gas system). In 2018, total primary energy supply (TPES) in Armenia amounted to 3.15 million toe or 1.1 toe/capita; • Armenia has practically no domestic resources of fossil fuels and highly depends on fossil fuel imports. In 2018, 28.4 per cent of TPES was covered by indigenous resources: nuclear energy, hydro energy, biofuels, and small share of solar and wind energy; • Natural gas accounted for 64.9 per cent of Armenia’s TPES in 2018 (2.04 million toe), followed by oil products: 10.2 per cent (0.3 million toe).', 'In 2018, 28.4 per cent of TPES was covered by indigenous resources: nuclear energy, hydro energy, biofuels, and small share of solar and wind energy; • Natural gas accounted for 64.9 per cent of Armenia’s TPES in 2018 (2.04 million toe), followed by oil products: 10.2 per cent (0.3 million toe). Energy efficiency, energy conservation and renewable energy development are key priorities for the country’s energy security and key drivers of low carbon development; • In 2018, Armenia produced 0.67 million toe electricity, of which 43.3 per cent came from natural gas fired thermal power plants, 29.8 per cent came from hydro power plants, 26.6 percent came from nuclear power plant and 0.3 per cent from wind and solar plants. Since 1990, Armenia gradually and completely phased out fuel oil (mazut) from the electricity mix.', 'Since 1990, Armenia gradually and completely phased out fuel oil (mazut) from the electricity mix. The government of Armenia does not subsidize the use of fossil fuels; • Total final consumption of energy in 2018 was 2.15 million toe. Households are the largest consumers of final energy (33.1 per cent). Transport is the second largest final energy consuming sector (33.0 per cent); • Armenia is a small, landlocked country, it is responsible for 0.02 per cent of global GHG emissions. In 2017, total GHG emissions amounted to 10,624 Gg CO2eq and net GHG emissions amounted to 10,180 Gg CO2eq (NIR • Armenia is an upper-middle income country with a small population, yet Armenia is assuming its responsibility and is ready to do its fair share in terms of emission reductions.', 'In 2017, total GHG emissions amounted to 10,624 Gg CO2eq and net GHG emissions amounted to 10,180 Gg CO2eq (NIR • Armenia is an upper-middle income country with a small population, yet Armenia is assuming its responsibility and is ready to do its fair share in terms of emission reductions. In line with the outcomes of the Talanoa Dialogue of 2017-2018, Armenia is prepared to increase its ambition and in time go climate neutral with the help of international donors; • Long-term planning until 2050 will be undertaken as part of preparation of Armenia’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy, with a view to the government adopting this document in 2021.', 'In line with the outcomes of the Talanoa Dialogue of 2017-2018, Armenia is prepared to increase its ambition and in time go climate neutral with the help of international donors; • Long-term planning until 2050 will be undertaken as part of preparation of Armenia’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy, with a view to the government adopting this document in 2021. Armenia anticipates being able to access adequate financial, technological, and capacity building support to mitigate and adapt to climate change; • The main considerations taken into account by the government when updating the NDC were to maintain the growth of national economy, poverty reduction, environment protection,achievement of sustainable development goals, while increasing national energy security and ensuring affordable and clean energy supply.', 'Armenia anticipates being able to access adequate financial, technological, and capacity building support to mitigate and adapt to climate change; • The main considerations taken into account by the government when updating the NDC were to maintain the growth of national economy, poverty reduction, environment protection,achievement of sustainable development goals, while increasing national energy security and ensuring affordable and clean energy supply. Implementation plans Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as: • Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development3 outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency; • Programme of the Government of Armenia4 (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving long- term sustainable development goals; • Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap5 with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions; • "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”6, which safeguards national priority of 3 RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014 4 RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019 5 RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L of 01 June 2019 6 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021energy security based upon nuclear energy, modern gas fired generation plants, development and expansion of economically viable and technically available renewable energy sources, mostly solar energy.', 'Implementation plans Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as: • Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development3 outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency; • Programme of the Government of Armenia4 (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving long- term sustainable development goals; • Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap5 with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions; • "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”6, which safeguards national priority of 3 RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014 4 RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019 5 RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L of 01 June 2019 6 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021energy security based upon nuclear energy, modern gas fired generation plants, development and expansion of economically viable and technically available renewable energy sources, mostly solar energy. Particularly, after realizing small hydro potential, mostly after 2000, the focus is shifted to solar energy and wind.', 'Particularly, after realizing small hydro potential, mostly after 2000, the focus is shifted to solar energy and wind. Armenia is developing solar energy capacity from current 59.57 MW to 1000 MW before 2030, to increase both, green energy share and energy security (at least 15 per cent in 2030 in power generation mix); • A national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2021-2030, which will define new sectoral targets8; • Transport Strategy: increased efficiency of public transport, use of renewable energy, stimulation and support in uptake of electric vehicles; • Agriculture strategy (2020-2030)9: improved nitrogen fertilizer management and development of organic farming, sustainable intensification of animal breeding through improved species, breeds, improved irrigation system, promotion of digital agriculture and technological innovation; • Solid Waste Management System Development Strategy for 2017-203610; • National Forestry Programme (2021): increase of forest cover to 12.9 per cent of the territory of Armenia by 2030; Sectoral policy for forestry and sectoral policy 8 RA Government Decision No 650-L of 16 May 2019 envisaged development and adoption of national programme 9 RA Government Decision No 886-L of 19 December 2019 10 RA Government Protocol Decision No 49 of 08 December 2016for agriculture ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures.', 'Armenia is developing solar energy capacity from current 59.57 MW to 1000 MW before 2030, to increase both, green energy share and energy security (at least 15 per cent in 2030 in power generation mix); • A national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2021-2030, which will define new sectoral targets8; • Transport Strategy: increased efficiency of public transport, use of renewable energy, stimulation and support in uptake of electric vehicles; • Agriculture strategy (2020-2030)9: improved nitrogen fertilizer management and development of organic farming, sustainable intensification of animal breeding through improved species, breeds, improved irrigation system, promotion of digital agriculture and technological innovation; • Solid Waste Management System Development Strategy for 2017-203610; • National Forestry Programme (2021): increase of forest cover to 12.9 per cent of the territory of Armenia by 2030; Sectoral policy for forestry and sectoral policy 8 RA Government Decision No 650-L of 16 May 2019 envisaged development and adoption of national programme 9 RA Government Decision No 886-L of 19 December 2019 10 RA Government Protocol Decision No 49 of 08 December 2016for agriculture ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures. Balance achieved will be accounted for in the NDC.', 'Balance achieved will be accounted for in the NDC. Financing • The financing needs assessment is part of the National Implementation Plan for 2021-2030 NDC, which is under preparation; • Armenia seeks to develop a debt-for-climate innovative financial swap mechanism, which aims at leveraging additional finance into climate action and suggests innovating not only the technical aspects of the debt-for-climate transaction, but the prioritization and value of commitments undertaken by countries across the world on a bilateral and multilateral level. • Ministries and state agencies responsible for the implementation of sectoral strategies: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Statistical Committee, Public Services Regulatory Commission, Urban Development Committee, Cadaster Committee. 11.', '• Ministries and state agencies responsible for the implementation of sectoral strategies: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Statistical Committee, Public Services Regulatory Commission, Urban Development Committee, Cadaster Committee. 11. Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement The NDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although donor support will be indispensable in order to ensure its implementation.', 'Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement The NDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although donor support will be indispensable in order to ensure its implementation. In order to promote and contribute to mitigation outcomes over and above its domestic efforts, Armenia intends to participate in market and non- market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, subject to relevant provisions having been adopted by Parties to the Agreement, namely in cooperative approaches enabling the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes(ITMOs) under Article 6.2 by other Parties towards their NDCs, in project mechanisms under Article 6.4, providing additional mitigation outcomes to support the achievement of NDC goals by other countries, and in non-market approaches under Article 6.8 of the agreement.', 'In order to promote and contribute to mitigation outcomes over and above its domestic efforts, Armenia intends to participate in market and non- market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, subject to relevant provisions having been adopted by Parties to the Agreement, namely in cooperative approaches enabling the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes(ITMOs) under Article 6.2 by other Parties towards their NDCs, in project mechanisms under Article 6.4, providing additional mitigation outcomes to support the achievement of NDC goals by other countries, and in non-market approaches under Article 6.8 of the agreement. Armenia is already cooperating with the European Union and its Member States to promote measures at domestic, regional and international level, including with regard to market and non-market mechanisms for addressing climate change.11 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 12.', 'Armenia is already cooperating with the European Union and its Member States to promote measures at domestic, regional and international level, including with regard to market and non-market mechanisms for addressing climate change.11 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 12. Adaptation to climate change In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: 1. Armenia is a land-locked, mountainous country with altitudes ranging from 375 to 4090 meters above sea level and has six climate zones: dry subtropical, semi dessert, steppe, forest, alpine and cold high mountainous; 2. The climate of Armenia is rather dry with annual precipitations of 592 mm, some regions are arid, while the highest levels of precipitation are observed in the mountains.', 'The climate of Armenia is rather dry with annual precipitations of 592 mm, some regions are arid, while the highest levels of precipitation are observed in the mountains. Within the period of 1935-2016 the total precipitation decreased by about 9 per cent (with faster decrease after 1996) which necessitates corresponding adaptation measures in agriculture and better water management; 3. The average air temperature has significantly increased compared to the 1961-1990 annual average: by 1.03°C during 1929-2012, and during 1929-2016 this increase made 1.23°C. Basis and approaches to adaptation 11 The scope of this bilateral cooperation is outlined in Chapter IV of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Anhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and in its Annex IV1.', 'Basis and approaches to adaptation 11 The scope of this bilateral cooperation is outlined in Chapter IV of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Anhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and in its Annex IV1. Adaptation strategy and contributions are based on the requirement of the UNFCCC Article 2 “Objective”, which is to restrain climate change within timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in NDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contribution), and a basis for the development of the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030. 2.', 'Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in NDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contribution), and a basis for the development of the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030. 2. General objective of the NAP process is to promote reduction and management of climate risks in Armenia by addressing the impacts of climate change, taking advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages and building mechanisms enabling adaptation of natural, human, production and infrastructure systems. Adaptation activities will be prioritized based on sectors’ vulnerability to climate change: − Natural ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial, including forest ecosystems, biodiversity and land cover) − Human health − Water resource management − Agriculture, including fishery and forests − Energy − Human settlements and infrastructures − Tourism. 3. The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change.', 'The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change. The ecosystem-based approach to adaptation is in harmony with the environmental policy of the country, linked to the Long-Term Strategy to 2050 and to Armenia development priorities. 4. Ecosystem based Adaptation is expected tobecome part of policy mix in each sector, as reflected in Sectoral Adaptation Plans (SAPs). This ensures that mechanisms and policies supporting improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, income generation, poverty reduction, adoptive development or resilience of infrastructure and carbon emission mitigation co-benefits are integrated into sectoral and sub-national activities to reduce the country’s overall vulnerability to climate change. 5.', 'This ensures that mechanisms and policies supporting improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, income generation, poverty reduction, adoptive development or resilience of infrastructure and carbon emission mitigation co-benefits are integrated into sectoral and sub-national activities to reduce the country’s overall vulnerability to climate change. 5. The NAP will undergo periodic review and revision in 5-year cycles, in conjunction with updates to the National Communications, submission of adaptation communications and other relevant Measuring Reporting and Verification processes under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, providing the information necessary to track progress on the implementation and achievement of policies and measures. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS 13.', 'ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS 13. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC • Methodologies for estimating emissions are based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. • The IPCC 2006 Inventory Software, developed for these Guidelines, was used for data entry, emission calculation, results analysis and conclusions. • Global Warming Potential was used on a 100- year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report (“1995 IPCC GWP Values”) as a basis for conversion of CH4, N2O, F-gases emissions to CO2eq. • GHG emissions and removals were estimatedusing tier 1, 2 and 3 methodologies from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied.', 'In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied. Tier 3 methods were used for estimating CO2 emissions from electricity generation and cement production. Tier 2 methods were used for estimating emissions from stationary and mobile combustion of natural gas, fugitive CH4 emissions from natural gas, HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning (method 2A), CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management of cattle, buffalo and sheep, net CO2 removals from forest land remaining forest land, and CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal. • Detailed information on each category is provided in the NIR2017, including an overview of emissions share; a description of methodology used; sources of data used; uncertainty analysis; consistent time-series; source-specific quality assurance/quality control; source-specific recalculations; and source-specific recommendation and planned improvements. 14.', '• Detailed information on each category is provided in the NIR2017, including an overview of emissions share; a description of methodology used; sources of data used; uncertainty analysis; consistent time-series; source-specific quality assurance/quality control; source-specific recalculations; and source-specific recommendation and planned improvements. 14. Transparency Transparency of mitigation and adaptation actions will be ensured through: 1. The introduction of national MRV system reflecting modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (Decision 18/CMA.1); 2. Biennial development of National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory; 3. Development and submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat of National Communications and Biennial Update Reports/ Biennial Transparency Reports (from 2024);4. Maintaining participatory process in the NDC review and public consultation mechanism during preparation of next NDCs, in a gender- responsive manner; 5.', 'Maintaining participatory process in the NDC review and public consultation mechanism during preparation of next NDCs, in a gender- responsive manner; 5. Open and accessible information system ensured through strengthening cooperation between public service providers and civil society organizations. WHY THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA CONSIDERS THAT ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION IS FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN THE LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 15. To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances • The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take.', 'To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances • The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take. • Armenia’ s current emissions are below 0.02 per cent of total global emissions. • In 1993 relative to 1990 the GDP shrank by 53.1 per cent due to the collapse of the economic system of the Soviet Union. From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded.', 'From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded. In the period of 1994- 2018, average GDP growth amounted to 6.2 per cent, with exception of 2009, when the GDP fell by 14.1 per cent. • The economic recovery in Armenia was accompanied with significant progress towards low carbon development. In 2017 compared to 1990, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (constant 2010 prices) fell 4.7 times and made 0.86 Gg CO2eq. /million USD. GDP energy intensity also dropped 4.7 times from 1990 to 2017 and made 0.27 toe/1000 USD.', 'GDP energy intensity also dropped 4.7 times from 1990 to 2017 and made 0.27 toe/1000 USD. This is due to structural changes in the economy, thewidespread use of renewable energy resources, the use of low-carbon technologies, and the implementation of EE measures, which are an evidence of Armenia s low-carbon development • Armenia plans to continue growing as low- carbon, modern economy, and to contribute to the long-term global goal of the Convention and of the Paris Agreement in line with its capability and respective capacity. 16. How the NDC of the Republic of Armenia contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 NDC of the Republic of Armenia has been formulated based on the assumption that it will contribute to: 1.', 'How the NDC of the Republic of Armenia contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 NDC of the Republic of Armenia has been formulated based on the assumption that it will contribute to: 1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial level and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; 2. Furthering the objective of the Convention, while guided by its principles, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of specific national circumstances; 3. Applying an ecosystem-based approach to mitigation and adaptation actions, giving preference to balanced and combined actions. 12 Armenia’s 4th National Communication to UNFCCC']

en-US

ARM

Armenia

Updated NDC

2021-05-05 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20of%20Republic%20of%20Armenia%20%202021-2030.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e75f8d4ff922aa4c57d67fafe4b9c3165c8af27c9b67564baa16527841ccd0f9.pdf

['DECISION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON APPROVAL OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO PARIS AGREEMENT Based on the Article 146 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia and taking into consideration paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 8 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Government of the Republic of Armenia decides to: 1. Approve the Nationally determined contribution 2021-2030 of the Republic of Armenia to the Paris Agreement. 2. This decision enters into force the next day following its official publication.Annex to the Government Decision N 610 – L, 22 April 2021 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 1.', 'This decision enters into force the next day following its official publication.Annex to the Government Decision N 610 – L, 22 April 2021 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 1. The Republic of Armenia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in May 1993. In December 2002, Armenia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and in February 2017, it ratified the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In May 2019, the Republic of Armenia ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, undertaking a commitment to phase down HFCs1. Armenia remains committed to multilateral process addressing the climate change. 2. The Republic of Armenia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015.', 'The Republic of Armenia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015. The INDC started with a preparatory period 2015-2019, following with a next phase from 2020, with a horizon to 2050. 3. With the ratification of the Paris Agreement in February 2017, the INDC of Armenia became its nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the period of 2015 – 2050. 4. The Republic of Armenia is a developing country and, as a developing country Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is not included in the Annex I to the Convention.', 'The Republic of Armenia is a developing country and, as a developing country Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is not included in the Annex I to the Convention. Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement provides that developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reductions targets, and that developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. 5.', 'Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement provides that developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reductions targets, and that developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. 5. In its 2015 INDC, Armenia undertook to pursue economy-wide mitigation measures, striving to achieve per capita net emissions of 2.07 tCO2eq in 2050, 1 From year 2033, the ban will be enacted on the import of HFCs to the Republic of Armenia from the countries that are not Parties to Kigali Amendment, export to the said countries, as well as the transit transfer of HFCs through the territory of the Republic of Armenia to the said countries.subject to adequate international financial, technological and capacity-building support.', 'In its 2015 INDC, Armenia undertook to pursue economy-wide mitigation measures, striving to achieve per capita net emissions of 2.07 tCO2eq in 2050, 1 From year 2033, the ban will be enacted on the import of HFCs to the Republic of Armenia from the countries that are not Parties to Kigali Amendment, export to the said countries, as well as the transit transfer of HFCs through the territory of the Republic of Armenia to the said countries.subject to adequate international financial, technological and capacity-building support. 6. By 2030, Armenia is going to double its share of renewables in energy generation on the path to achieve climate neutrality in the second half of this century. 7.', 'By 2030, Armenia is going to double its share of renewables in energy generation on the path to achieve climate neutrality in the second half of this century. 7. Armenia is a land-locked country with vulnerable mountainous ecosystems, already facing negative impacts of climate change and water scarcity. Therefore, adaptation policies and measures are of paramount importance for Armenia’s ability to achieve its social and economic development goals. 8. This submission constitutes the update of the INDC, which was submitted in 2015, following guidance provided by decision 4/CMA.1, decision 9/CMA.1 and decision 18/CMA.1. It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”. 9.', 'It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”. 9. The NDC is based on the principle of green economy and is compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflected in social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia. 10. In its updated NDC, the Republic of Armenia adopts a ten-year NDC implementation period (2021-2030) unlike its INDC, which proposed a timeframe of 2015-2050. Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO2eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS).', 'Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO2eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). The new mitigation target to be achieved in 2030 equals 40 per cent reduction below 1990 emissions levels. QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT information on the reference indicators • 40 per cent reduction from 1990 emission levels • Total GHG emissions 1990: 25,855, Gg CO2eq • Net GHG emissions 1990: 25,118, Gg CO2eq, (NIR 3. Sources of data used in quantifying the reference points • Historical data are quoted from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of the Republic of Armenia for 1990-2017, Yerevan2020.', 'Sources of data used in quantifying the reference points • Historical data are quoted from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of the Republic of Armenia for 1990-2017, Yerevan2020. • Calculations of the 2030 emissions target are based on: − 1990-2017 GHG Inventory data; − The main provisions of the new "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”2, providing for more ambitious development of renewable energy and further lifetime extension of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant. The measures provided in the new Strategy have been prioritized in the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, adopted in 2019, justifying projections of GHG emissions from the Energy Sector; − Emissions targets for IPPU, Agriculture and Waste sectors are based on the projections and assumptions provided in 4th National Communication. 4.', 'The measures provided in the new Strategy have been prioritized in the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, adopted in 2019, justifying projections of GHG emissions from the Energy Sector; − Emissions targets for IPPU, Agriculture and Waste sectors are based on the projections and assumptions provided in 4th National Communication. 4. The circumstances under which the Republic of Armenia may update the values of reference indicators The values of reference indicators may be updated in the event of further improvements made to the National GHG Inventory such as higher tier approaches for sub-categories, including data for new sub-categories, updates to country-specific emission factors or other improvements resulted from the quality assurance of GHG Inventory, inter alia, identified within the Technical Analysis of the NIRs. TIMEFRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION 6.', 'TIMEFRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION 6. Number of targets Single year target (2030) SCOPE AND COVERAGE 2 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 20217. General description of the target Economy-wide These gases are compiled in the National GHG Inventory. 9. Sectors covered Sectors included in the mitigation contribution: a. Energy (Energy Production and Use) b. Industrial Processes and Product Use (Mineral Industry and F-gases) c. Agriculture (Enteric Fermentation, Direct and Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils) d. Waste (Solid Waste management, Wastewater) e. Forestry (afforestation, forest protection) and Other Land Use. PLANNING PROCESSES 10. Planning processes and implementation plans Planning processes • Coordination of the NDC preparation and monitoring of its implementation is a task of the Inter-agency Coordinating Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012.', 'Planning processes and implementation plans Planning processes • Coordination of the NDC preparation and monitoring of its implementation is a task of the Inter-agency Coordinating Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012. The Council is composed of representatives of 10 ministries, three State agencies adjunct to the Government and two independent bodies, namely the Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission and Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. • Public consultation process of the NDC update has been carried out in line with the government procedures, including involvement of the civil society, in a gender-responsivemanner, and followed by a parliamentary debate.', '• Public consultation process of the NDC update has been carried out in line with the government procedures, including involvement of the civil society, in a gender-responsivemanner, and followed by a parliamentary debate. • The implementation of the NDC will be supported on subnational level by involving local communities and encouraging all stakeholders to take action, including NGOs, taking into account the needs of youth, vulnerable groups, in a gender-responsive manner. In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: • Armenia GHG emissions come primarily from the energy sector (electricity and heat generation, other stationary and mobile combustion including in transport and residential sectors, fugitive emissions from natural gas system).', 'In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: • Armenia GHG emissions come primarily from the energy sector (electricity and heat generation, other stationary and mobile combustion including in transport and residential sectors, fugitive emissions from natural gas system). In 2018, total primary energy supply (TPES) in Armenia amounted to 3.15 million toe or 1.1 toe/capita; • Armenia has practically no domestic resources of fossil fuels and highly depends on fossil fuel imports. In 2018, 28.4 per cent of TPES was covered by indigenous resources: nuclear energy, hydro energy, biofuels, and small share of solar and wind energy; • Natural gas accounted for 64.9 per cent of Armenia’s TPES in 2018 (2.04 million toe), followed by oil products: 10.2 per cent (0.3 million toe).', 'In 2018, 28.4 per cent of TPES was covered by indigenous resources: nuclear energy, hydro energy, biofuels, and small share of solar and wind energy; • Natural gas accounted for 64.9 per cent of Armenia’s TPES in 2018 (2.04 million toe), followed by oil products: 10.2 per cent (0.3 million toe). Energy efficiency, energy conservation and renewable energy development are key priorities for the country’s energy security and key drivers of low carbon development; • In 2018, Armenia produced 0.67 million toe electricity, of which 43.3 per cent came from natural gas fired thermal power plants, 29.8 per cent came from hydro power plants, 26.6 percent came from nuclear power plant and 0.3 per cent from wind and solar plants. Since 1990, Armenia gradually and completely phased out fuel oil (mazut) from the electricity mix.', 'Since 1990, Armenia gradually and completely phased out fuel oil (mazut) from the electricity mix. The government of Armenia does not subsidize the use of fossil fuels; • Total final consumption of energy in 2018 was 2.15 million toe. Households are the largest consumers of final energy (33.1 per cent). Transport is the second largest final energy consuming sector (33.0 per cent); • Armenia is a small, landlocked country, it is responsible for 0.02 per cent of global GHG emissions. In 2017, total GHG emissions amounted to 10,624 Gg CO2eq and net GHG emissions amounted to 10,180 Gg CO2eq (NIR • Armenia is an upper-middle income country with a small population, yet Armenia is assuming its responsibility and is ready to do its fair share in terms of emission reductions.', 'In 2017, total GHG emissions amounted to 10,624 Gg CO2eq and net GHG emissions amounted to 10,180 Gg CO2eq (NIR • Armenia is an upper-middle income country with a small population, yet Armenia is assuming its responsibility and is ready to do its fair share in terms of emission reductions. In line with the outcomes of the Talanoa Dialogue of 2017-2018, Armenia is prepared to increase its ambition and in time go climate neutral with the help of international donors; • Long-term planning until 2050 will be undertaken as part of preparation of Armenia’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy, with a view to the government adopting this document in 2021.', 'In line with the outcomes of the Talanoa Dialogue of 2017-2018, Armenia is prepared to increase its ambition and in time go climate neutral with the help of international donors; • Long-term planning until 2050 will be undertaken as part of preparation of Armenia’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy, with a view to the government adopting this document in 2021. Armenia anticipates being able to access adequate financial, technological, and capacity building support to mitigate and adapt to climate change; • The main considerations taken into account by the government when updating the NDC were to maintain the growth of national economy, poverty reduction, environment protection,achievement of sustainable development goals, while increasing national energy security and ensuring affordable and clean energy supply.', 'Armenia anticipates being able to access adequate financial, technological, and capacity building support to mitigate and adapt to climate change; • The main considerations taken into account by the government when updating the NDC were to maintain the growth of national economy, poverty reduction, environment protection,achievement of sustainable development goals, while increasing national energy security and ensuring affordable and clean energy supply. Implementation plans Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as: • Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development3 outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency; • Programme of the Government of Armenia4 (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving long- term sustainable development goals; • Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap5 with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions; • "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”6, which safeguards national priority of 3 RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014 4 RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019 5 RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L of 01 June 2019 6 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021energy security based upon nuclear energy, modern gas fired generation plants, development and expansion of economically viable and technically available renewable energy sources, mostly solar energy.', 'Implementation plans Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as: • Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development3 outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency; • Programme of the Government of Armenia4 (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving long- term sustainable development goals; • Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap5 with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions; • "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”6, which safeguards national priority of 3 RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014 4 RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019 5 RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L of 01 June 2019 6 RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021energy security based upon nuclear energy, modern gas fired generation plants, development and expansion of economically viable and technically available renewable energy sources, mostly solar energy. Particularly, after realizing small hydro potential, mostly after 2000, the focus is shifted to solar energy and wind.', 'Particularly, after realizing small hydro potential, mostly after 2000, the focus is shifted to solar energy and wind. Armenia is developing solar energy capacity from current 59.57 MW to 1000 MW before 2030, to increase both, green energy share and energy security (at least 15 per cent in 2030 in power generation mix); • A national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2021-2030, which will define new sectoral targets8; • Transport Strategy: increased efficiency of public transport, use of renewable energy, stimulation and support in uptake of electric vehicles; • Agriculture strategy (2020-2030)9: improved nitrogen fertilizer management and development of organic farming, sustainable intensification of animal breeding through improved species, breeds, improved irrigation system, promotion of digital agriculture and technological innovation; • Solid Waste Management System Development Strategy for 2017-203610; • National Forestry Programme (2021): increase of forest cover to 12.9 per cent of the territory of Armenia by 2030; Sectoral policy for forestry and sectoral policy 8 RA Government Decision No 650-L of 16 May 2019 envisaged development and adoption of national programme 9 RA Government Decision No 886-L of 19 December 2019 10 RA Government Protocol Decision No 49 of 08 December 2016for agriculture ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures.', 'Armenia is developing solar energy capacity from current 59.57 MW to 1000 MW before 2030, to increase both, green energy share and energy security (at least 15 per cent in 2030 in power generation mix); • A national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2021-2030, which will define new sectoral targets8; • Transport Strategy: increased efficiency of public transport, use of renewable energy, stimulation and support in uptake of electric vehicles; • Agriculture strategy (2020-2030)9: improved nitrogen fertilizer management and development of organic farming, sustainable intensification of animal breeding through improved species, breeds, improved irrigation system, promotion of digital agriculture and technological innovation; • Solid Waste Management System Development Strategy for 2017-203610; • National Forestry Programme (2021): increase of forest cover to 12.9 per cent of the territory of Armenia by 2030; Sectoral policy for forestry and sectoral policy 8 RA Government Decision No 650-L of 16 May 2019 envisaged development and adoption of national programme 9 RA Government Decision No 886-L of 19 December 2019 10 RA Government Protocol Decision No 49 of 08 December 2016for agriculture ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures. Balance achieved will be accounted for in the NDC.', 'Balance achieved will be accounted for in the NDC. Financing • The financing needs assessment is part of the National Implementation Plan for 2021-2030 NDC, which is under preparation; • Armenia seeks to develop a debt-for-climate innovative financial swap mechanism, which aims at leveraging additional finance into climate action and suggests innovating not only the technical aspects of the debt-for-climate transaction, but the prioritization and value of commitments undertaken by countries across the world on a bilateral and multilateral level. • Ministries and state agencies responsible for the implementation of sectoral strategies: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Statistical Committee, Public Services Regulatory Commission, Urban Development Committee, Cadaster Committee. 11.', '• Ministries and state agencies responsible for the implementation of sectoral strategies: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Statistical Committee, Public Services Regulatory Commission, Urban Development Committee, Cadaster Committee. 11. Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement The NDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although donor support will be indispensable in order to ensure its implementation.', 'Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement The NDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although donor support will be indispensable in order to ensure its implementation. In order to promote and contribute to mitigation outcomes over and above its domestic efforts, Armenia intends to participate in market and non- market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, subject to relevant provisions having been adopted by Parties to the Agreement, namely in cooperative approaches enabling the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes(ITMOs) under Article 6.2 by other Parties towards their NDCs, in project mechanisms under Article 6.4, providing additional mitigation outcomes to support the achievement of NDC goals by other countries, and in non-market approaches under Article 6.8 of the agreement.', 'In order to promote and contribute to mitigation outcomes over and above its domestic efforts, Armenia intends to participate in market and non- market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, subject to relevant provisions having been adopted by Parties to the Agreement, namely in cooperative approaches enabling the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes(ITMOs) under Article 6.2 by other Parties towards their NDCs, in project mechanisms under Article 6.4, providing additional mitigation outcomes to support the achievement of NDC goals by other countries, and in non-market approaches under Article 6.8 of the agreement. Armenia is already cooperating with the European Union and its Member States to promote measures at domestic, regional and international level, including with regard to market and non-market mechanisms for addressing climate change.11 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 12.', 'Armenia is already cooperating with the European Union and its Member States to promote measures at domestic, regional and international level, including with regard to market and non-market mechanisms for addressing climate change.11 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 12. Adaptation to climate change In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered: 1. Armenia is a land-locked, mountainous country with altitudes ranging from 375 to 4090 meters above sea level and has six climate zones: dry subtropical, semi dessert, steppe, forest, alpine and cold high mountainous; 2. The climate of Armenia is rather dry with annual precipitations of 592 mm, some regions are arid, while the highest levels of precipitation are observed in the mountains.', 'The climate of Armenia is rather dry with annual precipitations of 592 mm, some regions are arid, while the highest levels of precipitation are observed in the mountains. Within the period of 1935-2016 the total precipitation decreased by about 9 per cent (with faster decrease after 1996) which necessitates corresponding adaptation measures in agriculture and better water management; 3. The average air temperature has significantly increased compared to the 1961-1990 annual average: by 1.03°C during 1929-2012, and during 1929-2016 this increase made 1.23°C. Basis and approaches to adaptation 11 The scope of this bilateral cooperation is outlined in Chapter IV of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Anhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and in its Annex IV1.', 'Basis and approaches to adaptation 11 The scope of this bilateral cooperation is outlined in Chapter IV of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Anhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and in its Annex IV1. Adaptation strategy and contributions are based on the requirement of the UNFCCC Article 2 “Objective”, which is to restrain climate change within timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in NDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contribution), and a basis for the development of the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030. 2.', 'Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in NDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contribution), and a basis for the development of the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030. 2. General objective of the NAP process is to promote reduction and management of climate risks in Armenia by addressing the impacts of climate change, taking advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages and building mechanisms enabling adaptation of natural, human, production and infrastructure systems. Adaptation activities will be prioritized based on sectors’ vulnerability to climate change: − Natural ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial, including forest ecosystems, biodiversity and land cover) − Human health − Water resource management − Agriculture, including fishery and forests − Energy − Human settlements and infrastructures − Tourism. 3. The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change.', 'The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change. The ecosystem-based approach to adaptation is in harmony with the environmental policy of the country, linked to the Long-Term Strategy to 2050 and to Armenia development priorities. 4. Ecosystem based Adaptation is expected tobecome part of policy mix in each sector, as reflected in Sectoral Adaptation Plans (SAPs). This ensures that mechanisms and policies supporting improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, income generation, poverty reduction, adoptive development or resilience of infrastructure and carbon emission mitigation co-benefits are integrated into sectoral and sub-national activities to reduce the country’s overall vulnerability to climate change. 5.', 'This ensures that mechanisms and policies supporting improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, income generation, poverty reduction, adoptive development or resilience of infrastructure and carbon emission mitigation co-benefits are integrated into sectoral and sub-national activities to reduce the country’s overall vulnerability to climate change. 5. The NAP will undergo periodic review and revision in 5-year cycles, in conjunction with updates to the National Communications, submission of adaptation communications and other relevant Measuring Reporting and Verification processes under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, providing the information necessary to track progress on the implementation and achievement of policies and measures. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS 13.', 'ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS 13. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC • Methodologies for estimating emissions are based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. • The IPCC 2006 Inventory Software, developed for these Guidelines, was used for data entry, emission calculation, results analysis and conclusions. • Global Warming Potential was used on a 100- year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report (“1995 IPCC GWP Values”) as a basis for conversion of CH4, N2O, F-gases emissions to CO2eq. • GHG emissions and removals were estimatedusing tier 1, 2 and 3 methodologies from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied.', 'In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied. Tier 3 methods were used for estimating CO2 emissions from electricity generation and cement production. Tier 2 methods were used for estimating emissions from stationary and mobile combustion of natural gas, fugitive CH4 emissions from natural gas, HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning (method 2A), CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management of cattle, buffalo and sheep, net CO2 removals from forest land remaining forest land, and CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal. • Detailed information on each category is provided in the NIR2017, including an overview of emissions share; a description of methodology used; sources of data used; uncertainty analysis; consistent time-series; source-specific quality assurance/quality control; source-specific recalculations; and source-specific recommendation and planned improvements. 14.', '• Detailed information on each category is provided in the NIR2017, including an overview of emissions share; a description of methodology used; sources of data used; uncertainty analysis; consistent time-series; source-specific quality assurance/quality control; source-specific recalculations; and source-specific recommendation and planned improvements. 14. Transparency Transparency of mitigation and adaptation actions will be ensured through: 1. The introduction of national MRV system reflecting modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (Decision 18/CMA.1); 2. Biennial development of National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory; 3. Development and submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat of National Communications and Biennial Update Reports/ Biennial Transparency Reports (from 2024);4. Maintaining participatory process in the NDC review and public consultation mechanism during preparation of next NDCs, in a gender- responsive manner; 5.', 'Maintaining participatory process in the NDC review and public consultation mechanism during preparation of next NDCs, in a gender- responsive manner; 5. Open and accessible information system ensured through strengthening cooperation between public service providers and civil society organizations. WHY THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA CONSIDERS THAT ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION IS FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN THE LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 15. To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances • The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take.', 'To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances • The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take. • Armenia’ s current emissions are below 0.02 per cent of total global emissions. • In 1993 relative to 1990 the GDP shrank by 53.1 per cent due to the collapse of the economic system of the Soviet Union. From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded.', 'From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded. In the period of 1994- 2018, average GDP growth amounted to 6.2 per cent, with exception of 2009, when the GDP fell by 14.1 per cent. • The economic recovery in Armenia was accompanied with significant progress towards low carbon development. In 2017 compared to 1990, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (constant 2010 prices) fell 4.7 times and made 0.86 Gg CO2eq. /million USD. GDP energy intensity also dropped 4.7 times from 1990 to 2017 and made 0.27 toe/1000 USD.', 'GDP energy intensity also dropped 4.7 times from 1990 to 2017 and made 0.27 toe/1000 USD. This is due to structural changes in the economy, thewidespread use of renewable energy resources, the use of low-carbon technologies, and the implementation of EE measures, which are an evidence of Armenia s low-carbon development • Armenia plans to continue growing as low- carbon, modern economy, and to contribute to the long-term global goal of the Convention and of the Paris Agreement in line with its capability and respective capacity. 16. How the NDC of the Republic of Armenia contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 NDC of the Republic of Armenia has been formulated based on the assumption that it will contribute to: 1.', 'How the NDC of the Republic of Armenia contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 NDC of the Republic of Armenia has been formulated based on the assumption that it will contribute to: 1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial level and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; 2. Furthering the objective of the Convention, while guided by its principles, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of specific national circumstances; 3. Applying an ecosystem-based approach to mitigation and adaptation actions, giving preference to balanced and combined actions. 12 Armenia’s 4th National Communication to UNFCCC']

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['iii A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 AUSTRALIA’S LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050© Commonwealth of Australia 2021 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence CC BY 4.0 Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work.', 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from The full licence terms are available from Content contained herein should be attributed as: Australia s whole-of-economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan, Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication.', 'Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication.', 'No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act.AUSTRALIA’S LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205002 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANFOREWORD When it comes to reducing emissions, Australia’s story so far is one of consistent achievement. Since 2005, we have reduced emissions by more than 20 per cent – faster than every other major commodity exporting nation – while our economy has grown by 45 per cent.', 'Since 2005, we have reduced emissions by more than 20 per cent – faster than every other major commodity exporting nation – while our economy has grown by 45 per cent. We have beaten our Kyoto-era targets by 459 million tonnes and expect to beat our 2030 Paris target by up to 343 million tonnes. Australia is now forecast to achieve a similar or greater reduction in per capita emissions by 2030 than many other major developed economies including Canada, the European Union, Japan and the United States. The Morrison Government’s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan sets out the responsible, practical steps we will take over the next 30 years to reduce Australia’s emissions to net zero by 2050, while growing our economy and jobs.', 'The Morrison Government’s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan sets out the responsible, practical steps we will take over the next 30 years to reduce Australia’s emissions to net zero by 2050, while growing our economy and jobs. Our Plan is built on five key principles, the most important of which is technology not taxes. Our Plan won’t impose new costs on households, businesses or regions. It won’t raise the price of energy, or reduce the competitiveness of our industries, which would destroy jobs. Not one job will be lost as a result of the Government’s actions or policies under the Plan. We will respect Australian households and businesses’ right to choose rather than enforce mandates on what people can do or buy.', 'We will respect Australian households and businesses’ right to choose rather than enforce mandates on what people can do or buy. Instead, this is a Plan for prosperity and for our regions to excel. Under our Plan, 62,000 new regional jobs in mining and heavy industry will be created. Accelerating a portfolio of low emissions technologies to cost competitiveness with existing approaches will have a global impact, supporting industry through the power of technology and economics. Our Plan will continue the policies and initiatives that we have already put in place and that have proven to be successful, reducing emissions and energy costs at the same time as manufacturing employment has risen.', 'Our Plan will continue the policies and initiatives that we have already put in place and that have proven to be successful, reducing emissions and energy costs at the same time as manufacturing employment has risen. Our priority technologies, enabled by the Plan, will see Australia reduce its emissions by 85 per cent by 2050. Over time, we are confident that emerging technologies will deliver the remaining abatement necessary to reach net zero without hurting the economy and jobs. We will remain transparent and accountable for progress, regularly reviewing and refining our Plan. This is a Plan built on practical action, not empty symbolism. It’s a Plan with a uniquely Australian approach, harnessing our strengths to shape our future.', 'It’s a Plan with a uniquely Australian approach, harnessing our strengths to shape our future. The Hon Angus Taylor MP Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205004 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANCONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 PART A – CONTEXT 21 1. AUSTRALIA’S APPROACH AND PRINCIPLES 23 1.1 Action on climate change and Australia’s national interest 24 1.2 Australia’s technology-led Plan 25 1.3 Australia’s Plan and the global context 28 1.4 Australia’s current emissions and recent trends 30 1.5 Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 34 PART B – AUSTRALIA’S PLAN 41 2.', 'AUSTRALIA’S APPROACH AND PRINCIPLES 23 1.1 Action on climate change and Australia’s national interest 24 1.2 Australia’s technology-led Plan 25 1.3 Australia’s Plan and the global context 28 1.4 Australia’s current emissions and recent trends 30 1.5 Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 34 PART B – AUSTRALIA’S PLAN 41 2. DRIVING DOWN THE COSTS OF LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES 43 2.1 Critical pathways to net zero for Australia’s economic sectors 44 2.2 Technology Investment Roadmap and Low Emissions Technology Statements 46 2.3 Priority low emissions technologies 48 2.5 National agencies driving technology investment 58 3.', 'DRIVING DOWN THE COSTS OF LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES 43 2.1 Critical pathways to net zero for Australia’s economic sectors 44 2.2 Technology Investment Roadmap and Low Emissions Technology Statements 46 2.3 Priority low emissions technologies 48 2.5 National agencies driving technology investment 58 3. ENABLING DEPLOYMENT AT SCALE 61 3.1 Enabling technology deployment across all economic sectors 62 3.5 Agriculture and the land sector 71 3.6 Industry, mining and manufacturing 74 3.7 Role of offsets in achieving Australia’s net zero goal 76 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205006 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 4.', 'ENABLING DEPLOYMENT AT SCALE 61 3.1 Enabling technology deployment across all economic sectors 62 3.5 Agriculture and the land sector 71 3.6 Industry, mining and manufacturing 74 3.7 Role of offsets in achieving Australia’s net zero goal 76 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205006 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 4. SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES IN NEW AND TRADITIONAL MARKETS 79 4.1 Opportunities for Australia and its regions from the global transformation 80 4.2 Leveraging Australia’s competitive advantages 85 4.3 Helping Australia’s agriculture sectors and farming communities grow 88 4.4 Supporting regional economies and communities 88 5.', 'SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES IN NEW AND TRADITIONAL MARKETS 79 4.1 Opportunities for Australia and its regions from the global transformation 80 4.2 Leveraging Australia’s competitive advantages 85 4.3 Helping Australia’s agriculture sectors and farming communities grow 88 4.4 Supporting regional economies and communities 88 5. FOSTERING GLOBAL COLLABORATION 91 5.1 Building international partnerships 92 5.2 Multilateral initiatives and institutions 94 5.3 Supporting our regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience 94 5.4 Indo-Pacific cooperation on high-integrity carbon markets 95 PART C – LOOKING AHEAD 97 6.', 'FOSTERING GLOBAL COLLABORATION 91 5.1 Building international partnerships 92 5.2 Multilateral initiatives and institutions 94 5.3 Supporting our regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience 94 5.4 Indo-Pacific cooperation on high-integrity carbon markets 95 PART C – LOOKING AHEAD 97 6. AN ADAPTIVE PLAN FOR THE FUTURE 99 6.1 ‘Review and refine’ cycles to guide our path to net zero emissions 100 6.2 Choices for bridging the gap to net zero emissions 101 6.3 Institutions to provide expert advice 102 GLOSSARY – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 103 Appendix A – Summary of Australia’s Emissions Reduction Policies, Measures, Institutions and Major Investments 106 Appendix B – Analysis Of Mineral Opportunities In The Clean Energy Transition (Office Of The Chief Economist, DISER) 119 Appendix C – References 123A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Australia s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan 25 Figure 1.2 - Relationship between Australia’s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan and other strategic processes 26 Figure 1.3 - Historical global emissions trends 29 Figure 1.4 - Change in Australian emissions by sector, 2005 to 2019 30 Figure 1.5 - Emissions from domestic-facing and export-facing sectors, 2019 31 Figure 1.6 - Emissions reductions from domestic and export-facing sectors, 2005-19 32 Figure 1.7 - Technology enables emissions to fall across all sectors 36 Figure 2.1 - Critical pathways to net zero by 2050 for Australia’s economic sectors 44 Figure 2.2 - Technology Investment Roadmap technology categories 46 Figure 2.3 - Historical trends in cost and deployment for transistors and solar 47 Figure 2.4 - Priority technologies and economic stretch goals 48 Figure 2.5 - Priority technology contribution to Australia achieving net zero by 2050 emissions 49 storage sites in Australia 54 Figure 2.7 - National agencies and bodies driving low emissions technology investment 58 Figure 3.1 - Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors 63 Figure 3.2 - Transport emissions sources by source, 2019 67 Figure 3.3 - Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings 69 Figure 3.4 - Agriculture, direct emissions sources, 2019 71 Figure 3.5 - Activities incentivised by the ERF 73 Figure 3.6 - Emissions from industry, mining and manufacturing sectors 74 Figure 4.1 - Australian global export rankings and reserve rankings 82 Figure 4.2 - Map of new energy export commodities 8308 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN At a glance – Australia’s achievements GDP Emissions Trajectory to 2030 target High technology scenario projections is the largest energy storage project in the southern hemisphere commercial solar cells globally use Australian technology Australian homes have solar panels; the world’s highest uptake We are building three of the world’s largest hydrogen electrolysers We adopt low emissions tech 8 times faster than the global average for new renewable energy installations in 2020 Investment in renewable energy Australia has reduced emissions and met its 2020 target while keeping the economy strong, and this will continue.', 'AN ADAPTIVE PLAN FOR THE FUTURE 99 6.1 ‘Review and refine’ cycles to guide our path to net zero emissions 100 6.2 Choices for bridging the gap to net zero emissions 101 6.3 Institutions to provide expert advice 102 GLOSSARY – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 103 Appendix A – Summary of Australia’s Emissions Reduction Policies, Measures, Institutions and Major Investments 106 Appendix B – Analysis Of Mineral Opportunities In The Clean Energy Transition (Office Of The Chief Economist, DISER) 119 Appendix C – References 123A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Australia s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan 25 Figure 1.2 - Relationship between Australia’s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan and other strategic processes 26 Figure 1.3 - Historical global emissions trends 29 Figure 1.4 - Change in Australian emissions by sector, 2005 to 2019 30 Figure 1.5 - Emissions from domestic-facing and export-facing sectors, 2019 31 Figure 1.6 - Emissions reductions from domestic and export-facing sectors, 2005-19 32 Figure 1.7 - Technology enables emissions to fall across all sectors 36 Figure 2.1 - Critical pathways to net zero by 2050 for Australia’s economic sectors 44 Figure 2.2 - Technology Investment Roadmap technology categories 46 Figure 2.3 - Historical trends in cost and deployment for transistors and solar 47 Figure 2.4 - Priority technologies and economic stretch goals 48 Figure 2.5 - Priority technology contribution to Australia achieving net zero by 2050 emissions 49 storage sites in Australia 54 Figure 2.7 - National agencies and bodies driving low emissions technology investment 58 Figure 3.1 - Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors 63 Figure 3.2 - Transport emissions sources by source, 2019 67 Figure 3.3 - Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings 69 Figure 3.4 - Agriculture, direct emissions sources, 2019 71 Figure 3.5 - Activities incentivised by the ERF 73 Figure 3.6 - Emissions from industry, mining and manufacturing sectors 74 Figure 4.1 - Australian global export rankings and reserve rankings 82 Figure 4.2 - Map of new energy export commodities 8308 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN At a glance – Australia’s achievements GDP Emissions Trajectory to 2030 target High technology scenario projections is the largest energy storage project in the southern hemisphere commercial solar cells globally use Australian technology Australian homes have solar panels; the world’s highest uptake We are building three of the world’s largest hydrogen electrolysers We adopt low emissions tech 8 times faster than the global average for new renewable energy installations in 2020 Investment in renewable energy Australia has reduced emissions and met its 2020 target while keeping the economy strong, and this will continue. We have reduced emissions by over 20% since 2005, while our economy grew by 45%.', 'We have reduced emissions by over 20% since 2005, while our economy grew by 45%. Our emissions have fallen 1.6% per year on average since 2010, even as global emissions have increased by 1.4% per year.', 'Our emissions have fallen 1.6% per year on average since 2010, even as global emissions have increased by 1.4% per year. Through technology we are on track to beat our 2030 target And we have become a leader in low emissions technology.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Unlocking growth of priority technologies by driving down costs: • Clean hydrogen • Ultra low-cost solar • Energy storage • Low emissions steel and aluminium • Carbon capture and storage • Soil carbon Emerging technologies, such as livestock feed to reduce methane emissions Building International partnerships to accelerate innovation and drive investment Engaging through multilateral technology initiatives Establishing a high integrity Indo-Pacific Carbon O set Scheme Expanding markets for minerals & metals that will be needed in low emissions economies, such as copper, nickel and lithium Building a clean hydrogen export industry and shaping global certification standards Exporting low emissions fuels, including LNG and uranium Realising opportunities for low emissions manufacturing and clean energy equipment and services Growing our agricultural sector and communities Building our workforce by investing in skills and training Continuing to invest in our regional communities Incentivising businesses to adopt low emissions technologies Building voluntary carbon markets Helping consumers with information, knowledge sharing and certification Building essential infrastructure such as Snowy 2.0, EV charging networks and expanded electricity transmission networks Planning to ensure the right infrastructure is in place as sectors decarbonise Aligning e orts with the states and territories through bilateral support agreements and energy market reforms Driving down technology costs Enabling deployment at scale Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Fostering global collaboration At a glance – Australia’s PlanThe Technology Investment Roadmap will guide more than $20 billion of government investment in low emissions technology to 2030 More than $80 billion leveraged from government and private sector by 2030 | 160,000 jobs in low emissions technology by 2030 Over $1.4 billion committed to the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) over the next 10 years, with an additional $75 million allocated to low emissions technologies like EV charging The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) is investing $10 billion to catalyse private sector investment in low emissions technology $2.5 billion for projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund - Australia s carbon o set scheme - and $2 billion for further abatement through the Climate Solutions Fund Investing with our partners overseas, including $565 million for international low emissions technology partnerships Over $1.2 billion committed to supporting clean hydrogen so far, including up to 7 Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs Over $300 million for Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS) hubs and technologies $280 million to support industrial facilities to further reduce emissions using the new Safeguard Crediting Mechanism AUSTRALIA’S TECHNOLOGY-LED APPROACH At a glance – Australia’s investments and institutions 10 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Australia’s whole-of-economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan (the Plan) sets out how Australia will achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Through technology we are on track to beat our 2030 target And we have become a leader in low emissions technology.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Unlocking growth of priority technologies by driving down costs: • Clean hydrogen • Ultra low-cost solar • Energy storage • Low emissions steel and aluminium • Carbon capture and storage • Soil carbon Emerging technologies, such as livestock feed to reduce methane emissions Building International partnerships to accelerate innovation and drive investment Engaging through multilateral technology initiatives Establishing a high integrity Indo-Pacific Carbon O set Scheme Expanding markets for minerals & metals that will be needed in low emissions economies, such as copper, nickel and lithium Building a clean hydrogen export industry and shaping global certification standards Exporting low emissions fuels, including LNG and uranium Realising opportunities for low emissions manufacturing and clean energy equipment and services Growing our agricultural sector and communities Building our workforce by investing in skills and training Continuing to invest in our regional communities Incentivising businesses to adopt low emissions technologies Building voluntary carbon markets Helping consumers with information, knowledge sharing and certification Building essential infrastructure such as Snowy 2.0, EV charging networks and expanded electricity transmission networks Planning to ensure the right infrastructure is in place as sectors decarbonise Aligning e orts with the states and territories through bilateral support agreements and energy market reforms Driving down technology costs Enabling deployment at scale Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Fostering global collaboration At a glance – Australia’s PlanThe Technology Investment Roadmap will guide more than $20 billion of government investment in low emissions technology to 2030 More than $80 billion leveraged from government and private sector by 2030 | 160,000 jobs in low emissions technology by 2030 Over $1.4 billion committed to the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) over the next 10 years, with an additional $75 million allocated to low emissions technologies like EV charging The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) is investing $10 billion to catalyse private sector investment in low emissions technology $2.5 billion for projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund - Australia s carbon o set scheme - and $2 billion for further abatement through the Climate Solutions Fund Investing with our partners overseas, including $565 million for international low emissions technology partnerships Over $1.2 billion committed to supporting clean hydrogen so far, including up to 7 Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs Over $300 million for Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS) hubs and technologies $280 million to support industrial facilities to further reduce emissions using the new Safeguard Crediting Mechanism AUSTRALIA’S TECHNOLOGY-LED APPROACH At a glance – Australia’s investments and institutions 10 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Australia’s whole-of-economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan (the Plan) sets out how Australia will achieve net zero emissions by 2050. The Plan is focused on ‘the how’, on practical action to convert ambition into achievemment, because a target without a plan is meaningless.', 'The Plan is focused on ‘the how’, on practical action to convert ambition into achievemment, because a target without a plan is meaningless. We will achieve net zero emissions by 2050 in a practical, responsible way that will take advantage of new economic opportunities while continuing to serve our traditional export markets. This Plan does not rely on taxes and it will not put industries, regions or jobs at risk. No Australian jobs will be lost as a result of the Commonwealth Government’s actions or policies under the Plan. Our Plan is the right one for Australia. It does not impose new costs on households or businesses.', 'It does not impose new costs on households or businesses. At its core, it recognises that reducing the cost of low emissions technologies is key to unlocking widespread deployment, and that global technology trends will drive demand shifts at home and abroad. It will not raise the price of our energy or reduce the competitiveness of our export industries. Our Plan will create the enabling environment for investment in Australia, which will ensure regional communities can capture the opportunities of the new energy economy and unlock new sources of growth. It will not shut down coal or gas production or require displacement of productive agricultural land. Australia will remain a trusted commodity producer and a leading energy exporter.', 'Australia will remain a trusted commodity producer and a leading energy exporter. We will continue to meet the needs of our customer countries overseas, particularly in our Indo-Pacific region. Our Plan is the best economic choice for Australia. Our modelling shows it will increase our national income per person by almost $2,0001 in 2050 compared to a ‘no policy change’ scenario. By regularly reviewing our Plan, we will allow for future advancements in technology and avoid locking in high costs now. The Plan and its technology investments build on our long commitment to global action on climate change and working with our allies to reduce global emissions. Our Plan recognises that acting to reduce emissions is in our national interest.', 'Our Plan recognises that acting to reduce emissions is in our national interest. If we don’t act, decisions by customer countries will impact our traditional exports, costing jobs and exports. Failing to act increases the risk Australian businesses will face a higher cost of capital. By setting out a Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, Australia can build on our existing industries and supply chains and capitalise on new export opportunities, protecting regional industries and the jobs and livelihoods they support. Australia has a track record we can be proud of.', 'Australia has a track record we can be proud of. Australia has reduced emissions by 20% between 2005 and 2020, with our emissions per capita falling by 36%.2,3 However, our economy (real GDP, chain volume measures) has grown by 45% over the same period, with GDP per capita increasing by 14%. Our latest projections show that under a Technology Investment Roadmap-aligned scenario, Australia will reduce emissions by up to 35% by 2030. Our Plan builds upon this record of success. Our Plan is based on five key principles, with an enabling role for government. These principles are: 1. Technology not taxes – no new costs for households or businesses, 2. Expand choices, not mandates – we will work to expand consumer choice, both domestically and with our trading partners, 3.', 'Expand choices, not mandates – we will work to expand consumer choice, both domestically and with our trading partners, 3. Drive down the cost of a range of new energy technologies – bringing a portfolio of technologies to parity is the objective of Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap, 4. Keep energy prices down with affordable and reliable power – our Plan will consolidate our advantage in affordable and reliable energy, protecting the competitiveness of our industries and the jobs they support, and 5. Be accountable for progress – transparency is essential to converting ambition into achievement. Australia will continue to set ambitious yet achievable whole- of-economy goals, then beat them, consistent with our approach to our Kyoto- era and Paris Agreement targets.', 'Australia will continue to set ambitious yet achievable whole- of-economy goals, then beat them, consistent with our approach to our Kyoto- era and Paris Agreement targets. The Government’s technology based approach provides Australia with a pathway to net zero by 2050 that protects and strengthens our economy. Achieving the Technology Investment Roadmap economic stretch goals, coupled with global trends like electrifying transport, will put us within range of net zero emissions by 2050, while supporting existing industries, creating new jobs and export opportunities from low emissions technologies, and ensuring the ongoing prosperity of our regions. Modelling undertaken for our Plan confirms it is the right plan for Australia.', 'Modelling undertaken for our Plan confirms it is the right plan for Australia. We estimate that more than 100,000 new jobs could be created in industries including critical minerals, clean hydrogen, renewable energy, green steel and alumina, many in Australia’s regions. Australia’s export-oriented sectors are projected to grow significantly in aggregate, with the value of Australian exports more than tripling between 2020 and 2050.12 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Our Plan takes a practical approach. It responds to global technology shifts, rather than imposing costs through taxes or other measures. It does not penalise traditional industries and does not rely on converting Australian farms to create offsets.', 'It does not penalise traditional industries and does not rely on converting Australian farms to create offsets. We will continue to supply traditional markets while enabling the private sector to invest in new industries to ensure we can take advantage of emerging opportunities in sectors like hydrogen, clean liquefied natural gas (clean LNG) and critical minerals. Our Plan will confirm our long commitment to global action on climate change and ensure Australia can continue to cooperate with key allies in seeking solutions to this challenge, including with our Pacific family. With partners in the region, including the Quad (which comprises of Australia, Japan, India and the United States), we will work to establish a high quality carbon credit scheme in the Indo-Pacific.', 'With partners in the region, including the Quad (which comprises of Australia, Japan, India and the United States), we will work to establish a high quality carbon credit scheme in the Indo-Pacific. Through the Quad, Australia will progress specific proposals to forge closer partnerships between our economies to build competitive and reliable clean energy supply chains. Our Plan will also help to ensure Australian exporters are not targeted by trade action, and Australian businesses do not face cost of capital premiums. We will be accountable for progress under our Plan. Australia will continue to set the global benchmark for transparency and accountability in our emissions reporting so we can track our performance against our goals.', 'Australia will continue to set the global benchmark for transparency and accountability in our emissions reporting so we can track our performance against our goals. Globally, Australia will continue to encourage the wide adoption of our world-leading approach to emissions measurement and inventory management.14 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Our Plan is structured in six chapters: 1. Australia’s approach and principles Our Plan has the wellbeing and prosperity of Australia’s regional communities at its core. It will not impose new costs on households, businesses or the broader economy. Our actions under the Plan will not lead to job losses or place burdens onto regional communities (Figure ES.1).', 'Our actions under the Plan will not lead to job losses or place burdens onto regional communities (Figure ES.1). Figure ES.1 Australia’s Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan AUSTRALIA’S WHOLE-OF-ECONOMY LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Driving down the costs of low emissions technologies Australia is prioritising its investments to accelerate the development of technologies essential to achieving net zero emissions. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach. In partnership with business, the government is playing an enabling role so technologies can be deployed at scale across all sectors. We are building infrastructure, growing voluntary markets and providing finance and incentives. Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets. Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals.', 'Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals. Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to accelerate innovation in low emissions technology. Through our climate finance, we are helping regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience to climate impacts. Enabling deployment at scale Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Fostering global collaboration Australia is prioritising its investments to accelerate the development of technologies essential to achieving net zero emissions. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach. In partnership with business, the government is playing an enabling role so technologies can be deployed at scale across all sectors. We are building infrastructure, growing voluntary markets and providing finance and incentives. Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets.', 'Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets. Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals. Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to accelerate innovation in low emissions technology. Through our climate finance, we are helping regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience to climate impacts.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 2. Driving down the costs of essential low emissions technologies Affordable low emissions technologies are key to Australia achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The technologies prioritised through Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap can deliver approximately half the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions (Figure ES.2).', 'The technologies prioritised through Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap can deliver approximately half the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions (Figure ES.2). Figure ES.2 Priority technology contribution to meeting Australia’s net zero by 2050 goal to date Technology Investment Roadmap Global technology trends International and domestic o sets Further technology breakthroughs Net zero to Source: Based on McKinsey and DISER analysis. *Sources of offsets include voluntary soil carbon of up to 20%, depending on cost reductions in technology and voluntary demand. The Technology Investment Roadmap is expected to guide at least $20 billion of Australian Government investment in low emissions technologies over the decade to 2030. The forthcoming LETS 2021 will examine deployment pathways for these priority technologies to ensure we meet our ambitious economic stretch goals.', 'The forthcoming LETS 2021 will examine deployment pathways for these priority technologies to ensure we meet our ambitious economic stretch goals. Our priorities are: \x97 clean hydrogen \x97 ultra low-cost solar \x97 energy storage for firming \x97 low emissions steel \x97 low emissions aluminium \x97 carbon capture and storage \x97 soil carbon. Analysis to inform our Plan was commissioned from the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (DISER) and McKinsey & Company (McKinsey). This analysis shows that achieving the Technology Investment Roadmap stretch goals, coupled with other emerging global trends like electrification of transport, can reduce Australia s emissions by as much as 85% by 2050. Our Plan, with additional priority technologies over time, will close the gap. We are already making the investments now to achieve this.', 'We are already making the investments now to achieve this. The Government will invest more than $20 billion in low emissions technologies by 2030, helping to secure over $80 billion in total investment from the private sector and state governments. Technology will evolve over the next three decades in ways that we can’t yet imagine. This has been the lived experience with technologies like solar and batteries, where cost reductions have consistently exceeded forecasts. Trying to solve for every tonne of abatement now is not the right approach. Instead, our Plan sets our economy on a path to deliver a high percentage of the abatement needed without locking in high costs, and puts in place the right settings to adapt and refine our Plan as new technology options open up.3.', 'Instead, our Plan sets our economy on a path to deliver a high percentage of the abatement needed without locking in high costs, and puts in place the right settings to adapt and refine our Plan as new technology options open up.3. Enabling deployment at scale Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 will require the deployment at scale of low emissions technologies across the economy. Lived experience shows there is an exponential relationship between falling technology costs and deployment. Despite significant research and deployment efforts since the early 1970s, it took until 2002 to deploy the first gigawatt (GW) of solar globally. Over the following decade (2002-12), 100 GW were deployed. By the end of 2022, more than 1,000 GW of solar will have been deployed globally.', 'By the end of 2022, more than 1,000 GW of solar will have been deployed globally. Today, more than 90% of solar cells globally use Australian technology. We aim to replicate this success with our next generation of low emissions technologies. Australia is working not only to reduce technology costs, but also to remove barriers that may slow deployment across each economic sector. The Government is playing an enabling role to unlock investment and scale up technology deployment. This includes cross-cutting measures that apply across all sectors, and measures focused on overcoming barriers to technology deployment in individual sectors.', 'This includes cross-cutting measures that apply across all sectors, and measures focused on overcoming barriers to technology deployment in individual sectors. These measures include: \x97 planning for and building strategic and enabling infrastructure needed to unlock deployment, like electricity transmission and electric vehicle (EV) charging \x97 providing consumers and markets with the transparent information they need to de-risk technologies and make informed decisions, including developing a Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin certification scheme \x97 maintaining the high integrity accounting systems and trading infrastructure needed to grow Australia’s voluntary carbon markets \x97 incentives and finance through the Emissions Reduction Fund, a new below-baseline Safeguard Crediting Mechanism and the CEFC that will accelerate technology adoption by firms.', 'These measures include: \x97 planning for and building strategic and enabling infrastructure needed to unlock deployment, like electricity transmission and electric vehicle (EV) charging \x97 providing consumers and markets with the transparent information they need to de-risk technologies and make informed decisions, including developing a Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin certification scheme \x97 maintaining the high integrity accounting systems and trading infrastructure needed to grow Australia’s voluntary carbon markets \x97 incentives and finance through the Emissions Reduction Fund, a new below-baseline Safeguard Crediting Mechanism and the CEFC that will accelerate technology adoption by firms. Together, our efforts to reduce technology costs and enable deployment at scale drives emissions reduction across our economic sectors and puts Australia on a trajectory to net zero emissions by 2050 (Figure ES.3).', 'Together, our efforts to reduce technology costs and enable deployment at scale drives emissions reduction across our economic sectors and puts Australia on a trajectory to net zero emissions by 2050 (Figure ES.3). 16 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure ES.3 Reducing technology costs and enabling deployment drives emissions reductions across the economy OUR MAJOR SECTORS LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Priority technologies and enabling infrastructure Emerging technologies Modelled reduction in emissions ELECTRICITY Modelled emissions intensity MODELLED REDUCTION IN NATIONAL NET EMISSIONS LOW EMISSIONS CEMENT LIVESTOCK FEED SUPPLEMENTS BATTERY CHARGING AND HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS CCS LOW EMISSIONS STEEL LOW EMISSIONS ALUMINIUM TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING LAND, REGIONAL OFFSETS AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SOIL CARBON CCS AGRICULTURE CLEAN, CHEAP ELECTRICITY ULTRA LOW-COST SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE DIGITAL GRID CLEAN HYDROGEN Source: DISER analysis for the Plan (2021) 418 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 4.', '16 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure ES.3 Reducing technology costs and enabling deployment drives emissions reductions across the economy OUR MAJOR SECTORS LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Priority technologies and enabling infrastructure Emerging technologies Modelled reduction in emissions ELECTRICITY Modelled emissions intensity MODELLED REDUCTION IN NATIONAL NET EMISSIONS LOW EMISSIONS CEMENT LIVESTOCK FEED SUPPLEMENTS BATTERY CHARGING AND HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS CCS LOW EMISSIONS STEEL LOW EMISSIONS ALUMINIUM TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING LAND, REGIONAL OFFSETS AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SOIL CARBON CCS AGRICULTURE CLEAN, CHEAP ELECTRICITY ULTRA LOW-COST SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE DIGITAL GRID CLEAN HYDROGEN Source: DISER analysis for the Plan (2021) 418 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 4. Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Australia’s regions have always powered the growth of our nation and the Government will continue to support our regions and traditional industries.', 'Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Australia’s regions have always powered the growth of our nation and the Government will continue to support our regions and traditional industries. Regional Australia is already home to one in three Australians, and more people will move to the regions as new low emissions industries grow and existing industries become stronger. Regional industries have helped Australia’s economy to specialise in the production of emissions-intensive exports and become the world’s fourth largest energy exporter. Australia is a global top three (or higher) exporter across a range of commodities (Figure ES.4), and is uniquely blessed with natural resources across traditional energy sources, emerging low emissions fuels and the new energy economy.', 'Australia is a global top three (or higher) exporter across a range of commodities (Figure ES.4), and is uniquely blessed with natural resources across traditional energy sources, emerging low emissions fuels and the new energy economy. Figure ES.4 Australia’s comparative advantages and natural endowments of Australian energy production was exported 3rd largest reserves in the world and a top 2 exporter URANIUM – largest reserves in the world and 3rd largest producer SOLAR – best solar resource in the world, with more irradiation per m2 than any other continent AGRICULTURE – 3rd largest agricultural landmass, 2nd largest cattle exporter, 7th largest wheat exporter.', 'Figure ES.4 Australia’s comparative advantages and natural endowments of Australian energy production was exported 3rd largest reserves in the world and a top 2 exporter URANIUM – largest reserves in the world and 3rd largest producer SOLAR – best solar resource in the world, with more irradiation per m2 than any other continent AGRICULTURE – 3rd largest agricultural landmass, 2nd largest cattle exporter, 7th largest wheat exporter. CRITICAL MINERALS – largest lithium exporter in the world LNG – top 2 exporter The world’s 4th largest energy exporter CO L Sources: Geosciences Australia; Department of Industry; Science, Energy and Resources; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Bank.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Changes in global demand for our energy exports and the actions of our trading partners will have implications for our regional communities. These changes will occur over several decades.', 'These changes will occur over several decades. While most of our major sectors will grow strongly to 2050, even as the world decarbonises, some sectors will face global headwinds. We will continue to export our traditional energy exports for as long as our customers demand them. If we were to withdraw supply and reduce our exports, other countries would fill the gap in supply. Australia’s coal and gas export industries will continue through to 2050 and beyond, supporting jobs and regional communities. By building new industries like clean hydrogen, our Plan will create new export markets and jobs. These will benefit our regions, economy and jobs, and help other countries reduce their emissions faster.', 'These will benefit our regions, economy and jobs, and help other countries reduce their emissions faster. Analysis for the Plan shows that hydrogen, renewable energy and minerals like lithium could create more than 100,000 new direct jobs by 2050, many in Australia’s regions. An Australian hydrogen industry could be worth more than $50 billion in 2050. Expanding production and processing of metals like lithium, nickel, copper and uranium could together be worth around $85 billion in exports in 2050. Australia will build on our comparative advantages to grow new and existing export industries for: \x97 critical minerals and metals used in clean technologies \x97 clean hydrogen \x97 low emissions fuels like LNG and uranium \x97 low emissions manufacturing (such as steel) \x97 innovative clean technologies \x97 agriculture.', 'Australia will build on our comparative advantages to grow new and existing export industries for: \x97 critical minerals and metals used in clean technologies \x97 clean hydrogen \x97 low emissions fuels like LNG and uranium \x97 low emissions manufacturing (such as steel) \x97 innovative clean technologies \x97 agriculture. Australia is making critical investments to build these regional industries right around the country (Figure ES.5). We are investing over $1.2 billion in Australia’s hydrogen industry, including $464 million in 7 clean hydrogen industrial hubs. This will help grow a new hydrogen export industry and create local manufacturing jobs associated with low carbon products like ammonia, fertilizer, steel and aluminium. We are also investing over $300 million for carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) technologies, projects and hubs.', 'We are also investing over $300 million for carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) technologies, projects and hubs. ARENA and the CEFC will continue to support projects and employment in regional Australia – around half of the funds already invested by ARENA and almost a third of CEFC finance have been directed to regional areas. Figure ES.5 Map of new energy export opportunities5. Fostering global collaboration Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to accelerate the technology transformations needed to decarbonise the world’s economy, not just our own. Scaling up global production and supply chains will lower the costs of deploying the technologies all countries – including Australia – need. Australia is also working with other countries, especially in our region, so they can access and adopt.', 'Australia is also working with other countries, especially in our region, so they can access and adopt. new technologies and build resilience to climate impacts. We are also working with our neighbours in the Indo-Pacific to build a high-integrity carbon offsets scheme. 6. An adaptive plan for the future Australia’s Plan will be flexible and adaptive. We will maintain a five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycle for the Plan, aligned with Australia’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This will allow Australia to evolve our policies as technology and market developments occur and prospective net zero pathways for sectors and applications become clearer.', 'This will allow Australia to evolve our policies as technology and market developments occur and prospective net zero pathways for sectors and applications become clearer. It will allow us to work with our regions over time to capture opportunities from new industries and to manage the impacts of global demand trends on traditional industries. We will also review our progress towards the Technology Investment Roadmap stretch goals on an annual basis, through successive Low Emissions Technology Statements (LETS). We will also regularly review the economic impacts of Commonwealth, State and Territory emissions reduction policies, with the first of these to occur in 2023. Australia will monitor and evaluate our progress towards net zero emissions, and will continue to be a leader in transparency and accountability.', 'Australia will monitor and evaluate our progress towards net zero emissions, and will continue to be a leader in transparency and accountability. We will encourage the wide adoption of our world- leading approach to emissions measurement and reporting and we will continue to share our technical expertise in these areas to boost the capabilities of countries in our region. 20 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 21 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 PART A CONTEXT22 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN1. AUSTRALIA’S APPROACH AND PRINCIPLES Key points \x97 Practical global action on climate change is in Australia’s national interest.', 'AUSTRALIA’S APPROACH AND PRINCIPLES Key points \x97 Practical global action on climate change is in Australia’s national interest. This is why we have signed up to the Paris Agreement and are meeting and beating our ambitious emissions reduction targets. \x97 Achieving the Paris Agreement’s global goals, including limiting warming to well below 2°C and reaching global net zero, will require practical action from all countries. Australia will play its part in the global effort to reach net zero emissions by 2050. \x97 Our Plan is to reduce the cost of low emissions technologies, accelerate their deployment at scale, and position our economy to take advantage of new and traditional markets. Modelling shows that, with this technology-led plan, Australia will prosper as we decarbonise.', 'Modelling shows that, with this technology-led plan, Australia will prosper as we decarbonise. Our Plan will not cost Australian jobs. \x97 Australia is well placed to capture new employment and economic opportunities as the world shifts to low emissions technologies. Our Plan will support existing industries and workers to realise these benefits. Australian businesses are already taking practical action to reduce their emissions and emerging as global leaders in low emissions technology. \x97 Low emissions technologies are essential to achieving global decarbonisation and development goals. Australia’s Plan focuses not only on reducing emissions domestically, but also on how we will play a global leadership role through our low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation.', 'Australia’s Plan focuses not only on reducing emissions domestically, but also on how we will play a global leadership role through our low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation. \x97 Most major sectors will grow strongly to 2050, even as the world decarbonises, but some sectors will face global headwinds. By building new industries like clean hydrogen, Australia will create new export markets and jobs. This will help offset long-term impacts in sectors like thermal coal and natural gas which will be affected by falling global demand and the shifting choices of international consumers. \x97 These shifts will unfold over decades, and these sectors (including coal and gas) will continue to provide jobs and underpin regional communities for many years to come.', '\x97 These shifts will unfold over decades, and these sectors (including coal and gas) will continue to provide jobs and underpin regional communities for many years to come. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205024 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 1.1 Action on climate change and Australia’s national interest This Plan lays out how Australia will get to net zero emissions by 2050. It builds on our long standing commitment to make a significant contribution to the global effort to tackle climate change, as well as our strong record of achievement. It takes a practical, responsible approach that will take advantage of new economic opportunities while continuing to serve our traditional export markets. It will not put industries, regions or jobs at risk.', 'It will not put industries, regions or jobs at risk. We are proud of our achievements to date. We have beaten our emissions reduction targets, kept our economy strong and become a low emissions technology leader (see ‘At a Glance’). Compared to 2005 levels, our 2030 target will halve emissions per person and reduce the emissions intensity of our economy by two-thirds. We have adopted this net zero by 2050 goal because practical global action on climate change is in Australia’s national interest, and we must play our part. Acting on climate change will help avoid the worst climate impacts on our communities, regions and natural environment. Australia is already experiencing climate impacts, and we are taking action to manage and adapt to these (Box 1.1).', 'Australia is already experiencing climate impacts, and we are taking action to manage and adapt to these (Box 1.1). Avoiding further climate change will require global collaboration and deeper emissions reductions by all nations. Our technology-led approach is designed to achieve this by lowering the cost of low emissions alternatives. Australia is uniquely enriched with an abundance of traditional, new energy and mineral resources. Our country will prosper over the coming decades as the world shifts to a cleaner global economy. Markets for low emissions technologies and commodities are emerging and will grow over time in Australia and around the world. These will grow both new and existing industries, creating jobs and boosting our economy.', 'These will grow both new and existing industries, creating jobs and boosting our economy. Australia is already a low emissions technology leader thanks to our: \x97 world-leading deployment of renewable technologies and unmatched renewable energy resources \x97 exports of products that enable lower emissions, such as LNG, uranium, and lithium for batteries \x97 innovation in technologies like solar photovoltaics (PV) and hydrogen. If managed well, we can build on these successes, enhance the competitiveness of our economic sectors, and further leverage our natural endowments and strong regional industries. This will enable us to capture the employment and economic opportunities of the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets.', 'This will enable us to capture the employment and economic opportunities of the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets. For example, technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) will provide low emissions options for some of our existing industries. Australian businesses are already taking action to adopt new technologies and meet the growing demand for low emissions energy and products. This Plan outlines how the Australian Government is partnering with and supporting business so the benefits can be shared across our economy. Box 1.1 Climate change impacts and adaptation Australia’s climate is changing – over the Australian landmass, average temperatures have increased by 1.44°C since 1910.', 'Box 1.1 Climate change impacts and adaptation Australia’s climate is changing – over the Australian landmass, average temperatures have increased by 1.44°C since 1910. Global temperatures have increased by over one degree since reliable records began in 1850.5, 6 Rising temperatures have led to more frequent and extreme heat events, as well as longer fire seasons with more extreme fire risk days.7 The changing climate is also heating and acidifying the oceans.8 Even with rapid reductions in global emissions, temperature increases are already locked into the global climate system. These changes will further impact Australia’s communities, regions, industries and ecosystems. That’s why Australia is refreshing its National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy.', 'That’s why Australia is refreshing its National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy. This strategy focuses national adaptation and resilience-building efforts on: • driving innovation, investment and adaptation action through collaborative partnerships • providing climate information and services, so that we are better able to predict, manage and adapt to the physical risks of a changing climate • tracking national adaptation progress through regular national climate risk assessments, monitoring and evaluation, to support learning and strengthen our collective adaptation response and adaptive capacity.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 1.2 Australia’s technology-led Plan Australia’s Plan will achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and position our economy to seize the opportunities of new and traditional markets (Figure 1.1).', 'This strategy focuses national adaptation and resilience-building efforts on: • driving innovation, investment and adaptation action through collaborative partnerships • providing climate information and services, so that we are better able to predict, manage and adapt to the physical risks of a changing climate • tracking national adaptation progress through regular national climate risk assessments, monitoring and evaluation, to support learning and strengthen our collective adaptation response and adaptive capacity.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 1.2 Australia’s technology-led Plan Australia’s Plan will achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and position our economy to seize the opportunities of new and traditional markets (Figure 1.1). Our focus is on driving down technology costs, accelerating their deployment at scale, and building our regional economies.', 'Our focus is on driving down technology costs, accelerating their deployment at scale, and building our regional economies. Figure 1.1 Australia s whole-of-economy long-term emissions reduction Plan AUSTRALIA’S WHOLE-OF-ECONOMY LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Driving down the costs of low emissions technologies Australia is prioritising its investments to accelerate the development of technologies essential to achieving net zero emissions. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach. In partnership with business, the government is playing an enabling role so technologies can be deployed at scale across all sectors. We are building infrastructure, growing voluntary markets and providing finance and incentives. Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets. Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals.', 'Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals. Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to accelerate innovation in low emissions technology. Through our climate finance, we are helping regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience to climate impacts. Enabling deployment at scale Seizing opportunities in new and traditional markets Fostering global collaboration Australia is prioritising its investments to accelerate the development of technologies essential to achieving net zero emissions. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach. In partnership with business, the government is playing an enabling role so technologies can be deployed at scale across all sectors. We are building infrastructure, growing voluntary markets and providing finance and incentives. Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets.', 'Australia’s regional communities can capitalise on the global shift to low emissions, while continuing to serve traditional markets. Through our export industries, we will help scale up the technologies all countries need to achieve the global Paris goals. Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to accelerate innovation in low emissions technology. Through our climate finance, we are helping regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience to climate impacts.', 'Through our climate finance, we are helping regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience to climate impacts. The Plan brings together and builds on several existing sectoral strategies and investments (Figure 1.2), and draws on the analysis and stakeholder engagement from those processes.26 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.2 Relationship between the Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan and other strategic processes National Hydrogen Strategy Modern Manufacturing Strategy Critical Minerals Strategy AEMO Integrated System Plan National Waste Policy and Action Plan National Energy Productivity Plan Future Fuels Strategy (forthcoming) ARENA Bioenergy Roadmap (forthcoming) Global Resources Strategy Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings National Soil Strategy Our North Our Future Identified technology challenges and low emissions opportunities Reducing the cost of low emissions technologies to parity with higher emitting alternatives TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT ROADMAP AND LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY STATEMENTS Technology will underpin the long-term emissions reductions required in Australia and globally Australia’s investments in low emissions technologies will reduce emissions at home and overseas, and help Australian business capture a share of emerging global markets AUSTRALIA S WHOLE-OF-ECONOMY LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Our approach to reach net zero emissions by 2050 Our Plan has the wellbeing and prosperity of Australia’s regional communities at its core.', 'The Plan brings together and builds on several existing sectoral strategies and investments (Figure 1.2), and draws on the analysis and stakeholder engagement from those processes.26 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.2 Relationship between the Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan and other strategic processes National Hydrogen Strategy Modern Manufacturing Strategy Critical Minerals Strategy AEMO Integrated System Plan National Waste Policy and Action Plan National Energy Productivity Plan Future Fuels Strategy (forthcoming) ARENA Bioenergy Roadmap (forthcoming) Global Resources Strategy Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings National Soil Strategy Our North Our Future Identified technology challenges and low emissions opportunities Reducing the cost of low emissions technologies to parity with higher emitting alternatives TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT ROADMAP AND LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY STATEMENTS Technology will underpin the long-term emissions reductions required in Australia and globally Australia’s investments in low emissions technologies will reduce emissions at home and overseas, and help Australian business capture a share of emerging global markets AUSTRALIA S WHOLE-OF-ECONOMY LONG-TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Our approach to reach net zero emissions by 2050 Our Plan has the wellbeing and prosperity of Australia’s regional communities at its core. It recognises that a global transition towards low emissions technologies, fuels and commodities is now underway.', 'It recognises that a global transition towards low emissions technologies, fuels and commodities is now underway. This shift will unfold over the coming decades – not as an immediate and sudden shock. Nonetheless, shifting demands by our customers are likely to result in material declines in some of our major export commodities. The Government will not leave regional communities affected by this transition behind. We will support and partner with communities and businesses to capture new markets and help manage the transition. Our Plan will not impose new costs on households, businesses or the broader economy. Our approach does not rely on levying taxes. No jobs will be lost as a result of Australian Government policies outlined in this plan.', 'No jobs will be lost as a result of Australian Government policies outlined in this plan. The world is moving to reduce emissions, and these global efforts will have impacts on Australia. If we don’t act to shape our future it will be determined for us by the actions of other countries. We can shape our own destiny, and through this Plan we will do so. Markets are moving as governments, regulators, central banks and investors prepare for a lower emissions future. New international markets are emerging and will grow over the coming decades. Australian businesses are already adapting as countries around the world take action to decarbonise. Our analysis shows that retaliatory action, such as a capital premium levied on Australian firms, could be costly and disruptive.', 'Our analysis shows that retaliatory action, such as a capital premium levied on Australian firms, could be costly and disruptive. Our Plan makes sure Australia is well placed to take advantage of new economic opportunities presented by these shifts. Our Plan confirms our long commitment to coordinated global action on climate change and ensures Australia can continue to cooperate with key allies in seeking solutions to this challenge, including with our Pacific family. With partners in the region, including the Quad, Australia will be working to establish a high quality carbon credit scheme in the Indo Pacific. Through the Quad, Australia will progress specific proposals to forge closer partnerships between our economies to build competitive and reliable clean energy supply chains.', 'Through the Quad, Australia will progress specific proposals to forge closer partnerships between our economies to build competitive and reliable clean energy supply chains. Our Plan will ensure Australian exporters are not targeted by trade action, and Australian businesses do not face cost of capital premiums. Five core principles have guided the development of Australia’s Plan. Taken together, these principles will ensure our shift to a net zero emissions economy by 2050 will be effective, fair and equitable, and that no sector of the economy will carry a disproportionate burden.', 'Taken together, these principles will ensure our shift to a net zero emissions economy by 2050 will be effective, fair and equitable, and that no sector of the economy will carry a disproportionate burden. These principles will continue to govern our long-term approach to reducing emissions.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Box 1.2 Australia’s principles Technology not taxes Australia’s technology-led approach will unlock the technologies needed to decarbonise our economy, enabling Australia to achieve our goals while growing our economy. By investing in research, development and demonstration, Australia’s technology-led approach will reduce the cost of new and emerging technologies, rather than tax our existing industries. It will make it easier for businesses to grow and compete.', 'It will make it easier for businesses to grow and compete. It will avoid regressive impacts on people who spend a higher proportion of their household bills on energy, including people on low incomes or in regional Australia. Reducing and removing the price difference between current technologies and low or zero-emission solutions is the key to widespread global adoption. Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to foster a globally collaborative approach to technology and innovation. Expand choices, not mandates Australian businesses are embracing the emissions reduction task and emerging as global low emissions technology leaders. Technology deployment must continue to be led by the private sector, with government supporting this by expanding and enabling consumer choice.', 'Technology deployment must continue to be led by the private sector, with government supporting this by expanding and enabling consumer choice. Under Australia’s approach, government and businesses partner to unlock investment and accelerate technology deployment at scale. The Government’s role is to remove barriers to deployment, including by: \x97 investing in enabling infrastructure \x97 ensuring transparency and knowledge sharing \x97 providing incentives and finance for firms to deploy emerging technologies. Australia’s approach respects consumer choice and trusts households and businesses to adopt new technologies as they become cheaper. The Government will not regulate technology adoption or impose new costs on consumers and businesses through mandated targets for technologies that are not able to compete on their own merits. This applies both for Australian consumers and our international partners.', 'This applies both for Australian consumers and our international partners. We will expand the choices available in global markets by unlocking new energy sources like hydrogen and deepening global supply chains for critical minerals and other metals. Drive down the cost of a range of new energy technologies Achieving the global Paris goals requires transformative technologies to be deployed across the economy. There are no silver bullets – a portfolio of technologies will be needed across and within sectors. Australia’s approach prioritises the technologies that can open pathways to net zero by 2050 across all nations’ economies. The six technologies prioritised through our Technology Investment Roadmap can reduce or capture emissions across all sectors, including from key hard-to-abate processes. Australia’s approach keeps all technologies on the table.', 'Australia’s approach keeps all technologies on the table. We will monitor emerging technologies in the early stages of development, like small modular nuclear reactors. We are open to any low emissions technologies, including those that reduce the emissions from traditional fuels like gas or coal. We are open to any low emissions technologies that contribute to Australia’s net zero future. Keep energy prices down with affordable and reliable power Australia has unrivalled energy resources: coal, natural gas, uranium and sun. These abundant resources have made us a global energy superpower. Reliable and affordable energy is a key foundation of our prosperity and underpins regional industries like mining and manufacturing.', 'Reliable and affordable energy is a key foundation of our prosperity and underpins regional industries like mining and manufacturing. Australia will maintain this competitive advantage as we decarbonise our own economy and the world shifts to low emissions technologies. We will continue to supply energy exports in the form our customers want it. Without affordable low emissions technologies, global demand for our existing energy exports will continue, and other countries will fill the gap if Australia is forced out of global markets early. Australia’s approach is to develop technologies – like hydrogen and carbon capture and storage – for adoption here and overseas so they are ready as global demand changes for coal and gas.', 'Australia’s approach is to develop technologies – like hydrogen and carbon capture and storage – for adoption here and overseas so they are ready as global demand changes for coal and gas. This will ensure Australia’s regions remain strong and capture new employment opportunities by supplying low emissions energy and commodities to the world. Be accountable for progress Ambition is important, but outcomes are what matter. Australia has a strong record of meeting and beating our emissions reduction commitments. We have done this by setting ambitious goals and putting plans in place to deliver them. This will continue.', 'We have done this by setting ambitious goals and putting plans in place to deliver them. This will continue. Australia will continue to set the global benchmark for transparency and accountability in our emissions reporting, so we can track our performance against our goals.1.3 Australia’s Plan and the global context Keeping the increase in global temperatures below 2°C requires global CO₂ emissions to fall by over 75% between 2017 and 2050, and reach net zero globally by around 2070. Meeting a 1.5°C goal requires global net zero CO₂ emissions by 2050. Substantial reductions are also needed for other greenhouse gases like methane.9 The global energy system will need to continue to evolve to meet these goals.', 'Substantial reductions are also needed for other greenhouse gases like methane.9 The global energy system will need to continue to evolve to meet these goals. Over a 30-year period, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has estimated that to achieve these goals: \x97 Low emissions technologies - including solar, hydropower and nuclear - must grow from 39% of global power generation to 100% between 2020 and 2050. \x97 Hydrogen and CCUS technologies will need to grow to contribute around 50% of the emissions reductions in heavy industry.10 The global community is mobilising, but the task is significant and we must turn around the trends of recent decades.', '\x97 Hydrogen and CCUS technologies will need to grow to contribute around 50% of the emissions reductions in heavy industry.10 The global community is mobilising, but the task is significant and we must turn around the trends of recent decades. Despite the ambitions and efforts of many nations, global emissions have increased by an average of 1.8% every year since 1990 (Figure 1.3).11 More than 60% of the CO₂ budget consistent with keeping temperature rise below 2°C was exhausted between the pre-industrial period (1850 to 1900) and the end of 2019.12 Unless we can achieve deep reductions in global emissions, the remaining budget will be depleted.', 'Despite the ambitions and efforts of many nations, global emissions have increased by an average of 1.8% every year since 1990 (Figure 1.3).11 More than 60% of the CO₂ budget consistent with keeping temperature rise below 2°C was exhausted between the pre-industrial period (1850 to 1900) and the end of 2019.12 Unless we can achieve deep reductions in global emissions, the remaining budget will be depleted. This would see the Paris temperature goals of well below 2°C exceeded by mid-century, and the 1.5°C threshold could be reached much earlier.13 Deep emissions reductions will require practical action by all major emitters – both developed and developing nations. Achieving the global Paris goals needs to occur alongside an increasing world population and many nations’ development aspirations.', 'Achieving the global Paris goals needs to occur alongside an increasing world population and many nations’ development aspirations. The energy sector accounts for around 75% of global emissions today.14 By 2050, it must be cleaner and more efficient while meeting the needs of an estimated 2 billion extra people and a global economy more than twice its current size.South East Asia’s electricity demand growth has been among the fastest in the world and is projected to continue growing into the future.', 'The energy sector accounts for around 75% of global emissions today.14 By 2050, it must be cleaner and more efficient while meeting the needs of an estimated 2 billion extra people and a global economy more than twice its current size.South East Asia’s electricity demand growth has been among the fastest in the world and is projected to continue growing into the future. 28 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 1.3 Historical global emissions trends (Mt CO₂-e) All Other Developing Countries (assumes Net Zero by 2075, if no Net Zero target exists - excludes China) China (assumes Net Zero by 2060) All Other Developed Countries (assumes Net Zero by 2060) United States (assumes Net Zero by 2050) European Union (assumes Net Zero by 2050) Australia (assumes Net Zero by 2050) Net Zero by 2050 (1.5°C trajectory) Net Zero by 2050 (2°C trajectory) Even if global emissions peak in 2030, the world will overshoot the 2°C emissions budget Historic Global Emissions Historical Forecast Source: DISER analysis based on NDCs lodged with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) and other sources 15 The global approach to the Paris goals must recognise and accommodate nations’ development needs and aspirations.', '28 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 1.3 Historical global emissions trends (Mt CO₂-e) All Other Developing Countries (assumes Net Zero by 2075, if no Net Zero target exists - excludes China) China (assumes Net Zero by 2060) All Other Developed Countries (assumes Net Zero by 2060) United States (assumes Net Zero by 2050) European Union (assumes Net Zero by 2050) Australia (assumes Net Zero by 2050) Net Zero by 2050 (1.5°C trajectory) Net Zero by 2050 (2°C trajectory) Even if global emissions peak in 2030, the world will overshoot the 2°C emissions budget Historic Global Emissions Historical Forecast Source: DISER analysis based on NDCs lodged with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) and other sources 15 The global approach to the Paris goals must recognise and accommodate nations’ development needs and aspirations. An approach that seeks to reduce emissions by making existing technologies more expensive will not be durable or sustainable, and will not deliver the outcomes the world needs.', 'An approach that seeks to reduce emissions by making existing technologies more expensive will not be durable or sustainable, and will not deliver the outcomes the world needs. Technology is the key to balancing these global emissions and economic development objectives. Reducing technology costs means the world can reduce emissions rapidly, with smaller impacts on economic growth and without the need for sustained costly policies. Eliminating the price difference between incumbent technologies and low or zero carbon solutions – will enable net zero emissions growth to become mainstream. We need a renewed global mission on technology.', 'We need a renewed global mission on technology. Almost half of the emissions reductions needed by 2050 depend on technologies currently in the demonstration or prototype phase and not yet available to the market.16 Australia recognises we must reduce emissions while accommodating countries’ economic development goals, especially in the Asia-Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions.17 As well as reducing our own emissions, our plan focuses on how Australia can play a global leadership role through low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation.30 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 1.4 Australia’s current emissions and recent trends Australia has already reduced emissions by 20% since 2005 (Figure 1.4) with our emissions per person falling by 36%.', 'Almost half of the emissions reductions needed by 2050 depend on technologies currently in the demonstration or prototype phase and not yet available to the market.16 Australia recognises we must reduce emissions while accommodating countries’ economic development goals, especially in the Asia-Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions.17 As well as reducing our own emissions, our plan focuses on how Australia can play a global leadership role through low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation.30 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 1.4 Australia’s current emissions and recent trends Australia has already reduced emissions by 20% since 2005 (Figure 1.4) with our emissions per person falling by 36%. We have reduced emissions faster than other major emitters, noting the average reduction across OECD countries was 7% between 2005 and 2018.', 'We have reduced emissions faster than other major emitters, noting the average reduction across OECD countries was 7% between 2005 and 2018. Australia has reduced its emissions by 1.6% per year on average over the past decade, even as global emissions have increased 1.8% per year. We have achieved these outcomes even as our economy has grown, with Australia’s GDP per capita increasing 14% since 2005 and the emissions intensity of our economy improving by 44%. Emissions intensity has improved across major sectors, including: \x97 agriculture and the land sector (nearly 60% improvement since 2005) \x97 construction (30%) \x97 utilities, including electricity generation (24%) \x97 mining (21%).18 Australia’s farmers and regional communities have already been doing their share, playing a crucial role in these achievements.', 'Emissions intensity has improved across major sectors, including: \x97 agriculture and the land sector (nearly 60% improvement since 2005) \x97 construction (30%) \x97 utilities, including electricity generation (24%) \x97 mining (21%).18 Australia’s farmers and regional communities have already been doing their share, playing a crucial role in these achievements. Emissions from the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector have fallen by 114 Mt CO₂-e since 2005, and in 2019 the sector represented a 25 Mt CO₂-e sink for Australia (Box 1.3). Emissions from the electricity sector have also fallen significantly over this period, driven by the unprecedented rate at which large-scale renewables, household solar and energy efficient technologies have been adopted. Australia has long been a supplier of low-cost energy to the world.', 'Australia has long been a supplier of low-cost energy to the world. Access to affordable energy has been a driver of poverty reduction and economic growth across the world and Australia will continue to be an important supplier of low-cost energy in the decades to come. Around 40% of Australia’s emissions are associated with export-facing sectors, while 60% of Australia’s emissions are associated with domestic-facing sectors (Figure 1.5). Figure 1.4 Change in Australian emissions by sector, 2005 to 2019 (Mt CO₂-e) Electricity Industry, mining and manufacturing Transport Agriculture LULUCF Source: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 19 This emissions profile creates challenges for Australia not shared by many other nations.', 'Figure 1.4 Change in Australian emissions by sector, 2005 to 2019 (Mt CO₂-e) Electricity Industry, mining and manufacturing Transport Agriculture LULUCF Source: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 19 This emissions profile creates challenges for Australia not shared by many other nations. Emissions associated with the production of exports depend on both the emissions intensity of production and international demand for the product – Australia can influence the former, but not the latter. Furthermore, low-cost abatement technologies do not yet exist for many applications across Australia’s export-facing processes.', 'Furthermore, low-cost abatement technologies do not yet exist for many applications across Australia’s export-facing processes. As a result of these factors, Australia has reduced emissions by 33% since 2005 from its domestic-facing sectors, while emissions from its export- facing sectors have risen 50% (Figure 1.6).Figure 1.5 Emissions from domestic-facing and export-facing sectors, 2019 Export emissions vary with Australia’s share of global demand for the products we export. Sinks Export Domestic consumption plus Export-related emissions minus Sinks equals Export value ($AUD Billion), Share of export value (%) Based on ABS Catalogue 5368.0 Total emissions Domestic consumption Agriculture and land sector: $18bn, 4% Non-energy mining and minerals: $92bn, 20% Services and Construction: $97bn, 21% Residential Box 1.3 Historical contribution by farmers and landholders to Australia’s achievements The Australian grazing industries have made among the most significant reductions in emissions of any major industry group in Australia.', 'Sinks Export Domestic consumption plus Export-related emissions minus Sinks equals Export value ($AUD Billion), Share of export value (%) Based on ABS Catalogue 5368.0 Total emissions Domestic consumption Agriculture and land sector: $18bn, 4% Non-energy mining and minerals: $92bn, 20% Services and Construction: $97bn, 21% Residential Box 1.3 Historical contribution by farmers and landholders to Australia’s achievements The Australian grazing industries have made among the most significant reductions in emissions of any major industry group in Australia. Between 1990 and 2019, emissions from Australian grazing (and grain cropping) industries have fallen by around 71% to 81 Mt CO₂-e. The decline in emissions from these industries has been mainly due to changes to land management practices, which have also had significant impacts on Australia’s vegetation.', 'The decline in emissions from these industries has been mainly due to changes to land management practices, which have also had significant impacts on Australia’s vegetation. Reductions in vegetation clearing, especially primary forest clearing (clearing of forest that has not been previously cleared), the fostering of vegetation growth and the use of shelter belts have all contributed to improved carbon stock outcomes on Australia’s grazing lands.20 Australia’s outcomes have been exceptional. From 2010 to 2020, Australia had the largest net gain in forest area out of all OECD countries. Carbon sinks are an important part of reducing global emissions and reaching net zero, and the Government recognises the contribution of Australia’s farmers over this period.', 'Carbon sinks are an important part of reducing global emissions and reaching net zero, and the Government recognises the contribution of Australia’s farmers over this period. It is notable that over this same period Australia’s farmers have continued to supply food and fibre to Australians and the world. Source: DISER (2021) A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205032 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.6 Emissions reductions from domestic and export-facing sectors, 2005–19 National Inventory Total Exports of good and services National Inventory excluding exports Emissions in Australia from production of exports Source: DISER economic modelling for the Plan (2021) Australia’s success in reducing emissions has been driven by policies put in place by governments over the past two decades and the choices of consumers and industries (Box 1.4).', 'Source: DISER (2021) A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205032 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.6 Emissions reductions from domestic and export-facing sectors, 2005–19 National Inventory Total Exports of good and services National Inventory excluding exports Emissions in Australia from production of exports Source: DISER economic modelling for the Plan (2021) Australia’s success in reducing emissions has been driven by policies put in place by governments over the past two decades and the choices of consumers and industries (Box 1.4). Australia’s experience has highlighted the different policies and levers that can be applied to reduce emissions. Australia introduced a carbon tax in 2011, but repealed it in 2014. The Government considers that carbon taxes are regressive, with significant costs borne by people with least capacity to pay.', 'The Government considers that carbon taxes are regressive, with significant costs borne by people with least capacity to pay. Carbon taxes also apply to every tonne of emissions covered by the scheme, not just those that are responsive to a price mechanism. In contrast the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF), which commenced in Australia in 2015, targets voluntary reductions in emissions. Australia has continued to improve and refine its emissions reduction policies. The King Review was commissioned in 2019 to examine how Australia could build on the ERF to unlock additional sources of abatement.', 'The King Review was commissioned in 2019 to examine how Australia could build on the ERF to unlock additional sources of abatement. While the ERF has been very successful in driving abatement from the land sector, the King Review recommended improvements to the ERF and a greater focus on voluntary action and technology to achieve abatement from a broader range of sources. Co-design of new and expanded methods (including for CCS) and reducing transaction costs for participants will create more opportunities to participate in the ERF. As part of its response to the King Review, the Government is implementing a below-baseline crediting mechanism under the Safeguard Mechanism, backed by $280 million in new funding. This will create more opportunities to drive abatement, especially in the industrial sector.', 'This will create more opportunities to drive abatement, especially in the industrial sector. As observed by the King Review and confirmed in analytical work for this plan, achieving deep emissions reductions in the future will require an approach that enables emissions reductions by all sectors. Australia’s technology-led approach is designed to achieve this.Box 1.4 Major milestones and policy achievements • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is agreed at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (4 June 1992).', 'Australia’s technology-led approach is designed to achieve this.Box 1.4 Major milestones and policy achievements • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is agreed at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (4 June 1992). Australia ratifies the UNFCCC (30 December 1992) • Creation of the Australian Greenhouse Office (1998) • The Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth) sets the framework for the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) • The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth) established a single national framework for reporting and dissemination of company information about greenhouse gas emissions, energy production, energy consumption and other information • Australia ratifies the Kyoto Protocol (12 December 2007) • Passing of the Clean Energy Act 2011 (Cth) including a carbon tax, which was repealed in 2014 • MRET replaced with the Renewable Energy Target (RET) in 2009 to establish a target for 2020 and provide support for both small and large scale renewables; revised onto a sustainable footing in 2015 • ARENA established on 1 July 2012 • CEFC established on 3 August 2012 • Climate Change Authority is established to provide independent expert advice to government (2012) • The Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 established the ERF in 2015 and has been the cornerstone of the policies that enabled Australia to meet and beat its 2020 target • The Australian, state and territory governments agreed the National Energy Productivity Plan in 2015 • Australia ratifies the Paris Agreement and the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (9 November 2016) • Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market (The Finkel Review) (2017) • In 2019, the Government committed a further $2 billion through the Climate Solutions Fund to build on the ERF’s success and invest in additional low-cost abatement • Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy (2019) • Snowy Hydro Limited (Snowy Hydro) approved to proceed with • The final report of the Expert Panel, chaired by Mr Grant King, examining additional sources of low-cost abatement (the King Review, 2020) • Australia overachieved on its Kyoto-era targets by 459 million tonnes • Technology Investment Roadmap and first Low Emissions Technology • Appointment of the Special Adviser to the Australian Government on Low Emissions Technology (2020) • Amendments to ARENA and CEFC mandates to support the priorities of the Low Emissions Technology Roadmap (2021) • Carbon Capture, Use and Storage Development Fund launched (2020) • Australia’s Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan (2021) • Second Low Emissions Technology Statement (2021) A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205034 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 1.5 Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 1.5.1 Economic implications at the national level and policy choices Australia’s Plan has been informed by detailed modelling and analysis.', 'Australia ratifies the UNFCCC (30 December 1992) • Creation of the Australian Greenhouse Office (1998) • The Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth) sets the framework for the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) • The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth) established a single national framework for reporting and dissemination of company information about greenhouse gas emissions, energy production, energy consumption and other information • Australia ratifies the Kyoto Protocol (12 December 2007) • Passing of the Clean Energy Act 2011 (Cth) including a carbon tax, which was repealed in 2014 • MRET replaced with the Renewable Energy Target (RET) in 2009 to establish a target for 2020 and provide support for both small and large scale renewables; revised onto a sustainable footing in 2015 • ARENA established on 1 July 2012 • CEFC established on 3 August 2012 • Climate Change Authority is established to provide independent expert advice to government (2012) • The Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 established the ERF in 2015 and has been the cornerstone of the policies that enabled Australia to meet and beat its 2020 target • The Australian, state and territory governments agreed the National Energy Productivity Plan in 2015 • Australia ratifies the Paris Agreement and the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (9 November 2016) • Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market (The Finkel Review) (2017) • In 2019, the Government committed a further $2 billion through the Climate Solutions Fund to build on the ERF’s success and invest in additional low-cost abatement • Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy (2019) • Snowy Hydro Limited (Snowy Hydro) approved to proceed with • The final report of the Expert Panel, chaired by Mr Grant King, examining additional sources of low-cost abatement (the King Review, 2020) • Australia overachieved on its Kyoto-era targets by 459 million tonnes • Technology Investment Roadmap and first Low Emissions Technology • Appointment of the Special Adviser to the Australian Government on Low Emissions Technology (2020) • Amendments to ARENA and CEFC mandates to support the priorities of the Low Emissions Technology Roadmap (2021) • Carbon Capture, Use and Storage Development Fund launched (2020) • Australia’s Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan (2021) • Second Low Emissions Technology Statement (2021) A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205034 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 1.5 Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 1.5.1 Economic implications at the national level and policy choices Australia’s Plan has been informed by detailed modelling and analysis. This analysis has built on the work undertaken for the 2020 Low Emissions Technology Statement (LETS) to assess customer and technology trends and identify priority technologies for Australia, as well as subsequent work for the forthcoming LETS 2021 to understand how far and how soon the costs of those technologies could fall.', 'This analysis has built on the work undertaken for the 2020 Low Emissions Technology Statement (LETS) to assess customer and technology trends and identify priority technologies for Australia, as well as subsequent work for the forthcoming LETS 2021 to understand how far and how soon the costs of those technologies could fall. Two complementary analytical approaches – top-down economic modelling and bottom-up analysis by McKinsey – were then used to understand the potential economic impacts that could follow. This approach has helped us evaluate how close we can get to net zero emissions through an agenda that reduces technology costs and shapes and expands the choices available to consumers.', 'This approach has helped us evaluate how close we can get to net zero emissions through an agenda that reduces technology costs and shapes and expands the choices available to consumers. The analysis shows that it is possible for Australia to get to net zero emissions by 2050 and that the costs will be significantly lower if we adopt a technology-based approach to reducing emissions. In a scenario where we succeed in driving down technology costs and accelerating their deployment at scale across all sectors, Australia can get within range of net zero by 2050 with a voluntary incentive of less than $25 per tonne CO₂-e in 2050.21 This is comparable to costs observed in voluntary markets today.', 'In a scenario where we succeed in driving down technology costs and accelerating their deployment at scale across all sectors, Australia can get within range of net zero by 2050 with a voluntary incentive of less than $25 per tonne CO₂-e in 2050.21 This is comparable to costs observed in voluntary markets today. Our modelling finds that, with our technology-led plan, Australia can continue to prosper even as we reduce our own emissions to net zero and global demand shifts towards low emissions technologies, fuels and commodities. The modelling projects that Australia’s economy will continue to grow and Australians will enjoy sustained growth in material living standards, with our Plan expected to increase our national income per person by almost $2000 in 2050, compared with no policy action.', 'The modelling projects that Australia’s economy will continue to grow and Australians will enjoy sustained growth in material living standards, with our Plan expected to increase our national income per person by almost $2000 in 2050, compared with no policy action. Employment remains strong, and our regional industries keep exporting energy to the world. A technology not taxes approach is a must have. In contrast, if we fail to unlock new technologies then net zero by 2050 is only achievable for Australia at much higher marginal costs (about $100 to $170 per tonne CO₂-e) and with heavy reliance on carbon offsets from Australia’s productive agricultural land or from overseas.The analysis shows that policy choices are important and directly impact the future wellbeing and prosperity of Australians.', 'In contrast, if we fail to unlock new technologies then net zero by 2050 is only achievable for Australia at much higher marginal costs (about $100 to $170 per tonne CO₂-e) and with heavy reliance on carbon offsets from Australia’s productive agricultural land or from overseas.The analysis shows that policy choices are important and directly impact the future wellbeing and prosperity of Australians. This is why the Government has adopted a balanced approach to deliver a pathway to net zero by 2050 that does not rely on: \x97 high carbon prices \x97 conversion of productive farming land to carbon sequestration \x97 excessive use of international units.', 'This is why the Government has adopted a balanced approach to deliver a pathway to net zero by 2050 that does not rely on: \x97 high carbon prices \x97 conversion of productive farming land to carbon sequestration \x97 excessive use of international units. It is a balanced approach that will ensure Australia plays its role in the global effort to reach net zero by 2050 without threatening our prosperity or our regions.', 'It is a balanced approach that will ensure Australia plays its role in the global effort to reach net zero by 2050 without threatening our prosperity or our regions. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205036 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.7 Change in output across Australia’s sectors OUR MAJOR SECTORS LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Priority technologies and enabling infrastructure Emerging technologies Modelled reduction in emissions ELECTRICITY Modelled emissions intensity MODELLED REDUCTION IN NATIONAL NET EMISSIONS LOW EMISSIONS CEMENT LIVESTOCK FEED SUPPLEMENTS BATTERY CHARGING AND HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS CCS LOW EMISSIONS STEEL LOW EMISSIONS ALUMINIUM TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING LAND, REGIONAL OFFSETS AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SOIL CARBON CCS AGRICULTURE CLEAN, CHEAP ELECTRICITY ULTRA LOW-COST SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE DIGITAL GRID CLEAN HYDROGEN Based on DISER and McKinsey analysisA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 1.5.2 Economic implications at the sectoral level As noted in Australia’s 2021 Intergenerational Report, the shift to lower greenhouse gas emissions globally will mean that some sectors will need to adjust to falling demand for some exports, while new opportunities will be created in other sectors.22 Our modelling shows that Australia’s export-oriented industries grow strongly even as global demand shifts towards low emissions products and we reduce our own emissions.', 'A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205036 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 1.7 Change in output across Australia’s sectors OUR MAJOR SECTORS LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Priority technologies and enabling infrastructure Emerging technologies Modelled reduction in emissions ELECTRICITY Modelled emissions intensity MODELLED REDUCTION IN NATIONAL NET EMISSIONS LOW EMISSIONS CEMENT LIVESTOCK FEED SUPPLEMENTS BATTERY CHARGING AND HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS CCS LOW EMISSIONS STEEL LOW EMISSIONS ALUMINIUM TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING LAND, REGIONAL OFFSETS AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SOIL CARBON CCS AGRICULTURE CLEAN, CHEAP ELECTRICITY ULTRA LOW-COST SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE DIGITAL GRID CLEAN HYDROGEN Based on DISER and McKinsey analysisA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 1.5.2 Economic implications at the sectoral level As noted in Australia’s 2021 Intergenerational Report, the shift to lower greenhouse gas emissions globally will mean that some sectors will need to adjust to falling demand for some exports, while new opportunities will be created in other sectors.22 Our modelling shows that Australia’s export-oriented industries grow strongly even as global demand shifts towards low emissions products and we reduce our own emissions. Our analysis shows most sectors, including mining and manufacturing, will continue to prosper in a low emissions global economy.', 'Our analysis shows most sectors, including mining and manufacturing, will continue to prosper in a low emissions global economy. New industries create new export markets and jobs that more than offset impacts in other sectors, like thermal coal and natural gas, affected by falling global demand. Australia’s hydrogen sector could grow rapidly to provide around 10% of global supply in 2050, generating substantial export revenues in coming decades. Overall, the value of our exports is projected to more than triple between 2020 and 2050. Most sectors will remain competitive in a global economy that increasingly values low emissions fuels and products due to our: \x97 world-class renewable energy and mineral resources \x97 low energy costs \x97 low emissions intensity of traditional industries like agriculture.', 'Most sectors will remain competitive in a global economy that increasingly values low emissions fuels and products due to our: \x97 world-class renewable energy and mineral resources \x97 low energy costs \x97 low emissions intensity of traditional industries like agriculture. With industries like mining, heavy manufacturing and agriculture primarily based in regional areas, regional communities will be major beneficiaries. McKinsey analysis found that Australia’s comparative advantages and proactive policy choices could mean that job gains can far outweigh job losses driven by shifting customer demand, particularly in regional areas. Growth in the mining and heavy industry sectors alone could create as many as 62,000 new jobs by 2050, mostly in regional areas. Australia’s adoption and integration of new technologies will create further benefits for the nation.', 'Australia’s adoption and integration of new technologies will create further benefits for the nation. McKinsey analysis suggests that technology could enable economy- wide energy productivity improvements over the next 30 years, with energy consumption per dollar of GDP falling by half in per capita terms by 2050. This is substantially driven by the projected substitution of oil by electricity in transport as the share of electric vehicles EVs grows. This would also increase Australia’s energy self-sufficiency and help reduce the cost of Australia’s energy as a share of GDP from 8% to 2%. Building the new low emissions electricity generation needed to support electrification in transport and industry could also create around 35,000 new jobs by 2050, many in regional areas.', 'Building the new low emissions electricity generation needed to support electrification in transport and industry could also create around 35,000 new jobs by 2050, many in regional areas. 1.5.3 Economy-wide pathways to net zero emissions by 2050 Analysis undertaken for Australia’s Plan illustrate there are a range of technology pathways that could put Australia on a trajectory to net zero emissions by 2050 (Figure 1.7). These analyses converge in key areas, such as the central role of low emissions electricity and electrification of transport, but diverge in others. Taken together, however, they underscore that technology can underpin deep cuts in emissions across all sectors of the economy, and that complementary measures, such as modest levels of land sector sequestration and regional offset trading, put us within range of net zero.', 'Taken together, however, they underscore that technology can underpin deep cuts in emissions across all sectors of the economy, and that complementary measures, such as modest levels of land sector sequestration and regional offset trading, put us within range of net zero. The analysis illustrates the outcomes that can be expected if we are successful in achieving our substantial reductions in the costs of low emissions technologies consistent Technology Investment Roadmap. It shows that if the costs of firmed renewables substantially decline, we can expect Australia’s electricity sector to reduce emissions by around 90% between 2005 and 2050. Low emissions electricity, along with the increased availability of low-cost hydrogen and other technologies, will enable Australia to reduce emissions across other sectors.', 'Low emissions electricity, along with the increased availability of low-cost hydrogen and other technologies, will enable Australia to reduce emissions across other sectors. By 2050: \x97 industrial, manufacturing and mining emissions will have fallen to 140 Mt CO₂-e (a reduction of almost 20% on 2005 levels) \x97 agriculture emissions will have fallen to 55 Mt CO₂-e (36% reduction on 2005 levels) \x97 transport emissions will have fallen to 39 Mt CO₂-e (more than 50% reduction on 2005 levels). Technology enables emissions intensity to fall across all sectors, meaning that emissions fall even as sectors grow and increase their output.38 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The modelling shows that, with our technology-led approach, Australia can reduce its emissions by two-thirds, to 215 Mt CO₂-e by 2050, before offsets.', 'Technology enables emissions intensity to fall across all sectors, meaning that emissions fall even as sectors grow and increase their output.38 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The modelling shows that, with our technology-led approach, Australia can reduce its emissions by two-thirds, to 215 Mt CO₂-e by 2050, before offsets. This outcome can be achieved at marginal costs comparable to those observed in voluntary markets today (below $25 per tonne CO₂-e). The scenario analysed by McKinsey also underscores the importance of technology. In a scenario with strong global momentum towards the Paris goals, McKinsey has assessed that falling technology costs and a voluntary incentive of $25 per tonne CO₂-e could enable Australia’s emissions to fall to 164 Mt CO₂-e in 2050, before offsets.', 'In a scenario with strong global momentum towards the Paris goals, McKinsey has assessed that falling technology costs and a voluntary incentive of $25 per tonne CO₂-e could enable Australia’s emissions to fall to 164 Mt CO₂-e in 2050, before offsets. By increasing the deployment of priority and other emerging technologies, deep emissions reductions can be achieved across all sectors, particularly in electricity (97% reduction on 2005 levels in 2050), transport (71%) and buildings (near 100%). As discussed further in Chapter 2, the priority technologies contribute around 40% of the abatement needed to achieve net zero in 2050. Offsets will play a crucial role in closing the gap towards net zero.', 'Offsets will play a crucial role in closing the gap towards net zero. Our modelling shows that modest contributions from land sector sequestration and targeted purchases of international offsets allow Australia to reduce its net emissions to 94 Mt CO₂-e in 2050, around 85% below 2005 levels. In the scenario analysed by McKinsey, including land sector sequestration allows Australia to reduce its net emissions to 111 Mt CO₂-e in 2050, 82% below There are a range of ways that Australia can close the remaining gap to net zero emissions by 2050.', 'In the scenario analysed by McKinsey, including land sector sequestration allows Australia to reduce its net emissions to 111 Mt CO₂-e in 2050, 82% below There are a range of ways that Australia can close the remaining gap to net zero emissions by 2050. Future technology developments and markets are inherently uncertain, and it is possible that technology costs will fall faster than anticipated for some technologies, and new and disruptive technologies may emerge.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 This has been the lived experience with technologies like solar and batteries, where cost reductions have consistently exceeded forecasts. Other analyses have highlighted that, for some important technologies, there is potential for higher abatement than has been assumed in the Plan.', 'Other analyses have highlighted that, for some important technologies, there is potential for higher abatement than has been assumed in the Plan. For example, the LETS 2020 noted the potential for improved management of one quarter of Australia’s crop and grazing lands to secure as much as 35–90 million tonnes per annum through soil carbon, at least twice the level of accredited land sequestration used in the analysis for the Plan. Our analysis for the Plan is also relatively conservative about how quickly emissions in the transport sector will fall. Our technology-led approach is iterative and adaptive, meaning we can close this remaining gap over time by prioritising ongoing technology breakthroughs and other sources of abatement.', 'Our technology-led approach is iterative and adaptive, meaning we can close this remaining gap over time by prioritising ongoing technology breakthroughs and other sources of abatement. In summary, our analysis shows that net zero emissions by 2050 is achievable for Australia. Realising this outcome will depend on our success in reducing the costs of low emissions technologies and accelerating their deployment at scale across all sectors. Chapters 2 and 3 of this plan detail the practical actions Australia is taking to achieve this. Reducing our domestic emissions will also be aided by deeper international supply chains for low emissions technologies and fuels, which Australia is supporting by building our new and traditional export industries (Chapter 4) and by helping to foster global collaboration on technology and climate change (Chapter 5).', 'Reducing our domestic emissions will also be aided by deeper international supply chains for low emissions technologies and fuels, which Australia is supporting by building our new and traditional export industries (Chapter 4) and by helping to foster global collaboration on technology and climate change (Chapter 5). Targeted voluntary purchases of international offsets, domestic land sector sequestration and prioritising new technology breakthroughs, including negative emissions technologies, are all credible options for closing the gap to net zero, but each has costs and benefits. The exact balance between these options is a choice Australia can make over the coming decades.', 'The exact balance between these options is a choice Australia can make over the coming decades. Chapter 6 outlines the adaptive and flexible approach Australia will take on this issue.40 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 41 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 PART B AUSTRALIA’S PLAN42 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN2. DRIVING DOWN THE COSTS OF LOW EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES Key points \x97 Australia has identified and prioritised low emissions technologies that will open net zero pathways for our economic sectors. \x97 The Government is working with business, researchers and other nations to reduce the cost of these technologies so they become the rational choice for business and consumers.', '\x97 The Government is working with business, researchers and other nations to reduce the cost of these technologies so they become the rational choice for business and consumers. \x97 The technologies prioritised through Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap can contribute and enable around half the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero. They are: – clean hydrogen – ultra low-cost solar – energy storage – low emissions steel and aluminium – carbon capture and storage – soil carbon. \x97 The roadmap is expected to guide at least $20 billion of Australian Government investment in low emissions technologies over the decade to 2030.', '\x97 The roadmap is expected to guide at least $20 billion of Australian Government investment in low emissions technologies over the decade to 2030. National agencies including ARENA, the CEFC and the Clean Energy Regulator, as well as other targeted programs and initiatives, have been aligned with the roadmap and are investing in priority technologies. They also support the development of other high-potential emerging technologies like livestock feed technologies to reduce methane emissions. \x97 Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to foster a globally collaborative approach to low emissions technologies.', '\x97 Australia is partnering and co-investing with other nations to foster a globally collaborative approach to low emissions technologies. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205044 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 2.1 Critical pathways to net zero for Australia’s economic sectors There is no silver bullet to achieving Australia’s net zero by 2050 goal. Our modelling underscores that emissions reductions must be achieved across all sectors, and that a set of critical pathways must be unlocked to achieve this (Figure 2.1). Our policies are focussed on the technologies that can open these critical pathways. A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including cross-cutting ‘platform’ technologies (like hydrogen) and technologies tailored to specific and niche applications within individual sectors.', 'A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including cross-cutting ‘platform’ technologies (like hydrogen) and technologies tailored to specific and niche applications within individual sectors. The Government’s technology-led approach is closely targeting this challenge (Box 2.1). By investing in research, development and demonstration, the Plan will drive down the cost of these key technologies and achieve their economic stretch goals, unlocking their use across the economy. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach. OUR MAJOR SECTORS PATHWAYS TO NET ZERO ELECTRICITY Low emissions electricity Energy storage Electrification Energy e ciency Land-based solutions (forests and soil carbon) Other emerging technologies CCS BUILDINGS TRANSPORT AGRICULTURE AND THE LAND INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING Alternative fuels Note: This Figure illustrates some of the more critical pathways, but many technologies will find application across many sectors.', 'OUR MAJOR SECTORS PATHWAYS TO NET ZERO ELECTRICITY Low emissions electricity Energy storage Electrification Energy e ciency Land-based solutions (forests and soil carbon) Other emerging technologies CCS BUILDINGS TRANSPORT AGRICULTURE AND THE LAND INDUSTRY, MINING AND MANUFACTURING Alternative fuels Note: This Figure illustrates some of the more critical pathways, but many technologies will find application across many sectors. Figure 2.1 Critical pathways to net zero for Australia’s economic sectorsBox 2.1 Unlocking the critical pathways to net zero by 2050 for Australia’s economic sectors Low emissions electricity Australia is already on a path towards low emissions electricity. Solar, wind and other renewable technologies are being installed at a world-leading rate.', 'Solar, wind and other renewable technologies are being installed at a world-leading rate. These technologies are projected to provide over half of Australia’s total generation by 2030.24 Led by ultra low-cost solar (Section 2.3.2), an increased share of renewables will be the foundation for a near zero emissions grid by 2050. The challenge is to ensure our electricity system remains secure, reliable and affordable as the share of variable renewables grows. Storage technologies, like batteries, are already providing short-term firming and other system services. Low-cost, long-duration storage will enable very high shares of renewables and ensure security and reliability (Section 2.3.3). In the meantime, while these technologies mature our existing thermal generation assets will continue to play an important and necessary role in providing affordable and reliable power.', 'In the meantime, while these technologies mature our existing thermal generation assets will continue to play an important and necessary role in providing affordable and reliable power. Electrification and efficiency Firmed renewables and other types of low emissions electricity will enable other sectors to decarbonise via electrification and energy efficiency. These sectors include transport, buildings, manufacturing and mining. Global trends are making battery EVs more accessible and affordable. But these will need to be charged from low emissions electricity to be emissions free. Efficient electric heat pump technologies can be used for space and water heating in buildings. They can also produce industrial heat for some low-temperature applications, like food manufacturing. Electrification is also feasible for some mining applications, like surface transport.', 'Electrification is also feasible for some mining applications, like surface transport. Alternative fuels Alternative fuels like hydrogen (Section 2.3.1) and biofuels will be needed where electrification is not viable or consumers choose alternative zero emissions technologies. In transport – particularly heavy road freight, aviation and shipping – hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels and synthetic fuels will provide additional and alternative pathways. In industry, alternative fuels will also be needed for the high temperature heat used in sectors such as alumina production. Clean hydrogen could be used to make low emissions steel through direct reduction of iron ore (Section 2.3.4). Plastics and fertiliser production will require zero emissions feedstocks like clean ammonia (made using clean hydrogen) or bioenergy.', 'Plastics and fertiliser production will require zero emissions feedstocks like clean ammonia (made using clean hydrogen) or bioenergy. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) CCS (Section 2.3.5) can help decarbonise industrial sectors including steel, cement and natural gas. It can also provide a pathway to produce clean hydrogen using natural gas or coal. In the future, CCS coupled with bioenergy or direct air capture technologies will likely play an important role in drawing carbon from the atmosphere. This will help achieve the Paris Agreement temperature goals. Land-based solutions Storing carbon in vegetation and soils (Section 2.3.6) can offset residual emissions from hard-to-abate sectors like agriculture, industry and heavy transport. Voluntary land-based offsets also provide new revenue streams for farmers and improve agricultural productivity.', 'Voluntary land-based offsets also provide new revenue streams for farmers and improve agricultural productivity. Our modelling shows this can occur with minimal land use change. Tailored solutions Tailored technology solutions will be needed for specific sectors, like livestock (Section 2.4) and aluminium (Section 2.3.4). A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205046 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 2.2 Technology Investment Roadmap and Low Emissions Technology Statements Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap, consisting of annual Low Emissions Technology Statements (LETS), outlines the role the Australian Government will play in reducing the costs of low emissions technologies. The Government is doing this by investing in innovation through ARENA, the CEFC, the Clean Energy Regulator (CER) and other programs.', 'The Government is doing this by investing in innovation through ARENA, the CEFC, the Clean Energy Regulator (CER) and other programs. The roadmap is an enduring process for identifying low emissions technologies that: \x97 will have the biggest impact in reducing emissions in Australia and globally \x97 have significant economic potential \x97 build on Australia’s competitive advantages \x97 government investment can help develop and deploy. The Technology Investment Advisory Council comprises experts from industry, research, government and finance. The council advises the Government on its annual LETS. This allows the Government to refine its investment priorities in response to technology and market developments.', 'This allows the Government to refine its investment priorities in response to technology and market developments. Through LETS 2020 and the forthcoming LETS 2021, the Government has: \x97 outlined a vision for a prosperous nation recognised as a low emissions technology leader \x97 identified key technology challenges to help guide and prioritise Australia’s technology investments \x97 introduced and refined low emissions technology categories to guide government investment (Figure 2.2). Through LETS 2020, the Government established a clear, principles-based Technology Investment Framework for guiding its investments in low emissions technologies. As part of this framework, national agencies including ARENA and the CEFC, as well as other targeted programs and initiatives, have been aligned with the roadmap and are helping drive down the costs of its priority technologies.', 'As part of this framework, national agencies including ARENA and the CEFC, as well as other targeted programs and initiatives, have been aligned with the roadmap and are helping drive down the costs of its priority technologies. Figure 2.2 Technology Investment Roadmap technology categories History has shown the non-linear relationship between technology cost and deployment (Figure 2.3). Our experience with globally significant technologies like transistors and solar has shown that falling costs and a concerted innovation effort can catalyse an exponential increase in deployment. Achieving this outcome for the priority technologies is the ultimate goal of the roadmap. Priority technologies Technologies with potential for transformative economic and abatement impacts, aligned with Australia’s comparative advantages, and where the government can make a difference.', 'Priority technologies Technologies with potential for transformative economic and abatement impacts, aligned with Australia’s comparative advantages, and where the government can make a difference. Enabling infrastructure Infrastructure that is critical for enabling commercial deployment of low emissions technologies. The government’s first enabling infrastructure priorities are battery charging and hydrogen refuelling stations to support consumer choice in electric vehicles, and a digital grid with enhanced management systems and capabilities, to support rapid growth in solar and wind generation. Emerging technologies Emerging technologies have transformative potential, but require continual monitoring of global learning rates, research and investment trends. LETS 2021 updates the government’s list of emerging technologies.', 'LETS 2021 updates the government’s list of emerging technologies. Livestock feed supplements and low emissions cement are two emerging low emissions technologies that show promise for prioritisation in future statements and will be supported by early investments.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 2.3 Historical trends in cost and deployment for transistors and solar25 Source: Sarma, S. (2016), Our World in Data (2020), IRENA (2021)27 Transistor cost (US cents) Global average cost of solar (US$ per watt) Global solar capacity (gigawatts) Computing power (transistors per processors)48 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 2.4 Priority technologies and economic stretch goals 2.3 Priority low emissions technologies LETS 2020 and the forthcoming LETS 2021 have identified six priority low emissions technologies: \x97 clean hydrogen \x97 ultra low-cost solar \x97 energy storage for firming \x97 low emissions materials (steel and aluminium) \x97 carbon capture and storage \x97 soil carbon.', 'Livestock feed supplements and low emissions cement are two emerging low emissions technologies that show promise for prioritisation in future statements and will be supported by early investments.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 2.3 Historical trends in cost and deployment for transistors and solar25 Source: Sarma, S. (2016), Our World in Data (2020), IRENA (2021)27 Transistor cost (US cents) Global average cost of solar (US$ per watt) Global solar capacity (gigawatts) Computing power (transistors per processors)48 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Figure 2.4 Priority technologies and economic stretch goals 2.3 Priority low emissions technologies LETS 2020 and the forthcoming LETS 2021 have identified six priority low emissions technologies: \x97 clean hydrogen \x97 ultra low-cost solar \x97 energy storage for firming \x97 low emissions materials (steel and aluminium) \x97 carbon capture and storage \x97 soil carbon. The statements have set ambitious but realistic economic stretch goals for each priority technology (Figure 2.4).', 'The statements have set ambitious but realistic economic stretch goals for each priority technology (Figure 2.4). The stretch goals aim to bring the priority technologies to cost parity with existing high emissions technologies. The forthcoming LETS 2021 will examine deployment pathways for these priority technologies, with a focus on identifying cost reduction opportunities that would help achieve the economic stretch goals.', 'The forthcoming LETS 2021 will examine deployment pathways for these priority technologies, with a focus on identifying cost reduction opportunities that would help achieve the economic stretch goals. Clean hydrogen Clean hydrogen production under $2 per kilogram Ultra low-cost solar Solar electricity generation at $15 per MWh Energy storage Electricity from storage for firming under $100 per MWh Low emissions steel Low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Low emissions aluminium Low emissions aluminium under $2,200 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Carbon capture and storage CO2 compression, hub transport and storage for under $20 per tonne of CO2 Soil carbon Soil organic carbon measurement under $3 per hectare per year * economically feasible now, but subject to offtake agreements, development approvals and the adoption of a hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme.', 'Clean hydrogen Clean hydrogen production under $2 per kilogram Ultra low-cost solar Solar electricity generation at $15 per MWh Energy storage Electricity from storage for firming under $100 per MWh Low emissions steel Low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Low emissions aluminium Low emissions aluminium under $2,200 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Carbon capture and storage CO2 compression, hub transport and storage for under $20 per tonne of CO2 Soil carbon Soil organic carbon measurement under $3 per hectare per year * economically feasible now, but subject to offtake agreements, development approvals and the adoption of a hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme. † the timeframe for achieving the ultra low-cost solar stretch goal does not yet underpin the electricity price assumptions used for achieving clean hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium stretch goals ‡ economically viable in the late 2020s, but subject to capital development cycles ^ subject to offtake agreements and development approvals Lithium-ion batteries Hydrogen and direct reduction of iron‡ Renewable electricity and inert anodes Expected deployment^ Advancement in proximal sensing, modelling and remote sensing technologies Large scale solar† Steam methane reforming with CCS* Renewable electrolysisA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Analysis for this Plan shows that, if Australia is successful in realising its technology agenda, these technologies could unlock almost half of the abatement needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 (Figure 2-5).', '† the timeframe for achieving the ultra low-cost solar stretch goal does not yet underpin the electricity price assumptions used for achieving clean hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium stretch goals ‡ economically viable in the late 2020s, but subject to capital development cycles ^ subject to offtake agreements and development approvals Lithium-ion batteries Hydrogen and direct reduction of iron‡ Renewable electricity and inert anodes Expected deployment^ Advancement in proximal sensing, modelling and remote sensing technologies Large scale solar† Steam methane reforming with CCS* Renewable electrolysisA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Analysis for this Plan shows that, if Australia is successful in realising its technology agenda, these technologies could unlock almost half of the abatement needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 (Figure 2-5). These technologies will also underpin further emissions reductions from global technology trends like EVs powered by zero emissions electricity or fuels.', 'These technologies will also underpin further emissions reductions from global technology trends like EVs powered by zero emissions electricity or fuels. Figure 2.5 Priority technology contribution to Australia achieving net zero emissions to date Technology Investment Roadmap Global technology trends International and domestic o sets Further technology breakthroughs Net zero to Source: Based on McKinsey and DISER analysis. *Sources of offsets include voluntary soil carbon of up to 20%, depending on cost reductions in technology and voluntary demand. 2.3.1 Clean hydrogen Stretch goal: Clean hydrogen production under $2 per kg Potential for clean hydrogen Australia is set to become a world-leading clean hydrogen producer and exporter. Clean hydrogen will help decarbonise Australia’s industry, transport and mining sectors.', 'Clean hydrogen will help decarbonise Australia’s industry, transport and mining sectors. It can be used across a range of applications including: \x97 to power vehicles \x97 to generate heat and electricity \x97 as an industrial chemical feedstock for products such as ammonia and steel \x97 to globally trade clean energy. In the future, clean hydrogen could also help firm the electricity grid as renewables reach very high levels, and provide an important source of controllable energy demand to increase power system resilience. McKinsey found fuel switching to hydrogen use, particularly across industry and heavy transport, could reduce Australia’s emissions by around 50 Mt CO₂-e in 2050. A future Australian clean hydrogen export industry can also make significant contributions to global emissions reductions, while creating jobs and income for regional communities (Chapter 4).', 'A future Australian clean hydrogen export industry can also make significant contributions to global emissions reductions, while creating jobs and income for regional communities (Chapter 4). Analysis by McKinsey found that an Australian clean hydrogen export industry providing a low emissions energy source and chemical feedstock for other countries, could drive international emissions reductions growing to almost 100 Mt CO₂-e per year by 2050. Australian businesses are already mobilising to capture these opportunities. For example, Fortescue Future Industries is targeting 15 Mt year in Australian hydrogen production by 2030, building to 50 per year thereafter.26 It is also exploring how applications like steel and shipping can utilise hydrogen and its derivatives (like ammonia).', 'For example, Fortescue Future Industries is targeting 15 Mt year in Australian hydrogen production by 2030, building to 50 per year thereafter.26 It is also exploring how applications like steel and shipping can utilise hydrogen and its derivatives (like ammonia). The Australian Gas Infrastructure Group (AGIG) is investing in hydrogen and other renewable gas technologies with the aim to decarbonise its gas distribution networks as early as 2040, and will offer 100% renewable gas to new home estates by 2025.2750 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Government actions to unlock clean hydrogen The Australian Government is working with the states and territories to deliver the National Hydrogen Strategy.', 'The Australian Gas Infrastructure Group (AGIG) is investing in hydrogen and other renewable gas technologies with the aim to decarbonise its gas distribution networks as early as 2040, and will offer 100% renewable gas to new home estates by 2025.2750 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Government actions to unlock clean hydrogen The Australian Government is working with the states and territories to deliver the National Hydrogen Strategy. The strategy envisions a clean, innovative and safe hydrogen industry that benefits all Australians and where Australia is a major global player by 2030. The National Hydrogen Strategy has 57 actions that are the first steps to build Australia’s hydrogen industry.', 'The National Hydrogen Strategy has 57 actions that are the first steps to build Australia’s hydrogen industry. These actions initially set the foundations for industry growth, ahead of supporting industry scale-up to service international and domestic markets as they emerge. Australia will track our progress and successes under the strategy, and adapt our approach as markets and technologies develop. All levels of government are acting to deliver the strategy and are taking early actions to overcome the barriers facing the industry.', 'All levels of government are acting to deliver the strategy and are taking early actions to overcome the barriers facing the industry. So far, the Australian Government has: \x97 built international relationships, including major announcements on hydrogen cooperation with Germany, Japan, Singapore and the UK to build supply chains and advance technology research \x97 developed a domestic Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme and helped shape the design of international methodologies for measuring hydrogen production emissions \x97 announced hydrogen funding programs, such as $464 million for the ‘Activating a Regional Hydrogen Industry: Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs’ program \x97 invested over $300 million to support development of CCS and CCUS projects \x97 awarded over $100 million to three 10 MW hydrogen electrolyser projects through ARENA \x97 fostered industry innovation, collaboration and knowledge sharing \x97 provided more than $300 million in funding for research, development and demonstration activities.', 'So far, the Australian Government has: \x97 built international relationships, including major announcements on hydrogen cooperation with Germany, Japan, Singapore and the UK to build supply chains and advance technology research \x97 developed a domestic Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme and helped shape the design of international methodologies for measuring hydrogen production emissions \x97 announced hydrogen funding programs, such as $464 million for the ‘Activating a Regional Hydrogen Industry: Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs’ program \x97 invested over $300 million to support development of CCS and CCUS projects \x97 awarded over $100 million to three 10 MW hydrogen electrolyser projects through ARENA \x97 fostered industry innovation, collaboration and knowledge sharing \x97 provided more than $300 million in funding for research, development and demonstration activities. The Government has already committed more than $1.2 billion to building an Australian hydrogen industry.', 'The Government has already committed more than $1.2 billion to building an Australian hydrogen industry. State and territory governments are also helping to develop the hydrogen industry by implementing the National Hydrogen Strategy and their own hydrogen strategies. Together, the federal, state and territory governments have: \x97 started a review of legal and regulatory frameworks \x97 started an accelerated review of arrangements supporting blending of hydrogen into gas networks \x97 started the National Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment \x97 commenced work on industry development, including skills and training \x97 supported analysis to help understand community attitudes towards hydrogen.', 'Together, the federal, state and territory governments have: \x97 started a review of legal and regulatory frameworks \x97 started an accelerated review of arrangements supporting blending of hydrogen into gas networks \x97 started the National Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment \x97 commenced work on industry development, including skills and training \x97 supported analysis to help understand community attitudes towards hydrogen. In addition, state and territory governments are undertaking activities in their jurisdictions to support the hydrogen industry, including: \x97 announcing funding for pilots, trials and demonstrations \x97 engaging with communities \x97 committing funding for hydrogen hubs \x97 supporting industry development \x97 participating in regional hydrogen technology clusters in partnership with National Energy Resources Australia (NERA) \x97 supporting trials for hydrogen vehicles and blending hydrogen into gas networks.', 'In addition, state and territory governments are undertaking activities in their jurisdictions to support the hydrogen industry, including: \x97 announcing funding for pilots, trials and demonstrations \x97 engaging with communities \x97 committing funding for hydrogen hubs \x97 supporting industry development \x97 participating in regional hydrogen technology clusters in partnership with National Energy Resources Australia (NERA) \x97 supporting trials for hydrogen vehicles and blending hydrogen into gas networks. Through the forthcoming LETS 2021, the Australian Government will commit to develop a voluntary zero emissions gas market in Australia. This will increase early demand for clean hydrogen and other zero emissions gases and recognise consumers’ voluntary purchase of zero emissions gas.', 'This will increase early demand for clean hydrogen and other zero emissions gases and recognise consumers’ voluntary purchase of zero emissions gas. Certification and standards (such as the Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme) will provide the necessary transparency and traceability for this market.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 2.3.2 Ultra low-cost solar Stretch goal: solar electricity generation at $15 per megawatt hour (MWh) Potential for solar Cheap, clean electricity is integral to lowering emissions in the electricity sector and other industries in Australia. Australia has some of the best solar resources in the world, giving it a comparative advantage in utilising solar to supply clean electricity. Australia is already experiencing high levels of investment in both grid-scale and rooftop solar.', 'Australia is already experiencing high levels of investment in both grid-scale and rooftop solar. Australia has the highest solar capacity per person in the world,28 and over 1 in 4 Australian homes now have rooftop solar. Solar contributed almost 10% of Australia’s electricity generation in 2020 and is projected to contribute 27% in 2030.29 Lived experience shows there is an exponential relationship between falling technology costs and deployment. Despite significant research and deployment efforts since the early 1970s, it took until 2002 to deploy the first gigawatt (GW) of solar globally. Over the following decade 100 GW were deployed. By the end of 2022, more than 1000 GW of solar will have been deployed globally.', 'By the end of 2022, more than 1000 GW of solar will have been deployed globally. There is the potential for continued technology advances and breakthroughs to unlock ultra low cost solar. This would further reduce costs and emissions from Australia’s electricity and help deliver the world’s lowest cost clean electricity. Reducing the costs of solar generation will also unlock the economic, employment and abatement potential of other priority low emissions technologies. Clean electricity at $15 per MWh would enable low-cost clean hydrogen production and increase our competitiveness in hydrogen export markets. It would also support cost-competitive production of low emissions steel and aluminium and emerging technologies like direct air capture of CO₂.', 'It would also support cost-competitive production of low emissions steel and aluminium and emerging technologies like direct air capture of CO₂. Modelling for the Plan shows that, if we can realise these cost reductions, solar could become the single largest source of Australia’s electricity generation by 2050 (over 50% of total generation). Unlocking ultra low-cost solar is therefore crucial for Australia’s electricity system to achieve near zero emissions. Box 2.2 Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs The Australian Government has announced $464 million over five years from 2021–22 for the Activating a Regional Hydrogen Industry: Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs program. This includes funding to support the early design works of hydrogen hubs, of which an estimated $30 million is available for Hydrogen Hub Development and Design Grants.', 'This includes funding to support the early design works of hydrogen hubs, of which an estimated $30 million is available for Hydrogen Hub Development and Design Grants. Hydrogen hubs will create economies of scale to drive down costs of production, unlocking further demand for hydrogen as costs fall. Hubs will also create efficiencies by leveraging and supporting the existing industrial capabilities and workforces in relevant regions. Hubs will stimulate innovation and increase workforce skills development, as well as support other existing industrial sectors in these regions to lower both emissions and costs in doing business. The hubs will support direct and indirect employment in Australia’s regions. This includes technicians, tradespeople, engineers and professionals associated with hydrogen production and export.', 'This includes technicians, tradespeople, engineers and professionals associated with hydrogen production and export. Hubs could also create local manufacturing jobs associated with low-carbon products such as ammonia, fertiliser, steel and aluminium. Australia’s hubs program will build our potential to supply domestic users and international trading partners with low-cost clean energy, and will help to capitalise on global interest in investing in Australian hydrogen opportunities.52 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Government actions for solar ARENA, the CEFC and other Australian institutions will remain at the front line in developing solar technologies. They will build on their strong success in leading solar breakthroughs and deployment. To date, ARENA has provided $252 million since 2015 towards solar research, design and development (RD&D) to projects with a total value of $1.7 billion.', 'To date, ARENA has provided $252 million since 2015 towards solar research, design and development (RD&D) to projects with a total value of $1.7 billion. The CEFC has committed over $1.1 billion towards large-scale solar projects with a total generating capacity of over 1.6 gigawatts (GW). To support innovations in this area, the Australian Government has set an objective to achieve 30% module efficiency at 30 cents per installed watt by 2030 – the ‘Solar 30 30 30’ Initiative. Led by ARENA, the initiative will help drive down costs to meet the stretch goal for the newly prioritised technology. ARENA, alongside other research institutions like the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Research Council, are also investing across a range of early-stage solar projects.', 'ARENA, alongside other research institutions like the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Research Council, are also investing across a range of early-stage solar projects. These agencies have supported the world-leading Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics headquartered at the University of New South Wales, where researchers have led solar breakthroughs and developed the passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) technology used in 90% of global solar production. ARENA is also supporting the commercialisation of an Australian National University patented technology enabling simpler, safer and cheaper fabrication of next-generation silicon solar cells. ARENA and the CEFC have worked together to support early movers in large scale solar, helping de-risk the technology and generating lessons for industry growth.', 'ARENA and the CEFC have worked together to support early movers in large scale solar, helping de-risk the technology and generating lessons for industry growth. ARENA’s $90 million Large-Scale Solar Round funded 12 projects, with 2 further projects signing up to ARENA’s knowledge-sharing obligations. To provide financial certainty, the CEFC offered long-term debt finance to 8 of these projects, alongside ARENA’s grant funding. These investments unlocked almost $1 billion of investment in the projects and laid the foundations for further large-scale solar deployment. The Australian Government has also committed $68.5 million to the Reliable Affordable Clean Energy (‘RACE for 2030’) Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), which is focused on opportunities arising from low-cost renewable energy, network integration and smart energy management.', 'The Australian Government has also committed $68.5 million to the Reliable Affordable Clean Energy (‘RACE for 2030’) Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), which is focused on opportunities arising from low-cost renewable energy, network integration and smart energy management. Its research is aiming to: \x97 reduce energy costs \x97 cut carbon emissions \x97 increase customer load flexibility to allow increased penetration of renewables in the grid and increased reliability. 2.3.3 Energy storage Stretch goal: electricity from storage for firming under $100 per MWh Potential for energy storage Energy storage technologies are essential for Australia to shift to lower emissions electricity systems. Capturing the full potential of Australia’s renewable energy resources requires storage that can dispatch clean electricity on demand and provide critical system security services.', 'Capturing the full potential of Australia’s renewable energy resources requires storage that can dispatch clean electricity on demand and provide critical system security services. Analysis for the Plan found that low-cost storage could enable a step change in the share of variable renewable generation, unlocking new opportunities for energy intensive exports. The most pressing need for storage is for durations of several hours to manage daily variations in solar and wind output. But longer duration ‘deep storage’ technologies, along with expanded transmission networks, will also be needed as very high shares of renewables enter Australia’s electricity grid.', 'But longer duration ‘deep storage’ technologies, along with expanded transmission networks, will also be needed as very high shares of renewables enter Australia’s electricity grid. These will be required for seasonal storage and to mitigate the risk of weather events that last for days or weeks Government actions for energy storage technologies The Government is supporting emerging battery technologies through ARENA, the CEFC and other programs by: \x97 increasing access to capital to deploy early-stage, innovative technologies in Australia \x97 funding feasibility studies and demonstration projects \x97 supporting research to identify development opportunities in the battery supply chain. For example, ARENA, the CEFC and the South Australian Government have co-invested up to $73 million towards expanding the Neoen Hornsdale Power Reserve.', 'For example, ARENA, the CEFC and the South Australian Government have co-invested up to $73 million towards expanding the Neoen Hornsdale Power Reserve. The Hornsdale Power Reserve is already the largest battery in the southern hemisphere, and this investment has increased its capacity by 50%. This will enhance the battery’s ability to stabilise the grid, reduce the risk of blackouts and limit price volatility. The CEFC is also investing $160 million in a 300 MW Victorian Big Battery (VBB), providing a critical boost to the state’s grid security while driving down power prices and supporting more renewable energy.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 ARENA supports innovative battery projects such as a 30 MW grid-connected battery in Ballarat, Victoria.', 'The CEFC is also investing $160 million in a 300 MW Victorian Big Battery (VBB), providing a critical boost to the state’s grid security while driving down power prices and supporting more renewable energy.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 ARENA supports innovative battery projects such as a 30 MW grid-connected battery in Ballarat, Victoria. Capable of powering 20,000 homes for an hour, the battery will store energy when demand is low and use it during peak times. It will also examine other grid services like frequency control ancillary services. This project will demonstrate how batteries can provide grid stability and support on a congested transmission terminal, reducing the need to expand the substation.', 'This project will demonstrate how batteries can provide grid stability and support on a congested transmission terminal, reducing the need to expand the substation. ARENA, the CEFC and the Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility have also invested in the 250 MW Kidston Pumped Hydro Project in Queensland, an innovative project that will repurpose an abandoned gold mine site as a storage reservoir. These projects complement other pumped hydro investments, including the Snowy 2.0 and Battery of the Nation projects (Section 3.2). The Australian Government has contributed around $300 million in battery-related research and development since 2015, including providing $25 million in funding for the Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre (FBICRC).', 'The Australian Government has contributed around $300 million in battery-related research and development since 2015, including providing $25 million in funding for the Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre (FBICRC). Established in 2019, the FBICRC is driving collaboration across industry and research organisations through an ambitious six year R&D program targeting all segments of the battery value chain. 2.3.4 Low emissions materials – steel and aluminium Stretch goal: low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne and low emissions aluminium production under $2,200 per tonne Potential for low emissions materials Low emissions technologies for steel and aluminium will provide a decarbonisation pathway for these globally significant but hard-to-abate sectors.', '2.3.4 Low emissions materials – steel and aluminium Stretch goal: low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne and low emissions aluminium production under $2,200 per tonne Potential for low emissions materials Low emissions technologies for steel and aluminium will provide a decarbonisation pathway for these globally significant but hard-to-abate sectors. Decarbonising metal production has two parts: \x97 decarbonisation of the energy used in smelting \x97 reducing emissions from the chemical process of converting ore to metal. Unlocking these technologies will help reduce Australian emissions. Modelling for the Plan projects that, by adopting new technologies, emissions from Australian steel production could fall by over a third by 2050, even as production volumes increase by about two-thirds.', 'Modelling for the Plan projects that, by adopting new technologies, emissions from Australian steel production could fall by over a third by 2050, even as production volumes increase by about two-thirds. McKinsey’s analysis suggests that even deeper reductions are possible if we can achieve substantial cost reductions for clean hydrogen and other technologies, with the potential to eliminate nearly all emissions from Australian steel production by 2050. For aluminium, our modelling projects that emissions per unit of output could fall by around 60% while production and export volumes more than double. McKinsey’s analysis shows with technology improvements could enable a 30% reduction in non- electricity emissions associated with aluminium and upstream alumina processing by 2050.', 'McKinsey’s analysis shows with technology improvements could enable a 30% reduction in non- electricity emissions associated with aluminium and upstream alumina processing by 2050. Coupled with a deep reduction in Australia’s electricity emissions, this has the potential to dramatically reduce emissions from production of these materials. Unlocking these technologies would also reduce global emissions, as production of steel and aluminium together account for between 4 and 5 Gt CO₂-e worldwide.30 Australia is well placed to help reduce these emissions by meeting growing future export demand for low emissions steel and aluminium, given our potential to draw on affordable firmed renewable electricity and clean hydrogen.', 'Unlocking these technologies would also reduce global emissions, as production of steel and aluminium together account for between 4 and 5 Gt CO₂-e worldwide.30 Australia is well placed to help reduce these emissions by meeting growing future export demand for low emissions steel and aluminium, given our potential to draw on affordable firmed renewable electricity and clean hydrogen. Government actions to support low emissions materials Low emissions steel and aluminium production will become attractive in Australia as the costs of firmed renewable electricity and clean hydrogen fall. By driving down costs of clean hydrogen (Section 2.3.1), solar (Section 2.3.2) and energy storage (Section 2.3.3), the Government is laying the foundations for low emissions material manufacturing.', 'By driving down costs of clean hydrogen (Section 2.3.1), solar (Section 2.3.2) and energy storage (Section 2.3.3), the Government is laying the foundations for low emissions material manufacturing. Funding and financing for low emissions materials are available through Australia’s Cooperative Research Centres Program, ARENA and the CEFC. The Government, industry and universities are investing more than $200 million towards the Heavy Industry Low-carbon Transition Cooperative Research Centre.31 The CSIRO is also investing in low emissions materials. It has developed an innovative self-sustaining pyrolysis process to produce ‘designer biochar’, which could be used to make high- end ‘carbon lite’ steel.32 As the largest producer of both iron ore and bauxite (most of which is exported in the form of alumina33), Australia is also focused on technologies that can reduce upstream supply chain emissions.', 'It has developed an innovative self-sustaining pyrolysis process to produce ‘designer biochar’, which could be used to make high- end ‘carbon lite’ steel.32 As the largest producer of both iron ore and bauxite (most of which is exported in the form of alumina33), Australia is also focused on technologies that can reduce upstream supply chain emissions. CSIRO is investigating processes that improve iron ore quality and reduce energy consumption and emissions in ironmaking processes.', 'CSIRO is investigating processes that improve iron ore quality and reduce energy consumption and emissions in ironmaking processes. ARENA is investigating if hydrogen and concentrated solar thermal energy can be used in alumina production, a process responsible for 14 Mt CO₂-e in 2020.54 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 2.3.5 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) Stretch goal: CO₂ compression, hub transport and storage for under $20 per tonne of CO₂ Potential for CCS and CCUS Large-scale CCUS projects can underpin new low emissions industries (including clean hydrogen) and provide a potential decarbonisation pathway for hard-to-abate industries.', 'ARENA is investigating if hydrogen and concentrated solar thermal energy can be used in alumina production, a process responsible for 14 Mt CO₂-e in 2020.54 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 2.3.5 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) Stretch goal: CO₂ compression, hub transport and storage for under $20 per tonne of CO₂ Potential for CCS and CCUS Large-scale CCUS projects can underpin new low emissions industries (including clean hydrogen) and provide a potential decarbonisation pathway for hard-to-abate industries. CCUS is among the most prospective options for mitigating process emissions from many industrial processes including: \x97 natural gas processing \x97 cement production \x97 steel production \x97 fertiliser production \x97 power generation \x97 hydrogen production from fossil feedstocks.', 'CCUS is among the most prospective options for mitigating process emissions from many industrial processes including: \x97 natural gas processing \x97 cement production \x97 steel production \x97 fertiliser production \x97 power generation \x97 hydrogen production from fossil feedstocks. Australian CCUS projects could also play an important long-term role in negative emissions projects that store CO₂ drawn down from the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said negative emissions will be crucial in global efforts to meet the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals.34 Australia’s competitive advantage in CCUS comes from our abundant, world-class geological storage basins. Many of these basins are close to industries producing highly concentrated streams of CO₂ emissions.', 'Many of these basins are close to industries producing highly concentrated streams of CO₂ emissions. The Gippsland, Surat, and Cooper Basins, together with the Petrel and Barrow sub-basins host carbon storage sites at an advanced stage of development, and each have genuine industry interest and support (Figure 2.6). The combined storage capacity at four of these key locations (Gippsland, Surat, and Cooper Basins, and the Petrel sub-basin) is over 20 billion tonnes.35 Figure 2.6 Prospective CO₂ storage sites in AustraliaA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 The Australian Government is undertaking further analysis to inform Australia’s potential to store CO₂ in our basins as this varies widely depending on basin characteristics and injection rates.', 'The combined storage capacity at four of these key locations (Gippsland, Surat, and Cooper Basins, and the Petrel sub-basin) is over 20 billion tonnes.35 Figure 2.6 Prospective CO₂ storage sites in AustraliaA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 The Australian Government is undertaking further analysis to inform Australia’s potential to store CO₂ in our basins as this varies widely depending on basin characteristics and injection rates. Government actions to support CCUS Australia is developing a National CCUS Technology Emissions Abatement Strategy to improve policy frameworks and coordinate the deployment of CCUS hubs and technologies. It is also investing an additional $250 million under the CCUS Hubs and Technologies Program over 10 years from 2021 to support research, development and commercialisation of CCUS technologies.', 'It is also investing an additional $250 million under the CCUS Hubs and Technologies Program over 10 years from 2021 to support research, development and commercialisation of CCUS technologies. This builds on the $50 million CCUS Development Fund announced in 2020, which is supporting technologies including: \x97 direct air capture and removal \x97 capture and geological storage from power stations \x97 capture and use of CO₂ in the production of construction materials. The Government has invested $790 million in CCUS and related low emissions technologies since 2008. The Government has introduced reforms to ARENA and the CEFC to enable funding and investment in CCS. The Government has also introduced a new ERF method to incentivise CCS and has committed to develop a method for CCUS in 2022.', 'The Government has also introduced a new ERF method to incentivise CCS and has committed to develop a method for CCUS in 2022. These opportunities are complemented by bilateral partnerships with key trading countries, including Japan and Singapore. 2.3.6 Soil carbon Stretch goal: soil carbon measurement under $3 per hectare per year. Potential for soil carbon Enriching soil carbon draws CO₂ out of the atmosphere, providing an additional way to offset emissions from hard-to-abate sectors such as agriculture, industry and heavy transport. In the modelling for this Plan, Australian soil carbon projects were estimated as having the potential to provide at least 17 Mt CO₂-e of accredited offsets in 2050, in addition to CO₂ drawn from the atmosphere without accreditation.', 'In the modelling for this Plan, Australian soil carbon projects were estimated as having the potential to provide at least 17 Mt CO₂-e of accredited offsets in 2050, in addition to CO₂ drawn from the atmosphere without accreditation. Offsets from soil carbon projects provide an additional revenue stream for farmers while improving agricultural productivity and soil resilience. Our modelling found landholders could earn around $400 million in additional revenue through the sale of accredited soil carbon sequestration in 2050. Some industry estimates suggest a greater soil carbon potential across Australian pasture and cropping lands, which if realised could offer substantially higher revenue for farmers (Box 2.4).', 'Some industry estimates suggest a greater soil carbon potential across Australian pasture and cropping lands, which if realised could offer substantially higher revenue for farmers (Box 2.4). Government actions to unlock soil carbon’s potential The Government is accelerating the deployment of soil carbon measurement technologies through several research and development (R&D) funding mechanisms: \x97 The $36 million National Soil Carbon Innovation Challenge will identify and fast-track low-cost, accurate technological solutions for measuring soil organic carbon. \x97 The $8 million Soil Carbon Data Program is partnering with scientists, industry, landholders and other stakeholders to provide data that helps develop and validate measurement approaches, and can be used to improve models of soil carbon change.', '\x97 The $8 million Soil Carbon Data Program is partnering with scientists, industry, landholders and other stakeholders to provide data that helps develop and validate measurement approaches, and can be used to improve models of soil carbon change. \x97 The $20 million National Soil Science Challenge grants program will help identify the best management practices to increase soil carbon and productivity. \x97 The CSIRO, rural research and development corporations, and the CRC for High Performance Soils are investing in agricultural innovations, including soil measurement. The Government also provides incentives for soil carbon sequestration through the ERF. Advance payments of up to $5,000 are available to help with upfront costs of soil sampling.', 'Advance payments of up to $5,000 are available to help with upfront costs of soil sampling. The CER is developing a new soil carbon ERF method that lets projects combine direct sampling with model-based approaches. The CEFC is also investing in the agricultural technology sector to build the industry’s capabilities. This includes a $1.7 million investment in the Soil Carbon Company, which is developing a microbial treatment for seeds that could increase soil carbon levels, enabling improved water retention and increasing the ability of crops to withstand extreme weather. The National Soil Strategy is helping farmers and land managers monitor, understand and make better decisions about their soil health, productivity and sequestration potential.', 'The National Soil Strategy is helping farmers and land managers monitor, understand and make better decisions about their soil health, productivity and sequestration potential. This includes the $54.4 million National Soil Monitoring and Incentives Pilot to trial new measures to incentivise soil testing and data sharing. This will improve our understanding of Australia’s soil condition and how our soil can be better managed. Soil data from land managers will also be used to validate soil carbon modelling and reporting.Box 2.4 Potential revenue opportunities for farmers from soil carbon There is growing interest in increasing soil carbon levels on Australia’s agricultural land, and the ERF has recently seen a rapid rise in adoption of soil carbon projects.', 'Soil data from land managers will also be used to validate soil carbon modelling and reporting.Box 2.4 Potential revenue opportunities for farmers from soil carbon There is growing interest in increasing soil carbon levels on Australia’s agricultural land, and the ERF has recently seen a rapid rise in adoption of soil carbon projects. Many new projects are still at an early stage, so there is limited data available on how much carbon these projects can store across Australia over time. However, a range of estimates provide indications of the contribution soil carbon projects could make to reducing emissions.', 'However, a range of estimates provide indications of the contribution soil carbon projects could make to reducing emissions. The 2020 Low Emissions Technology Statement drew on CSIRO analysis in noting the potential for improved management of one quarter of Australia’s crop and grazing lands (including the extensive low- rainfall rangelands) to secure as much as 35-90 million tonnes per annum through soil carbon. Other estimates indicate the potential could be higher. For example, leading soil carbon project developer Agriprove has conducted detailed analysis of soil carbon sequestration potential on cropping and grazing land across different rainfall zones. Agriprove’s analysis indicated the national potential across cropping and grazing land (not including lower rainfall rangelands) could be at least 103 million Australian Carbon Credits Units annually.', 'Agriprove’s analysis indicated the national potential across cropping and grazing land (not including lower rainfall rangelands) could be at least 103 million Australian Carbon Credits Units annually. Source: Agriprove analysis, www.agriprove.io 56 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 2.4 Emerging technologies There are a number of emerging technologies, in addition to the six priority technologies highlighted in the 2020 and the forthcoming LETS 2021, which are likely to play an important role in helping Australia meet its net zero by 2050 goal. The roadmap process means that high potential emerging technologies can become priority low emissions technologies over time. Australia is continuing to invest in these technologies and create the market conditions and environment to realise their full potential.', 'Australia is continuing to invest in these technologies and create the market conditions and environment to realise their full potential. Livestock feed supplements A major focus is identifying technological solutions for reducing methane emissions from livestock. This is Australia’s largest source of agricultural emissions and represents around 10% of our total emissions. Promising technologies include: \x97 feed supplements, including red algae, chemical inhibitors and tannins, as identified in the forthcoming LETS 2021 \x97 alternative forage feeds \x97 genetic selection and breeding for low methane traits.36 Some technologies have the potential to reduce livestock methane emissions by Controlled delivery of feed supplements is possible in feedlot environments. But 95% of Australia’s livestock are grazing animals, so we are supporting the development of mechanisms to deliver feed supplements in grazing systems.', 'But 95% of Australia’s livestock are grazing animals, so we are supporting the development of mechanisms to deliver feed supplements in grazing systems. Some feed supplements have also demonstrated good productivity benefits potential. If these benefits are realised when delivered in grazing systems, they will provide additional revenue to farmers and rural areas. They will also support the sector’s ambition to reduce emissions, grow and create new jobs. Australia is directing $30.7 million over six years towards these promising feed technologies: \x97 The $6 million Methane Emissions Reduction in Livestock program supports research into the abatement potential and productivity benefits of livestock feed technologies. \x97 The $23 million Low Emissions Supplements to Grazing Animals at Scale program will help develop technologies to deliver low emissions feed supplements to grazing animals.', '\x97 The $23 million Low Emissions Supplements to Grazing Animals at Scale program will help develop technologies to deliver low emissions feed supplements to grazing animals. \x97 $1.7 million to scale-up production of the red seaweed, Asparagopsis, including: – a $1 million Accelerating Commercialisation grant under the Entrepreneurs’ Program to scale-up production and support the commercialisation of Asparagopsis – a $675,000 grant from the $30 million Commercialisation Fund to establish a processing and manufacturing facility for this seaweed product. The Government, industry and universities have also invested $270 million towards a new Marine Bioproducts CRC, which will aim to develop high-protein seaweed for use as a low emissions livestock feed.38 Low emissions cement Australia is well placed to develop a low emissions cement industry, as highlighted in the forthcoming LETS 2021.', 'The Government, industry and universities have also invested $270 million towards a new Marine Bioproducts CRC, which will aim to develop high-protein seaweed for use as a low emissions livestock feed.38 Low emissions cement Australia is well placed to develop a low emissions cement industry, as highlighted in the forthcoming LETS 2021. Cement is the key ingredient in concrete and is the most widely used construction material in the world. The Australian cement and concrete industry supports tens of thousands of Australian jobs. The Australian cement industry has already reduced annual emissions by over 20% since 2010. The use of renewable electricity, improving energy efficiency and clinker substitution can help reduce emissions associated with the industry.', 'The use of renewable electricity, improving energy efficiency and clinker substitution can help reduce emissions associated with the industry. CCUS will play a particularly important role in capturing the CO₂ released when converting limestone into clinker, the main ingredient in cement. Noting the significant potential in this sector, the Government has invested $75 million for CRCs including the SmartCrete CRC, Building 4.0 CRC and Low Carbon Living CRC. The CEFC also finances commercial and industrial building projects that reduce embodied carbon by using lower emissions cement.', 'The CEFC also finances commercial and industrial building projects that reduce embodied carbon by using lower emissions cement. The Government’s investment in priority technologies like energy storage and CCUS also supports emissions reductions at various points along the value chain.58 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 2.5 National agencies driving technology investment The Technology Investment Roadmap will guide at least $20 billion of Australian Government investment over the next decade. The Government is aiming to drive at least $80 billion of new investment by 2030 by working with state and territory governments, research institutions and the private sector. This investment will create 160,000 jobs by 2030, more than half in regional areas. Australia has dedicated agencies to deliver this investment, including ARENA, the CEFC and the Clean Energy Regulator.', 'Australia has dedicated agencies to deliver this investment, including ARENA, the CEFC and the Clean Energy Regulator. Other Australian science and research institutions and bodies also make important investments in low emissions technologies (Box 2.5 and Figure 2.7). ARENA ARENA’s purpose is to support the global transition to net zero emissions by accelerating the pace of pre-commercial innovation, to the benefit of Australian consumers, businesses and workers. ARENA has funded over $1.8 billion of early-stage research and development projects since 2012. It has supported advances in solar, wind and other renewable energy technologies, as well as enabling technologies like energy storage and grid integration.', 'It has supported advances in solar, wind and other renewable energy technologies, as well as enabling technologies like energy storage and grid integration. Recognising the need to unlock abatement across the economy, the government has given ARENA over $1.4 billion of funding for the period up to the 2031–32 financial year. This includes baseline funding and targeted programs for key technologies, including industrial energy efficiency and regional microgrids. The Government has also recently expanded ARENA’s mandate to cover low emissions technologies in all sectors, including agriculture and transport. CEFC The purpose of the CEFC is to facilitate increased flows of finance into Australia’s clean energy sector. It achieves this by investing directly and indirectly with co-investors.', 'It achieves this by investing directly and indirectly with co-investors. In doing so, it encourages and facilitates others to also invest in renewable energy, energy efficiency and low emissions technologies and projects. The $10 billion CEFC is the world’s largest government-owned ‘green bank’. It has invested more than $9.5 billion in clean energy projects worth more than $32.8 billion. It supports the commercialisation of renewable energy and low emissions technology projects through loans and equity investments.', 'It supports the commercialisation of renewable energy and low emissions technology projects through loans and equity investments. Figure 2.7 National agencies and bodies driving low emissions technology investment AUSTRALIA’S UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment CEFC Clean Energy Finance Corporation GA Geoscience Australia Clean Energy Regulator Australian Renewable Energy Agency CER ARENA CRCs Cooperative Research Centres ARC Australian Research Council CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ANSTO Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Snowy Hydro Ltd RDCs Rural Research and Development Corporations NAIF Northern Australia Infrastructure FundA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 By providing financial support, the CEFC has helped de-risk low emissions technologies across electricity generation, energy storage, industry and agriculture. It has also played an important role in developing an Australian sustainable finance sector. Clean Energy Regulator The purpose of the CER is to accelerate carbon abatement in Australia. It achieves this by administering a range of government schemes to measure, manage, reduce or offset Australia’s carbon emissions.', 'It achieves this by administering a range of government schemes to measure, manage, reduce or offset Australia’s carbon emissions. This includes Australia’s ERF, which supports the creation, verification and purchase of Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) (see section 3.5). To date, the CER has committed around $2.5 billion towards emissions reduction projects in the following sectors: \x97 agriculture and land (particularly revegetation projects) \x97 landfill and waste \x97 energy efficiency \x97 industry \x97 transport. The CER also administers: \x97 Australia’s National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme \x97 the National Registry of Emissions Units \x97 the Large-scale and Small-scale Renewable Energy Targets The CER is also helping voluntary carbon markets emerge and mature in Australia.', 'The CER also administers: \x97 Australia’s National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme \x97 the National Registry of Emissions Units \x97 the Large-scale and Small-scale Renewable Energy Targets The CER is also helping voluntary carbon markets emerge and mature in Australia. It is developing an exchange trading platform for ACCUs and developing frameworks to give confidence to investors and consumers as new technologies and industries evolve. These include a Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin Certification scheme, in collaboration with DISER and the Australian Carbon Exchange. Box 2.5 CSIRO National Missions In 2020, the CSIRO announced a missions program with $100 million directed annually to the co-creation of large-scale scientific and collaborative research initiatives. The program is aimed at solving some of Australia’s greatest challenges, focused on outcomes leading to positive impact, new jobs and economic growth.', 'The program is aimed at solving some of Australia’s greatest challenges, focused on outcomes leading to positive impact, new jobs and economic growth. They have ambitious goals, like: • developing transition pathways to net zero emissions • building Australia’s clean hydrogen industry • helping Australian businesses navigate the uncertainty of climate change. They are being developed with broad coalitions of partners, working with governments, universities, industry and the community. Key CSIRO missions are closely aligned with the Plan.', 'Key CSIRO missions are closely aligned with the Plan. Their goals include: • finding profitable pathways to net zero by putting low emissions technologies into practice (systems of use) with industry and regional communities • building Australia’s clean hydrogen industry and reducing the cost of hydrogen to under $2 per kilogram, enabling hydrogen to be globally competitive • addressing the complex problems and developing solutions for the private sector in response to the risks of a changing climate • delivering cost competitive and sustainable battery materials to the world.60 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN3. ENABLING DEPLOYMENT AT SCALE Key points \x97 Achieving net zero by 2050 emissions will require low emissions technology to be deployed at scale across all sectors of the economy.', 'ENABLING DEPLOYMENT AT SCALE Key points \x97 Achieving net zero by 2050 emissions will require low emissions technology to be deployed at scale across all sectors of the economy. \x97 As well as making these technologies cheaper, the Australian Government is tackling the challenges that may otherwise slow technology deployment across the economy. \x97 The Government is supporting business to lead technology deployment by putting in place the right measures and incentives. It is playing an enabling role to unlock investment and scale up technology deployment. This includes cross-cutting measures that apply across all sectors, and measures focused on overcoming barriers to technology deployment in individual sectors.', 'This includes cross-cutting measures that apply across all sectors, and measures focused on overcoming barriers to technology deployment in individual sectors. These measures include: – investing in enabling infrastructure – providing consumers with transparent information – facilitating growth in voluntary carbon markets, and – incentivising voluntary action. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205062 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 3.1 Enabling technology deployment across all economic sectors A key principle of this Plan is that technology deployment will be led by the private sector. The Government will help by clearing the path, removing barriers and pulling policy and other levers that can enable technology adoption to occur at the necessary scale.', 'The Government will help by clearing the path, removing barriers and pulling policy and other levers that can enable technology adoption to occur at the necessary scale. As well as making low emissions technology cheaper, the Australian Government is tackling the challenges that may otherwise slow technology deployment across each sector (Figure 3 1). Working with business and other levels of government, the Government is: \x97 planning and building the enabling infrastructure needed to catalyse technology deployment \x97 giving consumers and markets the information they need to de-risk technologies and make informed decisions \x97 providing the high integrity accounting systems and trading infrastructure necessary to grow voluntary carbon markets \x97 providing incentives and finance to encourage voluntary adoption of technology.', 'Working with business and other levels of government, the Government is: \x97 planning and building the enabling infrastructure needed to catalyse technology deployment \x97 giving consumers and markets the information they need to de-risk technologies and make informed decisions \x97 providing the high integrity accounting systems and trading infrastructure necessary to grow voluntary carbon markets \x97 providing incentives and finance to encourage voluntary adoption of technology. This chapter outlines the policies and investments the Government is implementing to address the challenges that could slow technology deployment in each sector. In addition to these sector-based measures, Australia has introduced cross-cutting initiatives enabling voluntary emissions reductions across all sectors. For example, the CEFC is financing low emissions technologies across the economy, and ACCUs can be created for a wide spectrum of activities under the ERF.', 'For example, the CEFC is financing low emissions technologies across the economy, and ACCUs can be created for a wide spectrum of activities under the ERF. Climate Active – Australia’s globally recognised carbon neutral certification scheme – provides transparency to consumers and motivates firms to become leaders in emissions reduction and technology (Box 3.1).A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 CROSS-CUTTING • Investing in R&D through ARENA, CSIRO, CRCs and other agencies • Providing finance through the CEFC • Investing in cross-cutting technologies including hydrogen and CCUS • Incentivising o set projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund • Certifying carbon neutral businesses through Climate Active • Assessing cross-cutting infrastructure needs for priority technologies, including hydrogen, energy storage, and CCUS Electricity Critical pathways – low emissions electricity Priority technologies – ultra low-cost solar, energy storage Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in enabling infrastructure, like Snowy 2.0, transmission and interconnectors • New regulations to support new technologies, like o shore renewable energy • Planning for renewables growth through AEMO’s ISP and post-2025 electricity market reform Transport Critical pathways – low emissions electricity, electrification, alternative fuels Priority technologies – clean hydrogen, energy storage Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in enabling infrastructure, like EV recharging and hydrogen refuelling • Improving heavy vehicle energy productivity and knowledge sharing Buildings Critical pathways – low emissions electricity, electrification, energy e ciency Priority technologies – ultra low-cost solar, energy storage, clean hydrogen Achieving deployment at scale • Improving energy e ciency through standards, information, tools and disclosure.', 'Climate Active – Australia’s globally recognised carbon neutral certification scheme – provides transparency to consumers and motivates firms to become leaders in emissions reduction and technology (Box 3.1).A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 CROSS-CUTTING • Investing in R&D through ARENA, CSIRO, CRCs and other agencies • Providing finance through the CEFC • Investing in cross-cutting technologies including hydrogen and CCUS • Incentivising o set projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund • Certifying carbon neutral businesses through Climate Active • Assessing cross-cutting infrastructure needs for priority technologies, including hydrogen, energy storage, and CCUS Electricity Critical pathways – low emissions electricity Priority technologies – ultra low-cost solar, energy storage Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in enabling infrastructure, like Snowy 2.0, transmission and interconnectors • New regulations to support new technologies, like o shore renewable energy • Planning for renewables growth through AEMO’s ISP and post-2025 electricity market reform Transport Critical pathways – low emissions electricity, electrification, alternative fuels Priority technologies – clean hydrogen, energy storage Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in enabling infrastructure, like EV recharging and hydrogen refuelling • Improving heavy vehicle energy productivity and knowledge sharing Buildings Critical pathways – low emissions electricity, electrification, energy e ciency Priority technologies – ultra low-cost solar, energy storage, clean hydrogen Achieving deployment at scale • Improving energy e ciency through standards, information, tools and disclosure. • Lowering costs through incentives and finance • Developing workforce skills and supply chains Agriculture and the land sector Critical pathways – land-based solutions, other emerging technologies Priority technologies – soil carbon Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in o set projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund and Carbon + Biodiversity Pilot • Building voluntary markets for carbon o set projects • Developing livestock feed technologies for large-scale deployment • Improving digital technologies and capabilities Industry, mining and manufacturing Critical pathways – electrification, clean hydrogen, CCUS Priority technologies – clean hydrogen, CCUS Achieving deployment at scale • Incentivising uptake of low-emissions technology through the Safeguard Crediting Mechanism • Supporting business cases and feasibility studies for energy e ciency upgrades and low emissions technologies • Targeted regulations to improve equipment e ciency and phase down HFCs Figure 3.1 Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors64 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The forthcoming LETS 2021 will underscore the central role of the Australian Government in building and planning enabling infrastructure.', '• Lowering costs through incentives and finance • Developing workforce skills and supply chains Agriculture and the land sector Critical pathways – land-based solutions, other emerging technologies Priority technologies – soil carbon Achieving deployment at scale • Investing in o set projects through the Emissions Reduction Fund and Carbon + Biodiversity Pilot • Building voluntary markets for carbon o set projects • Developing livestock feed technologies for large-scale deployment • Improving digital technologies and capabilities Industry, mining and manufacturing Critical pathways – electrification, clean hydrogen, CCUS Priority technologies – clean hydrogen, CCUS Achieving deployment at scale • Incentivising uptake of low-emissions technology through the Safeguard Crediting Mechanism • Supporting business cases and feasibility studies for energy e ciency upgrades and low emissions technologies • Targeted regulations to improve equipment e ciency and phase down HFCs Figure 3.1 Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors64 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The forthcoming LETS 2021 will underscore the central role of the Australian Government in building and planning enabling infrastructure. It introduces enabling infrastructure as a new technology category under the Technology Investment Roadmap, and identifies a digital grid and battery charging and hydrogen refuelling stations as initial investment priorities.', 'It introduces enabling infrastructure as a new technology category under the Technology Investment Roadmap, and identifies a digital grid and battery charging and hydrogen refuelling stations as initial investment priorities. The Government will also committed through the forthcoming LETS 2021 to assess the cross-cutting infrastructure needs for priority technologies, building on the National Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment already underway. This includes exploring ways to reduce costs by co-locating hydrogen, energy storage, and CCUS infrastructure with manufacturers of steel, aluminium and other commodities. Box 3.1 Climate Active Climate Active is an ongoing partnership between the Australian Government and Australian businesses to drive voluntary climate action and ensure accountability and transparency. Climate Active certifies businesses that reach net zero emissions by measuring, reducing and offsetting emissions against a best-practice carbon accounting standard.', 'Climate Active certifies businesses that reach net zero emissions by measuring, reducing and offsetting emissions against a best-practice carbon accounting standard. Certification is available for buildings, events, organisations, precincts, products and services. Businesses with certifications through Climate Active include Telstra, Energy Australia, Qantas and ANZ, as well as many smaller businesses, schools, universities and councils. Australia’s rigorous carbon neutral certification is an effective way to encourage businesses to reduce their emissions. Climate Active certification sends a clear signal to clients, customers and stakeholders that businesses are committed to sustainability, innovation, and industry leadership. Climate Active’s membership has doubled in the last 12 months, with over 370 certifications across more than 240 Australian businesses. Thousands more businesses are expected join in coming years to align with investor, regulatory and consumer interests.', 'Thousands more businesses are expected join in coming years to align with investor, regulatory and consumer interests. Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Ultra low emissions electricity generation is central to Australia achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Electricity generation is Australia’s largest source of emissions, responsible for 179 Mt CO₂-e, or 34% of emissions in 2019. Other sectors, like transport, buildings and industry, can decarbonise by switching to clean electricity. We can also use clean electricity to produce alternative fuels like clean hydrogen. It follows that low emissions electricity will enable much of Australia’s economy to shift onto low emissions pathways. Our modelling describes one scenario for how Australia’s electricity sector could decarbonise.', 'Our modelling describes one scenario for how Australia’s electricity sector could decarbonise. Under this scenario, declining technology costs enable the sector to achieve near zero emissions, with variable renewable energy providing more than 85% of total generation. Our modelling forecasts there will still be some coal and a significant proportion of gas in the electricity grid in 2050. Australia’s electricity sector has already begun down this pathway.', 'Australia’s electricity sector has already begun down this pathway. Australia’s latest emissions projections estimate the share of renewable generation will increase from 23% of total generation in 2020 to 61% by 2030.39 Residential solar PV will continue to be popular 40 , and more than half of Australian homes could have solar PV systems by 2050.41 Over $35 billion has been invested in renewable energy in Australia since 2017.42 World-leading deployment of renewables, including both large-scale and rooftop solar, has been driven by declining technology costs and financial support and knowledge sharing by ARENA and the CEFC. The RET and state government incentives have supported this by helping build a local industry and supply chains, and underpinning programs like Climate Active and Green Power.', 'The RET and state government incentives have supported this by helping build a local industry and supply chains, and underpinning programs like Climate Active and Green Power. With renewable energy increasingly cost-effective in many parts of Australia even without subsidies, this investment looks set to continue.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 However, the pace and scale of renewables deployment is also creating technical challenges for our electricity systems. If the integration of variable technologies is poorly managed, it could slow future deployment and make Australia’s electricity supply less secure, reliable, and affordable. The key challenge for the sector will be to ensure the share of renewables can grow while maintaining system services and ensuring consumers can access affordable electricity when they need it.', 'The key challenge for the sector will be to ensure the share of renewables can grow while maintaining system services and ensuring consumers can access affordable electricity when they need it. Existing technologies can help manage these issues.43 Batteries are already providing short-term firming and system services. Longer term firming technologies, alongside an expanded transmission grid, can provide seasonal storage and protection against weather variability. These could include pumped hydro, biomass, or new thermal generators combined with CCS. Further in the future, other emerging technologies like new battery technologies, electric vehicle-to-grid and hydrogen will also help enable ongoing renewables deployment.', 'Further in the future, other emerging technologies like new battery technologies, electric vehicle-to-grid and hydrogen will also help enable ongoing renewables deployment. There may also be the potential for Australia’s domestic demand to be reliably met by very large, export-oriented electricity systems that produce 200% or more of Australia’s needs 44 , or for modern third and fourth generation nuclear technologies to be deployed in Australia. Addressing these barriers The Australian Government is making major strategic infrastructure investments to enable ongoing renewables deployment. This includes our $1.38 billion investment in Snowy 2.0, which will add 2000 MW of dispatchable generation to the National Electricity Market.', 'This includes our $1.38 billion investment in Snowy 2.0, which will add 2000 MW of dispatchable generation to the National Electricity Market. Investments in transmission, interconnector and storage projects such as the MarinusLink interconnector, Project EnergyConnect interconnector and Tasmania’s Battery of the Nation will provide vital support to the grid and connect new firm capacity. The Australian Government has supported or underwritten investment in more than $2.6 billion of new transmission. These projects will also create jobs, keep energy prices low and reduce emissions. The Government is also making strategic investments in new dispatchable generation, including through the Underwriting New Generation Investment Program and its investment through Snowy Hydro Limited to construct a 660 MW open cycle gas turbine in NSW.', 'The Government is also making strategic investments in new dispatchable generation, including through the Underwriting New Generation Investment Program and its investment through Snowy Hydro Limited to construct a 660 MW open cycle gas turbine in NSW. The Government has committed $24.9 million in funding to support new gas generators to be hydrogen-ready.66 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The CEFC and ARENA are also making substantial investments in electricity generation, storage, transmission and other enabling technologies (see section 2.3). The Australian, state and territory governments are working together and co-investing to enable the smooth integration of low emissions technologies into the electricity grid.', 'The Australian, state and territory governments are working together and co-investing to enable the smooth integration of low emissions technologies into the electricity grid. The Australian Government has agreed 3 bilateral state deals – with NSW, Tasmania and South Australia – leveraging overall investment of more than $3 billion in energy and emissions reductions projects. These deals are: \x97 increasing gas supply \x97 supporting transmission, interconnectors and renewable energy zones \x97 reducing emissions through low emissions technology development. Microgrid technology is becoming increasingly cost effective, creating the opportunity for a reliable, low-cost, low-emissions energy supply to regional communities and industries in off-grid and fringe-of-grid locations. In 2019–20, the government committed $50.4 million to the Regional and Remote Communities Reliability Fund to support feasibility studies into microgrid development and installation.', 'In 2019–20, the government committed $50.4 million to the Regional and Remote Communities Reliability Fund to support feasibility studies into microgrid development and installation. A further $53.9 million was committed in 2020–21 through the Regional Australia Microgrids Pilots program to build on this fund through pilot studies. Longer term challenges Over the long term, the challenge will be to ensure Australia’s electricity systems remain secure, reliable and affordable as variable renewable energy achieves an increasingly higher share of the energy market. Australia’s governments and energy market bodies are preparing for this challenge. A current priority for governments is delivering a long term, fit-for-purpose post-2025 market design for the National Electricity Market (Australia’s largest electricity market and electricity grid).', 'A current priority for governments is delivering a long term, fit-for-purpose post-2025 market design for the National Electricity Market (Australia’s largest electricity market and electricity grid). Advised by the Energy Security Board (ESB), governments are reforming systems, tools, and regulations so they can meet long-term consumer interests in this key market. Governments are also considering more immediate reforms to address the impacts that greater penetration of renewable energy generators are having on the National Electricity Market and to enable further renewables integration. The ESB’s work is also seeking to deliver new market-based arrangements (where possible) to value the essential system services needed to support the changing mix of generation resources in the National Electricity Market.', 'The ESB’s work is also seeking to deliver new market-based arrangements (where possible) to value the essential system services needed to support the changing mix of generation resources in the National Electricity Market. Australia is also putting in place regulatory and institutional arrangements so new technologies can be deployed and integrated into our energy systems. For example, Australia is developing a regulatory framework for offshore energy technologies and infrastructure. Governments, on the advice of the ESB, have adopted reforms such as Renewable Energy Zones planning rules. Renewable Energy Zones are areas where there is planned integration of renewable energy generators, storage and transmission into electricity grids. Victoria, NSW and Queensland are also developing state-based frameworks to stimulate investment in Renewable Energy Zones.', 'Victoria, NSW and Queensland are also developing state-based frameworks to stimulate investment in Renewable Energy Zones. The transformation of Australia’s electricity system is making the planning, investment and operation of the grid more complex. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) is world-leading in responding to these changing needs, and has responded by developing Integrated System Plans (Box 3.2) and an enhanced digital operating system. The forthcoming LETS 2021 will recognise that ‘digital grid’ technologies will be fundamental to a low emissions economy, and ARENA has contributed $2.23 million to support AEMO’s work in this area.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Transport is Australia’s largest end user of energy and in 2019 contributed around 19% of the nation’s emissions.', 'The forthcoming LETS 2021 will recognise that ‘digital grid’ technologies will be fundamental to a low emissions economy, and ARENA has contributed $2.23 million to support AEMO’s work in this area.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Transport is Australia’s largest end user of energy and in 2019 contributed around 19% of the nation’s emissions. Substantial emissions reductions from transport are needed for Australia to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 – especially road transport, which is responsible for more than 80% of the sector’s emissions (Figure 3.2).', 'Substantial emissions reductions from transport are needed for Australia to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 – especially road transport, which is responsible for more than 80% of the sector’s emissions (Figure 3.2). Global developments are unlocking new vehicle technologies, and our modelling shows that enabling the deployment of EVs and other low emissions transport technologies in Australia can help reduce transport emissions by 58% by 2050.', 'Global developments are unlocking new vehicle technologies, and our modelling shows that enabling the deployment of EVs and other low emissions transport technologies in Australia can help reduce transport emissions by 58% by 2050. Figure 3.2 Transport emissions sources by source, 2019 Other Transportation Domestic Marine Railways Motorcycles Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses Light Commercial Vehicles Cars Domestic aviation Transport emissions by source, 2019 Source: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Box 3.2 Australian Energy Market Operator’s Integrated System Plan The Integrated System Plan (ISP) is a whole-of-system plan to maximise market benefits and deliver low-cost, secure and reliable energy under a range of plausible energy futures to 2040 for the National Electricity Market. The ISP is developed every 2 years. It identifies development opportunities and recommends priority transmission projects. The ISP is informed by detailed consultation and sophisticated energy system modelling.', 'The ISP is informed by detailed consultation and sophisticated energy system modelling. Analysis for the 2020 ISP looked at a range of scenarios to 2040, including slow technology adoption and a step-change scenario characterised by rapid technology change and significant electrification of the transport and industrial sectors. Based on the analysis performed, the ISP identified targeted transmission augmentations and transmission investments to support the change in generation mix. The aim is to ensure augmentation costs are kept to an efficient level, as well as strategically place interconnectors and Renewable Energy Zones coupled with energy storage. This is viewed as the most cost-effective way to allow for added capacity and to balance variable resources across the National Electricity Market.', 'This is viewed as the most cost-effective way to allow for added capacity and to balance variable resources across the National Electricity Market. AEMO has begun work on its 2022 ISP, including updated scenarios for renewables deployment and a new scenario involving substantial growth in an Australian hydrogen industry.68 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN McKinsey analysis found electric vehicles could reduce emissions by up to 80 Mt CO₂-e across the economy between 2019 and 2050, contributing around 15% of Australia’s overall 2050 abatement task. Electric vehicles are becoming more accessible and affordable, with global car manufacturers increasingly offering electric models across their ranges. Market take- up will likely accelerate once EVs reach price parity with conventional vehicles.', 'Market take- up will likely accelerate once EVs reach price parity with conventional vehicles. Some experts forecast this could occur by around 2025 for shorter range electric vehicles as the affordability of batteries improve.45 In the short term, high international demand for EVs could constrain global supply chains, and this could slow deployment of these vehicles in Australia. Over the long term, public charging and refuelling infrastructure will need to be widely available and convenient for new transport technologies to be deployed at scale. This will be particularly important for consumers that routinely travel long distances or do not have access to off-street parking. Coordinated planning will also be needed to integrate both charging and refuelling infrastructure with existing transport and energy networks.', 'Coordinated planning will also be needed to integrate both charging and refuelling infrastructure with existing transport and energy networks. Reducing emissions in heavy transport applications, like long distance heavy road freight, aviation and shipping, may need to rely on use of hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels, and synthetic fuels, particularly where use of battery EVs may be impractical or unsuitable. Addressing these barriers Recent trends are promising. Fast charging networks have expanded and will soon cover highways from Adelaide to Brisbane. Charging points are becoming more common in urban and regional areas.', 'Charging points are becoming more common in urban and regional areas. According to industry estimates, the number of charging stations in Australia increased by almost 25% over the year to July 2021.46 However, public and private investment in battery electric charging infrastructure needs to increase to build consumer confidence and enable large-scale uptake. Investment is also needed in refuelling infrastructure for hydrogen and other alternative fuels. The Australian Government is tackling these issues through the forthcoming Future Fuels Strategy and a range of Government investments (Box 3.3). It will also develop a new ERF method to further incentivise the rollout of low emissions transport infrastructure. States and territories are also making substantial investments towards recharging networks. Australia is also helping the heavy vehicle fleet to reduce emissions.', 'Australia is also helping the heavy vehicle fleet to reduce emissions. The $24.5 million Freight Energy Productivity Program will increase the use of new truck technology and improve knowledge sharing for heavy vehicle freight operators. Both CEFC and ARENA have invested in projects demonstrating hydrogen use in heavy transport. Box 3.3 Future Fuels Strategy and Government investment Australia’s forthcoming Future Fuels Strategy will be supported by measures that enable consumer choice, stimulate industry development and reduce emissions in the road transport sector.', 'Box 3.3 Future Fuels Strategy and Government investment Australia’s forthcoming Future Fuels Strategy will be supported by measures that enable consumer choice, stimulate industry development and reduce emissions in the road transport sector. The Strategy will build on a range of existing work and investments, including: \x97 The Future Fuels Fund, which is: – helping businesses integrate new vehicle technologies into their fleets – reducing blackspots for public charging and refuelling infrastructure in both regions and cities – unlocking opportunities for heavy vehicle fleets to upgrade to utilise new transport technologies \x97 The Government is also investing in: – critical reforms to ensure the grid is ‘EV-ready’ and analysis to inform the roll out of charging and refuelling infrastructure – better information on EVs and charging infrastructure to support consumer choices.', 'The Strategy will build on a range of existing work and investments, including: \x97 The Future Fuels Fund, which is: – helping businesses integrate new vehicle technologies into their fleets – reducing blackspots for public charging and refuelling infrastructure in both regions and cities – unlocking opportunities for heavy vehicle fleets to upgrade to utilise new transport technologies \x97 The Government is also investing in: – critical reforms to ensure the grid is ‘EV-ready’ and analysis to inform the roll out of charging and refuelling infrastructure – better information on EVs and charging infrastructure to support consumer choices. – $21 million of ARENA funding to roll out ultra-fast charging sites along 2 highway networks – up to $1.3 billion of CEFC finance made available to assist uptake of low and zero emissions vehicles – $25 million for the Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre, which will develop Australia’s battery industry, including batteries for transportA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Longer term challenges Cars in Australia typically remain on the road for 10 to 15 years.', '– $21 million of ARENA funding to roll out ultra-fast charging sites along 2 highway networks – up to $1.3 billion of CEFC finance made available to assist uptake of low and zero emissions vehicles – $25 million for the Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre, which will develop Australia’s battery industry, including batteries for transportA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Longer term challenges Cars in Australia typically remain on the road for 10 to 15 years. Encouraging fleets to adopt low emissions vehicles could rapidly increase demand and accelerate the uptake of new vehicle technologies, including EVs. Fleets buy almost half of the new cars47 and many trucks in Australia, and seed much of the second-hand vehicle market.', 'Fleets buy almost half of the new cars47 and many trucks in Australia, and seed much of the second-hand vehicle market. Some businesses are already leading in this area – in May 2021, Splend (a provider of vehicle subscriptions for Uber drivers) placed Australia’s largest ever order for EVs.48 The Australian Government has prioritised an early focus on infrastructure and commercial fleets through the Future Fuels Fund. Investments made through the fund are complemented by work already underway through existing intergovernmental forums and energy market bodies on infrastructure planning, road-related revenue, and integration of electric vehicles into transport systems and energy networks. Global industry efforts to bring down the cost of EVs to price parity with conventional vehicles will enable wider scale adoption.', 'Global industry efforts to bring down the cost of EVs to price parity with conventional vehicles will enable wider scale adoption. Bioenergy could also present pathways to reduce emissions in transport, as well as other sectors like electricity and industry. Through its forthcoming Bioenergy Roadmap, ARENA is exploring the potential economic opportunities for Australia, particularly regional areas, and the role that bioenergy could play. This will help assess where Australia has a competitive advantage and inform the Australian bioenergy sector’s next investment and policy decisions. Bioenergy can create thousands of new jobs and attract billions in investment, particularly in agriculture and other regional industries.49 Decarbonising aviation and shipping will take longer to achieve, as it will require new technologies and global supply chains.', 'Bioenergy can create thousands of new jobs and attract billions in investment, particularly in agriculture and other regional industries.49 Decarbonising aviation and shipping will take longer to achieve, as it will require new technologies and global supply chains. Modelling for the Plan found global aviation and shipping emissions is expected to decline modestly, despite the value of these sectors more than doubling. Industry actions are promising. For example, Fortescue Metals Group is examining the use of clean ammonia in shipping, 50 and Qantas and Virgin are investing in sustainable aviation fuels.51 As decarbonising these sectors will require global collaboration, Australia is working with industry and other nations through the International Maritime Organisation and International Civil Aviation Organisation.', 'For example, Fortescue Metals Group is examining the use of clean ammonia in shipping, 50 and Qantas and Virgin are investing in sustainable aviation fuels.51 As decarbonising these sectors will require global collaboration, Australia is working with industry and other nations through the International Maritime Organisation and International Civil Aviation Organisation. Australia has also committed to working through the Quad partnership, with India, Japan and the United States, on efforts to decarbonise shipping and port operations. Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Residential and commercial buildings contributed around a quarter of Australia’s emissions in 2019 and account for just under half of Australia’s electricity consumption. Our analysis shows the sector will need to nearly decarbonise by 2050 for Australia to meet its economy-wide net zero goal.', 'Our analysis shows the sector will need to nearly decarbonise by 2050 for Australia to meet its economy-wide net zero goal. Figure 3.3 Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings: (a) residential and commercial buildings fuel consumption, (b) residential energy consumption by end use, and (c) commercial energy consumption by end use Other Gas Electricity Residential and commercial buildings, energy use by fuel, 2019 Cooking Appliances Lighting Water heating Space heating and cooling Residential energy consumption, by end use Other Equipment Lighting Water heating Space heating and cooling Commercial energy use Sources: (a) Australian Energy Statistics52 (b) Energy Consult53, and (c) CSIRO54Electricity makes up almost two-thirds of the energy buildings use, so a near-zero emissions electricity grid will allow buildings to significantly reduce emissions (Figure 3.3).', 'Figure 3.3 Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings: (a) residential and commercial buildings fuel consumption, (b) residential energy consumption by end use, and (c) commercial energy consumption by end use Other Gas Electricity Residential and commercial buildings, energy use by fuel, 2019 Cooking Appliances Lighting Water heating Space heating and cooling Residential energy consumption, by end use Other Equipment Lighting Water heating Space heating and cooling Commercial energy use Sources: (a) Australian Energy Statistics52 (b) Energy Consult53, and (c) CSIRO54Electricity makes up almost two-thirds of the energy buildings use, so a near-zero emissions electricity grid will allow buildings to significantly reduce emissions (Figure 3.3). Building owners, occupants and builders can accelerate these emissions reductions by deploying: \x97 high efficiency appliances, lighting, equipment and building envelopes \x97 on-site renewable energy (like solar PV) and battery storage.', 'Building owners, occupants and builders can accelerate these emissions reductions by deploying: \x97 high efficiency appliances, lighting, equipment and building envelopes \x97 on-site renewable energy (like solar PV) and battery storage. Eliminating emissions from space heating, water heating and cooking is already technically possible through efficiency and electrification. Alternative fuels like hydrogen, biomethane and synthetic gas may provide additional options. McKinsey analysis found that widespread adoption of low emissions technologies could enable nearly all emissions from Australia’s buildings to be eliminated by 2050. Cost-effective low emissions technologies are already being widely deployed in some building classes, like new top-tier commercial buildings.55 Many new Australian homes are also adopting cutting edge technologies (Box 3.4).', 'Cost-effective low emissions technologies are already being widely deployed in some building classes, like new top-tier commercial buildings.55 Many new Australian homes are also adopting cutting edge technologies (Box 3.4). However deployment is slower for other building types due to: \x97 financial barriers, particularly upfront capital costs \x97 split incentives between landlords and tenants as well as builders and occupants \x97 the technical nature of renewable generation, batteries and energy efficiency, which makes decisions difficult for many households and businesses. Addressing these barriers Governments in Australia have implemented policies to address these barriers: \x97 The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS)56 provides voluntary energy ratings for residential buildings, and the Your Home57 guide provides information. These improve transparency for buyers and tenants and help motivate building owners to improve efficiency.', 'These improve transparency for buyers and tenants and help motivate building owners to improve efficiency. \x97 The National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS)58 provides voluntary energy ratings for many commercial building sectors. The Commercial Building Disclosure program provides a mandatory energy performance disclosure framework for commercial office buildings. Together these schemes improve transparency for buyers and tenants and help motivate building owners to improve efficiency. \x97 The Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards Act 2012 is improving the energy efficiency of appliances and equipment and making decisions easier for consumers. Box 3.4 – Case study – Low emissions technologies in Australian homes A new 2-storey family home in Melbourne uses a mix of technologies to lower energy bills, improve comfort and health, and reduce emissions.', 'Box 3.4 – Case study – Low emissions technologies in Australian homes A new 2-storey family home in Melbourne uses a mix of technologies to lower energy bills, improve comfort and health, and reduce emissions. Even with minimal heating and cooling, the house enjoys comfortable temperatures all year round thanks to solar access, insulation, a heat recovery ventilation system and other technologies.', 'Even with minimal heating and cooling, the house enjoys comfortable temperatures all year round thanks to solar access, insulation, a heat recovery ventilation system and other technologies. A 5 kW solar system generates almost twice the energy the building consumes, while a high-efficiency water heat pump acts like a battery by capturing surplus solar electricity.59 Further North, a new one-storey home in Darwin uses a mix of technologies tailored to its tropical climate, including a split system air-conditioning unit rated as having good cooling performance in the Darwin climate according to the ZERL, and a solar hot water system to maximise energy efficiency.', 'A 5 kW solar system generates almost twice the energy the building consumes, while a high-efficiency water heat pump acts like a battery by capturing surplus solar electricity.59 Further North, a new one-storey home in Darwin uses a mix of technologies tailored to its tropical climate, including a split system air-conditioning unit rated as having good cooling performance in the Darwin climate according to the ZERL, and a solar hot water system to maximise energy efficiency. 70 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN © Tatjana Plitt PhotographyA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 \x97 Consumer choice is being made easier through appliance labelling, including the Zoned Energy Rating Label (ZERL) used for air-conditioning units.', '70 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN © Tatjana Plitt PhotographyA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 \x97 Consumer choice is being made easier through appliance labelling, including the Zoned Energy Rating Label (ZERL) used for air-conditioning units. This provides seasonal efficiency ratings for distinct climate zones, enabling stronger household engagement in energy efficiency decision-making. \x97 Financial barriers are being addressed by the CEFC, state energy efficiency schemes and Australian Government programs like the Hotel Energy Uplift and Powering Communities programs. Longer term challenges In 2019, the Australian, state and territory governments agreed the Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings.', 'Longer term challenges In 2019, the Australian, state and territory governments agreed the Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings. This national plan sets a trajectory towards zero energy (and zero carbon) ready commercial and residential buildings for Australia.60,61 It includes 14 measures covering: \x97 better information, guidance and tools \x97 energy efficiency in the National Construction Code \x97 skills and supply chain development. The trajectory will accelerate the deployment of low emissions technologies across both new and existing buildings. Changes to the National Construction Code can deliver increasing energy efficiency of new buildings. However, residential and commercial buildings have long lifetimes and slow turnover. This means that by 2050, around 7 million homes and a third of commercial buildings will not be subject to improved energy efficiency measures in the National Construction Code.', 'This means that by 2050, around 7 million homes and a third of commercial buildings will not be subject to improved energy efficiency measures in the National Construction Code. For existing buildings, the trajectory is progressing initiatives to provide information for households and businesses, expand energy rating tools and improve energy efficiency in rental properties.62 To significantly reduce emissions from buildings, governments may need to consider additional measures that encourage large-scale refurbishments and technology adoption in existing buildings,63 and thereby speed up the improvement of the existing stock. Non-financial barriers to deployment will persist across new and existing buildings, and further measures by governments may be needed.', 'Non-financial barriers to deployment will persist across new and existing buildings, and further measures by governments may be needed. This could include measures to encourage the adoption of better performing appliances, equipment and buildings, such as expanded disclosure frameworks for additional building classes and precincts, which improve transparency and support consumer choice. 3.5 Agriculture and the land sector Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment In 2019, direct agricultural emissions contributed around 14% of Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions and around half of its methane emissions. Emissions from livestock dominate the sector and represent around 10% of the nation’s emissions (Figure 3.4).', 'Emissions from livestock dominate the sector and represent around 10% of the nation’s emissions (Figure 3.4). The land sector is a net sink for greenhouse gas emissions, drawing 25 Mt CO₂-e out of the atmosphere in 2019 and helping reduce overall emissions from other sectors of the economy. Figure 3.4 Agriculture, direct emissions sources, 2019 Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Rice Cultivation Agricultural Soils Field Burning of Agricultural Residues Liming Agriculture, direct emissions, 2019 Source: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Modelling for the Plan found Australian agricultural output could climb to $112 billion in 2030 (above the $100 billion industry goal) and $131 billion by 2050 while emissions fall to 36% below 2005 levels. Australian farmers and land managers can achieve this outcome by adopting low emissions technologies and abatement practices.', 'Australian farmers and land managers can achieve this outcome by adopting low emissions technologies and abatement practices. These can include improving soil carbon, changing grazing practices, using livestock feed to reduce methane, and changing nitrogen application in cropping systems.72 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Many agricultural businesses in Australia are already adopting low emissions technologies and whole-farm management practices, and positioning to capture emerging markets for produce with low emissions footprints. For example, NAPCO, one of Australia’s largest cattle companies, with 200,000 cattle over 6 million hectares, has certified Australia s first carbon-neutral beef through Climate Active. This has involved improving livestock management, converting to renewable energy, and purchasing land sector offsets through the ERF and international carbon markets.', 'This has involved improving livestock management, converting to renewable energy, and purchasing land sector offsets through the ERF and international carbon markets. However, the costs of establishing and maintaining projects remain a material barrier to reducing emissions in the sector. Many abatement activities provide benefits to farmers, including improved productivity, resilience and market competitiveness64, but involve upfront costs. In other cases, abatement projects can result in foregone revenue if they cannot generate income in other ways. Addressing these barriers Incentives available through the ERF are helping to overcome these cost barriers. Around $2.5 billion has been committed to date through the ERF towards projects that reduce or avoid emissions or store carbon in the land.', 'Around $2.5 billion has been committed to date through the ERF towards projects that reduce or avoid emissions or store carbon in the land. Regional areas have benefited strongly – since the program started, the Government has contracted more than 80% of the 209 Mt CO₂-e emission reductions from the agriculture and the land sector. ERF projects have also improved biodiversity and agricultural productivity and created employment opportunities for Indigenous Australians (Figure 3.5). Carbon offsets can help farmers diversify their income and improve landscape resilience. Alternatively, farmers can use their offsets to market low emissions produce to premium markets. There are many opportunities to store carbon in ways that align with existing farm business objectives and improved productivity (Box 3.5).', 'There are many opportunities to store carbon in ways that align with existing farm business objectives and improved productivity (Box 3.5). The Government is continually looking for new ways the ERF can drive emissions reduction from agriculture and the land sector. The CER is developing an improved soil carbon method in 2021 and will develop will several new methods in 2022, including: \x97 an integrated farm method to enable farmers to combine separate activities like environmental plantings and soil carbon alongside traditional farming activities (see Section 4.3.2) \x97 new methods to further incentivise improved savanna fire management to store and avoid emissions Box 3.5 Balancing competing demands on Australia’s agricultural sector Agricultural industries have long been at the forefront of efforts to reduce our emissions.', 'The CER is developing an improved soil carbon method in 2021 and will develop will several new methods in 2022, including: \x97 an integrated farm method to enable farmers to combine separate activities like environmental plantings and soil carbon alongside traditional farming activities (see Section 4.3.2) \x97 new methods to further incentivise improved savanna fire management to store and avoid emissions Box 3.5 Balancing competing demands on Australia’s agricultural sector Agricultural industries have long been at the forefront of efforts to reduce our emissions. Our agriculture and land sectors, and the communities built around them, can prosper while continuing to play a vital role in helping Australia achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Scenarios explored for the Plan show significant carbon offsets can be voluntarily delivered by farmers without converting productive agricultural land.', 'Scenarios explored for the Plan show significant carbon offsets can be voluntarily delivered by farmers without converting productive agricultural land. This includes abatement from increased storage of carbon in soils. Any plantings would occur mostly on marginal land, along property boundaries, streams and gullies.65 They would be integrated into the farm business, increasing drought resilience and farm productivity, rather than displacing agricultural production. Modelling for the Plan demonstrates that up to 63 Mt CO₂-e of accredited carbon offsets could be produced each year by 2050, involving 1.5 million hectares of on-farm plantings (equivalent to 2% of total agricultural land).', 'Modelling for the Plan demonstrates that up to 63 Mt CO₂-e of accredited carbon offsets could be produced each year by 2050, involving 1.5 million hectares of on-farm plantings (equivalent to 2% of total agricultural land). Achieving this level of abatement from targeted environmental plantings is possible without any negative impact on farm output, such as through wind breaks and riparian buffer zones, and would occur voluntarily on the basis that it produces a more profitable business outcome for the farmer.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 3.5 Activities incentivised by the ERF Source: Clean Energy Regulator. Building on the ERF’s success, the Government is introducing new incentives to reward farmers who improve biodiversity on their farms.', 'Building on the ERF’s success, the Government is introducing new incentives to reward farmers who improve biodiversity on their farms. The new Carbon + Biodiversity Pilot supports farmers and landholders to reduce emissions while building biodiversity on their properties. The pilot scheme is operating in conjunction with the ERF in six regions. Under the pilot, farmers and landholders who plant mixed tree species are paid a premium for both emissions reductions and biodiversity benefits (like providing habitat for threatened species). Valuing the environmental benefits of trees can reward farmers as stewards of the land by creating new income streams. The pilot has shown that many farmers can get commercially viable returns through plantings and attract biodiversity premiums in addition to returns from carbon credits.', 'The pilot has shown that many farmers can get commercially viable returns through plantings and attract biodiversity premiums in addition to returns from carbon credits. Offset projects with environmental, social or cultural benefits attract a premium on the voluntary market. Energy companies including Woodside, Chevron and Shell are currently investing in projects with carbon and biodiversity benefits. The Government’s investment in a biodiversity trading platform will help farmers find potential buyers and kick-start this investment. The biodiversity certification scheme will help farmers demonstrate their credentials to their markets. The ERF’s crediting mechanism provides the foundation for state-based schemes like Queensland’s Land Restoration Fund.', 'The ERF’s crediting mechanism provides the foundation for state-based schemes like Queensland’s Land Restoration Fund. The Australian Government has encouraged other states and territories to use the ERF as the basis for incentive schemes to improve transparency and accountability, and is pursuing opportunities to achieve this through bilateral state deals.66 The ERF is also enabling many companies to voluntarily reduce their emissions. Over 60% of ASX50 firms have committed to net zero emissions.67 carbon abatement projects are currently under contract. ERF PROJECTS IN AUSTRALIA MULTI-STATE PROJECTS NATIONAL PROJECTS TOTAL PROJECTS During its existence, the ERF has contracted a total of 209 million tonnes of CO equivalent abatement* *As of 22 October 2021 over the lifetime of the scheme.', 'ERF PROJECTS IN AUSTRALIA MULTI-STATE PROJECTS NATIONAL PROJECTS TOTAL PROJECTS During its existence, the ERF has contracted a total of 209 million tonnes of CO equivalent abatement* *As of 22 October 2021 over the lifetime of the scheme. Figures exclude volume terminated/lapsed contracts (17.3 million tonnes) DELIVERED ABATEMENT REMAINING DELIVERY OPTIONAL DELIVERY million tonnes million tonnes (optional and fixed contracts) CONTRACTED ABATEMENT BY METHOD (MILLION TONNES) Savanna burning 13.6 Energy e ciency 3.4 Industrial fugitives 1.774 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN The ERF is also helping reduce emissions from other sectors of the economy. This includes the waste sector, which contributes almost 3% of Australia’s total emissions, and from which the ERF has contracted 25.9 Mt of abatement.', 'This includes the waste sector, which contributes almost 3% of Australia’s total emissions, and from which the ERF has contracted 25.9 Mt of abatement. The Government is prioritising the development of new methods for the industrial and transport sectors, including CCUS, low emissions transport infrastructure, and the use of clean hydrogen in applications like gas networks, power generation and low emissions steel. Longer term challenges Livestock feed technologies could reduce methane emissions by over 80%68 but are still at an early stage of development and the costs are unclear. More work is needed to understanding the implications and practicalities of these technologies. The Government is working with industry and researchers to develop ways to deliver this technology to grazing animals, which make up around 95% of Australia’s livestock population (section 2.4).', 'The Government is working with industry and researchers to develop ways to deliver this technology to grazing animals, which make up around 95% of Australia’s livestock population (section 2.4). Even with significant technology progress, our modelling found livestock emissions contribute 51 Mt CO₂-e in 2050. This reinforces the significant technical and practical challenges in reducing livestock methane emissions. Enabling technologies, such as digital technologies and remote sensing, will assist landholders to store carbon in soil and vegetation on farms. The Government is already acting to unlock the potential of the sector by investing in improving the data and technologies to make soil carbon measurement cheaper (section 2.3.6) and by enhancing the Full Carbon Accounting Model which underpins our measurements of carbon stored in vegetation and soil.', 'The Government is already acting to unlock the potential of the sector by investing in improving the data and technologies to make soil carbon measurement cheaper (section 2.3.6) and by enhancing the Full Carbon Accounting Model which underpins our measurements of carbon stored in vegetation and soil. The Government is also building digital skills and capabilities within the sector through the National Agricultural Innovation Agenda and Digital Foundations for Agriculture Strategy. Achieving the long-term Paris goals will require that we protect and restore ‘blue carbon’ stocks in coastal ecosystems like mangroves, sea grasses and tidal marshes.', 'Achieving the long-term Paris goals will require that we protect and restore ‘blue carbon’ stocks in coastal ecosystems like mangroves, sea grasses and tidal marshes. Australia is already a world leader in blue carbon science, and a new $3.3 million research collaboration between CSIRO and BHP will improve our ability to measure and quantify the net emissions reduction potential in these ecosystems. The Government is also developing an ERF method to incentivise activities that support Australia’s blue carbon stocks. 3.6 Industry, mining and manufacturing Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Australia’s industrial, mining and manufacturing sectors are major regional employers that will play a vital role in the nation achieving net zero emissions by 2050.', '3.6 Industry, mining and manufacturing Technology pathways, trends and barriers to deployment Australia’s industrial, mining and manufacturing sectors are major regional employers that will play a vital role in the nation achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Direct emissions from these sectors represent around a third of Australia’s total emissions, and just under half when indirect emissions from electricity consumption are included (Figure 3.6).69 Figure 3.6 Emissions from industry, mining and manufacturing sectors Source: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Note: Includes scope 1 and 2 emissions Reducing emissions across these sectors will require a range of new and bespoke technologies. Energy efficiency, resource efficiency and electrification will form the backbone of decarbonisation pathways for many industrial processes while increasing productivity, lowering costs and improving competitiveness.', 'Energy efficiency, resource efficiency and electrification will form the backbone of decarbonisation pathways for many industrial processes while increasing productivity, lowering costs and improving competitiveness. Niche technology solutions, such as low global warming potential refrigerants and carbon- free anodes for aluminium smelting70, are emerging for some processes.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Analysis for the Plan by McKinsey found that widespread adoption of low emissions technologies could enable emissions from Australia’s industry, mining and manufacturing sectors to fall by more than half between 2019 and 2050. Australian industrial and manufacturing facilities are moving in this direction. For example, Sun Metals (operator of Queensland’s biggest zinc refinery) has committed to power its entire operations with renewable electricity within 20 years.', 'For example, Sun Metals (operator of Queensland’s biggest zinc refinery) has committed to power its entire operations with renewable electricity within 20 years. Sun Metals has developed a 151 MW solar farm co-located with the refinery and is working with the Queensland Government to establish a hydrogen production facility for export and use in industrial and transport applications.71 Mining firms including BHP, Rio Tinto and Vale are collaborating to reduce emissions from surface mine operations through Many technologies are already available and cost-effective, like energy efficient heat pumps as an alternative to natural gas for low temperature heating (for example, food manufacturing).', 'Sun Metals has developed a 151 MW solar farm co-located with the refinery and is working with the Queensland Government to establish a hydrogen production facility for export and use in industrial and transport applications.71 Mining firms including BHP, Rio Tinto and Vale are collaborating to reduce emissions from surface mine operations through Many technologies are already available and cost-effective, like energy efficient heat pumps as an alternative to natural gas for low temperature heating (for example, food manufacturing). However, adoption can be slow where technologies are unfamiliar to firms, involve high system costs (for example, the costs of integrating new technology into an old production line), or face competition for capital and other resources within the firm.', 'However, adoption can be slow where technologies are unfamiliar to firms, involve high system costs (for example, the costs of integrating new technology into an old production line), or face competition for capital and other resources within the firm. Addressing these barriers To overcome these barriers, Australia is introducing a new Safeguard Crediting Mechanism (Box 3.6), which was a key recommendation of the 2020 King Review. The ERF and CEFC finance are also helping firms meet upfront technology costs and accelerate deployment across these sectors. Other investments are helping to de-risk new technologies and promote knowledge sharing. For example, the Government’s $43 million Industrial Energy Transformation Studies Program is providing financial support to firms to perform detailed engineering studies on energy efficiency improvements.', 'For example, the Government’s $43 million Industrial Energy Transformation Studies Program is providing financial support to firms to perform detailed engineering studies on energy efficiency improvements. Through ARENA, the Government is also investing $2.3 million in the Australian Industry Energy Transition Initiative (ETI), a partnership between Australian non-government organisations, researchers and industry. This initiative is exploring solutions for reducing emissions and increasing long term competitiveness across five industrial supply chains – iron and steel, alumina and aluminium, LNG, other metals (such as lithium, copper and nickel) and chemicals including plastics, fertilisers and explosives.', 'This initiative is exploring solutions for reducing emissions and increasing long term competitiveness across five industrial supply chains – iron and steel, alumina and aluminium, LNG, other metals (such as lithium, copper and nickel) and chemicals including plastics, fertilisers and explosives. Regulatory arrangements are in place to ensure Australian markets for industrial equipment keep pace with international technology developments: \x97 Through the Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Management Act 1989, Australia regulates the manufacture, import, export, use and disposal of HFCs and other potent synthetic greenhouse gases. Australia has committed to an 85% phase-down of HFC imports by 2036, ahead of the international schedule agreed under the Montreal Protocol.', 'Australia has committed to an 85% phase-down of HFC imports by 2036, ahead of the international schedule agreed under the Montreal Protocol. \x97 The Greenhouse and Energy Performance Standards Act 2012 ensures that industrial equipment, like electric motors, meets minimum energy performance standards, making it easier for Australian firms to adopt energy-efficient equipment. Australia is also exploring technologies to reduce emissions from waste. ARENA and the CEFC are co-investing with business in technologies that can turn urban and industrial waste into energy and valuable products. This will create new revenue streams while also reducing landfill gas emissions. Technologies include energy- from-waste and biomethane production. The Australian Recycling Investment Fund (administered by the CEFC) is an important part of Australia’s National Waste Policy and Action Plan.', 'The Australian Recycling Investment Fund (administered by the CEFC) is an important part of Australia’s National Waste Policy and Action Plan. The plan is guiding national investment in recycling and other technologies that can reduce waste emissions. Box 3.6 Safeguard Crediting Mechanism The Government is introducing a Safeguard Crediting Mechanism to help incentivise deployment of new low emissions technologies in the industrial, manufacturing, mining, transport, oil and gas sectors. The Government has allocated $279.9 million to 2030 towards the crediting mechanism. This will encourage projects that: \x97 significantly reduce the emissions intensity of facilities covered by the Safeguard Mechanism \x97 help develop and deploy emerging low emissions technologies. The crediting mechanism will build on the existing architecture of the Safeguard Mechanism and National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme.', 'The crediting mechanism will build on the existing architecture of the Safeguard Mechanism and National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme. These schemes provide a framework for major emitters to measure, report and manage their emissions.76 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Longer term challenges Low-cost abatement technologies do not yet exist for hard-to-abate sectors like steel, chemicals and cement. Deploying hydrogen and CCUS at scale will be essential to reduce emissions from these sectors. Both technologies have been prioritised under the Technology Investment Roadmap. A major focus of the roadmap is to reduce the costs of these technologies through research, development and demonstration (Sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.4).', 'A major focus of the roadmap is to reduce the costs of these technologies through research, development and demonstration (Sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.4). Many Australian firms, such as Fortescue Metals Group 74, the Australian Gas Infrastructure Group 75 and Santos 76, are also working to unlock the full potential of these technologies. In future, there may be a role for the Government to help build the industry’s confidence to invest in these capital-intensive technologies. The Safeguard Crediting Mechanism and ERF could potentially provide that support – an ERF method for CCS has been developed and a CCUS method will be developed in 2022. However, the Government will monitor the need for additional measures.', 'However, the Government will monitor the need for additional measures. 3.7 Role of offsets in achieving Australia’s net zero by 2050 goal Offset projects will play a crucial role in Australia achieving net zero emissions by 2050. For key sectors of the economy, technical and practical challenges will make it very difficult to reduce emissions to zero. By investing in projects that draw carbon from the atmosphere and store it in vegetation, soil and geological structures, these sectors have credible and affordable alternative pathways for decarbonising. In our modelling and analysis, a voluntary carbon incentive of up to $25 per tonne CO₂-e by 2050 unlocks a further 27 Mt CO₂-e of land sector offsets, and this enables Australia to get within range of net zero emissions by 2050.', 'In our modelling and analysis, a voluntary carbon incentive of up to $25 per tonne CO₂-e by 2050 unlocks a further 27 Mt CO₂-e of land sector offsets, and this enables Australia to get within range of net zero emissions by 2050. Analysis by McKinsey finds that achieving the same abatement without land sector offsets would require Australia to draw on more expensive abatement options in the industrial and transport sectors with a weighted average abatement cost of $62 per tonne CO₂-e. LETS 2020 identified that scaling geological and biological sequestration to provide globally significant permanent sequestration of CO₂ is one of Australia’s big technological challenges.', 'LETS 2020 identified that scaling geological and biological sequestration to provide globally significant permanent sequestration of CO₂ is one of Australia’s big technological challenges. It highlighted that the Government’s strong focus on sequestration recognises these technologies can boost the productivity of Australia’s agriculture sector and provide decarbonisation pathways for new and existing industries, which will preserve jobs. Farmers that choose to conduct offset projects can earn valuable additional revenue to supplement other income from their properties. Alternatively, farmers may choose to use offsets to support their own low emissions claims to build on Australia’s reputation as a clean, green supplier of choice. The Government is helping build voluntary carbon markets so farmers can take advantage of these opportunities (Box 3.7).', 'The Government is helping build voluntary carbon markets so farmers can take advantage of these opportunities (Box 3.7). Australia is prioritising the development of new opportunities for CCS and soil carbon offsets, and the ERF is one of the biggest offset markets in the world. The systems underpinning the ERF’s crediting architecture, including its legislated offset integrity standards, ensure that ACCUs represent real, additional abatement and have not been double-counted. The higher prices that ACCUs attract through the ERF and in voluntary markets compared to international units reflects that buyers recognise ACCUs are of high quality and integrity. The CER is continuing to invest in improving its registry and other systems.Box 3.7 Growing voluntary carbon markets The CER administers accounting and registry services that underpin Australia’s domestic carbon market.', 'The CER is continuing to invest in improving its registry and other systems.Box 3.7 Growing voluntary carbon markets The CER administers accounting and registry services that underpin Australia’s domestic carbon market. The voluntary market for carbon and carbon-related units is growing – voluntary demand for ACCUs and large- scale generation certificates in the June 2021 quarter was almost 40% higher than in the June 2020 quarter. Voluntary demand in Australia for international units over the same period also grew.77,78 The market is expected to keep growing thanks to carbon reduction and neutrality commitments. The CER will establish an exchange trading platform for ACCUs. The platform will reduce transaction costs, increase market depth and make it easier to purchase and surrender carbon units.', 'The platform will reduce transaction costs, increase market depth and make it easier to purchase and surrender carbon units. The CER is also enhancing the registry for ACCUs to make it easier to trace the origin of units. This will let the market differentiate and place a value premium on units with benefits, like increased Indigenous employment from savanna burning projects. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205078 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN4. SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES IN NEW AND TRADITIONAL MARKETS Key points \x97 Australia’s regions have always powered the growth of our nation and provided energy, resources and food to the world. The Government’s ongoing investments in infrastructure, people, and local communities will ensure Australia’s regions continue to be a base for our industries into the future.', 'The Government’s ongoing investments in infrastructure, people, and local communities will ensure Australia’s regions continue to be a base for our industries into the future. \x97 The Government recognises that changes in global demand for our energy exports will have implications for our regional communities. These changes will be driven by the actions of our trading partners and not our own efforts to reduce emissions. These changes will occur over several decades. \x97 Most of our major sectors will grow strongly to 2050, even as the world decarbonises, but some sectors will face global headwinds. By building new industries like clean hydrogen, renewable energy and critical minerals, Australia will create new export markets and jobs.', 'By building new industries like clean hydrogen, renewable energy and critical minerals, Australia will create new export markets and jobs. These will help offset long-term impacts in sectors, like thermal coal and natural gas, affected by falling global demand and the shifting choices of international consumers. \x97 The Australian economy has specialised in the production of emissions-intensive exports and we are the world’s 4th largest energy exporter. We will continue to export our traditional energy exports for as long as our customers demand them. If we were to withdraw supply and reduce our exports, other countries would fill the gap in supply. Australia’s coal and gas export industries will continue through to 2050 and beyond, supporting jobs and regional communities. \x97 Global changes in demand will also create many opportunities for Australia.', '\x97 Global changes in demand will also create many opportunities for Australia. Analysis for the Plan highlights that Australian policy settings will be crucial to realising these opportunities. By focusing on technology and enabling the private sector, our plan will support regions to maintain attractive job opportunities and economic prosperity. \x97 Our regions can supply low emissions products to the world, including critical minerals, other essential metals, clean hydrogen, LNG, uranium, low emissions manufactured materials, clean energy equipment and services, and agricultural products. Analysis for the Plan finds that hydrogen, renewable energy and minerals like lithium could create more than 100,000 new direct jobs by 2050, many in Australia’s regions. These industries could also create many more indirect jobs, including in up- and downstream manufacturing.', 'These industries could also create many more indirect jobs, including in up- and downstream manufacturing. \x97 Our farmers will benefit from delivering carbon sequestration and biodiversity through soil management, revegetation and plantings that are part of the farm business. Agricultural industries have long been at the forefront of Australia’s efforts to reduce emissions. They will continue to supply clean, green and safe agricultural products to domestic consumers and the world. \x97 Australia is supporting our regional industries to succeed in new and traditional markets through the Critical Minerals Strategy, National Hydrogen Strategy, Global Resources Strategy, Modern Manufacturing Strategy and Ag2030 Strategy. The Government will play an enabling and coordinating role so that economic benefits are shared fairly across the country.', 'The Government will play an enabling and coordinating role so that economic benefits are shared fairly across the country. Australia’s whole-of-economy long term emissions reduction plan4.1 Opportunities for Australia and its regions from the global transformation Regional industries have helped Australia’s economy to specialise in the production of emissions-intensive exports and become the world’s fourth largest energy exporter. Australia has built some of the world’s largest and most significant energy and resources supply chains into strong, fast-growing export markets across the Indo-Pacific region. Australia is a global top three (or higher) exporter across a range of commodities, and is uniquely blessed with natural resources across: \x97 Traditional energy sources (e.g. coal and LNG), \x97 Emerging low emissions fuels (e.g. clean LNG, blue hydrogen and CCS), and \x97 The new energy economy (e.g.', 'clean LNG, blue hydrogen and CCS), and \x97 The new energy economy (e.g. world-leading solar resource, available land, productive agriculture, critical minerals, green hydrogen potential). Modelling from international bodies such as the IEA and IPCC illustrate the scale of change required to achieve the global goals of the Paris Agreement. To achieve the 2°C goal, global emissions must fall by over 75% between 2017 and 2050 and reach global net zero by around 2070.79 Global electricity emissions will need to fall by more than 70%, even as electricity generation increases.80 More rapid change will be needed to achieve a 1.5°C goal. Under all scenarios, low emissions technologies like solar, wind and nuclear power will need to contribute an increasing share of global electricity production.', 'Under all scenarios, low emissions technologies like solar, wind and nuclear power will need to contribute an increasing share of global electricity production. Despite the scale of this transformation, multiple studies (including modelling undertaken for this Plan)81 show the global economy will continue to grow and incomes continue to rise. The world’s demand for energy, minerals, agricultural products, and manufactured products like steel, are all projected to grow strongly to 2050 as the global population grows and living standards improve. 80 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 With our natural endowments, experienced regional industries and skilled workforce, Australia is uniquely placed to benefit as this global shift unfolds.', '80 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 With our natural endowments, experienced regional industries and skilled workforce, Australia is uniquely placed to benefit as this global shift unfolds. We can prosper in a world in transition and capitalise on the global shift to a new energy economy: \x97 We have world-leading reserves of the minerals and base metals, such as lithium, nickel and copper, needed to produce batteries, renewables and electric vehicles. \x97 We are one of the world’s biggest producers and exporters of liquefied natural gas (LNG), a critical transition fuel, and have built some of the world’s largest and most significant energy and resources supply chains into fast-growing export markets across the Indo-Pacific region.', '\x97 We are one of the world’s biggest producers and exporters of liquefied natural gas (LNG), a critical transition fuel, and have built some of the world’s largest and most significant energy and resources supply chains into fast-growing export markets across the Indo-Pacific region. \x97 Our unmatched renewable energy resources and high quality CO₂ storage reservoirs can be the foundation for hydrogen production and low emissions manufacturing. \x97 Australian researchers and entrepreneurs are at the leading edge of low emissions technology innovation and have driven the development of globally significant technologies like solar photovoltaics (PV). Modelling undertaken for this Plan shows that most of Australia’s export sectors across manufacturing, mining and agriculture stand to benefit from this shift.', 'Modelling undertaken for this Plan shows that most of Australia’s export sectors across manufacturing, mining and agriculture stand to benefit from this shift. The value of Australia’s exports is projected to more than triple from 2020 and 2050. Building on the modelling, McKinsey estimates that net regional employment in mining and heavy industry alone could grow by 62,000 by 2050. The long-term prospects for Australia’s coal and gas sectors will depend on the preferences of our customers and the pace of international action. Australian natural gas production is expected to remain robust, and will be higher in 2030 than it is today. Coal production will remain flat or decline slightly, by around 6% over the same period.', 'Coal production will remain flat or decline slightly, by around 6% over the same period. There will be ongoing demand for both commodities, especially in emerging markets in the Asia-Pacific and Indo Pacific. Given our proximity to these markets, our strong reputation as a supplier of energy exports and the high quality of our fossil fuel commodities, Australia is well- placed to meet this demand.82 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN However, our modelling indicates that, in a 2°C global economy, the global demand for these commodities will decline over the long term as our customers shift towards low emissions technologies, fuels and commodities.', 'Given our proximity to these markets, our strong reputation as a supplier of energy exports and the high quality of our fossil fuel commodities, Australia is well- placed to meet this demand.82 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN However, our modelling indicates that, in a 2°C global economy, the global demand for these commodities will decline over the long term as our customers shift towards low emissions technologies, fuels and commodities. As a result of these global trends, Australian fossil fuels production is projected to fall over the period to 2050, and will be 35% lower than 2020. International demand for coal is projected to taper more rapidly than for natural gas.', 'As a result of these global trends, Australian fossil fuels production is projected to fall over the period to 2050, and will be 35% lower than 2020. International demand for coal is projected to taper more rapidly than for natural gas. Our modelling finds that changing customer demand for these commodities, and not a domestic emissions goal, drives the economic impacts on these sectors. The Australian Government will support industries and communities affected by these global shifts. This will be a long term transition and not a sudden shock, and we are putting the right settings in place now to ensure regional communities can thrive throughout this process. These sectors will continue to underpin jobs in these communities for many decades.', 'These sectors will continue to underpin jobs in these communities for many decades. Our plan is to partner and co-invest to ensure communities realise the broader opportunities through the global transition and in the new energy economy (Box 4.1). In addition, our plan includes a focus on CCUS opportunities to reduce the emissions intensity of fossil fuels and enable the ongoing use of fossil fuels in producing clean hydrogen. Australia is already a top global exporter of traditional energy sources and other resources, and can build on this expertise in capturing economic opportunities both through the global transition and in the new economy (Figure 4.1). Our economic modelling underscored the potential for very strong growth over the coming decades in regional industries like mining and heavy industry.', 'Our economic modelling underscored the potential for very strong growth over the coming decades in regional industries like mining and heavy industry. Opportunities are already beginning to emerge for regional Australia. Consistent with the findings of the IEA 83 and World Bank,84 our modelling indicates low emissions fuels, technologies and commodities will be a major source of global growth. Australia’s existing industrial regions like the Hunter, Central Queensland, the Pilbara, Portland and Whyalla are well suited to host low emissions industries that can meet this demand, such as hydrogen and energy-intensive manufacturing powered by renewable energy.', 'Australia’s existing industrial regions like the Hunter, Central Queensland, the Pilbara, Portland and Whyalla are well suited to host low emissions industries that can meet this demand, such as hydrogen and energy-intensive manufacturing powered by renewable energy. This is because of existing skilled workforces and proximity to high quality renewable resources, ports and transmission infrastructure.85 Figure 4.1 Australian Global Export Rankings and Reserve Rankings Australian global reserve rankings Australian global export rankings COAL (METALLURGICAL) URANIUM BAUXITE – LITHIUM ZINC COPPER LNG COAL (THERMAL) IRON ORE Source: DISER, Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2021, Geoscience Australia 2021. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources 2020. Geoscience Australia, Canberra.', 'Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources 2020. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. Source: Geoscience Australia and US Geological Survey82A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 4.2 Map of new energy export opportunities84 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Box 4.1 Employment opportunities from building new regional industries Many relevant skills and infrastructure assets already exist in regional areas. The question is how to enable these workforces to take advantage of emerging job opportunities. For example, Victoria’s Latrobe Valley has a long history as an energy producing region. It is geologically suitable for producing hydrogen and storing carbon underground, and is located in close proximity to electricity and shipping infrastructure.', 'It is geologically suitable for producing hydrogen and storing carbon underground, and is located in close proximity to electricity and shipping infrastructure. These advantages underpin the Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC) project, a world-first pilot project supported by the Australian, Japanese and Victorian governments. The project will safely and efficiently produce and transport clean hydrogen from the region. This is just one example of the opportunities available to regional Australia in the new energy economy. The Technology Investment Roadmap identified that investing in Australia’s priority technologies could support up to 160,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2030, many in regional areas.', 'The Technology Investment Roadmap identified that investing in Australia’s priority technologies could support up to 160,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2030, many in regional areas. Further analysis undertaken by DISER and McKinsey has identified substantial low emissions technology job opportunities for regional communities: \x97 Producing and exporting the minerals needed for clean energy technologies like cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, uranium and rare earth elements could support up to 52,000 jobs in regions like southern Western Australia, the Pilbara and South Australia by 2050. \x97 Hydrogen production could support up to 16,000 jobs by 2050 in regions like central Queensland, southern Western Australia and the Pilbara.', '\x97 Hydrogen production could support up to 16,000 jobs by 2050 in regions like central Queensland, southern Western Australia and the Pilbara. \x97 The construction boom associated with new renewable energy generation to support hydrogen production could support up to 13,000 new, permanent jobs by 2050 across Australia, especially in regional NSW and Queensland. This is in addition to potential jobs growth of up to 35,000 between now and 2050 across the energy sector, many in regional areas, to support a broader expansion of electricity production for domestic use as sectors like transport and industry switch to electricity. \x97 Low emissions steel and alumina could support up to 18,000 jobs in regions like South Australia and Queensland.', '\x97 Low emissions steel and alumina could support up to 18,000 jobs in regions like South Australia and Queensland. In total, this analysis by DISER and McKinsey projects more than 100,000 new direct jobs could be created by 2050. McKinsey has also identified further indirect job opportunities, both upstream and downstream, including: \x97 expanded manufacturing powered by low-cost renewable energy in regions like Geelong, the Hunter Valley and the Pilbara \x97 new upstream energy generation manufacturing like wind turbines and hydrogen electrolysers, which could support jobs in existing industrial areas like Geelong, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra \x97 new downstream value-adding manufacturing like the production and export of green ammonia and hot briquette iron, which could support jobs in Central Queensland, Gladstone, the Hunter Valley and the Pilbara.', 'McKinsey has also identified further indirect job opportunities, both upstream and downstream, including: \x97 expanded manufacturing powered by low-cost renewable energy in regions like Geelong, the Hunter Valley and the Pilbara \x97 new upstream energy generation manufacturing like wind turbines and hydrogen electrolysers, which could support jobs in existing industrial areas like Geelong, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra \x97 new downstream value-adding manufacturing like the production and export of green ammonia and hot briquette iron, which could support jobs in Central Queensland, Gladstone, the Hunter Valley and the Pilbara. The Government’s $464 million investment towards establishing up to seven regional hydrogen hubs, and over $300 million in funding for CCUS technologies and hubs projects, are two examples of how it is helping enable regional communities to capture new opportunities.', 'The Government’s $464 million investment towards establishing up to seven regional hydrogen hubs, and over $300 million in funding for CCUS technologies and hubs projects, are two examples of how it is helping enable regional communities to capture new opportunities. Around half of the funds invested by ARENA and almost a third of CEFC finance have been directed toA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 4.2 Leveraging Australia’s competitive advantages 4.2.1 Minerals and metals used to manufacture clean energy technologies Modelling for the Plan projects global demand for metals like copper, lithium, and nickel will increase steadily between 2020 and 2050. Global demand for these metals will be driven in part by their use in lithium-ion batteries, EVs, solar panels and wind turbines.', 'Global demand for these metals will be driven in part by their use in lithium-ion batteries, EVs, solar panels and wind turbines. Australia is moving to capture economic opportunities from this growth and play an important role in securing domestic and global strategic supply chains.87 Analysis by DISER suggests that in a 2°C global economy, Australian lithium exports could grow from $1 billion in 2020 to $10 billion in 2050. They could reach as high as $34 billion per year if further refined all the lithium we mined. Battery demand could also grow Australia’s nickel exports from $4 billion in 2020 to over $31 billion in 2050.', 'Battery demand could also grow Australia’s nickel exports from $4 billion in 2020 to over $31 billion in 2050. Increased demand across a range of low emissions technologies could see Australian mined copper exports grow from $7 billion to as much as $19 billion in 2050, despite substantial increases in copper reuse and recycling. Australia’s total exports of these three resources could grow from $12 billion in 2020 to as much as $84 billion in 2050. Other studies have highlighted the opportunities for Australia in expanding further up the battery mineral value chains.', 'Other studies have highlighted the opportunities for Australia in expanding further up the battery mineral value chains. For example, 34,700 jobs could be supported by 2030 if Australia builds its capabilities in downstream refining, manufacturing, and battery integration and services.88 Australia’s resources sector is already a world-leading global supplier of base metals and energy commodities. We have globally significant reserves across a range of mining commodities (Figure 4 1). South Australia, southern Western Australia and the Pilbara are rich in the minerals used in low emissions technologies. The Government will continue to support the growth of the sector so it can deepen supply chains for the raw materials the new energy economy demands.', 'The Government will continue to support the growth of the sector so it can deepen supply chains for the raw materials the new energy economy demands. A strong focus is on unlocking Australia’s reserves of lithium, rare earths and other minerals through the Critical Minerals Strategy (Box 4.2). To support this strategy, a new $2 billion Critical Minerals Facility, to be managed by Export Finance Australia, will fill finance gaps in critical minerals resources developments. Australia’s Global Resources Strategy will also identify new markets for our resources commodities and critical minerals and facilitate opportunities for expanding trade.', 'Australia’s Global Resources Strategy will also identify new markets for our resources commodities and critical minerals and facilitate opportunities for expanding trade. 4.2.2 Clean hydrogen production Studies by organisations such as the IEA and Bloomberg New Energy Finance project that, although currently very small, the global demand for clean hydrogen could increase rapidly as various industrial and transport applications switch to this fuel. The IEA has said that the international hydrogen trade alone could be worth up to US$300 billion by 2050 under a global net zero scenario.89 The IEA90 and the World Energy Council91 have both identified Australia as a potential hydrogen production powerhouse. Australia could be a major supplier of clean hydrogen to key trading partners like Japan, Korea, Germany and Singapore.', 'Australia could be a major supplier of clean hydrogen to key trading partners like Japan, Korea, Germany and Singapore. Analysis by McKinsey has highlighted that international emissions reductions from Australian hydrogen exports could grow to almost 100 Mt CO₂-e per year by 2050. The potential economic opportunities for regional Australia from hydrogen are substantial. Modelling for the Plan found that hydrogen production in Australia could be worth more than $50 billion (US$35 billion) by 2050 in a world with ambitious climate action. An Australian hydrogen industry could supply low emissions manufacturing (e.g. of steel), exports of clean hydrogen or ammonia, or domestic demands for electricity generation, transport and heating.', 'of steel), exports of clean hydrogen or ammonia, or domestic demands for electricity generation, transport and heating. This is a conservative estimate, and other analysts have suggested much higher economic opportunities – by one estimate, Australia could generate export revenue from hydrogen and its derivatives valued at $70–$130 billion (US$50–$90 billion) by 2050.92 As with earlier waves of resource development, regional Australians are likely to be major beneficiaries from hydrogen’s growth. DISER’s modelling and analysis by McKinsey find clean hydrogen production could support up to 16,000 jobs in 2050, in regions like the central coast of Queensland, the Pilbara and southern Western Australia. Renewable energy construction to support hydrogen exports could support a further 13,000 jobs in 2050.', 'Renewable energy construction to support hydrogen exports could support a further 13,000 jobs in 2050. Analysis for the National Hydrogen Strategy suggests there are many areas of Australia suitable for low cost hydrogen production, with opportunities in every state and territory.86 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Box 4.2 Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy Australia has some of the most abundant natural endowments of critical minerals globally. We have the world’s second-largest lithium reserves, the sixth-largest rare earths reserves, and substantial resources of cobalt, manganese, tantalum, tungsten and zirconium.', 'We have the world’s second-largest lithium reserves, the sixth-largest rare earths reserves, and substantial resources of cobalt, manganese, tantalum, tungsten and zirconium. Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy outlines the government’s policy framework to: • position Australia as a world leader in the exploration, extraction, production and processing of these resources • help deepen global supply chains for the technologies they underpin The Australian Government’s policies will help grow the critical minerals sector and contribute to the Whole-of-Economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan on the following 3 fronts Bolster geopolitical stability We will directly support the strategic energy, defence and economic needs of key partners (like the US, Japan, India, the Republic of Korea, the UK, and EU member states) by supplying: • rare earths (used in magnets for EV motors and wind turbines) • minerals for lithium ion and vanadium batteries • titanium alloys.', 'Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy outlines the government’s policy framework to: • position Australia as a world leader in the exploration, extraction, production and processing of these resources • help deepen global supply chains for the technologies they underpin The Australian Government’s policies will help grow the critical minerals sector and contribute to the Whole-of-Economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan on the following 3 fronts Bolster geopolitical stability We will directly support the strategic energy, defence and economic needs of key partners (like the US, Japan, India, the Republic of Korea, the UK, and EU member states) by supplying: • rare earths (used in magnets for EV motors and wind turbines) • minerals for lithium ion and vanadium batteries • titanium alloys. Build sovereign capability We will move into downstream processing and grow Australia’s capability in specialist skills such as hydrometallurgy, chemical separation and smelting.', 'Build sovereign capability We will move into downstream processing and grow Australia’s capability in specialist skills such as hydrometallurgy, chemical separation and smelting. Grow our regions We will create stable, sustainable and high-paying jobs in regional Australian communities, and integrate these into fast-growing sectors of the global economy. We achieve this by: • de-risking and accelerating projects, including with targeted financial support under the Modern Manufacturing Initiative or through investment from government financing agencies • creating an enabling environment through: - working with the states and territories to help the sector scale up and attract international investment - trade facilitation - better leveraging our world-leading research and development capabilities. • securing strategic partnerships and commercial arrangements with key countries like the US, Japan, India, the Republic of Korea, India, Germany and France.', '• securing strategic partnerships and commercial arrangements with key countries like the US, Japan, India, the Republic of Korea, India, Germany and France. 4.2.3 Low emissions fuels, including LNG and uranium Australia is one of the biggest exporters of LNG in the world, and our exports will continue to play a significant role in the global energy mix over the coming decades. Our exports have the potential to reduce global emissions by up to 166 Mt CO₂-e annually by displacing more emissions-intensive fuels.93 With access to high-quality storage reservoirs, Australia can meet the emerging demand for lower emissions LNG.', 'Our exports have the potential to reduce global emissions by up to 166 Mt CO₂-e annually by displacing more emissions-intensive fuels.93 With access to high-quality storage reservoirs, Australia can meet the emerging demand for lower emissions LNG. The Gorgon CCS project, one of the world’s biggest CCS facilities, is expected to capture around 100 Mt CO₂-e from LNG production over its lifetime,94 and further projects, like the proposed Moomba CCS Hub, could commence operations as soon as the middle of this decade. The global shift towards low emissions electricity is also expected to expand the world’s nuclear generation capacity. Australia can help supply the uranium needed to power these generators. We have the world’s largest uranium reserves and we are currently the third biggest producer.', 'We have the world’s largest uranium reserves and we are currently the third biggest producer. By helping to meet this demand, Australia’s annual uranium exports could grow from $762 million today to up to $1.3 billion in 2050 (Appendix C). The Government’s Global Resources Strategy will support the Australian resources sector to remain the world’s supplier of choice for major commodities like LNG and uranium, as well as our critical minerals and new energy resources like hydrogen.', 'The Government’s Global Resources Strategy will support the Australian resources sector to remain the world’s supplier of choice for major commodities like LNG and uranium, as well as our critical minerals and new energy resources like hydrogen. It will support Australian resources companies and mining equipment, technology and services (METS) companies to strengthen their global competitiveness, scale up and expand their market export opportunities.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 4.2.4 Low emissions manufacturing, including steel and aluminium Global demand for aluminium, steel and other metals will remain high in a net zero global economy. New energy technologies, including solar and wind, will be major sources of demand for these manufactured metals.', 'New energy technologies, including solar and wind, will be major sources of demand for these manufactured metals. Australia’s mineral and renewable resource endowments, alongside falling technology costs and our proximity to growing markets, could see Australia realise an industrial advantage in energy-intensive manufacturing.95 We can strengthen our position as an exporter of aluminium, steel, processed iron ore (as hot briquetted iron) and other energy-intensive manufactured commodities. We can do this by fuelling industry on low-cost, zero emissions electricity and hydrogen, or by harnessing CCUS. Geelong, the Hunter and the Pilbara are some of the regions that could benefit. The potential economic opportunities of low emissions manufacturing are substantial.', 'The potential economic opportunities of low emissions manufacturing are substantial. By one estimate, turning one-fifth of our current iron ore extraction and half of our current bauxite and manganese extraction into zero emissions metals could be worth $100 billion in export revenue and create over 65,000 jobs.96 By prioritising low emissions materials through the Technology Investment Roadmap and Modern Manufacturing Strategy (Box 4.3), Australia will sustain its existing industries and enable regional Australia to be a base for new and expanded heavy manufacturing. 4.2.5 Clean energy equipment and services Australian industry can produce and export much more than commodities. We can also offer high-value manufactured products, expertise and innovation. Australia has outstanding research capabilities, innovative people and a track record of contributing globally significant technologies.', 'Australia has outstanding research capabilities, innovative people and a track record of contributing globally significant technologies. For example, solar PV technology developed by the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is now used in around 90% of today’s global solar PV manufacturing.97 The Australian business Tritium is one of the world’s most popular manufacturers of EV direct current fast charging At a per capita rate, Australia is deploying renewable energy 8 times faster than the world average and nearly three times faster than the next fastest country, Germany.99 This is positioning us at the leading edge of the development of enabling technologies for decentralised, low emissions energy systems.', 'For example, solar PV technology developed by the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is now used in around 90% of today’s global solar PV manufacturing.97 The Australian business Tritium is one of the world’s most popular manufacturers of EV direct current fast charging At a per capita rate, Australia is deploying renewable energy 8 times faster than the world average and nearly three times faster than the next fastest country, Germany.99 This is positioning us at the leading edge of the development of enabling technologies for decentralised, low emissions energy systems. With our market and geographical characteristics, we are also emerging as leaders in niche technologies like hot climate batteries, off-grid systems, and rapidly deployable modular renewable systems.', 'With our market and geographical characteristics, we are also emerging as leaders in niche technologies like hot climate batteries, off-grid systems, and rapidly deployable modular renewable systems. Australia’s Modern Manufacturing Strategy is supporting its innovators to commercialise and scale-up these products. It is also connecting them with export opportunities created by global markets that are demanding solutions to changing energy systems (Box 4.3).88 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 4.3 Helping Australia’s agriculture sectors and farming communities grow Australia’s agriculture sector is a major part of our export economy, producing enough food to feed 80 million people. The sector exports 70% of everything raised and grown in Australia. It underpins many communities and is a source of jobs and prosperity for regional Australia.', 'It underpins many communities and is a source of jobs and prosperity for regional Australia. Modelling for the Plan underscores the positive outlook for Australian agriculture in a net zero global economy. We are the 3rd largest agricultural landmass in the world. We are the 2nd largest cattle exporter, and the 7th largest wheat exporter. Building on these strengths, Australia’s agriculture sector will grow and supply produce to global markets that increasingly prioritise low emissions commodities. Australian farmers can build on our existing reputation for clean, green and safe produce, and become a supplier of choice for trading partners seeking food and fibre with a low emissions footprint.', 'Australian farmers can build on our existing reputation for clean, green and safe produce, and become a supplier of choice for trading partners seeking food and fibre with a low emissions footprint. Emissions intensities of key existing Australian agricultural products like wheat and grass-fed beef are below the global median,100 and ambitious industry-led targets will further reduce emissions intensities.101 As a result, expanding our market share and meeting a greater proportion of international demand will reduce emissions globally. CSIRO analysis estimates exports of premium Australian food products, including premium sustainable beef and lamb, could potentially grow by 55% to 2030.102 Placing all major commodities on a trajectory trending towards carbon neutrality by 2030 is part of the sector’s roadmap to exceed $100 billion in farm gate103 output.', 'CSIRO analysis estimates exports of premium Australian food products, including premium sustainable beef and lamb, could potentially grow by 55% to 2030.102 Placing all major commodities on a trajectory trending towards carbon neutrality by 2030 is part of the sector’s roadmap to exceed $100 billion in farm gate103 output. The Government is supporting industry to achieve this goal by bringing down the costs of technologies like soil carbon measurement and livestock feed technologies (sections 2.3.5 and 2.4). 4.4 Supporting regional economies and communities Australia’s regions have powered the growth of our nation and continue to provide energy, resources and food to the world. The Government is supporting our regions so they remain attractive and vibrant places to live, work and invest, and can remain the base for our industries into the future.', 'The Government is supporting our regions so they remain attractive and vibrant places to live, work and invest, and can remain the base for our industries into the future. Box 4.3 Modern Manufacturing Strategy: Recycling and Clean Energy National Manufacturing Priority The Recycling and Clean Energy National Manufacturing Priority road map is part of the Government’s Modern Manufacturing Strategy. It sets a vision to develop world-leading advanced manufacturers that seize opportunities from sustainability, clean energy, and waste reduction demands. This is done by leveraging Australia’s advantages in innovation, technology, renewable and mineral resources, as well as our onshore industrial base. Manufacturing opportunities that play to Australian strengths include: \x97 hydrogen technologies \x97 modularised renewables \x97 specialised batteries \x97 recycled and remanufactured products \x97 low emissions metals.', 'Manufacturing opportunities that play to Australian strengths include: \x97 hydrogen technologies \x97 modularised renewables \x97 specialised batteries \x97 recycled and remanufactured products \x97 low emissions metals. The Government is backing promising projects through the $1.3 billion Modern Manufacturing Initiative (MMI). This funding is supporting domestic manufacturers to: \x97 leverage opportunities from large energy projects \x97 meet changing consumer demands \x97 mobilise large-scale investments in new ways of using energy and materials. MMI co-investments aim to link collaborations across supply chains, including through hubs, so manufacturers can overcome barriers to scale and competitiveness. This is just one of six priority areas under the Modern Manufacturing Strategy.', 'This is just one of six priority areas under the Modern Manufacturing Strategy. The Resources Technology and Critical Minerals Processing road map is also helping manufacturers capture opportunities in the new energy economy.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 4.4.1 Building a skilled workforce Developing a workforce with the right skills and expertise is critical in capturing opportunities from low emissions technologies and emerging markets. Australia will need highly skilled workers to develop and deploy new technologies domestically and enable Australia to realise its comparative advantages in emerging global markets. We will need a workforce with general capabilities (like communication, problem solving and digital literacy), as well as discipline-specific skills in fields like construction, physical sciences, engineering, project management and data analytics.', 'We will need a workforce with general capabilities (like communication, problem solving and digital literacy), as well as discipline-specific skills in fields like construction, physical sciences, engineering, project management and data analytics. The Australian Government is supporting the national skills architecture, state training systems and apprenticeships, including a record $6.4 billion investment in 2021–22. This investment is helping train highly skilled and qualified workers, including in regional areas, and is supporting existing workers to acquire new skills and expertise. In 2020, the Government established the National Skills Commission to provide trusted and independent intelligence on Australia’s current and future skills, education and jobs. This is complemented by the Modern Manufacturing Strategy, National Hydrogen Strategy and other initiatives.', 'This is complemented by the Modern Manufacturing Strategy, National Hydrogen Strategy and other initiatives. Collectively, these measures are helping build the skilled workforce Australia will need to capture the opportunities new technologies present in domestic and global markets. For example, the Australian and Tasmanian governments are working together on the $16.14 million Energising Tasmania Program. The program is developing a skilled workforce equipped with the electrical and engineering expertise needed for the Battery of the Nation initiative, MarinusLink interconnector and ongoing growth of Tasmania’s renewable energy sector. 4.4.2 Infrastructure to connect communities and unlock supply chains Infrastructure is the key to vibrant regional communities, reducing the costs of getting materials and products to markets, and building the job-creating industries of the future.', '4.4.2 Infrastructure to connect communities and unlock supply chains Infrastructure is the key to vibrant regional communities, reducing the costs of getting materials and products to markets, and building the job-creating industries of the future. The Government is investing heavily in transport, water and telecommunications infrastructure. We are directing around a third of our rolling $110 billion pipeline of infrastructure projects towards regional projects. Better infrastructure enables industries to grow by unlocking supply chains and connecting farmers, miners and manufacturers to domestic and international markets. Australia’s $4.9 billion Roads of Strategic Importance initiative is ensuring key freight roads are efficiently connected. The Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility is helping finance economic infrastructure like ports and airports.', 'The Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility is helping finance economic infrastructure like ports and airports. Australia’s investments in rail infrastructure are connecting communities and regions, as well as enabling low emissions commuting and freight. World-class communications infrastructure and ultra-fast digital connectivity are increasingly central to regional communities and will underpin both new and traditional industries. Australia’s investments in regional telecommunications infrastructure, including through the National Broadband Network and the Government’s Regional Connectivity Program, are helping connect farms, mines and factories with their customers and suppliers. It will also enable emerging digital technologies, like smart grid technologies, to be integrated into their operations. 4.4.3 Ongoing investments in local regional communities Regional Australia is already home to one in three Australians.', '4.4.3 Ongoing investments in local regional communities Regional Australia is already home to one in three Australians. More and more people will move to the regions as new low emissions industries grow and as existing industries become stronger. The Government is supporting our regions so they remain attractive and vibrant places to live, work and invest. This includes ensuring local communities have access to high quality healthcare, educational opportunities and other services. The Government will continue to invest in services like primary health, hospitals, aged care, disabilities, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ health and mental health. Scholarships and new Industry Training Hubs will improve opportunities for young people, and higher education reforms and investments will increase regional Australians’ access to higher education.', 'Scholarships and new Industry Training Hubs will improve opportunities for young people, and higher education reforms and investments will increase regional Australians’ access to higher education. The Government is making substantial investments in local regional communities. Nearly 1,300 local projects have been funded through five rounds of the Building Better Regions Fund. Projects range from water recycling facilities to refreshed streetscapes, as well as community infrastructure and capacity building projects that build local resilience to economic shocks. Through the Future Drought Fund and the National Resilience and Recovery Agency, the Government is supporting local communities to respond to and rebuild following natural disasters and droughts. All levels of government will continue to work together to develop and revitalise our regions.', 'All levels of government will continue to work together to develop and revitalise our regions. The Australian Government has allocated $100 million to the new Regional Recovery Partnerships initiative. We are coordinating investments with state and local governments to deliver jobs, economic recovery and economic diversification across 10 regions. This includes a $5 million investment in a pilot project relating to hydrogen technology in the Gladstone region.90 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN5. FOSTERING GLOBAL COLLABORATION Key points \x97 Australia is partnering and co-investing with trading and strategic partners to foster a globally collaborative approach to low emissions technologies. We are establishing new bilateral partnerships and playing a leading role in multilateral initiatives and institutions.', 'We are establishing new bilateral partnerships and playing a leading role in multilateral initiatives and institutions. \x97 Our aim is to accelerate the technology transformations needed to decarbonise the world’s economy, not just our own. Scaling up global production and supply chains will lower the costs of deploying the technologies all countries – including Australia – need. \x97 Australia is also working with other countries, especially in our region, to access and adopt new technologies and build resilience to climate impacts. \x97 Australia is working with our neighbours to establish a high-integrity carbon offset scheme in the Indo-Pacific. This will boost our region’s ability to attract private sector investment in low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits.', 'This will boost our region’s ability to attract private sector investment in low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 205092 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 5.1 Building international partnerships Australia is working closely with the international community on low emissions technology innovation to reduce emissions and create jobs. These partnerships are: \x97 building strategic relationships with partners that share our ambitions \x97 sharing knowledge across global supply chains \x97 accelerating the development and deployment of low emissions technologies. The Government has appointed Dr Alan Finkel, Australia’s former Chief Scientist, as Special Adviser to the Australian Government on Low Emissions Technologies.', 'The Government has appointed Dr Alan Finkel, Australia’s former Chief Scientist, as Special Adviser to the Australian Government on Low Emissions Technologies. Dr Finkel is: \x97 supporting and expanding technology collaboration by brokering partnerships with Australia’s priority trade and strategic partners \x97 intensifying international engagement to drive investment in shared research and development, including Australian-based projects. The Government has allocated $565.8 million to support international partnerships that help accelerate development of low emissions technologies and advance and support the goals of Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap. The Government aims to attract at least $3 of funding from partners and other private sources for every $1 it invests. The Government has already announced partnerships with Germany, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom (Figure 5.1).', 'The Government has already announced partnerships with Germany, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom (Figure 5.1). Each of these partnerships will further Australia’s technology-led approach to reducing emissions by strengthening global cooperation on low emissions technology development and deployment. They will underpin the development of new technologies leading to emissions reductions, job creation, lower energy costs, new trade opportunities and greater investment in Australia.Singapore Low Emissions Maritime Initiative $30 million co-investment from Australia, Singapore and industry for pilot and demonstration projects to trial the use of low emissions technologies, including clean hydrogen and ammonia, in shipping and port operations. This builds on an existing MOU on low emissions technologies. Germany Australia-Germany Hydrogen Accord \x97 HyGATE Program, with combined investment of approximately $130 million for RD&D projects along the hydrogen supply chain.', 'Germany Australia-Germany Hydrogen Accord \x97 HyGATE Program, with combined investment of approximately $130 million for RD&D projects along the hydrogen supply chain. \x97 Facilitating industry partnerships on demonstration projects in Australian hydrogen hubs \x97 Exploring opportunities to supply hydrogen and its derivatives to Germany Japan Low Emissions Technology Partnership \x97 Partnership to support technologies, including: clean hydrogen and ammonia; carbon capture, use and storage; lower emissions LNG; and low emissions steel and iron ore. \x97 Start of operations for Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain project, to produce and export liquefied clean hydrogen to Kobe, Japan.', '\x97 Facilitating industry partnerships on demonstration projects in Australian hydrogen hubs \x97 Exploring opportunities to supply hydrogen and its derivatives to Germany Japan Low Emissions Technology Partnership \x97 Partnership to support technologies, including: clean hydrogen and ammonia; carbon capture, use and storage; lower emissions LNG; and low emissions steel and iron ore. \x97 Start of operations for Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain project, to produce and export liquefied clean hydrogen to Kobe, Japan. United Kingdom Australia–UK Partnership on Low Emissions Solutions \x97 Cooperation on research and development across six key technologies including clean hydrogen; carbon capture and use and storage; small modular reactors including advanced nuclear designs and enabling technologies; low emissions materials including green steel; and soil carbon measurement.', 'United Kingdom Australia–UK Partnership on Low Emissions Solutions \x97 Cooperation on research and development across six key technologies including clean hydrogen; carbon capture and use and storage; small modular reactors including advanced nuclear designs and enabling technologies; low emissions materials including green steel; and soil carbon measurement. \x97 As a first initiative, we will develop a joint industry challenge to increase the competitiveness of industry, reduce emissions and support economic growth. A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Figure 5.1 International partnerships94 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 5.2 Multilateral initiatives and institutions These bilateral international partnerships will sit alongside our ongoing engagement with multilateral technology initiatives. For example: \x97 Australia is an active member of Mission Innovation.', 'For example: \x97 Australia is an active member of Mission Innovation. This initiative of 22 countries (and the European Commission) is accelerating clean energy technology innovation through performance breakthroughs and cost reductions. Through Mission Innovation, Australia is contributing to global collaboration on clean energy innovation and building practical bilateral cooperation. Australia co-leads Mission Innovation’s new Clean Hydrogen Mission, whose aims include increasing the cost-competitiveness of clean hydrogen to the end user by reducing end-to- end costs to a tipping point of US$2/kg by 2030. \x97 Australia is a long standing member of the Clean Energy Ministerial, which has 19 member countries. The CEM brings together a community of the world’s largest and leading countries, companies and international experts to achieve acceleration of clean energy transitions.', 'The CEM brings together a community of the world’s largest and leading countries, companies and international experts to achieve acceleration of clean energy transitions. Australia leads on the Clean Energy Solutions Centre, and participates across a range of initiatives including on smart grids, hydrogen, energy efficiency, and CCUS. \x97 Australia is also a member of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition. Launched by India and Sweden in 2019, this group brings together 16 nations and 19 industry leaders to develop sectoral roadmaps and promote public– private collaboration on critical challenges in hard-to-abate sectors. Australia’s membership lets us influence the global agenda for emissions reductions in key economic sectors including steel, chemicals and cement. This helps create business opportunities for Australian industries.', 'This helps create business opportunities for Australian industries. Australia is also continuing to work through multilateral institutions, including the World Trade Organisation and APEC, to tackle trade barriers and reduce trade- related costs. Removing trade barriers can reduce the cost of new and emerging technologies, making them more accessible and cost-competitive. It can take emerging low emissions technology industries to a much larger scale, increase the rewards for innovation, and improve access, helping make net zero by 2050 achievable for both developed and developing countries. 5.3 Supporting our regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience Australia has for many years supported our regional neighbours, particularly Pacific and South-East Asian countries, to access and adopt low emissions technologies and build resilience to the impacts of climate change (Box 5.1).', '5.3 Supporting our regional neighbours to adopt technologies and build resilience Australia has for many years supported our regional neighbours, particularly Pacific and South-East Asian countries, to access and adopt low emissions technologies and build resilience to the impacts of climate change (Box 5.1). More than 70 % of Australia’s bilateral and regional climate financing supports adaptation and ensuring communities are better prepared and more resilient to climate impacts. Australia has committed $1.5 billion towards climate finance over the 2020-25 period. This will be implemented through Australia’s development assistance program. This builds on the $1.4 billion in climate finance Australia provided over 2015-2020 (which exceeded the $1 billion commitment we had made at the Paris conference). Climate change is being integrated into every aspect of Australia’s international development program.', 'Climate change is being integrated into every aspect of Australia’s international development program. Australia’s assistance is supporting Pacific and South-East Asian countries to build more climate-resilient infrastructure, including roads, schools and bridges. Our commitment is also support local communities to better prepare for and recover from disasters, and address climate-related water and food security challenges. Australia is sharing its scientific expertise, providing regional partners with better information and forecasts to plan their development. We will increasingly support investments in nature-based solutions that protect the oceans and environment in ways that capture carbon and support local livelihoods. Reliable and secure energy is vital for South-East Asia’s ongoing development and prosperity. Supporting the region’s transition to a low emissions energy future will require significant financial and technological support.', 'Supporting the region’s transition to a low emissions energy future will require significant financial and technological support. Australia’s climate finance will have a growing focus on partnering with the private sector to help other countries, especially in our region, access and adopt new technologies. Following the September 2021 Quad leaders meeting, Australia has announced it will host a Clean Energy Supply Chain Summit in 2022. The summit will bring together expertise across industry, science and academia with the aims of improving the transfer of clean energy technologies and building better international supply chains. Our ongoing climate finance will build on the strong foundations established through our past investments.', 'Our ongoing climate finance will build on the strong foundations established through our past investments. In particular, Australia has for many years supported developing countries to build capacity in emissions measurement, reporting and verification, blue carbon, national inventory systems, and emissions accounting. We will continue to share our expertise in these areas. Robust and transparent measurement and reporting systems will enable countries to track progress towards their goals. These systems are crucial for translating ambition to achievement.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 5.4 Indo-Pacific cooperation on high-integrity carbon markets In April 2021 Australia committed $59.9 million to work with our neighbours to establish a high-integrity carbon offsets scheme in the Indo-Pacific.', 'These systems are crucial for translating ambition to achievement.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 5.4 Indo-Pacific cooperation on high-integrity carbon markets In April 2021 Australia committed $59.9 million to work with our neighbours to establish a high-integrity carbon offsets scheme in the Indo-Pacific. This support will help these countries adopt new low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits. The Australian Government wants to ensure that, like carbon credits created in Australia, these offsets are credible and robust. The scheme will establish the Indo-Pacific region as a strong voice in global standard setting, and increase market confidence that emissions reductions being achieved are real, and not being double counted.', 'The scheme will establish the Indo-Pacific region as a strong voice in global standard setting, and increase market confidence that emissions reductions being achieved are real, and not being double counted. Key elements of the scheme include: \x97 helping partners establish robust national policy frameworks and inventory systems that meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement and increase investor confidence \x97 demand-driven support designed to leverage Australia’s recognised collaborative advantages in knowledge transfer and reporting capability \x97 improved reporting coverage of emissions sources across sectors and mutual confidence in claimed outcomes \x97 demonstration projects that help to establish a pipeline of projects funded by the private sector \x97 a sustainable financing approach to attract and aggregate co-investment by Australian business in a pipeline of future abatement projects \x97 a digital data analysis and mapping tool that can be used to calculate potential carbon emissions and sequestration in the land sector at the national and regional level quickly, easily and transparently.', 'Key elements of the scheme include: \x97 helping partners establish robust national policy frameworks and inventory systems that meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement and increase investor confidence \x97 demand-driven support designed to leverage Australia’s recognised collaborative advantages in knowledge transfer and reporting capability \x97 improved reporting coverage of emissions sources across sectors and mutual confidence in claimed outcomes \x97 demonstration projects that help to establish a pipeline of projects funded by the private sector \x97 a sustainable financing approach to attract and aggregate co-investment by Australian business in a pipeline of future abatement projects \x97 a digital data analysis and mapping tool that can be used to calculate potential carbon emissions and sequestration in the land sector at the national and regional level quickly, easily and transparently. Many Australian and international corporations have made voluntary commitments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Many Australian and international corporations have made voluntary commitments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Their business strategies increasingly reflect a transition towards net zero by 2050. This shift is creating a growing demand for carbon offsets, and global carbon markets are expected to expand rapidly in the next five years. They offer an opportunity for governments and businesses to meet their climate targets cost effectively and direct finance towards countries that need support for urgent climate change action. Australia’s high-integrity carbon offsets scheme in the Indo-Pacific will boost our region’s ability to attract this private sector investment in low-emissions renewables and nature-based solutions. It will help countries meet and report against their NDCs and offer many other important environmental, adaptation and livelihoods benefits.', 'It will help countries meet and report against their NDCs and offer many other important environmental, adaptation and livelihoods benefits. The scheme will have robust social and environmental safeguards, and ensure that real benefits are reaching communities on the ground. Box 5.1 Projects supported through Australian climate finance \x97 The $2 billion Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific is financing renewable energy for the Solomon Islands through the Tina River Transmission Line, which will strengthen energy security, reduce the country’s exposure to volatile global fuel prices and enable Solomon Islands to meet 100% of its Paris emissions reduction target.', 'Box 5.1 Projects supported through Australian climate finance \x97 The $2 billion Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific is financing renewable energy for the Solomon Islands through the Tina River Transmission Line, which will strengthen energy security, reduce the country’s exposure to volatile global fuel prices and enable Solomon Islands to meet 100% of its Paris emissions reduction target. \x97 Through the Indonesia-Australia Partnership for Infrastructure we have supported a new Waste-to-Energy project in Semarang City that will divert and use waste in electric power generation, expected to reduce landfill by around 80% and generate 17MW of electricity, enough to power 17,000 homes. \x97 Our $140m Australian Climate Finance Partnership will mobilise private finance to reduce emissions and build resilience through investments across Southeast Asia and the Pacific.', '\x97 Our $140m Australian Climate Finance Partnership will mobilise private finance to reduce emissions and build resilience through investments across Southeast Asia and the Pacific. \x97 Australia is helping to build the skills of ni-Vanuatu to adapt to climate change and move towards clean, affordable low carbon growth in tourism, agribusiness, handicraft and construction sectors through the $21 million Vanuatu Skills Partnership. \x97 Our agriculture programs in Cambodia have introduced new drought- and flood-resilient rice varieties, better irrigation and farming technologies, including direct seeders and drones, helping more than 750,000 people improve their resilience to climate change.', '\x97 Our agriculture programs in Cambodia have introduced new drought- and flood-resilient rice varieties, better irrigation and farming technologies, including direct seeders and drones, helping more than 750,000 people improve their resilience to climate change. \x97 Through the $23 million Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific, Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology supports 14 Pacific country counterparts to prepare and communicate seasonal forecasts, and provide information on sea level rise, tide and wave data for shipping and fishing.96 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 97 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 PART C LOOKING AHEAD98 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN6.', '\x97 Through the $23 million Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific, Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology supports 14 Pacific country counterparts to prepare and communicate seasonal forecasts, and provide information on sea level rise, tide and wave data for shipping and fishing.96 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 97 A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 PART C LOOKING AHEAD98 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN6. AN ADAPTIVE PLAN FOR THE FUTURE Key points \x97 Australia’s Plan will be flexible and adaptive so we can refine and evolve our policies as technology and market developments occur, and as prospective pathways for different sectors and applications become clearer.', 'AN ADAPTIVE PLAN FOR THE FUTURE Key points \x97 Australia’s Plan will be flexible and adaptive so we can refine and evolve our policies as technology and market developments occur, and as prospective pathways for different sectors and applications become clearer. \x97 The Australian Government will maintain a five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycle for the Plan in alignment with the delivery of Australia’s successive National Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. This will ensure Australia’s policies are calibrated to reflect the latest technology advances, international developments and other factors relevant to our national circumstances. \x97 Australia will not reach net zero emissions by 2050 at the expense of our regions.', '\x97 Australia will not reach net zero emissions by 2050 at the expense of our regions. The Government will conduct five yearly assessments of the impact of Commonwealth and state emissions reduction actions on regions and communities. These reviews will report against a range of key economic indicators such as energy prices, employment (particularly regional employment), export volumes and trends, investment trends and growth in national income. \x97 Australia will maintain its commitment to transparency and accountability.', '\x97 Australia will maintain its commitment to transparency and accountability. This includes our annual and quarterly emissions reporting and annual projections, and our commitment to continually improve our systems and methods A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050100 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 6.1 ‘Review and refine’ cycles to guide our path to net zero emissions by 2050 Our pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 will depend on our success in developing and deploying affordable low emissions technologies across all sectors. We are improving our understanding of the key technologies needed to achieve net zero emissions, yet the ‘lived experience’ reinforces that the future is uncertain (Box 6.1). Costs may fall faster than anticipated for some technologies, and new and disruptive technologies may emerge.', 'Costs may fall faster than anticipated for some technologies, and new and disruptive technologies may emerge. This uncertainty reinforces that Australia must continuously refine and adapt its Plan as technology and market developments occur and prospective net zero pathways for different sectors and applications become clearer. Australia will monitor and evaluate our progress towards net zero emissions through our reporting on national emissions. Australia’s emissions reporting and accounting system is the most comprehensive and transparent in the world. Australia goes beyond its annual emissions reporting obligation under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. Each quarter it publicly reports emissions for all sectors and all greenhouse gases across Australia’s economy, providing a comprehensive snapshot of Australia’s emission reduction progress throughout the year.', 'Each quarter it publicly reports emissions for all sectors and all greenhouse gases across Australia’s economy, providing a comprehensive snapshot of Australia’s emission reduction progress throughout the year. We will continue to refine our inventory methods as new information emerges and international practice evolves. The global efforts of other nations should match Australia’s resolve to ensure transparency and accountability for their targets. To this end, Australia encourages the wide adoption of our world-leading approach to emissions measurement and inventory management. We will also continue to share our technical expertise with countries in our region to enable them to increase their capabilities and meet new Paris Agreement emissions measurement and reporting obligations. We will refine our Plan through five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycles.', 'We will refine our Plan through five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycles. As outlined in the 2017 Review of Climate Change policies113, the five yearly review process associated with the delivery of NDCs under the Paris Agreement sets a logical timing for reviewing and updating Australia’s Plan. Australia will conduct its next five yearly review process in 2024. This will inform the development of our next NDC, due to be submitted in 2025. The Government will consult widely through this process, especially with industry and regional communities. These reviews will leverage Australia’s world-class emissions measurement and reporting systems so we can monitor and evaluate the progress by each sector in reducing emissions. It will also draw on the evaluation frameworks embedded in other initiatives.', 'It will also draw on the evaluation frameworks embedded in other initiatives. In particular, the forthcoming LETS 2021 will outline a comprehensive impact evaluation framework for annually evaluating our progress in achieving the economic stretch goals for priority technologies and driving technology deployment. The Government is has made it clear that we will not reach net zero emissions at the expense of our communities, particularly our regions. Accordingly, Australia will conduct five yearly assessments of the impact of Commonwealth and state emissions reduction actions on regions and communities. These reviews will report against a range of key economic indicators such as energy prices, employment (particularly regional employment), export volumes and trends, investment trends and growth in national income. The first of these reviews will be undertaken in 2023.', 'The first of these reviews will be undertaken in 2023. Box 6.1 The ‘lived experience Reducing emissions does not need to damage our economy. This has been the ‘lived experience’ over recent decades, both in Australia and internationally. Australia has reduced emissions by 20% between 2005 and 2020, with our emissions per capita falling by 36%.106 However, our economy (real GDP, chain volume measures) has grown by 45% over the same period, with GDP per capita increasing by 14%.107 Technology advances are an important factor behind this outcome. Many experts, including the IEA, have been consistently surprised by the pace and scale at which technology adoption can happen. Historical estimates for solar PV deployment underscore this.', 'Historical estimates for solar PV deployment underscore this. In 2015, the IEA forecast a global installed solar PV capacity of 429.5 GW in 2020108, which was well short of the actual installed capacity of at least 627 GW at the end of 2019.109 Similarly, the IEA’s 2015 forecast of 9 GW of Australian solar PV capacity in 2020 was well short of the 16.3 GW installed by the end of 2019.110 These forecasts did not anticipate dramatic reductions in technology costs.', 'In 2015, the IEA forecast a global installed solar PV capacity of 429.5 GW in 2020108, which was well short of the actual installed capacity of at least 627 GW at the end of 2019.109 Similarly, the IEA’s 2015 forecast of 9 GW of Australian solar PV capacity in 2020 was well short of the 16.3 GW installed by the end of 2019.110 These forecasts did not anticipate dramatic reductions in technology costs. Innovation and manufacturing efficiency drove down the global cost of utility-scale crystalline silicon modules by around 90% between 2010 and 2019.111 These advances have translated as lower costs in Australia, where the average cost has fallen from $8.50 per watt to 52 cents per watt between 2006 and 2019.112 Similarly, unanticipated cost reductions have been observed across other emerging low emissions technologies, like wind, batteries and electric vehicles.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Table 6.1: Australia’s Climate Change and Technology Reviews REVIEW SCOPE OF REVIEW TIMING Paris Agreement – Review and refine cycle Comprehensive reviews of domestic emissions reduction policies, emissions trends and progress in reducing emissions, to inform the setting of upcoming Nationally Determined Contributions and any policy adjustments needed to maintain a pathway towards net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Innovation and manufacturing efficiency drove down the global cost of utility-scale crystalline silicon modules by around 90% between 2010 and 2019.111 These advances have translated as lower costs in Australia, where the average cost has fallen from $8.50 per watt to 52 cents per watt between 2006 and 2019.112 Similarly, unanticipated cost reductions have been observed across other emerging low emissions technologies, like wind, batteries and electric vehicles.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Table 6.1: Australia’s Climate Change and Technology Reviews REVIEW SCOPE OF REVIEW TIMING Paris Agreement – Review and refine cycle Comprehensive reviews of domestic emissions reduction policies, emissions trends and progress in reducing emissions, to inform the setting of upcoming Nationally Determined Contributions and any policy adjustments needed to maintain a pathway towards net zero emissions by 2050. Every five years, to coincide with Australia setting its five yearly Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement Low Emissions Technology Statements Reports on progress towards achieving Australia’s technology stretch goals and the investments made by the Government to meet them May identify additional technology goals Annual Emissions Reduction Policy Impact assessments Domestic reviews to report on the impacts on households and regions of Commonwealth, State and Territory emissions reduction policies.', 'Every five years, to coincide with Australia setting its five yearly Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement Low Emissions Technology Statements Reports on progress towards achieving Australia’s technology stretch goals and the investments made by the Government to meet them May identify additional technology goals Annual Emissions Reduction Policy Impact assessments Domestic reviews to report on the impacts on households and regions of Commonwealth, State and Territory emissions reduction policies. These reviews will report against a range of key economic indicators such as energy prices, employment (particularly regional employment), export volumes and trends, investment trends and growth in national income Every five years, with the first to be undertaken in Australia will set out its net zero by 2050 commitment through its updated NDC under the Paris Agreement.', 'These reviews will report against a range of key economic indicators such as energy prices, employment (particularly regional employment), export volumes and trends, investment trends and growth in national income Every five years, with the first to be undertaken in Australia will set out its net zero by 2050 commitment through its updated NDC under the Paris Agreement. As with the 2030 target already enshrined in our NDC, Australia will not legislate its long-term net zero by 2050 target. 6.2 Choices for bridging the gap to net zero by 2050 emissions Australia has choices for how it bridges any gap to net zero emissions by 2050. These include: \x97 land sector offset credits \x97 units generated through international emissions trading \x97 securing further technology breakthroughs through additional technology investments.', 'These include: \x97 land sector offset credits \x97 units generated through international emissions trading \x97 securing further technology breakthroughs through additional technology investments. As outlined in section 6.2, maintaining the right balance between these choices will be a core focus of Australia’s flexible and adaptive Plan into the future. 6.2.1 Domestic land sector offset credits Modelling for the Plan has underscored the substantial opportunities for Australian farmers to voluntarily invest in carbon sequestration projects on their land. These projects can generate valuable new revenue streams while offsetting hard-to-abate emissions from elsewhere in the economy. Australia welcomes the economic opportunity this presents for the Australian land sector, and recognises the potential to expand carbon forestry projects. The opportunities include voluntary investment in offset projects on marginal lands or on-farm activities that co-exist with traditional farming enterprise.', 'The opportunities include voluntary investment in offset projects on marginal lands or on-farm activities that co-exist with traditional farming enterprise. However, Australia is committed to maintaining a vibrant agriculture industry and exporting food to the world, so will ensure any offset approach carefully balances the competing demands on our agriculture and land sectors.102 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 6.2.2 International carbon markets Australia has for many years supported our regional neighbours’ efforts to strengthen their capacity by sharing our expertise in: \x97 emissions measurement, reporting and verification \x97 blue carbon and forests \x97 national inventory systems \x97 emissions accounting. In 2021, Australia committed to work with our neighbours to establish a high-integrity carbon offset scheme in the Indo-Pacific that will build on support provided to date.', 'In 2021, Australia committed to work with our neighbours to establish a high-integrity carbon offset scheme in the Indo-Pacific that will build on support provided to date. The scheme will boost partner countries’ abilities to attract private sector investment in emissions reduction projects in the renewables and nature-based solutions sectors. It will help these countries adopt new low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits. Indo-Pacific countries interested in participating in this market will need strengthened capacity to demonstrate the environmental integrity and social benefits of their carbon offsets. Encouraging development of quality offsets through this scheme provides an additional option for Australia to bridge the gap to net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Encouraging development of quality offsets through this scheme provides an additional option for Australia to bridge the gap to net zero emissions by 2050. It will also create a revenue stream for our neighbours and offer important environmental, adaptation and livelihoods benefits. The benefit to the climate of an avoided tonne of emissions is the same wherever it occurs. By helping our neighbours deploy new low emissions technologies, Australia can help the Indo-Pacific region position itself to be competitive in a low emissions future. 6.2.3 Achieving further technology advances Additional direct emissions reductions could be enabled through a more aggressive approach to technology.', '6.2.3 Achieving further technology advances Additional direct emissions reductions could be enabled through a more aggressive approach to technology. Informed by the Technology Investment Roadmap and annual LETS, Australia could focus on bringing down the costs of currently very expensive abatement opportunities in hard-to-abate sectors like industry and agriculture. Australia could also capitalise on high potential technologies, like bioenergy with CCS or direct air capture with CCS, if global developments see those technologies emerge faster than anticipated. 6.3 Institutions to provide expert advice Australia’s pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 will have enduring effects across the economy, with impacts on markets, fiscal settings, government decisions and consumer preferences.', '6.3 Institutions to provide expert advice Australia’s pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 will have enduring effects across the economy, with impacts on markets, fiscal settings, government decisions and consumer preferences. Existing institutions, including the Climate Change Authority and the Technology Investment Advisory Council, will play important roles in monitoring and providing expert advice to the government. The Climate Change Authority is an independent statutory agency established to provide expert advice to the Government on climate change policy. The Technology Investment Advisory Council (Section 2.2) provides advice on low emissions technology investment priorities, as well as economic stretch goals and pathways that will drive economic prosperity and lower emissions.', 'The Technology Investment Advisory Council (Section 2.2) provides advice on low emissions technology investment priorities, as well as economic stretch goals and pathways that will drive economic prosperity and lower emissions. In addition to advising the Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction on annual LETS, the council will continue to advise the Government on technological opportunities that will help Australia realise its net zero emissions goal.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 GLOSSARY – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABARES – Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences ACCUs – Australian Carbon Credit Units AEMO – Australian Energy Market Operator ARENA – Australian Renewable Energy Agency CCS – Carbon capture and storage CCUS – Carbon capture use and storage CEFC – Clean Energy Finance Corporation CGE – Computable General Equilibrium CO₂ – Carbon dioxide CO₂-e – Carbon dioxide equivalent CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DISER – Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources ERF – Emissions Reduction Fund EV – Electric Vehicle GTEM – Global Trade and Environment Model GDP – Gross Domestic Product GW – Gigawatts IEA – International Energy Agency IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISP – Integrated System Plan LETS – Low Emissions Technology Statement LNG – Liquefied natural gas LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MWh – Megawatt hour Mt – Million tonnes NEM – National Electricity Market PV – photovoltaics Quad – country grouping referring to Australia, United States, Japan and India UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change104 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 APPENDICES A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050106 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN APPENDIX A – SUMMARY OF AUSTRALIA’S EMISSIONS REDUCTION POLICIES, MEASURES, INSTITUTIONS AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TABLE A.1: KEY INSTITUTIONS Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) ARENA provides grant funding to early-stage low emissions technologies to accelerate the pace of pre-commercial innovation.', 'In addition to advising the Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction on annual LETS, the council will continue to advise the Government on technological opportunities that will help Australia realise its net zero emissions goal.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 GLOSSARY – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABARES – Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences ACCUs – Australian Carbon Credit Units AEMO – Australian Energy Market Operator ARENA – Australian Renewable Energy Agency CCS – Carbon capture and storage CCUS – Carbon capture use and storage CEFC – Clean Energy Finance Corporation CGE – Computable General Equilibrium CO₂ – Carbon dioxide CO₂-e – Carbon dioxide equivalent CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DISER – Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources ERF – Emissions Reduction Fund EV – Electric Vehicle GTEM – Global Trade and Environment Model GDP – Gross Domestic Product GW – Gigawatts IEA – International Energy Agency IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISP – Integrated System Plan LETS – Low Emissions Technology Statement LNG – Liquefied natural gas LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MWh – Megawatt hour Mt – Million tonnes NEM – National Electricity Market PV – photovoltaics Quad – country grouping referring to Australia, United States, Japan and India UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change104 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLANA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 APPENDICES A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050106 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN APPENDIX A – SUMMARY OF AUSTRALIA’S EMISSIONS REDUCTION POLICIES, MEASURES, INSTITUTIONS AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TABLE A.1: KEY INSTITUTIONS Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) ARENA provides grant funding to early-stage low emissions technologies to accelerate the pace of pre-commercial innovation. It has funded over $1.8 billion of early-stage research and development projects since 2012, with a focus on solar, wind and other renewable energy technologies, as well as enabling technologies such as energy storage and grid integration.', 'It has funded over $1.8 billion of early-stage research and development projects since 2012, with a focus on solar, wind and other renewable energy technologies, as well as enabling technologies such as energy storage and grid integration. ARENA has been provided with an additional $1.62 billion of funding for the period up to the 2031–32 financial year. As well as the ongoing Advancing Renewables Program and Innovation Program, ARENA also administers targeted funding programs including the Regional Australia Microgrids Pilot Program and the Industrial Energy Transformation Studies Program. ARENA’s mandate was recently expanded to cover low emissions technologies in all sectors, including agriculture and transport.', 'ARENA’s mandate was recently expanded to cover low emissions technologies in all sectors, including agriculture and transport. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) The CEFC supports the commercialisation of renewable energy, energy efficiency and low emissions technology projects through loans and equity investments. By providing financial support, CEFC helps de-risk technologies across electricity generation, energy storage, industry and agriculture. It has also played an important role in developing an Australian sustainable finance sector. The $10 billion CEFC is the world’s largest government-owned ‘green bank’. Since 2013, it has invested more than $9.5 billion in clean energy projects worth more than $32.8 billion. The CEFC administers several targeted funds, including: \x97 Clean Energy Innovation Fund \x97 Advancing Hydrogen Fund \x97 Australian Recycling Investment Fund \x97 Sustainable Cities Fund \x97 Reef Fund.', 'The CEFC administers several targeted funds, including: \x97 Clean Energy Innovation Fund \x97 Advancing Hydrogen Fund \x97 Australian Recycling Investment Fund \x97 Sustainable Cities Fund \x97 Reef Fund. The Government has introduced legislation to establish a new $1 billion Grid Reliability Fund, also to be administered by the CEFC.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.1: KEY INSTITUTIONS Clean Energy Regulator (CER) The CER administers the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF), which supports the creation, verification and purchase of Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs). The Government allocated $2.55 billion to the ERF in 2014–15, and in 2018–19 allocated a further $2 billion through the Climate Solutions Fund to build on the ERF’s success and support additional low-cost abatement.', 'The Government allocated $2.55 billion to the ERF in 2014–15, and in 2018–19 allocated a further $2 billion through the Climate Solutions Fund to build on the ERF’s success and support additional low-cost abatement. To date, the CER has committed around $2.5 billion through the ERF towards emissions reduction projects across: \x97 agriculture and the land sector (particularly revegetation projects) \x97 landfill and waste \x97 energy efficiency \x97 industry \x97 transport. The CER also administers the following: \x97 Australia’s National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) scheme. This is a single national framework for reporting and disseminating company information about greenhouse gas emissions, energy production, energy consumption and other information specified under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007.', 'This is a single national framework for reporting and disseminating company information about greenhouse gas emissions, energy production, energy consumption and other information specified under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007. \x97 the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target (RET) and Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES). The Large-scale RET encourages investment in renewable power stations while the SRES supports small-scale installations like household solar panels and solar hot water systems. \x97 the Australian National Registry of Emissions Units, which is a secure electronic registry system that tracks the location and ownership of units issued under the Kyoto Protocol and the Emissions Reduction Fund. \x97 the Safeguard Mechanism, which places mandatory emissions limits on around 200 of Australia’s largest emitters.', '\x97 the Safeguard Mechanism, which places mandatory emissions limits on around 200 of Australia’s largest emitters. The CER is also leading work to build the systems and registries needed to underpin Australia’s voluntary carbon markets. This includes establishing an exchange trading platform for ACCUs and enhancing the registry for ACCUs to make it easier to trace the origin of units.108 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.2: ACTIONS FOCUSED ON PRIORITY AND KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Ultralow cost solar Investments – ARENA and the CEFC have directed $4.33 billion towards solar technologies since their inception. The Reliable Affordable Clean Energy (‘RACE for 2030’) Cooperative Research Centre is focused on opportunities arising from low-cost renewable energy, network integration and smart energy management.', 'The Reliable Affordable Clean Energy (‘RACE for 2030’) Cooperative Research Centre is focused on opportunities arising from low-cost renewable energy, network integration and smart energy management. The Australian Government has committed $68.5 million over 10 years, with industry and research partners committing $279 million. Renewable Energy Target: \x97 The Large-Scale Renewable Energy Target (LRET) encourages investments in renewable energy power stations, including hydro power stations, wind farms and large-scale solar. \x97 The Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) supports small-scale installations like household solar panels and solar hot water systems. Energy storage for firming Investments – The Australian Government has committed around $300 million in battery-related research and development since 2015, including $90 million from ARENA and more than $208 million from the CEFC.', 'Energy storage for firming Investments – The Australian Government has committed around $300 million in battery-related research and development since 2015, including $90 million from ARENA and more than $208 million from the CEFC. The Future Battery Industries Cooperative Research Centre (FBICRC) drives collaboration on research and development across all segments of the battery value chain. The Australian Government has committed $25 million over 6 years to the FBICRC, while industry and research partners have committed $110.9 million. Clean hydrogen Investments – The Australian Government has announced over $1.2 billion in support specifically for the hydrogen industry, including support through ARENA, the CEFC and other institutions. This includes $464 million to develop up to seven Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs in regional areas across Australia.', 'This includes $464 million to develop up to seven Clean Hydrogen Industrial Hubs in regional areas across Australia. These will co-locate users, producers and potential exporters, helping develop supply chains and providing focal points for innovation and skills development. The CEFC has made up to $300 million available to support the growth of the Australian hydrogen industry through its advancing hydrogen fund. Over $100 million is being provided to three 10 MW hydrogen electrolyser projects through ARENA. $24.9 million has been allocated towards helping new gas generators to be hydrogen-ready. $9.7m has been provided to the Clean Energy Regulator to complete trials of a hydrogen Guarantee of Origin Scheme.', '$9.7m has been provided to the Clean Energy Regulator to complete trials of a hydrogen Guarantee of Origin Scheme. More than $300 million has been committed for other research, development and demonstration activities or for delivery of National Hydrogen Strategy actions, including $50 million for the HyGate technology incubator under the Australia-Germany Hydrogen AccordA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.2: ACTIONS FOCUSED ON PRIORITY AND KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Clean hydrogen National Hydrogen Strategy – Agreed by the Australian, state and territory governments in 2019, the strategy has 57 actions to build Australia’s hydrogen industry. These actions set the foundations for industry growth, ahead of supporting industry scale-up to service international and domestic markets as they emerge.', 'These actions set the foundations for industry growth, ahead of supporting industry scale-up to service international and domestic markets as they emerge. As well as investments, Australian Government focus areas have included: \x97 building international relationships, including with Germany, Singapore, Japan and the UK. \x97 developing a domestic Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme and helping shape the design of an international methodology \x97 mapping prospective hydrogen production regions \x97 a review of legal and regulatory frameworks \x97 conducting the National Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment These actions are complemented by measures implemented by states and territories. A new ERF method for hydrogen will be developed in 2022.', 'A new ERF method for hydrogen will be developed in 2022. This will include injection of clean hydrogen into the gas network and the use of hydrogen in electricity generation or other uses, such as low carbon steel. Low emissions materials – steel and aluminium The Heavy Industry Low-carbon Transition Cooperative Research Centre (HILT CRC) will help develop materials such as ‘green’ iron, alumina, cement and other processed minerals for the Australian heavy industry sector. The Australian Government has committed $39 million over 10 years, with a further $175.7 million from industry, research and other government partners. Recycling and clean energy is a National Manufacturing Priority identified in the 2021 Modern Manufacturing Strategy.', 'Recycling and clean energy is a National Manufacturing Priority identified in the 2021 Modern Manufacturing Strategy. Investments in low emissions domestic manufacturing have been invited under the $1.3 billion Modern Manufacturing Initiative, launched with the strategy.110 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.2: ACTIONS FOCUSED ON PRIORITY AND KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) The Australian Government has committed $250 million over 10 years to the CCUS Technologies and Hubs Program, which will \x97 fund CCUS projects \x97 establish CCUS hubs \x97 support research, development and commercialisation of CCUS technologies. The $50 million CCUS Development Fund is supporting technologies such as direct air capture, CCS from power stations, and carbon-negative construction materials.', 'The $50 million CCUS Development Fund is supporting technologies such as direct air capture, CCS from power stations, and carbon-negative construction materials. These investments build on $790 million invested in CCUS and related low emissions technologies since 2008. Australia is developing a National Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS) Technology Emissions Abatement Strategy which will guide the Australian Government’s approach to deploying CCUS, signal government priorities and support the development of potential hubs. Bilateral partnerships with Japan and Singapore include a focus on CCUS. An ERF method has been introduced to incentivise CCS. A new ERF method for CCUS, including in the production of industrial and building materials like insulation or concrete, will be developed in 2022.', 'A new ERF method for CCUS, including in the production of industrial and building materials like insulation or concrete, will be developed in 2022. The Government has introduced reforms to ARENA and the CEFC to enable funding and investment in CCS. Soil carbon Incentives for landholders to improve soil carbon are available using two existing ERF methods, with a third method under development. Advance payments of up to $5,000 are available to assist landholders with upfront measurement costs The $8 million Soil Carbon Data Program is gathering data to help develop and validate measurement approaches. This data will also be used to improve models of soil carbon change.', 'This data will also be used to improve models of soil carbon change. The National Soil Carbon Innovation Challenge will identify and fast-track low-cost, accurate technological solutions for measuring soil organic carbon, with $36 million available for grants. The $20 million National Soil Science Challenge grants will address fundamental gaps in soil science and improve our understanding of how to better manage soil. The National Soil Strategy will help farmers monitor, understand and make better decisions about their soil health, productivity and sequestration potential. This includes the $54.4 million National Soil Monitoring and Incentives Pilot, which is trialling new measures to incentivise soil testing and data sharing.', 'This includes the $54.4 million National Soil Monitoring and Incentives Pilot, which is trialling new measures to incentivise soil testing and data sharing. The Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils is focused on developing soil science, agricultural technologies and improving soil productivity. The Australian Government has committed $39.5 million over 10 years, with industry and research partners committing $126.8 million.', 'The Australian Government has committed $39.5 million over 10 years, with industry and research partners committing $126.8 million. Further work on agricultural innovations, including soil carbon measurement, is being supported by the CEFC, ARENA, CSIRO and Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs).A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.2: ACTIONS FOCUSED ON PRIORITY AND KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Methane-reducing feed for livestock The Australian Government has allocated $30.7 million over six years to support the development and deployment of innovative livestock feed technologies: \x97 The $6 million Methane Emissions Reduction in Livestock program supports research into the abatement potential and productivity benefits of livestock feed technologies.', 'Further work on agricultural innovations, including soil carbon measurement, is being supported by the CEFC, ARENA, CSIRO and Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs).A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.2: ACTIONS FOCUSED ON PRIORITY AND KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Methane-reducing feed for livestock The Australian Government has allocated $30.7 million over six years to support the development and deployment of innovative livestock feed technologies: \x97 The $6 million Methane Emissions Reduction in Livestock program supports research into the abatement potential and productivity benefits of livestock feed technologies. \x97 The $23 million Low Emissions Supplements to Grazing Animals at Scale program will help develop technologies to deliver low emissions feed to grazing animals.', '\x97 The $23 million Low Emissions Supplements to Grazing Animals at Scale program will help develop technologies to deliver low emissions feed to grazing animals. \x97 $1.7 million will help scale up production of the red seaweed, Asparagopsis. This includes: – a $1 million Accelerating Commercialisation grant under the Entrepreneurs’ Program to scale up production and support the commercialisation of Asparagopsis – a $675,000 grant from the $30 million Commercialisation Fund to establish a processing and manufacturing facility for this seaweed product. The Marine Bioproducts Cooperative Research Centre is helping accelerate the growth of Australia’s emerging export- focused marine bioproducts industry, with a focus on the production of new sources of marine biomass and high-value bioproducts.', 'The Marine Bioproducts Cooperative Research Centre is helping accelerate the growth of Australia’s emerging export- focused marine bioproducts industry, with a focus on the production of new sources of marine biomass and high-value bioproducts. This could include the development of high-protein seaweed for use as a livestock feed. The Australian Government has committed $59 million over 10 years, with $209.6 million committed by industry and universities. Low emissions cement The Government has invested $75 million for Cooperative Research Centres which have examined low emissions cement: \x97 The SmartCrete Cooperative Research Centre is supporting collaboration on issues across the concrete supply chain. The Australian Government has committed $21 million over seven years, with industry and researchers committing $69 million.', 'The Australian Government has committed $21 million over seven years, with industry and researchers committing $69 million. \x97 The Building 4.0 Cooperative Research Centre aims to develop an internationally competitive, dynamic and thriving Australian advanced manufacturing sector to deliver better buildings at lower cost. The Australian Government has committed $28 million over 7 years, with industry and researchers committing $102 million. \x97 The Low Carbon Living Cooperative Research Centre led research and innovation aimed at driving the nation s built environment sector towards a globally competitive low carbon future. The Australian Government committed $28 million between 2012–2019, with industry and researchers committing $102 million.', 'The Australian Government committed $28 million between 2012–2019, with industry and researchers committing $102 million. The CEFC also finances commercial and industrial building projects that reduce embodied carbon by using lower emissions cement.112 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Electricity Investments Strategic infrastructure investments in storage and dispatchable generation: \x97 Up to $1.38 billion towards Snowy 2.0, which will add 2,000 MW of renewable dispatchable generation to the National Electricity Market and be the largest storage project in the southern hemisphere.', 'The CEFC also finances commercial and industrial building projects that reduce embodied carbon by using lower emissions cement.112 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Electricity Investments Strategic infrastructure investments in storage and dispatchable generation: \x97 Up to $1.38 billion towards Snowy 2.0, which will add 2,000 MW of renewable dispatchable generation to the National Electricity Market and be the largest storage project in the southern hemisphere. \x97 $150 million towards the Battery of the Nation initiative, with a further $30 million invested by the Tasmanian Government, which will develop a pathway of future opportunities in Tasmania’s hydropower system expansion including pumped hydro.', '\x97 $150 million towards the Battery of the Nation initiative, with a further $30 million invested by the Tasmanian Government, which will develop a pathway of future opportunities in Tasmania’s hydropower system expansion including pumped hydro. \x97 The 660 MW Hunter Power Project, an open-cycle gas turbine to provide firm capacity in NSW, to be delivered through a commitment of up to $600 million equity to Snowy Hydro Ltd. Funding, underwriting or other financial support to get major transmission and interconnector projects off the ground, including all priority projects identified by AEMO’s 2020 Integrated Systems Plan: \x97 The Marinus Link Interconnector project will potentially provide up to 1,500 MW of additional transfer capacity between Tasmania and Victoria and unlock a pipeline of renewable energy investment in Tasmania.', '\x97 The 660 MW Hunter Power Project, an open-cycle gas turbine to provide firm capacity in NSW, to be delivered through a commitment of up to $600 million equity to Snowy Hydro Ltd. Funding, underwriting or other financial support to get major transmission and interconnector projects off the ground, including all priority projects identified by AEMO’s 2020 Integrated Systems Plan: \x97 The Marinus Link Interconnector project will potentially provide up to 1,500 MW of additional transfer capacity between Tasmania and Victoria and unlock a pipeline of renewable energy investment in Tasmania. \x97 The Victoria to New South Wales Interconnector (VNI) West project, which is expected to provide 1800 MW of additional electricity transfer capacity between Victoria and NSW, unlocking electricity from Snowy 2.0 to the Victorian market and unlocking two renewable energy zones.', '\x97 The Victoria to New South Wales Interconnector (VNI) West project, which is expected to provide 1800 MW of additional electricity transfer capacity between Victoria and NSW, unlocking electricity from Snowy 2.0 to the Victorian market and unlocking two renewable energy zones. \x97 Project EnergyConnect, an 800 MW interconnector enabling electricity to flow between South Australia and NSW that will unlock renewable energy projects in Victoria, South Australia and NSW. \x97 HumeLink, which will strengthen the network in southern NSW and transport renewable energy to consumers from new projects, including Snowy 2.0. \x97 The Queensland to NSW Interconnector (QNI) Upgrade of power transmission between Queensland and NSW, which also supports the development of renewable energy zones.', '\x97 The Queensland to NSW Interconnector (QNI) Upgrade of power transmission between Queensland and NSW, which also supports the development of renewable energy zones. The Australian Government is pursuing strategic infrastructure investments through bilateral state deals. Three deals have been agreed to date – with NSW, Tasmania and South Australia – leveraging overall investment of more than $3 billion in energy and emissions reductions projects. Bilateral deals with other jurisdictions are expected in due course. Infrastructure investments will be supported through the Underwriting New Generation Investment (UNGI) program. Key UNGI investments will be delivered through the $1 billion Grid Reliability Fund that will be administered by the CEFC.', 'Key UNGI investments will be delivered through the $1 billion Grid Reliability Fund that will be administered by the CEFC. The $50 million Regional Australia Microgrid Pilots Program (RAMPP) aims to improve the resilience and reliability of power supply for regional and remote communities.', 'The $50 million Regional Australia Microgrid Pilots Program (RAMPP) aims to improve the resilience and reliability of power supply for regional and remote communities. RAMPP builds upon the $50.4 million Regional and Remote Communities Reliability Fund (RRCRF), which funded feasibility studies for regional and remote communities to investigate deployment of local microgrid technologies.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Electricity Markets, regulatory arrangements and institutions The Australian Government, working with the states and territories, is progressing reforms to deliver a long-term, fit-for-purpose post-2025 market design for the National Electricity Market (NEM).', 'RAMPP builds upon the $50.4 million Regional and Remote Communities Reliability Fund (RRCRF), which funded feasibility studies for regional and remote communities to investigate deployment of local microgrid technologies.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Electricity Markets, regulatory arrangements and institutions The Australian Government, working with the states and territories, is progressing reforms to deliver a long-term, fit-for-purpose post-2025 market design for the National Electricity Market (NEM). National Cabinet has endorsed a final package of reforms, acting on the recommendations of the ESB, which set out immediate, initial and long-term changes. This includes reforms to systems, tools and regulations to meet long-term consumer interests.', 'This includes reforms to systems, tools and regulations to meet long-term consumer interests. This work will address the impact that greater penetration of renewable energy generators is having on the NEM and facilitate further renewables integration whilst maintaining sufficient dispatchable capacity to keep the lights on and power prices low. The Australian Government has introduced legislation to establish a regulatory framework for offshore electricity infrastructure. The Australian Energy Infrastructure Commissioner receives and refers complaints from concerned community residents about wind farms, large-scale solar, energy storage facilities and new major transmission projects. The Commissioner also promotes best practices for industry and government to adopt when planning and operating these projects.', 'The Commissioner also promotes best practices for industry and government to adopt when planning and operating these projects. The Australian Energy Market Operator’s Integrated System Plan (ISP), delivered every two years, is a whole-of-system plan that identifies development opportunities and recommends priority transmission projects to maximise market benefits and deliver low-cost, secure and reliable energy. The 2022 ISP is scheduled to be published on 30 June 2022, with the draft scheduled to be released on 10 December 2021. See also: measures to develop priority and emerging technologies, including ultra low-cost solar, energy storage and hydrogen. Transport Australia’s forthcoming Future Fuels Strategy is focused on increasing consumer choice, stimulating industry development and reducing emissions in the road transport sector.', 'Transport Australia’s forthcoming Future Fuels Strategy is focused on increasing consumer choice, stimulating industry development and reducing emissions in the road transport sector. To support the strategy, the government is investing $74.5 million in: \x97 help businesses integrate new vehicle technologies \x97 reduce blackspots for public charging and refuelling infrastructure \x97 unlock new transport technologies for use in heavy vehicle fleets \x97 support households to use smart charging technology \x97 progress reforms to ensure the grid is EV ready \x97 ensure consumers can make informed choices about new vehicle technologies. The $24.5 million Freight Energy Productivity Program will aim to increase the use of new truck technology in the road freight sector to improve fuel efficiency, increase productivity and reduce emissions.', 'The $24.5 million Freight Energy Productivity Program will aim to increase the use of new truck technology in the road freight sector to improve fuel efficiency, increase productivity and reduce emissions. Through its forthcoming Bioenergy Roadmap, ARENA is exploring the potential economic opportunities for Australia, particularly regional areas, and the role that bioenergy could play in decarbonising the industrial and transport sectors. A new ERF method for transport, including to credit emissions reductions created by electric vehicle (EV) charging and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, will be developed in 2022.', 'A new ERF method for transport, including to credit emissions reductions created by electric vehicle (EV) charging and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, will be developed in 2022. See also: measures to develop priority and emerging technologies, including hydrogen, energy storage and bioenergy.114 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Buildings The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) provides voluntary energy ratings for residential buildings. By providing a ‘measuring tape’ for energy efficiency, NatHERS helps to make Australian homes more comfortable to live in and helps residents save on energy bills through smarter design choices.', 'By providing a ‘measuring tape’ for energy efficiency, NatHERS helps to make Australian homes more comfortable to live in and helps residents save on energy bills through smarter design choices. The Your Home guide is an independent resource for homeowners to assist them in designing, building or renovating homes to ensure they are energy efficient, comfortable, affordable and adaptable for the future. The National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) is a national rating system that measures the environmental performance of Australian non-residential buildings and tenancies, providing a national standard and instrument to improve the quality of our built environment.', 'The National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) is a national rating system that measures the environmental performance of Australian non-residential buildings and tenancies, providing a national standard and instrument to improve the quality of our built environment. The Commercial Building Disclosure program is a regulatory program that requires energy efficiency information to be provided in most cases when commercial office space of 1000 square metres or more is offered for sale or lease. Its aim is to improve the energy efficiency of large office buildings and to ensure prospective buyers and tenants are informed. The Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards (GEMS) Act 2012 establishes minimum energy performance standards or labelling requirements for a range of appliances, products and equipment used by households and businesses.', 'The Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards (GEMS) Act 2012 establishes minimum energy performance standards or labelling requirements for a range of appliances, products and equipment used by households and businesses. Building on existing and past measures, the Australian Government and all state and territory governments have agreed to a Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings. This is a national plan that sets a trajectory towards zero energy (and zero carbon) ready buildings for Australia. It includes 14 measures covering: \x97 energy efficiency in the National Construction Code \x97 better information, guidance and tools \x97 skills and supply chain development.', 'It includes 14 measures covering: \x97 energy efficiency in the National Construction Code \x97 better information, guidance and tools \x97 skills and supply chain development. The Australian Government provides grants, incentives and support to enable businesses and community organisations to make energy efficiency improvements: \x97 The Hotel Energy Uplift Program has provided grants totalling $9.9 million to over 400 small and medium hotels across Australia to help these businesses reduce their energy use, improve energy productivity and deliver carbon abatement. \x97 The $10.2 million Powering Communities Program will support not-for-profit community organisations improve energy productivity and reduce emissions by investing in energy efficient equipment, energy monitoring and management, and on-site renewable energy and batteries.', '\x97 The $10.2 million Powering Communities Program will support not-for-profit community organisations improve energy productivity and reduce emissions by investing in energy efficient equipment, energy monitoring and management, and on-site renewable energy and batteries. \x97 The $40 million Energy Efficient Communities program has helped businesses and community groups lower their energy bills and reduce emissions. Over 1,200 grants totalling $19.7 million have been awarded to community organisations, dairy farming businesses, small businesses and businesses with high energy use. \x97 Since August 2019, the $12 million Business Energy Advice Program has helped over 12,000 small businesses better understand their energy use, receive tailored advice on energy efficiency opportunities best suited to their industry, and make significant savings on their energy bills.', '\x97 Since August 2019, the $12 million Business Energy Advice Program has helped over 12,000 small businesses better understand their energy use, receive tailored advice on energy efficiency opportunities best suited to their industry, and make significant savings on their energy bills. See also: measures to develop priority and emerging technologies, including ultra low-cost solar, energy storage and hydrogen.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Agriculture Around $1.9 billion has been committed to date through the Emissions Reduction Fund towards projects that reduce or avoid agricultural emissions or store carbon in the land. ERF projects have also provided co-benefits including improved soil health, biodiversity and agricultural productivity.', 'ERF projects have also provided co-benefits including improved soil health, biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Savanna fire management projects in northern Australia are providing employment and income for Indigenous communities. A new Carbon + Biodiversity Pilot supports farmers and landholders to reduce emissions while building biodiversity on their properties. The pilot scheme is operating in conjunction with the ERF in six regions. Under the pilot, farmers and landholders who plant mixed tree species are paid a premium for both emissions reductions and biodiversity benefits (like providing habitat for threatened species). A priority of the $95.4 million King Review Technology Co-Investment Fund is to improve knowledge sharing with natural resource management groups and Indigenous land managers to boost participation in the ERF.', 'A priority of the $95.4 million King Review Technology Co-Investment Fund is to improve knowledge sharing with natural resource management groups and Indigenous land managers to boost participation in the ERF. See also: measures to develop priority and emerging technologies, including soil carbon and livestock feed technologies.116 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.3: POLICIES, MEASURES AND MAJOR INVESTMENTS TO DEPLOY TECHNOLOGIES AT SCALE IN KEY SECTORS Industry, mining and manufacturing A new Safeguard Crediting Mechanism will help deploy new low emissions technologies. The Government has allocated $279.9 million to 2030 to the crediting mechanism, which will encourage projects that: \x97 significantly reduce the emissions intensity of facilities covered by the Safeguard Mechanism \x97 help develop and deploy emerging low emissions technologies.', 'The Government has allocated $279.9 million to 2030 to the crediting mechanism, which will encourage projects that: \x97 significantly reduce the emissions intensity of facilities covered by the Safeguard Mechanism \x97 help develop and deploy emerging low emissions technologies. The crediting mechanism will build on the existing architecture of the Safeguard Mechanism and National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme. These schemes provide a framework for major emitters to measure, report and manage their emissions. The Government’s $43 million Industrial Energy Transformation Studies Program will provide financial support to firms to perform detailed engineering studies to inform investment decisions on energy efficiency improvements.', 'The Government’s $43 million Industrial Energy Transformation Studies Program will provide financial support to firms to perform detailed engineering studies to inform investment decisions on energy efficiency improvements. A priority of the $95.4 million King Review Technology Co-Investment Fund is to develop industrial energy tools to help businesses identify energy productivity improvements and inform clean energy decisions. The GEMS Act 2012 establishes minimum energy performance standards for industrial equipment, including motors. Through the Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Management Act 1989, Australia regulates the manufacture, import, export, use and disposal of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other potent synthetic greenhouse gases. Australia has committed to an 85% phase-down of HFC imports by 2036, ahead of the international schedule agreed under the Montreal Protocol.', 'Australia has committed to an 85% phase-down of HFC imports by 2036, ahead of the international schedule agreed under the Montreal Protocol. The $100 million Australian Recycling Investment Fund (administered by the CEFC) is guiding national investment in recycling and other technologies that can reduce waste emissions. A new ERF method to credit the capture of biogas from organic waste and its refinement into biomethane as a natural gas substitute will be finalised in late 2021.', 'A new ERF method to credit the capture of biogas from organic waste and its refinement into biomethane as a natural gas substitute will be finalised in late 2021. See also: measures to develop priority and emerging technologies, including hydrogen and CCS.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 TABLE A.4: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING MEASURES AND INSTITUTIONS International technology partnerships and the Special Advisor on Low Emissions Technologies The Government appointed Dr Alan Finkel, Australia’s former Chief Scientist, as Special Adviser to the Australian Government on Low Emissions Technologies. Dr Finkel is leading work to broker international partnerships with priority trade and strategic partners.', 'Dr Finkel is leading work to broker international partnerships with priority trade and strategic partners. The Government has allocated $565.8 million to support international technology partnerships that help commercialise low emissions technologies, particularly the priorities identified through the Technology Investment Roadmap and Low Emissions Technology Statements. The Government announced four new low emissions technology partnerships in 2021: \x97 the Australia–Germany Hydrogen Accord \x97 the Japan–Australia Partnership on Decarbonisation through Technology \x97 the Australia-Singapore partnership on low emissions technology in the maritime sector \x97 the Australia–UK partnership to drive low emissions solutions. CSIRO missions program In 2020, CSIRO announced a missions program with $100 million directed to Australia’s greatest research challenges each year.', 'CSIRO missions program In 2020, CSIRO announced a missions program with $100 million directed to Australia’s greatest research challenges each year. Key CSIRO missions closely aligned with Australia’s Whole-of-Economy Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan include: \x97 finding profitable pathways to net zero by putting low emissions technologies into practice \x97 building Australia’s clean hydrogen industry and reducing the cost of hydrogen to under $2 a kilogram \x97 developing solutions for the private sector to respond to climate risk \x97 delivering cost competitive and sustainable battery materials to the world. CSIRO is Australia’s national science agency and has been at the leading edge in developing low emissions technologies over many years. The missions program will build on past and current investments by CSIRO across all sectors of the economy.', 'The missions program will build on past and current investments by CSIRO across all sectors of the economy. This includes renewable and low emissions energy technologies and breakthrough technologies in agriculture (such as the Future Feed livestock feed supplement). Climate Active Climate Active is Australia’s globally recognised carbon neutral certification initiative. Climate Active certifies businesses that reach net zero emissions by measuring, reducing and offsetting emissions against a best-practice carbon accounting standard. Certification is available for buildings, events, organisations, precincts, products and services. It provides transparency to consumers and motivates firms to become leaders in emissions reduction and technology.', 'It provides transparency to consumers and motivates firms to become leaders in emissions reduction and technology. Climate Active’s membership has more than doubled in the last 12 months, with over 370 certifications across more than 240 Australian businesses Safeguard Mechanism The Safeguard Mechanism provides a framework for Australia’s largest emitters to measure, report and manage their emissions. It places emissions limits, called baselines, on large emitters, giving covered businesses a legislated obligation to keep net emissions below their baseline.118 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.4: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING MEASURES AND INSTITUTIONS Indo-Pacific regional crediting scheme The Australian Government will invest $59.9 million to establish a high-integrity carbon offset scheme in our Indo-Pacific region.', 'It places emissions limits, called baselines, on large emitters, giving covered businesses a legislated obligation to keep net emissions below their baseline.118 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN TABLE A.4: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING MEASURES AND INSTITUTIONS Indo-Pacific regional crediting scheme The Australian Government will invest $59.9 million to establish a high-integrity carbon offset scheme in our Indo-Pacific region. The scheme will boost partner countries’ abilities to attract private sector investment in emissions reduction projects in the renewables and nature-based solutions sectors. It will help these countries adopt new low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits.', 'It will help these countries adopt new low emissions technologies and provide access to an established market for offset credits. This commitment will: \x97 boost public and private investment in climate action and practical projects in the region \x97 deliver real social, economic and environmental benefits for local communities \x97 generate a scalable supply of high-quality offsets that help Australian companies meet emissions reduction targets. Climate Change Authority The Climate Change Authority plays an important role in the governance of Australia s mitigation policies, undertaking reviews and making recommendations on the Australian Government’s climate change policies. Reviews are also undertaken on other matters as requested by the Minister responsible for climate change or the Australian Parliament.', 'Reviews are also undertaken on other matters as requested by the Minister responsible for climate change or the Australian Parliament. The authority also conducts and commissions its own independent research and analysis. Technology Investment Advisory Council The Council advises the Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction in preparing annual low emissions technology statements. The council is comprises leaders from science, business, technology and government. It includes the chairs of ARENA, the Climate Change Authority, the CEFC and the CER.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 APPENDIX B – ANALYSIS OF MINERAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION (OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST, DISER) Australia’s comparative advantage in mining is a source of both economic prosperity and employment.', 'It includes the chairs of ARENA, the Climate Change Authority, the CEFC and the CER.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 APPENDIX B – ANALYSIS OF MINERAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION (OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST, DISER) Australia’s comparative advantage in mining is a source of both economic prosperity and employment. In 2020–21, the sector contributed to around 10% of Australia’s GDP, and employed more than a quarter of a million people. Resources and energy exports reached a record $310 billion in 2020–21, accounting for more than 65% of Australia’s total exports. Export earnings from energy commodities (coal, LNG, uranium and liquid fuels) made up just over a quarter of Australia’s total resources and energy exports in 2020–21.', 'Export earnings from energy commodities (coal, LNG, uranium and liquid fuels) made up just over a quarter of Australia’s total resources and energy exports in 2020–21. This is expected to grow to around 40% in 2022–23, returning to typical pre-COVID-19 levels. Energy commodities are expected to continue to be demanded in the Asia-Pacific, as populous nations develop rapidly. Australia is well placed to maintain its position as a leading supplier within the region. Australia also has a significant opportunity to capture mineral demand from low emission technologies. Many of these technologies are reaching important economic tipping points, with take-up likely to accelerate over the coming years. The rapid pace of change in this sector can make forecasting particularly challenging.', 'The rapid pace of change in this sector can make forecasting particularly challenging. Prices are highly volatile and difficult to predict over the long-term. Supply chains and technologies are evolving quickly and the role Australia may play in terms of market-share and value-adding downstream is fluid. Another source of uncertainty is the role recycling may play in dampening mining demand and prices. Yet the size of the prize for Australia is expected to be large. By 2050, combined earnings from lithium, copper, nickel and uranium production has the potential to reach anywhere between $28 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario and $42 billion under a rapid transition scenario in 2020 dollar terms.', 'By 2050, combined earnings from lithium, copper, nickel and uranium production has the potential to reach anywhere between $28 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario and $42 billion under a rapid transition scenario in 2020 dollar terms. This could grow to as high as $85 billion, if current commodity spot prices are maintained and Australia further refines all the lithium it produces. These estimates are intended to be purely illustrative to help frame the key drivers, issues, uncertainties and potential opportunities for Australia, rather than as definitive forecasts of future outcomes. This analysis is not exhaustive, and only a subset of low emissions technologies have been examined for the purpose of illustrating the potential size of the economic opportunity.', 'This analysis is not exhaustive, and only a subset of low emissions technologies have been examined for the purpose of illustrating the potential size of the economic opportunity. There is significant potential for opportunities for exports using low emissions technologies not included in this analysis, including hydrogen and carbon capture, use and storage. Approach To inform Australia’s Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan, the Office of the Chief Economist within DISER has examined the economic opportunities for Australian producers of lithium, copper, nickel and uranium arising from low emissions technology demand. The opportunities have been investigated under two scenarios: \x97 A gradual transition scenario, under which low technology change is moderate and steady, and is linked to current policy settings.', 'The opportunities have been investigated under two scenarios: \x97 A gradual transition scenario, under which low technology change is moderate and steady, and is linked to current policy settings. This scenario is consistent with the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 2020 Current Policies Scenario, under which global warming exceeds 2°C and may reach 3°C or more. \x97 A rapid transition scenario, supported by faster technological progress and changes in policies. This reflects the IEA’s 2020 Sustainable Development Scenario, and is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s long-term goal of limiting average temperature increases to 1.5–2°C. These scenarios were used to develop projections of low emissions technologies to estimate the potential size of the global market.', 'These scenarios were used to develop projections of low emissions technologies to estimate the potential size of the global market. The two scenarios have differing implications for: \x97 Battery demand, which is expected to significantly affect the demand for lithium and nickel. Batteries are deeply linked to growth in electric vehicle (EV) markets, stationary storage, and consumer electronics. In 2020, passenger EVs made up 27% of lithium-ion battery demand. EVs are expected to account for the majority of lithium-ion battery demand by 2025 under the ‘rapid’ scenario, and by 2030 under the ‘gradual’ scenario. \x97 EV demand beyond battery demand (notably for engines and charging infrastructure), which is linked primarily to copper.', '\x97 EV demand beyond battery demand (notably for engines and charging infrastructure), which is linked primarily to copper. \x97 Wind and solar power generation (notably generators, gears, wiring, cables and tubing), which is expected to primarily affect copper demand. \x97 Nuc lear power generation, which is expected to affect uranium demand.120 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Demand for these technologies was translated to potential global demand for commodities used as inputs. Information about global supply curves, planned projects and market share informed forecasts of Australia’s potential output. Estimated long-term prices were based on production costs faced by the highest cost producer on global supply curves at output levels that met forecast demand.', 'Estimated long-term prices were based on production costs faced by the highest cost producer on global supply curves at output levels that met forecast demand. Findings The demand for lithium is likely to be driven by rising demand for rechargeable electric transport and energy storage equipment, as the world shifts towards low emissions technologies. \x97 Strong growth in demand for lithium used in lithium-ion batteries is projected under both the gradual and rapid scenarios. This demand is also expected to incentivise increased recycling rates, partly offsetting growth in mining output. \x97 Net of recycling, global lithium production is expected to increase 3-fold from 2020 to 2050 under the gradual scenario, and 4-fold under the rapid scenario.', '\x97 Net of recycling, global lithium production is expected to increase 3-fold from 2020 to 2050 under the gradual scenario, and 4-fold under the rapid scenario. There is potential upside, as this projection assumes rapid improvements in recycling rates.iii \x97 With a 55% share of production, Australia is currently the world’s biggest lithium producer. If this share is maintained, Australia could increase production from 233 kilo-tonnes (kt) of Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) per annum. in 2020 to 698 kt LCE by 2050 in the gradual scenario, and 959 kt LCE under the rapid scenario. \x97 Australian exports of lithium were worth around $1 billion per annum in 2020.', '\x97 Australian exports of lithium were worth around $1 billion per annum in 2020. If Australia can convert 20% of its spodumene into lithium hydroxide and maintain current market share, earnings in 2050 may grow: – By more than six-fold to $8 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario, or – by more than nine-fold to $10 billion under a rapid transition scenario.', 'If Australia can convert 20% of its spodumene into lithium hydroxide and maintain current market share, earnings in 2050 may grow: – By more than six-fold to $8 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario, or – by more than nine-fold to $10 billion under a rapid transition scenario. \x97 If Australia could expand its capacity to process 100% of its spodumene production into lithium hydroxide and maintain current market share, earnings in 2050 may grow by: – more than 12-fold to $14 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario, or – more than 17-fold to $19 billion under a rapid transition scenario – or more than 30-fold to $34 billion if the current spot price of US$22,165 a tonne for lithium hydroxide is maintained.', '\x97 If Australia could expand its capacity to process 100% of its spodumene production into lithium hydroxide and maintain current market share, earnings in 2050 may grow by: – more than 12-fold to $14 billion per annum under a gradual transition scenario, or – more than 17-fold to $19 billion under a rapid transition scenario – or more than 30-fold to $34 billion if the current spot price of US$22,165 a tonne for lithium hydroxide is maintained. Growth in nickel demand is expected to move closely in line with the rising demand for batteries and renewable energy. Recycling is also expected to become more material over time.', 'Recycling is also expected to become more material over time. \x97 Net of recycling, world nickel mine production is projected to double from 2020 to 2050 under the gradual scenario and to increase 3-fold under the rapid scenario. \x97 Australia’s nickel exports were worth around $3.8 billion in 2020–21. Australia is projected to grow its share of global nickel production under both the gradual scenario and rapid scenarios. Australia has significant reserves of both sulphide and laterite nickel resources that can produce the high quality Class 1 nickel used in batteries.', 'Australia has significant reserves of both sulphide and laterite nickel resources that can produce the high quality Class 1 nickel used in batteries. \x97 Australia’s nickel production is also expected to grow in absolute terms by more than 3-fold from 170 kt in 2020 to 638 kt in 2050 under the gradual scenario and 7-fold to 1,207 kt under the rapid scenario. \x97 Australia’s nickel earnings in 2050 are projected to grow: – 3-fold to $12 billion per annum under the gradual transition scenario, or – by more than 5-fold to $22 billion under the rapid transition scenario – or more than 8-fold to $31 billion if the current spot price of US$19,930 a tonne is maintained.', '\x97 Australia’s nickel earnings in 2050 are projected to grow: – 3-fold to $12 billion per annum under the gradual transition scenario, or – by more than 5-fold to $22 billion under the rapid transition scenario – or more than 8-fold to $31 billion if the current spot price of US$19,930 a tonne is maintained. Growth in copper demand is the least variable of the commodities studied in this project, with the bulk of copper demand linked to broader infrastructure and urban development. However, the emergence of electric vehicles and batteries offers a significant upside. \x97 Growth in copper demand is expected to be more than offset by increasing recycling rates out to 2050.', '\x97 Growth in copper demand is expected to be more than offset by increasing recycling rates out to 2050. Net of recycling, global mined copper output is projected to decrease 24% from 2020 to 2050 under the gradual scenario and 17% under the rapid scenario. There is upside to these forecasts if recycling rates improve more slowly than predicted. \x97 Nevertheless, Australia’s mined copper production is projected to grow as a share of global production and in absolute terms – with production projected to increase by 36% from 884 kt of copper in 2020 to 1,201 kt in 2050 under both scenarios. \x97 Australian exports of mined copper were worth around $7 billion per annum in 2020.', '\x97 Australian exports of mined copper were worth around $7 billion per annum in 2020. This is expected to increase to $8 billion by 2050 under both a gradual and rapid transition scenario – or if current spot prices of US$9,550 a tonne are maintained, reach $19 billion. iii. Leading forecasts for lithium global production vary substantially due to differences in forecasted ramp up of lithium recycling. This analysis assumed a ramp up of recycling consistent with the World Bank’s 2020 Minerals for Climate Action report which projects recycling rates to increase from around 0% in 2020, to between 40% and 80% from 2020 to 2050.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Uranium exports are determined by growth in nuclear power generation.', 'This analysis assumed a ramp up of recycling consistent with the World Bank’s 2020 Minerals for Climate Action report which projects recycling rates to increase from around 0% in 2020, to between 40% and 80% from 2020 to 2050.A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Uranium exports are determined by growth in nuclear power generation. The International Energy Agency estimates that this form of generation will need to double over the next 30 years in order to hold global temperature warming below 2°C. \x97 Attainment of this target will be determined by policy decisions among countries currently considering nuclear energy programs, as well as by potential improvements in nuclear power technology.', '\x97 Attainment of this target will be determined by policy decisions among countries currently considering nuclear energy programs, as well as by potential improvements in nuclear power technology. \x97 Development of small modular reactors using Generation IV technology offers a potential means to enable production at scale, with easy shipment and grid connection on site providing an alternative to constructing reactors singly at different locations. However, such technology is not expected to be commercialised until the 2030s. \x97 Nuclear generation under the rapid scenario is assumed to double by 2050, in line with IEA projections that such an increase would be necessary for the world to meet the 2°C warming target.', '\x97 Nuclear generation under the rapid scenario is assumed to double by 2050, in line with IEA projections that such an increase would be necessary for the world to meet the 2°C warming target. Efficiency gains of around 6% by 2050 are also assumed, which results in a reduction in uranium requirements relative to growth in nuclear power generation. \x97 Uranium exports are currently declining from the 2020 level (of around $762 million per year) due to the closure of the Ranger mine. However, growth in uranium export earnings are expected to resume in the long term, and reach: – just under $900 million (by 2050) under the gradual transition scenario, or – $1.3 billion (by 2050) under the rapid transition scenario.', 'However, growth in uranium export earnings are expected to resume in the long term, and reach: – just under $900 million (by 2050) under the gradual transition scenario, or – $1.3 billion (by 2050) under the rapid transition scenario. Methodology notes \x97 Projections used in this analysis for the global deployment of electric vehicles, stationary storage and wind and solar generation are described in Table C.1. These projections are primarily drawn from the IEA’s Stated Policies and Sustainable Development Scenarios, and are complemented by analysis from other sources – including the IEA’s ‘Future is Electric Scenario’ and BloombergNEF’s New Energy Outlook (NEO). Where necessary, to extend the projection beyond the IEA World Energy Outlook period (2040) to 2050, average growth rates for the period 2035–2040 were applied.', 'Where necessary, to extend the projection beyond the IEA World Energy Outlook period (2040) to 2050, average growth rates for the period 2035–2040 were applied. \x97 Further analysis then enabled these projections to be translated to demand for individual metals. Changes in battery chemistry used in stationary energy and EVs was based on BloombergNEF projections to 2030, and then held constant. The metal use ratio of copper in EVs was based on estimates by the International Copper Association. The metal intensity ratio for wind and solar power generation was also based on BloombergNEF. The gradual scenario for uranium demand was built on baseline projections for nuclear energy growth under ‘business as usual conditions’, as produced by UxC, a leading market forecaster.', 'The gradual scenario for uranium demand was built on baseline projections for nuclear energy growth under ‘business as usual conditions’, as produced by UxC, a leading market forecaster. \x97 In this analysis, global supply – being the sum of both primary (mined) and secondary (recycled) sources – is assumed to increase such that demand is met. The share of minerals demand able to be met by secondary sources is taken into account in this analysis, and is based on published estimates for future trends in metal recycling. \x97 The value chain for minerals is complex: minerals go through several layers of processing and conversion between the mine site and end use.', '\x97 The value chain for minerals is complex: minerals go through several layers of processing and conversion between the mine site and end use. Supply of the mined product is assumed to meet demand for, and supply of, finished products, after adjustments for yield losses (between different stages of processing) and stockpiling.', 'Supply of the mined product is assumed to meet demand for, and supply of, finished products, after adjustments for yield losses (between different stages of processing) and stockpiling. \x97 Mineral demand not associated with clean energy (for example, lithium associated with consumer electronics) was considered for the purpose of balancing supply and demand, but not included in the estimates of economic opportunities arising from the global shift to clean energy.122 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN Table B.1: Projected cumulative global deployment of electric vehicles, batteries, wind, solar and nuclear Rapid Gradual Note: Electric vehicles include passenger EVs, commercial EVs and electric buses; b: total vehicle sales – whether ICE or EV. Electric vehicle numbers adapted from Bloomberg NEF – where data available to 2040 only.', 'Electric vehicle numbers adapted from Bloomberg NEF – where data available to 2040 only. Historical sales 2018 source from Bloomberg. Historic vehicle sales over 2007-2019 show CAGR 2.1%, 2007-2018 – 2.7%, i.e. average 2.4%. Sales growth for EV’s over 2040 – 2050 based on CAGR 2.4%. References 1. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety 2020, Nickel-Cobalt: investment opportunities, Western Australia 3. Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2020, Electric Vehicle Outlook report 4. Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2019, Energy Storage Outlook report 5. Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2020, New Energy Outlook 6. Geoscience Australia 2021, Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources 7. Habib K, Hansdóttir S T, Habib H 2020, Critical metals for electromobility: Global demand scenarios for passenger vehicles, 2015–2050 Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154(5):104603 8.', 'Habib K, Hansdóttir S T, Habib H 2020, Critical metals for electromobility: Global demand scenarios for passenger vehicles, 2015–2050 Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154(5):104603 8. IEA Future is electric 9. International Copper Association 10. Nickel Institute 2016, The Life of Ni, accessed May 2021 11. Pilbara Minerals 6th October 2021 - Material increase in Pilgangoora Ore Reserve to 162Mt 12. Roskill 2021, Lithium cost model service (extractive), February 2021 13. USGS 2021, Mineral Commodity Summaries (various commodities), accessed May 2021 14. Wood Mackenzie 2021, Metals cost curves tool, accessed May 2021 15. World Bank Group 2020, Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition OECD and International Atomic Energy Agency (2016), Uranium 2016: Resources, Production and Demand (accessed June 2021) 16.', 'World Bank Group 2020, Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition OECD and International Atomic Energy Agency (2016), Uranium 2016: Resources, Production and Demand (accessed June 2021) 16. UxC 2021, Uranium Market Outlook – March quarter 2021 (accessed June 2021)A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 APPENDIX C – REFERENCES Note: Most analysis conducted for the Plan uses emissions estimates up to 2019 consistent with Australia’s most recent official inventory submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Where statistics are available for 2020 or 2021, these are reported where relevant. 1. All dollar values in this report are real 2020 Australian dollars unless stated otherwise. 2.', 'All dollar values in this report are real 2020 Australian dollars unless stated otherwise. 2. Commonwealth of Australia (2020), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: September 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 3. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Table 34, accessed on 7 October 2021. national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download 4. Estimates for emissions reduction are central estimates by DISER for each sector from DISER and McKinsey analysis. Estimates for reduction in emissions intensity are from DISER analysis. The industry, manufacturing and mining category includes stationary energy, fugitive emissions, industrial processes and emissions from waste. Emissions associated with gas use in Australia’s buildings are included in the electricity category and industry, manufacturing and mining category.', 'Emissions associated with gas use in Australia’s buildings are included in the electricity category and industry, manufacturing and mining category. Emissions intensity refers to emissions per dollar of sector output. 5. BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2020), State of the Climate 2020, BOM, Australian Government, accessed 28 September 2021. 6. IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for 7. IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Chapter 12, accessed 28 8. IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for 9. IPCC (2018), Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC, accessed 28 September 2021. 10.', 'IPCC (2018), Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC, accessed 28 September 2021. 10. Emissions pathway models assessed by the IPCC indicate that achieving the 2oC global goal of the Paris Agreement will require global CO₂ emissions to fall from around 42 Gt CO₂-e per annum (range: 39 to 45 Gt CO₂-e p.a.) in 2017 to 9.9 Gt CO₂-e per annum (range: 6.5 to 13.1 Gt CO₂-e p.a.) in 2050, and net zero CO₂ emissions by 2070 (range: 2063 to 2079). Deeper emissions reductions would be needed to keep the temperature increase below 1.5oC. Global CO₂ emissions will need to reach net zero by around by 2050 (range: 2045 to 2055) to limit warming to 1.5oC.', 'Global CO₂ emissions will need to reach net zero by around by 2050 (range: 2045 to 2055) to limit warming to 1.5oC. 11. International Energy Agency (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, accessed 28 12. United Nations Environment Programme (2020), Emissions Gap Report 2020, accessed 28 September 2021. 13. The IPCC estimates 2390 ± 240 Gt CO₂-e has been emitted globally between 1850-2019, which is 64% of the estimated budget associated with a 50% chance of keeping temperatures below 2oC and 68% of the estimated budget for a 66% probability. Source: IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers, accessed 28 September 2021. 14.', 'Source: IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers, accessed 28 September 2021. 14. IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for 15. See: World Resources Institute (2018), Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) [data set], 20 April 2021. www.climatewatchdata.org; UNFCCC (2021), NDC Registry [data set], accessed 30 August 2021. unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Home.aspx; IPCC (2018), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report, accessed 25 October 2021. DISER analysis. 16. International Energy Agency (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, accessed 28 17. International Energy Agency (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, accessed 28 18.', '16. International Energy Agency (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, accessed 28 17. International Energy Agency (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, accessed 28 18. Emissions intensity improvements 2005 to 2019 by ANZSIC sector: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 58%; Mining 21%; Manufacturing 14%; Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 24%; Construction 30%; Commercial services 19%; Transport, postal and warehousing 6%. DISER analysis based on data from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), 5206.0 Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Australian Bureau of Statistics website, accessed 8 October 2021. gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and- product/latest-release 19. Industry, mining and manufacturing includes stationary energy, fugitive emissions, industrial process emissions and waste. 20.', 'Industry, mining and manufacturing includes stationary energy, fugitive emissions, industrial process emissions and waste. 20. DISER (Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources) (2020), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: June 2020, DISER, Australian Government, accessed 5 October 2021. 21. All dollar values are real 2020 Australian dollars unless stated otherwise. 22. The Treasury (2021), 2021 Intergenerational Report: Australia over the next 40 years, The Treasury, Australian 23. McKinsey analysis examined decarbonisation pathways across all sectors of the economy and reflects its extensive database of low emission fuels, technologies and processes. McKinsey’s assumptions regarding LULUCF are based on insights from DISER regarding potential supply and cost of abatement options (including soil carbon).', 'McKinsey’s assumptions regarding LULUCF are based on insights from DISER regarding potential supply and cost of abatement options (including soil carbon). In this scenario, 26 Mt CO₂-e of existing land sector offsets are assumed to be retained, with the voluntary $25 per tonne abatement incentive driving a further 27 Mt CO₂-e of new offsets in 2050. 24. Commonwealth of Australia (2021), Australia’s Emissions Projections 2021, accessed 26 October 2021. www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/australias-emissions-projections-2021. 25. Sarma, S. (2016). Cyber-Physical-System-On-Chip (CPSoC): An Exemplar Self-Aware SoC and Smart Computing Platform. UC Irvine. ProQuest ID: Sarma_uci_0030D_14076. Merritt ID: ark:/13030/m5gx9064. Retrieved from 26. Fortescue Metals Group (2021), Dr Andrew Forrest AO: Boyer Lecture, accessed 28 September 2021.', 'Fortescue Metals Group (2021), Dr Andrew Forrest AO: Boyer Lecture, accessed 28 September 2021. 27. Australian Gas Infrastructure Group (n.d.), Our low carbon strategy, Australian Gas Infrastructure Group website, accessed 28 September 2021. 28. International Renewable Energy Agency (2021), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency website, accessed 5 August 2021. AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN 29. Commonwealth of Australia (2021), Australia’s Emissions Projections 2021, accessed 26 October 2021. www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/australias-emissions-projections-2021. 30. The IEA estimates total direct and indirect emissions from steel are around 3.7 Gt CO₂-e in 2019.', 'The IEA estimates total direct and indirect emissions from steel are around 3.7 Gt CO₂-e in 2019. The World Aluminium Association estimates total CO₂ emissions from the global aluminium sector were 1.1 Gt CO₂-e in 2018, of which 824 Mt CO₂-e arise from primary aluminium production through electrolysis. Sources: International Energy Agency (2020), Iron and steel roadmap, accessed 7 October 2021. steel-technology-roadmap; and International Aluminium Institute (2020), Aluminium Sector Greenhouse Gas Pathways to 2050, accessed 8 October 2021. 31. The Australian Government has committed $39 million and other partners are contributing $175.7 million. 32. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) (n.d.), Charcoal for green metal production, CSIRO website, accessed 7 October 2021. resources/processing/green-steelmaking 33.', 'CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) (n.d.), Charcoal for green metal production, CSIRO website, accessed 7 October 2021. resources/processing/green-steelmaking 33. Australian Aluminium Council (2021), Australian Industry, Australian Aluminium Council website, accessed 7 October 2021. 34. IPCC (2021), Sixth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for 35. Estimates by Geoscience Australia. Storage capacity of the Barrow sub-basin is not yet available. 36. Beauchemin, K., Ungerfeld, E., Eckard, R., & Wang, M. (2020), ‘Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: Lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation’, Animal, 14(S1), S2-S16. doi:10.1017/ S1751731119003100 . 37.', 'Beauchemin, K., Ungerfeld, E., Eckard, R., & Wang, M. (2020), ‘Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: Lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation’, Animal, 14(S1), S2-S16. doi:10.1017/ S1751731119003100 . 37. A recent review of prospective feed technologies found a species of red algae (Asparagopsis) and a chemical inhibitor (3-nitrooxypropanol) have some of the largest mitigation potential, with early indications of significant productivity gains. Recent on-farm trials of Asparagopsis (developed by CSIRO and being commercialised by Future Feed) suggest over 80% of methane emissions can be avoided. Sources: Black J.L, Davison T.M, Box I (2021), Methane Emissions from Ruminants in Australia: Mitigation Potential and Applicability of Mitigation Strategies, Animals 11, no.', 'Sources: Black J.L, Davison T.M, Box I (2021), Methane Emissions from Ruminants in Australia: Mitigation Potential and Applicability of Mitigation Strategies, Animals 11, no. 4: 951. and Roque BM, Venegas M, Kinley RD, de Nys R, Duarte TL, et al. (2021), Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers, PLOS ONE, 16(3): e0247820. pone.0247820. 38. The Australian Government has committed $59 million and industry and universities have committed over $200 million. 39. Commonwealth of Australia (2021), Australia’s Emissions Projections 2021, accessed 26 October 2021. www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/australias-emissions-projections-2021. 40. 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O Hara I, Robins K and Meissen B (2018), Biofuels to bioproducts: a growth industry for Australia, Queensland University of Technology, accessed 25 October 2021. ENEA Consulting and Bioenergy Australia (2019), Biogas opportunities for Australia, accessed 7 October 2021. www.energynetworks.com.au/resources/reports/biogas-opportunities-for-australia-enea-consulting/ 50. Fortescue Metals Group (2021), Fortescue strengthens its target for carbon neutrality by 2030, accessed on 7 51. Qantas (2021), Our planet, Qantas Group website, accessed on 7 October 2021. en/qantas-group/acting-responsibly/our-planet.html; Virgin Australia (2021), Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Virgin Australia website, accessed on 7 October 2021. sustainable-fuel/ 52. DISER (2020), Australian Energy Statistics 2020 Update Report, Table H [data set], DISER, Australian 53.', 'DISER (2020), Australian Energy Statistics 2020 Update Report, Table H [data set], DISER, Australian 53. 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Australian Government (2021), Northcote, Victoria, Your Home website, accessed 14 October 2021. yourhome.gov.au/case-studies/warm/northcote-victoria 60. Australian Government (2021), Trajectory for Low Energy Buildings, energy.gov.au website, accessed 7 October low-energy-buildings 61. COAG Energy Council (2019), Addendum to the Trajectory for Low Energy Building – Existing Buildings, accessed 7 October 2021. buildings 62. COAG Energy Council (2019), Addendum to the Trajectory for Low Energy Building – Existing Buildings, accessed 7 October 2021. buildings 63. Common Capital (2020), Financial incentives for energy efficiency upgrades to existing commercial buildings, accessed 7 October 2021. Buildings.pdf 64. For example, building soil carbon reduces soil erosion and increases water retention.', 'For example, building soil carbon reduces soil erosion and increases water retention. Source: Soussana JF, Lutfalla S, Ehrhardt F, Rosenstock T, Lamanna C, Havlík P, Richards M, (Lini) Wollenberg E, Chotte JL, Torquebiau E, Ciais P, Smith P a d Lal R (2019), Matching policy and science: Rationale for the ‘4 per 1000 - soils for food security and climate’ initiative, Soil and Tillage Research, 188: 3-15, 65. Departmental analysis, partly informed by: Paul K, Cunningham S, England J, et al. 2016, Managing reforestationA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity potential and minimize loss of agricultural land, Land Use Policy, 66.', '2016, Managing reforestationA whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity potential and minimize loss of agricultural land, Land Use Policy, 66. Australian Government (2020), Government response to the Final Report of the Expert Panel examining additional sources of low cost abatement (‘the King Review’), accessed 6 October 2021. gov.au/data-and-publications/government-response-to-the-expert-panel-report-examining-additional-sources- of-low-cost-abatement 67. As of 1 October 2021. Currently 32/50 (64%) have committed. 68. Roque BM, Venegas M, Kinley RD, de Nys R, Duarte TL, et al. (2021), Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers, PLOS ONE, 16(3): e0247820. 69. Scope 1 emissions from stationary energy, fugitive emissions, industrial processes and waste totalled 34% of Australia’s emissions in 2019.', 'Scope 1 emissions from stationary energy, fugitive emissions, industrial processes and waste totalled 34% of Australia’s emissions in 2019. When combined with scope 2 emissions from relevant sectors, emissions represented 47% of Australia’s emissions. 70. Rio Tinto (2018), Rio Tinto and Alcoa announce world’s first carbon-free aluminium smelting process, Rio Tinto website, accessed 11 February 2021. smelting 71. Sun Metals Corporation (2021), Renewables, Sun Metals website, accessed 18 October 2021. sunmetals.com.au/sustainability/renewables/ 72. Charge On Innovation Challenge (2021), Charge On Innovation Challenge, Charge On Innovation Challenge website, accessed 18 October 2021. 73. Rio Tinto (2018), Rio Tinto and Alcoa announce world’s first carbon-free aluminium smelting process, Rio Tinto website, accessed 11 February 2021. smelting 74.', 'Rio Tinto (2018), Rio Tinto and Alcoa announce world’s first carbon-free aluminium smelting process, Rio Tinto website, accessed 11 February 2021. smelting 74. Fortescue Metals Group (2021), Climate Change Report FY21, accessed on 1 October 2021.The Company also aims to start building Australia’s first pilot plant for zero emissions steel in 2021. 75. Australian Gas Infrastructure Group (2021), Australia’s first renewable gas blend supplied to existing customers, Australian Gas Infrastructure Group website, accessed on 7 October 2021. park-south-australia 76. Santos (2020), Moomba Carbon Capture and Storage Injection Trial Successful, Santos website, accessed on 1 October 2021. 77. Clean Energy Regulator (2021), Quarterly Carbon Market Report – June Quarter 2021, accessed on 29 September 2021. report.aspx 78. Demand for large scale generation certificates excludes ACT government demand. 79.', 'Demand for large scale generation certificates excludes ACT government demand. 79. IPCC (2018), Global Warming of 1.5oC. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, accessed 25 October 2021. Emissions pathway model assessed by the IPCC indicate that achieving the 2oC global goal of the Paris Agreement will require global CO₂ emissions to fall from around 42 Gt per annum (range 39 to 45 Gt CO₂-e p.a) in 2017 to 9.9 Gt CO₂-e per annum (range 6.5 to 13.1 Gt CO₂-e p.a.)', 'Emissions pathway model assessed by the IPCC indicate that achieving the 2oC global goal of the Paris Agreement will require global CO₂ emissions to fall from around 42 Gt per annum (range 39 to 45 Gt CO₂-e p.a) in 2017 to 9.9 Gt CO₂-e per annum (range 6.5 to 13.1 Gt CO₂-e p.a.) in 2050, and net zero CO₂-e emissions by 2070 (range: 2063 to 2079). Deeper emissions reductions would be needed to keep the temperature increase below 1.5oC. Emissions will need to reach net zero by around 2050 (range: 2045 to 2055) to limit warming to 1.5oC. 80.', 'Emissions will need to reach net zero by around 2050 (range: 2045 to 2055) to limit warming to 1.5oC. 80. Global emissions from the energy sector and industrial processes fall from 35.8 billion tonnes CO₂-e in 2019 to less than 10 billion tonnes CO₂-e by 2050 and are on track to net zero emissions by 2070. Source: International Energy Agency (2020), World Energy Model, accessed 7 October 2021. energy-model 81. The GTEM modelling is based on a scenario with a global emissions budget aligned with the Paris two degree goal and countries’ announced targets. The McKinsey data is based on a scenario where 130 countries covering 70% of emissions commit to net-zero by 2050 and the rest (including China) by 2060. 82.', 'The McKinsey data is based on a scenario where 130 countries covering 70% of emissions commit to net-zero by 2050 and the rest (including China) by 2060. 82. Ranking for uranium is based on Geoscience Australia analysis and rankings for lithium, nickel, copper, iron ore and bauxite are based on the U.S. Geological Survey 2021. Source: Geoscience Australia (2020), Australia’s Identified Minerals Resources 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. aimr2020; U.S. Geological Survey (2021), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021, U.S. Geological Survey, accessed on 7 October 2021. 83. International Energy Agency (2021), The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions, accessed on 7 October 2021. 84. World Bank (2020), Minerals for climate action: the mineral intensity of the clean energy transition, accessed on for-climate-action 85.', 'World Bank (2020), Minerals for climate action: the mineral intensity of the clean energy transition, accessed on for-climate-action 85. Grattan Institute (2020), Start with steel, accessed on 7 October 2021. steel/ 86. As at 30 June 2021, ARENA and CEFC have invested $4.4 billion in regional Australia projects valued at $14.8 billion. Around half of the funds spent by ARENA have been in regional Australian projects ($0.86 billion out of $1.8 billion). The total value of these regional projects is $4.2 billion. Over a third of CEFC investments have been in regional Australia ($3.5 billion out of $9.5 billion). The total value of these regional projects is $10.7 billion. 87. Commonwealth of Australia (2021), Australian critical minerals prospectus 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 88.', 'Commonwealth of Australia (2021), Australian critical minerals prospectus 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 88. Accenture (2021), Future charge: Building Australia’s battery industries, accessed on 7 October 2021. 89. International Energy Agency (2021), World Energy Outlook 2021, accessed 18 October 2021. 90. International Energy Agency (2019), The Future of Hydrogen, accessed on 7 October 2021. reports/the-future-of-hydrogen 91. World Energy Council (2019), Innovation Insights Brief: New Hydrogen Economy – Hope or Hype?, accessed on 7 October 2021. economy-hype-or-hope 92. Wood McKenzie (2021), Green Pivot: Can Australia master the hydrogen trade, presentation to 2021 APPEA conference; Wood Mackenzie (2021), Australia’s low-carbon hydrogen trade could be worth up to US$90 billion in 2050, accessed on 7 October 2021. hydrogen-trade-could-be-worth-up-to-us$90-billion-in-2050/.', 'Wood McKenzie (2021), Green Pivot: Can Australia master the hydrogen trade, presentation to 2021 APPEA conference; Wood Mackenzie (2021), Australia’s low-carbon hydrogen trade could be worth up to US$90 billion in 2050, accessed on 7 October 2021. hydrogen-trade-could-be-worth-up-to-us$90-billion-in-2050/. Published estimates were expressed in US currency, and have been converted to Australian currency here assuming an exchange rate of 0.70. 93. DISER estimate, based on analysis undertaken in preparing Australia’s March 2021 Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. 94. Chevron (2021), Gorgon carbon capture and storage fact sheet, accessed 10 October 2021. chevron.com/our-businesses/gorgon-project/carbon-capture-and-storage 95. Grattan Institute (2020), Start with steel, accessed on 7 October 2021. steel/ 96.', 'Grattan Institute (2020), Start with steel, accessed on 7 October 2021. steel/ 96. Energy Transition Hub (2019), From mining to making: Australia’s future in zero emissions metal, accessed on 7 October 2021. metal 97. Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (2021), Annual Report 2020, accessed on 18 October 2021. 98. Electric Vehicle Council (2020), State of Electric Vehicles 2020, accessed on 18 October 2021. 99. Australia National University (n.d.), Australia is the runaway global leader in building new renewable energy, ANU College of Science website, accessed on 7 October 2021. australia-runaway-global-leader-building-new-renewable-energy 100. Poore J and Nemecek T (2018), Reducing food s environmental impacts through producers and consumers, 101.', 'Poore J and Nemecek T (2018), Reducing food s environmental impacts through producers and consumers, 101. The red meat industry has set a goal to be carbon neutral by 2030, Dairy Australia a target of 30% reduction in the emissions intensity across the industry in the same timeframe, the national grains industry body supports a126 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN net zero by 2050 goal for the sector and the National Farmers Federation support an aspirational economy-wide target of net zero emissions by 2050. The forestry industry also plans to establish a billion more plantation trees in the right places to drive jobs and growth in our regions and meet Australia’s future wood and fibre need. 102.', 'The forestry industry also plans to establish a billion more plantation trees in the right places to drive jobs and growth in our regions and meet Australia’s future wood and fibre need. 102. Wynn K, and Sebastian B (2019), Growth opportunities for Australian food and agribusiness – Economic analysis and market sizing, CSIRO Australian Food and Agribusiness website, accessed on 7 October 2021. research.csiro.au/foodag/ 103. National Farmers Federation (2019), 2030 Roadmap: Australian Agriculture’s Plan for a $100 billion industry, accessed on 7 October 2021. 104. Commonwealth of Australia (2020), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: September 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 105. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Table 34, accessed on 7 October 2021. national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download 106.', 'Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Table 34, accessed on 7 October 2021. national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download 106. Commonwealth of Australia (2020), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: September 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 107.', 'Commonwealth of Australia (2020), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: September 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 107. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Table 34, accessed on 7 October 2021. national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download 108. International Energy Agency (2015), Renewable Energy Medium-Term Market Report 2015, accessed on 7 109. International Energy Agency (2020), Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 110. International Energy Agency 2020, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 111. International Renewable Energy Agency (2019), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019, accessed on 7 112. International Energy Agency (2019), National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Australia, accessed on 7 October 2021. 113.', 'Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Table 34, accessed on 7 October 2021. national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download 108. International Energy Agency (2015), Renewable Energy Medium-Term Market Report 2015, accessed on 7 109. International Energy Agency (2020), Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 110. International Energy Agency 2020, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2020, accessed on 7 October 2021. 111. International Renewable Energy Agency (2019), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019, accessed on 7 112. International Energy Agency (2019), National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Australia, accessed on 7 October 2021. 113. Commonwealth of Australia (2017), 2017 Review of Climate Change Policies, accessed 18 October 2021. AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN']

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AUS

Australia

1st NDC

2016-11-09 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Australias%20Intended%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20to%20a%20new%20Climate%20Change%20Agreement%20-%20August%202015.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

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['AUSTRALIA Australia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to a new Climate Change Agreement | August 2015 I. Australia’s commitment Australia wants the United Nations climate change conference in Paris to deliver a strong and effective new global climate change agreement, applicable to all UNFCCC Parties. Australia has a strong record of meeting our commitments, and we are on track to meet our 2020 target. Our direct action policy, including the Emissions Reduction Fund, is supporting businesses and the community to reduce emissions, while improving productivity and sustaining economic growth. Australia will continue to play our part in an effective global response to climate change.', 'Australia will continue to play our part in an effective global response to climate change. Under a Paris Agreement applicable to all, Australia will implement an economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030. The details of Australia’s contribution are set out in the attachment to aid transparency, clarity and understanding. Australia’s target is unconditional based on assumptions set out in the attachment. We will implement the 28 per cent target should circumstances allow, taking into account opportunities to reduce emissions and factors such as the costs of technology.', 'We will implement the 28 per cent target should circumstances allow, taking into account opportunities to reduce emissions and factors such as the costs of technology. Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target. II. A fair and ambitious contribution to deliver the Convention’s objective Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius.', 'A fair and ambitious contribution to deliver the Convention’s objective Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius. The target is a significant progression beyond Australia’s 2020 commitment to cut emissions by five per cent below 2000 levels (equivalent to 13 per cent below 2005 levels). The target approximately doubles Australia’s rate of emissions reductions, and significantly reduces emissions per capita and per unit of GDP, when compared to the 2020 target. Across a range of metrics, Australia’s target is comparable to the targets of other advanced economies.', 'Across a range of metrics, Australia’s target is comparable to the targets of other advanced economies. Against 2005 levels, Australia’s target represents projected cuts of 50 to 52 per cent in emissions per capita by 2030 and 64 to 65 per cent per unit of GDP by 2030. The target represents serious and ambitious effort for Australia. This effort takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and economy, role as a leading global resources provider, our current energy infrastructure, and higher than average abatement costs. The target places Australia on a stable pathway towards longer term emissions reductions in the context of future global action and technological innovation.III.', 'The target places Australia on a stable pathway towards longer term emissions reductions in the context of future global action and technological innovation.III. Planning processes towards achieving Australia’s target Australia’s Emissions Reduction Fund supports Australian businesses to reduce emissions while improving productivity. The first auction under the Fund was held in April 2015, and successfully purchased over 47 million tonnes of abatement at an average price of AU$13.95. The Government is finalising a safeguard mechanism to ensure emissions reductions purchased under the Fund are not offset by significant rises in emissions elsewhere in the economy. Australia has additional policy measures in place to promote the deployment of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency.', 'Australia has additional policy measures in place to promote the deployment of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency. Under Australia’s Renewable Energy Target scheme, over 23 per cent of Australia’s electricity will come from renewable sources by 2020. The Australian Government is working to build climate resilience and support adaptation to climate change. Australia will develop a National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy during 2015.', 'Australia will develop a National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy during 2015. The Australian Government is commencing the development of a range of policies that will reduce emissions into the post-2020 period, including a National Energy Productivity Plan with a National Energy Productivity Target of a 40 per cent improvement between 2015 and 2030, the investigation of opportunities to improve the efficiency of light and heavy vehicles, and the enhanced management of synthetic greenhouse gas emissions under ozone protection laws and the Montreal Protocol. Building from these measures, the Australian Government will in 2017-2018 undertake consultation to determine further post-2020 domestic emissions reduction policies.', 'Building from these measures, the Australian Government will in 2017-2018 undertake consultation to determine further post-2020 domestic emissions reduction policies. The Government will ensure that policies used in the post-2020 period are efficient and complementary with one another, and are appropriately calibrated towards achieving Australia’s 2030 target.', 'The Government will ensure that policies used in the post-2020 period are efficient and complementary with one another, and are appropriately calibrated towards achieving Australia’s 2030 target. As a part of this process, the Government will consider a potential long term emissions reduction goal for Australia, beyond 2030, taking into account international trends and technology developments.Attachment: Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution Target: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030 Reference point Base year 2005 Time frames Period covered 2021 – 2030 Scope and Coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030, to be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); Methane (CH4 ); Nitrous oxide (N2 O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, land-use change and forestry; Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.', 'As a part of this process, the Government will consider a potential long term emissions reduction goal for Australia, beyond 2030, taking into account international trends and technology developments.Attachment: Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution Target: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030 Reference point Base year 2005 Time frames Period covered 2021 – 2030 Scope and Coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030, to be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); Methane (CH4 ); Nitrous oxide (N2 O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, land-use change and forestry; Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed. Emissions estimation methodology Australia intends to apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods, or as otherwise agreed.', 'Emissions estimation methodology Australia intends to apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods, or as otherwise agreed. Accounting approach Australia intends to account based on UNFCCC inventory reporting categories using a net-net approach. Australia will apply IPCC guidance for treatment of natural disturbance and variation. Australia’s INDC assumes that accounting provisions under the Paris agreement will: - Preserve the integrity of the agreement by ensuring claimed emissions reductions are genuine and are not double counted; and - Recognise emissions reductions from all sectors. Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target.']

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AUS

Australia

Updated NDC

2020-12-31 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Australia%20NDC%20recommunication%20FINAL.PDF

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

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../data/downloaded_documents/a1157e22d17d0734c51de1eb5bb0841a3f1febfdd105cbb6ee77d9bf906a8e8d.pdf

['Australia’s Nationally Determined ContributionAustralia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Australia’s First Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement, in accordance with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, December 2020 I. Australia’s commitment Australia first communicated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in 2015, committing to an ambitious economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030. This target is a floor on Australia’s ambition. Australia is aiming to overachieve on this target, and newly-released emissions projections show Australia is on track to meet and beat its 2030 target without relying on past overachievement. This communication provides an update on newly announced policies and measures, and a snapshot of progress on policies and measures outlined in the 2015 NDC communication.', 'This communication provides an update on newly announced policies and measures, and a snapshot of progress on policies and measures outlined in the 2015 NDC communication. These actions will drive significant emission reductions in Australia and globally by driving down the cost of low emissions technologies.1 They position Australia to overachieve on its 2030 target, and advance Australia’s ambition to achieve net zero emissions as soon as possible, in support of the goals of the Paris Agreement. Australia is resolutely committed to the Paris Agreement, and to taking practical and ambitious action to reduce emissions. The details of Australia’s 2030 target are set out in table 1 to aid clarity, transparency and understanding.', 'The details of Australia’s 2030 target are set out in table 1 to aid clarity, transparency and understanding. Australia’s Long Term Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategy is under development, and will be submitted to the UNFCCC ahead of the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26). II. Policies and measures Australia’s policies and measures, including those newly released in 2020, will enable the deployment of new and emerging low-emissions technologies to drive emission reductions and support economic growth. These new measures build on Australia’s existing, comprehensive suite of emission reduction policies, which are working to reduce emissions in all sectors of the economy and are summarised below. Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap brings a strategic and system-wide view to public investment in new and emerging low emission technologies.', 'Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap brings a strategic and system-wide view to public investment in new and emerging low emission technologies. The Roadmap will guide the deployment of an estimated $18 billion of Australian Government investments over the 1 In this document, low, clean, zero and negative emissions technologies are referred to as ‘low emissions technologies’ for simplicity. Australia’s policies and measures adopt an inclusive, technology-neutral approach. Investments are prioritised through a transparent and system-wide process that does not exclude any technologies at the outset. All available technologies need to be on the table for the goals of the Paris Agreement to be achieved.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution period to 2030 and leverage a further $50 billion of investment from the private sector, research institutions and the States and Territories.', 'All available technologies need to be on the table for the goals of the Paris Agreement to be achieved.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution period to 2030 and leverage a further $50 billion of investment from the private sector, research institutions and the States and Territories. The Roadmap aims to drive down the cost of deploying new and emerging technologies to achieve economic competitiveness with existing business methods. The ultimate goal is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies and practices with cleaner, more efficient and lower cost technologies. Low Emissions Technology Statements will be released annually to support the goals of the Technology Investment Roadmap.', 'Low Emissions Technology Statements will be released annually to support the goals of the Technology Investment Roadmap. The first Low Emissions Technology Statement was released on 22 September 2020, and articulates Australia’s low emissions technology investment priorities and accompanying stretch goals (ambitious but realistic goals to bring priority low emissions technologies to economic parity with existing mature technologies). It names five priority technologies: clean hydrogen, energy storage, low carbon materials (steel and aluminium), carbon capture and storage, and soil carbon. These technologies address emissions in sectors that account for 90 per cent of global emissions, or around 45 billion tonnes CO2-e annually. Future Low Emissions Technology Statements are a mechanism for annual review of the impact of public investments and progress towards our economic stretch goals.', 'Future Low Emissions Technology Statements are a mechanism for annual review of the impact of public investments and progress towards our economic stretch goals. They will also allow priorities to be updated as required – including by adding or altering priority technologies – ensuring Australia is responsive to local and global technology developments. A Technology Investment Advisory Council comprising experts from business, investment and the research community will advise the development of annual Statements, which will be tabled in Australia’s Federal Parliament. Council membership also includes the Chairs of Australia’s key agencies supporting low emissions technologies, to better support coordination in implementing the Roadmap and accelerating the deployment of priority technologies.', 'Council membership also includes the Chairs of Australia’s key agencies supporting low emissions technologies, to better support coordination in implementing the Roadmap and accelerating the deployment of priority technologies. Additional measures announced in September 2020 are aimed at supporting low- emissions technologies and emission reductions, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors. These include: establishment of Australia’s first regional hydrogen export hub to boost Australia’s hydrogen industry and fund research collaborations and supply chain studies to enable demonstration and deployment. a new Future Fuels Package will enable businesses to start integrating new vehicle technologies into their fleets, and address blackspots in public charging and refuelling infrastructure.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution a Carbon Capture, Use and Storage Development Fund to support investment in pilot carbon capture projects.', 'a new Future Fuels Package will enable businesses to start integrating new vehicle technologies into their fleets, and address blackspots in public charging and refuelling infrastructure.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution a Carbon Capture, Use and Storage Development Fund to support investment in pilot carbon capture projects. a new Technology Co-Investment Fund to support businesses in the agriculture, manufacturing, industrial and transport sectors to adopt technologies that increase productivity and reduce emissions. In addition, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) will continue to support investments in renewable energies while also expanding their focus to support emission reductions from hard-to-abate sectors.', 'In addition, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) will continue to support investments in renewable energies while also expanding their focus to support emission reductions from hard-to-abate sectors. To date, ARENA has contributed to 566 renewable energy projects with a total value of $6.69 billion, and the CEFC has invested in more than 170 direct clean energy transactions and 13 co- finance arrangements leading to investment in projects worth over $29.7 billion. Australia will continue to support reliable integration of renewable energy into the electricity grid. The CEFC will administer a $1 billion Grid Reliability Fund to ensure sufficient reliable energy capacity is available to meet periods of high demand in the National Electricity Market.', 'The CEFC will administer a $1 billion Grid Reliability Fund to ensure sufficient reliable energy capacity is available to meet periods of high demand in the National Electricity Market. This will include supporting the Underwriting New Generation Investments program, catalysing investment in energy storage, and new funding for pilot studies for microgrids in regional and remote communities. These new measures build on Australia’s existing achievements, including: the Emissions Reduction Fund that has been driving low-cost emissions reductions in all sectors of the economy and has already delivered 60 million tonnes of abatement. the $3.5 billion Climate Solutions Package to expand investments in clean energy generation projects, energy efficiency and other economy wide emissions reductions measures.', 'the $3.5 billion Climate Solutions Package to expand investments in clean energy generation projects, energy efficiency and other economy wide emissions reductions measures. The package also includes an additional $2 billion for a Climate Solutions Fund to continue investment in low-cost abatement through the Emissions Reduction Fund and to support the adoption of new and emerging low emissions technologies in relatively hard-to-reach sectors. the Safeguard Mechanism establishes a legislated obligation for Australia’s largest emitters to keep emissions below their baseline emissions limit. This extends to facilities across a broad range of sectors, accounting for about half of Australia’s emissions.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Australia’s world-leading investment in renewable energy, installing new renewable capacity at ten times the global per capita average and faster than any other G20 economy.', 'This extends to facilities across a broad range of sectors, accounting for about half of Australia’s emissions.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Australia’s world-leading investment in renewable energy, installing new renewable capacity at ten times the global per capita average and faster than any other G20 economy. In 2020, Australia is forecast to match or exceed the record 6.3 gigawatts of new renewable capacity installed in 2019. the National Energy Productivity Plan is on track to ensure energy productivity improves by 40 per cent over the period 2015 to 2030. Climate Active works with Australian businesses to encourage voluntary climate action, by certifying businesses that have credibly reached a state of carbon neutrality. III.', 'Climate Active works with Australian businesses to encourage voluntary climate action, by certifying businesses that have credibly reached a state of carbon neutrality. III. Australia’s commitment to transparency Australia’s system of National Greenhouse Accounts has been designed to be among the most comprehensive, transparent and timely emissions reporting systems in the world. Each year, Australia’s national emissions are published disaggregated to the sub-national level (state and territory) and by industry2. National emissions estimates are updated every quarter in the Quarterly Update of the Australian national greenhouse gas inventory. This is in addition to submitting its national greenhouse gas inventory to the UNFCCC. These data are made publicly available via an interactive database known as the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System to promote transparency and encourage public scrutiny.', 'These data are made publicly available via an interactive database known as the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System to promote transparency and encourage public scrutiny. Since 2015, significant methodological improvements have been made across the inventory and particularly in the estimation of synthetic greenhouse gas and fugitive emissions, and emissions from agriculture, land use land use change and forestry and wetlands categories. Inventory methods will continue to be refined as new information emerges, as international practice evolves and in response to feedback from the UNFCCC review process. IV. Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience Australia is committed to reducing and managing the risks of climate change.', 'Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience Australia is committed to reducing and managing the risks of climate change. The Australian Government is investing in climate adaptation to build resilience and adapt to the challenges of a changing climate, both domestically and in our region. At time of submission, our domestic investments include over $15 billion in natural resource management, water infrastructure, drought and disaster resilience and recovery, including $369 million in climate science and adaptation research and services. Australia is committed to developing an adaptation communication ahead of COP26 on our ongoing action and progress to the UNFCCC.', 'Australia is committed to developing an adaptation communication ahead of COP26 on our ongoing action and progress to the UNFCCC. 2 Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classifications.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Attachment: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Target: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030, to be implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030. Quantifiable information on reference point Base year 2005 Reference indicator Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030 Value of reference indicator, target relative to the reference indicator, data source, and update of indicators The value of the reference indicator will be reported in Australia’s domestic emissions projections reports and Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement. The value may be updated to reflect inventory recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements.', 'The value may be updated to reflect inventory recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements. The current indicative value of the emissions budget is 4832 – 4764 mt C02-e, corresponding to the 26 – 28 per cent target range, as published in Australia’s emissions projections 2020.', 'The current indicative value of the emissions budget is 4832 – 4764 mt C02-e, corresponding to the 26 – 28 per cent target range, as published in Australia’s emissions projections 2020. Time frames Period of implementation 2021-2030, implemented as a multi-year budget Scope and coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction expressed as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, Land-use change and forestry (UNFCCC classifications); Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.', 'Time frames Period of implementation 2021-2030, implemented as a multi-year budget Scope and coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction expressed as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, Land-use change and forestry (UNFCCC classifications); Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed. Emissions estimation methodology Australia will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Accounting approach Australia’s 2030 target will take the form of an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030.', 'Emissions estimation methodology Australia will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Accounting approach Australia’s 2030 target will take the form of an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030. The emissions budget is calculated by taking a linear decline from 2020 to 2030, beginning from Australia’s 2020 target of 5 per cent below 2000 levels and finishing at 26 per cent and 28 per cent below 2005 levels in 2030. Australia will account based on UNFCCC inventory reporting sectors using a net-net approach across all sectors.', 'Australia will account based on UNFCCC inventory reporting sectors using a net-net approach across all sectors. Australia will apply the natural disturbance provision in reporting net emissions from infrequent, extreme wildfires in temperate forests, which are beyond control despite the extensive efforts of emergency management organisations. Australia will report total national net emissions with and without the natural disturbance provision. Australia will apply the stock-change approach to reporting and accounting emissions from harvested wood products. A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius. The target is a floor on Australia’s ambition.', 'The target is a floor on Australia’s ambition. We are aiming to overachieve on this target and newly released emissions projections show Australia is on track to meet and beat our 2030 target without relying on past overachievement. The target represents a halving of emissions per person in Australia, or a two-thirds reduction in emissions per unit of GDP. The target represents serious and ambitious effort for Australia and takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and our role as a leading global resources provider.']

en-US

AUS

Australia

Updated NDC

2021-10-28 00:00:00

NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Australia%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20Update%20October%202021%20WEB.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/0e066911e8f9f16b87d8407aa7abb731b79025bca98e2005785137e2cfb2e823.pdf

['AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION2 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 © Commonwealth of Australia 2021 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence CC BY 4.0 Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work.', 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from The full licence terms are available from Content contained herein should be attributed as: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Communication 2021, Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication.', 'Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication.', 'No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 I. Australia’s commitments 1 This is accounted for on a budget basis over the period 2021–2030, consistent with the way Australia’s 2030 target is acquitted. On a point in time basis, Australia emissions in 2030 are projected to be 30–38% below 2005 levels. By this submission, Australia communicates its updated and enhanced first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.', 'By this submission, Australia communicates its updated and enhanced first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. \x97 Australia adopts a target of net zero emissions by 2050. This is an economy-wide target, covering all sectors and gases included in Australia’s national inventory. \x97 In order to achieve net zero by 2050, Australia commits to seven low emissions technology stretch goals - ambitious but realistic goals to bring priority low emissions technologies to economic parity with existing mature technologies. \x97 Australia reaffirms its ambitious economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse emissions to by 26 - 28% below 2005 levels by 2030, and will exceed it by up to 9 percentage points.', '\x97 Australia reaffirms its ambitious economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse emissions to by 26 - 28% below 2005 levels by 2030, and will exceed it by up to 9 percentage points. Australia’s emissions projections 2021 demonstrate that we are on track to reduce emissions by up to 35% below 2005 levels by 2030.1 The details of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets and low emissions stretch goals are set out in Tables 1–3, along with the information for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 4/CMA.1 (see Table 4). Emissions reduction targets must go hand-in-hand with real outcomes. Australia has a strong track record of setting emissions reduction targets that are both ambitious and achievable, and of holding ourselves accountable for exceeding them.', 'Australia has a strong track record of setting emissions reduction targets that are both ambitious and achievable, and of holding ourselves accountable for exceeding them. Australia met and exceeded its first and second commitment period targets under the Kyoto Protocol and its 2020 target under the Convention. We are on track to overachieve against our 2030 target. Australia’s performance against its 2030 target, and our commitment to our low emissions technology economic stretch goals place us on a trajectory to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Australia has a Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan which details how we will achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Australia has a Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan which details how we will achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap is a comprehensive and enduring process to accelerate the development and commercialisation of new and emerging low emissions technologies to reach cost parity with existing high emissions technologies. Annual statements under the roadmap identify and update priority technologies, set corresponding stretch goals and measure the impact of our investments to ensure we are on track to achieve our goals. Australia is on track to achieve a 30–35% reduction on 2005 levels by 2030 (Australia’s emissions projections 2021), under a baseline and a Technology Investment Roadmap-aligned scenario, which takes into account activities under the Roadmap and its annual statements.', 'Australia is on track to achieve a 30–35% reduction on 2005 levels by 2030 (Australia’s emissions projections 2021), under a baseline and a Technology Investment Roadmap-aligned scenario, which takes into account activities under the Roadmap and its annual statements. Projected emissions are lower than all previous projections, and Australia has outperformed all previous projections. Since 2018, Australia’s forecast position against the 2030 target has improved by 843 Mt CO₂-e, equivalent to taking all of Australia’s 14.9 million passenger vehicles off the road for more than 19 years. The improvement in the 2021 emissions projections reflects the impact of: \x97 $1.6 billion in new technology-focused emissions reduction measures in the Australian Government’s 2021–22 Budget \x97 Australia’s world leading uptake of renewables \x97 the latest forecasts, including on energy consumption.', 'The improvement in the 2021 emissions projections reflects the impact of: \x97 $1.6 billion in new technology-focused emissions reduction measures in the Australian Government’s 2021–22 Budget \x97 Australia’s world leading uptake of renewables \x97 the latest forecasts, including on energy consumption. Australia’s emissions have fallen faster than every previous forecast, 2005–2030 Mt CO -e Previous projections Technology Investment Roadmap Scenario Historical emissions4 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Australia’s pathway to net zero is summarized in Section II of this communication and detailed in Australia’s whole of economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan. Comprehensive modelling and analysis has been undertaken to inform Australia’s whole of economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan.', 'Comprehensive modelling and analysis has been undertaken to inform Australia’s whole of economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan. The scenarios examined through this modelling illustrate that getting new energy technologies to parity with existing higher emissions alternatives will bring net zero within reach. Australia will close any remaining gap to net zero consistent with the principles set out in the Plan, and will conduct five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycles to take stock of progress towards net zero, ensuring our policies are calibrated to ensure its achievement, including by identifying additional emission reduction opportunities, reflecting the latest technology advances, international developments, and other factors. Australia will also conduct regular reviews of the impacts of our policies on our regions, energy prices, jobs and other economic indicators.', 'Australia will also conduct regular reviews of the impacts of our policies on our regions, energy prices, jobs and other economic indicators. Under the Technology Investment Roadmap, Australia will also report annually on progress towards the technology stretch goals and the investments the Government is making to support their achievement. Australia’s review and refine processes Review Scope of Review Timing Paris Agreement – Review and refine cycle Comprehensive reviews of domestic emissions reduction policies, emissions trends and progress in reducing emissions, to inform the setting of upcoming Nationally Determined Contributions and any policy adjustments needed to maintain a pathway towards net zero emissions by 2050. Every five years, to coincide with Australia setting its five yearly NDCs under the Paris Agreement. Low Emissions Technology Statements Reports on progress towards achieving Australia’s technology stretch goals and the investments made by the Government to meet them.', 'Low Emissions Technology Statements Reports on progress towards achieving Australia’s technology stretch goals and the investments made by the Government to meet them. May identify additional technology goals. Annual. Emissions Reduction Policy Impact assessments Domestic reviews to report on the impacts on households and regions of Commonwealth, State and Territory emissions reduction policies. These reviews will report against a range of key economic indicators such as energy prices, employment (particularly regional employment), export volumes and trends, investment trends and growth in national income. Every five years, with the first to be undertaken in 2023. The details of Australia’s 2050 target are provided in Table 1. Australia will track progress towards net zero emissions in its Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement, on the basis of national emissions reported in its National Inventory Document.', 'Australia will track progress towards net zero emissions in its Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement, on the basis of national emissions reported in its National Inventory Document. Section III of this communication provides a summary of Australia’s low emissions technology stretch goals and the Government’s approach to supporting their achievement. Achieving these goals is fundamental to reaching net zero emissions across the economy. Full details are set out in the Government’s Low Emissions Technology Statement 2021 (LETS 2021).AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 II. Australia’s plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Australia’s whole-of-economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan is our plan for achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and positioning our economy to seize the opportunities of the global shift to lower emissions.', 'Australia’s plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 Australia’s whole-of-economy Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan is our plan for achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and positioning our economy to seize the opportunities of the global shift to lower emissions. The Plan is focused on ‘the how’, on practical action to convert ambition into achievement, because a target without a Plan is meaningless. Australia’s plan has the wellbeing and prosperity of Australia’s regional communities at its core. It recognises that trends in technology and consumer preferences will drive a global shift towards low emissions energy sources and new energy technologies. The Government will partner with Australian communities and businesses to provide the support they need to benefit from these shifts by capturing new markets and economic opportunities.', 'The Government will partner with Australian communities and businesses to provide the support they need to benefit from these shifts by capturing new markets and economic opportunities. Five core principles guided the development of our Plan and Australia’s suite of emissions reduction policies. Taken together, these principles will ensure Australia’s shift to a net zero emissions economy will be effective, fair and equitable, and that no sector of the economy will carry a disproportionate burden. 1. We will deploy technology not taxes. Our focus is on reducing the cost of low emissions energy sources, not raising the cost of existing approaches. Our approach will not impose new costs on households or businesses, enabling Australia to achieve our emissions reduction targets while growing our economy and jobs. 2.', 'Our approach will not impose new costs on households or businesses, enabling Australia to achieve our emissions reduction targets while growing our economy and jobs. 2. The Government will expand choices, not mandates, recognising that widespread deployment of mature technologies will be led by the private sector with an enabling role for government, as households and businesses adopt new technologies where it makes sense for them to do so. 3. Achieving the global Paris goals requires transformative technologies to be deployed at scale across all sectors of the economy. Our priority must be to drive down the cost of a range of technologies to bring them to commercial parity. This is the objective of Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap. 4.', 'This is the objective of Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap. 4. We will protect the competitiveness of our businesses and industries, and the livelihoods of Australians and keep energy prices down with affordable and reliable power. 5. Transparency is essential to convert ambition into achievement. Australia will be accountable for progress under our Plan, setting the global benchmark for transparency and accountability in our emissions reporting. Globally, Australia will continue to advocate for all major economies to be held to the same high standards of transparency. The plan focuses not only on reducing our own emissions, but also on how Australia will play a leadership role in meeting the Paris Agreement goals through our low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation.', 'The plan focuses not only on reducing our own emissions, but also on how Australia will play a leadership role in meeting the Paris Agreement goals through our low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation. Importantly, Australia will continue supplying the energy exports in demand in the global economy so long as they are needed to support the economies of our trading partners. Through these efforts, we will partner with countries in our region to ensure access to the technologies, finance and clean, affordable energy needed to transition their economies and achieve their broader development goals. This recognizes that global pathways to achieving the Paris goals must also deliver the economic development needs and aspirations of many countries.', 'This recognizes that global pathways to achieving the Paris goals must also deliver the economic development needs and aspirations of many countries. A technology-led approach is the only viable and realistic way to balance these objectives. Australia is embracing this leadership role because a renewed global effort is needed to develop low emissions technologies so they are globally accessible, affordable and scalable. Australia’s Plan has been informed by detailed modelling and analysis of potential impacts on our economy, with a particular focus on the importance of low cost, clean technologies. Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 will depend on our success in reducing the costs of low emissions technologies and accelerating their deployment at scale across all sectors.', 'Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 will depend on our success in reducing the costs of low emissions technologies and accelerating their deployment at scale across all sectors. Australia’s policies are focused on the technologies that can open these critical pathways. A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including cross-cutting ‘platform’ technologies (like hydrogen) and technologies tailored to specific and niche applications within individual sectors. By investing in research, development and demonstration, the government will, in partnership with the private sector, drive down the cost of these key technologies and achieve their economic stretch goals, unlocking their use across the economy. The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 III.', 'The Technology Investment Roadmap is the cornerstone of this approach.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 III. Low emissions technology stretch goals The Australian Government’s Technology Investment Roadmap establishes an enduring process to accelerate the development and commercialisation of new and emerging low emissions technologies. The aim is to drive priority technologies to cost parity with higher emissions alternatives. Priority low emissions technologies and accompanying economic stretch goals are identified in annual Low Emissions Technology Statements. Economic stretch goals are ambitious but realistic goals representing the point at which each priority technology will become cost competitive with existing higher emitting technologies, leading to adoption at large scale across the economy, significantly reducing emissions without additional costs.', 'Economic stretch goals are ambitious but realistic goals representing the point at which each priority technology will become cost competitive with existing higher emitting technologies, leading to adoption at large scale across the economy, significantly reducing emissions without additional costs. Australia is committed to achieving the seven economic stretch goals, and will track progress towards them in each Biennial Transparency Report on the basis described in table 2 below, informed by an impact evaluation framework. Meeting the economic stretch goals will result in significant emission reductions. Accelerated deployment of the priority technologies and enabling infrastructure takes us about 40 per cent of the way to net zero emissions.', 'Accelerated deployment of the priority technologies and enabling infrastructure takes us about 40 per cent of the way to net zero emissions. These technologies will also underpin further emissions reductions in Australia resulting from global low emissions technology trends, like electric vehicles powered by zero emissions electricity. These global trends are estimated to contribute up to a further third of the required emissions reductions for Australia to reach net zero emissions. These technologies are also important for addressing emissions internationally. They address emissions in sectors that account for 90 per cent of global emissions, or around 45 billion tonnes CO -e annually.', 'They address emissions in sectors that account for 90 per cent of global emissions, or around 45 billion tonnes CO -e annually. Australia’s low emissions economic stretch goals Priority technology stretch goal Potential pathway Expected timeframe for achievement Clean hydrogen production Steam methane reforming with CCS Renewable electrolysis 2028–2035 Ultra low-cost solar – solar electricity generation at $15/MWh Large scale solar 2030–2035 Energy storage – electricity from storage for firming under Lithium-ion batteries 2025–2030 Low emissions steel production under $700/t (based on the long run marginal cost) New build direct iron reduction plant using hydrogen Low emissions aluminium production under $2,200/t (based on the long run marginal cost) Renewable electricity and inert anodes Carbon capture and storage – CO compression, hub transport and storage under $20/t of CO Expected deployment timeframe Soil carbon measurement under Advancement in proximal sensing, modelling and remote sensing technologies The Australian government will invest at least $20 billion in low emissions technologies by 2030, to drive over $80 billion of total public and private investment over the decade.', 'Australia’s low emissions economic stretch goals Priority technology stretch goal Potential pathway Expected timeframe for achievement Clean hydrogen production Steam methane reforming with CCS Renewable electrolysis 2028–2035 Ultra low-cost solar – solar electricity generation at $15/MWh Large scale solar 2030–2035 Energy storage – electricity from storage for firming under Lithium-ion batteries 2025–2030 Low emissions steel production under $700/t (based on the long run marginal cost) New build direct iron reduction plant using hydrogen Low emissions aluminium production under $2,200/t (based on the long run marginal cost) Renewable electricity and inert anodes Carbon capture and storage – CO compression, hub transport and storage under $20/t of CO Expected deployment timeframe Soil carbon measurement under Advancement in proximal sensing, modelling and remote sensing technologies The Australian government will invest at least $20 billion in low emissions technologies by 2030, to drive over $80 billion of total public and private investment over the decade. This investment will support 160,000 new jobs across Australia.8 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 The Australian Government is continuing to leverage investment in clean and low emissions energy through the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), which is the world’s largest government owned green bank, and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA).', 'This investment will support 160,000 new jobs across Australia.8 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 The Australian Government is continuing to leverage investment in clean and low emissions energy through the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), which is the world’s largest government owned green bank, and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). Through ARENA and CEFC, Australia has already mobilized over $10.8 billion in funding to support projects with a total value of almost $38 billion. The new commitments contained in this 2021 communication are additional to the ambition communicated in Australia’s 2015 and 2020 NDC communications.', 'The new commitments contained in this 2021 communication are additional to the ambition communicated in Australia’s 2015 and 2020 NDC communications. This communication should be read alongside the commitments contained in Australia’s 2020 communication, which set out an update on newly announced policies and measures, and provides a snapshot of progress on policies and measures outlined in the 2015 NDC communication, including Australia’s commitment to transparency and to advancing adaptation and resilience. Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience Australia has a strong history of investing and taking action on climate adaptation to build resilience and adapt both at home and in our region. Historically over 70 percent of Australia’s bilateral and regional climate finance is focused on climate resilience and adaptation, reflecting key priorities for our region.', 'Historically over 70 percent of Australia’s bilateral and regional climate finance is focused on climate resilience and adaptation, reflecting key priorities for our region. Australia’s new National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy sets out what the Australian Government will do to support efforts across all levels of government, business and the community, to better anticipate, manage and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The Strategy sets out three interlinked objectives to ensure Australians can better protect our natural assets, build community resilience and generate economic opportunities. The Strategy also sets the path to deeper cooperation with our Indo-Pacific and international partners, and the global community. By working together, we can share our expertise and experience to better target our investments and the maximise benefits.', 'By working together, we can share our expertise and experience to better target our investments and the maximise benefits. Australia has delivered the adaptation communication committed to in our 2020 NDC. Australia’s adaptation communication showcases our ongoing action and progress to the UNFCCC. Australia’s adaptation action is built on partnerships.', 'Australia’s adaptation action is built on partnerships. Australia will continue to make strong contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Tables 1–3: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point Target 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030, implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021–2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021–2030 Australia’s net emissions in the most recently available year, published in the annual National Inventory Report.', 'Australia will continue to make strong contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Tables 1–3: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point Target 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030, implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021–2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021–2030 Australia’s net emissions in the most recently available year, published in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is -e, corresponding to the 28% target, as published in Australia’s emissions projections 2021.', '1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is -e, corresponding to the 28% target, as published in Australia’s emissions projections 2021. Australia’s net emissions in 2019, were 529.3 million tonnes CO2e, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted 15 April 2021 (TableA3.1, Annex 3, Volume 3). According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to March 2021 were 494.2 Mt CO2-e. 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions Not applicable. 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator Australia’s 2030 target (28%) is equivalent to its reference indicator (emissions budget).', '1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator Australia’s 2030 target (28%) is equivalent to its reference indicator (emissions budget). Net zero emissions by 2050 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report. Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report. Estimates apply the 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators The value may be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections.', 'Estimates apply the 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators The value may be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections. The value may be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and methodological improvements.', 'The value may be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and methodological improvements. 1.2 Time frames 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target Multi-year budget Single-year 1.3 Scope and coverage 1.3.1 General description of the target Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction, as an emissions budget covering 2021–2030 Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH ); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ) All sector, categories and carbon pools, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines, and additional sources reported in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC.', '1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in Australia’s 2020 target under the Convention has been excluded. 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits Not applicable.10 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period. Australia will account for its 2050 target on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Document for the year 2050, submitted under the Paris Agreement.', 'Australia will account for its 2050 target on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Document for the year 2050, submitted under the Paris Agreement. Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes should the Australian Government authorize any for use towards NDCs. 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies Not applicable. 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.', '1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed. The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. 1.4.4 Sector, category or activity specific Not applicable. 1.4.5 Natural disturbances Australia will address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in accounting for its NDC.', '1.4.5 Natural disturbances Australia will address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in accounting for its NDC. The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (15 April 2021) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 guidelines and the 2019 IPCC Refinement. The approach will be reported in the National Inventory Document. 1.4.6 Harvested wood products; Australia will use a stock-change approach consistent with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines to estimate emissions from Harvested Wood Products, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and paragraph 56 of the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1. The methodology will be described in detail in the National Inventory Document.', 'The methodology will be described in detail in the National Inventory Document. 1.4.7 Effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. 1.4.8 Construction of the reference indicators The emissions budget for the 2030 target is calculated using a straight-line trajectory which takes a linear decrease from 2020 to 2030. This trajectory begins from Australia’s 2020 target (5 per cent below 2000 levels), and finishes at 28 per cent below 2005 levels in 2020. The area under the trajectory for the period 2021–2030 is the emissions budget for the 2030 target. The reference indicator for the 2050 target is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually.', 'The reference indicator for the 2050 target is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Document. 1.4.9 Non greenhouse-gas components; Refer to Table 2. 1.4.10 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable.', '1.4.10 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable. 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its biennial transparency reports and consistent with any guidance adopted under Article 6.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 2: Priority Low Emissions Technology Economic Stretch Goals 2.1 Quantifiable information on reference point Priority technology Clean Hydrogen Ultralow-cost solar Energy Storage Low emissions steel Low emissions aluminum Carbon capture and storage Soil Carbon measurement Target Clean hydrogen production under $2 per kilogram Solar electricity generation at $15/ MWh Electricity from storage for firming (available on demand for 8 hours or more) at under Low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Low emissions aluminium under $2,200 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) CO compression, hub transport and storage under $20 per tonne of CO $3 per hectare per year indicator Cost of clean hydrogen production Levelised cost of solar electricity Cost of battery storage Cost of low emissions steel Cost of low emissions aluminium Cost of CO compression, hub transport and storage Cost of soil carbon measurement per hectare per year Reference year or other starting point Calendar year 2021 Financial year Financial year information on the reference indicators Current clean hydrogen production costs range from $1.7 driven by regional variances and production method (2021 State of Hydrogen Report) Current LCOE for large scale solar PV estimated to be (CSIRO, GenCost Cost of battery storage (8 hour) is estimated to be Production of low emissions steel is still at an early stage globally and in Australia.', '1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its biennial transparency reports and consistent with any guidance adopted under Article 6.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 2: Priority Low Emissions Technology Economic Stretch Goals 2.1 Quantifiable information on reference point Priority technology Clean Hydrogen Ultralow-cost solar Energy Storage Low emissions steel Low emissions aluminum Carbon capture and storage Soil Carbon measurement Target Clean hydrogen production under $2 per kilogram Solar electricity generation at $15/ MWh Electricity from storage for firming (available on demand for 8 hours or more) at under Low emissions steel production under $700 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) Low emissions aluminium under $2,200 per tonne (based on the marginal cost) CO compression, hub transport and storage under $20 per tonne of CO $3 per hectare per year indicator Cost of clean hydrogen production Levelised cost of solar electricity Cost of battery storage Cost of low emissions steel Cost of low emissions aluminium Cost of CO compression, hub transport and storage Cost of soil carbon measurement per hectare per year Reference year or other starting point Calendar year 2021 Financial year Financial year information on the reference indicators Current clean hydrogen production costs range from $1.7 driven by regional variances and production method (2021 State of Hydrogen Report) Current LCOE for large scale solar PV estimated to be (CSIRO, GenCost Cost of battery storage (8 hour) is estimated to be Production of low emissions steel is still at an early stage globally and in Australia. Reference indicator will be based on data reported in Australia’s annual Low Emissions Technology Statements Production of low emissions aluminium is still at an early stage globally and in Australia.', 'Reference indicator will be based on data reported in Australia’s annual Low Emissions Technology Statements Production of low emissions aluminium is still at an early stage globally and in Australia. Reference indicator will be based on data reported in Australia’s annual Low Emissions Technology Statements Reference indicator will be based on data reported in Australia’s annual Low Emissions Technology Statements Soil carbon measurement for Emissions Reduction Fund projects cost around $30 per hectare per year 2.1.3 If a LDC or SIDS info on action Not applicable. 2.1.4 Target relative to the reference indicator As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above As stated in the target cell above 2.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference indicator Annual State of the Hydrogen Report; analysis from research or commercial providers as available. CSIRO annual GenCost reports; AEMO; analysis from research or commercial providers as available.', 'CSIRO annual GenCost reports; AEMO; analysis from research or commercial providers as available. CSIRO annual GenCost reports; AEMO; analysis from research or commercial providers as available. Analysis from research or commercial providers as available. Analysis from research or commercial providers as available. Analysis from research or commercial providers as available. Results of Emissions Reduction Fund auctions and analysis from research or commercial providers as available12 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 2.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator for each stretch goal may be updated to reflect improved data or methodologies, informed by an impact evaluation framework developed for the Technology Investment Roadmap. This will be clearly and transparently reported in Australia’s Biennial Transparency reports under the Paris Agreement and annual Low Emissions Technology Statements.', 'This will be clearly and transparently reported in Australia’s Biennial Transparency reports under the Paris Agreement and annual Low Emissions Technology Statements. The impact evaluation framework is detailed in the Low Emissions Technology Statement 2021 and will be continually reviewed and refined in line with the Roadmap’s adaptive approach. 2.2 Time frames 2.2.1 Time frame for implementation –2030 (for steam methane reforming with CCS) and (for renewable electrolysis) *economically feasible now, but subject to offtake agreements, development approvals and adoption of a hydrogen Guarantee of Origin scheme. *economically viable in the late 2020s, but subject to capital development cycles deployment timeframe) *subject to offtake agreements and development approvals A range is given for the timeframe for achieving each stretch goal under a ‘high technology’ scenario, with the start representing the earliest date the stretch goal could be met.', '*economically viable in the late 2020s, but subject to capital development cycles deployment timeframe) *subject to offtake agreements and development approvals A range is given for the timeframe for achieving each stretch goal under a ‘high technology’ scenario, with the start representing the earliest date the stretch goal could be met. Confidence in reaching the stretch goal increases towards the end of the range. 2.2.2 Single-year or multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year 2.3 Scope and coverage description of Target Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal 2.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use Energy Energy Industrial processes and product use Industrial processes and product use Energy; Industrial processes and product use Land-use, Land-use change and forestry 2.3.4 Complete and continuous coverage Not applicable.', '2.2.2 Single-year or multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year Multi-year 2.3 Scope and coverage description of Target Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal Economic stretch goal 2.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use Energy Energy Industrial processes and product use Industrial processes and product use Energy; Industrial processes and product use Land-use, Land-use change and forestry 2.3.4 Complete and continuous coverage Not applicable. These targets are economic stretch goals, all emissions reductions will be accounted for under Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets. 2.3.5 Mitigation co- benefits Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 2.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for estimates and accounting 2.4.1 Construction of the reference indicators Details for each priority technology economic stretch goal below. Clean hydrogen: The A$2 per kilogram stretch goal is based on the average cost of clean hydrogen at the site of production.', 'Clean hydrogen: The A$2 per kilogram stretch goal is based on the average cost of clean hydrogen at the site of production. Clean hydrogen includes hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable energy, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels with substantial CCS and all other clean hydrogen methods of production, including pyrolysis or other emerging production methods (i.e. bioenergy). Australia notes that clean hydrogen production under $2 per kg requires clean electricity at around $20 per MWh, however to increase Australia’s competitiveness in hydrogen exports, production costs closer to $1 per kg will ultimately be required, necessitating lower electricity costs. The target timeframe reflects two different deployment pathways.', 'The target timeframe reflects two different deployment pathways. Deployment of hydrogen production from steam methane reforming with CCS in Australia is subject to securing low cost gas, offtake agreements and development approvals. Should these be secured, the clean hydrogen stretch goal could be met as early as 2025–2030. Under the other deployment pathway, steep reductions in the costs of renewable electricity and electrolysis could make the stretch goal feasible between 2028–2035 (for production of clean hydrogen with electrolysis). Annual low emissions technology statements and State of Hydrogen reports will track progress against this cost goal.', 'Annual low emissions technology statements and State of Hydrogen reports will track progress against this cost goal. Ultra-low cost solar: The $15/MWh stretch goal for ultra-low cost solar has been set taking into consideration current and projected cost of utility scale solar electricity, and alignment with international benchmarks. The stretch goal assumes utility scale solar PV without network or firming costs, and without subsidies. Other assumptions include: 25% capacity factor, 5.9%WACC, and 25 year operating life. The target timeframe provided is based on utility scale solar technology. Note that the timeframe for achieving the ultralow-cost solar stretch goal does not yet underpin the electricity price assumptions used for achieving clean hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminum stretch goals.', 'Note that the timeframe for achieving the ultralow-cost solar stretch goal does not yet underpin the electricity price assumptions used for achieving clean hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminum stretch goals. Energy Storage: The electricity from storage for firming stretch goal – under $100/MWh – is consistent with an average wholesale electricity price under $70/MWh and represents the cost at which low emissions electricity, available on demand for eight hours or more, will be competitive with conventional mid- merit gas generation in the National Electricity Market (NEM). AEMO’s 2019 Wholesale Electricity Market: Electricity Statement of Opportunities (page 18) defines ‘mid‑merit capacity’ as Scheduled Generators that operate between 10% and 70% of the time.', 'AEMO’s 2019 Wholesale Electricity Market: Electricity Statement of Opportunities (page 18) defines ‘mid‑merit capacity’ as Scheduled Generators that operate between 10% and 70% of the time. The stretch goal represents the capacity cost plus the short run marginal cost of mid-merit generation. Input price assumptions for electricity prices were based on CSIRO GenCost report 2019–20. Commodity forecasts and activity levels informed by a number of publications and data from government agencies and other bodies, including: the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Energy and Resources, the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), and the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO).', 'Commodity forecasts and activity levels informed by a number of publications and data from government agencies and other bodies, including: the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Energy and Resources, the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), and the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Low emissions steel: The $700 per tonne stretch goal is based on bottom up analysis of current production costs for steel and an assumed profit margin. The figure reflects marginal costs and excludes capital costs. Significant changes in raw material costs may require the stretch goal to be updated over time.', 'Significant changes in raw material costs may require the stretch goal to be updated over time. While the stretch goal is focused on steel production, the Government recognizes there are opportunities to apply low emissions technologies to upstream processes such as iron ore mining and beneficiation. The high uptake scenario for low emissions steel produced with hydrogen and direct iron reduction could be economically viable as early as 2030, but subject to capital development cycles. Low emissions aluminium: The $2,200 per tonne stretch goal is based on bottom up analysis of current production costs for aluminium and an assumed profit margin. The figure reflects marginal costs and excludes capital costs.', 'The figure reflects marginal costs and excludes capital costs. Significant changes in raw material costs may require the stretch goals to be updated over time. While the stretch goal focuses on aluminium production, the Government recognises there are opportunities to apply low emissions technologies to upstream processes such as bauxite mining and alumina refining. In a high technology scenario, with cheap firmed renewable electricity and deployment of inert anodes, low emissions aluminium production could be cost competitive on a marginal cost basis with current aluminium production methods as soon as 2035. This would be driven by substantial cost reductions in firmed renewable electricity.', 'This would be driven by substantial cost reductions in firmed renewable electricity. Carbon capture and storage: The $20 per tonne of CO₂ stretch goal covers CO2 compression, hub transport and storage, but does not cover capture processes, noting the cost of capture technologies varies between applications and depends on factors such as the relative concentration of CO2 for different industrial processes. The stretch goal assumes CO₂ is transported within a hub distance of less than 100 km to suitable reservoirs. Achieving a stretch goal of under $20 per tonne would position CCS to be competitive over the long term with other forms of abatement supported by Australia’s Emissions Reduction Fund.', 'Achieving a stretch goal of under $20 per tonne would position CCS to be competitive over the long term with other forms of abatement supported by Australia’s Emissions Reduction Fund. Under a high technology scenario, CCS could be deployed as early as 2025, subject to securing offtake agreements and development approvals. Soil carbon measurement: The soil carbon measurement stretch goal time range was set based on consultations with industry. Based on a high technology uptake scenario, advancements in proximal sensing, simulation modelling and remote sensing technologies could see the stretch goal of under $3 per hectare per year reached as early as 2025.', 'Based on a high technology uptake scenario, advancements in proximal sensing, simulation modelling and remote sensing technologies could see the stretch goal of under $3 per hectare per year reached as early as 2025. As of 2020, soil carbon measurement for Emissions Reduction Fund projects were estimated at around $30 per hectare per year (CSIRO estimates based on a land area of 300 hectares; estimates could be lower for larger areas).14 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 2.4.2 Accounting for emissions and removals Not applicable. methodologies and metrics Not applicable. category- or activity specific, as applicable Not applicable. disturbances Not applicable. 2.4.6 Harvested wood products Not applicable. structure in forests Not applicable. greenhouse-gas components, as applicable Not applicable. 2.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable.', '2.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable. 2.4.10 Article 6 Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 3: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4. 3.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; 3.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC and the goals of the Paris Agreement. Australia’s target of net zero emissions by 2050 represents significant ambition for Australia.', 'Australia’s target of net zero emissions by 2050 represents significant ambition for Australia. This target is underpinned by robust policies which will maximize abatement both in Australia, and globally, to ensure Australia and our partners can meet this timeframe, while ensuring continued economic growth, prosperity and secure and reliable energy systems. Australia’s 2030 target is an important benchmark towards achieving net zero by 2050. Australia’s 2030 target represents a halving of emissions per person in Australia, or 74% reduction in emissions per unit of GDP. Australia’s 2021 emissions projections show Australia will more than halve emissions per person and achieve a 77–81% reduction in emissions per unit of GDP by 2030.', 'Australia’s 2021 emissions projections show Australia will more than halve emissions per person and achieve a 77–81% reduction in emissions per unit of GDP by 2030. The target represents serious and ambitious effort for Australia and takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and our role as a leading global resources and agricultural commodities provider. The target is a floor on Australia’s 2030 ambition. We intend to overachieve on this target and newly released emissions projections show Australia is on track to meet and beat our 2030 target without relying on past overachievement.', 'We intend to overachieve on this target and newly released emissions projections show Australia is on track to meet and beat our 2030 target without relying on past overachievement. In addition to this target, Australia’s low emissions technology economic stretch goals are ambitious but realistic goals to bring priority low emissions technologies to economic parity with existing high emissions technologies. Achieving these priority low emissions technology stretch goals will maximize abatement potential for Australia and our partners. These technologies have been specifically identified as those which have the highest abatement and economic potential in areas of comparative advantage for Australia.', 'These technologies have been specifically identified as those which have the highest abatement and economic potential in areas of comparative advantage for Australia. Accelerated deployment of the 6 priority technologies and enabling infrastructure could contribute over 230 million tonnes CO₂-e in annual emissions reductions in Australia by 2040, compared to 2020 levels. This represents approximately 45% of Australia’s total emissions in 2020. These priority low emissions technologies will offer emissions reduction opportunities across Australia’s economic sectors, with sequestration technologies providing additional decarbonisation pathways for key industries, while protecting and preserving jobs. These benefits will resonate globally and have a profound impact on global technology readiness, assisting our partners in also achieving their climate goals.', 'These benefits will resonate globally and have a profound impact on global technology readiness, assisting our partners in also achieving their climate goals. The timeframes for achieving these economic stretch goals assume a ‘high technology uptake scenario’ driven by public investments and policies that reduce risk for private investors, a shift in consumer preferences towards low emissions supply chains, and private investments consistent with an the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. These commitments represent serious and ambitious effort for Australia. This effort takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and economy, role as a leading global resources and agricultural commodities provider, our current energy infrastructure, and higher than average abatement costs.', 'This effort takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and economy, role as a leading global resources and agricultural commodities provider, our current energy infrastructure, and higher than average abatement costs. The target places Australia on a stable pathway towards longer term emissions reductions in the context of future global action and technological innovation.16 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Australia’s plan to achieve net zero has the wellbeing and prosperity of all Australians, including regional communities, at its core. It recognizes the global transition to a new energy economy is underway, creating impacts and opportunities for Australia’s industries and economies.', 'It recognizes the global transition to a new energy economy is underway, creating impacts and opportunities for Australia’s industries and economies. The government will support and partner with communities and businesses to capture new markets and help manage the transition. Australia’s plan focuses not only on reducing our own emissions, but also on how Australia will support the transition pathways of partner countries, through our low emissions energy exports and contributions to innovation, and the development of low emissions technologies. Australia will continue to supply energy exports that our trading partners need to maintain their economic prosperity.', 'Australia will continue to supply energy exports that our trading partners need to maintain their economic prosperity. Australia’s technology stretch goals will contribute to making low emissions technologies accessible, affordable and globally scalable, to ensure economic growth, prosperity and emissions reductions can go hand in hand for all countries. 3.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition Australia’s first NDC represents a progression beyond our 2020 target. This NDC communication reflects a meaningful progression beyond Australia’s initial NDC communication in 2015 and its update in 2020 NDC, committing Australia laying out its target of net zero emissions by 2050, and seven new low emissions technology stretch goals. This reflects Australia’s highest possible ambition.', 'This reflects Australia’s highest possible ambition. 3.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets are economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets. 3.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable. 3.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 3.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', '3.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 3.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and prosperity and will be complimented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.', 'Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and prosperity and will be complimented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development. Similarly, achievement of Australia’s priority technology stretch goals will significantly reduce global emissions, and will assist global partners in sustainable economic development, by advancing the global affordability, accessibility and viability of next generation technologies.', 'Similarly, achievement of Australia’s priority technology stretch goals will significantly reduce global emissions, and will assist global partners in sustainable economic development, by advancing the global affordability, accessibility and viability of next generation technologies. 3.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Achievement of Australia’s priority technology stretch goals will have a significant impact on global emissions.', 'Achievement of Australia’s priority technology stretch goals will have a significant impact on global emissions. The five technologies first identified in Australia’s first low emissions technology statement (2020) (hydrogen, energy storage, low emissions materials, carbon capture and storage and soil carbon measurement) address emissions in sectors that account for 90 per cent of global emissions, or around 45 billion tonnes CO -e annually. Australia is targeting international partnerships that support these economic stretch goals, including access to global markets and more competitive supply chains. We are also prioritising partnerships that focus on critical research, development and deployment challenges for economically important, hard-to-abate sectors.', 'We are also prioritising partnerships that focus on critical research, development and deployment challenges for economically important, hard-to-abate sectors. The ultimate goal of Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies and practices with cleaner, more efficient and lower cost technologies. Getting these priority technologies to cost parity with existing mature technologies will help to make net zero emissions achievable and affordable for all countries.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.3 Planning Processes 3.3.1 Information on NDC planning processes and implementation plans including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at national level, responsibilities are shared amongst government departments in accordance with Ministerial portfolio’s and responsibilities.', 'Getting these priority technologies to cost parity with existing mature technologies will help to make net zero emissions achievable and affordable for all countries.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.3 Planning Processes 3.3.1 Information on NDC planning processes and implementation plans including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at national level, responsibilities are shared amongst government departments in accordance with Ministerial portfolio’s and responsibilities. At the time of submission of this communication, the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources is responsible for climate mitigation policies, including national inventory, accounting and projections; the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment is responsible for climate science and climate adaptation and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade is responsible for international climate change negotiations.', 'At the time of submission of this communication, the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources is responsible for climate mitigation policies, including national inventory, accounting and projections; the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment is responsible for climate science and climate adaptation and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade is responsible for international climate change negotiations. When first announcing Australia’s 2030 target in 2015, the Australian Government committed to review its climate change policies. In 2017 the Australian Government reviewed its climate change policies to ensure they remain effective in achieving Australia’s 2030 target and Paris Agreement commitments. A final report was released on 19 December 2017.', 'A final report was released on 19 December 2017. The aim of the review was to ensure Australia’s policies remain effective in achieving Australia’s 2030 target and Paris Agreement commitments. Australia will also refine our whole of economy Long Term Emission Reduction Plan and progress towards net zero by 2050 through these five yearly ‘review and refine’ cycles. Australia will conduct its next five yearly review process in the first half of 2024. This will inform the development of our next NDC, due to be submitted in 2025. The Government will consult widely through this process, especially with industry and regional communities.', 'The Government will consult widely through this process, especially with industry and regional communities. These reviews will leverage Australia’s world-class emissions measurement and reporting systems so we can monitor and evaluate the progress by each sector in reducing emissions. It will also draw on the evaluation frameworks embedded in other initiatives. In particular, the 2021 LETS outlined a comprehensive impact evaluation framework for annually evaluating our progress in achieving the economic stretch goals for priority technologies and driving technology deployment. The five yearly review process will allow Australia to take stock of our progress towards our net zero target. This will ensure our policies are calibrated to reflect the latest technology advances, international developments and other factors.', 'This will ensure our policies are calibrated to reflect the latest technology advances, international developments and other factors. It will ensure there is transparency regarding how progress is tracked, including any updates or revisions, achievements and effectiveness of key national policies and investments, as well as the role of state and territory policies and targets in contributing to the national goal. It will enable Australia to balance its investments across domestic offsets, international offsets and pursuing technological breakthroughs). The 2017 review looked at the opportunities and challenges of reducing emissions on a sector by sector basis, taking into consideration the different circumstances and characteristics of each sector. The review considered recommendations from the Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market.', 'The review considered recommendations from the Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market. The then Australian Department of the Environment and Energy consulted widely with businesses across all sectors of the economy and with the community. This included the release of a discussion paper on 24 March 2017, which generated 357 public submissions (105 from individuals and 252 from organisations). Senior Executives of the Department of the Environment and Energy met with more than 270 stakeholders and the Minister for the Environment and Energy hosted two roundtables, attended by representatives of 42 business, community, environmental and Indigenous organisations. The final report is accessible at the following link: Australia has continued to improve and refine its emissions reduction policies.', 'Australia has continued to improve and refine its emissions reduction policies. The King Review was commissioned in 2019 to examine how Australia could build on the ERF to unlock additional sources of abatement. While the ERF has been very successful in driving abatement from the land sector, the King Review recommended improvements to the ERF and a greater focus on voluntary action and technology to achieve abatement from a broader range of sources. Co-design of new and expanded methods (including for CCS) and reducing transaction costs for participants will create more opportunities to participate in the ERF. As part of its response to the King Review, the Government is implementing a below-baseline crediting mechanism under the Safeguard Mechanism.', 'As part of its response to the King Review, the Government is implementing a below-baseline crediting mechanism under the Safeguard Mechanism. This will create more opportunities to drive abatement, especially in the industrial sector. As observed by the King Review and confirmed in analytical work for this plan, achieving deep emissions reductions in the future will require an approach that enables emissions reductions by all sectors. Australia’s technology-led approach is designed to achieve this.18 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Australia’s per capita emissions have been declining over the past two decades while the population and economy have grown. Australia’s national circumstances shape its response to climate change.', 'Australia’s national circumstances shape its response to climate change. Australia’s vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change. Australia is one of the world’s largest energy exporters, generating almost three times the volume of national consumption and exporting excess production. Eighty-five percent of the energy we produce is exported. We are among the world’s largest exporters of coal and LNG. We also have the world’s largest reserves of uranium and close to the best solar resources, in the world. Australia has a large agricultural sector, producing food for domestic consumption as well as export.', 'Australia has a large agricultural sector, producing food for domestic consumption as well as export. Australia’s large resource and agricultural production, and dependence on long-haul transport have led to relatively high, but declining, per capita emissions compared to other developed countries. These declines are, in large part, a result of government policies, at the Federal, State and Territory and local levels,, an overall decline in land clearing emissions, and structural changes in Australia’s economy including a move away from manufacturing and other heavy industrial activities. Australia is transforming its electricity market, from a 20th century electricity grid dominated by large scale, fossil fuel-fired generators to a 21st century grid with increasing penetration of renewables, storage and demand management technologies.', 'Australia is transforming its electricity market, from a 20th century electricity grid dominated by large scale, fossil fuel-fired generators to a 21st century grid with increasing penetration of renewables, storage and demand management technologies. The Government’s climate and energy policies to are ensuring the successful transition of the electricity market providing reliable, affordable energy whilereducing emissions. 3.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation Explanation of the policy development of the priority technology stretch goals is set out in Australia’s Technology Investment Roadmap (2020), Australia’s 2020 Low Emissions Technology Statement and Australia’s 2021 Low Emissions Technology Statement – including impact evaluation framework. 3.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. 3.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly Not applicable. 3.3.6 Global stocktake consideration Not applicable.', '3.3.6 Global stocktake consideration Not applicable. The first global stocktake will occur in 2023. Australia will take its outcomes into account in the preparation of future NDC communications. 3.4 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co - benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 3.4.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures Not applicable.', '3.4 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co - benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 3.4.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures Not applicable. 3.4.2 Projects, measures and activities for to mitigation co - benefits, Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 4: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, referred Numbers and terms used in tables 1-3 Corresponding paragraph of decision 1/CMA.1, Annex I Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, a appropriate, a base year): Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) and as applicable in the target year.', '3.4.2 Projects, measures and activities for to mitigation co - benefits, Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 4: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, referred Numbers and terms used in tables 1-3 Corresponding paragraph of decision 1/CMA.1, Annex I Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, a appropriate, a base year): Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) and as applicable in the target year. If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Time frame (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date; Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage General description of the target (3a) General description of the target Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;20 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Assumptions and methodological approaches 5.', 'If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Time frame (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date; Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage General description of the target (3a) General description of the target Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;20 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Assumptions and methodological approaches 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approached (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Sector, category or activity specific (5e) Sector-, category- or activity specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Natural disturbances (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Harvested wood products; (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Effects of age-class structure in forests; (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; N/A N/A (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: Construction of the reference indicators (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Non greenhouse-gas components, as applicable; (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances 3.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances 3.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 3.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 3.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 3.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approached (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Sector, category or activity specific (5e) Sector-, category- or activity specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Natural disturbances (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Harvested wood products; (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Effects of age-class structure in forests; (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; N/A N/A (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: Construction of the reference indicators (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Non greenhouse-gas components, as applicable; (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances 3.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances 3.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 3.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 3.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 3.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 3.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 3.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 3.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '3.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 3.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 3.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 3.3 Planning Processes (4) Planning Processes 3.3.1 Information on NDC planning processes and implementation plans including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; (4a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate: (4ai) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; 3.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; (4aii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (4aiia)National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; 3.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation (4aiib) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; 3.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; (4aiic) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 3.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly (4b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/a 16 paragraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; 3.3.6 Global stocktake consideration (4c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;22 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 3.4 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co - benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (4d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 3.4.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures (4di) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; 3.4.2 Projects, measures and activities for to mitigation co - benefits, (4dii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co - benefits, including information n/a 17 on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 202124 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021']

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AUS

Australia

Updated NDC

2022-06-16 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.3

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Australias%20NDC%20June%202022%20Update%20%283%29.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

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['AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION2 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 © Commonwealth of Australia 2022 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence CC BY 4.0 Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work.', 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from The full licence terms are available from Content contained herein should be attributed as: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Communication 2022, Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication.', 'Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication.', 'No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 I. Australia’s strengthened climate ambition This submission communicates Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In this updated NDC, Australia is increasing the ambition of its 2030 target, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030. Australia also reaffirms its target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Australia also reaffirms its target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Both targets are economy-wide emissions reduction commitments, covering all sectors and gases included in Australia’s national inventory. Australia’s new 2030 target is a significant increase in ambition. It is a 15 percentage point increase on the upper end of the previous 2030 target of 26 – 28% below 2005 levels – or half as much again as the previous target. The revised 2030 commitment is both a single-year target to reduce emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and a multi‑year emissions budget from 2021-2030. The updated 2030 target puts Australia on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'The updated 2030 target puts Australia on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. It reflects the Australian Government’s resolve to urgently step up action and work alongside global partners to tackle the climate crisis, achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, and keep 1.5°C within reach. Our aspiration is that the commitments of our industry, states and territories and the Australian people will yield even greater emissions reductions in the coming decade. Australia will not carry over any overachievement on its 2020 target or its Kyoto Protocol targets to meet its Paris Agreement targets. The Australian Government is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to net zero.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to net zero. Australia’s new 2030 target is based on the modelled impact of these policies. The Australian Government is working to urgently implement these policies to maximise their emissions reduction impact and economic benefits and to provide Australian industry with a comprehensive and consistent policy framework. Australia’s new policies include: \x97 A $20 billion investment in Australia’s electricity grid to unlock greater penetration of renewable energy and accelerate decarbonisation of the grid. – Complemented by an additional $300 million to deliver community batteries and solar banks across Australia.', '– Complemented by an additional $300 million to deliver community batteries and solar banks across Australia. \x97 Investment of up to $3 billion from the new National Reconstruction Fund to support renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies, broadening Australia’s industrial base, bolstering regional economic development, and boosting private investment in abatement. \x97 A Powering the Regions Fund to support the development of new clean energy industries and the decarbonisation priorities of existing industry. – The Fund will also prioritise building the workforce skills and capability required for the clean energy transition. The Australian Government will invest a further $100 million to train 10,000 New Energy Apprentices in the jobs of the future and establish a $10 million New Energy Skills Program to provide additional training pathways.', 'The Australian Government will invest a further $100 million to train 10,000 New Energy Apprentices in the jobs of the future and establish a $10 million New Energy Skills Program to provide additional training pathways. \x97 The introduction of declining emissions baselines for Australia’s major emitters, under the existing Safeguard Mechanism, providing a predictable policy framework for industry, consistent with a national trajectory to net zero and supporting international competitiveness. \x97 Australia’s first National Electric Vehicle Strategy, to reduce emissions and accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles, including by establishing a new Driving the Nation Fund and doubling the Commonwealth’s investment in charging and refuelling infrastructure to $500 million.', '\x97 Australia’s first National Electric Vehicle Strategy, to reduce emissions and accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles, including by establishing a new Driving the Nation Fund and doubling the Commonwealth’s investment in charging and refuelling infrastructure to $500 million. The Australian Government will also introduce an electric car tax discount and establish a real-world emissions testing program to help consumers make more informed choices about the fuel efficiency of their vehicles. \x97 The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses.', '\x97 The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses. \x97 A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies).4 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 These new measures will build on existing emissions reduction and low emissions technology accelerator policies and programs including the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, crediting under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, and a range of investments to accelerate and facilitate low emissions and clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium, to bring their costs down to make them competitive with higher emitting alternatives.', '\x97 A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies).4 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 These new measures will build on existing emissions reduction and low emissions technology accelerator policies and programs including the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, crediting under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, and a range of investments to accelerate and facilitate low emissions and clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium, to bring their costs down to make them competitive with higher emitting alternatives. The Australian Government will introduce a new annual statement to Parliament on climate policy, progress against national targets and international developments and will seek to formalise its targets in legislation.', 'The Australian Government will introduce a new annual statement to Parliament on climate policy, progress against national targets and international developments and will seek to formalise its targets in legislation. The annual statement and other climate policy will be informed by Australia’s Climate Change Authority, which the Government will restore as an independent source of advice. Australia is committed to working closely with our Pacific family to achieve an ambitious international response to the climate crisis, including talking with them about jointly hosting a future UNFCCC Conference of the Parties meeting. As a federation, Australian States, Territories and local government also implement significant policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support clean energy technologies.', 'As a federation, Australian States, Territories and local government also implement significant policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support clean energy technologies. Australian households, communities and businesses are increasingly playing their part in addressing climate change and embracing the opportunities presented by the transition to net zero. The details of Australia’s new 2030 target, and its 2050 net zero target are provided in Table 1. Australia will track progress towards both targets in its Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement, on the basis of national emissions reported in its annual National Inventory Report. Australia will also provide detailed information on each of its policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 II.', 'Australia will also provide detailed information on each of its policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 II. Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience Climate change is already having significant impacts in Australia and our region. The Australian Government is taking concerted action to adapt to climate change and ensure the resilience and disaster readiness of our communities and natural environment in the context of its impacts. This includes: \x97 Leading the development of an urgent climate risk assessment of the implications of climate change for national security, which will be an enduring feature of Australia’s climate action. \x97 Making sure Australia is disaster ready by spending up to $200 million every year on disaster preparation and resilience projects.', '\x97 Making sure Australia is disaster ready by spending up to $200 million every year on disaster preparation and resilience projects. \x97 Protecting Australia’s unique environment by fixing Australia’s urban rivers and catchments, and doubling the number of Indigenous Rangers, recognising the importance of employing Indigenous People’s knowledge and experience to address the climate crisis. \x97 Investing in the health and resilience of our ocean ecosystems, including by strengthening the management of our national network of Marine Parks and spending an additional $194.5 million on top of existing investments to protect the Great Barrier Reef. \x97 Establishing a Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, so that climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the climate and biodiversity crises, can be addressed holistically.', '\x97 Establishing a Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, so that climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the climate and biodiversity crises, can be addressed holistically. Australia looks forward to making even stronger contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 1: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on the reference point Commitment 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 Implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Implemented as a point target 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030.', 'Australia looks forward to making even stronger contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 1: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on the reference point Commitment 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 Implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Implemented as a point target 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030. Base year: 2005 Australia’s net emissions in the most recently available year, published in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is 4381 million tonnes CO -e, corresponding to the 43% target.', '1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is 4381 million tonnes CO -e, corresponding to the 43% target. The indicative value of the 2005 base year is 621.1 million tonnes CO -e net national emissions, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted Volume 3). Australia’s net emissions in 2020, were 497.7 million tonnes CO -e, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted on 27 May 2022 (Table A3.1, Annex 3, Volume 3). According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to December 2021 were 488.0 million tonnes CO -e. 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions Not applicable.', 'According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to December 2021 were 488.0 million tonnes CO -e. 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions Not applicable. 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030, implemented as an emissions budget (reference indicator) covering the period 2021-2030. Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels (reference indicator) by 2030, implemented as a single-year point target. Net zero emissions by 2050. 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report, up until the end of the period.', '1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report, up until the end of the period. Following the end of the period quantification will be based on data reported in the National Inventory Report for the year 2030. Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report. 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators Estimates apply the 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections.', 'The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections. The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements.8 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.2 Time frames 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target Multi-year budget Single-year Single-year 1.3 Scope and coverage 1.3.1 General description of the target Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction, as an emissions budget covering 2021-2030. Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target. Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target. 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ).', '1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ). All sectors, categories and carbon pools, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines, and additional sources reported in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in Australia’s 2020 target under the Convention has been excluded. 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits Not applicable. 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period.', '1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period. Australia will account for its 2030 single-year target on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2030, submitted under the Paris Agreement. Australia will account for its 2050 commitment on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2050, submitted under the Paris Agreement. Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, should the Australian Government authorise any for use towards NDCs.', 'Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, should the Australian Government authorise any for use towards NDCs. 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed by the CMA.', '1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed by the CMA. The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.', 'The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. 1.4.4 Natural disturbances Australia will address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in accounting for its NDC. The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (May 2022) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the IPCC 2019 Refinement.', 'The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (May 2022) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the IPCC 2019 Refinement. Australia will continue to provide information on its approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in its annual National Inventory Report. 1.4.5 Harvested wood products Australia will use a stock-change approach consistent with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines to estimate emissions from Harvested Wood Products, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and paragraph 56 of the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1. The methodology will be described in detail in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report. 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable.', '1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable. 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators The emissions budget for the 2030 target is calculated using a straight-line trajectory which takes a linear decrease from 2020 to 2030. This trajectory begins from Australia’s finishes at 43% below 2005 levels in 2030. The area under the trajectory for the period 2021–2030 is the emissions budget for the 2030 target. The reference indicator for the 2030 single-year target is net national greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2005, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report. The reference indicator for the 2050 commitment is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually.', 'The reference indicator for the 2050 commitment is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report. 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components Not applicable. 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable. 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable.', '1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to use cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its Biennial Transparency Reports and consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6.10 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 2: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4.', '1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to use cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its Biennial Transparency Reports and consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6.10 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 2: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4. 2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution represents a significant increase in Australia’s ambition and reflects a strong commitment to urgent ambitious action on climate change.', '2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution represents a significant increase in Australia’s ambition and reflects a strong commitment to urgent ambitious action on climate change. Australia’s enhanced NDC is underpinned by a robust policy framework that will deliver on our emissions reduction commitments while driving economic growth, making electricity more affordable and creating new jobs. Australia is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies that will drive the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future to achieve our 2030 target and support Australia’s transition to net zero.', 'Australia is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies that will drive the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future to achieve our 2030 target and support Australia’s transition to net zero. 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity Australia’s plan to achieve its 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets has the wellbeing and prosperity of all Australians, including regional communities, at its core. It recognises the global transition to a clean energy economy is underway, creating impacts and opportunities for Australia’s industries. The Australian Government will support and partner with communities and industry on decarbonisation priorities, the development of new clean energy industries and skills and training programs to support workforce development.', 'The Australian Government will support and partner with communities and industry on decarbonisation priorities, the development of new clean energy industries and skills and training programs to support workforce development. This will ensure that Australia is well-positioned to capitalise on clean economy opportunities to drive growth and support job creation. The Australian Government has committed to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero emissions by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies). Emissions reductions across non-Defence (Australian Public Service) agencies is a strong commitment to lead by example on emissions reductions and contribute to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.', 'Emissions reductions across non-Defence (Australian Public Service) agencies is a strong commitment to lead by example on emissions reductions and contribute to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy. The Australian Government will also improve integrity in decision-making around climate change with a new annual statement to Parliament as a matter of transparency and accountability. This will report on climate policy and progress towards national targets. The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice.', 'The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice. 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition Australia’s updated NDC is a progression on our previous 2030 target and a significant increase in ambition, committing Australia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 — half as much again as the previous target of 26 – 28% — and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets are economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets. 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable.', '2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable. 2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', '2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and will be complemented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.12 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre‑industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.', 'Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and will be complemented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.12 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre‑industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Australian Government is implementing a series of new policies across the economy to support the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a series of new policies across the economy to support the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future. These measures will support the achievement of the 2030 target and put Australia on the path to net zero emissions by 2050. 2.3 Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level.', '2.3 Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level. The Australian Government will improve integrity in decision-making around climate change through annual statements to Parliament on climate policy, including progress against national targets, and by restoring Australia’s Climate Change Authority. This will provide transparency and ensure accountability on climate action. The Australian Government is implementing a broad suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to a net zero economy, and is improving and strengthening existing policies.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a broad suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to a net zero economy, and is improving and strengthening existing policies. The Australian Government will build on the 2019 King Review, by undertaking a review into Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) to ensure their integrity and consistency with agricultural and other objectives, and contribution to environmental, economic and other benefits like biodiversity. The Australian Government will also improve the Safeguard Mechanism by introducing mandatory emissions baselines for facilities already covered by the Mechanism over time. This will align policy with recommendations from the private sector and will provide a supportive policy framework that will encourage industry investment in low emissions technologies.', 'This will align policy with recommendations from the private sector and will provide a supportive policy framework that will encourage industry investment in low emissions technologies. Australia provides information on its climate change policies and measures in each Biennial Report and National Communication and will continue to provide updated information through each Biennial Transparency Report. 2.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Australia’s unique national circumstances shape its response to climate change. Australia’s system of government, vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource-based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change.', 'Australia’s system of government, vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource-based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change. Australia operates under a federal system of government in which legislative powers are distributed between the Commonwealth, the six states and two territories. Under this system, the Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level. National targets and federal emissions reductions policies are complemented by targets and measures implemented at the State and Territory level, which make a leading contribution to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.', 'National targets and federal emissions reductions policies are complemented by targets and measures implemented at the State and Territory level, which make a leading contribution to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy. Climate change holds serious ramifications for all Australians, playing a part in extreme weather events and their intensity and frequency. The Australian Government’s policy measures recognise these impacts and provide the framework to support Australians on the pathway to net zero transition. These policies will accelerate decarbonisation of industry and support the development of new clean energy industries through investment to drive renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies.', 'These policies will accelerate decarbonisation of industry and support the development of new clean energy industries through investment to drive renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies. Australia is transforming its electricity market, from an electricity grid dominated by large scale, fossil fuel-fired generators to a grid with increasing penetration of renewables, storage and demand management technologies.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation Australia’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in decision 4/CMA.1. A range of Commonwealth Government agencies were involved in the development of the NDC, reflecting shared policy responsibility. 2.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly Not applicable.', '2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly Not applicable. 2.3.6 Global stocktake consideration Not applicable. The first global stocktake will occur in 2023. Australia will take its outcomes into account in the preparation of future NDC communications. 2.3.7 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/ or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Economic and social consequences of response measures Not applicable. 2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits Not applicable.14 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 3: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, decision references.', '2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits Not applicable.14 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 3: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, decision references. Numbers and terms used in tables 1-2 Corresponding paragraph of decision 4/CMA.1, Annex I 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Numbers and terms used in tables 1-2 Corresponding paragraph of decision 4/CMA.1, Annex I 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. 1.2 Time frames (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation: 1.2.1 Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', '1.2 Time frames (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation: 1.2.1 Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. 1.3 Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage: 1.3.1 General description of the target (3a) General description of the target; 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', '1.3 Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage: 1.3.1 General description of the target (3a) General description of the target; 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting (5) Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:16 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 1.4.4 Natural disturbances (5e) Sector-, category – or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable; (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; 1.4.5 Harvested wood products (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category – or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary (5fiv) Further technical information, as necessary;AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', '1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting (5) Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:16 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 1.4.4 Natural disturbances (5e) Sector-, category – or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable; (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; 1.4.5 Harvested wood products (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category – or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary (5fiv) Further technical information, as necessary;AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. 2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', '2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 2.3 Planning Processes (4) Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner (4a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate: (4ai) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;18 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication (4aii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (4aiia) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; 2.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation (4aiib) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; 2.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; (4aiic) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly (4b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/a 16 paragraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; 2.3.6 Global stocktake consideration (4c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; 2.3.7 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Economic and social consequences of response measures (4d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (4di) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; 2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities for mitigation co – benefits (4dii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits, including information n/a 17 on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 202220 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022']

en-US

AUT

Austria

LTS

2020-11-12 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Austria.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/beefad0a2c41f93d25973ba550ae30966d9599e4e60afd88234a83a8c3f9f533.pdf

['pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action as per Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 35 in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement Long-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria Period through to 2050 Vienna, December 2019Long-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria 2 Publication details Media proprietor and publisher: Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism bmnt.gv.at As of: 1. December 2020 Copyright and liability: Excerpts may only be printed when reference is made to the source. All other rights are expressly reserved without the written consent of the media proprietor.', 'All other rights are expressly reserved without the written consent of the media proprietor. Despite being prepared with the greatest possible care, no guarantee is provided for the information in this publication, and any liability of the Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism and of the author is expressly precluded. Any legal information provided is solely the non-binding opinion of the author and has no influence whatsoever on the decisions of the independent courts.', 'Any legal information provided is solely the non-binding opinion of the author and has no influence whatsoever on the decisions of the independent courts. Disclaimer: If the English and German versions do not correspond exactly, the German version shall prevail.Contents THE VISION – A climate-neutral Austria in 2050 5 1 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 6 1.1 Legal and political framework 6 1.1.1 The international framework . 6 1.1.2 Framework in the European Union . 8 1.1.3 Framework in Austria . 10 1.1.4 The Austrian goal – climate neutrality by 2050. 11 2 THE FIELDS OF ACTION . 14 2.1 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and overall increase in the removal of these gases via sinks 14 2.1.1 Assumed reduction of emissions and increase of removals of greenhouse gases 2.1.2 National requirements for 2030 and beyond, if available, and guidelines for 2040 2.1.3 European framework . 21 2.1.4 Adaptation policy and measures 24 2.2 Renewable energy . 27 2.2.2 Target vision 28 2.2.3 Current situation in Austria 29 2.2.4 Fields of action . 30 2.3 Energy efficiency . 33 2.4 Information about specific sectors . 34 2.4.1 Energy storage systems . 342.4.5 Agriculture and land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) . 59 2.4.6 Consumer behaviour and lifestyle 65 2.4.7 Digitalisation and innovation . 69 3.1 Estimation of the required investments . 72 3.2 Awareness-raising in financial markets 74 4 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS 75 4.2 Just transition 75 5.1 The objective . 78 5.2 Implementation of the strategy . 78 5.3 Involvement of the scientific community . 78 5.4 Involvement of the private sector and workers 79 5.5 Public participation 79 6.1 Details on the models employed (including the hypothesis) and/or on the analysis, indicators, etc.', 'Disclaimer: If the English and German versions do not correspond exactly, the German version shall prevail.Contents THE VISION – A climate-neutral Austria in 2050 5 1 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 6 1.1 Legal and political framework 6 1.1.1 The international framework . 6 1.1.2 Framework in the European Union . 8 1.1.3 Framework in Austria . 10 1.1.4 The Austrian goal – climate neutrality by 2050. 11 2 THE FIELDS OF ACTION . 14 2.1 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and overall increase in the removal of these gases via sinks 14 2.1.1 Assumed reduction of emissions and increase of removals of greenhouse gases 2.1.2 National requirements for 2030 and beyond, if available, and guidelines for 2040 2.1.3 European framework . 21 2.1.4 Adaptation policy and measures 24 2.2 Renewable energy . 27 2.2.2 Target vision 28 2.2.3 Current situation in Austria 29 2.2.4 Fields of action . 30 2.3 Energy efficiency . 33 2.4 Information about specific sectors . 34 2.4.1 Energy storage systems . 342.4.5 Agriculture and land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) . 59 2.4.6 Consumer behaviour and lifestyle 65 2.4.7 Digitalisation and innovation . 69 3.1 Estimation of the required investments . 72 3.2 Awareness-raising in financial markets 74 4 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS 75 4.2 Just transition 75 5.1 The objective . 78 5.2 Implementation of the strategy . 78 5.3 Involvement of the scientific community . 78 5.4 Involvement of the private sector and workers 79 5.5 Public participation 79 6.1 Details on the models employed (including the hypothesis) and/or on the analysis, indicators, etc. 81 6.1.1 Energy and greenhouse gas scenarios 81 6.1.2 More detailed description of selected pathways 83 6.1.3 Wood value chain scenario . 89 6.2 Online consultation for a long-term climate strategy for a climate-neutral Austria in 6.3 Storylines for individual fields of action . 122 Tables . 125 Figures . 126 Abbreviations 127THE VISION – A climate-neutral Austria in 2050 A comprehensive long-term strategy needs a clear vision.', '81 6.1.1 Energy and greenhouse gas scenarios 81 6.1.2 More detailed description of selected pathways 83 6.1.3 Wood value chain scenario . 89 6.2 Online consultation for a long-term climate strategy for a climate-neutral Austria in 6.3 Storylines for individual fields of action . 122 Tables . 125 Figures . 126 Abbreviations 127THE VISION – A climate-neutral Austria in 2050 A comprehensive long-term strategy needs a clear vision. The future will be what we make of it, not a given state. A long-term path requires an appealing and inspiring long-term vision. Austria has set the goal of being climate-neutral by no later than 2050 – this is our vision.', 'Austria has set the goal of being climate-neutral by no later than 2050 – this is our vision. A strategy that includes a comprehensive transformation of both our energy supply and our consumption patterns and that includes an adapted but competitive economic system goes far beyond of merely reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It must contain all three pillars of sustainability –economic, social, and environmental aspects – as this is the only way to achieve committing to far-reaching changes by the population. Resource saving, sustainable and innovative technologies and the circular economy are key elements to achieve the goal. The development of this vision, the design of the strategy, the definition, the implementation and review of concrete measures is a core task of politicians and public administration.', 'The development of this vision, the design of the strategy, the definition, the implementation and review of concrete measures is a core task of politicians and public administration. At the same time, the business community is an important partner for achieving the energy and climate transformation. Our vision, which aims to facilitate an energy transformation, sustainable consumption patterns, and an inclusive economic system can only be achieved through technological progress and creative and innovative business models that allow people to benefit while using less resources.', 'Our vision, which aims to facilitate an energy transformation, sustainable consumption patterns, and an inclusive economic system can only be achieved through technological progress and creative and innovative business models that allow people to benefit while using less resources. This ultimately means a structural change that will affect all aspects of our lives – but this beginning shall be an opportunity to actively shape our future and develop innovations and new ways of thinking.1 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1.1 Legal and political framework 1.1.1 The international framework The Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016. It is the first ambitious and legally binding agreement at global level that contains commitments for all signatory countries regarding climate action.', 'It is the first ambitious and legally binding agreement at global level that contains commitments for all signatory countries regarding climate action. The most important features of the agreement and the accompanying decision are: Temperature goal: Global warming should be limited to well under 2°C, and efforts should be taken to limit the warming to 1.5°C. Adaptation goal: The ability to adapt to the negative consequences of climate change should be increased and climate-resilient and low-emission development should be promoted. Financing goal: Financial flows should be brought in line with low-emission and climate-resilient development. Long-term goal: Global greenhouse gas emissions should reach their global peak as soon as possible and then decline rapidly to achieve a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration (e.g.', 'Long-term goal: Global greenhouse gas emissions should reach their global peak as soon as possible and then decline rapidly to achieve a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration (e.g. in forests) in the second half of this century. This equates to achieving zero net emissions after 2050, i.e. the comprehensive replacement of fossil fuels. Long-term plans: All signatories are encouraged to submit plans for long-term low- emission development. Climate action measures: All signatories are required to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) every five years, with the requirement that new NDCs shall be more ambitious than the ones they replace. Developing countries are encouraged to move towards absolute, comprehensive goals. The signatories are also urged to submit long-term low-emission strategies by 2020.', 'The signatories are also urged to submit long-term low-emission strategies by 2020. Evaluation of the level of ambition: The first NDCs that were submitted are not ambitious enough to be on the 2°C target path (roughly 2.7 to 3.2°C). Hence, a regular stocktaking will be carried out. The first stocktake will be conducted in 2023 and will berepeated every five years. The Paris Agreement shall be strengthened to guarantee a global transition to sustainable energy technologies. The Agreement not only initiated the exit from fossil fuels, but also a global transformation of our energy systems, economy and society.', 'The Agreement not only initiated the exit from fossil fuels, but also a global transformation of our energy systems, economy and society. The IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission and the difference to an increase of 2°C reinforces the imperative nature of this transformation.1 Key global action areas addressed in the special report are: Reduction of the carbon intensity of electricity generation to zero and substantial reduction of total energy consumption by the middle of the century, plus an increased share of electricity to meet energy demand. Increase in the production of renewable energy (bioenergy, water, wind, solar) by 60% from 2020 to 2030.', 'Increase in the production of renewable energy (bioenergy, water, wind, solar) by 60% from 2020 to 2030. Increase of primary energy generation from renewable sources to 49–67% by 2050. Change in land use to meet the competing demands of housing development, food production, livestock farming, bioenergy, biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Industry emissions are 70–90% lower in 2050 than in 2010. Substantial emission reductions need to be achieved for transport and buildings by 2050. This will be achieved through technical measures (such as increased energy efficiency and electrification) as well as through lifestyle changes that lead to reduced energy consumption (such as using bicycles and walking).', 'This will be achieved through technical measures (such as increased energy efficiency and electrification) as well as through lifestyle changes that lead to reduced energy consumption (such as using bicycles and walking). Even a 1.5°C global temperature increase would have serious consequences, such as: More extreme weather events (such as heat waves, heavy precipitation, and extreme droughts). Negative impacts on ecosystems (up to extinction of species) and in the areas of healthcare, drinking water supply, and food production. A substantial and irreversible rise in the sea level. The effects of climate change on sustainable development, on efforts to eradicate poverty and inequality can be reduced if we limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C instead of 2°C.', 'The effects of climate change on sustainable development, on efforts to eradicate poverty and inequality can be reduced if we limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C instead of 2°C. If choices are made carefully and the respective national conditions are taken into account, adaptation strategies can be drafted in a way that they also contribute to sustainable development andreducing poverty. Adaptations will be required in many sectors of the economy (energy generation, industry and transport systems). The temperature increase in Austria is around twice the global average, for example as documented in the first Austrian climate status report. The temperature increase is generally greater over land than over the oceans.', 'The temperature increase is generally greater over land than over the oceans. The average temperature in Austria is already around 2°C higher than at the end of the 19th century. Systemic changes will be needed to mitigate the risks that global warming of 1.5°C poses to the SDGs and to fight against poverty. This includes the redirection of financial flows towards measures that reduce emissions or result in relevant adaptation. This involves various areas of policy such as energy systems and infrastructure. Sustainable development supports or rather paves the way for fundamental social changes and system transformations which contribute to limiting global warming to 1.5°C.', 'Sustainable development supports or rather paves the way for fundamental social changes and system transformations which contribute to limiting global warming to 1.5°C. 1.1.2 Framework in the European Union 1.1.2.1 The EU climate and energy targets for 2030 In 2014 the European Union (EU) adopted a binding EU-wide greenhouse gas reduction target of at least 40% compared with 1990 levels for the period from 2021 to 2030. This target was also included in the EU’s first nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. The implementation in the EU is taking place through the emissions trading scheme as well as through effort sharing by the sectors not covered by emissions trading (transport, buildings, trade, agriculture, waste management, fluorinated greenhouse gases).', 'The implementation in the EU is taking place through the emissions trading scheme as well as through effort sharing by the sectors not covered by emissions trading (transport, buildings, trade, agriculture, waste management, fluorinated greenhouse gases). According to the amended Emissions Trading Directive (Directive [EU] 2018/410), the facilities tracked in the system are to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 43% compared with 2005 levels by 2030, which means a linear reduction of 2.2 percentage points per year starting in 2021 (2013– 2020: -1.74%).', 'According to the amended Emissions Trading Directive (Directive [EU] 2018/410), the facilities tracked in the system are to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 43% compared with 2005 levels by 2030, which means a linear reduction of 2.2 percentage points per year starting in 2021 (2013– 2020: -1.74%). For sectors not covered by emissions trading, the new Effort Sharing Regulation (EU) 2018/842 requires a 30% reduction compared with 2005 by no later than 2030, with the individual Member States being required to make contributions ranging between 0 and -40%, primarily dependent upon per capita GDP. Austria’s reduction target is 36%.', 'Austria’s reduction target is 36%. The adoption of the LULUCF Regulation (EU) 2018/841 (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) will add the sector of land use to the EU reduction target starting in 2021, meaning that all material sectors of the economy are now covered by the climate policy.The European Commission (EC) presented the Clean Energy Package in November 2017. This set of laws, that consists of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the amended Renewable Energy Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive, and the regulation on the governance of the Energy Union and a modernised electricity market design (regulation and directive), defines targets of at least 32% energy from renewable sources and at least a 32.5% improvement in energy efficiency for the period from 2021 to 2030.', 'This set of laws, that consists of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the amended Renewable Energy Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive, and the regulation on the governance of the Energy Union and a modernised electricity market design (regulation and directive), defines targets of at least 32% energy from renewable sources and at least a 32.5% improvement in energy efficiency for the period from 2021 to 2030. Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action requires the Member States to submit a national energy and climate plan starting from 2021 to 2030 by 31 December 2019 and a long-term strategy 2050 by 1 January 2020.', 'Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action requires the Member States to submit a national energy and climate plan starting from 2021 to 2030 by 31 December 2019 and a long-term strategy 2050 by 1 January 2020. 1.1.2.2 A clean planet for all On 28 November 2018, the EC presented the communication titled “A clean planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy” together with an in-depth analysis (COM [2018] 773).', '1.1.2.2 A clean planet for all On 28 November 2018, the EC presented the communication titled “A clean planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy” together with an in-depth analysis (COM [2018] 773). The communication presents a vision and long-term strategy (LTS) for European climate and energy policy on the basis of eight scenarios to illustrate how zero net greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by 2050 cost effectively and with the help of a socially just transition. The eight scenarios describe the modelling of different technical solutions for cutting emissions. Six of these aim at emission reductions of 80–90%, and two present the path to climate neutrality.', 'Six of these aim at emission reductions of 80–90%, and two present the path to climate neutrality. The strategy encompasses all key sectors including energy, buildings, transport, industry, agriculture, and land use in a broader sense and is aligned with the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit the temperature increase to well below 2°C and to continue striving to stabilise it at 1.5°C. Austria advocated for the EU reaching climate-neutrality/zero net emissions by 2050 at the European Council in June 2019 and December 2019, though Austria rejects the contribution of atomic energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS, prohibited in Austria due to unresolved safety questions) and takes a critical view of the role of natural sinks in reaching climate neutrality.', 'Austria advocated for the EU reaching climate-neutrality/zero net emissions by 2050 at the European Council in June 2019 and December 2019, though Austria rejects the contribution of atomic energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS, prohibited in Austria due to unresolved safety questions) and takes a critical view of the role of natural sinks in reaching climate neutrality. Together with Luxembourg, Ireland, and Lithuania, Austria addressed a letter to the EC with an appeal to present a 100% “renewables” zero net scenario by 2050, as all scenarios presented by the EC to date include atomic energy. The response from the EC sees the presentation of such a scenario as interference in the rights of the Member States in terms of the free choiceof national energy resources.', 'The response from the EC sees the presentation of such a scenario as interference in the rights of the Member States in terms of the free choiceof national energy resources. For Austria, the presentation of such a scenario is solely intended to assess its feasibility. 1.1.3 Framework in Austria 1.1.3.1 Climate Change Act The Climate Change Act (KSG) was passed in 2011 to facilitate the attainment of the objective for 2020 and serves as a basis for specifying maximum annual quantities in six sectors (waste, energy and industry outside of the ETS, fluorinated greenhouse gases, buildings, agriculture, transport), drafting a provincial/federal measures list in these sectors, and allocating costs (provinces/federal government) in the event of missed targets.', '1.1.3 Framework in Austria 1.1.3.1 Climate Change Act The Climate Change Act (KSG) was passed in 2011 to facilitate the attainment of the objective for 2020 and serves as a basis for specifying maximum annual quantities in six sectors (waste, energy and industry outside of the ETS, fluorinated greenhouse gases, buildings, agriculture, transport), drafting a provincial/federal measures list in these sectors, and allocating costs (provinces/federal government) in the event of missed targets. The provincial and federal governments drew up an initial concrete set of measures for the years 2013 to 2018 on the basis of the KSG.', 'The provincial and federal governments drew up an initial concrete set of measures for the years 2013 to 2018 on the basis of the KSG. 1.1.3.2 National energy and climate plan for the period from 2021 to 2030 Austria is moving towards a transformation to a highly efficient and climate-neutral energy, mobility, and economic system along the entire energy value production chain (generation, transport, conversion, consumption), including all associated products and services. This is why it is important to draw a clear picture of how the business community and society can make the best use of the resulting opportunities.', 'This is why it is important to draw a clear picture of how the business community and society can make the best use of the resulting opportunities. According to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, all Member States are required to prepare national energy and climate plans (NECPs) for the period from 2021 to 2030. The draft of the Austrian plan was submitted to the European Commission by the Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism (BMNT) in good time, at the end of 2018. This is based on #mission2030, Austria’s integrated climate and energy strategy.', 'This is based on #mission2030, Austria’s integrated climate and energy strategy. The Commission issued ten concrete recommendations for this draft on 18 June 2019, which were taken into account in the finalisation of the plan by the end of 2019.Between July and December 2019, the BMNT incorporated the recommendations of the Commission and other updates into the plan in collaboration with the directly affected ministries (BMVIT, BMF). The public consultation on the NECP required by the Governance Regulation was held in November 2019. An impact assessment for the planned measures was also concluded as part of the final plan (scenario “with additional measures”).', 'An impact assessment for the planned measures was also concluded as part of the final plan (scenario “with additional measures”). The Austrian national plan includes the following objectives by 2030: • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 36% compared with 2005 levels in sectors that are not covered by the EU emissions trading system; • Increase of the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption to 46– • Coverage of 100% of domestic electricity consumption from renewable sources (national, net balance, with exceptions for control and balancing energy for grid stabilisation and internal electricity generation from fossil fuels in tangible goods production); • Improvement of primary energy intensity, defined as primary energy use per GDP unit, by 25–30% compared with 2015.', 'The Austrian national plan includes the following objectives by 2030: • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 36% compared with 2005 levels in sectors that are not covered by the EU emissions trading system; • Increase of the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption to 46– • Coverage of 100% of domestic electricity consumption from renewable sources (national, net balance, with exceptions for control and balancing energy for grid stabilisation and internal electricity generation from fossil fuels in tangible goods production); • Improvement of primary energy intensity, defined as primary energy use per GDP unit, by 25–30% compared with 2015. Key political questions, especially those relating to necessary investments and associated public financing today and key political questions that focus on instrument selection in the future (such as financial incentives, regulatory policy, tax-related control mechanisms and the trading system) will be addressed and resolved by a new federal government as soon as possible.', 'Key political questions, especially those relating to necessary investments and associated public financing today and key political questions that focus on instrument selection in the future (such as financial incentives, regulatory policy, tax-related control mechanisms and the trading system) will be addressed and resolved by a new federal government as soon as possible. 1.1.4 The Austrian goal – climate neutrality by 2050 Austria is committed to becoming climate neutral by no later than 2050, without using nuclear power. This means that the unavoidable greenhouse gas emissions (for example from agriculture and production processes) will be compensated by carbon storage in natural or technical sinks. This is the guiding principle of the long-term climate strategy 2050. 1.', 'This is the guiding principle of the long-term climate strategy 2050. 1. Online consultation A public online consultation with questions on the objectives and action areas for the long- term climate strategy 2050 was held in summer 2019 (5 August to 22 September). The target group was interested members of the general public. Of the 2,768 participants, 1,060 submitted a complete or partial evaluation of the questions.The responses indicated that there is a high level of acceptance and demand for an ambitious strategy in general. Different objectives were assessed in terms of their “relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by 2050” in the online consultation.', 'Different objectives were assessed in terms of their “relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by 2050” in the online consultation. Participants had the opportunity to rank the objectives in terms of feasibility and relevance The objectives that were ranked highest in terms of relevance were: Achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050 Ensure clean and affordable mobility Climate-friendly freight traffic The criteria of time horizon, financeability, acceptance, and impacts were also assessed for a series of measures. The result showed that every measure is acceptable (but will entail effort). No measure was ranked as unacceptable.', 'No measure was ranked as unacceptable. The following measures were ranked as “quick wins” – easy to finance, achievable within the next five years, and easy to accept: Incorporation of climate action in the educational curriculum Labelling requirements for products Dialogue with retailers on the labelling of food Public relations work and information campaigns The following measures were assigned a high priority – with the greatest impact and feasible over the long term: Energy Gradual reduction of fossil fuels Promotion of renewable energy sources Energy efficiency as savings potential in buildings Climate-neutral mobility Modal shift Reduced air traffic Traffic avoidance Financial levers Implementation of true-cost pricing for products and services Alignment of the tax system with climate-policy goalsDetailed results on the individual fields of action can be found in section 2.4 Information about specific sectors.', 'The following measures were ranked as “quick wins” – easy to finance, achievable within the next five years, and easy to accept: Incorporation of climate action in the educational curriculum Labelling requirements for products Dialogue with retailers on the labelling of food Public relations work and information campaigns The following measures were assigned a high priority – with the greatest impact and feasible over the long term: Energy Gradual reduction of fossil fuels Promotion of renewable energy sources Energy efficiency as savings potential in buildings Climate-neutral mobility Modal shift Reduced air traffic Traffic avoidance Financial levers Implementation of true-cost pricing for products and services Alignment of the tax system with climate-policy goalsDetailed results on the individual fields of action can be found in section 2.4 Information about specific sectors. The questions and aggregate rankings can be found in Annex 6.2.', 'The questions and aggregate rankings can be found in Annex 6.2. 2. Stakeholder consultation (with three workshops) To ensure the close involvement of the relevant stakeholders, three workshops were held with these stakeholders in addition to the extensive online consultation. These workshops especially focused on the target visions and the measures and pathways necessary to achieve them. Representatives of the relevant federal ministries and of the provincial and municipal governments, social partner representatives, members of the Federation of Austrian Industry, and representatives of civil society and science participated in these workshops. At the first workshop in the summer of 2019, the European framework for the long-term strategy was presented by a representative of the EU commission. Sector target visions for 2050 were drafted jointly on this basis.', 'Sector target visions for 2050 were drafted jointly on this basis. The second workshop in November 2019 focused on in-depth discussion of the various sectors and of the mobility system, the energy system, and overarching topics such as innovation and lifecycles and the relevance of consumption patterns. Viable economic concepts were also examined to strike the best possible balance between location security and climate-neutral business activity. This workshop included the discussion of a just transition to a climate-neutral economy and society.', 'This workshop included the discussion of a just transition to a climate-neutral economy and society. The third workshop in the middle of December was used to present the results and to have in- depth discussions on the long-term strategy.2 THE FIELDS OF ACTION 2.1 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and overall increase in the removal of these gases via sinks 2.1.1 Assumed reduction of emissions and increase of removals of greenhouse gases by 2050 Austria intends to achieve a climate-neutral state in terms of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This means that emissions of greenhouse gases will be close to zero and that remaining emissions are to be compensated by carbon capture in natural sinks (forests, soil) and by permanent sequestration in products or technical storage.', 'This means that emissions of greenhouse gases will be close to zero and that remaining emissions are to be compensated by carbon capture in natural sinks (forests, soil) and by permanent sequestration in products or technical storage. 2.1.2 National requirements for 2030 and beyond, if available, and guidelines for 2040 and 2050 According to current EU law, Austria is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sectors that are not covered by the EU emissions trading system (ETS) by 36% compared with emissions from energy-intensive industries and the energy sector are defined and limited across Europe by a linear pathway in the EU Emissions Trading Directive. The emissions covered by the ETS must be reduced by at least 43% compared with 2005 levels by 2030.', 'The emissions covered by the ETS must be reduced by at least 43% compared with 2005 levels by 2030. There are no national requirements that apply to Member States for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ETS facilities. Furthermore the LULUCF Regulation defines reference values for the capture of greenhouse gases in forests and in agricultural soil. If these reduction targets are not met, the excess quantities are to be compensated for by greenhouse gas emission reductions from sources not covered by the ETS. Any reductions above and beyond the targets in LULUCF can be deducted from non-ETS emissions up to a limit of 2.5 million tonnes (for the ten-year period 2021–2030).', 'Any reductions above and beyond the targets in LULUCF can be deducted from non-ETS emissions up to a limit of 2.5 million tonnes (for the ten-year period 2021–2030). The pathways for achieving climate neutrality by the middle of this century shown in the following section require far-reaching emission reductions in all sectors as quickly as possible. A target emission range applying to all emission sources (emissions trading and non-ETS sectors) cannot be defined at present because emission reductions in the industrial sources covered by the ETS are highly dependent upon developments that can only be influenced to a limited degree at the national level.', 'A target emission range applying to all emission sources (emissions trading and non-ETS sectors) cannot be defined at present because emission reductions in the industrial sources covered by the ETS are highly dependent upon developments that can only be influenced to a limited degree at the national level. The goal to cover 100% of domestic electricityconsumption from renewable sources (national, net balance, with exceptions for control and balancing energy for grid stabilisation and internal electricity generation from fossil fuels in tangible goods production) will lead to a substantial decrease in emissions from public electricity generation in any case.', 'The goal to cover 100% of domestic electricityconsumption from renewable sources (national, net balance, with exceptions for control and balancing energy for grid stabilisation and internal electricity generation from fossil fuels in tangible goods production) will lead to a substantial decrease in emissions from public electricity generation in any case. Remaining greenhouse gas emissions are to be offset by the removal of at least equal quantities of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere by 2050 to reach the target state of zero net emissions. Ecosystems (natural sinks like forests) can be used for this as well as technological solutions such as permanent sequestration in products and applications (CCU – carbon capture and utilisation) and the permanent storage of CO2 in geological structures (CCS – carbon capture and storage).', 'Ecosystems (natural sinks like forests) can be used for this as well as technological solutions such as permanent sequestration in products and applications (CCU – carbon capture and utilisation) and the permanent storage of CO2 in geological structures (CCS – carbon capture and storage). Austria sees substantial hurdles and uncertainties with these technological solutions in terms of domestic storage capacity and ensuring permanent and safe storage. The current legal framework is also relevant here, as the storage of CO2 in geological structures is prohibited in Austria at least for the time being (until 2023).', 'The current legal framework is also relevant here, as the storage of CO2 in geological structures is prohibited in Austria at least for the time being (until 2023). 2.1.2.1 Scenarios and pathways for a climate-neutral Austria Model-based scenarios and projections make it possible to forecast future energy needs and greenhouse gas emissions based on specific assumptions about future technological developments, policy choices in terms of steering instruments, and socioeconomic parameters (population development, economic growth, energy and CO2 prices, etc.). 2.1.2.1.1 Transition scenario The Federal Environment Agency models energy and greenhouse gas scenarios together with a consortium of Austrian scientific institutions every two years for the BMNT, which then uses these scenarios as the basis for meeting the EU reporting obligations under the monitoring mechanism (Regulation 525/2013/EC).', '2.1.2.1.1 Transition scenario The Federal Environment Agency models energy and greenhouse gas scenarios together with a consortium of Austrian scientific institutions every two years for the BMNT, which then uses these scenarios as the basis for meeting the EU reporting obligations under the monitoring mechanism (Regulation 525/2013/EC). In addition to the scenarios “with existing measures” (WEM) and “with additional measures” (WAM), a “transition scenario” was also calculated in 2017 and is aimed at depicting the greatest possible emission reductions by 2050 on the basis of domestically available resources and technologies and taking lifestyle changes into The transition scenario focuses on efficiency and the greatest possible use of domestic renewable energy sources while at the same time using resources as sparingly as possible.', 'In addition to the scenarios “with existing measures” (WEM) and “with additional measures” (WAM), a “transition scenario” was also calculated in 2017 and is aimed at depicting the greatest possible emission reductions by 2050 on the basis of domestically available resources and technologies and taking lifestyle changes into The transition scenario focuses on efficiency and the greatest possible use of domestic renewable energy sources while at the same time using resources as sparingly as possible. The goal here is a highly efficient and sustainable energy system. Developments are also assumed in non-energy sectors that lead to substantial reductions in the emission of methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated greenhouse gases.', 'Developments are also assumed in non-energy sectors that lead to substantial reductions in the emission of methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated greenhouse gases. A key assumption for the scenario is that not only 2 Energy and greenhouse gas scenarios in 2030 and 2050, Federal Environment Agency, Vienna 2017Austria and the EU, but also all other regions of the world take action to comply with the Paris Agreement (depending on their degree of industrialisation). The transition scenario is intended to serve as a basis for further discussions at the national level.', 'The transition scenario is intended to serve as a basis for further discussions at the national level. The most important areas of action in the transition scenario: Internalisation of the external costs for all energy sources, Strong “sector coupling” in terms of the generation, conversion, and use of energy, especially relating to the generation of electricity from renewable sources and the storage of this electricity, A change in the modal split in terms of passenger and freight traffic towards environmentally friendly transport modes and vehicles that lead to a substantial reduction in the annual distance travelled by car, The heavy promotion of the thermal and energy refurbishment of buildings, A switch to sustainable energy sources and technologies in the industry sector, which must be available in the necessary quantities (production, grids, storage), and long- lasting products designed to implement the circular economy combined with increased energy and resource efficiency; steel production will shift from the traditional blast furnace process to electricity- and hydrogen-based production over the long term, The energy sector switches to electricity and district heating generation from renewable sources and to the systematic use of waste heat, and The population switches to a more climate-friendly diet while reducing food waste; agriculture sees further efficiency increases in using nitrogen (fertiliser management) and the funding policy takes greater account of the greenhouse gas effects (Common Agricultural Policy and implementation in Austria).', 'The most important areas of action in the transition scenario: Internalisation of the external costs for all energy sources, Strong “sector coupling” in terms of the generation, conversion, and use of energy, especially relating to the generation of electricity from renewable sources and the storage of this electricity, A change in the modal split in terms of passenger and freight traffic towards environmentally friendly transport modes and vehicles that lead to a substantial reduction in the annual distance travelled by car, The heavy promotion of the thermal and energy refurbishment of buildings, A switch to sustainable energy sources and technologies in the industry sector, which must be available in the necessary quantities (production, grids, storage), and long- lasting products designed to implement the circular economy combined with increased energy and resource efficiency; steel production will shift from the traditional blast furnace process to electricity- and hydrogen-based production over the long term, The energy sector switches to electricity and district heating generation from renewable sources and to the systematic use of waste heat, and The population switches to a more climate-friendly diet while reducing food waste; agriculture sees further efficiency increases in using nitrogen (fertiliser management) and the funding policy takes greater account of the greenhouse gas effects (Common Agricultural Policy and implementation in Austria). Key results of the 2019 transition scenario The 2017 transition scenario was updated in 2019.', 'Key results of the 2019 transition scenario The 2017 transition scenario was updated in 2019. Gross domestic energy consumption falls from 1,442 PJ to 821 PJ, or around 42% compared with the base year 2017. Final energy use decreases to a comparable degree (-44%) from 1,130 PJ to 637 PJ in 2050. The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use is increased from a current 33% (2017) to around 92% (2050). Greenhouse gas emissions (total without sinks) are reduced by close to 16 million tonnes of equivalents by 2050 in the transition scenario, which is an 80% decrease over 1990. This would result in annual per capita emissions of 1.66 tonnes of CO2 equivalents.The most substantial emissions in 2050 are generated by agriculture and industry (especially processes).', 'This would result in annual per capita emissions of 1.66 tonnes of CO2 equivalents.The most substantial emissions in 2050 are generated by agriculture and industry (especially processes). The energy sector and buildings have very low emissions. The transport sector operates largely without fossil fuels in this scenario. Such a substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions requires far-reaching changes in mobility and energy systems and material changes in lifestyle (such as mobility patterns), diet, and other consumption patterns. Nevertheless, climate neutrality is still not achieved, and the gap is difficult to bridge with the contribution from natural sinks alone.', 'Nevertheless, climate neutrality is still not achieved, and the gap is difficult to bridge with the contribution from natural sinks alone. Along with capturing carbon in natural sinks, this gap could largely be bridged by adding two further options or a combination of these options: The import of additional energy from renewable sources that can replace the remaining (also imported) fossil fuels. Biogenic energy sources and electricity and hydrogen imports could play a major role in this. Permanent sequestration in products and applications (CCU – carbon capture and utilisation) and the permanent storage of CO2 in geological structures (CCS – carbon capture and storage). It must be noted here that secured storage capacity that is generally suitable for CO2 is very limited in Austria.', 'It must be noted here that secured storage capacity that is generally suitable for CO2 is very limited in Austria. The current potential domestic storage capacity is estimated at between 400 and 510 million tonnes of CO2 , or up to 6.5 times the current annual CO2 emissions in Austria. The transport of CO2 to storage facilities outside of Austria can be considered as an alternative or long-term solution. 2.1.2.1.2 Selected results from the climate pathway calculator The climate pathway calculator for Austria was developed in 2015 on the basis of the UK carbon pathways calculator, and was updated in the second half of 2019.', '2.1.2.1.2 Selected results from the climate pathway calculator The climate pathway calculator for Austria was developed in 2015 on the basis of the UK carbon pathways calculator, and was updated in the second half of 2019. This Excel-based instrument allows the depiction of different pathways in terms of energy and greenhouse gas emissions through to 2050, with the ability to select different ambition levels for all material action areas (for example in terms of the selection of technologies and resources, import/export relations, and behavioural patterns).', 'This Excel-based instrument allows the depiction of different pathways in terms of energy and greenhouse gas emissions through to 2050, with the ability to select different ambition levels for all material action areas (for example in terms of the selection of technologies and resources, import/export relations, and behavioural patterns). The climate pathway calculator allows the flexible depiction of results that allows a certain degree of comparison with model-based scenarios provided that the pathways and scenarios are based on comparable data sets and socioeconomic assumptions for the future trends (especially population, economic growth and structure).', 'The climate pathway calculator allows the flexible depiction of results that allows a certain degree of comparison with model-based scenarios provided that the pathways and scenarios are based on comparable data sets and socioeconomic assumptions for the future trends (especially population, economic growth and structure). Working from the model-based transition scenario described above, the Excel-based tool was used to select and calculate four different pathway options that all aim at achieving a climate- neutral state by 2050:Pathway A is closely aligned with the model-based transition scenario and is based on the high use of renewable energy, far-reaching efficiency improvements, and substantial changes in consumption patterns (lifestyle). Remaining emissions will be compensated by natural sinks (forest) (according to reference scenario R [section 6.1.3]) and by the moderate use of CCS/CCU.', 'Remaining emissions will be compensated by natural sinks (forest) (according to reference scenario R [section 6.1.3]) and by the moderate use of CCS/CCU. Pathway B focuses on the (somewhat lower) expansion of renewable energy and efficiency improvements as well as on the import of bioenergy and hydrogen for use in multiple sectors (industry, transport, heating). A substantially higher degree of CCS/CCU than in pathway A must be used to compensate for the remaining emissions. Pathway C does without the import of bioenergy and hydrogen, and renewable resources in the country including forest and agricultural biomass are used to a high degree. This results in a reduction in the forest as a natural carbon sink, in accordance with scenario 1a (section 6.1.3).', 'This results in a reduction in the forest as a natural carbon sink, in accordance with scenario 1a (section 6.1.3). This means that the CCS/CCU option must be used to a relatively high degree to compensate for the remaining greenhouse gas emissions. Pathway D assumes the needs-oriented import of bioenergy and hydrogen, as in pathway B. The use of domestic forest biomass and carbon capture in the forest are assumed as in scenario 2 (section 6.1.3).', 'The use of domestic forest biomass and carbon capture in the forest are assumed as in scenario 2 (section 6.1.3). For this reason, CCS/CCU are not used.Figure 1 Possible pathways for Austria from 2020–2050 for greenhouse gas emissions and compensation through net carbon stock change and carbon captureTable 1: Scenarios and pathways for Austria3 Pathway A: “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” Pathway B: import and CCS/CCU” Pathway C: production in Austria and CCS/CCU” Pathway D: import and increased carbon stock in forests” Pathway description Far-reaching transformation of the energy and mobility system; lifestyle changes lead to reduced consumption (mobility, freight transport, waste quantities, dietary changes), H2 use especially in industry (iron/steel production). Less substantial transformation of the energy and mobility system than in pathway A; higher H2 use in industry and freight traffic and for heating. Far-reaching transformation of the energy and mobility system – comparable with pathway A, but higher use of bioenergy (from forests and agriculture); “power- to-gas” plays a major role. Less substantial lifestyle changes than in pathway A.', 'Less substantial lifestyle changes than in pathway A. Energy generation from renewable sources similarly ambitious as in pathway B, though biomass generation as in scenario 2 of the wood value chain project (section 6.1.3) is assumed. Substantial demand reduction for buildings/services; high use of H2 in industry and freight traffic and in heating generation.', 'Substantial demand reduction for buildings/services; high use of H2 in industry and freight traffic and in heating generation. Energy imports No expansion of bioenergy imports; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no (net) electricity or H2 imports Bioenergy and H2 are imported as needed; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Not planned; bioenergy imports also fall to zero; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Bioenergy and H2 are imported as needed; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Final energy use (56% compared with (71% compared with (57% compared with (59% compared with Share of renewable energy GHG emissions CCS/CCU storage -eq -18.3 mn t CO2 -eq -18.7 mn t CO2 -eq Not planned Contribution from natural sinks in 20504 -eq (reference scenario “stable sink”) -eq (reference scenario “stable sink”) Contribution approaching zero by 2050 due to increased use of -eq 3 The scenarios and pathways depict “what would happen if” situations for which no political decisions have yet been made.', 'Energy imports No expansion of bioenergy imports; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no (net) electricity or H2 imports Bioenergy and H2 are imported as needed; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Not planned; bioenergy imports also fall to zero; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Bioenergy and H2 are imported as needed; drastic reduction of fossil fuel imports; no net electricity imports Final energy use (56% compared with (71% compared with (57% compared with (59% compared with Share of renewable energy GHG emissions CCS/CCU storage -eq -18.3 mn t CO2 -eq -18.7 mn t CO2 -eq Not planned Contribution from natural sinks in 20504 -eq (reference scenario “stable sink”) -eq (reference scenario “stable sink”) Contribution approaching zero by 2050 due to increased use of -eq 3 The scenarios and pathways depict “what would happen if” situations for which no political decisions have yet been made. 4 Descriptions of the scenarios can be found in section 6.1.3.biomass for energy Net GHG -eq 0.5 mn t CO2 -eq +/- 0 mn t CO2 -eq -0.5 mn t CO2 -eq * Including air traffic, without sinks, without CCS/CCU 2.1.3 European framework The implementation of such a far-reaching goal as achieving climate neutrality in just over 30 years is only possible for an open, export-oriented country like Austria if this is done in close alignment with the changes in the relevant EU policies in various areas such as climate mitigation, adaptation to climate change, energy, finances, industry, agriculture, research, and innovation.', '4 Descriptions of the scenarios can be found in section 6.1.3.biomass for energy Net GHG -eq 0.5 mn t CO2 -eq +/- 0 mn t CO2 -eq -0.5 mn t CO2 -eq * Including air traffic, without sinks, without CCS/CCU 2.1.3 European framework The implementation of such a far-reaching goal as achieving climate neutrality in just over 30 years is only possible for an open, export-oriented country like Austria if this is done in close alignment with the changes in the relevant EU policies in various areas such as climate mitigation, adaptation to climate change, energy, finances, industry, agriculture, research, and innovation. From this perspective, Austria welcomes the initiative of the new European Commission in the context of Green Deal.', 'From this perspective, Austria welcomes the initiative of the new European Commission in the context of Green Deal. For example, far-reaching structural changes in mobility and energy require corresponding changes in the internal market. • The existing CO2 fleet agreements should be tightened up on the basis of an early review in accordance with the decarbonisation path required by the Paris Agreement and long-term EU strategy especially to facilitate a more rapid switch to electromobility for passenger cars and light and heavy-duty vehicles after 2030 in particular. Suggestions for concrete measures include: – Rapid introduction of CO2 limits for buses. – Create calculability for the vehicle industry by rapidly adopting reduction pathways for the period after 2030.', '– Create calculability for the vehicle industry by rapidly adopting reduction pathways for the period after 2030. • Move forward with the amendment of the Eurovignette Directive to achieve true-cost pricing in road freight traffic by internalising external costs (such as taking CO2 emissions into account, eliminating the maximum levels regarding the charging of external costs, and the requirement for all Member States to collect external costs on routes with high environmental impacts). • Amendment of the VAT Directive, especially the tax exemption for cross-border carriage. • In air traffic, CORSIA should be implemented in the existing emissions trading system (ETS) as far as possible or in a complementary manner to the ETS.', '• In air traffic, CORSIA should be implemented in the existing emissions trading system (ETS) as far as possible or in a complementary manner to the ETS. • The direct addition of alternative fuels in air traffic should be mandatory over the medium term. • Completion of the Single European Sky. • Gradual elimination of the free allocation of CO2 emission rights (EU ETS) to airlines. • The standards for charging infrastructure should be harmonised rapidly.• Impediments to smooth cross-border rail travel should also be eliminated further. Measures must be taken across Europe to strengthen rail travel as the environmentally friendly mobility backbone.', 'Measures must be taken across Europe to strengthen rail travel as the environmentally friendly mobility backbone. • Attractive high-speed rail connections should be built between the capitals and major centres of the European Union in addition to expanding and securing regional rail connections. • As a top priority, all Member States are urged to improve the framework for a modal shift in freight and passenger traffic from the road to the electrified rail. A Europe-wide framework should also be created (standardisation, vehicle offerings) to develop additional technological options for the decarbonisation of the remaining cross-border transit traffic on the road (alternative renewable fuels; electrification systems, fuel cells).', 'A Europe-wide framework should also be created (standardisation, vehicle offerings) to develop additional technological options for the decarbonisation of the remaining cross-border transit traffic on the road (alternative renewable fuels; electrification systems, fuel cells). • A European hydrogen strategy and “gas package” 2020 – The Commission should move forward with the development of an internationally based, European hydrogen strategy that also accounts for future global hydrogen trade. The origin should be stated for hydrogen imports, and the hydrogen should be produced entirely from renewable energy sources. The strategy should also present increased financing options for sustainable hydrogen. – The Green Deal should also place a focus on renewable gases.', '– The Green Deal should also place a focus on renewable gases. The European Commission’s “gas package” should include a clear pathway for the blending of renewable gases, uniform standards, and a reliable origin certification system. The future role of grid operators should also be discussed. • In this context, enabling grid operators to build and operate electrolysis systems should be considered if these contribute to maintaining a reliable, high-capacity grid. – European requirements for the injection of a certain share of renewable gases into the gas grid and for a mandatory share of renewable gases in imports could also be evaluated. The framework for the effective pricing of CO2 should be to promote competition.', 'The framework for the effective pricing of CO2 should be to promote competition. To this end, the following concrete action areas are being brought into the discussion: • Further measures for more effective CO2 pricing in air traffic and for creating a competition-neutral taxation situation in relation to other modes of transport. • For the purposes of environmental economy, a CO2 price with an adequate incentive and steering effect is indispensable if we are to achieve our long-term goal of zero net emissions in an economically efficient manner.', '• For the purposes of environmental economy, a CO2 price with an adequate incentive and steering effect is indispensable if we are to achieve our long-term goal of zero net emissions in an economically efficient manner. The discussion could explore tax instruments as well as the expansion of the existing emissions trading system.• In line with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement, the principle of true-cost pricing and the “polluter pays” principle must be taken more into account in matters of EU foreign trade and customs policy. To avoid competition distortions while ensuring polluter-based CO2 pricing for as many consumer goods and services as possible, the work on a WTO-compliant carbon border adjustments mechanism (CO2 border tax on products from energy-intensive sectors) should be moved forward rapidly.', 'To avoid competition distortions while ensuring polluter-based CO2 pricing for as many consumer goods and services as possible, the work on a WTO-compliant carbon border adjustments mechanism (CO2 border tax on products from energy-intensive sectors) should be moved forward rapidly. This revenue could be paid into the EU budget as own funds, as for the customs tariffs. • In implementing the EU emissions trading system and incorporating non-ETS sectors in the ETS scheme, the certificate price will presumably increase, which will send a decarbonisation price signal. Comprehensive carbon leakage protection must still be ensured to prevent the relocation of technology leaders as we move towards climate- friendly production.', 'Comprehensive carbon leakage protection must still be ensured to prevent the relocation of technology leaders as we move towards climate- friendly production. • Auctioning certificates in the ETS generates income for the Member States that can be a key source of financing for climate action measures. In the context of the decisions and debates about the design and implementation of the EU’s multiannual financial framework (MFF) starting in 2021, Austria supports the following focuses: • A resolution to earmark at least 25% of the MFF spending for the attainment of the climate targets starting in 2021. At the national level, it should also be evaluated here how cost-effective contributions can be made to target attainment in the non-ETS sectors.', 'At the national level, it should also be evaluated here how cost-effective contributions can be made to target attainment in the non-ETS sectors. • A Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that is oriented more strongly towards the European climate targets, in particular a stronger focus in the CAP on (i) a reduction of the nitrogen surpluses, (ii) a reduction of emissions from livestock farming, (iii) an increase in the energy efficiency of agriculture, (iv) the preservation of permanent pasture, (v) the preservation of humus in cultivated land, and (vi) the preservation and sustainable management of the forests. • Expansion of the financial instruments for the use of renewable energy, taking international projects into account.', '• Expansion of the financial instruments for the use of renewable energy, taking international projects into account. • A stronger focus in the programme for rural development on cost-effective attainment of the climate targets. • A stronger focus in EU cohesion policy on the switch to renewable energy sources, including the creation of a Just Transition Fund by reallocating existing cohesion funds. • An increased focus in the ‘Horizon Europe’ research framework programme on innovation in the field of low-emission and climate-change-resilient technologies.• The EU-wide expansion of the charging infrastructure for electromobility (including through the EFSI successor InvestEU). • Promotion of the development of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology (e.g. through corresponding Horizon Europe and InvestEU funding windows).', 'through corresponding Horizon Europe and InvestEU funding windows). • Promotion of the automation and networking of sustainable mobility through the Digital Europe programme. • Introduction of a national contribution to the EU budget calculated from the non- recycled plastic packaging waste generated in each Member State (“plastic funds”) as indicated by statistical data to create an incentive for the Member States to reduce the generation of non-recycled plastic. • Allocation of 15% of the funds of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) that are earmarked for the energy segment to cross-border renewable energy projects.', '• Allocation of 15% of the funds of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) that are earmarked for the energy segment to cross-border renewable energy projects. 2.1.4 Adaptation policy and measures 2.1.4.1 Effects of climate change in Austria According to the Austrian climate change status report (AAR 2014), the country has seen an increase in the annual average temperature of around 2°C since 1880. This increase is markedly higher than the global temperature increase of 0.9°C (IPCC 2013).', 'This increase is markedly higher than the global temperature increase of 0.9°C (IPCC 2013). Climate change is having very clear impacts in Austria: an increase in the number of heat waves, a decrease in the number of days with sub-zero temperatures, rapid glacial melting, permafrost thawing, the increased frequency of heavy precipitation events, longer vegetation periods, the establishment of new pathogens, increased bark beetle infestation, changing water supply in agriculture, lower crop yields, etc. Climate change is having a serious impact on nearly every area of life. Even if the Paris Agreement goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to well below 2°C compared with pre-industrial levels is met, it will only be possible to partially prevent the consequences of climate change.', 'Even if the Paris Agreement goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to well below 2°C compared with pre-industrial levels is met, it will only be possible to partially prevent the consequences of climate change. A further temperature increase through to the middle of the century is unavoidable because of the inertia of the climate system and the persistence of greenhouse gases. The economic effects of extreme weather events in Austria are serious and have increased over the past three decades. The Paris Agreement places equal focus on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.', 'The Paris Agreement places equal focus on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. Austria has been following this two-pronged approach in its climate policy for a number of years and was one of the first EU countries to link a strategic concept for adapting to climate change with a comprehensive action plan for the implementation of concreterecommendations (Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, 2012; expanded in 2017). This means that adapting to climate change is to complement the reduction of greenhouse gases, and attempts to influence the overall system from a different vector. It is based on the evidence-based fact that climate change will continue due to the inertia of the climate system even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced substantially.', 'It is based on the evidence-based fact that climate change will continue due to the inertia of the climate system even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced substantially. This means that the challenges associated with adaptation to climate change will increase in the coming decades, regardless of the efforts undertaken and successes achieved on mitigation of climate change. Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change are thus two sides of one coin and are directly related. The more successful we are in reducing worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, the less we will need to adapt to climate change. The less effective the global climate mitigation efforts are, the more we will have to invest in adapting to climate change.', 'The less effective the global climate mitigation efforts are, the more we will have to invest in adapting to climate change. But adapting to climate change has intrinsic limits, and cannot replace climate mitigation. Adaptation - as the term is used in the Austrian strategy - refers to all efforts that contribute to allowing the environment and society to effectively prepare for the new conditions resulting from climate change. Good adaptation practice as a separate term also reflects the need to orient the practices towards the principles of sustainability. This must be observed closely as a kind of quality assurance in the planning and implementation of recommended actions.', 'This must be observed closely as a kind of quality assurance in the planning and implementation of recommended actions. Measures that are promising only in the short term and/or from a purely sectoral perspective but that are counterproductive from a different perspective must be classified as maladaptation. The Austrian strategy for adaptation to climate change is based on the criteria of sustainable development and clearly rejects maladaptation. It must be ensured that the measures taken to adapt to climate change and to protect the climate do not counteract each other, but that they support each other and generate synergies where possible.', 'It must be ensured that the measures taken to adapt to climate change and to protect the climate do not counteract each other, but that they support each other and generate synergies where possible. The high complexity of the issue is a particular challenge and results in part from the different levels at which decisions are made and from the interactions between different areas and aspects. Adaptation to climate change is a complex, overarching issue that affects a large number of action areas and different levels of policy. This issue must be considered across all sectors, and adaptations must be made in various areas of public administration.', 'This issue must be considered across all sectors, and adaptations must be made in various areas of public administration. The possible consequences of climate change must in any case be taken into consideration in a systematic manner in all relevant planning and decision-making processes from the national to the local level. 2.1.4.2 Austria’s strategy for adapting to climate change The Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted by the Council of Ministers in October 2012 and acknowledged by the Provincial Governors’ Conference in May2013. A revised and expanded version was then approved by the federal and provincial governments in 2017. The primary goal of this strategy is to avoid adverse effects from climate change on the environment, society, and economy and to seize the resulting opportunities.', 'The primary goal of this strategy is to avoid adverse effects from climate change on the environment, society, and economy and to seize the resulting opportunities. The document is broken down into a strategic section (context) and an action plan with concrete recommendations for action (over 130) in 14 different fields of activity. As the nationwide orientation framework, the strategy contributes to facilitating networking and strong partnerships between the various involved parties, and to the leveraging of potential synergies through cooperation arrangements. Its mission is to provide recommendations for action for the various areas and to provide points of reference for all parties involved in implementation.', 'Its mission is to provide recommendations for action for the various areas and to provide points of reference for all parties involved in implementation. In line with the precautionary principle, it is designed to provide a basis for making decisions in due consideration of future climate effects and to promote successful implementation. A proactive approach is crucial because the ability to successfully adapt decreases and the associated costs rise as climate change progresses. The Austrian adaptation strategy is rooted in a context of sustainable development that seeks to ensure viable – in other words economically strong, socially just, and ecologically sound – conditions in the future.', 'The Austrian adaptation strategy is rooted in a context of sustainable development that seeks to ensure viable – in other words economically strong, socially just, and ecologically sound – conditions in the future. Adaptation to climate change is a continuous process that requires the recurring evaluation of the significant impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of the chosen measures. For this reason, regular progress reports depicting the state of implementation in the various fields of activity are planned. The first progress report on the state of adaptation in Austria was adopted by the Council of Ministers in 2015 and was also acknowledged by the Provincial Governors’ Conference. A second progress report is planned for the end of 2020. The KLAR!', 'A second progress report is planned for the end of 2020. The KLAR! funding programme shows ways in which the local effects of climate change can be handled and the resulting economic costs mitigated through regional measures. Together with the BMNT, the Climate and Energy Fund launched this pioneering climate change adaptation programme in 2016 on the basis of scientific findings in order to give regions the ability to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change and to seize new opportunities based on the current state of knowledge. The programme has been coordinated with the federal strategy and the provincial strategies and is the only nationwide programme to also address the regional level. A total of 362 towns are currently participating in the KLAR!', 'A total of 362 towns are currently participating in the KLAR! programme, covering around 10% of the Austrian population. The Austrian Climate Research Programme (ACRP) provides the scientific basis for many implementation measures in Austria and presents recommendations for action for decision makers and the public administration in adapting to climate change. The objective of the programme is to research the effects of climate change and to create a scientific basis for forward-looking decision making in the areas of public policy, the economy, and society. This makes the ACRP an important instrument for addressing the urgent questions that arise indealing with climate change in a scientific manner and for making new findings and solution approaches available for policymaking and practical implementation.', 'This makes the ACRP an important instrument for addressing the urgent questions that arise indealing with climate change in a scientific manner and for making new findings and solution approaches available for policymaking and practical implementation. The only way to avoid damage and to profit from opportunities for numerous sectors of the economy is through the forward-looking planning and implementation of adaptation measures. As the results of the COIN project on the costs of a lack of action in Austria show, the failure to implement adaptation measures will be associated with considerable costs through to 2050. This underscores the urgency of placing a greater focus on adapting to climate change and assigning it a higher priority on the political agenda.', 'This underscores the urgency of placing a greater focus on adapting to climate change and assigning it a higher priority on the political agenda. 2.2 Renewable energy The European energy system has undergone major changes since its liberalisation, especially in the electricity market. There is a powerful shift towards a decentralised, renewable energy supply with considerably more volatile generation characteristics in an increasingly competitive and integrated market environment. While markets and competition have been successfully driven forward in the past, we now need to make the energy sector considerably more environmentally friendly over the medium term and decarbonise it by 2050. This poses complex challenges that call for a great need for action to more closely coordinate energy- and climate-policy goals.', 'This poses complex challenges that call for a great need for action to more closely coordinate energy- and climate-policy goals. The share of renewable electricity in the European Union has already increased considerably. In 2017 about 85% of the newly installed electricity generation capacity used renewable technologies, and a good third of the electricity demand was covered by renewable sources. The decarbonisation of the energy sector is a key goal of the European Energy Union. This means making renewable energy sources an essential part of the market by further expanding their use.', 'This means making renewable energy sources an essential part of the market by further expanding their use. There is no doubt that a well-functioning and integrated energy market is key for enabling the generation of large quantities of electricity from renewable sources and integrating them into the grid in a cost-efficient manner – while maintaining competitiveness, affordability for businesses and households, and the security of the energy supply.2.2.2 Target vision The decarbonisation of the Austrian energy system requires a large number of coordinated measures and activities. The country needs a balanced, sustainable energy mix that consistently promotes the expansion of local renewable energy resources and that uses bridging technologies to ensure a security of supply on the decarbonisation path.', 'The country needs a balanced, sustainable energy mix that consistently promotes the expansion of local renewable energy resources and that uses bridging technologies to ensure a security of supply on the decarbonisation path. This implies a rapid exit from coal, the replacement of all fossil oil heating systems and a switch to zero- and low-emission vehicles. As we become less dependent on fossil energy imports, Austria will massively increase its own supply of local energy while the costs and risks associated with the energy supply and mobility will decrease thanks to the switch to efficient technologies. Nuclear power is not an answer to climate change – Austria consistently takes this position at all levels and will continue to advocate that no funding be provided for nuclear power.', 'Nuclear power is not an answer to climate change – Austria consistently takes this position at all levels and will continue to advocate that no funding be provided for nuclear power. Sector coupling is a core element of the future energy system. This means that previously separate systems (electricity, heat, mobility, industry) will be linked. With the help of renewable energy sources that above all deliver electricity, sector coupling will allow all sectors of the economy to be decarbonised. The use of energy-efficient technologies such as heat pump heating systems and electric vehicles will also allow considerable reductions in energy consumption.', 'The use of energy-efficient technologies such as heat pump heating systems and electric vehicles will also allow considerable reductions in energy consumption. Efforts and innovation are required at all levels of the value chain to integrate renewable energy sources: in the legal framework, in technology development, in vocational training and awareness-raising, and for viable, market-based business models. At the same time, existing barriers must be removed and investments in generation, transport lines, load management, and storage must be facilitated and – if needed- promoted.', 'At the same time, existing barriers must be removed and investments in generation, transport lines, load management, and storage must be facilitated and – if needed- promoted. The electricity market of the coming years will be characterized by a more variable and decentralised generation, increased integration, and new technological possibilities for consumers to lower their energy costs and to actively participate in the energy market by means of load management, on-site consumption and storage of electricity. A key question in the area of conflict between centralised and decentralised infrastructure is how security of supply can be ensured as economically as possible.', 'A key question in the area of conflict between centralised and decentralised infrastructure is how security of supply can be ensured as economically as possible. In the light of increasing digitalisation, networking, market integration, and technological innovation, stronger regional value creation should be promoted in the energy sector and all flexibility potentials on the supply and demand side should be exploited.The transformation of the energy system towards more decentralised generation (wind power, photovoltaics, biomass, etc.) can contribute to the increased importance of lower-voltage regional networks in 2050. Locally generated energy (e.g. from a wind farm) will be supplied to end users in the region, which will strengthen the regional value chain in the energy system and improve security of supply.', 'from a wind farm) will be supplied to end users in the region, which will strengthen the regional value chain in the energy system and improve security of supply. This also affects the relationship between the transport and storage of energy. Expanding storage capacities can also contribute to supplying end users with more regionally generated energy. The issue of cost fairness in the construction and operation of infrastructure is also relevant, especially in terms of transit lines. For example, should increasing volumes of renewable electricity flow from the north to the south of Europe, new rules for the fair coverage of the associated infrastructure costs must be developed.', 'For example, should increasing volumes of renewable electricity flow from the north to the south of Europe, new rules for the fair coverage of the associated infrastructure costs must be developed. Anyone who needs and uses infrastructure should also pay for it – unjustified costs for national electricity consumers must be avoided. The decarbonisation of the energy system will bring new opportunities for market participants, but also major challenges. At the same time, technological innovations create new forms of consumer participation and cross-border collaboration. The transformation of the energy system is also being moved forward through the decarbonisation of the gas grid by increasingly substituting natural gas with renewable gases.', 'The transformation of the energy system is also being moved forward through the decarbonisation of the gas grid by increasingly substituting natural gas with renewable gases. Hydrogen is a key technology in sector coupling, as are hydrogen-based synthetic gases and methane from biogenic sources. National production potential must be sustainably increased, and the production fed into the local grid. National gas consumption should be CO2 neutral in net terms by 2050 while still accounting for Austria’s role as a gas hub in a tightly integrated European internal market. Austrian industry must be decarbonised while maintaining a level playing field. 2.2.3 Current situation in Austria Natural gas represents around 22% of gross domestic energy consumption, and petroleum 37%.', '2.2.3 Current situation in Austria Natural gas represents around 22% of gross domestic energy consumption, and petroleum 37%. Austria has one oil refinery (Schwechat), two petroleum pipelines (the trans-Alpine oil line/TAL and the Adriatic-Vienna pipeline/AVP), one product line from Schwechat to St. Valentin, and 13 crude oil and product storage facilities with a capacity of over 1,000 m³ each. Natural gas storage facilities with a total capacity of 8.2 billion m³ are located in the border region between Upper Austria and Salzburg and in Lower Austria as well as long-distance and distribution grid gas lines with a total length of over 46,000 km.The Austrian electricity grid has a total length of over 73,000 km of overhead lines and around 186,500 km of underground lines.', 'Natural gas storage facilities with a total capacity of 8.2 billion m³ are located in the border region between Upper Austria and Salzburg and in Lower Austria as well as long-distance and distribution grid gas lines with a total length of over 46,000 km.The Austrian electricity grid has a total length of over 73,000 km of overhead lines and around 186,500 km of underground lines. In line with the international and European framework, the Austrian climate and energy strategy #mission2030 was adopted in May 2018. It defines the climate and energy policy framework through to 2030 that aims to make our economy and energy system fit for the major challenges of climate change for the long term.', 'It defines the climate and energy policy framework through to 2030 that aims to make our economy and energy system fit for the major challenges of climate change for the long term. Quantitative targets for 2030 form the core elements of this strategy and include: • an increase in the share of renewable energy to 46–50% (level in 2017: 32.6%), • a further 25–30% improvement compared to the primary energy intensity in 2015, and • the production of enough electricity to cover 100% of the total electricity use (national balance, net) from renewable sources by 2030.', 'Quantitative targets for 2030 form the core elements of this strategy and include: • an increase in the share of renewable energy to 46–50% (level in 2017: 32.6%), • a further 25–30% improvement compared to the primary energy intensity in 2015, and • the production of enough electricity to cover 100% of the total electricity use (national balance, net) from renewable sources by 2030. Exceptions from the 100% target were defined in that control and balancing energy for stabilising the grid and internal electricity generation from fossil fuels for tangible goods production will not be included in achieving the target. These two exceptions are expected to account for around 6 TWh in 2030.', 'These two exceptions are expected to account for around 6 TWh in 2030. The net addition of 22 to 27 TWh was estimated in consultation with experts and in accordance with the range of current national scenarios to ensure that the target will be reached in 2030. “Net” means that existing facilities that are taken offline before 2030 must also be replaced. The estimates for the exceptions and for gross domestic power use in 2030 were made by the Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism in consultation with experts (Austrian Energy Agency, E-Control, Federal Environment Agency) in line with the targets of the Austrian climate and energy strategy #mission2030.', 'The estimates for the exceptions and for gross domestic power use in 2030 were made by the Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism in consultation with experts (Austrian Energy Agency, E-Control, Federal Environment Agency) in line with the targets of the Austrian climate and energy strategy #mission2030. It is clear that all renewable energy technologies (those requiring raw materials such as bioenergy and those requiring no input materials such as solar and wind energy) will be needed to meet this ambitious target. The planned Renewable Energy Expansion Act (EAG) is to create the long-term framework and reliable planning certainty for future-proof, sustainable investments in renewable energy production.', 'The planned Renewable Energy Expansion Act (EAG) is to create the long-term framework and reliable planning certainty for future-proof, sustainable investments in renewable energy production. 2.2.4 Fields of action The trend towards renewable energy will continue to accelerate because this is the only way to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement. Current decarbonisation scenariosclearly show that electricity demand will increase rapidly in relative and absolute terms by 2050 despite decreasing end energy consumption. In the context of the 100% renewable energy target for 2030 (national, net), it must be evaluated in detail how the achievement of this goal can also be secured in the years up to 2050.', 'In the context of the 100% renewable energy target for 2030 (national, net), it must be evaluated in detail how the achievement of this goal can also be secured in the years up to 2050. The amendment of the Green Electricity Act and its replacement with the Renewable Energy Expansion Act will lead to a substantial increase in the generation of electricity from renewable sources. The greater variability and decentralisation of renewable electricity generation will require more flexible market rules and regulations for grid operation. The creation of short-term markets should increase liquidity and make it easier for operators of volatile, renewable generation capacities to market their electricity under fair conditions and open up new business opportunities.', 'The creation of short-term markets should increase liquidity and make it easier for operators of volatile, renewable generation capacities to market their electricity under fair conditions and open up new business opportunities. For an efficient management of necessary investments, prices must signal where electricity is needed most urgently. Effective price signals should also activate existing flexibility potential on the demand side and ensure appropriate remuneration for flexible resources including load management and storage as well as the efficient use of existing generation facilities. The affordability of renewable electricity must also be kept in mind, especially for energy-intensive industry and low-income households.', 'The affordability of renewable electricity must also be kept in mind, especially for energy-intensive industry and low-income households. A level playing field and incentives for energy storage, participation in load management, and improving energy efficiency must also be created for all market participants. Innovative devices, technologies, and systems will make it possible to tap energy savings potential, to quickly react to price signals, and to thus contribute to the flexibility of the electricity grid. Digitalisation and Internet-based solutions will offer the ability to generate and store electricity and to participate in the electricity markets through load management solutions. Energy supply companies will turn into energy services providers.', 'Energy supply companies will turn into energy services providers. If the energy system becomes increasingly electrified and decentralised, this will require a suitable expansion of the grid (integrated Austrian grid infrastructure plan). Significantly reduced costs, especially for photovoltaic and storage systems, will enable more and more citizens to actively participate in the energy system by investing in renewable energy facilities as energy consumers and producers. Price incentives for the reduction or timing of energy demand will be set. New energy supply concepts (including at household level, decentralised groups of apartment buildings, and energy services providers) will facilitate the interplay of centralised and decentralised supply.', 'New energy supply concepts (including at household level, decentralised groups of apartment buildings, and energy services providers) will facilitate the interplay of centralised and decentralised supply. An increasing share of photovoltaic systems with storage facilities (2050: 100% of the newly installed systems are to include storage). New electricity storage technologies will be developed: chemical short-term storage, power-to-gas is sensible for seasonal storage because the existing natural gas grid can be used. This is intended to compensate for the lack of sunshine in winter. Large electrolysis systems for converting electricity into hydrogen and synthetic gas.', 'Large electrolysis systems for converting electricity into hydrogen and synthetic gas. Off-grid systems with small storage units and grids with large storage capacities will provide for robust and efficient energy and storage infrastructure (for the optimal use of renewable energy sources) in a functioning European electricity market. Grid stability will be ensured through a functioning European market for which the corresponding infrastructure is provided. Demand-side management (DSM) and electrolysis systems will contribute to grid stability. Ambient and waste heat will be incorporated. Seasonal electricity and heat storage will help prevent supply bottlenecks during the winter. Heat and electricity generation from renewable sources will be increased.', 'Heat and electricity generation from renewable sources will be increased. Sustainable forest management including adapting the forest to climate change to increase the resilience and stability of the forest stock so that productivity can be maintained and increased in the future. The sustainable usable reserves of domestic bioenergy will be successively tapped. The generation and distribution of district heating will become highly efficient and renewable. Refinery capacities will change based on the processed inputs (innovative refurbishment). The national consumption of fossil fuels and heating oil will fall to virtually zero by 2050 while the use of hydrogen and synthetic fuels will increase massively. Existing refinery capacities will be converted to the use and production of non-fossil fuels (hydrogen, renewable gas).', 'Existing refinery capacities will be converted to the use and production of non-fossil fuels (hydrogen, renewable gas). An international hydrogen market will allow substantial imports of hydrogen and synthetic fuels. The aim should be that the production of these energy sources abroad should be based on renewable energy sources to the greatest degree possible. “Blue” hydrogen will play a role as a bridging technology for a certain time, and “green” hydrogen will be used over the medium and long term. Conversion of the compressor stations to electric drives. Incentive effects to promote the local feed of renewable gases into the domestic gas grid.', 'Incentive effects to promote the local feed of renewable gases into the domestic gas grid. National gas consumption should be CO2 neutral in net terms by 2050 while still accounting for Austria’s role as a gas hub in a tightly integrated European internal market. The use of geothermal energy can be a valuable expansion of the Austrian energy mix because it is not only CO2 neutral, but also has a base load capacity. This means that many problems of volatile energy sources do not apply to geothermal power to the same degree. Space requirements, storage, and availability are less problematic here than with otherforms of alternative energy. Energy collected through geothermal probes can be provided to all sectors and throughout the country.', 'Energy collected through geothermal probes can be provided to all sectors and throughout the country. 2.3 Energy efficiency Energy efficiency is to help provide products and services, prosperity, and convenience to the population while using as little energy as possible. This is not aimed at reducing economic output or lowering the level of prosperity or convenience. On the contrary, economic and prosperity growth are to be made possible by using the technical, economic, social, organisational, and institutional possibilities to achieve this growth with as little energy input as possible. Energy efficiency measures are also among the least economically costly means of avoiding greenhouse gas emissions and are the top priority for the Energy Union and Austria.', 'Energy efficiency measures are also among the least economically costly means of avoiding greenhouse gas emissions and are the top priority for the Energy Union and Austria. Medium- and long-term visions for a decarbonised future are to be drafted in an integrated strategy encompassing the areas of renewable energy, energy generation, energy efficiency, and energy savings in close alignment with measures to cut greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of efficiency, the most sustainable option is to use less energy. With this in mind, the establishment of a sustainable energy system is one of the central challenges of the coming years. The Austrian climate and energy strategy (#mission2030) is built on the triad of supply security, competitiveness, and ecological sustainability for the benefit of the European Energy Union.', 'The Austrian climate and energy strategy (#mission2030) is built on the triad of supply security, competitiveness, and ecological sustainability for the benefit of the European Energy Union. Central ecological objectives for 2030 have been defined in the areas of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, and energy efficiency and are to be pursued by means of effective measures. As growth is also to be facilitated in future, Austria has set the goal of improving its primary energy intensity by 25–30% compared with 2015. If a primary energy demand of 1,200 PJ is exceeded by 2030, the energy needs beyond this limit are to be covered by energy from renewable sources.', 'If a primary energy demand of 1,200 PJ is exceeded by 2030, the energy needs beyond this limit are to be covered by energy from renewable sources. The energy efficiency developments in the European Union also require a redefinition of the national framework for the period to 2030. The goal of this is to achieve the desired energy efficiency increase more effectively and less bureaucratic, in line with the achievement of the climate and energy targets for 2030 and the goals of the Paris Agreement so as to bring energy consumption onto the desired pathway.Despite the advantages provided by energy efficiency measures, it must not be forgotten that they often also involve costs.', 'The goal of this is to achieve the desired energy efficiency increase more effectively and less bureaucratic, in line with the achievement of the climate and energy targets for 2030 and the goals of the Paris Agreement so as to bring energy consumption onto the desired pathway.Despite the advantages provided by energy efficiency measures, it must not be forgotten that they often also involve costs. For companies in particular, it is not only the cost-benefit ratio of efficiency measures over the life cycle that is relevant, but also the amortisation period. Long- term measures that do not pay off for seven, ten, or more years are often not realizable for companies.', 'Long- term measures that do not pay off for seven, ten, or more years are often not realizable for companies. There is also a certain lack of financing options for companies and households as banks and investors still have little ability to assess the financing of efficiency measures – especially where it is difficult to evaluate the risk of technically complex measures that generate no direct returns but simply cost savings. Rebound effects – two steps forward, one step back! Energy efficiency cuts costs. These cost savings mean that the energy consumer has more income to spend on products, travel, and energy. Efficiency measures can also suggest that not a whole lot of energy is being used anyway.', 'Efficiency measures can also suggest that not a whole lot of energy is being used anyway. This can in turn lead to changed consumption patterns and increased energy use. In this way, the savings from energy efficiency measures are partially offset by higher energy consumption. 2.4 Information about specific sectors 2.4.1 Energy storage systems The growing share of renewable energy and the increasing decentralisation of energy generation mean that we must adapt our energy system. In addition to a greater number of local generation facilities such as photovoltaic, wind, and biomass systems, new consumers (such as electric vehicles and heat pumps) and storage facilities must also be integrated into the energy system.', 'In addition to a greater number of local generation facilities such as photovoltaic, wind, and biomass systems, new consumers (such as electric vehicles and heat pumps) and storage facilities must also be integrated into the energy system. The structural change in the energy supply system will only be successful if the various elements and sectors of the system are coordinated optimally. Sector coupling, in other words the linking of electricity, heat, and mobility, is the central concept for optimally using and integrating renewable energy. The energy system of the future requires smart components that communicate with each other to allow for a secure, stable, and sustainable energy supply. Storage potential seems to be limited at present.', 'Storage potential seems to be limited at present. Storage for hydropower (pump storage), batteries, and gas storage (with hydrogen, for example) will be used, among other options, and(new) forms of storage will be successively expanded through increasing research activities until 2050. Hydropower recently covered around 57% of domestic electricity generation (depending on fluctuating generation conditions) according to the most recent statistics, making it the most important energy source in this segment. In 2017, gross electricity generation from the more than 100 storage power plants amounted to 33.7 PJ, which was 13.9% of the total gross electricity generation of 242.8 PJ. By contrast, the generation value of the approximately 3,000 run-of-river power plants (mainly small hydropower plants) was 104.4 PJ or 43%.', 'By contrast, the generation value of the approximately 3,000 run-of-river power plants (mainly small hydropower plants) was 104.4 PJ or 43%. A further expansion of so-called pump storage facilities will also depend on environmental protection issues (environmental impact assessment). Mined caverns as pump storage facilities: Underground pump storage power plants that are located in cavities created by mining could be used as possible energy storage in future. In technical terms, this could be realised through a closed system of pump and pressure lines and watertight storage, using a substantial elevation difference between two cavities. Existing or newly mined cavities and shafts could be used for this.', 'Existing or newly mined cavities and shafts could be used for this. The mode of operation corresponds to that of a conventional pump storage power plant, but this technology could provide an extremely gentle surface utilization. These storages enable short-term bridging of bottlenecks in the daily or weekly rhythm. The current consumption of natural gas in Austria is around 8 billion Nm3. A gas storage capacity of around 2.5 to 3.0 billion Nm3 with a corresponding withdrawal capacity is required to ensure security of supply with natural gas. Based on this and considering the objective of reducing gas consumption by a least 40% by 2050, a hydrogen storage capacity of around 3.0 to 3.5 billion Nm3 with corresponding withdrawal capacity should be available by 2050.', 'Based on this and considering the objective of reducing gas consumption by a least 40% by 2050, a hydrogen storage capacity of around 3.0 to 3.5 billion Nm3 with corresponding withdrawal capacity should be available by 2050. The world’s first high pressure and high temperature storage facility went into operation in Simmering in the southeast of Vienna in 2013. The integration of the new storage facility into the Viennese district heating system allowed energy generation and consumption to be decoupled. The storage of excess heat (up to 980 MWh) from adjacent power generation systems reduces the use of the peak load furnaces and the resulting CO2 emissions during periods of high heat demand. Europe is combining its efforts to succeed on the world market for energy technologies.', 'Europe is combining its efforts to succeed on the world market for energy technologies. The Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) forms the framework, especially for the exchange of information on research and development and the implementation of cost-efficient, low- emission, sustainable, and safe energy technologies. A key focus is being placed on increasing Europe’s competitiveness in the areas of batteries (source: SET Plan action 7 stationary-storage-ongoing-work). Because batteries are a key technology for e-mobility and stationary storage, among other things. To be competitive in the global battery sector,European industry must be skilled in the development, production, application, and recycling of modern batteries. For this reason, these aspects were identified as focus points for future action in the SET Plan.', 'For this reason, these aspects were identified as focus points for future action in the SET Plan. 2.4.1.2 Target vision (using the potential of underground pore storage) The use of natural geological zones can make an important contribution to ensuring a secure energy supply in Austria and Europe. These formations are an integral part of Austria’s energy infrastructure, are currently used to store energy in the form of natural gas, and are located at a depth of around 500 to 2,300 m in exhausted natural gas reservoirs. These storage facilities have proven their ability to contain gas over millions of years and have been extensively investigated over the course of the extraction of their natural gas. Expertise gained over many years of production ensure safe storage operations.', 'Expertise gained over many years of production ensure safe storage operations. 2.4.1.3 Current situation in Austria The geological structures that are currently used in Austria are hydrocarbon reservoirs, which have a substantially higher storage capacity than deep saline aquifers. The aquifers that are not yet used for storage offer considerable pore storage potential for different applications. The exit from fossil fuels will change the use of these geological structures. In the context of sector coupling, underground pore storage can make important contributions to the decarbonisation of Austria’s energy supply in different ways. These are: 2.4.1.4 Fields of action Underground pore storage for energy storage In future, other media besides natural gas can be injected into the geological formations to contribute to the storage of energy generated from volatile sources.', 'These are: 2.4.1.4 Fields of action Underground pore storage for energy storage In future, other media besides natural gas can be injected into the geological formations to contribute to the storage of energy generated from volatile sources. This is already happening today, among other things, through “Power-to-Gas technology for the production of hydrogen from electricity generated by electrolysis e.g. from solar or wind energy, which is then being injected into suitable formations within the framework of pilot projects. The storage of compressed air produced using renewable energy sources and the storage of media heated using renewable energy can also be injected into these geological structures.', 'The storage of compressed air produced using renewable energy sources and the storage of media heated using renewable energy can also be injected into these geological structures. Synthetic gas, compressed air, or a heated media could be injected into natural geological formations in the summer months so that the increased, non-continuous demand in winter (consumption peaks at different times of the day) can be covered from the reservoirs.a) Underground pore storage and CCU Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU) technology is designed to capture CO2 from industrial processes (point sources) and to feed it into a technical application. The CCU process can make a contribution to the circular economy. A further application of this is the generation of synthetic methane (natural gas), i.e. within the pore structures.', 'A further application of this is the generation of synthetic methane (natural gas), i.e. within the pore structures. To do this, the captured CO2 is injected into a geological structure together with green hydrogen and then converted into synthetic methane by the bacteria residing there. This gas offers all the technical advantages of natural gas but is CO2 neutral and could be used for special applications that are difficult to electrify. This could include air traffic. In addition to renewable methane, which is the most mature technology at present, there are other concepts for the use of the captured CO2 that have the potential to contribute to mitigation of climate change.', 'In addition to renewable methane, which is the most mature technology at present, there are other concepts for the use of the captured CO2 that have the potential to contribute to mitigation of climate change. One of these processes is the so-called “carbonation”, where is bound in the form of carbonates and could be stored for geological time periods or used as a construction material. Another promising approach is the cultivation of microalgae that use CO2 for their photosynthesis. This means that sunlight and CO2 are turned into biomass for further utilisation. b) Underground pore storage and CCS Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is designed to capture CO2 from industrial processes (point sources) and permanently prevent it from being released into the atmosphere.', 'b) Underground pore storage and CCS Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is designed to capture CO2 from industrial processes (point sources) and permanently prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. Such permanent carbon dioxide storage is a competitive use that prevents the alternate use of underground structures. CCS projects are only viable when long-term safety and environmental protection can be guaranteed. There are currently no CCS projects in Austria as a moratorium on this technology is in force under the “Federal Act on the Prohibition of the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide”. This Act will be re-evaluated every five years, taking the experiences gained around the world into account.', 'This Act will be re-evaluated every five years, taking the experiences gained around the world into account. The current evaluation report states that further research and development work is needed for such projects, with a focus on the national geological conditions and the effects on the environment. The possibility of new research findings by 2050 should not be ruled out. A possible contribution of CCS technology to climate mitigation should be approached with a certain openness, as it permanently removes CO2 from the carbon cycle. This is an interesting advantage that CCS technology has over CCU technology.c) Making approval processes more efficient Many of the measures are linked to investment projects for which permits must be obtained.', 'This is an interesting advantage that CCS technology has over CCU technology.c) Making approval processes more efficient Many of the measures are linked to investment projects for which permits must be obtained. The approval processes are to be designed efficiently while maintaining environmental and participation standards. The actual duration of the process is needs to be aligned with the legal requirements. In any case, the public’s interest in climate action and security of supply must be given high priority. 2.4.2.1 Introduction and target vision The goal is to create a competitive, modern, and climate-neutral economy in Austria. The various sectors of the economy will undergo substantial changes to achieve this. Policy makers will create a framework that enables industrial sectors to transition to climate-friendly technologies at their Austrian sites.', 'Policy makers will create a framework that enables industrial sectors to transition to climate-friendly technologies at their Austrian sites. In doing so, the policy makers will not expose industry to costs that would impair its competitiveness. The top priority for European policy is to establish a global CO2 price for key sectors to effectively combat the problem of relocation. Austrian industry is a driver of innovation and a front runner in key technologies. The development and implementation of innovative and sustainable energy technologies contributes to stimulating economic growth and industrial development while also furthering decarbonisation. Policymakers rely on cooperation and partnerships with the business community. The prerequisite of major investments for the technology transition is the predictability of framework conditions over the entire amortisation period.', 'The prerequisite of major investments for the technology transition is the predictability of framework conditions over the entire amortisation period. The goal is clean growth, in other words decarbonisation, driven by sustainable economic expansion and a higher degree of technological innovation. This will create the necessary conditions for the domestic economy to secure Austria as an attractive industrial location even in a decarbonised environment. Particularly energy-intensive sectors often operate in a highly competitive global market, and suitable framework conditions are to be created so they can continue to succeed in the future (for as long as there is a cost disparity between the EU and third countries).', 'Particularly energy-intensive sectors often operate in a highly competitive global market, and suitable framework conditions are to be created so they can continue to succeed in the future (for as long as there is a cost disparity between the EU and third countries). In a first wave, coal and other particularly harmful fossil fuels will likely be replaced, and industrial processes will then be powered by electricity and green gas/hydrogen in a second wave, for which research will be conducted on an ongoing basis. Renewable hydrogen will play a central role in the decarbonisation of industry, especially in energy-intensive sectors.', 'Renewable hydrogen will play a central role in the decarbonisation of industry, especially in energy-intensive sectors. Hydrogen is used not only as a raw material in industrial processes,but can also replace natural gas as a source of energy if the production process cannot be electrified. Here, the greatest CO2 reduction potential can be realised by substituting the use of fossil-fuel based hydrogen and by developing new hydrogen applications and process modifications, especially for high-temperature operations, combined with a corresponding upscaling and changed energy and raw materials management. Industry is already testing possibilities for substantially reducing CO2 emissions by using renewable hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen is expected to play an especially important role in the long-term decarbonisation of the steel industry.', 'Renewable hydrogen is expected to play an especially important role in the long-term decarbonisation of the steel industry. The EU’s flagship project H2FUTURE for steel production at voestalpine in Linz is the largest pilot hydrogen system of its kind in the world with a connected load of 6 MW. This project is allowing research into the potential for the use of renewable hydrogen for steel production and is laying the groundwork for further expansion to an industrial scale. However, the cost-efficient supply of all domestic industries with renewable hydrogen produced using green electricity from Austria at competitive prices is not certain at this time.', 'However, the cost-efficient supply of all domestic industries with renewable hydrogen produced using green electricity from Austria at competitive prices is not certain at this time. It will be necessary to cover part of the future hydrogen needs for industry, mobility, and other sectors via imports over the long term. This means that the hydrogen economy must be promoted and structured not only at a national level, but at the European and global level to ensure that future industrial hydrogen applications are internationally competitive. Flourishing international trade will ensure the supply of hydrogen as a fuel for Austrian industry beyond the national production capacity by 2050, which will require energy partnerships with other (neighbouring) economic areas.', 'Flourishing international trade will ensure the supply of hydrogen as a fuel for Austrian industry beyond the national production capacity by 2050, which will require energy partnerships with other (neighbouring) economic areas. In addition to these key challenges, the switch to hydrogen also entails technological challenges that are currently impeding the broader use of hydrogen for industrial applications. The switch to hydrogen also creates new requirements for process safety that must be addressed. Technological feasibility and sufficient financial incentives for breakthrough technologies are prerequisites for solving the current bottlenecks in the renewable energy supply. Target visions from the industrial transition scenario: The objectives of the circular economy will be reached.', 'Target visions from the industrial transition scenario: The objectives of the circular economy will be reached. The consumption of resources will be taken into account in the (ecological) balance to allow the recycling of precious metals and rare-earth metals in an economical manner. Materials will be chosen based on recyclability. There are only few composite materials that cannot be separated. The changed use of long-lasting, high-quality products (sharing economy, leasing, re-use, upgrading, recycling) and the resulting changes in the production processes will lead to the highly efficient use of the required energy and resources (improved recycling). Planned obsolescence will be avoided through suitable measures.', 'Planned obsolescence will be avoided through suitable measures. Falling ancillary wage costs and rising transport, energy, and material costs will lead to more products being repaired instead of replaced. Products will no longer be designed to deliver 100% optimum performance but to achieve a compromise between performance and re-use. Modular designs will permit upgrades and component replacement, meaning that only defective or non-functional components will be replaced. This will increase the value and life of the products. Technological advances and technical revolutions will lead to lower energy input per produced unit. The EU Ecodesign legislation will address not only energy, but also sparing resource use, long life, repairability, and guaranteed warranties.', 'The EU Ecodesign legislation will address not only energy, but also sparing resource use, long life, repairability, and guaranteed warranties. Important criteria for electrical devices will be both low energy consumption and protection of the data they contain against external attacks. labelling will be introduced for consumer goods (such as food) at least EU-wide. A good competitive framework and strong internal market will be created in the EU for the development of new technologies that will play a central role in decarbonisation and the energy transformation. Fertiliser use and production will be reduced by avoiding food waste. The lower volume of waste will also have effects on the food industry.', 'The lower volume of waste will also have effects on the food industry. 2.4.2.2 Current situation in Austria The industrial output ratio in Austria in 2018 was 18.9% measured by the share of the manufacturing and processing sectors in total gross value added. Based on the entire secondary sector (mining, goods manufacture, energy and water supply, construction), industry contributed 25.75% of nominal GDP in 2018, and mining and manufacturing of goods alone contributed 17.24%. The manufacturing sector´s share accounted for 29.1% of final energy use in 2018.', 'The manufacturing sector´s share accounted for 29.1% of final energy use in 2018. The structure of the final energy use in the manufacturing sector (2017) according to energy sources showed the following picture: Gas: 33.5% Electricity: 31.6% Biogenic energy: 16.8% Petroleum products: 5.7% Coal: 5.2% Waste incineration: 3.7% District heating: 3.5% Ambient heat: 0.1% Final energy use in manufacturing by sector (2017): Share of fossil fuels by sector: Iron and steel: 11.1% 74% Stone, soil, glass: 10.9% 50% Food and beverages: 8.6% 56% Note: Fossil fuels consist of coal, petroleum products, and natural gas Does not include electricity and district heating produced with fossil fuels The share of coal in the final energy use of manufacturing is low at 5.2%.', 'The structure of the final energy use in the manufacturing sector (2017) according to energy sources showed the following picture: Gas: 33.5% Electricity: 31.6% Biogenic energy: 16.8% Petroleum products: 5.7% Coal: 5.2% Waste incineration: 3.7% District heating: 3.5% Ambient heat: 0.1% Final energy use in manufacturing by sector (2017): Share of fossil fuels by sector: Iron and steel: 11.1% 74% Stone, soil, glass: 10.9% 50% Food and beverages: 8.6% 56% Note: Fossil fuels consist of coal, petroleum products, and natural gas Does not include electricity and district heating produced with fossil fuels The share of coal in the final energy use of manufacturing is low at 5.2%. Of these 17.5 PJ in total, 10.7 PJ are used for iron and steel production, 3.2 PJ for paper/printing, 2.2 PJ for stone/soil/glass, and 1.1 PJ for chemicals/petrochemicals.', 'Of these 17.5 PJ in total, 10.7 PJ are used for iron and steel production, 3.2 PJ for paper/printing, 2.2 PJ for stone/soil/glass, and 1.1 PJ for chemicals/petrochemicals. Marginal quantities are used in the sectors of non-ferrous metals, food and beverages, and mining (0.3 PJ in total). The consumption of coal in the energy sector itself (coking plants, blast furnaces, power plants) is significantly more substantial at around 70 PJ. 2.4.2.2.1 The role of hydrogen Hydrogen is currently produced primarily from natural gas by means of steam reforming and is used as an input for a wide range of processes in the chemical industry.', '2.4.2.2.1 The role of hydrogen Hydrogen is currently produced primarily from natural gas by means of steam reforming and is used as an input for a wide range of processes in the chemical industry. The greatest national potential for the use of hydrogen has been identified in the steel, chemicals (ammonia and methanol production), mineral oil, and brick industries.', 'The greatest national potential for the use of hydrogen has been identified in the steel, chemicals (ammonia and methanol production), mineral oil, and brick industries. Especially high-temperature processes will still depend on gaseous, molecular fuels for which there are not yet any alternatives in many areas.2.4.2.3 Fields of action Further development of EU emissions trading and the associated reduction in the supply of certificates combined with the implementation of effective carbon leakage protection for companies, for example through continued free allocations Examination of further steps to ensure location security and competitiveness of industry in Austria and Europe, e.g. by earmarking the auction proceeds for investments in technology transformation and carbon border adjustment measures to prevent climate dumping.', 'by earmarking the auction proceeds for investments in technology transformation and carbon border adjustment measures to prevent climate dumping. Preserving and expanding the competitiveness of domestic industry through research and the use of innovative technologies. Promotion of carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) in industry as this bridging technology will make an important contribution to the decarbonisation of industry, especially in the transitional phase. Pan-European value chains, especially in the hydrogen segment, will be set up with Austria playing a central role and will contribute to the competitiveness of Austria as a place to do business. Technological feasibility and sufficient incentives for breakthrough technologies are prerequisites for solving the current bottlenecks in the renewable energy supply.', 'Technological feasibility and sufficient incentives for breakthrough technologies are prerequisites for solving the current bottlenecks in the renewable energy supply. Suitable investment promotion for hydrogen-based decarbonisation technologies, renewable hydrogen production technologies, and infrastructure innovations to secure the power supply (e.g. IPCEI hydrogen). Permanent availability of a sufficient quantity of renewable electricity at competitive costs and ensuring the comprehensive international competitiveness of domestic industry. In order to counteract global locational disadvantages, it is crucial to push Austria s initiatives at European and international level for a competitive hydrogen application, especially for initiatives after 2030. The topic of hydrogen management must be promoted beyond national strategies at the European and then global level to ensure the competitiveness of future industrial hydrogen applications.', 'The topic of hydrogen management must be promoted beyond national strategies at the European and then global level to ensure the competitiveness of future industrial hydrogen applications. Bio-economy stands for an economic concept that intends to replace fossil resources (raw materials and fuels) with renewable raw materials in as many areas and applications as possible. It covers all industrial and economic sectors that produce, process, or use biological resources. Bio-economy offers a great opportunity to meet global challenges such as progressing climate change, food and water scarcity, and growing pollution levels while also strengthening economic development. The conversion of the current fossil economic system was anchored as a lighthouse project in the #mission2030 in 2018 and has been implemented by the Austrian bio-economy strategysince 2019.', 'The conversion of the current fossil economic system was anchored as a lighthouse project in the #mission2030 in 2018 and has been implemented by the Austrian bio-economy strategysince 2019. The bio-economy strategy provides orientation for all areas in need of actions and is intended to help counter potential conflicts and optimise synergies at an early stage by coordinating with the Sustainable Development Goals made binding in the Agenda 2030. Bio-economy is also a source of many new opportunities for Austria as a business location especially in connection with the use of regional, renewable raw materials.', 'Bio-economy is also a source of many new opportunities for Austria as a business location especially in connection with the use of regional, renewable raw materials. The competitiveness of Austria’s economy will be improved, the supply of quality food guaranteed, jobs created in rural areas, negative environmental effects minimised, greenhouse gas emissions reduced, and a general change in thinking set in motion. And it will make a key contribution to reaching the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Bio-economy in Austria Austria can build on a variety of strengths thanks to its natural resources, innovative companies, and respected research institutions. The associated bio-economy-relevant value chains form an excellent basis. Research, development, and innovation are key drivers of the development of bio-economy.', 'Research, development, and innovation are key drivers of the development of bio-economy. In addition to technological development, the systematic connection of technical/scientific, economic, political/social, and ethical aspects is a key success factor for the reorientation of our future economic system. Especially the humanities, social and cultural sciences can lay the foundation for solutions to major social challenges such as advancing climate change. Therefore, the further strategic development of the framework conditions envisages and increased participation of these disciplines. In addition to efficiency measures, sufficiency measures and lifecycle concepts are important pillars for the transformation of the economic system through the Austrian bio-economy strategy. Especially cascading utilisation options must be increasingly taken into account to first achieve a sustainable economy and eventually a circular economy.', 'Especially cascading utilisation options must be increasingly taken into account to first achieve a sustainable economy and eventually a circular economy. However, it will be necessary to place a greater focus on consumer behaviour than on concrete production and conversion measures since only a change in consumer behaviour can lead to a sustainable transition in the economic system. In terms of resources, Austrian agricultural and forestry operations provide a wide range of raw materials for the bio-economy. For a sustainable transformation of the economic system, however, it is necessary to increase the added value per hectare, apply new innovative production technologies and achieve the most efficient and sustainable use of raw materials (resource efficiency).The direct substitution of all fossil materials with biogenic materials would result in additional land requirements.', 'For a sustainable transformation of the economic system, however, it is necessary to increase the added value per hectare, apply new innovative production technologies and achieve the most efficient and sustainable use of raw materials (resource efficiency).The direct substitution of all fossil materials with biogenic materials would result in additional land requirements. However, the use of renewable raw materials will increase compared to the total use raw material. This will require efficiency and output increases, and there is substantial potential for the use of waste, residual materials, and by- products in addition to traditional raw materials from agriculture and forestry.', 'This will require efficiency and output increases, and there is substantial potential for the use of waste, residual materials, and by- products in addition to traditional raw materials from agriculture and forestry. New concepts such as urban farming, greenhouses, and closed production systems will also become increasingly important for expanding the raw materials base.The potential for biogenic products is as broad as the variety of available raw materials. Working from its existing strengths, Austria should position itself as the technology leader in pulp and fibre products and in sawmill and timber products in Europe, for example.', 'Working from its existing strengths, Austria should position itself as the technology leader in pulp and fibre products and in sawmill and timber products in Europe, for example. The aim is to support the founding and settlement of companies in the bio-based industry, to strengthen the market for these products, to promote the creation of new jobs, and to adapt the educational system. Political instruments must be integrated and coordinated at all levels of government to provide optimal support for the implementation of the bio-economy in Austria. This will be the only way to ensure a cost-effective transition to a bio-based economy and achieve the objective of decarbonisation.', 'This will be the only way to ensure a cost-effective transition to a bio-based economy and achieve the objective of decarbonisation. 2.4.3.1 Introduction and target vision During the public consultation in summer 2019, measures targeting the decarbonisation of the transport sector were rated as being particularly effective and have thus been assigned a high priority. Substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by reducing traffic volumes, effecting a modal shift to public transport (for passenger and freight traffic), active mobility, and by transitioning to electric vehicles powered by renewable sources. In the target vision a turnaround in transport has been achieved in 2050, and the transport sector in Austria has been largely decarbonised. Emissions from passenger and freight traffic have been reduced to the absolutely necessary minimum.', 'Emissions from passenger and freight traffic have been reduced to the absolutely necessary minimum. The population and companies are profiting from substantially improved environmental and health conditions. Local economies, intelligent land use planning, and expanded town centres enable short travel distances that can be covered actively, on foot or by bicycle. The population is an active part of the mobility transformation and is aware of the benefits, especially in the form of a higher quality of life. Public transport forms the strong backbone of the transportation system in urban areas and on regional and long-haul routes outside of cities. In part because public transport has been promoted through regulatory measures and has become the lower-cost means of transport due to fiscal measures.', 'In part because public transport has been promoted through regulatory measures and has become the lower-cost means of transport due to fiscal measures. As a result of the transformation mobility opportunities are now more fairly distributed throughout Austria, and there is also a free choice of different forms of mobility in rural areas. This diversity of mobility offers will play an important role in making rural areas a particularly attractive place to live for all generations.Individualised mobility concepts have been created by more and more companies, communities, and associations in Austria. As a result, more employees travel to work by bicycle or public transport, and business trips are done with public transport or by carpooling in an electric vehicle.', 'As a result, more employees travel to work by bicycle or public transport, and business trips are done with public transport or by carpooling in an electric vehicle. Flights within the EU have become substantially less attractive thanks to modern video conferencing systems and a convenient EU-wide night train system, and are much less in demand. At the same time, the transformation will be supported by technological developments such as electric and fuel cell vehicles powered by electricity or hydrogen from renewable sources and equipped with user-friendly information technologies. The implementation of innovative transport and mobility solutions has improved access to climate-friendly mobility for all groups of population and ensures the efficient connection of all businesses in a decarbonised transport system.', 'The implementation of innovative transport and mobility solutions has improved access to climate-friendly mobility for all groups of population and ensures the efficient connection of all businesses in a decarbonised transport system. The transition of the mobility sector to largely renewable energy produced in Austria will strengthen the domestic economy and increase national value creation. 2.4.3.2 Current situation in Austria Road transport was one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Austria in 2017 at close to 29%.', '2.4.3.2 Current situation in Austria Road transport was one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Austria in 2017 at close to 29%. Passenger traffic is responsible for 64% of emissions in road transport, and freight traffic for 36%.5 The greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector (including fuel exports) rose by around 80% between 1990 and 2005, before a trend reversal could be observed in the following years, particularly through the addition of biofuels, innovative projects for climate-friendly mobility management as well as changed economic conditions.', 'Passenger traffic is responsible for 64% of emissions in road transport, and freight traffic for 36%.5 The greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector (including fuel exports) rose by around 80% between 1990 and 2005, before a trend reversal could be observed in the following years, particularly through the addition of biofuels, innovative projects for climate-friendly mobility management as well as changed economic conditions. However, greenhouse gas emissions rose again for the third time in a row in 2017 to reach 23.6 million tonnes of CO The current transport system is strongly characterized by individual motorised transport on the road, both for passenger and freight transport.', 'However, greenhouse gas emissions rose again for the third time in a row in 2017 to reach 23.6 million tonnes of CO The current transport system is strongly characterized by individual motorised transport on the road, both for passenger and freight transport. This system is supported by infrastructural and fiscal conditions that cause an imbalance in mobility costs because not all external costs have yet been internalised for all modes of transport. If these conditions are not changed, passenger traffic volume would increase by around 25% between 2017 and 2050, and freight traffic by 5 Federal Environment Agency (2018): Climate Mitigation Report 2018. Federal Environment Agency, Vienna. P 6 Twelfth State of the Environment Report. Environmental situation in Austria.', 'P 6 Twelfth State of the Environment Report. Environmental situation in Austria. P 126A switch to more climate-friendly and efficient modes of transport and technologies is needed to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Transport choices should be made based on the principles of “avoid, shift and improve.” 2.4.3.3 Legal and political framework in the transport sector The transport sector must make its proportionate contribution to greenhouse gas reductions in order to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. In light of the greenhouse gas reductions required by 2030, ambitious reduction targets were developed for new passenger cars, light commercial vehicles8, and heavy-duty vehicles9 during Austria’s presidency of the EU Council of Ministers in the second half of 2018.', 'In light of the greenhouse gas reductions required by 2030, ambitious reduction targets were developed for new passenger cars, light commercial vehicles8, and heavy-duty vehicles9 during Austria’s presidency of the EU Council of Ministers in the second half of 2018. The CO2 fleet targets require automobile manufacturers to reduce the average emissions of their new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles by 15% from 2025 and by 37.5% from 2030 (31% for light commercial vehicles) compared with 2021 levels. The achievement of existing fleet targets is an important milestone on the way to decarbonisation. Another element of the transformation that was set into motion during the Austrian Presidency of the EU Council of Ministers is the Graz Declaration10 .', 'Another element of the transformation that was set into motion during the Austrian Presidency of the EU Council of Ministers is the Graz Declaration10 . This declaration was adopted at the informal meeting of the environment and transport ministers in Graz. The document contains the fundamental strategic requirements for the decarbonisation of the transport sector in Austria. The Graz Declaration states “A holistic transformation policy approach is required, combining actions and making use of synergies.”11. This approach is to be supported by corresponding incentives and infrastructure and requires measures that are aimed at behavioural changes, effective mobility management, and technological innovation in the areas of vehicles and fuels, and the promotion of active mobility without losing sight of social aspects of the transformation of the transport sector.', 'This approach is to be supported by corresponding incentives and infrastructure and requires measures that are aimed at behavioural changes, effective mobility management, and technological innovation in the areas of vehicles and fuels, and the promotion of active mobility without losing sight of social aspects of the transformation of the transport sector. With #mission2030, Austria presented an ambitious climate and energy strategy in June 2018 . Transport plays a key role in this strategy. #mission2030 recognises the importance of mobility as a basic human need and stands for an open economy.', '#mission2030 recognises the importance of mobility as a basic human need and stands for an open economy. To this end, #mission2030 identifies the central aspects of the mobility transformation: E- mobility on the basis of renewable energy sources; fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen as a 8 Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles 9 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles 10 Graz Declaration – “Starting a new era: clean, safe and affordable mobility for Europe” 11 Graz Declaration P 2renewable energy source for the applications that are difficult to electrify; alternative drives and fuels; increased use of public transport; active mobility (bicycle and foot traffic) promoted by corresponding infrastructure and made accessible by attractive mobility services; shift in freight traffic to rail and expansion of combined transport.', 'To this end, #mission2030 identifies the central aspects of the mobility transformation: E- mobility on the basis of renewable energy sources; fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen as a 8 Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles 9 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles 10 Graz Declaration – “Starting a new era: clean, safe and affordable mobility for Europe” 11 Graz Declaration P 2renewable energy source for the applications that are difficult to electrify; alternative drives and fuels; increased use of public transport; active mobility (bicycle and foot traffic) promoted by corresponding infrastructure and made accessible by attractive mobility services; shift in freight traffic to rail and expansion of combined transport. This will provide additional value for the affected citizens and for companies because the new forms of mobility are environmentally friendlier and healthier.', 'This will provide additional value for the affected citizens and for companies because the new forms of mobility are environmentally friendlier and healthier. The Cycling Master Plan12 aims to double the share of bicycle traffic from 7% to 13% by 2050. The Walking Master Plan13 creates incentives for walking. This is to be supplemented by the “creation of suitable economic conditions and target-group specific offerings and measures for freight and passenger traffic”14 together with a supportive legislative framework as a “central requirement for attaining a sustainable and decarbonised 2.4.3.4 Fields of action 2.4.3.4.1 A holistic approach for the transformation of the transport sector The transformation of the transport sector towards decarbonisation can only succeed through a holistic approach16 and an increased level of environmental awareness among all actors involved.', 'This is to be supplemented by the “creation of suitable economic conditions and target-group specific offerings and measures for freight and passenger traffic”14 together with a supportive legislative framework as a “central requirement for attaining a sustainable and decarbonised 2.4.3.4 Fields of action 2.4.3.4.1 A holistic approach for the transformation of the transport sector The transformation of the transport sector towards decarbonisation can only succeed through a holistic approach16 and an increased level of environmental awareness among all actors involved. In addition to technological innovations and improvements on the supply side, this holistic approach must also include measures on the demand side and behavioural changes and make optimum use of synergies between them.', 'In addition to technological innovations and improvements on the supply side, this holistic approach must also include measures on the demand side and behavioural changes and make optimum use of synergies between them. The social impacts of various measures must also be taken into account and mitigated by accompanying measures where necessary. The fundamental objective is to shift to clean, climate-friendly modes of transport, improve capacity utilisation in freight and passenger traffic, and avoid traffic. At the same time, a holistic framework for the mobility transformation will be created through consistent investments, supporting conditions and incentives, and continued research and innovation.', 'At the same time, a holistic framework for the mobility transformation will be created through consistent investments, supporting conditions and incentives, and continued research and innovation. The ultimate goal of the transformation of the transport sector must be to make mobility more climate-friendly, in other words continuously reducing the share of fossil fuels used. This will require the conversion of the associated physical and especially digital infrastructures. One driver of decarbonisation is the progress being made in battery technology, which makes batteries and electric motors smaller and cheaper. Such a progress replaces fossil-fuel drives 12 BMLFUW (2015): Cycling Master Plan 2015–2025. 13 BMVIT (2015): Walking Master Plan – Strategy for promoting foot traffic in Austria. 15 Ebenda. 16 Graz Declarationwith electric drives systems.', '16 Graz Declarationwith electric drives systems. Research is not only aimed at improving the technologies, but also at understanding how mobility needs change over time (the social science level). The key focus of this research is how traffic and transport volumes in the system can be sustainably reduced. Researchers and policymakers are working hand in hand to achieve a broad consensus through effective awareness-raising programmes.', 'Researchers and policymakers are working hand in hand to achieve a broad consensus through effective awareness-raising programmes. The transformation will also rely on improved offers in local and regional transport, traffic flow optimisation to make more efficient use of infrastructure, mobility management for companies, towns, and tourism, and the use of digitalisation for mobility services such as car and ride sharing, as well as on improved pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure.17 The bicycle as a climate-neutral vehicle closes the crucial gap between public transportation and the “last mile” in a decarbonised transport system. The bicycle is an ideal complement to public rail transport especially in urban areas thanks to its flexibility, and is a good alternative to a motor vehicle thanks to the little space that it requires.', 'The bicycle is an ideal complement to public rail transport especially in urban areas thanks to its flexibility, and is a good alternative to a motor vehicle thanks to the little space that it requires. The positive effects that active mobility has on health are also important in this context, and are economically relevant. The transformation of the mobility system will lead to the increased use of active mobility forms (walking and bicycling). This will reduce the number of sick days of people, and will increase their life expectancy. The economic conditions, especially investments by and contracts from public agencies, public funding, and the tax system have a major influence on mobility behaviour and the volume of traffic.', 'The economic conditions, especially investments by and contracts from public agencies, public funding, and the tax system have a major influence on mobility behaviour and the volume of traffic. The selection of where to live and work and the quality and energy consumption intensity of the chosen means of transport are based on the economic conditions.', 'The selection of where to live and work and the quality and energy consumption intensity of the chosen means of transport are based on the economic conditions. The elimination of counterproductive financial measures, especially the sending of correct price signals to market participants, is a key prerequisite for achieving a sustainable and decarbonised transport system.18 If these goals are to be reached, it will also be necessary to coordinate strategies and areas of action between the federal, provincial, and municipal governments, to identify and eliminate regulations that are counterproductive for decarbonisation, and to coordinate the legal framework between the regional authorities to facilitate the implementation of a decarbonised transport system.192.4.3.4.2 Reducing traffic by the scheme “avoidance, modal shifts, and improvement” The mobility transformation will be achieved by following these principles.', 'The elimination of counterproductive financial measures, especially the sending of correct price signals to market participants, is a key prerequisite for achieving a sustainable and decarbonised transport system.18 If these goals are to be reached, it will also be necessary to coordinate strategies and areas of action between the federal, provincial, and municipal governments, to identify and eliminate regulations that are counterproductive for decarbonisation, and to coordinate the legal framework between the regional authorities to facilitate the implementation of a decarbonised transport system.192.4.3.4.2 Reducing traffic by the scheme “avoidance, modal shifts, and improvement” The mobility transformation will be achieved by following these principles. Avoidance The increased digitalisation of work is bringing the workplace and home closer together again, and mobility management will help to avoid unnecessary travel.', 'Avoidance The increased digitalisation of work is bringing the workplace and home closer together again, and mobility management will help to avoid unnecessary travel. The previously long commutes to work will be replaced by short trips close to home. This trend will increase the potential for the use of bicycles as a quick mode of transport for short distances. The town structures in rural areas will have a higher density in 2050, which will make walking more attractive and will shift a certain share of transport to foot and bicycle traffic. Accompanying measures will revitalise town centres, this is shown e.g. by the fact that there are more small shops and grocers in towns.', 'by the fact that there are more small shops and grocers in towns. This will shorten the distances that need to be covered, and traffic will be effectively avoided. Modern urban and land use planning will focus on minimising the use of resources and avoiding traffic. For example, the requirement for developers to provide parking spaces for cars when erecting new residential buildings has been replaced with measures for accessing public transport. These and further measures (such as zones with combined motor vehicle, bicycle, and foot traffic) are leading to a reduction of motorised traffic in cities. Global goods transport is increasingly being replaced with regional economies, and a resource- efficient circular economy is the norm.', 'Global goods transport is increasingly being replaced with regional economies, and a resource- efficient circular economy is the norm. There is no more planned obsolescence in 2050, all products and goods are designed to be long-lasting and repairable. Society demands more sustainable products and services in general. Modal shifts Individual motorised traffic is less common in 2050 than today – the modal split has shifted to public transport and active mobility. This has been effected above all by increased environmental awareness among the population thanks to targeted measures. Innovative, holistic mobility solutions will also cover the last mile, for example tailored mobility management, on-demand buses, electric taxis, car sharing, and the massive expansion of public transport.', 'Innovative, holistic mobility solutions will also cover the last mile, for example tailored mobility management, on-demand buses, electric taxis, car sharing, and the massive expansion of public transport. Public transport intervals are considerably shorter, and customer-friendly service planning and information provision make rail and bus travel more attractive. Freight transport by rail has profited from the reduction of regulatory hurdles. The external costs of all modes of transport will be internalised during the mobility transformation. Thismeans that the most environmentally friendly modes of transport are also the cheapest. This will cause a preference for these modes of transport. The volume of individual motorised traffic and short-haul flights has decreased considerably.', 'The volume of individual motorised traffic and short-haul flights has decreased considerably. Improvement The objective is to strive for the highest possible energy efficiency and a switch to renewable energy sources. In practice, this means that vehicles powered by electricity from renewable sources and green hydrogen are used on the roads while vehicles powered by fossil fuels are a thing of the past in 2050. For passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, this will primarily be achieved by a switch to electric vehicles powered entirely by electricity from renewable sources. Increasing electrification is also being pursued for heavy-duty vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen from renewable sources are an important option especially for applications that are difficult to electrify (such as heavy goods vehicles for long-haul transport).', 'Fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen from renewable sources are an important option especially for applications that are difficult to electrify (such as heavy goods vehicles for long-haul transport). Electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles offer the possibility to use 100% renewable energy and are also considerably more efficient than petrol and diesel vehicles. Eco-driving training teaches drivers how to use and operate their vehicles as efficiently as possible. The rail infrastructure is 100% electrified and powers the trains entirely with electricity from renewable sources. The majority of freight transport has been shifted to the rails, and the remaining goods transports are handled with non-fossil drives (electromobility, in part with overhead-line lorries, and with hydrogen).', 'The majority of freight transport has been shifted to the rails, and the remaining goods transports are handled with non-fossil drives (electromobility, in part with overhead-line lorries, and with hydrogen). The role of inland shipping, which is to switch to renewable energy, has increased considerably. E-fuels produced in the EU through new and innovative technologies and second-generation biofuels will especially be used in aviation. The time required for the relevant approval processes (especially for passenger and freight transport by rail) is to be shortened so that the efficiency gains can be realised rapidly enough. 2.4.3.5 Lifestyles in 2050: People and companies profit from the mobility transformation Future land use planning can substantially reduce mobility pressure.', '2.4.3.5 Lifestyles in 2050: People and companies profit from the mobility transformation Future land use planning can substantially reduce mobility pressure. The surface space required in cities for vehicle parking and traffic has been decreased substantially through a wide range of measures (expansion of public transport, sharing offers, etc. ), which has been very well received by the population. There is more green space, and this has made cities more resilient against the increasing number of heat waves and nights with high temperatures. The air and noise pollution from traffic has been drastically reduced.Rural areas are well serviced by an intelligent combination of micro public transport systems, intermodal interfaces in larger towns, and a robust public transport network.', 'The air and noise pollution from traffic has been drastically reduced.Rural areas are well serviced by an intelligent combination of micro public transport systems, intermodal interfaces in larger towns, and a robust public transport network. All in all, the expenses for mobility services have declined without the population feeling restricted in their mobility. Examples of mobility and transport patterns in different areas of life with a largely decarbonised transport sector in the year 2050 are described in the Annex (section 6.3). 2.4.4.1 Introduction and target vision The building sector (residential and commercial buildings) generated greenhouse gas emissions of 8.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents, or 10% of the total emissions, in 2017.', '2.4.4.1 Introduction and target vision The building sector (residential and commercial buildings) generated greenhouse gas emissions of 8.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents, or 10% of the total emissions, in 2017. Even though greenhouse gas emissions from buildings have been reduced substantially over the past decades, there is still great savings potential in this sector. The federal government’s #mission2030 climate and energy strategy and the draft of the National Energy and Climate Plan contain the goal of saving roughly 3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents compared with 2016 in the building sector in a socially and economically compatible manner. The sector is to be decarbonised to the greatest extent possible by 2050.', 'The sector is to be decarbonised to the greatest extent possible by 2050. The target vision for 2050 is therefore buildings that are heated and cooled virtually free of emissions, and that are also supplied with hot water exclusively via renewable energy sources. The planning through to 2050 includes not only development areas for different uses such as residential, leisure, industry, and commercial, but also power supply infrastructure for these areas that only makes use of renewable energy. This involves the consideration of power supply and sustainable mobility criteria during the planning and zoning of these areas.', 'This involves the consideration of power supply and sustainable mobility criteria during the planning and zoning of these areas. Spatial planning, zoning, and development planning have had the effect that sealing of areas has been reduced and the demand for heat condensed, waste heat potentials can be used very effectively and a large share of heating and cooling in buildings can be effected with grid- bound energy sources such as district and local heating and renewable gas. Buildings constructed over the past decades consume very little energy themselves and play an active role in the provision of energy through rooftop photovoltaic and solar collectors as well as the storage of energy. In concrete terms, this means that only low-energy buildings (NZEB) and plus-energy buildings are constructed.', 'In concrete terms, this means that only low-energy buildings (NZEB) and plus-energy buildings are constructed. Public agencies have been acting as role models in this, and all new public buildings have been low-energy buildings since 1 January2019. In 2050, the majority of the buildings erected since 2020 have been built in conglomerations where they form plus-energy neighbourhoods. Newly constructed buildings that cannot be heated and cooled with grid-bound energy sources only use renewable energy and are built as plus-energy buildings that generate more energy than they need. Existing buildings have been upgraded to a modern thermal and energy standard by 2050. This means that heating and cooling of these buildings will only need a fraction of the energy needed today.', 'This means that heating and cooling of these buildings will only need a fraction of the energy needed today. These remaining energy needs will be covered by grid-bound energy sources using renewable sources. Decentralised renewable generation facilities and heat pumps will be used where no grid-bound heating supply is possible. Fossil fuels will only be used in exceptional cases if alternatives are technically not feasible or would be inefficient based on material economic costs and benefits. The need for cooling energy has risen substantially resulting from climate change and urban heat islands. Building designs are being adapted to avoid summer cooling loads, or if this is not feasible, passive and active measures in buildings shall protect against overheating in the summer.', 'Building designs are being adapted to avoid summer cooling loads, or if this is not feasible, passive and active measures in buildings shall protect against overheating in the summer. Many buildings have smart storage facilities such as component activation as well as green roofs and facades. The involvement of other sectors such as low-carbon manufacturing of products and the circular economy also contributes to the decarbonisation of the building sector. Buildings are also used as greenhouse gas sinks by selecting sustainable construction materials (for example from renewable raw materials). In order to ensure the sustainable use of buildings over long periods, these must provide sufficient flexibility in their use.', 'In order to ensure the sustainable use of buildings over long periods, these must provide sufficient flexibility in their use. “Multi-generational buildings” allow for rapid and low-resource changes in the use of buildings, which limits and prevents extensive land use as well as oversizing. District heating plays a central role in urban areas with high heat absorption densities combined with close proximities to capable suppliers of waste heat. Local bidirectional (low temperature) grids improve the ability to store heat, distribute heat in an energy-efficient manner, efficiently incorporate renewable heat, and to use different waste heat sources, respectively locally from geothermy and seasonally stored geothermal heat.', 'Local bidirectional (low temperature) grids improve the ability to store heat, distribute heat in an energy-efficient manner, efficiently incorporate renewable heat, and to use different waste heat sources, respectively locally from geothermy and seasonally stored geothermal heat. Due to the use of heat pumps, electrical energy accounts for a large share of the total energy demand for space heating, hot water supply and cooling of buildings. Efficient heat pumps and biogenic energy sources combined with solar thermal collectors dominate the decentralised provision of heating energy. Nearly all suitable roof surfaces are used for photovoltaics, andthe share of facade surfaces used to collect energy (such as solar thermal and photovoltaic elements) is increasing rapidly.', 'Nearly all suitable roof surfaces are used for photovoltaics, andthe share of facade surfaces used to collect energy (such as solar thermal and photovoltaic elements) is increasing rapidly. These positive developments were made possible in part by convincing building users and owners, neighbours, investors, and other stakeholders of the usefulness and necessity of these changes. Through targeted information provision and involvement of affected stakeholders, acceptance was created even for measures that have disadvantages on individual groups. 2.4.4.2 Current situation in Austria Around 82.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents were emitted in Austria in 2017. The building sector (residential and commercial buildings) generated greenhouse gas emissions of 8.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents, or 10% of total emissions, in 2017.', 'The building sector (residential and commercial buildings) generated greenhouse gas emissions of 8.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents, or 10% of total emissions, in 2017. Emissions fell by 4.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents20 between 1990 and 2017. Per capita living space consumption was 23 m² in 1970 and 37 m² in 1990, and has now almost doubled to nearly 45 m²21 in a period of 40 years according to the most recent statistic. The population of Austria grew by around one million people in the same time period22.', 'The population of Austria grew by around one million people in the same time period22. Despite this trend which resulted in a substantial increase in the total conditioned space, greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector (excluding greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of electricity and heat of the energy industry) have decreased by around 4.8 million tonnes of equivalents since 199023. 20 Part of this is simply the result of the shifting of emissions to emissions trading by switching energy sources to district heating and electricity. Source: Federal Environment Agency: Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2017 21 Wolfgang Amann, Klaus Lugger: Österreichisches Wohnhandbuch 2016; P 9.', 'Source: Federal Environment Agency: Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2017 21 Wolfgang Amann, Klaus Lugger: Österreichisches Wohnhandbuch 2016; P 9. 22 Eurostat; accessed on the Internet on 4 July 2019: demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data 23 Federal Environment Agency: Climate Mitigation Report 2018; P 125.Figure 2 Household carbon dioxide emissions compared with population growth and number and size of primary residences Space heating and cooling account for nearly 27% of the total energy demand in buildings24. About four fifths of the energy consumed by households is used for space heating and around one fifth for water heating;25 if efficiency improvements in building envelopes are promoted, it is likely that the share of energy for water heating will increase.', 'About four fifths of the energy consumed by households is used for space heating and around one fifth for water heating;25 if efficiency improvements in building envelopes are promoted, it is likely that the share of energy for water heating will increase. Heating systems operated with fossil fuels (heating oil, natural gas) still play a substantial role despite the fact that the share of renewable energy sources has increased in recent years (see the figure below). Natural gas is an important source of energy in Austria and is delivered through a dense distribution grid. 24 Energy Quantity Statistics Austria 2017, energy quantity for category “space heating and air conditioning”.', '24 Energy Quantity Statistics Austria 2017, energy quantity for category “space heating and air conditioning”. 25 Source: STAT, Energy Quantity Analysis 2017: roughly 240 PJ for space heating (195 PJ), water heating (39 PJ), and cooking (7 PJ) in households.Figure 3 Energy consumption from all sources for space and water heating in all households Source (Statistics Austria, 2019) 2.4.4.3 Results of the online consultation As shown by the online consultation (see 1.2.4.1. ), the objective of making the building sector climate neutral is feasible with reasonable effort and has high priority. The further questions pertained to various measures (see below).', 'The further questions pertained to various measures (see below). The following were ranked as measures with substantial effects: more stringent approval criteria in order to realise savings potential in buildings, energy efficiency as savings potential in buildings, and the promotion of renewable energy sources and gradual reduction of fossil fuels. Measures with moderate to major effects: regulations for climate-adapted/climate-neutral land use planning, climate-friendly adaptation of development planning, and use of sealed areas for savings potential in buildings.', 'Measures with moderate to major effects: regulations for climate-adapted/climate-neutral land use planning, climate-friendly adaptation of development planning, and use of sealed areas for savings potential in buildings. 2.4.4.4 Fields of action The following fields of action are planned for the building sector:2.4.4.4.1 New buildings Buildings must at least meet the nearly zero-energy building standards, use little energy for heating and cooling, and play an active role in the provision of energy through rooftop photovoltaic and solar collector systems and through energy storage (e.g. via component activation). In 2050, the majority of the buildings erected since 2020 need considerably less energy for heating and cooling and are generally built in conglomerations where they form plus-energy neighbourhoods.', 'In 2050, the majority of the buildings erected since 2020 need considerably less energy for heating and cooling and are generally built in conglomerations where they form plus-energy neighbourhoods. Newly constructed buildings that cannot be heated and cooled with grid-bound energy sources only use renewable energy and are built as plus-energy buildings that generate more energy than they consume. Sustainable, renewable raw materials are used for buildings wherever possible and reasonable. 2.4.4.4.2 Thermal and energy refurbishment of existing buildings and efficiency improvements for heating systems The existing buildings will be brought up to future-proof thermal and energy standards by 2050. Existing buildings will then need considerably less energy for heating and cooling, which will substantially cut operating costs while significantly increasing living comfort.', 'Existing buildings will then need considerably less energy for heating and cooling, which will substantially cut operating costs while significantly increasing living comfort. A complete renovation concept will be drawn up for each existing building. This renovation concept will define a future-proof thermal and energy standard which is to be reached by 2050. This future-proof standard will be defined based on technical possibilities and economic efficiency, whereby the essential economic costs and benefits are taken into consideration when determining the economic efficiency. The complete renovation concept comprises the steps necessary to achieve the future- proof thermal and energy standard, whereby the reduction of the need for cooling energy plays an important role. All of these steps must be gradually implemented and completed by 2050.', 'All of these steps must be gradually implemented and completed by 2050. The share of total residential units being completely renovated is to be increased from the present 1% to an average of 2% in the period from 2020 to 2030 according to #mission2030. Maintaining this renovation rate and converting the heating systems to renewable energy sources will allow all Austrian buildings to be decarbonised by 2050. Comprehensive renovation projects can also be completed in stages within the framework of the complete renovation concept. The future-proof standard will be achieved after the completion of all stages. A coordinated mix of measures will be used to improve the thermal and energy standards of the existing buildings.', 'A coordinated mix of measures will be used to improve the thermal and energy standards of the existing buildings. This can include socially compatible amendments to housing law to facilitate renovation measures, for example a streamlined decision- making process for legally establishing condominium ownership. Targeted funding for the renovation of buildings in the form of investment grants and/or tax reliefs will beprovided, and legal requirements for the implementation of renovation measures with a short amortisation period will be enacted for changes of ownership.', 'Targeted funding for the renovation of buildings in the form of investment grants and/or tax reliefs will beprovided, and legal requirements for the implementation of renovation measures with a short amortisation period will be enacted for changes of ownership. Information and awareness-raising activities as well as consulting (neutral, government funded, and public) are being planned, the quality of the energy certificate is to be improved, and data on existing buildings and the technologies used for heating and cooling will be collected in a structured manner (for example the register of buildings and apartments). 2.4.4.4.3 Exit from liquid fossil fuels New buildings are to be run without the use of fossil fuels, if possible.', '2.4.4.4.3 Exit from liquid fossil fuels New buildings are to be run without the use of fossil fuels, if possible. Oil heating systems are no longer to be used in new buildings by 2020 at the latest. A corresponding federal law has already been passed. Some provinces have already implemented this goal. According to the climate and energy strategy (#mission2030), around half of the roughly 700,000 oil heating systems currently in use are to be replaced with innovative, renewable energy systems or efficient district heating by 2030. All oil heating systems are to be replaced with renewable alternatives by 2040.', 'All oil heating systems are to be replaced with renewable alternatives by 2040. One concrete measure for this will be the “renewable requirement”, which means that only heating systems based on highly efficient alternative energy sources are to be used as replacement for liquid fossil-fuel furnaces starting in 2021. Deviations from this requirement shall only be possible in justified exceptions. The existing heating systems powered by liquid fossil fuels will be successively replaced with systems powered by renewable energy sources or climate-friendly district heating starting in 2025. No liquid fossil fuels are to be used in buildings owned by the federal and provincial governments by 2030.', 'No liquid fossil fuels are to be used in buildings owned by the federal and provincial governments by 2030. A coordinated mix of long-term anticipated instruments consisting of legal requirements (such as a prohibition on oil heating systems in new buildings, renewables requirement when replacing oil heating systems, etc. ), incentives in the form of digressive funding, especially to mitigate social impacts, as well as fiscal measures, needs to be implemented in order to achieve an exit from fossil fuels. 2.4.4.4.4 Switch to renewable gas The natural gas grid for space and water heating purposes shall not be expanded any further if possible.', '2.4.4.4.4 Switch to renewable gas The natural gas grid for space and water heating purposes shall not be expanded any further if possible. The addition of new connections for space and water heating is still possible in exceptions if justified by the unavailability of district heating. Fossil gas shall no longer be used in new residential and services buildings starting in 2021. Exceptions should only be granted in justified cases which require effective compensation measures in the form of the generation of renewable energy or energy savings.', 'Exceptions should only be granted in justified cases which require effective compensation measures in the form of the generation of renewable energy or energy savings. When gas heating systems are replaced, fossil gas is only to be used again if there is no technically or economically feasible option for the use of renewable energy sources or if the use of a heating system powered by renewable energy sources 26 would not be economical, with the economic costs and benefits being taken into account in determining the economic efficiency. Fossil gas will be increasingly replaced with renewable and synthetic gas in order to ensure -neutral gas supply by 2050.', 'Fossil gas will be increasingly replaced with renewable and synthetic gas in order to ensure -neutral gas supply by 2050. To achieve the exit from fossil gas by no later than 2050, a coordinated mix of long-term anticipated instruments is needed. These consist of incentives in the form of funding for renewable heating systems which shall also mitigate social impacts, fiscal measures, and especially requirements and funding for the replacement of fossil gas with renewable gas. Decentralised hydrogen production and consumption, such as in energy collectives, will allow for an efficient integration and use of locally generated renewable energy and will bolster local supply security.', 'Decentralised hydrogen production and consumption, such as in energy collectives, will allow for an efficient integration and use of locally generated renewable energy and will bolster local supply security. 2.4.4.4.5 Energy spatial planning Criteria for climate-friendly energy supply and generation as well as for climate-friendly mobility must be taken into account in spatial planning, zoning, and development planning. Areas should be defined in a way that buildings can be supplied with space and water heating energy and cooling energy from renewable sources to the greatest extent possible. In areas that are or will be equipped with heating/cooling energy grids (such as district heating), the heating consumer density should be increased through spatial planning/zoning/development planning.', 'In areas that are or will be equipped with heating/cooling energy grids (such as district heating), the heating consumer density should be increased through spatial planning/zoning/development planning. The construction of buildings in existing residential areas, incorporating different functions into residential areas, and the supply of these areas with public and climate- friendly transport options will be indispensable. Local construction codes and parking space regulations are also important instruments in ensuring climate-friendly mobility. 2.4.4.4.6 District heating/cooling and waste heat Supplying buildings and businesses with efficient district heating generated from renewable sources will continue to play an important role, especially in urban areas. 26 This does not mean “green gas tariffs”. In addition to the generation from different renewable sources (biomass, ambient heat, solar thermal collectors, etc.)', '26 This does not mean “green gas tariffs”. In addition to the generation from different renewable sources (biomass, ambient heat, solar thermal collectors, etc.) as well as combined heat and power generation, feeding waste heat from businesses and homes into the system will also play an important role. In this regard, there is still extensive untapped potential in Austria. Seasonal heat storage will replace heating plants in some cases. In the future, instruments of spatial energy planning, subsidies and legal requirements (obligation to purchase waste heat, obligation to feed waste heat into the grid) shall be used to set strengthened impulses for waste heat utilization.', 'In the future, instruments of spatial energy planning, subsidies and legal requirements (obligation to purchase waste heat, obligation to feed waste heat into the grid) shall be used to set strengthened impulses for waste heat utilization. 2.4.4.4.7 Buildings as part of the power supply infrastructure Buildings shall not only meet high energy standards, but above all play an active role in the provision of energy and the storage of energy for self-supply. Therefore, suitable spaces on buildings shall be used for rooftop and facade installations, and integrated photovoltaic systems are to be used to the greatest degree possible (especially for new construction and renovation projects).', 'Therefore, suitable spaces on buildings shall be used for rooftop and facade installations, and integrated photovoltaic systems are to be used to the greatest degree possible (especially for new construction and renovation projects). The expansion of photovoltaic infrastructure combined with storage technologies – especially at the building level – will make a contribution to reducing the burden on the transmission and distribution grids (Lighthouse 6 in #mission2030: 100,000 rooftop photovoltaic systems and local storage programme). 2.4.5 Agriculture and land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) 2.4.5.1 Introduction and target vision Globally, human nutrition is one of the largest sources of human-made greenhouse gas emissions, amongst other things through induced land-use changes.', '2.4.5 Agriculture and land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) 2.4.5.1 Introduction and target vision Globally, human nutrition is one of the largest sources of human-made greenhouse gas emissions, amongst other things through induced land-use changes. Consequently, there is immense potential in climate action in extending and expanding climate-friendly food supply, which should also be labelled uniformly and comprehensively for consumer throughout the EU according to its origin and greenhouse gas footprint. As one of the most directly affected sectors, Austrian agriculture and forestry must increase its resilience and adaptability in order to continue to uphold the supply of food and raw materials as well as to provide ecosystem functions in the future.', 'As one of the most directly affected sectors, Austrian agriculture and forestry must increase its resilience and adaptability in order to continue to uphold the supply of food and raw materials as well as to provide ecosystem functions in the future. Simultaneously, the sector is an indispensable part of the solution and can make important contributions to achieving the climate and energy targets. For this purpose, the rising social demands for sustainable and resource-conserving management regarding animal protection, biodiversity, soil, water, and climate and the maintenance of functioning ecosystems must be met.2.4.5.2 Current situation in Austria Agriculture and forestry are assigned an important role in the EU’s LTS 2050.', 'For this purpose, the rising social demands for sustainable and resource-conserving management regarding animal protection, biodiversity, soil, water, and climate and the maintenance of functioning ecosystems must be met.2.4.5.2 Current situation in Austria Agriculture and forestry are assigned an important role in the EU’s LTS 2050. The potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions in agriculture and forestry is regarded as limited when compared with other sectors, however, the sectors’ ability to store carbon has been emphasized. On the one hand agriculture and forestry are sectors heavily impacted by climate change, on the other hand they also contribute significantly to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture accounted for around 10% of total Austrian emissions in 2017.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture accounted for around 10% of total Austrian emissions in 2017. The forests and soil in Austria are a net sink for greenhouse gas emissions. This sink accounted for 4,906 thousand tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2017. To reduce emissions from agriculture, especially the greenhouse gases methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) resulting from livestock farming and fodder cultivation must decline. Meat consumption in Austria is currently above average. Climate-friendly innovations in the production of animal products and feed combined with a greater focus on high quality food as well as on seasonal and regional products will reduce the carbon footprint of food substantially.', 'Climate-friendly innovations in the production of animal products and feed combined with a greater focus on high quality food as well as on seasonal and regional products will reduce the carbon footprint of food substantially. The production of plant-based foods also plays an important role as it does not only have the potential to reduce emissions through climate- friendly farming methods, but can also be used for the targeted capture of CO2 . 2.4.5.3 Results of the online consultation The following target visions were defined for Austrian agriculture and forestry through the online consultation (see 1.2.4.1.', '2.4.5.3 Results of the online consultation The following target visions were defined for Austrian agriculture and forestry through the online consultation (see 1.2.4.1. ): Austrian agriculture and forestry is part of the solution on climate action and must be adapted more effectively to climate change in order to secure food production in the future, preserve grassland, and to provide a livelihood for the agriculture and forestry workers over the long term. The soil fertility of cultivated land and grassland is to be maintained and the carbon content increased further. Regional and seasonal products are climate-friendly; the supply of regional and seasonal products for the population is to be ensured.', 'Regional and seasonal products are climate-friendly; the supply of regional and seasonal products for the population is to be ensured. The forests are to be converted into potential natural forest communities with tree species adapted to climate change. The forests are to continue supplying raw materials for the decarbonisation of the economic system in the future and maintain and expand their function as a stable carbon sink.Soil is an important carbon reservoir. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events (such as heavy rainfall and heat waves) is exacerbating the problem of increased land use. Land consumption should be reduced through sensible spatial planning. Annual land use is to be drastically reduced and currently sealed areas are to be restored to a natural state.', 'Annual land use is to be drastically reduced and currently sealed areas are to be restored to a natural state. Spatial planning in rural areas shall prevent further urban sprawl and fragmentation of areas. City centres are to be strengthened, local supply as well as the connection to public transport shall be ensured. In this way, mobility constraints can be avoided. The results of the consultation show that the target visions are of high relevance for achieving the goal of climate neutrality in 2050. It should be possible to achieve the necessary activities with a financial effort approximately in the next 10 to 20 years.', 'It should be possible to achieve the necessary activities with a financial effort approximately in the next 10 to 20 years. 2.4.5.4 Fields of action A central element of Austrian agricultural policy is the support of a competitive, environmentally friendly, resource-saving, comprehensive agriculture, which is often based on family farms. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy will continue to support agriculture which is oriented towards climate action, including both mitigation and adaption, in part through the continued expansion of agri-environmental and climate measures. Climate-friendly livestock farming that ensures animal wellbeing can contribute to the production of climate-friendly products when combined with lower-nitrogen feeding techniques (such as optimising feed quantities and feed quality).', 'Climate-friendly livestock farming that ensures animal wellbeing can contribute to the production of climate-friendly products when combined with lower-nitrogen feeding techniques (such as optimising feed quantities and feed quality). This especially pertains to locally adapted area-related livestock and location-oriented fertiliser quantities, pasture grazing, and the reduction of concentrated feed and silage maize in dairy farming. Specific measures such as the reduction of the use of mineral nitrogen fertilisers through optimisation of the whole fertiliser chain, as well as the optimisation of humus and soil carbon content (e.g. through consistent recycling of harvest residues, cultivation of greenery catch crops, environmentally sound crop rotation, mulch and direct sowing) also make a key contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'through consistent recycling of harvest residues, cultivation of greenery catch crops, environmentally sound crop rotation, mulch and direct sowing) also make a key contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The share of organic farming and measures for sustainable conventional agriculture (such as precision farming) should also be increased substantially. Digitalisation and smart technologies form the basis for precision farming resulting in the optimised use of fertilisers and pesticides.Agriculture can also make an important contribution to the energy transformation through the fermentation of additional agricultural residues and waste to produce biomethane. Fermenting manure before spreading it on fields not only substitutes fossil energy but also saves greenhouse gas emissions from manure storage.', 'Fermenting manure before spreading it on fields not only substitutes fossil energy but also saves greenhouse gas emissions from manure storage. (BMNT, final NECP, 2019) The system transitions needed to reach the climate goals in the Paris Agreement are unprecedented in scale according to the IPCC special report27. In addition to the impacts of climate change on agriculture and forestry output, the planned expansion of renewable energy (“greening the gas”) and bio-economy will bring significant changes to agriculture and forestry. The competition for resources (land, arable soil, water, biomass, etc.) is therefore likely to increase. Against this background, the objectives of ensuring food security, of providing renewable raw materials, and of protecting the environment as well as combating climate change must all be coordinated.', 'Against this background, the objectives of ensuring food security, of providing renewable raw materials, and of protecting the environment as well as combating climate change must all be coordinated. It is important to emphasize that the Alpine region is particularly affected by climatic changes, which is progressing faster here than in lowlands. This affects not only the mountain agriculture and forests, but also tourism is particularly negatively affected. The loss of land and changes in land use are highly climate relevant. As rising emissions in the future and a reduction in storage in the LULUCF sector lead to deficits, the carbon sink function of these areas will increase in importance.', 'As rising emissions in the future and a reduction in storage in the LULUCF sector lead to deficits, the carbon sink function of these areas will increase in importance. If land loss in Austria continues and the ability of the soil to store carbon decreases due to rising temperatures, maintaining the current quantity of carbon stored in Austria’s soil will become increasingly challenging. The containment of greenhouse gas emissions to a declining emission level will be achieved as outlined in the transition scenario. This is based on assumptions about further efficiency increases in the use of nitrogen, the increased keeping of dual- purpose cattle, optimised use of manure, and changes in dietary habits that have an impact on livestock farming.', 'This is based on assumptions about further efficiency increases in the use of nitrogen, the increased keeping of dual- purpose cattle, optimised use of manure, and changes in dietary habits that have an impact on livestock farming. Greenhouse gas aspects will be taken more into account in national funding and funding under the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Very ambitious measures will be taken to prevent nitrogen losses. Dual-purpose cattle (milk and meat) and increased pasture grazing will be promoted. Organic farming will be expanded further. Agricultural production is adapted optimally to the local and environmental conditions and a circular economy has been established. Optimal use of manure (e.g. through liquid manure markets) and substantial reduction of mineral fertiliser use.', 'through liquid manure markets) and substantial reduction of mineral fertiliser use. 27 IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems The population has changed its dietary habits which are now based on high-quality plant foods and reduced meat consumption. Alternative protein sources with substantially lower CO2 intensity (such as algae) will be used for animal feed and other applications. Food waste will be reduced substantially. 2.4.5.5 Fields of action in forestry Austria’s woods and forest policy is based on the principle of multi-functionality, through which all functions of the forest are to be considered in a balanced way.', '2.4.5.5 Fields of action in forestry Austria’s woods and forest policy is based on the principle of multi-functionality, through which all functions of the forest are to be considered in a balanced way. The various forest policy activities are discussed and coordinated through the Austrian Forest Dialogue, which was launched as an open, continuous, and participative policy development process in 2001. The first Austrian forest programme was adopted in 2005. Supported by the close coordination of forestry policy measures, the use of wood has significantly increased in recent years, whereby the total loss according to the current ÖWI amounts to 88% of the growth.', 'Supported by the close coordination of forestry policy measures, the use of wood has significantly increased in recent years, whereby the total loss according to the current ÖWI amounts to 88% of the growth. The Forest Programme 2020+ was drawn up on the basis of the original Austrian forest programme in 2018 and comprises the forest policy cornerstones for the coming years. The Austrian Forest Strategy 2020+ accounts for political requirements from current national and international forest-related strategies, programmes, and processes.', 'The Austrian Forest Strategy 2020+ accounts for political requirements from current national and international forest-related strategies, programmes, and processes. This includes the Austrian Biodiversity Strategy 2020+28 , the Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change29 , the EU Forest Strategy, the Forest Europe process, and the United Nations Forest Forum (UNFF), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and especially the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as the Paris Agreement. The contribution of forests to climate action has been assigned to a separate action area in the Forest Strategy 2020+ in order to effectively address the relevance of forests for the global climate system.', 'The contribution of forests to climate action has been assigned to a separate action area in the Forest Strategy 2020+ in order to effectively address the relevance of forests for the global climate system. This was also confirmed with the goals of the Paris Agreement, which sets out a long-term emission pathway to maintaining the 2°C or 1.5°C target by achieving a balance between emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the second half of the century. Through the implementation of #mission203030 the bio-economy strategy31 was developed in 2019 with the intention of initiating and supporting processes for the transition from the current fossil economical system and of significantly contributing to achieving the climate kontext.html 30 BMNT, 2018: #Mission 2030, The Austrian climate and energy strategytargets.', 'Through the implementation of #mission203030 the bio-economy strategy31 was developed in 2019 with the intention of initiating and supporting processes for the transition from the current fossil economical system and of significantly contributing to achieving the climate kontext.html 30 BMNT, 2018: #Mission 2030, The Austrian climate and energy strategytargets. The concept of bio-economy covers raw materials as a source (agriculture and forestry, water management, and waste) on the one hand and the use of these biogenic raw materials (food and feed, chemicals, materials, and energy) on the other. This shows that a wide range of requirements are placed on Austria’s forests, which are implemented through the framework of a sustainable management strategy.', 'This shows that a wide range of requirements are placed on Austria’s forests, which are implemented through the framework of a sustainable management strategy. This should ensure that the raw materials for the bio-economy and the transition to renewable energy are provided and that the ecosystems are adapted to the climate crisis with the goal of improving the stability and productivity of Austria’s forest stock. As measures for reducing emissions and measures for adapting to climate change are often closely related in agriculture and forestry, such measures must be implemented in accordance with the recommendations for action in the Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change.', 'As measures for reducing emissions and measures for adapting to climate change are often closely related in agriculture and forestry, such measures must be implemented in accordance with the recommendations for action in the Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change. Only a holistic approach can ensure that an optimal contribution is made to reaching the goal of national climate neutrality by 2050. This approach encompasses sustainable forest management including an adaption of the forest to climate change in order to increase resilience and stability of the forest stock so that productivity can be maintained and increased in the future.', 'This approach encompasses sustainable forest management including an adaption of the forest to climate change in order to increase resilience and stability of the forest stock so that productivity can be maintained and increased in the future. Carbon capture in the forestry sector has declined from around 11 million tonnes of CO2 to around 4 million tonnes of CO2 from 1990 to 2017, corresponding with an increase of around 38% in logging since the beginning of the 2000s. Independent of this, forest area is increasing continuously and amounts currently to over 4 million hectares. This is being offset by emission reductions in other sectors due to the replacement of other raw materials and fuels with a considerably larger carbon footprint.', 'This is being offset by emission reductions in other sectors due to the replacement of other raw materials and fuels with a considerably larger carbon footprint. The use of wood prevents around 12.5 million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. The results of the CareForParis project also suggest that the effect of avoiding fossil CO2 emissions (substitution effect) is at least twice as high as the effect of climate measures from in forests. 2.4.5.6 SCENARIO STORYLINES from the wood value chain project in The long-term effects of different forms of forest management on the national greenhouse gas balance were presented through various projects commissioned by the Climate and Energy Fund in 2012, starting from a reference scenario that is oriented towards the current forest management conditions.', '2.4.5.6 SCENARIO STORYLINES from the wood value chain project in The long-term effects of different forms of forest management on the national greenhouse gas balance were presented through various projects commissioned by the Climate and Energy Fund in 2012, starting from a reference scenario that is oriented towards the current forest management conditions. Representatives of the forestry and wood industries and of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Water Management drew up four further management scenarios in April 2013.', 'Representatives of the forestry and wood industries and of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Water Management drew up four further management scenarios in April 2013. These variants are intended to show possible effects of 32 BFW, 2015: Climate mitigation in forestry, future management scenarios for Austrian forests and their effects on the greenhouse gas balancedifferent management extremes on the state of the forest and permit reactions to as yet unforeseen changes in the framework conditions under other scenarios. The scenarios in the wood value chain project show that the type of forest management is decisive for the future greenhouse gas balance. The forest is capable of capturing more carbon than it actually does under the current management system.', 'The forest is capable of capturing more carbon than it actually does under the current management system. However, such consideration which solely focuses on the forest is far too short-sighted, as from a systemic perspective the use of wood for the provision of raw materials for the bio-economy and the transition to renewable energy sources has a positive effect on the greenhouse gas balance over the long term. Building on the results from the 2015 wood value chain project, the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Wood K plus, and the Federal Environment Agency conducted further analyses in the follow-up project CareForParis. The project is in finalisation as of the end of 2019.', 'The project is in finalisation as of the end of 2019. Once the final results are available, the statements and scenarios above may be updated on the basis of the latest findings. 2.4.6 Consumer behaviour and lifestyle 2.4.6.1 Introduction and target vision The report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR 5) states that our current behaviour and lifestyle, which are associated with high greenhouse gas emissions, have a substantial impact on climate change, which has already reached an advanced stage. The report also stresses that it will be difficult to reach the goals in the Paris Agreement without serious changes to our energy and goods consumption, diet, leisure-time, and mobility choices.', 'The report also stresses that it will be difficult to reach the goals in the Paris Agreement without serious changes to our energy and goods consumption, diet, leisure-time, and mobility choices. The changes needed to lead towards a climate-friendly lifestyle are a process that affects society as a whole. Even though the responsibility of each individual is becoming more important, consumption patterns cannot be changed by one person alone. These result from the interplay of personal consumption decisions, habits, social and economic norms, the offered infrastructure, and the prevailing policy framework. The impending effects of climate change imply an unprecedented degree of urgency to changing behaviours that are harmful to the climate in order to ensure a high quality of life for the entire population over the long term.', 'The impending effects of climate change imply an unprecedented degree of urgency to changing behaviours that are harmful to the climate in order to ensure a high quality of life for the entire population over the long term. The answers to the question of what a climate-neutral life may look like can only stem from innovative ideas, the courage to make changes and adopt new lifestyles, and should not be perceived as a restriction, but as a new opportunity.2.4.6.2 Current situation in Austria According to a mid-level scenario of Statistics Austria, around 9.5 million people are expected to live in Austria in 2050, over 600,000 more people than today.', 'The answers to the question of what a climate-neutral life may look like can only stem from innovative ideas, the courage to make changes and adopt new lifestyles, and should not be perceived as a restriction, but as a new opportunity.2.4.6.2 Current situation in Austria According to a mid-level scenario of Statistics Austria, around 9.5 million people are expected to live in Austria in 2050, over 600,000 more people than today. The emissions under a consumption-based calculation model (which reflects the greenhouse gas emissions of the consumer goods which are consumed in Austria) are well above those under a product-based model (which indicates the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production of consumer goods in Austria).', 'The emissions under a consumption-based calculation model (which reflects the greenhouse gas emissions of the consumer goods which are consumed in Austria) are well above those under a product-based model (which indicates the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production of consumer goods in Austria). This means that in addition to the greenhouse gas emissions from the inventory based on a territorial approach, the emissions caused by the consumption of the Austrian population are also relevant and must be taken into account in a comprehensive climate policy. Agriculture is responsible for around 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions in Austria (Federal Environment Agency, Climate Mitigation Report 2019). The coverage ratio is just under 93% according to the Green Report, taking imports and exports into account.', 'The coverage ratio is just under 93% according to the Green Report, taking imports and exports into account. The following can be said about the eating habits of the Austrian population: Roughly half of the direct emissions in Austria come from the production of meat and other animal products. The average per capita meat consumption (including poultry) in Austria was 64.1 kg in 2018 (AMA, 2019). The degree of self-sufficiency is 108% according to the Green Report. Some 577,000 tonnes of avoidable food waste is produced along the entire value chain every year.', 'Some 577,000 tonnes of avoidable food waste is produced along the entire value chain every year. Food waste is especially high in households (206,000 t) and food service (206,000 t) but is also high in production (86,200 t), retail (74,100 t), and in the category returned goods bread and baked goods (35,600 t)33. On the one hand consumption leads to “direct” emissions through daily actions and behavioural patterns and on the other hand to hidden emissions in products (“grey emissions” from production in other countries, transport, and potentially disposal) on the other. This means that consumer behaviour plays a significant role in transitioning to a climate-friendly lifestyle.', 'This means that consumer behaviour plays a significant role in transitioning to a climate-friendly lifestyle. The level of emissions can be seen as a function of the quantity of consumption and the characteristics of the consumed good (acquisition, product use and disposal). Acquisition: Consumers have the choice between more and less sustainable products, within certain limits. Products can be rented, leased, borrowed, or shared. This can reduce resource use. 33 Hietler & Pladerer, 2017Product use: The useful lifespan of many products can be extended by repair, maintenance, upgrades, or the replacement of defective components. Product disposal: Consumers have different options for the handling of goods after their lifetime – re-use, upcycling, recycling, gifting.', 'Product disposal: Consumers have different options for the handling of goods after their lifetime – re-use, upcycling, recycling, gifting. 2.4.6.2.3 Leisure and tourism A relevant factor in measuring leisure and tourism is the number of trips taken and the means of transport chosen to reach the desired destination. The means of transport Austrians choose to reach their holiday destinations and to get around while on holiday have changed over the past decades. Driving by car and flying have increased, the latter by 28%. This has especially reduced the use of rail transport, which accounted for only 7% in 2017 (see also section 2.4.3 Transport).', 'This has especially reduced the use of rail transport, which accounted for only 7% in 2017 (see also section 2.4.3 Transport). Residential See section 2.4.4 Buildings Mobility See section 2.4.3 Transport 2.4.6.3 Results of the online consultation The results of the online consultation show that strengthening climate-friendly behaviour has high priority. But it will entail considerable effort. In this context, it was particularly emphasized that work must be undertaken to transfer knowledge (e.g. better public relations and educational work in order to better communicate measures or even uncomfortable truths and to refute false information) to and to encourage identification with the topic in the population. We need sustainable solutions that will be accepted by the population.', 'We need sustainable solutions that will be accepted by the population. In particular, "steering" measures that implied the feeling of "taking away" or "forced renunciation" were mentioned as one of the greatest challenges. 2.4.6.4 Fields of action Lifestyle changes represent a process involving society as a whole. With that in mind, the fields of action presented here must be seen as a set of areas for action which must be coordinated and implemented together.Comprehensive and transparent information is the foundation for lifestyle changes and must be provided in a suitable manner for all age groups and education levels, including stronger integration into school curricula.', 'With that in mind, the fields of action presented here must be seen as a set of areas for action which must be coordinated and implemented together.Comprehensive and transparent information is the foundation for lifestyle changes and must be provided in a suitable manner for all age groups and education levels, including stronger integration into school curricula. It can be empirically demonstrated that information alone as a sole field of action is necessary but insufficient as a definite discrepancy can be seen between “environmental knowledge” and sustainable consumption. This means that further measures and incentives must be employed to aid the decision making of each individual, and to force certain decisions where necessary.', 'This means that further measures and incentives must be employed to aid the decision making of each individual, and to force certain decisions where necessary. Such measures will include bringing very different actors together as well as comprise financial incentives such as internalising external costs in order to come closer to the desired objective – the achievement of the long-term goals in the Paris Agreement. A climate-friendly lifestyle is possible if it is implemented gradually. Above all it can also be perceived as an opportunity for the economy and society. Our daily life is strongly shaped by habits. In order to change these, we need alternatives which are compatible with our daily life.', 'In order to change these, we need alternatives which are compatible with our daily life. The motivation to take action often fails due to lack of information and lack of alternatives.', 'The motivation to take action often fails due to lack of information and lack of alternatives. The following options for fields of action are presented in different areas in the literature: Deposit on disposable beverage containers Targeted advertisements for more “quality instead of quantity”, > enhanced positioning of state quality seals, information to combat food waste Better-tailored campaigns o to support “quality from Austria” o to educate about the safety of expired but still edible products o on healthy nutrition based on the food pyramid, including the consideration of a climate-friendly diet, food offerings in public institutions and cafeterias should also be chosen accordingly Promotion of urban gardening spaces and initiatives 2.4.6.4.2 Goods consumption Gradual introduction of mandatory EU-wide product labelling highlighting the carbon footprint.', 'The following options for fields of action are presented in different areas in the literature: Deposit on disposable beverage containers Targeted advertisements for more “quality instead of quantity”, > enhanced positioning of state quality seals, information to combat food waste Better-tailored campaigns o to support “quality from Austria” o to educate about the safety of expired but still edible products o on healthy nutrition based on the food pyramid, including the consideration of a climate-friendly diet, food offerings in public institutions and cafeterias should also be chosen accordingly Promotion of urban gardening spaces and initiatives 2.4.6.4.2 Goods consumption Gradual introduction of mandatory EU-wide product labelling highlighting the carbon footprint. Targeted advertisements for more “quality instead of quantity” Targeted information about the relationship between production, price, and product life to foster acceptance Information on sharing products and corresponding “sharing/renting/borrowing” services, for example as already offered by the agricultural machinery rings Improved campaigns to “buy local” in order to optimise online shopping patterns2.4.6.4.3 Leisure and tourism Advertising for regional and sustainable holiday activities Internalisation of external costs for all modes of transport, including air travel Incentives to travel to and from school activities by public transportation Incentives for organisers of all events to ensure that attendees come with public transportation Residential See section 2.4.4 Buildings Mobility See section 2.4.3 Transport 2.4.7 Digitalisation and innovation Digitalisation will play a key role in a climate-neutral economy.', 'Targeted advertisements for more “quality instead of quantity” Targeted information about the relationship between production, price, and product life to foster acceptance Information on sharing products and corresponding “sharing/renting/borrowing” services, for example as already offered by the agricultural machinery rings Improved campaigns to “buy local” in order to optimise online shopping patterns2.4.6.4.3 Leisure and tourism Advertising for regional and sustainable holiday activities Internalisation of external costs for all modes of transport, including air travel Incentives to travel to and from school activities by public transportation Incentives for organisers of all events to ensure that attendees come with public transportation Residential See section 2.4.4 Buildings Mobility See section 2.4.3 Transport 2.4.7 Digitalisation and innovation Digitalisation will play a key role in a climate-neutral economy. Digital technologies can especially lead to energy and emission savings by increasing efficiency, integrating renewables, and by better matching demand and supply.', 'Digital technologies can especially lead to energy and emission savings by increasing efficiency, integrating renewables, and by better matching demand and supply. However, the high energy consumption of the growing ICT sector harbours its own challenges, hence, powering it entirely with renewable electricity is essential. Examples of contributions from digitalisation: o Smart grids: more efficient electricity management, smart metering, sector coupling; demand side management (DSM): one and the same actor is sometimes a consumer and sometimes a producer of energy (electricity, heat).', 'Examples of contributions from digitalisation: o Smart grids: more efficient electricity management, smart metering, sector coupling; demand side management (DSM): one and the same actor is sometimes a consumer and sometimes a producer of energy (electricity, heat). o Smart transport systems, autonomous driving: improved traffic flow, optimised driver behaviour and routing, new mobility offerings: o integrated platforms for multi-modal mobility: “on the go” from the local to the national level o sharing platforms o optimised logistics/smart delivery traffic o smart land use and mobility planningo Smart buildings: higher energy efficiency in buildings and neighbourhoods through automation o Precision farming: optimised agriculture with low energy input, more efficient fertiliser, pesticide, and herbicide use, irrigation o Greater efficiency in industrial manufacturing processes (Industry 4.0, 3D printing) o Efficient robotics o Efficient production, less production of scrap o Green ICT: Reduced energy consumption through more efficient equipment o Contribution to raising awareness for climate-friendly consumption: footprints and information via apps o Open innovation and open source, commons oriented, improved information exchange “without borders”: Digital tools allow new ways of communication, facilitate decentralised organisations, and make regional and local production more attractive and cheaper.', 'o Smart transport systems, autonomous driving: improved traffic flow, optimised driver behaviour and routing, new mobility offerings: o integrated platforms for multi-modal mobility: “on the go” from the local to the national level o sharing platforms o optimised logistics/smart delivery traffic o smart land use and mobility planningo Smart buildings: higher energy efficiency in buildings and neighbourhoods through automation o Precision farming: optimised agriculture with low energy input, more efficient fertiliser, pesticide, and herbicide use, irrigation o Greater efficiency in industrial manufacturing processes (Industry 4.0, 3D printing) o Efficient robotics o Efficient production, less production of scrap o Green ICT: Reduced energy consumption through more efficient equipment o Contribution to raising awareness for climate-friendly consumption: footprints and information via apps o Open innovation and open source, commons oriented, improved information exchange “without borders”: Digital tools allow new ways of communication, facilitate decentralised organisations, and make regional and local production more attractive and cheaper. Ecological and social aspects must also be taken into account in the digitalisation strategies from the outset so that its potential is realised in full and not eroded by rebound effects which in turn cause greater energy consumption and emissions; these aspects include: Taking climate targets and sustainability into account in digitalisation strategies Strengthening standards for climate-friendly procurement in the ICT sector Life cycle view of products and the corresponding requirements for product design and ease of repair Further prerequisites for climate-friendly digitalisation are social acceptance (especially relating to the use of information about consumers in accordance with the data protection regulations) and availability and accessibility for all population groups.', 'Ecological and social aspects must also be taken into account in the digitalisation strategies from the outset so that its potential is realised in full and not eroded by rebound effects which in turn cause greater energy consumption and emissions; these aspects include: Taking climate targets and sustainability into account in digitalisation strategies Strengthening standards for climate-friendly procurement in the ICT sector Life cycle view of products and the corresponding requirements for product design and ease of repair Further prerequisites for climate-friendly digitalisation are social acceptance (especially relating to the use of information about consumers in accordance with the data protection regulations) and availability and accessibility for all population groups. Innovations will also be needed to ensure long-term decarbonisation of our economic system.', 'Innovations will also be needed to ensure long-term decarbonisation of our economic system. To this end, the BMNT funds demonstration projects of companies presenting innovative technologies that are on the verge of market maturity and that contribute to achieving quantifiable environmental effects through the UFI domestic environmental investment funding programme. The programmes of the Climate and Energy Fund also cover innovation process from basic research to demonstration. Other federal ministries, especially the BMDW and BMVIT, also run innovative programmes such as COMET, VOIN, and Eurstars that show strong orientation towards sustainability, efficient resource use, new environmentally friendly product solutions, and green innovations.At the EU level, the research landscape is currently being restructured through programmes such as Horizon Europe (the successor to Horizon2020).', 'Other federal ministries, especially the BMDW and BMVIT, also run innovative programmes such as COMET, VOIN, and Eurstars that show strong orientation towards sustainability, efficient resource use, new environmentally friendly product solutions, and green innovations.At the EU level, the research landscape is currently being restructured through programmes such as Horizon Europe (the successor to Horizon2020). The EU Innovation Fund will promote demonstration projects for innovative technologies and ground- breaking industrial developments for reducing CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2030. A new feature of Horizon Europe is that research questions are accompanied by mission areas that describe clear social challenges. We especially expect the implementation of measures for the mission areas defined at the EU level by no later than 2050, in part through support at the Member State level.', 'We especially expect the implementation of measures for the mission areas defined at the EU level by no later than 2050, in part through support at the Member State level. \uf0a7 Mission area 1: Adaptation to climate change, including societal transformation \uf0a7 Mission area 2: Cancer \uf0a7 Mission area 3: Healthy oceans, seas, and coastal and inland waters \uf0a7 Mission area 4: Climate-neutral and smart cities \uf0a7 Mission area 5: Soil health and food3.1 Estimation of the required investments According to the 1.5°C report of the IPCC, the average additional investments in energy- related reduction measures in pathways that reduce global warming to 1.5°C will amount to around 830 billion USD 2010 per year for the period from 2016 to 2050 compared with investments without new climate policies beyond those in force today (range from 150 to 1700 billion USD 2010 over six models).', '\uf0a7 Mission area 1: Adaptation to climate change, including societal transformation \uf0a7 Mission area 2: Cancer \uf0a7 Mission area 3: Healthy oceans, seas, and coastal and inland waters \uf0a7 Mission area 4: Climate-neutral and smart cities \uf0a7 Mission area 5: Soil health and food3.1 Estimation of the required investments According to the 1.5°C report of the IPCC, the average additional investments in energy- related reduction measures in pathways that reduce global warming to 1.5°C will amount to around 830 billion USD 2010 per year for the period from 2016 to 2050 compared with investments without new climate policies beyond those in force today (range from 150 to 1700 billion USD 2010 over six models). This stands in comparison to average total energy supply investments in 1.5°C pathways of 1460 to 3510 billion USD 2010 per year and total average energy-related investments on the demand side of 640 to 910 billion USD 2010 per year in the period from 2016 to 2050.', 'This stands in comparison to average total energy supply investments in 1.5°C pathways of 1460 to 3510 billion USD 2010 per year and total average energy-related investments on the demand side of 640 to 910 billion USD 2010 per year in the period from 2016 to 2050. Total energy-related investments are increasing in 1.5°C pathways compared to 2°C pathways by around 12% (range from 3 to 24%). The average annual investments in low-carbon energy technologies and energy efficiency will increase by around a factor of 6 by 2050 compared with 2015. According to the European long-term strategy, the modernisation and decarbonisation of the EU economy will mobilise large volumes of additional investments. Around 2% of GDP are currently being invested in our energy system and the related infrastructure.', 'Around 2% of GDP are currently being invested in our energy system and the related infrastructure. This share would have to be increased to 2.8% (or around EUR 520 to 575 billion) in the EU in order to enable an economy with zero net greenhouse gas emissions. This implies very substantial additional investments of up to EUR 175 to 290 billion per year compared to the baseline. Based on models for the national energy and climate plan and scenario extrapolations until 2050, scientific analyses were commissioned to estimate the required investments in Austria on a sectoral basis and also to explore potential for innovative financing instruments. Results will be available at some point in 2020.', 'Results will be available at some point in 2020. Achieving the goal of climate neutrality will entail considerable investments that must include contributions from governments (federal, provincial, EU) and the private sector in accordance with the long-term objectives of the Paris Agreement (especially Article 2.1 [c]). It is important to reconcile financial flows with a development that is low in greenhouse gas emissions and resilient to climate change. The auctioning of certificates in the EU emissions trading system generates income for Member States which can be a key source for the financing of climate action measures. This is also specified in the EU Emissions Trading Directive. The expected total investment volume for reaching the objective will ultimately depend on the assumed combination of regulatory, funding, and tax policy measures.', 'The expected total investment volume for reaching the objective will ultimately depend on the assumed combination of regulatory, funding, and tax policy measures. The cost-effectiveness of theclimate and energy funding landscape will be just as important in driving investment as the expected effects of new regulatory requirements and/or the effectiveness of new green finance instruments. Regulatory measures in particular need not necessarily or directly trigger investment-relevant financial flows, but can also constitute directly relevant contributions to meeting the objectives of the Energy Union. A key factor in achieving net zero emissions by 2050 will be mobilising private capital and directing financial flows towards a low-emission economy and society. Financing of necessary investments with public funds alone will not be sufficient.', 'Financing of necessary investments with public funds alone will not be sufficient. Consequently, we will need additional incentives and instruments to leverage private capital and strengthen the contribution of financial markets to reaching the long-term climate and energy targets. The Federal Ministry of Finance and the Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism set up a Focal Group Green Finance in February 2019. As part of the action plan of the European Commission for the financing of sustainable growth from 8 March 2018, an Austrian Green Finance Agenda will be developed in collaboration with key financial market participants in order to establish Austria as a robust green financial centre.', 'As part of the action plan of the European Commission for the financing of sustainable growth from 8 March 2018, an Austrian Green Finance Agenda will be developed in collaboration with key financial market participants in order to establish Austria as a robust green financial centre. The continuation and extension of this collaboration between public and private institutions is under consideration, so that long- term pathways and related measures will be discussed and jointly defined with financial market actors. The dialogue between government agencies and market actors is a key instrument for ensuring the practicality and feasibility of public measures for the mobilisation of private capital and for financing the net zero emission goal.', 'The dialogue between government agencies and market actors is a key instrument for ensuring the practicality and feasibility of public measures for the mobilisation of private capital and for financing the net zero emission goal. In a changing environment, it is extremely important to ensure a meaningful exchange between relevant actors as we move forward. The volatility of the market must be reduced via a stable long-term legal framework in order to facilitate investments which must be financed and implemented over the long term. To this end, existing legal impediments to the financing of zero-emission economic activities should be reviewed in detail and eliminated by taking other relevant interests into account.', 'To this end, existing legal impediments to the financing of zero-emission economic activities should be reviewed in detail and eliminated by taking other relevant interests into account. A common understanding of such activity will require uniform methods and standards to overcome language barriers between the financial and real economy. Their development and implementation will strongly contribute to an increase in the volume of sustainable activity. It will be particularly important to also account for the SME-oriented structure of the Austrian economy, which will require the development and refinement of instruments in order to mobilise private capital. Interfaces with projects at regional and local level must be considered for comprehensive financing to stimulate the private market.', 'Interfaces with projects at regional and local level must be considered for comprehensive financing to stimulate the private market. Measures to be implemented immediately that will have long-term effects pertain to: the integration of fore-sighted climate risk management into economic practice improved transparency and data on the influence of economic activities on climate change, the promotion of long-term thinking in capital markets, structured awareness-raising in the financial sector for customers and advisers. 3.2 Awareness-raising in financial markets Increased awareness of the relationship between financial market activities and climate- relevant effects will be highly important in achieving zero net emissions by 2050, meaning that such soft measures are also a key part of the implementation toolkit.', '3.2 Awareness-raising in financial markets Increased awareness of the relationship between financial market activities and climate- relevant effects will be highly important in achieving zero net emissions by 2050, meaning that such soft measures are also a key part of the implementation toolkit. A central element is raising awareness for green finance, starting with customer advisers who manage and sell local financial products up to the establishment of expertise in companies as to how green financial instruments can be designed and positioned on the market. This requires a definition of standards and rules for green financial products and a further development of this framework on the basis of the European Commission’s action plan for the financing of sustainable growth.', 'This requires a definition of standards and rules for green financial products and a further development of this framework on the basis of the European Commission’s action plan for the financing of sustainable growth. At the same time, customers and investors must evaluate such products and must be informed about existing rules and standards. A key aspect is the communication of sustainable and green financing models and of the impacts that financial flows have on the climate and environment. A constant exchange between the public administration and private investors will be important for achieving a transparent standard of awareness. Financial experts will need a clear legal framework which facilitates the operationalisation of green finance.', 'Financial experts will need a clear legal framework which facilitates the operationalisation of green finance. The focal group, which was launched in Austria, can serve as a basis for an active dialogue in order to create comprehensive awareness.4 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC EFFECTS Achieving net zero emissions will require comprehensive changes in society and the economy, in particular the avoidance of fossil fuels as an energy source to the greatest extent possible. Investments in durable infrastructure originally designed for fossil fuels must adapt to these changing uses, and a focus on sustainable technologies is also required. Investments in building renovation, energy-saving technologies, renewable electricity and gas production, and in transport infrastructure are an important source of impetus for the Austrian economy.', 'Investments in building renovation, energy-saving technologies, renewable electricity and gas production, and in transport infrastructure are an important source of impetus for the Austrian economy. These investments can be made in part by redirecting capital from other purposes (in the case of transport) or can be financed through the provision of already existing investment plans (power grid). In some cases investments must be supported by public funding or support measures. Cost savings (lower heating needs, less energy consumption through electric cars, etc.) increase disposable income, which in turn has a positive rebound effect on the economy. Model-based estimates at EU level and for Austria indicate positive macroeconomic effects in terms of economic growth and employment across all sectors.', 'Model-based estimates at EU level and for Austria indicate positive macroeconomic effects in terms of economic growth and employment across all sectors. 4.2 Just transition Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change must also take social effects into account – not only because of the requirement in the Paris Agreement, but also because creating a framework for a socially compatible shift to a low-emission economy and society is a fundamental necessity. According to the preamble of the Agreement, the signatories are to account for the necessity of ensuring a just transition for the workforce and to create high-quality jobs in meeting their obligations.', 'According to the preamble of the Agreement, the signatories are to account for the necessity of ensuring a just transition for the workforce and to create high-quality jobs in meeting their obligations. The transition to climate neutrality is not solely a technological challenge, but to a large degree also an economic, social, structural, societal, as well as labour-policy challenge. Social compatibility and fairness are fundamental pillars of the overall strategy. The transformationrequires a far-reaching change in production and consumption patterns at the global level. The outsourcing of essential industrial production activities outside the EU is to be avoided. Changes must be made to our economy and society even if no decarbonisation takes place.', 'Changes must be made to our economy and society even if no decarbonisation takes place. Developments over the past decades have shown that transformation takes place through technological and social trends with or without political involvement, and that these trends are accelerating. The task of policymakers and businesses is to align the changes that will result from the transition to climate neutrality with the economic and social trends as effectively as possible and to leverage the resulting synergies. The transformation costs must be shared fairly to ensure the effectiveness of the transformation and to ensure social acceptance. The energy transformation and the shift to a zero-emission economy and society will have an impact on the labour market and also on available careers.', 'The energy transformation and the shift to a zero-emission economy and society will have an impact on the labour market and also on available careers. But this process is nothing new. Professions that were common just a few years ago no longer exist (such as typesetter) because they are no longer needed. The general conditions in workplaces have changed substantially in the past. Such changes bring risks but also opportunities. Policymakers must ensure that this transformation has no grave negative social effects, but rather has positive or at least neutral effects overall. Therefore, these impacts are discussed and integrated into climate policy measures. However, a specific consideration is needed as to which changes are caused by climate policy and which would occur anyway due to other factors.', 'However, a specific consideration is needed as to which changes are caused by climate policy and which would occur anyway due to other factors. For example, it can be expected that digitization will affect many jobs, but also create new ones. The transformation will create opportunities for new business models, especially in the areas of renewable energy production, energy efficiency, automation and digitalisation, construction (such as building renovation, flood protection, and securing infrastructure), and logistics for shared and autonomous mobility, which will also create qualified jobs. However, for all the threats posed by the consequences of climate change, there are also opportunities for the labour market through adaptation measures to increase the resilience of infrastructures and ecosystems to climate change.', 'However, for all the threats posed by the consequences of climate change, there are also opportunities for the labour market through adaptation measures to increase the resilience of infrastructures and ecosystems to climate change. It is not enough to simply consider emission reduction measures; just transition must also be viewed in the context of negative impacts of climate change and required adaptation actions. Water supply, agricultural production, and tourism will be impacted most significantly.', 'Water supply, agricultural production, and tourism will be impacted most significantly. The negative effects of climate change not only put jobs at risk, but also the prosperity and livelihood of everyone.An in-depth analysis of the impact of the transformation and the consequences of climate change on jobs and social aspects is needed in order to take the necessary measures, and should be carried out in the coming years. Conclusions for the necessary economic, labour market and social policy measures can be drawn from this analysis and implementation can be initiated. Investments will be made in education and vocational training to actively address changes in the labour market, both financially and in terms of adapting curricula.', 'Investments will be made in education and vocational training to actively address changes in the labour market, both financially and in terms of adapting curricula. Perpetuating training for jobs in endangered traditional industries endangers the livelihoods of trainees in the long term; new occupational profiles are emerging, to which education and training must respond in a timely manner. Qualification for the jobs that will be important in the transformation is not only crucial for the workforce, but also for the economy so that new requirements can be met in good time.5.1 The objective Austria is committed to becoming climate neutral by no later than 2050. The decision, whether this goal shall be legally binding, is to be taken by the federal decision makers.', 'The decision, whether this goal shall be legally binding, is to be taken by the federal decision makers. 5.2 Implementation of the strategy A strategy laid out over a period of 30 years must be reviewed and updated on a regular basis to ensure that the transformation process can adapt to changing conditions and that measures that are no longer relevant or possibly even counterproductive in a changed world are not perpetuated. Coherence with short-term action plans and the climate and energy strategy for reaching the 2030 targets will be ensured. These may not contain any measures that run counter to or slow the implementation of the transformation; lock-in effects of technologies and regulations that contradict the strategy must be identified and corrected in good time.', 'These may not contain any measures that run counter to or slow the implementation of the transformation; lock-in effects of technologies and regulations that contradict the strategy must be identified and corrected in good time. Legal projects at the federal and provincial level are to be subject to a mandatory climate review in order to prevent undesired adverse effects on the climate. The progress made in the implementation of the strategy must be monitored continuously to ensure that the trajectory is correct.', 'The progress made in the implementation of the strategy must be monitored continuously to ensure that the trajectory is correct. Key indicators are the development of greenhouse gas emissions as documented for the BMNT by the Federal Environment Agency in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and energy statistics such as energy consumption and the share of renewable energy in the gross final energy use as recorded by Statistics Austria. 5.3 Involvement of the scientific community The implementation of the long-term climate strategy 2050 and the regular evaluation and updates require scientific backing from a number of disciplines.', '5.3 Involvement of the scientific community The implementation of the long-term climate strategy 2050 and the regular evaluation and updates require scientific backing from a number of disciplines. So far, this advice has been obtained mainly from the fields of economics, technology, and natural sciences (climatology, biology, agriculture and forestry); however, expertise is also needed from the fields of socialsciences (including sociology, political sciences, and psychology) to assess the social impact of the strategy, to adequately address the concerns, fears, and expectations of citizens, and to discuss how these concerns can best be integrated. For example, an independent advisory committee with scientists from the above-mentioned disciplines could be set up to ensure the involvement of these sciences over the long term.', 'For example, an independent advisory committee with scientists from the above-mentioned disciplines could be set up to ensure the involvement of these sciences over the long term. It is the responsibility of policy makers to evaluate the inputs from science and make the relevant decisions on the basis of the available information. 5.4 Involvement of the private sector and workers Plans are in place to involve further stakeholder groups in the process to ensure high acceptance and to find the best solutions. This especially pertains to businesses and the workforce to adequately address the challenges of a changing business and working environment. The public sector will not be able to carry many of the necessary investments.', 'The public sector will not be able to carry many of the necessary investments. New business models must be developed, and a coherent financing strategy, which is not only based on public budgets but primarily on the sustainability of financial flows of companies and that offers the necessary framework and incentives, is crucial. Separate instruments will be developed to incorporate the knowledge and innovative capabilities of these actors. 5.5 Public participation A successful transformation will not be possible without support for the strategy from citizens and their involvement in its implementation. This means that addressing the concerns of civil society is crucial for laying a strong foundation for the transformation.', 'This means that addressing the concerns of civil society is crucial for laying a strong foundation for the transformation. Public involvement should • promote the exchange of information and experiences, • promote an understanding of other opinions and a balancing of interests, • increase the quality and transparency of decisions, • increase acceptance and clarity of decisions, including decisions that will not have social benefits until later, • increase the degree to which citizens and interest groups identify with decisions and with their environment,• strengthen trust in the political system and public administration and offer a broad base for decisions by political and administrative actors, • provide broad access for opinion forming, • avoid delays and additional costs in the implementation of the policies, plans, programmes, and laws and, thus, optimise resource use.34 Citizens shall be able to increasingly contribute their knowledge to climate policy.', 'Public involvement should • promote the exchange of information and experiences, • promote an understanding of other opinions and a balancing of interests, • increase the quality and transparency of decisions, • increase acceptance and clarity of decisions, including decisions that will not have social benefits until later, • increase the degree to which citizens and interest groups identify with decisions and with their environment,• strengthen trust in the political system and public administration and offer a broad base for decisions by political and administrative actors, • provide broad access for opinion forming, • avoid delays and additional costs in the implementation of the policies, plans, programmes, and laws and, thus, optimise resource use.34 Citizens shall be able to increasingly contribute their knowledge to climate policy. Therefore, a more objective, constructive and solution-oriented approach to the topic is needed.', 'Therefore, a more objective, constructive and solution-oriented approach to the topic is needed. Technical possibilities that go far beyond the transmission of comments by e-mail are also available for this purpose - depending on the purpose pursued - information dissemination, collection of opinions, discussion platform, factual inputs, etc. - different instruments are more or less well suited for this purpose. The specific instruments must be selected on a case-by- case basis. 34 Standards der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung - Empfehlungen für die gute Praxis (2008)6.1 Details on the models employed (including the hypothesis) and/or on the analysis, indicators, etc.', '34 Standards der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung - Empfehlungen für die gute Praxis (2008)6.1 Details on the models employed (including the hypothesis) and/or on the analysis, indicators, etc. 6.1.1 Energy and greenhouse gas scenarios The following models and contributions from the respective institutions were used to calculate the scenarios “with existing measures” and “transition”: CESAR/WIFO (Center of Economic Scenario Analysis and Research and Austrian Institute of Economic Research) – Dynamic New Keynesian Model (DYNK); socioeconomic parameters and effects, conversion and final energy use. IVT (Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics at the Graz University of Technology) – NEMO model, KEX module, GEORG; energy consumption and emissions of the transport sector (including off road).', 'IVT (Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics at the Graz University of Technology) – NEMO model, KEX module, GEORG; energy consumption and emissions of the transport sector (including off road). IVV (Institute for Transport Studies at the Vienna University of Technology) – MARS model; traffic volumes and modal split. EEG/e-think (Energy Economics Group of the Vienna University of Technology) – energy prices, INVERT/EE-Lab model; cooling, space heating, and water heating including electricity demand for households and services, district heating demand. AEA (Austrian Energy Agency) – electricity import price, model based on TIMES; public electricity and district heating generation.', 'AEA (Austrian Energy Agency) – electricity import price, model based on TIMES; public electricity and district heating generation. Federal Environment Agency – iron and steel industry; waste generation, alternative fuels, electro mobility, industrial sectors and self-producers of electricity, compressor stations, complete overviews, project coordination. The transition scenario was based on the following socioeconomic assumptions (2017/2019):Table 2: Fundamental parameters for the modelling of the transition scenario (sources: Statistics Austria 2016a, AEA, CESAR, EEG, e-Think, Graz University of Technology, WIFO, Federal Environment Agency) Number of primary residences [millions] Exchange rate US$/€ International oil price [US$ International oil price [€ 2013/GJ] International gas price [€ 2013/GJ] International coal price [€ 2013/GJ] certificate price [€ 2013/t ] Population growth was taken from the primary variant of the Statistics Austria projection from 2016.', 'The transition scenario was based on the following socioeconomic assumptions (2017/2019):Table 2: Fundamental parameters for the modelling of the transition scenario (sources: Statistics Austria 2016a, AEA, CESAR, EEG, e-Think, Graz University of Technology, WIFO, Federal Environment Agency) Number of primary residences [millions] Exchange rate US$/€ International oil price [US$ International oil price [€ 2013/GJ] International gas price [€ 2013/GJ] International coal price [€ 2013/GJ] certificate price [€ 2013/t ] Population growth was taken from the primary variant of the Statistics Austria projection from 2016. The international energy prices were estimated based on the assumption that noise, emissions, radiation, traffic safety, resource procurement, landscape damage, and the respective subsequent effects will be included in the prices of energy sources. This pertains to the generation in the country of origin, as well as transit, and use in the destination country.', 'This pertains to the generation in the country of origin, as well as transit, and use in the destination country. Through this altered policy prices for fossil fuels will rise despite falling global demand. Economic growth until 2050 was assumed to be on average 1.7% p.a. The transition scenario was updated by the Federal Environment Agency in the second half of 2019 for the purposes of the Austrian long-term strategy; the key data (especially energy and greenhouse gases) on which the scenario is based were updated (2017).6.1.2 More detailed description of selected pathways35 Further analyses for the evaluation of natural sinks were conducted in the CareForParis project. The project is in finalisation as of the end of 2019.', 'The project is in finalisation as of the end of 2019. Once the final results are available, the scenarios below may be updated on the basis of the latest findings. Pathway A “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” A pathway titled “transition” was defined as a benchmark scenario and corresponds to the fundamental assumptions and results of the model-based scenario transition from 2019. It is based on an extensive expansion of renewable energy sources for electricity and heat generation and a high degree of efficiency in the sectors of transport, buildings/services, and industry. The majority of renewable energy will be generated domestically, and imports of bioenergy will remain approximately at the current level.', 'The majority of renewable energy will be generated domestically, and imports of bioenergy will remain approximately at the current level. Changes in consumer behaviour will lead to reduced need for mobility, a strongly dampened increase in transport volumes, decreased waste generation, and substantially lower meat production. This will bring a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 80% compared with 1990 levels by 2050. The pathway calculator permits further improvements towards the target of net zero emissions by 2050. Carbon is sequestered in natural sinks by selecting a forestry reference scenario (-4 million tonnes of CO2 ), and the domestic production of agricultural bioenergy will be expanded further.', 'Carbon is sequestered in natural sinks by selecting a forestry reference scenario (-4 million tonnes of CO2 ), and the domestic production of agricultural bioenergy will be expanded further. The option of carbon capture from industrial incineration processes and power plants is selected (close to 9 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050) in order to compensate for the remaining greenhouse gas emissions (fossil fuel use, industrial processes, agriculture).', 'The option of carbon capture from industrial incineration processes and power plants is selected (close to 9 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050) in order to compensate for the remaining greenhouse gas emissions (fossil fuel use, industrial processes, agriculture). 35 The pathways depict “what would happen if” situations for which no political decisions have yet been made.Figure4 Pathway A “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” Pathway B “Bioenergy/hydrogen imports and carbon capture” This pathway is based on the decision to implement an ambitious expansion of renewable energy (electricity and heat from wind, photovoltaics/solar thermal, geothermal energy, biomass) in Austria, but does not fully exploit the technically and economically feasible limits as in pathway A (except for bioenergy).', '35 The pathways depict “what would happen if” situations for which no political decisions have yet been made.Figure4 Pathway A “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” Pathway B “Bioenergy/hydrogen imports and carbon capture” This pathway is based on the decision to implement an ambitious expansion of renewable energy (electricity and heat from wind, photovoltaics/solar thermal, geothermal energy, biomass) in Austria, but does not fully exploit the technically and economically feasible limits as in pathway A (except for bioenergy). It is also based on a relatively smaller change inconsumption and production patterns (passenger traffic levels remain roughly constant, freight traffic rises considerably). The changes in the building sector are also not as profound as in pathway A. Hydrogen plays a major role in transport, industry, and heating generation.', 'The changes in the building sector are also not as profound as in pathway A. Hydrogen plays a major role in transport, industry, and heating generation. The demand for hydrogen is largely covered by imports. The gap in achieving the objective (zero net emissions) is covered by carbon capture from industry and power plants as well as geological storage (CCS) or by material utilisation (CCU). Figure 5 Pathway B “Bioenergy/hydrogen imports and carbon capture”Pathway C “Bioenergy/hydrogen production in Austria and CCS/CCU” This pathway intentionally avoids the import of bioenergy and hydrogen. The demand for hydrogen is focused on industrial applications, especially steel production, and on freight traffic. Domestic hydrogen production requires a substantial expansion of electricity generation capacities (similarly to pathway A).', 'Domestic hydrogen production requires a substantial expansion of electricity generation capacities (similarly to pathway A). The use of bioenergy from domestic sources (forestry and agricultural biomass) will increase considerably. The use of energy will not decrease as much as in pathway A, but more than in pathway B and C. The high demand for forest biomass will lead to a reduction of the natural carbon sink, trending towards zero by 2050.', 'The use of energy will not decrease as much as in pathway A, but more than in pathway B and C. The high demand for forest biomass will lead to a reduction of the natural carbon sink, trending towards zero by 2050. Remaining greenhouse gas emissions of around 18 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (from the use of combustible fuels, industrial processes, and agriculture) would have to be offset entirely by means of CCS or CCU in this scenario.Figure 6 Pathway C “Bioenergy/hydrogen production in Austria and carbon capture” Pathway D “Bioenergy/hydrogen import and increased carbon stock in forests” The pathway trends in terms of energy generation and imports and in terms of structural changes are similar to those in pathway B, however, significantly less forest biomass will be used for domestic energy generation.', 'Remaining greenhouse gas emissions of around 18 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (from the use of combustible fuels, industrial processes, and agriculture) would have to be offset entirely by means of CCS or CCU in this scenario.Figure 6 Pathway C “Bioenergy/hydrogen production in Austria and carbon capture” Pathway D “Bioenergy/hydrogen import and increased carbon stock in forests” The pathway trends in terms of energy generation and imports and in terms of structural changes are similar to those in pathway B, however, significantly less forest biomass will be used for domestic energy generation. This will enable a significant increase in forest carbon stocks by 2050.', 'This will enable a significant increase in forest carbon stocks by 2050. The expansion of the natural sink to around 12 million tonnes of CO2 will allow Austria to avoid using CCS/CCU technologies.However, it will not be possible to maintain this high forest sink capacity over the long term, beyond 2050 (see also section 6.1.3). Figure 7 Pathway D “Bioenergy/hydrogen import and increased carbon stock in forests”6.1.3 Wood value chain scenario • Scenario R – Reference scenario The demand for wood and the corresponding logging will follow the same trend as in the past years. The ceteris paribus assumption for the market-regulating framework conditions and the behaviour of market participants until 2020 is implemented.', 'The ceteris paribus assumption for the market-regulating framework conditions and the behaviour of market participants until 2020 is implemented. No further policy measures with a steering effect will take effect in the subsequent years, but rather will wood demand be driven by market conditions. • Scenario 1a – Increased logging because of increased energy generation The demand for felled wood for energy increases substantially due to the expansion of biomass power plants and energy transition effects. This scenario assumes that the wood harvested from forests for fuel use will increase to 120% of the reference level by 2100.', 'This scenario assumes that the wood harvested from forests for fuel use will increase to 120% of the reference level by 2100. • Scenario 1b – Increased logging because of increased material use A higher quantity of wood will be used for materials than in the reference scenario, with the import availability of raw timber following expected trends. Construction with wood and the use of wood products will be promoted through direct funding, changes in building codes, and the development of new technologies that expand the possible applications of wood and thus lead to increased wood use in construction. Promotion of and demand for direct use of forest biomass for energy generation will decrease accordingly.', 'Promotion of and demand for direct use of forest biomass for energy generation will decrease accordingly. The prices for lumber compared with prices for fuel wood will shift to provide a stronger incentive to forest management that supplies higher-quality varieties. This leads to an increase in the amount of wood for material use to 120% of the level in the Reference Scenario by 2100. • Scenario 1c – Increased logging because of increased material use under good import conditions This assumes increased wood use compared with the reference scenario combined with higher availability of raw timber for import. Larger volumes of wood are available for import thanks to an expansion of the sourcing area for raw timber.', 'Larger volumes of wood are available for import thanks to an expansion of the sourcing area for raw timber. The import availability for raw timber amounts to 150% of the reference level. • Scenario 2 – Reduced use (restrictions on use and exclusion of forest areas from use through nature conservation regulations)Incentive and support systems as well as framework conditions are created which, on the one hand, lead to a reduction in forest area under forest use and, on the other hand, to a reduction in the amount of use on the forest areas which continue to be managed.', '• Scenario 2 – Reduced use (restrictions on use and exclusion of forest areas from use through nature conservation regulations)Incentive and support systems as well as framework conditions are created which, on the one hand, lead to a reduction in forest area under forest use and, on the other hand, to a reduction in the amount of use on the forest areas which continue to be managed. Such systems and framework conditions are based on nature conservation laws and are coupled with corresponding compensation for the loss of use and subsidies or payments for the accumulation of carbon stocks in the landscape.', 'Such systems and framework conditions are based on nature conservation laws and are coupled with corresponding compensation for the loss of use and subsidies or payments for the accumulation of carbon stocks in the landscape. This scenario assumes that the share of forests not commercially managed (core zones of national and biosphere parks, Dürrenstein wilderness area, nature preserves) will increase from currently 1% to 5% of productive forest area by 2100. In the forests still managed for logging, the harvest quantities calculated under the reference scenario for the different protected areas in 2010 will be reduced by the percentages in Table 3. Table 3: Usage reduction for scenario 2 in different protected areas.', 'Table 3: Usage reduction for scenario 2 in different protected areas. The base value is the regular harvest quantity of the reference scenario in the year 2010 National parks, biosphere parks Other protected areas (e.g. landscape conservation) and All other commercially managed forests 5% 10% 15% Logging The harvest quantities vary between 18.8 and 27.6 million m3 depending on the scenario and are all above the average harvest quantities of the last five years of 17.65 million m3. The highest quantities are harvested in scenario 1b, which assumes increased logging due to increased material use. At the beginning of the simulation period, the harvest volume in the energy scenario (1a) is greater than in all other scenarios but then falls below scenarios 1b and 1c starting in 2040.', 'At the beginning of the simulation period, the harvest volume in the energy scenario (1a) is greater than in all other scenarios but then falls below scenarios 1b and 1c starting in 2040. After 2090, the quantity harvested in the energy scenario declines abruptly to below the quantities in all other scenarios. This decrease is due to the fact that the required quantity of deciduous timber can no longer be provided. Scenario 2 has the lowest wood harvest quantities, where reduced utilisation is assumed due to usage restrictions and the retirement of forest areas from commercial management (see figure).Figure 8 Estimated annual wood harvest quantities by management scenario. Growth The annual growth is shown in the figure below.', 'Growth The annual growth is shown in the figure below. With the exception of scenario 2, all scenarios show a slight downward trend from the beginning. It falls from 9.4 m3/ha/year in 2010 to 8.8 m3/ha/year in the reference scenario or to 8.3 m3/ha/year in scenario 1c. In scenario 2, the growth until 2060 and 2070 increases to just under 10 m3/ha/year and then declines again somewhat until the end of the simulation period.', 'In scenario 2, the growth until 2060 and 2070 increases to just under 10 m3/ha/year and then declines again somewhat until the end of the simulation period. At 9.6 m3/ha/year as of the end of the simulation period, the growth in scenario 2 is slightly above the initial level in 2010.Figure 9 Annual forest stock growth by management scenario Tree varieties The latest forest inventory (BFW, 2018) shows that the proportion of spruce in the composition of tree species is declining (currently 57.4%), while deciduous tree species such as beech and oak are increasing. The development of the distribution of tree species in the different scenarios is shown in the following figure.', 'The development of the distribution of tree species in the different scenarios is shown in the following figure. The most substantial change occurs in scenario 2, where deciduous trees account for nearly half of the entire stock in 2100. The primary reason for the increase in the stock of deciduous trees is the reduced use.Figure 10 Development of the tree species distribution in the different scenarios Development of the greenhouse gas balance An examination of the changes in the total carbon stock in forests(above-ground and below- ground biomass, standing dead wood, soil carbon including lying dead wood), z which are relevant for the greenhouse gas balance, shows that the forest remains a sink until around 2040 in all scenarios.', 'The primary reason for the increase in the stock of deciduous trees is the reduced use.Figure 10 Development of the tree species distribution in the different scenarios Development of the greenhouse gas balance An examination of the changes in the total carbon stock in forests(above-ground and below- ground biomass, standing dead wood, soil carbon including lying dead wood), z which are relevant for the greenhouse gas balance, shows that the forest remains a sink until around 2040 in all scenarios. The sink function is even maintained until the end of the century in scenario 2, though the captured quantities are very low at the end of the simulation period and the forest shows a tendency towards becoming a source.', 'The sink function is even maintained until the end of the century in scenario 2, though the captured quantities are very low at the end of the simulation period and the forest shows a tendency towards becoming a source. In the other scenarios, the forest becomes a net source of greenhouse gases significantly earlier, between 2040 and 2060 as the carbon sink in the forest decreases due to more intensive use (see the following figure).Figure 11 Net carbon stock change in the forest in the different scenarios6.2 Online consultation for a long-term climate strategy for a climate-neutral Austria in 2050 Ideas Achieving 100% renewable energy by 2050 Description Fossil fuels will only be able to play a very minor role in a climate-neutral future.', 'In the other scenarios, the forest becomes a net source of greenhouse gases significantly earlier, between 2040 and 2060 as the carbon sink in the forest decreases due to more intensive use (see the following figure).Figure 11 Net carbon stock change in the forest in the different scenarios6.2 Online consultation for a long-term climate strategy for a climate-neutral Austria in 2050 Ideas Achieving 100% renewable energy by 2050 Description Fossil fuels will only be able to play a very minor role in a climate-neutral future. Total energy demand (electricity, heat, mobility) shall be covered with renewable energy by 2050.', 'Total energy demand (electricity, heat, mobility) shall be covered with renewable energy by 2050. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effort Drastically reducing final energy use Description Final energy use is to be reduced substantially by 2050 through efficiency measures and energy saving measures. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effortEnabling planning certainty and competitiveness for energy-intensive companies Description Businesses need planning, legal, and investment certainty in order to make investment decisions, for example to transition to climate-friendly systems and to avoid being locked into fossil fuels through investments and, thus, having a negative impact on the climate. The public authorities should ensure that energy-intensive companies remain internationally competitive.', 'The public authorities should ensure that energy-intensive companies remain internationally competitive. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by High priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Enabling a just transition Description Job growth is generally expected in the context of the transition to a climate-neutral economy and society, even if there may be differences depending on the sector and qualification profile. Measures should be taken to avoid or at least mitigate the impacts for those negatively affected by this structural change. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by High priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortEnsuring clean and affordable mobility Description A smart mix of intelligent technologies and smart mobility management is the key to clean and affordable mobility in 2050.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by High priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortEnsuring clean and affordable mobility Description A smart mix of intelligent technologies and smart mobility management is the key to clean and affordable mobility in 2050. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effort Using new transport technologies Description Potentials of innovative and clean transport technologies (such as electromobility for passenger transport, hydrogen fuel cells in freight traffic) are fully exploited. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effortAlternatives for private transport Description Public transport shall be the backbone of personal mobility. Demand-oriented solutions (micro-public transport) and active mobility (cycling and walking) must also be employed in order to ensure mobility in the city.', 'Demand-oriented solutions (micro-public transport) and active mobility (cycling and walking) must also be employed in order to ensure mobility in the city. Convenient and affordable alternatives will make private car traffic unattractive not only in the city, but also in rural areas. Unavoidable trips will be made with climate-friendly drive technologies. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effort Climate-friendly freight traffic Description Freight traffic shall be as climate friendly as possible. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortAvoiding additional land use and soil sealing Description Soil is an important CO2 sink. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events (such as heavy rainfall and heat waves) is exacerbating the problem of increased soil sealing.', 'The increasing frequency of extreme weather events (such as heavy rainfall and heat waves) is exacerbating the problem of increased soil sealing. Land consumption should be reduced through sensible spatial planning. The annual soil sealing is to be drastically reduced and currently sealed areas shall be restored to a natural state. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Preventing urban sprawl in rural areas Description Spatial planning in rural areas shall prevent urban sprawl and the fragmentation of areas. Town centres are to be improved and the supply of necessities and access to public transport ensured. This can reduce mobility pressure.', 'This can reduce mobility pressure. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortAligning agriculture and forestry more closely with climate action Description Austrian agriculture and forestry are part of the solution in climate action and must be adapted more effectively to climate change to a greater extent, so that food production is secured, grassland preserved, and the livelihood for employees in the agriculture and forestry sectors secured for the long term. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Maintaining soil fertility Description Soil fertility of cultivated land and grassland is to be maintained and the carbon content increased further.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Maintaining soil fertility Description Soil fertility of cultivated land and grassland is to be maintained and the carbon content increased further. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by High priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortEnsuring supply of regional and seasonal products Description Regional and seasonal products are climate-friendly; the supply of regional and seasonal products for the population shall be ensured. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Alternative tree species Description Forests are to be converted into potential natural forest communities with tree species adapted to climate change.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Alternative tree species Description Forests are to be converted into potential natural forest communities with tree species adapted to climate change. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by High priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortForests as CO2 sink Description Forests shall continue to supply raw materials for the decarbonisation of the economic system in the future and maintain as well as expand their function as a stable carbon sink. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Making the building sector climate neutral Description Older buildings shall be renovated in order to improve their energy performance.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effort Making the building sector climate neutral Description Older buildings shall be renovated in order to improve their energy performance. In the coming decades, new buildings are to be constructed exclusively in an energy-neutral manner or as plus-energy buildings or communities. Heating and cooling systems should all be powered by renewable energy sources, including in renewable energy communities. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortEnhancing climate-friendly behaviour of the population Description The population is to be encouraged to adopt a more conscious and climate-friendly consumer behaviour in terms of products, food, services, energy consumption, mobility, and leisure-time activities, hence, not quantity but quality should have priority.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality by Top priority Feasibility Achievable with moderate effortEnhancing climate-friendly behaviour of the population Description The population is to be encouraged to adopt a more conscious and climate-friendly consumer behaviour in terms of products, food, services, energy consumption, mobility, and leisure-time activities, hence, not quantity but quality should have priority. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effort Making financial flows climate compatible Description All public and private investments shall contribute to adaptation measures or not counter climate action activities by the middle of the century. Investments that are harmful to the environment are to be avoided in order to prevent the use of technologies that lock in fossil fuels over the long term.', 'Investments that are harmful to the environment are to be avoided in order to prevent the use of technologies that lock in fossil fuels over the long term. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality Top priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effortAdapting to climate change Description Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change must be seen together. Adaptation to climate change will avoid adverse social, economic and environmental impacts and seize opportunities as they arise. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Relevance for the overarching goal of climate neutrality High priority Feasibility Achievable with considerable effortMeasures Implementation of true-cost pricing for products and services Description The prices of products and services should reflect the costs that they cause, including the costs of the climate crisis. These costs are currently often worn by the general public.', 'These costs are currently often worn by the general public. True-cost pricing promotes climate-friendly products and services, and ”climate-damaging” consumption is declining as a result. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impact Gradual reduction of fossil fuels Description Concrete time frames for the reduction of fossil fuels are to be developed. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactPromotion of renewable energy sources Description Renewable energy sources should be preferred and also promoted in an efficient manner where necessary in order to ensure market penetration of these energy sources. Supply security should be guaranteed.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactPromotion of renewable energy sources Description Renewable energy sources should be preferred and also promoted in an efficient manner where necessary in order to ensure market penetration of these energy sources. Supply security should be guaranteed. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impact Education and training for a climate-neutral economy Description Climate action measures will have an impact on economic sectors and business models, which will in turn impact the labour market. For this reason, education and vocational training systems should be adapted to the requirements of a post-transformation climate-neutral economy as soon as possible.', 'For this reason, education and vocational training systems should be adapted to the requirements of a post-transformation climate-neutral economy as soon as possible. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactAdaptation of production, prices, and product lives to actual needs Description The production of goods should be oriented towards a long life and high quality in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Overproduction and planned obsolescence (appliances with a short service life) should be avoided. Higher product prices will be offset by longer product lives. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Labelling requirements for products Description The climate footprint of products should made visible, example.g. through labelling.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Labelling requirements for products Description The climate footprint of products should made visible, example.g. through labelling. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactActive labour market policy Description Active labour market policy with corresponding training measures, such as lifelong learning and skill-building programmes. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Compensatory regional policy Description Regional policy with investments in regions and sectors that are affected by the restructuring. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactSupport for SMEs Description Innovative small and medium-sized enterprises should be advised and supported.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactSupport for SMEs Description Innovative small and medium-sized enterprises should be advised and supported. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Climate-neutral mobility Description Climate-neutral mobility can only be achieved through the interplay of three strategies: avoid, shift, and improve. These three strategies must be accompanied by economic and social measures to ensure affordable climate-friendly mobility for the population. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactTraffic avoidance Description Measures should be taken to reduce traffic, such as efficient spatial planning, intelligent parking space management, reduction/unsealing of spaces dedicated to traffic, etc.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactTraffic avoidance Description Measures should be taken to reduce traffic, such as efficient spatial planning, intelligent parking space management, reduction/unsealing of spaces dedicated to traffic, etc. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Modal shifts Description Measures should be taken to help shifting traffic to more climate-friendly modes of transport; e.g. expansion of (local) public transport, demand-oriented solutions (micro public transport), promotion of soft mobility, car sharing services, incentives for the population (e.g. inexpensive public transport fees), expansion of the rail network.', 'inexpensive public transport fees), expansion of the rail network. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactTraffic improvements Description Promotion and improvement of non-fossil fuel based drive systems such as electromobility (including hydrogen) through various means. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Reduction in air traffic Description Short-haul flights should be replaced with a Europe-wide network of high-speed and night trains. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactRegulations for climate-adapted/climate-neutral spatial planning Description To counteract further area sealing and urban sprawl, efficient regulations must be developed and collaboration between the involved entities improved.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impactRegulations for climate-adapted/climate-neutral spatial planning Description To counteract further area sealing and urban sprawl, efficient regulations must be developed and collaboration between the involved entities improved. Compact development structures should be promoted in rural areas and town centres strengthened to prevent land-intensive urban sprawl. Multi-storey housing solutions should be preferred and industrial/ commercial brownfield sites are returned to use. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Climate-friendly adaptation of development planning Description Building regulations should be adapted in a way that alternative, climate-friendly compensation possibilities are created (such as climate-friendly mobility concepts instead of the obligation to provide parking spaces).', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Climate-friendly adaptation of development planning Description Building regulations should be adapted in a way that alternative, climate-friendly compensation possibilities are created (such as climate-friendly mobility concepts instead of the obligation to provide parking spaces). Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactGreening and unsealing offensive Description More greening measures should be implemented in urban and densely settled areas. Wherever possible, sealed areas - both in the city and in the countryside - should be re-naturalised / unsealed; existing sealed surfaces should be removed and the areas planted with greenery wherever possible.', 'Wherever possible, sealed areas - both in the city and in the countryside - should be re-naturalised / unsealed; existing sealed surfaces should be removed and the areas planted with greenery wherever possible. Climatically valuable and highly productive soils for food and animal feed production should be protected by regulations. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Dialogue with retailers on the labelling of food Description Regional and seasonal products generally have a better climate footprint, as the production costs and transport distances are lower. Solutions should be found in dialogue with retailers and the food services sector to communicate the benefits of regional and seasonal products.', 'Solutions should be found in dialogue with retailers and the food services sector to communicate the benefits of regional and seasonal products. Food in the supermarket should feature an easy-to-understand label that shows the climate footprint of the product. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactSupport for environmental and climate action measures in agriculture Description The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy should support agriculture that is oriented towards climate mitigation and adapted to climate change, in part through the continued expansion of measures in agricultural environmental and climate policy.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactSupport for environmental and climate action measures in agriculture Description The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy should support agriculture that is oriented towards climate mitigation and adapted to climate change, in part through the continued expansion of measures in agricultural environmental and climate policy. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Transition to climate-adapted forests Description The transition to forests with potential natural forest communities (consisting of species that are adapted to climate change) should improve the stability of the forest stock and minimise climate change impacts on Austria’s forests (such as increased bark beetle infestation).', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Transition to climate-adapted forests Description The transition to forests with potential natural forest communities (consisting of species that are adapted to climate change) should improve the stability of the forest stock and minimise climate change impacts on Austria’s forests (such as increased bark beetle infestation). This should provide the raw materials necessary for the bio-economy in the future, while maintaining and further expanding the forest s function as a stable carbon sink. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactMore stringent approval criteria to realise savings potential in buildings Description New buildings should only be approved if they are operated without fossil energy.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactMore stringent approval criteria to realise savings potential in buildings Description New buildings should only be approved if they are operated without fossil energy. Renovation work should only be approved when a significant CO2 reduction is documented. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Energy efficiency as savings potential in buildings Description Existing buildings should be brought up to a higher thermal insulation standard. Fossil fuels for heating (oil and natural gas) should be replaced with renewable energy sources.', 'Fossil fuels for heating (oil and natural gas) should be replaced with renewable energy sources. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next 20 years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactUse of sealed areas for savings potential in buildings Description Available sealed areas (such as rooftops) should be used for renewable energy generation (such as photovoltaic systems). Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Public relations work and information campaigns Description Information campaigns should effectively communicate the need for change aiming to To encourage the population to adopt a more conscious and sustainable consumption behaviour, information campaigns are to promote a corresponding change.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Public relations work and information campaigns Description Information campaigns should effectively communicate the need for change aiming to To encourage the population to adopt a more conscious and sustainable consumption behaviour, information campaigns are to promote a corresponding change. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactChange in consumption patterns – quality instead of quantity Description Information should be disseminated to allow consumers to gain greater awareness of which goods, services, and foods are particularly harmful to the climate through their production so that they are able to consume more consciously.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactChange in consumption patterns – quality instead of quantity Description Information should be disseminated to allow consumers to gain greater awareness of which goods, services, and foods are particularly harmful to the climate through their production so that they are able to consume more consciously. The consumption of meat and dairy products should also be based on quality over quantity, with less but high-quality meat and dairy products from regional ecological and climate-friendly production.', 'The consumption of meat and dairy products should also be based on quality over quantity, with less but high-quality meat and dairy products from regional ecological and climate-friendly production. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Promotion of relevant digital services Description The promotion of digital options for relevant services should serve the aim of avoiding unnecessary motorised mobility based on fossil fuels by providing alternatives and offers (such as telework, telemedicine, the use of online education and training).', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Promotion of relevant digital services Description The promotion of digital options for relevant services should serve the aim of avoiding unnecessary motorised mobility based on fossil fuels by providing alternatives and offers (such as telework, telemedicine, the use of online education and training). Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Anchoring climate action in educationDescription Climate action topics should be incorporated throughout the entire education system in order to establish appropriate knowledge and awareness at an early stage.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Anchoring climate action in educationDescription Climate action topics should be incorporated throughout the entire education system in order to establish appropriate knowledge and awareness at an early stage. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impact Regional transport and production solutions Description Regional options and thus shorter transport and delivery distances should be given greater consideration in the production of goods.', 'Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next five years Financeability Easily financeable Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impact Regional transport and production solutions Description Regional options and thus shorter transport and delivery distances should be given greater consideration in the production of goods. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactOrientation of the tax system towards the climate crisis Description Tax policy has an effect on business activity and personal decision-making, and ultimately on the implementation of climate mitigation and adaptation measures. Thus, the tax system should be evaluated in terms of its impacts on the climate and the results incorporated into the creation of a revenue-neutral tax reform.', 'Thus, the tax system should be evaluated in terms of its impacts on the climate and the results incorporated into the creation of a revenue-neutral tax reform. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact High impact Shift to sustainable financing Description Financial products targeted at climate-neutral investment options should be expanded to promote private and public investments in climate action. This requires a clear definition of these investment options and the creation of a framework that provides investors with reliable information as to whether their investment is climate friendly.', 'This requires a clear definition of these investment options and the creation of a framework that provides investors with reliable information as to whether their investment is climate friendly. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impactAdaptation of tourism to climate change Description Tourism in the Austrian Alps is being impacted heavily by the impacts of climate change. The provision of consulting and support services for the development of climate-friendly and sustainable green tourism strategies and offerings should help winter sport regions create offerings that are not dependent on snowfall and should help to strengthen summer tourism in the Alps, for example.', 'The provision of consulting and support services for the development of climate-friendly and sustainable green tourism strategies and offerings should help winter sport regions create offerings that are not dependent on snowfall and should help to strengthen summer tourism in the Alps, for example. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Acceptable with effort Impact Medium impact Preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity Description Preserving natural ecosystems and biodiversity is crucial for our society, food supply, health, and economy. Increased target-group oriented public relations work and awareness-raising measures relating to the importance of ecosystems and biodiversity in adapting to climate change should promote the preservation of important functions.', 'Increased target-group oriented public relations work and awareness-raising measures relating to the importance of ecosystems and biodiversity in adapting to climate change should promote the preservation of important functions. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactCreation of a suitable framework for research, development, and innovation Description Sufficient human and financial resources should be made available for climate-relevant research, development, and innovation. A focus should be placed on key climate-friendly technologies.', 'A focus should be placed on key climate-friendly technologies. Idea analysis Assessment criterion Time horizon Achievable in the next ten years Financeability Financeable with effort Acceptance Easy to accept Impact Medium impactLong-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria 122 6.3 Storylines for individual fields of action Various areas of life in 2050 are described as examples of mobility and transport habits in a largely decarbonised transport sector: A family in the countryside A couple (both employed) with two children (both attending school) lives in a house in a town with 300 inhabitants. The parents have office jobs in the next town and car-pool with neighbours to a co-working office using an electric car. The parents can work from home two days a week, which reduces the volume of traffic.', 'The parents can work from home two days a week, which reduces the volume of traffic. The two teenagers are attending the secondary school in the provincial capital, which is about 25 minutes away from home. They make the trip by bus and train. The family takes short trips (such as shopping and running errands in town) on foot or with a (freight) bicycle. The family generates the electricity it needs to power their home and electric car with a photovoltaic system. With a storage bank of second-life batteries from electric cars, the family is almost autonomous in terms of their power supply. Married couple in the city Two adults live in a central district of a provincial capital, both are employees.', 'Married couple in the city Two adults live in a central district of a provincial capital, both are employees. The distance to their workplaces is only two kilometres, and they usually make the trip by bicycle. Errands are also done on foot or by bicycle, and the family owns no car. In 2050, it is common for people to form sharing communities where they own a share of an electric car fleet and reserve a vehicle via an app when needed. Depending on the application, you can choose from several vehicle models. The couple uses this option for special needs (such as moving furniture). They also use the app inter-modally to manage their personal mobility (booking a car sharing vehicle, car- pooling, public transport schedules, etc.)', 'They also use the app inter-modally to manage their personal mobility (booking a car sharing vehicle, car- pooling, public transport schedules, etc.) Plumber A plumbing business is being run in a small town. As is the case for most trades, the focus is now being placed on repairing existing systems and only replacing systems when absolutely necessary. The plumber is also a trained energy efficiency consultant and gives her customers tips on how to further reduce their heating costs and on how to install their own renewable energy systems. The plumber uses a freight bicycle or electric car depending on the distance. She goes to the wholesaler twice per week to buy parts, for which she uses an electric van from a sharing provider.', 'She goes to the wholesaler twice per week to buy parts, for which she uses an electric van from a sharing provider. She has a photovoltaic system on the roof of the company building that generates 100% of the electricity she needs including a battery storage bank. Modern technology (apps/video phones) often allow the plumber to get an idea of the work that needsto be done in advance, sometimes even eliminating the need to make a trip to the customer (for example the preparation of a cost estimate), reducing the volume of traffic. SME A carpentry shop has been set up at the edge of a small provincial capital. The mobility needs primarily pertain to travelling between the shop and customers.', 'The mobility needs primarily pertain to travelling between the shop and customers. Business trips are also undertaken to visit foresters, sawmills and for advanced vocational training. The used wood is sourced from surrounding forests. The finished products are transported by freight bicycle. If this is not possible, the company’s electric van is used. For projects outside of the region, the majority of the transport distance is covered by rail. Internal transport is handled by hydrogen- powered forklifts. The company operates a photovoltaic system, and the excess electricity is used to run an electrolysis plant to produce hydrogen. This is used to fuel the forklifts. The employees from the surrounding area travel to work on the extensive network of bicycle paths. The shop has showers for the employees.', 'The shop has showers for the employees. The company provides all employees with an annual pass for the public transportation system. Large enterprise A steel company is the world market leader in its segment thanks to its innovative products. The production facility is located along a freight corridor, therefore a connecting railway was built. The company has a major customer to which it delivers the produced steel. This customer is also connected to the rail network through a connecting railway. The company has a green hydrogen powered fuel cell truck to make deliveries to other customers. The company and all business partners have modern video conferencing facilities.', 'The company and all business partners have modern video conferencing facilities. Most business trips are taken by train, as the travel time can be used to prepare for meetings with customers, for example. In addition to company bicycles (including e-bikes), employees can make use of electric cars for ride sharing. Many replacement parts can be produced with a 3D printer, reducing the need for physical transport. Tourist operation A hotel is run as a family business and is located in one of Austria’s many beautiful national parks. Active mobility management by the hotel itself and the town have led to sustainable mobility behaviour on the part of the guests. Most guests travel to and from the hotel by train.', 'Most guests travel to and from the hotel by train. The hotel’s shuttle service picks up the guests at the train station, collects their luggage, and then takes the guests to the hotel in an electric bus (covering the last mile). At the hotel, guests can rent bicycles, electric bikes, and electric cars against a small fee. These offerings are used effectively, and the feedback is very positive. Motorised private traffic has long been banned in national parks, but hikers can make use of an attractive electric bus service. These buses run along the popular trailheads for hiking and climbing routes and in the valleys where the hotels are located. The hotel’s regional orientation has also strengthened the surrounding economy.', 'The hotel’s regional orientation has also strengthened the surrounding economy. It serves regional products from local organic farms, and makes use of well trained personneland tradespeople from the area. The hotel uses the sun and a nearby river to generate electricity and produces almost no non-recyclable waste as a certified zero waste company.Tables Table 1: Scenarios and pathways for Austria 20 Table 2: Fundamental parameters for the modelling of the transition scenario (sources: Statistics Austria 2016a, AEA, CESAR, EEG, e-Think, Graz University of Technology, WIFO, Federal Environment Agency) 82 Table 3: Usage reduction for scenario 2 in different protected areas.', 'The hotel uses the sun and a nearby river to generate electricity and produces almost no non-recyclable waste as a certified zero waste company.Tables Table 1: Scenarios and pathways for Austria 20 Table 2: Fundamental parameters for the modelling of the transition scenario (sources: Statistics Austria 2016a, AEA, CESAR, EEG, e-Think, Graz University of Technology, WIFO, Federal Environment Agency) 82 Table 3: Usage reduction for scenario 2 in different protected areas. The base value is the regular harvest quantity of the reference scenario in the year 2010 90Long-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria 126 Figures Figure 1 Possible pathways for Austria from 2020–2050 for greenhouse gas emissions and compensation through net carbon stock change and carbon capture 19 Figure 2 Household carbon dioxide emissions compared with population growth and number and size of primary residences 54 Figure 3 Energy consumption from all sources for space and water heating in all Figure 4 Pathway A “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” 84 Figure 5 Pathway B “Bioenergy/hydrogen imports and carbon capture” 85 Figure 6 Pathway C “Bioenergy/hydrogen production in Austria and carbon capture” 87 Figure 7 Pathway D “Bioenergy/hydrogen import and increased carbon stock in forests” 88 Figure 8 Estimated annual wood harvest quantities by management scenario.', 'The base value is the regular harvest quantity of the reference scenario in the year 2010 90Long-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria 126 Figures Figure 1 Possible pathways for Austria from 2020–2050 for greenhouse gas emissions and compensation through net carbon stock change and carbon capture 19 Figure 2 Household carbon dioxide emissions compared with population growth and number and size of primary residences 54 Figure 3 Energy consumption from all sources for space and water heating in all Figure 4 Pathway A “Transition – renewables, efficiency, lifestyle” 84 Figure 5 Pathway B “Bioenergy/hydrogen imports and carbon capture” 85 Figure 6 Pathway C “Bioenergy/hydrogen production in Austria and carbon capture” 87 Figure 7 Pathway D “Bioenergy/hydrogen import and increased carbon stock in forests” 88 Figure 8 Estimated annual wood harvest quantities by management scenario. 91 Figure 9 Annual forest stock growth by management scenario 92 Figure 10 Development of the tree species distribution in the different scenarios 93 Figure 11 Net carbon stock change in the forest in the different scenarios 94Long-Term Strategy 2050 - Austria 127 of 128 Abbreviations AR Assessment report BFW Austrian Research Centre for Forests (Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft) BMNT Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism CCS Carbon capture and storage CCU Carbon capture and utilisation Carbon dioxide eq Carbon dioxide equivalent FEU Final energy use ETS Emissions trading system EU European Union R&D Research and development CAP Common Agricultural Policy ha Hectare IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF Land use, land-use change, and forestry MFF Multiannual financial framework MWh Megawatt hour Nm3 Standard cubic metre PT Public transport PJ Petajoule t Tonne SDGs UN Sustainable Development Goals TWh Terawatt hourFederal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism bmnt.gv.at']

en-US

AZE

Azerbaijan

1st NDC

2017-01-09 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Azerbaijan.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4b2b8ce539ab6265ac6dccc5de24ce41d873ff578e0309b80c8c834202f4c424.pdf

['INFORMATION to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Azerbaijan As a developing country, Republic of Azerbaijan believes that the climate change is a potential threat for humanity and supports the adoption of a new Global Agreement on climate change to be applied to all Parties in the 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC to be held in Paris late 2015. By 2030 the Republic of Azerbaijan targets 35% reduction in the level of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990/base year as its contribution to the global climate change efforts.', 'By 2030 the Republic of Azerbaijan targets 35% reduction in the level of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990/base year as its contribution to the global climate change efforts. Approaches and principles applied for defining the contributions: Compliance with national conditions and historical responsibility By communicating its INDC to the UNFCCC, Azerbaijan confirms the importance of a new agreement in the field of climate change and expresses its solidarity with the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change.', 'Approaches and principles applied for defining the contributions: Compliance with national conditions and historical responsibility By communicating its INDC to the UNFCCC, Azerbaijan confirms the importance of a new agreement in the field of climate change and expresses its solidarity with the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change. Azerbaijan believes that the exchange of information between the Parties on the INDC will assist in streamlining joint efforts aimed at the prevention of global temperature increase above 2°C as it is stated in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as well as further promote the principles of justice by taking into account the potential and national circumstances of the Parties and their capacity.', 'Azerbaijan believes that the exchange of information between the Parties on the INDC will assist in streamlining joint efforts aimed at the prevention of global temperature increase above 2°C as it is stated in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as well as further promote the principles of justice by taking into account the potential and national circumstances of the Parties and their capacity. When Azerbaijan was part of the former Soviet Union environmental concerns were neglected for the sake of industrial development. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict resulted in the occupation of 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan by Armenia and the inflow of a million refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).', 'The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict resulted in the occupation of 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan by Armenia and the inflow of a million refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). In addition, the conflict inflicted heavy damage on the environment of Azerbaijan. 1.7 million hectares of land that currently remain under Armenian occupation are comprised of 595.6 thousand hectares of agricultural land, 247.4 thousand hectares of forest area and 10.1 thousand hectares of farmland. 247.352 hectares of forest area, including 13197.5 hectares of rare and valuable forests, 152 natural monuments and 5 geological objects located in the occupied territories have been destroyed.', '247.352 hectares of forest area, including 13197.5 hectares of rare and valuable forests, 152 natural monuments and 5 geological objects located in the occupied territories have been destroyed. Large scale arsons regularly committed by the Armenian military forces in the occupied territories seriously damage environment and livelihoods in adjacent districts as well as in the entire region. The inflicted damage amounts to billions of US dollars. The principle of justice and ambition, obstacles and risks As a developing country Azerbaijan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. National greenhouse gas emissions account for only 0.1% of global emissions, while per capita gas emissions for 2010 equal 5.4 tons of equivalent.', 'National greenhouse gas emissions account for only 0.1% of global emissions, while per capita gas emissions for 2010 equal 5.4 tons of equivalent. Despite the existing challenges, as a developing country Azerbaijan, has already provided its contribution to the global efforts to cope with climate change and has chosen its development direction towards low emission development that requires more financial resources. Therefore, the submitted INDC presents a highly ambitious commitment. The increase of the population of Azerbaijan by approximately 1.1% or 100 thousand people per year projected in the official national statistics will increase the demand for energy and other natural resources.', 'The increase of the population of Azerbaijan by approximately 1.1% or 100 thousand people per year projected in the official national statistics will increase the demand for energy and other natural resources. This represents one of the main challenges for the reduction of GHG emissions.In addition, constraints for the implementation of the present INDC and specific risks for the country could be listed as follows: - The remaining occupation of the 20 % of the territory of Azerbaijan and consequently problems of one million refugees and IDPs, massive plunder of natural resources and other wealth, as well as extermination of flora and fauna in the occupied territories; - Declining prices of oil in the global markets.', 'This represents one of the main challenges for the reduction of GHG emissions.In addition, constraints for the implementation of the present INDC and specific risks for the country could be listed as follows: - The remaining occupation of the 20 % of the territory of Azerbaijan and consequently problems of one million refugees and IDPs, massive plunder of natural resources and other wealth, as well as extermination of flora and fauna in the occupied territories; - Declining prices of oil in the global markets. The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Azerbaijan Base year 1990 Emissions per base year Total emission 73.331 Gg CO2 equivalent (excluding LULUCF); Net emission 69.641 Gg CO2 equivalent (including LULUCF) Time framework 2030 Covered sectors Energy, agriculture, waste, LULUCF Covered gases CO2 O, HFC, CF4 Considered emissions reduction 35% reduction at total emissions level compared to the base year.', 'The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Azerbaijan Base year 1990 Emissions per base year Total emission 73.331 Gg CO2 equivalent (excluding LULUCF); Net emission 69.641 Gg CO2 equivalent (including LULUCF) Time framework 2030 Covered sectors Energy, agriculture, waste, LULUCF Covered gases CO2 O, HFC, CF4 Considered emissions reduction 35% reduction at total emissions level compared to the base year. Total emissions reduction for 2030 compared to the base year: equivalent (excluding LULUCF) equivalent (including LULUCF ) Methodology used for GHG inventory In the course of GHG inventory, the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used. Adaptation element In order to reduce vulnerability of Azerbaijan towards climate change impacts, it is considered to develop relevant adaptation measures for decreasing or minimizing the losses that may occur at national, local and community levels per sector.', 'Adaptation element In order to reduce vulnerability of Azerbaijan towards climate change impacts, it is considered to develop relevant adaptation measures for decreasing or minimizing the losses that may occur at national, local and community levels per sector. Mitigation Energy sector Development of legislative acts and regulatory documents on energy, the implementation of awareness activities on energy efficiency, the replacement of existing technologies in electricity and thermal energy production with modern technologies, the reconstruction of the distribution networks and transmission lines, the implementation of isolation works and application of modern lighting systems.', 'Mitigation Energy sector Development of legislative acts and regulatory documents on energy, the implementation of awareness activities on energy efficiency, the replacement of existing technologies in electricity and thermal energy production with modern technologies, the reconstruction of the distribution networks and transmission lines, the implementation of isolation works and application of modern lighting systems. Oil and gas sector - Application of new and modern environmental-friendly technologies in the oil and gas processing, production of fuel in line with EURO-5 standards in a new refinery complex by 2019 and strengthening the capacity of the staff; - Modernization of gas pipelines, gas distribution system and other measures to decrease losses up to 1% by 2020 and ensure the volume of reduction in compliance with international standards by 2050;- Based on adopted strategy, accumulation of gases emitted to the atmosphere during oil-gas production, prevention of gas leakages during oil-gas processing and at distribution networks.', 'Oil and gas sector - Application of new and modern environmental-friendly technologies in the oil and gas processing, production of fuel in line with EURO-5 standards in a new refinery complex by 2019 and strengthening the capacity of the staff; - Modernization of gas pipelines, gas distribution system and other measures to decrease losses up to 1% by 2020 and ensure the volume of reduction in compliance with international standards by 2050;- Based on adopted strategy, accumulation of gases emitted to the atmosphere during oil-gas production, prevention of gas leakages during oil-gas processing and at distribution networks. Residential and Commercial Sectors Massive use of control and measurement devices in electrical, heat energy and natural gas systems, application of energy-efficient bulbs, use of modern energy-saving technologies in heating systems, as well organization of public awareness programs on energy use.', 'Residential and Commercial Sectors Massive use of control and measurement devices in electrical, heat energy and natural gas systems, application of energy-efficient bulbs, use of modern energy-saving technologies in heating systems, as well organization of public awareness programs on energy use. The use of alternative and renewable energy sources Development and application of technical and normative legal documents on the use of alternative and renewable energy sources based on conducted assessment, acceleration of works to supply of renewable energy for the heating system for the population, enhancement of use of innovative technologies, construction of small hydro power plants (HPPs) on small rivers, irrigation canals and water basins, as well as, use of biomass, solar power, electric and heat energy, wind power, heat pumps and geothermal energy in all sectors of economy.', 'The use of alternative and renewable energy sources Development and application of technical and normative legal documents on the use of alternative and renewable energy sources based on conducted assessment, acceleration of works to supply of renewable energy for the heating system for the population, enhancement of use of innovative technologies, construction of small hydro power plants (HPPs) on small rivers, irrigation canals and water basins, as well as, use of biomass, solar power, electric and heat energy, wind power, heat pumps and geothermal energy in all sectors of economy. Transport sector Use of environmentally friendly forms of transport, enhancement of the use of electric vehicles at public transportation, electrification of railway lines and the transition to alternative current system in traction, improvement and expansion of the scope of intellectual transport management system, development of metro transport and increase of a number of metro stations, elimination of traffic jams due to the construction of road junctions and underground and surface pedestrian crossings.', 'Transport sector Use of environmentally friendly forms of transport, enhancement of the use of electric vehicles at public transportation, electrification of railway lines and the transition to alternative current system in traction, improvement and expansion of the scope of intellectual transport management system, development of metro transport and increase of a number of metro stations, elimination of traffic jams due to the construction of road junctions and underground and surface pedestrian crossings. Agricultural sector Collect methane gas from manure of livestock and poultry, use of alternative sources of energy and modern technologies. Waste sector Develop modern solid waste management system at big cities of the country.', 'Waste sector Develop modern solid waste management system at big cities of the country. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector Plant new forest areas, water and land protecting forest strips (windbreaks), urban and roadside greenery as well as further improve the management of pastures and agricultural lands.']

en-US

BHS

Bahamas

1st NDC

2016-10-31 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Bahamas_COP-22%20UNFCCC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/1662b1f60345e48bc7ff07b1e1eff13af199edd8ed1ed504bcf198778f6b0dc5.pdf

[]

az-AZ

BHS

Bahamas

Updated NDC

2022-11-07 00:00:00

missing

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/Bahamas%20Updated%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contributio

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/5a70f3e17cd56325ce856090e9f4cb5358badc8457d272c1577d766a6e3e3fc7.pdf

[]

az-AZ

BHR

Bahrain

1st NDC

2016-12-30 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Kingdom_of_Bahrain.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/1de55bad44fe38e451cf79cad08f17bf79340a627a2a0dbe45c87ee7ccc0bead.pdf

['مسب هللا نمحرلا ميحرلا SUBMISSION BY BAHRAIN As a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) the Kingdom of Bahrain hereby communicates with good faith its intended nationally determined contribution, recalling paragraph 11 of Decision 1/CP.20 which provides that “small island developing States may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting its special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” Special National Circumstances The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of low-laying islands, islets, shoals and patches of reefs situated off the central southern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Bahrain has limitations in its size, population and economy which give rise to constraints in financing, technical capacities and options for emission-reduction technology.', 'Bahrain has limitations in its size, population and economy which give rise to constraints in financing, technical capacities and options for emission-reduction technology. Bahrain makes relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential will largely depend on national circumstances, capacity and support. Being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, adaptation is a key priority. Bahrain has no natural surface freshwater resources, scarce and irregular rainfall, minor and dwindling hydrocarbon resources, limited scope in the near term in terms of developing significant alternatives to hydrocarbons-based energy, and an increasingly high population density. As such, a delicate balance must be struck in order for Bahrain to be able to develop sustainably.', 'As such, a delicate balance must be struck in order for Bahrain to be able to develop sustainably. In addressing economic matters, and as a small island, minimizing the negative impacts of the implementation of response measures with respect to the energy, transport and tourism sectors are of strategic concern. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Action with mitigation co-benefits The Kingdom of Bahrain’s Economic Vision 20301 provides the long-term vision for a policy to diversify the economy. The aim is to inter alia reduce Bahrain’s dependence on oil & gas, focusing on the financial, manufacturing and tourism sectors.', 'The aim is to inter alia reduce Bahrain’s dependence on oil & gas, focusing on the financial, manufacturing and tourism sectors. In line with Decision 24/CP.18, and putting forward current actions and plans in pursuit of economic diversification that have co-benefits in the form of emission reductions, Bahrain’s Vision 2030 maintains that “protecting our naturalenvironment will include conserving our natural spaces for future generations to enjoy; implementing energy-efficiency regulations; directing investments to technologies that reduce carbon emissions, minimize pollution and promote the sourcing of more sustainable energy.” The following are strategies, plans and actions the Kingdom is undertaking which may contribute to low greenhouse gas emission development: Energy Efficiency Kingdom of Bahrain Energy Efficiency Programme (KEEP) targets public, residential and commercial buildings and the industrial sector.', 'In line with Decision 24/CP.18, and putting forward current actions and plans in pursuit of economic diversification that have co-benefits in the form of emission reductions, Bahrain’s Vision 2030 maintains that “protecting our naturalenvironment will include conserving our natural spaces for future generations to enjoy; implementing energy-efficiency regulations; directing investments to technologies that reduce carbon emissions, minimize pollution and promote the sourcing of more sustainable energy.” The following are strategies, plans and actions the Kingdom is undertaking which may contribute to low greenhouse gas emission development: Energy Efficiency Kingdom of Bahrain Energy Efficiency Programme (KEEP) targets public, residential and commercial buildings and the industrial sector. It aims to improve energy efficiency to reduce cumulative electricity consumption by 2030.', 'It aims to improve energy efficiency to reduce cumulative electricity consumption by 2030. Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) Energy Conservation Policy promotes the efficient use of natural resources, focusing on four key improvement areas: the improvement of heater efficiency; maximize condensate recovery; reduce mass loss; reactivate on-line energy intensity index. Bahrain National Gas Company (Banagas) has completed a retrofit project of gas turbines which involves replacement of existing high NOx combustion liners resulting in an average reduction of 44% NOx emissions from the power generation station. Tatweer Petroleum efficiency projects include manifold flare projects, associated gas compression projects, oilfield electrification projects and rental compressor stations projects have contributed to the reduction of CO2 emissions.', 'Tatweer Petroleum efficiency projects include manifold flare projects, associated gas compression projects, oilfield electrification projects and rental compressor stations projects have contributed to the reduction of CO2 emissions. The Motor Vehicles Standards and technical regulations are adopted to reduce the emissions from gasoline and diesel engine vehicles. The Energy Efficient Lighting Initiative project supports replacing energy inefficient ILs with efficient CFLs in the short term and with more efficient technologies such as LED based lamps in the medium term. Civil Aviation Authority - Emission Management Plan for Sustainable Aviation Growth includes an aviation efficiency program. This is developed in response to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2010 Assembly Resolution A37-19.', 'This is developed in response to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2010 Assembly Resolution A37-19. Bahrain Airport Company has recently achieved the Airport Carbon Accreditation ‘Level 1 Mapping’ from the Airports Council International (ACI). Ministry of Transportation and Communications continues to find ways and means to mitigate emissions from land transportation.The Kingdom of Bahrain established a unit for Sustainable Energy under the Minster of Energy that focuses on energy conservation and renewable energy Policies. Carbon Capture and Storage BAPCO Carbon Recovery Plan utilizes Waste CO2 rich off gas stream which is to be used for industrial applications. Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) Carbon Recovery Project is able to capture CO2 in the flue gases of the GPIC Methanol Plant.', 'Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) Carbon Recovery Project is able to capture CO2 in the flue gases of the GPIC Methanol Plant. Renewable Energy BAPCO 5MW PV grid-connected plant aims at demonstrating PV solar technology under local conditions to support up scaling of renewable energy. The project consists of the installation of 21,000 smart solar panels to generate a substantial number of Kwhs of electricity annually. The Electricity and Water Authority 5MW grid-connected pilot power plant from solar/wind sources is underway. Adaptation Climate change impacts have already been observed in Bahrain and are further elaborated in its Second National Communication Report2. The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: coastal zones, water resources, human health, and biodiversity.', 'The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: coastal zones, water resources, human health, and biodiversity. Bahrain has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change in future. Indeed, there are substantially higher costs associated with adaptation to future impacts of climate change in Bahrain, if actions are initially delayed or ignored. At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community.', 'At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community. The Kingdom of Bahrain is undertaking the following actions that contributes to its adaptation to climate change: Sea-level Rise Coastal Resilience to Sea-Level Rise has been included in the Ministry of Works Dredging and Land Reclamation Technical Manual published in 2008. Using inter alia information found in Bahrain’s Initial National CommunicationReport to the UNFCCC, the recommended reclamation levels considers the clearance for expected sea-level rise due global warming of 0.4 meters.', 'Using inter alia information found in Bahrain’s Initial National CommunicationReport to the UNFCCC, the recommended reclamation levels considers the clearance for expected sea-level rise due global warming of 0.4 meters. Water Scarcity It is expected that climate change impacts in terms of temperature increase, rainfall variability, and sea level rise would further aggravate the water situation and it is imperative to formulate a climate-resilient and integrated water resources strategy in order to sustainably manage its water resources. The National Water Resources Council was established in 2009 to address these challenges and its work is ongoing. Food Security The Artificial Reef Project aims to assist in the recovery of local fish stocks by landing artificial reefs in key zones.', 'Food Security The Artificial Reef Project aims to assist in the recovery of local fish stocks by landing artificial reefs in key zones. To build capacities and raise awareness, programs related to conservation, eco-system services and the sustainable use of biodiversity have been integrated into the national education curricula. Adaptation action with mitigation co-benefits Bahrain considers that adaptation action will have mitigation co-benefits that will increase climate change resilience, enhance carbon sinks, assist with protection of water resources and, more generally, the health of the people of Bahrain.', 'Adaptation action with mitigation co-benefits Bahrain considers that adaptation action will have mitigation co-benefits that will increase climate change resilience, enhance carbon sinks, assist with protection of water resources and, more generally, the health of the people of Bahrain. The Kingdom of Bahrain is planning to undertake the following actions to adapt to future environmental and social issues, which can also contribute to reduction in emissions: Water Conservation Ministry of Electricity and Water - Water Conservation Initiative project involves the upgrading of the water distribution networks in order to minimize water leakages. The increased efficiency results in a reduction of water consumption and thus power generation required for desalinization, which in turn leads to a reduction of emissions.', 'The increased efficiency results in a reduction of water consumption and thus power generation required for desalinization, which in turn leads to a reduction of emissions. Sustainable Urban Planning Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning Sustainable and Green Building Construction projects will apply to the construction of new government buildings which will save energy and water. Given the projected future increase in vehicles and traffic, the Ministry of Works, Municipalities and Urban Planning have succeeded in and will continue to reduce traffic time for each vehicle by improving the transportation network. In collaboration with the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, bus routes were created across the country to increase public transport efficiency and attractiveness.', 'In collaboration with the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, bus routes were created across the country to increase public transport efficiency and attractiveness. Future projects include the GCC Railway Project, and theBahrain Light Rail Project which may contribute to the reduction of personal vehicle use and emissions. Blue Carbon A Mangrove Transplantation Project for the cultivation of plants and planting mangrove seedlings in order to rehabilitate degraded coastal areas began in 2013. The project succeeded in the cultivation of mangroves in Tubli Bay and Doha Arad. There is increasingly strong recognition that there is a need to properly manage particular habitats that act as critical natural carbon sinks.', 'There is increasingly strong recognition that there is a need to properly manage particular habitats that act as critical natural carbon sinks. The Black Mangrove is found naturally in Bahrain and is able to sequester carbon and provide an efficient buffer for coastal protection. At present, the Kingdom of Bahrain does not have a full understanding of its mangroves as a carbon sink and is planning to engage with the International Union for Conservation of Nature to do so. Seagrass beds, which constitute an important carbon sink, are distributed along the southeast coast, and along the west coast of Bahrain.', 'Seagrass beds, which constitute an important carbon sink, are distributed along the southeast coast, and along the west coast of Bahrain. At present the Kingdom of Bahrain does not have a full understanding of its seagrass areas as a carbon sink and is planning to further engage with the International Union for Conservation of Nature to do so. Means of implementation for support contributions The elaboration of this INDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings, and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee.', 'Means of implementation for support contributions The elaboration of this INDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings, and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee. This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The domestic actions communicated in this INDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8.', 'The domestic actions communicated in this INDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8. The Kingdom of Bahrain recognizes that the extent to which it will meet its obligations under the UNFCCC will depend highly on the level of international support in means of implementation. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation stipulations are meant to inform and will be undertaken in the context of support on finance, technology-transfer and capacity building.']

en-US

BHR

Bahrain

Updated NDC

2021-10-18 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Bahrain%20under%20UNFCCC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/3544ec980250cdcbeb3334fd28cce78732e076a2beb1dca901ae81429a0c72b2.pdf

['Nationally Determined Contribution of Kingdom of Bahrain under UNFCCCميحرلا نمحرلا هللا مسب Nationally Determined Contribution of Kingdom of Bahrain under UNFCCC Manama, ………. 2021 Introduction The Kingdom of Bahrain hereby communicates in good faith its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and confirms its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement (PA). The development of this NDC is guided by numerous relevant principles and decisions as outlined by Article 3 of UNFCCC; decision 24/CP.18, decision 1/CP.19; decision 1/CP.20; Article 24, decision 1/CP.21; Articles 4.1, 4.7 and 4.15 of the Paris Agreement as well as Katowice Rulebook of COP24. As a developing country, the Kingdom of Bahrain is actively pursuing economic diversification considering sustainability as the pillar of its growth.', 'As a developing country, the Kingdom of Bahrain is actively pursuing economic diversification considering sustainability as the pillar of its growth. Despite its low annual GHG footprint, estimated approximately below 0.1% of the global GHG footprint, the Kingdom of Bahrain strives to avoid and reduce emissions in its economic development. As per Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, at the core of this NDC is mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions and economic diversification plans. National Circumstances Being a small developing island state, Bahrain’s coastline and land area have evolved considerably over the last 30 years due to a series of land reclamation projects, which continue to the present day.', 'National Circumstances Being a small developing island state, Bahrain’s coastline and land area have evolved considerably over the last 30 years due to a series of land reclamation projects, which continue to the present day. Roughly, 111 km2 of reclaimed land has been added since 1980, accounting for about 15% of its current total land area. Bahrain is an arid countrywith mild, pleasant winters, and summers that are very hot and humid. Rainfall is negligible from April through the end of October, coinciding with high temperatures. Relative humidity is highest during the winter months of December through February, although other months of the year show only slightly lower levels.', 'Relative humidity is highest during the winter months of December through February, although other months of the year show only slightly lower levels. Bahrain enjoys a rich social milieu, with diverse communities living side by side in primarily high-density urban contexts throughout the island. Several key aspects of Bahrain’s social fabric are described in the subsections that follow. In 2021, total population is slightly over 1.5 million with roughly half of the population comprised of expatriates who come to pursue work opportunities. Most of the population is centered in the capital, Al Manamah and other major urban centers like Al Muharraq, Al Riffa’ and Hamad Town.', 'Most of the population is centered in the capital, Al Manamah and other major urban centers like Al Muharraq, Al Riffa’ and Hamad Town. Economic diversification with mitigation-co benefits Launched in 2017, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) lays out a comprehensive set of initiatives to improve national energy efficiency in Bahrain. The Plan identifies 22 initiatives across all sectors to achieve a national target of 6% which was adopted by Cabinet. The target is set as a reduction of energy consumption in the year 2025, expressed as a percentage of the average final energy consumption.', 'The target is set as a reduction of energy consumption in the year 2025, expressed as a percentage of the average final energy consumption. Launched in the same year, the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) identified feasible solar, wind and biogas renewable energy options for Bahrain, establishing national renewable energy targets, also adopted by Cabinet, of 5% of peak capacity by 2025 and 10% by 2035. Adaptation Climate change impacts have already been observed in Bahrain and are further elaborated on in the Third National Communication Report. The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: Water, agriculture, biodiversity and urban development.', 'The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: Water, agriculture, biodiversity and urban development. Bahrain has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change in future. Indeed, there are substantially higher costs associated withadaptation to future impacts of climate change in Bahrain, if actions are initially delayed or ignored. At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community, Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the UNFCCC.', 'At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community, Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the UNFCCC. The Kingdom of Bahrain is undertaking the following actions to adapt to climate change: Adaptation Strategy A national adaptation Investment Plan (NAIP) on climate change in cooperation with the relevant government agencies is in preparation. The plan aims to include adaptation priorities and implementation actions. Bahrain’s national adaptation planning efforts aims at enhancing the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks.', 'Bahrain’s national adaptation planning efforts aims at enhancing the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks. As part of this overarching picture, comes The National Adaptation Investment Plan to take the adaptation investment related efforts forward, by addressing some of the pressing climate change adaptation needs. The National Adaptation Investment Plan is the guiding document to identify interventions in order to increase the Kingdom of Bahrain’s resilience to climate change. For that purpose, the document has the following four objectives: 1. To systematically describe what adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change means in Bahrain and to identify objectives for adaptation (situational analysis), 2. To identify interventions to increase resilience to climate change and achieve the objectives for adaptation (project pipeline), 3.', 'To identify interventions to increase resilience to climate change and achieve the objectives for adaptation (project pipeline), 3. To identify relevant options of how to finance these interventions (finance strategy) 4. To identify the stakeholders in the different areas affected by the adverse impacts of climate change on which successful adaptation will depend (stakeholder analysis), 5. To prescribe institutional arrangements across different departments and agencies to implement the identified interventions.Coastal Zones Coastal Resilience to Sea-Level Rise has been included in the Ministry of Works Dredging and Land Reclamation Technical Manual published in 2008. Some adaptation measures have already taken place and a code of height was implemented.', 'Some adaptation measures have already taken place and a code of height was implemented. However, in early 2020 and in harmony with the recent IPCC reviewed scenarios, the code was revised, and a new height was enacted to provide better costal resilience to important infrastructures. following these stages: 1) Stage one: Base lining flood risk from Sea Level Rise: Review of available scientific evidence and data on SLR and preliminary assessment of land and key assets at risk. 2) Stage two: Sources of Coastal Flood Risk: Detailed investigation of sources of flood Risk associated with SLR and storm events.', '2) Stage two: Sources of Coastal Flood Risk: Detailed investigation of sources of flood Risk associated with SLR and storm events. 3) Stage three: Impacts on National Infrastructure: Detailed assessment of the impact of SLR on key infrastructure & National Assets 4) Stage 4: Success Strategy Development of master plan and strategy to mitigate impacts and identification of options and actions. Water Resources The current water situation in Bahrain is not sustainable. The National Water Resources Council was reactivated in 2016 and is working on formulating a clear, comprehensive, and integrated water resources policy and strategy in order to manage water resources efficiently and diversify its sources through investigating novel technologies linked to renewable energy.', 'The National Water Resources Council was reactivated in 2016 and is working on formulating a clear, comprehensive, and integrated water resources policy and strategy in order to manage water resources efficiently and diversify its sources through investigating novel technologies linked to renewable energy. The Water Resources Management Unit (WRM), established in 2019 with initial funding from the GCF, aims to enhance climate resilience of the water sector. Among the projects undertaken by the unit is the modeling of the impact of climate change on freshwater resources, benefiting from gray water, conducting a comprehensive auditing of water management and use, as well as rainwater harvesting.Bahrain also adopted and implements national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.', 'Among the projects undertaken by the unit is the modeling of the impact of climate change on freshwater resources, benefiting from gray water, conducting a comprehensive auditing of water management and use, as well as rainwater harvesting.Bahrain also adopted and implements national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Adaptation Actions with Mitigation Co-Benefits Beyond “classical” adaptation actions, Article 4.7 in the PA states that “Mitigation co- benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification can contribute to mitigation outcomes.', 'Adaptation Actions with Mitigation Co-Benefits Beyond “classical” adaptation actions, Article 4.7 in the PA states that “Mitigation co- benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification can contribute to mitigation outcomes. Henceforth Bahrain launched several projects that concurs this concept such as: National Plan for Afforestation The national project for afforestation, to support increase green areas at the kingdom, better accommodate rise in temperatures and create green sinks for emission is still at early stages, A thermal satellite imagery of Bahrain has been taken to identify the heat hotspots, a list of trees and vegetation that are suitable for Bahrain’s climate, compatible with heat, does not require a lot of water and does not impact infrastructure was identified, a pilot program has been established to test the reduction impact of afforestation in different areas prior to expanding the projects.', 'Henceforth Bahrain launched several projects that concurs this concept such as: National Plan for Afforestation The national project for afforestation, to support increase green areas at the kingdom, better accommodate rise in temperatures and create green sinks for emission is still at early stages, A thermal satellite imagery of Bahrain has been taken to identify the heat hotspots, a list of trees and vegetation that are suitable for Bahrain’s climate, compatible with heat, does not require a lot of water and does not impact infrastructure was identified, a pilot program has been established to test the reduction impact of afforestation in different areas prior to expanding the projects. The action plan will be expanded to include the type and percentage of green area, as well as initiatives to encourage nationals and residents to plant trees and a revision of building permits to include landscaping Mangrove Habitats There are several adaptation strategies that are under consideration to build resilience against climate change risks mangroves habitats are facing while at the same time considering natural sinks.', 'The action plan will be expanded to include the type and percentage of green area, as well as initiatives to encourage nationals and residents to plant trees and a revision of building permits to include landscaping Mangrove Habitats There are several adaptation strategies that are under consideration to build resilience against climate change risks mangroves habitats are facing while at the same time considering natural sinks. Those strategies are the following: - Establishing the Tubli Bay observatory to strengthen existing observation systems to better understand ecological services provided by mangrove habitats in the area.- Creating a blue carbon inventory to augment Bahrain’s existing GHG emission tracking system to estimate and document carbon pools/fluxes in Tubli Bay consistent with international methodological guidance.', 'Those strategies are the following: - Establishing the Tubli Bay observatory to strengthen existing observation systems to better understand ecological services provided by mangrove habitats in the area.- Creating a blue carbon inventory to augment Bahrain’s existing GHG emission tracking system to estimate and document carbon pools/fluxes in Tubli Bay consistent with international methodological guidance. - Ecosystem services valuation to introduce economic valuation as a basis to account for the value of the market (i.e., tourism) and non-market (i.e., regulating, provisioning, supporting) services that the Tubli Bay mangrove habitats provide. - Mangrove Transplantation Project is ongoing with more than 4,800 seedlings being planted in 2019 alone. Bahrain will actively pursue the synergies between mitigation and adaptation exploring adaptation actions with mitigation benefits and vice versa.', 'Bahrain will actively pursue the synergies between mitigation and adaptation exploring adaptation actions with mitigation benefits and vice versa. Economic Development and Diversification Bahrain Bourse (Bahrain Stock Market) joined the Sustainable Stock Exchange (SSE) initiative in 2019, reinforcing its commitment to promote sustainable and transparent capital markets. Companies in Bahrain will have to disclose Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information, and are expected to create shared value and inclusive growth, to assess their impacts on capitals and resources, and to contribute to national, regional and global visions and plans. In addition, the Government has adopted a strategic plan to develop six key economic sectors, namely financial services, information and communication technology, industry, logistics, tourism, and oil.', 'In addition, the Government has adopted a strategic plan to develop six key economic sectors, namely financial services, information and communication technology, industry, logistics, tourism, and oil. Several initiatives have been implemented to increase the volume of foreign and local investments and create job opportunities. Many initiatives have already been implemented such as a new tourism strategy, new measures to streamline visa procedures, new legislation to encourage foreign investors, a comprehensive strategy for the development of the logistics sector, and a national strategy to revive the pearling industry. These initiatives will continue to contribute to positive growth in the Kingdom’s non-oil sector, strengthening its contribution to GDP, increasing sustainable development andfurther enhancing diversification while reinforcing the pivotal role of the private sector as the major driver of growth.', 'These initiatives will continue to contribute to positive growth in the Kingdom’s non-oil sector, strengthening its contribution to GDP, increasing sustainable development andfurther enhancing diversification while reinforcing the pivotal role of the private sector as the major driver of growth. The Kingdom of Bahrain strives to avoid and reduce emissions in its economic development. As per Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, at the core of this NDC is mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions and economic diversification plans. Sustainable Development Goals The Kingdom of Bahrain has taken major steps towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations General Assembly, aligning its national development agenda accordingly.', 'Sustainable Development Goals The Kingdom of Bahrain has taken major steps towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations General Assembly, aligning its national development agenda accordingly. As a result, the Kingdom of Bahrain has established many governmental institutions, organizations, and committees to develop the programs, policies, and strategies to achieve sustainability in its various dimensions. It has also enacted a number of laws and regulations related to the achievement of sustainable development, which has become an international demand in the midst of the current economic, political and social changes that the global community witnesses currently. Means of Implementation The elaboration of this NDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee.', 'Means of Implementation The elaboration of this NDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee. This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity, and respective capabilities. The domestic actions communicated in this NDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8.', 'The domestic actions communicated in this NDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8. The Kingdom of Bahrain recognizes that the extent to which it will meet its obligations under the UNFCCC, PA will depend highly on the level of international support in means of implementation. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation stipulations are meant to inform and will be undertaken in the context of support on finance, technology- transfer, and capacity building.Information Necessary for Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding of the updated NDC Bahrain will periodically review the mitigation and adaptation measures mentioned in the NDCs to ensure that efforts are implemented.', 'Therefore, mitigation and adaptation stipulations are meant to inform and will be undertaken in the context of support on finance, technology- transfer, and capacity building.Information Necessary for Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding of the updated NDC Bahrain will periodically review the mitigation and adaptation measures mentioned in the NDCs to ensure that efforts are implemented. Bahrain will have a specific monitoring and evaluation plan for the adaptation, for monitoring and reviewing and verification of projects and policies. In implementation of its NDC, Bahrain will consider voluntary cooperation and cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'In implementation of its NDC, Bahrain will consider voluntary cooperation and cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. For the Kingdom of Bahrain such cooperation and cooperative approaches will be multi-metric in their nature and include not only GHG but also other related parameters such as renewable energy, energy efficiency etc. Technology Innovation and Deployment The Kingdom of Bahrain considers technology innovation and deployment at scale as a vital enabler of its NDC and for achieving the Paris Agreement goals. Bahrain supports key technologies such as carbon capture and utilization, direct air capture and others which are necessary for hard-to-abate sectors.', 'Bahrain supports key technologies such as carbon capture and utilization, direct air capture and others which are necessary for hard-to-abate sectors. Response measures The Kingdom of Bahrain is impacted not only by physical climate change consequences but also the negative result of climate change policies made beyond its borders. Managing response measures to minimize their economic and social consequence in Bahrain is one of the key priorities for Bahrain to achieve sustainable growth.As outlined in Article 4.15 of the Paris Agreement, the international community needs to take into account economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties.', 'Managing response measures to minimize their economic and social consequence in Bahrain is one of the key priorities for Bahrain to achieve sustainable growth.As outlined in Article 4.15 of the Paris Agreement, the international community needs to take into account economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties. Ambition and fairness Given its small island and developing country status, historically low GHG footprint (estimated as approximately below 0.1% of the global GHG footprint), ongoing economic diversification, physical impacts of climate change, the Kingdom of Bahrain considers this NDC as ambitious and fair. To correctly utilize its limited resources, Bahrain will prioritize adaptation actions (especially those with mitigation co-benefits) over mitigation.']

en-US

BGD

Bangladesh

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_2015_of_Bangladesh.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/76bfe5e54ca7f2036815017dece8511aa8658d3aaaa8e424a618afd3b36a8b7c.pdf

['Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) Government of the People’s Republic of BangladeshBangladesh’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 1. National context Bangladesh is a highly climate vulnerable country whose emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions1. Without ambitious action to limit greenhouse gases internationally, the future costs of adapting to climate change will be much higher than they are today. If the world fails to take ambitious action, the costs to Bangladesh of climate change could amount to an annual loss of 2% of GDP by 2050 and 9.4% of GDP by 21002. Bangladesh therefore wants to play its part in the global collective action to reduce future emissions as part of a robust and ambitious international agreement.', 'Bangladesh therefore wants to play its part in the global collective action to reduce future emissions as part of a robust and ambitious international agreement. Consequently, Bangladesh is adopting a two-fold strategy against climate change. The main focus of Bangladesh’s activities is on increasing our resilience to the impacts of climate change – which are already affecting the livelihoods of much of our population and will continue to do so in the future.', 'The main focus of Bangladesh’s activities is on increasing our resilience to the impacts of climate change – which are already affecting the livelihoods of much of our population and will continue to do so in the future. For example, extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, drought, tropical cyclones, rising sea levels, tidal surges, salinity intrusion and ocean acidification are causing serious negative impacts on the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in Bangladesh, and are gradually offsetting the remarkable socio-economic development gained over the past 30 years, as well as jeopardising future economic growth. However at the same time, Bangladesh is also working to achieve lower- carbon as well as more resilient development.', 'However at the same time, Bangladesh is also working to achieve lower- carbon as well as more resilient development. With this in mind, this INDC aims to put forth mitigation actions that Bangladesh can take to tackle its growing emissions and to play its role in global efforts to limit temperature rise to two degrees or preferably 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. With respect to Bangladesh’s contribution to global efforts to counter climate change, this INDC sets out a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions.', 'With respect to Bangladesh’s contribution to global efforts to counter climate change, this INDC sets out a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions. These mitigation actions will play a key role in realising the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy and to becoming a middle-income country by 2021 whilst ensuring that it will not cross the average per capita emissions of the developing world. The INDC includes both unconditional and conditional emissions reduction goals for the power, transport, and industry sectors, alongside further mitigation actions in other sectors, which Bangladesh intends to carry out. Bangladesh intends to implement its conditional emissions reduction goal subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.', 'Bangladesh intends to implement its conditional emissions reduction goal subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. The foundation of this INDC is Bangladesh’s existing strategies and plans, in particular the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), Renewable Energy Policy 2008, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (E&CC Master Plan), the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan, the National Sustainable Development Strategy, the Perspective Plan (Vision 2021) and the Sixth (and forthcoming seventh) Five Year Plan, the National Disaster Management Plan and the Disaster Management Act. In addition, it incorporates the outcome of further analysis and consultation to enhance our existing plans, and to analyse future GHG emissions trends and mitigation and adaptation options.', 'In addition, it incorporates the outcome of further analysis and consultation to enhance our existing plans, and to analyse future GHG emissions trends and mitigation and adaptation options. The INDC of Bangladesh consists of the following elements: ¾ Mitigation contribution: \x83 An unconditional contribution to reduce GHG emissions by 5% from Business as Usual (BAU) levels by 2030 in the power, transport and industry sectors, based on existing resources. 1Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2014)". World Resources Institute\x83 A conditional 15% reduction in GHG emissions from BAU levels by 2030 in the power, transport, and industry sectors, subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.', 'World Resources Institute\x83 A conditional 15% reduction in GHG emissions from BAU levels by 2030 in the power, transport, and industry sectors, subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. \x83 A number of further mitigation actions in other sectors which it intends to achieve subject to the provision of additional international resources. ¾ Adaptation component: \x83 An outline of what Bangladesh has already done on adaptation and what the next steps are, including the long-term vision for adaptation in Bangladesh and synergies with mitigation measures. ¾ INDC implementation: \x83 Proposals for governance and coordination of INDC implementation and an outline of key next steps.', '¾ INDC implementation: \x83 Proposals for governance and coordination of INDC implementation and an outline of key next steps. ¾ Support for INDC implementation: \x83 A qualitative description of Bangladesh’s support needs and an outline of plans to further quantify this, along with some examples of indicative costs of taking action on mitigation and adaptation. Bangladesh reserves the right to revise its intended national target and contribution at any point of time and considers its INDC to be a living document that should be integrated with changed/modified national development goals and targets. 2.1.', 'Bangladesh reserves the right to revise its intended national target and contribution at any point of time and considers its INDC to be a living document that should be integrated with changed/modified national development goals and targets. 2.1. “Business as usual” emissions As part of the process of preparing this INDC, Bangladesh has updated its projections of future greenhouse gas emissions including the development of a “Business As Usual” (BAU) scenario and analysis of mitigation potential in three key sectors. Emissions in the “Land use, land-use change and forestry” (LULUCF) sector were not modelled due to difficulties in obtaining the necessary data. Further details of the analysis will be published on the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ website. 2.2.', 'Further details of the analysis will be published on the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ website. 2.2. Mitigation contribution Bangladesh’s mitigation contribution covers the power, transport and industry sectors. Under a BAU scenario, GHG emissions in Bangladesh in these sectors are expected to represent 69% of total emissions by 2030 (excluding LULUCF), an increase of 264% by 2030, from 64 MtCO2 e in 2011 to 234 e in 2030. The contribution Bangladesh is willing to make is set out below. Table 1: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – Mitigation Unconditional contribution Contribution assuming no additional international support Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry sectors by 12 MtCO2 e by 2030 or 5% below BAU emissions for those sectors.', 'Table 1: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – Mitigation Unconditional contribution Contribution assuming no additional international support Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry sectors by 12 MtCO2 e by 2030 or 5% below BAU emissions for those sectors. Conditional contribution Contribution assuming additional international support Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry sectors by 36 MtCO2 e by 2030 or 15% below BAU emissions for those sectors.These contributions are illustrated graphically below. Figure 1: Projection of GHG emissions (MtCO2e) on power, transport and industry sectors from The reduction will occur as illustrated in following Table 2. Table 2: Projected emissions reductions in the power, transport and industry (energy) by 2030 Sector Base year e) BAU scenario e) BAU change from Unconditional contribution scenario e) Change Vs BAU Conditional contribution scenario e) Change Vs BAU Industry (energy) This contribution is based on analysis carried out throughout 2015 using the best available data.', 'Table 2: Projected emissions reductions in the power, transport and industry (energy) by 2030 Sector Base year e) BAU scenario e) BAU change from Unconditional contribution scenario e) Change Vs BAU Conditional contribution scenario e) Change Vs BAU Industry (energy) This contribution is based on analysis carried out throughout 2015 using the best available data. However data quality and availability is an issue in Bangladesh. If new and more robust data comes to light in the future, or if assumptions change (e.g. projections of population or economic growth) the Government will update its analysis accordingly. This will be coordinated with the next update of the BCCSAP and also embedded within the National Communication and Biennial Update Report reporting cycle.2.3.', 'This will be coordinated with the next update of the BCCSAP and also embedded within the National Communication and Biennial Update Report reporting cycle.2.3. Mitigation actions This section sets out some of the mitigation actions that the Government of Bangladesh is currently implementing and examples of the kinds of measures that could be implemented in the future to meet the contributions set out in section 2.2 above. 2.3.1. Mitigation objectives Bangladesh’s strategy on mitigation is set out in the BBCSAP.', 'Mitigation objectives Bangladesh’s strategy on mitigation is set out in the BBCSAP. This sets out 7 programmes on mitigation: Table 3: Mitigation programmes from the BCCSAP Programme Objective Improved energy efficiency in production and consumption of energy Ensure energy secure and low-carbon development of the economy Gas exploration and reservoir management Enhance energy security and ensure low-emission development Development of coal mines and coal- fired power station(s) Maximising coal output and managing coal fired power stations in a carbon-neutral way Renewable energy development Maximising the use of renewable energy sources to lower GHG emission and ensuring energy security Lower emissions from agricultural land Raise productivity of agricultural land and lower emissions of methane Management of urban waste Ensure liveable cities while lowering GHG (methane) emissions Afforestation and reforestation programme Provide support to scale up afforestation and reforestation 2.3.2.', 'This sets out 7 programmes on mitigation: Table 3: Mitigation programmes from the BCCSAP Programme Objective Improved energy efficiency in production and consumption of energy Ensure energy secure and low-carbon development of the economy Gas exploration and reservoir management Enhance energy security and ensure low-emission development Development of coal mines and coal- fired power station(s) Maximising coal output and managing coal fired power stations in a carbon-neutral way Renewable energy development Maximising the use of renewable energy sources to lower GHG emission and ensuring energy security Lower emissions from agricultural land Raise productivity of agricultural land and lower emissions of methane Management of urban waste Ensure liveable cities while lowering GHG (methane) emissions Afforestation and reforestation programme Provide support to scale up afforestation and reforestation 2.3.2. Existing mitigation actions Bangladesh already has a number of activities and targets that are driving action to reduce GHG emissions, and that will help it meet the unconditional contribution set out in section 2.2, including: x A target to reduce energy intensity (per GDP) by 20% by 2030 compared to 2013 levels (E&CC Master Plan) x An Energy Management Programme, including establishment of Energy Management Systems and energy audits for industry by accredited energy auditors x An Energy Efficiency labelling programme to promote sales of high efficiency products in the market x Energy Efficiency measures for buildings, such as heat insulation and cooling measures, and a revised code on energy efficiency of new buildings x The Solar Homes Programme, providing off-grid electricity access to rural areas x A target to deliver 5% of energy from renewable sources by 2015, and 10% by 2020 (2008 Renewable Energy Policy) x More than 1.5 million Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) and 4.0 million Solar Home Systems have already been distributed across the country x Improving kiln efficiency in the brick making industry, composting of organic waste and waste biomass-based thermal energy generation x Construction of Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) by the Government of Bangladesh and utilities companiesx Under the Solar roof-top program around 14 MW of solar has been installed on the vacant roof-tops of Government and private buildings x The country has set aggressive target to scale up the potentials of Solar Irrigation Pumps, Solar mini and nano grids to address the energy access issue of off-grid population 2.3.3.', 'Existing mitigation actions Bangladesh already has a number of activities and targets that are driving action to reduce GHG emissions, and that will help it meet the unconditional contribution set out in section 2.2, including: x A target to reduce energy intensity (per GDP) by 20% by 2030 compared to 2013 levels (E&CC Master Plan) x An Energy Management Programme, including establishment of Energy Management Systems and energy audits for industry by accredited energy auditors x An Energy Efficiency labelling programme to promote sales of high efficiency products in the market x Energy Efficiency measures for buildings, such as heat insulation and cooling measures, and a revised code on energy efficiency of new buildings x The Solar Homes Programme, providing off-grid electricity access to rural areas x A target to deliver 5% of energy from renewable sources by 2015, and 10% by 2020 (2008 Renewable Energy Policy) x More than 1.5 million Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) and 4.0 million Solar Home Systems have already been distributed across the country x Improving kiln efficiency in the brick making industry, composting of organic waste and waste biomass-based thermal energy generation x Construction of Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) by the Government of Bangladesh and utilities companiesx Under the Solar roof-top program around 14 MW of solar has been installed on the vacant roof-tops of Government and private buildings x The country has set aggressive target to scale up the potentials of Solar Irrigation Pumps, Solar mini and nano grids to address the energy access issue of off-grid population 2.3.3. Additional mitigation actions in power, industry and transport Bangladesh will also need to implement additional mitigation actions in order to meet the conditional contribution set out in section 2.2.', 'Additional mitigation actions in power, industry and transport Bangladesh will also need to implement additional mitigation actions in order to meet the conditional contribution set out in section 2.2. Examples of these are set out in Table 4. More analysis will be taken in future to consider these options in more detail, based on the availability of funding support and internal capability, including as part of a proposed INDC implementation roadmap (see section 4), before decisions are taken.', 'More analysis will be taken in future to consider these options in more detail, based on the availability of funding support and internal capability, including as part of a proposed INDC implementation roadmap (see section 4), before decisions are taken. Table 4: Possible mitigation actions to deliver the conditional contribution Sector Description Objectives of the activity by 2030 Power \x83 Ensure all new coal generation uses super-critical technology \x83 Increased penetration of wind power \x83 Implement grid-connected solar plant to diversify the existing electricity generation mix \x83 100% of new coal based power plants use super-critical technology by 2030 \x83 400 MW of wind generating capacity by 2030 \x83 1000 MW of utility-scale solar power plant Transport \x83 Modal shift from road to rail, delivered through a range of measures, including underground metro systems and bus rapid transit systems in urban areas.', 'Table 4: Possible mitigation actions to deliver the conditional contribution Sector Description Objectives of the activity by 2030 Power \x83 Ensure all new coal generation uses super-critical technology \x83 Increased penetration of wind power \x83 Implement grid-connected solar plant to diversify the existing electricity generation mix \x83 100% of new coal based power plants use super-critical technology by 2030 \x83 400 MW of wind generating capacity by 2030 \x83 1000 MW of utility-scale solar power plant Transport \x83 Modal shift from road to rail, delivered through a range of measures, including underground metro systems and bus rapid transit systems in urban areas. Co-benefits will include reduced congestion, improved air quality and improved traffic safety. \x83 Reduced congestion and improved running of traffic. This will be achieved by a number of measures, including building of expressways to relieve congestion and public transport measures.', 'This will be achieved by a number of measures, including building of expressways to relieve congestion and public transport measures. \x83 To achieve a shift in passenger traffic from road to rail of up to around 20% by 2030 compared to the business as usual. \x83 15% improvement in the efficiency of vehicles due to more efficient running. Industry (energy-related) \x83 Carry out energy audits to incentivise the uptake of energy efficiency and conservation measures in the main industrial sectors based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan \x83 10% energy consumption reduction in the industry sector compared to the business as usual 2.3.4.', 'Industry (energy-related) \x83 Carry out energy audits to incentivise the uptake of energy efficiency and conservation measures in the main industrial sectors based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan \x83 10% energy consumption reduction in the industry sector compared to the business as usual 2.3.4. Additional mitigation actions in other sectors As explained above, sectors other than power, transport, and industry were not included in the quantified contributions as a robust data-set is not as readily available for these other sectors, making quantification of mitigation potential more challenging. Yet, Bangladesh will carry out more work in future, under the umbrella of the BCCSAP, to improve analysis in other sectors. And Bangladesh will also continue to consider mitigation actions in these sectors, despite theircontribution currently not being quantified in the INDC.', 'And Bangladesh will also continue to consider mitigation actions in these sectors, despite theircontribution currently not being quantified in the INDC. Examples of potential measures in other sectors are set out below: Table 5: Possible conditional action-based contributions Sector Description Objectives of the activity by 2030 Households x Put in place policy mechanisms to incentivise the uptake of improved (more efficient) gas cookstoves x Support the replacement of biomass with LPG for cooking purposes x Promoting policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the household sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan x 70% market share of improved biomass cookstoves, reaching 20 million households in 2030 x 40% market share of improved gas cookstoves x 10% market switch from biomass to LPG for cooking compared to the business as usual Commercial buildings x Promote policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the commercial sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master plan x Incentivise rainwater harvesting in commercial buildings as a form of water and energy conservation x 25% reduction of overall energy consumption of the commercial sector compared to the business as usual Agriculture (non-energy related) x Increase mechanisation in agriculture leading to a reduction in numbers of draft cattle (and therefore lower methane emissions) x Increase the share of organic manure in the used fertilizer mix x Scale up rice cultivation using alternate wetting and drying irrigation x 50% reduction in draft animals compared to the business as usual x 35% increase in organic fertiliser share compared to the business as usual x 20% of all rice cultivation uses alternate wetting and drying irrigation Waste x Increase composting of organic waste x Promote landfill gas capture and power generation x 50% of the managed waste fraction is diverted from landfill to composting x 70% of landfill gas captured and used for electricity generation Land use, land use change and forestry x Continuation of coastal mangrove plantation x Reforestation and afforestation in the reserved forests x Plantation in the island areas of Bangladesh x Continuation of Social and Homestead forestry x Not quantified.2.4.', 'Examples of potential measures in other sectors are set out below: Table 5: Possible conditional action-based contributions Sector Description Objectives of the activity by 2030 Households x Put in place policy mechanisms to incentivise the uptake of improved (more efficient) gas cookstoves x Support the replacement of biomass with LPG for cooking purposes x Promoting policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the household sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan x 70% market share of improved biomass cookstoves, reaching 20 million households in 2030 x 40% market share of improved gas cookstoves x 10% market switch from biomass to LPG for cooking compared to the business as usual Commercial buildings x Promote policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the commercial sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master plan x Incentivise rainwater harvesting in commercial buildings as a form of water and energy conservation x 25% reduction of overall energy consumption of the commercial sector compared to the business as usual Agriculture (non-energy related) x Increase mechanisation in agriculture leading to a reduction in numbers of draft cattle (and therefore lower methane emissions) x Increase the share of organic manure in the used fertilizer mix x Scale up rice cultivation using alternate wetting and drying irrigation x 50% reduction in draft animals compared to the business as usual x 35% increase in organic fertiliser share compared to the business as usual x 20% of all rice cultivation uses alternate wetting and drying irrigation Waste x Increase composting of organic waste x Promote landfill gas capture and power generation x 50% of the managed waste fraction is diverted from landfill to composting x 70% of landfill gas captured and used for electricity generation Land use, land use change and forestry x Continuation of coastal mangrove plantation x Reforestation and afforestation in the reserved forests x Plantation in the island areas of Bangladesh x Continuation of Social and Homestead forestry x Not quantified.2.4. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding This section provides more detail on the contributions set out in section 2.2 and the analysis that was carried out to inform them.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding This section provides more detail on the contributions set out in section 2.2 and the analysis that was carried out to inform them. Table 6: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Time frames and/or periods for implementation Timeframe for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is 2020 - 2030. Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). Sectors covered by the contribution The contribution covers the power sector, and energy use in the transport and industry sectors. Other sectors are not included in the quantified contribution, but are included as action-based conditional contributions. Geographies covered by the contribution The contribution covers all of Bangladesh.', 'Geographies covered by the contribution The contribution covers all of Bangladesh. Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating current and future emissions The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate current and future GHG emissions. GHG projections were developed to be consistent with Bangladesh’s aim of becoming a middle-income country by 2021. The exact approach to estimating GHG emissions was tailored for each sector according to the availability of data. For example, GHG emissions from road transport were calculated in a relatively disaggregated manner, by combining data on numbers of vehicles, distances travelled and the fuel efficiencies of the vehicles.', 'For example, GHG emissions from road transport were calculated in a relatively disaggregated manner, by combining data on numbers of vehicles, distances travelled and the fuel efficiencies of the vehicles. Similarly, GHG emissions from electricity use in households were calculated in a detailed bottom-up manner, using data on projected numbers of electrical appliances and their efficiencies. On the other hand, GHG emissions from industry were calculated using aggregated energy demand data per industrial sub-sector and forecasts of future industrial output. Future emissions were modelled using the LEAP model, with emissions being calculated from the relevant activity data and emissions factors. Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent has been calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines.', 'Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent has been calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines. Approach for land-based emissions Data was not available to allow for detailed analysis of future GHG emissions and mitigation potential in the LULUCF sector. Further work will be needed to quantify this accurately (see section 4 on INDC implementation). Synergies and co - benefits The shortlist of mitigation options analysed for the INDC was created from a longer list by applying certain criteria, one of which was co-benefits. All the measures are expected to therefore have some co-benefits. These include improved air quality (e.g.', 'These include improved air quality (e.g. from increased renewables or reduction in trafficTime frames and/or periods for implementation congestion), improved road safety (from modal shift to public transport and reduced traffic congestion), economic benefits from developing green jobs, cost savings to families (e.g. from lower running costs of cars and from energy efficient appliances) and improved access to energy (e.g. from localised biogas production). For more information on mitigation-adaptation synergies, see section 3. Net contribution of International Market Based Mechanism Bangladesh does not rule out the use of international market- based mechanisms in line with agreed modalities and accounting rules. 2.5. Fair and ambitious goal Bangladesh is a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions.', 'Fair and ambitious goal Bangladesh is a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions. However, Bangladesh recognises that in order to meet the 2 degrees objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation in line with the IPCC conclusion that meeting 2 degrees requires global reductions to reduce by 40 to 70% global anthropogenic GHG emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2010. Bangladesh’s approach is driven by the long-term goal announced by its Prime Minister that its per capita GHG emissions will not exceed the average for developing countries. Therefore, Bangladesh’s approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals.', 'Therefore, Bangladesh’s approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals. Despite its current status as a LDC and its currently small share of past and current global GHGs, Bangladesh is still putting forward actions which will allow the country to embark on a low carbon development pathway, keeping in mind the global climate change agenda. This INDC represents the first time that Bangladesh has made an international undertaking to take action on mitigation and therefore fulfils the requirements of the Lima Call for Climate Action to go beyond existing efforts.', 'This INDC represents the first time that Bangladesh has made an international undertaking to take action on mitigation and therefore fulfils the requirements of the Lima Call for Climate Action to go beyond existing efforts. The actions needed to deliver on these commitments will require international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. Bangladesh will also provide a relevant contribution with regards to national financial resources, staff time and strong integration of development and mitigation activities. In selecting the actions set out above, Bangladesh has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in our national development plans.', 'In selecting the actions set out above, Bangladesh has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in our national development plans. In addition, Bangladesh has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation, not only by prioritising those adaptation activities with significant mitigation co-benefits, but also by seeking to minimise the carbon footprint of adaptation portfolio as a whole. The INDC contains a mix of measures that have already been taken forward under its own resources, thus demonstrating that Bangladesh is not content to wait for international support to take action on climate change. 3.1 Country situation on vulnerability Bangladesh, one of the world’s most disaster-prone climate vulnerable countries, has faced dozens of major disasters over its short history as a nation.', '3.1 Country situation on vulnerability Bangladesh, one of the world’s most disaster-prone climate vulnerable countries, has faced dozens of major disasters over its short history as a nation. Located on the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh is particularly susceptible to seasonal cyclones, acting as a funnel for heavy precipitation from the Indian Ocean and creating extreme weather events. The country sits on the flood plain of several major rivers, which drain from the mountainous regions of the Himalayas, making seasonal floodinganother hazard often coinciding with the cyclone season. Current research and studies suggest that flood, tropical cyclones, storm surge and drought are likely to be more frequent and severe in the years to come.', 'Current research and studies suggest that flood, tropical cyclones, storm surge and drought are likely to be more frequent and severe in the years to come. The Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI-2011) calculated the vulnerability of 170 countries to the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years3, which reveals that Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country to climate change. Climate change adaptation is a key priority and the country has already undertaken initiatives to mainstream adaptation into national development such as in the water, health, forestry, agriculture and more prominently in the infrastructure sectors. Bangladesh is already experiencing a host of climate impacts, including floods, storm surges, drought and river bank erosion. For example, floods in 2007 inundated 32,000 sq.', 'For example, floods in 2007 inundated 32,000 sq. km, leading to over 85,000 houses being destroyed and almost 1 million damaged, with approximately 1.2 million acres of crops destroyed or partially damaged, 649 deaths and estimated damage over $1 billion. Climate change will drastically hamper economic growth of the country. For instance, the Asian Development Bank estimated that Bangladesh may experience a 2% GDP annual loss by 2050 because of climate change. 3.2 Adaptation goal The primary goal for adaptation is to protect the population, enhance their adaptive capacity and livelihood options, and to protect the overall development of the country in its stride for economic progress and wellbeing of the people.', '3.2 Adaptation goal The primary goal for adaptation is to protect the population, enhance their adaptive capacity and livelihood options, and to protect the overall development of the country in its stride for economic progress and wellbeing of the people. 3.3 Adaptation action – past and present Over the last three decades, the Government of Bangladesh has invested over $10 billion (at constant 2007 prices) to make the country more climate resilient and less vulnerable to natural disasters. Flood management embankments, coastal polders and cyclone shelters have been built, and important lessons learnt on how to implement such projects successfully in the dynamic hydrological conditions of Bangladesh and with active participation of communities.', 'Flood management embankments, coastal polders and cyclone shelters have been built, and important lessons learnt on how to implement such projects successfully in the dynamic hydrological conditions of Bangladesh and with active participation of communities. To enhance climate change adaptation activities in all key policies and sectors, Bangladesh has recently established two innovative funds: the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) from the Government’s own budget and the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilient Fund (BCCRF) with the support of development partners. Bangladesh submitted the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005 (revised in 2009) and prepared a climate change action plan (the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan in 2009).', 'Bangladesh submitted the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005 (revised in 2009) and prepared a climate change action plan (the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan in 2009). 3.4 Expectations for future – near term plans and action Considering the vulnerabilities, the government has identified the following areas of interventions to address adverse impacts of climate change: Key Areas to address adverse impacts of climate change 1. Food security, livelihood and health protection (incl. water security) 2. Comprehensive disaster management 3. Coastal Zone Management including Salinity Intrusion control 4. Flood Control and Erosion protection 5. Building Climate Resilient Infrastructure 6. Increased Rural Electrification 7. Enhanced Urban Resilience 8. Ecosystem based adaptation (including forestry co-management) 9. Community based conservation of wetlands and coastal areas 10.', 'Community based conservation of wetlands and coastal areas 10. Policy and Institutional Capacity BuildingBased on the above-mentioned areas the following broad adaptation actions are prioritized for the country: Adaptation Priorities for Bangladesh i. Improved Early warning system for tropical cyclone, flood, flash flood and drought ii. Disaster preparedness and construction of flood and cyclone shelters iii. Tropical cyclones and storm surge protection iv. Inland monsoon flood-proofing and protection v. Climate resilient infrastructure and communication vi. Climate resilient housing vii. Improvement of Urban resilience through improvement of drainage system to address urban flooding viii. River training and dredging (including excavation of water bodies, canals and drains) ix. Stress tolerant (salinity, drought and flood) variety improvement and cultivation (including livestock and fisheries) x. Research and knowledge management xi. Adaptation on local-level perspectives etc. xii.', 'Adaptation on local-level perspectives etc. xii. Adaptation to climate change impacts on health xiii. Biodiversity and ecosystem conservation xiv. Capacity Building at Individual and institutional level to plan and implement adaptation programmes and projects in the country Bangladesh has already developed considerable infrastructure and capability to address these climate change-induced vulnerabilities through disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. In order to accelerate the present domestic initiatives to adapt to climate change and secure lives and livelihoods of people, the Government has allocated nearly $ 400 million to Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). As of June 2015 BCCTF has funded over 236 projects of which 41 have already been implemented.', 'As of June 2015 BCCTF has funded over 236 projects of which 41 have already been implemented. The projects undertaken so far from BCCTF include: ¾ Construction of embankments and river bank protective works ¾ Building cyclone resilient houses, excavation /re-excavation of canals ¾ Construction of water control infrastructures including regulators/sluice gates ¾ Waste management and drainage infrastructure ¾ Introduction and dissemination of stress tolerant crop varieties and seeds, afforestation ¾ Installation of solar panels.', 'The projects undertaken so far from BCCTF include: ¾ Construction of embankments and river bank protective works ¾ Building cyclone resilient houses, excavation /re-excavation of canals ¾ Construction of water control infrastructures including regulators/sluice gates ¾ Waste management and drainage infrastructure ¾ Introduction and dissemination of stress tolerant crop varieties and seeds, afforestation ¾ Installation of solar panels. Please see details on the country’s achievement in the field of climate change adaptation in Annex 1 A significant number of development programmes are implemented under the revenue budget, and the allocation for BCCTF also comes from the revenue budget (FY-2013/14), so the total allocation to development activities amounts to about 32 percent of the national budget. An updated BCCTF project list is provided on the Fund’s website4.', 'An updated BCCTF project list is provided on the Fund’s website4. A good number of climate change adaptation projects have been further developed for implementation by different ministries and departments like Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Water Development Board, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), Ministry of Disaster Management, Road and Transport Highways Division, Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges. Please see the detailed project list in Annex 1.Furthermore, Bangladesh has prepared a roadmap towards formulating a comprehensive National Adaptation plan (NAP) with a view to reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience.', 'Please see the detailed project list in Annex 1.Furthermore, Bangladesh has prepared a roadmap towards formulating a comprehensive National Adaptation plan (NAP) with a view to reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience. The NAP is expected to facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities in a coherent manner, in particular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate. Bangladesh is considered one of the leading countries in managing disasters, and many good lessons and practices gathered over the years are being replicated in the context of CCA.', 'Bangladesh is considered one of the leading countries in managing disasters, and many good lessons and practices gathered over the years are being replicated in the context of CCA. 3.5 Barriers and needs Bangladesh acknowledges that climate change action requires a holistic approach and further acknowledges that many activities will deliver both adaptation and mitigation benefits. For example, Bangladesh’s national afforestation programme has led to significant afforestation in newly accreted lands along the coast in the Bay of Bengal as well as reforestation in the adjacent denuded hills. About 195,000 hectares of mangrove plantations have been raised so far and these new plantations are also playing an important role in carbon sequestration.', 'About 195,000 hectares of mangrove plantations have been raised so far and these new plantations are also playing an important role in carbon sequestration. More analysis needs to be carried out on future GHG emissions and mitigation options for the LULUCF sector and when this is done, further consideration will be given to mitigation-adaptation synergies in this sector. Needless to mention, domestic/national initiatives to address climate change vulnerabilities from our own resources are far from inadequate compared to what is required to address vulnerabilities of 160 million of the national population. Resources are required from international mechanisms to ensure climate resilient development of the country. This will assist in developing a comprehensive programme for adaptation and the NAP will form the core element of this progamme.', 'This will assist in developing a comprehensive programme for adaptation and the NAP will form the core element of this progamme. Bangladesh acknowledges that monitoring and evaluation of adaptation policies and programmes is crucial to ensure that resources are well utilized to increase the overall resilience of our people. The objective is to mainstream adaptation initiatives in a National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system that is being planned. 4. INDC development and implementation This INDC has been prepared through consultation and dialogue with the Government’s Advisory and Technical Committees, which include a range of stakeholders including line ministries, Planning Commission, technical departments, professionals, experts, and the private sector.', 'INDC development and implementation This INDC has been prepared through consultation and dialogue with the Government’s Advisory and Technical Committees, which include a range of stakeholders including line ministries, Planning Commission, technical departments, professionals, experts, and the private sector. With obvious reason the INDC implementation will be carried forward under the framework of updated and meaningful implementation of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) and other key policies/plans. The BCCSAP is a ten-year programme running from 2009 to 2018, to build the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenge of climate change. An INDC implementation roadmap will be produced in 2016.', 'An INDC implementation roadmap will be produced in 2016. This will review the current situation with respect to implementation of the BCCSAP, identify gaps and support needs, review barriers to implementation and present proposals for INDC implementation next steps. Specific activities to be carried out in the development of the INDC implementation roadmap include: x List potential mitigation interventions that could be studied in more detail and developed into NAMAs, along with recommendations on possible delivery levers (e.g. incentives, standards, fiscal levers etc).x Carry out a review of Bangladesh’s current climate finance landscape, support needs and the international funding landscape, along with an assessment of climate finance readiness and gaps. Produce recommendations on an appropriate climate finance strategy for Bangladesh.', 'Produce recommendations on an appropriate climate finance strategy for Bangladesh. x Carry out a gap analysis of existing data sharing and reporting structures and processes and make initial recommendations on the appropriate form and structure of a national MRV system. x Integration of the Climate Fiscal Framework (CFF) in the national planning and budgeting process to determine and disburse suitable yearly allocation for the implementation of mitigations and adaptation projects/programmes in this stipulated time-frame. x Carry out a gap analysis of existing institutional framework and recommend institutional strengthening for effective access of international climate finances including Green Climate Fund x Make recommendations on appropriate institutional structures for INDC implementation and coordination.', 'x Carry out a gap analysis of existing institutional framework and recommend institutional strengthening for effective access of international climate finances including Green Climate Fund x Make recommendations on appropriate institutional structures for INDC implementation and coordination. x Set out a clear roadmap and timetable for actions across the key elements of INDC implementation, grouping into short, medium and long-term actions. INDC implementation will be taken forward by existing governance arrangements under the BCCSAP, with coordination being managed by the climate change secretariat in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, reporting to the Advisory Committee and the National Environment Committee (chaired by the Prime Minister). Specific implementation activities will be carried out by the appropriate line ministries and agencies with fiscal support under the fiscal framework of the Government.', 'Specific implementation activities will be carried out by the appropriate line ministries and agencies with fiscal support under the fiscal framework of the Government. A comprehensive and robust INDC implementation framework will be developed in line with the existing CFF and other climate change related bodies. 5. Support for INDC implementation Significant resources will be needed to support the implementation of Bangladesh’s INDC, including finance, technology transfer and capacity building support. This section gives examples of the kinds of costs facing Bangladesh, both for adaptation and mitigation, and a brief summary of the existing institutional frameworks on climate finance. 5.1. Adaptation costs Being amongst the countries worst affected by climate change, much of the required resource will be focused on adaptation and improving climate resilience.', 'Adaptation costs Being amongst the countries worst affected by climate change, much of the required resource will be focused on adaptation and improving climate resilience. The BCCSAP sets out the type of investments needed to address climate impacts, early warning systems, improved irrigation and water management, improved operation and maintenance and upgrading of coastal embankments and polders and upgrading of flood protection embankments/drainage systems5. It was estimated by the World Bank6 in 2010 that by 2050, adaptation costs of tropical cyclones and storm surges will be $55167 million and the annual recurrent cost will be $112 million, whereas for inland monsoon flooding the cost will be $2671 million and the annual recurrent cost will be $54 million.', 'It was estimated by the World Bank6 in 2010 that by 2050, adaptation costs of tropical cyclones and storm surges will be $55167 million and the annual recurrent cost will be $112 million, whereas for inland monsoon flooding the cost will be $2671 million and the annual recurrent cost will be $54 million. Just taking these two sectors into consideration, the cost is estimated to be around $6.59 billion by 2030. Bangladesh has already implemented some key adaptation activities as urgent and immediate needs of the country. Implementation of identified adaptation measures are very critical to increase the resilience of the country to climate change. It was estimated that Bangladesh will need to invest $40 5 See box 7 of the BCCSAP. 6 World Bank. 2010.', 'It was estimated that Bangladesh will need to invest $40 5 See box 7 of the BCCSAP. 6 World Bank. 2010. Main report. Washington, DC: World Bank. 7 $ signifies USD throughout the documentbillion from 2015 to 2030 in order to implement identified adaptation measures (detail in section 3) to address adverse impacts of climate change. This figure includes the actions included in the NAPA, BCCSAP as well as new adaptation needs for the period 2015-2030 based on the current NAP Roadmap and the 7th Five Year Plan. Some examples of specific adaptation-related costs are set out below: Table 7: Estimated costs of key adaptation measures Adaptation measure Estimated investment required (billion USD, Food security and livelihood and health protection (incl.', 'Some examples of specific adaptation-related costs are set out below: Table 7: Estimated costs of key adaptation measures Adaptation measure Estimated investment required (billion USD, Food security and livelihood and health protection (incl. water security) 8 Comprehensive disaster management 10 Salinity intrusion and coastal protection 3 River flood and erosion protection 6 Building climate resilient infrastructure 5 Rural electrification 3 Urban resilience 3 Ecosystem based adaptation (incl. forestry co-management) 2.5 Community based conservation of wetlands and coastal areas 1 Policy and institutional capacity building 0.5 5.2. Mitigation costs Further work will be needed to assess the scale and scope of investment needs for mitigation activities (see section 4 on INDC implementation).', 'Mitigation costs Further work will be needed to assess the scale and scope of investment needs for mitigation activities (see section 4 on INDC implementation). But examples of the kinds of investment required (2011-2030) to implement key mitigation measures are set out below: Table 8: Estimated costs of key mitigation measures Mitigation measure Estimated investment required (billion USD, 2011-2030) Switching to 100% super-critical coal power generation 16.50 Developing utility-scale solar energy 1.30 Scaling up wind energy .60 Repowering steam turbine with CCGT .63 Expanding the Solar Homes Programme 1.20 Other solar Solar Irrigations Pumps .60 Solar Mini-grids .25 Solar Nano-grids .27 Scaling up biomass production from sugar .20 Building an Elevated Express Highways in Dhaka for decongestion of the main urban traffic arteries Dhaka mass rapid transit system 2.70 This is expected to ensure better synergy among financing intermediaries to leverage investments that are greater than the sum of their parts.', 'But examples of the kinds of investment required (2011-2030) to implement key mitigation measures are set out below: Table 8: Estimated costs of key mitigation measures Mitigation measure Estimated investment required (billion USD, 2011-2030) Switching to 100% super-critical coal power generation 16.50 Developing utility-scale solar energy 1.30 Scaling up wind energy .60 Repowering steam turbine with CCGT .63 Expanding the Solar Homes Programme 1.20 Other solar Solar Irrigations Pumps .60 Solar Mini-grids .25 Solar Nano-grids .27 Scaling up biomass production from sugar .20 Building an Elevated Express Highways in Dhaka for decongestion of the main urban traffic arteries Dhaka mass rapid transit system 2.70 This is expected to ensure better synergy among financing intermediaries to leverage investments that are greater than the sum of their parts. Effective access to international climate finances is critical for implementation of the Bangladesh INDC to address adverse impacts of climate change for sustaining economic growth and thereby aiding to achieve middle-income country status by 2021.Annex1 – Adaptation projects and achievements List of adaptation projects LGED: Haor Infrastructure and livelihood Improvement Project (HILIP) including Climate Adaptation and Livelihood Protection (CALIP) – Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), LGED Part – Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB): Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA): Road and Transport Highways Division, Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges: The list of projects is divided into three sections.', 'Effective access to international climate finances is critical for implementation of the Bangladesh INDC to address adverse impacts of climate change for sustaining economic growth and thereby aiding to achieve middle-income country status by 2021.Annex1 – Adaptation projects and achievements List of adaptation projects LGED: Haor Infrastructure and livelihood Improvement Project (HILIP) including Climate Adaptation and Livelihood Protection (CALIP) – Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), LGED Part – Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB): Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA): Road and Transport Highways Division, Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges: The list of projects is divided into three sections. x Foreign funded projects: x Mega Projects: x Fast track projects: Bangladesh Climate Change Trust:']

en-US

BGD

Bangladesh

Updated NDC

2021-08-26 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_submission_20210826revised.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/16a93c377fd2a27eaf2a84c14417d66771196d197612353caa198e30474bd622.pdf

['Table of Contents Introduction . 1 Base Year and Future Emission Scenario 2 Mitigation Action 6 Achievements and Initiatives 15 Adaptation Action 18 Implementation Mechanism 22 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh’s NDC . 26Introduction The Paris Agreement (PA) was adopted by COP21 in 2015, and subsequently signed and ratified by 191 Parties. The sole aim is to change the current course towards combating climate change, harboring sustainable development pathway by limiting global warming within 1.5 - 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.', 'The sole aim is to change the current course towards combating climate change, harboring sustainable development pathway by limiting global warming within 1.5 - 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. One of the key elements of the PA is the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) previously referred to as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) before the ratification of PA. Bangladesh submitted its INDC to UNFCCC on 25 September 2015, for three sectors (Power, Industry and Transport). Subsequently, Bangladesh prepared the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Action Plan in 2018.', 'Subsequently, Bangladesh prepared the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Action Plan in 2018. Bangladesh’s INDC proposed for 12 million tons (5%) unconditional reduction in GHG emission from Business as Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030 and a further 24 million tons (10%) conditional reduction in GHG emission with support from the international community taking the base year 2011. As part of the global initiative, Bangladesh is updating the NDC incorporating additional sectors following IPCC guidelines. The updated NDC covers Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and other Land use (AFOLU) and Waste. For the NDC update, 2012 has been considered as the base year following the Third National Communication of Bangladesh, which details a comprehensive national GHG emission inventory for 2012.', 'For the NDC update, 2012 has been considered as the base year following the Third National Communication of Bangladesh, which details a comprehensive national GHG emission inventory for 2012. In this NDC update, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh’s NDC in line with the guidelines set out in Katowice decisions (COP24/CMA1) is presented in the form of template in the last part of this document. The NDC update aims to further mitigation actions that Bangladesh may take to tackle its growing emissions and play its role in global efforts. The NDC calls for a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions.', 'The NDC calls for a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions. These actions will play a key role in realizing the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy and becoming a middle-income country whilst ensuring that it will not cross the average per capita emissions of the developing countries.Base Year and Future Emission Scenario As part of the global initiative, Bangladesh is updating its NDC. This updated NDC covers Energy (Power, transport, energy use in industry, residential, commercial, agriculture and brick manufacturing, F-gases and Fugitive emission), Industrial Processes & Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and other Land use (AFOLU) and Waste sectors. In this aspect, the NDC is incorporating additional sectors according to IPCC guidelines to ensure comprehensive coverage.', 'In this aspect, the NDC is incorporating additional sectors according to IPCC guidelines to ensure comprehensive coverage. So, the Updated NDC tries to represent an economy-wide GHG emission reduction taking in to account lack of required information under AFOLU. The updated NDC is prepared following a structured process involving stakeholders from relevant ministries and agencies. The required data has been collected through IPCC suggested structured template from the agencies on present condition and future plans and projects relevant to GHG emission reduction. Following this, the initial scenario analysis outcomes have been validated with the relevant ministries and agencies in a validation workshop. The possible mitigation measures have been finalized based on discussion on the validation process.', 'The possible mitigation measures have been finalized based on discussion on the validation process. Base Year Scenario For the NDC update, 2012 has been considered for the base year following the Third National Communication of Bangladesh, detailing a comprehensive national GHG emission inventory for 2012. Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste Sectors are considered for GHG emission inventory preparation. Power, Transport and Industry are three major sub-sectors under the Energy Sector, while Brick manufacturing, Residential and commercial buildings (energy use), Energy use in Agriculture activities (pumps, tractors, harvester etc.) and fish farms, F-gases (HCFC use) in air conditioning andrefrigeration and Fugitive emission from gas transmission and distribution systems, flaring in oil/ gas fields etc. are considered as other sub-sectors of the Energy Sector.', 'are considered as other sub-sectors of the Energy Sector. The Power sub-sector includes emissions from electricity generation activities from coal, gas, furnace oil-based power plants and different renewable energy sources such as solar home system, solar park, solar mini & micro grid, rooftop solar and net metering, solar irrigation, hydro, wind, biomass and biogas. Transport sub-sector comprises fuel combustion emission from the road, rail and inland water transport. Industry sub-sector covers energy use in industry covering fuel and electricity use in industrial activities. The IPPU sector covers industrial process based emissions from cement clinker production and urea fertilizer production.', 'The IPPU sector covers industrial process based emissions from cement clinker production and urea fertilizer production. The AFOLU (agriculture) sub-sector covers methane emission from cultivated rice fields, nitrous oxide emission from nitrogen-based fertilizer, methane emission from enteric fermentation of livestock and methane and emission from manure management. The AFOLU (forestry) sub-sector covers emissions from forest areas and carbon stock in Bangladesh. The Waste sector covers methane emission from solid waste disposal and domestic wastewater. For the base year, total GHG emission accounts for 169.05 million tons CO2 e). Energy Sector holds the higher contribution to the total GHG emission which is 93.09 Mt CO2 e or 55.07% of the total, followed by AFOLU (27.35% of total), Waste (14.26% of total) and IPPU (3.32% of total) Sectors.', 'Energy Sector holds the higher contribution to the total GHG emission which is 93.09 Mt CO2 e or 55.07% of the total, followed by AFOLU (27.35% of total), Waste (14.26% of total) and IPPU (3.32% of total) Sectors. Power, Transport, Industry, Household and Brick Kilns are five major sub-sectors which contributes most (total 82.62 Mt CO2 e) to the Energy Sector emission. At the same time, Commercial, Agriculture, Fugitive and F-Gases sub-sectors generate the remaining. Similarly, the Agriculture sub-sector under the AFOLU Sector generates the highest 45.87 MtCO2 e, about 27.13% of the total GHG emission for the base scenario. According to IPCC guidelines for Forestry sub-sector, Bangladesh has established a Forest Reference Level (FRL) for the historical reference period 2000-2015.', 'According to IPCC guidelines for Forestry sub-sector, Bangladesh has established a Forest Reference Level (FRL) for the historical reference period 2000-2015. The estimated emission from the forestry sector is 1.19 MtCO2 e/year, and the estimated removal is 0.81 e/year. The net change, FRL, is 0.37 MtCO2 e/year. Waste and IPPU Sector generates 24.11 and e emission respectively. The following table 1 presents the sector-wise GHG emission for the Base year scenario.', 'The following table 1 presents the sector-wise GHG emission for the Base year scenario. Table 1: GHG emission in Base Year (2012) UNFCCC Sector Sub-Sector GHG Emission Base year 2012 Million Ton CO2 e In Percentage Energy Other energy sub sectors:UNFCCC Sector Sub-Sector GHG Emission Base year 2012 Million Ton CO2 e In Percentage IPPU Cement and Fertilizer 5.61 3.32 AFOLU Agriculture and Livestock 45.87 27.13 Waste Municipal Solid Waste and wastewater Total Emission 169.05 The base year GHG emission scenario for 2012, has been updated with additional information for Fugitive emission from leakages in the gas distribution network, F-gases, gas and electricity use in households. This information was not included in the TNC.', 'This information was not included in the TNC. So, there is an increase in total emission e. Business As Usual Scenario The BAU scenario is prepared considering the contribution of emission sources and information that has been collected from the relevant agencies of different ministries following the IPCC 2006 reporting guidelines. The BAU scenario does not contain any mitigative measures. The BAU scenario has been modeled following the use of conventional technology and national projections of development.', 'The BAU scenario has been modeled following the use of conventional technology and national projections of development. Critical assumptions for modelling GHG emission for BAU scenarios are: In the energy sector, BAU is prepared following the Power Sector Master Plan (2016) with additional modifications of plans from the Ministry of Power and mineral resources; Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (2015) for industry, residential and commercial; previous trend-based projection for Transport; Brick sector roadmap and Department of Environment information on Brick manufacturing, National Cooling Action Plan and Montreal protocol targets for F-gases. In the IPPU sector, previous trends and demand-based projections have been made.', 'In the IPPU sector, previous trends and demand-based projections have been made. In AFOLU sector, BAU is prepared following rice cropping area and livestock population projection for 2030 from relevant Ministries and agencies; Forestry related emission is taken from Bangladesh’s Forest Reference Level (FRL) and kept as constant. No mitigation scenario analysis was carried out for Other Land Use. BAU is prepared based on the extrapolation of waste generation using urban population estimates (UN data) and waste generation rate (Third National Communication) in the Waste sector. Total GHG emission is found to be increased from 169.05 Mt CO2 e in 2030 under the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario with an increase of 2.4 times than base year.', 'Total GHG emission is found to be increased from 169.05 Mt CO2 e in 2030 under the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario with an increase of 2.4 times than base year. The following table 2 presents the sector-wise distribution of the GHG emission for the BAU scenario in 2030.The sector-wise emissions under BAU scenario by 2030 are 312.54 Mt CO2 e (76.34% of total) in e (2.68% of total) in IPPU, 55.01 Mt CO2 e (13.44% of total) in AFOLU and 30.89 e (7.55% of total) in Waste Sectors. The highest contribution (24.91% of total) of GHG emission is found for Industry (energy) sub- sector followed by Power (23.24% of total) and Transport (8.86% of total) under the Energy Sector.', 'The highest contribution (24.91% of total) of GHG emission is found for Industry (energy) sub- sector followed by Power (23.24% of total) and Transport (8.86% of total) under the Energy Sector. Table 2: GHG emission in BAU scenario (2030) UNFCCC Sector Sub-Sector GHG Emission Million Ton CO2 e In Percentage Energy Other energy sub-sectors: IPPU Cement and Fertilizer 10.97 2.68 AFOLU Agriculture and Livestock 54.64 13.35 Waste Municipal Solid Waste and wastewater Total Emission 409.41Mitigation Action The mitigation scenario analysis and assessment of achievable but ambitious unconditional and conditional GHG mitigation measures by 2030 for the NDC update has been prepared following IPCC guidelines and stakeholder consultation. In the unconditional part of NDC, only those mitigation measures were considered which would be implemented based on current local-level capacity, and financed through internal resources.', 'In the unconditional part of NDC, only those mitigation measures were considered which would be implemented based on current local-level capacity, and financed through internal resources. Contingent upon international funding and technological support, the conditional emission reduction will be implemented. The following sections present the updated unconditional and conditional contributions. Unconditional Contribution In the unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2 e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors. 26.3 Mt CO2 e (95.4%) of this emission reduction will be from e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and waste sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU sector. Conditional Contribution In the conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 61.9 Mt CO2 e (15.12%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors.', 'Conditional Contribution In the conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 61.9 Mt CO2 e (15.12%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors. This reduction is in addition to the proposed reductions in unconditional scenario. The conditional mitigation measures will be implemented by Bangladesh, only if there is external financial/technology support. The conditional scenario has 59.7Mt CO2 e (96.46%) emission reduction from the Energy sector, while 0.4 (0.65%) and 1.84 (2.97%) Mt CO2 e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and Waste Sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU Sector.', 'There will be no reduction in the IPPU Sector. Table 3 presents the GHG reduction under unconditional and conditional scenarios.Table 3: GHG emission reduction scenario UNFCCC Sector Sub-sector GHG Emission Scenario GHG Reduction by Mitigation (2030) BAU 2030 Unconditional Conditional Combined e In % MtCO2 e Reduction e In % MtCO2 e Reduction e In % Reduction e In % Energy Other energy sub sectors: Total Energy IPPU Cement and Fertilizer AFOLU Agriculture and Livestock Total AFOLU Waste MSW and wastewater Note: INDC (2015) proposed 12 MtCO2e (5%) reduction in unconditional and a further 24 MtCO2e (10%) reduction in conditional scenario reduction in conditional scenario. This contribution is based on the analysis carried out in 2020-21 using the best available data. However data quality and availability is an issue in Bangladesh. If new and more robust data comes to light in the future, or if assumptions change (e.g.', 'If new and more robust data comes to light in the future, or if assumptions change (e.g. projections of population or economic growth) the government will update its analysis accordingly. This will be coordinated with the National Communication and Biennial Update Report reporting cycle. Potential Actions Unconditional Contribution The targeted GHG emission reduction for unconditional contributions will be implemented through a set of mitigation actions.', 'Potential Actions Unconditional Contribution The targeted GHG emission reduction for unconditional contributions will be implemented through a set of mitigation actions. The potential mitigations actions are elaborated in Table 4.Table 4: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Unconditional Contribution Sector Description Actions by 2030 Energy Power Implementation of renewable energy projects Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants Use of improved technology for power generation Transport Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System Power Implementation of renewable energy projects of 911.8 MW Grid-connected Solar-581 MW, Wind-149 MW, MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (3208 MW) Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW) Installation of prepaid meter Transport Improvement of road traffic congestion (5% improvement in fuel efficiency) Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service Modal shift from road to rail (10% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, Padma Bridge etc.', 'The potential mitigations actions are elaborated in Table 4.Table 4: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Unconditional Contribution Sector Description Actions by 2030 Energy Power Implementation of renewable energy projects Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants Use of improved technology for power generation Transport Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System Power Implementation of renewable energy projects of 911.8 MW Grid-connected Solar-581 MW, Wind-149 MW, MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (3208 MW) Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW) Installation of prepaid meter Transport Improvement of road traffic congestion (5% improvement in fuel efficiency) Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service Modal shift from road to rail (10% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, Padma Bridge etc. Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway Electrification of the railway system and double-Sector Description Actions by 2030 Industry Increase energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector Agriculture Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture Brick Kilns Enforcement and Improved technology use Residential and Commercial Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings F-Gases Implement Montreal Protocol targets track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.)', 'Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway Electrification of the railway system and double-Sector Description Actions by 2030 Industry Increase energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector Agriculture Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture Brick Kilns Enforcement and Improved technology use Residential and Commercial Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings F-Gases Implement Montreal Protocol targets track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.) Industry Achieve 10% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP) Agriculture Implementation of 5925 Nos.', 'Industry Achieve 10% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP) Agriculture Implementation of 5925 Nos. solar irrigation pumps (generating 176.38MW) for agriculture Brick Kilns 14% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use Residential and Commercial Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 5% and 12% reduction in emission respectively) F-Gases Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning as per Montreal protocol targets by 2025 AFOLU Agriculture Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management Agriculture Methane emission reduction from Rice field Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 50,000 ha of crop lands Rice Varietal Improvement for 1,111,000 ha crop lands Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer 209,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.)', 'solar irrigation pumps (generating 176.38MW) for agriculture Brick Kilns 14% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use Residential and Commercial Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 5% and 12% reduction in emission respectively) F-Gases Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning as per Montreal protocol targets by 2025 AFOLU Agriculture Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management Agriculture Methane emission reduction from Rice field Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 50,000 ha of crop lands Rice Varietal Improvement for 1,111,000 ha crop lands Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer 209,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.) Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 50,000 ha Bringing more area under pulse cultivationSector Description Actions by 2030 Forestry Deforestation reduction Reforestation/ Afforestation Forest restoration Increase tree cover Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant – 0.94 million and Small Ruminant – 0.89 million) Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant – 0.51 million and Small Ruminant – 0.68 million) Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (57,000 nos.)', 'Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 50,000 ha Bringing more area under pulse cultivationSector Description Actions by 2030 Forestry Deforestation reduction Reforestation/ Afforestation Forest restoration Increase tree cover Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant – 0.94 million and Small Ruminant – 0.89 million) Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant – 0.51 million and Small Ruminant – 0.68 million) Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (57,000 nos.) Awareness and training programme Forestry Increase forest cover. Increase tree cover from 22.37% (2014) to 24%.', 'Increase tree cover from 22.37% (2014) to 24%. Afforestation and reforestation in the coastal areas, islands and degraded areas – 150,000 ha. Restore the deforested forests – 137,800 ha at the hill and plain land sal forest. Restore the degraded forests – 200,000 ha at the hill and plain land sal forest. Plantation in roadsides, embankments, private lands etc. Waste Improved Municipal solid waste management Ensure 3R principle for waste management Establishment of Waste to Energy plant in Dhaka Establishment of Incineration plant in one City Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in One City Conditional Contribution The mitigation actions for conditional contributions will be in a more extensive way along with the unconditional contribution.', 'Waste Improved Municipal solid waste management Ensure 3R principle for waste management Establishment of Waste to Energy plant in Dhaka Establishment of Incineration plant in one City Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in One City Conditional Contribution The mitigation actions for conditional contributions will be in a more extensive way along with the unconditional contribution. A set of potential mitigation actions for conditional contributions are described in Table 5.', 'A set of potential mitigation actions for conditional contributions are described in Table 5. Table 5: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Conditional Contribution Sector Description Actions by 2030 Energy Power Implementation of renewable Power Implementation of renewable energy projects of 4114.3Sector Description Actions by 2030 energy projects Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants Use of improved technology for Power generation Transport Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System MW Grid-connected Solar-2277 MW, Wind-597 MW, MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW, Waste to Electricity- Coal power plant with Ultra super critical technology- Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (5613 MW) Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW) Installation of prepaid meter Bring down total T&D loss to a single digit by 2030 Transport Improvement of road traffic congestion (15% improvement in fuel efficiency) Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities Modal shift from road to rail (25% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, new bridges etc.', 'Table 5: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Conditional Contribution Sector Description Actions by 2030 Energy Power Implementation of renewable Power Implementation of renewable energy projects of 4114.3Sector Description Actions by 2030 energy projects Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants Use of improved technology for Power generation Transport Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System MW Grid-connected Solar-2277 MW, Wind-597 MW, MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW, Waste to Electricity- Coal power plant with Ultra super critical technology- Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (5613 MW) Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW) Installation of prepaid meter Bring down total T&D loss to a single digit by 2030 Transport Improvement of road traffic congestion (15% improvement in fuel efficiency) Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities Modal shift from road to rail (25% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, new bridges etc. Purchase of modern rolling stock and signalingSector Description Actions by 2030 Industry Increase energy efficiency in Industry sub-sector Agriculture Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture Brick Kilns Enforcement and Improved technology use Residential and Commercial Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings F-Gases Further reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases Fugitive Emission Gas leakage reduction system for railway Electrification of the railway system and double- track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.)', 'Purchase of modern rolling stock and signalingSector Description Actions by 2030 Industry Increase energy efficiency in Industry sub-sector Agriculture Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture Brick Kilns Enforcement and Improved technology use Residential and Commercial Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings F-Gases Further reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases Fugitive Emission Gas leakage reduction system for railway Electrification of the railway system and double- track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.) Industry Achieve 20% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP) Promote green Industry Promote carbon financing Agriculture Implementation of 4102 Nos.', 'Industry Achieve 20% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP) Promote green Industry Promote carbon financing Agriculture Implementation of 4102 Nos. solar irrigation pumps (generating 164 MW) for agriculture Brick Kilns 47% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use Residential and Commercial Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 19% and 25% reduction in emission respectively) F-Gases Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning after 2025.', 'solar irrigation pumps (generating 164 MW) for agriculture Brick Kilns 47% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use Residential and Commercial Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 19% and 25% reduction in emission respectively) F-Gases Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning after 2025. Fugitive Emission 51% emission reduction from Gas leakage through CDM projects AFOLU Agriculture Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management Agriculture Methane emission reduction from Rice field Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 100,000 ha of crop landsSector Description Actions by 2030 Forestry Deforestation reduction Reforestation/ Afforestation Forest restoration Maintain forest and tree cover Rice Varietal Improvement for 2,129,000 ha crop lands Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer 627,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.)', 'Fugitive Emission 51% emission reduction from Gas leakage through CDM projects AFOLU Agriculture Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management Agriculture Methane emission reduction from Rice field Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 100,000 ha of crop landsSector Description Actions by 2030 Forestry Deforestation reduction Reforestation/ Afforestation Forest restoration Maintain forest and tree cover Rice Varietal Improvement for 2,129,000 ha crop lands Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer 627,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.) Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 150,000 ha Bringing more area under pulse cultivation Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant – 1.882 million and Small Ruminant – 1.776 million) Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant 1.013 million and Small Ruminant – 1.355 million) Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (107,000 nos.)', 'Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 150,000 ha Bringing more area under pulse cultivation Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant – 1.882 million and Small Ruminant – 1.776 million) Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant 1.013 million and Small Ruminant – 1.355 million) Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (107,000 nos.) Expansion of awareness and training programme Forestry Maintain the forest cover and tree cover through collaborative forest management, social forestry and other programs. Forest conservation by Scale-up of alternative income- generating activity for forest-dependent communities- 55,000 nos.', 'Forest conservation by Scale-up of alternative income- generating activity for forest-dependent communities- 55,000 nos. families Co-management in Protected areas -72,000 ha Additional coastal afforestation activities. Maintain the restoration of degraded or deforested areas. Plantation in roadsides, embankments, private lands etc. Waste Improved Municipal solid waste management Ensure 3R principle for waste management Improvement of Sewerage treatment Establishment of Incineration plant in 3 Cities Implementation of wastewater treatment plants in several cities Expansion of Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in other citiesAlong with these measures, a set of initiatives will be undertaken for IPPU Sector. However, no GHG emission reduction is committed for this Sector. The potential mitigation measures in IPPU sector includes switching to more efficient industrial processes in fertilizer and cement manufacturing.', 'The potential mitigation measures in IPPU sector includes switching to more efficient industrial processes in fertilizer and cement manufacturing. The cement factories can switch to technologies like vertical roller mills, resulting in energy savings. In fertilizer manufacturing, one Industry has been established with the modern and efficient process, and a few more are in the pipeline.Achievements and Initiatives Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan up to 2030 Bangladesh has assumed the presidency of the 48-nation Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) and the Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Group of Finance Ministers. Honorable Prime Minister of Bangladesh H.E. Sheikh Hasina is serving as Chair of the CVF since June 2020. As Chair of the CVF, Honorable Prime Minister has launched a program to develop “Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan” for Bangladesh.', 'As Chair of the CVF, Honorable Prime Minister has launched a program to develop “Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan” for Bangladesh. The Plan will be the first of CVF plans, with a strategic investment framework to mobilize financing, especially through international cooperation, for implementing renewable energy and climate resilience initiatives. The Draft plan identifies several key initiatives, which focus in renewable energy, energy storage infrastructure, power grid modernization, Established carbon market regime, Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 resilience bonds, training and skills development for future, Future-proof Bangladesh’s industries, locally-led adaptation outcomes, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise financial protection and productivity enhancement, Climate-Resilient and Nature-Based agricultural and fisheries development, environment friendly transport, climate resilient well-being programs and Accelerated digital revolution.', 'The Draft plan identifies several key initiatives, which focus in renewable energy, energy storage infrastructure, power grid modernization, Established carbon market regime, Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 resilience bonds, training and skills development for future, Future-proof Bangladesh’s industries, locally-led adaptation outcomes, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise financial protection and productivity enhancement, Climate-Resilient and Nature-Based agricultural and fisheries development, environment friendly transport, climate resilient well-being programs and Accelerated digital revolution. Ashrayan: Shelter for the Homeless and Landless The government is implementing the shelter project for landless and homeless people. Under the project, 442,608 families have been rehabilitated in 22640 barracks and 0.26 million houses. Additionally, 4,409 climate refugee families are being rehabilitated in Khuruskul, Cox’s Bazar.', 'Additionally, 4,409 climate refugee families are being rehabilitated in Khuruskul, Cox’s Bazar. Besides enhancing disaster resilience, the project also focuses on mitigation through implementing 1.58 million tree plantations, rainwater harvesting, Solar Home System based alternate power sources, improved cook stoves etc. Besides this, 50,104 families have been rehabilitated by the Cluster village project, where 0.455 million trees have been planted.National Solar Energy Roadmap, 2021-2041 The National Solar Energy Roadmap, 2021 - 2041 has been drafted to frame a long-term vision for the nation and set possible capacity targets for the country’s solar energy initiative. This outline the broader strategies required to achieve those targets.', 'This outline the broader strategies required to achieve those targets. Based on three implementation scenarios, the Roadmap delineates a few general as well as specific and time-bound measures to achieve that target by the year 2041. National Action Plan for Clean Cooking, 2020-2030 Bangladesh’s Country Action Plan for Clean Cook Stoves 2013 (CAP 2013) focused predominantly on the removal of existing financing barriers by enabling access to capital by SMEs, promoting access to climate funds, leveraging government funds to finance women-led businesses in the sector and lobbying for additional financing options from international donors at low rates. About 4.5 million improved cook stoves have been distributed already. A new National Action Plan for Clean Cooking in Bangladesh (2020-2030) is being formulated following its success.', 'A new National Action Plan for Clean Cooking in Bangladesh (2020-2030) is being formulated following its success. Forest and Carbon Inventories and Tree Plantation Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) conducted National Forest Inventory (NFI) during 2016-2019 to identify the status of forest and tree resources, carbon and biomass stock, dependency of local people on trees and forests and the ecology. The government has developed the Forest Reference Level (FRL) and Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) and submitted them to the UNFCCC. To reduce the carbon emission from the forestry sector, Bangladesh formulated Bangladesh National REDD+ Strategy (BNRS). It established a National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) for periodical monitoring of tree and forest cover.', 'It established a National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) for periodical monitoring of tree and forest cover. To celebrate the birth centenary of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, BFD has planted 10 million tree saplings around Bangladesh. The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief has planted 5.4 million Palm trees which will contribute to carbon sink and reduce the risk of death due to lightning. Bangladesh National Action Plan for Reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants The NAP-SLCPs were formulated with support from the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in February 2012 to reduce SLCPs. The plan focuses on identifying and implementing the most cost-effective measures for large-scale implementation of SLCP mitigation.', 'The plan focuses on identifying and implementing the most cost-effective measures for large-scale implementation of SLCP mitigation. Eleven priority mitigation measures were included in the SLCP Plan, six of which target primary black carbon sources, while the rest five target major methane sources. The plan’s full implementation is expected to reduce black carbon emissions by 40% and methane emission by 17% in 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030 Under this comprehensive plan, the government aims to lower energy intensity (national primary energy consumption per unit of GDP) in 2030 by 20% compared to the 2013 level. A total of 95 million toe (113 billion m3 of gas equivalent) is expected to be saved during the period.', 'A total of 95 million toe (113 billion m3 of gas equivalent) is expected to be saved during the period. Renewable Energy Initiatives Bangladesh has taken up a number of initiatives to enhance the best utilization of renewable energy. Bangladesh has installed more than 6 million solar-home systems (SHSs) across the countrybenefiting more than 18 million (11%) population. Around 66 MW is being produced through roof top solar panels installed in government and private buildings. 2226 solar irrigation systems have been installed around the country. The government has extended a re-financing scheme to finance alternative energy generation projects like small scale solar and micro grids, to improve energy access in off- grid areas.', 'The government has extended a re-financing scheme to finance alternative energy generation projects like small scale solar and micro grids, to improve energy access in off- grid areas. Promoting Green Technology Bangladesh Bank established a refinance scheme to support environment-friendly technology such as solar energy, bio-gas plants, and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP). The initial projcts focused on only 10 products, which has increased to 50 products under 11 categories: renewable energy, energy efficiency, solid waste management, liquid waste management, alternative energy, fire burnt brick, non-fire block brick, recycling and recyclable product, ensuring safety in work environment of factories, etc. 39 banks and 19 financial institutions have signed a participation agreement with Bangladesh Bank to avail finance from this scheme.', '39 banks and 19 financial institutions have signed a participation agreement with Bangladesh Bank to avail finance from this scheme. Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund The Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) has undertaken 800 projects with an investment of 449.3 million USD to implement strategic actions of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), which mainly focus on adaptation, mitigation and climate change research. Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 The government has recently adopted the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a comprehensive 100-year strategic plan aimed at gradual sustainable development through adaptive delta management process. The Delta plan has included climate change as a significant future challenge.', 'The Delta plan has included climate change as a significant future challenge. It reaffirms Bangladesh’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions from key sectors through efforts like promoting improved rice parboiling systems and ensure energy efficiency, research on the suitability of various tree species for their carbon-locking properties suitable for forestry programs. The plan targets to achieve a safe, climate-resilient and prosperous delta with a mission to ensure long term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability, effectively reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and building resilience to climate change. Total 80 projects are planned to be implemented with $37 billion investment, while 34 projects are identified as climate-sensitive. National Adaptation Plan Bangladesh is currently preparing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change.', 'National Adaptation Plan Bangladesh is currently preparing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change. This will include an overview on climate change hazard, risk and vulnerability for Bangladesh. Current adaptation strategies for different impacts due to climate change undertaken in different projects/initiatives from both the government and NGO/CSOs will be identified and Success stories/case studies on resilient adaptation options will be included in the NAP. The plan will include future recommendations on mentioned issues focusing on regional and local level solutions along with strategies at national level. A set of recommendations for institutions and implementation mechanism for NAP will be included.Adaptation Action As stated earlier, mitigation and adaptation often coexist, and quite a few adaptation actions have mitigation co-benefits.', 'A set of recommendations for institutions and implementation mechanism for NAP will be included.Adaptation Action As stated earlier, mitigation and adaptation often coexist, and quite a few adaptation actions have mitigation co-benefits. Bangladesh s NDC, therefore, has an adaptation component that describes what Bangladesh has already done on adaptation and what are the priorities for the future long-term vision for adaptation keeping synergies with mitigation actions. Since the development of comprehensive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is currently underway, Bangladesh wishes to communicate adaptation communication drawing the inputs from NAP process next year.', 'Since the development of comprehensive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is currently underway, Bangladesh wishes to communicate adaptation communication drawing the inputs from NAP process next year. The two vital national plans to address climate change in Bangladesh are the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), developed in 2005 and subsequently revised in 2009, and the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), released in 2009. BCCSAP comprised 44 Programmes under six thematic areas to deal with adverse impacts of climate change as well as supporting low carbon economic growth. The priority pillars for implementing strategies were: (1) Food security, social protection and health; (2) Comprehensive disaster management; (3) Infrastructure development; (4) Research and knowledge management; (5) Mitigation and low carbon development; and (6) Capacity building and institutional development.', 'The priority pillars for implementing strategies were: (1) Food security, social protection and health; (2) Comprehensive disaster management; (3) Infrastructure development; (4) Research and knowledge management; (5) Mitigation and low carbon development; and (6) Capacity building and institutional development. BCCSAP is in the final stages of being updated to make it more appropriate in keeping with advancements in science, technology and knowledge since its first formulation. Climate Change Trust Fund Act 2010 (CCTFA) was introduced in response to the need for a specific law for handling Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) of the Government of Bangladesh with transparency so that the benefits accruing from CCTF-financed projects reach the intended beneficiaries.', 'Climate Change Trust Fund Act 2010 (CCTFA) was introduced in response to the need for a specific law for handling Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) of the Government of Bangladesh with transparency so that the benefits accruing from CCTF-financed projects reach the intended beneficiaries. As a first CVF plan, the draft “Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan”, aims at mobilizing financing, primarily through international cooperation, for implementing climate resilience initiatives such as an expansion of locally-led adaptation, the establishment of carbon market regime, Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 resilience bonds, climate-resilient and nature-based agricultural and fisheriesdevelopment, climate resilient well-being programs and accelerated digital revolution, training and skills development. The NAP formulation will identify the co-benefits so that the synergy between adaptation and mitigation can be fully achieved.', 'The NAP formulation will identify the co-benefits so that the synergy between adaptation and mitigation can be fully achieved. As all such activities need to be financed and proper incentives need to be provided, the government has formulated and operationalized a Climate Fiscal Framework (CFF), providing principles and tools for climate fiscal policy-making (CFP). 8th FYP, Bangladesh Country Investment Plan for Environment, Forestry and Climate Change (2016- 2020) (EFCC CIP), Perspective Plan for 2021-2041 (PP2041) emphasizes the importance of managing climate change and indicates the priorities for implementing the BCCSAP. Other sectoral plans and strategies also focus on adaptation action to climate change.', 'Other sectoral plans and strategies also focus on adaptation action to climate change. The Forest Investment Plan (FIP, 2017-2022) has been developed to identify future investment opportunities to increase the forest cover, reduce deforestation and forest degradation and improve the livelihoods of the forest-dependent people through the implementation of participatory/social forestry. The Government of Bangladesh has demonstrated its commitment to undertake both adaptation and mitigation efforts as part of its plan for sustainable development. Every year the Government channels resources for significant investment in projects/programs for ensuring climate resilience. It currently spends US$1 billion a year, around 6 to 7 per cent of its annual budget, on climate change adaptation (CCA).', 'It currently spends US$1 billion a year, around 6 to 7 per cent of its annual budget, on climate change adaptation (CCA). However, the World Bank estimates that the country would need US$5.7 billion as adaptation finance by 2050, which is more than 5 times higher than the current expenditure for CCA.1 Three-quarters of money spent on climate change in the country comes directly from the government, while the rest comes from international development partners including bilateral, multi-lateral and private funding.', 'However, the World Bank estimates that the country would need US$5.7 billion as adaptation finance by 2050, which is more than 5 times higher than the current expenditure for CCA.1 Three-quarters of money spent on climate change in the country comes directly from the government, while the rest comes from international development partners including bilateral, multi-lateral and private funding. Some significant achievements towards climate change adaptation at the national level are briefly described below: Sustainable Ecosystem and Livelihood Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) is currently implementing the Sustainable Forests & Livelihoods Project (SUFAL) supported by World Bank, to improve forest management and increase benefits for forest dependent communities in targeted sites by financing nearly 79,000 hectares of forests on public and private lands, including about 22,000 hectares of coastal green belt across 147 Upazilas (sub-districts).', 'Some significant achievements towards climate change adaptation at the national level are briefly described below: Sustainable Ecosystem and Livelihood Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) is currently implementing the Sustainable Forests & Livelihoods Project (SUFAL) supported by World Bank, to improve forest management and increase benefits for forest dependent communities in targeted sites by financing nearly 79,000 hectares of forests on public and private lands, including about 22,000 hectares of coastal green belt across 147 Upazilas (sub-districts). The project emphasizes sustainable livelihood options for the forest dependent communities and engages them in ecosystem management to ensure the sustainability of the forest resources.', 'The project emphasizes sustainable livelihood options for the forest dependent communities and engages them in ecosystem management to ensure the sustainability of the forest resources. Some of the completed projects for sustainable ecosystem management are- Climate Resilient Ecosystem and Livelihoods (CREL), Integrating Community-based Adaptation into Afforestation and Reforestation Programme in Bangladesh and Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project (CRPARP). These projects helped reduce forest degradation and to build the long-term resilience of selected communities to climate change. 1 MoF (2020). Climate Finance for Sustainable Development. Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.', 'Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Available at: 2020-2021_Climate_BR_English.pdf (portal.gov.bd)Disaster Management The Coastal Embankment Improvement Project (CEIP) has helped Bangladesh mitigate some of the most significant impacts of cyclones and flooding and enhanced emergency response in the coastal region. The project costs US$ 400 million and is supported by the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), a targeted fund within the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) framework. Since 2013, the project has increased the protection of 183,900 people including 91,950 women with increased resilience to climate change in selected polders from tidal flooding and storm surges. As of May 2019, the project has protected 21,700 ha of gross area and upgraded 130.58 km embankment.', 'As of May 2019, the project has protected 21,700 ha of gross area and upgraded 130.58 km embankment. A comprehensive analysis is being undertaken to understand the coastal dynamics better and increase climate resilience in the coastal area. Other relevant programs that have been implemented over the last decade are National Resilience Programme, Project for Enhancing Capacity on Planning and Implementation of Regional Disaster Risk Reduction, Information Management System for Disaster Risk Management, Enhancing the Capacity of CPP Volunteers and Coastal fisherman to Cope with Climate Change, Construction of Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters in Coastal Areas and Construction of Flood Shelter in Flood Prone Areas across the Country and Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II.', 'Other relevant programs that have been implemented over the last decade are National Resilience Programme, Project for Enhancing Capacity on Planning and Implementation of Regional Disaster Risk Reduction, Information Management System for Disaster Risk Management, Enhancing the Capacity of CPP Volunteers and Coastal fisherman to Cope with Climate Change, Construction of Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters in Coastal Areas and Construction of Flood Shelter in Flood Prone Areas across the Country and Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II. Agriculture and Food Security The Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and Ministry of Food have contributed to climate change adaptation through the activities related to, research and education program; agricultural extension and training; production, standardization, certification, preservation and distribution; support and rehabilitation; minor irrigation programs; and improved value chain.', 'Agriculture and Food Security The Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and Ministry of Food have contributed to climate change adaptation through the activities related to, research and education program; agricultural extension and training; production, standardization, certification, preservation and distribution; support and rehabilitation; minor irrigation programs; and improved value chain. The ministries have initiated many investment projects/programmes which focus mainly on increasing food productivity and sustaining growth in the face of the adverse effect of climate change.', 'The ministries have initiated many investment projects/programmes which focus mainly on increasing food productivity and sustaining growth in the face of the adverse effect of climate change. Some of the notable projects are- National Agricultural Technology Program-Phase II Project (NATP-2), support to seaweed cultivation, processing and marketing through assessment and capacity development, Enhanced Coastal Fisheries (ECOFISH BD), Community-based Climate Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh, Inclusive agriculture and agro- industrial value chain development as an enabler of poverty reduction in Bangladesh, South West Region Livestock Development Project, Establishment of Regional Duck Breeding Farm along with Hatchery (3rd Phase), Scavenging Poultry Conservation and Development Project, and Establishment of Fish Landing Centers in Haor Area, Institutionalization of Food Safety in Bangladesh for Safer Food, Construction of new food storage, and Modern Food Storage Facilities.', 'Some of the notable projects are- National Agricultural Technology Program-Phase II Project (NATP-2), support to seaweed cultivation, processing and marketing through assessment and capacity development, Enhanced Coastal Fisheries (ECOFISH BD), Community-based Climate Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh, Inclusive agriculture and agro- industrial value chain development as an enabler of poverty reduction in Bangladesh, South West Region Livestock Development Project, Establishment of Regional Duck Breeding Farm along with Hatchery (3rd Phase), Scavenging Poultry Conservation and Development Project, and Establishment of Fish Landing Centers in Haor Area, Institutionalization of Food Safety in Bangladesh for Safer Food, Construction of new food storage, and Modern Food Storage Facilities. Water Resources Management Ministry of Water Resources has a major function in addressing the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Water Resources Management Ministry of Water Resources has a major function in addressing the adverse impacts of climate change. Through its recent activities, the Ministry has directly contributed to climate change adaptation. Projects strongly relevant to climate change under this Ministry include Char development and settlement project-4, Flood control and drainage improvement for removal of drainage congestion in Noakhali area, Climate smart agricultural water management, and Planning for flood management in Bangladesh (Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin), Blue Gold Program for Water Management and Environmental Development. Re-excavation of small rivers, canals and water bodies in 64 districts (1st phase) etc.', 'Re-excavation of small rivers, canals and water bodies in 64 districts (1st phase) etc. A total 726 km river bank protection, 2,123 km river excavation and dredging, 1,266 km embankment, excavation/ re-excavation of 181 km irrigationcanal and 499 km drainage canal, 2.58 million ha land reclamation from rivers and estuary areas in the last 10 years have been done. One million trees have been planted in the embankments, river/ canal banks to mitigate carbon emission and 2725.1 ha marsh lands were rehabilitated and included in fisheries culture to enhance livelihood activities by the Ministry of Livestock and fisheries. Surface Water Use and Rainwater Harvesting Several city water supply authorities are implementing projects to increase surface water use and reducing ground water use.', 'Surface Water Use and Rainwater Harvesting Several city water supply authorities are implementing projects to increase surface water use and reducing ground water use. These projects will reduce energy consumption for pumping groundwater and contribute to GHG emission reduction. Dhaka WASA has implemented three plants supplying 913 million litre per day (MLD) drinking water and 950 MLD capacity will be added from two plants under implementation.', 'Dhaka WASA has implemented three plants supplying 913 million litre per day (MLD) drinking water and 950 MLD capacity will be added from two plants under implementation. Similarly, Rajshahi WASA and Khulna WASA are implementing a 200 MLD capacity plant and 0.78 million cubic metre capacity reservoir.Implementation Mechanism Monitoring, Transparency and Institutional Aspects for NDC Implementation Adhering to the spirit for global action, and given the various necessary policies and measures undertaken over the last few years and some of them already bearing fruits, the government is enhancing both unconditional and conditional contribution in the updated NDC. These contributions have been prepared considering the national principles of maintaining a minimum 8% rate of economic growth, complete eradication of poverty by 2030, and food and nutrition security for all citizens.', 'These contributions have been prepared considering the national principles of maintaining a minimum 8% rate of economic growth, complete eradication of poverty by 2030, and food and nutrition security for all citizens. Bangladesh has prepared an NDC implementation roadmap and action plan which suggests Governance arrangements for the NDC-NAP implementation framework. Bangladesh is working to put a workable Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system to maintain transparency and verification of its mitigation efforts and outcomes. The NDC update is based on already planned projects of the government. The unconditional contribution has included confirmed mitigation actions from related ministries and the conditional contribution has included proposed/ planned mitigation actions from related ministries which would require international support.', 'The unconditional contribution has included confirmed mitigation actions from related ministries and the conditional contribution has included proposed/ planned mitigation actions from related ministries which would require international support. Capacity Building and Strengthening Bangladesh will need adequate finance, technology, and capacity-building support to implement the NDCs effectually. Capacity building has been identified as a mode of NDC enhancement. Some major areas for capacity building and awareness development include: Enhancing the capacity of MoEFCC and DoE for effective implementation of NDC. Consultation with key departments and ministries should be undertaken to understand the challenges they face during NDC implementation. Capacities need to be built on regular data collection, archiving and data management for GHG inventory, specialized technical capability, and assumptions to develop of various emissions drivers.', 'Consultation with key departments and ministries should be undertaken to understand the challenges they face during NDC implementation. Capacities need to be built on regular data collection, archiving and data management for GHG inventory, specialized technical capability, and assumptions to develop of various emissions drivers. Capacity building on MRV process and its implementation for different sectors. Technology Development and Transfer Bangladesh will require international support in Technology transfer related to GHG emission reduction for different sectors. The achievement of conditional contribution will heavily depend on new and more efficient technologies. Implementation Challenges and Barriers Some of the key implementation challenges identified during NDC update are as follows: Lack of knowledge and awareness about NDC and mitigation among many relevant sector officials.', 'Implementation Challenges and Barriers Some of the key implementation challenges identified during NDC update are as follows: Lack of knowledge and awareness about NDC and mitigation among many relevant sector officials. An extensive awareness campaign on mitigation and NDC will be needed to overcome this. There is a lack of basic data collection on a regular basis for industries, transport, agriculture, forestry and waste. Studies need to be conducted on a periodic basis to overcome this. As the mitigation actions mostly require a large amount of money to successfully implement them, financial support from different agencies, banks, bilateral or multilateral funds will be needed. As Bangladesh is a small country with a high population, food security is a significant issue.', 'As Bangladesh is a small country with a high population, food security is a significant issue. Rice is the primary staple crop of Bangladesh and there is a growing concern among the sector related community regarding emission reduction activities from rice field. The updated NDC incorporated a minimal emission reduction from rice fields. Further research and technology transfer at the field level will be required to enhance emission reduction from the rice field. The growing need for land for human settlement, agriculture, industries, and timber and fuelwood is mainly responsible for deforestation and forest degradation. Most forest loss can be attributed to overpopulation, poverty and unemployment, and governance.', 'Most forest loss can be attributed to overpopulation, poverty and unemployment, and governance. Governance impacts all forest types and specifically included problems related to uncertainty in land tenure and lack of capacity to implement forestry-related management, policies, and law enforcement. In turn, these indirect drivers lead to a suite of direct drivers of deforestation, namely uncontrolled encroachment from industrialization and agriculture and illegal logging. So, the maintenance of existing forest land is of great concern. Sustainable management of the forest land and restoration of degraded/ deforested land will require substantial financial support. Collaborative management of forest areas with forest-dependent communities can be an effective solution to reduce degradation. Climate Financing The implementation of the proposed mitigation and adaptation actions to address climate change requires substantial financial resources.', 'Climate Financing The implementation of the proposed mitigation and adaptation actions to address climate change requires substantial financial resources. The Government of Bangladesh will continue to commit resources to climate change relevant strategies. The private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships. Banks and Financial Institutions in Bangladesh will continue to play a vital role in financing low-carbonclimate-resilient projects and programmes through their separate Green Banking window. However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritized policies and measures assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate.', 'The implementation of the prioritized policies and measures assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate. To have an idea of the financial needs to implement the measures, tentative cost estimation was carried out. These estimates were drawn from existing information from stakeholders and might need to be updated based on further detailed analysis. Energy Sector The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 6.', 'Energy Sector The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 6. Table 6: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Energy Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million Unconditional Conditional Implementation of energy efficient coal power plant 9905 13204 Implementation of renewable energy projects Grid connected Solar 1208 1845 solar mini grid 260.5 260.5 Implement re-powering of old power plant 561.5 561.5 Installation of prepaid electricity meter 870 1305 Implementation of EECMP targets 1500 1500 Transport Plan Preparation, policy initiatives and ITS 70 500 Implementation of MRT and BRT 4200 12470 Multi modal Hub development 800 200 Widening of roads, improving road quality and Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Construction of Expressways 1000 Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway Electrification of railway system and double track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport 3000 10000 Implementation of solar irrigation pumps 0.4 420.8 Installation of prepaid gas meter 1397 5588.5 Phasing out HCFCs 2AFOLU Sector The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the AFOLU sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 7.', 'Table 6: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Energy Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million Unconditional Conditional Implementation of energy efficient coal power plant 9905 13204 Implementation of renewable energy projects Grid connected Solar 1208 1845 solar mini grid 260.5 260.5 Implement re-powering of old power plant 561.5 561.5 Installation of prepaid electricity meter 870 1305 Implementation of EECMP targets 1500 1500 Transport Plan Preparation, policy initiatives and ITS 70 500 Implementation of MRT and BRT 4200 12470 Multi modal Hub development 800 200 Widening of roads, improving road quality and Construct NMT and bicycle lanes Construction of Expressways 1000 Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway Electrification of railway system and double track construction Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport 3000 10000 Implementation of solar irrigation pumps 0.4 420.8 Installation of prepaid gas meter 1397 5588.5 Phasing out HCFCs 2AFOLU Sector The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the AFOLU sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 7. Table 7: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in AFOLU Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million USD, Unconditional Conditional Implement AWD in dry season rice field 17.65 35.29 Fertilizer Management (deep placement in rice Bring More Area under pulse cultivation 5.29 0.00 Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle 8.15 16.29 Feed improvement (Use of balanced diet and Improve manure management (promotion of mini biogas plants, maintenance, training and Forestry related Activities 500 2000 Waste Sector In the Waste Sector, the cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 8.', 'Table 7: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in AFOLU Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million USD, Unconditional Conditional Implement AWD in dry season rice field 17.65 35.29 Fertilizer Management (deep placement in rice Bring More Area under pulse cultivation 5.29 0.00 Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle 8.15 16.29 Feed improvement (Use of balanced diet and Improve manure management (promotion of mini biogas plants, maintenance, training and Forestry related Activities 500 2000 Waste Sector In the Waste Sector, the cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 8. Table 8: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Waste Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million USD, Unconditional Conditional Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility 6 Implementation of wastewater treatment plants 1958 Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery FacilityInformation to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh’s NDC 1.', 'Table 8: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Waste Mitigation Measure Estimated investment required (million USD, Unconditional Conditional Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility 6 Implementation of wastewater treatment plants 1958 Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery FacilityInformation to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh’s NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s): The Base year for Bangladesh’s updated NDC is 2012. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year: Total GHG emission accounts for 169.05 MtCO2 e for the Base Year 2012. The contributions of the sectors are; e e e e Total GHG emission will be 409.4 MtCO2 e in 2030 under BAU scenario.', 'The contributions of the sectors are; e e e e Total GHG emission will be 409.4 MtCO2 e in 2030 under BAU scenario. The contributions of the sectors are; e e e e (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information: Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction: In unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2 e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 and in conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 89.47 Mt CO2 e (21.85%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors.', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction: In unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2 e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 and in conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 89.47 Mt CO2 e (21.85%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s): The Base Year information is mainly from the GHG inventory prepared in Third National Communications. Additionally, the base year emission has been updated with additional details for Fugitive emission from leakages in gas distribution network, F-gases, gas and electricity use in households, which were not included in the TNC.', 'Additionally, the base year emission has been updated with additional details for Fugitive emission from leakages in gas distribution network, F-gases, gas and electricity use in households, which were not included in the TNC. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the Information on emissions and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories in their nextvalues of the reference indicators: iteration for Biennial Update Report or National Communication. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA): From 1 January 2021- 31 December 2030.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA): From 1 January 2021- 31 December 2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable: Single-year targets for 2030. The target might be updated in 2025. 3. Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target: Economy-wide absolute targets for 2030 in the respective sectors mentioned in 1(b). (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: The sectors are covered economy-wide while no quantified contribution is included for Forestry and IPPU.', '(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: The sectors are covered economy-wide while no quantified contribution is included for Forestry and IPPU. The gases included are CO2 O, and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs). IPCC 2006 guidelines were followed for the GHG inventory. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of Bangladesh has expanded the coverage of NDC by including more sectors than in INDC. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans: Not applicable. 4.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans: Not applicable. 4. Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner: The updated NDC is prepared following a structured process involving stakeholders from relevant ministries and agencies. The required data has been collected through IPCC suggested structured template from the agencies on present condition and future plans and projects relevant to GHG emission reduction.', 'The required data has been collected through IPCC suggested structured template from the agencies on present condition and future plans and projects relevant to GHG emission reduction. Following this, the initial scenario analysis was carried out in LEAPprogram and outcomes have been validated with the relevant ministries and agencies in a validation workshop. The possible mitigation measures have been finalized based on the discussion in the validation process. Besides, the stakeholder consultations included participants from academia, the private sector and reporters. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication: Bangladesh is a low-lying delta with a flat topography that makes it particularly susceptible to extreme weather events. The country is relatively small with an area of 147,570 sq. km and located in South Asia.', 'km and located in South Asia. The current population of Bangladesh is 169.81 million in 2020. Among the different zones of the country, the climate change hotspots are in the central and western coastal area, the north-western highlands, and along the main rivers where both biophysical and socio-economic vulnerability are high. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries due to climate change as it faces multiple climate impacts like flood, drought, extreme temperature and rainfall, salinity and sea-level rise. Bangladesh has made substantial progress in the recent past through rapid economic development and poverty reduction measures. The country is also making progress in sustainable development and poverty eradication. b.', 'The country is also making progress in sustainable development and poverty eradication. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution: The current NDC update is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015, preparation of NDC implementation roadmap and action plan in 2018 and National Communications to UNFCCC. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement: Bangladesh has always been an active participant in international climate change negotiations. The country demonstrated the same level of engagement in the negotiations, signing, and ratification of the Paris Agreement. Bangladesh is currently leading the Climate Vulnerable Forum for the second time.', 'Bangladesh is currently leading the Climate Vulnerable Forum for the second time. To implement the conditional contributions, Bangladesh will require financial, technology transfer and capacity building related support from the international community. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, Not applicableincluding the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement: (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Bangladesh has updated its NDC to include additional sectors and enhanced its mitigation ambition from the first iteration.', '(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, Not applicableincluding the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement: (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Bangladesh has updated its NDC to include additional sectors and enhanced its mitigation ambition from the first iteration. This will positively contribute to the global stock take in 2023.', 'This will positively contribute to the global stock take in 2023. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution: Not applicable (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries: Not applicable 5.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution: Not applicable (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries: Not applicable 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Bangladesh had prepared its national inventories based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and other IPCC guidelines.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Bangladesh had prepared its national inventories based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and other IPCC guidelines. Most of the analysis followed Tier 1 methodology, whileand removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: Bangladesh has prepared its Forest Reference Level using Tier 2 methodology.', 'Most of the analysis followed Tier 1 methodology, whileand removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: Bangladesh has prepared its Forest Reference Level using Tier 2 methodology. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution: In addition to 5(a) above, Bangladesh will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its National Communications and Biennial Update Reports.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution: In addition to 5(a) above, Bangladesh will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its National Communications and Biennial Update Reports. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate: See 5 (a) above. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: See 5 (a) above.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: See 5 (a) above. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands: Not Applicable. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products: Not Applicable. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests: Not Applicable. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources Bangladesh hasn t used any other assumptions or methodological approaches.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources Bangladesh hasn t used any other assumptions or methodological approaches. Details of the assumption and data sources are described in Base Year and Future Emission Scenario section.and models used: (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable: Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated: Not applicable. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary: Not applicable.', '(iv) Further technical information, as necessary: Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable: Yes, when appropriate. Bangladesh has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanism for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. The cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement are an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition while promoting sustainable development. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: Bangladesh contributes less than 0.35% of global emissions.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: Bangladesh contributes less than 0.35% of global emissions. However, Bangladesh recognizes that in order to meet the 2 degrees objective all countries will need to undertake drastic mitigation measures. Bangladesh s approach is driven by the long-term goal announced by its Prime Minister that its per capita GHG emissions will not exceed the average for developing countries. Therefore, Bangladesh s approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals.', 'Therefore, Bangladesh s approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals. Bangladesh is still putting forward actions that will allow the country to embark on a low carbon development pathway, keeping in mind the global climate change agenda. This NDC update represents an enhanced ambition for mitigation with a substantial increase from the INDC. The actions needed to deliver on these commitments willrequire international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. Bangladesh will also provide a relevant contribution regarding national financial resources, staff time and robust integration of development and mitigation activities.', 'Bangladesh will also provide a relevant contribution regarding national financial resources, staff time and robust integration of development and mitigation activities. In selecting the actions set out above, Bangladesh has prioritized those which fit with the growth priorities set out in our national development plans. In addition, Bangladesh has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation. The INDC suggested measures have already been taken forward by the country’s own resources, thus demonstrating that Bangladesh is not content to wait for international support to take action on climate change. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity: See 6 (a) above. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement: The updated unconditional and conditional contributions of Bangladesh have increased emission reduction targets substantially. The unconditional target has been e below BAU in 2030.', 'The unconditional target has been e below BAU in 2030. The conditional target has been increased from 36 e below BAU in 2030. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement: Despite being a least developing country, Bangladesh has already adopted an absolute, economy-wide target in this NDC update. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: See 6(a) and 6(c) above. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 1, of the Paris Agreement: See 6(a) and 6(c) above.']

en-US

BRB

Barbados

1st NDC

2016-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Barbados%20INDC%20FINAL%20September%20%2028%2C%202015.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/95682adf039fc1c66f178889f15ec7445590eab15df1e6f37200f49fe6e0f4b8.pdf

['Barbados Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on September 28, 2015 The National Context As a small island developing state (SIDS) that is extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and cognizant of the implications for its economic, social and environmental sectors, the Government of Barbados (GOB) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000. Since then, Barbados has actively participated in the Conference of Parties (COP) and related inter-sessional meetings of the UNFCCC, as well as undertaken a variety of measures that fit with the overarching objective of the Convention and intended to build national resilience to the challenges imposed by climate change.', 'Since then, Barbados has actively participated in the Conference of Parties (COP) and related inter-sessional meetings of the UNFCCC, as well as undertaken a variety of measures that fit with the overarching objective of the Convention and intended to build national resilience to the challenges imposed by climate change. Accordingly, with the recognition of the need for an urgent global response to address the adverse impacts of climate change, the GOB is expecting the agreed and adopted outcome of the 21st COP of the UNFCCC to be an internationally legally-binding agreement under the Convention that is in the form of a protocol and is applicable to all Parties. Barbados possesses many of the inherent economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities that are associated with Small Island Developing States (SIDS).', 'Barbados possesses many of the inherent economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities that are associated with Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Among others, these include susceptibility to natural disasters and extreme events; a small population; limited land and natural resource base; and a small open economy. These will be exacerbated by the impacts of climate change and, if left unchecked, undermine the sustainable development gains that have been achieved over the course of the country’s history. Barbados is experiencing more extreme weather events, as well as more subtle changes to temperature and precipitation patterns. Observations confirm that temperatures are rising, the frequency of extreme weather events are increasing, sea levels are rising and coral bleaching events are more frequent. These observations are consistent with climate change projections for the Caribbean region1.', 'These observations are consistent with climate change projections for the Caribbean region1. The GOB has drafted a National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF), which provides the country’s overarching approach to adaptation and mitigation and is in line with the Barbados Sustainable Development Policy (2004). The NCCPF is monitored by the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC).', 'The NCCPF is monitored by the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC). 1 Climate Change Risk Profile for Barbados (CARIBSAVE 2012)The Barbados Sustainable Development Policy’s overarching goal is stated as “to ensure the optimisation of the quality of life for every person by ensuring that economic growth and development does not occur to the detriment of our ecological capital.” Deriving from this, the primary goal of the NCCPF is to “establish a national process for adapting to climate change effects and minimising greenhouse gas emissions over the short, medium and long term, and to do this in a manner that is coordinated and consistent with the broader sustainable development aspiration.” Its associated objectives are to: - establish an appropriate mechanism for responding to the challenges of climate change; - engage in regional and international climate change negotiation, planning and response mechanisms; - effect full stakeholder engagement in the development and execution of domestic climate change mitigation and adaptation actions; and - conduct climate change research.', '1 Climate Change Risk Profile for Barbados (CARIBSAVE 2012)The Barbados Sustainable Development Policy’s overarching goal is stated as “to ensure the optimisation of the quality of life for every person by ensuring that economic growth and development does not occur to the detriment of our ecological capital.” Deriving from this, the primary goal of the NCCPF is to “establish a national process for adapting to climate change effects and minimising greenhouse gas emissions over the short, medium and long term, and to do this in a manner that is coordinated and consistent with the broader sustainable development aspiration.” Its associated objectives are to: - establish an appropriate mechanism for responding to the challenges of climate change; - engage in regional and international climate change negotiation, planning and response mechanisms; - effect full stakeholder engagement in the development and execution of domestic climate change mitigation and adaptation actions; and - conduct climate change research. The NCCPF is monitored by a National Climate Change Committee that is comprised of representatives of government ministries, non-governmental organizations, and private sector agencies.', 'The NCCPF is monitored by a National Climate Change Committee that is comprised of representatives of government ministries, non-governmental organizations, and private sector agencies. Despite its limited financial resources and negligible contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a global scale, Barbados is taking a proactive and ambitious approach to reducing its own emissions by introducing concrete mitigation actions that will see the decarbonisation of its electricity grid, initiatives to improve energy efficiency and reduced emissions from its other sectors. The country’s Green Economy Scoping Study2, national Sustainable Energy Framework (SEF)3 and proposed Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)4 for the energy sector, form the backbone of this Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC).', 'The country’s Green Economy Scoping Study2, national Sustainable Energy Framework (SEF)3 and proposed Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)4 for the energy sector, form the backbone of this Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Inevitably, as a SIDS, while Barbados can show leadership and intention, a portion of its ambitious contribution to reduce GHG emissions will be dependent on technology transfer and financial support from the international community in order to realise its objectives. Adaptation As a minimal contributor to global GHG emissions, Barbados places prominence on adapting to the effects of climate change. The changing conditions will see a noticeable impact on the limited availability of fresh water, agricultural productivity, increased land degradation and reduced fish stocks caused by the migration of fish to cooler waters beyond the Caribbean region.', 'The changing conditions will see a noticeable impact on the limited availability of fresh water, agricultural productivity, increased land degradation and reduced fish stocks caused by the migration of fish to cooler waters beyond the Caribbean region. The combination of reducing precipitation and salt water intrusion from sea level rise will compound the issue of insufficient water availability (through salinization of ground 4 NAMA for renewable energy and energy efficiency in Barbados. The NAMA is currently in draft form and is expected to be published shortly.water aquifers), further affecting the productivity of both agriculture and fisheries.', 'The NAMA is currently in draft form and is expected to be published shortly.water aquifers), further affecting the productivity of both agriculture and fisheries. Barbados will face indirect climate-related impacts including drought, flooding, and storms (physical damage), increased pest outbreaks, the spread of invasive species, the increased probability for the occurrence of vector borne and heat related illnesses and the destruction of key ecosystems which all threaten national productivity and may undermine the potential for real growth. With the majority of Barbados’ population and its economic activities located within its narrow coastal zone, this area is undeniably one of the island s most valuable economic and social assets.', 'With the majority of Barbados’ population and its economic activities located within its narrow coastal zone, this area is undeniably one of the island s most valuable economic and social assets. Sea level rise, storm surges and inundation, in addition to the increased frequency in tropical storms, will present direct challenges to the coastal zone, in particular to the tourism sector in terms of potential loss and damage to key infrastructure. Barbados’ national adaptation response is consistent with existing national level policy, in particular the Medium Term Growth & Development Strategy – 2013 - 20205 and the Barbados Sustainable Development Policy. Adaptation planning is also aligned to the CARICOM Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change and its associated Implementation Plan 2011 – 2021.', 'Adaptation planning is also aligned to the CARICOM Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change and its associated Implementation Plan 2011 – 2021. Taking a mainstreaming approach to climate change, the GOB has started to incorporate climate change adaptation into the following national plans and strategies: - Medium Term Growth and Development Strategy 2013 – 2020; - Physical Development Plan; - White Paper on the Development of Tourism in Barbados and National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Tourism Sector in Barbados; - Coastal Zone Management Plan; - Storm Water Management Plan; - Other sectoral plans including for agriculture, fisheries, water and health. The sectors identified as most vulnerable to climate change are agriculture, fisheries, tourism, water, human health, coastal resources and human settlements6.', 'The sectors identified as most vulnerable to climate change are agriculture, fisheries, tourism, water, human health, coastal resources and human settlements6. Climate change will also impact vulnerable groups disproportionately, including youth and gender perspectives, which are cross-cutting concerns in Barbados’ national development planning7. 6 Identified through vulnerability assessments Initiated for the First National Communication to the UNFCCC (2001); revised and updated for key sectors included in the Second National Communication (forthcoming in 2015); also an independent vulnerability and needs assessment on agriculture: A Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment of the Food Zone Of Barbados (2015), Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre & Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management, Government of Barbados.', '6 Identified through vulnerability assessments Initiated for the First National Communication to the UNFCCC (2001); revised and updated for key sectors included in the Second National Communication (forthcoming in 2015); also an independent vulnerability and needs assessment on agriculture: A Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment of the Food Zone Of Barbados (2015), Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre & Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management, Government of Barbados. 7 Gender and youth play a central role in the draft National Climate Change Policy Framework.Mitigation Economy-wide Contribution The above emission reduction contributions will be achieved through the mitigation actions in the energy and waste sectors, which accounted for the vast majority (88%)8 of GHG emissions in Barbados in 2008.', '7 Gender and youth play a central role in the draft National Climate Change Policy Framework.Mitigation Economy-wide Contribution The above emission reduction contributions will be achieved through the mitigation actions in the energy and waste sectors, which accounted for the vast majority (88%)8 of GHG emissions in Barbados in 2008. Figure 1: Projected BAU and ‘With Intervention’ GHG emission scenarios for Barbados Energy Sector Energy consumption accounted for 72% of Barbados’ GHG emissions in 20088 and is therefore the focus of its mitigation activity. Within the sector 67% arises from energy generation and 33% from transport. The following sub-sector contributions have been identified: 8 Barbados 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory. This forms part of the Second National Communication Report, which will be submitted to the UNFCCC shortly.', 'This forms part of the Second National Communication Report, which will be submitted to the UNFCCC shortly. 2008 has been chosen as the base year, so that measures in the waste sector that were implemented in 2009 can be excluded from the BAU projection. Barbados intends to achieve an economy-wide reduction in GHG emissions of 44% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2030. In absolute terms, this translates to a reduction of 23% compared with the baseline year, 2008. As an interim target, the intention will be to achieve an economy-wide reduction of 37% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025, equivalent to an absolute reduction of 21% compared to 2008.i.', 'As an interim target, the intention will be to achieve an economy-wide reduction of 37% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025, equivalent to an absolute reduction of 21% compared to 2008.i. Renewable energy: contributing 65% of total peak electrical demand by 20309. The country has made huge strides in this regard; for example distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) installation is growing exponentially and this trend is expected to continue. Other planned measures include waste-to-energy and biomass generation plants, wind, distributed and centralized solar PV and capture and use of landfill gas for energy generation. ii. Electrical energy efficiency: a 22% reduction in electricity consumption compared to a BAU10 scenario in 2029.', 'Electrical energy efficiency: a 22% reduction in electricity consumption compared to a BAU10 scenario in 2029. Planned measures in this sector include the ‘Public Sector Energy Efficiency and Conservation Programme’, implementation of applicable recommendations through the Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Action-Advanced Program (CHENACT), energy efficiency measures in homes and various LED lighting initiatives. iii. Non-electrical energy efficiency: a 29% reduction in non-electric energy consumption including transport, compared to a BAU scenario in 202910. GOB is investing in alternative vehicles and fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, ethanol, natural gas, hybrid and electric and encouraging their adoption through tax incentives. Waste Sector Aside from the energy sector, emissions from waste represent the other main contributor to national GHG emissions (16% in 2008).', 'Waste Sector Aside from the energy sector, emissions from waste represent the other main contributor to national GHG emissions (16% in 2008). Projects to divert waste from landfill and to develop waste-to-energy plants are underway to deliver savings in this sector. Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Parameter Information Timeframe and/or period for implementation 2030 (with an interim target in 2025) Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reduction contribution (against BAU and base year) Reference point or base year 2008 base year (1,820 Gg CO2 e) Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions i. Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 44% below BAU levels by 2030 (23% below 2008 levels) ii.', 'Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 44% below BAU levels by 2030 (23% below 2008 levels) ii. Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 37% below BAU levels by 202511 (21% below 2008 levels) Business as usual methodology The following assumptions have been made to generate 9 Honourable Darcy Boyce from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Energy, speaking at an INDC workshop meeting in September 2015. 10 BAU projections take into account the expected growth in the future in each sector taking into account current mitigation activities. As identified in footnote (8), 2008 has been chosen as the base year.', 'As identified in footnote (8), 2008 has been chosen as the base year. 11 This reflects the preference of the CARICOM Heads of Government for “five (5) year mitigation commitment cycles, with robust ex ante and ex post review and upward adjustment processes” as defined in the 2015 Declaration on Climate Change developed at the 36th Regular Meeting of the Conference of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 2-4 July 2015, Bridgetown Barbados.Parameter Information the BAU scenario: Electricity supply sector – this has been assumed to grow annually at 1%12 Municipal Solid Waste generation – this has been assumed to remain per capita as in 2014 (latest year available) Transport and combustion in industry – this has been assumed to increase in line with GDP forecasts13 to 2020 and then continuing on the same trend to 2030 (no GDP projected data available to 2030).', '11 This reflects the preference of the CARICOM Heads of Government for “five (5) year mitigation commitment cycles, with robust ex ante and ex post review and upward adjustment processes” as defined in the 2015 Declaration on Climate Change developed at the 36th Regular Meeting of the Conference of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 2-4 July 2015, Bridgetown Barbados.Parameter Information the BAU scenario: Electricity supply sector – this has been assumed to grow annually at 1%12 Municipal Solid Waste generation – this has been assumed to remain per capita as in 2014 (latest year available) Transport and combustion in industry – this has been assumed to increase in line with GDP forecasts13 to 2020 and then continuing on the same trend to 2030 (no GDP projected data available to 2030). All other sources (which are estimated together to contribute less than 10% of GHG emissions) have been assumed to remain at 2010 levels.', 'All other sources (which are estimated together to contribute less than 10% of GHG emissions) have been assumed to remain at 2010 levels. A fixed BAU scenario is being used for the INDC14. Coverage % national emissions Sectors16 Energy (including domestic transport) Industrial Process and Product Use Waste Agriculture Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Gases17 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) HFCs Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6 ) Geographical boundaries Whole country 12 Personal communication with Barbados Light & Power on the 17th September 2015. 13 Historical and projected GDP data provided by the Central bank of Barbados on the 17th September 2015. 14 BAU scenarios for an INDC can be “fixed” or “dynamic”. In this case, a fixed BAU will be used.', 'In this case, a fixed BAU will be used. 15 Excludes international shipping and aviation and is consistent with IPCC good practice. 16 Potential emissions reductions from Industrial Process and Product Use, Agriculture and Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry were not considered, although these sectors are included in the baseline inventory and therefore the ‘economy wide’ savings. 17 Note: PFCs have not been estimated in the 2010 GHG inventory for Barbados. Barbados is committed to the provisions of the Montreal Protocol. HCFCs are scheduled for global phase out by 2030 and Barbados is already on a phase-out schedule with a 35% reduction forecasted by 2020.', 'HCFCs are scheduled for global phase out by 2030 and Barbados is already on a phase-out schedule with a 35% reduction forecasted by 2020. HFCs are on the rise nationally and globally but Barbados is committed to the transition to natural refrigerants with no-Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), and little or no-ODP. This aspect has not been included in the GHG mitigation scenarios that have been undertaken for this INDC.Parameter Information Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet contribution Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in Barbados’ forthcoming Second National Communication (2006 IPCC Guidelines). Fairness and Ambition Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.004%) and its SIDS status, Barbados is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions.', 'Fairness and Ambition Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.004%) and its SIDS status, Barbados is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions. All of the country’s identified mitigation actions are being targeted by the INDC, which will result in per capita emissions of 4.8 tonnes CO2e in 2030 (compared to 6.6 tonnes CO2e in 2008), consistent with the projected global average emissions per capita in 2030 required to meet the 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels target18. This projection clearly demonstrates that despite Barbados’ SIDS status, its ambition to reduce emissions is significant and reflects a fair contribution in the global context.', 'This projection clearly demonstrates that despite Barbados’ SIDS status, its ambition to reduce emissions is significant and reflects a fair contribution in the global context. Planning Process Adaptation Barbados has set up the NCCC, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Drainage (MED), that reports on the development and implementation of all specific activities and programmes that are seeking to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. The NCCC represents the diversity of stakeholders engaged in Barbados’ national climate change response, including relevant ministries, NGOs and private sector bodies. It is intended that the NCCC will also monitor the implementation and directives of the draft NCCPF, once formally approved. The NCCC currently meets to report progress on sectoral activities on a quarterly basis each year.', 'The NCCC currently meets to report progress on sectoral activities on a quarterly basis each year. Collectively, the representatives of the NCCC keeps the policy under regular review; monitors the implementation its directives; and presents annual reports to the Cabinet on measures that have been undertaken to implement this policy. The MED has coordinative oversight of the NCCC and the implementation of the NCCPF.', 'The MED has coordinative oversight of the NCCC and the implementation of the NCCPF. Barbados has a number of ongoing programmes that are addressing adaptation as a central theme within these key sectors: - Regional Monitoring and Evaluation System for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in the Caribbean Tourism Sector; - Water Resource Management & Flood Resilience CCA Programme; - Coastal Risk Assessment Programme; - Piloting CCA to Protect human Health Project (Global Project by WHO/UNDP & GEF funded); 18 The global target to avoid 1.5°C of warming is 4.8 tCO2e per capita in 2030, assuming a global population of 8.2 billion ( and global 10_final_bh_may.pdf)”.- Water Sanitation & Systems Upgrade; Mitigation Barbados has formalised its commitment to the mitigation activities summarised above through the planning and implementation of various mitigation actions and other initiatives to reduce GHG emissions and green its economy, which include inter alia: - Formulation of NAMA at the national level, presenting a list of viable projects to reduce GHG emissions; - The Barbados component of the CHENACT project, associated with promoting energy-efficiency and renewable energy in the tourism industry for the country, has provided a CDM Program of Activities and is included in the draft energy sector NAMA; - National Sustainable Energy Policy and associated SEF providing top-down contributions for the energy and transport sectors; - Green Economy Scoping Study and related activities; - The CARICOM Declaration For Climate Action, calls for a legally binding commitment at COP21 for enhanced provisions for vulnerable countries and the adoption of the limiting of long-term the global average temperature increase to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; - The BRIDGE19 in Sustainable Energy and Information and Communication Technologies project is focused on developing human capital, while encouraging gender equality, to meet the expected future demand for technicians, professionals and entrepreneurs in the sustainable energy and information and communication technology sectors; - The Resource Efficient Low Carbon and Circular Industrial Partnership Platform for Catalyzing Eco-Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Barbados (RECIPPEE-Barbados) is a new partnership between the GOB and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) which will help Barbados advance a number of its development priorities, including building a resource efficient green economy through inclusive and sustainable industrial development; - Major contributions by the private sector in installing solar PV and other renewable energy in response to global energy prices, declining renewable energy technology costs and government fiscal incentives.', 'Barbados has a number of ongoing programmes that are addressing adaptation as a central theme within these key sectors: - Regional Monitoring and Evaluation System for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in the Caribbean Tourism Sector; - Water Resource Management & Flood Resilience CCA Programme; - Coastal Risk Assessment Programme; - Piloting CCA to Protect human Health Project (Global Project by WHO/UNDP & GEF funded); 18 The global target to avoid 1.5°C of warming is 4.8 tCO2e per capita in 2030, assuming a global population of 8.2 billion ( and global 10_final_bh_may.pdf)”.- Water Sanitation & Systems Upgrade; Mitigation Barbados has formalised its commitment to the mitigation activities summarised above through the planning and implementation of various mitigation actions and other initiatives to reduce GHG emissions and green its economy, which include inter alia: - Formulation of NAMA at the national level, presenting a list of viable projects to reduce GHG emissions; - The Barbados component of the CHENACT project, associated with promoting energy-efficiency and renewable energy in the tourism industry for the country, has provided a CDM Program of Activities and is included in the draft energy sector NAMA; - National Sustainable Energy Policy and associated SEF providing top-down contributions for the energy and transport sectors; - Green Economy Scoping Study and related activities; - The CARICOM Declaration For Climate Action, calls for a legally binding commitment at COP21 for enhanced provisions for vulnerable countries and the adoption of the limiting of long-term the global average temperature increase to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; - The BRIDGE19 in Sustainable Energy and Information and Communication Technologies project is focused on developing human capital, while encouraging gender equality, to meet the expected future demand for technicians, professionals and entrepreneurs in the sustainable energy and information and communication technology sectors; - The Resource Efficient Low Carbon and Circular Industrial Partnership Platform for Catalyzing Eco-Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Barbados (RECIPPEE-Barbados) is a new partnership between the GOB and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) which will help Barbados advance a number of its development priorities, including building a resource efficient green economy through inclusive and sustainable industrial development; - Major contributions by the private sector in installing solar PV and other renewable energy in response to global energy prices, declining renewable energy technology costs and government fiscal incentives. To accompany all of these actions, GOB is also taking steps to put systems and processes in place to institutionalise a formal monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to track national emissions and the impact of specific mitigation actions.', 'To accompany all of these actions, GOB is also taking steps to put systems and processes in place to institutionalise a formal monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to track national emissions and the impact of specific mitigation actions. As the national focal point the MED will coordinate other related ministries and stakeholders in the preparation of required reports for monitoring progress, implementation and reporting to the UNFCCC or otherwise as may be required. 19 ‘Building capacity and Regional Integration for the Development of a Generation of Entrepreneurs’Means of Implementation Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that affects every part of the Barbadian economy, social structure and its’ natural environment.', '19 ‘Building capacity and Regional Integration for the Development of a Generation of Entrepreneurs’Means of Implementation Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that affects every part of the Barbadian economy, social structure and its’ natural environment. In line with its national commitments it is crucial that Barbados continues to build on and strengthen its ambition to achieve the principles behind its sustainable develop policy, in addition to ensuring a low-carbon climate resilient society. In doing so, Barbados looks to regional and international cooperation for support in order to progress the mitigation and adaptation priorities set out in its INDC, that are in line with its national development objectives. Barbados requires substantial assistance to meet its adaptation objectives set out in its INDC.', 'Barbados requires substantial assistance to meet its adaptation objectives set out in its INDC. As a highly vulnerable SIDS, Barbados is already experiencing frequent and major climate change impacts and extreme weather events that could decimate its economy in one extreme (climate related) event. Such impacts will be an ever present threat for the country and will continue to challenge the development of the Barbadian economy as a whole. As a SIDS, Barbados will require significant financial, technology transfer and capacity- building support to deliver the intended contribution and related infrastructure. International grant and loan financing mechanisms such as the existing ‘Energy Smart Fund’20 will be imperative to provide financial and technical support to renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Barbados.', 'International grant and loan financing mechanisms such as the existing ‘Energy Smart Fund’20 will be imperative to provide financial and technical support to renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Barbados. Initial analysis suggests that a number of the planned renewable energy projects (linked to mitigation in the waste sector) in particular, provide a strong economic argument to stimulate private sector investment; however enabling and technology transfer support will still be required. Mitigation actions in the energy efficiency and transport sectors will be largely dependent on international capital financing to implement and to achieve the relative contributions. Specifically international support will be crucial to the implementation of actions set out in its NCCPF (once formally approved), in addition to its SEF, NAMA and other sectoral policies and plans.', 'Specifically international support will be crucial to the implementation of actions set out in its NCCPF (once formally approved), in addition to its SEF, NAMA and other sectoral policies and plans. The flexibility offered by the existing (i.e. CDM) and future emission reduction mechanisms under the UNFCCC will be used where possible to achieve Barbados’ contribution domestically or jointly with regional/international partners. 20 Loan provided by the Inter-American Development Bank']

en-US

BRB

Barbados

Updated NDC

2021-07-30 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/2021%20Barbados%20NDC%20update%20-%2021%20July%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/57242c654979c2f050325109d9184913269664bc1ef8abf1be81d02ed16534a3.pdf

['UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATONS UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE Government of BarbadosBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION i Contents Acronyms ii Introduction . 1 National Context 1 Background 1 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and need for a green recovery 2 Policy framework - international . 3 Policy framework - domestic . 5 Adaptation and Resilience . 6 Goals 6 Background 6 Policy framework . 6 2021 Physical Development Plan 6 The Roofs-to-Roofs Programme (R2RP) 7 Other policies and programmes 8 Key vulnerabilities and risks 9 Environmental risks . 9 Social and economic risks 10 Adaptation approach . 10 Responses to vulnerabilities and risks . 11 Loss and Damage . 12 Other matters 12 Mitigation 13 Goal . 13 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution 13 Methods 14 A fossil-fuel free electricity sector . 14 Clean transport 16 Gender . 17 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 18 Fair and ambitious . 29 Planning process 29 NDC update stakeholder engagement 29BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ii Means of Implementation . 30 Technology 30 Capacity building . 30 Financing . 30 Macro-economic context 30 Adaptation and resilience . 31 Special Circumstances of SIDS . 32 Conclusion . 33 Flexible mechanisms . 33 Acronyms AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States AR5 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report BAU business-as-usual BBD Barbados dollar BNEP 2019 Barbados National Energy Policy BNOCL Barbados National Oil Company Limited BPOA Barbados Programme of Action BWA Barbados Water Authority C-SERMS CARICOM Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Center CCF Contingent Credit Facility for Natural Disaster Emergencies CCRIF-SPC Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility CHENACT Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Program CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum CZMU Coastal Zone Management Unit DRR Disaster-risk reduction EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU-CIF European Union Caribbean Investment Facility EV Electric vehicle FiT Feed-in Tariff GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GDM IMF-administered Global Disaster Mechanism GHG / GHGI Greenhouse gas / GHG Inventory GNI Gross National Income GOB Government of Barbados GWP Global warming potential ICTU Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IDB Inter-American Development Bank INDC Intended NDC IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product useBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION iii IRRP Integrated Resources and Resilience Plan MENB Ministry of Environment and National Beautification MEPS minimum energy performance standards MMA Marine Managed Area MMABE Ministry of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NCDs non-communicable diseases NCRIPP National Coastal Risk Information Planning Platform NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NPC National Petroleum Corporation OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PDP 2021 Physical Development Plan Amendment PES Payments for environmental services PPP Public Private Partnerships PV Photo-voltaic R2RP Roofs-to-Roofs Programme SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDRs Special Drawing Rights SIDS Small Island Developing States SPV Special Purpose Vehicle UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ / USD US dollars WSRN S-Barbados Water Sector Resilience Nexus for Sustainability in BarbadosBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Introduction The Government of Barbados (GOB) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000.', 'UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATONS UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE Government of BarbadosBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION i Contents Acronyms ii Introduction . 1 National Context 1 Background 1 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and need for a green recovery 2 Policy framework - international . 3 Policy framework - domestic . 5 Adaptation and Resilience . 6 Goals 6 Background 6 Policy framework . 6 2021 Physical Development Plan 6 The Roofs-to-Roofs Programme (R2RP) 7 Other policies and programmes 8 Key vulnerabilities and risks 9 Environmental risks . 9 Social and economic risks 10 Adaptation approach . 10 Responses to vulnerabilities and risks . 11 Loss and Damage . 12 Other matters 12 Mitigation 13 Goal . 13 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution 13 Methods 14 A fossil-fuel free electricity sector . 14 Clean transport 16 Gender . 17 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 18 Fair and ambitious . 29 Planning process 29 NDC update stakeholder engagement 29BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ii Means of Implementation . 30 Technology 30 Capacity building . 30 Financing . 30 Macro-economic context 30 Adaptation and resilience . 31 Special Circumstances of SIDS . 32 Conclusion . 33 Flexible mechanisms . 33 Acronyms AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States AR5 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report BAU business-as-usual BBD Barbados dollar BNEP 2019 Barbados National Energy Policy BNOCL Barbados National Oil Company Limited BPOA Barbados Programme of Action BWA Barbados Water Authority C-SERMS CARICOM Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Center CCF Contingent Credit Facility for Natural Disaster Emergencies CCRIF-SPC Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility CHENACT Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Program CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum CZMU Coastal Zone Management Unit DRR Disaster-risk reduction EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU-CIF European Union Caribbean Investment Facility EV Electric vehicle FiT Feed-in Tariff GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GDM IMF-administered Global Disaster Mechanism GHG / GHGI Greenhouse gas / GHG Inventory GNI Gross National Income GOB Government of Barbados GWP Global warming potential ICTU Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IDB Inter-American Development Bank INDC Intended NDC IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product useBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION iii IRRP Integrated Resources and Resilience Plan MENB Ministry of Environment and National Beautification MEPS minimum energy performance standards MMA Marine Managed Area MMABE Ministry of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NCDs non-communicable diseases NCRIPP National Coastal Risk Information Planning Platform NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NPC National Petroleum Corporation OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PDP 2021 Physical Development Plan Amendment PES Payments for environmental services PPP Public Private Partnerships PV Photo-voltaic R2RP Roofs-to-Roofs Programme SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDRs Special Drawing Rights SIDS Small Island Developing States SPV Special Purpose Vehicle UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ / USD US dollars WSRN S-Barbados Water Sector Resilience Nexus for Sustainability in BarbadosBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Introduction The Government of Barbados (GOB) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000. In September 2015, it communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat.', 'In September 2015, it communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat. Barbados signed and ratified the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016, which entered into force on 4 November 2016. At the same time, the INDC of Barbados became the first Nationally Determined Contribution (from here on, referred to as the 2015 NDC). In view of the objectives of the Paris Agreement, in particular to pursue efforts to limit the average temperature increase to 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial temperatures, the overall level of ambition in 2015 NDCs has been too low for achieving the goal.', 'In view of the objectives of the Paris Agreement, in particular to pursue efforts to limit the average temperature increase to 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial temperatures, the overall level of ambition in 2015 NDCs has been too low for achieving the goal. Barbados welcomes the contribution by the Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2018 report on 1.5 degrees as it provides a scientific basis for countries to enhance climate ambition significantly. Notwithstanding Barbados historically low level of responsibility for the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, this new NDC significantly increases its ambition.', 'Notwithstanding Barbados historically low level of responsibility for the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, this new NDC significantly increases its ambition. This 2021 NDC update aligns Barbados with other Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) by significantly enhancing ambition and increasing its mitigation contribution to be fully compatible with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. National Context Background Barbados is the eastern-most Caribbean island, located at 13º 4 North latitude and 59º 37 West longitude. The island is predominantly flat and is bounded in the east by the Atlantic Ocean and in the west by the Caribbean Sea. The closest neighboring islands are St. Lucia and St. Vincent.', 'The closest neighboring islands are St. Lucia and St. Vincent. The Barbados landmass has an area of 432 square kilometers, with 92 kilometers of coastline. The Barbados’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is some 430 times larger, at 185,000 square kilometers, and represents a significant potential resource. With a population of 287,025 (2019), the island is one of the most densely populated in the region with 661 inhabitants per km2. Population growth is near zero percent and life expectancy is high at 79 years. According to the 2000 Census, the population is 93 percent of African descent, three percent of European descent, and the rest of Asian or mixed descent. English is the official language and an English-based Creole is widely spoken.', 'English is the official language and an English-based Creole is widely spoken. Barbados has a small, open economy, typical for the Caribbean and other small island states. It is now classified as a high-income country with a GDP of US$ 5.21 billion (2019 current USD), which translates into a GNI per capita of US$ 17,380 (Atlas method, 2019 current USD). Since independence, Barbados has diversified from a low-income agricultural economy into a more diversified economy, built on tourism and offshore banking. It now has one of the Caribbean’s highest per capita incomes. Travel and tourism are a dominant force in the Barbados economy, contributing 40.6% of GDP (2017) when considering indirect effects.', 'Travel and tourism are a dominant force in the Barbados economy, contributing 40.6% of GDP (2017) when considering indirect effects. The financial services sector, launched in 1985, has become the country’s second biggest source of foreign exchange.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and need for a green recovery Barbados remains vulnerable to economic downturn in its main trade partners, the USA, UK and EU. Only a full decade after the 2008 financial crisis, did the tourism sector recover from its impact, only to be hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. This dependence on the tourism sector poses a real challenge to near and medium-term economic development. Yet, the scope for further economic diversification is perceived to be limited.', 'Yet, the scope for further economic diversification is perceived to be limited. Following the signing of a package of measures and debt restructuring agreement with the IMF in 2018, the government now faces the challenge of enacting structural fiscal reforms to strengthen public finances against a backdrop of weak economic growth and the demand of a strong stimulus package to mitigate the corona crisis. The COVID-19 crisis has underlined the importance of maintaining the capacity of the government to respond to crises and protect its people. As in the rest of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has put tremendous strain on the people and Government of Barbados.', 'As in the rest of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has put tremendous strain on the people and Government of Barbados. The virtual collapse in international tourism, which accounts for 40 percent of (direct and indirect) GDP, continues to depress economic activity. The resulting economic shock has been dampened by the government taking monetary and macro-financial measures, as well as boosting capital spending and taking a range of other measures, including introducing social programs for displaced workers to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. The adverse fiscal and GDP impact of the pandemic has been significant.', 'The adverse fiscal and GDP impact of the pandemic has been significant. While the government achieved the targeted primary balance surplus equivalent to 6 percent of GDP for the fiscal year 2019/20, the current account deficit increased to 6.2% and real economic activity contracted by some 18% during 2020 and 3% in the first quarter of 2021, as the sharp decline in tourism negatively impacted the economy as a whole. With a global economic recession extending well into 2021, the outlook is negative. In light of the slow recovery of international tourism, the Government of Barbados anticipates an equally slow recovery in economic activity for 2021, with growth in the order of 1-3%.', 'In light of the slow recovery of international tourism, the Government of Barbados anticipates an equally slow recovery in economic activity for 2021, with growth in the order of 1-3%. Overnight, Barbados has witnessed the sharpest and most far-reaching cessation of economic activity since the Great Depression of the 1930s, presenting, beyond the disease itself, a further threat to lives and livelihoods. Many industries were closed and numerous workers were laid off, placing many families into a dire state of poverty. Unemployment reached over 40% - a rise of over 30 percentage points as a result of COVID-19, and thirty-five percent of those enrolled in the social security system made unemployment claims during that period. Decades of human development progress were put at risk.', 'Decades of human development progress were put at risk. The Government was able to maintain employment and push higher spending through the health, education, tourism and social care sectors, which played a role in stabilizing the economy. The crisis also revealed the strong connectivity between development, public health and nutrition security, education and tourism. The explosion of health issues such as obesity, heart disease, strokes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have made too many citizens vulnerable to life-threatening complications. COVID-19 has undermined their individual resilience and the sustainability of Barbados’s national development gains.', 'COVID-19 has undermined their individual resilience and the sustainability of Barbados’s national development gains. The education sector was particularly challenged due to the lack of appropriate broadband infrastructure in the countries, and many children were without functional and reliable internet connectivity, creating a level of inequality in accessing online educational services. Domestically, households were affected psychologically, as it was a physical reality that many were unprepared for. Furthermore, travel restrictions, the closure of borders, and the forced tentative reopening have contributed to the significant fall-off in foreign exchange revenues. Food supply chains in agriculture were impacted, stressing the urgentBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION need for investment in food security mechanisms that will contribute to curbing the rising tide of NCDs in the Caribbean region.', 'Food supply chains in agriculture were impacted, stressing the urgentBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION need for investment in food security mechanisms that will contribute to curbing the rising tide of NCDs in the Caribbean region. Additionally, climate change continues to cause damage in the tourism and agriculture sectors. In this context, careful planning, monitoring, and evaluation of countries’ responses are equally vital. The post COVID-19 period provides a unique opportunity for policy makers to harness significant structural changes, that are occurring at all levels of the society, into a vision to “build forward better.” Barbados’s high level of indebtedness is constraining its fiscal response. While the debt restructuring achieved in 2018 has improved the Government of Barbados’ position, more concessional finance is needed.', 'While the debt restructuring achieved in 2018 has improved the Government of Barbados’ position, more concessional finance is needed. Barbados calls for the release of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) by the Bretton Woods institutions, and objective measures of vulnerability to determine access to concessional funding to be applied. Policy framework - international Since the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action (BPOA), the unique challenges faced by SIDS and the need for support by the international community have been recognized by the United Nations system. The SAMOA Pathway adopted in 2014 showed however that more action is needed.', 'The SAMOA Pathway adopted in 2014 showed however that more action is needed. In this context, Barbados reaffirms its support for the 2018 Samoa Declaration on Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development for SIDS made by AOSIS.1BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Indeed, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes that each country has different realities, capacities, and levels of development and faces its own specific challenges to achieve sustainable development. The situation of the most vulnerable countries, including SIDS, deserves special differentiated attention.', 'The situation of the most vulnerable countries, including SIDS, deserves special differentiated attention. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development requires a new strategic approach that strengthens trust in international cooperation; encourages a collective action for the provision of global and regional public goods; increases resilience to the lack of appropriate finance, trade and technological shocks; protect the rights of minorities; and strengthens the interests of the majority over the interests of groups that are organized and can contribute capital and technology to strengthen capacities. The Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda promises to leave no one behind, solidify the environmental gains, and build a social safety network that protects the most vulnerable in society.', 'The Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda promises to leave no one behind, solidify the environmental gains, and build a social safety network that protects the most vulnerable in society. The facilitation and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provides responses at the individual, community and country levels, and presents an integrated public investment programme founded on principles of sustainable development and climate change resilience. Policies for equality, innovation and growth are indispensable.', 'Policies for equality, innovation and growth are indispensable. Innovative policies are needed to drive industries and investments to achieve progressive structural change that affords us a more prosperous, The BPOA for the Sustainable Development of SIDS (1994) was a recognition by the UN General Assembly of the common challenges faced by SIDS: • a narrow resource base depriving SIDS of the benefits of economies of scale; • small domestic markets and heavy dependence on a few external and remote markets; • high costs for energy, infrastructure, transportation, communication and servicing; • long distances from export markets and import resources; • low and irregular international traffic volumes; little resilience to natural disasters; • growing populations; • high volatility of economic growth; • limited opportunities for the private sector and a proportionately large reliance of their economies on their public sector; and • fragile natural environments.', 'Innovative policies are needed to drive industries and investments to achieve progressive structural change that affords us a more prosperous, The BPOA for the Sustainable Development of SIDS (1994) was a recognition by the UN General Assembly of the common challenges faced by SIDS: • a narrow resource base depriving SIDS of the benefits of economies of scale; • small domestic markets and heavy dependence on a few external and remote markets; • high costs for energy, infrastructure, transportation, communication and servicing; • long distances from export markets and import resources; • low and irregular international traffic volumes; little resilience to natural disasters; • growing populations; • high volatility of economic growth; • limited opportunities for the private sector and a proportionately large reliance of their economies on their public sector; and • fragile natural environments. The BPOA also acknowledged the need for special support from the international community.', 'The BPOA also acknowledged the need for special support from the international community. The 14-point programme, which tellingly remains relevant over two decades later, identified the following priority areas for the sustainable development of SIDS: • climate change and sea- level rise; • natural and environmental disasters; • management of wastes; • coastal and marine resources; • freshwater resources; • energy resources; • tourism resources; • biodiversity resources; • national institutions and administrative capacity; • regional institutions and technical cooperation; • transport and communication; • science and technology; and, • human resource development.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION inclusive and sustainable Region that puts the Caribbean first and mirrors the principle of “leaving no one behind.” The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development presents an opportunity for SIDS to optimize the potential benefits of implementing the 17 SDGs, and enhance the capacity of national frameworks to guide coherent policy design and integrated cross-sectoral implementation of development objectives.', 'The 14-point programme, which tellingly remains relevant over two decades later, identified the following priority areas for the sustainable development of SIDS: • climate change and sea- level rise; • natural and environmental disasters; • management of wastes; • coastal and marine resources; • freshwater resources; • energy resources; • tourism resources; • biodiversity resources; • national institutions and administrative capacity; • regional institutions and technical cooperation; • transport and communication; • science and technology; and, • human resource development.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION inclusive and sustainable Region that puts the Caribbean first and mirrors the principle of “leaving no one behind.” The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development presents an opportunity for SIDS to optimize the potential benefits of implementing the 17 SDGs, and enhance the capacity of national frameworks to guide coherent policy design and integrated cross-sectoral implementation of development objectives. Barbados uses targeted policy formation and a monitoring mechanism on progress that identifies the achievement of its national development goals and their ability to ensure that actual development leaves no one behind; and that different groups of people; inclusive of women, youth, persons with disabilities, older persons and rural dwellers, are all engaged in and benefit from national development efforts.', 'Barbados uses targeted policy formation and a monitoring mechanism on progress that identifies the achievement of its national development goals and their ability to ensure that actual development leaves no one behind; and that different groups of people; inclusive of women, youth, persons with disabilities, older persons and rural dwellers, are all engaged in and benefit from national development efforts. In light of this, the agenda of the SDGs and the aspirations of SIDS must be synergized through institutional strengthening to assist with strengthening both the national and sub-regional capacity for collection, analysis and dissemination of disaggregated data to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and ensure effective monitoring and measurement of the attained national development goals, so that the well-being and livelihoods of persons are sustained and enriched.', 'In light of this, the agenda of the SDGs and the aspirations of SIDS must be synergized through institutional strengthening to assist with strengthening both the national and sub-regional capacity for collection, analysis and dissemination of disaggregated data to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and ensure effective monitoring and measurement of the attained national development goals, so that the well-being and livelihoods of persons are sustained and enriched. There is the need for effective international agreements that cap and lower global temperatures; limit the spread of pandemics; support nutrition; reduce poverty and inequality; and encourage energy security and energy efficiency. The developed countries must appreciate the vulnerability of SIDS, and recognize the urgent need for access to financing to help build resilience to these external risks.', 'The developed countries must appreciate the vulnerability of SIDS, and recognize the urgent need for access to financing to help build resilience to these external risks. Policy framework - domestic The 2021 Physical Development Plan Amendment has undergone wide consultation and will provide the framework for government decision-making across a number of key areas of development with a direct impact on climate change mitigation and adaptation. This PDP is a critical opportunity to change the traditional growth paradigm and introduce transformational and foundational policy directions that can guide more sustainable investment, land use and infrastructure decisions in Barbados. It addresses the urgency of climate change and reframes planning for steady state growth by redefining the island’s urban structure.', 'It addresses the urgency of climate change and reframes planning for steady state growth by redefining the island’s urban structure. It addresses scarcity and irreplaceable resources, including through the shift from car-centric transportation to multi-modal mobility. It moves Barbados toward a green economy, including food self- sufficiency and a viable agriculture sector, investing in sustainable infrastructure, and greening tourism. The Roofs 2 Reefs Programme (R2RP) framework operationalizes the PDP and provides the vehicle through which public investment will be directed.', 'The Roofs 2 Reefs Programme (R2RP) framework operationalizes the PDP and provides the vehicle through which public investment will be directed. Acknowledging the need for locally-led adaptation especially building a robust understanding of risks and uncertainties and addressing structural inequities faced by women, young people and those socially and economically disadvantaged, the GoB through its R2RP is seeking to establish a sufficient and stable funding mechanism and the accompanying programme management framework that enables finance to be accessed when and where the need arises.', 'Acknowledging the need for locally-led adaptation especially building a robust understanding of risks and uncertainties and addressing structural inequities faced by women, young people and those socially and economically disadvantaged, the GoB through its R2RP is seeking to establish a sufficient and stable funding mechanism and the accompanying programme management framework that enables finance to be accessed when and where the need arises. R2RP seeks to identify the key projects and programmes, assess their costs, and identify and pursue funding opportunities, and coordinate implementation.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Adaptation and Resilience Goals The Government of Barbados (GoB) will ensure a protected environment, a stable society and a sustainable and resilient economy.', 'R2RP seeks to identify the key projects and programmes, assess their costs, and identify and pursue funding opportunities, and coordinate implementation.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Adaptation and Resilience Goals The Government of Barbados (GoB) will ensure a protected environment, a stable society and a sustainable and resilient economy. Accordingly, Barbados will put policies in place to seek to be, by 2030, the first 100% green and fossil-fuel free island-state in the world. Background The objective of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre- industrial levels is essential to our collective survival, yet climate change is already wreaking havoc on Barbados.', 'Background The objective of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre- industrial levels is essential to our collective survival, yet climate change is already wreaking havoc on Barbados. Specifically, SIDS rightly maintain a special status as countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse consequences and effects of the climate crisis. SIDS, such as Barbados, face the consequences of climate change with a very limited quantity of economic, social and natural resources. Due to its small size, limited population and limited resource base, SIDS are in a position of vulnerability when it comes to the impacts on their environment, economy and society.', 'Due to its small size, limited population and limited resource base, SIDS are in a position of vulnerability when it comes to the impacts on their environment, economy and society. Barbados continues to call for priority international support for adaptation and mitigation in small islands, climate finance and other means of implementation being key to their sustainable development. Barbados is fully aligned with the positions of the AOSIS, which seeks significantly scaled-up, new, additional, and predictable financial resources, including increased support for adaptation and green recovery packages, while seeking to ensure adaptation measures are country-driven.', 'Barbados is fully aligned with the positions of the AOSIS, which seeks significantly scaled-up, new, additional, and predictable financial resources, including increased support for adaptation and green recovery packages, while seeking to ensure adaptation measures are country-driven. When referring to the vulnerability of Barbados, it is key to emphasize the important request of the Government of Barbados for an international agreement on a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index to replace the historic per capita income criterion. We refer to the chapter on Means of Implementation for further information. Since this has not yet been implemented, the following sections will outline Barbados vulnerability and the need for adaptation as now understood by its government. Policy framework In the area of climate change adaptation, Barbados maintains several important legal frameworks.', 'Policy framework In the area of climate change adaptation, Barbados maintains several important legal frameworks. Broadly speaking, adaptation in Barbados can be framed within the following legal tools: the Proclamation of the Planning and Development Act, and the 2021 Physical Development Plan (PDP), which includes climate change considerations for the first time and has been already approved by the Cabinet. In pursuit of climate-resilient development, the GoB ensures alignment between its implementation policies concerning the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction, the 2030 SDGs and climate action under the Paris Agreement. Barbados has operationalized the priority adaptation strategies identified in the Second National Communication.', 'Barbados has operationalized the priority adaptation strategies identified in the Second National Communication. The 2021 Physical Development Plan and the Roofs to Reefs Programme (R2RP) now provide the relevant framework for Barbados to achieve its resilience goal by 2030. 2021 Physical Development Plan The 2021 Physical Development Plan is based on a vision of sustainable growth and development of Barbados. It addresses the critical impacts of climate change on Barbados through policies and strategies that enable the people to thrive and remain resilient under changing climate conditions. Since 2017, consultations have been held with all relevant stakeholders around the draft PDP and the GoB anticipates adoption by Parliament before the end of 2021.', 'Since 2017, consultations have been held with all relevant stakeholders around the draft PDP and the GoB anticipates adoption by Parliament before the end of 2021. The 2021 PDP will guide future development in BarbadosBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION with respect to land use, settlement patterns, food production, infrastructure, mobility and environmental management, and informs the public and private sectors as to the nature, scope and location of both development and protection areas for core assets. In doing so, it provides the necessary clear and accessible framework for private and public investment in the physical environment. The Roofs-to-Roofs Programme (R2RP) The R2RP operationalizes the PDP and provides the vehicle through which public investment will be directed.', 'The Roofs-to-Roofs Programme (R2RP) The R2RP operationalizes the PDP and provides the vehicle through which public investment will be directed. Its objectives are: • to make low- and middle-income homes more resilient to extreme weather events and their impacts, such as possible loss of access to electricity and potable water distribution systems; • to increase freshwater storage capacity and water use efficiency and reduce emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation; • to decrease land-based sources of marine pollution through more sustainable land use practices; • to make critical utility, water and sanitation and road infrastructure climate resilient; and, • to restore vulnerable coral reef ecosystems, particularly on the west and south coasts of the island.', 'Its objectives are: • to make low- and middle-income homes more resilient to extreme weather events and their impacts, such as possible loss of access to electricity and potable water distribution systems; • to increase freshwater storage capacity and water use efficiency and reduce emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation; • to decrease land-based sources of marine pollution through more sustainable land use practices; • to make critical utility, water and sanitation and road infrastructure climate resilient; and, • to restore vulnerable coral reef ecosystems, particularly on the west and south coasts of the island. R2RP can improve the standard of living and quality of life of the most vulnerable segments of the population of Barbados, by improving social well-being of individuals and communities and significantly reducing the damage to property, loss of life, and the costs incurred after a severe weather event.', 'R2RP can improve the standard of living and quality of life of the most vulnerable segments of the population of Barbados, by improving social well-being of individuals and communities and significantly reducing the damage to property, loss of life, and the costs incurred after a severe weather event. R2RP will result in a more resilient housing stock, through roof fortification and retrofitting aimed to withstand up to Category 4 hurricanes. Installation of augmented disaster-resilient storage capacity for potable water at homes will further increase resilience. Specifically, drinking water shortages post-disaster can be mitigated by providing for improved rainwater harvesting. Distributed electricity generation will shorten recovery time post-disaster and help to avoid economic catastrophe in particular for the most vulnerable households.', 'Distributed electricity generation will shorten recovery time post-disaster and help to avoid economic catastrophe in particular for the most vulnerable households. More resilient, sustainable households will reduce GHG emissions and preserve and enhance ecosystems, before and after a disaster. More efficient capture of stormwater and effluent will reduce pollution, contributing to the health of biota and protect and help preserve for future generations the coastal ecosystems, shorelines and coral reefs. These are vital for nature, people and the economy. Under R2RP, protocols and standards for rooftop solar PV installation will be developed and include recommended options for energy storage technology. Collection of data will include energy storage. The government will assess social and gender impacts, and changes in vulnerability.', 'The government will assess social and gender impacts, and changes in vulnerability. This will enable evaluation of ecosystem-adaptation based methodologies and cost recovery models. Whereas the R2RP provides the overarching framework that allows the integrated approach to addressing activities, the R2RP structure allows for projects to be prepared at the sector-level. Barbados has received readiness support from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) for R2RP development and is seeking to establish the appropriate framework for mobilizing and scaling up public and private investments. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) will be established for the capitalization of the R2RP. The SVP will create the required fiscal space without affecting the fiscal targets under the 2018 sovereign debt restructuring agreement.', 'The SVP will create the required fiscal space without affecting the fiscal targets under the 2018 sovereign debt restructuring agreement. The SPV’s purpose will be the raising of capital, securitization of loans and other receivables, and financing through loans and grants of individual projects and ventures.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Other policies and programmes In addition to general legislation for the adaptation of the territory and the economy to climate change, Barbados has developed a number of legislative proposals to protect some of its most important sectors. Among these sectors, it is important to highlight the legislation in place to protect water resources, the maritime environment (which would include several sectors such as tourism and fishing) and also to protect society from natural hazards.', 'Among these sectors, it is important to highlight the legislation in place to protect water resources, the maritime environment (which would include several sectors such as tourism and fishing) and also to protect society from natural hazards. These are the programmes, platforms and policies for these activities: Water resources: • National Water Reuse Policy, already agreed to in principle by Cabinet on April 18, 2019. ● Green Paper on 2020 Water Protection and Land Use Zoning Policy. This policy describes the existing groundwater protection zoning policy, outlines its strengths and shortcomings and proposes a new integrated approach to protection of all of the island’s water resources, including coastal waters.', 'This policy describes the existing groundwater protection zoning policy, outlines its strengths and shortcomings and proposes a new integrated approach to protection of all of the island’s water resources, including coastal waters. • Cabinet approval of the Stormwater Management Plan Update, including Cabinet approval of guidelines and protocols for rainwater harvesting and Cabinet approval of drafting instructions for Water Reuse Bill. • Water Sector Resilience Nexus for Sustainability in Barbados (WSRN S-Barbados). This was Barbados’ first Green Climate Fund country project. It has a value of US$45.2 million and was launched in Barbados in May 2019 with a finalization date in 2024.', 'It has a value of US$45.2 million and was launched in Barbados in May 2019 with a finalization date in 2024. The project will increase water security via installation of photovoltaic solar and backup natural gas power for pumping stations, while implementing climate resilience actions in the water sector, including a water sector master plan, enhancing infiltration, and by reducing non-revenue water and improving overall water management. Coastal zone: • Cabinet approval of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): the Barbados Policy Framework (2020-2030) includes an approval of the Coastal Zone Management Plan that aims to incorporate natural capital categories in national assets accounting. • Updated Draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan.', '• Updated Draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. It is subject to virtual public consultation from June 8 to July 1, 2021 • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy (MMABE) was established on June 1, 2018 to define and implement a regime of good governance of Barbados’ EEZ. • Debt for Nature Swap: The MMABE has been collaborating with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) to establish a conservation trust fund in Barbados as part of a maritime Debt for Nature Swap to draw the linkage between reducing a country’s debt and protecting its environment. In addition, 30% of Barbados’ EEZ would be dedicated to conservation as a Marine Managed Area (MMA).', 'In addition, 30% of Barbados’ EEZ would be dedicated to conservation as a Marine Managed Area (MMA). Disaster risk reduction: • Cabinet approval of the Barbados Comprehensive Disaster Management Country Work Program 2019-2023. This includes the financial protection mechanism for contingent liabilities from natural hazard-induced disaster shocks; system of annual stress testing of insurance firms of their capacity to absorb natural and man-made disasters and development of the appropriate measures to address identified weaknesses.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • National Coastal Risk Information Planning Platform (NCRIPP) for use by the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) for assessing coastal development applications.', 'This includes the financial protection mechanism for contingent liabilities from natural hazard-induced disaster shocks; system of annual stress testing of insurance firms of their capacity to absorb natural and man-made disasters and development of the appropriate measures to address identified weaknesses.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • National Coastal Risk Information Planning Platform (NCRIPP) for use by the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) for assessing coastal development applications. Key vulnerabilities and risks Environmental risks Barbados faces the adverse effects of climate change and natural hazards, with their attendant economic and social challenges, including unsustainable debt levels, arising in part from extreme weather events and slow onset events impacting national income flows, increasing indebtedness and impairing repayment capacity.', 'Key vulnerabilities and risks Environmental risks Barbados faces the adverse effects of climate change and natural hazards, with their attendant economic and social challenges, including unsustainable debt levels, arising in part from extreme weather events and slow onset events impacting national income flows, increasing indebtedness and impairing repayment capacity. For those reasons, and given that the climate crisis affects both the natural environment as well as the social and economic stability of the country, Barbados considers climate change to be a significant threat to its growth and prosperity.', 'For those reasons, and given that the climate crisis affects both the natural environment as well as the social and economic stability of the country, Barbados considers climate change to be a significant threat to its growth and prosperity. When vulnerability is examined as an aggregate function of demographic and socio-economic inputs, this country is among those Caribbean nations most vulnerable to climate change.2 Barbados vulnerability is not based solely on those factors included in the SIDS framework; there are factors unique to the country that add to or further complicate the climate emergency.', 'When vulnerability is examined as an aggregate function of demographic and socio-economic inputs, this country is among those Caribbean nations most vulnerable to climate change.2 Barbados vulnerability is not based solely on those factors included in the SIDS framework; there are factors unique to the country that add to or further complicate the climate emergency. These Barbados- specific factors include, among others: - the country s position on the edge of the Caribbean, with its exposure to extreme maritime conditions; - water scarcity as a result of Barbados’s unique hydrogeology; - relatively early socio-economic development compared to other SIDS in the region, which has led to a highly modified natural environment, unsustainable development practices in the past, loss of ecosystem services, lack of green spaces, ageing infrastructure and housing stock, among others; and, - High population density, which leads to high demand for already scarce resources, competition for space, exacerbated risk of natural hazards, etc.', 'These Barbados- specific factors include, among others: - the country s position on the edge of the Caribbean, with its exposure to extreme maritime conditions; - water scarcity as a result of Barbados’s unique hydrogeology; - relatively early socio-economic development compared to other SIDS in the region, which has led to a highly modified natural environment, unsustainable development practices in the past, loss of ecosystem services, lack of green spaces, ageing infrastructure and housing stock, among others; and, - High population density, which leads to high demand for already scarce resources, competition for space, exacerbated risk of natural hazards, etc. The climate change risk profile of Barbados is dominated by coastal and weather effects, especially sea level rise, storm surge, increased tropical storm and hurricane intensity and frequency; and other more slow-onset environmental impacts, such as flooding and drought, which is a very important and specifically Barbadian nuanced issue, as the country already suffers from water scarcity, and changes in rainfall patterns exacerbate this considerably.', 'The climate change risk profile of Barbados is dominated by coastal and weather effects, especially sea level rise, storm surge, increased tropical storm and hurricane intensity and frequency; and other more slow-onset environmental impacts, such as flooding and drought, which is a very important and specifically Barbadian nuanced issue, as the country already suffers from water scarcity, and changes in rainfall patterns exacerbate this considerably. Barbados is already being significantly and directly impacted by the increase in climate-related extreme events, including hurricane frequency and intensity, droughts, and sargassum seaweed influxes which is aggravated by the specific location of the Barbados’ beaches, coastline characteristics and social and economic factors.', 'Barbados is already being significantly and directly impacted by the increase in climate-related extreme events, including hurricane frequency and intensity, droughts, and sargassum seaweed influxes which is aggravated by the specific location of the Barbados’ beaches, coastline characteristics and social and economic factors. Further systemic trends that are of concern are the anomaly in the frequency of marine heat waves observed over the past decade as well as sea level rise. Since 2010, hurricanes Tomas (2010), Ernesto (2012), Harvey (2017), and Elsa (2021) and the tropical storms Matthew, Maria, Kirk and Gonzalo (2020) have impacted the island, causing enormous damage and disrupting lives tremendously.', 'Since 2010, hurricanes Tomas (2010), Ernesto (2012), Harvey (2017), and Elsa (2021) and the tropical storms Matthew, Maria, Kirk and Gonzalo (2020) have impacted the island, causing enormous damage and disrupting lives tremendously. Also, depending on the size of the storms and because of the characteristics of the Barbados coastline, it experiences coastal impacts even when the eye of the storms is far away from the island.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Social and economic risks These effects significantly impact food production through drought, changes in rainfall patterns, disease outbreaks and storm damage, as well as exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in determinants of health and water availability.', 'Also, depending on the size of the storms and because of the characteristics of the Barbados coastline, it experiences coastal impacts even when the eye of the storms is far away from the island.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Social and economic risks These effects significantly impact food production through drought, changes in rainfall patterns, disease outbreaks and storm damage, as well as exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in determinants of health and water availability. They further pose a significant threat to coastal resources, people and infrastructure which will affect, among other sectors, the tourism industry because of its reliance on low-lying coastal resources, and their inherent vulnerability to associated climate impacts.', 'They further pose a significant threat to coastal resources, people and infrastructure which will affect, among other sectors, the tourism industry because of its reliance on low-lying coastal resources, and their inherent vulnerability to associated climate impacts. However, climate change vulnerability also affects all other key sectors of the economy: agriculture, water resources, human health and settlements, coastal resources, fisheries and insurance, while adaptation requires economy-wide and sector-specific efforts to alleviate impacts and reinforce adaptive capacity of vulnerable key sectors. Further, climate change will impact already vulnerable groups disproportionately, including youth and women, as well as lower income communities.', 'Further, climate change will impact already vulnerable groups disproportionately, including youth and women, as well as lower income communities. Alongside the direct environmental effects of climate change, the social and economic impacts are equally important; they include impacts on: ● Health: including increased heat stress and greater prevalence of water and vector-borne diseases; ● Tourism: including damage to coastal tourism infrastructure, biodiversity and landscape; ● Water resources: reduced water availability for the population of Barbados resulting from drought or groundwater contamination from flooding, soil or pollutant infiltration or saline intrusion; ● Fishery and agricultural industries: loss of domestic and/or international competitiveness resulting from drought, flooding and storm damage, saline intrusion, pest and invasive species outbreaks and spread, and ecosystem destruction; and ● Financial risk and insurance: where there is a direct correlation between climate change adaptation/projections and insurance cost/availability, as well as market value of real estate.', 'Alongside the direct environmental effects of climate change, the social and economic impacts are equally important; they include impacts on: ● Health: including increased heat stress and greater prevalence of water and vector-borne diseases; ● Tourism: including damage to coastal tourism infrastructure, biodiversity and landscape; ● Water resources: reduced water availability for the population of Barbados resulting from drought or groundwater contamination from flooding, soil or pollutant infiltration or saline intrusion; ● Fishery and agricultural industries: loss of domestic and/or international competitiveness resulting from drought, flooding and storm damage, saline intrusion, pest and invasive species outbreaks and spread, and ecosystem destruction; and ● Financial risk and insurance: where there is a direct correlation between climate change adaptation/projections and insurance cost/availability, as well as market value of real estate. Of these sectors, the tourism and insurance sectors are the most significant contributors to Barbados’ economic growth.', 'Of these sectors, the tourism and insurance sectors are the most significant contributors to Barbados’ economic growth. In recent times, Barbados has had to manage the impacts suffered from the synergies between three different crises: (1) the climate crisis, which the people of Barbados have already seen impact on the territory; (2) the COVID-19 crisis, which has heavily impacted the society and economy; and (3) the volcanic ash crisis, following the eruption of La Soufriere in neighbouring St. Vincent in early 2021, which has severely affected Barbados’ agricultural sector, and more temporarily business and health. The effect of these three shocks has strained the people’s capacities and resources to adapt to the further climate impacts that will inevitably follow.', 'The effect of these three shocks has strained the people’s capacities and resources to adapt to the further climate impacts that will inevitably follow. Adaptation approach Climate change is typically referred to as a threat multiplier. Barbados as a SIDS on the frontline of climate change has concluded that mitigation and adaptation action jointly contribute to strengthening resilience. As the 2018 Second National Communication states, adaptation and building resilience to climate change are Barbados’ main priority.', 'As the 2018 Second National Communication states, adaptation and building resilience to climate change are Barbados’ main priority. Building resilience and adaptation capacity have now become fully integrated in the development of all government policies, in particular the 2021 PDP update and R2RP, which, in turn, are closely related to sectoral policies in priority sectors identified in the 2015 NDC, such as coastal zoneBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION management and water resources. Strengthening resilience, climate risk management and adaptation to climate change go hand in hand. Adaptive measures are requiring ever-rising investments.', 'Adaptive measures are requiring ever-rising investments. The growing evidence of the limits of adaptation (both so called hard and soft adaptation) underscores the need for significantly increased climate ambition in the near-term, as is Barbados’ intention, and also raises the case for providing support to the most vulnerable communities, sectors and countries. In some areas, however, adaptation will no longer be possible. Physical infrastructure, like coastal defenses come to mind, but there are also economic and social limits to adaptation. Barbados’ development efforts must be made resilient to the impacts of climate change and related disaster risks.', 'Barbados’ development efforts must be made resilient to the impacts of climate change and related disaster risks. The shared objectives of strengthening resilience, building adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability to climate change and disasters, represent a strong rationale for alignment of the country’s efforts under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Barbados’ approach to achieving such alignment is determined by the particular country’s context and capacities. The increased coherence (i.e., coordination and consistency in sectoral planning) will bring efficiency and effectiveness and thus improved outcomes.', 'The increased coherence (i.e., coordination and consistency in sectoral planning) will bring efficiency and effectiveness and thus improved outcomes. For this, three different types of capacity need to be strengthened: ● Absorptive capacity, enabling Barbados to prepare for and overcome climate shocks; ● Adaptive capacity, adjusting to a warming world in anticipation of shocks; and, ● Transformative capacity, the ability to mitigate the impacts of shocks through a transformation of social and economic systems. On a densely populated island, like Barbados, spatial decisions are generally contentious and adaptation decisions are no different. Multiple (often conflicting) criteria, diverse participant backgrounds, and vague problem specifications characterize most adaptation situations.', 'Multiple (often conflicting) criteria, diverse participant backgrounds, and vague problem specifications characterize most adaptation situations. Whereas objective data should provide the main inputs to decision-making, important subjective considerations, such as material and behavioral constraints and cultural norms can reveal processes, conditions and structures that either exacerbate or ameliorate vulnerability. Analyzing climate change from each of these dimensions provides a more comprehensive view of local vulnerability and resilience and allows for more balanced decision-making than can be achieved through the use of “objective data” alone. Responses to vulnerabilities and risks The limits to adaptive capacity are already being reached and risk response mechanisms are proving insufficient. Barbados is a member of the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (now CCRIF-SPC), established in 2007.', 'Barbados is a member of the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (now CCRIF-SPC), established in 2007. The experience with parametric disaster risk insurance is, however, mixed as payment triggers may not be met and pay-outs may fail to buffer the immediate shocks. In 2020, Barbados joined a Contingent Credit Facility for Natural Disaster Emergencies (CCF) set up by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), as an important tool to help the country develop effective strategies for natural disaster financial risk management sized at 1% of GDP. With the 2018 IMF-facilitated debt restructuring, Barbados introduced debt instruments with a disaster- linked clause, allowing for an automatic extension of debt service in the event of a disaster.', 'With the 2018 IMF-facilitated debt restructuring, Barbados introduced debt instruments with a disaster- linked clause, allowing for an automatic extension of debt service in the event of a disaster. Barbados is the first country to take advantage of a re-papering of the terms of its domestic and foreign sovereign debtBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION to include a ‘natural disaster’ clause to enable such a deferral. The clause coverage extends to hurricanes, earthquakes and rainfall and its trigger is conditional upon material loss above a prearranged threshold by the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility under the authorities’ catastrophe insurance policy.', 'The clause coverage extends to hurricanes, earthquakes and rainfall and its trigger is conditional upon material loss above a prearranged threshold by the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility under the authorities’ catastrophe insurance policy. It allows for capitalization of interest and postponement of scheduled amortization falling due over a two- year period, following the incidence of a major natural hazard. Sustainable (Blue and Green) Finance should also be integrated into the core adaptation and loss and damage financial package for the protection and enhancement of natural capital and preservation of threatened resource endowment.', 'Sustainable (Blue and Green) Finance should also be integrated into the core adaptation and loss and damage financial package for the protection and enhancement of natural capital and preservation of threatened resource endowment. Loss and Damage Barbados wishes to refer to Article 8.1 of the Paris Agreement, recognizing the importance that Parties should give to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events. Without more ambitious global mitigation, Barbados will experience increased economic and non- economic loss and damage. Barbados cannot adapt to some emissions pathways and is noting with concern the conclusions of the 2021 NDC synthesis report FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/2.', 'Barbados cannot adapt to some emissions pathways and is noting with concern the conclusions of the 2021 NDC synthesis report FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/2. Consequently, Barbados needs to focus its resources not only on mitigation but also on adaptation and resilience to protect its territory. Easier and greater access to finance for adaptation and resilience building is therefore critical. Finance that can be accessed quickly and easily is also necessary as, with a high debt profile, loans are not the best solution for the country at the moment. Debt forgiveness and deferral, especially for debts generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is becoming a critical issue for the country. The current pandemic has further exposed the economic vulnerability of SIDS to external shocks.', 'The current pandemic has further exposed the economic vulnerability of SIDS to external shocks. Adaptation to climate change and resilience building can no longer be treated separately from development nor from mitigation action. In addition, innovative financing should be considered for the generation of international financing for loss and damage, given the existing financing gap for adaptation, including through green and thematic bonds markets. Exiting the COVID-19 pandemic with a strategy of environmental and social sustainability is a high priority for Barbados. For this reason, it is committed to establishing policies and programmes for a green recovery.', 'For this reason, it is committed to establishing policies and programmes for a green recovery. In this way, Barbados is committed to the repair of the economic recession while addressing the needed transformations required for inclusive growth and sustainable development that delivers a path out of poverty for everyone, accelerating its investments in renewable energy, digitalization and electric mobility to drive economic and employment recovery. Therefore, Barbados is committed to continuing to move towards the eco-social and energy transition and aggressive decarbonization and electrification of the economy.', 'Therefore, Barbados is committed to continuing to move towards the eco-social and energy transition and aggressive decarbonization and electrification of the economy. Other matters Barbados will commence work on the Third National Communication, an Adaptation Communication, and a National Adaptation Plan.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mitigation Goal Coherence between national development priorities and climate goals is key, as this enables maximizing the benefits of early action. A resilient economy is a precondition for Barbados’ development. For Barbados, resilience bridges the mitigation-adaptation divide, seeking to prevent negative climate change impacts through a sustainable transformation of economic and social systems.', 'For Barbados, resilience bridges the mitigation-adaptation divide, seeking to prevent negative climate change impacts through a sustainable transformation of economic and social systems. The Government of Barbados has, therefore, set the aspirational goal to achieve a fossil fuel-free economy and to reduce GHG emissions across all sectors to as close to zero as possible by 2030. 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution Recalling the 2015 NDC included economy-wide mitigation contributions for 2025 and 2030: “Barbados intends to achieve an economy-wide reduction in GHG emissions of 44% compared to its business-as-usual (BAU) scenario by 2030. In absolute terms, this translates to a reduction of 23% compared with the baseline year, 2008.', 'In absolute terms, this translates to a reduction of 23% compared with the baseline year, 2008. As an interim target, the intention will be to achieve an economy-wide reduction of 37% compared to its business-as-usual (BAU) scenario by 2025, equivalent to an absolute reduction of 21% compared to 2008.” The 2015 NDC target was prepared with a view to the cost-effectiveness of the measures. Specific mitigation actions were presented for the energy, waste and transport sectors. For the other sectors no specific mitigation actions were envisaged. Since ratification of the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016, Barbados has implemented the actions and activities specified in its NDC of 28 September 2015 needed to meet its conditional commitment.', 'Since ratification of the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016, Barbados has implemented the actions and activities specified in its NDC of 28 September 2015 needed to meet its conditional commitment. The implementation experience with the 2015 NDC has generally been positive: ● Decentralized solar PV installations have increased with over 2,000 independent power producers now generating 45 MW of power. Progress has also been made in deploying electric passenger vehicles and public buses (EVs). ● The Sustainable Energy Investment Program (SMART FUND II), financed by an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan to the government and an investment grant from the European Union Caribbean Investment Facility (EU-CIF) provides financial and technical assistance for the preparation and retrofitting of at least 100 public buildings.', '● The Sustainable Energy Investment Program (SMART FUND II), financed by an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan to the government and an investment grant from the European Union Caribbean Investment Facility (EU-CIF) provides financial and technical assistance for the preparation and retrofitting of at least 100 public buildings. ● The Deployment of Cleaner Fuels and Renewable Energy project, financed by an IDB loan to the National Petroleum Corporation (NPC) and the Barbados National Oil Company Limited (BNOCL), supports the diversification of the energy mix, energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy and storage technology within the premises of the NPC and the BNOCL.', '● The Deployment of Cleaner Fuels and Renewable Energy project, financed by an IDB loan to the National Petroleum Corporation (NPC) and the Barbados National Oil Company Limited (BNOCL), supports the diversification of the energy mix, energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy and storage technology within the premises of the NPC and the BNOCL. ● Importantly, in 2020 the first Caribbean Green Climate Fund grant to the Barbados Water Authority (BWA) financed 6.5 MW in solar/gas microturbine capacity. The project is being implemented by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center (CCCCC) and will contribute to climate change adaptation in the water sector.', 'The project is being implemented by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center (CCCCC) and will contribute to climate change adaptation in the water sector. The project involves a Revolving Adaptation Financing Facility to subsidize water efficiency measures for households, hotels and other businesses.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● In 2019, the Fair Trading Commission established feed-in-tariffs (FITs) for renewable energy technologies up to 1 MW, and in 2020, established FITs for RE technologies up to 10 MW to replace a temporary tariff arrangement with the utility and provide stable and predictable price signals to potential investors.', 'The project involves a Revolving Adaptation Financing Facility to subsidize water efficiency measures for households, hotels and other businesses.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● In 2019, the Fair Trading Commission established feed-in-tariffs (FITs) for renewable energy technologies up to 1 MW, and in 2020, established FITs for RE technologies up to 10 MW to replace a temporary tariff arrangement with the utility and provide stable and predictable price signals to potential investors. ● Until 2018, the CHENACT project, initiated by the Caribbean Tourism Organization, the Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association and the IDB supported energy audits and efficiency measures in small and medium-sized hotels enabling savings of up to 50% of water usage and 30-50 % of energy bills.', '● Until 2018, the CHENACT project, initiated by the Caribbean Tourism Organization, the Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association and the IDB supported energy audits and efficiency measures in small and medium-sized hotels enabling savings of up to 50% of water usage and 30-50 % of energy bills. ● Finally, the government has made a number of policy interventions to further NDC implementation, such as the elimination in 2019 of customs duties on imported systems and equipment linked to renewable energy and the provision of several additional tax incentives. The development of a NAMA proposal for renewable energy and energy efficiency referenced in the 2015 NDC has been superseded by the 2019 Energy Policy and its Implementation Plan, which are the core of this ambitious NDC update.', 'The development of a NAMA proposal for renewable energy and energy efficiency referenced in the 2015 NDC has been superseded by the 2019 Energy Policy and its Implementation Plan, which are the core of this ambitious NDC update. The waste-to-energy plant included in the 2015 NDC is being redesigned with private sector investment being considered. Methods The 2015 NDC mitigation contribution was calculated using historical data from the Barbados 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory, officially published as part of the 2018 Second National Communication report, using 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Whereas a 2008 base year is maintained for purposes of comparability, the 2021 NDC update includes an assessment of historical emissions up to and including 2018. A full, updated GHG inventory will be communicated alongside the Third National Communication.', 'A full, updated GHG inventory will be communicated alongside the Third National Communication. Further methodological details are provided in the ICTU table below. The government understands the updated GHG Inventory to be a prerequisite for operating a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that is suitable to enable Barbados’ participation in Article 6 mechanisms, allowing tracking of mitigation contributions of individual NDC-aligned projects and for attracting investment in these projects. Barbados notes that there is a need for the establishment of internationally agreed accounting methodologies for mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds and the open ocean. The Barbados total land area is 432 km2; the EEZ is some 430 times larger at 185,000 km2. Barbados’s coastal and marine ecosystems are instrumental in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere.', 'Barbados’s coastal and marine ecosystems are instrumental in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere. Current IPCC methodologies do not account for “blue carbon”, despite the fact that coastal ocean ecosystems in particular play an important global role in carbon sequestration. It is estimated that of all biological carbon captured, more than half (55%) is captured by marine organisms. A fossil-fuel free electricity sector With the 2019 Barbados National Energy Policy (BNEP), the Government signaled its unwavering commitment to a clean energy future by setting the target of a fossil fuel-free electricity sector by 2030.', 'A fossil-fuel free electricity sector With the 2019 Barbados National Energy Policy (BNEP), the Government signaled its unwavering commitment to a clean energy future by setting the target of a fossil fuel-free electricity sector by 2030. The benefits of Barbados becoming a clean energy economy become more evident when considering alongside the climate benefits that in 2015, 90% of fuel and oil were imported and accounted for 6.9% of GDP.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The BNEP aims to extend the use of solar, wind, biofuels and energy storage. The energy policy includes the transport sector, starting with the objective of full electrification of or use of biofuels by the passenger vehicle fleet by 2030.', 'The energy policy includes the transport sector, starting with the objective of full electrification of or use of biofuels by the passenger vehicle fleet by 2030. Significant additional investments are now needed for the BNEP goal of 100% renewable energy to be attained by 2030. To this end, a draft Integrated Resource and Resilience Plan (IRRP) that will guide implementation of the BNEP in the electricity sector is currently being consulted on. It describes a number of scenarios for the transition and has informed this updated NDC mitigation contribution. A fossil fuel-free electricity sector represents a significant enhancement of the 2015 NDC target of 65% renewable energy, alongside a 22% improvement in energy efficiency in the electricity sector.', 'A fossil fuel-free electricity sector represents a significant enhancement of the 2015 NDC target of 65% renewable energy, alongside a 22% improvement in energy efficiency in the electricity sector. Barbados’ updated conditional mitigation contribution for 2030 consists of: 1. A 95% share of renewable energy in the electricity mix 2. 100% electric or alternatively-fueled vehicles in the passenger fleet 3. A 20% increase in energy efficiency across all sectors as compared to BAU. 4. A 29% decrease in industrial, commercial and residential fuel consumption as compared to BAU 5. A 20% decrease in waste emissions As detailed in the ICTU table (below): Barbados adopts the following ambitious contributions for 2025 and 2030: ● 20% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2025 without international support (unconditional).', 'A 20% decrease in waste emissions As detailed in the ICTU table (below): Barbados adopts the following ambitious contributions for 2025 and 2030: ● 20% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2025 without international support (unconditional). ● 35% reduction relative to the business-as-usual emissions in 2025 conditional upon international support. ● 35% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2030 without international support (unconditional). ● 70% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2030 conditional upon international support.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION We note that total absolute emissions in the base year (2008) have been restated at 2,123Gg CO2 e. This compares to 2015 NDC inventory emissions at 1,816Gg CO2 e. The absolute emissions reductions resulting from this 2021 NDC update conditional contribution below e (2030) respectively.', '● 70% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2030 conditional upon international support.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION We note that total absolute emissions in the base year (2008) have been restated at 2,123Gg CO2 e. This compares to 2015 NDC inventory emissions at 1,816Gg CO2 e. The absolute emissions reductions resulting from this 2021 NDC update conditional contribution below e (2030) respectively. Total economy-wide BAU emissions projections are 1,881Gg CO2 e (2030) respectively. In addition, Barbados is a signatory of the CARICOM Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS) and will by 2027 do its fair share under the agreement, which includes both energy efficiency targets and renewable energy targets.', 'In addition, Barbados is a signatory of the CARICOM Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS) and will by 2027 do its fair share under the agreement, which includes both energy efficiency targets and renewable energy targets. Demand side management is included in the IRRP and minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for air conditioning and refrigeration, as well as lighting, will be adopted in July 2021. Clean transport Barbadian infrastructure exhibits significant vulnerabilities to storms, landslides, inland flooding, and extreme temperatures. This requires additional work to improve resilience of the sector, particularly under more climate variability, transport congestion and mobility disruptions that can affect the tourism value chain and the competitiveness of the country.', 'This requires additional work to improve resilience of the sector, particularly under more climate variability, transport congestion and mobility disruptions that can affect the tourism value chain and the competitiveness of the country. So, whereas transport is a significant source of GHG emissions, the sector is also vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards, and climate change is expected to exacerbate future risks.', 'So, whereas transport is a significant source of GHG emissions, the sector is also vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards, and climate change is expected to exacerbate future risks. A more efficient, reliable, affordable and resilient transportation system represents a substantial commitment to climate action with important impacts for the entire Barbadian economy, improving its competitiveness and productivity, reducing costs, and impacting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The government’s commitment to a fossil fuel-free energy system extends to the transport sector, starting with public buses and light duty/passenger vehicles. Effective April 2021, the government s procurement policy is to prioritize the purchase of electric or hybrid vehicles, where possible.', 'Effective April 2021, the government s procurement policy is to prioritize the purchase of electric or hybrid vehicles, where possible. The government-owned transport fleet is currently operating 35 EV buses. The Barbados Transport Board’s intention is to operate a fully-electrified fleet by 2030. The Transport Board competes with other private operators using minibuses and minivans on the same routes and for the same users. Public transportation is also supported with private taxis, used mostly by the tourism sector. Under the aegis of the Physical Development Plan, described above, a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for the Greater Bridgetown Area and the Urban Corridor has been prepared.', 'Under the aegis of the Physical Development Plan, described above, a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for the Greater Bridgetown Area and the Urban Corridor has been prepared. This plan aims at upgrading the public transport system (fleet renovation, payment systems, tracking systems and demand management), introducing bicycle lanes, connected sidewalks and accessibility measures, as well as parking management policies. Initiatives such as the urban renewal investments in Pile Bay to Harts Gap corridor, the Bridgetown Public Market and Fishing Harbor and the Greater Carlisle Bay incorporate low-carbon transportation measures. These measures may not have been devised as part of the NDC, they contribute to the regulatory, financial and behavioral changes that are required towards a low-carbon climate resilient transportation and mobility system in Barbados.', 'These measures may not have been devised as part of the NDC, they contribute to the regulatory, financial and behavioral changes that are required towards a low-carbon climate resilient transportation and mobility system in Barbados. Gender The Government of Barbados is committed to equality for all, especially as it relates to gender. This commitment is reflected in the Constitution. The country now has its first female Prime Minister and its second female Governor General. This commitment to full gender equality is further manifested through the implementation of policies and programmes, aimed at the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, which speaks to the empowerment of women and girls.', 'This commitment to full gender equality is further manifested through the implementation of policies and programmes, aimed at the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, which speaks to the empowerment of women and girls. Whereas, at this time, three quarters of all vulnerable families are female-headed households, the Government of Barbados, in addition to social assistance, places strong emphasis on facilitating and supporting women entrepreneurship and business development as one way of responding to rising levels of unemployment, retrenchment and to assist with the economy’s recovery.', 'Whereas, at this time, three quarters of all vulnerable families are female-headed households, the Government of Barbados, in addition to social assistance, places strong emphasis on facilitating and supporting women entrepreneurship and business development as one way of responding to rising levels of unemployment, retrenchment and to assist with the economy’s recovery. Included are incentives for micro and small businesses such as grants, loans, technical assistance.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding This section includes detailed information to improve understanding of the contribution and allow comparability with other contributions. The voluntary guidance contained in the Decision 4.CMA1 requests countries to provide information to improve understanding of the NDC contribution and allow for comparability.', 'The voluntary guidance contained in the Decision 4.CMA1 requests countries to provide information to improve understanding of the NDC contribution and allow for comparability. Barbados has adopted this guidance within its capacities. 2021 Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Barbados (based on UNFCCC ICTU Guidance) 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The target is expressed relative to a 2008 base year, as in the 2015 NDC. The BAU emissions projections have been calculated based on policies in place in 2008. The reference years for the target are 2025 and 2030 and are expressed relative to BAU for those years.', 'The reference years for the target are 2025 and 2030 and are expressed relative to BAU for those years. In addition, absolute emissions reductions are provided for informational purposes. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year ● Total absolute emissions in the base year (2008) have been restated at 2,123Gg CO2e. The 2015 NDC inventory stated emissions at 1,816Gg CO2e. ● The absolute emissions reductions resulting from this 2021 NDC update conditional contribution below the 2008 base year are 705Gg CO2e (2025) and 1,459Gg CO2e (2030) respectively. ● Total economy-wide BAU emissions projections are 1,881Gg CO2e (2025) and 1,958Gg CO2e (2030) respectively.', '● Total economy-wide BAU emissions projections are 1,881Gg CO2e (2025) and 1,958Gg CO2e (2030) respectively. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information The mitigation ambition of 70% reduction in GHG emissions, economy-wide, by 2030 will be complemented, inter alia, by the following strategies and plans: ● Support for research and development of renewable energy and energy storage technologies appropriate for SIDS, in particular ocean energy in line with the national strategy to develop its blue economy. ● A deliberate focus on using distributed generation (e.g.', '● A deliberate focus on using distributed generation (e.g. household solar photovoltaics) to provide modern energy access and build resilience (adaptation co-benefits) for low-income households, with an initial target of retrofitting 3,000 low-income homes with solar PV by 2030 under the Roofs to Reefs Program. As one of the most densely populated countries in the world (669 people/km2) and one of the most water scarce (< 305 m3 of renewable freshwater per capita per year), and facing a predicted, climate change induced, 15-30% reduction in rainfall, Barbados’ race to completely decarbonize its economy must be accompanied by strategies to enhance food and water security and protect vital coastal ecosystems.', 'As one of the most densely populated countries in the world (669 people/km2) and one of the most water scarce (< 305 m3 of renewable freshwater per capita per year), and facing a predicted, climate change induced, 15-30% reduction in rainfall, Barbados’ race to completely decarbonize its economy must be accompanied by strategies to enhance food and water security and protect vital coastal ecosystems. To this end, the government of Barbados will, inter alia: ● Implement a new Water Protection and Land Use Policy (2020) designed to help protect groundwater aquifers, coastal coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds, with particular focus on reduction of nutrient loads into coastal waters using nature-based solutions.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● Implement a new Water Reuse Policy (2018) to allow reclaimed water to be used for irrigation and groundwater recharge.', 'To this end, the government of Barbados will, inter alia: ● Implement a new Water Protection and Land Use Policy (2020) designed to help protect groundwater aquifers, coastal coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds, with particular focus on reduction of nutrient loads into coastal waters using nature-based solutions.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● Implement a new Water Reuse Policy (2018) to allow reclaimed water to be used for irrigation and groundwater recharge. It is anticipated that Barbados will invest over US$150 million dollars between 2021 and 2024 to upgrade its municipal wastewater treatment systems and build out a reclaimed water distribution network, in an effort to build climate resilience in its agricultural and water sectors.', 'It is anticipated that Barbados will invest over US$150 million dollars between 2021 and 2024 to upgrade its municipal wastewater treatment systems and build out a reclaimed water distribution network, in an effort to build climate resilience in its agricultural and water sectors. Barbados already has one of the best solid waste landfilling diversion rates (69%) in the region despite the lack of economies of scale (inherent to a small island) for recycling industries.', 'Barbados already has one of the best solid waste landfilling diversion rates (69%) in the region despite the lack of economies of scale (inherent to a small island) for recycling industries. In an effort to build a more circular economy, and as a component of the Integrated Resources and Resilience Plan (IRRP) for the energy sector, Barbados will seek to recover energy from waste and will construct and operate an EFW facility (~ 8-15 MW) by 2025. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction ● 20% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2025 without international support (unconditional). ● 35% reduction relative to the business-as-usual emissions in 2025 conditional upon international support.', '● 35% reduction relative to the business-as-usual emissions in 2025 conditional upon international support. ● 35% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2030 without international support (unconditional). ● 70% reduction relative to business-as-usual emissions in 2030 conditional upon international support. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) For the preparation of Barbados’ 2021 NDC update, the 2013 Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) was significantly updated, improving historical activity data and methodologies especially in the energy and waste sectors. This update improved the completeness and accuracy of the estimates that are the base of Barbados’ ambition.', 'This update improved the completeness and accuracy of the estimates that are the base of Barbados’ ambition. This new 2021 NDC update GHGI was used as the basis of the emissions and removals projections to 2030 which were also significantly updated from the previous included in the 2015 NDC. The sources of GHG emissions data are: 1. GHG Inventory 2000-2010 prepared by the Ministry of Environment and National Beautification (MENB). 2. 2015 NDC spreadsheets. 3. Updated activity data information for the period 2011-2020, including: i) energy balances 2008-2020 prepared by Ministry of Energy; ii) residues deposited in landfills; iii) updated GDP and population; iv) waste stream data 2010-2020 prepared by Sanitation Service Authority; v) other information. 4.', 'Updated activity data information for the period 2011-2020, including: i) energy balances 2008-2020 prepared by Ministry of Energy; ii) residues deposited in landfills; iii) updated GDP and population; iv) waste stream data 2010-2020 prepared by Sanitation Service Authority; v) other information. 4. Updated BaU projections based on new forecasts of energy production, GDP, population, residues produced. f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Barbados may update the reference indicator under 1.d to account for significant changes (such as changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projections or any technical errors identified) at the point of its next NDC submission, to be prepared in 2024 in accordance with its obligations under the Paris Agreement.', 'f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Barbados may update the reference indicator under 1.d to account for significant changes (such as changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projections or any technical errors identified) at the point of its next NDC submission, to be prepared in 2024 in accordance with its obligations under the Paris Agreement. The Government of Barbados is introducing a number of measures to significantly increase economic resilience of its small island economy. If successful, these structural changes in the economy will be reflected in a second NDC.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION A further adjustment may need to be made in the second NDC to reflect exogenous growth in population.', 'If successful, these structural changes in the economy will be reflected in a second NDC.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION A further adjustment may need to be made in the second NDC to reflect exogenous growth in population. A government initiative, launched in May 2021, aimed at attracting highly trained workers, may by 2030 significantly increase the population (est. >25%, from 290,000 to 370,000). 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Multi-year targets for 2025 and 2030 respectively. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; 1.', 'General description of the target; 1. It is the goal of the Government of Barbados to achieve an economy-wide reduction in gross GHG emissions of 70% by 2030. 2. The 2021 NDC update reflects a significant increase in ambition and enhancement of the 2015 NDC. With the 2021 update, Barbados makes a conditional contribution for an emissions reduction in the electricity sector of 95% by 2030. The economy-wide 2015 NDC contribution was conditional on international support in its entirety. Complementary to the conditional contribution, Barbados makes an unconditional contribution for the electricity sector of an emissions reduction of 50% by 2030. 3. The 2021 NDC update presents a further enhanced conditional contribution with the Roofs to Reefs Program (R2RP).', 'The 2021 NDC update presents a further enhanced conditional contribution with the Roofs to Reefs Program (R2RP). R2RP is a holistic, integrated public investment program founded on principles of sustainable development and climate change resilience. The aim is to improve the social and environmental circumstances for all Barbadians: improving living conditions and terrestrial and marine ecosystems, making us more resilient to the impacts of the worsening climate crisis and related natural disasters, while increasing the ability to recover quickly from disasters. b.', 'The aim is to improve the social and environmental circumstances for all Barbadians: improving living conditions and terrestrial and marine ecosystems, making us more resilient to the impacts of the worsening climate crisis and related natural disasters, while increasing the ability to recover quickly from disasters. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Gases included: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous Oxide (N20) • HFCs IPCC Sectors included: ● Energy sector, including transport ● IPPU ● Agriculture ● LULUCFBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● Waste c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; In pursuit of the objectives of: the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the Caribbean Community (C-SERMS) Energy Policy agreement, Barbados in its first NDC opted to submit an economy-wide nationally determined contribution.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Gases included: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous Oxide (N20) • HFCs IPCC Sectors included: ● Energy sector, including transport ● IPPU ● Agriculture ● LULUCFBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION ● Waste c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; In pursuit of the objectives of: the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the Caribbean Community (C-SERMS) Energy Policy agreement, Barbados in its first NDC opted to submit an economy-wide nationally determined contribution. The Government of Barbados wishes to affirm its commitment to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (2018).', 'The Government of Barbados wishes to affirm its commitment to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (2018). In preparing the NDC update, the scope of the coverage of the NDC has been extended to all categories of anthropogenic emissions in line with paragraph 31(c) by conducting a complete update of the historical energy and waste sectors emissions, as well as improvements in other sectors. Barbados’ GHG inventory remains to be completed, with remaining estimated gaps due to lack of baseline information. Barbados recognizes this fact and is committed to improving the completeness and accuracy of the GHG inventory for the next update of the NDC. While data management remains a challenge, over time data gaps are being closed.', 'While data management remains a challenge, over time data gaps are being closed. Support from international partners continues to be needed for both. With such support, efforts will be made to: update the GHG Inventory as part of the Third National Communication and create a MRV tracking system, thus enabling Barbados’ participation in international carbon markets. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The Roofs 2 Reefs Programme has been specifically designed to strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity, as well as make a mitigation contribution. See 1 (c). 4. Planning process a.', 'See 1 (c). 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Between March 2020 and April 2021, an extensive stakeholder consultation process was conducted on the basis of a detailed engagement plan. The engagement plan identified relevant stakeholders from across civil society, science, the private sector and government ministries. Two rounds of dialogues were held involving close to one hundred participants. The first dialogue focused on identification of problem statements and policies and measures. The second dialogue was concerned with validation of the technical work and prioritization of measures for inclusion in the NDC update. To enable broad participation by sector experts, more than 10 meetings were held.', 'To enable broad participation by sector experts, more than 10 meetings were held. As a result of the pandemic meetings took place virtually. i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: The COVID-19pandemic has put tremendous strain on the people and Government of Barbados. The virtual collapse in international tourism, which accounts for 40 percent of (direct and indirect) GDP, continues to depress economic activity. The adverse fiscal and GDP impact of the pandemic has been significant.', 'The adverse fiscal and GDP impact of the pandemic has been significant. While the government achieved the targetedBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION primary balance surplus equivalent to 6% of GDP for the fiscal year 2019/20, the current account deficit increased to 6.2% and real economic activity contracted by some 18% during 2020 and 3% in the first quarter of 2021. With a global economic recession extending well into 2021, the outlook is negative. In light of the slow recovery of international tourism, the Central Bank anticipates an equally slow recovery in economic activity for 2021, with growth in the order of 1-3%.', 'In light of the slow recovery of international tourism, the Central Bank anticipates an equally slow recovery in economic activity for 2021, with growth in the order of 1-3%. COVID-related spending exceeded US$80 million in 2020 as the country has successfully (to date) managed to contain the spread of the virus and seeks to vaccinate its citizens. This economic setback has made it even more imperative that Barbados rapidly implement the transition to indigenous sources of renewable energy to save foreign exchange and create critical fiscal space to invest in building further resilience in other sectors. a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Barbados is a Small Island Developing State facing significant development challenges, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Barbados is a Small Island Developing State facing significant development challenges, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. International tourism contributes up to 40% to GDP. Barbados is committed to the principles of sustainable development and in 1994 hosted the first UN Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of SIDS, which resulted in the Barbados Programme of Action. In addition to its commitment to achieve the 17 SDGs, Barbados is committed to achieving full and meaningful gender equality. The country now has its first female Prime Minister and its second female Governor General, who is also likely to be its last.', 'The country now has its first female Prime Minister and its second female Governor General, who is also likely to be its last. Barbados will complete the next phase of achieving political maturity, since becoming independent from the United Kingdom in 1966, by becoming a republic in 2021. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The NDC update shows a strong alignment with national development priorities, laid out in the 2021 Physical Development Plan and the programmatic approach to mitigation and adaptation, as evidenced by the Roofs 2 Reefs Programme (see 3.a.3). Despite the pandemic, the Barbados NDC update was prepared with broad stakeholder consultation.', 'Despite the pandemic, the Barbados NDC update was prepared with broad stakeholder consultation. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; • Technology: Barbados wishes to leapfrog to a low-carbon economy and use innovative, clean technologies, including digitalization. However, due to the relative size of economy and population, Barbados is disadvantaged and a technology purchaser only at present. • Barbados aspires to be a centre of excellence for R&D in renewable energy technologies. At present, due to economies of scale, the unit cost for renewable energy and EV technologies, for example, is higher than in the OECD. • It needs to be borne in mind that when it comes to SIDS, one size doesn’t fit all.', '• It needs to be borne in mind that when it comes to SIDS, one size doesn’t fit all. Regional projects, designed to attract funding while reducing donor transaction costs, often fail to account for the different stages of development, physical attributes, and cultures. Founded on a belief that small is simple, one solution won’t necessarily fit all. Whereas, in order to attract funding bundling may be necessary, it needs to allow for an individualized approach.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • Capacity building: There is a need for further strengthening of institutions in order to be able to pursue opportunities, including in training and capacity building. SIDS are structurally disadvantaged in this regard due to their size.', 'SIDS are structurally disadvantaged in this regard due to their size. Barbados faces real constraints in human capacity to cope with climate change and other systemic shocks. • Financing: Barbados as a small island developing state has been less effective in attracting blended finance. The hurdles to accessing the Green Climate Fund remain high. This is only in part due to limited capacity. • There is now more than ever a need for concessionary finance and grants, especially for adaptation. Few blended finance modalities are available for resilience building and adaptation. A false dichotomy exists between development and resilience. The 50/50 split in climate finance in the Paris Agreement is not adequate, nor is it currently being delivered.', 'The 50/50 split in climate finance in the Paris Agreement is not adequate, nor is it currently being delivered. • Barbados wishes to reduce its reliance on forex for investment in the transformation to a low-carbon economy. However, a high cost of local capital continues to constrain the feasibility of renewable energy investments. • Barbados is actively identifying opportunities to access both grant and loan financing for specific climate change activities. b.', '• Barbados is actively identifying opportunities to access both grant and loan financing for specific climate change activities. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Barbados is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Barbados is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; In line with Barbados political commitment to the 1.5 degrees objective of the Paris Agreement, this NDC update is significantly more ambitious than the 2015 NDC in terms of the conditional commitment to a fossil fuel-free electricity sector by 2030, combined with the significantly enhanced resilience of its people and economy.', 'c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; In line with Barbados political commitment to the 1.5 degrees objective of the Paris Agreement, this NDC update is significantly more ambitious than the 2015 NDC in terms of the conditional commitment to a fossil fuel-free electricity sector by 2030, combined with the significantly enhanced resilience of its people and economy. Barbados is on the frontline of the climate crisis. The difficulties faced by all nations are exacerbated because of the small geographical area and exposure. The development impacts from extreme weather events, sea level rise, and droughts and flooding undermine Barbados’s development.', 'The development impacts from extreme weather events, sea level rise, and droughts and flooding undermine Barbados’s development. Yet, Barbados and other SIDS are among those least responsible for climate change. Barbados, therefore, pursues an ambitious mitigation pathway, noting all countries need to play their part. Adaptation and resilience building will continue to be a significant focus for Barbados, and other SIDS, as its continued existence depends on both mitigation and adaptation.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Since the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action, the unique challenges faced by SIDS and the need for support by the international community have been recognized by the United Nations system. The SAMOA Pathway adopted in 2014 showed however that more action is needed.', 'The SAMOA Pathway adopted in 2014 showed however that more action is needed. In this context, Barbados reaffirms its support for the 2018 Samoa Declaration on Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development for SIDS made by AOSIS.3 Scaled up financial resources are needed and the balance of finance between mitigation and adaptation anchored in Art. 9.4 of the Paris Agreement needs to be honoured. Barbados, therefore, welcomes the aims of the Updated Strategic Plan of the Green Climate Fund for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and for a floor of 50% of the adaptation allocation for SIDS, amongst others.', 'Barbados, therefore, welcomes the aims of the Updated Strategic Plan of the Green Climate Fund for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and for a floor of 50% of the adaptation allocation for SIDS, amongst others. Barbados is an active member of the V20 Vulnerable Economies Forum, where Finance Ministers of the Climate Vulnerable Forum meet to discuss strategies to reduce systemic economic vulnerabilities of their countries to climate change. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; N/A ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; N/A ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors The Ministry of Environment and National Beautification will prepare a Third National Communication, incorporating a fully updated GHG Inventory, as well as an Adaptation Communication / National Adaptation Plan. The Roofs 2 Reefs Programme framework is focused on increasing resilience and operationalizes the Physical Development Plan.', 'The Roofs 2 Reefs Programme framework is focused on increasing resilience and operationalizes the Physical Development Plan. Its objectives are: ● to make low- and middle-income homes more resilient to extreme weather events and their impacts, such as possible loss of access to electricity and potable water distribution systems; ● to increase freshwater storage capacity and water use efficiency and reduce emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation; ● to decrease land-based sources of marine pollution through more sustainable land use practices; ● to make critical utility, water and sanitation and road infrastructure climate resilient; and,BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'Its objectives are: ● to make low- and middle-income homes more resilient to extreme weather events and their impacts, such as possible loss of access to electricity and potable water distribution systems; ● to increase freshwater storage capacity and water use efficiency and reduce emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation; ● to decrease land-based sources of marine pollution through more sustainable land use practices; ● to make critical utility, water and sanitation and road infrastructure climate resilient; and,BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. ● to restore vulnerable coral reef ecosystems, particularly on the west and south coasts of the island. 5.', '● to restore vulnerable coral reef ecosystems, particularly on the west and south coasts of the island. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The 2021 NDC update GHGI is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines methodologies. It covers the period 2008-2020. Global Warming Potentials (GWP) are based on IPCC AR5. The recommendations on accounting (accountability) contained in Annex II to Decision 4/CMA.1 shall be used for the accounting of anthropogenic emissions and removals.', 'The recommendations on accounting (accountability) contained in Annex II to Decision 4/CMA.1 shall be used for the accounting of anthropogenic emissions and removals. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The methodology used for the estimation of the potential of the mitigation measures is the same applied in the 2021 NDC update GHGI to ensure the consistency in the results. The BaU scenario has been estimated as follows: ● Energy sector: The Integrated Resource & Resilience Plan for Barbados (IRRP) energy demand forecast (reference scenario) and share of fossil fuels in energy production (scenario 3) were used to estimate the BaU scenario.', 'The BaU scenario has been estimated as follows: ● Energy sector: The Integrated Resource & Resilience Plan for Barbados (IRRP) energy demand forecast (reference scenario) and share of fossil fuels in energy production (scenario 3) were used to estimate the BaU scenario. ● Other fuel consumption (industry, transport and commercial): The BaU scenario is estimated based on the GDP forecast. ● IPPU: The BaU scenario for cement production is based on the GDP forecast. The BaU scenario for F-gases is based on the population forecast. ● Waste: The BaU scenario is based on per capita residues production and population growth (landfills) and based on the GDP forecast (industrial wastewaters).', '● Waste: The BaU scenario is based on per capita residues production and population growth (landfills) and based on the GDP forecast (industrial wastewaters). c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; N/A The 2021 NDC update is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. See 5(a).', 'c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; N/A The 2021 NDC update is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. See 5(a). d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines were used to prepare the 2021 NDC update GHGI from which 2008 base year emissions data were obtained.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The aggregation of GHG emissions has been estimated using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). See 5 (a).', 'd. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines were used to prepare the 2021 NDC update GHGI from which 2008 base year emissions data were obtained.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The aggregation of GHG emissions has been estimated using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). See 5 (a). e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; No allowance was made for natural disturbances in this NDC update. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are not included in this NDC update.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are not included in this NDC update. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; The forest age-class structure is not considered in this NDC update. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; See 5.a and 5.b. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; N/ABARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION iii.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; N/ABARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N/A iv. Further technical information, as necessary; N/A g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Barbados is committed to contributing to discussions on international cooperation through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Barbados continues to support the supplementarity position of AOSIS, that seeks to limit the use of market mechanisms to less than actual domestic effort. Double counting shall be avoided to preserve the environmental integrity of such a market.', 'Double counting shall be avoided to preserve the environmental integrity of such a market. The Government of Barbados will put forward legislation that specifies that all emission reduction or removal units (carbon credits) belong to the Crown, unless otherwise specified. Barbados will allow for the sale of up to 50% of any certified carbon credits generated between the period 2020 and 2030. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Barbados as a small island developing state bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Barbados as a small island developing state bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis. The 2021 NDC update is considerably more ambitious than the 2015 Barbados NDC. In doing so, Barbados is accelerating its decoupling of economic development from emissions growth. Emissions per capita in 2030 of 2.3 tCO2e per capita, down from 7.7 t in 2008, will be substantially below the global average. See section 1(f) and 4(c) above. A significant enhancement of the NDC update is the introduction of an unconditional contribution, alongside the enhanced ambition of the conditional contribution.', 'A significant enhancement of the NDC update is the introduction of an unconditional contribution, alongside the enhanced ambition of the conditional contribution. One dimension of fairness that is not ordinarily considered is the impact of projected population growth, yet this growth is required to strengthen the economic resilience of Barbados. See section 1 (f) above. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This NDC update represents a significant enhancement on the 2015 Barbados NDC. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'd. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Barbados has prepared this NDC update following the ICTU guidance adopted by UNFCCC Decision 4/CMA.1 to provide information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Barbados is committed to the objectives of the Convention and its Paris Agreement. 7.a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Barbados is committed to the objectives of the Convention and its Paris Agreement. 7.a. Barbados’ contribution helps avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system and goes beyond its historical and equitable responsibility. 7.b. This NDC significantly contributes to the long-term global goal of Art. 2.1 (a) and Art.4.1. by achieving a fossil fuel- free energy sector by 2030, conditional on international investment and support. Barbados wishes to refer to Article 8.1 of the Paris Agreement, recognizing the importance that Parties should give to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events.', 'Barbados wishes to refer to Article 8.1 of the Paris Agreement, recognizing the importance that Parties should give to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events. Without more ambitious global mitigation, Barbados will experience increased economic and non-economic loss and damage. Barbados cannot adapt to some emissions pathways and is noting with concern the conclusions of the 2021 NDC synthesis report FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/2. b.', 'Barbados cannot adapt to some emissions pathways and is noting with concern the conclusions of the 2021 NDC synthesis report FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/2. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Fair and ambitious This section sets out how the contribution is considered to be fair and ambitious in light of the country’s national circumstances and the objective of the Paris Agreement. A number of parameters to enable this assessment will be provided. The stated ambition of the Government of Barbados is fully aligned with Barbados‘ fair share of global mitigation in view of the objectives articulated in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.', 'The stated ambition of the Government of Barbados is fully aligned with Barbados‘ fair share of global mitigation in view of the objectives articulated in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Barbados’ conditional mitigation contribution reduces 2030 emissions by 70% below the projected 2030 emissions. This contribution is significantly greater than Barbados’ national historical and equitable obligation to preventing dangerous anthropogenic climate change. Taken in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic crisis, this bold and courageous commitment shows that increasing resilience of the economy, society and ecology is necessary and possible. The 2021 NDC update is considerably more ambitious than the 2015 Barbados NDC. In doing so, Barbados is accelerating its decoupling of economic development from emissions growth.', 'In doing so, Barbados is accelerating its decoupling of economic development from emissions growth. Emissions per capita in e per capita, down from 7.7 t in 2008, will be substantially below the current global average. This 2021 NDC update puts Barbados firmly onto a 1.5 degrees pathway. This enhanced mitigation contribution is consistent with IPCC scenarios RCP2.6 and SSP1. It is equitable and aligned with a 1.5 degrees Celsius low emissions development pathway calculated using the Climate Equity Reference project tool. Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement calls on all Parties to formulate and communicate a long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy (LEDS, also known as Long-Term Strategies (LTS)).', 'Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement calls on all Parties to formulate and communicate a long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy (LEDS, also known as Long-Term Strategies (LTS)). As the conditional contribution contained in this 2021 NDC update achieves some 70% emissions reductions, the government anticipates that the second NDC to be submitted in 2025 will include a net zero target, as such overriding the need for a mid-century LTS. Planning process NDC update stakeholder engagement The NDC update builds significantly on wide-ranging expert advice received during two rounds of consultations. Between March 2020 and April 2021, an extensive stakeholder consultation process was conducted on the basis of a detailed engagement plan.', 'Between March 2020 and April 2021, an extensive stakeholder consultation process was conducted on the basis of a detailed engagement plan. The engagement plan identified relevant stakeholders from across civil society, science, the private sector, development partners and government ministries. Two rounds of dialogues were held involving close to 100 participants. The first dialogue focused on identification of problem statements and policies and measures across three thematic sessions: Energy and transport/agriculture, waste and water resources/coastal zone and disaster risk management and tourism. The second dialogue was concerned with validation of the technical work and prioritization of measures for inclusion in the NDC update.', 'The second dialogue was concerned with validation of the technical work and prioritization of measures for inclusion in the NDC update. To enable broad participation by sector experts, more than ten meetings were held, including with stakeholders from the tourism sector and with the Barbados ClimateBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Finance Working Group, focusing on the issue of green recovery. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic meetings took place virtually. Means of Implementation Technology Barbados wishes to leapfrog to a low-carbon economy and use innovative, clean technologies, including digitalization. However, due to the relative size of economy and population, Barbados is disadvantaged and a technology purchaser only. Barbados aspires to be a centre of excellence for R&D in renewable energy technologies.', 'Barbados aspires to be a centre of excellence for R&D in renewable energy technologies. At present, due to economies of scale, the unit cost for renewable energy and EV technologies, for example, is higher than in the OECD. Capacity building There is a need for further strengthening of institutions in order to be able to pursue opportunities, including in training and capacity building. SIDS are structurally disadvantaged in this regard due to their size. Barbados faces real constraints in human capacity to cope with climate change and other systemic shocks.', 'Barbados faces real constraints in human capacity to cope with climate change and other systemic shocks. The Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) project under development by the Government, with IDB´s support, will seek to strengthen Barbados technical and institutional capacity, to meet the requirement of Article 13 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Barbados has built an initial foundation on the issue of transparency through the national communications process. It is, however, clear that there is a need to build further capacity to meet the enhanced international requirements of transparency. Barbados needs additional resources and enhanced capacity building in order to be able to meet these requirements.', 'Barbados needs additional resources and enhanced capacity building in order to be able to meet these requirements. This project will allow Barbados to receive resources to address data issues, build capacity for the development and update of greenhouse inventories, establish a robust MRV systems, enhance collaboration between Ministries, agencies and the private sector, and improve knowledge in transparency and the Paris Agreement. Financing Macro-economic context Barbados has a significantly reduced fiscal space, reflected in a high debt-to-GDP ratio, exacerbated by the pandemic. This significantly constrains Barbados ability to borrow. As a Small Island Developing State, While Barbados continues to seek to attract finance, including blended finance, the cost of capital for climate investment projects remains high.', 'As a Small Island Developing State, While Barbados continues to seek to attract finance, including blended finance, the cost of capital for climate investment projects remains high. Barbados is, therefore, actively identifying opportunities to access grant financing for specific climate change activities. To open up the fiscal space, innovative financial instruments and clauses, such as the natural disaster clause currently included in Barbados debt instruments, are needed to tackle climate change. This provides more certainty to investor and debtor in uncertain times. Barbados is currently the world’s largest issuer of sovereign bonds with natural disaster clauses. These bonds have been trading for over a year without signs of any borrowing “cost” to the clauses.', 'These bonds have been trading for over a year without signs of any borrowing “cost” to the clauses. Under the Barbados version, when an independent agency makes the declaration of a natural disaster, there is an immediate 2-year suspension of debt servicing. The maturity of the instrument is then automatically extended for two years. In Barbados’ case this allows 7% of GDP to be immediately redirected to relief andBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION reconstruction costs. These clauses should be written generally to cover other unforeseen disasters like pandemics while ensuring that the definition only stretches to rare external events. There is a need to significantly scale-up existing catastrophe-triggered financial instruments, while developing new innovative instruments that incentivize resilience building.', 'There is a need to significantly scale-up existing catastrophe-triggered financial instruments, while developing new innovative instruments that incentivize resilience building. The new instruments should address the debt burden of vulnerable developing countries. Barbados wishes to reduce its reliance on foreign exchange for investment in the transformation to a low- carbon economy. However, a high cost of local capital continues to constrain the feasibility of renewable energy investments. Adaptation and resilience Whereas Article 9.4 of the Paris Agreement states that “the provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, considering country-driven strategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties (…)”, at present the share of adaptation finance stands at less than 20%.', 'Adaptation and resilience Whereas Article 9.4 of the Paris Agreement states that “the provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, considering country-driven strategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties (…)”, at present the share of adaptation finance stands at less than 20%. We further note that grants make up an estimated USD 12 billion per year only; too little to adequately leverage other investments. There is thus a significant gap between adaptation funding supply and demand. Far greater emphasis is needed on mobilizing adaptation funding.', 'Far greater emphasis is needed on mobilizing adaptation funding. Barbados, therefore, welcomes the aims of the Updated Strategic Plan of the Green Climate Fund for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and for a floor of 50% of the adaptation allocation for SIDS, amongst others. Whereas Barbados is host to the first Green Climate Fund project in the Caribbean, the hurdles to accessing the fund remain high. This is only in part due to limited capacity. There is now more than ever a need for concessionary finance and grants, especially for adaptation. Few blended finance modalities are available for resilience building and adaptation. A false dichotomy exists between development and resilience.', 'A false dichotomy exists between development and resilience. Furthermore, it remains more difficult to attract private sector investment to adaptation projects than to mitigation, making public financing of adaptation (grants and loans) critical. One financing approach favored by Barbados is the issuance and redistribution of Special Drawing Rights. See Box. This could be done in conjunction with a multi-dimensional vulnerability index, that looks beyond per capita income thresholds, to enable Barbados and other upper-income SIDS to access concessional finance. This, amongst others, would better enable Barbados to meet its conditional contribution of this NDC.', 'This, amongst others, would better enable Barbados to meet its conditional contribution of this NDC. A definition of a climate vulnerable country is one facing a high probability of suffering a climate- related impact that leads to loss and damage of more than 5% of GDP within the next five years. Adopting this proposal would not require additional resources, while offering fast substantially more emergencyBARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION liquidity to those in need. It will build resilience in climate vulnerable countries without adding onerously to already high debt levels. It can help diffuse the dangerous nexus between Covid 19, climate and debt. Special Circumstances of SIDS SIDS currently receive a mere 2% of total climate finance flows.', 'Special Circumstances of SIDS SIDS currently receive a mere 2% of total climate finance flows. Higher income SIDS in the Caribbean, such as Barbados, face particular additional hurdles when it comes to securing international financial assistance. Barbados is an active member of the V20 Vulnerable Economies Forum, where Finance Ministers of the Climate Vulnerable Forum meet to discuss strategies to reduce systemic economic vulnerabilities of their countries to climate change. The Caribbean SIDS are among the most indebted (upper) middle-income countries in the world, and the ratio of public debt to GDP is relatively high. The situation is exacerbated by declining foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, high unemployment, especially among youth, and, as mentioned, slow economic growth.', 'The situation is exacerbated by declining foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, high unemployment, especially among youth, and, as mentioned, slow economic growth. At the same time, Barbados due to its status as an upper income economy is not eligible for certain types of funding, such as reduced interest loans. The conditionality imposed does not adequately take into account the extreme vulnerability of Barbados as a SIDS. Barbados welcomes scaling-up and support to regional adaptation and resilience initiatives, new and existing. But it needs to be borne in mind that when it comes to SIDS, one size doesn’t fit all. Regional projects, designed to attract funding while reducing donor transaction costs, often fail to account for the different stages of development, physical attributes, and cultures.', 'Regional projects, designed to attract funding while reducing donor transaction costs, often fail to account for the different stages of development, physical attributes, and cultures. Founded on a belief that small is simple, one solution won’t necessarily fit all. In order to serve the needs of Small Island Developing States such funding may need to be pooled. Whereas, in order to attract funding bundling may be necessary, one needs to allow for an individualized approach. Whereas development partners encourage regional projects, project bundling and multi-country implementation, it must be borne in mind that the area covered by the Caribbean SIDS region is vast. Separation and distance themselves are not the only challenges – differences in geographic position, elevation, composition mean different realities on the ground.', 'Separation and distance themselves are not the only challenges – differences in geographic position, elevation, composition mean different realities on the ground. Notwithstanding core similarities, from the perspectives of hydrogeology (water resources), climate, sea conditions, including water depth and wave climate, biodiversity resources and cultures we are vastly different. We are a region marked by a willingness to learn but also scarred by attempts to force cookie cutter solutions when more tailored options are required. Using SDRs for climate action Middle- and upper-income countries most vulnerable to climate change have limited access to liquidity in a disaster. Issuance and redistribution of SDRs could address this. Barbados seeks a recapitalization of regional development banks with SDRs currently not used by more advanced economies.', 'Barbados seeks a recapitalization of regional development banks with SDRs currently not used by more advanced economies. This new capital could support resilience projects, especially public private partnerships where the debt sits on the private sector’s balance sheet. Barbados supports a redistribution of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) using a new classification of vulnerability to natural disasters. The precise scale of a new allocation has yet to be decided. Newly issued SDRs are ordinarily allocated according to IMF quotas; meaning that the entire emerging and developing world would receive less than the combined quotas of the US, EU and UK. A mechanism is needed to redistribute new SDRs. The world’s strongest economies could lend those SDRs to an IMF-administered Global Disaster Mechanism (GDM).', 'The world’s strongest economies could lend those SDRs to an IMF-administered Global Disaster Mechanism (GDM). The GDM will provide immediate, unconditional liquidity to those countries suffering loss and damage greater than 5% of GDP, on the independent verification that a pandemic, climate or natural disaster event has occurred. The GDM could be used to refinance short-term debt incurred as a result of a natural disaster. Such lending could be capped at a particular multiple of IMF quotas and on the same terms as existing lending of SDRs. Many countries will likely be comfortable with an IMF Trust.', 'Many countries will likely be comfortable with an IMF Trust. The GDM would be fit for purpose: targeted to vulnerability, fast to deploy, substantial and affordable.BARBADOS 2021 UPDATE OF THE FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Conclusion To be transformational, our approach has to be holistic and programmatic and at a scale commensurate with the challenges faced. Considering the existing budgetary and financial constraints, financing climate action in Barbados will rely in part upon new and additional sources of climate funding and increasing flows of international finance towards sustainable investment. There is also a need to apply innovative instruments and tools while the government works to ensure barriers to NDC-aligned investments are removed.', 'There is also a need to apply innovative instruments and tools while the government works to ensure barriers to NDC-aligned investments are removed. The government will explore different financial instruments that do not further increase sovereign debt, such as a special purpose investment vehicle or green bond to attract finance for the implementation of the Roofs 2 Reefs Program. The significance of carbon finance as a source of funding for the Roofs 2 Reefs Programme is highlighted. The importance of the holistic approach taken towards planning, implementation and financing of the Roofs 2 Roofs Programme, is reiterated here. Further details are provided in the chapter on Adaptation and Resilience. Private finance initiatives and partnership options have specific merit.', 'Private finance initiatives and partnership options have specific merit. Barbados has been promoting and engaging in the areas of: • Green and blue bonds. The first private green bond was issued in August 2019 by Williams Caribbean Capital (WCC). This BBD 3 million (USD 1.5 million) bond finances solar PV assets. • Debt for Nature Swaps, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes; • Insurance and disaster clauses; • Financing access to and rescue plans for middle income SIDS. However, as noted above, the high per capita GDP and human development index ranking bely our vulnerability. This makes access to concessional financing difficult. In some cases, Barbados has been “graduated” and does not qualify for grants; and, • Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), co-financing and blended finance.', 'In some cases, Barbados has been “graduated” and does not qualify for grants; and, • Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), co-financing and blended finance. This NDC update draws on the draft Integrated Resources and Resilience Plan which outlines, among other issues, investment needs for full decarbonization of the electricity sector. The modeling used a social cost of carbon ranging from USD 80 in 2020 to USD 100 in 2030, alongside a discount rate of 2%. The government does not, however, intend to implement a carbon tax, both in light of the fact that carbon pricing is not yet widespread internationally and the locally regressive impact such a measure would have. Flexible mechanisms Barbados is committed to contributing to discussions on international cooperation through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Flexible mechanisms Barbados is committed to contributing to discussions on international cooperation through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Barbados continues to support the supplementarity position of AOSIS that seeks to limit the use of market mechanisms to less than actual domestic effort. Double counting shall be avoided to preserve the environmental integrity of such a market. The Government of Barbados will put forward legislation that specifies that all emission reduction or removal units (carbon credits) belong to the Crown, unless otherwise specified. Barbados will allow for the sale of up to 50% of any certified carbon credits generated between the period 2020 and 2030.']

en-US

BLR

Belarus

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Belarus_INDC_Rus_25.09.2015.pdf

Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

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[]

az-AZ

BLR

Belarus

Updated NDC

2021-11-10 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Belarus_NDC_English.pdf

Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/22bacdc331ce83654be9f838164122681dc0b2c0d80a919119cecc5553831a29.pdf

['NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION of the Republic of Belarus to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 GENERAL PROVISIONS Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the NDC makes provision for the commitment of the Republic of Belarus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 with due regard for the timeframe for updating greenhouse gas emissions targets according to paragraph 9 of this Article and further guidance in relation to the mitigation section of Decision 1/CP.21 dealing with climate change mitigation (hereinafter Guidance), adopted in 2018 by Decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as Framework Convention) serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.', 'NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION of the Republic of Belarus to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 GENERAL PROVISIONS Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the NDC makes provision for the commitment of the Republic of Belarus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 with due regard for the timeframe for updating greenhouse gas emissions targets according to paragraph 9 of this Article and further guidance in relation to the mitigation section of Decision 1/CP.21 dealing with climate change mitigation (hereinafter Guidance), adopted in 2018 by Decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as Framework Convention) serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. The Republic of Belarus supports the collective efforts of the Parties to the Paris Agreement aimed at keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and is making efforts to limit its increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, which is consistent with the goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Republic of Belarus supports the collective efforts of the Parties to the Paris Agreement aimed at keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and is making efforts to limit its increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, which is consistent with the goal of the Paris Agreement. In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter referred to as “INDC”), in accordance with the position approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of November 16, 2015 No.', 'In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter referred to as “INDC”), in accordance with the position approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of November 16, 2015 No. 461, the Republic of Belarus committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 28 per cent by 2030 as compared to the 1990 level, excluding the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as “LULUCF”) and without any additional conditions. The commitment did not imply using international carbon market mechanisms or mobilizing foreign financial resources for the implementation of the best available technologies.', 'The commitment did not imply using international carbon market mechanisms or mobilizing foreign financial resources for the implementation of the best available technologies. The Republic of Belarus intends to make a more ambitious contribution in the global response to climate change and sets economy-wide unconditional and conditional greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets.', 'The Republic of Belarus intends to make a more ambitious contribution in the global response to climate change and sets economy-wide unconditional and conditional greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. Taking into account the economic situation and the country s capabilities, the new unconditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector.The new conditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector and subject to using international financing mechanisms to introduce the best available technologies for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction.', 'Taking into account the economic situation and the country s capabilities, the new unconditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector.The new conditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector and subject to using international financing mechanisms to introduce the best available technologies for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions exclusive of the LULUCF sector during 1990-2018 and the commitment until 2030 are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.', 'The dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions exclusive of the LULUCF sector during 1990-2018 and the commitment until 2030 are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Greenhouse gas emissions in 1990-2018 and commitment until 2030 QUANTIFIABLE INFRORMATION The year 1990 is the base year for determining the target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions until 2030. The level of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 was 137.8 million tonnes of CO2-eq. exclusive of the LULUCF sector, and 117.2 million tonnes of CO2-eq. inclusive of the LULUCF sector. The type of commitment is the absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 as compared to the base year emissions, inclusive of the LULUCF sector. The unconditional target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent.', 'The unconditional target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent. The conditional target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent. The year 2018 was chosen as the base year for generating emission projections and accounting for greenhouse gas reduction policy and measures until 2030. - Выбросы, тыс. т СО2-экв. Годы Выбросы за отчетный период Безусловная цель ОНУВ Условная цель ОНУВ Обязательство в рамках ПНОВ NDC conditional target NDC unconditional target INDC commitment Emissions, thousand tCO2-eq.', 'Годы Выбросы за отчетный период Безусловная цель ОНУВ Условная цель ОНУВ Обязательство в рамках ПНОВ NDC conditional target NDC unconditional target INDC commitment Emissions, thousand tCO2-eq. YearsThe basic data sources for making greenhouse gas emission projections are the National Inventory Report on anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol of September 16, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as “National Inventory Report”) for 1990 - 2018; the Fourth Biennial Report of the Republic of Belarus (2019); and the national communications of the Republic of Belarus according to the commitments under the Framework Convention. The greenhouse gas inventory process is being continuously improved, which may lead to changes in the time-series indicators, including the base year of 1990.', 'The greenhouse gas inventory process is being continuously improved, which may lead to changes in the time-series indicators, including the base year of 1990. The projected greenhouse gas emissions were calculated following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “IPCC”) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the parameters used in the preparation of inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases. TIME FRAME The target will be achieved during the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2030.', 'TIME FRAME The target will be achieved during the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2030. The year 2030 is set as the target year for the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, taking into account the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio- Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus until 2030 adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus (minutes of the meeting on May 2, 2017, No. 10). Achievement of the target will be monitored in the Biennial Transparency Reports submitted by the Republic of Belarus, National Communications and other reporting documents in accordance with the Paris Agreement and the decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties.', 'Achievement of the target will be monitored in the Biennial Transparency Reports submitted by the Republic of Belarus, National Communications and other reporting documents in accordance with the Paris Agreement and the decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties. SCOPE AND COVERAGE The NDC includes economic sectors and categories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks consistent with those contained in the National GHG Inventory Report for 1990-2018, INDC, and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (hereinafter referred to as “Guidelines”).', 'SCOPE AND COVERAGE The NDC includes economic sectors and categories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks consistent with those contained in the National GHG Inventory Report for 1990-2018, INDC, and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (hereinafter referred to as “Guidelines”). Taking into account the national methodology and the reporting requirements stipulated in the Guidelines, the commitments of the Republic of Belarus refer togreenhouse gas emissions in the following sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (hereinafter referred to as “IPPU”), Agriculture, Waste, and LULUCF. The LULUCF sector was not included in the INDC due to high uncertainty in the methodology of estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals.', 'The LULUCF sector was not included in the INDC due to high uncertainty in the methodology of estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals. This sector is included in the NDC, considering its potential as a carbon dioxide sink and all possible risks. Maximum greenhouse gas emissions are associated with fuel combustion and other processes in the Energy sector, which accounts for 62 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. The Agriculture sector accounts for 24 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions; the IPPU and Waste sectors account each for 7 per cent in 2018. Data on the absolute emissions in the listed sectors exclusive of the LULUCF sector is given in Figure 2. Figure 2.', 'Data on the absolute emissions in the listed sectors exclusive of the LULUCF sector is given in Figure 2. Figure 2. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions by sector The commitments of the Republic of Belarus are related to the reduction of the emissions of the following greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride. The major greenhouse gas in Belarus is carbon dioxide. In 2018, the share of carbon dioxide was 67.3 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions (exclusive of net sinks in the LULUCF sector), the share of methane was 17.5 per cent, and the share of nitrous oxide was 15.2 per cent.', 'In 2018, the share of carbon dioxide was 67.3 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions (exclusive of net sinks in the LULUCF sector), the share of methane was 17.5 per cent, and the share of nitrous oxide was 15.2 per cent. Энергетика Сельское хозяйство ППиИП Отходы Energy Agriculture IPPU Waste YearsEmissions of hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride are negligible at 0.0038 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Энергетика Сельское хозяйство ППиИП Отходы Energy Agriculture IPPU Waste YearsEmissions of hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride are negligible at 0.0038 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Pursuant to paragraph 31 (c) of Decision 1/CP.21 by the Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention, the Republic of Belarus included the LULUCF sector in the NDC and continues to make efforts to identify all categories of sources and sinks of anthropogenic emissions, as well as to assess emissions in the sources that are currently not accounted for in the NDC. The geographic coverage coincides with the geopolitical borders of the country. During the establishment of the NDC, the implementation of climate change adaptation measures was not taken into account.', 'During the establishment of the NDC, the implementation of climate change adaptation measures was not taken into account. PLANNING PROCESSES Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Belarus pledged to submit an NDC every five years to the Secretariat of the Framework Convention, and pursuant to Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, the global stocktake outcome is used to inform the NDCs. The climate change legislation of the Republic of Belarus is governed by the laws of the Republic of Belarus of November 26, 1992, No. 1982-XII “On Environmental Protection”, of January 9, 2006, No. 93-Z “On Hydrometeorological Activities”, of December 16, 2008, No. 2-Z “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”, of December 27, 2010, No. 204-Z “On Renewable Energy Sources”, of January 8, 2015, No.', '204-Z “On Renewable Energy Sources”, of January 8, 2015, No. 239-Z “On Energy Saving” and other regulatory legal acts. Key approaches in the field of sustainable forest management, which make it possible to preserve their ecological and economic balance, are laid down in the Forest Code of the Republic of Belarus and the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Forestry Sector for 2015-2030 approved by the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus on December 23, 2014, No. 06/201 271. Pursuant to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No.', 'Pursuant to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 345 of September 20, 2016 “On the Adoption of an International Treaty”, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as “MNREP”) was designated as the body responsible for the implementation of the commitments undertaken by the country under the Paris Agreement.As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the national climate policy is being improved.', '345 of September 20, 2016 “On the Adoption of an International Treaty”, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as “MNREP”) was designated as the body responsible for the implementation of the commitments undertaken by the country under the Paris Agreement.As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the national climate policy is being improved. The policy is focused on the country s sustainable development, and the reduction of the energy intensity and carbon intensity of the national economy, including with due regard for the implementation of Resolution 70/1 - Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 2015.', 'The policy is focused on the country s sustainable development, and the reduction of the energy intensity and carbon intensity of the national economy, including with due regard for the implementation of Resolution 70/1 - Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 2015. The Concept of the National Security of the Republic of Belarus adopted the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 575 of November 9, 2010, the Concept of Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No.', '575 of November 9, 2010, the Concept of Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 1084 of December 23, 2015, the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Provisions of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, No. 06/214-53/160 of March 13, 2019 are being implemented.', '06/214-53/160 of March 13, 2019 are being implemented. The NDC will be achieved in accordance with the Strategy for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus until 2025 and as part of the implementation of the following: Socio-Economic Development Programme of the Republic of Belarus for 2021-2025 adopted by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus State Programme “Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, No.', 'The NDC will be achieved in accordance with the Strategy for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus until 2025 and as part of the implementation of the following: Socio-Economic Development Programme of the Republic of Belarus for 2021-2025 adopted by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus State Programme “Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, No. 99; State Programme “Energy Saving” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, State Programme “Belarusian Forest” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, State Programme “Comfortable Housing and Favourable Living Environment” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, No.', '99; State Programme “Energy Saving” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, State Programme “Belarusian Forest” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, State Programme “Comfortable Housing and Favourable Living Environment” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, No. 50; State Programme “Transport System” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of March 23, 2021,State Programme “Agribusiness” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 1, 2021, No. 59.', '50; State Programme “Transport System” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of March 23, 2021,State Programme “Agribusiness” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 1, 2021, No. 59. A roadmap was developed for the implementation of the NDC in the Republic of Belarus with due consideration for the global trends and national context of Belarus, which contains actions for the five-year period as well as longer-term activities.', 'A roadmap was developed for the implementation of the NDC in the Republic of Belarus with due consideration for the global trends and national context of Belarus, which contains actions for the five-year period as well as longer-term activities. The NDC will be the basis for the development of the Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Belarus until 2050 in terms of heat and electricity generation, and improving energy efficiency in the IPPU, construction, housing and utility, and transport sectors. Work has started in the Republic of Belarus to establish a system for assessing climate risks and risks related to hazardous weather events, which makes it possible to analyse vulnerability to climate change and to provide recommendations for adaptation.', 'Work has started in the Republic of Belarus to establish a system for assessing climate risks and risks related to hazardous weather events, which makes it possible to analyse vulnerability to climate change and to provide recommendations for adaptation. Strategic documents on the adaptation of individual economic sectors to climate change are being developed. In 2022, the National Action Plan for Climate Adaptation will be developed.', 'In 2022, the National Action Plan for Climate Adaptation will be developed. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES In accordance with Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, the following sources were used to formulate the NDC: IPCC Guidelines; the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC of 2007; GHG inventory data from the National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Belarus for 1990-2018; official data from central government bodies and other state-owned organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, and other organizations for the year 2018; findings of research and development; scientific and research-and-practice publications.', 'METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES In accordance with Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, the following sources were used to formulate the NDC: IPCC Guidelines; the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC of 2007; GHG inventory data from the National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Belarus for 1990-2018; official data from central government bodies and other state-owned organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, and other organizations for the year 2018; findings of research and development; scientific and research-and-practice publications. Detailed information on the methodology used for the preparation of the NDC with the description of projected greenhouse gas emissions per main source categories, the main factors affecting emission levels, and the indicators required for assessing progress towards the stated target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for each of the sectors is published on the official website of the MNREP on the Internet.', 'Detailed information on the methodology used for the preparation of the NDC with the description of projected greenhouse gas emissions per main source categories, the main factors affecting emission levels, and the indicators required for assessing progress towards the stated target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for each of the sectors is published on the official website of the MNREP on the Internet. In accordance with Decision 18/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement, such an assessment will be carried out by December 31, 2024, when the Republic of Belarus submits a progress report on the NDC implementation.', 'In accordance with Decision 18/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement, such an assessment will be carried out by December 31, 2024, when the Republic of Belarus submits a progress report on the NDC implementation. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION The new economy-wide target of the Republic of Belarus, in comparison with the INDC target, provides for a further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 7-12 per cent, which, in view of the economic situation and the country s capabilities, is the evidence of a more ambitious contribution.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION The new economy-wide target of the Republic of Belarus, in comparison with the INDC target, provides for a further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 7-12 per cent, which, in view of the economic situation and the country s capabilities, is the evidence of a more ambitious contribution. The Republic of Belarus - an Annex I Party to the Framework Convention - is a transition economy, whose per capita gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as “GDP”) is lower compared to most Annex I Parties to the Framework Convention. In this regard, the Republic of Belarus has a limited ability to mobilize additional investment in low-carbon technologies and innovations.', 'In this regard, the Republic of Belarus has a limited ability to mobilize additional investment in low-carbon technologies and innovations. Thus, the target of ensuring the reduction of emissions by 35 per cent as compared to the 1990 level inclusive of the LULUCF sector is optimal in the current socio-economic context. The average annual GDP growth rate in 1995-2018 was 4.9 per cent, and the average annual increase in greenhouse gas emissions over the same period was 0.5 per cent. Due to the targeted state policy in the field of energy saving and improving the energy efficiency of production, the carbon intensity of the economy decreased almost threefold in 1995-2018 (Figure 3). Years Figure 3.', 'Due to the targeted state policy in the field of energy saving and improving the energy efficiency of production, the carbon intensity of the economy decreased almost threefold in 1995-2018 (Figure 3). Years Figure 3. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and GDP in 1995-2018 In future, the Republic of Belarus intends to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy and raise its ambition in the next cycle of NDC reporting informed by the global stocktake 2023. GDP per capita vs. 1995 GHG emissions per capita vs. 1995']

en-US

BEL

Belgium

LTS

2020-10-12 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2020-02-19_lts_be_fr.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/104bb8cab395f1d271c2ee74bdd52a9a35f50fb6179e2e88a14af6df1815fc5d.pdf

['Stratégie à long terme de la Belgique 1. Contexte international et européen En 2015 a été conclu l Accord de Paris dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). L objectif central de cet accord est de limiter l augmentation de la température mondiale à un niveau nettement inférieur à 2°C, et de viser une augmentation maximale de 1,5°C (par rapport au niveau préindustriel). À cette fin, les différentes parties de l accord ont présenté une Contribution déterminée au niveau national à l’horizon 2025/2030. En outre, toutes les parties sont invitées à élaborer et à soumettre à la CCNUCC pour 2020 une stratégie de développement à long terme à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre.', 'En outre, toutes les parties sont invitées à élaborer et à soumettre à la CCNUCC pour 2020 une stratégie de développement à long terme à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre. En préparation de la stratégie à long terme de l UE qui sera présentée à la CCNUCC en 2020, la Commission européenne a publié en novembre 2018 sa vision stratégique à long terme intitulée « Une planète propre pour tous », qui vise à mettre en place d ici 2050 une économie prospère, moderne, compétitive et neutre pour le climat1. Selon la Commission, cette ambition est conforme à l objectif de 1,5°C prévu par l Accord de Paris.', 'Selon la Commission, cette ambition est conforme à l objectif de 1,5°C prévu par l Accord de Paris. La vision de la Commission s est accompagnée d une analyse détaillée et approfondie, avec différents scénarios explorant la manière dont la neutralité climatique peut être atteinte d ici 2050. Lors du Conseil européen des 12 et 13 décembre 2019, les chefs de gouvernement européens ont sanctionné l objectif d une Europe climatiquement neutre d ici 2050, et la Commission a été invitée à élaborer une proposition de stratégie à long terme le plus tôt possible en 2020, en vue de son adoption par le Conseil et de sa soumission à la CCNUCC.', 'Lors du Conseil européen des 12 et 13 décembre 2019, les chefs de gouvernement européens ont sanctionné l objectif d une Europe climatiquement neutre d ici 2050, et la Commission a été invitée à élaborer une proposition de stratégie à long terme le plus tôt possible en 2020, en vue de son adoption par le Conseil et de sa soumission à la CCNUCC. L article 15 du règlement sur la gouvernance (règlement (UE) 2018/1999) exige également que chaque État- membre élabore et soumette une stratégie à long terme à la Commission européenne avant le 1er janvier 2020.', 'L article 15 du règlement sur la gouvernance (règlement (UE) 2018/1999) exige également que chaque État- membre élabore et soumette une stratégie à long terme à la Commission européenne avant le 1er janvier 2020. Par la présente stratégie à long terme, la Belgique souhaite répondre aux attentes de l Accord de Paris et du règlement européen sur la gouvernance, et fournir un cadre clair à ses citoyens et à ses entreprises. 2. Contexte belge et approche La Belgique est un État fédéral au sein duquel le pouvoir de décision est partagé entre un État fédéral, trois régions (wallonne, flamande et de Bruxelles-Capitale) et trois Communautés (flamande, française et germanophone).', 'Contexte belge et approche La Belgique est un État fédéral au sein duquel le pouvoir de décision est partagé entre un État fédéral, trois régions (wallonne, flamande et de Bruxelles-Capitale) et trois Communautés (flamande, française et germanophone). En matière de politique climatique, les régions ont des responsabilités importantes dans des domaines tels que l’utilisation rationnelle de l énergie, la promotion des sources d énergie renouvelables, les transports en commun, les infrastructures de transport, l aménagement urbain et rural, l agriculture et la gestion des déchets. L État fédéral est quant à lui responsable d une grande partie de la politique fiscale. Il est également compétent pour la politique des produits (normes, qualité des carburants, étiquetage et normes de performance pour les appareils électriques à usage domestique ou industriel, etc.).', 'Il est également compétent pour la politique des produits (normes, qualité des carburants, étiquetage et normes de performance pour les appareils électriques à usage domestique ou industriel, etc.). Il est responsable de la sécurité de l approvisionnement énergétique du pays, et de l énergie nucléaire. Il supervise les eaux territoriales, et est par conséquent responsable du développement des parcs éoliens en mer. Par neutralité climatique on entend un équilibre global entre les émissions et l absorption de gaz à effet de serre. \x04\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Pour l élaboration de la stratégie à long terme de la Belgique, chaque région a établi sa propre stratégie, approuvée au niveau de son gouvernement. Ces stratégies régionales sont annexées au présent document.', 'Ces stratégies régionales sont annexées au présent document. Le niveau fédéral souhaite coopérer avec les entités régionales et les soutenir dans leur transition vers une société climatiquement neutre. À cette fin, l administration fédérale a élaboré un document de vision contenant un certain nombre de chantiers stratégiques et de leviers concrets pouvant être déployés pour soutenir la transition à partir du niveau fédéral. Le résumé des politiques (point 4) donne un aperçu des principaux éléments communs des stratégies régionales, ainsi que divers éléments que le niveau fédéral pourrait déployer dans le cadre de ses compétences. 3. Consultations publiques Compte tenu de l approche susmentionnée selon laquelle chaque région a élaboré sa propre stratégie à long terme, les régions ont également pu décider séparément de l organisation de consultations publiques.', 'Consultations publiques Compte tenu de l approche susmentionnée selon laquelle chaque région a élaboré sa propre stratégie à long terme, les régions ont également pu décider séparément de l organisation de consultations publiques. Plusieurs consultations des parties prenantes et du public sur la politique climatique et énergétique ont déjà été organisées ces dernières années, tant au niveau belge (par exemple dans le cadre du pacte énergétique interfédéral et du plan national belge énergie-climat) qu au niveau régional (dans le cadre des stratégies et plans de politique régionaux). De plus, ces dernières années, plusieurs études et explorations techniques sur les scénarios à long terme de réduction des gaz à effet de serre ont été réalisées (tant au niveau belge que régional).', 'De plus, ces dernières années, plusieurs études et explorations techniques sur les scénarios à long terme de réduction des gaz à effet de serre ont été réalisées (tant au niveau belge que régional). Pour des raisons d efficacité, chaque entité a choisi de fonder sa stratégie sur les travaux d étude et les contributions des parties prenantes existants, plutôt que d organiser une consultation publique supplémentaire. Chaque région a également indiqué dans sa stratégie que ceci n’est pas à considérer comme un point final. Chaque région s engage à élaborer des trajets pour les mois/années à venir afin de poursuivre la discussion sur les stratégies régionales avec le public, les différents experts et parties prenantes impliqués, et à les étayer et les élaborer plus en détail si nécessaire.', 'Chaque région s engage à élaborer des trajets pour les mois/années à venir afin de poursuivre la discussion sur les stratégies régionales avec le public, les différents experts et parties prenantes impliqués, et à les étayer et les élaborer plus en détail si nécessaire. Le niveau fédéral souhaite également coopérer et soutenir les différents niveaux de pouvoir, et les parties prenantes dans le développement des éléments identifiés. Les stratégies régionales ci-jointes contiennent des informations plus détaillées sur la manière dont les travaux d étude et les contributions des parties prenantes existants ont été incorporés et sur les parcours ultérieurs prévus : x Région wallonne : voir les chapitres 1.4 et 1.5 x Région flamande : voir l introduction, pages 5 à 8 x Région de Bruxelles-Capitale : voir le chapitre 3.3 4.', 'Les stratégies régionales ci-jointes contiennent des informations plus détaillées sur la manière dont les travaux d étude et les contributions des parties prenantes existants ont été incorporés et sur les parcours ultérieurs prévus : x Région wallonne : voir les chapitres 1.4 et 1.5 x Région flamande : voir l introduction, pages 5 à 8 x Région de Bruxelles-Capitale : voir le chapitre 3.3 4. Résumé des politiques 4.1 Niveau général d ambition Les stratégies à long terme des régions prévoient les réductions d émissions globales suivantes d ici \x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19x La stratégie à long terme wallonne vise à atteindre la neutralité carbone d ici 2050 par une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 95 % par rapport à 1990, complétée par des mesures relatives au captage et à l utilisation du carbone et aux émissions négatives (voir également les chapitres 2 et 2.1 de la stratégie wallonne) ; x La stratégie à long terme flamande vise à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des secteurs qui ne sont pas couverts par l’ETS (les secteurs dits non-ETS) de 85 % d’ici 2050 par rapport à 2005, avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale.', 'Résumé des politiques 4.1 Niveau général d ambition Les stratégies à long terme des régions prévoient les réductions d émissions globales suivantes d ici \x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19x La stratégie à long terme wallonne vise à atteindre la neutralité carbone d ici 2050 par une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 95 % par rapport à 1990, complétée par des mesures relatives au captage et à l utilisation du carbone et aux émissions négatives (voir également les chapitres 2 et 2.1 de la stratégie wallonne) ; x La stratégie à long terme flamande vise à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des secteurs qui ne sont pas couverts par l’ETS (les secteurs dits non-ETS) de 85 % d’ici 2050 par rapport à 2005, avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale. En ce qui concerne les secteurs relevant de l’ETS, la Région flamande s inscrit dans le contexte défini par l UE pour ces secteurs avec un quota d émission décroissant (voir également le chapitre 2.1 de la stratégie flamande) ; x La stratégie à long terme de Bruxelles-Capitale fixe comme objectif de se rapprocher de l objectif européen de neutralité carbone d ici 2050, dans le contexte urbanisé de Bruxelles (voir également le chapitre 4.1 de la stratégie de Bruxelles-Capitale).', 'En ce qui concerne les secteurs relevant de l’ETS, la Région flamande s inscrit dans le contexte défini par l UE pour ces secteurs avec un quota d émission décroissant (voir également le chapitre 2.1 de la stratégie flamande) ; x La stratégie à long terme de Bruxelles-Capitale fixe comme objectif de se rapprocher de l objectif européen de neutralité carbone d ici 2050, dans le contexte urbanisé de Bruxelles (voir également le chapitre 4.1 de la stratégie de Bruxelles-Capitale). Le niveau fédéral n a pas d objectif de réduction propre, en pourcentage, puisque toutes les émissions de gaz à effet de serre belges sont couvertes par les émissions des régions.', 'Le niveau fédéral n a pas d objectif de réduction propre, en pourcentage, puisque toutes les émissions de gaz à effet de serre belges sont couvertes par les émissions des régions. Outre les ambitions de réduction des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre, les différentes régions s’efforcent également - à des degrés divers - de limiter les émissions indirectes et leur empreinte carbone. Les stratégies régionales annexées offrent des informations plus détaillées (voir par exemple le point 4.2 de la stratégie wallonne, l introduction à la stratégie flamande et le point 4.2 de la stratégie de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale).', 'Les stratégies régionales annexées offrent des informations plus détaillées (voir par exemple le point 4.2 de la stratégie wallonne, l introduction à la stratégie flamande et le point 4.2 de la stratégie de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale). 4.2 Niveaux d émission attendus par secteur Conformément aux exigences du règlement sur la gouvernance, les stratégies régionales contiennent des informations sur les niveaux d émission attendus par secteur en 2050. Le tableau ci-dessous présente ces niveaux d émission attendus au niveau belge. Il est toutefois important de tenir compte à cet égard des observations suivantes : x La nature des niveaux d émission attendus par secteur diffère selon les régions et parfois même selon les secteurs au sein d une même région.', 'Il est toutefois important de tenir compte à cet égard des observations suivantes : x La nature des niveaux d émission attendus par secteur diffère selon les régions et parfois même selon les secteurs au sein d une même région. Par exemple, la stratégie flamande contient des ‘contributions indicatives attendues’ par secteur, tandis que la stratégie wallonne se réfère aux résultats de l étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone », dont les réductions sectorielles ont été prises en compte dans un scénario de réduction de 80 %. Le tableau ci- dessous ne contient donc en aucun cas des objectifs sectoriels stricts au niveau belge, mais sert plutôt à illustrer les niveaux d émission attendus par secteur au niveau belge sur la base des trois stratégies régionales.', 'Le tableau ci- dessous ne contient donc en aucun cas des objectifs sectoriels stricts au niveau belge, mais sert plutôt à illustrer les niveaux d émission attendus par secteur au niveau belge sur la base des trois stratégies régionales. La nature et la source (y compris les hypothèses sous- jacentes) des chiffres régionaux sont précisées dans les stratégies régionales annexées ; x Les chiffres pour 2030 dans le tableau ci-dessous sont basés sur les scénarios WAM régionaux tels qu ils sont élaborés dans le PNEC 2belge ; x La stratégie flamande ne contient pas d estimation quantifiée des niveaux d émission attendus en 2050 pour l industrie flamande relevant du système ETS.', 'La nature et la source (y compris les hypothèses sous- jacentes) des chiffres régionaux sont précisées dans les stratégies régionales annexées ; x Les chiffres pour 2030 dans le tableau ci-dessous sont basés sur les scénarios WAM régionaux tels qu ils sont élaborés dans le PNEC 2belge ; x La stratégie flamande ne contient pas d estimation quantifiée des niveaux d émission attendus en 2050 pour l industrie flamande relevant du système ETS. Dans le tableau ci- dessous, le niveau d émission attendu de l industrie belge a donc été calculé comme la 2 Le PNEC, y compris l’ensemble des chiffres et hypothèses sous-jacents, peut être consulté via ce lien : \x1b\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19somme des industries wallonne et bruxelloise (ETS + non-ETS) et de l industrie flamande non- ETS, avec la mention que l’industrie flamande relevant du système ETS doit y être ajoutée.', 'Dans le tableau ci- dessous, le niveau d émission attendu de l industrie belge a donc été calculé comme la 2 Le PNEC, y compris l’ensemble des chiffres et hypothèses sous-jacents, peut être consulté via ce lien : \x1b\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19somme des industries wallonne et bruxelloise (ETS + non-ETS) et de l industrie flamande non- ETS, avec la mention que l’industrie flamande relevant du système ETS doit y être ajoutée. En outre, les émissions industrielles (historiques + attendues) ne sont pas incluses dans le chiffre total figurant à la dernière ligne du tableau ; x Les chiffres des émissions du secteur des transports n incluent pas l aviation et le transport maritime internationaux ; x Le secteur UTCATF (LULUCF) n est pas inclus dans le tableau ci-dessous ; Tableau 1 : Niveaux d émission historiques et attendus par secteur en Belgique (en Mt eq.)', 'En outre, les émissions industrielles (historiques + attendues) ne sont pas incluses dans le chiffre total figurant à la dernière ligne du tableau ; x Les chiffres des émissions du secteur des transports n incluent pas l aviation et le transport maritime internationaux ; x Le secteur UTCATF (LULUCF) n est pas inclus dans le tableau ci-dessous ; Tableau 1 : Niveaux d émission historiques et attendus par secteur en Belgique (en Mt eq.) Industrie - ETS - Non-ETS / / / / / / Étant donné que la portée des différentes stratégies régionales varie (toutes n’incluent pas l’ETS), il n’est pas possible d’agréger les niveaux d’ambition régionaux de manière à obtenir un objectif belge global de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Industrie - ETS - Non-ETS / / / / / / Étant donné que la portée des différentes stratégies régionales varie (toutes n’incluent pas l’ETS), il n’est pas possible d’agréger les niveaux d’ambition régionaux de manière à obtenir un objectif belge global de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le tableau ci-dessus montre que, sur base des stratégies régionales, les émissions en provenance des secteurs belges hors ETS seraient réduites de 85% à 87% d’ici 2050 par rapport à 2005. 4.3 Principaux axes par secteur Chaque stratégie régionale aborde les principaux changements et percées4 nécessaires dans chaque secteur pour atteindre les réductions d émissions envisagées. Chaque région a pu intégrer ses propres accents et priorités. L’on constate cependant la récurrence d un certain nombre d éléments eq.', 'L’on constate cependant la récurrence d un certain nombre d éléments eq. des secteurs industrie hors ETS, bâtiments, transport, agriculture et déchets + 0,2 Mt CO2 eq. du secteur electricité hors ETS qui n’est pas distingué dans le tableau 1 4 Dans la stratégie wallonne, ces éléments sont repris sous le terme ‘lignes directives’, la stratégie flamande emploie le terme ‘bouwstenen’, et dans la stratégie bruxelloise, ces éléments sont décrits dans le ‘développement stratégique’ de chaque secteur. \x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19centraux. Ces éléments communs sont brièvement résumés ci-dessous5. Ensuite, les éléments avec lesquels le niveau fédéral pourrait soutenir les régions dans leur transition sont brièvement décrits. Secteur de l électricité Chaque région reconnaît que la production d électricité doit être totalement neutre sur le plan climatique d ici 20506.', 'Secteur de l électricité Chaque région reconnaît que la production d électricité doit être totalement neutre sur le plan climatique d ici 20506. C est pourquoi, chaque stratégie mise fortement sur les sources d énergie renouvelables, notamment l énergie solaire et éolienne, en tenant compte du potentiel de chaque région. Les stratégies diffèrent quelque peu sur le rôle de la biomasse dans le mix électrique : dans les stratégies wallonne et flamande, l utilisation de la biomasse durable à des fins énergétiques a encore un rôle à jouer (compte tenu du principe de cascade), alors que dans la stratégie bruxelloise, l utilisation des biocarburants est considérée comme inappropriée dans un contexte urbain, compte tenu de l impact sur la qualité de l air.', 'Les stratégies diffèrent quelque peu sur le rôle de la biomasse dans le mix électrique : dans les stratégies wallonne et flamande, l utilisation de la biomasse durable à des fins énergétiques a encore un rôle à jouer (compte tenu du principe de cascade), alors que dans la stratégie bruxelloise, l utilisation des biocarburants est considérée comme inappropriée dans un contexte urbain, compte tenu de l impact sur la qualité de l air. Chaque région prévoit également que l électrification - combinée avec un approvisionnement en électricité climatiquement neutre - contribuera de manière significative à la réduction des gaz à effet de serre dans d autres secteurs, notamment les transports (p. ex. les véhicules électriques), les bâtiments (p. ex. les pompes à chaleur) et l industrie.', 'les pompes à chaleur) et l industrie. Dans le même temps, chaque stratégie indique que le potentiel propre de production d électricité renouvelable (et de production d énergie en général) est insuffisant pour couvrir entièrement la demande future prévue. Chaque région attribue donc dans sa stratégie à long terme un rôle important à l importation d électricité climatiquement neutre (et d autres sources d énergie). Les stratégies des Régions flamande et wallonne indiquent également la nécessité d une réforme du système énergétique actuel, centralisé et axé sur la demande, vers un système décentralisé et flexible, ainsi que la nécessité de solutions de stockage de l électricité à la fois pour de courtes (p. ex. batteries) et de longues périodes (p. ex. Power-to-X).', 'batteries) et de longues périodes (p. ex. Power-to-X). Le niveau fédéral peut soutenir, dans le cadre de ses compétences, la transition dans le secteur de l énergie, entre autres en exploitant au maximum le potentiel de l éolien en mer et en se focalisant sur la gestion de la demande, le stockage de l énergie et l interconnexion/intégration de la Belgique dans le réseau électrique européen et la construction éventuelle des infrastructures nécessaires pour l’importation des sources d énergie neutres en carbone. Avec ces leviers, le niveau fédéral contribue à assurer un approvisionnement énergétique fiable, abordable et climatiquement neutre, et à faciliter notamment l électrification dans d autres secteurs.', 'Avec ces leviers, le niveau fédéral contribue à assurer un approvisionnement énergétique fiable, abordable et climatiquement neutre, et à faciliter notamment l électrification dans d autres secteurs. En outre, le niveau fédéral, en consultation avec les régions, pourrait soutenir la transition par : - Une vision à long terme en matière d approvisionnement en électricité ; - Les infrastructures de transport pour l hydrogène vert et les carburants de synthèse ; - Un cadre à long terme pour l intégration des sources intermittentes par tous les acteurs ; - Le soutien d’un rôle actif pour les citoyens. 5 Pour un aperçu complet, voir les stratégies régionales en annexe.', '5 Pour un aperçu complet, voir les stratégies régionales en annexe. 6 Les stratégies wallonne et bruxelloise font référence à un mix énergétique entièrement basé sur des sources d’énergie renouvelables, tandis que la stratégie flamande fait référence à une élimination progressive complète des émissions fossiles dans le mix électrique d ici 2050. \x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Industrie Les stratégies wallonne et flamande7 reconnaissent toutes deux que l industrie reste une source importante de gaz à effet de serre à l heure actuelle, et visent donc une transition profonde de leur industrie vers des systèmes de production respectueux du climat). La Flandre met l accent sur la prévention de la fuite de carbone grâce à des mesures efficaces afin que les émissions soient effectivement réduites, et non simplement délocalisées ailleurs dans le monde.', 'La Flandre met l accent sur la prévention de la fuite de carbone grâce à des mesures efficaces afin que les émissions soient effectivement réduites, et non simplement délocalisées ailleurs dans le monde. Dans ce contexte, elle souligne également la nécessité de percées technologiques de grande envergure et de nouveaux modèles industriels innovants. Les deux stratégies identifient les leviers communs suivants : Dans les secteurs industriels eux-mêmes, les efforts seront en premier lieu poursuivis pour améliorer l efficacité énergétique. Un point d attention important à cet égard est la valorisation maximale de la chaleur résiduelle, tant au sein de l installation que via les réseaux de chaleur. En outre, le passage à des vecteurs énergétiques et matières premières renouvelables et climatiquement neutres contribuera à réduire davantage les émissions.', 'En outre, le passage à des vecteurs énergétiques et matières premières renouvelables et climatiquement neutres contribuera à réduire davantage les émissions. À cette fin, sont envisagées à la fois l électrification directe ainsi que d autres vecteurs énergétiques climatiquement neutres, tels que l hydrogène vert et autres carburants synthétiques. Les biocarburants auront également un rôle à jouer, en particulier pour les procédés industriels pour lesquels l électrification ou d autres vecteurs énergétiques sans carbone ne sont pas une option. Cependant, les deux stratégies affirment que la valorisation de la biomasse en tant que matière première est préférable à sa combustion en tant que combustible. Enfin, selon les deux stratégies le captage du carbone offre d autres possibilités de réduction des émissions, par le biais du stockage (CSC) ou de l’utilisation (CCU).', 'Enfin, selon les deux stratégies le captage du carbone offre d autres possibilités de réduction des émissions, par le biais du stockage (CSC) ou de l’utilisation (CCU). Dans un contexte plus large, chaque stratégie (y compris celle de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale) mentionne l importance d’une transition vers une économie circulaire, dans laquelle les produits sont conçus, fabriqués et consommés d’une manière alternative. Outre la création de valeur ajoutée et la réduction de la consommation de matières premières, la transition vers une économie circulaire devrait également contribuer de manière significative à la réduction des gaz à effet de serre, tant dans le secteur industriel que dans d autres secteurs (voir également le point 4.5 ci-dessous).', 'Outre la création de valeur ajoutée et la réduction de la consommation de matières premières, la transition vers une économie circulaire devrait également contribuer de manière significative à la réduction des gaz à effet de serre, tant dans le secteur industriel que dans d autres secteurs (voir également le point 4.5 ci-dessous). Le niveau fédéral peut contribuer, dans le cadre de ses compétences notamment en matière de normalisation de produits et de fiscalité, à la transition vers une économie circulaire, par exemple en mettant l accent sur une durée de vie plus longue, une meilleure réparabilité, une meilleure démontabilité et une moindre intensité matérielle des produits.', 'Le niveau fédéral peut contribuer, dans le cadre de ses compétences notamment en matière de normalisation de produits et de fiscalité, à la transition vers une économie circulaire, par exemple en mettant l accent sur une durée de vie plus longue, une meilleure réparabilité, une meilleure démontabilité et une moindre intensité matérielle des produits. Transport Les trois régions visent à réduire à zéro les émissions du secteur des transports d ici 2050, tant pour le transport de personnes que de marchandises8. À cette fin, les stratégies régionales mettent l’accent sur les éléments communs suivants : 7 La stratégie à long terme bruxelloise ne consacre pas de chapitre spécifique au secteur de l’industrie, en raison de sa part très limitée dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de Bruxelles-Capitale.', 'À cette fin, les stratégies régionales mettent l’accent sur les éléments communs suivants : 7 La stratégie à long terme bruxelloise ne consacre pas de chapitre spécifique au secteur de l’industrie, en raison de sa part très limitée dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de Bruxelles-Capitale. Elle consacre toutefois un chapitre à la réduction des gaz fluorés et fait référence en termes généraux aux « initiatives développant des modèles de production décarbonés, vers l économie circulaire et régénérative …».', 'Elle consacre toutefois un chapitre à la réduction des gaz fluorés et fait référence en termes généraux aux « initiatives développant des modèles de production décarbonés, vers l économie circulaire et régénérative …». 8 La stratégie wallonne parle de décarbonation complète, la stratégie flamande de zéro émission pour les transports et la stratégie bruxelloise considère également qu il est possible de décarboner largement les \x17\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Chaque stratégie se focalise principalement sur la gestion/rationalisation de la demande de transport, en mettant l accent sur la numérisation, l aménagement efficace du territoire et une économie circulaire avec des chaînes de valeur locales plus courtes, ce qui réduit le besoin de transport de marchandises.', '8 La stratégie wallonne parle de décarbonation complète, la stratégie flamande de zéro émission pour les transports et la stratégie bruxelloise considère également qu il est possible de décarboner largement les \x17\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Chaque stratégie se focalise principalement sur la gestion/rationalisation de la demande de transport, en mettant l accent sur la numérisation, l aménagement efficace du territoire et une économie circulaire avec des chaînes de valeur locales plus courtes, ce qui réduit le besoin de transport de marchandises. En outre, chacune des stratégies régionales souligne l importance du transfert modal comme pierre angulaire pour atteindre les ambitions climatiques fixées, avec des avantages supplémentaires en termes de qualité de l air, de mobilité et d occupation de l espace public.', 'En outre, chacune des stratégies régionales souligne l importance du transfert modal comme pierre angulaire pour atteindre les ambitions climatiques fixées, avec des avantages supplémentaires en termes de qualité de l air, de mobilité et d occupation de l espace public. En ce qui concerne le transport de personnes, chaque région vise à limiter la part de la voiture individuelle dans la répartition modale, en faveur de modes de transport alternatifs tels que le transport actif (marche et vélo), les véhicules électriques légers (vélos électriques, speedelecs, trottinettes électriques, etc.) et les modes de transport partagés (transports en commun et véhicules partagés). À cette fin, elles mettent l’accent sur une offre de qualité de modes alternatifs, des infrastructures adéquates et la promotion de la mobilité combinée9.', 'À cette fin, elles mettent l’accent sur une offre de qualité de modes alternatifs, des infrastructures adéquates et la promotion de la mobilité combinée9. Le concept de Mobility-as-a-Service est également reconnu comme levier important pour atteindre l’objectif de la mobilité combinée et pour augmenter le taux d occupation des véhicules (ce qui se traduit par une réduction du nombre de kilomètres parcourus par véhicule). En ce qui concerne le transport de marchandises, les stratégies wallonne et flamande visent toutes deux un transfert de la route vers le rail et les voies navigables. Enfin, comme dernier élément dans le secteur des transports, les stratégies régionales prévoient un passage à des véhicules et des vecteurs énergétiques à émissions zéro.', 'Enfin, comme dernier élément dans le secteur des transports, les stratégies régionales prévoient un passage à des véhicules et des vecteurs énergétiques à émissions zéro. En ce qui concerne le transport de personnes, les stratégies wallonne et flamande se concentrent principalement sur les véhicules sans émissions (à batterie ou à hydrogène)10. Pour le transport de marchandises également, les deux régions aspirent à la décarbonation complète11 du trafic, bien qu’elles reconnaissent que le défi est plus important et nécessitera de nouveaux développements technologiques. Outre l électrification et l hydrogène, les carburants alternatifs, notamment les biocarburants et les carburants synthétiques, se voient attribuer un rôle important, en particulier pour le transport lourd de marchandises.', 'Outre l électrification et l hydrogène, les carburants alternatifs, notamment les biocarburants et les carburants synthétiques, se voient attribuer un rôle important, en particulier pour le transport lourd de marchandises. La stratégie de Bruxelles-Capitale mentionne les plans visant à interdire le trafic de voitures diesel à partir de 2030, et de voitures à essence et à GPL à partir de 2035, de sorte que les transports seront également largement décarbonisés d ici 2050. Enfin, les stratégies wallonne et flamande reconnaissent la nécessité de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre provenant de l aviation et du transport maritime internationaux, notamment par des carburants alternatifs respectueux du climat.', 'Enfin, les stratégies wallonne et flamande reconnaissent la nécessité de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre provenant de l aviation et du transport maritime internationaux, notamment par des carburants alternatifs respectueux du climat. Le niveau fédéral assurera, entre autres, un réseau ferroviaire performant disposant d’interconnexions suffisantes avec les pays voisins afin de permettre une augmentation de la part du rail dans le transport de personnes et de marchandises. En outre il peut soutenir, grâce à ses compétences en matière de fiscalité et de normalisation des produits, la transition vers des modes de transport alternatifs et vers des véhicules à émissions nulles.', 'En outre il peut soutenir, grâce à ses compétences en matière de fiscalité et de normalisation des produits, la transition vers des modes de transport alternatifs et vers des véhicules à émissions nulles. transports d ici 2050, à condition que le transfert modal vers des alternatives à la voiture particulière ait eu lieu et que l électricité utilisée pour les transports soit d origine renouvelable. 9 Ceci signifie qu un seul voyage est effectué avec plusieurs modes de transport, l utilisateur utilisant le moyen de transport le plus approprié pour chaque partie du voyage et pouvant facilement passer d un mode à l autre.', '9 Ceci signifie qu un seul voyage est effectué avec plusieurs modes de transport, l utilisateur utilisant le moyen de transport le plus approprié pour chaque partie du voyage et pouvant facilement passer d un mode à l autre. 10 La stratégie wallonne indique que la priorité à long terme est l électrification, étant donné que l’efficacité énergétique des véhicules électriques est 2 à 3 fois supérieure à celle des véhicules à propulsion thermique. La stratégie flamande indique que les batteries et les piles à combustible à l’hydrogène sont la seule alternative existante à émission zéro. 11 La stratégie wallonne parle de décarbonation complète. La stratégie flamande parle d un passage complet aux véhicules à émissions zéro.', 'La stratégie flamande parle d un passage complet aux véhicules à émissions zéro. \x16\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Bâtiments Chacune des stratégies accorde une place centrale à l amélioration significative de l efficacité énergétique du parc immobilier d ici 2050. À cette fin, chaque région propose des normes ambitieuses pour les nouvelles constructions et l’amélioration accélérée et significative de la performance énergétique du parc immobilier existant d ici 2050 (principalement par des rénovations approfondies, mais aussi, le cas échéant, par la démolition et la reconstruction).', 'À cette fin, chaque région propose des normes ambitieuses pour les nouvelles constructions et l’amélioration accélérée et significative de la performance énergétique du parc immobilier existant d ici 2050 (principalement par des rénovations approfondies, mais aussi, le cas échéant, par la démolition et la reconstruction). Les objectifs suivants ont été inclus en conformité avec les stratégies régionales de rénovation : x Stratégie wallonne : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire12 ч85 kWh/m2/an pour le parc immobilier résidentiel ; x Stratégie flamande : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire13 ч100 kWh/m2/an pour le parc immobilier résidentiel, à différencier plus en détail par type de bâtiment ; x Stratégie bruxelloise : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire14 чϭϬϬ kWh/m2/an pour l’ensemble du parc immobilier ; x En ce qui concerne le secteur tertiaire, chaque région ambitionne un parc immobilier neutre en énergie ou en carbone d ici 2050 en termes de chauffage, de production d eau chaude, de refroidissement et d éclairage.', 'Les objectifs suivants ont été inclus en conformité avec les stratégies régionales de rénovation : x Stratégie wallonne : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire12 ч85 kWh/m2/an pour le parc immobilier résidentiel ; x Stratégie flamande : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire13 ч100 kWh/m2/an pour le parc immobilier résidentiel, à différencier plus en détail par type de bâtiment ; x Stratégie bruxelloise : objectif moyen équivalent à une consommation en énergie primaire14 чϭϬϬ kWh/m2/an pour l’ensemble du parc immobilier ; x En ce qui concerne le secteur tertiaire, chaque région ambitionne un parc immobilier neutre en énergie ou en carbone d ici 2050 en termes de chauffage, de production d eau chaude, de refroidissement et d éclairage. En outre, pour la demande énergétique restante chaque stratégie prévoit un ajustement du mix énergétique afin de réduire davantage les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : x La stratégie wallonne prévoit que d ici 2050, la grande majorité des bâtiments utiliseront des sources d énergie neutres en carbone pour la production de chaleur et d eau chaude.', 'En outre, pour la demande énergétique restante chaque stratégie prévoit un ajustement du mix énergétique afin de réduire davantage les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : x La stratégie wallonne prévoit que d ici 2050, la grande majorité des bâtiments utiliseront des sources d énergie neutres en carbone pour la production de chaleur et d eau chaude. Cela se fera principalement par le biais de pompes à chaleur, mais aussi par l utilisation de la biomasse, de la chaleur solaire, de la cogénération et (principalement dans les villes) des réseaux de chaleur.', 'Cela se fera principalement par le biais de pompes à chaleur, mais aussi par l utilisation de la biomasse, de la chaleur solaire, de la cogénération et (principalement dans les villes) des réseaux de chaleur. Si, dans des cas exceptionnels (par exemple dans des bâtiments protégés comme patrimoine), des combustibles fossiles sont encore utilisés, cela se fera à l aide de technologies très efficaces ; x La stratégie flamande vise également à rendre l approvisionnement énergétique des bâtiments plus durable d ici 2050. Elle mise dans la mesure du possible sur les réseaux de chaleur, qui sont alimentés en chaleur résiduelle ou en chaleur verte produite de manière centralisée.', 'Elle mise dans la mesure du possible sur les réseaux de chaleur, qui sont alimentés en chaleur résiduelle ou en chaleur verte produite de manière centralisée. Pour les bâtiments plus dispersés la chaleur solaire et l électrification (principalement les pompes à chaleur) seront privilégiées ; x La stratégie de Bruxelles prévoit que la diminution de la consommation d énergie dans les bâtiments s accompagnera d une utilisation accrue des énergies renouvelables adaptées au contexte urbain, les principaux exemples étant l énergie solaire thermique et photovoltaïque combinée à des pompes à chaleur. Enfin, plusieurs autres leviers sont proposés dans les stratégies régionales pour réduire davantage la consommation d énergie et soutenir l intégration de sources d énergie renouvelables/climatiquement neutres.', 'Enfin, plusieurs autres leviers sont proposés dans les stratégies régionales pour réduire davantage la consommation d énergie et soutenir l intégration de sources d énergie renouvelables/climatiquement neutres. La stratégie flamande, par exemple, se concentre sur un certain nombre d aspects spatiaux (compacité, orientation, flexibilité et adaptabilité) et sur une utilisation plus efficace de l espace disponible (par exemple en partageant les espaces) afin de 12 Conformément à la méthode de calcul de la certification PEB des biens existants \x15\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19réduire davantage la consommation d énergie. La stratégie wallonne, en revanche, considère que le changement de comportement peut jouer un rôle important dans l’évolution vers une consommation d énergie plus rationnelle.', 'La stratégie wallonne, en revanche, considère que le changement de comportement peut jouer un rôle important dans l’évolution vers une consommation d énergie plus rationnelle. Grâce à ces compétences fiscales, le niveau fédéral peut soutenir à la fois une rénovation accélérée et approfondie du parc immobilier et un verdissement du mix énergétique. Le niveau fédéral veillera également à ce que son propre parc immobilier soit entièrement neutre sur le plan énergétique et climatique d ici 2040. Déchets Bien que le secteur des déchets ne fasse l objet d aucun chapitre distinct des stratégies régionales, ce thème est abordé dans les parties traitant d autres secteurs (principalement sous la rubrique ‘industrie’ dans les stratégies wallonne et flamande, et sous la rubrique ‘production d électricité’ dans la stratégie de Bruxelles).', 'Déchets Bien que le secteur des déchets ne fasse l objet d aucun chapitre distinct des stratégies régionales, ce thème est abordé dans les parties traitant d autres secteurs (principalement sous la rubrique ‘industrie’ dans les stratégies wallonne et flamande, et sous la rubrique ‘production d électricité’ dans la stratégie de Bruxelles). Dans leurs stratégies, chacune des régions fait la part belle à l économie circulaire dans le cadre des efforts pour atteindre ses ambitions climatiques (à côté d autres objectifs tels que, en premier lieu, la gestion des matières premières et des matériaux).', 'Dans leurs stratégies, chacune des régions fait la part belle à l économie circulaire dans le cadre des efforts pour atteindre ses ambitions climatiques (à côté d autres objectifs tels que, en premier lieu, la gestion des matières premières et des matériaux). En conséquence, l’élimination progressive complète (Flandre, Bruxelles), ou du moins une très forte réduction, de la mise en décharge ou de l incinération des déchets d ici 2050 est prévue, ce qui permettra la suppression quasi-totale des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'En conséquence, l’élimination progressive complète (Flandre, Bruxelles), ou du moins une très forte réduction, de la mise en décharge ou de l incinération des déchets d ici 2050 est prévue, ce qui permettra la suppression quasi-totale des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Agriculture Bien que les stratégies wallonne et flamande se concentrent sur les caractéristiques spécifiques de leurs secteurs agricoles respectifs, il est possible d identifier un certain nombre d éléments communs, qui peuvent être regroupés sous trois piliers : (1) les leviers au sein du système agricole : les deux stratégies visent des adaptations et des améliorations au sein du système agricole conduisant à une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre : l’accent est mis sur l’agriculture intelligente (smart farming) et l agriculture de précision (pour minimiser l apport de matières premières et d énergie et maximiser le rendement), les pratiques visant à accroître l efficacité de l azote (p. ex.', 'Agriculture Bien que les stratégies wallonne et flamande se concentrent sur les caractéristiques spécifiques de leurs secteurs agricoles respectifs, il est possible d identifier un certain nombre d éléments communs, qui peuvent être regroupés sous trois piliers : (1) les leviers au sein du système agricole : les deux stratégies visent des adaptations et des améliorations au sein du système agricole conduisant à une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre : l’accent est mis sur l’agriculture intelligente (smart farming) et l agriculture de précision (pour minimiser l apport de matières premières et d énergie et maximiser le rendement), les pratiques visant à accroître l efficacité de l azote (p. ex. une meilleure gestion du fumier), et l’application de techniques visant à réduire les émissions entériques du bétail (p. ex.', 'une meilleure gestion du fumier), et l’application de techniques visant à réduire les émissions entériques du bétail (p. ex. sélection génétique et rations alimentaires adaptées). Les deux stratégies misent en outre fortement sur l efficacité énergétique et le verdissement du mix énergétique afin de réduire de manière significative les émissions énergétiques15 du secteur agricole.', 'Les deux stratégies misent en outre fortement sur l efficacité énergétique et le verdissement du mix énergétique afin de réduire de manière significative les émissions énergétiques15 du secteur agricole. 2) le lien avec l UTCATF et la biomasse : en outre, les stratégies wallonne et flamande soulignent que le secteur agricole peut apporter une contribution importante en tant que producteur de biomasse et de biocarburants (non seulement par la production directe de cultures énergétiques, mais aussi en valorisant des flux secondaires tels que la fermentation du fumier animal pour en extraire le biométhane) et par la séquestration du carbone dans les terres agricoles (voir également le volet distinct ci-dessous).', '2) le lien avec l UTCATF et la biomasse : en outre, les stratégies wallonne et flamande soulignent que le secteur agricole peut apporter une contribution importante en tant que producteur de biomasse et de biocarburants (non seulement par la production directe de cultures énergétiques, mais aussi en valorisant des flux secondaires tels que la fermentation du fumier animal pour en extraire le biométhane) et par la séquestration du carbone dans les terres agricoles (voir également le volet distinct ci-dessous). 15 Ce volet est surtout pertinent pour la stratégie flamande, étant donné la consommation d énergie considérable dans le secteur flamand de l horticulture en serre. Dans le secteur agricole wallon, les émissions énergétiques sont déjà relativement faibles en raison de la présence limitée de l horticulture en serre.', 'Dans le secteur agricole wallon, les émissions énergétiques sont déjà relativement faibles en raison de la présence limitée de l horticulture en serre. \x05\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x193) les leviers au sein du système alimentaire: enfin, un certain nombre de leviers seront déployés au sein du système alimentaire au sens large en vue de mobiliser le potentiel de réduction. Dans ce contexte, l accent est principalement mis sur la réduction du gaspillage alimentaire, la valorisation maximale des résidus alimentaires et d’autres flux secondaires, et l adaptation des modèles de consommation vers des produits plus locaux et saisonniers et une alimentation plus saine.', 'Dans ce contexte, l accent est principalement mis sur la réduction du gaspillage alimentaire, la valorisation maximale des résidus alimentaires et d’autres flux secondaires, et l adaptation des modèles de consommation vers des produits plus locaux et saisonniers et une alimentation plus saine. La stratégie de Bruxelles-Capitale ne réserve qu’une place limitée au secteur agricole, notamment en raison de sa très faible part dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de cette région. Dans ce domaine, sa stratégie est principalement axée sur le développement de l agriculture urbaine qui, en plus de l atténuation du changement climatique (p. ex. moins de transport de denrées alimentaires), offre de nombreux avantages (verdissement, emploi, cohésion sociale, etc. ).', 'moins de transport de denrées alimentaires), offre de nombreux avantages (verdissement, emploi, cohésion sociale, etc. ). Enfin, des efforts sont prévus en vue de maintenir ou de renforcer la séquestration du carbone dans les sols et la biomasse. Il s’agit entre autres de l’extension des espaces verts (forêts, zones naturelles, parcs, etc. ), de la gestion durable des forêts et de la nature ainsi que de la promotion des pratiques agricoles favorisant la séquestration du carbone dans les terres agricoles. A cet égard, de plus amples informations sont disponibles dans les stratégies régionales figurant en annexes, voir en particulier le chapitre 3.6.1. de la stratégie de la Région Flamande et les chapitres 2.1.1. et 3.5. de la stratégie de la Région Wallonne.', 'A cet égard, de plus amples informations sont disponibles dans les stratégies régionales figurant en annexes, voir en particulier le chapitre 3.6.1. de la stratégie de la Région Flamande et les chapitres 2.1.1. et 3.5. de la stratégie de la Région Wallonne. Chaque stratégie aborde également les synergies potentielles avec l adaptation au changement climatique. Par exemple, les sols agricoles riches en carbone sont plus résistants aux périodes de sécheresse ou d inondation, l extension des espaces verts constitue une mesure de protection contre les vagues de chaleur attendues (en particulier dans les zones urbaines) et une gestion adéquate de nos forêts peut accroître leur résilience au changement climatique.', 'Par exemple, les sols agricoles riches en carbone sont plus résistants aux périodes de sécheresse ou d inondation, l extension des espaces verts constitue une mesure de protection contre les vagues de chaleur attendues (en particulier dans les zones urbaines) et une gestion adéquate de nos forêts peut accroître leur résilience au changement climatique. 4.4Principaux axes de la politique d adaptation La Belgique subit déjà les conséquences du changement climatique, et l impact devrait s accroître avec l augmentation de la température mondiale moyenne. Le pays doit donc s organiser pour s adapter aux conséquences attendues ou déjà réelles et pour gérer les risques qui y sont liés.', 'Le pays doit donc s organiser pour s adapter aux conséquences attendues ou déjà réelles et pour gérer les risques qui y sont liés. Un certain nombre de mesures ont déjà été prises : en 2010 déjà, la Belgique a adopté une Stratégie Nationale d Adaptation17, qui prévoyait entre autres l élaboration d un Plan National d Adaptation18. Ce plan a été adopté par la Commission Nationale Climat en 2017 pour renforcer la coopération et développer les synergies entre les différentes entités. À cette fin, les politiques d adaptation déjà menées par les différentes entités ont été cartographiées et de nouvelles mesures nationales ont été identifiées afin de renforcer la résilience de la Belgique aux effets attendus du changement climatique.', 'À cette fin, les politiques d adaptation déjà menées par les différentes entités ont été cartographiées et de nouvelles mesures nationales ont été identifiées afin de renforcer la résilience de la Belgique aux effets attendus du changement climatique. 17 La Stratégie Nationale d Adaptation est disponible à l adresse suivante : 18 Le Plan National d Adaptation est disponible à l adresse suivante : \x04\x07\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Conformément aux exigences du règlement sur la gouvernance, les stratégies à long terme des trois régions comprennent un volet sur les principaux axes de leur politique d adaptation à l horizon 2050.', '17 La Stratégie Nationale d Adaptation est disponible à l adresse suivante : 18 Le Plan National d Adaptation est disponible à l adresse suivante : \x04\x07\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Conformément aux exigences du règlement sur la gouvernance, les stratégies à long terme des trois régions comprennent un volet sur les principaux axes de leur politique d adaptation à l horizon 2050. Ce volet aborde plusieurs éléments communs, notamment l importance d accroître notre résilience face aux sécheresses et aux inondations, à la recrudescence des vagues de chaleur (en particulier dans les environnements urbains soumis à l effet d îlot de chaleur) et aux différents risques liés au changement climatique dans des secteurs spécifiques (forêts, agriculture, industrie, système énergétique, etc.). Les stratégies régionales ci-jointes offrent de plus amples informations à ce sujet : ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ǁĂůůŽŶŶĞ\x03͗\x03ǀŽŝƌ\x03ĐŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ\x03ϳ͘ϯ͘\x03 ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ĨůĂŵĂŶĚĞ\x03͗\x03ǀŽŝƌ\x03ĐŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ\x03ϰ͘Ϯ͘ ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ĚĞ\x03\x11ƌƵdžĞůůĞƐ-Capitale : voir chapitre 6.3.', 'Les stratégies régionales ci-jointes offrent de plus amples informations à ce sujet : ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ǁĂůůŽŶŶĞ\x03͗\x03ǀŽŝƌ\x03ĐŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ\x03ϳ͘ϯ͘\x03 ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ĨůĂŵĂŶĚĞ\x03͗\x03ǀŽŝƌ\x03ĐŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ\x03ϰ͘Ϯ͘ ͻ\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03\x03ZĠŐŝŽŶ\x03ĚĞ\x03\x11ƌƵdžĞůůĞƐ-Capitale : voir chapitre 6.3. Les régions élaboreront et mettront en œuvre un nouveau plan national pour la période 2021-2030, prenant en compte une vision à long terme. Par le biais de stratégies, de plans, d études et de consultations d experts, les régions s efforcent d accroître leur résilience aux risques liés au changement climatique. 4.5Points d attention transversaux Chaque entité aborde également un certain nombre de points d attention transversaux pertinents pour la stratégie à long terme. Le présent chapitre présente les points d attention communs pour une transition réussie. Une transition socialement juste La transition à effectuer par la Belgique constitue un défi pour la société dans son ensemble.', 'Une transition socialement juste La transition à effectuer par la Belgique constitue un défi pour la société dans son ensemble. Tant les régions que le niveau fédéral soulignent l importance d une transition socialement juste dans laquelle personne n est laissé pour compte. À cette fin, ils cherchent à mettre en œuvre des mesures en faveur d une large participation citoyenne, d’une concertation sociale, d une formation appropriée aux nouveaux métiers et d un soutien aux groupes à faibles revenus et aux autres groupes cibles vulnérables les plus exposés à l’impact de cette transition. Des efforts seront notamment déployés pour lutter contre la pauvreté énergétique.', 'Des efforts seront notamment déployés pour lutter contre la pauvreté énergétique. Un approvisionnement sûr et suffisant en énergie durable et abordable Les stratégies flamande et wallonne reconnaissent toutes deux la nécessité d’un approvisionnement sûr et suffisant en énergie durable et abordable pour les citoyens et les entreprises belges d ici 2050. La réussite de ce défi est cruciale pour que la transition puisse se faire de manière sociale, tout en sauvegardant la compétitivité de nos entreprises.', 'La réussite de ce défi est cruciale pour que la transition puisse se faire de manière sociale, tout en sauvegardant la compétitivité de nos entreprises. À cette fin, les stratégies flamande et wallonne proposent un certain nombre de mesures qui sont également abordées dans la section 4.3, telles que l’amélioration de l efficacité (dans tous les secteurs), l exploitation du potentiel propre d énergie renouvelable, le développement d un système énergétique flexible et décentralisé (y compris le stockage d énergie et la gestion de la demande). Les trois régions reconnaissent également que la Belgique continuera à être dépendante des importations d énergie (climatiquement neutre). Pour la réalisation des stratégies régionales, on compte donc sur un approvisionnement sûr et suffisant en énergie durable et abordable en provenance de l étranger.', 'Pour la réalisation des stratégies régionales, on compte donc sur un approvisionnement sûr et suffisant en énergie durable et abordable en provenance de l étranger. \x04\x04\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19Innovation et R&D Chacune des stratégies souligne l importance de l innovation et de la R&D. Chaque entité reconnaît la nécessité de percées et d innovations technologiques pour réaliser d’importantes réductions d émissions dans des secteurs difficiles à décarboniser, voire des émissions négatives à terme. En outre, l importance des ‘innovations de système’ est soulignée (nouveaux modèles d entreprise, systèmes de partage, etc.). Les régions indiquent également que la réussite de la transition dépendra du soutien au développement d innovations permettant d’évoluer vers une économie plus circulaire. Investissements et financement Les stratégies régionales accordent une attention particulière aux besoins en matière de financement.', 'Investissements et financement Les stratégies régionales accordent une attention particulière aux besoins en matière de financement. En effet, la transition nécessite des investissements importants dans tous les secteurs concernés et ne peut donc être réalisée que grâce à un financement suffisant. Les stratégies bruxelloise et flamande comprennent déjà une première estimation des besoins de financement attendus (sur la base d’études existantes), et toutes les entités poursuivront leurs travaux afin d identifier ces besoins de manière plus précise. Pour répondre aux besoins de financement, chaque stratégie régionale propose des accents spécifiques.', 'Pour répondre aux besoins de financement, chaque stratégie régionale propose des accents spécifiques. Les stratégies régionales ci-jointes offrent de plus amples informations à ce sujet : x Région wallonne : chapitre 5. x Région flamande : chapitre 5.4. x Région de Bruxelles-Capitale : chapitre 7.3 Économie circulaire Enfin, chaque entité attend une contribution majeure de l économie circulaire à la réalisation des ambitions climatiques, et ce dans les différents secteurs. En effet, l économie circulaire devrait entraîner une réduction de la demande de matières premières primaires et de produits de base au profit de produits finis de grande valeur et de nouveaux services (p. ex.', 'En effet, l économie circulaire devrait entraîner une réduction de la demande de matières premières primaires et de produits de base au profit de produits finis de grande valeur et de nouveaux services (p. ex. services de réparation), une réduction des besoins de transport, une utilisation plus efficace de l espace disponible, une meilleure valorisation des flux secondaires (tant énergétiques que de matières premières) et une élimination progressive quasi totale des émissions dans le secteur des déchets. Les stratégies régionales accordent dès lors une place importante à l’application des principes de l économie circulaire dans les différents secteurs.', 'Les stratégies régionales accordent dès lors une place importante à l’application des principes de l économie circulaire dans les différents secteurs. Outre la réduction des émissions directes, cette approche apportera des avantages supplémentaires, tels que la réduction de l empreinte carbone et de matériaux de la Belgique, la création d opportunités économiques et d emplois locaux et une moindre dépendance des importations de matériaux (rares).', 'Outre la réduction des émissions directes, cette approche apportera des avantages supplémentaires, tels que la réduction de l empreinte carbone et de matériaux de la Belgique, la création d opportunités économiques et d emplois locaux et une moindre dépendance des importations de matériaux (rares). \x04\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// STRATEGIE CLIMATIQUE FLAMANDE POUR /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 2 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 TABLE DES MATIERES Introduction : la nécessité d’une stratégie climatique flamande . 4 Une stratégie qui pose les jalons d’une transition réussie 4 Une stratégie pour les émissions directes et indirectes 4 Une stratégie fondée sur les initiatives existantes et les contributions de parties prenantes . 5 Une stratégie comme point de départ d’un processus soutenu . 7 1 Le contexte international et européen . 9 L’accord de Paris 9 Les objectifs climatiques européens . 10 2 Objectif pour la Flandre . 11 2.2 Contributions sectorielles indicatives . 13 3 Vision d’avenir pour les différents secteurs . 15 3.1 Production d’électricité, de combustibles et de chaleur . 15 3.1.2 Éléments constitutifs . 16 3.3.2 Éléments constitutifs 20 3.4.2 Éléments constitutifs 25 3.5 Agriculture et système alimentaire 28 3.5.2 Éléments constitutifs 28 3.6 Sols, forêts et biomasse 31 3.6.2 Éléments constitutifs 32 4 Vers une Flandre à l’épreuve du climat . 34 4.1 Principaux effets du changement climatique en Flandre 34 4.2 Vers un environnement et une société à l’épreuve du climat 35 4.2.1 Préserver et élargir l espace ouvert sans revêtement 35 \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 3 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 4.2.2 Un espace, une société, des bâtiments et une infrastructure (de la mobilité) qui s’adaptent au changement climatique . 36 4.2.3 Réduire au minimum les risques de pénurie d eau et de crues . 37 4.2.4 Maximiser les trames vertes et bleues 38 4.2.5 Une industrie qui s’adapte au changement climatique . 39 4.2.6 Une agriculture qui s’adapte au changement climatique . 39 5 Conditions préalables pour une transition réussie 40 5.1 Innovation et développement technologique . 40 5.2 Un cadre politique cohérent créant les bons incitants et attentif à la compétitivité et à la justice sociale 41 5.3 Une population active flamande dotée des compétences appropriées . 42 5.4 Un financement suffisant des investissements nécessaires . 43 5.5 Un aménagement efficace du territoire . 46 5.6 Une énergie climatiquement neutre suffisante, fiable et abordable . 46 5.7 Le rôle central de l’économie circulaire 47 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 4 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 INTRODUCTION : LA NECESSITE D’UNE STRATEGIE CLIMATIQUE FLAMANDE UNE STRATEGIE QUI POSE LES JALONS D’UNE TRANSITION REUSSIE Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont occasionnées par différents processus et applications dans tous les secteurs de la société.', '\x04\x1a\x04 \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03 \x03 \x0e\x0e\x0f\x03\x10\x11 \x03\x12\x13\x03\x04\x04\x06\x07\x06\x07\x07\x03\x14\x07\x07\x02\x15\x07\x16\x17\x07\x18\x07\x07\x04\x19/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// STRATEGIE CLIMATIQUE FLAMANDE POUR /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 2 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 TABLE DES MATIERES Introduction : la nécessité d’une stratégie climatique flamande . 4 Une stratégie qui pose les jalons d’une transition réussie 4 Une stratégie pour les émissions directes et indirectes 4 Une stratégie fondée sur les initiatives existantes et les contributions de parties prenantes . 5 Une stratégie comme point de départ d’un processus soutenu . 7 1 Le contexte international et européen . 9 L’accord de Paris 9 Les objectifs climatiques européens . 10 2 Objectif pour la Flandre . 11 2.2 Contributions sectorielles indicatives . 13 3 Vision d’avenir pour les différents secteurs . 15 3.1 Production d’électricité, de combustibles et de chaleur . 15 3.1.2 Éléments constitutifs . 16 3.3.2 Éléments constitutifs 20 3.4.2 Éléments constitutifs 25 3.5 Agriculture et système alimentaire 28 3.5.2 Éléments constitutifs 28 3.6 Sols, forêts et biomasse 31 3.6.2 Éléments constitutifs 32 4 Vers une Flandre à l’épreuve du climat . 34 4.1 Principaux effets du changement climatique en Flandre 34 4.2 Vers un environnement et une société à l’épreuve du climat 35 4.2.1 Préserver et élargir l espace ouvert sans revêtement 35 \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 3 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 4.2.2 Un espace, une société, des bâtiments et une infrastructure (de la mobilité) qui s’adaptent au changement climatique . 36 4.2.3 Réduire au minimum les risques de pénurie d eau et de crues . 37 4.2.4 Maximiser les trames vertes et bleues 38 4.2.5 Une industrie qui s’adapte au changement climatique . 39 4.2.6 Une agriculture qui s’adapte au changement climatique . 39 5 Conditions préalables pour une transition réussie 40 5.1 Innovation et développement technologique . 40 5.2 Un cadre politique cohérent créant les bons incitants et attentif à la compétitivité et à la justice sociale 41 5.3 Une population active flamande dotée des compétences appropriées . 42 5.4 Un financement suffisant des investissements nécessaires . 43 5.5 Un aménagement efficace du territoire . 46 5.6 Une énergie climatiquement neutre suffisante, fiable et abordable . 46 5.7 Le rôle central de l’économie circulaire 47 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 4 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 INTRODUCTION : LA NECESSITE D’UNE STRATEGIE CLIMATIQUE FLAMANDE UNE STRATEGIE QUI POSE LES JALONS D’UNE TRANSITION REUSSIE Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont occasionnées par différents processus et applications dans tous les secteurs de la société. Aussi, une mesure donnée dans un secteur donné ne peut-elle résoudre le problème à elle seule : des efforts soutenus de l ensemble des secteurs sont indispensables pour réaliser les réductions visées.', 'Aussi, une mesure donnée dans un secteur donné ne peut-elle résoudre le problème à elle seule : des efforts soutenus de l ensemble des secteurs sont indispensables pour réaliser les réductions visées. Dans de nombreux cas, le potentiel de réduction des émissions au sein des systèmes existants connaît des limites et nous miserons sur des changements systémiques. Le succès ne peut être au rendez-vous, au cours des prochaines décennies, qu’au travers d’une transition soutenue et emportant une large adhésion, où chacun regarde dans la même direction. C’est pourquoi le Gouvernement flamand s’est engagé à mettre en place une stratégie climatique ambitieuse et réaliste.', 'C’est pourquoi le Gouvernement flamand s’est engagé à mettre en place une stratégie climatique ambitieuse et réaliste. Nous pouvons de la sorte, au niveau de la Flandre, unir les forces pour tendre ensemble vers un but final commun, nous permettant ainsi de mobiliser davantage de moyens, de réaliser des économies et d’assumer notre rôle de précurseur innovant. D’autre part, une perspective à long terme peut également aider à éviter les blocages potentiels, à savoir des investissements ou des habitudes qui font obstacle à d’autres réductions à un stade ultérieur. Une stratégie à long terme doit à la fois être flexible et poser des choix audacieux. L’avenir est imprévisible.', 'Une stratégie à long terme doit à la fois être flexible et poser des choix audacieux. L’avenir est imprévisible. La stratégie à long terme de la Flandre sera par conséquent régulièrement évaluée afin de pouvoir s’adapter aux développements futurs, à la réalité économique et aux préférences politico-sociales. D’un autre côté, 2050 n’est plus si loin, et même proche en termes de changements systémiques. Nous n’avons donc plus le temps d attendre certaines percées technologiques, mais nous nous concentrerons pleinement sur les éléments qui, clairement, seront indispensables dans un monde climatiquement neutre (les options dites sans regret).', 'Nous n’avons donc plus le temps d attendre certaines percées technologiques, mais nous nous concentrerons pleinement sur les éléments qui, clairement, seront indispensables dans un monde climatiquement neutre (les options dites sans regret). Les citoyens, les entreprises et les organisations de la société civile attendent dès lors une autorité énergique, qui pose des jalons clairs pour le long terme et définit un chemin à suivre pour réaliser les ambitions postulées. L’autorité a pour rôle de créer un cadre clair au sein duquel les acteurs peuvent amorcer la transition. Ce cadre offrira les incitants appropriés et veillera à la rentabilité des investissements et des efforts respectueux du climat. Les investissements incompatibles avec un monde climatiquement neutre seront déconseillés en temps utile.', 'Les investissements incompatibles avec un monde climatiquement neutre seront déconseillés en temps utile. Par cette stratégie, le Gouvernement flamand entend rencontrer ces attentes. Il postule une ambition claire à l’horizon 2050 et examine, par système social, les efforts et les avancées nécessaires pour atteindre cet objectif. Il examine par ailleurs les conditions préalables importantes à remplir pour rendre la transition réalisable et abordable. UNE STRATEGIE POUR LES EMISSIONS DIRECTES ET INDIRECTES L’atmosphère ne connaît pas de frontières nationales et en ce qui concerne l’effet de serre, peu importe où les émissions sont précisément émises.', 'UNE STRATEGIE POUR LES EMISSIONS DIRECTES ET INDIRECTES L’atmosphère ne connaît pas de frontières nationales et en ce qui concerne l’effet de serre, peu importe où les émissions sont précisément émises. Cette situation a plusieurs conséquences : \x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 5 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 · d’une part, cela signifie que nous ne pouvons pas uniquement nous concentrer sur nos émissions territoriales flamandes, mais que nous devons également réduire de manière significative notre empreinte carbone (c.-à-d. les émissions au-delà de nos frontières qui sont liées à la consommation flamande)1. Environ deux tiers de l’empreinte carbone de la consommation flamande sont en effet émis en dehors de nos frontières2.', 'Environ deux tiers de l’empreinte carbone de la consommation flamande sont en effet émis en dehors de nos frontières2. Bien que cette stratégie à long terme se concentre en premier lieu sur les émissions flamandes directes (notamment parce qu elle est l’interprétation des obligations européennes et l’approche prescrite au niveau européen), nous accorderons aussi, par secteur, l attention nécessaire aux mesures et éléments constitutifs qui réduisent l’empreinte carbone de la Flandre ; · d’autre part, nous empêcherons que la politique climatique menée n’aboutisse à une réduction des émissions de la Flandre par le seul fait de la délocalisation de certaines activités vers d’autres régions.', 'Bien que cette stratégie à long terme se concentre en premier lieu sur les émissions flamandes directes (notamment parce qu elle est l’interprétation des obligations européennes et l’approche prescrite au niveau européen), nous accorderons aussi, par secteur, l attention nécessaire aux mesures et éléments constitutifs qui réduisent l’empreinte carbone de la Flandre ; · d’autre part, nous empêcherons que la politique climatique menée n’aboutisse à une réduction des émissions de la Flandre par le seul fait de la délocalisation de certaines activités vers d’autres régions. En effet, cela ne contribuerait que peu ou pas à la lutte contre le changement climatique (au contraire, si l’on tient compte des transports supplémentaires et/ou des normes environnementales moins strictes dans d’autres régions, les émissions globales pourraient même augmenter), et aurait un impact négatif sur l’économie flamande ; · en tant que l’une des régions les plus prospères au monde et en tant que port d attache d’institutions de recherche solides et d’entreprises innovantes, nous avons en mains tous les atouts pour nous positionner comme chef de file en matière en développement de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux processus de production sans incidence sur le climat, qui peuvent également être mis en œuvre au-delà de nos frontières dans la mesure où nous pouvons maintenir la compétitivité des entreprises.', 'En effet, cela ne contribuerait que peu ou pas à la lutte contre le changement climatique (au contraire, si l’on tient compte des transports supplémentaires et/ou des normes environnementales moins strictes dans d’autres régions, les émissions globales pourraient même augmenter), et aurait un impact négatif sur l’économie flamande ; · en tant que l’une des régions les plus prospères au monde et en tant que port d attache d’institutions de recherche solides et d’entreprises innovantes, nous avons en mains tous les atouts pour nous positionner comme chef de file en matière en développement de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux processus de production sans incidence sur le climat, qui peuvent également être mis en œuvre au-delà de nos frontières dans la mesure où nous pouvons maintenir la compétitivité des entreprises. Nous pouvons ainsi, en tant que leader innovant, apporter une contribution aux efforts globaux de lutte contre le changement climatique, qui va bien au-delà de la simple réduction de nos émissions territoriales.', 'Nous pouvons ainsi, en tant que leader innovant, apporter une contribution aux efforts globaux de lutte contre le changement climatique, qui va bien au-delà de la simple réduction de nos émissions territoriales. UNE STRATEGIE FONDEE SUR LES INITIATIVES EXISTANTES ET LES CONTRIBUTIONS DE PARTIES PRENANTES Pour cette stratégie à long terme, la Flandre ne part pas d’une feuille blanche. Premièrement, la stratégie s’inscrit dans le contexte européen. En 2011, la Commission européenne a développé une Feuille de route vers une économie compétitive à faible intensité de carbone à l’horizon 2050 (COM (2011) 112), qui comporte les principales étapes et les réalisations nécessaires en vue de réduire, d’ici 2050, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre européennes de 80 % par rapport à 1990.', 'En 2011, la Commission européenne a développé une Feuille de route vers une économie compétitive à faible intensité de carbone à l’horizon 2050 (COM (2011) 112), qui comporte les principales étapes et les réalisations nécessaires en vue de réduire, d’ici 2050, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre européennes de 80 % par rapport à 1990. En 2018, la Commission a publié une proposition actualisée de stratégie à long terme intitulée ‘Une planète propre pour tous’ (COM (2018) 773). Cette proposition – et surtout l’analyse approfondie qui l’accompagne – explore les pistes par lesquelles l’UE peut atteindre des émissions nettes nulles d’ici 2050. Ces explorations analytiques au niveau européen offrent déjà quelques connaissances sur lesquelles la stratégie climatique flamande a pu se fonder.', 'Ces explorations analytiques au niveau européen offrent déjà quelques connaissances sur lesquelles la stratégie climatique flamande a pu se fonder. Deuxièmement, des études ont également été élaborées au niveau de la Flandre et de la Belgique, qui identifient les options par lesquelles nous pouvons réduire drastiquement nos émissions de 1 Pour un calcul correct de notre empreinte carbone, il y a dès lors lieu de déduire les émissions de produits qui sont exportés. 2 VITO (2017), Koolstofvoetafdruk van de Vlaamse Consumptie, étude réalisée pour la VMM, la Société flamande de l Environnement. ! \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 6 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 gaz à effet de serre.', '\x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 6 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 gaz à effet de serre. En 2013, le SPF Environnement a publié une série de « Scénarios pour une Belgique bas carbone à l horizon 2050 », qui ont été élaborés par Climact et le VITO (l’Institut flamand pour la Recherche technologique). En 2014, un exercice similaire a été exécuté au niveau flamand pour les secteurs hors SEQE pour le compte du département LNE (Nature, Environnement et Énergie) de l’époque.', 'En 2014, un exercice similaire a été exécuté au niveau flamand pour les secteurs hors SEQE pour le compte du département LNE (Nature, Environnement et Énergie) de l’époque. Ce travail d’étude existant offre également un certain nombre de connaissances qui ont contribué à l’élaboration de la présente stratégie climatique flamande ; Troisièmement, nous pouvons nous appuyer sur des décisions antérieures du Gouvernement flamand telles que la note de vision globale « Vision 2050, une stratégie à long terme pour la Flandre », la Vision énergétique flamande de 20173 avec ses 10 points de départ concrets – auxquels les parties prenantes ont également souscrit – et le Pacte énergétique interfédéral de 2017 que le Gouvernement flamand a accueilli en 2018.', 'Ce travail d’étude existant offre également un certain nombre de connaissances qui ont contribué à l’élaboration de la présente stratégie climatique flamande ; Troisièmement, nous pouvons nous appuyer sur des décisions antérieures du Gouvernement flamand telles que la note de vision globale « Vision 2050, une stratégie à long terme pour la Flandre », la Vision énergétique flamande de 20173 avec ses 10 points de départ concrets – auxquels les parties prenantes ont également souscrit – et le Pacte énergétique interfédéral de 2017 que le Gouvernement flamand a accueilli en 2018. Plus récemment, le Plan flamand Énergie-Climat (PFEC) a été approuvé le 9 décembre 2019 par le Gouvernement flamand.', 'Plus récemment, le Plan flamand Énergie-Climat (PFEC) a été approuvé le 9 décembre 2019 par le Gouvernement flamand. Citons, enfin, l’accord de gouvernement de fin septembre 2019, dans lequel ont été définies plusieurs grandes lignes en vue des ambitions climatiques flamandes à long terme (p. ex. une réduction de 80 % au moins à l’horizon 2050 avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale). Ces grandes lignes ont été adoptées comme point de départ de la présente stratégie à long terme.', 'Ces grandes lignes ont été adoptées comme point de départ de la présente stratégie à long terme. Nous pouvons, enfin, nous inspirer des consultations en cours et menées précédemment autour de la politique climatique flamande, comme, par exemple, le Sommet flamand sur le climat de 2016 et ses tables rondes, l’initiative ‘Stroomversnelling’ (Accélération) et les groupes thématiques qui en ont découlé, le Plan Mobilité, le Pacte de Rénovation, le plan d’action Clean Power for Transport, le Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre, la Résolution Climat du Parlement flamand, les avis en préambule et en réaction au PFEC, etc. De même, différentes parties prenantes ont fourni des études explorant les possibilités d’autres réductions en Belgique (et également en Flandre).', 'De même, différentes parties prenantes ont fourni des études explorant les possibilités d’autres réductions en Belgique (et également en Flandre). Ce qui précède démontre clairement l existence de toute une panoplie d études et de contributions de parties prenantes sur lesquelles la présente stratégie à long terme a pu se baser. Nous proposons ci-dessous un aperçu des principaux éléments issus de ces études et contributions de parties prenantes qui ont été repris pour cette stratégie flamande à long terme : · à partir des ambitions tirées de l’accord de gouvernement d’octobre 2019, cette stratégie à long terme vise une réduction de 85 %4 d’ici 2050, avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale.', 'Nous proposons ci-dessous un aperçu des principaux éléments issus de ces études et contributions de parties prenantes qui ont été repris pour cette stratégie flamande à long terme : · à partir des ambitions tirées de l’accord de gouvernement d’octobre 2019, cette stratégie à long terme vise une réduction de 85 %4 d’ici 2050, avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale. Comme expliqué plus loin, il s’agit d’un objectif pour les secteurs hors SEQE flamands par rapport à 2005 ; nos secteurs SEQE doivent se conformer au plafond d’émission européen. · Le règlement européen sur la gouvernance exige que les États membres reprennent dans leur stratégie à long terme les émissions/réductions de gaz à effet de serre attendues par secteur à l’horizon 2050.', '· Le règlement européen sur la gouvernance exige que les États membres reprennent dans leur stratégie à long terme les émissions/réductions de gaz à effet de serre attendues par secteur à l’horizon 2050. Outre la clarté que cela apporte aux différents secteurs sur l’effort que l’on attend d’eux, cela permet de vérifier si les différents efforts sectoriels suffisent pour que l’objectif final visé demeure réalisable. Dans son avis « Veel vuur voor energie- en klimaatvisies », le Conseil socio-économique de la Flandre, le SERV, met toutefois en garde contre une approche trop dirigiste avec des objectifs sectoriels stricts et déclare que les objectifs sectoriels doivent seulement donner une indication des efforts 4 L’accord de gouvernement parle de « 80 % au moins ».', 'Dans son avis « Veel vuur voor energie- en klimaatvisies », le Conseil socio-économique de la Flandre, le SERV, met toutefois en garde contre une approche trop dirigiste avec des objectifs sectoriels stricts et déclare que les objectifs sectoriels doivent seulement donner une indication des efforts 4 L’accord de gouvernement parle de « 80 % au moins ». Une approche ascendante (bottom-up) nous permet d arriver, dans le cadre de cette stratégie climatique, à une réduction de 84,7 % en 2050 par rapport à 2005. Conformément aux autres pourcentages mentionnés dans cette stratégie, ce chiffre est arrondi à 85 % dans tout le texte. \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 7 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 attendus.', '\x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 7 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 attendus. Afin de répondre aux exigences du règlement européen sur la gouvernance tout en tenant compte de l’avis du SERV, les objectifs spécifiques sectoriels tels que repris dans la présente stratégie à long terme ne sont considérés que comme des contributions indicatives et non comme des objectifs contraignants stricts (cf. aussi point 2.2 ci-dessous pour plus d’informations) ; · dans le même avis, le SERV conseille aussi de ne pas concentrer la politique climatique flamande uniquement sur les émissions territoriales flamandes, mais également de tenir compte de l’empreinte carbone de la Flandre et de veiller à ce que la politique climatique n’entraîne pas une délocalisation des activités économiques et des émissions y afférentes.', 'aussi point 2.2 ci-dessous pour plus d’informations) ; · dans le même avis, le SERV conseille aussi de ne pas concentrer la politique climatique flamande uniquement sur les émissions territoriales flamandes, mais également de tenir compte de l’empreinte carbone de la Flandre et de veiller à ce que la politique climatique n’entraîne pas une délocalisation des activités économiques et des émissions y afférentes. Ces deux éléments ont été pris en compte lors de la rédaction de la présente stratégie à long terme. Les explorations sectorielles ont non seulement tenu compte des émissions territoriales, mais décrivent aussi les leviers par lesquels nous entendons limiter l’empreinte matières et carbone de la Flandre. Par ailleurs, dans les secteurs impliqués dans des chaînes de production globales (p.', 'Par ailleurs, dans les secteurs impliqués dans des chaînes de production globales (p. ex., l’industrie), l’attention nécessaire est accordée au risque de délocalisation des émissions (fuite de carbone) et à l’importance de conjuguer compétitivité et politique climatique ; · plusieurs avis, études et contributions de parties prenantes ont attiré l’attention sur une série de mesures-clés pour parvenir à une société respectueuse du climat, telles qu un aménagement efficace du territoire, la poursuite des évolutions et des avancées technologiques, la transition vers une économie circulaire et l’augmentation de la capacité de production d’énergie renouvelable.', 'ex., l’industrie), l’attention nécessaire est accordée au risque de délocalisation des émissions (fuite de carbone) et à l’importance de conjuguer compétitivité et politique climatique ; · plusieurs avis, études et contributions de parties prenantes ont attiré l’attention sur une série de mesures-clés pour parvenir à une société respectueuse du climat, telles qu un aménagement efficace du territoire, la poursuite des évolutions et des avancées technologiques, la transition vers une économie circulaire et l’augmentation de la capacité de production d’énergie renouvelable. Par ailleurs, l’attention a aussi été attirée sur plusieurs conditions préalables à remplir pour parvenir à une transition réussie, comme un cadre politique stable et prévisible, l’importance de l’accessibilité financière, le rapport coût-efficacité et la compétitivité, l’attention à accorder à la dimension sociale de la transition, l importance et le défi du financement, etc.', 'Par ailleurs, l’attention a aussi été attirée sur plusieurs conditions préalables à remplir pour parvenir à une transition réussie, comme un cadre politique stable et prévisible, l’importance de l’accessibilité financière, le rapport coût-efficacité et la compétitivité, l’attention à accorder à la dimension sociale de la transition, l importance et le défi du financement, etc. Ces éléments sont abordés au chapitre 5 de la présente stratégie à long terme et, le cas échéant, dans les explorations sectorielles du chapitre 3 ; · Enfin, les divers avis, explorations et études contiennent également des informations ou des recommandations sur les innovations ou changements technologiques et sociaux nécessaires dans les différents secteurs pour réaliser des réductions d’émissions significatives.', 'Ces éléments sont abordés au chapitre 5 de la présente stratégie à long terme et, le cas échéant, dans les explorations sectorielles du chapitre 3 ; · Enfin, les divers avis, explorations et études contiennent également des informations ou des recommandations sur les innovations ou changements technologiques et sociaux nécessaires dans les différents secteurs pour réaliser des réductions d’émissions significatives. Bien que les voies recommandées puissent diverger en fonction de la source, plusieurs éléments réapparaissent de manière récurrente et peuvent donc être considérés comme des éléments constitutifs indispensables en vue de réaliser nos ambitions à l’horizon 2050. Ils ont été repris dans les explorations sectorielles du chapitre 3 de la présente stratégie et au chapitre 4 en ce qui concerne l’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Ils ont été repris dans les explorations sectorielles du chapitre 3 de la présente stratégie et au chapitre 4 en ce qui concerne l’adaptation au changement climatique. UNE STRATEGIE COMME POINT DE DEPART D’UN PROCESSUS SOUTENU L’Accord de Gouvernement flamand 2019-2024 prévoit un trajet participatif efficace afin d’associer étroitement toutes les parties intéressées – les citoyens, la société civile, les entreprises et les différentes autorités – à l’élaboration de la politique climatique flamande. Plutôt que de demander \x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 8 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 la contribution de ces parties sur une base ad hoc, on recourra à une concertation plus structurelle pour mobiliser l’engagement et la créativité de chacun, accroître le soutien, éliminer les éventuels goulets d’étranglement et accélérer les investissements.', 'Plutôt que de demander \x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 8 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 la contribution de ces parties sur une base ad hoc, on recourra à une concertation plus structurelle pour mobiliser l’engagement et la créativité de chacun, accroître le soutien, éliminer les éventuels goulets d’étranglement et accélérer les investissements. Nous maintenons la formule d’un panel Climat consultatif d’experts indépendants. La présente stratégie à long terme sera examinée plus avant également au cours des mois et des années à venir avec les différentes parties concernées, dans le cadre du trajet participatif également mentionné dans le PFEC. Durant ce processus, on pourra, si nécessaire, également poursuivre le développement d’une base (modélisée) afin de cartographier l’impact et les interactions des ambitions et des éléments constitutifs postulés.', 'Durant ce processus, on pourra, si nécessaire, également poursuivre le développement d’une base (modélisée) afin de cartographier l’impact et les interactions des ambitions et des éléments constitutifs postulés. Sur la base de ce trajet et de son développement, la stratégie pourra être affinée et, au besoin, ajustée. Nous en rendons compte régulièrement (notamment au Parlement flamand) dans le cadre du rapport sur le Plan flamand Énergie-Climat. Cette stratégie ne constitue donc pas un aboutissement, mais plutôt un point de départ d’un processus long et soutenu.', 'Cette stratégie ne constitue donc pas un aboutissement, mais plutôt un point de départ d’un processus long et soutenu. \x1a \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 9 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 1 LE CONTEXTE INTERNATIONAL ET EUROPEEN L’ACCORD DE PARIS En décembre 2015, 195 parties (194 pays + l’UE) réunies à Paris sont parvenues pour la première fois de l’histoire à un accord en vue d’entreprendre une action commune contre le changement climatique. Les parties se sont engagées à contenir l élévation de la température de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C et à tendre vers une élévation maximale de 1,5 °C.', 'Les parties se sont engagées à contenir l élévation de la température de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C et à tendre vers une élévation maximale de 1,5 °C. À cet effet, il convient de réduire progressivement, dans les plus brefs délais, les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre et de parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques et les absorptions de gaz à effet de serre au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle (=neutralité climatique). Pour ce faire, toutes les parties ont mis sur la table, dans le cadre de l’accord, une contribution déterminée au niveau national. À l’avenir, les parties reverront et, si possible, renforceront leur contribution tous les cinq ans.', 'À l’avenir, les parties reverront et, si possible, renforceront leur contribution tous les cinq ans. À cela s’ajoutent les principes directeurs selon lesquels chaque partie fait de son mieux en fonction de ses capacités et que les pays industrialisés prennent l’initiative de cette transition. Figure 1. Effet des contributions déterminées au niveau national et de la politique actuelle sur la température mondiale (source : La figure ci-dessus montre que les contributions actuelles en vertu de l accord de Paris constituent une avancée importante dans la bonne direction mais ne suffisent pas encore à atteindre l objectif " \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 10 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 de « nettement en dessous de 2 °C ».', 'Effet des contributions déterminées au niveau national et de la politique actuelle sur la température mondiale (source : La figure ci-dessus montre que les contributions actuelles en vertu de l accord de Paris constituent une avancée importante dans la bonne direction mais ne suffisent pas encore à atteindre l objectif " \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 10 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 de « nettement en dessous de 2 °C ». Avec les contributions actuelles, le climat augmenterait ainsi en moyenne de 2,5 à 2,8 °C d’ici 2100.', 'Avec les contributions actuelles, le climat augmenterait ainsi en moyenne de 2,5 à 2,8 °C d’ici 2100. C’est nettement moins que les 4,1 à 4,8 °C qui seraient atteints en l absence de politique climatique, mais les différentes parties doivent fournir des efforts supplémentaires afin de combler l’écart qui subsiste jusqu’à la réalisation de l objectif de « nettement en dessous de 2 °C ». Une première occasion de renforcer les contributions nationales se présentera en 2020. Toutes les parties se sont en outre engagées, en vertu de l’accord de Paris, à développer une stratégie de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre à long terme et ce, pour 2020.', 'Toutes les parties se sont en outre engagées, en vertu de l’accord de Paris, à développer une stratégie de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre à long terme et ce, pour 2020. Pour les États membres de l’Union, cet engagement se traduit également par une exigence juridique en vertu de l’article 15 du règlement sur la gouvernance (Règlement (UE) 2018/1999). Par la présente stratégie à long terme, la Région flamande répond à cet engagement.', 'Par la présente stratégie à long terme, la Région flamande répond à cet engagement. LES OBJECTIFS CLIMATIQUES EUROPEENS En 2009, les dirigeants de l’UE avaient convenu de réduire, d’ici 2050, les émissions européennes de 80 à 95 % par rapport à 1990, sur la base des efforts que, d’après le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat, les pays industrialisés doivent déployer pour limiter le réchauffement à 2 °C. En 2011, l’UE a définitivement approuvé la Feuille de route vers une économie compétitive à faible intensité de carbone à l’horizon 2050 (COM (2011) 112), qui comporte les principales étapes et les mesures nécessaires pour atteindre, au meilleur coût, cet objectif à long terme.', 'En 2011, l’UE a définitivement approuvé la Feuille de route vers une économie compétitive à faible intensité de carbone à l’horizon 2050 (COM (2011) 112), qui comporte les principales étapes et les mesures nécessaires pour atteindre, au meilleur coût, cet objectif à long terme. Pour parvenir au minimum à une réduction de 80 % à l’horizon 2050, il faut une réduction des émissions européennes de 25 à 30 % d’ici 2020, de 40 % d’ici 2030 et de 60 % d’ici 2040. Conformément à ces étapes, l’UE s’est engagée, en 2015, dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris, à réduire, d’ici 2030, ses émissions de 40 % au moins par rapport à 1990.', 'Conformément à ces étapes, l’UE s’est engagée, en 2015, dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris, à réduire, d’ici 2030, ses émissions de 40 % au moins par rapport à 1990. En novembre 2018, la Commission européenne a publié une proposition de stratégie à long terme pour l’UE intitulée ‘Une planète propre pour tous’. Cette proposition met en avant l’ambition de parvenir, d’ici, 2050, à un équilibre général entre les émissions et les absorptions de gaz à effet de serre (= émissions nettes nulles ou neutralité climatique) à l’échelle de l’UE. La proposition de la Commission s’accompagne d’une vaste analyse approfondie (in-depth analysis) qui élabore différents scénarios permettant de parvenir à de telles émissions nettes nulles.', 'La proposition de la Commission s’accompagne d’une vaste analyse approfondie (in-depth analysis) qui élabore différents scénarios permettant de parvenir à de telles émissions nettes nulles. La proposition de la Commission a été débattue en juin 2019 au Conseil européen et a recueilli le soutien d’une grande majorité d’États membres. Le Conseil européen de décembre 2019 a ratifié l objectif consistant à parvenir d ici 2050 à une UE neutre pour le climat compte tenu des données scientifiques disponibles les plus récentes et de la nécessité de renforcer l action climatique menée à l échelle mondiale.', 'Le Conseil européen de décembre 2019 a ratifié l objectif consistant à parvenir d ici 2050 à une UE neutre pour le climat compte tenu des données scientifiques disponibles les plus récentes et de la nécessité de renforcer l action climatique menée à l échelle mondiale. La Flandre considère qu’il est important que cet objectif de neutralité climatique européenne à l’horizon 2050 tienne compte des principes ci-dessous : • chaque État membre peut, en premier lieu, examiner lui-même dans quelle mesure il est capable de contribuer à ces objectifs ambitieux et communiquer sa contribution à la Commission européenne (= approche ascendante) ; • la Commission européenne peut ensuite vérifier dans quelle mesure le niveau d’ambition agrégé des contributions nationales correspond à l’objectif européen.', 'La Flandre considère qu’il est important que cet objectif de neutralité climatique européenne à l’horizon 2050 tienne compte des principes ci-dessous : • chaque État membre peut, en premier lieu, examiner lui-même dans quelle mesure il est capable de contribuer à ces objectifs ambitieux et communiquer sa contribution à la Commission européenne (= approche ascendante) ; • la Commission européenne peut ensuite vérifier dans quelle mesure le niveau d’ambition agrégé des contributions nationales correspond à l’objectif européen. Dans le cas d’un écart d’ambition, les efforts supplémentaires requis seront répartis de manière économiquement efficiente entre les États membres ; \x12\x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 11 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 • en outre, il doit être possible – en ce qui concerne les efforts supplémentaires de l’UE par rapport aux engagements déjà contractés – de recourir à la flexibilité internationale.', 'Dans le cas d’un écart d’ambition, les efforts supplémentaires requis seront répartis de manière économiquement efficiente entre les États membres ; \x12\x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 11 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 • en outre, il doit être possible – en ce qui concerne les efforts supplémentaires de l’UE par rapport aux engagements déjà contractés – de recourir à la flexibilité internationale. En vue de réaliser ces ambitions européennes à long terme, chaque État membre devra procéder à des réductions d’émissions radicales et drastiques. Pour la plupart des secteurs économiques, des émissions nulles deviendront la norme par-delà les frontières nationales. Cependant, tant le GIEC que la Commission européenne reconnaissent qu’il est extrêmement difficile, sinon impossible, d’éviter certaines émissions.', 'Cependant, tant le GIEC que la Commission européenne reconnaissent qu’il est extrêmement difficile, sinon impossible, d’éviter certaines émissions. Pour parvenir à la neutralité climatique, elles devront donc être compensées par les absorptions de gaz à effet de serre (ou les émissions dites ‘négatives’) dans les sols, les forêts et par le biais de solutions technologiques comme le CSC et le CUC. La neutralité climatique à l’échelle de l’UE ou même à l’échelle mondiale ne signifie donc pas que chaque pays ou même chaque région sera climatiquement neutre. Certains pays et régions auront des émissions résiduelles tandis que d autres (comme les régions boisées) auront des émissions négatives. L’important, c’est de parvenir à un équilibre entre les deux, comme le prescrit l’accord de Paris.', 'L’important, c’est de parvenir à un équilibre entre les deux, comme le prescrit l’accord de Paris. La Flandre est une région densément peuplée, disposant de relativement peu d’espace pour des forêts supplémentaires et d’un potentiel limité de stockage géologique de CO2. Aussi sera-t-il très difficilement réalisable de parvenir à la neutralité climatique dans les limites du territoire flamand. Avec une réduction de 85 %, nous contribuons bel et bien de manière significative à l’ambition de l’Europe d’être climatiquement neutre d’ici 2050. Des évolutions technologiques et sociales peuvent nous permettre d aller encore au-delà de ces 85 %.', 'Des évolutions technologiques et sociales peuvent nous permettre d aller encore au-delà de ces 85 %. 2 OBJECTIF POUR LA FLANDRE 2.1 NIVEAU D’AMBITION POUR 2050 La Flandre reconnaît et souscrit à la nécessité de contenir l élévation de la température de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et de déployer des efforts en vue de limiter l’élévation à 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels. Seule une action mondiale permettra d’atteindre cet objectif. En Flandre, nous nous attelons à notre propre transition et nous contribuons à la transition mondiale.', 'En Flandre, nous nous attelons à notre propre transition et nous contribuons à la transition mondiale. Par ailleurs, nous visons à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des secteurs qui ne sont pas couverts par le SEQE-UE (les secteurs dits hors SEQE) de 85 % d’ici 2050 (par rapport à 2005), avec l’ambition d’évoluer vers une neutralité climatique totale. Pour les secteurs SEQE, nous nous inscrivons dans le contexte défini par l Europe pour ces secteurs avec un quota d’émissions à la baisse dans le cadre du SEQE-UE.', 'Pour les secteurs SEQE, nous nous inscrivons dans le contexte défini par l Europe pour ces secteurs avec un quota d’émissions à la baisse dans le cadre du SEQE-UE. Parmi ses scénarios qui conduisent à des émissions nettes nulles au niveau de l’UE d’ici 2050, la Commission européenne projette, dans son analyse en profondeur de 2018, une réduction pour les secteurs SEQE stationnaires (électricité + industrie SEQE) de 95 % par rapport à 2005 (scénario 1,5LIFE). Nous misons sur le soutien des entreprises en direction d’une conversion radicale vers des systèmes de production respectueux du climat. Cela passera par exemple par le programme ‘Moonshot’ pour une « Flandre neutre en CO2 », un programme d’innovation ambitieux, intégral et largement soutenu de 400 millions d’euros.', 'Cela passera par exemple par le programme ‘Moonshot’ pour une « Flandre neutre en CO2 », un programme d’innovation ambitieux, intégral et largement soutenu de 400 millions d’euros. Pendant 20 ans, une aide de 20 millions d’euros sera prévue \x12\x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 12 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 annuellement pour la recherche et les innovations susceptibles de contribuer à la réduction des émissions de CO2 et au captage, au stockage et à la réutilisation du CO2. La réalisation de cet objectif ambitieux nécessite des réductions accélérées, stimulées par des changements systémiques. Entre 2005 et 2017, les émissions hors SEQE en Flandre ont diminué en moyenne de 0,2 Mt CO2-éq /par an.', 'Entre 2005 et 2017, les émissions hors SEQE en Flandre ont diminué en moyenne de 0,2 Mt CO2-éq /par an. Pour atteindre une réduction de 85 % d’ici 2050, une réduction annuelle moyenne d’au moins 1,1 Mt CO2-éq par an sera nécessaire, à partir d’aujourd’hui jusqu’à 2050. Figure 2. Secteurs hors SEQE : Comparaison des tendances d’émissions historiques avec la tendance nécessaire pour atteindre, en 2050, une réduction des émissions de 85 % par rapport à 5 Le champ d’application du SEQE-UE a été élargi en 2008-2012 (par rapport à 2005-2007) et à nouveau en 2013-2020 (par rapport à 2008-2012). Pour aboutir à une comparaison correcte, la figure 2 contient les chiffres d’émission de l’industrie hors SEQE sur la base du champ d’application élargi en 2013-2020.', 'Pour aboutir à une comparaison correcte, la figure 2 contient les chiffres d’émission de l’industrie hors SEQE sur la base du champ d’application élargi en 2013-2020. Pour 2005 et 2008, les émissions de l’industrie hors SEQE sont donc calculées comme émissions industrielles totales – les émissions de l’industrie SEQE vérifiées – une « correction de portée » pour les émissions qui, à partir de 2013, relèvent également du SEQE-UE. Étant donné que pour cette « correction de portée » des chiffres ne sont disponibles que pour 2005 et 2008, la figure 2 ne contient pas de chiffres pour les années 2006-2007 et 2009-2012.', 'Étant donné que pour cette « correction de portée » des chiffres ne sont disponibles que pour 2005 et 2008, la figure 2 ne contient pas de chiffres pour les années 2006-2007 et 2009-2012. - Afval Landbouw Transport Gebouwen Industrie niet-ETS Lineair (Trendlijn niet-ETS) -eq/jaar \x12\x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 13 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 (source : Inventaire flamand des gaz à effet de serre) Afin d’atteindre l’objectif postulé à long terme, une réelle transition s’impose. L’optimisation de systèmes existants peut contribuer à limiter les émissions à court terme, mais si nous voulons évoluer à long terme vers la neutralité climatique, des changements systémiques s’imposent dans tous les secteurs. Ces changements systémiques offrent également l’opportunité de résoudre d’autres problèmes et de libérer des synergies potentielles.', 'Ces changements systémiques offrent également l’opportunité de résoudre d’autres problèmes et de libérer des synergies potentielles. 2.2 CONTRIBUTIONS SECTORIELLES INDICATIVES Le problème climatique est transversal et requiert des efforts massifs de tous les secteurs de la société, compte tenu de leur potentiel et de leurs caractéristiques spécifiques. C’est pourquoi nous fixons, par secteur, une contribution indicative pour l’année 2050. Une telle répartition permet également de vérifier si les efforts des différents secteurs suffisent à atteindre l’objectif général et précise également l’ampleur de l’enjeu. En outre, le règlement européen sur la gouvernance exige que les réductions d’émissions attendues/visées par secteur d’ici 2050 soient établies6.', 'En outre, le règlement européen sur la gouvernance exige que les réductions d’émissions attendues/visées par secteur d’ici 2050 soient établies6. D’autre part, certaines fonctions et mesures sont difficiles à attribuer à un seul secteur : ainsi, la valorisation de la chaleur résiduelle issue d’installations industrielles pour le chauffage permet de réaliser des réductions dans le secteur du bâtiment et des chaînes plus courtes dans les secteurs agricole et industriel peuvent entraîner une diminution de la demande de mobilité et de ce fait des réductions dans le secteur du transport.', 'D’autre part, certaines fonctions et mesures sont difficiles à attribuer à un seul secteur : ainsi, la valorisation de la chaleur résiduelle issue d’installations industrielles pour le chauffage permet de réaliser des réductions dans le secteur du bâtiment et des chaînes plus courtes dans les secteurs agricole et industriel peuvent entraîner une diminution de la demande de mobilité et de ce fait des réductions dans le secteur du transport. De même, des avancées dans un secteur donné peuvent avoir une incidence (tant positive que négative) sur les émissions dans d autres secteurs tandis que les collaborations entre secteurs ou les actions transversales créent précisément de grandes opportunités pour la transition climatique.', 'De même, des avancées dans un secteur donné peuvent avoir une incidence (tant positive que négative) sur les émissions dans d autres secteurs tandis que les collaborations entre secteurs ou les actions transversales créent précisément de grandes opportunités pour la transition climatique. Enfin, les innovations futures peuvent libérer un nouveau potentiel de réduction dans certains secteurs tandis que des développements décevants peuvent entraver la réalisation de la contribution postulée. Pour cette raison, le tableau ci-dessous donne une répartition indicative basée sur les connaissances disponibles à l heure actuelle plutôt que des objectifs stricts et sert principalement à clarifier l’ampleur de l’enjeu et ses implications.', 'Pour cette raison, le tableau ci-dessous donne une répartition indicative basée sur les connaissances disponibles à l heure actuelle plutôt que des objectifs stricts et sert principalement à clarifier l’ampleur de l’enjeu et ses implications. La contribution indicative pour l’industrie telle que reprise dans le tableau ci-dessous ne concerne que la partie ne relevant pas du système d’échange de quotas d’émission de l’Union européenne (SEQE-UE), l’industrie dite hors SEQE. Pour notre industrie SEQE, nous misons aussi sur une conversion vers des systèmes de production respectueux du climat, mais aucun objectif quantitatif n’est fixé au niveau de la Flandre étant donné qu’un plafond d’émission absolu a déjà été fixé via le SEQE-UE.', 'Pour notre industrie SEQE, nous misons aussi sur une conversion vers des systèmes de production respectueux du climat, mais aucun objectif quantitatif n’est fixé au niveau de la Flandre étant donné qu’un plafond d’émission absolu a déjà été fixé via le SEQE-UE. Grâce au renforcement annuel déjà prévu de ce plafond, les secteurs SEQE stationnaires (électricité + industrie SEQE) doivent réduire, d’ici 2050, leurs émissions au niveau de l UE d’environ 85 % par rapport à 2005. Conformément à l’objectif récemment adopté par l’UE d’être climatiquement neutre d’ici 2050, la Commission a postulé différents scénarios, dont le scénario 1,5LIFE avec une réduction, d’ici 2050, de 95 % par rapport à 2005.', 'Conformément à l’objectif récemment adopté par l’UE d’être climatiquement neutre d’ici 2050, la Commission a postulé différents scénarios, dont le scénario 1,5LIFE avec une réduction, d’ici 2050, de 95 % par rapport à 2005. Pour le secteur de l’électricité – également couvert en grande partie par le SEQE-UE –, nous visons un parc de production avec des émissions nulles d’ici 2050. 6 Cf. article 15, paragraphe 4, point b, du règlement sur la gouvernance. \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 14 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Pour tous les secteurs hors SEQE, le tableau ci-dessous reprend également les objectifs spécifiques /projections politiques pour 2030 tels qu’ils figurent dans le plan flamand Énergie- Climat, comme première étape en direction de la contribution visée d’ici 2050.', '\x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 14 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Pour tous les secteurs hors SEQE, le tableau ci-dessous reprend également les objectifs spécifiques /projections politiques pour 2030 tels qu’ils figurent dans le plan flamand Énergie- Climat, comme première étape en direction de la contribution visée d’ici 2050. Tableau 1. Contributions sectorielles indicatives (en Mt CO2-éq) Électricité 17,4 18,7 10,7 Sous SEQE-UE Sous SEQE-UE Industrie – SEQE1 24,3 21,0 Sous SEQE-UE Sous SEQE-UE Industrie – hors SEQE 1 Pour l industrie SEQE, nous nous inscrivons dans le contexte d’un plafond d’émission à la baisse fixé au niveau de l’UE.', 'Contributions sectorielles indicatives (en Mt CO2-éq) Électricité 17,4 18,7 10,7 Sous SEQE-UE Sous SEQE-UE Industrie – SEQE1 24,3 21,0 Sous SEQE-UE Sous SEQE-UE Industrie – hors SEQE 1 Pour l industrie SEQE, nous nous inscrivons dans le contexte d’un plafond d’émission à la baisse fixé au niveau de l’UE. Conformément à l’objectif récemment adopté par l’UE d’être climatiquement neutre d’ici 2050, la Commission prévoit dans son scénario 1,5LIFE une réduction, d’ici 2050, de 95 % par rapport à 2005 pour tous les secteurs SEQE stationnaires (électricité + industrie SEQE). 2Dans la présente vision, le secteur des déchets est exposé au chapitre Industrie en raison du lien politique avec l’économie circulaire.', '2Dans la présente vision, le secteur des déchets est exposé au chapitre Industrie en raison du lien politique avec l’économie circulaire. Les contributions indicatives par secteur ont été déterminées comme suit : · dans l’industrie hors SEQE, les émissions énergétiques sont réduites de 75 % et les émissions non énergétiques de 50 % d’ici 2050, par rapport aux projections WAM 2030 dans le PFEC ; · dans le secteur du transport, nous prévoyons un transport de personnes et de marchandises totalement exempt d’émissions ; · dans le secteur du bâtiment, la consommation d’énergie – et donc aussi les émissions énergétiques – sont réduites, conformément au Pacte de Rénovation, de 75 % par rapport à 2015.', 'Les contributions indicatives par secteur ont été déterminées comme suit : · dans l’industrie hors SEQE, les émissions énergétiques sont réduites de 75 % et les émissions non énergétiques de 50 % d’ici 2050, par rapport aux projections WAM 2030 dans le PFEC ; · dans le secteur du transport, nous prévoyons un transport de personnes et de marchandises totalement exempt d’émissions ; · dans le secteur du bâtiment, la consommation d’énergie – et donc aussi les émissions énergétiques – sont réduites, conformément au Pacte de Rénovation, de 75 % par rapport à 2015. Une durabilisation plus poussée du mix énergétique réduira encore les émissions ; \x12\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 15 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 · dans le secteur de l’agriculture, les émissions énergétiques sont réduites de 75 % par rapport aux projections WAM 2030 dans le PFEC.', 'Une durabilisation plus poussée du mix énergétique réduira encore les émissions ; \x12\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 15 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 · dans le secteur de l’agriculture, les émissions énergétiques sont réduites de 75 % par rapport aux projections WAM 2030 dans le PFEC. Les émissions non énergétiques sont réduites de 40 % par rapport à 2005 ; · pour le secteur des déchets, les émissions sont presque totalement éliminées progressivement (seules des émissions résiduelles inévitables extrêmement limitées sont encore prévues). 3 VISION D’AVENIR POUR LES DIFFERENTS SECTEURS 3.1 PRODUCTION D’ELECTRICITE, DE COMBUSTIBLES ET DE CHALEUR La Flandre aspire à convertir son système énergétique d’ici 2050 en un système énergétique climatiquement neutre, durable, fiable et abordable.', '3 VISION D’AVENIR POUR LES DIFFERENTS SECTEURS 3.1 PRODUCTION D’ELECTRICITE, DE COMBUSTIBLES ET DE CHALEUR La Flandre aspire à convertir son système énergétique d’ici 2050 en un système énergétique climatiquement neutre, durable, fiable et abordable. À long terme, la part des émissions fossiles baissera systématiquement dans le mix électrique pour disparaître complètement à l’horizon 2050 de sorte que le système ne comptera plus que de l’électricité durable. Dans d’autres secteurs, comme le transport, le chauffage des bâtiments et l’industrie, nous prévoyons un passage des combustibles fossiles à l’électricité verte et aux combustibles climatiquement neutres7 comme la biomasse, le gaz renouvelable, l’hydrogène ou les carburants de synthèse.', 'Dans d’autres secteurs, comme le transport, le chauffage des bâtiments et l’industrie, nous prévoyons un passage des combustibles fossiles à l’électricité verte et aux combustibles climatiquement neutres7 comme la biomasse, le gaz renouvelable, l’hydrogène ou les carburants de synthèse. Bien que des bénéfices importants puissent encore être dégagés en termes d’efficacité énergétique, cette électrification poussée entraînera une augmentation de la demande d’électricité par rapport à aujourd’hui. Nous veillerons dès lors à ce que notre système électrique produise, d’ici 2050, suffisamment d’électricité sans carbone pour soutenir d autres secteurs dans leur décarbonisation par le biais d une transition vers l’électrification.', 'Nous veillerons dès lors à ce que notre système électrique produise, d’ici 2050, suffisamment d’électricité sans carbone pour soutenir d autres secteurs dans leur décarbonisation par le biais d une transition vers l’électrification. Outre l’électricité sans carbone et les combustibles climatiquement neutres, la chaleur et le froid produits à partir de sources renouvelables auront naturellement aussi un rôle important à jouer dans le paysage énergétique de demain. Sur l’ensemble de l’Europe, la chaleur et le refroidissement représentent 50 % de la consommation finale d’énergie. Les projections à 2050 indiquent que ce vecteur énergétique demeurera au moins aussi important. L’énergie thermique devra dès lors contribuer dans une mesure importante à la réalisation des objectifs énergétiques et climatiques. Outre l’électrification de la chaleur et du froid (p. ex.', 'Outre l’électrification de la chaleur et du froid (p. ex. pompes à chaleur), nous exploitons au maximum le potentiel présent de chaleur résiduelle. Les combustibles climatiquement neutres répondront au surplus de la demande de chaleur. Le rôle de la chaleur et du froid produits à partir de sources renouvelables sera également abordé plus avant sous les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et de l’agriculture. 7 Il s’agit de sources d’énergie à l’état solide, liquide ou gazeux en remplacement du charbon, du pétrole et du gaz naturel et qui n’ont pas d’impact net sur le climat : biomasse, méthane renouvelable, hydrogène vert ou carburants de synthèse, etc. \x12!', '7 Il s’agit de sources d’énergie à l’état solide, liquide ou gazeux en remplacement du charbon, du pétrole et du gaz naturel et qui n’ont pas d’impact net sur le climat : biomasse, méthane renouvelable, hydrogène vert ou carburants de synthèse, etc. \x12! \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 16 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 3.1.2 Éléments constitutifs Utilisation maximale de sources d’énergie locales et renouvelables En 2050, la Flandre produit autant que possible l’énergie nécessaire localement et de manière renouvelable : énergie éolienne, énergie solaire, combustibles climatiquement neutres, etc. À cet égard, les panneaux solaires et les éoliennes seront les piliers de la production d’électricité. En outre, il est probable que le coût de ces sources d’énergie continuera à baisser.', 'En outre, il est probable que le coût de ces sources d’énergie continuera à baisser. La politique d’aménagement facilite au maximum la transition vers l’énergie renouvelable. Outre l’électricité, les combustibles climatiquement neutres sont importants. Les sources locales sont, notamment, la biomasse durable et les flux résiduels de processus industriels riches en énergie. Vers un système électrique décentralisé et flexible Les sources d énergie comme le vent et le soleil présentent l inconvénient de ne pas pouvoir satisfaire nos besoins en énergie de façon continue en raison de leur production variable. L’accroissement de ces sources dans le mix électrique entraîne dès lors un défi de taille en termes de sécurité d’approvisionnement.', 'L’accroissement de ces sources dans le mix électrique entraîne dès lors un défi de taille en termes de sécurité d’approvisionnement. Nous misons dès lors, dans la mesure du possible, sur une conversion d’un système énergétique centralisé, orienté vers la demande, vers un système énergétique décentralisé, fondé sur l’offre, offrant beaucoup plus de flexibilité, dans lequel nous adaptons de plus en plus notre consommation à la disponibilité de sources renouvelables. À l’avenir, les citoyens et les entreprises assureront davantage leur propre approvisionnement en énergie, rendant plus floue la distinction entre producteurs et consommateurs. Le modèle de marché sera adapté de manière à refléter suffisamment les responsabilités de tous les acteurs du marché. Le concept de communautés d énergie locales offrira à cet effet un cadre facilitant.', 'Le concept de communautés d énergie locales offrira à cet effet un cadre facilitant. Stockage d’énergie saisonnier et installations de production flexibles Durant les longues périodes froides, sombres et sans vent sur de vastes étendues, les centrales flexibles, la gestion de la demande, les batteries et les interconnexions ne suffiront pas à garantir la sécurité d’approvisionnement. Pour ces moments auxquels peu de sources d’énergie renouvelables (tant domestiques qu étrangères) sont en mesure de fournir de l’électricité, nous développerons d’autres applications et mesures flexibles de stockage saisonnier et les rendrons accessibles. À l’inverse, en périodes de production élevée et de faible demande, l’électricité renouvelable peut être convertie en gaz ou combustible liquide (Power-to-X), ou en chaleur.', 'À l’inverse, en périodes de production élevée et de faible demande, l’électricité renouvelable peut être convertie en gaz ou combustible liquide (Power-to-X), ou en chaleur. Importation d’électricité et de combustibles climatiquement neutres Densément peuplée et marquée par une présence importante d’industries à forte intensité énergétique, la Flandre est grosse consommatrice d énergie. À l’heure actuelle, elle importe plus de 90 % de l’énergie. En dépit du potentiel significatif de l’énergie renouvelable et de l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique sur notre territoire, nous serons tributaires, pour une part importante de nos besoins en énergie en 2050, des importations d’autre pays.', 'En dépit du potentiel significatif de l’énergie renouvelable et de l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique sur notre territoire, nous serons tributaires, pour une part importante de nos besoins en énergie en 2050, des importations d’autre pays. \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 17 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Nous prévoyons dès lors la capacité nécessaire d’importation et de stockage de combustibles climatiquement neutres en complément indispensable de l’électricité afin de fournir de l’énergie au rythme de l’économie et des besoins de la société. La Flandre développera les stratégies internationales nécessaires afin de continuer à œuvrer en faveur de sources d’énergie abordables, garantissant l’approvisionnement et compétitives.', 'La Flandre développera les stratégies internationales nécessaires afin de continuer à œuvrer en faveur de sources d’énergie abordables, garantissant l’approvisionnement et compétitives. L’industrie flamande à forte intensité énergétique est le moteur de l’économie de la Flandre et est une source substantielle de valeur ajoutée et d’emplois. De même, cette industrie fournit les produits et les matériaux nécessaires qui permettent des réductions dans d’autres secteurs (p. ex. pour les parcs d’énergies renouvelables et les véhicules et logements efficaces et zéro émission, etc.) et continuera à jouer également ce rôle à l avenir. Parallèlement, l’industrie flamande constitue aujourd’hui encore une source importante d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre et une conversion vers des systèmes de production plus respectueux du climat sera nécessaire.', 'Parallèlement, l’industrie flamande constitue aujourd’hui encore une source importante d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre et une conversion vers des systèmes de production plus respectueux du climat sera nécessaire. Aussi avons-nous l’ambition d’accompagner notre industrie flamande, d’ici 2050, dans la transition vers des systèmes de production respectueux du climat tout en maintenant et en renforçant le rôle majeur qu elle joue dans l économie de la Flandre. Il ne servirait en effet pas à grand-chose de réaliser les réductions visées par une délocalisation de la production si cela induit une augmentation nette des émissions mondiales (p. ex. émissions accrues pour le transport de marchandises).', 'émissions accrues pour le transport de marchandises). En lieu et place, nous travaillons sur un modèle d’exportation de sorte que nous puissions, en Flandre, non seulement nous concentrer sur notre part restreinte dans les émissions mondiales, mais également contribuer à la lutte contre le changement climatique à l’échelle mondiale. Pour notre industrie hors SEQE – qui n’est pas couverte par le plafond d’émission SEQE –, nous ambitionnons de limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre à 1,2 Mt CO2éq. d’ici 2050. La réalisation de cette ambition requiert une inversion de la tendance qui, vu les limites de nouvelles améliorations en termes d’efficacité, n’est possible qu’en misant sur une innovation poussée.', 'La réalisation de cette ambition requiert une inversion de la tendance qui, vu les limites de nouvelles améliorations en termes d’efficacité, n’est possible qu’en misant sur une innovation poussée. À cet égard, nous abandonnons le modèle industriel existant, principalement linéaire et basé sur l’utilisation de combustibles fossiles comme sources d’énergie primaire et matières premières. En mobilisant des ressources pour le développement de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux processus de production innovants et sans incidence sur le climat, nous contribuons à la transition industrielle. En concertation avec les secteurs concernés, nous élaborons une stratégie pour l’exportation de nos solutions technologiques qui contribuent à relever le défi climatique.', 'En concertation avec les secteurs concernés, nous élaborons une stratégie pour l’exportation de nos solutions technologiques qui contribuent à relever le défi climatique. Par ce levier, la Flandre, région de petite taille mais prospère, peut apporter une contribution positive à la transition mondiale vers une société climatiquement neutre, qui va bien au-delà de la simple réduction de nos émissions territoriales, tout en créant de nouvelles opportunités pour son industrie. 3.2.2 Éléments constitutifs Les formules qui nous ont permis de réduire les émissions ces trente dernières années ne suffisent pas à effectuer la transition vers une industrie à faible émission.', '3.2.2 Éléments constitutifs Les formules qui nous ont permis de réduire les émissions ces trente dernières années ne suffisent pas à effectuer la transition vers une industrie à faible émission. Au cours des dix prochaines \x12\x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 18 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 années, les mesures d’optimisation existantes réduiront encore les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Parallèlement, nous soutiendrons l’innovation et préparerons l infrastructure de manière à ce que de nouveaux processus et technologies respectueux du climat puissent être déployés à partir de 2030. Au sein du secteur industriel, diverses options et innovations techniques sont disponibles pour réaliser la conversion vers une industrie à faible émission.', 'Au sein du secteur industriel, diverses options et innovations techniques sont disponibles pour réaliser la conversion vers une industrie à faible émission. En Flandre, nous voulons miser sur les axes suivants : Engagement permanent en faveur d améliorations en termes d’efficacité En premier lieu, l’industrie continue à s engager en faveur de l efficacité énergétique, des économies d’énergie et des améliorations des processus. Au travers d’une politique d’efficacité énergétique industrielle ciblée en Flandre, les entreprises à forte intensité énergétique recevront les impulsions nécessaires pour investir dans des mesures d’économie d’énergie. Outre de nouvelles réductions à court terme, cela contribuera à la sécurité d’approvisionnement et à l’indépendance énergétiques tout en renforçant également la compétitivité. D’ici 2050, la chaleur résiduelle industrielle sera récupérée au maximum.', 'D’ici 2050, la chaleur résiduelle industrielle sera récupérée au maximum. La chaleur qui ne peut plus être utilisée au sein de l’industrie sera affectée au chauffage des bâtiments via des réseaux de chaleur. L économie circulaire comme cadre de base Un recours poussé à l’économie circulaire peut contribuer de manière très significative à nos ambitions climatiques. Une étude conduite par Material Economics estime le potentiel de réduction pour l’industrie européenne à 56 % d’ici 2050. Le recyclage des plastiques (au lieu de l’incinération), principalement, peut y apporter une contribution considérable. En outre, ces réductions seraient plus rentables et offriraient des avantages supplémentaires en termes de consommation d’énergie, de matières premières et d’eau par rapport aux technologies de réduction du côté de l’offre.', 'En outre, ces réductions seraient plus rentables et offriraient des avantages supplémentaires en termes de consommation d’énergie, de matières premières et d’eau par rapport aux technologies de réduction du côté de l’offre. Nous nous engageons dès lors en faveur d’une économie totalement circulaire d’ici 2050. Nous entendons par là que les produits sont fabriqués avec un apport de matières premières réduit au minimum, sont partagés autant que possible (p. ex. les véhicules partagés), que leur durée de vie est prolongée autant que possible (par une conception durable et des réparations) et qu en fin de vie, les produits sont recyclés au maximum. Le cycle naturel de l’économie circulaire engendre des biens et des services à partir de matières organiques à l’intérieur d’un circuit fermé.', 'Le cycle naturel de l’économie circulaire engendre des biens et des services à partir de matières organiques à l’intérieur d’un circuit fermé. En renforçant l’utilisation de la biomasse durable dans l’industrie, nous réduisons la demande de matières premières minérales et fossiles et participons à la création de nouvelles chaînes de valeur locales. En encourageant leur utilisation dans des applications pour une plus longue durée de vie, comme dans le secteur du bâtiment, nous réalisons également un important stockage du carbone.', 'En encourageant leur utilisation dans des applications pour une plus longue durée de vie, comme dans le secteur du bâtiment, nous réalisons également un important stockage du carbone. Plus la chaîne d’approvisionnement et d’évacuation est longue et plus la distance entre producteur, consommateur et réparateur, recycleur est longue, \x12\x1a \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 19 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 plus il y a de risques que les matériaux disparaissent prématurément du circuit faute de réparation, de réutilisation ou de recyclage. Nous misons dès lors sur la proximité d entreprises qui fabriquent des produits durables, les entretiennent, les réparent et les récupèrent au terme de leur durée de vie en vue de leur réutilisation et de leur recyclage.', 'Nous misons dès lors sur la proximité d entreprises qui fabriquent des produits durables, les entretiennent, les réparent et les récupèrent au terme de leur durée de vie en vue de leur réutilisation et de leur recyclage. De la sorte, nous veillons également à ce que les fabricants aient accès à un réservoir local de matières premières réutilisables et recyclables. À l’horizon 2050, le traitement final des déchets par mise en décharge définitive ou incinération n’est quasiment plus pratiqué. Les collecteurs et transformateurs de déchets sont devenus des fournisseurs de nouvelles matières premières qui conseillent leurs clients afin d’utiliser les flux de matières le plus efficacement possible.', 'Les collecteurs et transformateurs de déchets sont devenus des fournisseurs de nouvelles matières premières qui conseillent leurs clients afin d’utiliser les flux de matières le plus efficacement possible. Seuls les résidus non transformables issus de ces processus de recyclage sont encore éligibles à l’incinération ou à la mise en décharge. L’incinération n’a donc lieu que dans des installations assurant une valorisation de qualité de l’énergie libérée. Conversion vers des combustibles et matières premières renouvelables et climatiquement neutres À l’heure actuelle, l’industrie est grosse consommatrice de combustibles fossiles : pétrole, charbon et gaz naturel. À l’avenir, une partie de cette consommation ne pourra plus être électrifiée. Aussi, l’industrie passera en partie à des combustibles climatiquement neutres.', 'Aussi, l’industrie passera en partie à des combustibles climatiquement neutres. Dans la mesure où cela se justifie d un point de vue économique, une poursuite de l’électrification de l’industrie peut également déboucher sur une réduction drastique des émissions. Nous pouvons utiliser la biomasse durable comme source de molécules de carbone dans le secteur de la chimie. Ce faisant, nous utilisons la biomasse disponible pour des processus de production à haute valeur ajoutée. Cette valorisation de la biomasse doit être privilégiée par rapport à sa combustion à des fins d’approvisionnement en énergie. L’électrolyse peut transformer l’eau en hydrogène durable à l’aide d’électricité.', 'L’électrolyse peut transformer l’eau en hydrogène durable à l’aide d’électricité. Cette molécule peut être utilisée comme matière première dans la chimie, par exemple par combinaison avec de l’azote ou du CO2 pour la production de matières premières comme l’ammoniac et le méthanol. Vu l’offre locale limitée de combustibles et de matières premières biosourcées, renouvelables et climatiquement neutres en Flandre, une collaboration renforcée entre l’agriculture et l’industrie sera nécessaire . Une partie devra également être importée. Captage et réutilisation du CO2 Les mesures en matière d’efficacité énergétique, l’exploitation de sources climatiquement neutres et la réutilisation de matières réduisent la dépendance à l’égard des combustibles fossiles et entraînent des réductions de CO2.', 'Captage et réutilisation du CO2 Les mesures en matière d’efficacité énergétique, l’exploitation de sources climatiquement neutres et la réutilisation de matières réduisent la dépendance à l’égard des combustibles fossiles et entraînent des réductions de CO2. Cependant, si ces mesures génèrent des réductions d’émissions insuffisantes, le captage et le stockage ou la réutilisation du CO2 (carbon capture, utilisation and storage ou CCUS) constituent une voie prometteuse pour l élimination des émissions restantes. \x12" \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 20 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Dans ce cadre, le CO2 dégagé sur le lieu de production est capté soit en vue d’un stockage définitif (CSC), soit en vue de sa transformation en produits (CUC).', '\x12" \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 20 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Dans ce cadre, le CO2 dégagé sur le lieu de production est capté soit en vue d’un stockage définitif (CSC), soit en vue de sa transformation en produits (CUC). À terme, les émissions de CO2 resteront autant que possible dans un circuit fermé via le procédé du CUC. Afin de faciliter les applications CCUS, les pouvoirs publics examinent la création d’une ‘dorsale’ de CO2 : un réseau de pipelines dédié au stockage (temporaire), au transport et à l’utilisation de CO2 afin de promouvoir l’économie circulaire du carbone. Symbiose industrielle en clusters L’industrie flamande est fortement concentrée en clusters autour de certains points-nœuds logistiques, comme le Port d’Anvers et le North Sea Port.', 'Symbiose industrielle en clusters L’industrie flamande est fortement concentrée en clusters autour de certains points-nœuds logistiques, comme le Port d’Anvers et le North Sea Port. Cela permet aux installations présentes d’échanger et de valoriser les flux résiduels – tels que le CO2, le H2 et la chaleur résiduelle. Nous profitons de cet atout et misons, via une logique de clustering, sur une symbiose industrielle consistant en un échange et une valorisation maximum des flux résiduels. Les entreprises devront engager une coopération et un échange d informations intensifs afin d accorder leurs processus de production. Dans le PFEC, nous ambitionnons de faire baisser, d’ici 2030, le CO2 de 23 % (12,2 Mt CO2-éq) par rapport à 2005. D’ici 2050, nous visons des émissions nulles dans le secteur flamand du transport.', 'D’ici 2050, nous visons des émissions nulles dans le secteur flamand du transport. À cet effet, nous veillons à ce que le transport de personnes et de marchandises soit totalement exempt d’émissions. La navigation aérienne et maritime internationale n’a pas été reprise dans cet objectif. Afin d’être compatibles avec les objectifs dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris, ces secteurs devront eux aussi réaliser des réductions considérables, en concordance avec les efforts fournis par d’autres secteurs. 3.3.2 Éléments constitutifs Une inversion de la tendance des émissions dans le secteur du transport, telle que postulée, n’est possible que par un verdissement radical de la flotte de véhicules et le maintien sous contrôle de la demande (d’énergie) de transport motorisé.', '3.3.2 Éléments constitutifs Une inversion de la tendance des émissions dans le secteur du transport, telle que postulée, n’est possible que par un verdissement radical de la flotte de véhicules et le maintien sous contrôle de la demande (d’énergie) de transport motorisé. De la sorte, nous contribuons à une mobilité non seulement à faible intensité de carbone mais aussi peu encombrante, nous améliorons la qualité de l’air et nous diminuons notre empreinte carbone et matières. Il existe en outre des synergies entre les deux objectifs : les défis techniques liés au verdissement de la flotte diminuent au fur et à mesure que le nombre de véhicules-kilomètres (motorisés) est réduit.', 'Il existe en outre des synergies entre les deux objectifs : les défis techniques liés au verdissement de la flotte diminuent au fur et à mesure que le nombre de véhicules-kilomètres (motorisés) est réduit. À l’inverse, un verdissement poussé de la flotte entraîne une diminution de la dépendance d’une réduction des kilomètres motorisés à la réalisation des objectifs climatiques. \x18\x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 21 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Pour réaliser notre ambition pour 2050, nous optons, conformément à la stratégie européenne à long terme, pour une mobilité et une logistique propres, sûres et connectées et la réalisation d’un système de mobilité et logistique durable, sûr, intelligent et multimodal.', '\x18\x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 21 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Pour réaliser notre ambition pour 2050, nous optons, conformément à la stratégie européenne à long terme, pour une mobilité et une logistique propres, sûres et connectées et la réalisation d’un système de mobilité et logistique durable, sûr, intelligent et multimodal. À cet effet, nous misons sur les éléments constitutifs suivants : Des villes et des noyaux urbanisés intelligents et agréables à vivre À l’intérieur des différentes régions de transport, les fonctions sociales importantes doivent être accessibles à tout un chacun de manière aisée et sûre par des moyens de transport (collectif) durables ou une combinaison de ceux-ci.', 'À cet effet, nous misons sur les éléments constitutifs suivants : Des villes et des noyaux urbanisés intelligents et agréables à vivre À l’intérieur des différentes régions de transport, les fonctions sociales importantes doivent être accessibles à tout un chacun de manière aisée et sûre par des moyens de transport (collectif) durables ou une combinaison de ceux-ci. C’est pourquoi nous misons sur une organisation spatiale axée sur le renforcement des noyaux, la proximité et la mixité des fonctions. Les nouveaux projets se greffent sur les réseaux existants (transports en commun et vélo, etc. ), à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif et des lieux à concentrations de structures.', '), à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif et des lieux à concentrations de structures. Sur le plan de la logistique urbaine, nous misons sur une intégration totale des différents flux de marchandises (détail, flux de déchets, logistique de construction, e-commerce, services, etc.) et, si possible, sur l’intégration des flux de personnes et de marchandises. Conjointement avec tous les acteurs concernés, nous misons sur la consolidation et le transbordement intelligents (par le biais de centres de distribution urbains, de microhubs ou de hubs temporaires), le verdissement des moyens de transport, l’élaboration de concepts innovants ou d’autres solutions qui débouchent sur des systèmes fiables, sûrs, lisibles et économiquement viables.', 'Conjointement avec tous les acteurs concernés, nous misons sur la consolidation et le transbordement intelligents (par le biais de centres de distribution urbains, de microhubs ou de hubs temporaires), le verdissement des moyens de transport, l’élaboration de concepts innovants ou d’autres solutions qui débouchent sur des systèmes fiables, sûrs, lisibles et économiquement viables. Une organisation efficace du transport de personnes : vers un modèle partagé et combiné Le système de mobilité actuel est largement basé sur la voiture non partagée, que vous amenez du lieu de départ à la destination finale. Nous constatons une augmentation, d’année en année, du nombre de voitures sur les routes flamandes avec un taux d’occupation très faible (1,3 personne en moyenne par voiture).', 'Nous constatons une augmentation, d’année en année, du nombre de voitures sur les routes flamandes avec un taux d’occupation très faible (1,3 personne en moyenne par voiture). Résultat : une forte consommation d’énergie et des émissions directes élevées (parce que ce sont des voitures pratiquement vides qui circulent), une forte empreinte carbone et matières liée à la production de voitures, et une occupation importante des sols qui, dans les grandes villes surtout, restreint l’espace public disponible pour d’autres finalités et modes de transport. Nous misons dès lors sur un glissement vers une mobilité combinée et partagée.', 'Nous misons dès lors sur un glissement vers une mobilité combinée et partagée. Par mobilité combinée, nous entendons l utilisation, sur un seul trajet, de plusieurs véhicules ou modes de transport, chaque partie du trajet étant parcourue avec le mode de transport le plus approprié et le plus durable. La mobilité partagée signifie que les véhicules ne sont plus utilisés par une seule personne. Elle peut revêtir plusieurs formes : outre les transports classiques, nous entendons aussi par là le partage des véhicules (plusieurs conducteurs successifs utilisent le même véhicule) et des trajets (plusieurs passagers partagent un véhicule, p. ex. par le biais du covoiturage).', 'par le biais du covoiturage). Afin de parvenir à un système de mobilité qui fonctionne de manière optimale, nous misons sur la réalisation d’un système de transport multimodal intégré de manière à ce que les voyageurs et le transporteur puissent facilement combiner les différentes modes de transport et choisir, à tout moment et pour chaque déplacement, le mode de transport (ou une combinaison de ces modes de transport) le plus adéquat. Nous œuvrons par conséquent à une intégration très poussée des différents réseaux routiers et de transport. Nous misons sur le développement d’un réseau de points-nœuds (points Mob) et sur l’intégration des systèmes d’information, de paiement et de réservation.', 'Nous misons sur le développement d’un réseau de points-nœuds (points Mob) et sur l’intégration des systèmes d’information, de paiement et de réservation. Une gestion intégrée de ces systèmes nécessite non seulement le partage de données \x18\x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 22 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 (émanant également d’acteurs privés), mais aussi une poursuite de la standardisation afin de garantir l’interopérabilité des systèmes. En investissant, au sein des régions de transport, dans le développement de réseaux cyclables et piétons sécurisés, cohérents et attractifs et dans un réseau d’autoroutes cyclables de qualité reliant les noyaux urbains, les pôles d’emploi et les nœuds de transport en commun importants, nous faisons du vélo un maillon important de la mobilité combinée et de l’offre de services de mobilité de demain.', 'En investissant, au sein des régions de transport, dans le développement de réseaux cyclables et piétons sécurisés, cohérents et attractifs et dans un réseau d’autoroutes cyclables de qualité reliant les noyaux urbains, les pôles d’emploi et les nœuds de transport en commun importants, nous faisons du vélo un maillon important de la mobilité combinée et de l’offre de services de mobilité de demain. Les systèmes partagés et l’offre de mobilité en tant que service (Mobility-as-a-Service ou MaaS) constituent un élément important de notre stratégie à long terme. Cela offre plusieurs avantages. Primo, le choix d’utiliser constamment, par (partie de) trajet, le mode de transport et le véhicule répondant le mieux à nos besoins s’en trouve facilité. Secundo, nous pouvons augmenter ainsi le taux d’occupation des véhicules (p.', 'Secundo, nous pouvons augmenter ainsi le taux d’occupation des véhicules (p. ex., par le covoiturage). Tertio, le nombre de véhicules nécessaires s’en trouvera globalement réduit, ce qui sera également bénéfique pour notre empreinte carbone et matières et l’occupation des sols. Enfin, les systèmes partagés entraînent une utilisation plus intensive et de ce fait un remplacement plus rapide des véhicules, de sorte que de nouveaux véhicules économes en énergie et zéro émission pénétreront le marché plus rapidement. L’innovation technologique dans le domaine des réseaux numériques et des véhicules autonomes peut accélérer le passage au MaaS.', 'L’innovation technologique dans le domaine des réseaux numériques et des véhicules autonomes peut accélérer le passage au MaaS. Nous nous engageons sur cette voie en facilitant le développement de plateformes de données et en misant sur une politique de données ouverte et sur la réalisation d’un marché ouvert pour les fournisseurs de services de mobilité. Nous arrivons à des modèles d’activités économiquement viables qui tiennent compte des intérêts sociaux (durabilité, inclusion, etc.). Nous continuons aussi à miser sur des systèmes de transport collectif de haute qualité, fréquents, rapides, ponctuels, confortables, accessibles et abordables. Nous investissons dans l’amélioration de la qualité, dans une bonne information et parvenons à une circulation fluide sur les axes principaux des transports publics. Nous équipons les points-nœuds des transports publics de systèmes partagés.', 'Nous équipons les points-nœuds des transports publics de systèmes partagés. Afin de maîtriser la demande de mobilité et la demande d’énergie y afférente, nous misons non seulement sur une organisation spatiale efficace qui soutient l’utilisation (combinée) de moyens de transport durables. Nous gérons le boom démographique autant que possible dans les centres ou noyaux (urbains). En accentuant la numérisation des services et en encourageant le travail indépendant du temps et de lieu, nous éviterons les déplacements inutiles. Une organisation efficace du transport de marchandises Les points-nœuds internationaux (ports maritimes et aéroports) sont des maillons importants de la chaîne logistique et jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l élaboration d’un système de transport synchromodal.', 'Une organisation efficace du transport de marchandises Les points-nœuds internationaux (ports maritimes et aéroports) sont des maillons importants de la chaîne logistique et jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l élaboration d’un système de transport synchromodal. Nous en assurons l’avenir (également sur le plan climatique) et rendons les flux de marchandises de et vers ces portes d’accès internationales durables. Afin de parvenir à une organisation performante des activités logistiques, nous misons sur un regroupement maximal d’activités logistiques au sein d’un nombre limité de points-nœuds logistiques régionaux le long de liaisons continentales. Ces points-nœuds logistiques régionaux bénéficient d’un désenclavement au moins bimodal et connaissent une bonne connexion aux \x18\x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 23 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 liaisons continentales.', 'Ces points-nœuds logistiques régionaux bénéficient d’un désenclavement au moins bimodal et connaissent une bonne connexion aux \x18\x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 23 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 liaisons continentales. Les entreprises sont soutenues et encouragées à adopter le mode optimal par flux de marchandises. En collaboration avec les entreprises de transport et de logistique, nous transformons la Flandre en une « autoroute numérique de l’approvisionnement. » À cet égard, nous misons au maximum sur la numérisation de manière à ce que les prestataires de services logistiques gèrent mieux les différents « flux » (marchandises, argent et informations) afin d’optimiser les chaînes logistiques et de les rendre durables.', '» À cet égard, nous misons au maximum sur la numérisation de manière à ce que les prestataires de services logistiques gèrent mieux les différents « flux » (marchandises, argent et informations) afin d’optimiser les chaînes logistiques et de les rendre durables. Pour les chargeurs, une intégration de l’information, des tarifs, des systèmes de paiement et des systèmes de réservation selon le principe ‘logistics as a service’ (LaaS) constitue un critère de qualité important. Afin d’organiser au mieux, dans les systèmes logistiques, les flux de marchandises physiques et virtuels/administratifs, nous veillons à ce que les matériels et logiciels communiquent entre eux au maximum avec, pour objectif ultime, l’Internet physique.', 'Afin d’organiser au mieux, dans les systèmes logistiques, les flux de marchandises physiques et virtuels/administratifs, nous veillons à ce que les matériels et logiciels communiquent entre eux au maximum avec, pour objectif ultime, l’Internet physique. Nous misons sur une transition vers l économie circulaire de manière à pourvoir à nos besoins avec moins de matières premières (mais durables). Nous rendons les produits recyclables, nous allons les utiliser plus intensivement (utilisation partagée, leasing et location). Nous faisons également en sorte qu’ils durent plus longtemps en les concevant mieux, en les entretenant, en les réparant, en les réutilisant ou en réintégrant certaines de leurs parties dans un produit neuf. Ce faisant, les besoins de transport de marchandises – et donc de véhicules-kilomètres – se déplaceront des longues distances vers le local.', 'Ce faisant, les besoins de transport de marchandises – et donc de véhicules-kilomètres – se déplaceront des longues distances vers le local. D’ici 2050, nous réalisons ainsi la transition vers un approvisionnement multimodal vert et efficace. En outre, nous utilisons les innovations technologiques en matière de durabilisation de la logistique (p. ex., livraisons par des drones, hyperloops, impression 3D, etc.). Des réseaux à l’épreuve du temps Nous continuons à miser sur le développement d’une infrastructure de qualité, qui garantit la fluidité, la sécurité et la durabilité du trafic et du transport. Nous veillons à ce que ces réseaux soient solides, résistants au changement climatique et bien entretenus. Nous œuvrons à une Flandre « intelligente » en tant que région d’excellence en matière d’innovation et de numérisation.', 'Nous œuvrons à une Flandre « intelligente » en tant que région d’excellence en matière d’innovation et de numérisation. Par conséquent, nous optons résolument pour des systèmes de transport intelligents, qui permettent d’offrir des services de mobilité et logistiques intelligents tout en garantissant la fluidité et la sécurité du trafic. La Flandre possède déjà aujourd hui un vaste réseau de pipelines pour de nombreux produits : gaz naturel, éthylène, pétrole, oxygène, azote, etc. Ce réseau peut encore être étendu pour transporter des volumes plus importants (hydrogène) et de nouveaux produits (CO2), réduisant ainsi le recours aux camions et bateaux. Transition vers des véhicules zéro émission efficaces Par un verdissement de la flotte, nous veillons à ce que les véhicules-kilomètres (motorisés) restants soient exempts d’émissions.', 'Transition vers des véhicules zéro émission efficaces Par un verdissement de la flotte, nous veillons à ce que les véhicules-kilomètres (motorisés) restants soient exempts d’émissions. En 2050, les personnes se déplacent autant que possible à bord de véhicules (électriques) légers. Plus le véhicule est léger, plus son utilisation est respectueuse de l’environnement et économe en \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 24 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 énergie, mais aussi moins il occupe d’espace. Nous considérons à cet égard les deux-roues électriques (bicyclettes, speed pedelecs, vélomoteurs, motos, vélos cargo, etc. ), les engins de déplacement (monowheels, trottinettes, etc. ), les trois-roues et les petits quatre-roues, mais aussi les utilitaires plus modestes.', '), les trois-roues et les petits quatre-roues, mais aussi les utilitaires plus modestes. Au cours des prochaines années, l’introduction de moteurs électriques se traduira par une constante augmentation de la qualité et de la diversité de l’offre de tels véhicules énergétiquement performants. Nous soutenons le déploiement de pareils véhicules en veillant, conjointement avec des partenaires privés, à une offre de qualité et abordable. Par ailleurs, nous aménageons aussi le domaine public et les réseaux d’infrastructure de manière à dégager pour ces moyens de transport un espace suffisant propre à en assurer un usage sûr et confortable.', 'Par ailleurs, nous aménageons aussi le domaine public et les réseaux d’infrastructure de manière à dégager pour ces moyens de transport un espace suffisant propre à en assurer un usage sûr et confortable. Pour ce faire, la circulation des voitures dans les centres urbains peut être limitée de manière à ce que les moyens de transport écologiques légers y disposent de tout l espace nécessaire au transport de personnes et de marchandises. Nous prévoyons, aux endroits stratégiques et aux points Mob, des points de recharge pour les véhicules électriques légers et des places de stationnement sûres. D’ici 2050, les voitures, camionnettes et bus seront totalement exempts d émissions. Les batteries (y compris les piles à combustible à l hydrogène) sont l’unique alternative zéro émission existante.', 'Les batteries (y compris les piles à combustible à l hydrogène) sont l’unique alternative zéro émission existante. En ce qui concerne le fret plus lourd, reste à voir dans quelle mesure et quand le transport zéro émission sera possible étant donné que les défis technologiques en la matière sont plus importants. Nous visons cependant une transition complète vers des véhicules zéro émission d’ici 2050 eu égard aux évolutions rapides des systèmes de propulsion zéro émission et à la recherche croissante menée dans ce domaine, également pour le fret lourd et la navigation. Une poursuite du verdissement du transport ferroviaire et de la navigation intérieure est nécessaire parce que ces modes conserveront leur caractère durable.', 'Une poursuite du verdissement du transport ferroviaire et de la navigation intérieure est nécessaire parce que ces modes conserveront leur caractère durable. En ce qui concerne le transport ferroviaire, cela signifie que nous utiliserons partout des trains électriques économes en énergie. Les bateaux de navigation fluviale sont équipés de moteur sans émission (notamment, par la conversion vers des carburants alternatifs) et sont alimentés en courant de quai aux postes d’attente et de mouillage. Le verdissement visé de la flotte nécessite de parvenir, dans les plus brefs délais, à une offre de qualité suffisante de véhicules zéro émission. L’offre et la demande seront encouragées en ce sens. Divers instruments, notamment fiscaux, une vision soutenue des autorités et l’instauration de normes et quotas à l’échelle européenne permettront d’y parvenir.', 'Divers instruments, notamment fiscaux, une vision soutenue des autorités et l’instauration de normes et quotas à l’échelle européenne permettront d’y parvenir. La Flandre veille en tout cas à un réseau étoffé d’infrastructures adéquates de ravitaillement ou de recharge, des chargeurs lents (p. ex., à domicile) aux chargeurs (ultra)rapides (p. ex., le long des autoroutes) et à un réseau électrique approprié. À cet égard, les véhicules électriques sont aussi pleinement exploités en tant que « véhicules-réseau » pour l’équilibrage du réseau. Nous veillons également à la disponibilité et à l’accessibilité rapide de ces chargeurs. À l’avenir, la recharge par induction sera également possible. L’électricité et l’hydrogène utilisés proviennent de sources climatiquement neutres. Les batteries utilisées dans nos véhicules sont performantes et présentent la plus faible empreinte environnementale possible.', 'Les batteries utilisées dans nos véhicules sont performantes et présentent la plus faible empreinte environnementale possible. Les batteries qui ne sont plus suffisamment bonnes pour des véhicules sont tout d’abord réutilisées pour des applications stationnaires (p. ex., pour l’alimentation électrique dans les bâtiments) puis recyclées au sein de l’UE, au terme de leur durée de vie, en vue de récupérer les métaux. Nous allongeons ainsi considérablement la durée de vie des batteries et nous assurons que les métaux critiques rares issus des batteries restent à la disposition de l’économie flamande.', 'Nous allongeons ainsi considérablement la durée de vie des batteries et nous assurons que les métaux critiques rares issus des batteries restent à la disposition de l’économie flamande. \x18\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 25 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Une approche européenne et mondiale du transport international En ce qui concerne la navigation aérienne et maritime internationale, une collaboration au niveau européen et mondial (OMI, OACI) est indispensable pour réaliser les ambitions climatiques. Il faut définir des objectifs ambitieux pour 2050 et instaurer un large éventail de mesures, tant des instruments technologiques, opérationnels que des instruments de marché. Les combustibles climatiquement neutres joueront un rôle-clé dans la défossilisation de la navigation aérienne et maritime internationale.', 'Les combustibles climatiquement neutres joueront un rôle-clé dans la défossilisation de la navigation aérienne et maritime internationale. Aussi, la disponibilité à grande échelle de combustibles climatiquement neutres abordables est indispensable. Outre la mise en avant de technologies innovantes, des changements de comportement au niveau de la production et de la consommation revêtent aussi une importance cruciale. En effet, le choix d’une économie circulaire et d’une production locale (chaînes plus courtes) entraîne en effet une diminution de la demande de transport international. La demande de transport aérien et maritime international peut également être rationalisée par une meilleure internalisation des coûts sociaux dans le prix de ces modes de transport. Nous visons à réduire les émissions du parc immobilier flamand à 2,3 Mt CO2éq. d’ici 2050.', 'Nous visons à réduire les émissions du parc immobilier flamand à 2,3 Mt CO2éq. d’ici 2050. Nous y parvenons en combinant l’efficacité énergétique et la gestion de la consommation d’énergie par la numérisation à une durabilisation poussée de la demande résiduelle d’électricité et de chaleur. Ces efforts seront poursuivis afin de rendre notre parc immobilier totalement neutre pour le climat aussi rapidement que possible après 2050. Outre la réduction des émissions directes, nous promouvons également la réduction de l empreinte carbone et matières indirecte de notre parc de bâtiments. 3.4.2 Éléments constitutifs Afin de limiter encore les émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’avenir aux émissions visées à l’horizon 2050, nous agirons sur chacune des propriétés suivantes des bâtiments : l’enveloppe, la compacité et l’installation technique.', '3.4.2 Éléments constitutifs Afin de limiter encore les émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’avenir aux émissions visées à l’horizon 2050, nous agirons sur chacune des propriétés suivantes des bâtiments : l’enveloppe, la compacité et l’installation technique. Il existe également des interactions et une symbiose entre ces éléments. Une demande énergétique plus faible (grâce à une compacité plus élevée et une enveloppe plus performante) fait, par exemple, qu’une technique de chauffage à basse température (p. ex., une pompe à chaleur) et basée sur des sources d’énergie climatiquement neutres (géothermie, électricité, etc.) constitue le choix optimal.', 'ex., une pompe à chaleur) et basée sur des sources d’énergie climatiquement neutres (géothermie, électricité, etc.) constitue le choix optimal. Concrètement, pour atteindre notre objectif, nous voyons les éléments constitutifs suivants : Performance énergétique de l enveloppe des bâtiments Dans le secteur du bâtiment, le principal gain peut être enregistré en améliorant l’efficacité énergétique de nos bâtiments. En ce qui concerne les constructions neuves, cet objectif sera atteint en renforçant les normes. Ainsi, dès 2021, tout nouveau logement devrait satisfaire au moins aux exigences BEN (BEN = \x18! \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 26 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 consommation d’énergie quasi nulle). Le défi majeur consiste toutefois à rendre le parc immobilier existant plus efficace.', 'Le défi majeur consiste toutefois à rendre le parc immobilier existant plus efficace. Conformément au Pacte de rénovation, l’ensemble du parc immobilier flamand devrait, d’ici 2050 au plus tard, être entièrement valorisé sur le plan énergétique au niveau de l’objectif à long terme fixé. À cet égard, l’objectif moyen de 100 kWh/m2 sera affiné par type de bâtiment, sera régulièrement évalué et sera assuré par la mise en place de jalons intermédiaires. L’exploitation systématique du potentiel du changement de propriétaire est une excellente opportunité pour encourager le propriétaire à donner plus de poids aux travaux de rénovation énergétique dans son projet global de rénovation. Une approche au niveau du quartier génère des économies d’échelle et des gains d’efficacité.', 'Une approche au niveau du quartier génère des économies d’échelle et des gains d’efficacité. Si la rénovation offre un potentiel insuffisant et/ou se révèle trop coûteuse, nous prônons la démolition et la reconstruction de logements sans valeur patrimoniale, remplaçant ainsi des bâtiments très énergivores par des bâtiments satisfaisant aux normes énergétiques strictes. En pareils cas, nous prendrons également en compte l’utilisation de l’espace afin de ne pas faire perdurer des situations indésirables à ce niveau. Les constructions neuves non résidentielles seront également soumises aux exigences BEN dès 2021 (p ex., écoles et immeubles de bureaux). Pour ce qui est du parc immobilier non résidentiel existant, nous visons, d’ici 2050, un parc neutre en carbone pour le chauffage, l’eau chaude sanitaire, le refroidissement et l’éclairage.', 'Pour ce qui est du parc immobilier non résidentiel existant, nous visons, d’ici 2050, un parc neutre en carbone pour le chauffage, l’eau chaude sanitaire, le refroidissement et l’éclairage. Les frais d’énergie dans les bâtiments non résidentiels ne représentent généralement qu’une fraction très limitée des charges d’exploitation totales de sorte que l amélioration des performances énergétiques du bâtiment ne constitue, en général, pas une priorité pour les propriétaires/gérants. Or, des performances énergétiques améliorées peuvent entraîner un confort accru pour les clients et les travailleurs. Il est donc crucial de mettre davantage l’accent sur les efforts positifs de meilleures performances énergétiques pour aboutir à des économies d’énergie dans les bâtiments non résidentiels.', 'Il est donc crucial de mettre davantage l’accent sur les efforts positifs de meilleures performances énergétiques pour aboutir à des économies d’énergie dans les bâtiments non résidentiels. Aspects spatiaux et utilisation plus efficace du parc immobilier Outre une enveloppe mieux isolée et des installations de chauffage plus efficaces, nous mettons l’accent sur une série d’aspects spatiaux – comme la flexibilité, l’adaptabilité, la compacité et l’orientation – afin de limiter davantage le besoin en énergie de notre parc immobilier. Nous accordons ainsi autant que possible les bâtiments et leurs usagers de manière à ne pas étendre le parc immobilier inutilement, à exploiter l’espace efficacement et à tout mettre en œuvre pour réaliser des bâtiments adaptatifs et flexibles.', 'Nous accordons ainsi autant que possible les bâtiments et leurs usagers de manière à ne pas étendre le parc immobilier inutilement, à exploiter l’espace efficacement et à tout mettre en œuvre pour réaliser des bâtiments adaptatifs et flexibles. Cela signifie, par exemple, que les logements s’adaptent plus facilement aux différents phases de la vie ou que les gens déménagent vers des logements plus compacts et moins énergivores lorsqu’ils n’ont plus besoin de leur logement plus spacieux (p. ex., lorsque les enfants quittent le cocon familial).', 'ex., lorsque les enfants quittent le cocon familial). Cela signifie également que les entreprises exploitent leur surface au sol aussi efficacement que possible (grâce, par exemple, à des méthodes de travail flexibles) ou que des bâtiments font l’objet d’une utilisation plus efficace et partagée (par exemple, des clubs sportifs utilisent également la salle de sport d une école après les heures de classe). Ces mesures contribuent non seulement à réduire l’utilisation directe d’énergie de notre parc immobilier (moins de surface à chauffer/refroidir), mais aussi notre empreinte carbone et matières indirecte. Utilisation d’énergies renouvelables et de technologies locales sans émission, dont l’électrification \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 27 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Il y a aura toujours une demande résiduelle d’énergie.', 'Utilisation d’énergies renouvelables et de technologies locales sans émission, dont l’électrification \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 27 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Il y a aura toujours une demande résiduelle d’énergie. Par conséquent, outre la limitation de l’utilisation d’énergie, nous misons également sur la durabilisation de l’approvisionnement en énergie pour les bâtiments d’ici 2050. Si possible, nous misons sur les réseaux de chaleur pour le chauffage de nos bâtiments, qui sont alimentés en chaleur résiduelle ou en chaleur verte produite de manière centralisée. Le potentiel pour de tels systèmes de chauffage collectif est augmenté par un aménagement du territoire intelligent qui encourage le renforcement du noyau et l habitat groupé aux bons endroits (endroits possédant une bonne ouverture sur les TC et des structures suffisantes).', 'Le potentiel pour de tels systèmes de chauffage collectif est augmenté par un aménagement du territoire intelligent qui encourage le renforcement du noyau et l habitat groupé aux bons endroits (endroits possédant une bonne ouverture sur les TC et des structures suffisantes). Les réseaux de chaleur constituent une solution moins efficace pour les bâtiments plus dispersés. Là, nous misons sur l’énergie solaire et l’électrification (principalement par le biais de pompes à chaleur) pour réaliser nos ambitions. Comme la production d’électricité évoluera aussi vers une part plus importante de sources d énergie variables, la gestion de la demande, le stockage et l’exploitation efficace de l’électricité joueront un rôle important. De même, la demande de froid constitue une préoccupation importante et croissante.', 'De même, la demande de froid constitue une préoccupation importante et croissante. Nous misons en premier lieu sur la diminution de la demande de refroidissement (par l’isolation et la protection solaire), le refroidissement passif et, seulement ensuite, sur l’évacuation de la chaleur excédentaire par un processus de refroidissement actif. Une durabilisation est possible en l’occurrence par échange direct avec le froid ambiant. Réduction de l’empreinte carbone et matières Outre des émissions directes, notre parc immobilier présente aussi une empreinte carbone et matières significative. À l’heure actuelle, les matériaux sont ainsi responsables de 15 à 18 % de l’impact environnemental total d un bâtiment. Cette proportion augmentera encore au fur et à mesure de l amélioration de l efficacité énergétique du patrimoine immobilier.', 'Cette proportion augmentera encore au fur et à mesure de l amélioration de l efficacité énergétique du patrimoine immobilier. Comme dit plus haut, la compacité et une utilisation plus efficace du parc immobilier (p. ex., par une utilisation partagée des espaces) contribuent déjà de manière significative à la réduction de l’impact de nos bâtiments sur l’environnement. C’est pourquoi nous misons sur des formes d habitat qui limitent le volume de construction par usager tout en maintenant, voire en améliorant, la qualité de l’habitat et la qualité de vie, comme l’habitat groupé, les logements ‘kangourou’ et les bâtiments répondant à une conception évolutive et multifonctionnelle de manière à ce que les espaces puissent être réorganisés en fonction des besoins de l’usager.', 'C’est pourquoi nous misons sur des formes d habitat qui limitent le volume de construction par usager tout en maintenant, voire en améliorant, la qualité de l’habitat et la qualité de vie, comme l’habitat groupé, les logements ‘kangourou’ et les bâtiments répondant à une conception évolutive et multifonctionnelle de manière à ce que les espaces puissent être réorganisés en fonction des besoins de l’usager. À terme, les projets permettront également un démontage aisé des bâtiments et des espaces en vue d’une réutilisation ou d’un recyclage de qualité et écoresponsable des matériaux.', 'À terme, les projets permettront également un démontage aisé des bâtiments et des espaces en vue d’une réutilisation ou d’un recyclage de qualité et écoresponsable des matériaux. Par le biais de passeports de matériaux associés au bâtiment, on recueille des informations sur les matériaux de construction utilisés, leur composition et leur emplacement de sorte qu’ils peuvent être récupérés, au stade de la démolition, en vue d’être réutilisés ou recyclés. En ce qui concerne les bâtiments existants qui arrivent en fin de vie, nous misons également sur la démolition sélective afin de permettre une récupération et un recyclage améliorés des flux de matériaux.', 'En ce qui concerne les bâtiments existants qui arrivent en fin de vie, nous misons également sur la démolition sélective afin de permettre une récupération et un recyclage améliorés des flux de matériaux. Les substances toxiques (comme l’amiante et le goudron) doivent disparaître du circuit, mais tous les autres déchets non toxiques seront recyclés au mieux et valorisés dans une vie suivante.', 'Les substances toxiques (comme l’amiante et le goudron) doivent disparaître du circuit, mais tous les autres déchets non toxiques seront recyclés au mieux et valorisés dans une vie suivante. \x18\x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 28 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 3.5 AGRICULTURE ET SYSTEME ALIMENTAIRE Nous veillons à ce que notre secteur agricole puisse continuer à répondre, en 2050, aux attentes de la société telles que, par exemple, la production alimentaire suffisante, sûre, variée et de qualité, la production de biomasse en remplacement de matières premières non renouvelables, un espace de qualité suffisant pour les services écosystémiques, le bien-être et la sécurité des animaux et la contribution à la qualité d’un cadre de vie meilleur et plus agréable (air, eau, sol, biodiversité, etc.).', '\x18\x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 28 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 3.5 AGRICULTURE ET SYSTEME ALIMENTAIRE Nous veillons à ce que notre secteur agricole puisse continuer à répondre, en 2050, aux attentes de la société telles que, par exemple, la production alimentaire suffisante, sûre, variée et de qualité, la production de biomasse en remplacement de matières premières non renouvelables, un espace de qualité suffisant pour les services écosystémiques, le bien-être et la sécurité des animaux et la contribution à la qualité d’un cadre de vie meilleur et plus agréable (air, eau, sol, biodiversité, etc.). Parallèlement, nous entendons également limiter l’impact du secteur agricole sur le climat et contribuer de manière significative à l’objectif flamand de 85 % de réduction.', 'Parallèlement, nous entendons également limiter l’impact du secteur agricole sur le climat et contribuer de manière significative à l’objectif flamand de 85 % de réduction. Compte tenu du potentiel de réduction plus restreint par rapport à d autres secteurs8, nous visons, à cet égard, une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur agricole (tant énergétiques que non énergétiques) à 3,5 Mt CO2éq. d’ici 2050. Outre la réduction des émissions directes du secteur agricole, nous misons également sur une diminution de l’impact climatique du système alimentaire. Le chapitre suivant aborde les ambitions et les éléments constitutifs pour promouvoir le stockage de carbone dans les terres agricoles (UTCATF).', 'Le chapitre suivant aborde les ambitions et les éléments constitutifs pour promouvoir le stockage de carbone dans les terres agricoles (UTCATF). 3.5.2 Éléments constitutifs Afin d’atteindre les objectifs ambitieux précités de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, nous miserons résolument et de manière équilibrée sur les trois volets suivants : 1. Une innovation technologique et systémique durable au sein du secteur agricole 2. Des modèles de revenus durables et/ou innovants 3. Une transition et une innovation systémique dans le système alimentaire Nous nous engageons en faveur de la recherche scientifique et pratique supplémentaire et de techniques de mesure améliorées (notamment sur la base d analyses du cycle de vie) afin de mieux cartographier l’impact exact des éléments constitutifs ci-dessous sur le climat.', 'Une transition et une innovation systémique dans le système alimentaire Nous nous engageons en faveur de la recherche scientifique et pratique supplémentaire et de techniques de mesure améliorées (notamment sur la base d analyses du cycle de vie) afin de mieux cartographier l’impact exact des éléments constitutifs ci-dessous sur le climat. Une innovation technologique et systémique durable au sein du secteur agricole Par le passé, l’amélioration des processus de production existants a déjà permis d’enregistrer des bénéfices environnementaux significatifs. Une intensification durable devrait favoriser de nouvelles améliorations en termes d efficacité. D’une part, le rendement par hectare ou par animal sera augmenté mais, d’autre part, les intrants (engrais, protection phytosanitaire, matières premières importées, énergie fossile primaire, etc.) feront l’objet d’une réduction proportionnellement plus importante.', 'feront l’objet d’une réduction proportionnellement plus importante. À cet effet, nous misons sur le smart farming (agriculture intelligente) ou l’agriculture de précision où les intrants sont optimisés au maximum. Selon les principes du Trias Energetica, la réduction des émissions énergétiques dans le secteur agricole va se poursuivre. Avant tout, la consommation d’énergie générale dans le secteur 8 Près de 80 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur agricole consistent en émissions non énergétiques autres que de CO2 qui sont, jusqu’à un certain point, inévitables dans la production de denrées alimentaires et de matières premières organiques.', 'Avant tout, la consommation d’énergie générale dans le secteur 8 Près de 80 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur agricole consistent en émissions non énergétiques autres que de CO2 qui sont, jusqu’à un certain point, inévitables dans la production de denrées alimentaires et de matières premières organiques. \x18\x1a \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 29 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 continuera à baisser grâce à des économies d énergie et à une efficacité énergétique accrue (p. ex., efficacité énergétique de l’infrastructure et des machines, réutilisation de la chaleur résiduelle, récupération de chaleur, utilisation de CO2 résiduel dans l’horticulture sous serre).', 'ex., efficacité énergétique de l’infrastructure et des machines, réutilisation de la chaleur résiduelle, récupération de chaleur, utilisation de CO2 résiduel dans l’horticulture sous serre). D’ici 2050, nous répondrons à la demande résiduelle d’énergie du secteur agricole flamand au maximum en recourant à l’énergie renouvelable d’origine éolienne et solaire, au biogaz issu d’installations de fermentation (à petite échelle), à des pompes à chaleur, à la géothermie, à la biomasse, etc., et en installant des systèmes de stockage de l’énergie réalisables. Dans l’horticulture sous serre – qui intervient pour une part importante dans la consommation d’énergie primaire du secteur agricole -, nous prônons une utilisation maximale de la chaleur ‘verte’ et résiduelle.', 'Dans l’horticulture sous serre – qui intervient pour une part importante dans la consommation d’énergie primaire du secteur agricole -, nous prônons une utilisation maximale de la chaleur ‘verte’ et résiduelle. En ce qui concerne les émissions non énergétiques, nous misons sur des mesures techniques afin de les réduire au maximum. Des rations alimentaires adaptées, une optimisation du rendement de la nourriture et l’amélioration de la gestion de l’exploitation (p. ex. longévité) peuvent réduire de manière significative les émissions relatives de méthane par unité de production. De même, la gestion, le stockage et la fermentation du fumier offrent encore un potentiel considérable de réductions supplémentaires du méthane. D’ici 2050, la fermentation dans les exploitations porcines et laitières sera maximale.', 'D’ici 2050, la fermentation dans les exploitations porcines et laitières sera maximale. Le secteur agricole peut ainsi non seulement réduire ses propres émissions, mais également fournir une source d’énergie renouvelable (biométhane) au sein de son propre secteur (p. ex. cogénération dans l’horticulture sous serre) ou à d’autres secteurs. Par une augmentation de l’efficacité de l’azote dans la chaîne de production alimentaire, nous limitons enfin les pertes d’azote dans l’eau et l’atmosphère (émissions de N2 O). À cet effet, nous misons sur des techniques comme l’agriculture de précision (le bon dosage de fertilisation azotée au bon moment et au bon endroit), une absorption plus efficace de l’azote grâce à des cultures adaptées (p.', 'À cet effet, nous misons sur des techniques comme l’agriculture de précision (le bon dosage de fertilisation azotée au bon moment et au bon endroit), une absorption plus efficace de l’azote grâce à des cultures adaptées (p. ex., sélection végétale) et des rotations de cultures, un meilleur traitement du fumier (avec récupération des nutriments et par conséquent des pertes d’azote réduites), et une ration de protéines adaptée pour l’alimentation des animaux (ration pauvre en protéines, alternatives végétales et protéines issues de flux résiduels, etc.). Des modèles de revenus durables et/ou innovants Outre le recours à des mesures techniques, des modèles de revenus innovants seront également utilisés pour réduire l’impact climatique (et, plus largement, environnemental) du secteur agricole.', 'Des modèles de revenus durables et/ou innovants Outre le recours à des mesures techniques, des modèles de revenus innovants seront également utilisés pour réduire l’impact climatique (et, plus largement, environnemental) du secteur agricole. Non seulement l’environnement et le climat, mais aussi la résilience économique du secteur en bénéficieront. À l’avenir, nous passons d’une production de volume à un modèle de revenus durable. En collaboration avec d’autres acteurs du système alimentaire, nous misons sur des modèles de revenus qui ne se concentrent pas unilatéralement sur le faible coût, mais aussi, par exemple, sur l’unicité et la qualité du produit agricole ou horticole. Par ailleurs, nous appliquons des principes circulaires au niveau de l’exploitation ou du secteur afin de réduire davantage les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Par ailleurs, nous appliquons des principes circulaires au niveau de l’exploitation ou du secteur afin de réduire davantage les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Cela suppose que les matières premières sont utilisées le plus efficacement possible en accordant une attention particulière au bouclage des cycles (de nutriments). Non seulement l’environnement et le climat, mais aussi la résilience économique du secteur en bénéficieront. La collaboration de différents acteurs au sein et en dehors du secteur induit une amélioration de l exploitation et de la valorisation des flux connexes.', 'La collaboration de différents acteurs au sein et en dehors du secteur induit une amélioration de l exploitation et de la valorisation des flux connexes. \x18" \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 30 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 En adoptant plus activement des pratiques agricoles durables, le secteur agricole fournit, outre une sécurité alimentaire, également divers services (écosystémiques) à la société, comme la production de biomasse et d’énergie verte (non seulement pour sa propre consommation mais aussi pour celle de tiers), le tamponnage et l’infiltration d’eau, la biodiversité, le stockage de carbone, etc. Nous élaborons des mécanismes qui débouchent sur une meilleure valorisation de ces services (écosystémiques) de manière à ce qu’une gestion d’entreprise durabilisée devienne plus favorable pour l’agriculteur.', 'Nous élaborons des mécanismes qui débouchent sur une meilleure valorisation de ces services (écosystémiques) de manière à ce qu’une gestion d’entreprise durabilisée devienne plus favorable pour l’agriculteur. Nous encourageons à cet égard l’intégration de sources d’énergies renouvelables dans les bâtiments agricoles neufs et existants, un engagement accru en faveur des prairies et de la gestion des prairies, des couverts végétaux, des bandes tampons, de la qualité du sol, des bassins, de la gestion des fossés, des petits éléments paysagers, de l’agroforesterie, du stockage de carbone (voir aussi le chapitre UTCATF ci-dessous), etc . Outre la fourniture de services écosystémiques, le secteur agricole jouera un rôle important dans l exploitation et la valorisation des flux connexes grâce à la collaboration de différents acteurs au sein et en dehors du secteur.', 'Outre la fourniture de services écosystémiques, le secteur agricole jouera un rôle important dans l exploitation et la valorisation des flux connexes grâce à la collaboration de différents acteurs au sein et en dehors du secteur. Nous valorisons le fumier par une fermentation en biogaz et digestat. Nous utiliserons au maximum les flux résiduels végétaux dans le secteur de l’agriculture et de l’horticulture au profit de la structure du sol, de la fertilité du sol, comme aliments pour animaux ou comme source d’énergie pour d’autres applications. Il en va de même pour les flux connexes marins. La pêche maritime continue à développer des méthodes économes en énergie.', 'La pêche maritime continue à développer des méthodes économes en énergie. Dans l’aquaculture, nous tendons vers des systèmes d’élevage intégrés réduisant à un minimum les flux résiduels et la perte de matières premières. Nous examinons la culture de zostères et d algues riches en nutriments en mer. Une attention accrue est également accordée au déplacement des fonds de pêche et aux espèces invasives. Nous défendons également la côte par la culture et l’aquaculture de coquillages (huîtres, moules, etc.) d’une manière écologique, qui peut également assurer la rétention de sable. Une transition et une innovation systémique dans le système alimentaire L’empreinte carbone des denrées alimentaires est déterminée par différents actes au sein de la chaîne agroalimentaire.', 'Une transition et une innovation systémique dans le système alimentaire L’empreinte carbone des denrées alimentaires est déterminée par différents actes au sein de la chaîne agroalimentaire. La réduction de cette empreinte requiert dès lors davantage de changements structurels tout au long de la chaîne agroalimentaire, où non seulement le secteur primaire mais aussi tous les autres maillons – y compris le consommateur – prennent leurs responsabilités. Dès lors, il convient d ancrer la politique agricole, horticole et de la pêche dans une politique alimentaire intégrée et circulaire. À cet égard, nous mettrons tout d’abord l’accent sur la réduction des pertes alimentaires du producteur au consommateur.', 'À cet égard, nous mettrons tout d’abord l’accent sur la réduction des pertes alimentaires du producteur au consommateur. Les pertes alimentaires induisent non seulement un gaspillage inutile de facteurs de production précieux comme l’eau, les nutriments, les produits phytosanitaires et l’énergie, mais contribuent aussi au réchauffement climatique. En Flandre, nous estimons les pertes alimentaires totales à 1,2 à 2,4 millions de tonnes par an. Le consommateur flamand jette, en moyenne, entre 18 et 26 kg de nourriture par an (= gaspillage alimentaire), ce qui correspond à 4 à 6 % de la quantité totale de nourriture achetée et à environ 4 % de l’empreinte carbone des aliments achetés.', 'Le consommateur flamand jette, en moyenne, entre 18 et 26 kg de nourriture par an (= gaspillage alimentaire), ce qui correspond à 4 à 6 % de la quantité totale de nourriture achetée et à environ 4 % de l’empreinte carbone des aliments achetés. Afin de réduire davantage le gaspillage alimentaire à l’avenir, nous misons en premier lieu sur une sensibilisation accrue du consommateur même. Une information plus complète sur la provenance des aliments pourrait y contribuer. Par ailleurs, le secteur de la \x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 31 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 distribution a lui aussi un rôle important à jouer en élargissant son offre d’aliments sur mesure ou en proposant des denrées alimentaires de second choix à prix réduit.', 'Par ailleurs, le secteur de la \x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 31 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 distribution a lui aussi un rôle important à jouer en élargissant son offre d’aliments sur mesure ou en proposant des denrées alimentaires de second choix à prix réduit. Enfin, les flux résiduels alimentaires consistent, pour les trois quarts, en flux connexes tels que les épluchures de pommes de terre, de fruits et de légumes, les tissus adipeux et les os. Ces flux connexes sont inévitables, mais seront valorisés au maximum pour l’alimentation animale, l’industrie, le compostage et les énergies renouvelables selon le principe de la cascade. Nous pouvons également réduire fortement l’empreinte de notre mode de consommation en adoptant des habitudes de consommation plus durables.', 'Nous pouvons également réduire fortement l’empreinte de notre mode de consommation en adoptant des habitudes de consommation plus durables. La consommation d’aliments produits localement constitue le principal levier pour réduire l’impact de notre consommation sur le climat tout comme la suppression de la surconsommation en tous genres, en choisissant par exemple de réduire la consommation de viande et de privilégier la viande de production locale pour laquelle un juste prix sera payé de manière à ce que l’éleveur puisse continuer à investir dans une production respectueuse du climat, en consommant davantage de protéines végétales locales et de produits de saison. De plus en plus, le consommateur se préoccupe de choses comme la santé, les problèmes environnementaux, le changement climatique et le bien-être animal.', 'De plus en plus, le consommateur se préoccupe de choses comme la santé, les problèmes environnementaux, le changement climatique et le bien-être animal. Nous profitons de ces tendances pour inculquer un mode de consommation plus durable dans une culture du ‘manger’ équilibré, sain, savoureux et de saison, qui se préoccupe de savoir ce que l’on manger et de connaître personnellement le producteur. Pour instaurer durablement et à grande échelle des habitudes de consommation plus durables, nous misons sur une approche issue des sciences du comportement afin de rejoindre le plus possible le processus décisionnel du Flamand.', 'Pour instaurer durablement et à grande échelle des habitudes de consommation plus durables, nous misons sur une approche issue des sciences du comportement afin de rejoindre le plus possible le processus décisionnel du Flamand. Dans le contexte de la politique agricole, nous développons une politique des protéines qui met l’accent sur des besoins importants en protéines, tant pour l’alimentation que pour le fourrage, dans le cadre d’une alimentation et d’un fourrage sains et de qualité. À partir de ces besoins importants en protéines, nous amorçons la transition protéique pour aboutir à une consommation de protéines durable et tournée vers l’avenir. Tous les types de protéines (produits protéinés) (d’origine animale, végétale, hybride, innovante) bénéficient de l’attention nécessaire dans le cadre de cette transition protéique.', 'Tous les types de protéines (produits protéinés) (d’origine animale, végétale, hybride, innovante) bénéficient de l’attention nécessaire dans le cadre de cette transition protéique. 3.6 SOLS, FORETS ET BIOMASSE Les sols et la biomasse contiennent des stocks de carbone considérables et peuvent constituer tant une source qu’un puits de stockage de gaz à effet de serre. À l’avenir, ce secteur jouera un rôle important eu égard à l’ambition, aux termes de l’accord de Paris, de parvenir au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle, à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques et les absorptions de gaz à effet de serre (notamment dans les sols et la biomasse). En Flandre également, nous tendons vers une absorption optimale du carbone dans notre sol et notre biomasse.', 'En Flandre également, nous tendons vers une absorption optimale du carbone dans notre sol et notre biomasse. Faute de données précises sur les stocks actuels de carbone des sols, il n’est pas encore possible de procéder à une estimation chiffrée de leur contribution potentielle à notre objectif général. Nous visons, par type de sol/biomasse, les situations suivantes : Dans les sols agricoles, la teneur en carbone a atteint, à l’horizon 2050, une zone optimale et les pratiques agricoles ont évolué de telle manière que la teneur en carbone continue à augmenter \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 32 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 ou se stabilise à un niveau élevé.', 'Nous visons, par type de sol/biomasse, les situations suivantes : Dans les sols agricoles, la teneur en carbone a atteint, à l’horizon 2050, une zone optimale et les pratiques agricoles ont évolué de telle manière que la teneur en carbone continue à augmenter \x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 32 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 ou se stabilise à un niveau élevé. Cela contribue non seulement à l’atténuation du changement climatique, mais augmente également la résistance des terres agricoles à l’érosion et aux conditions climatiques extrêmes (sécheresse, fortes précipitations, chaleur, etc.) qui seront plus fréquentes en raison du changement climatique. Les zones naturelles et forestières peuvent stocker des quantités énormes de carbone tant en sous-sol qu’en surface.', 'Les zones naturelles et forestières peuvent stocker des quantités énormes de carbone tant en sous-sol qu’en surface. D’ici 2050, le stockage de carbone dans ces zones sera maximalisé compte tenu du type naturel souhaité. Par ailleurs, nous élargissons ces zones afin d’atteindre en Flandre les objectifs tant en matière climatique que de biodiversité. Nous poursuivons la mise sous gestion efficace des ressources naturelles (p. ex. 20.000 ha supplémentaires d’ici 2024) et la plantation de forêts supplémentaires. (10.000 ha d’ici 2030, dont 4000 ha d’ici 2024, soit 2,3 ha par jour). Dans les domaines publics également (comme les parcs, les accotements et les domaines récréatifs), le stockage de carbone et la résistance au changement climatique jouent un rôle décisif dans l’aménagement comme dans la gestion.', 'Dans les domaines publics également (comme les parcs, les accotements et les domaines récréatifs), le stockage de carbone et la résistance au changement climatique jouent un rôle décisif dans l’aménagement comme dans la gestion. La biomasse est utilisée suivant le principe de la cascade. Cela signifie que nous affectons autant que possible la biomasse à la fabrication de produits à longue durée de vie (matériaux de construction, meubles, matière première pour des produits chimiques durables, etc.) de manière à ce que le carbone y reste stocké à long terme. La combustion de biomasse n’est appliquée que dans le cas de flux résiduels pour lesquels aucune application à plus forte valeur n’est possible.', 'La combustion de biomasse n’est appliquée que dans le cas de flux résiduels pour lesquels aucune application à plus forte valeur n’est possible. Les tourbières et forêts alluviales contiennent, en tant que carbon hotspots, de grandes quantités de carbone qui peuvent se libérer sous la forme d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre en cas d’abaissement du niveau de la nappe phréatique dans ces zones (p. ex. par suite de drainage, de construction ou de pompage). D’ici 2050, nous préservons de tels hotspots de toute dégradation et restaurons les systèmes perturbés. 3.6.2 Éléments constitutifs Meilleur suivi des stocks de carbone On ne dispose actuellement pas de données de suivi systématique des stocks de carbone des sols en Flandre.', '3.6.2 Éléments constitutifs Meilleur suivi des stocks de carbone On ne dispose actuellement pas de données de suivi systématique des stocks de carbone des sols en Flandre. On ne connaît dès lors qu’approximativement la quantité de carbone qui y est actuellement déjà stockée et les endroits offrant donc encore un énorme potentiel supplémentaire. Dans un premier temps, nous prônons par conséquent un meilleur suivi des stocks de carbone afin de mieux cartographier le potentiel de réduction. À cet égard, les hotspots de carbone sont également identifiés.', 'À cet égard, les hotspots de carbone sont également identifiés. Encourager les pratiques agricoles qui favorisent le stockage de carbone Plusieurs techniques sont déjà connues pour faire grimper la teneur en carbone de sols cultivables : épandage de matière organique telle que compost, copeaux de bois et fumier, non- évacuation mais incorporation des résidus des récoltes tels que paille, rotations des cultures avec de nombreuses céréales, plantes à fibres et cultures fourragères pluriannuelles et utilisation de couverts végétaux et de cultures intercalaires. Nous éliminons les obstacles pour pouvoir mettre en œuvre au maximum ces techniques et d’autres.', 'Nous éliminons les obstacles pour pouvoir mettre en œuvre au maximum ces techniques et d’autres. À cet égard, la politique en matière d’engrais constitue une préoccupation importante : en effet, la politique actuelle en matière d’engrais empêche dans une certaine mesure l’épandage de fumier et de compost sur les terres agricoles. C’est pourquoi nous misons sur une approche globale – également, à l’échelle de l’UE – par laquelle \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 33 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 on recherche un équilibre entre la réduction des pertes d’azote, d’une part, et la promotion du stockage de carbone dans le sol, d’autre part.', 'C’est pourquoi nous misons sur une approche globale – également, à l’échelle de l’UE – par laquelle \x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 33 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 on recherche un équilibre entre la réduction des pertes d’azote, d’une part, et la promotion du stockage de carbone dans le sol, d’autre part. Les prairies permanentes contiennent de grandes quantités de carbone et il convient donc certainement de mettre en œuvre ici aussi des pratiques visant à maintenir et, si possible, accroître, la teneur en carbone. Nous optimisons dès lors la gestion des herbages en fonction du potentiel de stockage de carbone et étendons si possible la superficie consacrée aux prairies.', 'Nous optimisons dès lors la gestion des herbages en fonction du potentiel de stockage de carbone et étendons si possible la superficie consacrée aux prairies. À cet effet, nous développons des incitants en vue de convertir autant que possible des champs en prairies plus riches en carbone ou en systèmes d’agroforesterie. Les pratiques agricoles précitées requièrent souvent des efforts considérables et induisent des coûts plus élevés pour l’agriculteur sans augmentation (immédiate) du rendement en contrepartie. Aussi développons-nous – notamment dans le cadre de la PAC – les incitants financiers nécessaires pour promouvoir le stockage de carbone dans le sol.', 'Aussi développons-nous – notamment dans le cadre de la PAC – les incitants financiers nécessaires pour promouvoir le stockage de carbone dans le sol. Encourager le stockage de carbone dans les forêts et la nature On empêche au maximum la destruction ou la dégradation (c.-à-d. des activités telles que le déboisement, le drainage, le terrassement et l’arrachage) de végétations riches en carbone (forêts, marais et zones humides, et prairies permanentes historiques). D’ici 2050, nous aurons réalisé les objectifs de conservation européens et nous assurons la mise en œuvre des objectifs liés à la nature et des mesures politiques flamandes (p. ex. le Réseau écologique flamand et le Réseau intégral d’imbrication et d’appui).', 'le Réseau écologique flamand et le Réseau intégral d’imbrication et d’appui). Outre la politique de biodiversité pure, on vise également en l’occurrence tout un éventail de services écosystémiques tels que les activités récréatives et de loisirs (p. ex. aires de jeux), le bien-être et la santé (forêts périurbaines), la rétention et l’infiltration d’eau (p. ex. l’effet d’éponge des zones humides), le stockage du carbone (p. ex. forêts climatiques), la production de biomasse, etc. Dans le développement et la mise en œuvre de la politique de la nature, nous veillons, d’une part, à sensibiliser les gestionnaires forestiers et des espaces naturels et, d’autre part, à les encourager et à les soutenir afin de préserver et d’augmenter autant que possible les stocks de carbone.', 'Dans le développement et la mise en œuvre de la politique de la nature, nous veillons, d’une part, à sensibiliser les gestionnaires forestiers et des espaces naturels et, d’autre part, à les encourager et à les soutenir afin de préserver et d’augmenter autant que possible les stocks de carbone. Nous veillons également à ce que le stockage de CO2 s’effectue durablement, surtout au vu des effets potentiels du changement climatique attendu sur le fonctionnement de nos écosystèmes. Il ne servirait pas à grand-chose de stocker rapidement de grosses quantités si, au moindre contretemps (période de sécheresse extrême, feu de forêt, tempête), elles se libèrent directement.', 'Il ne servirait pas à grand-chose de stocker rapidement de grosses quantités si, au moindre contretemps (période de sécheresse extrême, feu de forêt, tempête), elles se libèrent directement. Pour cette raison, tous les plans de gestion forestière et des espaces naturels accorderont l’attention nécessaire à la résilience aux effets attendus du changement climatique. Les forêts, prairies et landes hétérogènes, riches en biodiversité, sont plus stables et moins sensibles aux effets du changement climatique et stockent en outre nettement plus de CO2 que des variantes homogènes et pauvres en espèces.', 'Les forêts, prairies et landes hétérogènes, riches en biodiversité, sont plus stables et moins sensibles aux effets du changement climatique et stockent en outre nettement plus de CO2 que des variantes homogènes et pauvres en espèces. Encourager le stockage de carbone dans les jardins, parcs, domaines publics et privés Les gestionnaires de jardins, parcs, domaines publics et privés constituent un groupe très hétérogène, nettement moins au fait de la nécessité d’un bon stockage du carbone et des techniques disponibles à cet effet que les agriculteurs. Nous misons par conséquent sur la \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 34 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 mobilisation et l’information afin de convaincre ces groupes-cibles tant de leur potentiel que de la responsabilité qu’ils ont de contribuer aux ambitions climatiques flamandes.', 'Nous misons par conséquent sur la \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 34 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 mobilisation et l’information afin de convaincre ces groupes-cibles tant de leur potentiel que de la responsabilité qu’ils ont de contribuer aux ambitions climatiques flamandes. L’importance des sols et de la végétation (riche en biodiversité) pour la protection des stocks de carbone existants, la séquestration du carbone et l’adaptation au changement climatique est mise en avant dans la formation des architectes de jardins et paysagistes, des entrepreneurs de jardins, etc. de manière à ce qu’ils puissent en tenir compte dans la conception et l’aménagement des jardins et domaines publics.', 'de manière à ce qu’ils puissent en tenir compte dans la conception et l’aménagement des jardins et domaines publics. Politique en matière de biomasse Nous menons dans les différents secteurs une politique en matière de biomasse greffée sur le principe de la cascade. Nous développons des outils bien construits qui incitent à poser des choix quant à la destination et à la réaffectation de biomasse en se fondant toujours sur des considérations liées au climat et au stockage de carbone. Plus la durée de vie des produits issus de biomasse est longue, plus longtemps le CO2 est fixé. Plus le recyclage de ces produits est fréquent et de qualité, plus grand sera le bénéfice pour le climat.', 'Plus le recyclage de ces produits est fréquent et de qualité, plus grand sera le bénéfice pour le climat. Nous accordons dès lors la priorité à l’utilisation de biomasse pour des applications de longue durée qui peuvent faire l’objet d’un recyclage de qualité. Nous encourageons également l’utilisation de biomasse pour la production de matériaux qui nous permettront de réaliser des économies sur des matériaux à forte intensité de carbone comme l’acier et le béton (= effet de substitution). La récolte de biomasse demeure toujours dans des limites durablement écologiques. Dans le contexte d’un climat en mutation, le maintien durable de la capacité de production, c.-à-d. l’écosystème qui produit la biomasse, est primordial.', 'Dans le contexte d’un climat en mutation, le maintien durable de la capacité de production, c.-à-d. l’écosystème qui produit la biomasse, est primordial. La (planification de la) récolte de biomasse tiendra compte de l’effet sur le stock de carbone des sols. 4 VERS UNE FLANDRE A L’EPREUVE DU CLIMAT Alors que nous voulons, en Flandre, nous engager en faveur d’ambitieuses réductions des émissions afin de limiter autant que possible l impact du changement climatique, nous devons également gérer les effets déjà perceptibles et mesurables à ce jour et les effets futurs du changement climatique. Le point de départ consiste, en l’occurrence, à renforcer la résilience et la robustesse de l’environnement. Pour ce faire, nous procédons tout d’abord à une cartographie des principaux effets du changement climatique en Flandre.', 'Pour ce faire, nous procédons tout d’abord à une cartographie des principaux effets du changement climatique en Flandre. 4.1 PRINCIPAUX EFFETS DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE EN FLANDRE Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre induisent un changement du climat. En Flandre, aussi. Depuis le début des relevés au 19e siècle, la température moyenne dans notre pays a augmenté de près de 2,5 °C. Nous connaissons à présent au moins une vague de chaleur chaque été alors que, dans les années 70, ce phénomène ne se produisait qu’une année sur trois. L’évaporation augmentait plus rapidement que les précipitations annuelles, entraînant une baisse de la disponibilité en eau.', 'L’évaporation augmentait plus rapidement que les précipitations annuelles, entraînant une baisse de la disponibilité en eau. Et le niveau moyen de la mer à la côte est à présent 13 cm plus haut qu’au début des années 50. \x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 35 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 En outre, le changement climatique se poursuivra également au cours des décennies à venir en Flandre. Sur la base des données les plus récentes, il n’est en effet pas exclu que la température moyenne annuelle en Flandre continue à grimper avec, en moyenne, davantage de jours de vague de chaleur. On estime que les précipitations annuelles totales vont augmenter, avec des hivers plus humides et des étés plus secs.', 'On estime que les précipitations annuelles totales vont augmenter, avec des hivers plus humides et des étés plus secs. Non seulement les moyennes, mais aussi la fréquence et l intensité des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes peuvent changer. Une baisse de la quantité de précipitations en été et une augmentation de l’évaporation durant les mois d été accroissent le risque de sécheresse extrême (comme en 1976 et en 2018) d’une fois tous les 50 ans dans le climat actuel à une fois tous les quatre à cinq ans en 2100. Cela peut entraîner une diminution des débits d étiage, une dégradation de la qualité des eaux de surface, des dommages à l’agriculture et mettre en péril l’approvisionnement en eau potable.', 'Cela peut entraîner une diminution des débits d étiage, une dégradation de la qualité des eaux de surface, des dommages à l’agriculture et mettre en péril l’approvisionnement en eau potable. La mesure dans laquelle le changement climatique exposé ci-dessus va effectivement se poursuivre et sa vitesse dépendent étroitement du succès d’une politique mondiale de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de la transition vers une société climatiquement neutre. Mais pour en compenser les effets et l’impact potentiels sur l’homme, la nature et l’économie, ou du moins les atténuer, il faudra, outre une politique d’atténuation, également une politique d’adaptation évolutive.', 'Mais pour en compenser les effets et l’impact potentiels sur l’homme, la nature et l’économie, ou du moins les atténuer, il faudra, outre une politique d’atténuation, également une politique d’adaptation évolutive. 4.2 VERS UN ENVIRONNEMENT ET UNE SOCIETE A L’EPREUVE DU CLIMAT Comme il est possible que l’Europe, en dépit de ses efforts, se retrouve encore confrontée au changement climatique en raison de l’augmentation des émissions dans d’autres continents, la Flandre doit se préparer à l’adaptation. Afin de préparer la Flandre aux effets attendus du changement climatique décrits plus haut, un plan d’adaptation flamand sera élaboré au cours de la prochaine législature. On mise à cet égard sur une approche globale et intégrée dans tous les secteurs, visant à maximiser les synergies entre adaptation, atténuation et autres objectifs politiques.', 'On mise à cet égard sur une approche globale et intégrée dans tous les secteurs, visant à maximiser les synergies entre adaptation, atténuation et autres objectifs politiques. Le plan d’adaptation s’appuiera sur les piliers suivants. 4.2.1 Préserver et élargir l espace ouvert sans revêtement Comme nous l’avons décrit plus haut, le risque accru attendu d’inondations, d’une part, et de longues périodes de sécheresse, d’autre part, constituent l’un des principaux défis. Pour nous armer contre ce risque, il est extrêmement important de préserver l’espace ouvert solide en Flandre et, si possible, de l’étendre à nouveau à terme.', 'Pour nous armer contre ce risque, il est extrêmement important de préserver l’espace ouvert solide en Flandre et, si possible, de l’étendre à nouveau à terme. Les espaces ouverts sans revêtement augmentent l’infiltration d’eau et la capacité de rétention du paysage flamand et jouent ainsi un rôle de tampon climatique : en périodes de précipitations intenses, l’eau peut s infiltrer dans le sol et recharger les réserves d’eau souterraine, qui peuvent alors être exploitées durant les périodes de sécheresse prolongées. Il est donc absolument nécessaire de réduire l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire pour créer un espace à l’épreuve du climat. C’est pourquoi nous veillons à ce que l’augmentation du rendement spatial de l’occupation actuelle des sols soit plus attractive que le développement spatial.', 'C’est pourquoi nous veillons à ce que l’augmentation du rendement spatial de l’occupation actuelle des sols soit plus attractive que le développement spatial. Nous misons également sur une réduction de l’empierrement en vue de l’infiltration (également dans l’occupation actuelle des sols), la préservation et la libération d’espace pour l’eau (p. ex., en prévoyant une plus grande marge de manœuvre pour les vallées de fleuves et de ruisseaux, en ! \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 36 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 libérant de l’espace pour les bassins-tampons, etc.) et sur l’augmentation de la résistance et de la résilience des systèmes d’eau et de sol.', 'et sur l’augmentation de la résistance et de la résilience des systèmes d’eau et de sol. Dans le cadre de la vision stratégique du BRV (Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre), nous avons à cet effet des objectifs à long terme clairs. Réduire l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette de 6,4 ha aujourd’hui à 3 ha en 2025 et à 0 ha en 2040. Réduire l’empierrement de 1/5 dans les zones d’espaces ouverts d’ici 2040 et au moins stabiliser l’empierrement dans l’occupation des sols. Les écosystèmes côtiers spécifiques tels que les slikkes et schorres et les dunes revêtent une importance majeure dans la protection contre les inondations par la mer.', 'Les écosystèmes côtiers spécifiques tels que les slikkes et schorres et les dunes revêtent une importance majeure dans la protection contre les inondations par la mer. Cependant, ces écosystèmes se retrouvent actuellement pris en étau entre l’érosion croissante côté mer, d’une part, et le paysage marqué par l’urbanisation et d’autres infrastructures côté terre, d’autre part (‘constriction côtière’). En concertation avec les communes côtières et compte tenu d’autres aspects comme l’importance du tourisme et l’impact socio-économique, nous explorons les pistes permettant de donner à ces écosystèmes la latitude nécessaire pour s’adapter et s’autoréguler par rapport à l’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'En concertation avec les communes côtières et compte tenu d’autres aspects comme l’importance du tourisme et l’impact socio-économique, nous explorons les pistes permettant de donner à ces écosystèmes la latitude nécessaire pour s’adapter et s’autoréguler par rapport à l’élévation du niveau de la mer. 4.2.2 Un espace, une société, des bâtiments et une infrastructure (de la mobilité) qui s’adaptent au changement climatique Adaptation de notre espace au changement climatique La vision stratégique du Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre avance quelques objectifs stratégiques importants comme la limitation de l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette, d’ici 2025, à 3 ha/ jour, la réduction de l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette à zéro d’ici 2040 (aujourd’hui, cette empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette est de 6,4 ha), la stabilisation de l’empierrement d’ici 2050 et au moins une réduction de l’empierrement de 1/5 dans l’espace ouvert.', '4.2.2 Un espace, une société, des bâtiments et une infrastructure (de la mobilité) qui s’adaptent au changement climatique Adaptation de notre espace au changement climatique La vision stratégique du Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre avance quelques objectifs stratégiques importants comme la limitation de l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette, d’ici 2025, à 3 ha/ jour, la réduction de l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette à zéro d’ici 2040 (aujourd’hui, cette empreinte spatiale supplémentaire nette est de 6,4 ha), la stabilisation de l’empierrement d’ici 2050 et au moins une réduction de l’empierrement de 1/5 dans l’espace ouvert. L’espace ouvert pourra ainsi continuer à fournir à la société les matières premières, la résilience et les services écosystémiques nécessaires comme la régulation climatique.', 'L’espace ouvert pourra ainsi continuer à fournir à la société les matières premières, la résilience et les services écosystémiques nécessaires comme la régulation climatique. Cela requiert des zones d’espace ouvert plurifonctionnelles et solides, plus grandes et mieux connectées avec, entre autres, des fonctions structurantes pour l’agriculture, le paysage, la nature et la forêt. Nous donnons une plus grande marge de manœuvre aux vallées de fleuves et de ruisseaux et rendons la gestion de la restauration possible au niveau des vallées. Outre des niveaux d’eau souterraine plus stables, une purification de l’eau accrue et un temps de rétention plus long, cela peut aussi à nouveau induire la formation active de tourbières et de ce fait l’augmentation des concentrations de carbone dans le sol.', 'Outre des niveaux d’eau souterraine plus stables, une purification de l’eau accrue et un temps de rétention plus long, cela peut aussi à nouveau induire la formation active de tourbières et de ce fait l’augmentation des concentrations de carbone dans le sol. Nous réduisons les activités indésirables dans ces zones de vallée. Un aménagement approprié de l’espace peut compenser les chocs tels que les inondations et les périodes de sécheresse ou de chaleur. Nous privilégions les investissements dans l’infrastructure verte et bleue, qui répondent au besoin d’un environnement vert et sain de la société.', 'Nous privilégions les investissements dans l’infrastructure verte et bleue, qui répondent au besoin d’un environnement vert et sain de la société. Adaptation de notre infrastructure (de la mobilité) au changement climatique Pour éviter que notre mobilité ne pâtisse davantage du changement climatique, nous l’adapterons aux températures élevées et averses orageuses courtes mais intenses plus fréquentes en été et aux précipitations plus importantes en hiver. \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 37 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Comme il est toujours possible que des conditions météorologiques extrêmes rendent une ou plusieurs voies de transport importantes pour un ou plusieurs modes temporairement inutilisables, nous miserons suffisamment sur des itinéraires et modes de transport alternatifs. Ici aussi, nous rationaliserons l’occupation des sols et bannirons, si possible, l’asphaltage non fonctionnel.', 'Ici aussi, nous rationaliserons l’occupation des sols et bannirons, si possible, l’asphaltage non fonctionnel. Protection de la population contre les phénomènes extrêmes consécutifs au changement climatique Dans le contexte urbain, l effet d îlot de chaleur urbain joue un rôle important pour la santé publique. Ce phénomène se produit essentiellement la nuit. Les températures nocturnes élevées empêchent la population de récupérer correctement des températures élevées. Cependant, les effets ne sont pas directement visibles et restent donc souvent méconnus. Des avertissements envoyés à temps permettront à la population et aux intermédiaires qui œuvrent en faveur de groupes-cibles vulnérables de prendre des mesures afin de réduire les effets de températures élevées.', 'Des avertissements envoyés à temps permettront à la population et aux intermédiaires qui œuvrent en faveur de groupes-cibles vulnérables de prendre des mesures afin de réduire les effets de températures élevées. Il importe également d’induire le changement de comportement nécessaire et de se concentrer de manière structurelle sur la réduction des effets de la chaleur. Par ailleurs, une augmentation de la température peut entraîner des glissements dans la saison du rhume des foins, une augmentation des invasions d’insectes, des changements à l’égard des maladies infectieuses à transmission vectorielle ou transmissibles par l’environnement et une augmentation potentielle de moustiques indigènes à capacité vectorielle. D’un point de vue sanitaire, cette situation requiert une attention accrue, d’autres recherches et la prise de mesures concrètes.', 'D’un point de vue sanitaire, cette situation requiert une attention accrue, d’autres recherches et la prise de mesures concrètes. 4.2.3 Réduire au minimum les risques de pénurie d eau et de crues Une élévation importante du niveau de la mer pourrait nécessiter un changement du mode actuel de défense côtière. L’incertitude quant au rythme du changement climatique nous amène à une double interrogation : quelle est l urgence de nouvelles résolutions concernant des solutions et quand ces solutions pourront-elles être mises en œuvre ? Cela exige de la flexibilité et le report de décisions (d investissement) irrévocables (défense côtière adaptative). La réduction des risques de pénurie d eau et de crues relève, tout comme en cas d’inondations, de la responsabilité partagée des autorités, des secteurs et des citoyens.', 'La réduction des risques de pénurie d eau et de crues relève, tout comme en cas d’inondations, de la responsabilité partagée des autorités, des secteurs et des citoyens. Afin de limiter autant que possible les risques de pénurie d eau et de crues, nous appliquons les principes de la sécurité multicouches de l’approvisionnement en eau. Nous misons tant sur la protection contre les inondations critiques (protection), sur la prévention des dommages occasionnés par les inondations (prévention) que sur les prévisions et avertissements de crues (préparation). Par ailleurs, nous misons sur des mesures de protection, de prévention et encourageant une préparation accrue, destinées à maintenir l’équilibre entre l’offre et la demande d’eau .', 'Par ailleurs, nous misons sur des mesures de protection, de prévention et encourageant une préparation accrue, destinées à maintenir l’équilibre entre l’offre et la demande d’eau . Chacun à son niveau prendra si possible les mesures nécessaires afin de tamponner, utiliser et infiltrer davantage les eaux pluviales, d utiliser l eau aussi efficacement que possible et de boucler autant que possible le circuit de l’eau. Nous développons à court terme un plan stratégique Approvisionnement en eau à partir du plan d’action Sécheresse et Crues. Afin d’être préparés en vue d’une crise éventuelle, nous élaborons, de concert avec les acteurs concernés, un cadre d’évaluation équilibré et objectif en cas de pénuries imminentes.', 'Afin d’être préparés en vue d’une crise éventuelle, nous élaborons, de concert avec les acteurs concernés, un cadre d’évaluation équilibré et objectif en cas de pénuries imminentes. Nous mettons l’accent sur les économies d’eau, sur une utilisation \x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 38 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 intelligente de l’eau, sur le bouclage des circuits de l’eau et sur le recours à des sources d’eau alternatives. Nous encourageons la collecte à grande échelle et l’utilisation des eaux pluviales et la réutilisation des eaux usées.', 'Nous encourageons la collecte à grande échelle et l’utilisation des eaux pluviales et la réutilisation des eaux usées. 4.2.4 Maximiser les trames vertes et bleues Des trames vertes et bleues solides et efficaces ne présentent pas seulement un avantage pour le maintien de la biodiversité de manière à ce que nous puissions exploiter et utiliser durablement le capital naturel qui fournit les services écosystémiques. Nous donnons par exemple aux espèces et végétations un milieu de vie et des possibilités migratoires suffisants. Une trame verte et bleue présente des avantages considérables non seulement dans l’espace ouvert, mais également dans l’espace dynamique et bâti.', 'Une trame verte et bleue présente des avantages considérables non seulement dans l’espace ouvert, mais également dans l’espace dynamique et bâti. À cet effet, la trame verte et bleue comprendra des zones naturelles et semi-naturelles suffisamment grandes et de qualité et d’autres éléments paysagers, et leurs indispensables liaisons solides. Ces zones naturelles et semi-naturelles comprennent, d une part, les zones où les processus naturels ont encore les coudées franches dans certaines limites, où la végétation climacique naturelle9 peut se développer, et, d’autre part, des zones gérées de manière plus intensive dans lesquelles nous orientons davantage les processus naturels pour protéger ou renforcer certaines fonctions écologiques et valeurs naturelles.', 'Ces zones naturelles et semi-naturelles comprennent, d une part, les zones où les processus naturels ont encore les coudées franches dans certaines limites, où la végétation climacique naturelle9 peut se développer, et, d’autre part, des zones gérées de manière plus intensive dans lesquelles nous orientons davantage les processus naturels pour protéger ou renforcer certaines fonctions écologiques et valeurs naturelles. Les trames vertes et bleues permettent des échanges réguliers et à une échelle suffisamment importante d’individus entre les populations d’espèces de manière à ce qu’elles conservent une large base génétique pour s’adapter à l’évolution des conditions et puissent se maintenir durablement. Les liaisons permettront la migration d’un bout à l’autre de la trame en réaction au changement climatique et à ses effets.', 'Les liaisons permettront la migration d’un bout à l’autre de la trame en réaction au changement climatique et à ses effets. Les qualités des différents éléments des trames vertes et bleues sont très diverses : rafraîchissement, stockage des eaux, purification de l’air, loisirs, expérience paysagère, etc. et sont idéales pour atténuer les effets attendus du changement climatique sur notre société (solution fondée sur la nature ou nature based solution). Nous exploitons ces qualités intrinsèques de manière ciblée afin de modérer l’impact du changement climatique. Le système physique et le paysage structurent la nature, la taille et la forme des modifications apportées à l’utilisation de l’espace. D’autre part, le changement climatique menace la capacité de l’espace à remplir son rôle social et à fournir des services écosystémiques.', 'D’autre part, le changement climatique menace la capacité de l’espace à remplir son rôle social et à fournir des services écosystémiques. Afin de continuer à bien fonctionner pendant ou après des chocs ou des perturbations et de compenser les changements sans que le coût social ne soit trop élevé, nous miserons sur un espace solide, soutenu par des trames vertes et bleues. La vision stratégique du Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre traduit cela comme un réseau cohérent et fonctionnel de zones d’espaces ouverts solides, aménagées de façon multifonctionnelle avec des systèmes de fleuves et de ruisseaux et des zones naturelles, forestières et agricoles contiguës.', 'La vision stratégique du Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre traduit cela comme un réseau cohérent et fonctionnel de zones d’espaces ouverts solides, aménagées de façon multifonctionnelle avec des systèmes de fleuves et de ruisseaux et des zones naturelles, forestières et agricoles contiguës. Depuis l’espace ouvert, les réseaux pénètrent en profondeur dans l environnement bâti (espaces verts urbains sous la forme de parcs, de jardins, de toitures vertes, etc.) et établissent ainsi les liaisons (écologiques) à travers et entre la ville et les espaces ouverts.', 'et établissent ainsi les liaisons (écologiques) à travers et entre la ville et les espaces ouverts. \x1a \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 39 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 4.2.5 Une industrie qui s’adapte au changement climatique Outre l’intégration et le développement d éléments qui s’adaptent au changement climatique dans la politique industrielle, il est important de mettre l’accent sur la sensibilisation des entreprises à la nécessité de prendre des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique. La création de synergies entre atténuation et adaptation peut servir de tremplin aux entreprises pour la mise en œuvre de mesures d adaptation. Une implantation et un aménagement intelligents des sites industriels apportent une contribution importante à la gestion des effets du changement climatique.', 'Une implantation et un aménagement intelligents des sites industriels apportent une contribution importante à la gestion des effets du changement climatique. 4.2.6 Une agriculture qui s’adapte au changement climatique Notre secteur agricole est particulièrement vulnérable aux effets négatifs du changement climatique. Nous prenons par conséquent les mesures nécessaires afin d en augmenter la résilience face à ces effets. En outre, il existe un lien étroit entre les piliers climatiques atténuation et adaptation dans ce secteur : bon nombre de mesures et de principes agissent sur les deux piliers, mais aussi sur la durabilité générale. Compte tenu de cette interdépendance, il est nécessaire de miser sur une ‘agriculture climato-intelligente’ tout en se concentrant sur trois objectifs : atténuation, adaptation et hausse durable de productivité.', 'Compte tenu de cette interdépendance, il est nécessaire de miser sur une ‘agriculture climato-intelligente’ tout en se concentrant sur trois objectifs : atténuation, adaptation et hausse durable de productivité. Afin de garantir une agriculture et une horticulture hautement productives, nous misons sur un aménagement efficace de l espace ouvert. D’ici 2050, nous réduisons l’empierrement de 1/5. Cela renforcera la résilience face aux crues, aux pénuries d’eau, au réchauffement, etc. Par ailleurs, nous adaptons les cultures, les variétés, les techniques culturales, l’infrastructure, la lutte contre les maladies animales et végétales et les infestations, etc., et en renforçons la résilience face aux effets du changement climatique.', 'Par ailleurs, nous adaptons les cultures, les variétés, les techniques culturales, l’infrastructure, la lutte contre les maladies animales et végétales et les infestations, etc., et en renforçons la résilience face aux effets du changement climatique. À cet égard, un stockage accru du carbone dans nos sols agricoles constitue une mesure importante : comme indiqué dans le chapitre consacré à l atténuation pour l agriculture, il contribue non seulement à l atténuation du changement climatique mais augmente également la capacité d’infiltration et la résistance à la sécheresse et à l’érosion.', 'À cet égard, un stockage accru du carbone dans nos sols agricoles constitue une mesure importante : comme indiqué dans le chapitre consacré à l atténuation pour l agriculture, il contribue non seulement à l atténuation du changement climatique mais augmente également la capacité d’infiltration et la résistance à la sécheresse et à l’érosion. Pour œuvrer en faveur de ces stratégies, la Flandre doit miser pleinement sur la recherche, l’innovation, la communication et l’échange de connaissances sur l’adaptation au changement climatique, d’une part, et sur la gouvernance horizontale et verticale, les processus participatifs, la sensibilisation et le changement de comportement, d’autre part. "', 'Pour œuvrer en faveur de ces stratégies, la Flandre doit miser pleinement sur la recherche, l’innovation, la communication et l’échange de connaissances sur l’adaptation au changement climatique, d’une part, et sur la gouvernance horizontale et verticale, les processus participatifs, la sensibilisation et le changement de comportement, d’autre part. " \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 40 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 5 CONDITIONS PREALABLES POUR UNE TRANSITION REUSSIE La transition vers une Flandre à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre requiert des efforts considérables de la part des citoyens, des entreprises et des autorités et ne sera vouée au succès que si un certain nombre de conditions préalables importantes sont remplies.', '\x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 40 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 5 CONDITIONS PREALABLES POUR UNE TRANSITION REUSSIE La transition vers une Flandre à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre requiert des efforts considérables de la part des citoyens, des entreprises et des autorités et ne sera vouée au succès que si un certain nombre de conditions préalables importantes sont remplies. L’impact qu’aura également cette transition sur le réchauffement climatique dépend des efforts déployés par tous les pays, en particulier par les plus grands émetteurs (Chine, Inde et États-Unis).', 'L’impact qu’aura également cette transition sur le réchauffement climatique dépend des efforts déployés par tous les pays, en particulier par les plus grands émetteurs (Chine, Inde et États-Unis). La Flandre a elle- même, pour une petite partie, le contrôle de ces conditions préalables, mais est aussi tributaire, pour la majeure partie, des évolutions en dehors de nos frontières et de notre influence, tant à l’échelle européenne qu’au niveau mondial. 5.1 INNOVATION ET DEVELOPPEMENT TECHNOLOGIQUE La transition sera soutenue dans une large mesure par l’innovation et le développement technologique. Nous disposons déjà aujourd’hui de nombreuses technologies qui nous permettent de réduire notre consommation d’énergie, de produire de l’énergie climatiquement neutre et de limiter, voire de supprimer totalement, les émissions non liées à l’énergie.', 'Nous disposons déjà aujourd’hui de nombreuses technologies qui nous permettent de réduire notre consommation d’énergie, de produire de l’énergie climatiquement neutre et de limiter, voire de supprimer totalement, les émissions non liées à l’énergie. Afin de pouvoir réaliser nos ambitions à l’horizon 2050, nous avons cependant besoin de nouvelles avancées de technologies qui en sont actuellement encore au stade de la R&D ou des essais et de conditions propices au déploiement de ces technologies à grande échelle. À cet égard, il sera nécessaire de soutenir activement les technologies nouvelles mais prometteuses et les innovations dans leur développement jusqu’à ce qu’elles atteignent une maturité suffisante pour pouvoir jouer leur rôle sans autre soutien.', 'À cet égard, il sera nécessaire de soutenir activement les technologies nouvelles mais prometteuses et les innovations dans leur développement jusqu’à ce qu’elles atteignent une maturité suffisante pour pouvoir jouer leur rôle sans autre soutien. - Le secteur de l’électricité a enregistré, au cours de la dernière décennie, d’énormes progrès sur le plan de la production d’énergie renouvelable, qui se sont traduits par des gains d’efficacité et des baisses de prix considérables pour l énergie éolienne et solaire. Le prochain défi réside dans la percée de technologies et d innovations permettant d’intégrer ces sources d’énergie intermittentes à grande échelle dans notre système énergétique, où la gestion de la demande et le stockage efficace d’énergie à long terme ont un rôle important à jouer.', 'Le prochain défi réside dans la percée de technologies et d innovations permettant d’intégrer ces sources d’énergie intermittentes à grande échelle dans notre système énergétique, où la gestion de la demande et le stockage efficace d’énergie à long terme ont un rôle important à jouer. - Dans les secteurs industriels, la transition requiert toute une série de nouvelles technologies innovantes qui seront encore plus amplement développées, telles que, notamment, le CCUS (Carbon Capture and Utilisation or Storage), ainsi que des moyens de produire de grandes quantités d’hydrogène climatiquement neutre qui pourra ensuite servir de combustible ou de matière première dans l’industrie. Ces innovations nécessiteront énormément d’énergie climatiquement neutre et ce sera donc un pilier important sur lequel on s appuiera.', 'Ces innovations nécessiteront énormément d’énergie climatiquement neutre et ce sera donc un pilier important sur lequel on s appuiera. Dans le cadre du programme Moonshot, un consortium multidisciplinaire cartographie actuellement le potentiel de transition de l’industrie flamande et sélectionne les projets pionniers prometteurs et les opportunités pour le monde flamand de la recherche en vue de cette transition industrielle flamande. - Le secteur du transport a enregistré ces dernières années des progrès technologiques significatifs en termes de coût et d’autonomie des voitures électriques, de sorte que nous pouvons nous attendre à ce qu’elles connaissent un véritable essor au cours des années à venir.', '- Le secteur du transport a enregistré ces dernières années des progrès technologiques significatifs en termes de coût et d’autonomie des voitures électriques, de sorte que nous pouvons nous attendre à ce qu’elles connaissent un véritable essor au cours des années à venir. Les nouvelles technologies dans la sphère numérique – comme la mobilité \x16\x15 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 41 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 autonome, partagée et connectée, l’internet physique, etc. - peuvent faciliter de nouveaux modèles d’activités (p. ex. Mobility-as-a-Service, Logistics-as-a-Service) et contribuer ainsi à la réalisation de nos ambitions.', 'Mobility-as-a-Service, Logistics-as-a-Service) et contribuer ainsi à la réalisation de nos ambitions. La transition vers le transport de fret zéro-émission nécessite encore d’autres avancées technologiques sur le plan de la propulsion, des systèmes de recharge, des batteries, du réseau électrique ainsi que de l’ensemble de la technologie à hydrogène et des nouveaux biocarburants de synthèse et évolués. - Dans le secteur de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, enfin, de nouvelles technologies et pratiques innovantes peuvent générer d’autres réductions dans l’avenir, depuis l’agriculture de précision de haute technologie, en passant par la sélection génétique, jusqu’au développement de nouveaux types d’aliments, dont les protéines végétales et cellulaires.', '- Dans le secteur de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, enfin, de nouvelles technologies et pratiques innovantes peuvent générer d’autres réductions dans l’avenir, depuis l’agriculture de précision de haute technologie, en passant par la sélection génétique, jusqu’au développement de nouveaux types d’aliments, dont les protéines végétales et cellulaires. Forte de la présence d’institutions du savoir solides, de centres de recherche d’excellence et d’entreprises innovantes, la Flandre a en mains tous les atouts pour se positionner en tant que chef de file en matière en développement de nouvelles technologies et de pratiques innovantes contribuant à nos ambitions climatiques. Les pouvoirs publics y apportent leur soutien en misant sur une politique ambitieuse en matière de recherche et d’innovation.', 'Les pouvoirs publics y apportent leur soutien en misant sur une politique ambitieuse en matière de recherche et d’innovation. La Flandre n’est toutefois pas la seule à soutenir la recherche technologique et les avancées innovantes pour contribuer à l’enjeu climatique. Nos pays voisins, l’UE et nos partenaires internationaux s’y engagent également. La Flandre prône dès lors une coopération très étroite aux niveaux bilatéral, européen et international afin de coordonner et de regrouper ces efforts.', 'La Flandre prône dès lors une coopération très étroite aux niveaux bilatéral, européen et international afin de coordonner et de regrouper ces efforts. 5.2 UN CADRE POLITIQUE COHERENT CREANT LES BONS INCITANTS ET ATTENTIF A LA COMPETITIVITE ET A LA JUSTICE SOCIALE Pour faire de la transition un succès, il faut un cadre politique stable qui crée les bons incitants, c.-à-d. qui pousse les citoyens et les entreprises à poser des choix respectueux du climat et décourage les méthodes de production et les modes de consommation à fort taux d’émission. Plusieurs moyens sont possibles : établissement de normes, sensibilisation, nudging, garantir une offre suffisante et abordable d’alternatives respectueuses du climat.', 'Plusieurs moyens sont possibles : établissement de normes, sensibilisation, nudging, garantir une offre suffisante et abordable d’alternatives respectueuses du climat. De même, les éventuels obstacles juridiques et/ou fiscaux au développement de nouveaux produits et services susceptibles de jouer un rôle dans la transition vers une société à faible intensité de carbone seront supprimés. Au besoin, nous créons des zones modérément réglementées. Nous veillons aussi à une adaptation des normes de produits en vigueur pour faciliter cette démarche. En outre, nous misons sur le partenariat avec des « ambassadeurs » qui relaient activement ces messages et mettent en place des réseaux afin d’orienter des groupes de citoyens et d’entreprises vers des choix respectueux du climat.', 'En outre, nous misons sur le partenariat avec des « ambassadeurs » qui relaient activement ces messages et mettent en place des réseaux afin d’orienter des groupes de citoyens et d’entreprises vers des choix respectueux du climat. Le principal défi réside dans la transition énergétique par laquelle la demande d’énergie qui, à ce jour, est presque totalement satisfaite au moyen de matières fossiles sera satisfaite d’une manière alternative. Après l’application de l efficacité énergétique, il reste encore une demande énergétique significative à satisfaire par une production d’énergie débouchant sur des prix abordables et compétitifs à l’échelle mondiale. Cette énergie pourra être produite en partie en Europe, mais sera également importée, de sorte qu’une approche internationale est cruciale pour satisfaire à la condition préalable.', 'Cette énergie pourra être produite en partie en Europe, mais sera également importée, de sorte qu’une approche internationale est cruciale pour satisfaire à la condition préalable. Dans l’élaboration ultérieure de la politique climatique, on misera sur une intégration accrue des objectifs stratégiques : au lieu de mener une politique climatique à côté ou \x16\x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 42 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 en plus d autres mesures de politique, la dimension climat sera intégrée dans le développement et la mise en œuvre de mesures de politique dans les différents domaines politiques concernés (ce que l’on appelle le climate mainstreaming), pour parvenir de la sorte à un cadre politique cohérent.', 'Dans l’élaboration ultérieure de la politique climatique, on misera sur une intégration accrue des objectifs stratégiques : au lieu de mener une politique climatique à côté ou \x16\x12 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 42 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 en plus d autres mesures de politique, la dimension climat sera intégrée dans le développement et la mise en œuvre de mesures de politique dans les différents domaines politiques concernés (ce que l’on appelle le climate mainstreaming), pour parvenir de la sorte à un cadre politique cohérent. La conduite d’une politique climatique ambitieuse et l’application du principe du ‘pollueur-payeur’ incitent à investir dans des techniques pauvres en CO2, mais peuvent en même temps entraîner une hausse des coûts.', 'La conduite d’une politique climatique ambitieuse et l’application du principe du ‘pollueur-payeur’ incitent à investir dans des techniques pauvres en CO2, mais peuvent en même temps entraîner une hausse des coûts. Cela peut déboucher sur une perte de compétitivité pour les secteurs flamands en concurrence avec des entreprises étrangères qui ne sont pas soumises à une politique climatique et/ou à un coût carbone analogues. Tel est le cas, en particulier pour notre industrie flamande à forte intensité énergétique et pour le secteur agricole flamand. C’est pourquoi nous tenons compte, dans l’élaboration de mesures de politique concrètes, de la capacité financière et de la compétitivité de ces secteurs.', 'C’est pourquoi nous tenons compte, dans l’élaboration de mesures de politique concrètes, de la capacité financière et de la compétitivité de ces secteurs. Tant que d’autres régions n’imposeront pas des efforts similaires à leur industrie et/ou à leur agriculture, nous prévoirons une protection suffisante contre le risque de fuite de carbone. La transition vers une société à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre revêt également une dimension sociale importante. Les catégories de revenus plus faibles et les groupes vulnérables n’ont pas toujours les moyens de passer à des alternatives plus respectueuses du climat (p. ex., pompes à chaleur, véhicules électriques, etc.).', 'ex., pompes à chaleur, véhicules électriques, etc.). Aussi, il est important de soutenir les catégories de revenus plus faibles et les groupes vulnérables dans la transition vers des alternatives plus respectueuses du climat (p. ex., au moyen de primes/subventions, et par un accompagnement et une prise en charge complète). En soutenant des groupes-cibles spécifiques plus faibles dans la transition, nous pouvons, dans le même temps, lutter contre la précarité énergétique et améliorer la qualité de vie de ces groupes-cibles (p. ex. en investissant dans des logements de meilleure qualité mieux isolés, dans un système de mobilité qui fonctionne également pour les ménages qui ne possèdent pas de voiture privée, etc.) . Par ailleurs, la transition aura aussi son lot de gagnants et de perdants au niveau sectoriel.', 'Par ailleurs, la transition aura aussi son lot de gagnants et de perdants au niveau sectoriel. Dans son analyse de la stratégie à long terme pour l’UE « Une planète propre pour tous », la Commission européenne identifie plusieurs secteurs qui se réduiront, voire disparaîtront, sous l effet de la transition (notamment les secteurs de l extraction de charbon, de pétrole et de gaz), et plusieurs secteurs qui devraient se transformer (comme l’industrie chimique, ferreuse et non ferreuse et automobile). Si la Flandre est dépourvue de secteurs d extraction, elle compte en revanche énormément de secteurs qui devraient se transformer. Les pouvoirs publics facilitent cette transformation en soutenant l’innovation et la recherche (cf.', 'Les pouvoirs publics facilitent cette transformation en soutenant l’innovation et la recherche (cf. point 1), en appliquant des mesures relatives à la fuite de carbone, en évitant, en matière énergétique également, de saper la compétitivité des entreprises par des taxes et impôts flamands et en s’assurant que la population active dispose des compétences requises (cf. point 3). 5.3 UNE POPULATION ACTIVE FLAMANDE DOTEE DES COMPETENCES APPROPRIEES La transition conduira à une réorientation des activités économiques et donc du marché du travail. Par ailleurs, elle soutient dans une large mesure le recours à de nouveaux procédés, technologies et pratiques respectueux de l’environnement.', 'Par ailleurs, elle soutient dans une large mesure le recours à de nouveaux procédés, technologies et pratiques respectueux de l’environnement. Pour anticiper ces changements et s’assurer que la population active flamande dispose des compétences appropriées, nous misons sur les piliers suivants : \x16\x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 43 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 · nous continuons à investir dans un enseignement de qualité, axé sur la formation technique des étudiants, qui fait aussi la part belle aux nouveaux procédés, technologies et pratiques respectueux de l’environnement ; · nous misons également sur l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie et veillons à une politique de prise en charge et de reconversion solide pour les travailleurs dont le contenu du travail changera ou qui verront leur travail disparaître sous l effet de la transition ; · nous attirons, au besoin, une nouvelle main-d’œuvre et l’accompagnons dans l’exécution de nouvelles tâches (p.', 'Pour anticiper ces changements et s’assurer que la population active flamande dispose des compétences appropriées, nous misons sur les piliers suivants : \x16\x18 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 43 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 · nous continuons à investir dans un enseignement de qualité, axé sur la formation technique des étudiants, qui fait aussi la part belle aux nouveaux procédés, technologies et pratiques respectueux de l’environnement ; · nous misons également sur l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie et veillons à une politique de prise en charge et de reconversion solide pour les travailleurs dont le contenu du travail changera ou qui verront leur travail disparaître sous l effet de la transition ; · nous attirons, au besoin, une nouvelle main-d’œuvre et l’accompagnons dans l’exécution de nouvelles tâches (p. ex., pour satisfaire à la hausse attendue de la demande de travailleurs dans le secteur du bâtiment) ; Pour tous ces piliers, nous misons sur un accroissement des structures de coopération diverses entre les prestataires de services d’enseignement et les secteurs concernés afin de préparer au mieux les travailleurs d’aujourd’hui et de demain.', 'ex., pour satisfaire à la hausse attendue de la demande de travailleurs dans le secteur du bâtiment) ; Pour tous ces piliers, nous misons sur un accroissement des structures de coopération diverses entre les prestataires de services d’enseignement et les secteurs concernés afin de préparer au mieux les travailleurs d’aujourd’hui et de demain. 5.4 UN FINANCEMENT SUFFISANT DES INVESTISSEMENTS NECESSAIRES La réalisation de nos ambitions climatiques exigera des investissements considérables dans tous les secteurs concernés. Une électrification accrue requiert des investissements significatifs dans une nouvelle capacité de production climatiquement neutre, dans le renforcement du réseau électrique et dans les interconnexions avec nos pays voisins.', 'Une électrification accrue requiert des investissements significatifs dans une nouvelle capacité de production climatiquement neutre, dans le renforcement du réseau électrique et dans les interconnexions avec nos pays voisins. Pour aboutir à un transport de personnes exempt d’émissions, il faut investir massivement dans les transports publics, l’infrastructure cyclable et les bornes de recharge afin de fournir des alternatives suffisantes et fiables aux voitures privées à moteur à combustion. Il convient également d’investir dans le rail et les voies d’eau afin de verdir davantage notre transport de fret et de réaliser des liaisons ferroviaires rapides et confortables entre les villes de l’UE en guise d’option alternative attractive au transport aérien.', 'Il convient également d’investir dans le rail et les voies d’eau afin de verdir davantage notre transport de fret et de réaliser des liaisons ferroviaires rapides et confortables entre les villes de l’UE en guise d’option alternative attractive au transport aérien. Le secteur du bâtiment va considérablement approfondir et accélérer les rénovations par rapport aux niveaux actuels, ce qui requiert également des investissements colossaux. Des réductions significatives dans l’industrie flamande tout en préservant l’activité industrielle ne sont réalisables que moyennant des investissements à grande échelle dans la rénovation approfondie des installations existantes et la construction de nouvelles installations de production de haute technologie à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Des réductions significatives dans l’industrie flamande tout en préservant l’activité industrielle ne sont réalisables que moyennant des investissements à grande échelle dans la rénovation approfondie des installations existantes et la construction de nouvelles installations de production de haute technologie à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre. Enfin, la transition exige également le développement d’une infrastructure de transport des flux résiduels (dont le CO2) et de la chaleur résiduelle afin qu’ils puissent être valorisés et récupérés au maximum au sein des différents secteurs et entre ceux-ci. Dans ce cadre, nous exploiterons au maximum les opportunités qu’offrent les cycles d’investissement naturels. Estimation des besoins d’investissement Diverses études ont procédé à des estimations du coût d investissement pour les secteurs concernés.', 'Estimation des besoins d’investissement Diverses études ont procédé à des estimations du coût d investissement pour les secteurs concernés. Les résultats de ces études ne sont pas toujours comparables en raison du fait qu’elles se fondent sur des hypothèses différentes (notamment, horizon temporel – 2030/2040/2050, couverture géographique – Flandre / Belgique, tous les secteurs ou secteurs hors SEQE, niveau d’ambition scénario de référence et scénario politique, coût absolu et surcoût, etc.). \x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 44 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Les estimations donnent toutefois une idée de l’ordre de grandeur des investissements requis.', '\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 44 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Les estimations donnent toutefois une idée de l’ordre de grandeur des investissements requis. Une étude réalisée par Boston Consulting Group pour le compte de la FEB10 estime que, pour une réduction supplémentaire des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre en Belgique de 24 millions de tonnes d’ici 2030, les investissements supplémentaires seront de l’ordre de 25 à 35 milliards d’euros (soit un peu moins de 1 % du PIB par an). Les besoins d’investissement sont importants dans tous les secteurs, mais atteignent des sommets dans le secteur du bâtiment (12-18 milliards d’euros sur la période 2019-2030, soit, en moyenne, 1,1-1,6 milliard d’euros/an).', 'Les besoins d’investissement sont importants dans tous les secteurs, mais atteignent des sommets dans le secteur du bâtiment (12-18 milliards d’euros sur la période 2019-2030, soit, en moyenne, 1,1-1,6 milliard d’euros/an). Dans le secteur du transport, ils s’élèvent à 6-8 milliards d’euros (0,6-0,7 milliard d’euros/an). Pour l’industrie, les investissements sont estimés à 7-9 milliards d’euros (0,6-0,8 milliards/an). - Dans une étude réalisée pour le compte de l’autorité flamande11, le coût d’investissement a été estimé pour les secteurs flamands hors SEQE jusqu’à 2050. Pour le secteur du bâtiment, le coût annuel d investissement pour ce scénario politique est estimé à 15 milliards (contre 11-12 milliards dans le scénario BAU).', 'Pour le secteur du bâtiment, le coût annuel d investissement pour ce scénario politique est estimé à 15 milliards (contre 11-12 milliards dans le scénario BAU). - Une analyse d’impact du cadre d action de l Union européenne en matière de climat et d’énergie à l’horizon 2030, réalisée par le Bureau fédéral du Plan12, contient également une estimation du coût d investissement pour la Belgique. L’horizon temporel est limité à 2040, certes, mais est bien compatible avec les objectifs européens à long terme (2050). Pour les secteurs consommateurs finaux (hors transport), le coût d’investissement sur la période 2020-2030 est deux fois plus élevé dans le scénario politique que dans le scénario de référence (100 milliards d’euros contre 50 milliards d’euros).', 'Pour les secteurs consommateurs finaux (hors transport), le coût d’investissement sur la période 2020-2030 est deux fois plus élevé dans le scénario politique que dans le scénario de référence (100 milliards d’euros contre 50 milliards d’euros). Les investissements supplémentaires sont principalement imputables au secteur résidentiel (62 %, soit 3 milliards d’euros/an) et au secteur tertiaire (34 %, soit 2 milliards d’euros/an). Selon les estimations, l’investissement additionnel dans le secteur de l’industrie est relativement faible (0,9 milliard d’euros dans le scénario politique contre 0,7 milliard d’euros dans le scénario de référence). Sur la période 2030-2040, les investissements supplémentaires sont estimés à quelque 30 %, soit un niveau légèrement inférieur. Sur cette période, on note des investissements additionnels plus élevés (de 60 milliards d’euros à 80 milliards d’euros) pour le secteur de l’industrie.', 'Sur cette période, on note des investissements additionnels plus élevés (de 60 milliards d’euros à 80 milliards d’euros) pour le secteur de l’industrie. Ce dernier intervient à raison de 54 % (soit 0,1 milliard d’euros/an) dans l’augmentation. Concernant les secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire, il s’agit respectivement de 34 % (soit 0,7 milliard d’euros/an) et de 12 % (soit 0,3 milliard d’euros/an). Comment financer la transition ? Pour une série de mesures, le coût total d’investissement est, aujourd’hui encore, supérieur aux recettes attendues, notamment parce que les dommages climatiques évités ne sont pas ou pas suffisamment pris en compte dans ces recettes. Pour cette catégorie de mesures, on misera sur des investissements publics, des subventions (temporaires).', 'Pour cette catégorie de mesures, on misera sur des investissements publics, des subventions (temporaires). Dans d’autres cas, ces investissements peuvent s’amortir d’eux-mêmes (du moins en partie) à terme, par exemple par une diminution des dépenses en énergie. Le défi consiste donc à mobiliser suffisamment de capital ex ante. Pour l’instant, les liquidités sont disponibles en suffisance sur le \x16\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 45 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 marché monétaire, mais les acteurs du marché financier sont réticents à investir dans des projets liés au climat en raison d’un rendement trop faible et/ou d’un risque trop élevé, en d’autres termes, faute de projets finançables.', 'Pour l’instant, les liquidités sont disponibles en suffisance sur le \x16\x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 45 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 marché monétaire, mais les acteurs du marché financier sont réticents à investir dans des projets liés au climat en raison d’un rendement trop faible et/ou d’un risque trop élevé, en d’autres termes, faute de projets finançables. Cela confirme la nécessité d’un cadre politique et d’investissement prévisible et d’une sécurité juridique pour les citoyens, les entreprises et les autorités, permettant de réduire les risques et donc les coûts de financement d’investissements climatiques. Un défi important consiste également à mieux faire correspondre l offre à la demande de capital.', 'Un défi important consiste également à mieux faire correspondre l offre à la demande de capital. Du côté de la demande, il faut à la fois une élaboration plus précise du plan financier de projets liés au climat et un accompagnement dans la recherche de financement, p. ex., par le soutien d’ESCO ou de maisons de l’énergie. L’offre de capital peut être améliorée par le développement d’instruments de financement appropriés, par exemple, sur la base du « risk sharing » et par une meilleure accessibilité des fonds destinés à cet effet, au niveau européen p. ex. Quoi qu’il en soit, la transition ne pourra réussir que si le coût total est limité autant que possible et si un financement suffisant peut être mobilisé pour réaliser les investissements requis.', 'Quoi qu’il en soit, la transition ne pourra réussir que si le coût total est limité autant que possible et si un financement suffisant peut être mobilisé pour réaliser les investissements requis. Cette mobilisation de financement suffisant constitue un défi tant pour les autorités que les citoyens et les entreprises. Les autorités n’interviendront que dans les cas où il y a un risque de défaillance du marché : investissements à hauts risques ou à temps de retour longs, monopoles naturels, investissements avec effets spill-over potentiels, etc. Les autorités investiront de manière significative notamment dans l’infrastructure (voies d’eau, routes cyclables, etc.).', 'Les autorités investiront de manière significative notamment dans l’infrastructure (voies d’eau, routes cyclables, etc.). Étant donné que les règles budgétaires européennes constituent un obstacle à la mise en œuvre de tels grands projets d investissement public, on plaidera, au niveau européen, en faveur d un assouplissement de ces règles. Par ailleurs, nous rendrons le budget flamand – et, par extension, européen – plus compatible avec nos ambitions climatiques. La Flandre plaide activement pour qu’au moins un quart du budget de l’UE, actuellement établi pour la période 21-27, soit consacré à l’action en faveur du climat.', 'La Flandre plaide activement pour qu’au moins un quart du budget de l’UE, actuellement établi pour la période 21-27, soit consacré à l’action en faveur du climat. Pour réaliser cet objectif, le principe de l’intégration des questions climatiques est introduit dans le budget de l’Union européenne, par lequel des objectifs de financement de l’action en faveur du climat sont attribués à tous les programmes européens pertinents. En outre, la Flandre estime qu’il est important que tout le financement de l’UE soit cohérent avec les objectifs climatiques et énergétiques à moyen et long terme.', 'En outre, la Flandre estime qu’il est important que tout le financement de l’UE soit cohérent avec les objectifs climatiques et énergétiques à moyen et long terme. Cela suppose que seuls les projets qui ne créent pas de blocages et n’ont pas d’effet négatif sur notre capacité de réaliser les objectifs à long terme pourront encore être financés à l’avenir par des ressources européennes. Les programmes de financement existants tels que la Politique agricole commune et le programme FEDER13 Flandre contribueront davantage à la réalisation des objectifs climatiques. En outre, les autorités comme les parties prenantes feront un usage maximal des sources de financement européennes (telles que LIFE, Horizon Europe, Interreg, Connecting Europe Facility, Fonds pour l’innovation etc.) pour les projets contribuant à la transition vers une Flandre climatiquement neutre.', 'pour les projets contribuant à la transition vers une Flandre climatiquement neutre. L’autorité flamande l’encouragera par l’information et le soutien, d’une part, et par l’offre d’un cofinancement flamand pour les projets s’inscrivant dans la stratégie à long terme de la Flandre, d autre part. Les revenus liés à la politique climatique, comme les recettes provenant de la mise aux enchères des quotas du SEQE-UE, contribueront à la transition climatique et à son accompagnement. Pour certains gros investissements, comme le développement de réseaux de chaleur basés sur des sources d’énergie durables, on aura aussi recours au cofinancement. 13 Fonds européen de développement régional \x16!', '13 Fonds européen de développement régional \x16! \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 46 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Comme la transition requiert des technologies innovantes, ces investissements s accompagnent souvent de risques financiers importants, ce qui se répercute dans les coûts de financement. C’est pourquoi les autorités exploreront, dans le cas d’investissements stratégiquement importants, les possibilités de prendre en charge une partie de ces risques et de limiter ainsi le coût de financement, par exemple, en offrant des garanties, (notamment InvestEU). Nous examinons la façon dont nous pouvons, par le biais de différentes formes de financement mixte, mieux orienter les flux de capitaux privés en direction d’investissements importants respectueux du climat.', 'Nous examinons la façon dont nous pouvons, par le biais de différentes formes de financement mixte, mieux orienter les flux de capitaux privés en direction d’investissements importants respectueux du climat. 5.5 UN AMENAGEMENT EFFICACE DU TERRITOIRE Comme évoqué également dans les explorations sectorielles, un aménagement efficace du territoire, qui met l’accent sur le renforcement des noyaux et laisse suffisamment de place aux espaces ouverts et sans revêtement, revêt une importance primordiale pour réaliser nos ambitions et renforcer la résilience de la Flandre face aux effets du changement climatique.', '5.5 UN AMENAGEMENT EFFICACE DU TERRITOIRE Comme évoqué également dans les explorations sectorielles, un aménagement efficace du territoire, qui met l’accent sur le renforcement des noyaux et laisse suffisamment de place aux espaces ouverts et sans revêtement, revêt une importance primordiale pour réaliser nos ambitions et renforcer la résilience de la Flandre face aux effets du changement climatique. Il veille à ce qu il y ait suffisamment d espace pour l’implantation de sources d’énergie renouvelables (associées au maximum à l’espace déjà occupé) et à ce qu’il reste suffisamment d’espace pour les activités agricoles et la production de biomasse, ainsi que pour les espaces ouverts et la nature qui nous fournit quantité de services écosystémiques (stockage du carbone, tamponnage de l eau, rafraîchissement, etc.)', 'Il veille à ce qu il y ait suffisamment d espace pour l’implantation de sources d’énergie renouvelables (associées au maximum à l’espace déjà occupé) et à ce qu’il reste suffisamment d’espace pour les activités agricoles et la production de biomasse, ainsi que pour les espaces ouverts et la nature qui nous fournit quantité de services écosystémiques (stockage du carbone, tamponnage de l eau, rafraîchissement, etc.) Par ailleurs, l’aménagement du territoire détermine aussi, dans une large mesure, la demande de mobilité et la faisabilité du système visé de mobilité partagée et combinée. Aussi, nous misons sur une politique d’aménagement qui permet une croissance intelligente à des endroits bien situés par une densification qualitative de l’occupation actuelle des sols.', 'Aussi, nous misons sur une politique d’aménagement qui permet une croissance intelligente à des endroits bien situés par une densification qualitative de l’occupation actuelle des sols. Nous renforçons le noyau aux endroits définis selon la vision stratégique du Plan de politique spatiale pour la Flandre, qui met l’accent sur la réduction de l’empreinte spatiale supplémentaire. Cela ne se limite pas aux villes et zones urbanisées flamandes : nous renforçons également nos noyaux ruraux afin de contrer ainsi un morcellement accru. Parallèlement, nous renforçons et nous préservons notre espace ouvert solide, qui offre suffisamment de place pour la nature, l’agriculture, la détente et permet de faire face aux changements climatiques.', 'Parallèlement, nous renforçons et nous préservons notre espace ouvert solide, qui offre suffisamment de place pour la nature, l’agriculture, la détente et permet de faire face aux changements climatiques. 5.6 UNE ENERGIE CLIMATIQUEMENT NEUTRE SUFFISANTE, FIABLE ET ABORDABLE La transition climatique dépend de la disponibilité d’une énergie suffisante, fiable et abordable. Aujourd’hui, 90 % de l’énergie utilisée est d’origine fossile : pétrole, charbon et gaz. Pour le chauffage de nos bâtiments, nos systèmes de transport et notre production industrielle, nous entendons réaliser une part significative des réductions visées en misant sur la poursuite de l électrification combinée à une production d’électricité totalement exempte d’émissions. À l’avenir, les combustibles climatiquement neutres demeureront toutefois nécessaires dans le même ordre de grandeur que la consommation future d’électricité.', 'À l’avenir, les combustibles climatiquement neutres demeureront toutefois nécessaires dans le même ordre de grandeur que la consommation future d’électricité. Pour cette transition, nous visons également la sécurité d’approvisionnement à long terme, où les clients seront assurés de pouvoir disposer d’énergie suffisante en toutes circonstances. Pour les deux sources d’énergie, une partie importante sera importée d’autres pays. \x16 \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// page 47 de 47 Stratégie climatique flamande pour 2050 Nous visons également une facture qui reste abordable pour les ménages et ne nuit pas à la compétitivité de nos entreprises. À cet effet, nous misons sur un fonctionnement efficace du marché, d’une taille optimale et compétitif.', 'À cet effet, nous misons sur un fonctionnement efficace du marché, d’une taille optimale et compétitif. Nous souhaitons également transposer la norme énergétique dans des mesures efficaces de manière à garder ici, en Flandre, les entreprises et leur capacité d’innovation. La baisse des prix de l’électricité d’origine éolienne et solaire est positive mais sera partiellement neutralisée par la hausse du coût de logistique sur des distances toujours plus grandes et des coûts de flexibilité (demande / offre / stockage). Sur la base de la technologie actuelle, les combustibles climatiquement neutres seront nettement plus coûteux que les combustibles fossiles actuels.', 'Sur la base de la technologie actuelle, les combustibles climatiquement neutres seront nettement plus coûteux que les combustibles fossiles actuels. 5.7 LE ROLE CENTRAL DE L’ECONOMIE CIRCULAIRE La transition vers une économie circulaire et la transition vers une société à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre vont de pair. La réalisation d’une économie circulaire peut, en premier lieu, contribuer de manière significative à la réduction des émissions (territoriales) flamandes directes, p. ex. en diminuant la part de matières premières primaires dans les produits industriels, en limitant le nombre de véhicules-kilomètres (en mettant l’accent sur la mobilité partagée et combinée), en comprimant la quantité de déchets à incinérer ou à mettre en décharge, en réduisant les pertes alimentaires, etc.', 'en diminuant la part de matières premières primaires dans les produits industriels, en limitant le nombre de véhicules-kilomètres (en mettant l’accent sur la mobilité partagée et combinée), en comprimant la quantité de déchets à incinérer ou à mettre en décharge, en réduisant les pertes alimentaires, etc. Sans la réalisation d’une économie circulaire, il sera extrêmement difficile, sinon impossible, de parvenir aux réductions postulées. Par ailleurs, l’économie circulaire contribue – au moins de façon aussi importante – à la réduction de notre empreinte carbone et matières et de ce fait des émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre et peut créer des opportunités économiques locales et des emplois.', 'Par ailleurs, l’économie circulaire contribue – au moins de façon aussi importante – à la réduction de notre empreinte carbone et matières et de ce fait des émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre et peut créer des opportunités économiques locales et des emplois. \x16\x1b \x16\x1b \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x18\x17\x18\x15\x18\x15\x03\x19\x18\x15\x18\x15\x02\x1a\x15\x1b \x15 \x15\x15\x12 STRATÉGIE À LONG TERME POUR LA WALLONIE « VERS UNE WALLONIE CLIMATIQUEMENT NEUTRE EN 2050 » DOCUMENT APPROUVÉ PAR LE GOUVERNEMENT WALLON LE 5 DÉCEMBRE 2019 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 2 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Table des matières 1. Cadre général et processus . 4 1.2. Cadre international et européen . 7 1.3. Cadre global belge . 7 1.4. Cadre spécifique wallon 8 1.5. Un point de départ 8 2.', 'Un point de départ 8 2. Objectifs stratégiques à long terme 9 2.1 Réduction totale des émissions de Gaz à effet de serre et renforcement des absorptions par les puits 10 2.1.1. Projections à l horizon 2050 concernant la réduction des émissions et le renforcement des absorptions . 10 2.1.2. Objectif spécifique national pour 2030 et au-delà, si possible, et objectifs intermédiaires indicatifs pour 2040 et 2050 . 11 2.2. Le déploiement des énergies renouvelables . 12 2.3. L’efficacité énergétique d’abord . 13 3. Vision à 2050 par secteur 14 3.1. Le Système énergétique global 14 3.1.1. Etat des lieux . 14 3.1.2. Vision d’avenir . 15 3.1.3. Lignes directrices . 15 3.2. Le Bâtiment 20 3.2.1. Etat des lieux . 20 3.2.2. Vision d’avenir . 20 3.2.3. Lignes directrices . 21 3.3.1.', 'Vision d’avenir . 20 3.2.3. Lignes directrices . 21 3.3.1. Etat des lieux . 26 3.3.2. Vision d’avenir : L’industrie wallonne est essentielle à la transition 28 3.3.3. Lignes directrices . 28 3.4. Transport (Mobilité et Fret) . 31 3.4.1. Etat des lieux . 31 3.4.3. Lignes directrices . 33 3.5. Agriculture et forêt . 36 3.5.1. Etat des lieux . 36 \x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 3 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.5.3. Principes et Lignes directrices . 39 3.5.4. Mesures d’adaptation . 41 4. Regard transversal . 42 4.1. Pour une transition juste et équitable . 42 4.2. Bilan carbone 42 4.3. Le rôle central des autorités locales . 43 4.4. Les citoyens et les changements comportementaux sont essentiels 43 4.4.1.', 'Les citoyens et les changements comportementaux sont essentiels 43 4.4.1. Contexte wallon et outils existants . 44 4.4.2. Lignes directrices . 45 6. Politiques et mesures relatives aux travaux connexes de recherche, de développement et 6.1. Identification du problème . 50 6.3. Les mesures 50 6.3.1. Diminuer l’impact environnemental des biens produits . 50 6.3.2. Revoir la manière dont les biens sont produits . 51 6.3.3. Revoir le type de biens produits 51 6.3.4. L’innovation dans le secteur industriel . 52 6.3.5. Les innovations réglementaires 52 6.3.6. Innovations technologiques 52 7. L’adaptation au changement climatique : une Wallonie résiliente 54 7.1. Les projections climatiques . 54 7.2. Les risques . 54 7.3. Les Lignes directrices . 58 7.3.1.', 'Les Lignes directrices . 58 7.3.1. Renforcer et adapter la gestion de l’eau et de ses impacts à la nouvelle donne climatique 7.3.2. S’adapter à la chaleur en ville et dans l’espace public 58 7.3.3. Renforcer la préservation de la biodiversité et améliorer la résilience des écosystèmes et des agrosystèmes 58 7.3.4. Adapter un système énergétique en transition 59 " ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 4 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 1. Cadre général et processus Remarque préliminaire Selon les modèles actuellement disponibles, la température moyenne en Wallonie devrait augmenter de 1,3°C à 2,8°C à l’horizon 2050 par rapport à la période 1961-1990. Il est à noter qu’en 2015, l’écart observé par rapport à cette même période était déjà de 1,2°C.', 'Il est à noter qu’en 2015, l’écart observé par rapport à cette même période était déjà de 1,2°C. Les projections d’émissions reprises dans ce rapport sont préparées sous l’hypothèse d’une température constante (moyenne 1991-2015). Ces projections ne prennent donc pas en compte les impacts potentiels (températures, inondations, sécheresse et autres phénomènes extrêmes, …) que pourraient avoir les changements climatiques sur le tissu socio-économique à l’horizon 2050. Ce document ne doit pas être considéré comme un aboutissement mais bien comme un point de départ. En effet, la transition vers une Wallonie neutre climatiquement impacte tous les secteurs de la société et doit reposer sur un large consensus pour pouvoir être mise en œuvre.', 'En effet, la transition vers une Wallonie neutre climatiquement impacte tous les secteurs de la société et doit reposer sur un large consensus pour pouvoir être mise en œuvre. Les délais exigés par le Règlement européen n’ont pas permis de mener cette concertation avec les représentants des différents secteurs et les parties prenantes, elle démarrera donc après la soumission du document. Une procédure participative élargie sera menée afin de mobiliser les citoyens. La Stratégie wallonne à long terme à l’horizon 2050 repose sur plusieurs éléments structurels, dont l’étude « Vers une Wallonie Bas-carbone en 2050 »1 réalisée en 2011.', 'La Stratégie wallonne à long terme à l’horizon 2050 repose sur plusieurs éléments structurels, dont l’étude « Vers une Wallonie Bas-carbone en 2050 »1 réalisée en 2011. Cette étude identifiait des trajectoires vers une économie sobre en carbone et analysait les implications d’objectifs de réduction de 80% à 95 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2050 par rapport à 1990. Ensuite, en février 2014, le Parlement wallon a adopté le décret « Climat », qui instaure des objectifs en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à court, moyen et long termes, et met en place des instruments de suivi.', 'Ensuite, en février 2014, le Parlement wallon a adopté le décret « Climat », qui instaure des objectifs en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à court, moyen et long termes, et met en place des instruments de suivi. Seul l’objectif de réduction de 95% en 2050 permet de contribuer à la stabilisation des températures à +1.5°C par rapport à l’époque préindustrielle. Selon le Comité d’experts, la transposition au niveau wallon du budget mondial disponible aboutit à budget d’émissions cumulées de 516 Mt CO2 sur la période 2018-2050 pour la Wallonie.', 'Selon le Comité d’experts, la transposition au niveau wallon du budget mondial disponible aboutit à budget d’émissions cumulées de 516 Mt CO2 sur la période 2018-2050 pour la Wallonie. Cet objectif est confirmé par la Déclaration de politique régionale 2019-2024 qui vise la neutralité carbone en 2050 grâce à la réduction de 95% prévue par le Décret, complétée de mesures de capture du carbone avec du CCU et des émissions négatives (BECCS). L’objectif de réduction en 2050 par rapport à 1990 implique d’atteindre des émissions annuelles totales de 2.8 MtCO2e (objectif de -95%) en 2050.', 'L’objectif de réduction en 2050 par rapport à 1990 implique d’atteindre des émissions annuelles totales de 2.8 MtCO2e (objectif de -95%) en 2050. De 1990 à 2017, les réductions de GES en moyenne annuelle ont été de 1.4%/an alors qu’elles devraient être de 2,8%/an à partir de 2018, soit un facteur 2 supérieur entre ce qui a été réalisé et ce qu’il reste à réaliser. Il faut également souligner que les réductions observées entre 1990 et 2017 s’expliquent par divers facteurs, dont plusieurs ne sont pas extrapolables aux années futures. Cette évolution passée ne permet donc pas de définir une tendance jusque 2050. En outre, les émissions sont relativement stables depuis 2014, sans tendance à la réduction au cours des quatre dernières années.!', 'En outre, les émissions sont relativement stables depuis 2014, sans tendance à la réduction au cours des quatre dernières années.! En conséquence, les objectifs à moyen terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur non-ETS de 35% par rapport à 2005 en 2030) et à long terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre totales de 80 à 95% en 2050) nécessiteront la mise en œuvre de politiques particulièrement ambitieuses.', 'En conséquence, les objectifs à moyen terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur non-ETS de 35% par rapport à 2005 en 2030) et à long terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre totales de 80 à 95% en 2050) nécessiteront la mise en œuvre de politiques particulièrement ambitieuses. Le secteur énergétique est un élément central de cette stratégie et sera complètement décarboné grâce à une amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique, la réduction de la consommation d’énergie de 1 Climact (2011), Vers une Wallonie-Bas Carbone en 2050, une étude technico-économique réalisé pour l’Agence wallonne de l’Air et du Climat citée dans le texte sous la forme « Wallonie-bas Carbone ». \x16 !', 'Le secteur énergétique est un élément central de cette stratégie et sera complètement décarboné grâce à une amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique, la réduction de la consommation d’énergie de 1 Climact (2011), Vers une Wallonie-Bas Carbone en 2050, une étude technico-économique réalisé pour l’Agence wallonne de l’Air et du Climat citée dans le texte sous la forme « Wallonie-bas Carbone ». \x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 5 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 50% par rapport à 2005 et un objectif de 100% d’énergie renouvelable à l’horizon 2050. Cet objectif climatique s’allie à la nécessité de continuer à fournir aux citoyens et aux entreprises une énergie sûre, durable et abordable, tant pour les citoyens que pour les entreprises.', 'Cet objectif climatique s’allie à la nécessité de continuer à fournir aux citoyens et aux entreprises une énergie sûre, durable et abordable, tant pour les citoyens que pour les entreprises. Concernant l’efficacité énergétique, le changement comportemental et l’utilisation rationnelle des ressources sont centraux et nécessiteront la mise en œuvre de multiples chantiers de rénovations. La production d’électricité et de chaleur reposera sur un mix équilibré des technologies disponibles et d’importation d’électricité. Une vision équilibrée du système énergétique passera par une électrification de certains usages mais aussi par la valorisation de sources renouvelables pour la production directe de chaleur, le cas échéant mutualisée grâce à des réseaux de chaleur et permettant également la valorisation de la chaleur fatale.', 'Une vision équilibrée du système énergétique passera par une électrification de certains usages mais aussi par la valorisation de sources renouvelables pour la production directe de chaleur, le cas échéant mutualisée grâce à des réseaux de chaleur et permettant également la valorisation de la chaleur fatale. Le couplage sectoriel contribuera à assurer l’équilibre et la sécurité du système énergétique en transition. La décarbonation totale du système énergétique repose sur trois piliers qui sont : la décentralisation de la production d’électricité, la numérisation et l’électrification d’une partie de la consommation des secteurs finaux. L’intégration du système électrique belge dans le système électrique européen sera renforcée. Le stockage de l’énergie sera également un élément essentiel.', 'Le stockage de l’énergie sera également un élément essentiel. Du côté du bâtiment, l’étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone » envisage une réduction de 90% à 100% des émissions, qui s’appuie sur la rénovation du parc de bâtiments wallons. La Stratégie de Rénovation à long terme se fixe comme objectif que l’ensemble des bâtiments atteindront le niveau de performance A en moyenne en 2050. Dans le même temps, le recours accru aux énergies renouvelables, pour assurer le solde de l’approvisionnement énergétique, permettra au bâti d’atteindre la neutralité carbone en 2050. Au niveau industriel, les Roadmaps sectorielles 2050 publiées en avril 2018 ont montré que chaque secteur industriel wallon dispose d’une vision à long terme de ses propres activités.', 'Au niveau industriel, les Roadmaps sectorielles 2050 publiées en avril 2018 ont montré que chaque secteur industriel wallon dispose d’une vision à long terme de ses propres activités. Plusieurs éléments ressortent de manière indiscutable : au-delà de l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et du shift vers les énergies renouvelables, une électrification croissante des secteurs d’activités et un recours croissant aux options liées à la capture du carbone (CCS/CCU), la substitution de combustibles (Fuel Switch) et l’intégration sectorielle (Sector coupling)). Le système ETS devra jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition et assurer au niveau européen un level-playing field afin de garantir la compétitivité des entreprises.', 'Le système ETS devra jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition et assurer au niveau européen un level-playing field afin de garantir la compétitivité des entreprises. La Wallonie poursuivra les efforts entamés pour assurer le déploiement structurel, global et cohérent de l’économie circulaire sur le territoire wallon, de façon à développer des projets porteurs de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi. Le transport est le seul domaine où tant les émissions de CO2 que la consommation énergétique sont en croissance depuis 1990. Cette évolution est liée à l’accroissement du trafic routier et une relative stagnation voire régression des modes de transport collectifs.', 'Cette évolution est liée à l’accroissement du trafic routier et une relative stagnation voire régression des modes de transport collectifs. A l’horizon 2050, le transport sera complètement décarboné, via une réduction de la demande de transport (aménagement du territoire et meilleure gestion de la demande) et le passage à l’énergie électrique, aux biocarburants et aux biogaz durables. Pour le transport de marchandises, un transfert modal du camion vers le rail ou la voie d’eau résultera en une diminution de la congestion. Une part des combustibles non biosourcés est toutefois réservée en 2050 au transport aérien et maritime, avec un accent mis sur les carburants recyclés ou les carburants synthétiques issus du CO2 (e-fuels).', 'Une part des combustibles non biosourcés est toutefois réservée en 2050 au transport aérien et maritime, avec un accent mis sur les carburants recyclés ou les carburants synthétiques issus du CO2 (e-fuels). Le report modal, avec des infrastructures adaptées, l’usage de modes actifs et la démocratisation de véhicules légers électrifiés (vélos, …), permettront de diminuer la part modale de l’automobile Les transports en commun sont l’un des moteurs les plus importants pour garantir la décarbonation du secteur. Les besoins qui ne peuvent être satisfaits par les transports en commun s’appuieront ensuite sur les véhicules partagés, qu’ils soient ou non autonomes.', 'Les besoins qui ne peuvent être satisfaits par les transports en commun s’appuieront ensuite sur les véhicules partagés, qu’ils soient ou non autonomes. Le transport représentera un défi social voire sociétal pour éviter le clivage entre les citoyens des villes où l’offre de transport public devrait augmenter pour remplacer les voitures personnelles et les ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 6 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 citoyens des zones rurales pour qui se déplacer va devenir contraignant même pour les trajets résiduaires quand le co-voiturage et le télétravail auront répondu à une première partie des besoins. C’est un défi majeur qu’il convient absolument de relever.', 'C’est un défi majeur qu’il convient absolument de relever. L’agriculture entraînera toujours des émissions de gaz à effet de serre autres que le CO2 , mais elles pourront être réduites d ici 2050 grâce à des méthodes de production efficaces et durables. Selon l’étude « Wallonie bas carbone », une réduction des émissions de 25 à 35% est envisageable. L’innovation jouera un rôle de plus en plus important notamment avec l’agriculture intelligente/smart farming, qui permettra de produire plus avec moins d’intrants et moins d’efforts. Une économie à émissions nettes nulles nécessitera des quantités croissantes de biomasse par rapport à la consommation actuelle qui pourrait diversifier davantage l activité agricole actuelle.', 'Une économie à émissions nettes nulles nécessitera des quantités croissantes de biomasse par rapport à la consommation actuelle qui pourrait diversifier davantage l activité agricole actuelle. Enfin, plusieurs recherches sont en cours en vue d’assurer le maintien et le renforcement des puits de carbone dans la biomasse forestière et les sols agricoles et forestiers, qui absorbent actuellement de l’ordre de 3% des émissions annuelles de la Région. Cette absorption pourrait être légèrement renforcée, que ce soit via des changements d’espèces ou le reboisement de terres marginales, mais le potentiel d’augmentation du puits reste limité compte tenu de l’occupation du territoire. Le CCS/CCU devrait donc être utilisé afin de compenser les émissions résiduelles.', 'Le CCS/CCU devrait donc être utilisé afin de compenser les émissions résiduelles. La transformation de l’économie wallonne devra s’inscrire dans une transition juste et équitable tant au niveau des emplois que de l’accès à l’énergie. Tant les autorités locales que les citoyens auront un rôle central à jouer dans le développement d’une société décarbonée. Toutes ces transformations reposeront donc sur des changements de comportement, à l’échelle individuelle ou au niveau des entreprises. Les autorités locales seront impliquées car la gouvernance s’opère à l’échelle de l’agglomération ou des bassins de vie et leur rôle de mobilisation et d’incitation des acteurs de leur territoire.', 'Les autorités locales seront impliquées car la gouvernance s’opère à l’échelle de l’agglomération ou des bassins de vie et leur rôle de mobilisation et d’incitation des acteurs de leur territoire. La Stratégie repose également sur une évolution de l’aménagement du territoire wallon bâtie sur quatre objectifs : la lutte contre l’étalement urbain et l’utilisation rationnelle des territoires et des ressources, le développement socio-économique et de l’attractivité territoriale et la maitrise de la mobilité. Les politiques et mesures concernant la recherche, le développement et l’innovation technologiques viseront à améliore la durabilité des biens produits et à les intégrer dans une logique vertueuse d’économie circulaire, qui minimise les impacts énergétiques et environnementaux.', 'Les politiques et mesures concernant la recherche, le développement et l’innovation technologiques viseront à améliore la durabilité des biens produits et à les intégrer dans une logique vertueuse d’économie circulaire, qui minimise les impacts énergétiques et environnementaux. L’introduction progressive de normes d utilisation des matériaux circulaires efficacité est essentielle, ainsi que le développement et l adoption de technologies disruptives dans le but de réduire et éventuellement d éliminer les émissions résiduelles. En matière d’adaptation, les projections disponibles prévoient des précipitations hivernales plus importantes et des étés plus secs et plus chauds, une augmentation du nombre de jours annuels de très fortes précipitations ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de jours de canicules estivales.', 'En matière d’adaptation, les projections disponibles prévoient des précipitations hivernales plus importantes et des étés plus secs et plus chauds, une augmentation du nombre de jours annuels de très fortes précipitations ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de jours de canicules estivales. Les principaux risques identifiés concernent les inondations, l’érosion des sols, l’étiage, les risques sanitaires en période de canicule, la sensibilité de certaines cultures et essences forestières (aléas climatiques et ravageurs) et enfin la vulnérabilité des systèmes énergétiques (pics de consommation estivaux liés à la climatisation, refroidissement des centrales).', 'Les principaux risques identifiés concernent les inondations, l’érosion des sols, l’étiage, les risques sanitaires en période de canicule, la sensibilité de certaines cultures et essences forestières (aléas climatiques et ravageurs) et enfin la vulnérabilité des systèmes énergétiques (pics de consommation estivaux liés à la climatisation, refroidissement des centrales). La Wallonie va donc renforcer et adapter la gestion de l’eau, prendre des mesures pour adapter les villes aux vagues de chaleur, renforcer la préservation de la biodiversité et améliorer la résilience des écosystèmes et des agrosystèmes et enfin développer un système énergétique résilient, basé sur un mix de sources d’énergie renouvelables allié à des interconnexions suffisantes et des solutions de flexibilité variées. Des synergies et des arbitrages seront nécessaires entre les mesures d’atténuation et les mesures d’adaptation. \x1b !', 'Des synergies et des arbitrages seront nécessaires entre les mesures d’atténuation et les mesures d’adaptation. \x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 7 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 1.2. Cadre international et européen L’Accord de Paris (COP21 – adopté en décembre 2015) demande à toutes les Parties d élaborer des stratégies à long terme d ici 20202. Concrètement, cela signifie pour les pays de l’Union Européenne, une réduction de 80 à 95% de leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’ici 2050 par rapport à 1990. Le 28 novembre 2018, la Commission européenne a présenté sa vision stratégique à long terme en vue de parvenir à une économie prospère, moderne, compétitive et neutre pour le climat d’ici à 20503.', 'Le 28 novembre 2018, la Commission européenne a présenté sa vision stratégique à long terme en vue de parvenir à une économie prospère, moderne, compétitive et neutre pour le climat d’ici à 20503. La stratégie indique comment l’Europe peut montrer la voie à suivre pour atteindre la neutralité climatique, en investissant dans des solutions technologiques réalistes, en donnant aux citoyens les moyens d agir et en adaptant l action à mettre en œuvre dans des domaines clés tels que la politique industrielle, la finance ou la recherche, tout en garantissant la justice sociale nécessaire à une transition équitable.', 'La stratégie indique comment l’Europe peut montrer la voie à suivre pour atteindre la neutralité climatique, en investissant dans des solutions technologiques réalistes, en donnant aux citoyens les moyens d agir et en adaptant l action à mettre en œuvre dans des domaines clés tels que la politique industrielle, la finance ou la recherche, tout en garantissant la justice sociale nécessaire à une transition équitable. La vision de la Commission d’un avenir neutre pour le climat couvre la quasi-totalité des politiques de l’UE et respecte l’objectif de l’accord de Paris de maintenir la hausse de la température de la planète bien en deçà de 2° C et de poursuivre les efforts pour la maintenir à 1,5° C. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Union de l’Energie4 , il est imposé « au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020, et ensuite au plus tard le 1er janvier 2029, et tous les dix ans par la suite, que chaque État membre établisse et communique à la Commission sa stratégie à long terme, sur trente ans au minimum.', 'La vision de la Commission d’un avenir neutre pour le climat couvre la quasi-totalité des politiques de l’UE et respecte l’objectif de l’accord de Paris de maintenir la hausse de la température de la planète bien en deçà de 2° C et de poursuivre les efforts pour la maintenir à 1,5° C. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Union de l’Energie4 , il est imposé « au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020, et ensuite au plus tard le 1er janvier 2029, et tous les dix ans par la suite, que chaque État membre établisse et communique à la Commission sa stratégie à long terme, sur trente ans au minimum. Les États membres devraient, si nécessaire, mettre à jour ces stratégies tous les cinq ans.', 'Les États membres devraient, si nécessaire, mettre à jour ces stratégies tous les cinq ans. » 1.3. Cadre global belge Le 17 mai 2013, le Gouvernement fédéral belge a adopté la « Vision stratégique fédérale à long terme en matière de développement durable »5. Cette vision s’attache à relever quatre défis ambitieux qui offrent une vue claire sur la société dans laquelle nous souhaitons vivre : · Une société inclusive et solidaire ; · Une société résiliente qui adapte son économie aux défis économiques, sociaux et écologiques ; · Une société qui préserve son environnement ; · Une société soutenue par des pouvoirs publics assumant leur responsabilité sociétale. Ces défis ont ensuite été traduits en thématiques et en objectifs.', 'Ces défis ont ensuite été traduits en thématiques et en objectifs. Les objectifs s’intègrent dans le cadre des compétences fédérales, telles que la lutte contre la pauvreté, la santé publique, la mobilité, l’énergie, les changements climatiques, la coopération au développement. Par ailleurs, la vision à long terme contient aussi une série d’indicateurs qui permettront de mesurer l atteinte des objectifs fixés. La vision à long terme chapeaute désormais le cycle des Plans fédéraux de Développement durable (PFDD). L’objectif de réduction de 80 à 95% de leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’ici 2050 par rapport à 1990 est inscrit dans cette vision à long terme de développement durable.', 'L’objectif de réduction de 80 à 95% de leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’ici 2050 par rapport à 1990 est inscrit dans cette vision à long terme de développement durable. Plus récemment, Les Ministres régionaux et fédéral ayant l’énergie dans leurs compétences ont finalisé le « Pacte énergétique pour 2030 et 2050 ». Ce document non-contraignant propose une vision commune des régions et du fédéral pour décider du futur énergétique de la Belgique. Il ne s’agit pas d’un plan d’actions mais il propose différentes orientations. En décembre 2018, la Belgique a remis la première version du « Plan national Energie Climat à l’horizon 2030 (PNEC 2030).', 'En décembre 2018, la Belgique a remis la première version du « Plan national Energie Climat à l’horizon 2030 (PNEC 2030). Sachant que, selon le Règlement sur la gouvernance de l’Union de l’Energie, « Les 2 Article 4, Paragraphe 19 de l’Accord de Paris voir paris 4 Article 15 du Règlement du la Gouvernance \x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 8 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 plans nationaux intégrés en matière d énergie et de climat sont compatibles avec les stratégies à long terme visées au présent article », une attention particulière doit être portée à l’articulation entre les échelles temporelles. 1.4.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 8 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 plans nationaux intégrés en matière d énergie et de climat sont compatibles avec les stratégies à long terme visées au présent article », une attention particulière doit être portée à l’articulation entre les échelles temporelles. 1.4. Cadre spécifique wallon En décembre 2011, l’Agence Wallonne de l’Air et du Climat a commandité une étude « Vers une Wallonie Bas-carbone en 2050 ». L’étude identifie les trajectoires vers une économie sobre en carbone et analyse les implications d’objectifs de « décarbonation » c’est-à-dire de réduction de 80% à 95 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2050 par rapport à 19906.', 'L’étude identifie les trajectoires vers une économie sobre en carbone et analyse les implications d’objectifs de « décarbonation » c’est-à-dire de réduction de 80% à 95 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2050 par rapport à 19906. Les résultats de cette étude constituent des bases importantes de la SLT 2050. Le 19 février 2014, le Parlement wallon a adopté le décret « Climat ». Ce décret a pour objet d’instaurer des objectifs en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à court, moyen et long terme, et de mettre en place les instruments pour veiller à ce qu’ils soient réellement atteints.', 'Ce décret a pour objet d’instaurer des objectifs en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à court, moyen et long terme, et de mettre en place les instruments pour veiller à ce qu’ils soient réellement atteints. Il prévoit notamment l’élaboration de « budgets » d’émission par période de 5 ans et l’établissement d’un Comité des experts. Celui-ci remet des avis sur les propositions de budgets d’émission et sur les politiques qui permettent de les respecter7.', 'Celui-ci remet des avis sur les propositions de budgets d’émission et sur les politiques qui permettent de les respecter7. Les objectifs fixés par ce décret sont les suivants : · Une réduction de 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport à 1990 en 2020 ; · Une réduction de 80 à 95% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport à 1990 en 2050. La Déclaration de Politique Régionale de la Wallonie 2019-2024 (DPR) rappelle que l’urgence climatique et les dégradations environnementales sont telles que la société tout entière est appelée à modifier ses comportements en profondeur. La Wallonie s inscrit dans l’évolution nécessaire et souhaitable vers la société bas carbone.', 'La Wallonie s inscrit dans l’évolution nécessaire et souhaitable vers la société bas carbone. Elle vise la neutralité carbone au plus tard en 2050, avec une étape intermédiaire de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de 55 % par rapport à 1990 d ici 2030. Pour atteindre cet objectif climatique de 55 % de réduction des gaz à effet de serre d’ici 2030 lancera un vaste processus participatif, sur le choix des mesures d’opérationnalisation du PACE (Plan Air Climat Energie) de moyen et de long terme. Ce débat sera initié sur base des propositions précises élaborées par les experts en lien avec l objectif climatique annoncé et visera à déterminer collectivement les mesures les plus justes socialement et les plus efficientes.', 'Ce débat sera initié sur base des propositions précises élaborées par les experts en lien avec l objectif climatique annoncé et visera à déterminer collectivement les mesures les plus justes socialement et les plus efficientes. Nourri par ces contributions, le Gouvernement arrêtera pour la fin de l’année 2021 une version actualisée du PACE 2030, comprenant ces nouvelles politiques et mesures. 1.5. Un point de départ Ce document ne doit pas être considéré comme un aboutissement mais bien comme un point de départ. En effet, une telle transition impacte tous les secteurs de la société et doit reposer sur un large consensus pour pouvoir être mise en œuvre.', 'En effet, une telle transition impacte tous les secteurs de la société et doit reposer sur un large consensus pour pouvoir être mise en œuvre. Après soumission de ce rapport à la Commission européenne, un travail de concertation sera initié avec les représentants des différents secteurs et les parties prenantes. Une procédure participative élargie sera menée afin de mobiliser les citoyens. wallonne \x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 9 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 2. Objectifs stratégiques à long terme La stratégie wallonne à long terme s’inscrit dans la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris. L’Accord de Paris engage les Parties à contenir le réchauffement mondial nettement sous les 2°C et à poursuivre l’action pour limiter celui-ci à 1,5°C.', 'L’Accord de Paris engage les Parties à contenir le réchauffement mondial nettement sous les 2°C et à poursuivre l’action pour limiter celui-ci à 1,5°C. La Wallonie, via son Décret climat, s’est engagée à réduire ses émissions de GES : « Art. 4. Le présent décret a pour objectifs la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de : 1° 30 pour cent d équivalents CO2 par rapport à la quantité de l année de référence d ici 2020 ; 2° 80 à 95 pour cent d équivalents CO2 par rapport à la quantité de l année de référence d ici 2050. Le Gouvernement fixe, au plus tard le 31 décembre 2020, le pourcentage de réduction des émissions à atteindre pour 2050 en fonction des obligations internationales ou européennes.', 'Le Gouvernement fixe, au plus tard le 31 décembre 2020, le pourcentage de réduction des émissions à atteindre pour 2050 en fonction des obligations internationales ou européennes. A défaut, le pourcentage à atteindre est de 95 pour cent. » Dans son dernier rapport spécial sur un « réchauffement planétaire de 1.5°C », publié en 2018, le GIEC a mis à jour son estimation des budgets carbone disponibles au niveau mondial. Par rapport aux estimations dans le 5e rapport du GIEC, publié en 2014, ces budgets ont été précisés, ainsi que les sources d’incertitudes. L’avis du Comité des Experts permet de poursuivre la réflexion pour affiner cet objectif.', 'L’avis du Comité des Experts permet de poursuivre la réflexion pour affiner cet objectif. Le Comité propose de baser son estimation sur le budget mondial d’émissions cumulées permettant d’avoir 66 % de chance de rester sous les 2°C (1170 GtCO2 àpd 2018) et celui permettant d’avoir 50 % de chance de rester sous 1,5 °C de réchauffement (580 GtCO2 àpd 2018), tout en notant qu’il pourrait être jugé plus adéquat de viser des pourcentages plus élevés en termes de chance de rester sous les seuils de température définis dans l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le Comité propose de baser son estimation sur le budget mondial d’émissions cumulées permettant d’avoir 66 % de chance de rester sous les 2°C (1170 GtCO2 àpd 2018) et celui permettant d’avoir 50 % de chance de rester sous 1,5 °C de réchauffement (580 GtCO2 àpd 2018), tout en notant qu’il pourrait être jugé plus adéquat de viser des pourcentages plus élevés en termes de chance de rester sous les seuils de température définis dans l’Accord de Paris. Notons que ces valeurs de budgets carbones concernent toutes les émissions anthropiques de CO2, mais pas les autres GES (l’effet de ces derniers sur la température est cependant pris en compte, sur base de scénarios repris dans les travaux du GIEC).', 'Notons que ces valeurs de budgets carbones concernent toutes les émissions anthropiques de CO2, mais pas les autres GES (l’effet de ces derniers sur la température est cependant pris en compte, sur base de scénarios repris dans les travaux du GIEC). Sur cette base, seul l’objectif de réduction de 95% en 2050 permet de contribuer à la stabilisation des températures à +1.5°C par rapport à l’époque préindustrielle, avec un budget d’émissions cumulées de 516 Mt CO2 sur la période 2018-2050 pour la Wallonie8. Dans sa DPR, la Wallonie se propose de viser la neutralité carbone en 2050, reposant sur la réduction de 95% prévue par le Décret complétée de mesures de capture du carbone avec du CCU et des émissions négatives (BECCS).', 'Dans sa DPR, la Wallonie se propose de viser la neutralité carbone en 2050, reposant sur la réduction de 95% prévue par le Décret complétée de mesures de capture du carbone avec du CCU et des émissions négatives (BECCS). Cet objectif climatique s’allie à la nécessité de continuer à fournir aux citoyens et aux entreprises une énergie sûre, durable et abordable. Tous les secteurs sont impactés par cette transition et y contribuent en fonction de leurs spécificités. Le secteur énergétique est central et sera complètement décarboné.', 'Le secteur énergétique est central et sera complètement décarboné. L’étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone » permet à la Wallonie de construire une Stratégie Long Terme basée sur une approche de type « back casting » : l étude explore diverses trajectoires compatibles avec l objectif de réduction de 80% à 95% en 2050. Différents leviers sont évoqués : changement de comportement, amélioration massive de l’isolation des bâtiments, développement d’une production électrique 100% issue de sources renouvelables, capture et séquestration du carbone (CCS), … L’approche « Wallonie bas carbone » a été actualisée sur base de différents jugements d’experts et autres études plus récentes. ! !', 'Différents leviers sont évoqués : changement de comportement, amélioration massive de l’isolation des bâtiments, développement d’une production électrique 100% issue de sources renouvelables, capture et séquestration du carbone (CCS), … L’approche « Wallonie bas carbone » a été actualisée sur base de différents jugements d’experts et autres études plus récentes. ! ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 10 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 2.1 Réduction totale des émissions de Gaz à effet de serre et renforcement des absorptions par les puits 2.1.1. Projections à l horizon 2050 concernant la réduction des émissions et le renforcement des absorptions Réduction des émissions L’étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone » a été commanditée afin d’analyser les scénarios possibles pour l’atteinte de l’objectif du Décret Climat.', 'Projections à l horizon 2050 concernant la réduction des émissions et le renforcement des absorptions Réduction des émissions L’étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone » a été commanditée afin d’analyser les scénarios possibles pour l’atteinte de l’objectif du Décret Climat. Dans cette étude, l’objectif de réduction en 2050 par rapport à 1990 implique d’atteindre une fourchette d’émissions annuelles totales de 2.8 MtCO2e (objectif de -95%) à 10 MtCO2e (objectif de - 80%) en 2050. De 1990 à 2017, les réductions de GES en moyenne annuelle ont été de 1.4%/an alors qu’elles devraient être de 2,8%/an à partir de 2018, soit un facteur 2 supérieur entre ce qui a été réalisé et ce qu’il reste à réaliser.', 'De 1990 à 2017, les réductions de GES en moyenne annuelle ont été de 1.4%/an alors qu’elles devraient être de 2,8%/an à partir de 2018, soit un facteur 2 supérieur entre ce qui a été réalisé et ce qu’il reste à réaliser. Il faut également souligner que les réductions observées entre 1990 et 2017 s’expliquent par divers facteurs, dont plusieurs ne sont pas extrapolables aux années futures, comme par exemple la conjoncture économique (crise de 2008 et déclin industriel) ou certaines mesures pour lesquelles le potentiel est globalement atteint (récupération et valorisation du biogaz dans les centres d’enfouissement technique (CET), traitement du N2 O émis lors de la production d’acide nitrique, switch du mazout vers le gaz naturel dans le secteur résidentiel,…) .', 'Il faut également souligner que les réductions observées entre 1990 et 2017 s’expliquent par divers facteurs, dont plusieurs ne sont pas extrapolables aux années futures, comme par exemple la conjoncture économique (crise de 2008 et déclin industriel) ou certaines mesures pour lesquelles le potentiel est globalement atteint (récupération et valorisation du biogaz dans les centres d’enfouissement technique (CET), traitement du N2 O émis lors de la production d’acide nitrique, switch du mazout vers le gaz naturel dans le secteur résidentiel,…) . Cette évolution passée ne permet donc pas de définir une tendance jusque 2050.', 'Cette évolution passée ne permet donc pas de définir une tendance jusque 2050. La figure 1 ci-dessous illustre ce propos : la Région a actuellement dépassé son objectif de -30% en 2020 selon le Décret Climat, avec en 2017 une réduction de -37% par rapport à 1990, mais cette figure montre également que les émissions sont relativement stables depuis 2014. Il n’y a donc pas de tendance à la réduction au cours des quatre dernières années. Figure 1. Evolution des émissions totales de GES en Wallonie [MtCO2e par an] par rapport à 1990 (AwAC, CLIMACT). En conséquence, les objectifs à moyen terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du Evolution en % de 1990 Emissions (inventaire) \x15 !', 'En conséquence, les objectifs à moyen terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du Evolution en % de 1990 Emissions (inventaire) \x15 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 11 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 secteur non-ETS de 35% par rapport à 2005 en 2030) et à long terme (diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre totales de 80 à 95% en 2050) nécessiteront la mise en œuvre de politiques particulièrement ambitieuses. Renforcement des absorptions Plusieurs recherches sont en cours en vue d’assurer le maintien et le renforcement du puits de carbone forestier, notamment en envisageant la plantation d’espèces plus adaptées au climat projeté en 2050. Ces recherches n’ont pas encore abouti à des recommandations spécifiques.', 'Ces recherches n’ont pas encore abouti à des recommandations spécifiques. Actuellement, seule une tendance au remplacement de l’épicéa par du sapin de Douglas est observée. Si cette tendance est maintenue, elle devrait permettre une légère augmentation du puits forestier à l’horizon 2050, le sapin de Douglas étant plus productif. Ceci étant, comme décrit à la section 3.5, la biomasse forestière et les sols agricoles et forestiers wallons ne permettent actuellement que de stocker de l’ordre de 1000 kt CO2 -éq.an, soit environ 3% des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre de la Région en 2017, bien qu’ils couvrent actuellement 80 % du territoire.', 'Ceci étant, comme décrit à la section 3.5, la biomasse forestière et les sols agricoles et forestiers wallons ne permettent actuellement que de stocker de l’ordre de 1000 kt CO2 -éq.an, soit environ 3% des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre de la Région en 2017, bien qu’ils couvrent actuellement 80 % du territoire. Cette absorption pourrait être légèrement renforcée, que ce soit via des changements d’espèces ou le reboisement de terres marginales, mais le potentiel d’augmentation du puits reste limité compte tenu de l’occupation du territoire.', 'Cette absorption pourrait être légèrement renforcée, que ce soit via des changements d’espèces ou le reboisement de terres marginales, mais le potentiel d’augmentation du puits reste limité compte tenu de l’occupation du territoire. La région veillera à ce que l’intensité de prélèvement de la biomasse soit compatible avec le maintien et le renforcement des absorptions par les écosystèmes forestiers, en particulier en ce qui concerne le bois-énergie dans le cadre des énergies renouvelables. Une réflexion sera entamée pour définir les modalités de vérification de cette condition. Le CCS/CCU devrait donc être utilisé afin de compenser les émissions résiduelles. En effet, certains secteurs resteront émetteurs et certaines industries resteront dépendantes de procédés industriels libérant des GES.', 'En effet, certains secteurs resteront émetteurs et certaines industries resteront dépendantes de procédés industriels libérant des GES. Dans cette approche le CO2 émis dans les processus de purification du biogaz ou issus des émissions fatales pourrait servir de matière première à la production de e-gaz ou de e-carburants complexes ou être neutralisé définitivement (molécules chimiques, chimie des carbonates). Le mécanisme devra permettre de compenser la perte de rendement industrielle (à la production et lors du stockage). Le secteur de la production électrique pourrait envisager des émissions négatives grâce à la capture et au stockage des émissions de centrales alimentées par de la biomasse (BECCS)9. Selon les principes du BECCS, la capture de carbone ne concerne que du CO2 issu de processus renouvelables et être employé dans un système symbiotique.', 'Selon les principes du BECCS, la capture de carbone ne concerne que du CO2 issu de processus renouvelables et être employé dans un système symbiotique. La capture du CO2 , avec sa séquestration (CCS) ou son utilisation (CCU), est une piste à envisager dans une vision vers une neutralité carbone tout en évitant de voir en cette option une occasion d’éviter la décarbonation de l’économie. Le stockage géologique de CO2 est aléatoire, confiné géographiquement et actuellement non rentable. Il entre potentiellement en conflit avec d’autres utilisations telles que stockage de gaz naturel, ré- exploitation de la houille, géothermie, … et nécessite de nombreuses conditions pour assurer la permanence du stockage.', 'Il entre potentiellement en conflit avec d’autres utilisations telles que stockage de gaz naturel, ré- exploitation de la houille, géothermie, … et nécessite de nombreuses conditions pour assurer la permanence du stockage. Tout projet ne sera viable qu’avec des garanties sur le prix de la tonne de sans oublier les coûts liés au transport et à la purification10. 2.1.2. Objectif spécifique national pour 2030 et au-delà, si possible, et 9 Option pour laquelle, il sera préférable de privilégier le recours à de la biomasse en fin de parcours pour laquelle il n’y a plus d’autre usage possible étant donné les disponibilités limitées en biomasse et la perte de rendement. !', 'Objectif spécifique national pour 2030 et au-delà, si possible, et 9 Option pour laquelle, il sera préférable de privilégier le recours à de la biomasse en fin de parcours pour laquelle il n’y a plus d’autre usage possible étant donné les disponibilités limitées en biomasse et la perte de rendement. ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 12 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 objectifs intermédiaires indicatifs pour 2040 et 2050 Dans le cadre de la proposition du PNEC, l’objectif adopté en Wallonie est de -37% pour les secteurs non-ETS. Néanmoins, selon l’avis du comité des experts il apparait que cet objectif non-ETS 2030 n’est pas suffisant pour atteindre l’objectif 2050. Il est donc envisagé de revoir l’objectif 2030 d’ici 2021.', 'Il est donc envisagé de revoir l’objectif 2030 d’ici 2021. La Stratégie wallonne vise la « neutralité carbone » à l’horizon 2050, cette neutralité reposerait sur la réduction de 95% des émissions des GES prévue par le Décret Climat, complétée de mesures de capture du carbone avec du CCU et des émissions négatives. Figure 2. Fourchettes de réduction nécessaires entre 2008 et 2050 par secteur pour atteindre 80% (vs. 1990) selon des scenarios équilibrés (CLIMACT). L’objectif global à l’horizon 2050 fixé dans le décret Climat n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’une déclinaison sectorielle. L’objectif intermédiaire à l’horizon 2040 n’est pas encore défini.', 'L’objectif intermédiaire à l’horizon 2040 n’est pas encore défini. Cela étant, l’étude de scénarios possibles pour une transition bas carbone de la Région selon un objectif de 80% indique que le secteur du bâtiment a une contribution potentielle très élevée pour permettre à la Région de réduire ses émissions (Figure 2). 2.2. Le déploiement des énergies renouvelables La stratégie wallonne à long terme repose sur une cible de 100% d’énergie renouvelable à l’horizon 2050. Les éventuelles centrales thermiques subsistantes devront être associées à une capture de carbone. Etant donné le faible potentiel de la Région wallonne dans les différentes sources d’énergie renouvelable, cette cible reposera sur un mix équilibré des technologies disponibles et d’importation d’électricité.', 'Etant donné le faible potentiel de la Région wallonne dans les différentes sources d’énergie renouvelable, cette cible reposera sur un mix équilibré des technologies disponibles et d’importation d’électricité. Toute augmentation éventuelle de l’intensité de prélèvement de la biomasse forestière devra également rester compatible avec le maintien et le renforcement à long terme du puits de carbone (voir point 2.1.1). La production d’électricité et de chaleur doit exploiter toutes les possibilités technologiques disponibles, tant leurs spécificités sont complémentaires. Une vision équilibrée du système énergétique dans sa globalité passera par une électrification de certains usages mais aussi par la valorisation de sources renouvelables pour la production directe de chaleur.', 'Une vision équilibrée du système énergétique dans sa globalité passera par une électrification de certains usages mais aussi par la valorisation de sources renouvelables pour la production directe de chaleur. En effet, bien que l’électrification soit communément admise comme une voie d’avenir tant pour le secteur du transport que l’approvisionnement en chaleur, il existe des technologies matures de production directe de chaleur ou de froid à partir de sources renouvelables. Les leviers de la décarbonation sont les suivants : · décarbonation de la production électrique grâce à l’exploitation du potentiel d’énergie \x12 !', 'Les leviers de la décarbonation sont les suivants : · décarbonation de la production électrique grâce à l’exploitation du potentiel d’énergie \x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 13 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 renouvelable et éventuelles émissions négatives grâce à la capture et stockage des émissions de centrales électriques alimentée par de la biomasse (BECCS) · décarbonation de la production de chaleur grâce à l’électrification via des pompes à chaleur et l’utilisation de biomasse, de solaire thermique, de cogénération, le cas échéant mutualisés grâce à des réseaux de chaleur et permettant également la valorisation de la chaleur fatale Le couplage sectoriel contribuera à assurer l’équilibre et la sécurité du système énergétique en transition en le faisant reposer sur une intégration des réseaux électrique, de gaz et de chaleur afin d’alimenter les différents secteurs (résidentiel, mobilité, industrie et agriculture) tout en offrant des solutions de stockage.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 13 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 renouvelable et éventuelles émissions négatives grâce à la capture et stockage des émissions de centrales électriques alimentée par de la biomasse (BECCS) · décarbonation de la production de chaleur grâce à l’électrification via des pompes à chaleur et l’utilisation de biomasse, de solaire thermique, de cogénération, le cas échéant mutualisés grâce à des réseaux de chaleur et permettant également la valorisation de la chaleur fatale Le couplage sectoriel contribuera à assurer l’équilibre et la sécurité du système énergétique en transition en le faisant reposer sur une intégration des réseaux électrique, de gaz et de chaleur afin d’alimenter les différents secteurs (résidentiel, mobilité, industrie et agriculture) tout en offrant des solutions de stockage. L’ensemble s’appuiera sur un mécanisme global de garanties d’origines compatibles d’un secteur/vecteur à l’autre.', 'L’ensemble s’appuiera sur un mécanisme global de garanties d’origines compatibles d’un secteur/vecteur à l’autre. De plus, l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique devra être réalisée en parallèle de manière à éviter de réaliser des nouveaux investissements excessifs pour répondre à la consommation de pointe en hiver étant donné la différence saisonnière en besoins de chaleur. 2.3. L’efficacité énergétique d’abord L’efficacité énergétique est la clé d’une transition bon marché L’objectif en matière d’efficacité énergétique vise une réduction significative de la consommation finale d’énergie. L’efficacité énergétique réduit durablement la quantité d’énergie nécessaire tout en améliorant à long terme le niveau de vie des citoyens.', 'L’efficacité énergétique réduit durablement la quantité d’énergie nécessaire tout en améliorant à long terme le niveau de vie des citoyens. L’utilisation de l’ensemble des leviers d’efficacité énergétique à travers les secteurs de la demande permet de réduire de 50 TWh la consommation finale d’ici 205011, par rapport à une consommation finale de 120 TWh en 2017 ou de 140 TWh en 2005. Cette réduction, soutenue par les changements de comportements et les avancées technologiques, permet de compenser l’éventuelle augmentation de demande d’électricité (scénario de croissance forte). De plus, l’électrification à partir de sources renouvelables réduit quant à elle la consommation d’énergie primaire. L’efficacité énergétique est un levier attractif, lorsqu’on prend en compte l’ensemble des bénéfices induits.', 'L’efficacité énergétique est un levier attractif, lorsqu’on prend en compte l’ensemble des bénéfices induits. Les coûts d’investissements qui peuvent parfois être importants sont, en tout ou en partie compensés, le bénéfice direct individuel sur la facture énergétique de l’investisseur, et par le bénéfice indirect individuel au niveau du confort et de la qualité de vie par exemple dans le cas de bâtiments rénovés. Mais surtout, d’un point de vue sociétal et collectif, l’efficacité énergétique réduit drastiquement les besoins en investissements dans le secteur de la production d’énergie, crée potentiellement de l’emploi local et donc des rentrées budgétaires et induit d’importantes économies budgétaires en soins de santé. L’attractivité de ces mesures est contrastée par la difficulté de leur implémentation.', 'L’attractivité de ces mesures est contrastée par la difficulté de leur implémentation. De nombreux blocages existent et nécessitent donc la mise en place des mécanismes de soutien. Le changement comportemental principal consiste à privilégier une logique de consommation minimale qui peut se faire à moindre frais mais nécessite un profond changement de référentiel L’implémentation des mesures d’efficacité énergétique est centrale à l’utilisation rationnelle des ressources et nécessite la mise en œuvre de multiples chantiers de rénovations. Enfin, les rénovations du bâti permettront de le chauffer plus facilement et de diminuer les factures énergétiques. 11 Wallonie Bas Carbone " ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 14 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3. Vision à 2050 par secteur 3.1. Le Système énergétique global 3.1.1.', 'Vision à 2050 par secteur 3.1. Le Système énergétique global 3.1.1. Etat des lieux En 2017, le pourcentage d’énergie renouvelable dans la consommation finale brute en Wallonie au sens de la Directive (production brute d’énergie renouvelable/consommation finale brute provisoire) est de 12,6% et la part du transport atteint 6,7%. L’augmentation de ce pourcentage depuis 1990, de 1,9% à 12,6%, est le résultat d’une multiplication par 5 de la production brute d’énergie renouvelable (2,8 à 15,3 TWh) mais aussi d’une baisse de 14% de la consommation finale brute.', 'L’augmentation de ce pourcentage depuis 1990, de 1,9% à 12,6%, est le résultat d’une multiplication par 5 de la production brute d’énergie renouvelable (2,8 à 15,3 TWh) mais aussi d’une baisse de 14% de la consommation finale brute. Tableau 1 : Pourcentage d’énergie renouvelable dans la consommation finale brute en Wallonie Part de l énergie issue des sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute d énergie en Wallonie Part de l électricité issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute d électricité en Wallonie Part de la chaleur issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute de chaleur en Wallonie Part de l énergie issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute du transport en Wallonie chaleur des cogénérations installation qui ne produisent que de la chaleur Combustibles de substitution % électricité SER/Cons.', 'Tableau 1 : Pourcentage d’énergie renouvelable dans la consommation finale brute en Wallonie Part de l énergie issue des sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute d énergie en Wallonie Part de l électricité issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute d électricité en Wallonie Part de la chaleur issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute de chaleur en Wallonie Part de l énergie issue de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute du transport en Wallonie chaleur des cogénérations installation qui ne produisent que de la chaleur Combustibles de substitution % électricité SER/Cons. Finale Electrique Incinération déchets Biomasse par cogénération Biomasse Production d électricité SER (GWh) Consommation finale brute d électricité (GWh) Consommation finale TOTALE d énergie renouvelable SER (GWh) Consommation finale brute d énergie CFB (GWh) Solaire (PV) Hydraulique Eolien % chaleur SER/Cons.', 'Finale Electrique Incinération déchets Biomasse par cogénération Biomasse Production d électricité SER (GWh) Consommation finale brute d électricité (GWh) Consommation finale TOTALE d énergie renouvelable SER (GWh) Consommation finale brute d énergie CFB (GWh) Solaire (PV) Hydraulique Eolien % chaleur SER/Cons. Finale chaleur Consommation Finale SER transport (GWh) Consommation finale du transport (GWh) Total de production brute de chaleur (GWh) Consommation finale brute de chaleur (GWh) % chaleur SER/Cons. Finale chaleur % énergie SER/Cons. Finale Brute Electricité renouvelable du Transport Biocarburants du Transport \x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 15 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Figure 3 : Evolution de la production d’énergie brute renouvelable dans le total de consommation finale brute au sens de la directive 2009/28/CE (Wallonie, électricité-chaleur-transports) 3.1.2.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 15 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Figure 3 : Evolution de la production d’énergie brute renouvelable dans le total de consommation finale brute au sens de la directive 2009/28/CE (Wallonie, électricité-chaleur-transports) 3.1.2. Vision d’avenir La vision à 2050 pour le secteur énergétique repose sur une décarbonation totale, le mix énergétique étant entièrement basé sur les énergies renouvelables. Les éventuelles centrales thermiques subsistantes devront être associées à une capture de carbone. Cet objectif climatique s’allie à la nécessité de continuer à fournir aux citoyens et aux entreprises une énergie sûre, durable et abordable. Tous les secteurs sont impactés par cette transition et y contribuent en fonction de leurs spécificités.', 'Tous les secteurs sont impactés par cette transition et y contribuent en fonction de leurs spécificités. La décarbonation totale du système énergétique repose sur trois piliers qui sont : la décentralisation de la production d’électricité, la numérisation et l’électrification d’une partie de la consommation des secteurs finaux quand c’est approprié et qu’il n’existe pas de solution plus efficace. Ces trois tendances apportent des solutions mais constituent également des défis de taille. Elles devront permettre l’intégration de parts importantes d’énergie renouvelable variable dans le réseau tout en garantissant la sécurité d’approvisionnement des citoyens et des entreprises en énergie à des prix abordables/compétitifs. Cela nécessitera en particulier une participation et une responsabilisation (empowerment) du consommateur-acteur.', 'Cela nécessitera en particulier une participation et une responsabilisation (empowerment) du consommateur-acteur. Il sera important de favoriser des synergies entre les productions et les consommations locales renouvelables afin de renforcer le système en parallèle à la mise en place des mesures de flexibilité12. L’intégration du système électrique belge dans le système électrique européen sera renforcée. Le secteur de production d’électricité a une dimension européenne forte et il est important de maximiser les atouts et les synergies des Etats Membres afin de mutualiser les efforts, de minimiser les redondances et de garantir un coût sociétal minimal. Une stratégie cohérente doit combiner la mise en place régionale et la vision et l’implémentation à l’échelle européenne13. 3.1.3.', 'Une stratégie cohérente doit combiner la mise en place régionale et la vision et l’implémentation à l’échelle européenne13. 3.1.3. Lignes directrices Une énergie sûre, durable et abordable Même s’il est un élément incontournable de la décarbonation de notre économie, le secteur énergétique revêt également une importance stratégique qui impose de veiller à un approvisionnement en énergie sûr, durable et abordable tant pour les citoyens que pour les 12 Cf. IRENA Innovation Landscape 13 « Wallonie-Bas Carbone » ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 16 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 entreprises. Sûr parce que les mesures d’adaptation du réseau lorsqu’elles sont nécessaires, de flexibilité et de stockage auront été mises en œuvre.', 'Sûr parce que les mesures d’adaptation du réseau lorsqu’elles sont nécessaires, de flexibilité et de stockage auront été mises en œuvre. Durable grâce à un mix énergétique renouvelable dans lequel la biomasse jouera un rôle mesuré. Abordable afin de garantir l’accès à l’énergie à tous les citoyens et la compétitivité des entreprises et de contribuer ainsi à garantir le caractère juste et équitable de la transition Un mix renouvelable Le déploiement des énergies renouvelables pour la production d’électricité sera renforcé que ce soit grâce à des incitants quand ils sont encore nécessaires, grâce à la levée des barrières administratives, voire par des actes réglementaires.', 'Abordable afin de garantir l’accès à l’énergie à tous les citoyens et la compétitivité des entreprises et de contribuer ainsi à garantir le caractère juste et équitable de la transition Un mix renouvelable Le déploiement des énergies renouvelables pour la production d’électricité sera renforcé que ce soit grâce à des incitants quand ils sont encore nécessaires, grâce à la levée des barrières administratives, voire par des actes réglementaires. Ce déploiement devra être soigneusement planifié en concertation avec l’Etat fédéral pour être compatible avec une augmentation transitoire de la production des centrales au gaz naturel, dans le contexte de la sortie du nucléaire 2025. Les énergies renouvelables pour la production et récupération de chaleur seront déployées de manière structurée.', 'Les énergies renouvelables pour la production et récupération de chaleur seront déployées de manière structurée. En effet, les bâtiments vont continuer à consommer de l’énergie pour la production de chaleur, d’eau chaude sanitaire et également, de manière croissante, pour la climatisation. Toutes ces consommations devront être d’origine renouvelable qu’il s’agisse de pompes à chaleur, de biomasse, ou de solaire thermique. Des réseaux de chaleur et de froid seront développés afin de permettre l’alimentation des villes. De manière concrète, il y aura lieu pour les bâtiments individuels de privilégier l’installation de pompes à chaleur hautement performantes (y compris en ce qui concerne les fluides réfrigérants), de panneaux solaires thermiques et le recours à l’énergie géothermique.', 'De manière concrète, il y aura lieu pour les bâtiments individuels de privilégier l’installation de pompes à chaleur hautement performantes (y compris en ce qui concerne les fluides réfrigérants), de panneaux solaires thermiques et le recours à l’énergie géothermique. Pour les immeubles collectifs, les connections à des réseaux de chaleur renouvelables ou utilisant de la chaleur fatale, l’utilisation de PAC performantes ou d’installations solaires thermiques devront être une priorité. L’utilisation des ressources biomasse pour la production d’énergie sera soutenue et l’encadrement renforcé afin de préserver la durabilité de la biomasse. L’impact du réchauffement climatique sur nos ressources forestières et sur la disponibilité en eau sera pris en considération (voir chapitre 7 « Une Wallonie Résiliente »).', 'L’impact du réchauffement climatique sur nos ressources forestières et sur la disponibilité en eau sera pris en considération (voir chapitre 7 « Une Wallonie Résiliente »). L’utilisation de la biomasse se fera dans le respect du contexte environnemental, de la biodiversité, de la hiérarchie d’usage de la ressource et de l’efficacité du secteur. Pour ce faire une stratégie de mobilisation de la biomasse ainsi qu’une stratégie de développement économique bio-basé auront été mise en place au niveau de la Région et en coordination avec les régions avoisinantes. Un système décentralisé La mise en place d’un système décentralisé de production d’énergie constitue un élément clé de la transition énergétique impliquant le consommateur. Celui-ci devra participer à l’implémentation de flexibilité de la demande énergétique pour faciliter l’intégration des nouvelles sources d’énergie.', 'Celui-ci devra participer à l’implémentation de flexibilité de la demande énergétique pour faciliter l’intégration des nouvelles sources d’énergie. La promotion et la mise en place de communautés énergétiques citoyennes ou renouvelables constitue une opportunité pour permettre une implication directe du citoyen et partant, une plus grande acceptation de la transition à venir. Il en va de même avec les mécanismes d’autoconsommation collective qui permettront l’accès à la production d’énergie au départ de renouvelable pour les habitants d’immeubles à appartement, etc. Un système énergétique flexible Les besoins de flexibilité actuels sont principalement pris en charge par des centrales thermiques flexibles. Leur objectif est de lisser la courbe de la demande d’électricité en réduisant tant les pics saisonniers que quotidiens de la consommation.', 'Leur objectif est de lisser la courbe de la demande d’électricité en réduisant tant les pics saisonniers que quotidiens de la consommation. A l’horizon 2050, il est proposé de se passer de ce type de centrales, ce qui nécessitera de développer d’autres solutions de flexibilité. Des mesures seront prises pour assurer un développement continu de nouveaux outils de stockage centralisés et décentralisés ainsi que des services de déplacement de charges en industrie et chez les particuliers afin d’assurer une meilleure adéquation entre l’offre et la demande. \x1b !', 'Des mesures seront prises pour assurer un développement continu de nouveaux outils de stockage centralisés et décentralisés ainsi que des services de déplacement de charges en industrie et chez les particuliers afin d’assurer une meilleure adéquation entre l’offre et la demande. \x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 17 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 La récente mise en place d’un cadre légal relatif à la flexibilité apporte des garanties aux consommateurs afin que ceux-ci puissent participer de manière individuelle, ou au travers d’agrégateurs, à la fourniture de flexibilité. Par ailleurs, le déploiement des compteurs intelligents offrira la possibilité technique pour ceux qui le souhaitent d’être actif sur le marché et notamment au niveau de la fourniture de leur flexibilité.', 'Par ailleurs, le déploiement des compteurs intelligents offrira la possibilité technique pour ceux qui le souhaitent d’être actif sur le marché et notamment au niveau de la fourniture de leur flexibilité. Ces mêmes compteurs offriront également une meilleure connaissance des consommations et seront la porte d’entrée pour de nouveaux services visant tant la diminution de la consommation que le déplacement de celle-ci. Le développement des réseaux intelligents est couplé à la « smartisation » et à la gestion des données.', 'Le développement des réseaux intelligents est couplé à la « smartisation » et à la gestion des données. Il n’y a pas lieu de fixer des objectifs à leur sujet, mais bien de déterminer les grandes règles qui sous- tendent leur développement : · La maximisation de la capacité d’accueil des infrastructures (pour les outils de production et les outils flexibles) et de la synchronicité en visant l’optimisation du bien-être collectif du système électrique dans son ensemble ; · La rémunération des réseaux en fonction d’indicateurs de performance) ; Un système qui s’appuie sur la numérisation La numérisation apporte des solutions techniques pour gérer l’intégration de parts croissantes d’énergie renouvelable dans le réseau et pour inclure des entreprises et des citoyens producteurs dans le marché.', 'Il n’y a pas lieu de fixer des objectifs à leur sujet, mais bien de déterminer les grandes règles qui sous- tendent leur développement : · La maximisation de la capacité d’accueil des infrastructures (pour les outils de production et les outils flexibles) et de la synchronicité en visant l’optimisation du bien-être collectif du système électrique dans son ensemble ; · La rémunération des réseaux en fonction d’indicateurs de performance) ; Un système qui s’appuie sur la numérisation La numérisation apporte des solutions techniques pour gérer l’intégration de parts croissantes d’énergie renouvelable dans le réseau et pour inclure des entreprises et des citoyens producteurs dans le marché. Elle représente néanmoins un coût considérable notamment en raison des infrastructures nécessaires pour permettre la gestion en temps réel des données.', 'Elle représente néanmoins un coût considérable notamment en raison des infrastructures nécessaires pour permettre la gestion en temps réel des données. De plus, la croissance de la gestion des données a déjà donné lieu à des enjeux de cybersécurité. Enfin, la demande en énergie de ces centres de gestions de données doit également être prise en compte. Une électrification raisonnée grâce au couplage sectoriel et au power-to-X Grâce au déploiement d’une électricité renouvelable compétitive, le système énergétique en 2050 sera marqué par une électrification dans beaucoup de secteurs tels que la chaleur, le transport et l’industrie et ce, que ce soit par l’utilisation directe de l’électricité, l’hydrogène, ou encore la production de e- fuels. Cette électrification permettra de valoriser l’électricité renouvelable variable excédentaire.', 'Cette électrification permettra de valoriser l’électricité renouvelable variable excédentaire. Cette électrification reposera sur un couplage sectoriel entre le secteur énergétique et les autres secteurs que sont le bâtiment, le transport et l’industrie et un couplage vectoriel entre l’électricité, le gaz et la chaleur/climatisation. En effet, les différents secteurs et vecteurs nécessitent d’être interconnectés afin de permettre l’injection d’une part croissante d’électricité renouvelable dans le réseau et sa valorisation optimale. Cela mène à la nécessité de faire les liens entre la production d’électricité, la gestion du réseau, la mise en place de solutions de stockage de différents types que ce soit dans le bâtiment (cf. chapitre 3.2 Le bâtiment), ou encore via le couplage14 avec le réseau de gaz et via l’intégration sectorielle avec le transport et l’industrie.', 'chapitre 3.2 Le bâtiment), ou encore via le couplage14 avec le réseau de gaz et via l’intégration sectorielle avec le transport et l’industrie. Le Power-to-X, enfin, contribuera à l’équilibre et la sécurité du système énergétique notamment via la production d’hydrogène vert (cf. Plus bas). L’avenir des réseaux Le déploiement de la transition énergétique reposera sur la capitalisation des infrastructures 14 « Définitions : Le couplage de secteurs d’utilisation finale implique l’électrification de la demande énergétique associée au renforcement de l’interaction entre l’approvisionnement en énergie et l’utilisation finale.', 'L’avenir des réseaux Le déploiement de la transition énergétique reposera sur la capitalisation des infrastructures 14 « Définitions : Le couplage de secteurs d’utilisation finale implique l’électrification de la demande énergétique associée au renforcement de l’interaction entre l’approvisionnement en énergie et l’utilisation finale. L’intégration des vecteurs énergétiques correspond à l utilisation intégrée de différents infrastructures et vecteurs énergétiques, en particulier l’électricité, la chaleur et le gaz, au niveau de l’offre, par exemple en convertissant l’électricité (excédentaire) en hydrogène, ou au niveau de la demande, par exemple en utilisant la chaleur résiduelle de la production énergétique ou de processus industriels pour le chauffage urbain » (Couplage des secteurs: Comment le développer dans l’Union pour favoriser la stabilité du réseau et la décarbonation Département thématique des politiques économiques, scientifiques et de la qualité de la vie Etude demandée par la Commission ITRE et réalisée par Luc VAN NUFFEL, Trinomics B.V. PE 626.091 - Novembre 2018 \x1a !', 'L’intégration des vecteurs énergétiques correspond à l utilisation intégrée de différents infrastructures et vecteurs énergétiques, en particulier l’électricité, la chaleur et le gaz, au niveau de l’offre, par exemple en convertissant l’électricité (excédentaire) en hydrogène, ou au niveau de la demande, par exemple en utilisant la chaleur résiduelle de la production énergétique ou de processus industriels pour le chauffage urbain » (Couplage des secteurs: Comment le développer dans l’Union pour favoriser la stabilité du réseau et la décarbonation Département thématique des politiques économiques, scientifiques et de la qualité de la vie Etude demandée par la Commission ITRE et réalisée par Luc VAN NUFFEL, Trinomics B.V. PE 626.091 - Novembre 2018 \x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 18 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 existantes Celles-ci sont de deux types et offrent des perspectives distinctes entre un réseau électrique en pleine mutation et un réseau gazier dont l’évolution est plus incertaine.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 18 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 existantes Celles-ci sont de deux types et offrent des perspectives distinctes entre un réseau électrique en pleine mutation et un réseau gazier dont l’évolution est plus incertaine. Du côté du réseau électrique, deux fortes tendances apparaissent parallèlement, un vers des systèmes moins centralisés voire autonomes et l’autre vers la possible mise en œuvre d’un réseau de transport à l’échelle européenne. La possible apparition de gigantesques capacités de production renouvelables en offshore ou sur des îles européennes plus éloignées dans le Nord où les conditions de vent sont meilleures nécessitera en effet, soit le transport à longue distance, soit une logistique de stockage où l’hydrogène prendra un rôle conséquent. (cf.', 'La possible apparition de gigantesques capacités de production renouvelables en offshore ou sur des îles européennes plus éloignées dans le Nord où les conditions de vent sont meilleures nécessitera en effet, soit le transport à longue distance, soit une logistique de stockage où l’hydrogène prendra un rôle conséquent. (cf. infra) Une gestion intégrée au niveau européen sera nécessaire afin de permettre une meilleure harmonisation et une optimisation du marché de l’électricité. Avec une diminution de la consommation de gaz naturel (notamment diminution de la consommation du secteur résidentiel pour la production de chaleur), le rôle du réseau de gaz naturel doit être réévalué au regard du développement des biogaz, de l’hydrogène, des réseaux de chaleur et de froid.', 'Avec une diminution de la consommation de gaz naturel (notamment diminution de la consommation du secteur résidentiel pour la production de chaleur), le rôle du réseau de gaz naturel doit être réévalué au regard du développement des biogaz, de l’hydrogène, des réseaux de chaleur et de froid. Une vision concrète du futur doit être développée afin de maintenir un outil structurel intéressant et durable dans le temps. Des solutions de stockage Des solutions de stockage nécessaires aux différents horizons temporels devront être déployées de manière équilibrée. D’abord, d’importantes capacités de stockage à long terme seront nécessaires afin d’offrir de réelles réserves stratégiques d’électricité ou des tampons nécessaires aux fluctuations saisonnières de production et de consommation d’électricité.', 'D’abord, d’importantes capacités de stockage à long terme seront nécessaires afin d’offrir de réelles réserves stratégiques d’électricité ou des tampons nécessaires aux fluctuations saisonnières de production et de consommation d’électricité. A l’horizon 2050, différents mécanismes complémentaires coexisteront, chargés de rendre des services au réseau électrique. Les réserves stratégiques entreront en compte dans les capacités les plus importantes. Il sera nécessaire de capitaliser sur les capacités en pompage turbinage qui constituent une option mature et aisément planifiable. Des capacités de stockage au niveau géologique restent envisageables et probablement plus facilement conciliables avec des impératifs d’occupation de sol. Les batteries offrent un potentiel intéressant dans la réserve secondaire et en intra-journalier mais ce potentiel est très limité en inter-saisonnier.', 'Les batteries offrent un potentiel intéressant dans la réserve secondaire et en intra-journalier mais ce potentiel est très limité en inter-saisonnier. Il est à noter également que le développement du parc automobile électrique pourrait également offrir une intéressante opportunité de stockage au travers du « vehicle to grid ». Ce principe permet d’utiliser les batteries des voitures électriques comme relais du réseau électrique. Des échanges bidirectionnels permettent d’utiliser la voiture pour stocker l’électricité ou pour restituer cette électricité selon les besoins. Ce principe, très souple par définition, permet de s’adapter à la demande des consommateurs, notamment en cas de pic de consommation électrique et donc de garantir, en partie, la stabilité du réseau.', 'Ce principe, très souple par définition, permet de s’adapter à la demande des consommateurs, notamment en cas de pic de consommation électrique et donc de garantir, en partie, la stabilité du réseau. De grands constructeurs automobiles en partenariat avec les électriciens, commencent les phases test de cette nouvelle technologie. Le citoyen pourrait également y trouver une solution gagnante. Il sera possible de charger son véhicule lorsque le prix de l’électricité sera le plus bas (par définition aux heures creuses) pour la restituer lorsque le prix sera plus élevé. Le stockage de la chaleur (géothermique ou autres technologies) est souvent intéressant en en particulier dans le cadre de l’électrification de la chaleur.', 'Le stockage de la chaleur (géothermique ou autres technologies) est souvent intéressant en en particulier dans le cadre de l’électrification de la chaleur. L’hydrogène jouera un rôle dans ce paysage car il s’agit d’un vecteur de stockage et de transport intéressant pour les grandes capacités de production renouvelable. L’hydrogène Le développement de l’hydrogène vert (donc issu de renouvelable) sera soutenu et encadré. Dans un \x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 19 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 premier temps, un certain pourcentage d’hydrogène pourrait être injecté dans le réseau de gaz ce afin d’assurer une partie des besoins en chaleur.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 19 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 premier temps, un certain pourcentage d’hydrogène pourrait être injecté dans le réseau de gaz ce afin d’assurer une partie des besoins en chaleur. L’intérêt de l’hydrogène est de permettre le stockage d’électricité dans le temps ce qui ouvre des perspectives d’électrification directe pour des secteurs entiers de l’économie. Il faudra toutefois veiller à l’utiliser avec un minimum de transformations. En ce qui concerne le transport, l’hydrogène pourrait être largement utilisé dans le secteur routier (via des piles à combustible ou thermiquement). Toute alternative utilisant du carbone devra être circonscrite à des secteurs non directement électrifiables, ce qui permettra d’orienter efficacement l’effort.', 'Toute alternative utilisant du carbone devra être circonscrite à des secteurs non directement électrifiables, ce qui permettra d’orienter efficacement l’effort. Typiquement, le développement de carburants synthétiques (gazeux ou liquides), potentiellement intéressant dans tous les segments actuellement, devra décroître après 2030 pour ne devenir en 2050 qu’un substitut au fuel lourd et au kérosène. L’industrie lourde devrait pouvoir faire l’objet d’investissements en vue d’une conversion rapide vers une décarbonation complète des processus de combustion. D’autres secteurs pourraient également bénéficier de ce shift vers l’hydrogène vert : l’industrie de l’ammoniac, la production d’éthanol ou de composés à haute valeur ajoutée. Cette vision restera complémentaire aux techniques de reconversion . ! ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 20 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.2. Le Bâtiment 3.2.1.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 20 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.2. Le Bâtiment 3.2.1. Etat des lieux En 2017, les bâtiments étaient responsables de 38% des consommations d’énergie de la Région (27% pour le résidentiel, 11% pour le tertiaire). Ces consommations représentent 21% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la Région (16% pour le résidentiel et 5% pour le tertiaire). Les répartitions des consommations d’énergie et des émissions de GES par secteur sont données à la Figure 4, qui reprend les consommations finales, y compris l’électricité. Figure 4. Répartition sectorielle des consommations d’énergie -- Bilan énergétique de Wallonie provisoire 2017 3.2.2.', 'Répartition sectorielle des consommations d’énergie -- Bilan énergétique de Wallonie provisoire 2017 3.2.2. Vision d’avenir L’étude de scénarios possibles pour une transition bas carbone de la Région indique que le secteur du bâtiment a une contribution potentielle très élevée pour permettre à la Région de réduire ses émissions. L’étude « Wallonie Bas Carbone » envisage une réduction de 90% à 100% des émissions du secteur du bâtiment (scénario -80%). Toutefois, « Le parc de bâtiments étant très lent à se renouveler, les nouvelles normes strictes appliquées à la construction ou à la rénovation lourde ne suffiront pas à améliorer de manière tangible les performances du secteur à l’horizon 2050.', 'Toutefois, « Le parc de bâtiments étant très lent à se renouveler, les nouvelles normes strictes appliquées à la construction ou à la rénovation lourde ne suffiront pas à améliorer de manière tangible les performances du secteur à l’horizon 2050. Si l’on veut améliorer les performances énergétiques du secteur, des actions d’ampleur sont donc également nécessaires sur l’ensemble du parc existant puisqu’il sera en très grande majorité toujours présent dans 50 ans »15. La plupart des composants des bâtiments ont une longue durée de vie. Les composants qui ont le plus d’impact sur les consommations d’énergie ne seront rénovés qu’une seule fois d’ici à 2050. Les investissements doivent dès lors être réalisés dans la bonne séquence, pour s’assurer que les différentes interventions réalisent leur potentiel.', 'Les investissements doivent dès lors être réalisés dans la bonne séquence, pour s’assurer que les différentes interventions réalisent leur potentiel. De même, les investissements qui seront réalisés dans le futur devront atteindre directement les standards énergétiques les plus exigeants qui devront être atteints en 2050. Ils devront être ‘future proof’. Au vu de ces éléments, la rénovation du parc de bâtiments wallons constitue bien un enjeu essentiel dans la réalisation des objectifs énergétiques et climatiques. En effet, elle permet l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique via la diminution de la consommation. Elle contribue à l’atteinte des objectifs 15 Meyer S. et Maréchal K., 2016. Policy brief - ‘Split incentive(s)’ et rénovation énergétique des logements, Policy Papers CEB 16-001, ULB, 12p.', 'Policy brief - ‘Split incentive(s)’ et rénovation énergétique des logements, Policy Papers CEB 16-001, ULB, 12p. cité dans la Stratégie de rénovation à long terme pour la RW. \x12\x15 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 21 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 de renouvelable dans la consommation finale brute d’énergie en augmentant la production d’énergie renouvelable dans le secteur des bâtiments, mais aussi en diminuant les besoins énergétiques. Enfin, elle permet la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, plus particulièrement dans les secteurs non-ETS via la diminution des besoins mais aussi les changements de mode de production.', 'Enfin, elle permet la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, plus particulièrement dans les secteurs non-ETS via la diminution des besoins mais aussi les changements de mode de production. C’est pourquoi la Wallonie s’est dotée d’une stratégie de rénovation à long terme (2050), après consultation des parties prenantes en tenant compte des caractéristiques du parc de bâtiments existants et des spécificités de la Région, qui vise à : Ø Pour le résidentiel : tendre en 2050 vers le label PEB A (Espec ≤ 85kWh/m²an) en moyenne pour l’ensemble du parc de logements. Ø Pour le tertiaire : tendre en 2050 vers un parc de bâtiments tertiaires neutre en énergie (zéro énergie) pour le chauffage, l’eau chaude sanitaire, le refroidissement et l’éclairage.', 'Ø Pour le tertiaire : tendre en 2050 vers un parc de bâtiments tertiaires neutre en énergie (zéro énergie) pour le chauffage, l’eau chaude sanitaire, le refroidissement et l’éclairage. Les priorités proposées dans la stratégie correspondent aux mesures les plus rentables, à savoir la rénovation profonde des logements les moins performants (l’isolation de l’enveloppe, avec priorité sur les toits, sans négliger les remplacements de systèmes arrivés en fin de vie). Cette rénovation devra toutefois se faire en assurant que tout projet de rénovation s’inscrive dans une réflexion globale et cohérente avec les objectifs de la Région et qu’elle n’entraîne pas d’indisponibilité du logement.', 'Cette rénovation devra toutefois se faire en assurant que tout projet de rénovation s’inscrive dans une réflexion globale et cohérente avec les objectifs de la Région et qu’elle n’entraîne pas d’indisponibilité du logement. Un phasage du taux de rénovation à atteindre pour viser l’objectif de 2050 est proposé dans la stratégie et décliné en périodes de 5 ans. Ce phasage permet de vérifier si la Wallonie s’inscrit dans la bonne trajectoire pour l’atteinte de ses objectifs.', 'Ce phasage permet de vérifier si la Wallonie s’inscrit dans la bonne trajectoire pour l’atteinte de ses objectifs. Tous les bâtiments visés par la stratégie ne pourront pas atteindre l’objectif formulé en moyenne pour l’ensemble du parc et d’autres pistes plus globales devront être examinées à l’avenir Par ailleurs, l’agrandissement du parc de bâtiments neufs performants est un des éléments qui participeront à l’amélioration du parc et à l’objectif global. A cet égard, il faut souligner le développement de nouvelles politiques de rénovation urbaine qui ont notamment pour objectifs de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et « d’optimiser les productions/ressources locales et les consommations énergétiques ». La construction neuve, avec des exigences de performance très élevées, devra également contribuer aux objectifs globaux.', 'La construction neuve, avec des exigences de performance très élevées, devra également contribuer aux objectifs globaux. Il est attendu de l’ordre de 15.000 nouveaux logements chaque année, venant s’ajouter au parc actuel de l’ordre 1,5 millions de logements. L’estimation de l’effet de ces mesures devra également tenir compte des émissions liées à la construction des bâtiments. Le phasage de la rénovation tient compte du besoin de répartir les investissements et de planifier en priorité les investissements à l’impact potentiel le plus important.', 'Le phasage de la rénovation tient compte du besoin de répartir les investissements et de planifier en priorité les investissements à l’impact potentiel le plus important. Bien que le phasage des mesures de rénovation soit déterminé au cas par cas (dans une feuille de route de rénovation propre à chaque bâtiment), il est attendu que, globalement pour l’ensemble du parc, la rénovation énergétique profonde par étape cible prioritairement la rénovation des toits, le reste de l’enveloppe ensuite et finalement la rénovation des systèmes et l’installation de sources de production d’énergie renouvelables.', 'Bien que le phasage des mesures de rénovation soit déterminé au cas par cas (dans une feuille de route de rénovation propre à chaque bâtiment), il est attendu que, globalement pour l’ensemble du parc, la rénovation énergétique profonde par étape cible prioritairement la rénovation des toits, le reste de l’enveloppe ensuite et finalement la rénovation des systèmes et l’installation de sources de production d’énergie renouvelables. Au-delà du fait qu’elle permettra la réduction des émissions de GES des bâtiments et à terme le recours accru aux sources d’énergie renouvelables, la rénovation énergétique profonde du parc de bâtiments permettra d’engendrer des co-bénéfices importants tels que la création et la relocalisation d’emplois , la réduction de la précarité énergétique et de la dépendance énergétique, l’augmentation du niveau de confort et de la qualité de l’air intérieur, …tout en visant un enjeu social de restructuration interne du parc permettant de répondre aux besoins futurs .', 'Au-delà du fait qu’elle permettra la réduction des émissions de GES des bâtiments et à terme le recours accru aux sources d’énergie renouvelables, la rénovation énergétique profonde du parc de bâtiments permettra d’engendrer des co-bénéfices importants tels que la création et la relocalisation d’emplois , la réduction de la précarité énergétique et de la dépendance énergétique, l’augmentation du niveau de confort et de la qualité de l’air intérieur, …tout en visant un enjeu social de restructuration interne du parc permettant de répondre aux besoins futurs . 3.2.3. Lignes directrices Les orientations à développer conjointement sont les suivantes : \x12 !', 'Lignes directrices Les orientations à développer conjointement sont les suivantes : \x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 22 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Encourager les rénovations profondes des bâtiments existants La stratégie vise à favoriser l’émergence d’une offre pour la rénovation profonde qu’elle soit par étapes ou « en une fois » en mettant en œuvre les conditions nécessaires pour lever les barrières à ce mode de rénovation. Par « rénovation profonde » on vise l’ensemble des travaux basés sur une réflexion globale du bâtiment et de son usage et une approche intégrée mettant en œuvre les solutions architecturales et techniques les plus adaptées et les plus performantes pour réduire significativement (de 75% à 100%) la consommation d’énergie.', 'Par « rénovation profonde » on vise l’ensemble des travaux basés sur une réflexion globale du bâtiment et de son usage et une approche intégrée mettant en œuvre les solutions architecturales et techniques les plus adaptées et les plus performantes pour réduire significativement (de 75% à 100%) la consommation d’énergie. Cette réflexion globale intègre à la fois des objectifs d’assainissement, de restructuration, d’amélioration du confort pour les occupants et des objectifs de réduction de consommation d’énergie, en veillant à optimiser l’ensemble des impacts environnementaux du cycle de vie du bâtiment16.', 'Cette réflexion globale intègre à la fois des objectifs d’assainissement, de restructuration, d’amélioration du confort pour les occupants et des objectifs de réduction de consommation d’énergie, en veillant à optimiser l’ensemble des impacts environnementaux du cycle de vie du bâtiment16. La rénovation énergétique profonde en une fois permet d’inclure la plupart des travaux de rénovation (assainissement, mises en conformité) que doit subir le bâtiment, impliquant que les budgets liés à ces travaux peuvent être combinés au budget pour la rénovation énergétique.', 'La rénovation énergétique profonde en une fois permet d’inclure la plupart des travaux de rénovation (assainissement, mises en conformité) que doit subir le bâtiment, impliquant que les budgets liés à ces travaux peuvent être combinés au budget pour la rénovation énergétique. Pour atteindre l’objectif moyen pour le parc (label PEB A en moyenne en 2050 pour les logements, neutre en énergie pour les bâtiments tertiaires), une partie significative des bâtiments devra atteindre des performances supérieures pour compenser ceux pour lesquels il ne sera pas envisageable d’atteindre un niveau élevé de performance énergétique (pour des raisons techniques, économiques ou de patrimoine). Il y a donc lieu d’identifier, pour chaque bâtiment, dans quelles mesures celui-ci est à même de contribuer à l’objectif général.', 'Il y a donc lieu d’identifier, pour chaque bâtiment, dans quelles mesures celui-ci est à même de contribuer à l’objectif général. A cet effet, une ‘feuille de route’ (cf. ci-dessous) de rénovation indiquera pour chaque bâtiment l’objectif de performance énergétique à long terme qu’il doit atteindre, l’ensemble des travaux à réaliser et les étapes de rénovation requises pour atteindre cet objectif. Cet objectif long terme et la feuille de route de rénovation seront des composantes du passeport bâtiment présenté plus loin. Parmi les mesures de renforcement, trois outils spécifiques structurants seront mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la stratégie de rénovation.', 'Parmi les mesures de renforcement, trois outils spécifiques structurants seront mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la stratégie de rénovation. Ces outils traduisent une volonté du secteur, exprimée de façon récurrente lors des consultations, d’inscrire tout projet de rénovation dans une réflexion globale, cohérente avec les objectifs à long terme de la Wallonie et en garantissant un encadrement des travaux de rénovation. Ces outils sont : · La feuille de route : intégrée à l’Audit logement, la feuille de route propose la trajectoire et les priorités de rénovation à suivre pour atteindre, par étapes l’objectif de la région, le Label A (conso primaire= 85Kwh/m²an) · Le passeport bâtiment : outil interactif et évolutif destiné à accompagner le bâtiment tout au long de sa vie.', 'Ces outils sont : · La feuille de route : intégrée à l’Audit logement, la feuille de route propose la trajectoire et les priorités de rénovation à suivre pour atteindre, par étapes l’objectif de la région, le Label A (conso primaire= 85Kwh/m²an) · Le passeport bâtiment : outil interactif et évolutif destiné à accompagner le bâtiment tout au long de sa vie. Il centralisera l’ensemble des informations liées aux bâtiments et réparties selon différents volets administratifs (localisation, type d’habitation, permis), techniques (plans, études stabilité, HVAC, essais de sols, eaux, .) énergie (feuille de route, demandes de primes, certificat PEB, …) · Le guichet unique : Le guichet unique reprendra tous les services d’accompagnement aux ménages en énergie/logement.', 'Il centralisera l’ensemble des informations liées aux bâtiments et réparties selon différents volets administratifs (localisation, type d’habitation, permis), techniques (plans, études stabilité, HVAC, essais de sols, eaux, .) énergie (feuille de route, demandes de primes, certificat PEB, …) · Le guichet unique : Le guichet unique reprendra tous les services d’accompagnement aux ménages en énergie/logement. Il pourra d’une part aiguiller le ménage dans le type de rénovation énergétique à réaliser, l’aider à comprendre les avantages de la rénovation, s’assurer que ces dernières soient en lien avec le passeport énergétique du bâtiment, accompagner les ménages dans l’indentification des entrepreneurs qui pourront réaliser les travaux, et les aiguiller sur la manière de financer ces derniers.', 'Il pourra d’une part aiguiller le ménage dans le type de rénovation énergétique à réaliser, l’aider à comprendre les avantages de la rénovation, s’assurer que ces dernières soient en lien avec le passeport énergétique du bâtiment, accompagner les ménages dans l’indentification des entrepreneurs qui pourront réaliser les travaux, et les aiguiller sur la manière de financer ces derniers. Ce guichet unique sera établi 16 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive : La rénovation importante (major renovation) y est définie comme les travaux de rénovation de l’enveloppe ou des systèmes dont le coût est d’au moins 25% de la valeur du bâtiment ou visant à rénover plus de 25% de l’enveloppe du bâtiment. \x12\x12 !', 'Ce guichet unique sera établi 16 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive : La rénovation importante (major renovation) y est définie comme les travaux de rénovation de l’enveloppe ou des systèmes dont le coût est d’au moins 25% de la valeur du bâtiment ou visant à rénover plus de 25% de l’enveloppe du bâtiment. \x12\x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 23 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 sur base des outils existants et via une mise en réseau des acteurs existants. Bien qu’actuellement élaborés pour les bâtiments résidentiels, l’extension de ces outils pour la rénovation des bâtiments tertiaires sera prévue.', 'Bien qu’actuellement élaborés pour les bâtiments résidentiels, l’extension de ces outils pour la rénovation des bâtiments tertiaires sera prévue. Exemplarité des bâtiments publics L’exemplarité des pouvoirs publics en la matière, en application concrète de leur engagement dans le cadre des Accords de Paris, est un outil important via l’effet d’entraînement qu’il provoque. Cette exemplarité repose et reposera de manière continue sur un inventaire permanent du patrimoine immobilier, un suivi continu des consommations des bâtiments, l’amélioration continue du parc immobilier et un soutien technique et financier aux pouvoirs locaux pour la mise en œuvre de cette exemplarité à leur niveau. Les bâtiments publics ont un rôle à jouer pour montrer à l’ensemble du secteur tertiaire comment atteindre l’objectif fixé dans la stratégie de rénovation de neutralité énergétique en 2050.', 'Les bâtiments publics ont un rôle à jouer pour montrer à l’ensemble du secteur tertiaire comment atteindre l’objectif fixé dans la stratégie de rénovation de neutralité énergétique en 2050. Promouvoir l’autonomie énergétique des bâtiments neufs Afin de promouvoir l’autonomie énergétique et la neutralité carbone des bâtiments neufs, la Wallonie renforcera progressivement et de manière cohérente les exigences règlementaires. Préalablement, une première phase de préparation visera à poser le cadre et promouvoir l’action volontaire en stimulant la demande (communication, soutien financier, accès au financement, …) et en développant une offre de qualité (formation des professionnels, développement des outils techniques, …).', 'Préalablement, une première phase de préparation visera à poser le cadre et promouvoir l’action volontaire en stimulant la demande (communication, soutien financier, accès au financement, …) et en développant une offre de qualité (formation des professionnels, développement des outils techniques, …). A terme, c’est aussi le caractère durable et l’ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment (et de ses composants) qui devra être considéré si l’on veut atteindre l’objectif de décarbonation du parc Outre la performance de l’enveloppe et des systèmes, l’autonomie énergétique sera donc atteinte en visant un mix énergétique 100% renouvelable.', 'A terme, c’est aussi le caractère durable et l’ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment (et de ses composants) qui devra être considéré si l’on veut atteindre l’objectif de décarbonation du parc Outre la performance de l’enveloppe et des systèmes, l’autonomie énergétique sera donc atteinte en visant un mix énergétique 100% renouvelable. Tendre vers un mix énergétique neutre en carbone dans les bâtiments L’ensemble des bâtiments, et certainement les bâtiments existants, vont continuer de consommer de l’énergie pour la production de chaleur, d’eau chaude sanitaire et également, de manière croissante, pour la climatisation.', 'Tendre vers un mix énergétique neutre en carbone dans les bâtiments L’ensemble des bâtiments, et certainement les bâtiments existants, vont continuer de consommer de l’énergie pour la production de chaleur, d’eau chaude sanitaire et également, de manière croissante, pour la climatisation. La décarbonation de la production de chaleur (chauffage et eau chaude sanitaire) sera réalisée dans la grande majorité des bâtiments grâce à l’électrification (via des pompes à chaleur principalement), l’utilisation de la biomasse, du solaire thermique, de la cogénération et le cas échéant en mutualisant les besoins grâce à des réseaux de chaleur, notamment dans les villes. L’utilisation des combustibles fossiles sera découragée et progressivement abandonnée.', 'L’utilisation des combustibles fossiles sera découragée et progressivement abandonnée. Les solutions passives seront mises en évidence pour le refroidissement (night cooling, free cooling.) et une attention spécifique au confort d’été sera développée et mise en œuvre (protections solaires, valorisation inertie, du site etc.) afin de limiter le recours à la climatisation active. Dans certains cas exceptionnels (bâtiments classés, …), si une source d’énergie fossile doit être utilisée, celle-ci le sera via des technologies très efficientes. Un indicateur d’émission de GES sera développé dans le cadre de la réglementation et inclus dans le certificat PEB.', 'Un indicateur d’émission de GES sera développé dans le cadre de la réglementation et inclus dans le certificat PEB. Enfin, dans le cadre du couplage sectoriels et du Power-to-X, les bâtiments deviendront partie intégrante du système énergétique en offrant un potentiel de stockage de l’électricité pour pouvoir absorber ou injecter les excédents ou les déficits de production d’énergie renouvelable ou même pour rendre des services auxiliaires aux réseaux. Ceci pourra être réalisé par des batteries stationnaires ou encore en liant le chargement des véhicules à la production d’électricité. \x12" !', 'Ceci pourra être réalisé par des batteries stationnaires ou encore en liant le chargement des véhicules à la production d’électricité. \x12" ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 24 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Favoriser et promouvoir les produits et services efficaces et de qualité L’émergence de nouveaux produits et de nouveaux concepts architecturaux, les matériaux innovants et biosourcés, les technologies intelligentes, les nouveaux produits financiers, … joueront un rôle important à l’horizon 2050, tant en termes de performance énergétique que de réduction des coûts ou d’accès au financement.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 24 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Favoriser et promouvoir les produits et services efficaces et de qualité L’émergence de nouveaux produits et de nouveaux concepts architecturaux, les matériaux innovants et biosourcés, les technologies intelligentes, les nouveaux produits financiers, … joueront un rôle important à l’horizon 2050, tant en termes de performance énergétique que de réduction des coûts ou d’accès au financement. L’adaptation du secteur de la construction aux progrès technologiques, tels que les technologies intelligentes de construction, l utilisation des véhicules électriques et d autres technologies reposera sur la mise en place d exigences spécifiques en matière d installation et de formations afin de veiller à ce que les professionnels du bâtiment puissent fournir les compétences et le savoir-faire nécessaires.', 'L’adaptation du secteur de la construction aux progrès technologiques, tels que les technologies intelligentes de construction, l utilisation des véhicules électriques et d autres technologies reposera sur la mise en place d exigences spécifiques en matière d installation et de formations afin de veiller à ce que les professionnels du bâtiment puissent fournir les compétences et le savoir-faire nécessaires. La mise sur le marché de produits et services innovants (contrats de performance énergétique, accompagnement technique, …) sera soutenue et promue au travers des mesures et actions développées par la Région (labellisation des bâtiments, des produits, liens avec les incitants financiers etc.).', 'La mise sur le marché de produits et services innovants (contrats de performance énergétique, accompagnement technique, …) sera soutenue et promue au travers des mesures et actions développées par la Région (labellisation des bâtiments, des produits, liens avec les incitants financiers etc.). Favoriser l’intégration des SER, de l’électromobilité, des services énergétiques, … à l’échelle d’ilots et de quartiers Le risque de pénaliser les ménages vivant dans les zones les plus denses peut être réduit par des solutions développées à une échelle supérieure au logement et/ou au bâtiment. Pour mettre en œuvre et gérer ces solutions, de nouveaux métiers doivent émerger avec des compétences techniques, sociales et économiques, permettant de réunir des fonctions de modélisation, conseil, intervention et monitoring, agissant à la fois sur le domaine public et privé (CPE).', 'Pour mettre en œuvre et gérer ces solutions, de nouveaux métiers doivent émerger avec des compétences techniques, sociales et économiques, permettant de réunir des fonctions de modélisation, conseil, intervention et monitoring, agissant à la fois sur le domaine public et privé (CPE). La formation de tous les acteurs s’avère essentielle à l’atteinte des objectifs Déployer un ensemble d’exigences n’a de sens que si le secteur dans son ensemble dispose des savoirs et savoir-faire pour assurer la qualité des projets et leur mise en œuvre. C’est-à-dire que chaque professionnel comprend les implications sur son métier.', 'C’est-à-dire que chaque professionnel comprend les implications sur son métier. Il sera donc capital de renforcer les programmes de formation des métiers impliqués dans la phase de construction (architectes, entrepreneurs, installateurs, …) pour assurer une maîtrise des implications de la PEB dans les produits et techniques de construction et d’inclure dans la formation de base des entrepreneurs et des architectes les enseignements pour construire et rénover en cohérence avec les objectifs PEB à long terme. Assurer une communication vers tous les acteurs Pour garantir l’adhésion de tous les acteurs, il est impératif d’assurer une communication positive, en clarifiant la vision à long terme qu’elle veut rendre possible et la raison d’être des différents outils.', 'Assurer une communication vers tous les acteurs Pour garantir l’adhésion de tous les acteurs, il est impératif d’assurer une communication positive, en clarifiant la vision à long terme qu’elle veut rendre possible et la raison d’être des différents outils. Outre les phases de conception et construction/rénovation des bâtiments, une attention particulière sera apportée à la phase d’utilisation et à la maintenance des bâtiments afin de garantir au mieux la réalisation et le maintien des performances durant tout le cycle de vie.', 'Outre les phases de conception et construction/rénovation des bâtiments, une attention particulière sera apportée à la phase d’utilisation et à la maintenance des bâtiments afin de garantir au mieux la réalisation et le maintien des performances durant tout le cycle de vie. L’utilisation des technologies intelligentes et des compétences permet d’assurer une haute efficacité énergétique grâce au fonctionnement optimal du bâtiment, de faciliter la maintenance des systèmes techniques de bâtiment de renforcer le rôle de la flexibilité de la demande dans l augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le système énergétique, de s assurer que les besoins des utilisateurs des bâtiments sont couverts et qu ils peuvent interagir efficacement avec le bâtiment.', 'L’utilisation des technologies intelligentes et des compétences permet d’assurer une haute efficacité énergétique grâce au fonctionnement optimal du bâtiment, de faciliter la maintenance des systèmes techniques de bâtiment de renforcer le rôle de la flexibilité de la demande dans l augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le système énergétique, de s assurer que les besoins des utilisateurs des bâtiments sont couverts et qu ils peuvent interagir efficacement avec le bâtiment. Mobiliser les acteurs pour maîtriser la demande L’activation des comportements est un axe incontournable pour réduire la consommation d’énergie dans le secteur résidentiel et également dans le secteur tertiaire ; une campagne de changement de comportement efficace, reposant sur les principes du marketing socio-communautaire et impliquant une communication cohérente basée sur les objectifs poursuivis contribuera à lever les barrières au changement de comportement notamment en accompagnant et favorisant l’émergence sur le marché \x12\x16 !', 'Mobiliser les acteurs pour maîtriser la demande L’activation des comportements est un axe incontournable pour réduire la consommation d’énergie dans le secteur résidentiel et également dans le secteur tertiaire ; une campagne de changement de comportement efficace, reposant sur les principes du marketing socio-communautaire et impliquant une communication cohérente basée sur les objectifs poursuivis contribuera à lever les barrières au changement de comportement notamment en accompagnant et favorisant l’émergence sur le marché \x12\x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 25 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 de services/produits/technologies d’appui au comportement responsable en énergie, en évitant les « lock-in », en structurant un réseau d’accompagnement local, proche du citoyen et chargé d’une partie de la communication, des conseils pratiques et des incitants, et en valorisant les bonnes pratiques et l’encadrement qualitatif des prestations et produits.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 25 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 de services/produits/technologies d’appui au comportement responsable en énergie, en évitant les « lock-in », en structurant un réseau d’accompagnement local, proche du citoyen et chargé d’une partie de la communication, des conseils pratiques et des incitants, et en valorisant les bonnes pratiques et l’encadrement qualitatif des prestations et produits. Tous ces éléments permettront de faire évoluer positivement les « normes sociales » qui ont tant d’influence sur les comportements, en limitant l’impact de communications extérieures contre-productives \x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 26 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.3.1. Etat des lieux A.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 26 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.3.1. Etat des lieux A. Emissions de GES des secteurs industriels L’industrie représente 30% des émissions de GES en 2017 et représente donc un élément essentiel à la décarbonation de la Wallonie et ce, même si ses émissions ont déjà diminué de 59% entre 1990 et 201717. Processus de combustion Ces diminutions sont imputables à plusieurs éléments.', 'Processus de combustion Ces diminutions sont imputables à plusieurs éléments. Tout d’abord, l’évolution industrielle vers une économie moins énergivore et émettrice de gaz à effet de serre et la diminution d’activité dans plusieurs secteurs marquée par la fermeture définitive de la phase à chaud en sidérurgie, la fermeture de deux lignes de production de verre en 2012 mais aussi par les effets prolongés de la crise de 2009. C’est aussi le résultat de la mise en œuvre des accords de branche et du passage de combustibles solides et liquides vers le gaz naturel ou accroissement de la part de combustibles de substitution qu’il s’agisse de biomasse ou de déchets (fuel switch).', 'C’est aussi le résultat de la mise en œuvre des accords de branche et du passage de combustibles solides et liquides vers le gaz naturel ou accroissement de la part de combustibles de substitution qu’il s’agisse de biomasse ou de déchets (fuel switch). Figure 5 : Industrie, évolution de la consommation d énergie, de la valeur ajoutée et des émissions de GES, en indice par rapport à 1990 (Source : AwAC ; IWEPS pour la valeur ajoutée) Procédés industriels En 2017, plus de 80% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dues aux procédés industriels provenaient de la décarbonatation des minéraux pour la production de ciment et de chaux.', 'Figure 5 : Industrie, évolution de la consommation d énergie, de la valeur ajoutée et des émissions de GES, en indice par rapport à 1990 (Source : AwAC ; IWEPS pour la valeur ajoutée) Procédés industriels En 2017, plus de 80% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dues aux procédés industriels provenaient de la décarbonatation des minéraux pour la production de ciment et de chaux. La deuxième source est l’industrie chimique, pour la production d’acide nitrique et d’ammoniac, produisant du N2 O et du CO2 . La sidérurgie ne représente plus que 2% des émissions de procédés.', 'La sidérurgie ne représente plus que 2% des émissions de procédés. 17 Ceci concerne les émissions liées à la combustion et celles des procédés industriels Les émissions des procédés industriels désignent la part des émissions industrielles qui ne proviennent pas de l’utilisation de combustibles fossiles, mais de la libération de gaz à effet de serre formés à partir du carbone ou de l’azote contenus dans la matière première. Consommatio n énergétique (TJ) Emissions de GES (kt CO2- eq) Valeur ajoutée brute (VAB) \x12\x1b !', 'Consommatio n énergétique (TJ) Emissions de GES (kt CO2- eq) Valeur ajoutée brute (VAB) \x12\x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 27 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Les émissions liées aux procédés industriels ont diminué de plus de 60% depuis 199018, en raison d’une baisse de la production sidérurgique, mais aussi d’une importante amélioration de procédés dans l’industrie chimique, qui a amené une diminution des émissions de l’ordre de 1.000 kt, à production équivalente. Les autres émissions de procédés comme la décarbonatation sont directement liées à la quantité produite et ne présentent donc plus de potentiel de réduction, sauf en cas de capture et stockage des émissions de CO2 .', 'Les autres émissions de procédés comme la décarbonatation sont directement liées à la quantité produite et ne présentent donc plus de potentiel de réduction, sauf en cas de capture et stockage des émissions de CO2 . B. Energie consommée par secteur industriel Les secteurs de l’alimentation, des minéraux non-métalliques et de la chimie ont consommé ~70% de l’énergie utilisée par l’industrie en 2017. La chimie à elle seule en utilisait le quart et la production des minéraux non-métalliques (ciment, chaux et verre) le tiers de l’énergie industrielle finale en 2017.', 'La chimie à elle seule en utilisait le quart et la production des minéraux non-métalliques (ciment, chaux et verre) le tiers de l’énergie industrielle finale en 2017. Figure 6 : Bilans énergétiques « Industrie » 2017 par secteur (2019) Les constats rencontrés pour les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (hors processus de décarbonatation minérale) sont également valables en ce qui concerne l’énergie à une nuance près. L’évolution industrielle et économique wallonne constatée ces dernières années a entraîné un déplacement d’une économie essentiellement dominée par les carburants solides et liquides vers une économie électrifiée. La tendance à l’électrification pourrait se renforcer à cause de la digitalisation de l’économie d’une part et de la part croissante de data centers dans le paysage industriel wallon.', 'La tendance à l’électrification pourrait se renforcer à cause de la digitalisation de l’économie d’une part et de la part croissante de data centers dans le paysage industriel wallon. 18 L’utilisation des nouvelles lignes directrices du GIEC (2006) amène une réallocation de certaines émissions : les combustions directement liées aux émissions de procédés (fours à chaux par exemple) sont maintenant comptabilisées en procédés. \x12\x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 28 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Figure 7 : Bilans énergétiques « Industrie » par vecteur énergétique 2017 (2019) 3.3.2.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 28 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Figure 7 : Bilans énergétiques « Industrie » par vecteur énergétique 2017 (2019) 3.3.2. Vision d’avenir : L’industrie wallonne est essentielle à la transition19 Les Roadmaps sectorielles 2050 publiées en avril 2018 ont montré que chaque secteur industriel wallon dispose d’une vision à long terme de ses propres activités. Cette vision est indispensable pour rendre pérenne les activités existantes en renforçant l’attractivité économique wallonne sur de nouveaux segments porteurs et essentiels dans la transition économique durable. Ces consultations ont également mis en évidence la nécessité de ruptures technologiques pour assurer la transition. Cet aspect est difficilement prévisible à l’horizon 2050 et souligne la nécessité d’actualiser périodiquement la stratégie à long terme.', 'Cet aspect est difficilement prévisible à l’horizon 2050 et souligne la nécessité d’actualiser périodiquement la stratégie à long terme. Au-delà de l’approche purement sectorielle conventionnelle, il importe de tenir compte tant des nouveaux enjeux économiques, humains et climatiques que des évolutions technologiques croissantes dans un monde en mutation. Un exemple interpelant de cette situation qui demande une réévaluation permanente est l’apparition dans le domaine industriel des centres de données en Région wallonne, dont les consommations et les besoins futurs énergétiques sont souvent très éloignés de secteurs plus classiques comme celui de l’extraction ou de la transformation. L’avenir passera par une électrification croissante des secteurs d’activités et par un recours croissant aux options liées à la capture du carbone (CCS/CCU).', 'L’avenir passera par une électrification croissante des secteurs d’activités et par un recours croissant aux options liées à la capture du carbone (CCS/CCU). Selon l’étude « Wallonie bas carbone » (scénario de -80%), une réduction des émissions de 75% à 80% est envisageable. Le système ETS devra jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition et assurer au niveau européen un « level playing field » ou des « règles de jeux communes » afin de garantir la compétitivité des entreprises, même s’il est difficile de préjuger ici des modifications qui pourraient intervenir sur ce système d’ici 2050. 3.3.3.', 'Le système ETS devra jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition et assurer au niveau européen un « level playing field » ou des « règles de jeux communes » afin de garantir la compétitivité des entreprises, même s’il est difficile de préjuger ici des modifications qui pourraient intervenir sur ce système d’ici 2050. 3.3.3. Lignes directrices Une industrie décarbonée La décarbonation de l’industrie reposera sur trois piliers : l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique, le shift vers le renouvelable et l’électricité et le recours à des technologies de capture de carbone. L’intégration sectorielle (Sector coupling) contribuera la réorganisation de l’approvisionnement 19 Wallonie-Bas Carbone \x12\x19 !', 'L’intégration sectorielle (Sector coupling) contribuera la réorganisation de l’approvisionnement 19 Wallonie-Bas Carbone \x12\x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 29 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 énergétique du secteur industriel dans un avenir relativement proche20. Les combustibles fossiles auront été remplacés par des énergies renouvelables et/ou par un recours accru à l’électricité, que ce soit directement ou indirectement, avec une attention particulière sur la place de l’hydrogène renouvelable. L’électrification directe présente un potentiel conséquent. La proportion augmentera probablement avec le recours de nouvelles technologies de type « Power-to- X » où l’hydrogène obtenu via des sources d’énergie renouvelable pourra prendre une place croissante.', 'La proportion augmentera probablement avec le recours de nouvelles technologies de type « Power-to- X » où l’hydrogène obtenu via des sources d’énergie renouvelable pourra prendre une place croissante. Le remplacement du charbon par de la biomasse, des combustibles solides de récupération, ou du gaz et du biogaz dans des secteurs industriels dépendant encore de combustibles solides (processus industriels pour lesquels aucune solution électrique ne serait possible) sera mise en place. Idéalement ces ressources devront être issues de filières locales et parfaitement intégrées dans la réflexion industrielle globale. Un des autres enjeux fondamentaux pour l’industrie est la gestion de la chaleur, qu’elle soit nécessaire dans le processus industriel ou dans l’utilisation de la chaleur comme ressource valorisable.', 'Un des autres enjeux fondamentaux pour l’industrie est la gestion de la chaleur, qu’elle soit nécessaire dans le processus industriel ou dans l’utilisation de la chaleur comme ressource valorisable. A ce titre, le développement de réseaux de chaleur industriels et le recours à des combustibles renouvelables ou biosourcés requièrent une attention croissante dès à présent, afin de rendre pérenne et, surtout économiquement soutenable de telles solutions. Le soutien aux entreprises dans leur processus de transition vers des systèmes de production à faible émission de carbone et le développement de nouveaux secteurs à haute valeur ajoutée reposera sur la mise en place de stratégies à long terme corrélant les systèmes d’aides aux ambitions énergétiques et climatiques.', 'Le soutien aux entreprises dans leur processus de transition vers des systèmes de production à faible émission de carbone et le développement de nouveaux secteurs à haute valeur ajoutée reposera sur la mise en place de stratégies à long terme corrélant les systèmes d’aides aux ambitions énergétiques et climatiques. Ces stratégies s’intègreront dans un cadre d’action incluant une réflexion globalisée tenant compte de toute la chaîne économique (intrants, process, logistique, …) et les spécificités de chaque secteur. Elles reposeront sur des outils de soutien aux investissements adéquats et optimaux en capitalisant les sources et opportunités de financement tant du public que du privé.', 'Elles reposeront sur des outils de soutien aux investissements adéquats et optimaux en capitalisant les sources et opportunités de financement tant du public que du privé. Ces mécanismes de soutien permettront aux industries d’atteindre leurs objectifs mais également de garantir un climat favorable à leur éventuelle mutation vers une économie circulaire mieux intégrée. Concernant la capture du carbone, il sera essentiel d’assurer l’équilibre entre l’objectif de décarbonation et l’efficacité énergétique du processus lui-même qui pourrait en freiner l’impact.', 'Concernant la capture du carbone, il sera essentiel d’assurer l’équilibre entre l’objectif de décarbonation et l’efficacité énergétique du processus lui-même qui pourrait en freiner l’impact. Au- delà, la réflexion à mener doit permettre de trouver des réponses adaptées en fonctions de la typologie des secteurs émetteurs : - Emissions de CO2 liées à la combustion ; - Emissions de CO2 liées aux usages (par exemple le vaporeformage du méthane) ; - Emissions de CO2 liées aux processus non énergétiques (typiquement, la décarbonation dans l’industrie cimentière). Une économie circulaire La Wallonie élaborera une stratégie de développement de l’économie circulaire afin d’assurer le déploiement structurel, global et cohérent de l’économie circulaire sur le territoire wallon, de façon à développer des projets porteurs de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi.', 'Une économie circulaire La Wallonie élaborera une stratégie de développement de l’économie circulaire afin d’assurer le déploiement structurel, global et cohérent de l’économie circulaire sur le territoire wallon, de façon à développer des projets porteurs de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi. Les nouveaux modèles commerciaux maximisant la valeur des matières premières dans l économie et apportant une contribution essentielle à l objectif global de réduction de la consommation de matières premières devront être privilégiés, avec une remise en circulation et une chaîne de valorisation de tous les flux de déchets / résidus. Dans cette optique, l incinération avec uniquement valorisation énergétique des matières biologiques et non biologiques doit pouvoir être évaluée en dernier recours de valorisation.', 'Dans cette optique, l incinération avec uniquement valorisation énergétique des matières biologiques et non biologiques doit pouvoir être évaluée en dernier recours de valorisation. Le véritable défi de l’industrie consiste à réorganiser la chaine de valeur et déployer l’infrastructure 20 Voir chapitre 3.1. Le système énergétique global \x12! ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 30 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 nécessaire au développement de l’économie circulaire (recyclage - approvisionnement local - symbiose industrielle, etc.). Les émissions non énergétiques du secteur industriel diminueront également en utilisant davantage de matériaux à faible impact carbone (ciment à faible teneur en carbone, produits chimiques biosourcés, hydrogène exempt de carbone, etc.). L’utilisation du bois et la biomasse répondra à une hiérarchisation des usages.', 'L’utilisation du bois et la biomasse répondra à une hiérarchisation des usages. Une utilisation plus systématique du bois en tant que matériau devrait également réduire la dépendance vis-à-vis des matériaux à plus forte empreinte carbone. Le principe d’éco-conception, dans lequel la durée de vie des matériaux et leur recyclabilité seront portés comme éléments fondamentaux de l’économie circulaire, permettra le développement de nouvelles filières industrielles intégrées. Enfin, une réflexion d’ensemble sur l’empreinte carbone de l’intégralité d’une chaîne économique semble être une nécessité afin de permettre la mise en œuvre de leviers légaux favorisant l’économie circulaire (valorisation du triage et des filières de recyclage).', 'Enfin, une réflexion d’ensemble sur l’empreinte carbone de l’intégralité d’une chaîne économique semble être une nécessité afin de permettre la mise en œuvre de leviers légaux favorisant l’économie circulaire (valorisation du triage et des filières de recyclage). Une industrie reposant sur des compétences, la formation et le recyclage Les effets de création et de fragilisation d’emplois dans les différents secteurs seront pris en compte afin d’identifier les secteurs fragilisés par les politiques de la transition écologique et d’accompagner les salariés concernés vers des nouveaux métiers de qualité. Cela implique de trouver des solutions de reconversion professionnelles et donc de proposer une offre de formations adaptée sans oublier d’adapter l’offre de formation initiale et continue à la transition écologique.', 'Cela implique de trouver des solutions de reconversion professionnelles et donc de proposer une offre de formations adaptée sans oublier d’adapter l’offre de formation initiale et continue à la transition écologique. Il est primordial d’anticiper l’évolution des besoins en emplois, compétences et qualifications par bassin d’emploi et par filière. "\x15 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 31 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.4. Transport (Mobilité et Fret) 3.4.1. Etat des lieux Le transport est le seul domaine où tant les émissions de CO2 que la consommation énergétique sont en croissance depuis 2008.', 'Etat des lieux Le transport est le seul domaine où tant les émissions de CO2 que la consommation énergétique sont en croissance depuis 2008. Cette évolution est liée à l’accroissement du trafic routier en Wallonie (+57% depuis 1990) et d’une relative stagnation voire régression du recours aux autres modes de transport collectifs (qu’il s’agisse de transport de personnes ou de marchandises). Le transport compte pour environ 25% de la consommation énergétique wallonne et des émissions de . Si nous retirons les secteurs relevant de l’ETS, le transport devient le plus gros contributeur. A lui seul, le transport routier utilise près de 90% de l’énergie utilisée par le transport, qu’il s’agisse du transport de passagers ou du transport de marchandises qui représentent respectivement 60% et 40% du total.', 'A lui seul, le transport routier utilise près de 90% de l’énergie utilisée par le transport, qu’il s’agisse du transport de passagers ou du transport de marchandises qui représentent respectivement 60% et 40% du total. Il y a lieu toutefois de souligner l’importance du trafic de transit en Wallonie pour les marchandises, sur lequel la Région n’a que très peu de prise. Le transport aérien de marchandises représente une part plus élevée que le transport aérien de passagers. Divers facteurs notables sont à mentionner au niveau du parc de véhicules : - Malgré un certain tassement des kilométrages parcourus par véhicule dans le temps, le parc automobile a continué de croître sensiblement au même rythme que la croissance de la population.', 'Divers facteurs notables sont à mentionner au niveau du parc de véhicules : - Malgré un certain tassement des kilométrages parcourus par véhicule dans le temps, le parc automobile a continué de croître sensiblement au même rythme que la croissance de la population. Seul évènement marquant depuis quelques années, la lente dé-diésélisation du parc liée à un accroissement important du parc essence et un accroissement très modeste des carburants de substitution - Un accroissement assez important des véhicules utilitaires légers qui constituent, maintenant, 86% du parc utilitaire suite à l’introduction du prélèvement kilométrique pour les véhicules de plus de 3,5 T Un secteur entièrement décarboné A l’horizon 2050, le transport sera complètement décarboné. Cette décarbonation reposera pour commencer sur une réduction des besoins de mobilité résultant d’une évolution de l’aménagement du territoire.', 'Cette décarbonation reposera pour commencer sur une réduction des besoins de mobilité résultant d’une évolution de l’aménagement du territoire. Cette meilleure gestion de la demande entrainera de manière efficace une réduction des émissions de gaz à effets de serre, mais également une amélioration de la qualité de l’air, et partant de la santé. Elle permettra, en outre, une gestion pacifiée de l’espace public commun. Toutefois, seuls les scénarios impliquant un report modal conséquent vers les transports en commun et les modes de déplacements actifs permettront un désengorgement des villes. De même pour le transport de marchandises, seul un transfert modal du camion vers le rail ou la voie d’eau résultera en une diminution de la congestion.', 'De même pour le transport de marchandises, seul un transfert modal du camion vers le rail ou la voie d’eau résultera en une diminution de la congestion. Une part croissante de transports partagé et autonome est clairement envisageable à cet horizon temporel. Les carburants quelles que soit leur nature (électricité, gaz, hydrogène, biocarburants et carburants de synthèse) seront d’origine renouvelable. L’objectif de la neutralité à l’horizon 2050 nécessite une décarbonation quasi totale du secteur des transports, soit par le passage à l’énergie électrique, soit aux biocarburants et aux biogaz durables. Une part des combustibles non biosourcés est toutefois réservée en 2050 au transport aérien et maritime, avec un accent mis sur les carburants recyclés ou les carburants synthétiques issus du CO2 (e-fuels).', 'Une part des combustibles non biosourcés est toutefois réservée en 2050 au transport aérien et maritime, avec un accent mis sur les carburants recyclés ou les carburants synthétiques issus du CO2 (e-fuels). Du côté du transport de passagers Une part importante du report modal pourra être réalisée par un recours aux modes actifs pour lesquels des infrastructures auront été développées sur tout le territoire wallon et aux transports en " ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 32 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 commun. Le report modal, l’usage de mode doux, avec des infrastructures adaptées permettront de diminuer la part modale de l’automobile comme mode unique de transport. Cette situation sera facilitée par la démocratisation de véhicules légers électrifiés (vélos, …).', 'Cette situation sera facilitée par la démocratisation de véhicules légers électrifiés (vélos, …). Les transports en commun sont l’un des moteurs les plus importants pour garantir la décarbonation du secteur. Les besoins qui ne peuvent être satisfaits par les transports en commun s’appuieront ensuite sur les véhicules partagés, qu’ils soient ou non autonomes. La voiture individuelle ne sera plus forcément nécessaire dans l’environnement urbain grâce à différents concepts de partage, à un bon système de transport en commun et à son intégration dans «la mobilité en tant que service » (MAAS).', 'La voiture individuelle ne sera plus forcément nécessaire dans l’environnement urbain grâce à différents concepts de partage, à un bon système de transport en commun et à son intégration dans «la mobilité en tant que service » (MAAS). Les voitures électriques autonomes partagées permettront une mobilité à la demande dans des zones moins accessibles et permettraient aux gens de passer au système de transport en commun au niveau des nœuds de mobilité ou à répondre à des besoins spécifiques en milieu urbain. L électrification est environ deux à trois fois plus efficace que les solutions thermiques en termes d économie de carburant pour les véhicules.', 'L électrification est environ deux à trois fois plus efficace que les solutions thermiques en termes d économie de carburant pour les véhicules. Cette option est prioritaire à long terme, en particulier pour les véhicules particuliers (100% des ventes de véhicules particuliers neufs seront électriques à partir de 2040, qu’il s’agisse de véhicules à batterie ou de véhicules à pile à combustible). En 2030, le scénario atteint une part de marché de 15 à 20% pour les voitures électriques privées et de 10% pour les voitures hybrides privées rechargeables dans les ventes de véhicules neufs. Des efforts importants doivent également être déployés en termes d efficacité des véhicules, en particulier pour les véhicules thermiques par hybridation directe.', 'Des efforts importants doivent également être déployés en termes d efficacité des véhicules, en particulier pour les véhicules thermiques par hybridation directe. Une attention particulière devra être apportée sur la gestion de la demande en électricité dans ce report de carburant et sur la recyclabilité des batteries, maillon essentiel de l’économie circulaire appliquée au transport. De même, il sera tenu compte de l’impact éventuel des mesures sur la cohésion sociale. Il faut en effet éviter que, suite à l’augmentation des prix du logement et de mesures relatives à la mobilité en milieu urbain, les populations défavorisées ne se déplacent vers les zones rurales les moins bien desservies, tant au niveau des transports en commun que des commerces de proximité.', 'Il faut en effet éviter que, suite à l’augmentation des prix du logement et de mesures relatives à la mobilité en milieu urbain, les populations défavorisées ne se déplacent vers les zones rurales les moins bien desservies, tant au niveau des transports en commun que des commerces de proximité. Dans ce contexte, la mise en place à une échelle adéquate de « centrales de mobilité » sera étudiée, afin d’assurer une gestion optimale de l’offre et de la demande de transport (partagé ou en commun). Du côté du fret Dans le transport de marchandises, une réduction de la demande à la source permettrait également de promouvoir la production locale, l’économie circulaire et les chaînes de valeur courtes.', 'Du côté du fret Dans le transport de marchandises, une réduction de la demande à la source permettrait également de promouvoir la production locale, l’économie circulaire et les chaînes de valeur courtes. Un raccourcissement des chaînes d’approvisionnement via une production intégrée plus localisée permettra une évolution évidente dans l’empreinte environnementale du transport. Il en va de même des derniers segments dans la vente en ligne qui semble être une menace certaine pour l’impact qu’ils auront au niveau des villes. La lutte contre les ruptures de charge doit être prioritaire en recourant majoritairement au transport de marchandises par voie ferroviaire et fluviale.', 'La lutte contre les ruptures de charge doit être prioritaire en recourant majoritairement au transport de marchandises par voie ferroviaire et fluviale. Pour le transport routier lourd (via une intégration sectorielle accrue avec l’hydrogène) et le transport fluvial et maritime, une mutation plus importante vers une décarbonation effective est envisageable. Dans le cas du transport de marchandises, la priorité devrait être donnée aux voies navigables et aux voies ferrées. Le transport routier de marchandises deviendrait l exception, et pour les distances courtes et moyennes via des camions zéro émission. Les marchandises destinées à la ville pourraient être ensuite regroupées dans un centre de distribution situé à la périphérie de la ville et distribuées avec des fourgonnettes électriques et des vélos cargo.', 'Les marchandises destinées à la ville pourraient être ensuite regroupées dans un centre de distribution situé à la périphérie de la ville et distribuées avec des fourgonnettes électriques et des vélos cargo. Un mélange plus équilibré (gaz renouvelable, électricité, biocarburants) est recherché pour le transport de marchandises en raison des contraintes plus importantes sur les moteurs utilisés dans ce type de transport. L électrification de ces véhicules sera plus lente que celle des véhicules privés. Des "\x12 !', 'L électrification de ces véhicules sera plus lente que celle des véhicules privés. Des "\x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 33 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 efforts importants en matière d’émissions seront également déployés pour les poids lourds : L’aviation et le transport maritime Le secteur aérien pose encore un enjeu conséquent mais des solutions émergentes et des alternatives décarbonées peuvent rapidement apparaitre qui, couplées avec une approche structurée sur les carburants non conventionnels, permettront de réduire l’impact climatique et environnemental du secteur aérien. Un potentiel d’électrification dans le secteur aérien existe, ainsi les drones ont récemment fait une percée importante et offrent des potentiels intéressants pour la logistique locale avec une réelle opportunité d’électrification.', 'Un potentiel d’électrification dans le secteur aérien existe, ainsi les drones ont récemment fait une percée importante et offrent des potentiels intéressants pour la logistique locale avec une réelle opportunité d’électrification. De même, l’usage de dirigeables ou d’appareils plus légers que l’air a commencé à apparaître ces dernières années et permettent d’imaginer également une électrification, à terme, d’une part du fret aérien lourd. Dans le secteur maritime, il y a urgence car les processus d’accréditation et de règlementation sont extrêmement longs et compliqués dans le fret maritime. Les voyages aériens à courte distance auront été complètement remplacés par des voyages en train ou en bus (à grande vitesse). En 2050, l aviation utilisera des carburants alternatifs / synthétiques et des systèmes hybrides pour les vols longue distance.', 'En 2050, l aviation utilisera des carburants alternatifs / synthétiques et des systèmes hybrides pour les vols longue distance. Le transport maritime pourra devenir électrique pour les courtes distances et utilisera des carburants alternatifs pour les longues distances. Points d’attention Dans le secteur du transport, le shift vers l’électricité (batteries ou autres technologies) et l’hydrogène sera probablement le plus important. La proportion des véhicules à batterie devra néanmoins probablement être relativisée en tenant compte des risques de sécurité d’approvisionnement et d’intégrité du réseau. En effet, L’électrification de nombreux secteurs nécessitera un accroissement conséquent de la demande en électricité. Le modèle électrique pur pour le transport n’a jamais été pensé pour remplacer les véhicules thermiques pour de longs déplacements.', 'Le modèle électrique pur pour le transport n’a jamais été pensé pour remplacer les véhicules thermiques pour de longs déplacements. Il est en effet plus particulièrement adapté aux besoins standards de déplacement (moins de 40km quotidiens) et se combine idéalement aux modèles d’autoconsommation. Pour le transport fluvial et maritime, il est urgent de prendre les mesures les plus adéquates dès à présent, la durée des processus de certification maritimes et la durée de vie des navires étant un risque majeur pour une transformation rapide dans ce secteur.', 'Pour le transport fluvial et maritime, il est urgent de prendre les mesures les plus adéquates dès à présent, la durée des processus de certification maritimes et la durée de vie des navires étant un risque majeur pour une transformation rapide dans ce secteur. Un défi social voire sociétal Comment éviter le clivage entre les citoyens des villes où l’offre de transport public devrait augmenter pour remplacer les voitures personnelles et les citoyens des zones rurales pour qui se déplacer va devenir contraignant même pour les trajets résiduaires quand le co-voiturage et le télétravail auront répondu à une première partie des besoins ? C’est un défi majeur qu’il convient absolument de relever. 3.4.3.', 'C’est un défi majeur qu’il convient absolument de relever. 3.4.3. Lignes directrices Trois axes formeront les lignes directrices : Axe 1 : Rationaliser les besoins en mobilité (Avoid) ; Axe 2 : Encourager les transferts modaux (Shift) ; Axe 3 : Améliorer les performances des véhicules (Improve). Ces axes se déclinent en quatre leviers nécessaires à la mutation du transport : (1) l amélioration de la performance énergétique des véhicules afin de limiter la consommation d énergie (Improve), (2) la décarbonation de l’énergie consommée par les véhicules (Improve), (3) le ralentissement et la "" !', 'Ces axes se déclinent en quatre leviers nécessaires à la mutation du transport : (1) l amélioration de la performance énergétique des véhicules afin de limiter la consommation d énergie (Improve), (2) la décarbonation de l’énergie consommée par les véhicules (Improve), (3) le ralentissement et la "" ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 34 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 réduction de la croissance de la demande (Avoid); (4) le transfert modal et l’optimisation de l utilisation des véhicules dans le transport de personnes et de marchandises (Shift). Pour ce faire, il faudra développer un scénario de « proximobilité » alliant proximité et qualité de vie.', 'Pour ce faire, il faudra développer un scénario de « proximobilité » alliant proximité et qualité de vie. Ce scénario doit viser la mise en place d’un système alternatif de mobilité et l’évolution des habitudes de mobilité en faveur du local et du ralentissement. Il impliquera une stabilisation de nos déplacements en termes de km-voyageurs, le plafonnement puis la diminution de l’usage de la voiture individuelle, la progression des transports en commun et du vélo et l’émergence de la mobilité partagée. Pour y arriver, il est nécessaire de développer la multi-mobilité partagée21 : la combinaison des modes de déplacements, leur complémentarité et une nouvelle priorisation entre eux : d’abord les modes actifs22, ensuite les transports en commun et la mobilité partagée, enfin les transports individuels motorisés.', 'Pour y arriver, il est nécessaire de développer la multi-mobilité partagée21 : la combinaison des modes de déplacements, leur complémentarité et une nouvelle priorisation entre eux : d’abord les modes actifs22, ensuite les transports en commun et la mobilité partagée, enfin les transports individuels motorisés. Les améliorations de l efficacité énergétique et de la décarbonation concerneront tous les modes de transport. Comme pour le secteur énergétique, la numérisation peut contribuer à une organisation plus efficace du système (via MaaS ou l’ITS). Cette numérisation permettra une gestion intelligente du trafic et une mobilité de plus en plus automatisée dans tous les modes, réduisant ainsi la congestion et augmentant les taux d occupation.', 'Cette numérisation permettra une gestion intelligente du trafic et une mobilité de plus en plus automatisée dans tous les modes, réduisant ainsi la congestion et augmentant les taux d occupation. Le ralentissement imposé par la multimodalité partagée sera compensé par une diminution de la congestion qui permettra d’améliorer la vitesse d’autres déplacements. Les infrastructures régionales et l aménagement du territoire devront être améliorés pour tirer pleinement parti de l utilisation accrue des transports en commun. Les transitions dans le secteur des transports nécessiteront un déploiement accéléré des infrastructures pertinentes, une synergie accrue entre les systèmes de transport et les systèmes énergétiques avec des stations de recharge ou de ravitaillement intelligentes permettant des services transfrontaliers homogènes.', 'Les transitions dans le secteur des transports nécessiteront un déploiement accéléré des infrastructures pertinentes, une synergie accrue entre les systèmes de transport et les systèmes énergétiques avec des stations de recharge ou de ravitaillement intelligentes permettant des services transfrontaliers homogènes. Les investissements futurs devront se concentrer sur les modes les moins polluants en favorisant les synergies entre les réseaux de transport. Le développement de liaisons ferroviaires à grande vitesse semble être une véritable alternative à l aviation pour les voyages de passagers sur de courtes et moyennes distances au sein de l UE.', 'Le développement de liaisons ferroviaires à grande vitesse semble être une véritable alternative à l aviation pour les voyages de passagers sur de courtes et moyennes distances au sein de l UE. A terme, la réduction de la demande en transport et la rationalisation des flux de ceux-ci permettra de réduire la part modale de la voiture individuelle en passant de 83% en 2017 à 60 % en 2030.', 'A terme, la réduction de la demande en transport et la rationalisation des flux de ceux-ci permettra de réduire la part modale de la voiture individuelle en passant de 83% en 2017 à 60 % en 2030. Un objectif de réduction à 40 % en 2050 semble réaliste Le développement des transports en commun performants et attractifs, d’un réseau cyclable structuré et la généralisation de solutions de mobilités collectives ou partagées permettront de renforcer les parts relatives en mobilité douce ; passage de 13% à 50% de la part relative de transports en communs et de 1% à 10% de la part relative des déplacements à vélo d’ici à 2050 avec un taux de remplissage des voitures passant de 1,3 à 3 durant la même période.', 'Un objectif de réduction à 40 % en 2050 semble réaliste Le développement des transports en commun performants et attractifs, d’un réseau cyclable structuré et la généralisation de solutions de mobilités collectives ou partagées permettront de renforcer les parts relatives en mobilité douce ; passage de 13% à 50% de la part relative de transports en communs et de 1% à 10% de la part relative des déplacements à vélo d’ici à 2050 avec un taux de remplissage des voitures passant de 1,3 à 3 durant la même période. L’amélioration de la complémentarité des modes de transport notamment, le développement des points de connexions intermodaux en augmentant leur nombre, en développant de nouveaux parkings relais, en créant des espaces vélos couverts et sécurisés et l’optimisation des chaînes de déplacements en améliorant l’accessibilité des portes d’entrée de la Wallonie contribuera également à ce renforcement.', 'L’amélioration de la complémentarité des modes de transport notamment, le développement des points de connexions intermodaux en augmentant leur nombre, en développant de nouveaux parkings relais, en créant des espaces vélos couverts et sécurisés et l’optimisation des chaînes de déplacements en améliorant l’accessibilité des portes d’entrée de la Wallonie contribuera également à ce renforcement. Sur le plan de la réglementation et de la gouvernance, un alignement des politiques territoriales en incluant de manière croissante et dominante les questions de mobilité en général en incluant des actions spécifiques sur le transport de marchandises est nécessaire. Cette approche doit permettre la 21Les Anglo-saxons appellent cela Mobility As A Service (MAAS) et les Suisses la mobilité combinée. 22C’est-à-dire la marche à pied et le vélo traditionnel. "\x16 !', '22C’est-à-dire la marche à pied et le vélo traditionnel. "\x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 35 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 création de pôles de mobilité et de logistique régionaux efficients, développement multifonctionnel et déploiement du développement de pôles logistiques régionaux afin de faciliter le regroupement des transports (densification et imbrication). Les zones urbaines et régionales à basses émissions seront renforcées et étendues afin de contraindre le transport de marchandises et de biens de consommations dans ces zones en offrant de nouvelles perspectives de transport.', 'Les zones urbaines et régionales à basses émissions seront renforcées et étendues afin de contraindre le transport de marchandises et de biens de consommations dans ces zones en offrant de nouvelles perspectives de transport. A terme, la labellisation des chaînes logistiques en fonction de leur impact carbone devra faire place à des contraintes accrues, principalement dans la gestion de la demande en transport de marchandises et la remise en question de la notion même de « just in time ». Le déploiement d’infrastructures qu’il s’agisse d’infrastructures collectives ou d’infrastructures de carburants devra être assurée de manière réfléchie sur le territoire en respectant la typologie des réseaux et en offrant de nouvelles possibilités de modèles de gestion énergétique intégrée.', 'Le déploiement d’infrastructures qu’il s’agisse d’infrastructures collectives ou d’infrastructures de carburants devra être assurée de manière réfléchie sur le territoire en respectant la typologie des réseaux et en offrant de nouvelles possibilités de modèles de gestion énergétique intégrée. La mise en place de modèles de soutien adapté permettant de favoriser la transition énergétique dans les secteurs difficiles à décarboner permettra probablement l’amorce d’une transition efficace et économiquement rentable. Ces secteurs pourraient également faire l’objet de normes communautaires strictes d’accès au territoire européen. " ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 36 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.5. Agriculture et forêt 3.5.1.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 36 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3.5. Agriculture et forêt 3.5.1. Etat des lieux Selon le dernier inventaire disponible, la forêt wallonne stocke annuellement de l’ordre de 900 kt de dans la biomasse forestière, ce qui représente 2,5% des émissions anthropiques wallonnes. Il faut déduire de ce stockage le bilan annuel du boisement/déboisement, qui constitue une émission nette de l’ordre de 300 kt. Les surfaces boisées et déboisées annuellement sont pratiquement en équilibre, mais ceci aboutit à des émissions nettes car les émissions du déboisement sont comptabilisées dans l’année, alors que le reboisement n’amène qu’un stockage progressif du CO2 par les écosystèmes.', 'Les surfaces boisées et déboisées annuellement sont pratiquement en équilibre, mais ceci aboutit à des émissions nettes car les émissions du déboisement sont comptabilisées dans l’année, alors que le reboisement n’amène qu’un stockage progressif du CO2 par les écosystèmes. Enfin, le carbone stocké à plus ou moins long terme dans les produits récoltés du bois (bois d’œuvre, panneaux, papiers et cartons) est comptabilisé et constitue également un puits relativement limité23. L’agriculture émet du CH4 et du N2 O, ainsi que du CO2 . En 2017, le secteur agricole a émis un peu moins de 5 millions de tonnes CO2 -éq), soit environ 14% des émissions de GES de la Wallonie.', 'En 2017, le secteur agricole a émis un peu moins de 5 millions de tonnes CO2 -éq), soit environ 14% des émissions de GES de la Wallonie. Ces émissions se caractérisent par des quantités importantes de méthane (CH4 ) et de protoxyde d’azote (N2 O) et dans une moindre mesure de CO2 . Le méthane est issu à 92% de la fermentation entérique des ruminants et à 8% de la gestion des effluents. Le protoxyde d’azote (N2 O), provient à 93% des sols et à 7% de la gestion des effluents. Enfin, le CO2 provient du chaulage, de l’urée et du carburant des tracteurs et d’autres machines agricoles.', 'Enfin, le CO2 provient du chaulage, de l’urée et du carburant des tracteurs et d’autres machines agricoles. Au niveau du carbone des sols, qui est comptabilisé séparément, les terres de culture sont une source d’émission, estimée à 513 kt CO2-éq en 2017 tandis que les prairies sont un puits de carbone, estimé -éq en 2017. La principale source d’émission est le changement d’affectation des terres, en particulier la conversion de prairies en terres de cultures. Une partie du CO2 stocké dans les prairies est minéralisé lors du retournement de la terre. Le bilan global des terres agricoles concernant le CO2 est donc un stockage de l’ordre de 370 kt CO2 -éq par an, soit environ 8% des autres émissions de GES du secteur présentées ci-dessus.', 'Le bilan global des terres agricoles concernant le CO2 est donc un stockage de l’ordre de 370 kt CO2 -éq par an, soit environ 8% des autres émissions de GES du secteur présentées ci-dessus. Selon les projections disponibles, les émissions de CH4 et de N2 O du secteur agricole devraient continuer à diminuer d’ici 2030. Au niveau forestier, compte tenu notamment de la structure de classe d’âge et des changements d’espèces, comme par exemple la plantation de douglas après coupe d’épicéa, le puits forestier devrait légèrement augmenter d’ici 205024. Ceci sans tenir compte de l’impact potentiel de perturbations naturelles, telles que sécheresses, incendies, tempêtes ou ravageurs, aggravées par les changements climatiques.', 'Ceci sans tenir compte de l’impact potentiel de perturbations naturelles, telles que sécheresses, incendies, tempêtes ou ravageurs, aggravées par les changements climatiques. La biomasse et les sols agricoles et forestiers peuvent constituer des puits de carbone significatifs, mais selon les règles actuelles de comptabilisation, tant au niveau européen qu’au niveau international, seule une partie du stockage est comptabilisée par rapport aux objectifs de réduction, en vue de ne comptabiliser que les émissions et absorptions directement liées à une intervention humaine, telle que changement de gestion forestière ou changements d’affectation des sols. Selon ces règles complexes, la biomasse forestière et les sols wallons pourraient être comptabilisés comme un puits très limité, voire même une source nette d’émission durant la période 2021-2030.', 'Selon ces règles complexes, la biomasse forestière et les sols wallons pourraient être comptabilisés comme un puits très limité, voire même une source nette d’émission durant la période 2021-2030. Dans le cadre de la stratégie 2050 et du respect des Accords de Paris, une réflexion au niveau européen est donc indispensable concernant les futures modalités de comptabilisation du secteur LULUCF, qui conditionneront largement la possibilité d’un équilibre entre émissions et puits de carbone. Considérant que la stratégie européenne à l’horizon 2050 se base sur une comptabilisation de 23 Ce puit lié au Produits Ligneux Récoltés (Harvested Wood Products) n’est actuellement calculé qu’au niveau national, mais fera prochainement l’objet d’une estimation régionale.', 'Considérant que la stratégie européenne à l’horizon 2050 se base sur une comptabilisation de 23 Ce puit lié au Produits Ligneux Récoltés (Harvested Wood Products) n’est actuellement calculé qu’au niveau national, mais fera prochainement l’objet d’une estimation régionale. 24 Projections établies pour la préparation du National Forest Accounting Plan, dans le cadre du Règlement LULUCF (Land-Use Land-Use Change and Forestry) EC/841/2018, "\x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 37 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 l’ensemble des puits25, les éléments de stratégie exposés ci-dessous concernent également les puits nets, sans considérer les règles de comptabilisation adoptées pour 2021-2030.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 37 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 l’ensemble des puits25, les éléments de stratégie exposés ci-dessous concernent également les puits nets, sans considérer les règles de comptabilisation adoptées pour 2021-2030. Cependant, comme précisé au point 3.5.1, il faut souligner que la biomasse et les sols agricoles et forestiers de Wallonie, pris dans leur ensemble, ne permettent actuellement que de stocker de l’ordre de 1000 kt CO2-éq.an, soit environ 3% des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre de la Région, bien qu’ils couvrent actuellement 80 % du territoire26.', 'Cependant, comme précisé au point 3.5.1, il faut souligner que la biomasse et les sols agricoles et forestiers de Wallonie, pris dans leur ensemble, ne permettent actuellement que de stocker de l’ordre de 1000 kt CO2-éq.an, soit environ 3% des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre de la Région, bien qu’ils couvrent actuellement 80 % du territoire26. Il est donc indispensable de maintenir et si possible renforcer ces puits tout en tenant compte du fait que l’agriculture doit également assurer la fourniture de denrées alimentaires, d aliments pour animaux et de biomasse à usage énergétique tout en faisant face aux conséquences du changement climatique qui affecteront les écosystèmes.', 'Il est donc indispensable de maintenir et si possible renforcer ces puits tout en tenant compte du fait que l’agriculture doit également assurer la fourniture de denrées alimentaires, d aliments pour animaux et de biomasse à usage énergétique tout en faisant face aux conséquences du changement climatique qui affecteront les écosystèmes. De même, le secteur forestier doit assurer le maintien et l’amélioration des multiples fonctions de la forêt, comme précisé à l’article 1 du Code forestier wallon : ressources forestières et stockage carbone, santé et vitalité des écosystèmes forestiers (notamment dans un contexte de changement climatique), fonctions de production des bois et forêts, biodiversité, protection du sol et de l eau et enfin autres bénéfices et conditions socio-économiques.', 'De même, le secteur forestier doit assurer le maintien et l’amélioration des multiples fonctions de la forêt, comme précisé à l’article 1 du Code forestier wallon : ressources forestières et stockage carbone, santé et vitalité des écosystèmes forestiers (notamment dans un contexte de changement climatique), fonctions de production des bois et forêts, biodiversité, protection du sol et de l eau et enfin autres bénéfices et conditions socio-économiques. a) Agriculture La production agricole entraînera toujours des émissions de gaz à effet de serre autres que le CO2, mais elles pourront être réduites d ici 2050 grâce à des méthodes de production efficaces et durables. Selon l’étude Wallonie bas carbone (scénario de -80%), une réduction des émissions de 25 à 35% est envisageable.', 'Selon l’étude Wallonie bas carbone (scénario de -80%), une réduction des émissions de 25 à 35% est envisageable. L’innovation jouera un rôle de plus en plus important. L’agriculture intelligente/smart farming (Utilisation des technologies numériques dans le secteur de l’agriculture) permettra de produire plus avec moins d’intrants et moins d’efforts en liant les pratiques agricoles aux besoins personnalisés des cultures et du bétail. Elle permettra également de développer des avantages économiques en stimulant la compétitivité grâce à des pratiques plus efficaces, mais aussi en créant de nouvelles opportunités commerciales grâce au temps libéré. La réduction de l’utilisation d intrants, en collaboration avec le secteur pour avoir des alternatives efficaces et économiquement viables, permettra de diminuer les risques environnementaux et l’empreinte de l’agriculture.', 'La réduction de l’utilisation d intrants, en collaboration avec le secteur pour avoir des alternatives efficaces et économiquement viables, permettra de diminuer les risques environnementaux et l’empreinte de l’agriculture. Toutefois, bon nombre d’exploitations ne seront pas en mesure d’adopter de nouveaux outils technologiques (smart farming, agriculture de précision, …) de pointe par manque de rentabilité ou parce que ces outils ne répondent pas à leurs besoins. Ces exploitations doivent être prises en considération dans le mouvement vers une adaptation de la société pour réduire l’impact du changement climatique, et des outils et mesures adaptés doivent être développés pour répondre à leurs besoins.', 'Ces exploitations doivent être prises en considération dans le mouvement vers une adaptation de la société pour réduire l’impact du changement climatique, et des outils et mesures adaptés doivent être développés pour répondre à leurs besoins. Une économie à émissions nettes nulles nécessitera des quantités croissantes de biomasse par rapport à la consommation actuelle (Clean Planet for All27 prévoit une augmentation de la consommation de bioénergie d environ 80% d ici 2050 par rapport à aujourd hui). La nouvelle demande de biomasse ligneuse pourrait diversifier davantage l activité agricole actuelle. Cela offrira de nouvelles possibilités de remise en culture des terres marginales. L’augmentation de la production de biomasse devra provenir d une combinaison de sources tout en s assurant que les puits naturels seront maintenus ou même améliorés.', 'L’augmentation de la production de biomasse devra provenir d une combinaison de sources tout en s assurant que les puits naturels seront maintenus ou même améliorés. Grâce à la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs (progrès génétiques, meilleur traitement des effluents, alimentation plus durable et du pâturage, accompagnement des agriculteurs vers des productions en "\x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 38 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 cohérence avec les enjeux climatiques, …) les émissions provenant de l élevage du bétail pourraient être considérablement réduites. L utilisation en cascade de bois produit de manière durable comme matière première renouvelable aura constitué la base d une bioéconomie circulaire et remplacé les matériaux à forte intensité énergétique.', 'L utilisation en cascade de bois produit de manière durable comme matière première renouvelable aura constitué la base d une bioéconomie circulaire et remplacé les matériaux à forte intensité énergétique. Dans le secteur de la construction à économie circulaire, l utilisation durable des composants en bois aura acquis une part importante. La lignine et la bioraffinerie à base de cellulose provenant de la part de résidus de culture et de produits d éclaircie qui ne sont pas laissés sur place, ainsi que des flux de déchets provenant des secteurs agricole et forestier, seront également largement utilisés dans l industrie chimique en remplacement des matières premières à base de combustibles fossiles. La part des protéines animales dans l alimentation du consommateur serait conforme aux recommandations de l’OMS préconisant une alimentation diversifiée.', 'La part des protéines animales dans l alimentation du consommateur serait conforme aux recommandations de l’OMS préconisant une alimentation diversifiée. Une meilleure coordination entre les producteurs et les consommateurs utilisant les plateformes numériques aura permis de réduire le gaspillage et les pertes alimentaires. L utilisation de l emballage et du transport dans la production alimentaire a également été considérablement réduite. Les instruments de la PAC seront davantage sollicités à des fins climatiques. Les eco-schemes de la nouvelle politique agricole commune (PAC) doivent être mises en place par les États pour les agriculteurs qui s’engagent dans des pratiques bénéfiques pour l’environnement. Ils contribueront à stimuler la séquestration du carbone dans le sol et mieux lutter contre la sécheresse et les inondations, conséquences du changement climatique.', 'Ils contribueront à stimuler la séquestration du carbone dans le sol et mieux lutter contre la sécheresse et les inondations, conséquences du changement climatique. Les subventions à l investissement dans le cadre des programmes de développement rural de la PAC financeront l utilisation de techniques respectueuses du climat et de la qualité de l’air. Les mesures agroenvironnementales de la PAC seront renforcées pour soutenir la biodiversité et une utilisation moins intensive des sols. La recherche agronomique reste importante et peut apporter des réponses aux défis.', 'La recherche agronomique reste importante et peut apporter des réponses aux défis. Il est nécessaire de mettre à disposition des budgets de recherche supplémentaires pour des techniques innovantes de réduction des GES dans l élevage bovin et l horticulture sous serre, pour l agriculture terrestre avec un minimum de biocides, pour les techniques agricoles qui augmentent le carbone du sol, pour la production locale de protéines et pour de nouvelles chaînes de valeur basées sur des substituts de viande. Afin de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, le scénario suppose que tous les leviers techniques seront utilisés au maximum de leur potentiel (légumineuses, optimisation du cycle de l azote, réduction de l excès de protéines dans les rations animales, pratiques de labourage, etc.', 'Afin de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, le scénario suppose que tous les leviers techniques seront utilisés au maximum de leur potentiel (légumineuses, optimisation du cycle de l azote, réduction de l excès de protéines dans les rations animales, pratiques de labourage, etc. ), que les systèmes agricoles vont évoluer (agroforesterie, agriculture biologique, élevage en herbe et artificialisation limitée), que la demande intérieure va se modifier (en fonction des indicateurs nutritionnels à l horizon 2035, diminution des déchets alimentaires) et que la production énergétique et des matières biosourcées va augmenter. En termes de consommation d énergie, l augmentation de l efficacité énergétique et la maîtrise des besoins énergétiques nous permettront d atteindre l objectif de réduire de moitié la consommation à l horizon 2050.', 'En termes de consommation d énergie, l augmentation de l efficacité énergétique et la maîtrise des besoins énergétiques nous permettront d atteindre l objectif de réduire de moitié la consommation à l horizon 2050. L utilisation de pompes à chaleur et de tracteurs électriques permettra d atteindre un niveau d électrification important dès que cela sera possible. b) Forêt Le maintien et l amélioration des ressources forestières et leur contribution au cycle du carbone est le premier principe du Code forestier, dans le cadre d’un développement durable des forêts, assurant la coexistence harmonieuse de leurs fonctions économiques, écologiques et sociales. En outre, selon le premier article du Code, « Le développement durable des bois et forêts implique […] la promotion d une forêt mélangée et d âges multiples, adaptée aux changements climatiques et capable d en atténuer certains effets. » "\x19 !', 'En outre, selon le premier article du Code, « Le développement durable des bois et forêts implique […] la promotion d une forêt mélangée et d âges multiples, adaptée aux changements climatiques et capable d en atténuer certains effets. » "\x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 39 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Dans ce contexte, une mesure essentielle sera d’assurer le maintien et le développement de l’Inventaire Permanent des Ressources forestières de Wallonie28, en tant qu’outil de connaissance de la forêt, du suivi de son évolution dans le temps et de modélisation de son devenir dans les prochaines décennies.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 39 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Dans ce contexte, une mesure essentielle sera d’assurer le maintien et le développement de l’Inventaire Permanent des Ressources forestières de Wallonie28, en tant qu’outil de connaissance de la forêt, du suivi de son évolution dans le temps et de modélisation de son devenir dans les prochaines décennies. D’autre part, l’Accord-cadre de recherches et vulgarisation forestières, adopté en 1999, formalise le partenariat entre la Région wallonne, l’Université de Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège) et l’Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve (UCLouvain) sous l’égide d’un comité de pilotage international et constitue un outil efficace pour la recherche et le développement de techniques de gestion adaptées.', 'D’autre part, l’Accord-cadre de recherches et vulgarisation forestières, adopté en 1999, formalise le partenariat entre la Région wallonne, l’Université de Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège) et l’Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve (UCLouvain) sous l’égide d’un comité de pilotage international et constitue un outil efficace pour la recherche et le développement de techniques de gestion adaptées. Ces éléments seront pris en compte dans le « Programme Forestier Régional » en cours d’élaboration, qui définira une vision à long terme de la forêt wallonne, en concertation avec l’ensemble des acteurs concernés (administration, propriétaires, autres acteurs de la filière bois, énergie, agriculture, tourisme, etc.). 3.5.3.', 'Ces éléments seront pris en compte dans le « Programme Forestier Régional » en cours d’élaboration, qui définira une vision à long terme de la forêt wallonne, en concertation avec l’ensemble des acteurs concernés (administration, propriétaires, autres acteurs de la filière bois, énergie, agriculture, tourisme, etc.). 3.5.3. Principes et Lignes directrices a) Agriculture · Réduire les émissions : O : optimiser les apports d’azote : limiter la dose au besoin réelle des cultures (la Wallonie figure parmi les plus gros consommateurs européens de fertilisants par ha de SAU, derrière les Pays-Bas et au même niveau que l’Allemagne et la République Tchèque) et réduire la part des fertilisants minéraux de synthèse au profit des fertilisants organiques comme les effluents d’élevage, les boues, le compost et le digestat issu de la biométhanisation ainsi que les CIPAN : adapter l’alimentation animale pour réduire l’impact de la fermentation entérique (la luzerne est connue pour réduire les rejets de CH4 issu de la fermentation entérique), promouvoir le pâturage et ne pas dépasser un certain seuil d’UGB à l’Ha : encourager les carburants alternatifs pour les machines agricoles et l’avancée technologique (smart farming, agriculture de précision) pour réduire la consommation en carburants fossiles des machines et engins agricoles.', 'Principes et Lignes directrices a) Agriculture · Réduire les émissions : O : optimiser les apports d’azote : limiter la dose au besoin réelle des cultures (la Wallonie figure parmi les plus gros consommateurs européens de fertilisants par ha de SAU, derrière les Pays-Bas et au même niveau que l’Allemagne et la République Tchèque) et réduire la part des fertilisants minéraux de synthèse au profit des fertilisants organiques comme les effluents d’élevage, les boues, le compost et le digestat issu de la biométhanisation ainsi que les CIPAN : adapter l’alimentation animale pour réduire l’impact de la fermentation entérique (la luzerne est connue pour réduire les rejets de CH4 issu de la fermentation entérique), promouvoir le pâturage et ne pas dépasser un certain seuil d’UGB à l’Ha : encourager les carburants alternatifs pour les machines agricoles et l’avancée technologique (smart farming, agriculture de précision) pour réduire la consommation en carburants fossiles des machines et engins agricoles. · Accroître le rôle de séquestration et de puits de carbone : développer l’agroécologie et l’agroforesterie en particulier qui vise à associer une production ligneuse à une culture peut contribuer au développement de la biomasse et en tous cas aux superficies dédiées (retour des haies bocagères, .) et donc à la séquestration du carbone.', '· Accroître le rôle de séquestration et de puits de carbone : développer l’agroécologie et l’agroforesterie en particulier qui vise à associer une production ligneuse à une culture peut contribuer au développement de la biomasse et en tous cas aux superficies dédiées (retour des haies bocagères, .) et donc à la séquestration du carbone. Par ailleurs l’agroforesterie peut jouer un rôle important dans l’adaptation à travers la résilience des parcelles à l’érosion du sol, risque accru par les changements climatiques. Elle améliore la qualité des sols et de la biodiversité et peut donc assurer un certain niveau de production. L’autre levier d’action pour préserver.', 'Elle améliore la qualité des sols et de la biodiversité et peut donc assurer un certain niveau de production. L’autre levier d’action pour préserver. · Contribuer à la production d’énergie renouvelable : l’agriculture peut contribuer à la production d’énergie renouvelable selon 4 leviers : la production de biomasse associée aux cultures d’une part et aux compléments de plantations de l’agroforesterie (haies, alignements d’arbres, .), les cultures énergétiques, la biométhanisation, l’installation de systèmes photovoltaïques et éoliens sur les bâtiments des fermes. Ces trois axes d’action sont complémentaires et doivent donc être soutenus ensemble dans un certain équilibre.', 'Ces trois axes d’action sont complémentaires et doivent donc être soutenus ensemble dans un certain équilibre. b) Forêts Les thématiques du quatrième Accord-cadre (2014-2019) présenté au point 4.5.2 sont notamment l’évaluation des risques et gestion des forêts dans le cadre des changements globaux, les outils d’analyse prospective pour la forêt wallonne élaborés a partir des données de l’Inventaire Permanent "! ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 40 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 des Ressources Forestières de Wallonie la conception de systèmes sylvicoles innovants. La poursuite du financement de ces recherches est prévue par le Code Forestier. Plusieurs recherches et réalisations sont directement liées au maintien et à l’amélioration à long terme des ressources forestières29 , dans un contexte de changement climatique.', 'Plusieurs recherches et réalisations sont directement liées au maintien et à l’amélioration à long terme des ressources forestières29 , dans un contexte de changement climatique. Les thématiques de ces recherches reflètent les principes et lignes directrices exposés ci-dessous, qui guideront l’élaboration des stratégies appropriées, pour préparer dès maintenant la forêt aux conditions futures. L’adéquation des essences aux stations est essentielle, afin d’améliorer la productivité mais aussi la résilience des forêts. En 2017, une nouvelle version du Fichier écologique des essences30 a été publiée et constitue un outil d’aide à la décision pour la plantation, au service des gestionnaires d’espaces forestiers et naturels L’intensité de prélèvement de biomasse (par exemple à usage énergétique) doit être compatible avec le maintien à long terme de la fertilité des sols.', 'En 2017, une nouvelle version du Fichier écologique des essences30 a été publiée et constitue un outil d’aide à la décision pour la plantation, au service des gestionnaires d’espaces forestiers et naturels L’intensité de prélèvement de biomasse (par exemple à usage énergétique) doit être compatible avec le maintien à long terme de la fertilité des sols. Ceci sera notamment déterminé par une quantification des exportations minérales accompagnant les exploitations. La réaction des arbres aux stress répétés (attaques d’insectes, gels, sécheresses, qualité du sol, …) est actuellement étudiée, afin de mieux gérer les forêts, par exemple, en diminuant la densité des arbres pour un meilleur accès aux ressources (eau et éléments nutritifs) ou en les plantant dans des stations adaptées, en les mélangeant avec d’autres espèces (mixité).', 'La réaction des arbres aux stress répétés (attaques d’insectes, gels, sécheresses, qualité du sol, …) est actuellement étudiée, afin de mieux gérer les forêts, par exemple, en diminuant la densité des arbres pour un meilleur accès aux ressources (eau et éléments nutritifs) ou en les plantant dans des stations adaptées, en les mélangeant avec d’autres espèces (mixité). Des recherches sont en cours concernant la recherche d’espèces qui devraient mieux supporter un climat plus sec et plus chaud, notamment en examinant les réactions des essences plantées dans les arboretums aux différents stress climatiques (sécheresse, gelées, etc. ), en vue d’identifier des essences plus résistantes aux sécheresses et produisant un bois de qualité, afin de maintenir une diversité d’espèces et une bonne production de bois dans le futur.', '), en vue d’identifier des essences plus résistantes aux sécheresses et produisant un bois de qualité, afin de maintenir une diversité d’espèces et une bonne production de bois dans le futur. La modélisation de la croissance des forêts se poursuit, afin d’identifier les modes de gestion les plus appropriés, qui confèreront une meilleure résilience aux forêts compte tenu des incertitudes environnementales à venir. Ceci concerne par exemple la gestion forestière des peuplements en mélange, visant notamment à augmenter la résilience des forêts de hêtre, de chêne, avec des forêts plus diversifiées et mieux adaptées aux changements climatiques.', 'Ceci concerne par exemple la gestion forestière des peuplements en mélange, visant notamment à augmenter la résilience des forêts de hêtre, de chêne, avec des forêts plus diversifiées et mieux adaptées aux changements climatiques. Les épidémies de scolytes (Ips typographe et Chalcographe) sont particulièrement importantes ces dernières années, suite aux chablis liés aux tempêtes Eleanor et David en 2017 et aux conditions climatiques de 2018 et 2019, particulièrement favorables à la prolifération de l’insecte. Dans ce contexte, l Observatoire Wallon de la Santé des Forêts31 créé en 2011 a pour objectif de centraliser les données et les connaissances relatives à la santé des forêts relative aux niveaux des territoires wallons et bruxellois.', 'Dans ce contexte, l Observatoire Wallon de la Santé des Forêts31 créé en 2011 a pour objectif de centraliser les données et les connaissances relatives à la santé des forêts relative aux niveaux des territoires wallons et bruxellois. Il a pour missions principales la production d un bilan périodique de la santé des peuplements forestiers, la détection et l identification des insectes et champignons pathogènes responsables des maladies, la participation à l élaboration de cartes de risques biotiques et abiotiques sur base de l état de vulnérabilité des essences forestières et des stations des risques sanitaires en forêt et enfin la centralisation des connaissances suffisantes pour mettre en œuvre une lutte coordonnée en situation de crise sanitaire.', 'Il a pour missions principales la production d un bilan périodique de la santé des peuplements forestiers, la détection et l identification des insectes et champignons pathogènes responsables des maladies, la participation à l élaboration de cartes de risques biotiques et abiotiques sur base de l état de vulnérabilité des essences forestières et des stations des risques sanitaires en forêt et enfin la centralisation des connaissances suffisantes pour mettre en œuvre une lutte coordonnée en situation de crise sanitaire. En matière de gestion forestière et plus particulièrement de plantation, des subventions sont accordées aux propriétaires privés afin d’assurer le renouvellement des peuplements résineux et feuillus32. Cette politique pourra être renforcée en fonction des résultats obtenus. \x16\x15 !', 'Cette politique pourra être renforcée en fonction des résultats obtenus. \x16\x15 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 41 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Enfin, plus de la moitié de la forêt wallonne est certifiée PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes, ou Programme de Reconnaissance de Systèmes de Certification Forestière en français), qui est un système de certification mondial qui garantit la gestion durable des forêts. Actuellement, 300.000 ha sont certifiés en Wallonie33 (271.340 ha de forêts publiques wallonnes et 30.437 ha de forêts privées), ce qui représente 54% des forêts wallonnes.', 'Actuellement, 300.000 ha sont certifiés en Wallonie33 (271.340 ha de forêts publiques wallonnes et 30.437 ha de forêts privées), ce qui représente 54% des forêts wallonnes. La quasi-totalité des forêts publiques sont déjà certifiées, le défi est maintenant d’amener les propriétaires privés à faire certifier leur gestion, démarche qui est par exemple soutenue par la Société Royale Forestière de Belgique34. Au niveau forestier, un groupe d experts a travaillé sur les impacts des changements climatiques dans les écosystèmes forestiers wallons, sur les recommandations pour les décideurs politiques et sur un guide de bonnes pratiques pour les gestionnaires de forêts. Les conclusions de ce groupe ont été publiées en 2009. Une mise à jour de cette publication a été faite en 2017 et a été présentée lors d’un colloque36.', 'Une mise à jour de cette publication a été faite en 2017 et a été présentée lors d’un colloque36. L’adaptation aux changements climatiques est également considérée dans le nouveau Code Forestier de 2008 et plusieurs mesures vont dans cette direction, comme par exemple, la limitation du drainage et l’obligation de planter des essences adaptées aux stations, la promotion d un couvert continu et la promotion de la diversité des espèces. Plusieurs recherches sont également en cours concernant l’adaptation future des forêts au changement climatique (voir ci-dessus, point 3.5.3). Au niveau agricole, divers outils existants permettent déjà d’apporter des ébauches de réponse à la question de l’adaptation de l’agriculture au changement climatique, ou comment renforcer la résistance des secteurs des productions animales et végétales aux évolutions attendues du climat.', 'Au niveau agricole, divers outils existants permettent déjà d’apporter des ébauches de réponse à la question de l’adaptation de l’agriculture au changement climatique, ou comment renforcer la résistance des secteurs des productions animales et végétales aux évolutions attendues du climat. Citons l’exemple de la cellule GISER, pour Gestion Intégrée Sol Ruissellement Erosion ( qui apporte son soutien dans la quantification des risques au niveau des bassins versants et du parcellaire agricole. Elle développe des outils permettant de quantifier les risques de ruissellement et d’érosion des sols au niveau des bassins versants et du parcellaire agricole. Ces outils se basent sur la géomatique et la modélisation agro-hydrologique.', 'Ces outils se basent sur la géomatique et la modélisation agro-hydrologique. Lors d’événements pluvieux exceptionnels, la cellule GISER se rend sur le terrain pour : a. caractériser in situ les phénomènes de ruissellement et/ou d’érosion, dont les coulées boueuses ; b. fournir des pistes de solutions, dont les méthodes agro-environnementales, afin d’atténuer ces phénomènes et protéger le sol agricole ; c. effectuer un suivi de l’efficacité des mesures mises en place. wallonie 35 Ce chapitre ne porte que sur des mesures d’adaptation spécifiques à l’Agriculture et à la Forêt. Pour une vision complète, voir le Chapitre 7 : Adaptation au changement climatique : Une Wallonie résiliente \x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 42 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 4. Regard transversal 4.1.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 42 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 4. Regard transversal 4.1. Pour une transition juste et équitable Le concept de « transition juste » vise l’organisation et la transformation de notre société en une économie pauvre en carbone qui soit juste socialement et porteuse d’un projet de société durable, en se reposant sur les valeurs d’impartialité et d’équité et ne renforçant pas la dualisation de la société (sociale, économique, technologique, etc.). L’objectif consiste ici à s’emparer de la transition énergétique pour inventer un type de développement qui soit, à la fois, respectueux de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles mais aussi juste et équitable socialement pour les travailleurs et les citoyens.', 'L’objectif consiste ici à s’emparer de la transition énergétique pour inventer un type de développement qui soit, à la fois, respectueux de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles mais aussi juste et équitable socialement pour les travailleurs et les citoyens. Plus largement, la capacité à réagir face à un événement climatique ; l’accès à des moyens d’adaptation ou encore à certaines technologies moins polluantes est influencée par les inégalités sociales déjà existantes au sein d’un pays. Dès lors, lutter contre le changement climatique, aussi bien que pour l’adaptation au changement climatique, implique aussi une forme de réflexion sur la justice sociale. Cette réflexion devra s’inscrire dans un dialogue avec les parties prenantes et les citoyens.', 'Cette réflexion devra s’inscrire dans un dialogue avec les parties prenantes et les citoyens. Le mouvement syndical mondial définit la « transition juste » comme « une stratégie de portée générale pour protéger les personnes dont l’emploi, le revenu et les moyens de subsistance sont compromis en raison des politiques climatiques » mais il s’agit également « de soutenir les travailleurs et les communautés affectés par les effets négatifs du changement climatique, et de favoriser le travail et la formation pour garantir des emplois décents et de bonne qualité. »37 Les deux dimensions seront donc prises en compte dans le déploiement de la stratégie.', '»37 Les deux dimensions seront donc prises en compte dans le déploiement de la stratégie. Cette ambition reposera sur une réflexion relative aux transformations des secteurs économiques et à leur impact sur l’emploi et la formation dans une économie en transformation. Afin de garantir la justice de cette transition, il sera également veillé à garantir l’accès à l’énergie pour tous en poursuivant la lutte contre la précarité énergétique et en donnant à tous accès à des logements sains et énergétiquement performants, ainsi qu’aux technologies permettant de s’insérer de manière active dans un marché de l’énergie donnant au citoyen une place centrale.', 'Afin de garantir la justice de cette transition, il sera également veillé à garantir l’accès à l’énergie pour tous en poursuivant la lutte contre la précarité énergétique et en donnant à tous accès à des logements sains et énergétiquement performants, ainsi qu’aux technologies permettant de s’insérer de manière active dans un marché de l’énergie donnant au citoyen une place centrale. L’un des piliers de cette transition étant d’assurer que les opportunités seront accessibles de manière égale et que les bénéfices qui en résultent seront répartis équitablement, il est indispensable de l’aborder selon une perspective de genre, afin de garantir aux femmes qu’elles seront parties intégrantes de la transformation de l’économie.', 'L’un des piliers de cette transition étant d’assurer que les opportunités seront accessibles de manière égale et que les bénéfices qui en résultent seront répartis équitablement, il est indispensable de l’aborder selon une perspective de genre, afin de garantir aux femmes qu’elles seront parties intégrantes de la transformation de l’économie. De plus, la diversité des genres apporte également de substantiels co-bénéfices, grâce à la contribution des femmes au développement de nouvelles perspectives et à l’amélioration de la collaboration dans l’entreprise38. Cette intégration reposera sur un renforcement de la présence des femmes dans les filières STEM39 dès le choix des études. 4.2.', 'Cette intégration reposera sur un renforcement de la présence des femmes dans les filières STEM39 dès le choix des études. 4.2. Bilan carbone L’AWAC a développé plusieurs calculateurs de carbone conformes aux lignes directrices du GHG Protocol, incluant les émissions indirectes (scope 3) et s’adressant à différents publics cibles : entreprises, particuliers et ménages, communes, exploitations agricoles, organisateurs d’événements 37 Dossier Nouveaux fronts de la CSI sur la justice climatique : édition spéciale sur la COP24, Novembre 2018, ITUC CSI IGB 38 IRENA (2019), Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective, Abu Dhabi 39 STEM (acronyme de science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) est un acronyme, désignant quatre disciplines : science, technologie, ingénierie et mathématiques. \x16\x12 !', 'Bilan carbone L’AWAC a développé plusieurs calculateurs de carbone conformes aux lignes directrices du GHG Protocol, incluant les émissions indirectes (scope 3) et s’adressant à différents publics cibles : entreprises, particuliers et ménages, communes, exploitations agricoles, organisateurs d’événements 37 Dossier Nouveaux fronts de la CSI sur la justice climatique : édition spéciale sur la COP24, Novembre 2018, ITUC CSI IGB 38 IRENA (2019), Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective, Abu Dhabi 39 STEM (acronyme de science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) est un acronyme, désignant quatre disciplines : science, technologie, ingénierie et mathématiques. \x16\x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 43 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 et établissements publics : ses-emissions. Plusieurs autres organismes proposent également des outils pour effectuer ce type de bilan.', 'Plusieurs autres organismes proposent également des outils pour effectuer ce type de bilan. Les campagnes de communication à ce niveau seront poursuivies, afin de favoriser les changements de comportement, à l’échelle individuelle ou au niveau des entreprises. 4.3. Le rôle central des autorités locales Les autorités locales ont également un rôle central à jouer dans le développement d’une société décarbonée. En s’inscrivant dans des démarches telles que la Convention des Maires en Europe et le programme POLLEC en Wallonie, elles définissent une vision à moyen et long-terme à travers un plan d’action pour l’énergie durable et le climat (PAEDC). Celui-ci constitue une direction à prendre pour atteindre les objectifs de décarbonation. La gouvernance s’opère à l’échelle de l’agglomération ou des bassins de vie.', 'La gouvernance s’opère à l’échelle de l’agglomération ou des bassins de vie. La durabilité est intégrée de manière transversale dans tous les domaines de la politique locale et les autorités locales examinent en toute transparence si les décisions politiques prises sont cohérentes avec cette vision. Les autorités locales fédèrent les acteurs de leur territoire autour de ce projet commun. Cette vision est co-construite et partagée avec les acteurs du territoire. Les communes s’appuient pour cela sur des processus décisionnels participatifs très développés qui stimule et renforce la démocratie (ex. comité de pilotage du PAEDC, …). Les acteurs locaux ont également un rôle de mobilisation et d’incitation des acteurs de leur territoire (information et sensibilisation, partenariat public - privé, aides financières, soutien logistique, mise en réseau des acteurs…).', 'Les acteurs locaux ont également un rôle de mobilisation et d’incitation des acteurs de leur territoire (information et sensibilisation, partenariat public - privé, aides financières, soutien logistique, mise en réseau des acteurs…). Les collectivités locales soutiennent ainsi les initiatives et les innovations les plus porteuses sur leurs territoires (circuits courts d’alimentation, développement de l’agriculture périurbaine, .). Les autorités locales impulsent ou sont parties-prenantes des communautés d’énergie renouvelable. Par des leviers à sa disposition, tels que l’aménagement du territoire, elles contribuent à l’extension et la protection des espaces verts et aquatiques dans les agglomérations, l’organisation d’un réseau structuré et étendu de pistes cyclables et voies piétonnes. 4.4. Les citoyens et les changements comportementaux sont essentiels L’ensemble de la Stratégie à Long Terme décrit une véritable transformation de la société.', 'Les citoyens et les changements comportementaux sont essentiels L’ensemble de la Stratégie à Long Terme décrit une véritable transformation de la société. De même que l’évolution des 40 dernières années a fondamentalement changé notre manière de vivre ensemble, avec entre autres l’arrivée des nouveaux moyens de communication et l’impact des nouvelles technologies, L’évolution vers une société sobre en énergie et respectueuse de l’environnement est possible en maintenant le bien-être de la population mais cette évolution s’accompagne d’une évolution des manières de vivre dans les secteurs40. La sobriété, la durabilité et la circularité peuvent devenir des options sérieuses. En effet, garantir le bien-être n prélevant les matières premières de façon raisonnée et durable est possible.', 'En effet, garantir le bien-être n prélevant les matières premières de façon raisonnée et durable est possible. La transition repose donc en partie sur le passage d’une économie de la consommation de biens à une économie de services partagés. Le rôle des citoyens sera central dans la mise en œuvre de la transition, grâce aux changements de comportements lesquels combinés avec des solutions technologiques, permettront de réduire drastiquement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De plus, les changements de comportement peuvent induire et soutenir des changements technologiques. Le consommateur joue également un 40 Wallonie Bas Carbone \x16" !', 'Le consommateur joue également un 40 Wallonie Bas Carbone \x16" ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 44 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 rôle crucial quand en orientant l’industrie par ses choix d’achat de biens, par son propre mode de consommation et de fourniture d’énergie. Pour soutenir ces changements, la communication, l’information, l’apprentissage et la connaissance sont des éléments capitaux qui porteront tant sur les compétences professionnelles en évolution rapide, l’information et les compétences des utilisateurs, le potentiel des emplois techniques, l’éducation à l’énergie et au climat dès l’école maternelle et l’éducation globale des citoyens à la durabilité. L efficacité des mesures dépendra de l approche stratégique adoptée lors de leur mise en œuvre.', 'L efficacité des mesures dépendra de l approche stratégique adoptée lors de leur mise en œuvre. Les approches de marketing socio-communautaire offrent le plus grand potentiel pour favoriser les comportements responsables41. 4. 5. Aménagement du territoire La structure même du territoire influence les émissions de GES à l’échelle régionale. La Wallonie est caractérisée par une forte périurbanisation combinée à un très faible recyclage du parc bâti. Ces caractéristiques structurelles du territoire imposent aujourd’hui de formuler des réponses adaptées à différents milieux (urbain, rural, périurbain) (Dujardin, 2011).', 'Ces caractéristiques structurelles du territoire imposent aujourd’hui de formuler des réponses adaptées à différents milieux (urbain, rural, périurbain) (Dujardin, 2011). La CPDT (Conférence Permanente du Développement Territorial), dans le cadre d’une recherche confiée par la Région Wallonne en 2009, a pu mettre en évidence que des gains d’émissions de GES appréciables sont envisageables dans le domaine des émissions liées à la mobilité et des consommations des bâtiments résidentiels, mais que ces dernières ne pourront être interprétées sans une réflexion de nature territoriale. 4.4.1. Contexte wallon et outils existants L’outil de gestion de l’aménagement du territoire wallon est le Code de l’Aménagement du territoire territorial.', 'Contexte wallon et outils existants L’outil de gestion de l’aménagement du territoire wallon est le Code de l’Aménagement du territoire territorial. Celui-ci est entré en vigueur le 1er juin 2017 et fixe quatre objectifs régionaux de développement territorial et d’aménagement du territoire : · La lutte contre l’étalement urbain et l’utilisation rationnelle des territoires et des ressources aux termes duquel l’urbanisation doit être organisée et structurée de façon à limiter la consommation du sol et valoriser les autres ressources du territoire de manière raisonnée ; · Le développement socio-économique et de l’attractivité territoriale notamment en s’appuyant sur la dynamique des métropoles et des réseaux économiques existants, et sur les ressources du territoire : réseaux de communication et de transports de fluide et d’énergie, sites de conservation de la nature, liaisons écologiques, gares, portes d’entrées de la Wallonie, universités et parcs scientifiques, sites et territoires touristiques, ressources naturelles et primaires, déchets, etc.', 'Celui-ci est entré en vigueur le 1er juin 2017 et fixe quatre objectifs régionaux de développement territorial et d’aménagement du territoire : · La lutte contre l’étalement urbain et l’utilisation rationnelle des territoires et des ressources aux termes duquel l’urbanisation doit être organisée et structurée de façon à limiter la consommation du sol et valoriser les autres ressources du territoire de manière raisonnée ; · Le développement socio-économique et de l’attractivité territoriale notamment en s’appuyant sur la dynamique des métropoles et des réseaux économiques existants, et sur les ressources du territoire : réseaux de communication et de transports de fluide et d’énergie, sites de conservation de la nature, liaisons écologiques, gares, portes d’entrées de la Wallonie, universités et parcs scientifiques, sites et territoires touristiques, ressources naturelles et primaires, déchets, etc. ; · La gestion qualitative du cadre de vie reconnaissant le paysage en tant que composante essentielle du cadre de vie des habitants ; · La maitrise de la mobilité selon lequel il convient de réduire les effets des besoins de mobilité en desservant les territoires urbanisés par d’autres modes de transport que la voiture individuelle à des coûts supportables mais aussi en rationalisant le transport de marchandises.', '; · La gestion qualitative du cadre de vie reconnaissant le paysage en tant que composante essentielle du cadre de vie des habitants ; · La maitrise de la mobilité selon lequel il convient de réduire les effets des besoins de mobilité en desservant les territoires urbanisés par d’autres modes de transport que la voiture individuelle à des coûts supportables mais aussi en rationalisant le transport de marchandises. Parallèlement, le projet de Schéma de Développement du Territoire a été adopté par le Gouvernement Wallon le 12 juillet 2018 afin de préciser la stratégie wallonne à l’horizon de 2050 en termes d’aménagement du territoire. Ce schéma a identifié 6 axes finalités prospectives à savoir : 1.', 'Ce schéma a identifié 6 axes finalités prospectives à savoir : 1. Un métropolisation qui irrigue la Wallonie dans la totalité de son réseau créatif ; 2. Développement des liens interrégionaux et transfrontaliers ; De nombreuses ressources sont disponibles pour venir nourrir ce travail. Par exemple, une étude réalisée par CLIMACT à la demande des services publics (« Activer les comportements pour réduire la consommation d énergie dans les bâtiments résidentiels »). \x16\x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 45 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 3. Une Wallonie physiquement et numériquement connectée, créative, attractive et ouverte ; 4. La terre, le paysage, les êtres et les productions locales comme ressources et chaînes de valeurs territoriales ; 5.', 'La terre, le paysage, les êtres et les productions locales comme ressources et chaînes de valeurs territoriales ; 5. Des transitions énergétique, climatique et démographique comme leviers territoriaux ; 6. Une Wallonie accueillante, solidaire, rassemblée et intégratrice. Chacune de ces finalités intègre de manière variable le défi climatique en fonction de la thématique. 4.4.2. Lignes directrices Faire des réseaux de communication et de transport structurants un levier de création de richesses et de développement durable Cette première ligne directrice vise d’une part à valoriser les réseaux de communication et de transports et d’autre part à renforcer les points de connexion de ces réseaux.', 'Lignes directrices Faire des réseaux de communication et de transport structurants un levier de création de richesses et de développement durable Cette première ligne directrice vise d’une part à valoriser les réseaux de communication et de transports et d’autre part à renforcer les points de connexion de ces réseaux. Dans cette optique, la volonté est de compléter le réseau ferroviaire à la fois par le développement d’une nouvelle dorsale ferroviaire et par le rétablissement de certaines liaisons transfrontalières. Ces compléments doivent être réalisés en parallèle avec l’entretien et l’amélioration du réseau existant). Au niveau du transport fluvial, il est capital de poursuivre et d’améliorer le projet Seine-Escaut qui permettra de renforcer tant les liaisons nord-sud entre Anvers et Paris qu’est-ouest entre la Meuse et l’Escaut.', 'Au niveau du transport fluvial, il est capital de poursuivre et d’améliorer le projet Seine-Escaut qui permettra de renforcer tant les liaisons nord-sud entre Anvers et Paris qu’est-ouest entre la Meuse et l’Escaut. Les mesures qui permettront de renforcer les points de connexion visent à optimiser et valoriser les infrastructures portuaires tout en renforçant les plateformes ferroviaires situées sur les corridors ferroviaires de frets. Rencontrer les besoins actuels et futurs en logements accessibles et adaptés aux évolutions sociodémographiques, énergétiques et climatiques Dans l’optique de structurer le territoire wallon autour du bâti existant, il est nécessaire de favoriser la construction sur les terrains « bien » situés et réutiliser les bâtiments compris sur ces zones.', 'Rencontrer les besoins actuels et futurs en logements accessibles et adaptés aux évolutions sociodémographiques, énergétiques et climatiques Dans l’optique de structurer le territoire wallon autour du bâti existant, il est nécessaire de favoriser la construction sur les terrains « bien » situés et réutiliser les bâtiments compris sur ces zones. En termes de chiffres, l’objectif est d’une part de tendre à l’horizon de 2030 vers une implantation de 50% des nouveaux logements au sein des cœurs des villes et des villages et vers un taux de 75% en 2050 et d’autre part de fournir, à l’horizon de 2030, 175.000 nouveaux logements dont minimum 50% en reconstruction de terrains artificialisés et 350.000 nouveaux logements sans artificialisation à l’horizon de 2050.', 'En termes de chiffres, l’objectif est d’une part de tendre à l’horizon de 2030 vers une implantation de 50% des nouveaux logements au sein des cœurs des villes et des villages et vers un taux de 75% en 2050 et d’autre part de fournir, à l’horizon de 2030, 175.000 nouveaux logements dont minimum 50% en reconstruction de terrains artificialisés et 350.000 nouveaux logements sans artificialisation à l’horizon de 2050. Parallèlement, l’habitat alternatif et l’accès à la propriété constituent des enjeux majeurs.', 'Parallèlement, l’habitat alternatif et l’accès à la propriété constituent des enjeux majeurs. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, il est nécessaire d’encourager les nouvelles formes d’habitat qui participent à l’amélioration du cadre de vie et satisfont aux critères de salubrité, de sécurité, et de performance énergétique imposés aux logements en régions wallonnes ; de soutenir des projets d’éco—quartiers et de faciliter l’accès à la propriété dans les zones à forte pression foncière.', 'Pour atteindre ces objectifs, il est nécessaire d’encourager les nouvelles formes d’habitat qui participent à l’amélioration du cadre de vie et satisfont aux critères de salubrité, de sécurité, et de performance énergétique imposés aux logements en régions wallonnes ; de soutenir des projets d’éco—quartiers et de faciliter l’accès à la propriété dans les zones à forte pression foncière. Inscrire l’économie wallonne dans la société de la connaissance et dans l’économie de proximité, et (re)former sur son territoire les chaînes de transformation génératrices d’emploi La première ligne de conduite est de renforcer l’ancrage de l’économie de la connaissance et des activités innovantes sur le territoire par la mise à disposition de terrains à destination de l’économie de la connaissance à proximité immédiates des universités et en maintenant un niveau de disponibilité foncière dans les parcs scientifiques.', 'Inscrire l’économie wallonne dans la société de la connaissance et dans l’économie de proximité, et (re)former sur son territoire les chaînes de transformation génératrices d’emploi La première ligne de conduite est de renforcer l’ancrage de l’économie de la connaissance et des activités innovantes sur le territoire par la mise à disposition de terrains à destination de l’économie de la connaissance à proximité immédiates des universités et en maintenant un niveau de disponibilité foncière dans les parcs scientifiques. Ensuite, une transformation des ressources au sein même du territoire duquel elles proviennent permet de favoriser l’économie locale tout en diminuant les émissions correspondant à la manutention et au transport de ces ressources.', 'Ensuite, une transformation des ressources au sein même du territoire duquel elles proviennent permet de favoriser l’économie locale tout en diminuant les émissions correspondant à la manutention et au transport de ces ressources. En particulier, à l’échelle de la région wallonne, les principales ressources concernées sont les matières extraites du sous-sol, les ressources en eau, les sites de compostage valorisant la biomasse (agriculture, sylviculture, déchets), les forêts et les sites de première transformation du bois, du recyclage de nos déchets. \x16 !', 'En particulier, à l’échelle de la région wallonne, les principales ressources concernées sont les matières extraites du sous-sol, les ressources en eau, les sites de compostage valorisant la biomasse (agriculture, sylviculture, déchets), les forêts et les sites de première transformation du bois, du recyclage de nos déchets. \x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 46 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Le troisième axe de travail correspond au soutien aux dynamiques économiques de proximité et inclusives et aux modes de production économes en ressources en étant intégrées aux opérations de revitalisation urbaine et aux programmes de développement rural. Enfin, le soutien aux initiatives d’économie circulaire notamment en soutenant les filières de l’écoconstruction et du recyclage constitue le quatrième axe de développement.', 'Enfin, le soutien aux initiatives d’économie circulaire notamment en soutenant les filières de l’écoconstruction et du recyclage constitue le quatrième axe de développement. Anticiper les besoins économiques dans une perspective de développement durable et de gestion parcimonieuse du sol Anticiper les besoins en espaces destinés à l’activité économique est notamment réalisable par la mise à disposition 200 ha net par an tout en privilégiant le réaménagement des friches et aux opérations de « revamping ». Afin de répondre aux besoins des entreprises de manière durable et économe du sol, il faut privilégier une localisation des activités du secteur tertiaire en fonction des autres modes de transport et en localisant les commerces préférentiellement en centres-villes.', 'Afin de répondre aux besoins des entreprises de manière durable et économe du sol, il faut privilégier une localisation des activités du secteur tertiaire en fonction des autres modes de transport et en localisant les commerces préférentiellement en centres-villes. En termes de chiffres, 30% des nouvelles zones d’activités doivent se faire sur des espaces de friches ou déjà consacré par des outils planologiques à l’horizon de 2030 et 100% à l’horizon de 2050. Renforcer l’attractivité des espaces urbanisés Tout d’abord, l’objectif est de reconvertir 100 ha de sites à réaménager par an, soit environ 30% des 3.795 ha identifiés, à l’horizon de 2030 et 130 ha par an, soit l’entièreté des sites de cet inventaire, à l’horizon de 2050.', 'Renforcer l’attractivité des espaces urbanisés Tout d’abord, l’objectif est de reconvertir 100 ha de sites à réaménager par an, soit environ 30% des 3.795 ha identifiés, à l’horizon de 2030 et 130 ha par an, soit l’entièreté des sites de cet inventaire, à l’horizon de 2050. Ensuite un travail de définition des quartiers considérés comme « bien localisés » doit être réaliser pour ensuite les reprendre en zone d’enjeu communal. Le travail de mise en œuvre des opérations de revitalisation urbaine, de rénovation urbaine, des zones d’initiatives privilégiées, doivent être poursuivie et encouragées, comme le prévoit le Code de Développement territorial. Enfin, un référentiel d’aide à la décision pour le recyclage immobilier des tissus urbains devra être établi.', 'Enfin, un référentiel d’aide à la décision pour le recyclage immobilier des tissus urbains devra être établi. Soutenir une urbanisation et des modes de production économes en ressources L’objectif chiffré est de réduire la consommation de sol en réduisant la consommation des terres non artificialisées à 6 km² par an d’ici 2030, soit la moitié de la superficie consommée actuellement et tendre vers 0 km²/an à l’horizon de 2050 et en prévoyant un mécanisme de compensation de projets d’artificialisation des terres par un recyclage de terres déjà artificialisées. Il est d’autre part préférable d’exploiter les ressources du territoire de manière raisonnée en recentrant l’habitat au cœur des villes et des villages et en encourageant l’utilisation de matériaux durables ou recyclables.', 'Il est d’autre part préférable d’exploiter les ressources du territoire de manière raisonnée en recentrant l’habitat au cœur des villes et des villages et en encourageant l’utilisation de matériaux durables ou recyclables. Réduire la vulnérabilité du territoire et de ses habitants aux risques naturels et technologiques et à l’exposition aux nuisances anthropiques Comme détaillé au chapitre 8 « Une Wallonie résiliente », les impacts attendus du changement climatiques sont un climat généralement plus chaud (entre 1.3°C et 2.8 °C en 2050), des étés plus chauds et plus secs avec notamment des périodes caniculaires plus longues et plus fréquentes, et des épisodes de pluies intenses plus nombreux en période hivernale, majoritairement et en automne, dans une moindre mesure.', 'Réduire la vulnérabilité du territoire et de ses habitants aux risques naturels et technologiques et à l’exposition aux nuisances anthropiques Comme détaillé au chapitre 8 « Une Wallonie résiliente », les impacts attendus du changement climatiques sont un climat généralement plus chaud (entre 1.3°C et 2.8 °C en 2050), des étés plus chauds et plus secs avec notamment des périodes caniculaires plus longues et plus fréquentes, et des épisodes de pluies intenses plus nombreux en période hivernale, majoritairement et en automne, dans une moindre mesure. Afin de partiellement limiter ces impacts, il est possible d’inclure des mesures d’aménagements préventives structurelles au niveau des plaines inondables notamment via le guide régional d’urbanisme, de limiter l’imperméabilisation des sols en promouvant les mesures visant à favoriser \x16\x1b !', 'Afin de partiellement limiter ces impacts, il est possible d’inclure des mesures d’aménagements préventives structurelles au niveau des plaines inondables notamment via le guide régional d’urbanisme, de limiter l’imperméabilisation des sols en promouvant les mesures visant à favoriser \x16\x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 47 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 l’infiltration des eaux pluviales dans le sol, en réutilisant les eaux provenant des surfaces imperméabilisées, etc. Une interdiction d’urbanisation de zones de source et l’obligation de prise en compte des zones d’aléas d’inondation de certaines parcelles lors de la conception du projet d’urbanisme est incontournable. \x16\x1a !', 'Une interdiction d’urbanisation de zones de source et l’obligation de prise en compte des zones d’aléas d’inondation de certaines parcelles lors de la conception du projet d’urbanisme est incontournable. \x16\x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 48 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 Les autorités publiques disposent des outils suivants : · les mesures fiscales et les incitants financiers (primes, subsides) · Marché de quotas d’émission · le signal prix sur l’usage : accises, taxe, etc. via la fiscalité. L’importance des produits énergétiques fossiles dans notre économie rend impossible l’interdiction totale et même partielle de ces derniers. La tarification du carbone apparaît donc comme un outil pertinent.', 'La tarification du carbone apparaît donc comme un outil pertinent. Elle incite les acteurs économiques à changer leurs comportements et à adapter leurs choix d’investissement en faveur d’activités compatibles avec l’objectif de décarboner notre économie. Outre les réductions d’émissions qu’elle permet de réaliser, cette tarification est également porteuse de nombreuses opportunités : elle peut ainsi permettre de créer des emplois, notamment par un glissement fiscal, d’améliorer à terme l’indépendance énergétique du pays, de stimuler l’innovation et de contribuer à réduire la pollution de l’air. Réorienter les choix des investissements et des avantages fiscaux : La Belgique distribue 2,7 milliards d avantages fiscaux par an aux énergies fossiles selon une étude du WWF42. La fin des subventions aux énergies fossiles permet de dégager des moyens importants.', 'La fin des subventions aux énergies fossiles permet de dégager des moyens importants. Ce n’est qu’un exemple parmi beaucoup d’autres : · Les avantages pour les voitures de société s’élèvent à près de 3,75 milliards par an selon la commission européenne43. · Les importations de produits énergétiques s’élèvent à 15 milliards par an · Entre début 2014 et fin 2016, les quatre principales banques belges, BNP Paribas Fortis, ING, KBC et Belfius, ont consacré plus de 40 milliards d’euros au financement des énergies fossiles sous forme d’emprunts, d’émissions d’obligations et d’achats d’actions soit 20 milliards d’euros par an44 Augmenter les investissements publics actuels : Depuis 1970, l’investissement public en Belgique a été divisé par deux, passant de 5 % du PIB à 2,4 % en 2015.', '· Les importations de produits énergétiques s’élèvent à 15 milliards par an · Entre début 2014 et fin 2016, les quatre principales banques belges, BNP Paribas Fortis, ING, KBC et Belfius, ont consacré plus de 40 milliards d’euros au financement des énergies fossiles sous forme d’emprunts, d’émissions d’obligations et d’achats d’actions soit 20 milliards d’euros par an44 Augmenter les investissements publics actuels : Depuis 1970, l’investissement public en Belgique a été divisé par deux, passant de 5 % du PIB à 2,4 % en 2015. Un des plus faibles niveaux de l’UE. (NB. Zone euro : environ 3% du PIB ; France et Pays-Bas 4% du PIB ; Allemagne, taux proche de la Belgique).', 'Zone euro : environ 3% du PIB ; France et Pays-Bas 4% du PIB ; Allemagne, taux proche de la Belgique). Comme le souligne l université de Namur, « Ces dernières années, l’investissement public suffit à peine à compenser la dépréciation du capital, conduisant à une érosion continue du stock net de capital public en pourcentage du PIB. Le sous-investissement public de la Belgique engendre donc une dégradation des actifs publics, ce qui représente une « dette cachée » pour les générations futures et pèse sur son bon fonctionnement à long terme. » Il faut donc redresser la barre et viser rapidement un niveau d’investissement public suffisant pour stabiliser le stock net de capital public en pourcentage du PIB.', '» Il faut donc redresser la barre et viser rapidement un niveau d’investissement public suffisant pour stabiliser le stock net de capital public en pourcentage du PIB. Ce sont surtout les investissements publics et en particulier le secteur de la construction qui ont un effet macro-économique bénéfique. Le Bureau du Plan45 a récemment procédé à une simulation de ce que serait l’impact d’une augmentation structurelle des investissements publics en Belgique de 0,5% du PIB, soit environ 2 milliards d’euros par an. La principale conclusion était que la croissance et l’emploi seraient considérablement renforcés. Dans cette simulation de base, l’activité économique selon-une-etude-du-wwf/ 44Rapport du réseau FairFin pour le compte de la Coalition Climat - Le Soir 19/04/2017 public+investment+in+belgium+current+state+and+economic+impact sur le sujet voir aussi \x16\x19 !', 'Dans cette simulation de base, l’activité économique selon-une-etude-du-wwf/ 44Rapport du réseau FairFin pour le compte de la Coalition Climat - Le Soir 19/04/2017 public+investment+in+belgium+current+state+and+economic+impact sur le sujet voir aussi \x16\x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 49 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 telle que mesurée (de manière imparfaite par le PIB) serait après 20 ans supérieur de 2,8 % au scénario de base grâce à l’effet multiplicateur des investissements publics. Mobilisation des Fonds européens : Il est possible de recourir à des instruments financiers européens à la fois dans le cadre de son budget et à l’extérieur de ce dernier, grâce, par exemple, au Fonds européen pour les investissements stratégiques (EFSI) et à divers partenariats public-privé avec l’industrie.', 'Mobilisation des Fonds européens : Il est possible de recourir à des instruments financiers européens à la fois dans le cadre de son budget et à l’extérieur de ce dernier, grâce, par exemple, au Fonds européen pour les investissements stratégiques (EFSI) et à divers partenariats public-privé avec l’industrie. EFSI, un fonds lancé en collaboration avec les BEI est désormais rebaptisé InvestEU terme sous lequel on retrouvera en réalité 14 instruments financiers européens dont la Commission espère qu’ils permettront de lever 650 milliards d’euros d’ici 2027 (année marquant la fin de la programmation budgétaire pluriannuelle de l’UE). Compte tenu du fait que la Belgique représente un peu plus de 3 % du PIB européen (après le Brexit), cela représenterait un surcroît d’investissements de 22 milliards d’euros d’investissements privés et publics.', 'Compte tenu du fait que la Belgique représente un peu plus de 3 % du PIB européen (après le Brexit), cela représenterait un surcroît d’investissements de 22 milliards d’euros d’investissements privés et publics. Pacte Finance Climat : Le Pacte Finance Climat repose sur l’idée qu’il est nécessaire et débloquer 1.000 milliards d’euros par an pour financer la transition énergétique et que ce montant peut être trouvé en réorientant les instruments financiers existants. Après tout, 2600 milliards ont été créés par la BCE ces trois dernières années (hausse du bilan de la BCE en moins de 3 ans). Il devrait être possible aujourd’hui de financer la transition par la création monétaire et la dette.', 'Il devrait être possible aujourd’hui de financer la transition par la création monétaire et la dette. Le pacte repose notamment sur une banque du climat qui fournirait aux Etats membres des prêts à taux 0 pour financer la transition. Le capital de la Banque du climat servirait à garantir et à lever des fonds, l’effet de levier de ce type de fonds est typiquement de 5 à 20. Ces fonds permettraient de financer des projets avec un effet multiplicateur supplémentaire sur les banques privées qui est à peu près de 3. Ces projets créent de l activité pour les entreprises et donc des recettes TVA, création d emploi, des contributions sociales, de l impôt qui rapporte à l’État. Le mécanisme de financement repose donc sur plusieurs niveaux.', 'Le mécanisme de financement repose donc sur plusieurs niveaux. Baisse de l importation des produits énergétiques, isolation des bâtiments et baisse des dépenses énergétiques : Les importations de produits énergétiques s’élèvent à 15 milliards par an. Aujourd’hui en Wallonie, plus de 40% des logements ont été construits avant 1945 et 16% seulement l’ont été après 1990. Cela a nécessairement un impact sur la qualité des logements et en particulier sur leur performance énergétique. Cette vétusté accroît le coût de l’énergie dans le budget des ménages. L’enquête sur la qualité de l’habitat comme d’autres études montrent que les franges de la population disposant de peu de revenus occupent les logements qui sont le moins bien isolés et donc, le moins efficaces sur le plan énergétique. \x16! !', 'L’enquête sur la qualité de l’habitat comme d’autres études montrent que les franges de la population disposant de peu de revenus occupent les logements qui sont le moins bien isolés et donc, le moins efficaces sur le plan énergétique. \x16! ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 50 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 6. Politiques et mesures relatives aux travaux connexes de recherche, de développement et d innovation Les politiques, objectifs et mesures concernant la recherche, le développement et l’innovation à l’horizon 2030 sont traités dans la contribution de la Wallonie au Plan Énergie Climat 2030. S’agissant de l’horizon 2050 et des pistes de recherche à soutenir à long terme, nous en donnons ici l’orientation générale. 6.1.', 'S’agissant de l’horizon 2050 et des pistes de recherche à soutenir à long terme, nous en donnons ici l’orientation générale. 6.1. Identification du problème D’après la Fondation Ellen Mac Arthur46, se passer entièrement de combustibles fossiles pour notre système énergétique ne nous permettra de supprimer que 55 % de nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les 45 % restants sont dus à la production des biens divers. L’extraction et la transformation des ressources est responsable de 50 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de 1/3 des émissions de polluants atmosphériques, usage des biens non compris (par exemple, uniquement la production d’une automobile, avant d’intégrer la consommation de ressources due à son utilisation).', 'L’extraction et la transformation des ressources est responsable de 50 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de 1/3 des émissions de polluants atmosphériques, usage des biens non compris (par exemple, uniquement la production d’une automobile, avant d’intégrer la consommation de ressources due à son utilisation). Notre économie est basée sur les quantités produites et consommées ; les bénéfices et la croissance sont mesurés par le « Produit intérieur brut ». Notre croissance économique est basée sur la consommation des ressources naturelles dont le coût intrinsèque n’est pas pris en compte ; l’épuisement des ressources n’est pas intégré dans notre économie. Notre capital en ressources naturelles diminue et la dette environnementale est reportée sur les générations futures.', 'Notre capital en ressources naturelles diminue et la dette environnementale est reportée sur les générations futures. Afin de réduire de 90 à 100% nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre, il est impératif de revoir tout notre système économique ainsi que notre regard sur les ressources disponibles et la croissance quantitative du PIB. Il est nécessaire, tout en assurant le bien-être et la prospérité des citoyens, de diminuer l’impact environnemental des biens produits si possible de revoir la manière dont ils sont produits si nécessaire, et d’orienter la production vers des biens qui minimisent les impacts énergétiques et environnementaux.', 'Il est nécessaire, tout en assurant le bien-être et la prospérité des citoyens, de diminuer l’impact environnemental des biens produits si possible de revoir la manière dont ils sont produits si nécessaire, et d’orienter la production vers des biens qui minimisent les impacts énergétiques et environnementaux. Prenons l’exemple de l’agriculture, nous pouvons revoir la manière dont notre nourriture est produite (par exemple, produire l’hydrogène nécessaire aux engrais azotés par électrolyse avec de l’électricité renouvelable plutôt que par le réformage du gaz naturel) et enfin notre régime alimentaire ! 6.3. Les mesures 6.3.1.', 'Prenons l’exemple de l’agriculture, nous pouvons revoir la manière dont notre nourriture est produite (par exemple, produire l’hydrogène nécessaire aux engrais azotés par électrolyse avec de l’électricité renouvelable plutôt que par le réformage du gaz naturel) et enfin notre régime alimentaire ! 6.3. Les mesures 6.3.1. Diminuer l’impact environnemental des biens produits L’UNEP IRP (United Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel) utilise l’approche DPSIR47 pour « Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response » pour analyser comment la Société utilise les 46 Completing the picture how the circular economy tackles climate change, Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation 47 Assessing global resource use, a systems approach to resource efficiency and pollution reduction, UNEP, International Resource panel, \x15 !', 'Diminuer l’impact environnemental des biens produits L’UNEP IRP (United Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel) utilise l’approche DPSIR47 pour « Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response » pour analyser comment la Société utilise les 46 Completing the picture how the circular economy tackles climate change, Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation 47 Assessing global resource use, a systems approach to resource efficiency and pollution reduction, UNEP, International Resource panel, \x15 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 51 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 ressources naturelles et les diverses implications de cette utilisation : des Déterminants sociétaux ou Forces motrices (Drivers - D) conditionnent et expliquent des Pressions (Pressures - P) négatives et des Réponses (Responses - R) positives de la société sur la biodiversité (State – S) dont la propre dynamique réagit en retour par des impacts (Impact – I), sous forme de variation des services écosystémiques rendus : fertilité des sols, alimentation, régulation des eaux, etc.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 51 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 ressources naturelles et les diverses implications de cette utilisation : des Déterminants sociétaux ou Forces motrices (Drivers - D) conditionnent et expliquent des Pressions (Pressures - P) négatives et des Réponses (Responses - R) positives de la société sur la biodiversité (State – S) dont la propre dynamique réagit en retour par des impacts (Impact – I), sous forme de variation des services écosystémiques rendus : fertilité des sols, alimentation, régulation des eaux, etc. Les politiques rencontrent surtout les aspects « état » et « impact » des ressources et de leur utilisation.', 'Les politiques rencontrent surtout les aspects « état » et « impact » des ressources et de leur utilisation. La réflexion et les recherches pour 2050 s’orienteront vers la compréhension des aspects « Déterminants sociétaux » et « Pression », et comment orienter l’économie vers une approche systémique plutôt que vers les quantités produites. 6.3.2. Revoir la manière dont les biens sont produits Il ne suffira pas de remplacer les sources d’énergies non renouvelables par des sources d’énergies renouvelables. Il faut sortir de la logique « extraire-utiliser-jeter », et s’orienter vers la logique de l’économie circulaire, sur laquelle d’ailleurs tout le cycle des écosystèmes est basé, avec le soleil comme source primaire d’énergie48.', 'Il faut sortir de la logique « extraire-utiliser-jeter », et s’orienter vers la logique de l’économie circulaire, sur laquelle d’ailleurs tout le cycle des écosystèmes est basé, avec le soleil comme source primaire d’énergie48. Produire les biens et services avec de moins en moins d’énergie, mais aussi de matières premières, d’eau et d’occupation du sol sera recherché. Toute recherche et développement de nouveaux produits devront intégrer le recyclage efficient du produit, dès sa conception. La conception des produits utilisera au maximum des produits recyclés et limitera la consommation de nouvelles ressources, et surtout limitera la consommation énergétique, et en particulier d’énergies fossiles, pour sa production et son utilisation. Ceci inclut bien sûr toute forme d’efficience énergétique.', 'Ceci inclut bien sûr toute forme d’efficience énergétique. Toute synergie dans l’utilisation des ressources et sous-produits pour les outils de production sera recherchée. 6.3.3. Revoir le type de biens produits Nous nous limiterons à la production de biens énergétiques. L’électricité renouvelable peut être utilisée pour décarboner l’utilisation d’énergie dans l’industrie, les bâtiments et en grande partie les transports. L’utilisation thermique de l’électricité pour les bâtiments énergétiquement performants sera optimisée par les dernières technologies (pompes à chaleur, ventilation avec récupération de chaleur, …) et les synergies entre les usages (par exemple les besoins de chaud et de froid). L’électricité peut remplacer les combustibles fossiles dans les process industriels, et permet d’obtenir des températures supérieures à ce qu’il est possible avec du gaz naturel par exemple.', 'L’électricité peut remplacer les combustibles fossiles dans les process industriels, et permet d’obtenir des températures supérieures à ce qu’il est possible avec du gaz naturel par exemple. Les recherches s’emploieront à cette utilisation. Cependant, dans certains cas, elle ne peut pas remplacer le combustible. L’économie de l’hydrogène vert (par électrolyse d’électricité renouvelable, ou thermolyse) et non de l’hydrogène bas carbone (reforming du méthane avec capture du CO2) sera développée ainsi que le remplacement des combustibles par l’hydrogène pour les process industriels, par exemple la réduction du minerai de fer et la production d’ammoniac. Le cas du transport est nettement plus complexe.', 'Le cas du transport est nettement plus complexe. Notons qu’au niveau du véhicule, l’électrification directe (par batteries) a un rendement énergétique nettement supérieur à l’utilisation d’un combustible intermédiaire, nécessitant un moteur thermique ou une pile à combustible. Cependant, une analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) complète sur la production, le stockage et l’utilisation des différents 48 C’est la direction prise par les « nature-based solutions » cf. ecosystem-management/our-work/nature-based-solutions ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 52 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 vecteurs énergétiques pour le transport doit être faite. Cette ACV doit tout prendre en compte, y compris l’extraction des matières premières nécessaires au stockage, et la conversion de l’énergie en travail mécanique.', 'Cette ACV doit tout prendre en compte, y compris l’extraction des matières premières nécessaires au stockage, et la conversion de l’énergie en travail mécanique. Cela dit, chaque mode de transport a ses propres caractéristiques, orientant et différentiant les conclusions de l’ACV à son encontre. Pour le transport maritime, une solution consiste en l’utilisation de l’ammoniac liquéfié produit à partir d’hydrogène vert. Pour le transport aérien, les bio et électrofuels resteront nécessaires. La production de biofuels à partir de biomasse sera rendue plus efficiente par l’apport d’hydrogène vert, de manière à convertir tout le carbone disponible en biocombustible. 6.3.4.', 'La production de biofuels à partir de biomasse sera rendue plus efficiente par l’apport d’hydrogène vert, de manière à convertir tout le carbone disponible en biocombustible. 6.3.4. L’innovation dans le secteur industriel La recherche permettra le développement de nouveaux produits pour remplacer certains produits industriels actuels, tels que la fibre de carbone ou des ciments plus solides (via, essentiellement, la capture de CO2 atmosphérique), réduisant le volume de production tout en augmentant la valeur du produit. Une économie neutre en carbone verra l’élaboration de nouveaux concepts commerciaux centrés sur la réutilisation des matériaux et les services associés (éco-conception, constructions modulaires, …).', 'Une économie neutre en carbone verra l’élaboration de nouveaux concepts commerciaux centrés sur la réutilisation des matériaux et les services associés (éco-conception, constructions modulaires, …). Plus avant, la mise en œuvre de projets de démonstration stratégiques (de type IPCEI ou fonds pour l’innovation) doit permettre d’étudier de manière mieux cordonnée et intégrée les voies les plus prometteuses dans des conditions industrielles. De même, une recherche structurée à l’échelle européenne devra permettre d’identifier le potentiel en ressources endogènes exploitables (énergies et matières premières qu’elles soient recyclées ou non) et mettre en œuvre des chaînes de valeurs intégrées et compétitives. 6.3.5. Les innovations réglementaires Parmi les mesures nécessaires, l’introduction progressive de normes d utilisation des matériaux circulaires et leur efficacité est essentielle.', 'Les innovations réglementaires Parmi les mesures nécessaires, l’introduction progressive de normes d utilisation des matériaux circulaires et leur efficacité est essentielle. Cette réflexion doit intégrer tous les aspects du cycle depuis la conception jusqu’au traitement des matériaux en fin de cycle principalement en ce qui concerne le monitoring des substances dangereuses (principalement lors des phases de prétraitement). Une extension de la durée de vie des produits sera incluse dans les réglementations visant les producteurs. Dans ce contexte, la réduction au maximum de l incinération de déchets non biologiques et non dangereux est essentielle afin de développer les filières de recyclages.', 'Dans ce contexte, la réduction au maximum de l incinération de déchets non biologiques et non dangereux est essentielle afin de développer les filières de recyclages. Le renforcement du cadre favorisant la symbiose industrielle et circulaire est essentiel, qu’il s’agisse de la symbiose dans les produits/déchets eux-mêmes mais également au niveau énergétique (qu’il s’agisse du développement des SER ou de la récupération de la chaleur ressource). Parlant du CO2 fatal, il sera important de mettre en place un cadre réglementaire pour le CO2 en tant que ressource afin d’optimiser les filières courtes de valorisation du CO2 (le CO2 de décarbonatation minérale semblant présenter un potentiel plus important).', 'Parlant du CO2 fatal, il sera important de mettre en place un cadre réglementaire pour le CO2 en tant que ressource afin d’optimiser les filières courtes de valorisation du CO2 (le CO2 de décarbonatation minérale semblant présenter un potentiel plus important). Dans ce cadre, la limitation de l utilisation de la capture de carbone dans les processus industriels doit être évaluée afin d éviter un effet lock-in (le CCS doit rester la dernière opportunité). 6.3.6. Innovations technologiques Le développement et l adoption rapide par l’industrie de technologies disruptives dans le but de réduire et éventuellement d éliminer les émissions résiduelles sont essentielles.', 'Innovations technologiques Le développement et l adoption rapide par l’industrie de technologies disruptives dans le but de réduire et éventuellement d éliminer les émissions résiduelles sont essentielles. Pour le transport lourd ou l’industrie nécessitant des processus thermiques qui ne peuvent être directement électrifiés, il sera nécessaire de s’appuyer sur la fabrication de combustibles à faible teneur en carbone ou non fossiles grâce à des technologies de type Power-to-X ou de développement biologique – « algae fuels » ou autres). Une attention spécifique aux technologies de flexibilisation de \x12 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 53 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 l’électricité (stockage principalement) de digitalisation ou d’électrification du chauffage (pompes à chaleur) sera également essentielle.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 53 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 l’électricité (stockage principalement) de digitalisation ou d’électrification du chauffage (pompes à chaleur) sera également essentielle. Le développement de projets pilotes et potentiellement commerciaux de CCU avec neutralisation du CO2 sera soutenu. Les solutions permettant la capture atmosphérique du CO2 pourraient être envisagées afin de marquer un effet mesurable dans la mitigation des émissions. La symbiose industrielle sera renforcée en portant à l’échelle des zones d’activité économique la question énergétique et climatique afin de renforcer des clusters parfaitement intégrés où les diverses questions sont étudiées et des solutions intégrées soutenues (sector coupling ou économie circulaire).', 'La symbiose industrielle sera renforcée en portant à l’échelle des zones d’activité économique la question énergétique et climatique afin de renforcer des clusters parfaitement intégrés où les diverses questions sont étudiées et des solutions intégrées soutenues (sector coupling ou économie circulaire). Dans ce contexte, le développement de plans d’action doit permettre un meilleur contrôle des coûts et la mise en place d’outils financiers adéquats pour en soutenir le développement. Ces plans doivent pouvoir intégrer l’accroissement de la demande en électricité ou en ressources durables afin d’éviter tout effet rebond. " ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 54 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 7.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 54 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 7. L’adaptation au changement climatique : une Wallonie résiliente Les changements climatiques sont à présent une certitude au niveau mondial et deviennent de plus en plus visibles. Les rapports successifs du GIEC mettent en garde et rappellent les responsabilités humaines liées à ce phénomène. Toutes les parties du globe sont susceptibles d’être affectées. Il n’y a pas un domaine ni un secteur d’activité qui n’en ressentira pas les effets d’où le besoin d’une nécessaire adaptation.', 'Il n’y a pas un domaine ni un secteur d’activité qui n’en ressentira pas les effets d’où le besoin d’une nécessaire adaptation. L’étude de la Région Wallonne sur l’adaptation au changement climatique 49 a dressé un bilan exhaustif – caractérisation, vulnérabilités actuelles, vulnérabilités futures – de la région Wallonne suivant sept thématiques : l’agriculture, l’eau, les infrastructures/l’aménagement du territoire, la santé, l’énergie, la biodiversité et la forêt. Une consultation élargie d’experts a permis de dégager les premières mesures à mettre en œuvre afin d’adapter la région wallonne au changement climatique. 7.1. Les projections climatiques Les projections climatiques construites à l’occasion de l’étude permettent de tracer les grandes tendances du climat wallon, à l’horizon 2050 et même jusqu’à la fin du siècle.', 'Les projections climatiques Les projections climatiques construites à l’occasion de l’étude permettent de tracer les grandes tendances du climat wallon, à l’horizon 2050 et même jusqu’à la fin du siècle. Ces tendances sont ensuite utilisées pour évaluer les impacts des changements climatiques sur le territoire. Un climat plus chaud On constate une tendance claire de l’élévation généralisée des températures moyennes : Entre +1,3°C et 2,8°C en 2050 et +2 et +4°C en 2100 par rapport à la période de référence (1961-1990). Les températures maximales augmentent plus vite que les températures minimales.', 'Les températures maximales augmentent plus vite que les températures minimales. Un renforcement du caractère saisonnier des précipitations On s’attend à des précipitations hivernales plus importantes (jusqu’à + de 20% en 2100 par rapport à 1961-1990) et des différences régionales plus marquées avec une augmentation des précipitations plus importantes dans les régions Condroz Famenne et les Ardennes. Inversement, les étés seront plus secs (avec une baisse jusque -25% en 2100 par rapport à 1961-1990) et plus chauds également avec des pics pouvant atteindre +6°C au mois d’août. En ce qui concerne le printemps et l’automne, l’augmentation de la température est bien marquée mais l’évolution des précipitations plus incertaine.', 'En ce qui concerne le printemps et l’automne, l’augmentation de la température est bien marquée mais l’évolution des précipitations plus incertaine. Vers plus d’épisodes de pluies intenses en hiver et des canicules estivales plus fréquentes Outre les évolutions tendancielles, il y a également les phénomènes dits extrêmes. Ainsi on note une tendance à l’augmentation du nombre de jours annuels de très fortes précipitations (jusqu’à +40% d’augmentation à l’horizon 2100). L’augmentation projetée est beaucoup plus importante et constante pour l’hiver, et dans une certaine mesure, pour l’automne. A partir de 2050, les projections s’accordent sur une augmentation du nombre de jours de canicules estivales. A cet horizon, il pourrait y avoir jusqu’à 18 jours supplémentaires de canicule et l’augmentation irait même jusqu’à +28 jours en 2100. 7.2.', 'A cet horizon, il pourrait y avoir jusqu’à 18 jours supplémentaires de canicule et l’augmentation irait même jusqu’à +28 jours en 2100. 7.2. Les risques Le risque d’inondation Le territoire wallon est particulièrement sensible au risque d’inondation qui peut engendrer des dommages considérables aux immeubles et infrastructures : les 262 communes de la Région wallonne ont toutes connu au moins un évènement d’inondation sur leur territoire, entre 1993 et 2016, que ce soit par débordement de cours d’eau ou par ruissellement. La vulnérabilité de la Wallonie à ce risque 49 ECORES-TEC 2011-Région Wallonne-Etude adaptation au changement climatique \x16 !', 'La vulnérabilité de la Wallonie à ce risque 49 ECORES-TEC 2011-Région Wallonne-Etude adaptation au changement climatique \x16 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 55 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 est en grande partie due à l’imperméabilisation croissante des sols, la disparition des zones naturelles de débordements, la vétusté et le dimensionnement de l’évacuation des eaux, autant de facteurs indirects sur lesquels il sera nécessaire d’agir en vue de l’augmentation projetée du risque. Le risque inondation devrait s’accroître avec le changement climatique en raison des fortes probabilités d’augmentation du volume de précipitations et de l’intensité des pluies hivernales. Il convient donc d’accorder une attention toute particulière à ce risque compte tenu des dégâts et coûts très importants qu’il est susceptible d’engendrer.', 'Il convient donc d’accorder une attention toute particulière à ce risque compte tenu des dégâts et coûts très importants qu’il est susceptible d’engendrer. L’adaptation mérite d’être pensée ici sur le long terme notamment en termes de planification urbaine (limitation de l’étalement, réduction de l’imperméabilisation des sols, …). Le risque d’érosion des sols Les pertes en sol ont augmenté ces dernières décennies en région Wallonne. Ce constat s’explique surtout par l’augmentation de l’érosivité des pluies qui est liée à l’augmentation de la quantité moyenne annuelle des précipitations Certains sols tels ceux de la région Limoneuse (pratiques agricoles intensives) ont par ailleurs vu leur teneur en carbone organique largement diminuer. Des diminutions de rendements ont par ailleurs été observées en raison de fortes pluies et de sécheresses.', 'Des diminutions de rendements ont par ailleurs été observées en raison de fortes pluies et de sécheresses. Les augmentations projetées de la fréquence et de l’intensité des précipitations en hiver accentueront le phénomène d’érosion hydrique et donc la vulnérabilité même du secteur notamment agricole. De même, l’augmentation attendue de la durée des sécheresses exacerbera l’érosion des sols en réduisant la couverture végétale. Les cultures sarclées et les sols nus seront particulièrement vulnérables. Compte tenu de la gravité potentielle de ce risque (un sol érodé est souvent un sol perdu à jamais), l’adaptation devra, notamment dans le secteur agricole, être anticipée car elle ne se fera pas nécessairement de manière spontanée.', 'Compte tenu de la gravité potentielle de ce risque (un sol érodé est souvent un sol perdu à jamais), l’adaptation devra, notamment dans le secteur agricole, être anticipée car elle ne se fera pas nécessairement de manière spontanée. Des risques d’étiages plus importants et d’une pollution accrue des cours d’eau Les modèles projettent une diminution progressive des volumes des précipitations en été qui se combine à une élévation des températures à cette même période. Cela peut se traduire par une baisse de la quantité d’eau dans les cours d’eau et donc un risque d’étiages plus importants. Le bassin de la Meuse est particulièrement vulnérable à cette évolution.', 'Le bassin de la Meuse est particulièrement vulnérable à cette évolution. L’analyse des séries historiques sur ce bassin (projet AMICE) montre que les mois d’août, septembre et octobre ont été les plus soumis à des situations de stress hydrique au cours du siècle écoulé. Les projections annoncent une diminution très significative des débits de la Meuse entre juillet et octobre (moins de 50m³/s de moyenne en août, septembre et octobre, contre plus de 100 m³/s actuellement) pour la fin du siècle. A cela s’ajoutent les pressions externes sur la ressource en eau en raison de fortes chaleurs (ex : besoins du secteur énergétique).', 'A cela s’ajoutent les pressions externes sur la ressource en eau en raison de fortes chaleurs (ex : besoins du secteur énergétique). L’augmentation de ces risques pourraient à terme engendrer des perturbations voire des interruptions de la navigation, comme cela a été observé dans d’autres pays (Rhin, Loire et Danube lors des sécheresses de 2003). La qualité de l’eau sera également impactée : en effet, la pollution sera concentrée dans de plus faibles volumes des masses d’eau.', 'La qualité de l’eau sera également impactée : en effet, la pollution sera concentrée dans de plus faibles volumes des masses d’eau. Les risques en lien avec la chaleur estivale - Le risque sanitaire lié à la chaleur estivale et l’amplification de l’ilot de chaleur urbain L’augmentation des températures minimales et maximales et l’élévation du nombre de jours de vagues de chaleur estivales auront pour effet direct d’augmenter le risque de mortalité en été en particulier parmi les personnes à risque telles que les personnes âgées (problèmes cardiovasculaires et problèmes respiratoires) et plus particulièrement dans les villes. Par ailleurs, les personnes à risque pourraient être plus nombreuses en raison du vieillissement annoncé de la population, ce qui engendrerait indirectement une vulnérabilité supplémentaire.', 'Par ailleurs, les personnes à risque pourraient être plus nombreuses en raison du vieillissement annoncé de la population, ce qui engendrerait indirectement une vulnérabilité supplémentaire. Une prise en compte du changement climatique dans ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 56 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 les politiques sanitaires est plus que nécessaire pour anticiper et réduire sa vulnérabilité aux fortes chaleurs attendues, d’autant plus qu’une adaptation réactive (exemple : hausse de la climatisation) serait susceptible d’avoir des répercussions négatives sur les objectifs d’atténuation et ne ferait, à terme, qu’accentuer le problème. De même certains risques tels que les intoxications alimentaires (fortes chaleurs estivales) et les maladies respiratoires (dues aux pollens, aux pics d’ozone, .) devraient s’accroître.', 'De même certains risques tels que les intoxications alimentaires (fortes chaleurs estivales) et les maladies respiratoires (dues aux pollens, aux pics d’ozone, .) devraient s’accroître. L’augmentation des vagues de chaleur devrait avoir des conséquences directes sur les villes wallonnes par un effet d’amplification du phénomène d’ilot de chaleur urbain. L’intensité de l’îlot de chaleur dépend à la fois des saisons et des conditions météorologiques mais il dépend également du rapport entre surfaces minérales et espaces verts, de la densité du bâti, de la morphologie urbaine ou encore des conditions géographiques locales.', 'L’intensité de l’îlot de chaleur dépend à la fois des saisons et des conditions météorologiques mais il dépend également du rapport entre surfaces minérales et espaces verts, de la densité du bâti, de la morphologie urbaine ou encore des conditions géographiques locales. Les risques en lien avec la dégradation des écosystèmes et agrosystèmes - Un risque de déclin de la biodiversité La Wallonie est particulièrement touchée par la fragmentation des habitats ce qui constitue une grande menace pour le déplacement des espèces. Cette fragmentation des habitats est essentiellement due à la progression de l’urbanisation ces 20 dernières années, particulièrement importante au nord du sillon Sambre et Meuse (Godin et al. 2007) mais aussi à des pratiques agricoles et sylvicoles non adaptées (TBE 2010).', '2007) mais aussi à des pratiques agricoles et sylvicoles non adaptées (TBE 2010). Cette fragmentation constituera une lourde menace dans la translation des aires de distribution des espèces attendue par les changements climatiques, d’autant plus grande que le réchauffement sera important (incapacité pour certaines espèces de migrer en cas d’élévation rapide des températures). Les milieux particulièrement affectés seront les milieux ouverts déjà particulièrement dégradés (exemple des pelouses calcaires dans la région de la Calestienne dont la surface totale d’habitat a diminué de 87%) et certains habitats pourraient même être amenés à disparaître (milieux tourbeux notamment). Améliorer la connectivité des habitats naturels et augmenter leur surface permet de donner plus d’opportunités aux espèces d’effectuer un déplacement.', 'Améliorer la connectivité des habitats naturels et augmenter leur surface permet de donner plus d’opportunités aux espèces d’effectuer un déplacement. Cette adaptation ne se fera néanmoins pas de manière spontanée et nécessite par conséquent une prise en charge très rapprochée et une valorisation des services rendus par la biodiversité aux autres secteurs (la perte de biodiversité ne se mesurant par seulement en termes de valeur intrinsèque mais aussi en termes de services rendus). - Un risque de mal adaptation de certaines forêts et cultures au changement climatique Tout comme pour la biodiversité, certaines forêts et cultures pourraient être menacées par un réchauffement trop rapide.', '- Un risque de mal adaptation de certaines forêts et cultures au changement climatique Tout comme pour la biodiversité, certaines forêts et cultures pourraient être menacées par un réchauffement trop rapide. Le hêtre et l’épicéa, qui représentent ensemble 50% du volume sur pied en forêt wallonne, sont par exemple très peu résistants face à différents stress (canicule, sécheresse, stabilité au vent). Des études récentes ont montré que le hêtre est particulièrement sensible à l’augmentation de fréquence et d’intensité des canicules estivales et sécheresse printanière50 . Certaines cultures végétales pourraient être aussi affectées (cultures intensives en eau comme le maïs) ou sensibles à la température (Raygrass).', 'Certaines cultures végétales pourraient être aussi affectées (cultures intensives en eau comme le maïs) ou sensibles à la température (Raygrass). Les adaptations tant dans le domaine forestier que sur certaines cultures devront s’envisager dans une perspective d’adaptation au climat futur car elles ne se feront pas de manière spontanée. - Un risque de sensibilité accrue des agro systèmes aux invasions et aléas climatiques (feux de forêts notamment) Certains peuplements et cultures pourraient être plus sensibles à l’augmentation des aléas climatiques (pluies extrêmes, feux de forêts notamment) mais aussi à l’augmentation des invasions. Cela pourrait \x1b ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 57 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 engendrer une variabilité accrue des rendements pour les agriculteurs et exploitants.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 57 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 engendrer une variabilité accrue des rendements pour les agriculteurs et exploitants. Les impacts socio-économiques ne doivent pas être sous-estimés. Les risques sur le système énergétique et les liens avec la problématique de l’atténuation51 Les mutations du système de production électrique à court terme (passage d’un système centralisé fortement basé sur les énergies nucléaire et fossile à un système décentralisé dominé à terme par les énergies renouvelables) motivées essentiellement par le changement climatique, nécessiteront une adaptation de très grande envergure tant en terme d’infrastructure (dimensionnement et gestion des réseaux de transport, capacité de production…) que de changements des modes de consommation, notamment électrique.', 'Les risques sur le système énergétique et les liens avec la problématique de l’atténuation51 Les mutations du système de production électrique à court terme (passage d’un système centralisé fortement basé sur les énergies nucléaire et fossile à un système décentralisé dominé à terme par les énergies renouvelables) motivées essentiellement par le changement climatique, nécessiteront une adaptation de très grande envergure tant en terme d’infrastructure (dimensionnement et gestion des réseaux de transport, capacité de production…) que de changements des modes de consommation, notamment électrique. Ces changements devront s’opérer en prenant en compte les impacts climatiques à l’œuvre et pas seulement la problématique d’atténuation.', 'Ces changements devront s’opérer en prenant en compte les impacts climatiques à l’œuvre et pas seulement la problématique d’atténuation. Outre les changements majeurs de réseau, la Wallonie sera très probablement confrontée à une hausse de la demande énergétique (et notamment électrique) à des fins de refroidissement et de climatisation pendant les mois chauds. Une maladaptation à cet impact est susceptible d’augmenter la vulnérabilité du secteur. A l’horizon 2050, il est impératif d’examiner les risques que font courir les impacts du changement climatique au système énergétique tel qu’il pourrait être à cet horizon-là.', 'A l’horizon 2050, il est impératif d’examiner les risques que font courir les impacts du changement climatique au système énergétique tel qu’il pourrait être à cet horizon-là. Inversement, il est aussi pertinent de prendre en compte ces impacts pour opérer les choix de technologies que nous mettrons en œuvre dans la transition du système énergétique, notamment en ce qui concerne l’utilisation des différentes formes d’énergie renouvelable, en particulier de biomasse. Les risques sur le système énergétique sont de plusieurs ordres, ils devront être gérés de manière globale afin d’éviter des maladaptations et de permettre une vision complète des synergies possibles et des arbitrages nécessaires avec la politique d’atténuation.', 'Les risques sur le système énergétique sont de plusieurs ordres, ils devront être gérés de manière globale afin d’éviter des maladaptations et de permettre une vision complète des synergies possibles et des arbitrages nécessaires avec la politique d’atténuation. Tout d’abord, l’augmentation des températures pourrait entraîner une réduction des besoins d’énergie pour la production de chaleur mais elle pourrait surtout entraîner une augmentation de la consommation liée à la climatisation provoquant ainsi des pics de consommation. La disponibilité en eau est un élément incontournable pour la production d’énergie, alors que l’énergie est également nécessaire à la production d’eau potable. Les périodes de sécheresse risquent de provoquer des problèmes de disponibilité en eau pour le refroidissement des centrales thermiques.', 'Les périodes de sécheresse risquent de provoquer des problèmes de disponibilité en eau pour le refroidissement des centrales thermiques. Des pénuries d’eau de refroidissement pour les centrales thermiques et les réacteurs nucléaires en Wallonie se posent, pour la période allant jusqu’à 2025, date prévue pour la fermeture du dernier réacteur de Tihange. Certaines technologies mises en avant pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique, telles que le CCS peut poser des problèmes car il réduit le rendement des centrales électriques thermiques et augmente leurs besoins en eau. La disponibilité en eau réduite peut donc limiter la faisabilité du CCS.', 'La disponibilité en eau réduite peut donc limiter la faisabilité du CCS. La sécurité d’approvisionnement peut être affectée lors des vagues de chaleur surtout si elles coïncident avec des périodes de sécheresses et donc une disponibilité en eau réduite pour le refroidissement des centrales thermiques. Les vagues de chaleur peuvent également impacter les infrastructures de transport de l’électricité en réduisant la capacité de transport des lignes électriques. Les sources d’énergies renouvelables dépendant des conditions météorologiques, elles pourraient être impactées par les changements climatiques : éolien, solaire, hydro. Par exemple, le rendement du solaire photovoltaïque a tendance à diminuer lorsque la température dépasse 25° C, cette baisse de rendement peut néanmoins être compensée par l’augmentation de l’ensoleillement pendant ces 51 Sources sur l’adaptation du système énergétique : 1.', 'Par exemple, le rendement du solaire photovoltaïque a tendance à diminuer lorsque la température dépasse 25° C, cette baisse de rendement peut néanmoins être compensée par l’augmentation de l’ensoleillement pendant ces 51 Sources sur l’adaptation du système énergétique : 1. EEA, 2019, Adaptation challenges and opportunities for the European energy system, Building a climate-resilient low-carbon energy system 2. IEA, 2016, Energy, Climate Change and Environment, chapter 7 Enhancing energy sector resilience to climate change: Government action and mobilising investment \x1a ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 58 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 périodes. Les augmentations de températures, vagues de chaleur, sécheresses risquent d’impacter les productions agricoles et les ressources forestières qui sont potentiellement très sollicitées pour la fourniture de biomasse destinée à la production d’énergie.', 'Les augmentations de températures, vagues de chaleur, sécheresses risquent d’impacter les productions agricoles et les ressources forestières qui sont potentiellement très sollicitées pour la fourniture de biomasse destinée à la production d’énergie. 7.3. Les Lignes directrices 7.3.1. Renforcer et adapter la gestion de l’eau et de ses impacts à la nouvelle donne climatique En Wallonie, l’eau est à la fois une ressource et une menace. Le changement climatique fait craindre à la fois un manque d’eau (notamment l’été) et des excès ponctuels (inondations).', 'Le changement climatique fait craindre à la fois un manque d’eau (notamment l’été) et des excès ponctuels (inondations). La diminution de la ressource (accompagnée potentiellement d’une dégradation de sa qualité) interpelle l’aménagement du territoire, l’habitat et les infrastructures, (ex : approvisionnement en été, transport fluvial, l’énergie (refroidissement des centrales), l’agriculture et la forêt (ex : modification de la saisonnalité des précipitations, sécheresse) la biodiversité (ressources en eau des écosystèmes, notamment zones humides). La menace d’un excès d’eau interpelle en particulier l’aménagement du territoire, l’urbanisme et la construction (ex : inondations, retrait-gonflement des argiles, risque karstique).', 'La menace d’un excès d’eau interpelle en particulier l’aménagement du territoire, l’urbanisme et la construction (ex : inondations, retrait-gonflement des argiles, risque karstique). S’adapter, c’est économiser l’eau et optimiser son usage, organiser la prévention et les secours face aux événements extrêmes ; cela nécessite bien évidemment une vision trans-sectorielle pour gérer les conflits d’usage, notamment en situation de crise (déterminer les priorités) et éviter que les mesures prises ici aggravent les problèmes ailleurs. Il faut donc continuer à lutter contre le risque inondation et l’érosion des terres agricoles d’une part et anticiper les risques liés à la diminution de la disponibilité de la ressource tout en assurant sa qualité. 7.3.2.', 'Il faut donc continuer à lutter contre le risque inondation et l’érosion des terres agricoles d’une part et anticiper les risques liés à la diminution de la disponibilité de la ressource tout en assurant sa qualité. 7.3.2. S’adapter à la chaleur en ville et dans l’espace public Si l’on s’attend à une augmentation des températures tout au long de l’année, c’est avant tout l’été et lors des canicules, notamment en ville et dans certains espaces publics que les impacts seront les plus dérangeants. L’élévation des températures l’été impacte la santé de manière directe et indirecte et plus largement le confort et le bien être ; elle est également source d’une demande additionnelle d’énergie (refroidissement, climatisation).', 'L’élévation des températures l’été impacte la santé de manière directe et indirecte et plus largement le confort et le bien être ; elle est également source d’une demande additionnelle d’énergie (refroidissement, climatisation). L’adaptation à cette perspective implique, à côté de mesures techniques (adaptation des structures et du fonctionnement de l’habitat) des évolutions des modes de vie ; elle entre en résonance avec la recherche d’une vision plus économe et durable de l’aménagement du territoire.', 'L’adaptation à cette perspective implique, à côté de mesures techniques (adaptation des structures et du fonctionnement de l’habitat) des évolutions des modes de vie ; elle entre en résonance avec la recherche d’une vision plus économe et durable de l’aménagement du territoire. Elle incite à repenser la ville avec un urbanisme faisant une place plus grande a l’eau et au végétal, avec une insistance particulière pour les zones les plus peuplées de la Wallonie (sillon Haine, Sambre et Meuse et couloirs reliant les grandes agglomérations wallonnes situées dans le sillon et la Région Bruxelloise) ; L’augmentation attendue des vagues de chaleur estivales appelle des mesures interdépendantes visant non seulement le renforcement de la gestion sanitaire des épisodes caniculaires et des effets indirects du réchauffement mais aussi l’amélioration du confort de vie dans les bâtiments et l’espace public ainsi que l’atténuation de l’effet d’ilot de chaleur urbain.', 'Elle incite à repenser la ville avec un urbanisme faisant une place plus grande a l’eau et au végétal, avec une insistance particulière pour les zones les plus peuplées de la Wallonie (sillon Haine, Sambre et Meuse et couloirs reliant les grandes agglomérations wallonnes situées dans le sillon et la Région Bruxelloise) ; L’augmentation attendue des vagues de chaleur estivales appelle des mesures interdépendantes visant non seulement le renforcement de la gestion sanitaire des épisodes caniculaires et des effets indirects du réchauffement mais aussi l’amélioration du confort de vie dans les bâtiments et l’espace public ainsi que l’atténuation de l’effet d’ilot de chaleur urbain. A cet égard, un arbitrage devra être mené entre la nécessité de (re)densifier le tissu urbain et la résilience aux îlots de chaleur urbain qui nécessitent de conserver de l’espace pour de la végétation et pour maintenir des zones non imperméabilisées.', 'A cet égard, un arbitrage devra être mené entre la nécessité de (re)densifier le tissu urbain et la résilience aux îlots de chaleur urbain qui nécessitent de conserver de l’espace pour de la végétation et pour maintenir des zones non imperméabilisées. 7.3.3. Renforcer la préservation de la biodiversité et améliorer la résilience des écosystèmes et des agrosystèmes Si le changement climatique constaté jusqu’à aujourd’hui n’est pas la principale cause d’érosion de la biodiversité, on s’attend à ce que dans l’avenir il rentre en synergie avec les autres facteurs et à ce que son impact s’accroisse considérablement.', 'Renforcer la préservation de la biodiversité et améliorer la résilience des écosystèmes et des agrosystèmes Si le changement climatique constaté jusqu’à aujourd’hui n’est pas la principale cause d’érosion de la biodiversité, on s’attend à ce que dans l’avenir il rentre en synergie avec les autres facteurs et à ce que son impact s’accroisse considérablement. Outre l’importance et la grande variété des services « écosystémiques » qu’elle rend, la biodiversité, constitue le principal capital génétique dans lequel nous pourrons puiser les ressources pour nous adapter à la modification du climat, que ce soit dans les \x19 ! \x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 59 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 domaines comme l’agriculture et la forêt ou la santé par exemple.', '\x01\x02\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07 \x07\x05\x03 \x07 \x0e\x0f\x10 \x11\x05 \x11\x03\x12\x03\x13\x14\x03\x15\x16\x17\x15\x12\x17\x12\x15\x12\x15\x03\x18\x12\x15\x12\x15\x02\x19\x15\x1a\x1b\x15 \x15\x15 Vers une Wallonie Climatiquement neutre 59 Version approuvée par le GW le 5/12/2019 domaines comme l’agriculture et la forêt ou la santé par exemple. Il est donc urgent de la préserver pour maintenir nos capacités d’adaptation. Une sylviculture plus durable et plus proche du fonctionnement naturel de l’écosystème forestier permet de favoriser l’adaptation naturelle et d’augmenter la résilience au changement. Dans le secteur de l’élevage, la sélection génétique animale devrait être assez spontanée. En revanche, l’adaptation des prairies permanentes et des cultures fourragères apparaît plus prioritaire, car l’impact des changements climatiques sur le stress thermique des prairies et le stress hydrique du maïs semble important et l’adaptation ne peut pas se faire annuellement.', 'En revanche, l’adaptation des prairies permanentes et des cultures fourragères apparaît plus prioritaire, car l’impact des changements climatiques sur le stress thermique des prairies et le stress hydrique du maïs semble important et l’adaptation ne peut pas se faire annuellement. On insiste par ailleurs fortement (agriculture, biodiversité, forêts, santé) sur les besoins de suivi et de gestion de l’émergence des espèces exotiques et invasives (appuyer et soutenir les dispositifs de suivi existants, limiter et réglementer l’importation d’espèces exotiques par exemple).', 'On insiste par ailleurs fortement (agriculture, biodiversité, forêts, santé) sur les besoins de suivi et de gestion de l’émergence des espèces exotiques et invasives (appuyer et soutenir les dispositifs de suivi existants, limiter et réglementer l’importation d’espèces exotiques par exemple). Un certain nombre de secteurs (forêt, agriculture) préconise des mesures visant à gérer et à s’adapter à l’augmentation éventuelle des aléas climatiques tels que les feux de forêts, coups de froid, tempêtes en raison d’une fragilité accrue de certaines espèces ou peuplements mais aussi a évaluer les impacts de ce type d’événement sur les activités économiques, sur la sûreté alimentaire (santé) et éventuellement a adapter les mécanismes de dédommagement en conséquence. 7.3.4.', 'Un certain nombre de secteurs (forêt, agriculture) préconise des mesures visant à gérer et à s’adapter à l’augmentation éventuelle des aléas climatiques tels que les feux de forêts, coups de froid, tempêtes en raison d’une fragilité accrue de certaines espèces ou peuplements mais aussi a évaluer les impacts de ce type d’événement sur les activités économiques, sur la sûreté alimentaire (santé) et éventuellement a adapter les mécanismes de dédommagement en conséquence. 7.3.4. Adapter un système énergétique en transition De manière générale, un système énergétique résilient reposera sur un mix de sources d’énergie renouvelables alliée à des interconnexions suffisantes et des solutions de flexibilité variées.', 'Adapter un système énergétique en transition De manière générale, un système énergétique résilient reposera sur un mix de sources d’énergie renouvelables alliée à des interconnexions suffisantes et des solutions de flexibilité variées. Les risques induits par les impacts du changement climatique sur le système énergétique peuvent être gérés par différents types d’actions techniques et ponctuelles ou par la mise en place de mécanisme et d’études d’impacts de risques structurels.', 'Les risques induits par les impacts du changement climatique sur le système énergétique peuvent être gérés par différents types d’actions techniques et ponctuelles ou par la mise en place de mécanisme et d’études d’impacts de risques structurels. Du côté des mesures d’adaptation techniques et spécifiques, afin de renforcer la sécurité d’approvisionnement pendant les périodes de canicule, on peut identifier l’installation de conducteurs avec des limites d’opération à des températures plus élevées dans les lignes de transport, l’imposition de standards stricts d’efficacité pour les équipements de climatisation qui réduiront la consommation de pointe, augmenteront la capacité de transport y compris pour les connexions internationales, des capacités de back-up suffisantes et un transfert vers de technologies de production d’électricité moins consommatrices d’eau telles que le photovoltaïque.', 'Du côté des mesures d’adaptation techniques et spécifiques, afin de renforcer la sécurité d’approvisionnement pendant les périodes de canicule, on peut identifier l’installation de conducteurs avec des limites d’opération à des températures plus élevées dans les lignes de transport, l’imposition de standards stricts d’efficacité pour les équipements de climatisation qui réduiront la consommation de pointe, augmenteront la capacité de transport y compris pour les connexions internationales, des capacités de back-up suffisantes et un transfert vers de technologies de production d’électricité moins consommatrices d’eau telles que le photovoltaïque. La demande de climatisation peut également être réduite grâce à l’amélioration de la conception des bâtiments au niveau de l’isolation, de l’orientation, de la mise en place de protections solaires pour les fenêtres et grâce à des technologies de climatisation qui ne consomment pas d’électricité, comme les systèmes par absorptions qui valorisent la chaleur.', 'La demande de climatisation peut également être réduite grâce à l’amélioration de la conception des bâtiments au niveau de l’isolation, de l’orientation, de la mise en place de protections solaires pour les fenêtres et grâce à des technologies de climatisation qui ne consomment pas d’électricité, comme les systèmes par absorptions qui valorisent la chaleur. 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fr-FR

BLZ

Belize

1st NDC

2016-04-20 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/BELIZE%27s%20%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4ca9ad335c2f9b486049d441fc0f58d13c5bb53f5aeb476dc4a141ae8624aca4.pdf

['BELIZE Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Belize is pleased to present its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to decision 1 CP/21 of the Paris Agreement 1. National Context Climate Change is already affecting the livelihoods of much of our population. Belize as a small country with relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions has limited capacity to contribute to mitigation of global climate change. However, Belize is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.', 'However, Belize is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. In light of these realities, Belize’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is guided by its commitment to strategically transition to low carbon development while strengthening its resilience to the effects of Climate Change. In that regard, Belize intends to utilize existing frameworks, policies, projects and activities that provide mitigation and sustainable development co-benefits to conceptualize the elaboration of its NDC. The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term sustainable development.', 'The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term sustainable development. The GSDS is the nation’s primary planning document and outlines four critical success factors for the development of our country and to ensure a better quality of life for all Belizeans, living now and in the future. Belize is pleased to submit its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which is comprised of a mitigation and adaptation component.2. Belize’s Mitigation Potential Belize’s mitigation potential will largely depend upon national circumstances, capacity and support. Belize’s emissions profile is symptomatic of several factors including: 1.', 'Belize’s emissions profile is symptomatic of several factors including: 1. Vast extent of natural resources – Belize has a network of waterways and water bodies including 16 watersheds and numerous smaller ones. Approximately 59 percent of the country remains under natural vegetation while 39.1% of the terrestrial area is made up of protected forests, and a great variety of terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystemsi; 2. Socio-economic dependence on those resources for livelihood and for sustaining economic growth particularly through the agriculture and tourism sectors; 3. A rapidly growing and urbanizing population (with over a third in poverty and a largely unskilled labor force); 4. Concomitantly increasing energy demands. Belize has developed several policy frameworks over the last decade to respond to these issues.', 'Belize has developed several policy frameworks over the last decade to respond to these issues. These include: (1) Horizon 2010-2030, (2) National Energy Policy Framework, (3) Sustainable Energy Action Plan 2014-2033, (4) National Climate Resilience Investment Plan 2013, (5) Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy 2016-2019 and (6) the National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020. Horizon 2030 is the national development framework; which was developed after extensive stakeholder consultation inclusive of all political parties. One of its four main pillars is responsible environmental stewardship. The strategies to achieve this pillar, namely integrating environmental sustainability into development planning and promoting sustainable energy for all, address the areas of concern relating to Belize’s emission profile.', 'The strategies to achieve this pillar, namely integrating environmental sustainability into development planning and promoting sustainable energy for all, address the areas of concern relating to Belize’s emission profile. The National Energy Policy Framework aims to provide options that Belize can pursue for energy efficiency, sustainability and resilience over the next 30 years. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan is a tool to achieve Belize’s renewable energy and energy efficiency potential while meeting the Government’s economic social and environmental goals. It provides a framework of actions and tasks to overcome barriers to sustainable energy for the period 2014-2030. The National Climate Resilience Investment Plan, 2013 provides the framework for an efficient, productive and strategic approach to building economic and social resilience and development.', 'The National Climate Resilience Investment Plan, 2013 provides the framework for an efficient, productive and strategic approach to building economic and social resilience and development. Special importance is given to building climate resilience and improving disaster risk management capacities across all sectors.The Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy is the guiding development plan for the period 2016–2019. It adopts an integrated, systemic approach and encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction and longer- term sustainable development issues. This planning document also provides detailed guidance on priorities and on specific actions to be taken during the planning period, including actions that contribute to longer term development objectives beyond 2019.', 'This planning document also provides detailed guidance on priorities and on specific actions to be taken during the planning period, including actions that contribute to longer term development objectives beyond 2019. The National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan (NCCPSAP), 2015-2020, provides policy guidance for the development of an appropriate administrative and legislative framework, in harmony with other sectoral policies, for the pursuance of a low-carbon development path for Belize. In addition, the NCCPSAP also seeks to encourage the development of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and to communicate it to the UNFCCC. Belize has also developed a roadmap for the development of a low carbon development strategy which will create a platform for low carbon growth in new areas while still attaining the national development targets.', 'Belize has also developed a roadmap for the development of a low carbon development strategy which will create a platform for low carbon growth in new areas while still attaining the national development targets. The roadmap compliments the NCCPSAP and GSDS by focusing on building technical capacity, strengthening institutions and policies, facilitating public-private partnerships and engaging stakeholders to adopt sustainable practices which should lead to national resilience to the impacts of climate change. The National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) is the main public policy instrument regarding the management of solid waste (e.g. municipal, industrial and hazardous types of waste, among others) for Belize.', 'municipal, industrial and hazardous types of waste, among others) for Belize. Its overall goal is to ensure that “The system for managing solid wastes in Belize is financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life”, while also contributing to the promotion of sustainable development by preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial. The measures outlined in the NSWMP will be implemented in accordance with the National Solid Waste Management Strategy and Implementation plan which have also been prepared. Belize mitigation potential is framed on an action-based approach, covering multiple sectors, (e.g.', 'Belize mitigation potential is framed on an action-based approach, covering multiple sectors, (e.g. forestry, electricity, waste and transport) that is conditional on the availability of cost effective technology, capacity building and adequate financial support.Activity Description Objective Anticipated emission reduction Reserves and sustainable forest management This activity is expected to reduce emissions from land use and forestry from the 2015 estimate of down to zero emissions sometime in the future and could turn the sector into a sink. This activity is also a key building block of adaptation which is being put into practice in key biodiversity areas in Belize. Reduced deforestation, increased resilience of human communities, and sustainable forest management. Watershed protection for water and food security. Belize would potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions by cumulative per year by 2030. The cumulative reduction would be up to over the period from 2020 to 2030, depending on the level of financial support.', 'The cumulative reduction would be up to over the period from 2020 to 2030, depending on the level of financial support. Fuel wood consumption Emissions savings potential of efficient cook stoves comes from a reduction of wood used for the same result. Aim is to achieve a reduction of fuel wood consumption depending on the technology, the duration of cooking and the replacement technology. The anticipated emission reductions would be between per year in by 2030. Expected cumulative reduction would be up to 118Gg between 2020 and 2030 (depending on population growth). Mangroves Protecting and restoring mangrove forests. This activity can be an effective mitigation action while also helping the protection of low-lying coastal areas against impact of storms and soil erosion. Mangrove forests also fulfill Protection of existing mangroves from deforestation and restore lost mangroves.', 'Mangrove forests also fulfill Protection of existing mangroves from deforestation and restore lost mangroves. Restoration and protection have the potential to turn Belize’s mangrove system into a net carbon sink by avoiding current emissions of around per year and removing additional per year between 2020 andcritical role as nursery ground for regional fish stocks and maritime ecosystems. 2030. The expected cumulative emissions reduction would be up to 2015 and 2030. Transport Sector Development of a domestic transportation policy and implement the National Transportation Master Plan. Aim is to achieve at least a 20% reduction in conventional transportation fuel use by 2030 and promote energy efficiency in the transport sector through appropriate policies and investments. Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan To improve energy efficiency and conservation in order to transform to a low carbon economy by 2033. The plan envisions a reduction in energy intensity per capita at least by 30% by 2033 and to reduce fuels imports dependency by 50% by 2020 using renewable energy. energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses.', 'energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses. Reduction in transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 7% by 2030 resulting in electricity savings. Expected cumulative reduction in emissions through hydropower projects by 2,514Gg per year. Expected cumulative reduction in emission by enhancement of the grid infrastructure would be in the range of 160- e until 2030. Expected cumulative reduction in emissions from solar PV projects would be around 518Gg until 2030. Cumulative reduction in emissions from bagasse by 2030.National Solid Waste Management Strategy and Plan Implementation of the Solid Waste Management strategy and plan. Its overall goal is to assist the Government of Belize (GoB) in promoting sustainable development by ensuring that “The system for managing solid wastes in Belize is financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life”. It will focus on preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial and disposing of waste safely only as a last resort.', 'It will focus on preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial and disposing of waste safely only as a last resort. The plan also aims to reduce methane emissions by capping and closing open dumps, capturing and utilizing landfill gas, and ensuring proper waste handling and organics management. Strengthening of the Solid Waste Management Authority as the entity responsible for improving solid waste management in the country. Improved waste management processes in line with waste management strategy implemented nationwide. To mitigate the effect of methane on climate change, prevent water and air pollution. It will also contribute to improving the environment; enhance the image of Belize in eco- tourism market and protecting the public health.', 'It will also contribute to improving the environment; enhance the image of Belize in eco- tourism market and protecting the public health. Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Decision 1 CP/20 paragraph 11 states that “small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development….”Belize considers that the upfront information provided addresses sectors with significant contribution to Belize’s greenhouse gas emissions and satisfies the requirement of clarity, transparency, and understanding of the aggregate effect of contributions to the achievement of the 1.5 degree C goal. Action Protection of forest reserves and sustainable forest management Reduction of fuel wood consumption - by Protecting and restoring mangrove forests. Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan - 85% renewable energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses.', 'Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan - 85% renewable energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses. Transport Sector - Develop Transport Policy and Implement Transport Master Plan. The National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) - Develop and Implementation of the Strategy and Plan to operationalize the NSWMP.', 'The National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) - Develop and Implementation of the Strategy and Plan to operationalize the NSWMP. Time frames and/or periods of implementation Timeframe for implementation: 2015 - 2030 Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) (Fossil fuels, Electricity and Forest sectors) Methane - Waste Sector Sectors/sources covered by contribution Electricity, Transport, Forest and Waste sectors Geographical coverage: The NDC contribution will be national.Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for emissions accounting The methodology for emissions accounting is as follows: Mitigation potentials are relative to projected baseline emissions on the sectorial level, taking into account current emissions, expected population growth and economic development.', 'Time frames and/or periods of implementation Timeframe for implementation: 2015 - 2030 Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) (Fossil fuels, Electricity and Forest sectors) Methane - Waste Sector Sectors/sources covered by contribution Electricity, Transport, Forest and Waste sectors Geographical coverage: The NDC contribution will be national.Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for emissions accounting The methodology for emissions accounting is as follows: Mitigation potentials are relative to projected baseline emissions on the sectorial level, taking into account current emissions, expected population growth and economic development. Electricity sector: The methodology for the identification of mitigation measures in the electricity generation sector is based on two main scenarios using the National Energy Policy Framework and Belize Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan.', 'Electricity sector: The methodology for the identification of mitigation measures in the electricity generation sector is based on two main scenarios using the National Energy Policy Framework and Belize Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan. These scenarios are as follows: i) energy efficiency scenario which estimate the effects of reducing the losses of electricity in the transmission and distribution system, and ii) renewable electricity generation scenario which estimate the effects of enhancing renewable electricity generation within the generation mix. Transport: Methodology for emissions accounting to be developed as part of the Transport Policy and Transport Master Plan. In doing so, internationally recognized and used tools and methods will be considered. Information on emissions not available.', 'Information on emissions not available. Waste: Methodology for emissions accounting to be developed as part of the Strategy and Plan to operationalize the NSWMP. Information on emissions not available. Global warming potentials (GWP) 100 year global warming potential in accordance with IPCC AR 4 guidelines. Approach for land use, land use change and forestry Emissions from LULUCF included. Baseline emissions are estimated using average biomass stock between FAO and REDD+ data. Baseline emissions expected to in 2015 to 3,020Gg in 2030. Intention to Use Market Mechanisms Belize is willing to explore the potential of market mechanisms, including CDM and other mechanisms under the UNFCCC process, that demonstrate environmental integrity; result in real, long-term, verified mitigation outcomes; prevent double counting; and which are accessible.', 'Intention to Use Market Mechanisms Belize is willing to explore the potential of market mechanisms, including CDM and other mechanisms under the UNFCCC process, that demonstrate environmental integrity; result in real, long-term, verified mitigation outcomes; prevent double counting; and which are accessible. Base year 2015 Conditionality Each activity is geared to address the sectors with significant contributions to Belize’s greenhouse gas emissions. These activities listed in the NDC are conditional upon external (financial) support. Unconditional Enabling the existing policies, laws and projects, staff time and integration of development and climate change activities.Fairness and Ambition Belize is classified as a Small Island Developing State, which contributes less than 0.01 percent to the global emissions and accounts for a small share of past and current greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Unconditional Enabling the existing policies, laws and projects, staff time and integration of development and climate change activities.Fairness and Ambition Belize is classified as a Small Island Developing State, which contributes less than 0.01 percent to the global emissions and accounts for a small share of past and current greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, Belize recognizes that to meet the 1.5 degree temperature goal, all countries will need to undertake ambitious mitigation actions. Belize remains committed to strategically transition to a low carbon and climate resilient future; while also providing a fair contribution to the global efforts at reducing average global air temperature to 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Belize’s Vulnerability to Climate Change The Government of Belize considers adaptation to climate change as a high priority.', 'Belize’s Vulnerability to Climate Change The Government of Belize considers adaptation to climate change as a high priority. In addition to its vulnerability to natural disasters and climate-related shocks, Belize’s small and open economy, geographical location and the lack of vital resources constrain its capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change and variability in the short and long term. According to the recent systematic country diagnostic by the World Bank Group, Belize is one of countries in the world that is mostly affected by weather related events and other natural hazards. As such, Belize incurs annual losses of close to 4% of GDP due to natural disasters (Carneiro, 2016).', 'As such, Belize incurs annual losses of close to 4% of GDP due to natural disasters (Carneiro, 2016). According to the UNDP Country Profiles studies, an increase in air temperature ranging from 2oC - 4oC is projected by 2100 for Belize. Similar results were obtained from the Regional PRECIS model at 25 km resolution. Likewise a general decrease in annual rainfall of about 10% is projected by 2100. Other expected impacts include increased erosion and contamination of coastal areas, sea level rise, flooding and an increase in the intensity and occurrence of natural hazards such as hurricanes.', 'Other expected impacts include increased erosion and contamination of coastal areas, sea level rise, flooding and an increase in the intensity and occurrence of natural hazards such as hurricanes. Many of the effects of climate change are already being felt on the low lying coastal zone and are expected to have significant impacts on many environmental, physical, social and economic systems in Belize. In the agriculture sector, Belize expects a projected loss of production within the range of 10% to 20% which could lead to million dollars in lost revenue by the year 2100 (UNDP, 2009. Belize and Climate: The Cost of Inaction). The fisheries sector is also under threat from warmer sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events.', 'The fisheries sector is also under threat from warmer sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. A decline in this industry can significantly affect Belize’s food security as well as our GDP. It would also affect over 3,500 licensed fishers, which could lead to an annual loss of approximately USD 12.5 million per year.The tourism industry in Belize, which is largely nature based and dependent on natural resources, will primarily be affected by extreme weather events, flooding, inundation, salt water intrusion and erosion which will occur as a result of rising sea levels. Climate Change will threaten the health of Belize’s coral reefs and will affect water supplies and physical property, all of which are critical for the sustainability of the sector.', 'Climate Change will threaten the health of Belize’s coral reefs and will affect water supplies and physical property, all of which are critical for the sustainability of the sector. The combined effects of reduced tourism demand, loss of infrastructure, loss of beaches and the loss of the barrier reef can result in the reduced income of approximately USD 24.2 million per year. Addressing Climate Change: Policies, Plans and Programmes The Government of Belize has noted that, if these issues are not addressed, climate change will be considered as the single major threat to food and nutrition security, employment and economic prosperity and will obliterate many attainments that have been made towards achieving sustained development within the country.', 'Addressing Climate Change: Policies, Plans and Programmes The Government of Belize has noted that, if these issues are not addressed, climate change will be considered as the single major threat to food and nutrition security, employment and economic prosperity and will obliterate many attainments that have been made towards achieving sustained development within the country. The NCCO is about to embark on development of the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC which will address gaps and produce updated information on climate trends and projected impacts. To guide the adaptation process, six sectoral vulnerability and adaptation assessments were completed under the Third National Communication to determine the country’s vulnerability profile and to identify possible adaptation options. The Integrated Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of Belize (Singh, et. al.', 'The Integrated Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of Belize (Singh, et. al. 2014), made several cross-linkages between the impending impacts of climate change on six priority development sectors; namely, coastal development, agriculture, water, tourism, fisheries and health; further highlighting Belize’s extreme vulnerability. Building on the vulnerability and adaptation assessments, several key national and sectoral policies, strategies and action plans were developed and/or updated to incorporate climate change in an effort to enhance Belize’s resilience. A core objective of the NCCPSAP is the building of resilience in order to prevent, reduce or adapt to the negative impacts of Climate Change on key sectors, economic activities, society and the environment.', 'A core objective of the NCCPSAP is the building of resilience in order to prevent, reduce or adapt to the negative impacts of Climate Change on key sectors, economic activities, society and the environment. The policy specifically recognized the negative effects on the social, economic and productive sectors such as the coastal zone and human settlement, fisheries and aquaculture, agriculture, forestry, tourism, water, energy and health; the physical environment including land, and infrastructure, such as roads and coastal structures; as well as the sustainability of natural resources such as marine and coastal areas, natural ecosystems, and biodiversity. In this regard, the policy is being implemented with the goal of guiding the short and long term processes of adaptation in accordance with national priorities and regional and international commitments.', 'In this regard, the policy is being implemented with the goal of guiding the short and long term processes of adaptation in accordance with national priorities and regional and international commitments. The policy aims to continue the mainstreaming process by facilitating the integration of climate change initiatives into national development plans and sectoral policies in order to facilitate an integrated, well- coordinated, approach to climate change management and sustainable development.Near Term Adaptation Actions and Co-benefits Recognizing the devastating effects that climate change poses for the people and country of Belize, the NCCPSAP proposes the implementation of various actions which are geared towards promoting adaptation in the short term and resilience in the longer term.', 'The policy aims to continue the mainstreaming process by facilitating the integration of climate change initiatives into national development plans and sectoral policies in order to facilitate an integrated, well- coordinated, approach to climate change management and sustainable development.Near Term Adaptation Actions and Co-benefits Recognizing the devastating effects that climate change poses for the people and country of Belize, the NCCPSAP proposes the implementation of various actions which are geared towards promoting adaptation in the short term and resilience in the longer term. Thus, strategies and actions have been prioritized for each sector to be implemented within the period of 2015 to 2020. The sectors of focus are agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, coastal and marine resources, water resources, land use and human settlements, human health, energy, tourism and transportation.', 'The sectors of focus are agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, coastal and marine resources, water resources, land use and human settlements, human health, energy, tourism and transportation. The stated actions are geared towards diversifying production, maintaining healthy ecosystems, encouraging sustainable exploitation of resources, supporting integrated development planning, assessing and addressing vulnerabilities and the development of tools to drive efficiency and promote resilience. As such, the action plan calls for, inter alia, the reviewing of national strategies and regulations, designing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, improving mangrove and habitat conservation and management, institutional strengthening, integrated water resource management and the undertaking of comprehensive assessments on human settlements and infrastructure. It is also recognized that many mitigation actions will produce co-benefits that promote adaptation and resilience to climate change.', 'It is also recognized that many mitigation actions will produce co-benefits that promote adaptation and resilience to climate change. Forest protection and replanting of mangroves that are implemented for mitigation purposes are expected to protect the coastline against storm surges and erosion; which are increasing in frequency as a result of climate change. Likewise, many of the proposed actions in the waste, transport and electricity sectors are expected to produce additional adaptation co-benefits such as reduced water and air pollution, energy security, improved energy access, employment creation, and ecosystem protection; all of which lead to increase resilience to climate change. Institutional Arrangements Climate Change is noted to be a complex issue which needs appropriate responses to ensure that mainstreaming is carried out in a coordinated manner.', 'Institutional Arrangements Climate Change is noted to be a complex issue which needs appropriate responses to ensure that mainstreaming is carried out in a coordinated manner. In this regard, the Government of Belize has sought to establish a coherent, overarching governance structure to coordinate climate change management initiatives at the national level. This was accomplished with the establishment of the National Climate Change Office as a national entity which is committed towards the implementation of the NCCPSAP. To this end, the Office is strategically positioned to coordinate the implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions and to implement climate change programmes. Additionally, the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC) was established as a broad based multi-stakeholder committee comprised of non- state, public and private sector representatives.', 'Additionally, the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC) was established as a broad based multi-stakeholder committee comprised of non- state, public and private sector representatives. The BNCCC provides overarching leadership and guidance to all climate change management actions and to review andadvise government on the capacity building, institutional and other resource requirements needed to fully implement the strategy and action plan. Also most recently (April, 2016), the GSDS has been launched, and includes actions with climate change implications, such as continued mainstreaming of climate change considerations into national development planning and coordinated implementation of the NCCPSAP within the wider planning efforts.', 'Also most recently (April, 2016), the GSDS has been launched, and includes actions with climate change implications, such as continued mainstreaming of climate change considerations into national development planning and coordinated implementation of the NCCPSAP within the wider planning efforts. Moving towards the longer-term adaptation goal, the main actions up to and beyond 2030 are geared towards increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability of livelihoods with respect to critical infrastructure, tourism, food security, sustainable forest management, protected areas management, coastal and marine resources, water scarcity, energy security and health.', 'Moving towards the longer-term adaptation goal, the main actions up to and beyond 2030 are geared towards increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability of livelihoods with respect to critical infrastructure, tourism, food security, sustainable forest management, protected areas management, coastal and marine resources, water scarcity, energy security and health. Priority sectors Main actions to be implemented to build resilience Coastal and Marine Resources Increase and strengthen the capacity of the CZMAI and municipal authorities to ensure developments within the coastal and urban areas of Belize include an adaptation strategy; implement mangrove restoration or sea and river defense structure to prevent coastal and riverine erosion and ecosystem disruption; manage and regulate further development of the coastline, especially in vulnerable areas such as the Belize and Corozal Districts; inclusion of adaptation strategies in management and development planning in all coastal and marine sectors; review and strengthen planning legislation and building codes, especially as it relates to coastal development; revise and streamline the current legislation and policies that relate to the management and regulation of development in the coastal zone to eliminate overlaps and close existing gaps.', 'Priority sectors Main actions to be implemented to build resilience Coastal and Marine Resources Increase and strengthen the capacity of the CZMAI and municipal authorities to ensure developments within the coastal and urban areas of Belize include an adaptation strategy; implement mangrove restoration or sea and river defense structure to prevent coastal and riverine erosion and ecosystem disruption; manage and regulate further development of the coastline, especially in vulnerable areas such as the Belize and Corozal Districts; inclusion of adaptation strategies in management and development planning in all coastal and marine sectors; review and strengthen planning legislation and building codes, especially as it relates to coastal development; revise and streamline the current legislation and policies that relate to the management and regulation of development in the coastal zone to eliminate overlaps and close existing gaps. Agriculture Improve both crop and livestock husbandry practices, increase access to drought tolerant crops and livestock breeds; adopt better soil and water management practices; reduce post-harvest losses and provide early warning/meteorological forecasts and related information to be competitive in the region.', 'Agriculture Improve both crop and livestock husbandry practices, increase access to drought tolerant crops and livestock breeds; adopt better soil and water management practices; reduce post-harvest losses and provide early warning/meteorological forecasts and related information to be competitive in the region. Water Resources Design and implement an IWRM programme in watersheds; enhance protection of water catchment (including groundwater resources); develop water conservancy management systems; conduct water resource assessment (especially groundwater); develop flood controls and drought monitoring; improve trans-boundary cooperation regarding water resources; strengthen the human resource capacity in the water sector strengthen the compliance monitoring capacity of staff; undertake water policy reform.5. Statement of Gaps, Barriers and Needs Capacity Building, Education and Awareness - Public communication is an integral element of the GSDS.', 'Statement of Gaps, Barriers and Needs Capacity Building, Education and Awareness - Public communication is an integral element of the GSDS. The program of action component of the GSDS contains provisions for education, awareness and training. To support economic growth, sustainable development and resiliency, the GSDS recognizes the need to develop adequate skills and capacities via the implementation of the Education Sector Strategy 2011-2016, at all educational levels and institutions. With an emphasis on education and training, the GSDS also proposes the alignment of education and training to current labour market needs. Furthermore, the GSDS will develop programs to educate and provide employment opportunities to at-risk youth. Capacity building efforts around adaptation planning is a priority.', 'Capacity building efforts around adaptation planning is a priority. In addition, resource needs are expected to be significant over the period used to implement the adaptation actions that are specified in the NCCPSAP. Some specific climate change adaptation needs in the sector plans include the need to educate different stakeholder groups about climate change adaptation measures and to help them develop capacity to Tourism Identify and assess coastal tourism areas in Belize that are vulnerable to Climate Change and provide support to coastal planners and policy makers in selecting appropriate policies and adaptation strategies that meet climate adaptation, developmental and environmental goals. Mainstream Climate Change in the Tourism Master Plan for Belize, to support Adaptation Measures, especially on the Coastline, but also to further promote Environmental and Responsible Tourism Best Practices.', 'Mainstream Climate Change in the Tourism Master Plan for Belize, to support Adaptation Measures, especially on the Coastline, but also to further promote Environmental and Responsible Tourism Best Practices. Fisheries and Aquaculture Adopt the new Fisheries Resources Bill and subsidiary regulations; revise and adopt mangrove regulations and EIA regulations; support mangrove and fisheries conservation and management plans to protect wetlands and sea grass beds; monitor compliance with EIA regulation requirements for coastal mangroves alterations. Human Health Undertake a climate change vulnerability and capacity assessment for the health sector; improve the capture, management and monitoring of diseases and vectors affected; increase human resource capacity and improve efficiency; develop education awareness program to educate population on adaptation measures; improve disease control and prevention; promote investment in health infrastructure.', 'Human Health Undertake a climate change vulnerability and capacity assessment for the health sector; improve the capture, management and monitoring of diseases and vectors affected; increase human resource capacity and improve efficiency; develop education awareness program to educate population on adaptation measures; improve disease control and prevention; promote investment in health infrastructure. Forestry Maintain and restore healthy forest ecosystems by sustainable forest management, increasing afforestation and reforestation in order to increase the resilience of human communities.research, develop and implement adaptation strategies. Some institutions have recognized the need to shift from general public awareness and education to a community based approach for environmental education programmes, which would address specific issues and concerns.', 'Some institutions have recognized the need to shift from general public awareness and education to a community based approach for environmental education programmes, which would address specific issues and concerns. These needs all tie in with the critical success factor 3 of the GSDS for “Sustained or improved health of natural, environmental, historical and cultural assets”. Research and Monitoring - Climate action depends on the availability of high-quality scientific information. Climate data, science, information, and knowledge are critical elements in all facets of development under a changing climate. Many government sectoral plans and strategies have express the need for research and monitoring related to climate change adaptation and mitigation but they lack the human and financial resources to fully undertake this task.', 'Many government sectoral plans and strategies have express the need for research and monitoring related to climate change adaptation and mitigation but they lack the human and financial resources to fully undertake this task. The way forward will include innovative approaches in partnerships between the University, local agencies and overseas research institutions. Additionally, initiatives such as mangrove restoration and protection offer new opportunities in scientific field study to assess the carbon storage capacity of mangrove ecosystems, known as the Blue Economy. Technology - The GSDS encourages technology development and transfer, the building of institutional capacities and developing intelligence frameworks to support technology adoption and innovation, including green technologies. Technology for diversifying fossil fuels for renewable energy, or protecting critical infrastructure is prohibitively expensive.', 'Technology for diversifying fossil fuels for renewable energy, or protecting critical infrastructure is prohibitively expensive. To address these challenges, alliances with overseas partners including donors need to be continued. There is also insufficient technological capacity to undertake effective research on climate change modelling and risks, monitoring of climate change impacts and implementation of adaptation measures. Coordination / Legislation - The mitigation and adaptation strategies and actions outlined earlier are cross sectoral and multidisciplinary in nature and will therefore require a coherent approach to implementation. This is currently a barrier as the responsibility for implementation falls within various ministries and government departments. While there is increased knowledge and appreciation for the need to implement these measures, several ministries still consider climate change an environmental issue and not a priority.', 'While there is increased knowledge and appreciation for the need to implement these measures, several ministries still consider climate change an environmental issue and not a priority. The way forward is to adopt the recommendation to elevate the NCCO to a Climate Change Department fully responsible for coordinating all relevant mitigation and adaptation policies, strategies, plans and programmes across various sectors and Government Ministries. Legislation may need to be reviewed and amended and adequate financial resources sourced. Finance - Financial resources, for example, international climate finance, private sector and public sector finance will be required to implement the Climate Action Plan (mitigation and adaptation).', 'Finance - Financial resources, for example, international climate finance, private sector and public sector finance will be required to implement the Climate Action Plan (mitigation and adaptation). Mitigation cost is estimated at reducing at around USD 10 million (excluding the cost of reducing transmission & distribution losses and co-benefits from renewable energy) in NPV, using a 5% discount rate. Mitigation cost to reduce emissions from transmission& distribution is estimated at USD 16-23 millionof reduced electricity expenditures over 2015-2030. Mitigation cost to implement hydropower projects would be around USD 58 million (in NPV terms) and bagasse power plant would cost USD 39 million (in NPV terms). Mitigation cost for Solar PV projects in net present value would cost USD 45 million over the period 2015-2030.', 'Mitigation cost for Solar PV projects in net present value would cost USD 45 million over the period 2015-2030. Financial costs relating to adaptation are contained in the section on additional information. 6. Planning process Belize intends to support the delivery of its NDC through the implementation of the comprehensive National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan.', 'Planning process Belize intends to support the delivery of its NDC through the implementation of the comprehensive National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan. The plan incorporates the following elements: Sectoral action plans covering all of the activities summarized above, led by the respective line ministries; Synergies with the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy; The Belize National Climate Change Committee, which is supported by the National Climate Change Office, to facilitate the coordination of climate change activities on behalf of the Government of Belize; Implementing the National Roadmap to achieve a Low Carbon Development Strategy; A proposed Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (to be developed and implemented), encompassing greenhouse gas inventory, sustainable development impacts, NAMA monitoring reporting and verification framework, adaptation M&E framework and climate finance tracking system; Supporting initiatives on stakeholder engagement and capacity building.', 'The plan incorporates the following elements: Sectoral action plans covering all of the activities summarized above, led by the respective line ministries; Synergies with the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy; The Belize National Climate Change Committee, which is supported by the National Climate Change Office, to facilitate the coordination of climate change activities on behalf of the Government of Belize; Implementing the National Roadmap to achieve a Low Carbon Development Strategy; A proposed Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (to be developed and implemented), encompassing greenhouse gas inventory, sustainable development impacts, NAMA monitoring reporting and verification framework, adaptation M&E framework and climate finance tracking system; Supporting initiatives on stakeholder engagement and capacity building. 7. Means of implementation Belize’s NDC includes both an unconditional and conditional contribution.', 'Means of implementation Belize’s NDC includes both an unconditional and conditional contribution. The unconditional contribution will be given by enabling existing policies, laws and projects, the provision of staff and the integration of development and climate change activities. The conditional contribution assumes that international support will be needed.The implementation costs of mitigation actions are yet to be determined. Some rough cost estimates for Energy sector mitigation actions are also included in the technical report, but they are indeed preliminary and need further refinement to make projects bankable. 8. Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation is considered to be crucial for the effective and efficient implementation of climate change adaptation activities at the national level.', 'Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation is considered to be crucial for the effective and efficient implementation of climate change adaptation activities at the national level. A monitoring and evaluation framework has been developed by the National Climate Change Office which lays out the components of the national climate change programme and describes how the stated activities will lead to the desired outcomes. The Belize National Climate Change Committee chaired by the Chief Executive Officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change will function as the main body to monitor implementation of climate change adaptation programmes/projects, and identify emerging gaps and opportunities for further action. 9.', 'The Belize National Climate Change Committee chaired by the Chief Executive Officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change will function as the main body to monitor implementation of climate change adaptation programmes/projects, and identify emerging gaps and opportunities for further action. 9. Additional information Belize’s Climate Change Action Plan Belize’s Climate Change Action Plan focuses on building the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenges of climate change. In Belize, like most SIDs, GHG emissions are relatively small, but international commitments as well as opportunities to benefit from associated mitigation initiatives (reduced deforestation and energy conservation) has prompted their inclusion in the development of the National Climate Change Policy Strategy and Action Plan.', 'In Belize, like most SIDs, GHG emissions are relatively small, but international commitments as well as opportunities to benefit from associated mitigation initiatives (reduced deforestation and energy conservation) has prompted their inclusion in the development of the National Climate Change Policy Strategy and Action Plan. Agriculture, land-use change and the forestry sector are considered prime areas for climate change adaptation but are also known to be contributors to GHG emissions and will require the development of policy initiatives to reduce such threats. The energy and transportation sectors, because of the benefits to be derived through the pursuit of sustainable energy and low-carbon development initiatives, will also require policy initiatives which seek to limit emissions of GHGs.', 'The energy and transportation sectors, because of the benefits to be derived through the pursuit of sustainable energy and low-carbon development initiatives, will also require policy initiatives which seek to limit emissions of GHGs. Belize identified the following key sectors for which adaptation and mitigation strategy and action plans will be addressed; these are: Agriculture Forestry Fisheries and Aquaculture Coastal and Marine Resources Water Resources Land use and Human Settlements Human Health Energy Tourism Transportation Solid Waste Enhance Food Security and Sustainability: Agriculture is critical to Belize’s development, given its importance both in terms of food self-sufficiency, employment, and being one of the country’s major exports and earnings of foreign exchange.', 'Belize identified the following key sectors for which adaptation and mitigation strategy and action plans will be addressed; these are: Agriculture Forestry Fisheries and Aquaculture Coastal and Marine Resources Water Resources Land use and Human Settlements Human Health Energy Tourism Transportation Solid Waste Enhance Food Security and Sustainability: Agriculture is critical to Belize’s development, given its importance both in terms of food self-sufficiency, employment, and being one of the country’s major exports and earnings of foreign exchange. Belize has developed a National Agriculture Sector Adaptation Strategy to address climate change in Belize, in order to combat the detrimental effects of climate change.', 'Belize has developed a National Agriculture Sector Adaptation Strategy to address climate change in Belize, in order to combat the detrimental effects of climate change. These recommendations include both short and long-term measures to address critical gaps in technological developments relevant to crop production, better soil management practices, diversification into drought resistant crops and livestock, and farm production adaptations which include, but is not limited to, land use, land topography and water management including use of low-water irrigation systems and water harvesting/storage. The estimated cost for planned activities totals approximately USD $15,960,000.', 'The estimated cost for planned activities totals approximately USD $15,960,000. Integrating Climate Change in Revised National Plan: Belize is well known for its pristine forests and is reported to have the highest forest cover in both Central America and the Caribbean (62% as a percentage of land, 37% of which are primary forests). However, the forests of Belize, like other natural resource sectors, are anticipated to be impacted by the various manifestations of climate change. The proposed interventions to mainstream adaptation and mitigation to climate change will be achieved by providing guidance for actions that concerns the direct and indirect threats posed by global climate change on forests and forest dependent people in order to reduce their vulnerability, increase their resilience and adaptation to climate change.', 'The proposed interventions to mainstream adaptation and mitigation to climate change will be achieved by providing guidance for actions that concerns the direct and indirect threats posed by global climate change on forests and forest dependent people in order to reduce their vulnerability, increase their resilience and adaptation to climate change. The estimated cost for planned activities totals approximately USD $5,158,000. Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector: The fisheries sector is important to Belize because it is an important food source, provides an income and livelihood for several persons as well as an earner of important foreign exchange.', 'Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector: The fisheries sector is important to Belize because it is an important food source, provides an income and livelihood for several persons as well as an earner of important foreign exchange. Given the importance of the fisheries sector as a source of food and earner of foreign exchange, it is imperative that management measures are introduced to ensure its sustainability including addressing the threats of climate change. Interventions under the fisheries sector aim to achieve the sustainable management of the fisheries resources, and theconservation and preservation of fisheries resources and marine habitats in promoting reef ecosystem resilience. Estimated cost is approximately USD$ 500,000 annually.', 'Estimated cost is approximately USD$ 500,000 annually. Implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan: The importance of the coastal zone in the productive sector of Belize is increasing rapidly. Most industries in Belize are either directly or indirectly reliant on some component of the coastal environment to function. Industries such as fishing and tourism are dependent on the organisms that inhabit the coastal area to sustain them. Other industries such as agriculture, aquaculture, and petroleum use the coastal waters to transport their products, thereby allowing them to engage in overseas trade. Rapid economic development, directly attributed to tourism and recreational activities and population growth, have led to increasing pressures on coastal and marine resources, with implications to the livelihoods of those that depend upon them.', 'Rapid economic development, directly attributed to tourism and recreational activities and population growth, have led to increasing pressures on coastal and marine resources, with implications to the livelihoods of those that depend upon them. These anthropogenic threats are compounded by natural hazards, global warming and rising sea levels and the vulnerability of sensitive coastal ecological systems to climate change. It is therefore, imperative to ensure that the coastal zone is managed and utilized in a manner that will continue to support important ecological functions, as well as social, cultural and economic prosperity for current and future generations.', 'It is therefore, imperative to ensure that the coastal zone is managed and utilized in a manner that will continue to support important ecological functions, as well as social, cultural and economic prosperity for current and future generations. The overall objective is to promote the adoption and implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan which will ensure responsible and sustainable use of Belize’s coastal and marine resources in the face of climate change. The cost of activities to promote the adoption and implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan is estimated at approximately USD $500,000 annually.', 'The cost of activities to promote the adoption and implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan is estimated at approximately USD $500,000 annually. Improved Integrated Water Resource Management: Due to its geographic location, relatively high level of forest cover, and 18 different water catchment areas, Belize is recognized as having an adequate supply of freshwater. However, like other resource sectors, a number of anthropogenic factors (increases in demand due to expansion in the agricultural, industrial and tourism sectors, a growing population and accompanying water pollution and watershed destruction), together with impending threats of climate change, are placing a heavy strain on the sustainability of this resource. The overall goal is to enhance the protection and restoration of forest ecosystems and build the resiliency of water catchment areas.', 'The overall goal is to enhance the protection and restoration of forest ecosystems and build the resiliency of water catchment areas. Activities to realize the goal are: Develop Regulations to complement the commencement of the National Integrated Water Resources Management ACT (2010); operationalization of the National Integrated Water Resources Authority (NIWRA): capacity building for the Hydrology Unit to transition to the Authority; develop a Water Vulnerability Profile to support the Water Master Plan; prepare a National Water Master Plan for the entire country; and, complete feasibility studies for a National Water Quality Laboratory.Resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities will be around USD 1,500, 000.', 'Activities to realize the goal are: Develop Regulations to complement the commencement of the National Integrated Water Resources Management ACT (2010); operationalization of the National Integrated Water Resources Authority (NIWRA): capacity building for the Hydrology Unit to transition to the Authority; develop a Water Vulnerability Profile to support the Water Master Plan; prepare a National Water Master Plan for the entire country; and, complete feasibility studies for a National Water Quality Laboratory.Resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities will be around USD 1,500, 000. Integrate Climate Change in the Tourism Sector: In Belize, like most other SIDS, most of the tourist assets are located within the narrow coastal belt and the growth of the industry is perceived as having a potential detrimental effect on the environmental resources on which it is dependent.', 'Integrate Climate Change in the Tourism Sector: In Belize, like most other SIDS, most of the tourist assets are located within the narrow coastal belt and the growth of the industry is perceived as having a potential detrimental effect on the environmental resources on which it is dependent. The goal is to assess the vulnerability of Belize’s tourism system to climate change and ensuring the mainstreaming of climate change considerations throughout the sector to enhance ecosystem resilience, equitable distribution of tourism activities and fostering of sustainable tourism development, at a local and national scale.', 'The goal is to assess the vulnerability of Belize’s tourism system to climate change and ensuring the mainstreaming of climate change considerations throughout the sector to enhance ecosystem resilience, equitable distribution of tourism activities and fostering of sustainable tourism development, at a local and national scale. Building Resilience of Human Settlements: The strategy is to promote the adoption of an integrated land tenure and land classification policy and developing and implementing programmes which discourage the establishment of human settlements in areas prone to natural hazards (flooding, land slippages, high winds and storm surges), and develop housing and settlement patterns/practices that enhance climate change adaptation and are resilient to climate change. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.', 'The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined. Enhance Resiliency of Transportation Sector: Several of Belize’s roads and bridges are vulnerable to seasonal floods. Belize’s waterways also become un-navigable during certain periods. In the absence of a transport policy, it is imperative that a vulnerability assessment is undertaken with greater focus being placed on assessing the vulnerability of the transport infrastructure, particularly in urban areas and other areas which are critical in sustaining the country’s productive sectors (tourism, agriculture and ports). An improved and energy efficient transport sector will not only reduce the country’s vulnerability to storm surges and floods, but also assist in reducing GHG emission. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.', 'The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined. Strengthened and Improved Human Health: It is important that the Ministry of Health undertake a Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for the health sector. This is important for the country to be well informed of the impacts of climate change on the health sector and the adoption of practices and technologies that will reduce exposure and health impacts from extreme heat, and improve physical infrastructure of health institutions and their functional capacity. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.Improved Waste Management: Until a few years ago, the uncontrolled dumping and burning of garbage, as a form of final disposal throughout Belize, was quite common.', 'The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.Improved Waste Management: Until a few years ago, the uncontrolled dumping and burning of garbage, as a form of final disposal throughout Belize, was quite common. Such practices, compounded by inadequate waste collection systems and the lack of technical and environmental controls have impact on the health of the population and pollution of the nearby ocean, thereby affecting coral reefs and affecting the livelihood of thousands of Belizeans whose livelihoods are directly and indirectly linked to fishing and eco-tourism. The overall goal is to implement a National Integrated Waste Management Programme including programmes to reduce, reuse, recover and recycle solid waste and reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.']

en-US

BLZ

Belize

Updated NDC

2021-01-09 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Belize%20Updated%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/85f4392aa5ef0ec08bb8268f55709c1b22ad819063c870b0e1ad069107be5987.pdf

['Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution BELIZE Updated Nationally Determined ContributionBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Contents 1 Executive Summary . 1 3 National context 5 4 NDC development process 11 5 Summary of Belize’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution 13 6 Mitigation targets and actions . 14 7 Adaptation targets and actions . 23 8 Implementation measures 32 9 ICTU Summary . 36 Acknowledgements The updated NDC was supported by the NDC Partnership with IRENA, FAO and UNFCCC RCCMRVH. Drafting was led by a team from Vivid Economics, with support from Lucid Solutions. Additional analysis and drafting for the Forest and Other Land Use sector was carried out by the FOLU Roundtable under the Ministry of Sustainable Development, Climate Change and Disaster Risk management, with support from the Coalition for Rainforest Nations.', 'Additional analysis and drafting for the Forest and Other Land Use sector was carried out by the FOLU Roundtable under the Ministry of Sustainable Development, Climate Change and Disaster Risk management, with support from the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. Additional inputs provided by WWF, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency, the Commonwealth Secretariat, Rocky Mountain Institute, the Climate Technology Collaboration Network (through Fundacion Bariloche) and the UNDP Country Office in Belize. Cover photo by Kevin Quischan.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 1 Executive Summary This document contains Belize’s updated national contributions under the Paris Climate Change Agreement.', 'Cover photo by Kevin Quischan.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 1 Executive Summary This document contains Belize’s updated national contributions under the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Belize submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution in 2016 and is now submitting this updated version ahead of the 26th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is to be held November 2021. This updated version benefits from the availability of more robust data on land use trends and emission factors over the previous version of the NDC submitted in 2016, including the availability of Belize s first Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector Greenhouse Gas Inventory showing long-term trends in emissions and removals since 2001.', 'This updated version benefits from the availability of more robust data on land use trends and emission factors over the previous version of the NDC submitted in 2016, including the availability of Belize s first Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector Greenhouse Gas Inventory showing long-term trends in emissions and removals since 2001. It also carefully considers national capacity and circumstances as well as the availability of technological advancements. It therefore represents an ambitious improvement in the planning and projections of national commitments over the previous NDC, which was largely underpinned by generalized assumptions and deficiencies in data needed for accurate projections in the FOLU sector.', 'It therefore represents an ambitious improvement in the planning and projections of national commitments over the previous NDC, which was largely underpinned by generalized assumptions and deficiencies in data needed for accurate projections in the FOLU sector. As a result, a direct comparison between the first NDC and this updated NDC, in terms of the magnitude of CO2e commitments pertaining to the FOLU sector, cannot be made without considering the increase in accuracy of projections. Belize considers the improvements made in the process to develop more realistic, transparent and achievable NDCs in all sectors as a demonstration of its high ambition goals. Climate change is already affecting the livelihoods of Belizeans.', 'Climate change is already affecting the livelihoods of Belizeans. Belize, as a small country with relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions, has limited capacity to contribute to mitigation of global climate change. However, the country is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. As a member of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize has committed to increasing emissions reduction ambition in this updated NDC, including through the use of nature-based solutions in the FOLU sector intended to increase removals, whilst underpinning the NDC development process with more robust and realistic data and projections in all sectors.', 'As a member of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize has committed to increasing emissions reduction ambition in this updated NDC, including through the use of nature-based solutions in the FOLU sector intended to increase removals, whilst underpinning the NDC development process with more robust and realistic data and projections in all sectors. Belize is committed to developing a long-term strategy aligned with achieving net zero global emissions by 2050. The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term sustainable development.', 'The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term sustainable development. The GSDS is the nation’s primary planning document and outlines four critical success factors for the development of our country and to ensure a better quality of life for all Belizeans, living now and in the future. The development of the updated NDC has included broad stakeholder engagement including participation of vulnerable populations in an inception workshop for the NDC update process. Throughout the development of the updated NDC, progress has been validated through engagement with a technical committee of sector leads, including representation of indigenous peoples.', 'Throughout the development of the updated NDC, progress has been validated through engagement with a technical committee of sector leads, including representation of indigenous peoples. Broader engagement of civil society and project owners was facilitated during an engagement phase. The actions and targets included in this updated NDC have undergone a gender and vulnerable group scoring analysis, which produced recommendations for increasing the gender sensitivity of both the medium-term implementation of the NDC and the long-term low emissions development strategy under development. The primary GHG emitters are the energy, agriculture, waste, and industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector.', 'The primary GHG emitters are the energy, agriculture, waste, and industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector. The FOLU sector is a net sink of GHG emissions due to GHG removals from forest growth that occurred in the country, which are the main driver of the historical GHG emission profile of Belize. As a Small Island Developing State, Belize recognizes that the health and integrity of coastal ecosystems are vital for the health of people and the planet. “Blue carbon”, e.g. basin, fringe and island mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, play many important roles as a nature-based solution to climate change with mitigation, adaptation, and resilience co-benefits.', 'basin, fringe and island mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, play many important roles as a nature-based solution to climate change with mitigation, adaptation, and resilience co-benefits. These ecosystems sequester and store significant amounts of carbon, help to ameliorate flooding of low-lying areas on the mainland, safeguard frontline communities andBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution infrastructure from climate impacts and build greater resilience, making their healthy function a triple-win for Belize by contributing to the national carbon sink, offsetting sea level rise and coastal erosion while expanding habitat for biodiverse resources, and supporting a more resilient tourism and aquaculture industry. Climate change is already having significant impacts on Belize’s territory, population and key economic sectors.', 'Climate change is already having significant impacts on Belize’s territory, population and key economic sectors. Impacts experienced in the country to date include sustained droughts, floods, increased coastal erosion and changing precipitation patterns. In the future, these effects are expected to increase, thereby threatening the physical and social infrastructure in Belize. Agricultural yields are sensitive to changes in precipitation, temperature and extreme weather. Tourism, which accounts for the most income of any sector is impacted by seal level rise, coral bleaching and impacts on biodiversity. Critical support systems including water resources, health and energy are likewise impacted by the increasingly variable climate in the region.', 'Critical support systems including water resources, health and energy are likewise impacted by the increasingly variable climate in the region. Belize also hosts globally significant ecological resources including rainforest, mangrove forests, wetlands and coral reefs which are under threat from a warming world. Belize considers adaptation as a high priority given its vulnerability to natural hazards and climate-related shocks. Targets included in this updated NDC are estimated to avoid a cumulative emissions total across all sectors of mentioned previously, this revised commitment is not necessarily comparable to the commitment in the first NDC due to improvements in data underlying the projections. Never-the-less, there is a 5% increase in overall commitments in this updated NDC.', 'Never-the-less, there is a 5% increase in overall commitments in this updated NDC. Key sector targets include: a 63% increase in GHG removals related to the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector and an increase of renewable energy projects for grid connected electricity generation. Targets also include a number of sectoral actions to build resilience and develop capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change in key economic sectors and supporting systems. As part of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize announced its intention to develop a long-term low emissions development strategy, which will include targets for mitigation in key sectors to 2050. This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition.', 'This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition. Notably, ambition has been integrated into the updated NDC through the following enhancements: ● Improvements in the data availability and analysis of projections underpinning commitments, especially in the FOLU sector ● Realistic and achievable commitments ● Increased ambition through expanded sectoral targets ● Expanded coverage of gases covered in targets to include N2 O and Methane in AFOLU interventions ● Further specification of targets including addition of time frames, quantified emissions reductions and other outcomes ● Increased transparency in the development of targets ● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC.', 'Notably, ambition has been integrated into the updated NDC through the following enhancements: ● Improvements in the data availability and analysis of projections underpinning commitments, especially in the FOLU sector ● Realistic and achievable commitments ● Increased ambition through expanded sectoral targets ● Expanded coverage of gases covered in targets to include N2 O and Methane in AFOLU interventions ● Further specification of targets including addition of time frames, quantified emissions reductions and other outcomes ● Increased transparency in the development of targets ● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC. The targets and actions set out in this document demonstrate Belize’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement including: ● A set of mitigation targets in line with a global goal to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius 1 Maintaining deforestation outside of protected areas below 0.6% annually, in line with the REDD+ strategy, could deliver an additional 24 MTCO2e in avoided emissions.', 'The targets and actions set out in this document demonstrate Belize’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement including: ● A set of mitigation targets in line with a global goal to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius 1 Maintaining deforestation outside of protected areas below 0.6% annually, in line with the REDD+ strategy, could deliver an additional 24 MTCO2e in avoided emissions. 2 These estimates are based on preliminary calculations developed by IRENA, FAO, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, the FOLU roundtable and CfRN.', '2 These estimates are based on preliminary calculations developed by IRENA, FAO, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, the FOLU roundtable and CfRN. Avoided emissions estimates are based on a BAU scenario informed by data from Belize s GHG inventory submitted in its first BUR and reflects existing policies, and is projected from 2020.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ● A set of adaptation actions designed to develop resilience of critical systems and populations in Belize ● Consideration of the costs of delivering actions identified and level of climate finance resources to support delivery of these actions. Government of Belize has also taken a number of steps towards mobilizing finance for climate change activities from domestic and international sources.', 'Government of Belize has also taken a number of steps towards mobilizing finance for climate change activities from domestic and international sources. Recognizing the importance of climate finance aspects, the Climate Finance Working Group has been established under the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC) to provide guidance to the national efforts to access, manage and effectively use climate finance. The Government of Belize has increased public capital investment in climate change, especially on resilience building aspects. The mitigation targets and actions included above are estimated to cost close to USD$ 1.39 billion between 2021 and 2030. Recognizing funding that is already committed, the funding gap to deliver these actions is estimated at USD$ 1.24 billion.', 'Recognizing funding that is already committed, the funding gap to deliver these actions is estimated at USD$ 1.24 billion. Considering recoverable costs in the energy and waste sector, this gap could fall to USD$ 607 million. The targets and actions included in the NDC related to adapting to the impacts of climate change are estimated to cost a total of USD$ 318 million between 2021 and 2030. Recognizing funding that is already committed, the funding gap to deliver these actions is estimated at USD$ 146 million. The implementation of the targets and actions covered by this NDC will be coordinated by the Belize National Climate Change Office (NCCO), through advice and guidance provided by the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC).', 'The implementation of the targets and actions covered by this NDC will be coordinated by the Belize National Climate Change Office (NCCO), through advice and guidance provided by the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC). Relevant ministries and stakeholders are represented on the BNCCC. An NDC Implementation Plan will be developed to set out annual targets, funding conditionalities and requirements and responsible parties for activities required to deliver the actions and targets included in the NDC. The NDC Implementation Plan will include specific consideration of how to incorporate stakeholder engagement and delivery of actions to promote a just transition in Belize.', 'The NDC Implementation Plan will include specific consideration of how to incorporate stakeholder engagement and delivery of actions to promote a just transition in Belize. In coordination with the NDC implementation plan, a series of evaluation systems will be put in place to monitor annual progress against targets and actions for both mitigation and adaptation.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution This document contains Belize’s updated national contributions under the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Belize submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution in 2016 and is submitting an updated version of these commitments ahead of the 26th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is to be held November 2021.', 'Belize submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution in 2016 and is submitting an updated version of these commitments ahead of the 26th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is to be held November 2021. The targets and actions included below reflect relevant policies, strategies and plans in sectors relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation. They are an extension and application of the focus on climate change in Belize’s key development plans, including the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy. Links to the Sustainable Development Goals are highlighted for each target and action presented.', 'Links to the Sustainable Development Goals are highlighted for each target and action presented. The NDC also summarizes the plans for implementing the actions set out, including activities to finance and monitor progress.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 3 National context Climate change is already affecting the livelihoods of Belizeans. Belize, as a small country with relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions, has limited capacity to contribute to mitigation of global climate change. However, the country is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.', 'However, the country is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. In light of these realities, Belize’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is guided by its commitment to strategically transition to low carbon development while strengthening its resilience to the effects of climate change. Belize is an upper middle-income country with a population of 400,000 (2018), 42% (or about 170,000) of whom live in poverty (2009). Belize was ranked 110/189 (2019) on the comprehensive Human Development The national territory covers a land area of approximately 22,967 km2, including 280 km of coastland.', 'Belize was ranked 110/189 (2019) on the comprehensive Human Development The national territory covers a land area of approximately 22,967 km2, including 280 km of coastland. The mainland makes up 95% of the territory, and 5% is represented by more than 1,060 small islands or Cayes. In 2019, GDP amounted to USD$ 2 billion and has experienced between 2-3% annual growth over recent years. The economy is dominated by the service sector (70% of output), including a significant tourism sector. Agriculture and industry are also significant. Reflecting the importance of tourism to the country’s economy, Covid-19 has had a major impact on growth, with an expected 15% contraction estimated in 2020.4 Belize has a relatively high debt to GDP ratio of 90%.', 'Reflecting the importance of tourism to the country’s economy, Covid-19 has had a major impact on growth, with an expected 15% contraction estimated in 2020.4 Belize has a relatively high debt to GDP ratio of 90%. The unemployment rate is 9.4% (2018). Gender inequality is in line with global averages, and Belize is ranked 89 of 189 countries. 3.2 Climate change in Belize 3.2.1 Impacts of climate change Global climate change is one of the most serious threats to sustainable development in Belize. Impacts experienced in the country to date include sustained droughts, floods, increased coastal erosion and changing precipitation patterns. Combined, these climate changes and related phenomena are having significant impacts on many environmental, physical, social and economic systems within the country.', 'Combined, these climate changes and related phenomena are having significant impacts on many environmental, physical, social and economic systems within the country. In the future, these effects are expected to increase, thereby threatening the physical and social infrastructure in Belize. According to the recent systematic country diagnostic by the World Bank Group, Belize is one of the most affected countries in the world by weather related events and other natural hazards. As such, Belize incurs annual losses of close to 4% of GDP due to natural disasters (Carneiro, 2016).', 'As such, Belize incurs annual losses of close to 4% of GDP due to natural disasters (Carneiro, 2016). Key vulnerabilities identified include: ● Hurricanes and tropical storms causing severe losses from wind damage and flooding due to storm surges and heavy rainfall ● Belize City is especially vulnerable to flood damage due to its low-lying land and exposed positions on the coast; low lying topography makes the country’s coastal areas especially vulnerable to sea level rise 4 ECLAC (2020) ‘Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean’Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ● Extreme temperatures affecting crops and livestock ● Home to the second largest barrier reef; its species are especially vulnerable to global warming ● Among small states, Belize ranks 3rd for susceptibility to natural disasters and 5th at risk for climate ● Ranked 120 (59th most vulnerable) out of 181 countries on vulnerability score6 Projected climate change impacts for Belize include a rise in temperature of between 2°C and 4°C by 2100, a 7-8% decrease in the length of the rainy season, a 6-8% increase in the length of the dry season and a 20% increase in the intensity of rainfall in very short periods.', 'Key vulnerabilities identified include: ● Hurricanes and tropical storms causing severe losses from wind damage and flooding due to storm surges and heavy rainfall ● Belize City is especially vulnerable to flood damage due to its low-lying land and exposed positions on the coast; low lying topography makes the country’s coastal areas especially vulnerable to sea level rise 4 ECLAC (2020) ‘Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean’Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ● Extreme temperatures affecting crops and livestock ● Home to the second largest barrier reef; its species are especially vulnerable to global warming ● Among small states, Belize ranks 3rd for susceptibility to natural disasters and 5th at risk for climate ● Ranked 120 (59th most vulnerable) out of 181 countries on vulnerability score6 Projected climate change impacts for Belize include a rise in temperature of between 2°C and 4°C by 2100, a 7-8% decrease in the length of the rainy season, a 6-8% increase in the length of the dry season and a 20% increase in the intensity of rainfall in very short periods. Other expected impacts include increased erosion and contamination of coastal areas, sea level rise, flooding and an increase in the intensity and occurrence of natural hazards such as hurricanes.', 'Other expected impacts include increased erosion and contamination of coastal areas, sea level rise, flooding and an increase in the intensity and occurrence of natural hazards such as hurricanes. Many of the effects of climate change are already being felt on the low lying coastal zone and are expected to have significant impacts on many environmental, physical, social and economic systems in Belize. In the agriculture sector, Belize expects a projected loss of production within the range of 10% to 20% which could lead to million dollars in lost revenue by the year 2100. The fisheries sector is also under threat from warmer sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events.', 'The fisheries sector is also under threat from warmer sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. A decline in this industry can significantly affect Belize’s food security as well as GDP. It would also affect over 3,500 licensed fishers, which could lead to an annual loss of approximately USD$ 12.5 million per year. The tourism industry in Belize, which is largely nature based and dependent on natural resources, will primarily be affected by extreme weather events, flooding, inundation, saltwater intrusion and erosion which will occur as a result of rising sea levels. Climate change will threaten the health of Belize’s coral reefs and will affect water supplies and physical property, all of which are critical for the sustainability of the sector.', 'Climate change will threaten the health of Belize’s coral reefs and will affect water supplies and physical property, all of which are critical for the sustainability of the sector. The combined effects of reduced tourism demand, loss of infrastructure, loss of beaches and the loss of the barrier reef can result in the reduced income of approximately USD$ 24 million per year. In 2015, Belize, like much of the Caribbean Basin, saw the introduction of a new economic and ecological challenge with the high rate of influx of sargassum to the region. While studies are still being carried out to understand much more effectively the origins of this influx, climate change is considered an important contributing factor.', 'While studies are still being carried out to understand much more effectively the origins of this influx, climate change is considered an important contributing factor. Similarly, the increase in vector-borne diseases in the region, such as the rise of Chikungunya and Zika virus, creates a significant negative image and impact on the Caribbean and Latin America travel and trade dynamics. The country is also affected by tropical storms, tropical waves and hurricanes that move westward through the Caribbean from the months of June to November. Belize considers adaptation as a high priority given its vulnerability to natural hazards and climate-related shocks.', 'Belize considers adaptation as a high priority given its vulnerability to natural hazards and climate-related shocks. The impacts of climate change will increase over time and Belizean children of today will face the greatest risks, but have the least influence to affect change. 3.2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions The following table shows the historical GHG emissions used for the updated NDC, which has been estimated based on the national GHG emissions inventory reported in Belize’s 2020 Biennial Update Report.', '3.2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions The following table shows the historical GHG emissions used for the updated NDC, which has been estimated based on the national GHG emissions inventory reported in Belize’s 2020 Biennial Update Report. 5 As discussed in IMF (2016) “Small States’ Resilience to Natural Disasters and Climate Change – Role for the IMF” advanced market economies (as assessed in the World Economic Outlook) or high-income oil exporting countries (as defined by the World Bank)Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 1.', '5 As discussed in IMF (2016) “Small States’ Resilience to Natural Disasters and Climate Change – Role for the IMF” advanced market economies (as assessed in the World Economic Outlook) or high-income oil exporting countries (as defined by the World Bank)Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 1. GHG emissions in the historical period (Gg CO2-eq) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) 31.43 42.50 43.69 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) -7,771.37 -6,104.27 -6,683.66 Source: National Climate Change Office (2020) Belize’s First Biennial Update Report Due to significant carbon storage in the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector, the entire country of Belize is a sink of GHG emissions.', 'GHG emissions in the historical period (Gg CO2-eq) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) 31.43 42.50 43.69 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) -7,771.37 -6,104.27 -6,683.66 Source: National Climate Change Office (2020) Belize’s First Biennial Update Report Due to significant carbon storage in the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector, the entire country of Belize is a sink of GHG emissions. The main driver of emissions in the FOLU sector is the conversion of forest land to grasslands and croplands, though carbon dioxide removals from forest growth are substantially higher than emissions from land-use change. Reduced emissions from stemming deforestation and forest degradation have been preliminarily identified as significant mitigation opportunities in the sector.', 'Reduced emissions from stemming deforestation and forest degradation have been preliminarily identified as significant mitigation opportunities in the sector. The primary GHG emitters are the energy, agriculture, waste, and industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector. Energy production in Belize comes from sources such as wood (11.7%), petroleum gas (0.7%), hydro (11.4%), biomass (50.1%) and crude oil (26.1%).7 In the electricity sector, 37% of electricity is imported from Mexico’s Comisión Federal de Energía. The very significant electricity imports limit the GHG emissions of the sector. Nevertheless, if these imports are replaced by fossil fuel generation, GHG emissions assigned to Belize would increase significantly.', 'Nevertheless, if these imports are replaced by fossil fuel generation, GHG emissions assigned to Belize would increase significantly. An important feedback loop is expected as a result of climate impacts – increased temperatures are expected to increase demand for cooling systems in both commercial and residential settings. The transport sub-sector is the largest GHG emitter in the energy sector, representing a significant opportunity to reduce emissions through interventions targeting this sector. In the agriculture sector, the primary GHG emissions sources are livestock and forest fires. The mitigation opportunities for livestock are limited, but the control of forest fires was identified as a key opportunity to reduce national GHG emissions. In the waste sector, emissions are generated from both the solid waste and wastewater management sector.', 'In the waste sector, emissions are generated from both the solid waste and wastewater management sector. The improvement of this area will bring significant co-benefits for national health, tourism, and standards of living. In the IPPU sector, the size of the industry of the country is limited, and a significant change is not expected in this regard. Nevertheless, consumption emissions such as the emissions coming from the refrigerant and air conditioning will be rising, as Belize expects tourism to increase in the short and medium term.', 'Nevertheless, consumption emissions such as the emissions coming from the refrigerant and air conditioning will be rising, as Belize expects tourism to increase in the short and medium term. 3.3 National activity on climate change The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term 7 National Climate Change Office (2020) Belize’s First Biennial Update ReportBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution sustainable development. The GSDS is the nation’s primary planning document and outlines four critical success factors for the development of our country and to ensure a better quality of life for all Belizeans, living now and in the future.', 'The GSDS is the nation’s primary planning document and outlines four critical success factors for the development of our country and to ensure a better quality of life for all Belizeans, living now and in the future. In April 2016, Belize ratified the Paris Agreement and submitted its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to implement the Paris Agreement. Belize’s mitigation potential proposed under its NDC covered multiple sectors such as forestry, electricity, waste and transport conditional on the availability of cost- effective technology, capacity building and adequate financial support. The initial NDC outlined actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from land use and forestry, fuel wood consumption, electricity, transportation and solid waste.', 'The initial NDC outlined actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from land use and forestry, fuel wood consumption, electricity, transportation and solid waste. Encapsulated in Belize’s original NDC are conditional commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and unconditional commitments to facilitate adaptation nationally. As a member of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize has committed to increasing emissions reduction ambition in an updated NDC and developing a long-term strategy aligned with achieving net zero global emissions by 3.3.1 Policy landscape for climate change in Belize The Government of Belize is committed to strategically transition to low carbon development while strengthening its resilience to the effects of climate change.', 'As a member of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize has committed to increasing emissions reduction ambition in an updated NDC and developing a long-term strategy aligned with achieving net zero global emissions by 3.3.1 Policy landscape for climate change in Belize The Government of Belize is committed to strategically transition to low carbon development while strengthening its resilience to the effects of climate change. Belize has mainstreamed climate change into its national development planning framework, including the long-term development plan (Horizon 2030) and medium-term development plan (Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy). In addition to the existing NDC, the government has developed a National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan as well as a climate-resilient investment plan. Many sector-level plans include climate targets.', 'Many sector-level plans include climate targets. The 2016 NDC builds on these plans and focuses on reducing emissions from the forestry, transport, energy, and waste sectors and strengthening the resilience of coastal and marine resources, agriculture, water resources, tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, human health, infrastructure, and forestry. The National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan sets out the policy direction to strategically transition Belize’s economy to one that is characteristic of low-carbon development while strengthening resilience to the effects of climate change. More specifically, relevant policies include: ● HORIZON 2030 - the national development framework which was developed after extensive stakeholder consultation inclusive of all political parties. One of its four main pillars is responsible environmental stewardship.', 'One of its four main pillars is responsible environmental stewardship. The strategies to achieve this pillar, namely integrating environmental sustainability into development planning and promoting sustainable energy for all, address the areas of concern relating to Belize’s emission profile. ● THE NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK - aims to provide options that Belize can pursue for energy efficiency, sustainability and resilience over the next 30 years. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan is a tool to achieve Belize’s renewable energy and energy efficiency potential while meeting the Government’s economic, social and environmental goals. It provides a framework of actions and tasks to overcome barriers to sustainable energy for the period 2014-2030.', 'It provides a framework of actions and tasks to overcome barriers to sustainable energy for the period 2014-2030. ● THE NATIONAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE INVESTMENT PLAN 2013 - provides the framework for an efficient, productive and strategic approach to building economic and social resilience and development. Special importance is given to building climate resilience and reducing disaster risk ● THE GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - the guiding development plan for the period 2016–2019. It adopts an integrated, systemic approach and encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction and longer-term sustainable development issues. ThisBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution planning document also provides detailed guidance on priorities and on specific actions to be taken during the planning period, including actions that contribute to longer term development objectives beyond 2019.', 'ThisBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution planning document also provides detailed guidance on priorities and on specific actions to be taken during the planning period, including actions that contribute to longer term development objectives beyond 2019. ● THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY, STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NCCPSAP), 2015-2020 - provides policy guidance for the development of an appropriate administrative and legislative framework, in harmony with other sectoral policies, for the pursuance of a low-carbon development path for Belize. In addition, the NCCPSAP also seeks to encourage the development of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution and to communicate it to the UNFCCC.', 'In addition, the NCCPSAP also seeks to encourage the development of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution and to communicate it to the UNFCCC. ● ROADMAP FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - creates a platform for low carbon growth in new areas while still attaining the national development targets. The roadmap compliments the NCCPSAP and GSDS by focusing on building technical capacity, strengthening institutions and policies, facilitating public-private partnerships and engaging stakeholders to adopt sustainable practices which should lead to national resilience to the impacts of climate change. ● THE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY (NSWMP) - the main public policy instrument regarding the management of solid waste (e.g., municipal, industrial and hazardous types of waste, among others) for Belize.', '● THE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY (NSWMP) - the main public policy instrument regarding the management of solid waste (e.g., municipal, industrial and hazardous types of waste, among others) for Belize. Its overall goal is to ensure that “The system for managing solid wastes in Belize is financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life," while also contributing to the promotion of sustainable development by preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial. The measures outlined in the NSWMP will be implemented in accordance with the National Solid Waste Management Strategy and Implementation Plan which have also been prepared. ● In addition to these policies and strategy documents, national climate adaptation plans have been developed for the agriculture and water sectors.', '● In addition to these policies and strategy documents, national climate adaptation plans have been developed for the agriculture and water sectors. 3.3.2 Activities related to climate change since the 2016 NDC submission Blue carbon As a Small Island Developing State, Belize recognizes that the health and integrity of coastal ecosystems are vital for the health of people and the planet. “Blue carbon”, e.g. mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, play many important roles as a nature-based solution to climate change with mitigation, adaptation, and resilience co- benefits.', 'mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, play many important roles as a nature-based solution to climate change with mitigation, adaptation, and resilience co- benefits. These ecosystems sequester and store significant amounts of carbon, safeguard frontline communities and infrastructure from climate impacts and build greater resilience, making their healthy function a triple-win for Belize by providing a carbon sink, offsetting sea level rise and coastal erosion while expanding habitat for biodiverse resources, and supporting a more resilient tourism and aquaculture industry. They are also among the most biodiverse environments on the planet and provide essential habitats for fisheries, in addition to other ecosystem services such as wave attenuation, sediment stabilization, and water filtration. Together with coral reefs, they sustain the foundation of the marine tourism economy in Belize.', 'Together with coral reefs, they sustain the foundation of the marine tourism economy in Belize. Protection of these vital ecosystems protects the climate, people and nature. Since the 2016 NDC, Belize has established stronger frameworks to conserve these valuable coastal habitats. The Government of Belize endorsed the first Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan in 2016, which incorporates ecosystem services and integrated risk analysis into decision-making. Further, The Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations of 2018 established a permitting system that aims to safeguard mangroves and their many ecosystem services from deforestation and degradation.', 'Further, The Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations of 2018 established a permitting system that aims to safeguard mangroves and their many ecosystem services from deforestation and degradation. Other instruments such as the draft National Land Use policy (2019) speak to the need for securing the protection, rehabilitation and restoration of critical water catchment areas and forests as part of national efforts to reverse and minimize the impact of land degradation.', 'Other instruments such as the draft National Land Use policy (2019) speak to the need for securing the protection, rehabilitation and restoration of critical water catchment areas and forests as part of national efforts to reverse and minimize the impact of land degradation. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2016) aims to ensure that Belize s natural environment is valued, enhanced in resilience and contributes to an improved quality of life through securing protection and restoration of natural ecosystems, including within the coastal zone.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution In 2020, the NCCO, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund and partners, convened the first Blue Carbon Working Group for Belize.', 'The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2016) aims to ensure that Belize s natural environment is valued, enhanced in resilience and contributes to an improved quality of life through securing protection and restoration of natural ecosystems, including within the coastal zone.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution In 2020, the NCCO, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund and partners, convened the first Blue Carbon Working Group for Belize. The Working Group includes representatives from across government agencies, academia, civil society, communities, and other key stakeholders, and was formed to value the blue carbon potential and adaptation co-benefits of Belize’s coastal ecosystems, in order to inform targets and recommendations to strengthen their protection and effective management over the long-term.', 'The Working Group includes representatives from across government agencies, academia, civil society, communities, and other key stakeholders, and was formed to value the blue carbon potential and adaptation co-benefits of Belize’s coastal ecosystems, in order to inform targets and recommendations to strengthen their protection and effective management over the long-term. Targets and recommendations derived from the Working Group will be integrated within the policies and plans referenced above, including planned updates to the ICZM Plan, the NBSAP, the National Climate Change Policy Strategy and Action Plan, and the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations. Mobilizing climate finance Government of Belize has also taken a number of steps towards mobilizing finance for climate change activities from domestic and international sources.', 'Mobilizing climate finance Government of Belize has also taken a number of steps towards mobilizing finance for climate change activities from domestic and international sources. Recognizing the importance of climate finance aspects, the Climate Finance Working Group has been established under the National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC) to provide guidance to the national efforts to access, manage and effectively use climate finance. The Government of Belize has increased public capital investment in climate change, especially on resilience building aspects. In 2018-19 the government invested USD $8.9 million in domestic public finance for resilience building projects.', 'In 2018-19 the government invested USD $8.9 million in domestic public finance for resilience building projects. Belize has accessed climate finance from all climate funds under the UNFCCC finance mechanism including the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Belize Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT) is the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund and the first national accredited entity for GCF which has increased the national capacity to access climate finance. Apart from the UNFCCC, climate finance sources have been accessed by Belize from other bilateral and multilateral agencies.', 'Apart from the UNFCCC, climate finance sources have been accessed by Belize from other bilateral and multilateral agencies. Since 2010 about 30 climate change projects have been implemented in Belize with value of over USD$ 135 million (both grants and loans), in addition to another 10 regional climate change projects of over USD$ 100 million (grants and loans). The Economic Development Council (EDC) of Belize has been established to promote Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) which has mobilized over USD$ 200 million investments for energy sector. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (+) The Government of Belize has pursued the development of its REDD+ strategy, National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference Level (2015-2020), and Safeguards Information System in order to pursue results- based payments under the UN REDD+ platform.', 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (+) The Government of Belize has pursued the development of its REDD+ strategy, National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference Level (2015-2020), and Safeguards Information System in order to pursue results- based payments under the UN REDD+ platform. The current situation is that the REDD+ Strategy is being finalized in 2021, the National Forest Monitoring System is constantly being improved, the Forest Reference Level (2015-2020) has already been technically assessed in 2020 by UNFCCC and the Safeguards Information System is currently being finalized in 2021.', 'The current situation is that the REDD+ Strategy is being finalized in 2021, the National Forest Monitoring System is constantly being improved, the Forest Reference Level (2015-2020) has already been technically assessed in 2020 by UNFCCC and the Safeguards Information System is currently being finalized in 2021. Beyond, and in addition to, the FOLU targets listed in this NDC, Belize intends to pursue results-based payments for the present FRL, as well as for a new FRL to be developed for 2021 to 2025.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4 NDC development process The updated NDC has been developed through a process coordinated by the National Climate Change Office and with support from a broad group of partners including sector leads from across Belize’s government and civil society and range of international organisations.', 'Beyond, and in addition to, the FOLU targets listed in this NDC, Belize intends to pursue results-based payments for the present FRL, as well as for a new FRL to be developed for 2021 to 2025.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4 NDC development process The updated NDC has been developed through a process coordinated by the National Climate Change Office and with support from a broad group of partners including sector leads from across Belize’s government and civil society and range of international organisations. 4.1 Climate Action Enhancement Package In December 2018, the Belize National Climate Change Office formally requested support from the NDC Partnership to provide technical assistance for the updating of the country’s NDC, including the development of an NDC implementation plan, a financial strategy and a Measuring, Reporting and Verification tool for actions set out in the NDC.', '4.1 Climate Action Enhancement Package In December 2018, the Belize National Climate Change Office formally requested support from the NDC Partnership to provide technical assistance for the updating of the country’s NDC, including the development of an NDC implementation plan, a financial strategy and a Measuring, Reporting and Verification tool for actions set out in the NDC. The NDC Partnership accepted this request and in 2020 initiated a Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP).', 'The NDC Partnership accepted this request and in 2020 initiated a Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP). The international partners providing technical assistance under the Belize CAEP include: ● Commonwealth Secretariat ● International Renewable Energy Agency ● NDC Partnership Support Unit ● Rocky Mountain Institute ● Climate Technology Collaboration Network (CTCN) and Fundación Bariloche ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Center in Grenada (with the Caribbean Climate Change MRV Hub) In addition to these partners, organisations involved in the development and implementation of the NDC working alongside the CAEP activities include: ● UN Development Programme ● World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ● The Pew Charitable Trusts ● Initiative for Climate Action Transparency ● Coalition for Rainforest Nations in conjunction with the Belize FOLU roundtable Technical assistance under the CAEP has included an assessment of policy targets, mapping of activities related to climate change, stakeholder engagement, modelling of GHG impacts in different sectors, an analysis of technology options to achieve NDC targets and the development of financing and implementation strategies.', 'The international partners providing technical assistance under the Belize CAEP include: ● Commonwealth Secretariat ● International Renewable Energy Agency ● NDC Partnership Support Unit ● Rocky Mountain Institute ● Climate Technology Collaboration Network (CTCN) and Fundación Bariloche ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Center in Grenada (with the Caribbean Climate Change MRV Hub) In addition to these partners, organisations involved in the development and implementation of the NDC working alongside the CAEP activities include: ● UN Development Programme ● World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ● The Pew Charitable Trusts ● Initiative for Climate Action Transparency ● Coalition for Rainforest Nations in conjunction with the Belize FOLU roundtable Technical assistance under the CAEP has included an assessment of policy targets, mapping of activities related to climate change, stakeholder engagement, modelling of GHG impacts in different sectors, an analysis of technology options to achieve NDC targets and the development of financing and implementation strategies. Technical assistance provided by CfRN to the FOLU roundtable included the projections of without and with project emission scenarios for the committed activities in the land-use, land-use change and forestry sub- sector using data and emission factors from the country s GHG inventory database for the FOLU sector.', 'Technical assistance provided by CfRN to the FOLU roundtable included the projections of without and with project emission scenarios for the committed activities in the land-use, land-use change and forestry sub- sector using data and emission factors from the country s GHG inventory database for the FOLU sector. CfRN also assisted by providing expert advice on ensuring harmonization among the NDC, GHG Inventory, and REDD+ Strategy.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4.2 Inclusive development of updated NDC The development of the updated NDC has included broad stakeholder engagement including participation of vulnerable populations in an inception workshop for the NDC update process. Throughout the development of the updated NDC, progress has been validated through engagement with a technical committee of sector leads, including representation of indigenous peoples.', 'Throughout the development of the updated NDC, progress has been validated through engagement with a technical committee of sector leads, including representation of indigenous peoples. Broader engagement of civil society and project owners was facilitated during an engagement phase. The actions and targets included in this updated NDC have undergone a gender and vulnerable group scoring analysis, which produced recommendations for increasing the gender sensitivity of both the medium-term implementation of the NDC and the long term low emissions development strategy under development.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 5 Summary of Belize’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution Belize is pleased to submit this updated Nationally Determined Contribution which includes both a mitigation and an adaptation component.', 'The actions and targets included in this updated NDC have undergone a gender and vulnerable group scoring analysis, which produced recommendations for increasing the gender sensitivity of both the medium-term implementation of the NDC and the long term low emissions development strategy under development.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 5 Summary of Belize’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution Belize is pleased to submit this updated Nationally Determined Contribution which includes both a mitigation and an adaptation component. Targets included in this updated NDC are estimated to avoid a cumulative emissions total of 5,647 KtCO2e between 2021 and 20309 (peaking at 1,080 KtCO2e in avoided emissions in 2030).10 Key sector targets include: a 63% increase in GHG removals related to the AFOLU sector and an increase of renewable energy projects in the grid connected.', 'Targets included in this updated NDC are estimated to avoid a cumulative emissions total of 5,647 KtCO2e between 2021 and 20309 (peaking at 1,080 KtCO2e in avoided emissions in 2030).10 Key sector targets include: a 63% increase in GHG removals related to the AFOLU sector and an increase of renewable energy projects in the grid connected. Targets also include a number of sectoral actions to build resilience and develop capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change in key economic sectors and supporting systems. This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition.', 'This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition. Notably, ambition has been integrated into the updated NDC through the following enhancements: ● Improvements in the data availability and analysis of projections underpinning commitments, especially in the FOLU sector ● Realistic and achievable commitments ● Increased ambition through expanded sectoral targets. ● Expanded coverage of gases covered in targets to include N2 O and Methane in AFOLU interventions. ● Further specification of targets including addition of time frames, quantified emissions reductions and other outcomes. ● Increased transparency in the development of targets. ● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC.', '● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC. As part of the High Ambition Coalition, Belize announced its intention to develop a long-term low emissions development strategy, which will include targets for mitigation in key sectors to 2050. The targets and actions set out in this document demonstrate Belize’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement including: ● A set of mitigation targets in line with a global goal to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius by 2100. ● A set of adaptation actions designed to develop resilience of critical systems and populations in Belize.', '● A set of adaptation actions designed to develop resilience of critical systems and populations in Belize. ● Consideration of the costs of delivering actions identified and level of climate finance resources to support delivery of these actions. 9 Maintaining deforestation outside of protected areas below 0.6% annually, in line with the REDD+ strategy, could deliver an additional 24 MTCO2e in avoided emissions. 10 These estimates are based on preliminary calculations developed by IRENA, FAO, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, CfRN and the FOLU roundtable.', '10 These estimates are based on preliminary calculations developed by IRENA, FAO, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, CfRN and the FOLU roundtable. Avoided emissions estimates are based on a BAU scenario reflecting existing policies and is projected from 2021.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 6 Mitigation targets and actions Belize is committed towards achieving the central aim of the Paris Agreement by pursuing efforts to limit the global temperature increase even to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This commitment led to the development and submission of Belize’s first NDC on April 20th, 2016 and the updated NDC set out below.', 'This commitment led to the development and submission of Belize’s first NDC on April 20th, 2016 and the updated NDC set out below. In parallel to the NDC update, which updates previous medium-term mitigation and adaptation targets to 2030, Belize is developing a Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) to set out the country’s long term mitigation ambitions to 2050. This process, supported by the UNDP, will aim to define a long-term target for low carbon and carbon neutral development. 6.2 Sectoral targets and actions The NDC includes specific targets set out at the sector level. Where targets relate to mitigation of greenhouse gases, the target sets out a quantified emissions reduction and a series of actions are provided for delivery of the target.', 'Where targets relate to mitigation of greenhouse gases, the target sets out a quantified emissions reduction and a series of actions are provided for delivery of the target. 6.2.1 Land use change and forestry Type SDG linkages Target Reduce GHG emissions and increase GHG removals related to land use change totalling 2,053 KtCO2e11 cumulative over the period Action Complete the REDD-plus Strategy, including options, implementation framework and assessment of social and environmental impacts, publish and maintain a National Forest Reference Level covering 2006-2020, and design systems for monitoring, information and safeguards; including stock taking for tropical forest and mangrove cover and promotion of community land stewardship practices. Participate in REDD+ for performance- based payments for emissions reductions and removals increase achieved above and beyond the commitment in this NDC.', 'Participate in REDD+ for performance- based payments for emissions reductions and removals increase achieved above and beyond the commitment in this NDC. Action Implement reforestation practices for 1,400 hectares in forest areas inside protected areas, as well as the restoration of 6,000 hectares of degraded and deforested riparian forests12 by 2030, with 750 hectares of this being restored in key watersheds by 2025 Action Reduce degradation in 42,600 hectares of forest within protected areas by reducing fire incidence, improving logging practices, and controlling other human disturbance by 2030.', 'Action Implement reforestation practices for 1,400 hectares in forest areas inside protected areas, as well as the restoration of 6,000 hectares of degraded and deforested riparian forests12 by 2030, with 750 hectares of this being restored in key watersheds by 2025 Action Reduce degradation in 42,600 hectares of forest within protected areas by reducing fire incidence, improving logging practices, and controlling other human disturbance by 2030. 11 Including up to 5 KtCO2e of N2O reduction and 0.47 KtCO2e of Methane reduction from land use change 12 Defined as tropical moist deciduous secondary forests in the National Forest Reference Emissions LevelBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Assess potential to reduce emissions related to fuelwood collection and use including an assessment of social and cultural impacts and collection of data on current fuelwood use in local communities throughout Belize and incorporate findings into forestry sector strategies.', '11 Including up to 5 KtCO2e of N2O reduction and 0.47 KtCO2e of Methane reduction from land use change 12 Defined as tropical moist deciduous secondary forests in the National Forest Reference Emissions LevelBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Assess potential to reduce emissions related to fuelwood collection and use including an assessment of social and cultural impacts and collection of data on current fuelwood use in local communities throughout Belize and incorporate findings into forestry sector strategies. Action Incorporate and monitor agroforestry practices into at least 8,000 hectares of agricultural landscapes by 2030 by planting shade trees,13 in line with the draft National Agroforestry Policy, with 4,500 hectares of this being implemented by 2025 conditional on adoption, implementation and financing of the agroforestry policy Action Promote and monitor the stewardship of 10,000 hectares of local community and indigenous people’s lands as sustainably managed landscape to serve as net carbon sinks Action Explore alongside Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, new financing options to support forest protection and restoration, including REDD+ performance-based payments, multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms The actions identified above are considered conditional on financial support and technical assistance.', 'Action Incorporate and monitor agroforestry practices into at least 8,000 hectares of agricultural landscapes by 2030 by planting shade trees,13 in line with the draft National Agroforestry Policy, with 4,500 hectares of this being implemented by 2025 conditional on adoption, implementation and financing of the agroforestry policy Action Promote and monitor the stewardship of 10,000 hectares of local community and indigenous people’s lands as sustainably managed landscape to serve as net carbon sinks Action Explore alongside Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, new financing options to support forest protection and restoration, including REDD+ performance-based payments, multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms The actions identified above are considered conditional on financial support and technical assistance. Belize is considering management of its near-shore coastal ecosystems (fringe and island mangroves and seagrass) in an integrated and holistic way.', 'Belize is considering management of its near-shore coastal ecosystems (fringe and island mangroves and seagrass) in an integrated and holistic way. Fringe and island mangroves account for around 30% of total mangrove cover, while the other 70% of mangroves are located on the mainland in basin and littoral formations. All mangrove formations are integrated into the Forest Reference Level within the national definition of forests. The understanding of the climate influence of Belize’s mangrove ecosystems, including both above- and below-ground carbon, is more advanced; they are estimated to currently hold total ecosystem carbon stocks of approximately 92,962,893 (92,963 Kt) tCO2 e, and annually sequester around 431,644 (432 Kt) tCO2e/year.14 These figures will be further validated based on field research to be completed in 2021.', 'The understanding of the climate influence of Belize’s mangrove ecosystems, including both above- and below-ground carbon, is more advanced; they are estimated to currently hold total ecosystem carbon stocks of approximately 92,962,893 (92,963 Kt) tCO2 e, and annually sequester around 431,644 (432 Kt) tCO2e/year.14 These figures will be further validated based on field research to be completed in 2021. Belize intends to maintain and enhance these carbon storage functions of these natural carbon sinks, as well as the adaptation and resilience values they provide, by protecting and restoring mangrove and seagrass habitats through the target and actions outlined below. 13 Defined as multistrata agroforestry systems with 10% canopy cover relative to a secondary forest.', '13 Defined as multistrata agroforestry systems with 10% canopy cover relative to a secondary forest. 14Based on analysis from Crooks, S., Beers, L. and von Unger, M. (2020) Belize Coastal Wetland Carbon Stock Estimates. Memo by Silvestrum Climate Associates to the Belize National Climate Change Office, The Pew Charitable Trusts and the World Wildlife Fund. July 23, 2020.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Target Enhance the capacity of the country’s mangrove and seagrass ecosystems to act as a carbon sink by 2030, through increased protection of mangroves and by removing a cumulative total of restoration. Action Building on the 12,827 hectares of mangroves currently under protection, protect at least a further 6,000 hectares of mangroves by 2025, with an additional 6,000 hectares by 2030.', 'Action Building on the 12,827 hectares of mangroves currently under protection, protect at least a further 6,000 hectares of mangroves by 2025, with an additional 6,000 hectares by 2030. This includes the establishment of new and/or improvement of existing public conservation measures to cover 100% of publicly owned areas identified in the Government’s mangrove priority areas from the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations 2018; partnerships with landlords of privately owned mangroves, local communities, bilateral and multilateral agencies and the continued enforcement of the 2018 mangrove regulations. This is a non-CO2e commitment, since baseline mangrove loss has been negligible over the 20-year period from 2001 to 2020.', 'This is a non-CO2e commitment, since baseline mangrove loss has been negligible over the 20-year period from 2001 to 2020. Action Restore at least 2,000 hectares of mangroves, including within local communities, by 2025, with an additional 2,000 hectares Action Halt and reverse net mangrove loss by 2025 through public measures and partnerships with private landowners local communities, and other relevant stakeholders Action Assess the value of seagrass habitat contributions to climate regulation to inform development and implementation of a national seagrass management policy, updated national seagrass mapping as part of an updated marine habitat map,15 and identification of a portfolio of priority seagrass areas for protection to enhance conservation Action Complete an in-situ assessment of the below ground carbon stock of mangroves by 2022, leading to the application of relevant IPCC methodologies to assess the feasibility of including seagrass in a wetlands component, alongside a comprehensive assessment of mangrove-based carbon stock, in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and other relevant reports by 2025 Action Explore alongside Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, new financing options to support mangrove protection and restoration, including multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blueBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms Action Throughout delivery of land use interventions related to this target, promote the stewardship of local community and indigenous people’s coastal lands as sustainably managed landscapes to serve as net carbon sinks The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the emissions accounting and carbon market design and 2) financial support for purchase, protection and restoration of mangroves and wetlands.', 'Action Restore at least 2,000 hectares of mangroves, including within local communities, by 2025, with an additional 2,000 hectares Action Halt and reverse net mangrove loss by 2025 through public measures and partnerships with private landowners local communities, and other relevant stakeholders Action Assess the value of seagrass habitat contributions to climate regulation to inform development and implementation of a national seagrass management policy, updated national seagrass mapping as part of an updated marine habitat map,15 and identification of a portfolio of priority seagrass areas for protection to enhance conservation Action Complete an in-situ assessment of the below ground carbon stock of mangroves by 2022, leading to the application of relevant IPCC methodologies to assess the feasibility of including seagrass in a wetlands component, alongside a comprehensive assessment of mangrove-based carbon stock, in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and other relevant reports by 2025 Action Explore alongside Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, new financing options to support mangrove protection and restoration, including multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blueBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms Action Throughout delivery of land use interventions related to this target, promote the stewardship of local community and indigenous people’s coastal lands as sustainably managed landscapes to serve as net carbon sinks The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the emissions accounting and carbon market design and 2) financial support for purchase, protection and restoration of mangroves and wetlands. Type SDG linkages Target Reduce methane emissions from livestock by 10% by 2030 and avoid emissions of at least 4.5 KtCO2e16 related to agriculturally driven land use change by 2025 Action Improve the management of 80,000 hectares of the agro-landscape through good agricultural and silvopastoral practices, including by bringing 30,500 hectares under sustainable agriculture systems with biodiversity benefits and 15,000 hectares in production systems under sustainable land management17 Action Restore 200 hectares of arable sugar land in Northern Belize that has been denuded over time by use Action Promote the reduction of agricultural GHG emissions through altering crop cultivation methods, including green mechanical harvesting in sugar cane production systems, through a public awareness campaign targeting women, youth and local communities 17Including 17,664 ha of corn, 450.15 ha of RK beans, and 1420 ha of soybeans subject to improved agronomic practices and nutrient management, 230 ha of conventional vegetables (tomatoes, sweet pepper, onions and cabbage) + 140 ha of potatoes subject to improved agronomic practices, nutrient management and improved water management, and [698.5 ha of rice with that is intermittingly flooded (rather than continuously)]Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Promote the reduction of agricultural GHG emissions through implementing effective livestock management that involves changing the feeding practices of livestock to include more optimal nutrient levels The actions identified above are presented as conditional to receiving financial support to implement large scale land use interventions and technical support to improve agricultural processes.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Reduce methane emissions from livestock by 10% by 2030 and avoid emissions of at least 4.5 KtCO2e16 related to agriculturally driven land use change by 2025 Action Improve the management of 80,000 hectares of the agro-landscape through good agricultural and silvopastoral practices, including by bringing 30,500 hectares under sustainable agriculture systems with biodiversity benefits and 15,000 hectares in production systems under sustainable land management17 Action Restore 200 hectares of arable sugar land in Northern Belize that has been denuded over time by use Action Promote the reduction of agricultural GHG emissions through altering crop cultivation methods, including green mechanical harvesting in sugar cane production systems, through a public awareness campaign targeting women, youth and local communities 17Including 17,664 ha of corn, 450.15 ha of RK beans, and 1420 ha of soybeans subject to improved agronomic practices and nutrient management, 230 ha of conventional vegetables (tomatoes, sweet pepper, onions and cabbage) + 140 ha of potatoes subject to improved agronomic practices, nutrient management and improved water management, and [698.5 ha of rice with that is intermittingly flooded (rather than continuously)]Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Promote the reduction of agricultural GHG emissions through implementing effective livestock management that involves changing the feeding practices of livestock to include more optimal nutrient levels The actions identified above are presented as conditional to receiving financial support to implement large scale land use interventions and technical support to improve agricultural processes. The energy sector, among other sectors, presents numerous opportunities to reduce GHG emissions on the global scale and here in Belize.', 'The energy sector, among other sectors, presents numerous opportunities to reduce GHG emissions on the global scale and here in Belize. The Belize INDC presented in 2015 established very ambitious goals for the electricity generation subsector with a target of reducing GHG emissions by 2.4 million metric tons of CO2e during the 2014-2033 period via renewable energy and energy efficiency measures (potential established by the Belize Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan).', 'The Belize INDC presented in 2015 established very ambitious goals for the electricity generation subsector with a target of reducing GHG emissions by 2.4 million metric tons of CO2e during the 2014-2033 period via renewable energy and energy efficiency measures (potential established by the Belize Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan). The analysis of Belize’s Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan was conducted on the basis of unrealized sustainable energy potential (proposed national sustainable energy strategy scenario) rather than projecting the introduction of renewable energy generation within the interconnected energy matrix, taking into consideration contributions from the Mexican generation network and private sector investment in renewable energy source projects.', 'The analysis of Belize’s Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan was conducted on the basis of unrealized sustainable energy potential (proposed national sustainable energy strategy scenario) rather than projecting the introduction of renewable energy generation within the interconnected energy matrix, taking into consideration contributions from the Mexican generation network and private sector investment in renewable energy source projects. In this updated NDC, Belize maintains its strong ambition to increase the implementation of renewable energy projects within the interconnected energy matrix and to gradually reduce the amount of electricity generation being imported from Mexico.', 'In this updated NDC, Belize maintains its strong ambition to increase the implementation of renewable energy projects within the interconnected energy matrix and to gradually reduce the amount of electricity generation being imported from Mexico. Similarly, the national utility, Belize Electricity Limited (BEL), is developing an electricity expansion plan (up to 2030) with the intention to project a pathway of how Belize wants to develop this sector within the next 10 years. Notably, the electricity expansion plan will assist decision-makers with information and allow for greater precision in the analysis of renewable energy generation being added to Belize’s interconnected energy matrix.', 'Notably, the electricity expansion plan will assist decision-makers with information and allow for greater precision in the analysis of renewable energy generation being added to Belize’s interconnected energy matrix. The analytical exercise should be done from the perspective of carbon intensity of electricity generation which takes into account the operating margin emission factor for Belize’s national electricity grid. This approach will allow for a better estimate of CO2e emissions and will, therefore, assist in establishing with greater precision the impact of renewable energy projects towards the displacement of fossil fuel-based generating sources and/or at the same time the displacement of electricity imports from Mexico.', 'This approach will allow for a better estimate of CO2e emissions and will, therefore, assist in establishing with greater precision the impact of renewable energy projects towards the displacement of fossil fuel-based generating sources and/or at the same time the displacement of electricity imports from Mexico. Subsequent to the implementation of climatic actions in the energy sector, Belize estimates realization of avoided emissions from the power sector equivalent to 19 KtCO2e per year through system and consumption efficiency measures amounting to at least 100 GWh/year by 2030. In addition, projection is made to avoid 44 KtCO2e in the national electricity supply by 2030 through the introduction of expanded capacity from renewable energy sources.', 'In addition, projection is made to avoid 44 KtCO2e in the national electricity supply by 2030 through the introduction of expanded capacity from renewable energy sources. The potential for estimate refinements will depend on carbon intensity analysis of the grid connected generation to determine its Operating Margin Emission Factor. Applying this analytical tool will enable a more accurate estimation of the GHG emissions generated by the energy sub-sector against an established baseline year. Notably, Belize s contribution is conditionally supported by sources of investment and the country reserves the right to make changes to the projections and estimates based on the availability and integration of new information. Belize is committed to contributing to global climate action and low-carbon development.', 'Belize is committed to contributing to global climate action and low-carbon development. Thus, Belize presents its energy sector climatic targets and actions below.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Target Avoid emissions from the power sector equivalent to 19 KtCO2e per year through system and consumption efficiency measures amounting to at least 100 GWh/year by 203018 Action Reduction in transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 10% by 2030 resulting in reduced electricity demand and better quality of supply Action Improve energy efficiency and conservation by at least 10% by 2030 compared to a BAU baseline projection,19 including through an increase of appliance efficiency in buildings and implementation of building codes, appliance standards and labels and promotion of energy efficient technology in the tourism sector The targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations, including technical support to develop a transmission and development improvement programme and financing to pilot and scale up solar water heating technology in residential and tourism sectors.', 'Thus, Belize presents its energy sector climatic targets and actions below.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Target Avoid emissions from the power sector equivalent to 19 KtCO2e per year through system and consumption efficiency measures amounting to at least 100 GWh/year by 203018 Action Reduction in transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 10% by 2030 resulting in reduced electricity demand and better quality of supply Action Improve energy efficiency and conservation by at least 10% by 2030 compared to a BAU baseline projection,19 including through an increase of appliance efficiency in buildings and implementation of building codes, appliance standards and labels and promotion of energy efficient technology in the tourism sector The targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations, including technical support to develop a transmission and development improvement programme and financing to pilot and scale up solar water heating technology in residential and tourism sectors. Type SDG linkages Target Avoid 44 KtCO2e in the national electricity supply by 2030 through the introduction of expanded capacity from renewable energy sources Action Achieve 75% gross generation of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030 through the implementation of hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, including in the tourism sector Action Reduce emissions from high carbon electricity sources including through taking 2MW diesel generation offline by 2022 and converting new LPG generation to CNG by 2026 Action Install 40 MW utility-scale solar power by 2025 Action Implement an interconnection policy and regulatory framework to facilitate distributed renewable power generation by 2022 Action Expand the use of biomass, including bagasse, for electricity generation 18 With reference to the BES scenario estimated by IRENA ReMAP analysis 19 BES scenario in IRENA ReMAP analysis for BelizeBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Explore the feasibility of onshore wind power generation and flexible storage technologies to complement high levels of variable renewable power sources The targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Avoid 44 KtCO2e in the national electricity supply by 2030 through the introduction of expanded capacity from renewable energy sources Action Achieve 75% gross generation of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030 through the implementation of hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, including in the tourism sector Action Reduce emissions from high carbon electricity sources including through taking 2MW diesel generation offline by 2022 and converting new LPG generation to CNG by 2026 Action Install 40 MW utility-scale solar power by 2025 Action Implement an interconnection policy and regulatory framework to facilitate distributed renewable power generation by 2022 Action Expand the use of biomass, including bagasse, for electricity generation 18 With reference to the BES scenario estimated by IRENA ReMAP analysis 19 BES scenario in IRENA ReMAP analysis for BelizeBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Explore the feasibility of onshore wind power generation and flexible storage technologies to complement high levels of variable renewable power sources The targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations. BEL plans to invest BZD$ 250 million (USD$ 125M) in the energy sector, to support the renewable energy share target of 75% by 2030.', 'BEL plans to invest BZD$ 250 million (USD$ 125M) in the energy sector, to support the renewable energy share target of 75% by 2030. Technical assistance and financing will be required to 1) scale up and replicate existing bagasse-based biomass power projects, 2) explore feasibility of onshore wind and storage technologies20 and 3) increased renewable energy generation capacity beyond projects currently planned.', 'Technical assistance and financing will be required to 1) scale up and replicate existing bagasse-based biomass power projects, 2) explore feasibility of onshore wind and storage technologies20 and 3) increased renewable energy generation capacity beyond projects currently planned. Type SDG linkages Target Avoid 117 KtCO2e/year21 from the transport sector by 2030 through a 15% reduction in conventional transportation fuel use by 2030 and achieve 15% efficiency per passenger- and tonne-kilometre through appropriate policies and investments Action Improve efficiency in the public transit system through the deployment of 77 hybrid and electric buses by 2030 (17 by 2025) Action Implement a policy framework to promote more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels/blends through incorporation of fuel economy labels; emissions testing; fuel economy standards, limitations and emissions- based taxes/feebates for imported vehicles by 2025 Action Facilitate adoption of electric vehicles in the passenger fleet by conducting a feasibility study for EV penetration, including assessment of potential incentives, and investing in EV charging infrastructure These targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations including: 1) financing through the NAMA facility for the purchase and deployment of efficient buses and 2) provision of technical assistance to develop an efficient light duty vehicle policy regime.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Avoid 117 KtCO2e/year21 from the transport sector by 2030 through a 15% reduction in conventional transportation fuel use by 2030 and achieve 15% efficiency per passenger- and tonne-kilometre through appropriate policies and investments Action Improve efficiency in the public transit system through the deployment of 77 hybrid and electric buses by 2030 (17 by 2025) Action Implement a policy framework to promote more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels/blends through incorporation of fuel economy labels; emissions testing; fuel economy standards, limitations and emissions- based taxes/feebates for imported vehicles by 2025 Action Facilitate adoption of electric vehicles in the passenger fleet by conducting a feasibility study for EV penetration, including assessment of potential incentives, and investing in EV charging infrastructure These targets above are presented with partial conditionality considerations including: 1) financing through the NAMA facility for the purchase and deployment of efficient buses and 2) provision of technical assistance to develop an efficient light duty vehicle policy regime. 20 As part of the Central American regional study project, IRENA is developing a Renewable Energy Roadmap (REmap) study for Belize, complemented with a power system flexibility study with IRENA’s FlexTool.', '20 As part of the Central American regional study project, IRENA is developing a Renewable Energy Roadmap (REmap) study for Belize, complemented with a power system flexibility study with IRENA’s FlexTool. The study will investigate the technology options that enable an energy transition at country level through the accelerated development of renewable energy in the energy mix. In the framework of this study, IRENA together with the government of Belize is developing a reference case and decarbonization perspectives for the power generation and consumption sectors i.e. buildings, transport and industry of Belize.', 'buildings, transport and industry of Belize. IRENA, upon validation from country representatives, will provide a slide deck with the analysis results for the above-mentioned scenarios, from which the scenarios might be particularly interesting for the NDC review process as renewable energy options, sustainable fuels and energy efficiency measures are further explored. The results of the REmap-FlexTool analysis can serve Belize as a reference for establishing energy sector mitigation targets in the NDC review process of the country.', 'The results of the REmap-FlexTool analysis can serve Belize as a reference for establishing energy sector mitigation targets in the NDC review process of the country. 21 As modelled in the TES scenario of IRENA’s ReMAP analysis for Belize.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.2.4 Waste management Type SDG linkages Target Improve waste management processes to avoid emissions of up to 18 KtCO2e per year by 2030, in line with the national waste management strategy Action Close all municipal dumps by 2025 and implement rural waste management system including rural collection and drop off services by 2030 Action End the open burning of waste by 2025 by extending regular municipal services to all households and commercial premises Action Develop a legal and policy framework for the sustainable management of solid waste in Belize These actions are presented as unconditional, as they are aligned with the activities in the ongoing and funded Solid Waste Management Project II.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.2.5 Costs of mitigation actions Table 2 Mitigation: Estimated costs for actions and associated targets across all sectors Sector Action Estimated total cost to meet target Identified activities: Amount already funded Identified activities: Unfunded amounts Estimated gap (incl.', '21 As modelled in the TES scenario of IRENA’s ReMAP analysis for Belize.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.2.4 Waste management Type SDG linkages Target Improve waste management processes to avoid emissions of up to 18 KtCO2e per year by 2030, in line with the national waste management strategy Action Close all municipal dumps by 2025 and implement rural waste management system including rural collection and drop off services by 2030 Action End the open burning of waste by 2025 by extending regular municipal services to all households and commercial premises Action Develop a legal and policy framework for the sustainable management of solid waste in Belize These actions are presented as unconditional, as they are aligned with the activities in the ongoing and funded Solid Waste Management Project II.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.2.5 Costs of mitigation actions Table 2 Mitigation: Estimated costs for actions and associated targets across all sectors Sector Action Estimated total cost to meet target Identified activities: Amount already funded Identified activities: Unfunded amounts Estimated gap (incl. unfunded activities) LUCF Reforestation, forest protection and sustainable forest management Fuel wood consumption Mangrove protection and reforestation Energy Energy efficiency in the power sector Energy in the transport sector Agriculture Sustainable crop production & livestock management The mitigation targets and actions included above are estimated to cost close to USD$ 1.39 billion between 2021 and 2030.', 'unfunded activities) LUCF Reforestation, forest protection and sustainable forest management Fuel wood consumption Mangrove protection and reforestation Energy Energy efficiency in the power sector Energy in the transport sector Agriculture Sustainable crop production & livestock management The mitigation targets and actions included above are estimated to cost close to USD$ 1.39 billion between 2021 and 2030. Recognizing funding that is already committed, the funding gap to deliver these actions is estimated at USD$ 1.24 billion. Considering recoverable costs in the renewable energy and waste sector, this gap could fall to USD$ 607 million.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7 Adaptation targets and actions “The adverse effects of Climate Variability and Climate Change, particularly on crop production and food security, natural ecosystems, marine and coastal areas, water resources and human health, as well as on housing and infrastructure are particularly obvious around us.', 'Considering recoverable costs in the renewable energy and waste sector, this gap could fall to USD$ 607 million.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7 Adaptation targets and actions “The adverse effects of Climate Variability and Climate Change, particularly on crop production and food security, natural ecosystems, marine and coastal areas, water resources and human health, as well as on housing and infrastructure are particularly obvious around us. These impacts pose major impediments to efforts being implemented by the Government of Belize to promote sustainable economic and social development and poverty reduction, which are the first and overriding priorities of the national government.', 'These impacts pose major impediments to efforts being implemented by the Government of Belize to promote sustainable economic and social development and poverty reduction, which are the first and overriding priorities of the national government. Ocean acidification due to rising carbon dioxide levels will create serious risks to marine ecosystems and species, including our coral reef systems.” - (2015-2020) National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan Climate change is already having significant impacts on Belize’s territory, population and key economic sectors. Agricultural yields are sensitive to changes in precipitation, temperature and extreme weather. Tourism, which accounts for the most income of any sector is impacted by seal level rise, coral bleaching and impacts on biodiversity.', 'Tourism, which accounts for the most income of any sector is impacted by seal level rise, coral bleaching and impacts on biodiversity. Critical support systems including water resources, health and energy are likewise impacted by the increasingly variable climate in the region. Belize also hosts globally significant ecological resources including rainforest, mangrove forests, wetlands and coral reefs which are under threat from a warming world. 7.2 Sectoral targets The NDC includes specific targets set out at the sector level for adaptation and resilience to climate change including additional coverage from the previous NDC for land use, human settlements and infrastructure sector as well as the human health sector. Where targets relate to broad areas of increased resilience, a series of actions are provided for delivery of the target.', 'Where targets relate to broad areas of increased resilience, a series of actions are provided for delivery of the target. 7.2.1 Coastal zone and marine resources In addition to important mitigation benefits, Belize recognizes the many co-benefits coastal wetlands and coral reefs offer for adaptation to climate impacts and building resilience for coastal communities. The coastal zone is fundamental to the lives and livelihoods of many Belizeans. Significant tracts of Belize’s coastline have an elevation of one meter or less, a source of significant vulnerability with sea-level rise. Protection and restoration of mangrove and seagrass ecosystems not only provides emissions reductions benefits, but also will ensure Belize is better placed to protect vulnerable communities and their livelihoods, safeguard its rich biodiversity, and develop sustainably.', 'Protection and restoration of mangrove and seagrass ecosystems not only provides emissions reductions benefits, but also will ensure Belize is better placed to protect vulnerable communities and their livelihoods, safeguard its rich biodiversity, and develop sustainably. Type SDG linkages Target Increase resilience to climate impacts for coastal communities and habitats by managing further development of the coastline to reverse net coastal habitat and land loss by 2025 Action Conduct vulnerability assessments of the national coastal area to identify threats and trends, including an initial assessment by 2022 and biennial updates to 2030Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Establish a public informational clearing house on ecosystem health and human use activities within the coastal zone to share information to support responsible planning in coastal areas by Action Conduct a study of the impacts of ocean acidification on Belize’s coastal habitats and marine resources by 2025 and establish a monitoring program for ocean acidification and water quality in Belize.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Increase resilience to climate impacts for coastal communities and habitats by managing further development of the coastline to reverse net coastal habitat and land loss by 2025 Action Conduct vulnerability assessments of the national coastal area to identify threats and trends, including an initial assessment by 2022 and biennial updates to 2030Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Establish a public informational clearing house on ecosystem health and human use activities within the coastal zone to share information to support responsible planning in coastal areas by Action Conduct a study of the impacts of ocean acidification on Belize’s coastal habitats and marine resources by 2025 and establish a monitoring program for ocean acidification and water quality in Belize. Action Assess coral reef restoration potential, including opportunities for enhancing habitat functionality to improve the resilience of coastal and marine habitats in addition to the 20% of territorial waters in marine protected areas and 10% of waters in marine replenishment zones.', 'Action Assess coral reef restoration potential, including opportunities for enhancing habitat functionality to improve the resilience of coastal and marine habitats in addition to the 20% of territorial waters in marine protected areas and 10% of waters in marine replenishment zones. Develop an early warning system to monitor and detect unhealthy areas of the coral reef. Action Develop and implement a national seagrass management policy including an updated seagrass map and identification of priority seagrass areas for further protection to enhance conservation Action Revise and streamline current legislation and policies that relate to the management of the coastal zone to eliminate overlaps and close existing gaps and develop a national policy for resilient coastal habitation based on vulnerabilities.', 'Action Develop and implement a national seagrass management policy including an updated seagrass map and identification of priority seagrass areas for further protection to enhance conservation Action Revise and streamline current legislation and policies that relate to the management of the coastal zone to eliminate overlaps and close existing gaps and develop a national policy for resilient coastal habitation based on vulnerabilities. Action Update and implement the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, including implementation of an informed management zoning scheme and monitoring programmes for the impacts of human use on coastal habitats and marine ecosystems, and link to the emerging national Blue Economy strategy Action Develop and implement a national marine dredging policy with robust guidelines for minimizing impacts to coastal wetlands and coral reefs Action Build on the mitigation target of expanding the current 12,827 hectares of mangroves under protection by at least a further 6,000 hectares of mangroves by 2025.', 'Action Update and implement the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, including implementation of an informed management zoning scheme and monitoring programmes for the impacts of human use on coastal habitats and marine ecosystems, and link to the emerging national Blue Economy strategy Action Develop and implement a national marine dredging policy with robust guidelines for minimizing impacts to coastal wetlands and coral reefs Action Build on the mitigation target of expanding the current 12,827 hectares of mangroves under protection by at least a further 6,000 hectares of mangroves by 2025. The adaptation measure includes: the establishment of new and/or improvement of existing public conservation measures to cover 100% of publicly owned areas identified in the Government’s mangrove priority areas from the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations 2018; partnerships with landlords of privately owned mangroves, local communities, bilateral and multilateral agencies; and the continued enforcement of the 2018 mangrove regulations.22 22 Note – costs related to mangrove restoration and protection considered in mitigation section onlyBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Strengthen resilience of local coastal communities and enhance the ecosystem services provided by mangroves through the restoration of at least 2,000 hectares of mangroves including within local communities by 2025, with an additional 2,000 hectares by 2030 Action Promote public measures and partnerships with private landowners, local communities, and other relevant stakeholders to encourage mangrove preservation and reduce mangrove loss by The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the implementation of an information clearing house and Informed Management zoning regime and 2) financial support for protection and restoration of mangroves and seagrass habitats.', 'The adaptation measure includes: the establishment of new and/or improvement of existing public conservation measures to cover 100% of publicly owned areas identified in the Government’s mangrove priority areas from the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations 2018; partnerships with landlords of privately owned mangroves, local communities, bilateral and multilateral agencies; and the continued enforcement of the 2018 mangrove regulations.22 22 Note – costs related to mangrove restoration and protection considered in mitigation section onlyBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Strengthen resilience of local coastal communities and enhance the ecosystem services provided by mangroves through the restoration of at least 2,000 hectares of mangroves including within local communities by 2025, with an additional 2,000 hectares by 2030 Action Promote public measures and partnerships with private landowners, local communities, and other relevant stakeholders to encourage mangrove preservation and reduce mangrove loss by The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the implementation of an information clearing house and Informed Management zoning regime and 2) financial support for protection and restoration of mangroves and seagrass habitats. Type SDG linkages Target Strengthen the resilience of coastal communities by developing an early warning system for storm surges by 2025 Action Monitor coastal erosion and update coastal adaptation strategy every 5 years through the development of a National Beach Erosion Monitoring program Action By 2023, pilot early warning system for storm surges in 1 coastal district, develop a national monitoring system and coastal response plan for storm surges and flooding The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the implementation of an early warning system (EWS) for storm surges and 2) financial support for a pilot EWS.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Strengthen the resilience of coastal communities by developing an early warning system for storm surges by 2025 Action Monitor coastal erosion and update coastal adaptation strategy every 5 years through the development of a National Beach Erosion Monitoring program Action By 2023, pilot early warning system for storm surges in 1 coastal district, develop a national monitoring system and coastal response plan for storm surges and flooding The actions identified here are considered conditional on 1) provision of technical expertise and development of capacity for the implementation of an early warning system (EWS) for storm surges and 2) financial support for a pilot EWS. Type SDG linkages Target Reduce post-harvest losses through the implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector to increase the adaptive capacity of the agricultural sector Action Mobilize infrastructure investments for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as set out in the National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector and including delivery of short-term actions by 2025Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Establish a financing facility for CSA investments through local financial institutions Action Improve both crop and livestock husbandry practices, increase access to drought tolerant crops and livestock breeds through partnerships with research institutions Action Adopt better soil and water management practices, including the use of biochar and improved (solar-powered) irrigation systems These actions are presented conditional on 1) technical assistance and capacity building to develop financing vehicles for CSA investments and 2) financial support for research collaborations.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Reduce post-harvest losses through the implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector to increase the adaptive capacity of the agricultural sector Action Mobilize infrastructure investments for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as set out in the National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector and including delivery of short-term actions by 2025Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Establish a financing facility for CSA investments through local financial institutions Action Improve both crop and livestock husbandry practices, increase access to drought tolerant crops and livestock breeds through partnerships with research institutions Action Adopt better soil and water management practices, including the use of biochar and improved (solar-powered) irrigation systems These actions are presented conditional on 1) technical assistance and capacity building to develop financing vehicles for CSA investments and 2) financial support for research collaborations. Type SDG linkages Target Develop and implement an enhanced early warning system for drought and extreme weather events to support farmers in planning for and responding to the impacts of climate change by 2025 Action Expand on the Belize Agriculture Information System to reach a broad awareness amongst relevant populations of hazards and best practices Action Explore crop and commodity insurance schemes and pilot insurance product including education and awareness raising campaign by 2024 These actions are presented conditional on 1) technical assistance and capacity building to develop EWS and insurance schemes and 2) financial support to pilot crop and commodity insurance scheme.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.2.3 Fisheries and aquaculture Type SDG linkages Target Build capacity in fisheries and aquaculture sector through research, diversification and retraining to support livelihoods while protecting coastal ecosystems Action Build national capacity to gather climate data to inform management.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Develop and implement an enhanced early warning system for drought and extreme weather events to support farmers in planning for and responding to the impacts of climate change by 2025 Action Expand on the Belize Agriculture Information System to reach a broad awareness amongst relevant populations of hazards and best practices Action Explore crop and commodity insurance schemes and pilot insurance product including education and awareness raising campaign by 2024 These actions are presented conditional on 1) technical assistance and capacity building to develop EWS and insurance schemes and 2) financial support to pilot crop and commodity insurance scheme.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.2.3 Fisheries and aquaculture Type SDG linkages Target Build capacity in fisheries and aquaculture sector through research, diversification and retraining to support livelihoods while protecting coastal ecosystems Action Build national capacity to gather climate data to inform management. Develop and implement mangrove and fisheries conservation and management plans including the 20% of territorial waters included in Marine Protected Areas and strive to include 10% of territorial waters in marine replenishment zones Action Encourage the development of the sector through value adding and diversification in fish species through research partnerships, private sector engagement, pilot programmes and extension support services Action Implement and enforce 2020 Fisheries Act and 2018 Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations.', 'Develop and implement mangrove and fisheries conservation and management plans including the 20% of territorial waters included in Marine Protected Areas and strive to include 10% of territorial waters in marine replenishment zones Action Encourage the development of the sector through value adding and diversification in fish species through research partnerships, private sector engagement, pilot programmes and extension support services Action Implement and enforce 2020 Fisheries Act and 2018 Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations. Develop and adopt fisheries regulations to complement the 2020 Fisheries Act.', 'Develop and adopt fisheries regulations to complement the 2020 Fisheries Act. Action Explore the development of alternative livelihood plans for fishers and their households and include alongside further regulation in the sector, capacity building and strengthening of fisher organizations, especially in local and indigenous communities, who are affected by the establishment of restricted fishing measures These actions are presented as conditional on 1) technical assistance to develop alternative livelihoods programme and 2) financial support to develop pilot and demonstration programmes and retrain fishers and farmers impacted by conservation measures.', 'Action Explore the development of alternative livelihood plans for fishers and their households and include alongside further regulation in the sector, capacity building and strengthening of fisher organizations, especially in local and indigenous communities, who are affected by the establishment of restricted fishing measures These actions are presented as conditional on 1) technical assistance to develop alternative livelihoods programme and 2) financial support to develop pilot and demonstration programmes and retrain fishers and farmers impacted by conservation measures. 7.2.4 Human health Type SDG linkages Target Build adaptive capacity in the health sector by assessing vulnerability and investing in capacity to respond to climate-related threats Action Undertake a Climate Change Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for the health sector by 2022Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Improve disease control and prevention including through the management of disease vectors, through partnerships with research institutions and development of human capital and health technology in health sector Action Implement early warning system for health sector for specific diseases, vectors, and high temperatures by 2025 Action Facilitate investment in health infrastructure based on findings of sector vulnerability assessment Action Develop education awareness programme to educate population on adaptation measures as it relates to family health and hygiene These actions are presented as conditional on 1) technical assistance to deliver sector vulnerability assessment and 2) financial support to establish research partnerships and implement recommendations from vulnerability assessment.', '7.2.4 Human health Type SDG linkages Target Build adaptive capacity in the health sector by assessing vulnerability and investing in capacity to respond to climate-related threats Action Undertake a Climate Change Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for the health sector by 2022Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Improve disease control and prevention including through the management of disease vectors, through partnerships with research institutions and development of human capital and health technology in health sector Action Implement early warning system for health sector for specific diseases, vectors, and high temperatures by 2025 Action Facilitate investment in health infrastructure based on findings of sector vulnerability assessment Action Develop education awareness programme to educate population on adaptation measures as it relates to family health and hygiene These actions are presented as conditional on 1) technical assistance to deliver sector vulnerability assessment and 2) financial support to establish research partnerships and implement recommendations from vulnerability assessment. Type SDG linkages Target Increase the adaptive capacity of tourism sector through the development of climate resilient planning frameworks and infrastructure Action Identify and assess coastal tourism areas that are vulnerable to climate change.', 'Type SDG linkages Target Increase the adaptive capacity of tourism sector through the development of climate resilient planning frameworks and infrastructure Action Identify and assess coastal tourism areas that are vulnerable to climate change. Assess carrying capacity of sites that are identified as vulnerable.', 'Assess carrying capacity of sites that are identified as vulnerable. Action Update the National Tourism Master Plan to reflect adaptation strategies in the sector by 2023 Action Develop area-specific adaptation strategies that provide guidance on adapting to impacts of climate change, paying keen attention to local and indigenous communitiesBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Provide support to coastal planners and policy makers in selecting appropriate policies and adaptation strategies that meet climate adaptation, developmental and environmental goals, taking into account the most vulnerable stakeholders, and linkages to the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Action Install appropriate infrastructure in local destinations for adaptation to climate change including specific infrastructure related to roads, bathroom facilities, buoys, renovation of docks and wayfinding Action Promote local practices in tourism industry that support climate resilience and adaptation These actions are presented as conditional based on support for 1) technical assistance to identify vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies and 2) financial support for infrastructure to assist the sector in responding to the impacts of climate change.', 'Action Update the National Tourism Master Plan to reflect adaptation strategies in the sector by 2023 Action Develop area-specific adaptation strategies that provide guidance on adapting to impacts of climate change, paying keen attention to local and indigenous communitiesBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Provide support to coastal planners and policy makers in selecting appropriate policies and adaptation strategies that meet climate adaptation, developmental and environmental goals, taking into account the most vulnerable stakeholders, and linkages to the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Action Install appropriate infrastructure in local destinations for adaptation to climate change including specific infrastructure related to roads, bathroom facilities, buoys, renovation of docks and wayfinding Action Promote local practices in tourism industry that support climate resilience and adaptation These actions are presented as conditional based on support for 1) technical assistance to identify vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies and 2) financial support for infrastructure to assist the sector in responding to the impacts of climate change. Some of this is currently being provided through the Sustainable Tourism Programme II, delivered by the Ministry of Tourism and Diaspora Relations with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank.', 'Some of this is currently being provided through the Sustainable Tourism Programme II, delivered by the Ministry of Tourism and Diaspora Relations with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank. 7.2.6 Forestry and biodiversity Type SDG linkages Target Implement protection targets of the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan including increased effectiveness of the National Protected Areas System by Action Implement a biosafety policy that safeguards against large-scale loss of biological integrity Action Broaden the analysis of the vulnerability of ecosystems species and local communities in or near Protected Areas to understand the risks and impacts of climate change on resources, and mitigate these impacts through national adaptation strategies Action Implement monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP and its targets, and maintain up-to-date data base on natural resources and environmental services to inform policy decisions across government These actions are presented as conditional based on support for technical assistance to develop policies and monitoring systems.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.2.7 Land use, human settlements and infrastructure Type SDG linkages Target Protect communities from damage caused by flooding and sea level rise through implementation of the Land Use Policy and supporting green and grey infrastructure Action Broaden the analysis of the vulnerability of ecosystems to the effects of climate change to protect potential climate refugees, through a comprehensive assessment of human settlements and related infrastructure at risk from the effects of climate change Action Implement Land Use Policy and Policy Framework to incorporate responsible and climate-sensitive (and water-sensitive) development and land use.', '7.2.6 Forestry and biodiversity Type SDG linkages Target Implement protection targets of the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan including increased effectiveness of the National Protected Areas System by Action Implement a biosafety policy that safeguards against large-scale loss of biological integrity Action Broaden the analysis of the vulnerability of ecosystems species and local communities in or near Protected Areas to understand the risks and impacts of climate change on resources, and mitigate these impacts through national adaptation strategies Action Implement monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP and its targets, and maintain up-to-date data base on natural resources and environmental services to inform policy decisions across government These actions are presented as conditional based on support for technical assistance to develop policies and monitoring systems.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.2.7 Land use, human settlements and infrastructure Type SDG linkages Target Protect communities from damage caused by flooding and sea level rise through implementation of the Land Use Policy and supporting green and grey infrastructure Action Broaden the analysis of the vulnerability of ecosystems to the effects of climate change to protect potential climate refugees, through a comprehensive assessment of human settlements and related infrastructure at risk from the effects of climate change Action Implement Land Use Policy and Policy Framework to incorporate responsible and climate-sensitive (and water-sensitive) development and land use. In implementation, promote and enhance land stewardship practices underway in local and indigenous communities Action Develop and implement a climate change adaptation strategy/plan for the most vulnerable local and indigenous coastal communities The actions are presented as conditional based on support for technical assistance to develop a loss and damage data hub.', 'In implementation, promote and enhance land stewardship practices underway in local and indigenous communities Action Develop and implement a climate change adaptation strategy/plan for the most vulnerable local and indigenous coastal communities The actions are presented as conditional based on support for technical assistance to develop a loss and damage data hub. 7.2.8 Water resources Type SDG linkages Target Enhance the protection of water catchment (including groundwater resources) areas and make improvements to the management and maintenance of existing water supply systems through implementation of the National Water Sector Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan Action Design and implement groundwater hydrological monitoring network to inform drought monitoring activity Action Develop flood controls and drought monitoring (including both meteorological and hydrological drought) including an early warning system for floodingBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Design and implement an integrated water resources management (IWRM) program in watersheds to reduce the impacts of climate change, including the establishment of an IWRM agency Action Establish a national water quality monitoring program, coordinated by a national water quality task group and including monitoring activities for national coastal and ground water areas These actions are presented as unconditional as they are currently implemented under the National Water Sector Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan.', '7.2.8 Water resources Type SDG linkages Target Enhance the protection of water catchment (including groundwater resources) areas and make improvements to the management and maintenance of existing water supply systems through implementation of the National Water Sector Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan Action Design and implement groundwater hydrological monitoring network to inform drought monitoring activity Action Develop flood controls and drought monitoring (including both meteorological and hydrological drought) including an early warning system for floodingBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Type SDG linkages Action Design and implement an integrated water resources management (IWRM) program in watersheds to reduce the impacts of climate change, including the establishment of an IWRM agency Action Establish a national water quality monitoring program, coordinated by a national water quality task group and including monitoring activities for national coastal and ground water areas These actions are presented as unconditional as they are currently implemented under the National Water Sector Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan. 7.2.9 Costs of adaptation actions The targets and actions included above are estimated to cost a total of USD$ 318 million between 2021 and 2030.', '7.2.9 Costs of adaptation actions The targets and actions included above are estimated to cost a total of USD$ 318 million between 2021 and 2030. Recognizing funding that is already committed, the funding gap to deliver these actions is estimated at USD$ 146 million. Table 3 Summary of funding committed, requested and required to meet adaptation target actions (USD) Sector Total cost Funding Committed / Requested Funding Requirements Coastal and marine resources Land use, human settlements, and infrastructure Note: Funding committed is the cost of activities identified which have been funded. Funding requested is the cost of activities identified which have not been funded or where it is unknown if the activity has been funded.', 'Funding requested is the cost of activities identified which have not been funded or where it is unknown if the activity has been funded. Funding requirements is the sum of costing estimates for target actions laid out in this report for targets recommendedBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 8 Implementation measures 8.1 Institutional arrangement The implementation of the targets and actions covered by this NDC will be coordinated by the Belize National Climate Change Office (NCCO), through advice and guidance provided by the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC). Relevant ministries and stakeholders are represented on the BNCCC. In terms of proposals and coordination of financial resources, the NCCO will coordinate financing activities, with advice from the BNCCC Climate Finance Working Group.', 'In terms of proposals and coordination of financial resources, the NCCO will coordinate financing activities, with advice from the BNCCC Climate Finance Working Group. Recognising the importance of climate finance aspects, the Climate Finance Working Group has been established under the BNCCC to provide guidance to the national efforts to access, manage and effectively use climate finance. Belize Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT) is the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund and the first national accredited entity for GCF which has increased the national capacity to access climate finance. The Economic Development Council (EDC) of Belize has been established is promoting Public-Private- Partnerships (PPPs) which has mobilized over USD$ 200 million in energy sector investment.', 'The Economic Development Council (EDC) of Belize has been established is promoting Public-Private- Partnerships (PPPs) which has mobilized over USD$ 200 million in energy sector investment. 8.1.1 Implementing the NDC An NDC Implementation Plan will be developed to set out annual targets, funding requirements and responsible parties for activities required to deliver the actions and targets included in the NDC. The implementation plan will be prepared through the CAEP process and include specific activity-level measures from 2021-2025. 8.2 Tracking progress against NDC targets In coordination with the NDC Implementation Plan, a series of evaluation systems will be put in place to monitor annual progress against targets and actions for both mitigation and adaptation.', '8.2 Tracking progress against NDC targets In coordination with the NDC Implementation Plan, a series of evaluation systems will be put in place to monitor annual progress against targets and actions for both mitigation and adaptation. 8.2.1 NDC Monitoring System The Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) is currently developing an MRV system to track the impacts and progress of climate change action, which includes the NDC. This system will coordinate measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) metrics for mitigation actions and targets as well as monitoring and evaluation (M & E) of adaptation actions. The National Climate Change Office will be responsible for monitoring and reporting annual progress against NDC targets and actions.', 'The National Climate Change Office will be responsible for monitoring and reporting annual progress against NDC targets and actions. 8.2.2 Energy sector MRV tool IRENA is working with the Belizean government to create an energy database to track progress for the NDC targets in the energy sector and mitigation actions. This tool will provide a simple tracking mechanism for the government to use and maintain as part of the larger national MRV system. 8.3 Financing NDC As a member of the Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) group,23 Belize is exceptionally vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change. Its topography as low-lying coastal nation and geographical location makes theBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution country exposed to the risk of rising sea levels and increasing frequency of tropical storms.', 'Its topography as low-lying coastal nation and geographical location makes theBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution country exposed to the risk of rising sea levels and increasing frequency of tropical storms. This makes Belize a priority to receive financing support for realizing its climate actions across different sectors in their NDC. The costs of the actions included above are estimated at USD$ 1.71 billion, including between USD$ 607 million and 1.38 billion in required resources. In addition to these delivery costs, an additional USD$ 6.6 million is expected in feasibility costs,24 which reflects the broader capacity requirements to facilitate delivery of these actions. Some of this feasibility cost may be delivered through in-kind contributions, including staff time across the Belizean government.', 'Some of this feasibility cost may be delivered through in-kind contributions, including staff time across the Belizean government. The estimated total cost of conducting feasibility studies for the prioritized actions is USD$6,664,556. The estimated total cost for Mitigation Priority Actions is USD$3,650,163, while the estimated total cost of feasibility studies for Adaptation Priority Actions is USD$3,014,393. The estimated average cost of a feasibility study per project is USD$154,990.', 'The estimated average cost of a feasibility study per project is USD$154,990. The feasibility study cost estimates consider the following components: ● Preparation of the Feasibility Study Report ● Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ● Stakeholder Engagement or Consultation ● Feasibility Analysis (Technical, Financial, and Economic Assessments) ● Site Suitability and Selection ● Gender Analysis and/or Gender Action Plan ● Geotechnical and Hydrology Study ● Grid Interconnection/Integration Study ● Information gathering (data collection) ● Technical Officer Support for the Feasibility Study ● Project Identification/ Investment Viability Assessment/ RFQ Preparation and Execution ● Climate Risk and Impact Assessment ● Policy Analysis Details of the conditionality of targets and actions proposed here are provided in sections 4 and 5.', 'The feasibility study cost estimates consider the following components: ● Preparation of the Feasibility Study Report ● Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ● Stakeholder Engagement or Consultation ● Feasibility Analysis (Technical, Financial, and Economic Assessments) ● Site Suitability and Selection ● Gender Analysis and/or Gender Action Plan ● Geotechnical and Hydrology Study ● Grid Interconnection/Integration Study ● Information gathering (data collection) ● Technical Officer Support for the Feasibility Study ● Project Identification/ Investment Viability Assessment/ RFQ Preparation and Execution ● Climate Risk and Impact Assessment ● Policy Analysis Details of the conditionality of targets and actions proposed here are provided in sections 4 and 5. A climate finance strategy will be developed and implemented for 2021 – 2025 through which the NDCs will be financed.', 'A climate finance strategy will be developed and implemented for 2021 – 2025 through which the NDCs will be financed. It is obvious that continued support from the international community is vital in the climate finance strategy along with attracting private investments for the sectors such as renewable energy25. The strategy will undergo a mid-term review. The proposed strategy will be developed under the following guiding principles: 1. Meeting the national climate change priorities specified in NDCs: Meeting the national priorities in climate change is one of the important aspects in climate finance strategy.', 'Meeting the national climate change priorities specified in NDCs: Meeting the national priorities in climate change is one of the important aspects in climate finance strategy. The national climate change priorities are represented through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) 24 Draft based on RMI calculations to date, with finalised actions and resource requirements 25 Belize Climate Change Policy Assessment - 2018 of International Monetary FundBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 2. An ambitious and a futuristic vision for climate investments: The NDC targets are set in every five years as a rolling process. With the incremental impacts of climate change, the evolution of best available science, technology improvements and time lag in climate investments, the climate finance strategy must also consider a broader horizon.', 'With the incremental impacts of climate change, the evolution of best available science, technology improvements and time lag in climate investments, the climate finance strategy must also consider a broader horizon. While recognizing the NDCs as the short-term priorities, the climate investment plans must have a longer horizon with an ambitious and futuristic vision. It is, therefore, recommended to consider the potential of transformational change with a futuristic vision and higher level of ambition in the climate finance strategy. 3. National and International policy coherence: Belize has several national level developmental policies pertaining to different sectors including the private sector and civil society organizations.', 'National and International policy coherence: Belize has several national level developmental policies pertaining to different sectors including the private sector and civil society organizations. On the other hand, as a party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, Belize has committed to some international policies pertaining to climate change and sustainable development. The Climate Finance Strategy is developed in coherence with those national and international policies and commitments. 4. Maximizing synergies and co-benefits of sustainable development: Climate change challenges affect the achievement of sustainable development. Therefore, climate finance must contribute to the sustainable development process. Hence it is vital to ensure that climate investments are maximizing the synergies with the overall sustainable development process and generating sustainable development co-benefits.', 'Hence it is vital to ensure that climate investments are maximizing the synergies with the overall sustainable development process and generating sustainable development co-benefits. The climate finance strategy is, therefore, oriented towards maximizing synergies and co-benefits of sustainable development as well as supporting green economic recovery and growth. 5. Enhancing national capacities: Enhancing local capacities are imperative to ensure Belize is prepared to address the current and projected climate change challenges. Capacities are inclusive of institutional arrangements, systems, processes, human resources, etc. must be enhanced to sustain the local efforts to meet the requirements to access and utilize climate finance. Therefore, the climate finance strategy must address the local capacity building aspects, including commitments concerning local and indigenous communities. 6.', 'Therefore, the climate finance strategy must address the local capacity building aspects, including commitments concerning local and indigenous communities. 6. Promoting regional and multilateral collaborations: Regional and multilateral collaborations can set a strong foundation for national efforts to face climate change challenges. Belize being a small country in the Caribbean region, such collaborations are always helpful to achieve higher results. The climate finance strategy will also facilitate such collaborations while recognizing the national climate change priorities. 7. The integrated and inclusive approach in climate finance: Climate change challenges cannot be tackled through linear processes and by a single organization. It requires to coordinate among multiple organizations and partners from while integrating multiple processes.', 'It requires to coordinate among multiple organizations and partners from while integrating multiple processes. Engagement of government entities, private sector entities, and civil society organizations, an appropriate representation of all the relevant sectors and tiers e levels must be promoted through the climate finance strategy. Therefore, an integrated approach must be adopted where sectors, actors and tires are linked vertically and horizontally. 8. Respecting the global sustainable development principle of “no-one left behind”, the climate finance must ensure the inclusion of all groups in the process. Aspects such as gender, indigenous communities, people with disabilities, youth must be represented in a balanced way in the climate finance strategy. 9.', 'Aspects such as gender, indigenous communities, people with disabilities, youth must be represented in a balanced way in the climate finance strategy. 9. A systematic process of tracking and monitoring of Climate Finance Flows: Scale, effectiveness, adequacy, and accessibility are an important factor in climate finance. Therefore, establishing and maintaining an appropriate system to track and monitor climate finance should be an integral part of the climate finance strategy to effectively support and get the overall governance of climate flows in Belize right. A robust national MRV process and system will foster transparency and integrity thereby promoting donor and investor confidence.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution The climate finance strategy will adopt an integrated approach with appropriate vertical (tiers) and horizontal (sectoral) levels of integration.', 'A robust national MRV process and system will foster transparency and integrity thereby promoting donor and investor confidence.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution The climate finance strategy will adopt an integrated approach with appropriate vertical (tiers) and horizontal (sectoral) levels of integration. It will cover the key elements including the national priorities, finance sources and instruments, country capacity building, integration and tracking of climate finance. The strategy expects to build on the current positive aspects in climate action and enhance the ambition of climate action with both domestic and international finance sources along with private sector participation. It is expected to enhance the inclusion aspects of climate action by integrating those aspects into the finance strategy.', 'It is expected to enhance the inclusion aspects of climate action by integrating those aspects into the finance strategy. To support the implementation targets and activities set out later, Belize will explore the potential for new and additional financing opportunities to support mangrove protection and restoration, such as multilateral and bilateral financing, and blended financing schemes such as: private sector investments in green infrastructure, tourism, insurance, and other sectors; philanthropy; impact investing; ‘blue carbon’ credits; green/blue bonds; catastrophe bonds; among others. 8.4 Developing capacity and technology for delivery of NDC In relation to the targets and actions included in the NDC, several activities have been identified from policy documents and stakeholder engagement for developing capacity amongst responsible parties to implement the NDC.', '8.4 Developing capacity and technology for delivery of NDC In relation to the targets and actions included in the NDC, several activities have been identified from policy documents and stakeholder engagement for developing capacity amongst responsible parties to implement the NDC. These include: ● Facilitate greater public-private initiatives to implement cost-effective measures to address crop development, livestock production, and improving soil quality in the interest of building resilience to climate change ● Strengthen agricultural research and development and improve on the data collection capacity and analysis capabilities of the sector ● Enhance the epidemiology capacity of the health sector to address efficiently epidemics/ outbreaks.', 'These include: ● Facilitate greater public-private initiatives to implement cost-effective measures to address crop development, livestock production, and improving soil quality in the interest of building resilience to climate change ● Strengthen agricultural research and development and improve on the data collection capacity and analysis capabilities of the sector ● Enhance the epidemiology capacity of the health sector to address efficiently epidemics/ outbreaks. Undertake water policy reform including pricing and irrigation policies ● Support capacity-building, including institutional capacity, for preventive measures, planning, preparedness and management of disasters relating to climate change, including contingency planning, especially for droughts and floods in areas prone to extreme weather events 8.5 Promoting a just transition The NDC implementation plan will include specific consideration of how to incorporate stakeholder engagement and delivery of actions to promote a just transition in Belize including understanding inter- generational impacts of climate change are understood and the current and future needs of children and young people are adequately considered.', 'Undertake water policy reform including pricing and irrigation policies ● Support capacity-building, including institutional capacity, for preventive measures, planning, preparedness and management of disasters relating to climate change, including contingency planning, especially for droughts and floods in areas prone to extreme weather events 8.5 Promoting a just transition The NDC implementation plan will include specific consideration of how to incorporate stakeholder engagement and delivery of actions to promote a just transition in Belize including understanding inter- generational impacts of climate change are understood and the current and future needs of children and young people are adequately considered. In part, the adaptation actions identified reflect an application of the principles of just transition on a global scale.', 'In part, the adaptation actions identified reflect an application of the principles of just transition on a global scale. The long-term climate strategy under development by the NCCO with the support of UNDP will include specific gender analysis to incorporate the needs of vulnerable populations in the long term strategy.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 9 ICTU Summary This section summarises the contents and assumptions of Belize’s updated NDC in a consolidated format aligned with the information for clarity, transparency, and understanding framework developed by UNFCCC for the global stocktake. ICTU GUIDANCE 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Targets reference reductions against a baseline (business as usual) projected to 2030.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Targets reference reductions against a baseline (business as usual) projected to 2030. Emissions projections (both business as usual and NDC scenarios) are projections based on data collected in the fourth GHG inventory delivered in 2019, which reports emissions up to 2018. Emissions projections for the FOLU sector specifically are projections based on data collected and presented in Belize s FOLU sector GHG inventory delivered in 2019. All analyses for the FOLU sector was carried out within this database.', 'All analyses for the FOLU sector was carried out within this database. For actions in the energy sector, baseline emissions are estimated in line with the Baseline Energy Scenario (BES) in IRENA’s ReMAP modelling framework, which is representative of policies announced up to 2015. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Policies, strategies and plans in place as of December 2020 were considered in the targets and actions included in the updated NDC d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The mitigation actions included in the updated NDC are estimated to result in over 5.6 MTCO2e in cumulative avoided emissions by 2030, and a reduction of 1.0 MTCO2e in annual emissions by 2030 (not including additional deforestation targets) e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The emission impacts are calculated based on 1) the 2019 multi-sector GHG inventory prepared by the National Climate Change Office, 2) the 2015 Forest Reference Level, 3) 2020 calculations from the FAO’s EX-ACT estimation tool and IRENA’s ReMAP model for agricultural, transport and energy sectors, and 4) 2021 calculations from the FOLU GHG inventory database developed by CfRN in conjunction with the FOLU roundtable for land-use and land-use change and forestry sector.', 'For actions in the energy sector, baseline emissions are estimated in line with the Baseline Energy Scenario (BES) in IRENA’s ReMAP modelling framework, which is representative of policies announced up to 2015. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Policies, strategies and plans in place as of December 2020 were considered in the targets and actions included in the updated NDC d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The mitigation actions included in the updated NDC are estimated to result in over 5.6 MTCO2e in cumulative avoided emissions by 2030, and a reduction of 1.0 MTCO2e in annual emissions by 2030 (not including additional deforestation targets) e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The emission impacts are calculated based on 1) the 2019 multi-sector GHG inventory prepared by the National Climate Change Office, 2) the 2015 Forest Reference Level, 3) 2020 calculations from the FAO’s EX-ACT estimation tool and IRENA’s ReMAP model for agricultural, transport and energy sectors, and 4) 2021 calculations from the FOLU GHG inventory database developed by CfRN in conjunction with the FOLU roundtable for land-use and land-use change and forestry sector. f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Updates may reflect feedback from stakeholders provided during the validation of this document, as well as additional targets included in the long-term Low Emissions Development Strategy, which is currently being developed 2.', 'f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Updates may reflect feedback from stakeholders provided during the validation of this document, as well as additional targets included in the long-term Low Emissions Development Strategy, which is currently being developed 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; Targets are set for 2030, with annual interim targets set out in a complementary NDC Implementation PlanBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. 3. Scope and coverage a.', 'Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; The targets set out in this NDC include a set of mitigation actions estimated to avoid a cumulative 5.6 MTCO2e by 2030 through interventions in the AFOLU, Energy, Transport and Waste sectors, and a suite of interventions to increase resilience and adaptation in sectors central to Belize’s economy and society b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The targets are expressed in CO2-equivalent values. Where other gasses are relevant for targets these have been included in CO2e targets (e.g. methane emissions avoided in agriculture and waste sectors).', 'methane emissions avoided in agriculture and waste sectors). c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; No categories of gases or emissions have been excluded from the previous NDC. While some interventions have been updated and amended to reflect current conditions and policies, the aggregate impacts of the updated NDC exceed the previous target by more than 50%. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The actions included in the updated NDC are reflective of Belize’s national development plans and will help to deliver the goals of economic development, social support and resource efficiency.', 'The actions included in the updated NDC are reflective of Belize’s national development plans and will help to deliver the goals of economic development, social support and resource efficiency. The specific co-benefits of each action is represented by the relevant Sustainable Development Goals supported through delivery of the action. These SDGs include: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC was developed by the National Climate Change Office in consultation with the relevant ministry representatives from government departments sitting on Belize National Climate Change Committee. Technical support was provided to the government by the NDC Partnership, through its Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP).', 'Technical support was provided to the government by the NDC Partnership, through its Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP). The international partners providing technical assistance under the Belize CAEP include: ● Commonwealth Secretariat ● International Renewable Energy Agency ● NDC Partnership Support Unit ● Rocky Mountain Institute ● The Climate Technology Collaboration Network (CTCN) and Fundación Bariloche ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Center in Grenada (with the Caribbean Climate Change MRV Hub) In addition to these partners, organisations involved in the development and implementation of the NDC working alongside the CAEP activities include: ● The Coalition for Rainforest Nations ● UN Development Programme ● World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ● The Pew Charitable Trusts ● Initiative for Climate Action TransparencyBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE Technical assistance under the CAEP has included an assessment of policy targets, mapping of activities related to climate change, stakeholder engagement, modelling of GHG impacts in different sectors, an analysis of technology options to achieve NDC targets and the development of financing and implementation strategies.', 'The international partners providing technical assistance under the Belize CAEP include: ● Commonwealth Secretariat ● International Renewable Energy Agency ● NDC Partnership Support Unit ● Rocky Mountain Institute ● The Climate Technology Collaboration Network (CTCN) and Fundación Bariloche ● UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Center in Grenada (with the Caribbean Climate Change MRV Hub) In addition to these partners, organisations involved in the development and implementation of the NDC working alongside the CAEP activities include: ● The Coalition for Rainforest Nations ● UN Development Programme ● World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ● The Pew Charitable Trusts ● Initiative for Climate Action TransparencyBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE Technical assistance under the CAEP has included an assessment of policy targets, mapping of activities related to climate change, stakeholder engagement, modelling of GHG impacts in different sectors, an analysis of technology options to achieve NDC targets and the development of financing and implementation strategies. The development of the updated NDC has included broad stakeholder engagement including participation of vulnerable populations in an inception workshop for the NDC update process.', 'The development of the updated NDC has included broad stakeholder engagement including participation of vulnerable populations in an inception workshop for the NDC update process. Throughout the development of the updated NDC, progress has been validated through engagement with a technical committee of sector leads, including representation of indigenous peoples. Broader engagement of civil society and project owners was facilitated during an engagement phase. The actions and targets included in this updated NDC have undergone a gender and vulnerable group scoring analysis, which produced recommendations for increasing the gender sensitivity of both the medium-term implementation of the NDC and the long term low emissions development strategy under development. b.', 'The actions and targets included in this updated NDC have undergone a gender and vulnerable group scoring analysis, which produced recommendations for increasing the gender sensitivity of both the medium-term implementation of the NDC and the long term low emissions development strategy under development. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Belize is submitting this updated NDC on its own behalf, though as a member of the Alliance of Small Island States and the High Ambition Coalition it regularly collaborates with other member states on initiatives to increase climate ambition on a global scale c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC has been prepared in time for COP26 and a thorough assessment of opportunities to enhance Belize’s submission and incorporate ambition based on global examples in collaboration with the NDC Partnership d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Belize is submitting this updated NDC on its own behalf, though as a member of the Alliance of Small Island States and the High Ambition Coalition it regularly collaborates with other member states on initiatives to increase climate ambition on a global scale c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC has been prepared in time for COP26 and a thorough assessment of opportunities to enhance Belize’s submission and incorporate ambition based on global examples in collaboration with the NDC Partnership d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and The NDC is informed by findings from climate vulnerability assessments and reflects the specific circumstances climate change poses Belize. More detail on adaptation focused actions and targets are included in the NDC adaptation chapter.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'More detail on adaptation focused actions and targets are included in the NDC adaptation chapter.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The GHG inventory delivered in 2019 is referenced in the appendix of this report.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The GHG inventory delivered in 2019 is referenced in the appendix of this report. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The assumptions underlying future projections of impacts from delivering the NDC are set out in the FAO, IRENA and Vivid Economics reports referenced in the appendix of this report.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The assumptions underlying future projections of impacts from delivering the NDC are set out in the FAO, IRENA and Vivid Economics reports referenced in the appendix of this report. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Through support provided through the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package, the National Climate Change Office was supported by UN agencies and climate policy experts.', 'c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Through support provided through the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package, the National Climate Change Office was supported by UN agencies and climate policy experts. This includes participation in the Caribbean NDC Support Platform’s Virtual Exchanges, which highlighted good practice and guidelines for countries preparing updated NDCs for the GST. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The GHG inventory delivered in 2019 is referenced in the appendix of this report and was prepared in line with IPCC guidelines.', 'd. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The GHG inventory delivered in 2019 is referenced in the appendix of this report and was prepared in line with IPCC guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; iii. Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and The assumptions underlying future projections of impacts from delivering the NDC are set out in the FAO, IRENA and Vivid Economics reports referenced in the appendix of this report.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; iii.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and The assumptions underlying future projections of impacts from delivering the NDC are set out in the FAO, IRENA and Vivid Economics reports referenced in the appendix of this report.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; iv. Further technical information, as necessary; g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. An action related to exploring carbon markets for blue carbon is included in the NDC. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Despite contributing a very small share of global emissions, Belize recognizes its potential contribute to global climate regulation by protecting and restoring natural resources that serve as major carbon sinks, including mangrove forest, sea grass and terrestrial forests. These habitats are prioritized for protection and restoration in the actions included in this NDC. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; The NDC was developed in consultation with local communities and has been complemented by an assessment of opportunities to increase the gender sensitivity of delivering actions included in the NDC.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; The NDC was developed in consultation with local communities and has been complemented by an assessment of opportunities to increase the gender sensitivity of delivering actions included in the NDC. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition.', 'c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC reflects Belize’s commitment to enhancing its climate ambition. Notably, ambition has been integrated into the updated NDC through the following enhancements: ● Improvements in the data availability and analysis of projections underpinning commitments, especially in the FOLU sector ● Realistic and achievable commitments ● Increased ambition through expanded sectoral targets ● Further specification of targets including addition of time frames, quantified emissions reductions and other outcomes ● Increased transparency in the development of targets ● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC In quantified terms, and taking into consideration that improvements in data availability and projections have been factored into this updated NDC, the actions included in this updated NDC exceed previous commitments by 5%.', 'Notably, ambition has been integrated into the updated NDC through the following enhancements: ● Improvements in the data availability and analysis of projections underpinning commitments, especially in the FOLU sector ● Realistic and achievable commitments ● Increased ambition through expanded sectoral targets ● Further specification of targets including addition of time frames, quantified emissions reductions and other outcomes ● Increased transparency in the development of targets ● Detail on the financing, monitoring and implementation of actions included in the NDC In quantified terms, and taking into consideration that improvements in data availability and projections have been factored into this updated NDC, the actions included in this updated NDC exceed previous commitments by 5%. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Belize is compliant with requirements for developing country parties and the mitigation efforts set out in this NDC represent a movement over time to more ambitious reduction targets.', 'd. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Belize is compliant with requirements for developing country parties and the mitigation efforts set out in this NDC represent a movement over time to more ambitious reduction targets. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Belize’s NDC reflects an ambitious set of targets for a small island developing State. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The targets and actions set out in this document demonstrate Belize’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement including: ● A set of mitigation targets in line with a global goal to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius by 2100 ● A set of adaptation actions designed to develop resilience of critical systems and populations in Belize b.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The targets and actions set out in this document demonstrate Belize’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement including: ● A set of mitigation targets in line with a global goal to keep global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius by 2100 ● A set of adaptation actions designed to develop resilience of critical systems and populations in Belize b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE ● Consideration of the costs of delivering actions identified and level of climate finance resources to support delivery of these actionsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix Avoided emissions calculations The emission impacts of mitigation targets and actions included in the updated NDC have been estimated using a combination of sector-specific system models.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE ● Consideration of the costs of delivering actions identified and level of climate finance resources to support delivery of these actionsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix Avoided emissions calculations The emission impacts of mitigation targets and actions included in the updated NDC have been estimated using a combination of sector-specific system models. The key assumptions and outputs from these models are set out below.', 'The key assumptions and outputs from these models are set out below. Table 3 Deployment schedule assumed for most NDC actions Source: Vivid EconomicsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 4 Estimated avoided emissions, KtCO2e (compared to a baseline Business As Usual projection) Average annual Source AFOLU total ktCO2e FAO, CfRN and FOLU roundtable FOLU sub-sector total CfRN and FOLU roundtable Reforestation CfRN and FOLU roundtable Reduction of forest degradation CfRN and FOLU roundtable Restoration of riparian forest CfRN and FOLU roundtable Agroforestry CfRN and FOLU roundtable Mangrove restoration CfRN and FOLU roundtable Sustainable livestock managementBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Average annual Source Sustainable agricultural management IRENA and Vivid Residential building efficiency Commercial building efficiency Renewable energy generation Passenger transport efficiency Grand Total Source: Vivid Economics, based on calculations by FAO, IRENA, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, CfRN and the FOLU Roundtable Note: FAO (2020), based on EX-ACT calculations and stakeholder engagement; IRENA ReMAP analysis Based on TES scenario as compared to BES in IRENA modelling; Vivid modelling very high ambition scenario modelling of additional solar and hydro capacity; CfRN and FOLU roundtable modelling of FOLU targetsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Additional analysis Reports supporting the update of Belize’s NDC include modelling summaries, technology and policy reports and estimations of costs related to delivering the NDC.', 'Table 3 Deployment schedule assumed for most NDC actions Source: Vivid EconomicsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 4 Estimated avoided emissions, KtCO2e (compared to a baseline Business As Usual projection) Average annual Source AFOLU total ktCO2e FAO, CfRN and FOLU roundtable FOLU sub-sector total CfRN and FOLU roundtable Reforestation CfRN and FOLU roundtable Reduction of forest degradation CfRN and FOLU roundtable Restoration of riparian forest CfRN and FOLU roundtable Agroforestry CfRN and FOLU roundtable Mangrove restoration CfRN and FOLU roundtable Sustainable livestock managementBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Average annual Source Sustainable agricultural management IRENA and Vivid Residential building efficiency Commercial building efficiency Renewable energy generation Passenger transport efficiency Grand Total Source: Vivid Economics, based on calculations by FAO, IRENA, UNFCCC, Vivid Economics, CfRN and the FOLU Roundtable Note: FAO (2020), based on EX-ACT calculations and stakeholder engagement; IRENA ReMAP analysis Based on TES scenario as compared to BES in IRENA modelling; Vivid modelling very high ambition scenario modelling of additional solar and hydro capacity; CfRN and FOLU roundtable modelling of FOLU targetsBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Additional analysis Reports supporting the update of Belize’s NDC include modelling summaries, technology and policy reports and estimations of costs related to delivering the NDC. Table 5 Additional reports containing relevant analysis for the updated NDC Report Year Author Greenhouse Gas inventory for the Fourth Communication to the UNFCCC 2019 Gauss International Consulting Estimation of the mitigation potential of targeted AFOLU actions under the updated Nationally Determined Contributions of Belize 2020 FAO; CfRN and FOLU Roundtable FOLU GHG inventory and NDC projections 2021 CfRN and FOLU Roundtable ReMAP Modelling Report 2020 IRENA Policy Landscape Report for the updated Belize NDC 2020 Vivid Economics CTCN climate technology feasibility studies in the areas of energy, energy efficiency, transport, solid waste management, and AFOLU, and the subsequent proposal of 2 concept notes for energy efficiency and AFOLU 2020 Fundacion Bariloche Resource Requirements Report for the updated Belize NDC 2021 Vivid Economics Feasibility Study Cost Assessment for the updated Belize NDC 2021 Rocky Mountain InstituteBelize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution']

en-US

BEN

Benin

1st NDC

2017-10-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN_BENIN_VERSION%20FINALE.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3f142e6c2042fad5747cc60bc4869edb5053f99c478147bcfd1a98ae0ad188aa.pdf

['PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN AU TITRE DE L’ACCORD DE PARIS VERSION FINALE DIRECTION GENERALE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DU CLIMAT PROJET DE PREPARATION DES CONTRIBUTIONS PREVUES DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN (PROJET N° GFL/5070-2724-4F42-2201) MINISTERE DU CADRE DE VIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE REPUBLIQUE DU BENINLISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AIC : Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ANCB : Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CMEICB : Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat CNCC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques COP ou CP : Conférence des Parties CPDN : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National DGEC : Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Climat GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC : Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat GTEC : Groupe Thématique Environnement et Climat MCVDD : Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PAG : Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement PANA : Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés PRG : Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global des gaz à effet de serre PTF : Partenaires Techniques et Financiers SBEE : Société Béninoise d’Energie Electrique TCN : Troisième Communication Nationale du Bénin sur les Changements Climatiques UTCATF : Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone CH4 : Méthane N2O : Oxyde Nitreux LISTE DES UNITES t : tonne E CO2 : Equivalent dioxyde de carbone MW : Méga Watt Mt : Méga tonne Mt E-CO2 : Méga tonne Equivalent dioxyde de carbone km² : kilomètre carréSommaire LISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES .2 LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES .2 LISTE DES UNITES 2 Liste des figures 4 Liste des tableaux4 RESUME EXECUTIF .5 I. CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES 9 II.', 'PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN AU TITRE DE L’ACCORD DE PARIS VERSION FINALE DIRECTION GENERALE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DU CLIMAT PROJET DE PREPARATION DES CONTRIBUTIONS PREVUES DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN (PROJET N° GFL/5070-2724-4F42-2201) MINISTERE DU CADRE DE VIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE REPUBLIQUE DU BENINLISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AIC : Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ANCB : Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CMEICB : Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat CNCC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques COP ou CP : Conférence des Parties CPDN : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National DGEC : Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Climat GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC : Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat GTEC : Groupe Thématique Environnement et Climat MCVDD : Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PAG : Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement PANA : Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés PRG : Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global des gaz à effet de serre PTF : Partenaires Techniques et Financiers SBEE : Société Béninoise d’Energie Electrique TCN : Troisième Communication Nationale du Bénin sur les Changements Climatiques UTCATF : Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone CH4 : Méthane N2O : Oxyde Nitreux LISTE DES UNITES t : tonne E CO2 : Equivalent dioxyde de carbone MW : Méga Watt Mt : Méga tonne Mt E-CO2 : Méga tonne Equivalent dioxyde de carbone km² : kilomètre carréSommaire LISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES .2 LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES .2 LISTE DES UNITES 2 Liste des figures 4 Liste des tableaux4 RESUME EXECUTIF .5 I. CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES 9 II. ATTENUATION 10 2.1.', 'PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN AU TITRE DE L’ACCORD DE PARIS VERSION FINALE DIRECTION GENERALE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DU CLIMAT PROJET DE PREPARATION DES CONTRIBUTIONS PREVUES DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU BÉNIN (PROJET N° GFL/5070-2724-4F42-2201) MINISTERE DU CADRE DE VIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE REPUBLIQUE DU BENINLISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AIC : Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ANCB : Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CMEICB : Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat CNCC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques COP ou CP : Conférence des Parties CPDN : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National DGEC : Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Climat GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC : Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat GTEC : Groupe Thématique Environnement et Climat MCVDD : Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PAG : Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement PANA : Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés PRG : Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global des gaz à effet de serre PTF : Partenaires Techniques et Financiers SBEE : Société Béninoise d’Energie Electrique TCN : Troisième Communication Nationale du Bénin sur les Changements Climatiques UTCATF : Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone CH4 : Méthane N2O : Oxyde Nitreux LISTE DES UNITES t : tonne E CO2 : Equivalent dioxyde de carbone MW : Méga Watt Mt : Méga tonne Mt E-CO2 : Méga tonne Equivalent dioxyde de carbone km² : kilomètre carréSommaire LISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES .2 LISTE DES SYMBOLES CHIMIQUES .2 LISTE DES UNITES 2 Liste des figures 4 Liste des tableaux4 RESUME EXECUTIF .5 I. CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES 9 II. ATTENUATION 10 2.1. Emissions de gaz à effet de serre actuelles et projections en cas de maintien du statu quo . 10 2.2.', 'Emissions de gaz à effet de serre actuelles et projections en cas de maintien du statu quo . 10 2.2. Mesures au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national à l’atténuation 12 III. AMBITION ET EQUITÉ . 17 IV. ADAPTATION 18 4.1. Vulnérabilité du Bénin aux changements climatiques . 18 4.2. Objectifs en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques . 18 V. STRATEGIES, PROGRAMMES, PROJETS ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE . 20 5.1. Mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles 20 5.2. Cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN . 25 VI. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 28 6.1. Besoins en Transfert de Technologies . 28 6.2.', 'Besoins en Transfert de Technologies . 28 6.2. Renforcement de capacités . 28 6.4 Conditions de succès de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 30 ANNEXES . 33Liste des figures Figure 1: Tendance des émissions globales et des émissions dans les secteurs de l’agriculture et de l’énergie (1995-2030) – scénario maintien du statu quo. 11 Figure 2: Estimation des émissions globales des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention . 13 Figure 3: Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en casd’intervention dans le secteur de l’agriculture. 14 Figure 4:Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention dans le secteur de l’énergie.', '14 Figure 4:Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention dans le secteur de l’énergie. . 16 Figure 5: Organigramme du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Erreur ! Signet non défini.', '. 16 Figure 5: Organigramme du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Erreur ! Signet non défini. Liste des tableaux Tableau 1: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions de GES en cas de maintien du statu quo 11 Tableau 2: Contribution globale déterminée au niveau national 12 Tableau 3: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’agriculture 13 Tableau 4: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’énergie 14 Tableau 5: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur UTCATF . 16 Tableau 6: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation Tableau 7: Objectifs sectoriels en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques . 18 Tableau 8: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’agriculture 20 Tableau 9: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie 21 Tableau 10: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de la foresterie 23 Tableau 11: Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation .', 'Liste des tableaux Tableau 1: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions de GES en cas de maintien du statu quo 11 Tableau 2: Contribution globale déterminée au niveau national 12 Tableau 3: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’agriculture 13 Tableau 4: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’énergie 14 Tableau 5: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur UTCATF . 16 Tableau 6: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation Tableau 7: Objectifs sectoriels en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques . 18 Tableau 8: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’agriculture 20 Tableau 9: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie 21 Tableau 10: Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de la foresterie 23 Tableau 11: Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation . 25 Tableau 12: Besoins en transfert de technologies.', '25 Tableau 12: Besoins en transfert de technologies. 28 Tableau 13: Besoins en renforcement des capacités. . 28RESUME EXECUTIF En application du paragraphe 13 de la décision 1/CP.20 relatif à l’appel de Lima de décembre 2014, qui a réitéré l’invitation adressée aux Parties de faire part de leurs Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (CPDN) en prélude à la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties (COP21), le Bénin a soumis, au Secrétariat de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en septembre 2015, sa CPDN.', '. 28RESUME EXECUTIF En application du paragraphe 13 de la décision 1/CP.20 relatif à l’appel de Lima de décembre 2014, qui a réitéré l’invitation adressée aux Parties de faire part de leurs Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (CPDN) en prélude à la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties (COP21), le Bénin a soumis, au Secrétariat de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en septembre 2015, sa CPDN. Ce document pouvait tenir lieu de sa première Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) s’il n’avait pas exercé, lors du dépôt de son instrument de ratification de l’Accord de Paris, le 31 octobre 2016, l’option d’élaborer sa CDN par l’actualisation de sa CPDN, comme le prévoit le paragraphe 22 de la décision 1/CP.21 adoptant l’Accord de Paris.', 'Ce document pouvait tenir lieu de sa première Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) s’il n’avait pas exercé, lors du dépôt de son instrument de ratification de l’Accord de Paris, le 31 octobre 2016, l’option d’élaborer sa CDN par l’actualisation de sa CPDN, comme le prévoit le paragraphe 22 de la décision 1/CP.21 adoptant l’Accord de Paris. Ainsi le présent document qui est le fruit d’un travail plus approfondi ayant bénéficié d’une large participation des différentes parties prenantes provenant aussi bien des structures publiques, privées que des ONGs et des collectivités locales constitue la première CDN du Bénin.', 'Ainsi le présent document qui est le fruit d’un travail plus approfondi ayant bénéficié d’une large participation des différentes parties prenantes provenant aussi bien des structures publiques, privées que des ONGs et des collectivités locales constitue la première CDN du Bénin. Située en Afrique de l’Ouest dans le Golfe de Guinée, entre les latitudes 6°30’ et 12°30’N et les longitudes 1° et 3°40’E, la République du Bénincouvre une superficie de 114 763 km2. Avec un taux moyen annuel de croissance démographique égal à 3,5 %, sa population est estimée à environ 10.653.654 habitants pour l’année 2016.', 'Avec un taux moyen annuel de croissance démographique égal à 3,5 %, sa population est estimée à environ 10.653.654 habitants pour l’année 2016. Deux types de climat régissent le pays à savoir : le climat subéquatorial dans la région méridionale et le climat tropical continental dans la région septentrionale.Du point de vue économique, le Bénin est un Pays Moins Avancé (PMA) dont l’économie repose surtout sur l’agriculture. En dépit des efforts consentis sur le plan économique, le taux moyen de croissance réelle (4,2 % de 2006 à 2015) est inférieur au taux de croissance de7 %, minimum nécessaire pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté.', 'En dépit des efforts consentis sur le plan économique, le taux moyen de croissance réelle (4,2 % de 2006 à 2015) est inférieur au taux de croissance de7 %, minimum nécessaire pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté. La prise de conscience des enjeux liés à la problématique des changements climatiques a favorisé l’élaboration et l’adoption de plusieurs politiques, stratégies et progammes de riposte par le Bénin dont l’Agenda 21 national, la stratégie nationale de développement durable, la stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et du développement des compétences pour favoriser un développement vert, faible en émissions et résilient aux changements climatiques et le Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA).', 'La prise de conscience des enjeux liés à la problématique des changements climatiques a favorisé l’élaboration et l’adoption de plusieurs politiques, stratégies et progammes de riposte par le Bénin dont l’Agenda 21 national, la stratégie nationale de développement durable, la stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et du développement des compétences pour favoriser un développement vert, faible en émissions et résilient aux changements climatiques et le Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA). La volonté politique du Gouvernement béninois à lutter contre la problématique des changements climatiques trouve sa place dans son Programme d’Actions 2016-2021 (PAG) qui se fonde sur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et sur les décisions de l’Accord de Paris.', 'La volonté politique du Gouvernement béninois à lutter contre la problématique des changements climatiques trouve sa place dans son Programme d’Actions 2016-2021 (PAG) qui se fonde sur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et sur les décisions de l’Accord de Paris. Les changements climatiques constituent donc une préoccupation du Gouvernement béninois qui développe des actions sur la base d’objectifs et d’orientations clairement définis à travers les structures étatiques, les collectivités locales, le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile. 2.1.', 'Les changements climatiques constituent donc une préoccupation du Gouvernement béninois qui développe des actions sur la base d’objectifs et d’orientations clairement définis à travers les structures étatiques, les collectivités locales, le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile. 2.1. Émissions de gaz à effet de serre actuelles et projection en cas de maintien du statu quo Les émissions totales des GES du Bénin s’établissent à environ 14,1 Méga tonne Equivalent-CO2 ), soit environ 1,5 tonne E CO2 par habitant en 2012, secteur Utilisation des Terres, Changements d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie (UTCATF) exclu. Ces émissions proviennent des secteurs de l’énergie (47,4 %), de l’agriculture (45,9%), des déchets (5,0 %) et des procédés industriels (1,6 %).', 'Ces émissions proviennent des secteurs de l’énergie (47,4 %), de l’agriculture (45,9%), des déchets (5,0 %) et des procédés industriels (1,6 %). Tenant compte du secteur UTCATF, le bilan des émissions (14,9 Mt E-CO2 ) et des absorptions (50,3 Mt CO2 ) de GES montre que le Bénin reste globalement un puits de GES avec une capacité d’absorption nette de 35,4 Mt CO2 en 2012. Cependant sa capacitéde séquestration du carbone, voire d’absorption du CO2 , au niveau de son couvert végétal est en régression (20,6% entre 1995 et 2005 contre 32,0% en 2012).', 'Cependant sa capacitéde séquestration du carbone, voire d’absorption du CO2 , au niveau de son couvert végétal est en régression (20,6% entre 1995 et 2005 contre 32,0% en 2012). En matière de projection, dans le contexte du scenario du statu quo (sans intervention), la tendance des émissions globales (hors UTCATF) révèle un taux d’accroissement de 172,8 % sur la période 2012-2030 en évoluant de .Le total des émissions globales cumulées de GES pour ce scénario sur la période . Elles proviendraient à 66,3 % du secteur de l’énergie et à 27,4 % de celui de l’agriculture.', 'Elles proviendraient à 66,3 % du secteur de l’énergie et à 27,4 % de celui de l’agriculture. Le Bénin prévoit de réduire globalement les émissions cumulées de gaz à effet de serre (hors secteur foresterie) par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo d’environ 49,49 Mt E-CO2 , soit une réduction de 16,17% sur la période 2021 à 2030. La part des efforts nationaux est de l’ordre de 3,63% et celle de la contribution conditionnelle est de 12,55%.', 'La part des efforts nationaux est de l’ordre de 3,63% et celle de la contribution conditionnelle est de 12,55%. La mise en œuvre de ces mesures contribuerait à réduire les émissions cumulées de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur de l’énergie par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo de 23,35 Mt E CO2 sur la période de 2021 à 2030, soit 11,51% dont 9,53 % de contribution conditionnelle et 1,98% de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'La mise en œuvre de ces mesures contribuerait à réduire les émissions cumulées de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur de l’énergie par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo de 23,35 Mt E CO2 sur la période de 2021 à 2030, soit 11,51% dont 9,53 % de contribution conditionnelle et 1,98% de contribution inconditionnelle. Les efforts de réduction au niveau du secteur de l’agriculture permettraient d’éviter les émissions cumulées de GES à hauteur d’environ 26,1Mt E CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 31,1% sur la période de 2021 à 2030, dont 25,3 % de contribution conditionnelle et 5,8 % de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'Les efforts de réduction au niveau du secteur de l’agriculture permettraient d’éviter les émissions cumulées de GES à hauteur d’environ 26,1Mt E CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 31,1% sur la période de 2021 à 2030, dont 25,3 % de contribution conditionnelle et 5,8 % de contribution inconditionnelle. Dans le secteur de l’UTCATF, la mise en œuvre des mesures pourrait contribuer à accroître la capacité de séquestration cumulée du Bénin à hauteur de 32 Mt E-CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo dans ce secteur sur la période 2021-2030 dont 76,6 % de contribution conditionnelle et 23,4 % de contribution inconditionnelle, à travers la limitation de la déforestation (23,9 Mt E-CO2) et la création des plantations forestières (8,1 Mt E CO2).', 'Dans le secteur de l’UTCATF, la mise en œuvre des mesures pourrait contribuer à accroître la capacité de séquestration cumulée du Bénin à hauteur de 32 Mt E-CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo dans ce secteur sur la période 2021-2030 dont 76,6 % de contribution conditionnelle et 23,4 % de contribution inconditionnelle, à travers la limitation de la déforestation (23,9 Mt E-CO2) et la création des plantations forestières (8,1 Mt E CO2). 2.2. Objectifs et mesures en matière d’atténuation des changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés et les mesures en matière d’atténuation aux changements climatiques consignés dans les tableaux 3 à 5. 2.3.', 'Objectifs et mesures en matière d’atténuation des changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés et les mesures en matière d’atténuation aux changements climatiques consignés dans les tableaux 3 à 5. 2.3. Stratégies, programmes, projets de mise en œuvre La mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles d’atténuation (agriculture, énergie et foresterie) au titre de la CDN s’appuiera sur les stratégies, programmes et projets existants et les programmes et projets futurs. Au regard de son appartenance aux groupes des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA), de son contexte environnemental et de ses objectifs de développement, l’adaptation demeure pour la République du Bénin la priorité en matière de réponse aux changements climatiques quoiqu’elle adhère inconditionnellement à l’effort mondial, orienté vers la stratégie d’atténuation.', 'Au regard de son appartenance aux groupes des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA), de son contexte environnemental et de ses objectifs de développement, l’adaptation demeure pour la République du Bénin la priorité en matière de réponse aux changements climatiques quoiqu’elle adhère inconditionnellement à l’effort mondial, orienté vers la stratégie d’atténuation. 3.1. Vulnérabilité du Bénin auxchangements climatiques En termes de vulnérabilité actuelle, les risques climatiques majeurs qui impactent les modes et moyens d’existence au niveau des secteurs de l’agriculture, des ressources en eau, du littoral et de la foresterie sont : la sécheresse, les inondations, les pluies tardives et violentes, les vents violents, la chaleur excessive et l’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'Vulnérabilité du Bénin auxchangements climatiques En termes de vulnérabilité actuelle, les risques climatiques majeurs qui impactent les modes et moyens d’existence au niveau des secteurs de l’agriculture, des ressources en eau, du littoral et de la foresterie sont : la sécheresse, les inondations, les pluies tardives et violentes, les vents violents, la chaleur excessive et l’élévation du niveau de la mer. Les manifestations de ces risques climatiques ont engendré au cours des trois dernières décennies de nombreux impacts, en l’occurrence la baisse des rendements agricoles, la perturbation des calendriers agricoles, la baisse des niveaux d’eau dans les barrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable, la prolongation de la période d’étiage, la submersion des berges, etc.S’agissant de la vulnérabilité future, les risques climatiques auxquels pourraient s’exposer les systèmes naturels et humains s’inscrivent dans un scenario de persistance ou d’accentuation des risques actuellement observés et sont fonction du secteur considéré.', 'Les manifestations de ces risques climatiques ont engendré au cours des trois dernières décennies de nombreux impacts, en l’occurrence la baisse des rendements agricoles, la perturbation des calendriers agricoles, la baisse des niveaux d’eau dans les barrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable, la prolongation de la période d’étiage, la submersion des berges, etc.S’agissant de la vulnérabilité future, les risques climatiques auxquels pourraient s’exposer les systèmes naturels et humains s’inscrivent dans un scenario de persistance ou d’accentuation des risques actuellement observés et sont fonction du secteur considéré. Les impacts potentiels, selon les projections climatiques aux horizons temporels 2025, 2050 et 2100 vont des inondations côtières et intrusions d’eaux salines dans les cours et nappes d’eau à une baisse des rendements du maïs dans certaines zones agro-écologiques (ZAE5 notamment) en passant par un décalage des périodes de crue dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger.', 'Les impacts potentiels, selon les projections climatiques aux horizons temporels 2025, 2050 et 2100 vont des inondations côtières et intrusions d’eaux salines dans les cours et nappes d’eau à une baisse des rendements du maïs dans certaines zones agro-écologiques (ZAE5 notamment) en passant par un décalage des périodes de crue dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger. 3.2. Objectifs en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques sont définis pour les horizons temporels 2020, 2025,2030 et consignés dans le tableau 7. 3.3.', 'Objectifs en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques sont définis pour les horizons temporels 2020, 2025,2030 et consignés dans le tableau 7. 3.3. Stratégies, programmes, projets de mise en œuvre La mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles d’adaptation (agriculture, ressources en eau, littoral et foresterie) au titre de la CDN s’appuiera sur les stratégies, programmes et projets existants et les programmes et projets futurs. 4.', 'Stratégies, programmes, projets de mise en œuvre La mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles d’adaptation (agriculture, ressources en eau, littoral et foresterie) au titre de la CDN s’appuiera sur les stratégies, programmes et projets existants et les programmes et projets futurs. 4. CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN La CDN du Bénin sera mise en œuvre sous l’égide du Ministère en charge de l’environnement qui assure le rôle de Point Focal National de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques avec la participation effective de toutes les parties prenantes, notamment les Partenaires Techniques et Financiers, les acteurs étatiques et non étatiques avec une prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale (Ministères sectoriels, collectivités locales, secteur privé, société civile, etc.).', 'CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN La CDN du Bénin sera mise en œuvre sous l’égide du Ministère en charge de l’environnement qui assure le rôle de Point Focal National de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques avec la participation effective de toutes les parties prenantes, notamment les Partenaires Techniques et Financiers, les acteurs étatiques et non étatiques avec une prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale (Ministères sectoriels, collectivités locales, secteur privé, société civile, etc.). L’implication des parties prenantes sera assurée à travers certains organes notamment (i) le Comité de Pilotage de la CDN qui est l’instance suprême en matière de décision et d’orientation, (ii) la Coordination Nationale de la CDN qui est l’instance fédératrice de toutes les actions et (iii) les équipes sectorielles de mise en œuvre relevant des ministères couverts par les mesures retenues dans la CDN.', 'L’implication des parties prenantes sera assurée à travers certains organes notamment (i) le Comité de Pilotage de la CDN qui est l’instance suprême en matière de décision et d’orientation, (ii) la Coordination Nationale de la CDN qui est l’instance fédératrice de toutes les actions et (iii) les équipes sectorielles de mise en œuvre relevant des ministères couverts par les mesures retenues dans la CDN. La mise en œuvre des projets et programmes identifiés au niveau des différents secteurs couverts par la CDN relève de la responsabilité des ministères sectoriels concernés.', 'La mise en œuvre des projets et programmes identifiés au niveau des différents secteurs couverts par la CDN relève de la responsabilité des ministères sectoriels concernés. Les orientations et les facilités nécessaires seront données par le Ministère en charge de l’environnement pour appuyer au besoin les ministères sectoriels dans la préparation des dossiers de recherche de financement au niveau des mécanismes mis en place pour aider les PMA. Le ministère en charge de l’environnement assurera également la responsabilité du suivi évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN en collaboration avec les ministères sectoriels ainsi que celle de la mise en œuvre des renforcements des capacités institutionnelles. 5.', 'Le ministère en charge de l’environnement assurera également la responsabilité du suivi évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN en collaboration avec les ministères sectoriels ainsi que celle de la mise en œuvre des renforcements des capacités institutionnelles. 5. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE Les activités prévues dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN du Bénin requièrent des moyens financiers, technologiques et de renforcement des capacités. En ce qui concerne les ressources technologiques, l’accent sera mis sur les technologies endogènes et le transfert Sud-Sud et Nord-Sud y compris le savoir-faire nécessaire. Les principaux besoins en transferts de technologies identifiés concernent les secteurs de l’agriculture/foresterie, de l’énergie (tableau 10).', 'Les principaux besoins en transferts de technologies identifiés concernent les secteurs de l’agriculture/foresterie, de l’énergie (tableau 10). Le renforcement des capacités consistera au développement des compétences techniques et de l’amélioration des capacités institutionnelles. La République du Bénin, pour réaliser ses ambitions d’atténuation des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), aura besoin d’une enveloppe financière globale de l’ordre de 6042,33 millions dollars US dont 2135,24 millions comme contribution du Gouvernement béninois et 3907,09 millions à mobiliser auprès des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers (PTF) sur la période allant de 2021 à 2030.', 'La République du Bénin, pour réaliser ses ambitions d’atténuation des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), aura besoin d’une enveloppe financière globale de l’ordre de 6042,33 millions dollars US dont 2135,24 millions comme contribution du Gouvernement béninois et 3907,09 millions à mobiliser auprès des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers (PTF) sur la période allant de 2021 à 2030. Le coût afférent à la mise en œuvre des programmes etprojets d’adaptation est estimé à environ 5594,69 millions de dollar US dont la contribution nationale (part inconditionnelle) est de l’ordre de 1441,15 millions de dollar US tandis que la part conditionnelle (appui international) correspond à 4153,54 millions de dollar US.', 'Le coût afférent à la mise en œuvre des programmes etprojets d’adaptation est estimé à environ 5594,69 millions de dollar US dont la contribution nationale (part inconditionnelle) est de l’ordre de 1441,15 millions de dollar US tandis que la part conditionnelle (appui international) correspond à 4153,54 millions de dollar US. Au total, les ressources financières à mobiliser pour la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation au titre de cette première CDN du Bénin s’élève globalement à environ 11637,02 millions de dollar US devant provenir de fonds publics, du secteur privé et d’appui international. 6.', 'Au total, les ressources financières à mobiliser pour la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation au titre de cette première CDN du Bénin s’élève globalement à environ 11637,02 millions de dollar US devant provenir de fonds publics, du secteur privé et d’appui international. 6. CONTRAINTES LIEES A LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES STRATEGIES EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION ET SOLUTIONS ENVISAGEABLES La mise en œuvre de la CDN avec succès pourrait être confrontée à de nombreuses contraintes au nombre desquelles il faut noter : l’expertise technique limitée, l’insuffisance de la qualité des données et informations, la mobilisation effective et à temps des ressources nationales et extérieures, la capacité des structures publiques concernées à gérer efficacement des programmes de grandes envergures, l’effectivité de l’application des textes réglementaires, le transfert effectif de technologies tout comme l’aboutissement des travaux de recherche – développement au plan national.I.', 'CONTRAINTES LIEES A LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES STRATEGIES EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION ET SOLUTIONS ENVISAGEABLES La mise en œuvre de la CDN avec succès pourrait être confrontée à de nombreuses contraintes au nombre desquelles il faut noter : l’expertise technique limitée, l’insuffisance de la qualité des données et informations, la mobilisation effective et à temps des ressources nationales et extérieures, la capacité des structures publiques concernées à gérer efficacement des programmes de grandes envergures, l’effectivité de l’application des textes réglementaires, le transfert effectif de technologies tout comme l’aboutissement des travaux de recherche – développement au plan national.I. CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES La République du Bénin est située en Afrique Occidentale dans le Golfe de Guinée, entre les latitudes 6°30’ et 12°30’N et les longitudes 1° et 3°40’E.', 'CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES La République du Bénin est située en Afrique Occidentale dans le Golfe de Guinée, entre les latitudes 6°30’ et 12°30’N et les longitudes 1° et 3°40’E. Elle couvre une superficie de 114 763 km2. Avec un taux moyen annuel de croissance démographique de 3,5 %, sa population est estimée à environ 10 882 953habitants en 2016 (INSAE, 2015 ). Deux types de climat régissent le pays à savoir : le climat subéquatorial dans le Sud et le climat tropical continental dans le Nord. A l’échelle de l’année, les précipitations moyennes varient entre 700 mm au Nord et 1500 mm au Sud, tandis que les températures de l’air varient en moyenne autour de 27,2 °C, avec des maxima absolus pouvant dépasser 45°C au Nord (ASECNA, 2016).', 'A l’échelle de l’année, les précipitations moyennes varient entre 700 mm au Nord et 1500 mm au Sud, tandis que les températures de l’air varient en moyenne autour de 27,2 °C, avec des maxima absolus pouvant dépasser 45°C au Nord (ASECNA, 2016). Le Bénin fait partie des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) dont l’économie repose surtout sur l’agriculture, le commerce et le transport avec les pays voisins. En dépit des efforts consentis sur le plan économique, le taux moyen decroissance réelle (4,2% de 2006 à 2015) est inférieur au taux de croissance de 7 %, minimum nécessaire pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté (PAG 2016-2021).', 'En dépit des efforts consentis sur le plan économique, le taux moyen decroissance réelle (4,2% de 2006 à 2015) est inférieur au taux de croissance de 7 %, minimum nécessaire pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté (PAG 2016-2021). Ce qui appelle de nombreux défis à relever dans le cadre des diverses stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté (Ndoye et al., 2016). Des facteurs exogènes dont les changements climatiques sont susceptibles d’entraver la réussite de la mise en œuvre des mesures prises ou envisagées pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté au plan national.', 'Des facteurs exogènes dont les changements climatiques sont susceptibles d’entraver la réussite de la mise en œuvre des mesures prises ou envisagées pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté au plan national. En effet, à l’instar des autres PMA, le Bénin reste un pays particulièrement vulnérable à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques dont les conséquences se font ressentir aux plans national et local.Depuis deux décennies environ, les régimes pluviométriques caractérisant les climats du Bénin connaissent des fluctuations parfois très marquées au milieu ou à l’intérieurdes saisons. Les principaux risques auxquels le pays est confronté sont la sécheresse, les inondations et les pluies tardives et violentes.', 'Les principaux risques auxquels le pays est confronté sont la sécheresse, les inondations et les pluies tardives et violentes. A ces risques majeurs s’ajoute l’occurrence de risques climatiques ayant une faible emprise géographique, telle que l’élévation du niveau de la mer, mais capable de grands impacts économiques et sociaux.', 'A ces risques majeurs s’ajoute l’occurrence de risques climatiques ayant une faible emprise géographique, telle que l’élévation du niveau de la mer, mais capable de grands impacts économiques et sociaux. La prise de conscience des enjeux liés à la problématique des changements climatiques a favorisél’élaboration et l’adoption de plusieurs politiques, stratégieset progammes de riposte par le Bénin dont l’Agenda 21 national, la stratégie nationale de développement durable,lastratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et du développement des compétences pour favoriser un développement vert, faible en émissions et résilient aux changements climatiques et le Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA).', 'La prise de conscience des enjeux liés à la problématique des changements climatiques a favorisél’élaboration et l’adoption de plusieurs politiques, stratégieset progammes de riposte par le Bénin dont l’Agenda 21 national, la stratégie nationale de développement durable,lastratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et du développement des compétences pour favoriser un développement vert, faible en émissions et résilient aux changements climatiques et le Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA). Ces documentsvisent dans l’ensemble à (i) intégrer des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du Bénin, afin qu’ils soient à plus faible intensité en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques pour son développement durable et (ii)doter le Bénin d une base de ressources humaines durable pour faire face aux changements climatiques.', 'Ces documentsvisent dans l’ensemble à (i) intégrer des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du Bénin, afin qu’ils soient à plus faible intensité en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques pour son développement durable et (ii)doter le Bénin d une base de ressources humaines durable pour faire face aux changements climatiques. D’autres initiatives sont en cours notamement l’élaboration du plan national d’adaptation et de la politique nationale en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques. La volonté politique du Gouvernement béninois à relever les défis des changements climatiquesest traduite dans son Programme d’Actions 2016-2021 (PAG). Ce programme se fonde notammentsur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et les décisions de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Ce programme se fonde notammentsur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et les décisions de l’Accord de Paris. Il prévoit des actions et réformes pour «relancer de manière durable le développement économique et social du Bénin » dont l’élaboration et la mise en place de mesures d’adaptation, d’atténuation et de gestion des catastrophes à travers la poursuite de la mise en œuvre duPANA, le soutien au développement des énergies renouvelables, des initiatives de protection des forêts, de reboisement et de verdissement au niveau communal, la lutte contre l’érosion côtière, une stratégie pour l’agriculture intelligente face au climat, la promotion d’une gestion rationnelle et durable des ressources naturelles et forestières, etc.L’urgence de la problématique des changements climatiques nécessite une approche globale de riposte portée notamment par le Ministère du Cadre de Vie et de Développement Durable (MCVDD) .Les principales structures impliquées dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques au sein de ce ministèresontla Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Climat (DGEC), le Fonds National pour l’Environnement et le Climat (FNEC) et l’Agence Béninoise pour l’Environnement et le Climat (ABEC).', 'Il prévoit des actions et réformes pour «relancer de manière durable le développement économique et social du Bénin » dont l’élaboration et la mise en place de mesures d’adaptation, d’atténuation et de gestion des catastrophes à travers la poursuite de la mise en œuvre duPANA, le soutien au développement des énergies renouvelables, des initiatives de protection des forêts, de reboisement et de verdissement au niveau communal, la lutte contre l’érosion côtière, une stratégie pour l’agriculture intelligente face au climat, la promotion d’une gestion rationnelle et durable des ressources naturelles et forestières, etc.L’urgence de la problématique des changements climatiques nécessite une approche globale de riposte portée notamment par le Ministère du Cadre de Vie et de Développement Durable (MCVDD) .Les principales structures impliquées dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques au sein de ce ministèresontla Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Climat (DGEC), le Fonds National pour l’Environnement et le Climat (FNEC) et l’Agence Béninoise pour l’Environnement et le Climat (ABEC). La DGEC a pour mission d’élaborer et d’assurer la mise en œuvre ainsi que le suivi-évaluation de la politique et des stratégies de l’Etat en matière de gestion des effets des changements climatiques et de promotion de l’économie verte.Les questions liées aux changements climatiques sont gérées par le MCVDD en partenariat avec les autres ministères sectoriels, les collectivités locales, le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile avec l’appui des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers.', 'La DGEC a pour mission d’élaborer et d’assurer la mise en œuvre ainsi que le suivi-évaluation de la politique et des stratégies de l’Etat en matière de gestion des effets des changements climatiques et de promotion de l’économie verte.Les questions liées aux changements climatiques sont gérées par le MCVDD en partenariat avec les autres ministères sectoriels, les collectivités locales, le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile avec l’appui des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers. Ces structures sont impliquées individuellement ou collectivement à travers des comités notamment le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC), laCommission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB), le système national d’inventaire des GES, etc.', 'Ces structures sont impliquées individuellement ou collectivement à travers des comités notamment le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC), laCommission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB), le système national d’inventaire des GES, etc. La mise en place du système de mesure, de notification et de vérification au niveau national est en cours à travers le Projet d’Elaboration du Premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé. II. ATTENUATION 2.1.', 'La mise en place du système de mesure, de notification et de vérification au niveau national est en cours à travers le Projet d’Elaboration du Premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé. II. ATTENUATION 2.1. Emissions de gaz à effet de serre actuelles et projectionsen cas de maintien du statu quo Les données sur les émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont basées sur les résultats disponibles en juin 2017 des études d’inventaire des GES réalisées dans le cadre du projet d’élaboration de la Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN).', 'Emissions de gaz à effet de serre actuelles et projectionsen cas de maintien du statu quo Les données sur les émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont basées sur les résultats disponibles en juin 2017 des études d’inventaire des GES réalisées dans le cadre du projet d’élaboration de la Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN). \uf076 Emissions de gaz à effet de serre au niveau national Les émissions totales des GES du Bénin s’établissent à environ 14,1 Méga tonne Equivalent-CO2 ), soit par habitant en 2012, secteur Utilisation des Terres, Changements d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie (UTCATF) exclu. Ces émissions proviennent des secteurs de l’énergie (47,4%), de l’agriculture (45,9 %), des déchets (5,0%) et des procédés industriels (1,6 %).', 'Ces émissions proviennent des secteurs de l’énergie (47,4%), de l’agriculture (45,9 %), des déchets (5,0%) et des procédés industriels (1,6 %). En tenant compte du secteur UTCATF, le bilan des émissions (14,9 Mt E-CO2 ) et des absorptions (50,3 Mt CO2 ) de GES montre que le Bénin est globalement un puits de GES avec une capacité d’absorption nette de 35,4 Mt en 2012, c’est-à-dire que ses émissions de GES sont largement compensées par l’absorption du CO2 au niveau de son couvert forestier. Quoique le Bénin demeure un puits, sa capacité de séquestration du carbone est en régression, passant de (52,0) Mt E-CO2 en 2005, soit une diminution de 20,6 %, et en 2012, soit une diminution de 32,0 %.', 'Quoique le Bénin demeure un puits, sa capacité de séquestration du carbone est en régression, passant de (52,0) Mt E-CO2 en 2005, soit une diminution de 20,6 %, et en 2012, soit une diminution de 32,0 %. \uf076 Projection d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre en cas de maintien du statu quo En cas de maintien du statu quo, la tendance des émissions globales (hors UTCATF) révèle un taux d’accroissement de 172,8% sur la période 2012-2030 en évoluant de 14,1 Mt E-CO2 (Figure 1). Le total des émissions globales cumulées de GES sans aucune intervention sur la période 2021-2030 avoisine (secteur UTCATF exclu).', 'Le total des émissions globales cumulées de GES sans aucune intervention sur la période 2021-2030 avoisine (secteur UTCATF exclu). Elles proviendraient à 66,3% du secteur de l’énergie et à 27,4% de celui de l’agriculture.Figure 1:Tendance des émissions globales et des émissions dans les secteurs de l’agriculture et de l’énergie (1995- 2030) – scénario maintien du statu quo. \uf076 Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions des gaz à effet de serre en cas de maintien du statu quo (Tableau 1).', '\uf076 Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions des gaz à effet de serre en cas de maintien du statu quo (Tableau 1). Tableau 1: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions de GES en cas de maintien du statu quo Méthodologie pour la comptabilisation des émissions pour l’année 2012 (année de référence) Les inventaires des GES de l’année 2012 ont été réalisés selon la version révisée 1996 des lignes directrices du Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC),les recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques et de gestion des incertitudes pour les inventaires nationaux de GES (GPG 2000) et les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’agriculture, des déchets et des procédés industriels.', 'Tableau 1: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour prévoir les émissions de GES en cas de maintien du statu quo Méthodologie pour la comptabilisation des émissions pour l’année 2012 (année de référence) Les inventaires des GES de l’année 2012 ont été réalisés selon la version révisée 1996 des lignes directrices du Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC),les recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques et de gestion des incertitudes pour les inventaires nationaux de GES (GPG 2000) et les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’agriculture, des déchets et des procédés industriels. Approche concernant les émissions relatives au secteur de l’UTCATF pour l’année de référence.', 'Approche concernant les émissions relatives au secteur de l’UTCATF pour l’année de référence. Les recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques pour le secteur de l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation et Foresterie (UTCATF) (GPG 2003), les lignes directrices 1996 du GIEC (GL 1996).', 'Les recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques pour le secteur de l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation et Foresterie (UTCATF) (GPG 2003), les lignes directrices 1996 du GIEC (GL 1996). Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de statu quo (sans aucune mesure de réduction des émissions) Projection des émissions par secteur d’activité hors UTCAF (2013-2030) : La méthodologie utilisée pour les projections des émissions à partir de 2013 lie le volume des émissions de GES d’un pays à trois facteurs que sont les données démographiques (Pop), les données du PIB par habitant (PIB/Pop) et de l’émission de GES par unité du PIB(GES/PIB) selon l’équation ci-après : Volume de GES = Pop x (PIB/Pop) x (GES/PIB) Les données de base utilisées sont les suivantes : Les inventaires sectoriels de GES sur la période de 1995 à 2012 (source Projet TCN) Les données de population et les projections démographiques : période 1995- 2030 Les données du PIB en FCFA à prix constant de 2007 : période de 2002 à 2012.', 'Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de statu quo (sans aucune mesure de réduction des émissions) Projection des émissions par secteur d’activité hors UTCAF (2013-2030) : La méthodologie utilisée pour les projections des émissions à partir de 2013 lie le volume des émissions de GES d’un pays à trois facteurs que sont les données démographiques (Pop), les données du PIB par habitant (PIB/Pop) et de l’émission de GES par unité du PIB(GES/PIB) selon l’équation ci-après : Volume de GES = Pop x (PIB/Pop) x (GES/PIB) Les données de base utilisées sont les suivantes : Les inventaires sectoriels de GES sur la période de 1995 à 2012 (source Projet TCN) Les données de population et les projections démographiques : période 1995- 2030 Les données du PIB en FCFA à prix constant de 2007 : période de 2002 à 2012. Les résultats obtenus ont été ajustés sur la période 2019 à 2030 pour tenir compte des émissions que générerait le programme de renforcement de la capacité interne de production thermique d’électricité estimées sur la base des GPG 2000 et des GL 1996.', 'Les résultats obtenus ont été ajustés sur la période 2019 à 2030 pour tenir compte des émissions que générerait le programme de renforcement de la capacité interne de production thermique d’électricité estimées sur la base des GPG 2000 et des GL 1996. Projection des émissions globales (2013 à 2030): Les émissions globales sont évaluées à partir de la somme des émissions sectorielles hors secteur UTCATF. Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Emissions nationales totales statu quo Emissions agriculture statu quo Emissions énergie statu quoPotentiels de réchauffement de la planète (PRG) Valeurs des PRG fournies par le GIEC dans son quatrième rapport d’évaluation : 1 pour , 25 pour le CH4 et 298 pour le N2 O. 2.2.', 'Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Emissions nationales totales statu quo Emissions agriculture statu quo Emissions énergie statu quoPotentiels de réchauffement de la planète (PRG) Valeurs des PRG fournies par le GIEC dans son quatrième rapport d’évaluation : 1 pour , 25 pour le CH4 et 298 pour le N2 O. 2.2. Mesures au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national à l’atténuation La République du Bénin fait partie des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) et des Pays ayant des zones côtières de faible élévation.', 'Mesures au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national à l’atténuation La République du Bénin fait partie des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) et des Pays ayant des zones côtières de faible élévation. Fort de cette considération, le Bénin dans sa soumission, présente une contribution à l’atténuation de GES fondée sur des mesures contenues dans des stratégies, programmes et projets pour la période 2017– 2030.Cette période inclut la phase préparatoire de mise en œuvre de la CDN (2017 à 2020) et la période de mise en œuvre de la CDN (2021 à 2030, période de comptabilisation des efforts de réduction des émissions des GES).De nombreuses opportunités d’atténuation des émissions de GES ont été identifiées dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’énergie et de l’UTCATF à cet effet.', 'Fort de cette considération, le Bénin dans sa soumission, présente une contribution à l’atténuation de GES fondée sur des mesures contenues dans des stratégies, programmes et projets pour la période 2017– 2030.Cette période inclut la phase préparatoire de mise en œuvre de la CDN (2017 à 2020) et la période de mise en œuvre de la CDN (2021 à 2030, période de comptabilisation des efforts de réduction des émissions des GES).De nombreuses opportunités d’atténuation des émissions de GES ont été identifiées dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’énergie et de l’UTCATF à cet effet. \uf076 Mesures au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national à l’atténuation La contribution globale déterminée au niveau national à l’atténuation est présentée dans le tableau 2.', '\uf076 Mesures au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national à l’atténuation La contribution globale déterminée au niveau national à l’atténuation est présentée dans le tableau 2. Les mesures sectorielles prévues et leurs effets sont présentés dans les tableaux 3, 4 et 5 et illustrés par les figures 2, 3 et 4.', 'Les mesures sectorielles prévues et leurs effets sont présentés dans les tableaux 3, 4 et 5 et illustrés par les figures 2, 3 et 4. Tableau 2: Contribution globale déterminée au niveau national Période couverte 2017- 2030 (2017-2020 : phase préparatoire de mise en œuvre de la CDN; 2021-2030: mise en œuvre de la CDN et comptabilisation des réductions d’émission des GES) Année de référence 2012 Type de contribution Contribution fondée sur des mesures contenues dans des stratégies, programmes et projets susceptibles de contribuer à la réduction des émissions des GES et basées aussi bien sur les ressources nationales (contribution inconditionnelle) que sur le soutien de la communauté internationale (contribution conditionnelle). La contribution inconditionnelle englobe les fonds publics et les investissements privés.', 'La contribution inconditionnelle englobe les fonds publics et les investissements privés. Champ d’application et portée GES considérés dans la contribution Dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ), méthane (CH4 ), oxyde nitreux (N2 O) Secteurs/sources couverts par la contribution1 - Energie (sources : secteur résidentiel et industries énergétiques) - Agriculture (sols agricoles, rizières, brûlage des résidus agricoles, brûlage dirigé des savanes). - UTCATF (terres forestières incluant les forêts naturelles et les plantations). Couverture géographique Tout le territoire national.', 'Couverture géographique Tout le territoire national. Réduction globale escomptée des émissions (ensemble des secteurs ciblés) par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo Les mesures envisagées dans les secteurs Energie et Agriculture sont susceptibles de contribuer à réduire les émissions cumulées de GES (hors UTCATF) d’environ 49,49 Mt par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 16,17 % sur la période 2021-2030 (figure 2) dont 12,55% de contribution conditionnelle et 3,62% de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'Réduction globale escomptée des émissions (ensemble des secteurs ciblés) par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo Les mesures envisagées dans les secteurs Energie et Agriculture sont susceptibles de contribuer à réduire les émissions cumulées de GES (hors UTCATF) d’environ 49,49 Mt par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 16,17 % sur la période 2021-2030 (figure 2) dont 12,55% de contribution conditionnelle et 3,62% de contribution inconditionnelle. La mise en œuvre des mesures prévues dans le secteur de l’UTCATF contribuerait à accroître sa capacité de séquestration cumulée de 32 Mt E CO2 sur la période 2021-2030 dont 76,6% de contribution conditionnelle, à travers la limitation de la déforestation (23,9 Mt E CO2 ) et la création des plantations forestières (8,1 Mt E CO2 ).', 'La mise en œuvre des mesures prévues dans le secteur de l’UTCATF contribuerait à accroître sa capacité de séquestration cumulée de 32 Mt E CO2 sur la période 2021-2030 dont 76,6% de contribution conditionnelle, à travers la limitation de la déforestation (23,9 Mt E CO2 ) et la création des plantations forestières (8,1 Mt E CO2 ). La réduction du taux annuel de déforestation permettrait de réduire les émissions cumulées dues au secteur de la foresterie de 110 Mt E-CO2 sur la période 2021-2030 dont 80% de contribution conditionnelle et 20% de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'La réduction du taux annuel de déforestation permettrait de réduire les émissions cumulées dues au secteur de la foresterie de 110 Mt E-CO2 sur la période 2021-2030 dont 80% de contribution conditionnelle et 20% de contribution inconditionnelle. 1 Les secteurs préconisés par les Directives techniques du GIEC pour l’établissement des inventaires nationaux des GESFigure 2: Estimation des émissions globales des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention Tableau 3: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’agriculture Objectifs sous-sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle (additionnelle) Promouvoir les techniques culturales améliorées dans le cadre de la production végétale. (1) Mise en œuvre des techniques culturales améliorées sur une superficie de 500.000 ha / an.', '(1) Mise en œuvre des techniques culturales améliorées sur une superficie de 500.000 ha / an. 250 000 ha / an 250 000 ha / an Promouvoir les techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols dans le cadre de la production végétale. (2) Mise en œuvre des techniques de maintien de la fertilité des sols sur une superficie de 500.000 ha / an. 100 000 ha / an 400 000 ha / an Promouvoir les aménagements hydro- agricoles. (3) Aménagement de 96.500 ha de terres agricoles et construction de180 retenues d’eau. 48.250 ha de terres agricoles aménagés et 90 retenues d’eau construites. Un complément de 48.250 ha de terres agricoles aménagés et de construites. (4) Aménagement et irrigation de 52.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles avec maîtrise de l’eau. 26.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles aménagés et irrigués avec maîtrise de l’eau.', '26.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles aménagés et irrigués avec maîtrise de l’eau. Un complément de 26.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles aménagés et irrigués avec maîtrise de l’eau. Réduction des émissions pour le secteur de l’agriculture. Emissions évitées escomptées (Figure 3) :Les efforts d’amélioration des itinéraires techniques visant la limitation de la fermentation méthanique et des émanations d’oxyde nitreux dues à la nitrification/dénitrification dans les systèmes de culture permettraient d’éviter les émissions cumulées de ces gaz à hauteur d’environ 26,14 Mt E CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 31,1 % d’ici 2030 dont 25,3% de contribution conditionnelle et 5,8 % de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'Emissions évitées escomptées (Figure 3) :Les efforts d’amélioration des itinéraires techniques visant la limitation de la fermentation méthanique et des émanations d’oxyde nitreux dues à la nitrification/dénitrification dans les systèmes de culture permettraient d’éviter les émissions cumulées de ces gaz à hauteur d’environ 26,14 Mt E CO2 par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo, soit une réduction de 31,1 % d’ici 2030 dont 25,3% de contribution conditionnelle et 5,8 % de contribution inconditionnelle. Les émissions cumulées évitées se répartissent comme suit : (1) Promotion des techniques culturales améliorées 4,3 % dont 2,1 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (2) Promotion des techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols 23,8 % dont 19,1 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (3) Promotion des aménagements hydro-agricoles 3,0 % dont 1,5 % de contribution conditionnelle.', 'Les émissions cumulées évitées se répartissent comme suit : (1) Promotion des techniques culturales améliorées 4,3 % dont 2,1 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (2) Promotion des techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols 23,8 % dont 19,1 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (3) Promotion des aménagements hydro-agricoles 3,0 % dont 1,5 % de contribution conditionnelle. Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Scénario inconditionnel d atténuation Scénario (inconditionnel + conditionnel) d atténuation Emissions globales scénario statu quoFigure 3: Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention dans le secteur de l’agriculture. Tableau 4: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’énergie Objectifs sous- sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle Développer la production d’énergie électrique à partir du gaz naturel et les sources d’énergies renouvelables.', 'Tableau 4: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur de l’énergie Objectifs sous- sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle Développer la production d’énergie électrique à partir du gaz naturel et les sources d’énergies renouvelables. (1) Mise en place à Maria Gléta de centrales thermiques bicombustibles (fioul, gaz naturel) de production d’électricité (au total 500 MW au moins à l’horizon 2030) X (2) Construction d’un terminal flottant de regazéification du Gaz Naturel Liquéfié dans le port de Cotonou (puissance totale des centrales à alimenter : 500 MW). X (60% de l’investissement) X ( 40% de l’investissement). (3)Exploitation au gaz naturel de la capacité thermique de production installée. X (3% de la capacité au gaz naturel et 97% au fioul si le projet de terminal de regazéification n’est pas réalisé.)', 'X (3% de la capacité au gaz naturel et 97% au fioul si le projet de terminal de regazéification n’est pas réalisé.) X (la totalité de la capacité si le projet de terminal de regazéification est réalisé) (4) Développer les énergies renouvelables (construction des centrales hydroélectriques de Adjarala 147 MW ; de Dogo bis 128 MW ; implantation de fermes solaire PV de capacité totale de 95 MWc, structuration d’une filière biomasse combustible 15 MW) : X (60% de l’investissement) X (40% de l’investissement) (5) Construction d’une troisième centrale hydroélectrique (aménagement du site de Vossa, 60,2 MW) X (60% de l’investissement) X (40 % de l’investissement) Etendre l’accès des ménages à l’éclairage électrique en remplacement de l’éclairage au kérosène. (6) Electrification des localités par raccordement au réseau (au total 600 localités entre 2021 et 2030).', '(6) Electrification des localités par raccordement au réseau (au total 600 localités entre 2021 et 2030). X (Electrification de X (Electrification de additionnelles) (7) Promotion de l’accès de 424.000 ménages utilisant du kérosène pour l’éclairage à l’électricité dans les localités qui seront raccordées aux réseaux de la Société Béninoise d’Energie Electrique (SBEE) Acquisition de 212.000 kits de branchement des ménages Acquisition de additionnels de branchement des ménages Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Emissions scénario intervention Emissions scénario statu quoObjectifs sous- sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle Renforcer les actions de consommations efficaces d’énergie électrique dans tous les secteurs. (8)Poursuivre les actions d’efficacité énergétique dans tous les secteurs : industries, tertiaire, et ménages (mise en place de normes, centrales solaires PV sur les toits des bâtiments administratifs, promotion de l’utilisation des équipements électriques à basse consommation d’énergie, promotion de l’éclairage public solaire PV etc.)', '(8)Poursuivre les actions d’efficacité énergétique dans tous les secteurs : industries, tertiaire, et ménages (mise en place de normes, centrales solaires PV sur les toits des bâtiments administratifs, promotion de l’utilisation des équipements électriques à basse consommation d’énergie, promotion de l’éclairage public solaire PV etc.) X Promouvoir les technologies basses consommatrices de bois-énergie (9) Promotion de l’utilisation économique de bois-énergie par l’accès de 140.000 nouveaux ménages aux foyers améliorés. (10) Appui à l’organisation et au développement du marché de foyers améliorés performants X (11) Mise en place de réglementation et de mesures pour la promotion d’un marché de climatiseurs et réfrigérateurs basses consommatrices d’énergie et utilisant les hydrocarbures non CFC.', '(10) Appui à l’organisation et au développement du marché de foyers améliorés performants X (11) Mise en place de réglementation et de mesures pour la promotion d’un marché de climatiseurs et réfrigérateurs basses consommatrices d’énergie et utilisant les hydrocarbures non CFC. X Promouvoir la substitution partielle des consommations du bois-énergie par le gaz butane (12) Promotion de l’accès de 275.000 nouveaux ménages aux équipements de cuisson utilisant le gaz domestique : par la subvention du coût d’acquisition du petit équipement bombonne de 6 Kg + bruleur à hauteur de 30 %.', 'X Promouvoir la substitution partielle des consommations du bois-énergie par le gaz butane (12) Promotion de l’accès de 275.000 nouveaux ménages aux équipements de cuisson utilisant le gaz domestique : par la subvention du coût d’acquisition du petit équipement bombonne de 6 Kg + bruleur à hauteur de 30 %. (13) Subvention à la consommation du gaz domestique à hauteur de 25 % du coût de la recharge X Remédier aux lacunes existantes actuellement au niveau des bases de données sur l’énergie (14) Réalisation d’une enquête sur les taux de pénétration des foyers améliorés, des équipements de cuisson à gaz et les consommations d’énergies dans les ménages (ensemble du pays) X (15) réalisation des tests pour vérifier la performance des différents foyers améliorés distribués par différents acteurs X (16) Réaliser un sondage au niveau national pour compléter l’information disponible sur le parc de véhicule par des données sur les consommations journalières de carburant pour les catégories et différents usages de véhicules.', '(13) Subvention à la consommation du gaz domestique à hauteur de 25 % du coût de la recharge X Remédier aux lacunes existantes actuellement au niveau des bases de données sur l’énergie (14) Réalisation d’une enquête sur les taux de pénétration des foyers améliorés, des équipements de cuisson à gaz et les consommations d’énergies dans les ménages (ensemble du pays) X (15) réalisation des tests pour vérifier la performance des différents foyers améliorés distribués par différents acteurs X (16) Réaliser un sondage au niveau national pour compléter l’information disponible sur le parc de véhicule par des données sur les consommations journalières de carburant pour les catégories et différents usages de véhicules. X Réduction des émissions pour le secteur de l’énergie Emissions évitées escomptées (Figure4) La mise en œuvre de ces mesures contribuera à réduire les émissions cumulées de GES dans ce secteur par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo de 23,35 Mt E CO2 sur la période de 2021 à 2030, soit 11,51 % dont 9,53% de contribution conditionnelle et 1,98 % de contribution inconditionnelle.', 'X Réduction des émissions pour le secteur de l’énergie Emissions évitées escomptées (Figure4) La mise en œuvre de ces mesures contribuera à réduire les émissions cumulées de GES dans ce secteur par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo de 23,35 Mt E CO2 sur la période de 2021 à 2030, soit 11,51 % dont 9,53% de contribution conditionnelle et 1,98 % de contribution inconditionnelle. Les émissions cumulées évitées se répartissent comme suit : (i) production d’électricité 7,80 % dont 7,06 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (ii) promotion éclairage électrique dans les ménages 3,62 % dont 2,42 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (iii) économie de bois-énergie par la promotion de foyers améliorés 0,084% dont 0,056 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (iv) substitution partielle du charbon de bois par le gaz butane 0,001%.Figure 4:Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention dans le secteur de l’énergie.', 'Les émissions cumulées évitées se répartissent comme suit : (i) production d’électricité 7,80 % dont 7,06 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (ii) promotion éclairage électrique dans les ménages 3,62 % dont 2,42 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (iii) économie de bois-énergie par la promotion de foyers améliorés 0,084% dont 0,056 % de contribution conditionnelle ; (iv) substitution partielle du charbon de bois par le gaz butane 0,001%.Figure 4:Estimation des émissions des GES en cas du scénario de statu quo et en cas d’intervention dans le secteur de l’énergie. Tableau 5: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur UTCATF Objectifs sous-sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle Accroitre la capacité de séquestration du carbone des écosystèmes forestiers du pays à travers la mise en œuvre des aménagements durables des forêts naturelles et le renforcement des efforts de reforestation/plantation (1) Protection et conservation des forêts naturelles et plantations existantes pour réduire et maintenir le taux de déforestation à 35.000 ha/an au lieu de 60.000 ha/an actuellement.', 'Tableau 5: Mesures envisagées et émissions évitées dans le secteur UTCATF Objectifs sous-sectoriels Mesures envisagées Contribution inconditionnelle Contribution conditionnelle Accroitre la capacité de séquestration du carbone des écosystèmes forestiers du pays à travers la mise en œuvre des aménagements durables des forêts naturelles et le renforcement des efforts de reforestation/plantation (1) Protection et conservation des forêts naturelles et plantations existantes pour réduire et maintenir le taux de déforestation à 35.000 ha/an au lieu de 60.000 ha/an actuellement. réduction du taux de ha/ an. réduction additionnelle du taux de déforestation de 20.000 ha/an. (2) Mise en œuvre d’un plan de reboisement avec pour objectif de créer 15 000 ha de plantation forestière par an. Création de 5.000 ha de plantations forestières par an. Création de 10.000 ha supplémentaires de plantations forestières par an. Réduction des émissions/renforcement des puits pour le secteur UTCATF.', 'Réduction des émissions/renforcement des puits pour le secteur UTCATF. Emissions évitées/absorptions escomptées par rapport au scénario de maintien du statu quo (i) Limitation de la déforestation : les émissions évitées cumulées sur la période 2021-2030 sont estimées à 110 Mt E CO2 , dont 80,0% de contribution conditionnelle; (ii)Séquestration du carbone : 32 Mt E CO2 durant la période 2021-2030, dont 76,6% de contribution conditionnelle, à travers la limitation de la déforestation (23,9 Mt E CO2 ) et de la création des plantations forestières (8,1 Mt E CO2 ). Les émissions évitées/absorptions se répartissent comme suit : \uf0fc Objectifs inconditionnels relatifs au secteur UTCATF : - réduction des émissions cumulées dues au secteur UTCAFT de 22 Mt E CO2 pendant la période 2021-2030 à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 5.000 ha/an.', 'Les émissions évitées/absorptions se répartissent comme suit : \uf0fc Objectifs inconditionnels relatifs au secteur UTCATF : - réduction des émissions cumulées dues au secteur UTCAFT de 22 Mt E CO2 pendant la période 2021-2030 à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 5.000 ha/an. Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Emissions scénario intervention Emissions statu quo- augmentation de la séquestration du carbone cumulée des forêts naturelles pendant la par rapport au scénario maintien du statu quo à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 5.000 ha/an (4,8 Mt CO2 ) et la création de 5.000 ha de plantations forestières par an (2,7 Mt CO2 ).', 'Emissions Mt E CO2 Série temporelle Emissions scénario intervention Emissions statu quo- augmentation de la séquestration du carbone cumulée des forêts naturelles pendant la par rapport au scénario maintien du statu quo à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 5.000 ha/an (4,8 Mt CO2 ) et la création de 5.000 ha de plantations forestières par an (2,7 Mt CO2 ). \uf0fc Objectifs conditionnels relatifs au secteur UTCATF: - réduction des émissions cumulées dues au secteur UTCAFT de 88 Mt E CO2 pendant la période 2021-2030à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 20.000 ha/an.', '\uf0fc Objectifs conditionnels relatifs au secteur UTCATF: - réduction des émissions cumulées dues au secteur UTCAFT de 88 Mt E CO2 pendant la période 2021-2030à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 20.000 ha/an. - augmentation de la séquestration des forêts naturelles pendant la période 2021-2030 de à travers la réduction du taux annuel de déforestation de 20.000 ha/an (19,1 )et la création de 10.000 ha de plantations forestières par an (5,4 Mt CO2 ). \uf076 Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation Les hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation sont présentées dans le Tableau 6.', '\uf076 Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation Les hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation sont présentées dans le Tableau 6. Tableau 6: Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques pour le développement des scénarios d’atténuation Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario avec mesures dans le secteur de l’agriculture Mise en œuvre des techniques culturales améliorées pour la production végétale : réduction des émissions de GES de 0,72 t E CO2 /ha / an. Mise en œuvre des techniques de maintien de la fertilité des sols pour la production végétale : réduction des émissions de GES de 4 t CO2 / ha / an. Mise en œuvre des aménagements hydro agricoles : réduction des émissions de GES de 1,01 t CO2 / ha / an.', 'Mise en œuvre des aménagements hydro agricoles : réduction des émissions de GES de 1,01 t CO2 / ha / an. Aménagement et irrigation des périmètres rizicoles avec maîtrise de l’eau : réduction des émissions de CH4 de 8,5 t E CO2 / ha / an. Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario avec mesures dans le secteur de l’énergie. Les émissions évitées escomptées sur la base des mesures envisagées ont été déterminées à partir des données d’activité suivant les directives techniques du GIEC notamment les GPG 2000 et les directives GL 1996.', 'Les émissions évitées escomptées sur la base des mesures envisagées ont été déterminées à partir des données d’activité suivant les directives techniques du GIEC notamment les GPG 2000 et les directives GL 1996. Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario avec mesures dans le secteur UTCATF Taux annuel de déforestation totale au niveau des forêts naturelles : 60 000 ha ; émissions liées à la déforestation des forêts naturelles : 120 t ECO2 / an ; capacité de séquestration des forêts naturelles tropicales 4 t C/ha/an; capacité de séquestration du carbone des plantations forestières 2 t C/ha/an ; mise en œuvre d’un plan de reboisement avec pour objectif de créer 15 000 ha de plantation forestière par an ; protection et conservation des forêts naturelles qui permettrait de réduire et de maintenir le taux de déforestation à 35 000 ha/an.', 'Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario avec mesures dans le secteur UTCATF Taux annuel de déforestation totale au niveau des forêts naturelles : 60 000 ha ; émissions liées à la déforestation des forêts naturelles : 120 t ECO2 / an ; capacité de séquestration des forêts naturelles tropicales 4 t C/ha/an; capacité de séquestration du carbone des plantations forestières 2 t C/ha/an ; mise en œuvre d’un plan de reboisement avec pour objectif de créer 15 000 ha de plantation forestière par an ; protection et conservation des forêts naturelles qui permettrait de réduire et de maintenir le taux de déforestation à 35 000 ha/an. Potentiels de réchauffement Global des GES (PRG) Valeurs des PRG fournies par le GIEC dans son quatrième rapport d’évaluation : 1 pour le CO2 , 25 pour le CH4 et 298 pour le N2 O.', 'Potentiels de réchauffement Global des GES (PRG) Valeurs des PRG fournies par le GIEC dans son quatrième rapport d’évaluation : 1 pour le CO2 , 25 pour le CH4 et 298 pour le N2 O. Contribution nette des mécanismes internationaux fondés sur le marché Aucune contribution des crédits internationaux. III. AMBITION ET EQUITÉ L’objectif de réduction des émissions cumulées sur la période 2021 à 2030 de 16,17 % fondé sur des mesures est équitable au regard de la faible contribution du Bénin aux émissions globales, de son faible niveau de développement et de sa fragilité socio-économique.', 'AMBITION ET EQUITÉ L’objectif de réduction des émissions cumulées sur la période 2021 à 2030 de 16,17 % fondé sur des mesures est équitable au regard de la faible contribution du Bénin aux émissions globales, de son faible niveau de développement et de sa fragilité socio-économique. La République du Bénin fait partie des pays les moins avancés du monde dont les émissions de GES sont estimées à environ 1,5 t E-CO2 par habitant et largement compensées par la séquestration du carbone au niveau de son couvert forestier. Ses performances économiques restent faibleset instables avec une situation financière critique, marquée par un niveau relativement élevé de dette et une augmentation du déficit budgétaire.', 'Ses performances économiques restent faibleset instables avec une situation financière critique, marquée par un niveau relativement élevé de dette et une augmentation du déficit budgétaire. Le taux moyen de croissance réelle (4,2 % de 2006 à 2015) est inférieur au taux de croissance de 7 %, minimum nécessaire pour lutter durablement contre la pauvreté. Le pays dépend de l’extérieur pour son approvisionnement en énergies commerciales (produits pétroliers et électricité). L’engagement du Bénin est ambitieux étant donné que ses objectifs de réduction portent sur les secteurs clés pour son développement économique notamment les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture et dont les émissions couvrent 93 % des émissions globales du pays.', 'L’engagement du Bénin est ambitieux étant donné que ses objectifs de réduction portent sur les secteurs clés pour son développement économique notamment les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture et dont les émissions couvrent 93 % des émissions globales du pays. L’aspiration du Bénin au développement économique et la croissance de sa population induiraient une croissance tendancielle de ses besoins énergétiques. Ainsi, les émissions de GES dues aux secteurs de l’agriculture et de l’énergie devraient connaitre une augmentation continue. Le défi sera donc la promotion du développement à faible intensité de carbone. IV. ADAPTATION 4.1.', 'Le défi sera donc la promotion du développement à faible intensité de carbone. IV. ADAPTATION 4.1. Vulnérabilité du Bénin aux changements climatiques En termes de vulnérabilité actuelle, les risques climatiques majeurs qui impactent les modes et moyens d’existence au niveau des secteurs de l’agriculture, des ressources en eau, du Littoral et de la foresterie sont la sécheresse, les inondations, les pluies tardives et violentes, les vents violents, la chaleur excessive et l’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'Vulnérabilité du Bénin aux changements climatiques En termes de vulnérabilité actuelle, les risques climatiques majeurs qui impactent les modes et moyens d’existence au niveau des secteurs de l’agriculture, des ressources en eau, du Littoral et de la foresterie sont la sécheresse, les inondations, les pluies tardives et violentes, les vents violents, la chaleur excessive et l’élévation du niveau de la mer. Les manifestations des risques climatiques sus indiqués ont engendré au cours des trois dernières décennies de nombreux impacts, en l’occurrence la baisse des rendements agricoles, la perturbation des calendriers agricoles, la baisse des niveaux d’eau dans les barrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable, la prolongation de la période d’étiage, la submersion des berges, etc.', 'Les manifestations des risques climatiques sus indiqués ont engendré au cours des trois dernières décennies de nombreux impacts, en l’occurrence la baisse des rendements agricoles, la perturbation des calendriers agricoles, la baisse des niveaux d’eau dans les barrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable, la prolongation de la période d’étiage, la submersion des berges, etc. S’agissant de vulnérabilité future, les risques climatiques auxquels pourraient s’exposer les systèmes naturels et humains s’inscrivent dans un scenario de persistance ou d’accentuation des risques actuellement observés et sont fonction du secteur considéré.', 'S’agissant de vulnérabilité future, les risques climatiques auxquels pourraient s’exposer les systèmes naturels et humains s’inscrivent dans un scenario de persistance ou d’accentuation des risques actuellement observés et sont fonction du secteur considéré. Les impacts potentiels, selon les projections climatiques aux horizons temporels 2025, 2050 et 2100 vont des inondations côtières et intrusions d’eaux salines dans les cours et nappes d’eau à une baisse des rendements du maïs dans certaines zones agro-écologiques (ZAE5 notamment) en passant par un décalage des périodes de crue dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger. 4.2.', 'Les impacts potentiels, selon les projections climatiques aux horizons temporels 2025, 2050 et 2100 vont des inondations côtières et intrusions d’eaux salines dans les cours et nappes d’eau à une baisse des rendements du maïs dans certaines zones agro-écologiques (ZAE5 notamment) en passant par un décalage des périodes de crue dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger. 4.2. Objectifs en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques sont définis pour les horizons temporels 2020, 2025,2030 et consignés dans le tableau 7.', 'Objectifs en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Sur la base des stratégies, plans et programmes existants, les objectifs sectoriels clés en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques sont définis pour les horizons temporels 2020, 2025,2030 et consignés dans le tableau 7. Tableau 7: Objectifs sectoriels en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Secteurs Principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation Tous secteurs Maîtriser les outils d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité et les outils d’aide à la décision en vue de l’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les instruments de planification et de gestion des institutions nationales et régionales. Renforcer la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans tous les secteurs socioéconomiques (génération d’emplois, de revenus, etc.).', 'Renforcer la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans tous les secteurs socioéconomiques (génération d’emplois, de revenus, etc.). Mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires pour le financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.Secteurs Principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation Agriculture \uf076 Horizon 2020 Assurer la diversification et la promotion des filières agricoles à haute valeur ajoutée, ainsi que la modernisation des infrastructures agricoles résilientes dans le contexte des changements climatiques ; Promouvoir des systèmes appropriés de production agricole résilients et adaptés aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat) ; Définir de nouveaux calendriers agricoles adaptés à un climat changeant.', 'Mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires pour le financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.Secteurs Principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation Agriculture \uf076 Horizon 2020 Assurer la diversification et la promotion des filières agricoles à haute valeur ajoutée, ainsi que la modernisation des infrastructures agricoles résilientes dans le contexte des changements climatiques ; Promouvoir des systèmes appropriés de production agricole résilients et adaptés aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat) ; Définir de nouveaux calendriers agricoles adaptés à un climat changeant. \uf076 Horizon 2025 Améliorer les performances de l’agriculture béninoise, pour la rendre capable d’assurer de façon durable la souveraineté alimentaire et nutritionnelle, de contribuer au développement économique et social des hommes et femmes du Bénin et l’atteinte des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) notamment les ODD 1, 2, 12, et 13.', '\uf076 Horizon 2025 Améliorer les performances de l’agriculture béninoise, pour la rendre capable d’assurer de façon durable la souveraineté alimentaire et nutritionnelle, de contribuer au développement économique et social des hommes et femmes du Bénin et l’atteinte des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) notamment les ODD 1, 2, 12, et 13. Ressources en eau \uf076 Horizon 2020 Assurer l’accès universel à l’eau potable à toute la population béninoise ; Renforcer la disponibilité de l’eau dans les zones déshéritées aux fins d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques ; Promouvoir l’économie de l’eau dans les divers usages.', 'Ressources en eau \uf076 Horizon 2020 Assurer l’accès universel à l’eau potable à toute la population béninoise ; Renforcer la disponibilité de l’eau dans les zones déshéritées aux fins d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques ; Promouvoir l’économie de l’eau dans les divers usages. \uf076 Horizon 2030 Réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et humains aux stress hydriques, aux inondations et à la dégradation de la qualité de l’eau ; Renforcer les connaissances sur le système climatique et les outils de génération d’informations climatiques et hydrologiques et de prévision des aléas climatiques ; Promouvoir la maîtrise et la bonne gouvernance de l’eau.', '\uf076 Horizon 2030 Réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et humains aux stress hydriques, aux inondations et à la dégradation de la qualité de l’eau ; Renforcer les connaissances sur le système climatique et les outils de génération d’informations climatiques et hydrologiques et de prévision des aléas climatiques ; Promouvoir la maîtrise et la bonne gouvernance de l’eau. Foresterie \uf076 Horizon 2020 Promouvoir le reboisement intensif par des mesures incitatives sur l’ensemble du territoire national ; Promouvoir la gestion durable des forêts domaniales et communales ; Adapter le cadre législatif et réglementaire du secteur forestier au contexte des changements climatiques ; Actualiser l’inventaire forestier national. \uf076 Horizon 2030 Réduire la vulnérabilité des communautés à la dégradation des écosystèmes forestiers. Promouvoir l’agroforesterie.', '\uf076 Horizon 2030 Réduire la vulnérabilité des communautés à la dégradation des écosystèmes forestiers. Promouvoir l’agroforesterie. Développer les écosystèmes de mangroves (formations forestières caractéristiques du littoral). Littoral \uf076 Horizon 2020 Assurer la protection du littoral contre le risque d’élévation du niveau de la mer pouvant exacerber le phénomène de l’érosion côtière ; Assainir les berges des lacs et lagunes situés dans l’environnement du littoral. \uf076 Horizon 2030 Réduire la vulnérabilité des établissements humains et des ressources du secteur littoral à l’élévation du niveau marin ; Assurer de façon continue la protection des écosystèmes marins et lagunaires.V. STRATEGIES, PROGRAMMES, PROJETS ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 5.1.', 'STRATEGIES, PROGRAMMES, PROJETS ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 5.1. Mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles La mise en œuvre des activités sectorielles prévues dans la CDN s’appuiera sur les stratégies, programmes, projets existants et futurs (tableaux 8, 9, 10 et 11).Par conséquent, les structures sectorielles compétentes sont engagées à en tenir compte dans la conception des futurs programmes et projets. Il convient de noter que certains projets d’atténuation indiqués au tableau 8 ont des co-bénéfices avec l’adaptation et vice versa.', 'Il convient de noter que certains projets d’atténuation indiqués au tableau 8 ont des co-bénéfices avec l’adaptation et vice versa. Tableau 8:Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’agriculture Stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Programme d Appui à la Croissance Economique Rurale Aménagement de 405 hectares de bas-fonds pour la production du riz et le maraîchage.', 'Tableau 8:Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’agriculture Stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Programme d Appui à la Croissance Economique Rurale Aménagement de 405 hectares de bas-fonds pour la production du riz et le maraîchage. Projet d’Appui aux Infrastructures Agricoles dans la Vallée de l’Ouémé (PAIA-VO) Réhabilitation des aménagements hydro-agricoles (i) 1.000 ha d’aménagements de périmètres irrigués avec maîtrise totale de l’eau, (ii) 3.500 ha de bas-fonds dont environ 2.800 ha d’aménagements sommaires en plaines inondables et 700 ha de bas-fonds rizicoles réalisés à l’entreprise, (iii) 300 ha de jardins maraîchers pour les femmes.', 'Projet d’Appui aux Infrastructures Agricoles dans la Vallée de l’Ouémé (PAIA-VO) Réhabilitation des aménagements hydro-agricoles (i) 1.000 ha d’aménagements de périmètres irrigués avec maîtrise totale de l’eau, (ii) 3.500 ha de bas-fonds dont environ 2.800 ha d’aménagements sommaires en plaines inondables et 700 ha de bas-fonds rizicoles réalisés à l’entreprise, (iii) 300 ha de jardins maraîchers pour les femmes. Projet d’Appui à la Production Vivrière dans l’Alibori, le Borgou et les Collines (PAPVIRE-ABC) Réalisation des aménagements hydro-agricoles : réhabilitation de7 barrages agro-pastoraux (600 000 m3) et aménagement de 1927 ha de périmètres irrigués. Développement des chaines de valeurs agricoles et résilience (amélioration de la productivité des exploitations et innovations technologiques, renforcement des capacités des parties prenantes, développement des chaines de valeurs agricoles).', 'Développement des chaines de valeurs agricoles et résilience (amélioration de la productivité des exploitations et innovations technologiques, renforcement des capacités des parties prenantes, développement des chaines de valeurs agricoles). Projet d Appui au Développement du Maraîchage (PADMAR) Amélioration de la productivité et de la production (aménagement de périmètres maraîchers résilients sur 2100 ha; accès aux technologies et techniques améliorées). Programme d Amélioration de la Productivité Agricole des Petits Exploitants (PAPAPE) Augmentation de la productivité des systèmes de production agricole des petits producteurs en pluvial et en irrigué (vulgarisation des technologies de gestion intégrée de fertilité des sols, restauration de la santé et de la fertilité des sols).', 'Programme d Amélioration de la Productivité Agricole des Petits Exploitants (PAPAPE) Augmentation de la productivité des systèmes de production agricole des petits producteurs en pluvial et en irrigué (vulgarisation des technologies de gestion intégrée de fertilité des sols, restauration de la santé et de la fertilité des sols). Projet d Aménagement des Périmètres Irrigués en Milieu Rural (PDPIM) Réalisation des aménagements hydro-agricoles : aménagement de 1000 ha de bas-fonds et 300 ha de petits périmètres irrigués, réhabilitation de 200 ha de terres agricoles dégradées, construction de quatre (04) retenues d eau. Projet d’Aménagement Hydro- Agricole de la basse vallée du Fleuve Mono (PAHV- MONO) Réalisation des travaux d’aménagement d’un périmètre pilote de 500 ha dans la vallée du Mono.', 'Projet d’Aménagement Hydro- Agricole de la basse vallée du Fleuve Mono (PAHV- MONO) Réalisation des travaux d’aménagement d’un périmètre pilote de 500 ha dans la vallée du Mono. (2) Projet ‘’Soutenir la transition vers une agriculture et des systèmes alimentaires de l’agriculture intelligente face au climat’’ (AIC) Intensification durable de la productivité et accroissement des revenus agricoles ; Réduction et/ou élimination des émissions des GES ; Création d’un environnement politique et financier, favorable fournissant aux agriculteurs le savoir et l’accès aux ressources et services pour la transition vers des systèmes de production durables, productifs, résilients et économiquement viables.', '(2) Projet ‘’Soutenir la transition vers une agriculture et des systèmes alimentaires de l’agriculture intelligente face au climat’’ (AIC) Intensification durable de la productivité et accroissement des revenus agricoles ; Réduction et/ou élimination des émissions des GES ; Création d’un environnement politique et financier, favorable fournissant aux agriculteurs le savoir et l’accès aux ressources et services pour la transition vers des systèmes de production durables, productifs, résilients et économiquement viables. (3) Plan stratégique de développement du secteur agricoleStratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Amélioration de la productivité et de la production des produits végétaux des filières agricoles prioritaires Augmentation de 50% au moins d’ici 2025 des niveaux actuels de productivité agricole (amélioration de l’accès aux connaissances professionnelles et aux innovations technologiques pour les hommes et les femmes ; promotion des aménagements hydro-agricoles).', '(3) Plan stratégique de développement du secteur agricoleStratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Amélioration de la productivité et de la production des produits végétaux des filières agricoles prioritaires Augmentation de 50% au moins d’ici 2025 des niveaux actuels de productivité agricole (amélioration de l’accès aux connaissances professionnelles et aux innovations technologiques pour les hommes et les femmes ; promotion des aménagements hydro-agricoles). Renforcement de la résilience face aux changements climatiques et amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations vulnérables Innovations agricoles pour la résilience face aux changements climatiques et son atténuation (promotion de l’agriculture intelligente face au climat), vulgarisation et appui à la mise en œuvre des systèmes de production limitant les émissions de GES) ; Gestion durable des terres et des écosystèmes aquatiques.', 'Renforcement de la résilience face aux changements climatiques et amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations vulnérables Innovations agricoles pour la résilience face aux changements climatiques et son atténuation (promotion de l’agriculture intelligente face au climat), vulgarisation et appui à la mise en œuvre des systèmes de production limitant les émissions de GES) ; Gestion durable des terres et des écosystèmes aquatiques. (4) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles Acquisition de systèmes d’irrigation adaptés ; Elaboration d’un plan national de sécurisation foncière des exploitations agricoles Construction des barrages à but multiple Construction de trois grands barrages à usages multiples sur le cours principal de l’Ouémé avec des plans de gestion intégrés et effectifs des bassins versants ; Aménagement des terres agricoles Restauration des terres agricoles (5) Projet de renforcement de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes vulnérables du bassin versant de l’Ouémé aux changements climatiques à travers l’AIC et la gestion durable des terres et des ressources en eau.', '(4) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles Acquisition de systèmes d’irrigation adaptés ; Elaboration d’un plan national de sécurisation foncière des exploitations agricoles Construction des barrages à but multiple Construction de trois grands barrages à usages multiples sur le cours principal de l’Ouémé avec des plans de gestion intégrés et effectifs des bassins versants ; Aménagement des terres agricoles Restauration des terres agricoles (5) Projet de renforcement de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes vulnérables du bassin versant de l’Ouémé aux changements climatiques à travers l’AIC et la gestion durable des terres et des ressources en eau. Vulgarisation des innovations agricoles pour la résilience face aux changements climatiques et son atténuation (Promotion de l’AIC) Vulgarisation et appui à la mise en œuvre des systèmes de production limitant les émissions de GES Promotion de la gestion durable des terres et des écosystèmes aquatiques Aménagement des bassins versants de l’Ouémé (6) Programme intégré d’adaptation aux changements climatiques par le développement de l’agriculture, du transport fluvial, du tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin Développement des systèmes agricoles et pastoraux (construction de cinq (05) barrages à buts multiples avec aménagement de 500 ha de périmètre irrigué en aval, réhabilitation de sept (07) barrages hydro agricoles, aménagement 200 ha de bas-fonds avec maîtrise partielle d’eau, aménagement de 500 ha de périmètres de décrue, réalisation de quatre (04) seuils d’épandage des eaux de crues pour les périmètres de décrue).', 'Vulgarisation des innovations agricoles pour la résilience face aux changements climatiques et son atténuation (Promotion de l’AIC) Vulgarisation et appui à la mise en œuvre des systèmes de production limitant les émissions de GES Promotion de la gestion durable des terres et des écosystèmes aquatiques Aménagement des bassins versants de l’Ouémé (6) Programme intégré d’adaptation aux changements climatiques par le développement de l’agriculture, du transport fluvial, du tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin Développement des systèmes agricoles et pastoraux (construction de cinq (05) barrages à buts multiples avec aménagement de 500 ha de périmètre irrigué en aval, réhabilitation de sept (07) barrages hydro agricoles, aménagement 200 ha de bas-fonds avec maîtrise partielle d’eau, aménagement de 500 ha de périmètres de décrue, réalisation de quatre (04) seuils d’épandage des eaux de crues pour les périmètres de décrue). (7) Programme de renforcement des actions passées et en cours en matière de techniques culturales améliorées, de techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et d’aménagements hydro-agricoles (2021- 2030).', '(7) Programme de renforcement des actions passées et en cours en matière de techniques culturales améliorées, de techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et d’aménagements hydro-agricoles (2021- 2030). (Programme à élaborer complètement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN).', '(Programme à élaborer complètement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN). Tableau 9: Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) PROGRAMME D’ACTIONS DU GOUVERNEMENT (2016-2021) Projet « Développer les énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétique » Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique d’Adjarala, 147 MW Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de Dogo –bis, 128 MW Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de Vossa 60,2 MW Implantation de fermes solaires photovoltaïques : capacité totale 95 MW dont 45 MW sont prise en compte par le projet MCA.Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Structuration de la filière biomasse-combustible : utilisation des déchets de l’agriculture (potentiel de 15 MW) Développement de l’éclairage public photovoltaïque Promotion de l’accès des ménages des régions isolées aux kits solaires PV Projet « Maîtrise des consommations énergétiques » Mise en place de normes contraignantes de réduction des consommations énergétiques Installation sur les principaux bâtiments administratifs de centrales solaires PV avec stockage ; remplacement climatisation Eclairage public : substitution des ampoules énergivores par des LED basse consommation ; éclairage public par lampadaire solaire Efficacité énergétique dans les ménages Projets d’électrification des localités urbaines et rurales Projet de construction de la ligne HTA Kandi-Banikoara Projet de renforcement et extension des réseaux électriques Projet de réalisation en urgence des travaux d’électrification de 17 localités rurales par raccordement au réseau conventionnel de la SBEE Projet de restructuration et extension des réseaux de la SBEE dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi et le Département de l’Atlantique Programme d’actions pour l’électrification des localités rurales (projets en préparation : Electrification de 600 localités par système solaire photovoltaïque) : Programme en préparation au niveau de l’Agence Béninoise d’Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d’Energie.', 'Tableau 9: Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) PROGRAMME D’ACTIONS DU GOUVERNEMENT (2016-2021) Projet « Développer les énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétique » Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique d’Adjarala, 147 MW Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de Dogo –bis, 128 MW Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de Vossa 60,2 MW Implantation de fermes solaires photovoltaïques : capacité totale 95 MW dont 45 MW sont prise en compte par le projet MCA.Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Structuration de la filière biomasse-combustible : utilisation des déchets de l’agriculture (potentiel de 15 MW) Développement de l’éclairage public photovoltaïque Promotion de l’accès des ménages des régions isolées aux kits solaires PV Projet « Maîtrise des consommations énergétiques » Mise en place de normes contraignantes de réduction des consommations énergétiques Installation sur les principaux bâtiments administratifs de centrales solaires PV avec stockage ; remplacement climatisation Eclairage public : substitution des ampoules énergivores par des LED basse consommation ; éclairage public par lampadaire solaire Efficacité énergétique dans les ménages Projets d’électrification des localités urbaines et rurales Projet de construction de la ligne HTA Kandi-Banikoara Projet de renforcement et extension des réseaux électriques Projet de réalisation en urgence des travaux d’électrification de 17 localités rurales par raccordement au réseau conventionnel de la SBEE Projet de restructuration et extension des réseaux de la SBEE dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi et le Département de l’Atlantique Programme d’actions pour l’électrification des localités rurales (projets en préparation : Electrification de 600 localités par système solaire photovoltaïque) : Programme en préparation au niveau de l’Agence Béninoise d’Electrification Rurale et de Maîtrise d’Energie. Programme du Bénin pour le Millenium Challenge Account (MCA II) Projet de production d’électricité (i) Activité de production photovoltaïque par l’appui à l’installation de quatre centrales solaires, capacité totale 45 MW ; (ii) activité de réhabilitation de la centrale hydroélectrique de Yeripao et son extension de 505 KW à 1 MW).', 'Programme du Bénin pour le Millenium Challenge Account (MCA II) Projet de production d’électricité (i) Activité de production photovoltaïque par l’appui à l’installation de quatre centrales solaires, capacité totale 45 MW ; (ii) activité de réhabilitation de la centrale hydroélectrique de Yeripao et son extension de 505 KW à 1 MW). Projet de distribution électrique Projet d’accès à l’électricité hors réseau. (2) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques (appui à la transition énergétique) (3) Programme de développement des capacités de production et extension de l’accès à l’électricité (2021- Projets de construction d’autres centrales thermiques Construction de nouvelles centrales thermiques fioul/gaz pour porter la capacité totale installée à 500 MW au moins en 2030.', '(2) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques (appui à la transition énergétique) (3) Programme de développement des capacités de production et extension de l’accès à l’électricité (2021- Projets de construction d’autres centrales thermiques Construction de nouvelles centrales thermiques fioul/gaz pour porter la capacité totale installée à 500 MW au moins en 2030. Projet de construction d’une troisième centrale hydroélectrique Centrales de Vossa (60,2 MW) Projets d’électrification des localités urbaines et rurales Poursuite des projets de renforcement et d’extension des réseaux de distribution de la SBEE dans les centres urbains Poursuite des projets d’électrification des localités par raccordement au réseau de la SBEE (600 localités entre 2021 et 2030) Poursuite des projets d’électrification hors réseau Projet de substitution du bois énergie par le gaz butane et autres sources d’énergie au Bénin Promotion de l’accès de 275.000 nouveaux ménages aux petits équipements de cuisson à gaz (bombonne de 6kg + brûleur).', 'Projet de construction d’une troisième centrale hydroélectrique Centrales de Vossa (60,2 MW) Projets d’électrification des localités urbaines et rurales Poursuite des projets de renforcement et d’extension des réseaux de distribution de la SBEE dans les centres urbains Poursuite des projets d’électrification des localités par raccordement au réseau de la SBEE (600 localités entre 2021 et 2030) Poursuite des projets d’électrification hors réseau Projet de substitution du bois énergie par le gaz butane et autres sources d’énergie au Bénin Promotion de l’accès de 275.000 nouveaux ménages aux petits équipements de cuisson à gaz (bombonne de 6kg + brûleur). (4) Programme de renforcement des actions en matière d’efficacité énergétique (2021-2030).', '(4) Programme de renforcement des actions en matière d’efficacité énergétique (2021-2030). (Programme à élaborer au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN) Promotion de l’accès des ménages aux foyers économiques utilisant le charbon de bois. Promotion de la substitution partielle des consommations de charbon de bois par du gaz butane.Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Soutien à l’organisation et au développement de marchés internes de fabrication et de commercialisation d’équipements performants de cuisson (foyers améliorés utilisant le bois-énergie ; équipements de cuisson au gaz butane).', 'Promotion de la substitution partielle des consommations de charbon de bois par du gaz butane.Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN Soutien à l’organisation et au développement de marchés internes de fabrication et de commercialisation d’équipements performants de cuisson (foyers améliorés utilisant le bois-énergie ; équipements de cuisson au gaz butane). Etablissement de normes, mise en place de réglementation, soutien à l’organisation et au développement d’un marché d’équipements électriques à basse consommation d’énergie (lampes, climatiseurs, réfrigérateurs, congélateurs) et autres équipements électriques. Instauration de l’obligation de la prise en compte de l’efficacité énergétique dans les commandes publiques d’équipements électriques et dans la réalisation des bâtiments publics (définition de cahier de charge spécifique, prise d’arrêté interministériel etc.).', 'Instauration de l’obligation de la prise en compte de l’efficacité énergétique dans les commandes publiques d’équipements électriques et dans la réalisation des bâtiments publics (définition de cahier de charge spécifique, prise d’arrêté interministériel etc.). Généralisation des actions d’installation dans les bâtiments de l’administration publique des dispositifs de coupure automatique de l’éclairage et de la climatisation en cas d’absence des utilisateurs des bureaux. Développement de campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation sur les avantages liés aux économies d’énergies et sur la performance des équipements énergétiques dans le but de susciter les changements de comportements. Développement/extension des actions de promotion de l’éclairage public par des LED ou par des lampadaires solaires.', 'Développement/extension des actions de promotion de l’éclairage public par des LED ou par des lampadaires solaires. Mise en œuvre de programme d’appui à l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur industriel et tertiaire.', 'Mise en œuvre de programme d’appui à l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur industriel et tertiaire. Tableau 10: Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de la foresterie Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Programme de reboisement intensif du territoire national par des mesures incitatives Elaboration de la stratégie nationale de reboisement intensif ; Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 20 000 ha de plantations et/ou d’enrichissement dans les forêts classées et périmètres de reboisement; Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 800 ha de plantations privées, communales Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 700 000 mètres linéaires de plantations d’alignement dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines Réalisation de 300 espaces verts dans les villes Elaboration et mise en œuvre de plans de gestion simplifiés des plantations forestières ; Mise en œuvre d’un système de surveillance et de protection des forêts contre les feux de brousse et la transhumance.', 'Tableau 10: Stratégies, programmes et projets permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation dans le secteur de la foresterie Politiques, stratégies, programmes et projets Actions permettant la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la CDN (1) Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Programme de reboisement intensif du territoire national par des mesures incitatives Elaboration de la stratégie nationale de reboisement intensif ; Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 20 000 ha de plantations et/ou d’enrichissement dans les forêts classées et périmètres de reboisement; Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 800 ha de plantations privées, communales Réalisation, entretien et suivi sylvicole de 700 000 mètres linéaires de plantations d’alignement dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines Réalisation de 300 espaces verts dans les villes Elaboration et mise en œuvre de plans de gestion simplifiés des plantations forestières ; Mise en œuvre d’un système de surveillance et de protection des forêts contre les feux de brousse et la transhumance. PAGEFCOM 2 : Projet d’Appui à la Gestion des Forêts Communales, Promotion des produits forestiers non-ligneux ; Développement de l’économie bleue dans les forêts ; Appui aux alternatives économiques à la forêt ; Amélioration de la couverture forestière.', 'PAGEFCOM 2 : Projet d’Appui à la Gestion des Forêts Communales, Promotion des produits forestiers non-ligneux ; Développement de l’économie bleue dans les forêts ; Appui aux alternatives économiques à la forêt ; Amélioration de la couverture forestière. Programme de Gestion des Forêts et Terroirs Riverains, phase additionnelle Financement des activités alternatives génératrices de revenus ; Protection et suivi des anciennes plantations ; Gestion de plantations domaniales. Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de l’énergie aux impacts des changements climatiques au Bénin (PANA Energie) Introduction des pratiques de gestion durable des terres et des forêts afin de renforcer la résilience des zones de production de bois-énergie. (2) Promotion de la production durable de biomasse électricité au Bénin.', '(2) Promotion de la production durable de biomasse électricité au Bénin. Adoption des meilleures pratiques d’utilisation des terres, de gestion durable des forêts (gestion durable des forêts et des terres par la restauration des terres et plantations forestières sur 3000 ha, et la mise en place de 2000 ha de plantations pour fournir de la biomasse, amélioration des techniques agricoles sur plus de 9000 ha à travers l’adoption des meilleures pratiques d’utilisation des terres).', 'Adoption des meilleures pratiques d’utilisation des terres, de gestion durable des forêts (gestion durable des forêts et des terres par la restauration des terres et plantations forestières sur 3000 ha, et la mise en place de 2000 ha de plantations pour fournir de la biomasse, amélioration des techniques agricoles sur plus de 9000 ha à travers l’adoption des meilleures pratiques d’utilisation des terres). (3) Programme intégré d’adaptation aux changements climatiques par le développement de l’agriculture, du transport fluvial, du tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin Gestion durable des ressources agro forestières et pastorales (2000 ha de jachère améliorée et agroforesterie, 4000 ha de plantations sylvo-pastorales participatives dans les forêts classées) (4) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques (2016- 2025) : renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.', '(3) Programme intégré d’adaptation aux changements climatiques par le développement de l’agriculture, du transport fluvial, du tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin Gestion durable des ressources agro forestières et pastorales (2000 ha de jachère améliorée et agroforesterie, 4000 ha de plantations sylvo-pastorales participatives dans les forêts classées) (4) Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques (2016- 2025) : renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. Renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.', 'Renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. Mise en œuvre de programmes d afforestation à grande échelle Mise en place des différentes composantes du programme REDD+ Elaboration et mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers (5) Stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation au Bénin Amélioration du pilotage de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation Mise en œuvre dans la politique forestière (option de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation) Elaboration des directives et plans de gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation appropriés.', 'Mise en œuvre de programmes d afforestation à grande échelle Mise en place des différentes composantes du programme REDD+ Elaboration et mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers (5) Stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation au Bénin Amélioration du pilotage de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation Mise en œuvre dans la politique forestière (option de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation) Elaboration des directives et plans de gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation appropriés. Réglementation de l’utilisation des feux dans les espaces naturels à conserver, les zones agricoles, les zones de pâturage, les zones de forêts, etc… définis dans les Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagement des Communes (SDAC) Développement de partenariats transfrontaliers et internationaux d’assistance à la gestion des grands incendies.', 'Réglementation de l’utilisation des feux dans les espaces naturels à conserver, les zones agricoles, les zones de pâturage, les zones de forêts, etc… définis dans les Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagement des Communes (SDAC) Développement de partenariats transfrontaliers et internationaux d’assistance à la gestion des grands incendies. (6) Stratégies intégrées de promotion des plantations privées de production de bois-énergie au Bénin Agenda spatial du Bénin Assurer une gestion durable des ressources forestières Conception et mise en œuvre des plans d aménagements participatifs ; Restauration des massifs forestiers dégradés ; Mise en place d’un système de suivi et de protection des massifs forestiers avec des outils modernes ; Promotion du développement durable des filières bois d œuvre et bois- énergie Pérennisation des initiatives de conservation et de protection Conception et mise en œuvre d’un programme de développement des espaces agricoles en lien avec la préservation des espaces naturels (7) Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de Protection et de conservation des forêts naturelles et de plantations (2021-2030).', '(6) Stratégies intégrées de promotion des plantations privées de production de bois-énergie au Bénin Agenda spatial du Bénin Assurer une gestion durable des ressources forestières Conception et mise en œuvre des plans d aménagements participatifs ; Restauration des massifs forestiers dégradés ; Mise en place d’un système de suivi et de protection des massifs forestiers avec des outils modernes ; Promotion du développement durable des filières bois d œuvre et bois- énergie Pérennisation des initiatives de conservation et de protection Conception et mise en œuvre d’un programme de développement des espaces agricoles en lien avec la préservation des espaces naturels (7) Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de Protection et de conservation des forêts naturelles et de plantations (2021-2030). (Programme à élaborer complétement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN)Tableau 11: Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Secteurs Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Tous secteurs Stratégie Nationale de mise en œuvre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (SNMO) Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNA) Plan National de Développement (en cours d’élaboration au MPD) Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement (PAG) Stratégie de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et de développement des compétences pour faire face aux changements climatiques Agriculture Plan Stratégique de Développement du Secteur Agricole (2017-2025) Stratégie nationale de fourniture de services agro météorologiques efficaces et efficients au profit des acteurs du secteur agricole Stratégie de formation des agriculteurs, éleveurs et pêcheurs sur les technologies adaptées aux changements climatiques et l’utilisation des informations agro- météorologiques Stratégie de communication pour le renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des acteurs aux changements climatiques pour la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire au Bénin Plan National d’investissements agricoles et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle Plan Stratégique de Développement de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au climat Ressources en eau Plan d’Action Nationale de la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (PANGIRE) Stratégie Nationale de l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en milieu rural au Bénin Stratégie Nationale de l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en milieu urbain au Bénin Schéma Directeur de Gestion et d’Aménagement des eaux dans le Bassin de l’Ouémé Foresterie Programme National de Gestion Durable des Ressources Naturelles Stratégie de renforcement des capacités sur la gestion des feux de végétation pour une meilleure adaptation aux changements climatiques Plan stratégique de développement des écosystèmes de mangroves Plan stratégique de Développement des Produits Forestiers non Ligneux 5.2.', '(Programme à élaborer complétement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN)Tableau 11: Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Secteurs Stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Tous secteurs Stratégie Nationale de mise en œuvre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (SNMO) Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNA) Plan National de Développement (en cours d’élaboration au MPD) Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement (PAG) Stratégie de renforcement des ressources humaines, de l’apprentissage et de développement des compétences pour faire face aux changements climatiques Agriculture Plan Stratégique de Développement du Secteur Agricole (2017-2025) Stratégie nationale de fourniture de services agro météorologiques efficaces et efficients au profit des acteurs du secteur agricole Stratégie de formation des agriculteurs, éleveurs et pêcheurs sur les technologies adaptées aux changements climatiques et l’utilisation des informations agro- météorologiques Stratégie de communication pour le renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des acteurs aux changements climatiques pour la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire au Bénin Plan National d’investissements agricoles et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle Plan Stratégique de Développement de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au climat Ressources en eau Plan d’Action Nationale de la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (PANGIRE) Stratégie Nationale de l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en milieu rural au Bénin Stratégie Nationale de l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en milieu urbain au Bénin Schéma Directeur de Gestion et d’Aménagement des eaux dans le Bassin de l’Ouémé Foresterie Programme National de Gestion Durable des Ressources Naturelles Stratégie de renforcement des capacités sur la gestion des feux de végétation pour une meilleure adaptation aux changements climatiques Plan stratégique de développement des écosystèmes de mangroves Plan stratégique de Développement des Produits Forestiers non Ligneux 5.2. Cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le schéma de l’organisation institutionnelle retenue pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN est résumé dans la figure 5.', 'Cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le schéma de l’organisation institutionnelle retenue pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN est résumé dans la figure 5. La contribution du Bénin sera mise en œuvre sous l’égide du Ministère en charge de l’environnement qui assure le rôle de Point Focal National de la CCNUCC avec la participation effective des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques et des PTF. La mise en œuvre des projets et programmes identifiés au niveau des différents secteurs couverts par la CDN relève de la responsabilité des ministères sectoriels concernés.', 'La mise en œuvre des projets et programmes identifiés au niveau des différents secteurs couverts par la CDN relève de la responsabilité des ministères sectoriels concernés. Les orientations et les facilités nécessaires seront données par le Ministère en charge de l’environnement pour appuyer au besoin les ministères sectoriels dans la préparation des dossiers de recherche de financement au niveau des mécanismes en place pour aider les Pays Moins Avancés.', 'Les orientations et les facilités nécessaires seront données par le Ministère en charge de l’environnement pour appuyer au besoin les ministères sectoriels dans la préparation des dossiers de recherche de financement au niveau des mécanismes en place pour aider les Pays Moins Avancés. Le ministère en charge de l’environnement assurera également la responsabilité du suivi évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN ainsi celle de la mise en œuvre des renforcements des capacités institutionnelles en collaboration avec les ministères sectoriels L’implication des parties prenantes sera assurée à travers certains organes notamment :- Un comité de pilotage qui est l’instance suprême en matière de décision et d’orientation. Il comprend notamment les Secrétaires Généraux des Ministères sectoriels concernés, des directeurs techniques provenant de divers ministères.', 'Il comprend notamment les Secrétaires Généraux des Ministères sectoriels concernés, des directeurs techniques provenant de divers ministères. Le Ministre en charge de l’environnement assure la présidence dudit comité et le rapportage. - Une Coordination Nationale qui est l’instance fédératrice de toutes les actions. Elle est l’interface entre les instances de mise en œuvre. Pour mener à bien ses activités, elle s’appuie sur un certain nombre d’organes consultatifs dont le GTEC (faitière des PTFs), le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC), la plateforme de gestion et prévision des catastrophes, la Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB), l’Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin (ANCB).', 'Pour mener à bien ses activités, elle s’appuie sur un certain nombre d’organes consultatifs dont le GTEC (faitière des PTFs), le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC), la plateforme de gestion et prévision des catastrophes, la Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB), l’Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin (ANCB). La Coordination nationale sera aussi assistée du groupe d’Experts en atténuation et en vulnérabilité/adaptation et des institutions de recherche. - Des équipes sectorielles de mise en œuvre. Elles relèvent des ministères couverts par les mesures retenues au titre des engagements contenus dans la CDN. Elles représentent les maillons clé dans l’opérationnel.', 'Elles représentent les maillons clé dans l’opérationnel. Les coordinations sectorielles sont assurées par les Directeurs de la Programmation et de la Prospective assistées des Directeurs de l’Administration et des Finances. Elles comprennent des Directeurs techniques et les gestionnaires de programmes et projets.ARRANGEMENT INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN OEUVRE - - - - - Lien hiérarchique …… - Lien fonctionnel………. - Figure 5: Organigramme du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN MINISTERES SECTORIELS ( MEEM, MAEP, MCVDD, MIT MCVDD) MCVDD MCVDD assurant la présidence (Membres : SGM MPD, MEF, MEEM, MAEP,MCVDD, MIT Coord CDN, DT compétents.) (PILOTAGE)VI. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE Le plan de mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans le cadre de la CDN du Bénin est présenté en annexe 3.', 'MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE Le plan de mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans le cadre de la CDN du Bénin est présenté en annexe 3. La mise en œuvre de ces activités requiert des moyens financiers, technologiques et de renforcement des capacités. 6.1. Besoins en Transfert de Technologies En ce qui concerne les ressources technologiques, l’accent sera mis sur les technologies endogènes et le transfert Sud-Sud et Nord-Sud y compris le savoir-faire nécessaire. Les principaux besoins en transferts de technologies identifiés concernent les secteurs de l’agriculture/foresterie et de l’énergie (tableau 12). Tableau 12: Besoins en transfert de technologies.', 'Tableau 12: Besoins en transfert de technologies. Secteur énergie Secteur agriculture/foresterie - Groupes électrogènes à basse consommation d’énergie - Foyer économique et autocuiseur performant - Gaz butane et équipements associés ; - Equipements de production des énergies renouvelables - Equipements domestiques à basse consommation d’énergie (lampes, climatiseurs, électro- ménagers) - Equipements industriels à basse consommation d’énergie - Technologies de maintien de fertilité à base des légumineuses herbacées ; - Technologies agroforestières à base de légumineuses ligneuses ; - Techniques de gestion intégrée de la fertilité et de la conservation de l’humidité des sols - Technologies de production d’intrants organiques et botaniques ; - Technologies à base de l’enfouissement des résidus de récolte, du compostage et d’utilisation du fumier; - Technologies d’aménagements hydro-agricoles, pastoraux et infrastructures de désenclavements ; - Technologies de conservation et de transformation des produits agricoles ; - Technologies de densification des résidus et déchets agricoles en briquettes - Variétés de culture à cycle court et moins exigeantes en eau - Pratique de la carbonisation améliorée (meule Casamance) - Gestion durable des forêts - Technologies des engrais verts - Technologies de production de plants forestiers locaux à croissance rapides 6.2.', 'Secteur énergie Secteur agriculture/foresterie - Groupes électrogènes à basse consommation d’énergie - Foyer économique et autocuiseur performant - Gaz butane et équipements associés ; - Equipements de production des énergies renouvelables - Equipements domestiques à basse consommation d’énergie (lampes, climatiseurs, électro- ménagers) - Equipements industriels à basse consommation d’énergie - Technologies de maintien de fertilité à base des légumineuses herbacées ; - Technologies agroforestières à base de légumineuses ligneuses ; - Techniques de gestion intégrée de la fertilité et de la conservation de l’humidité des sols - Technologies de production d’intrants organiques et botaniques ; - Technologies à base de l’enfouissement des résidus de récolte, du compostage et d’utilisation du fumier; - Technologies d’aménagements hydro-agricoles, pastoraux et infrastructures de désenclavements ; - Technologies de conservation et de transformation des produits agricoles ; - Technologies de densification des résidus et déchets agricoles en briquettes - Variétés de culture à cycle court et moins exigeantes en eau - Pratique de la carbonisation améliorée (meule Casamance) - Gestion durable des forêts - Technologies des engrais verts - Technologies de production de plants forestiers locaux à croissance rapides 6.2. Renforcement de capacités Le renforcement des capacités consistera au développement des compétences et en l’amélioration des capacités institutionnelles (tableau 13).', 'Renforcement de capacités Le renforcement des capacités consistera au développement des compétences et en l’amélioration des capacités institutionnelles (tableau 13). Tableau 13: Besoins en renforcement des capacités. Secteurs/domaines prioritaires Besoins en renforcement des capacités Système d’Observation et de surveillance du climat Mise en place d’un système d’observation et de surveillance du climat fiable sur l’ensemble du système climatique, notamment les composantes Terre, Océan et Atmosphère. Renforcement des stations de mesures de la pollution atmosphérique. Mise en place des capacités de surveillance et de prévision des fluctuations et des changements atmosphériques, des systèmes d’alerte précoce et d’évaluation des impacts socio- économiques, environnementaux, etc. Cadre institutionnel Renforcement des structures actuelles qui opèrent dans le domaine de la protection de l’atmosphère, des terres et des océans.', 'Cadre institutionnel Renforcement des structures actuelles qui opèrent dans le domaine de la protection de l’atmosphère, des terres et des océans. Création ou renforcement des structures s’occupant des questions relatives à l’adaptation. Création ou renforcement des structures s’occupant des questions de l’atténuation.Secteurs/domaines prioritaires Besoins en renforcement des capacités Définition des plans nationaux climats et renforcement de la prise en compte des changements climatiques dans les programmes/ stratégie de développement Intégration des questions relatives aux Changements Climatiques dans les politiques, plans et programmes de développement agricole. Formation des acteurs du développement rural (cadres, technicien, producteurs, autorités locales) sur la problématique des relations climat – agriculture.', 'Formation des acteurs du développement rural (cadres, technicien, producteurs, autorités locales) sur la problématique des relations climat – agriculture. Appui à l’adoption de technologies améliorées de gestion durable des terres Utilisation des modèles en agro-climatologie (renforcement des capacités en modélisation des risques agro-climatiques, familiarisation aux logiciels DSSAT, SARRAH, etc.). Vulgarisation des savoirs locaux en matière de gestion des risques ou crises agro-climatiques. Suivi-évaluation des projets de développement agricoles et hydro-agricoles.', 'Suivi-évaluation des projets de développement agricoles et hydro-agricoles. Formation des agents d’encadrement et des producteurs sur le système de production des principales cultures vivrières intégrant les techniques de gestion intégrée de la fertilité et de la conservation de l’humidité des sols Energie Promotion et amélioration de l’accès aux sources d’énergies renouvelables aux fins de sauvegarder les ressources forestières et de réduire la vulnérabilité des populations aux effets induits par les Changements Climatiques. Appui au développement des marchés d’équipement performants de cuisson (foyers améliorés, équipements de cuisson au gaz). Formation des acteurs publics et privés et des utilisateurs sur les systèmes d’énergies renouvelables. Renforcement des capacités sur les initiatives et les mesures d’économie d’énergie dans différents secteurs (domestique, industrie, services).', 'Renforcement des capacités sur les initiatives et les mesures d’économie d’énergie dans différents secteurs (domestique, industrie, services). Adoption de labels et normes pour les lampes efficaces et les équipements électro-ménagers. Ressources en eau Renforcement des aptitudes des services déconcentrés de la Direction Générale de l’Eau à prévoir les risques et à gérer les crises hydro-climatiques. Renforcement des capacités en matière de prise en compte des questions relatives aux Changements Climatiques dans les politiques de gestion des ressources en eau. Formation des cadres techniques dans le domaine de la vulnérabilité des systèmes hydriques aux Changements Climatiques et sur la méthodologie d’étude de la vulnérabilité des ressources en eau aux Changements Climatiques. Elaboration de projets de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau en condition de Changements Climatiques.', 'Elaboration de projets de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau en condition de Changements Climatiques. Modélisation hydro climatique (fonctionnement hydrologique des bassins versants, fonctionnement hydrogéologique des aquifères, processus d’intrusion saline dans les champs de captage dans la zone côtière). Foresterie/ Biodiversité Mise en place de cellules chargées des questions de Changements Climatiques dans leur relation avec la biodiversité. Prise en compte de la problématique des Changements Climatiques dans la gestion des ressources biologiques. Formation des acteurs (décideurs, techniciens, paysans, autorités locales) en élaboration de projets intégrés de conservation des ressources biologiques en situation de climat modifié et en méthodologie de conservation ex situ et in situ. Vulgarisation des savoirs locaux en matière de gestion des ressources biologiques.', 'Vulgarisation des savoirs locaux en matière de gestion des ressources biologiques. Mise en place des systèmes d’information et d’alertes sur les effets néfastes des Changements Climatiques sur la biodiversité Valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles en matière de relation climat - diversité biologique. Elaboration et diffusion en langues locales des textes de lois et règlements relatifs à la gestion de la biodiversité.Secteurs/domaines prioritaires Besoins en renforcement des capacités Valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles en matière de diversité biologique pour le renforcement des puits de séquestration du carbone. Etablissements humains Intégration des questions de Changements Climatiques dans les plans politiques, stratégiques, programmes et projets de développement.', 'Etablissements humains Intégration des questions de Changements Climatiques dans les plans politiques, stratégiques, programmes et projets de développement. Formation et information des acteurs (décideurs, agents de santé, populations, autorités locales) sur les effets néfastes des Changements Climatiques Protection des systèmes socio-économiques contre la dégradation de l’environnement côtier et l’élévation du niveau marin. Renforcement des capacités, à différents échelons, pour interpréter et communiquer les informations climatiques pertinentes et conseiller les communautés locales. Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques de l’Administration, des organisations de la société civile et des communautés, pour l’évaluation des risques et des vulnérabilités locales, et la formulation de plans et politiques de développement sensibles au climat. Promotion de solutions d’adaptation pratiques à la variabilité du climat et aux risques futurs de changements climatiques.', 'Promotion de solutions d’adaptation pratiques à la variabilité du climat et aux risques futurs de changements climatiques. Promotion du renforcement et du partage de connaissance sur les changements climatiques, par des activités de sensibilisation, de gestion des risques et d’élaboration de politiques sensibles au genre. Santé Formation des acteurs de la pyramide sanitaire sur les changements climatiques et leurs impacts sur la santé. Mise en place d’un système de surveillance et d’information sur l’impact des changements climatiques sur la santé. Les ressources nationales (fonds publics et investissements privés) seront complétées par l’’appui financier extérieur (bilatéral ou multilatéral).', 'Les ressources nationales (fonds publics et investissements privés) seront complétées par l’’appui financier extérieur (bilatéral ou multilatéral). Le coût total estimatif pour l’exécution des plans, programmes et projets inscrits au titre de la CDN du Bénin s’élève globalement à 11637,02 millions de dollars US dont 3576,39 millions de dollars US en option inconditionnelle et 8060,63 millions de dollars US en option conditionnelle (annexes 1 et 2). Les parts qui reviennent aux mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont respectivement de 6042,33 et de 5594,69 millions de dollar US. Cette estimation est basée sur les expériences actuelles du pays dans la mise en œuvre des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques.', 'Cette estimation est basée sur les expériences actuelles du pays dans la mise en œuvre des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Afin de mesurer les progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre desdites activités, des systèmes de suivi-évaluation seront mis en place dont notamment le système de Mesure, de Notification et de Vérification (MNV). 6.4 Conditions de succès de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Le succès de la mise en œuvre de la CDN dépendra des conditions suivantes: La mobilisation effective et à temps des ressources nationales et de l’aide attendue de la communauté internationale. Des difficultés de mobilisation de ressources suffisantes pourraient entraver la mise en œuvre des projets.', 'Des difficultés de mobilisation de ressources suffisantes pourraient entraver la mise en œuvre des projets. La capacité des structures publiques concernées à gérer efficacement des programmes de grandes envergures. Pour prévenir toute difficulté pouvant découler du manque de capacité de ces structures, il faudra faire au niveau sectoriel un bon diagnostic des besoins en personnel pour la mise en œuvre des projets dans les délais ; et ceci dans le cadre de l’élaboration du programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles prévu dans la CDN. L’effectivité de la mise en place de textes réglementaires et du contrôle du marché national des équipements électriques et électroménagers importés et le succès des opérations de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique.', 'Pour prévenir toute difficulté pouvant découler du manque de capacité de ces structures, il faudra faire au niveau sectoriel un bon diagnostic des besoins en personnel pour la mise en œuvre des projets dans les délais ; et ceci dans le cadre de l’élaboration du programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles prévu dans la CDN. L’effectivité de la mise en place de textes réglementaires et du contrôle du marché national des équipements électriques et électroménagers importés et le succès des opérations de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique. La capacité du secteur agricole à promouvoir effectivement les techniques culturales améliorées sur les superficies prévues.', 'La capacité du secteur agricole à promouvoir effectivement les techniques culturales améliorées sur les superficies prévues. L’effectivité du transfert de technologies tout comme l’aboutissement des travaux de recherche – développement au plan national.BIBLIOGRAPHIE DG-Eau, 2013 : Réalisation du Schéma Directeur Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux du bassin de l’Ouémé. DG Eau Cotonou 194p FMI (2016) : Consultations de 2015 au titre de l’Article IV. Communiqué de presse Rapport des Services du FMI et Déclaration de l’Administrateur pour le Bénin. Rapport du FMI no [16/6]. NSAE (2015). RGPH4 : que retenir des effectifs de population en 2013, INSAE, Cotonou MAEP, 2015 : Budget Programme Gestion 2016-2018, Cotonou.64p MAEP, 2015 : Document de programmation pluriannuelle des dépenses 2016-2019. Cotonou, 40p.', 'RGPH4 : que retenir des effectifs de population en 2013, INSAE, Cotonou MAEP, 2015 : Budget Programme Gestion 2016-2018, Cotonou.64p MAEP, 2015 : Document de programmation pluriannuelle des dépenses 2016-2019. Cotonou, 40p. MECGCCRPRNF, 2015 : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National. 27p MEHU, 2011 : Deuxième Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques MSP, 2009 : Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (2009-2018) Ndoye D., Fall E.H, Alofa J.P. (2016). Bénin. Perspectives économiques en Afrique. BAD, OCDE, PNUD. www.africaneconomicoutlook.org Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Projet TCN (2016). Inventaire de gaz à effet de serre du secteur Energie. Groupe thématiques Energie. DGEC, MCVDD, Cotonou. 125p. Projet TCN (2016). Inventaire de gaz à effet de serre du secteur UTCATF. Groupe thématiques UTCATF. DGEC, MCVDD, Cotonou. 87p. Projet TCN (2016).', 'DGEC, MCVDD, Cotonou. 87p. Projet TCN (2016). Inventaire de gaz à effet de serre du secteur Agriculture. Groupe thématiques Agriculture. DGEC, MCVDD, Cotonou. 50p.ANNEXES Annexe 1 : Synthèse des mesures d atténuation au titre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national Objectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) Secteur agriculture Promouvoir les techniques culturales améliorées dans le cadre de la production végétale. Mise en œuvre des techniques culturales améliorées sur une superficie de 5.000.000 ha. Promouvoir les techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols dans le cadre de la production végétale. Mise en œuvre des techniques de maintien de la fertilité des sols sur une superficie de 5.000.000 ha Promouvoir les aménagements hydro-agricoles.', 'Mise en œuvre des techniques de maintien de la fertilité des sols sur une superficie de 5.000.000 ha Promouvoir les aménagements hydro-agricoles. Aménagement de 96500 de terre agricole et construction de 180 retenues d’eau. Aménagement et irrigation de 52.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles avec maîtrise de l’eau. Secteur énergie Développer la production d’énergie électrique à partir du gaz et des sources d’énergie renouvelables.', 'Secteur énergie Développer la production d’énergie électrique à partir du gaz et des sources d’énergie renouvelables. Développer une filière thermique de production d’électricité (construction au port de Cotonou d’un terminal de regazéification de gaz naturel liquéfié + pipeline de raccordement au gazoduc) Développer les énergies renouvelables (construction des centrales hydroélectriques de Adjarala 147 MW ; de Dogo bis 128 MW ; implantation de fermes solaire PV de capacité totale de 95 MW, structuration d’une filière biomasse combustible 15 MW) Construire une troisième centrale hydroélectrique (aménagement du site de Vossa 60,2 MW) Etendre l’accès des ménages à l’éclairage électrique en remplacement de l’éclairage au kérosène.', 'Développer une filière thermique de production d’électricité (construction au port de Cotonou d’un terminal de regazéification de gaz naturel liquéfié + pipeline de raccordement au gazoduc) Développer les énergies renouvelables (construction des centrales hydroélectriques de Adjarala 147 MW ; de Dogo bis 128 MW ; implantation de fermes solaire PV de capacité totale de 95 MW, structuration d’une filière biomasse combustible 15 MW) Construire une troisième centrale hydroélectrique (aménagement du site de Vossa 60,2 MW) Etendre l’accès des ménages à l’éclairage électrique en remplacement de l’éclairage au kérosène. Poursuivre la réalisation des projets d’électrification des localités (au total 600 localités par raccordement au réseau conventionnel de la SBEE).Objectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) Acquisition par la SBEE de 424.000 kits de branchement des ménages Renforcer les actions de consommations efficaces d’énergie électrique dans tous les secteurs Poursuivre le programme national d’efficacité énergétique dans tous les secteurs : industries, tertiaire, et ménages (mise en place de normes, centrales solaires PV sur les toits des bâtiments administratifs, promotion de l’utilisation des équipements électriques à basse consommation d’énergie, promotion de l’éclairage public solaire PV etc.)', 'Poursuivre la réalisation des projets d’électrification des localités (au total 600 localités par raccordement au réseau conventionnel de la SBEE).Objectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) Acquisition par la SBEE de 424.000 kits de branchement des ménages Renforcer les actions de consommations efficaces d’énergie électrique dans tous les secteurs Poursuivre le programme national d’efficacité énergétique dans tous les secteurs : industries, tertiaire, et ménages (mise en place de normes, centrales solaires PV sur les toits des bâtiments administratifs, promotion de l’utilisation des équipements électriques à basse consommation d’énergie, promotion de l’éclairage public solaire PV etc.) Promouvoir l’accès des ménages aux équipements de cuisson à gaz butane (subvention 30 %) Facilité l’accès à la recharge de gaz (subvention 25%) Tous les ménages utilisateurs 100% Promouvoir l’accès des ménages aux foyers économiques utilisant le charbon de bois Remédier aux lacunes existantes actuellement au niveau des bases de données sur l’énergie (15) Réalisation d’une enquête sur les taux de pénétration des foyers améliorés, des équipements de cuisson à gaz et les consommations d’énergies dans les ménages (ensemble du pays) (16) réalisation des tests pour vérifier la performance des différents foyers améliorés distribués par différents acteurs (17) Réaliser un sondage au niveau national pour compléter l’information disponible sur le parc de véhicule par des données sur lesObjectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) consommations journalières de carburant pour les catégories et différents usages de véhicules.', 'Promouvoir l’accès des ménages aux équipements de cuisson à gaz butane (subvention 30 %) Facilité l’accès à la recharge de gaz (subvention 25%) Tous les ménages utilisateurs 100% Promouvoir l’accès des ménages aux foyers économiques utilisant le charbon de bois Remédier aux lacunes existantes actuellement au niveau des bases de données sur l’énergie (15) Réalisation d’une enquête sur les taux de pénétration des foyers améliorés, des équipements de cuisson à gaz et les consommations d’énergies dans les ménages (ensemble du pays) (16) réalisation des tests pour vérifier la performance des différents foyers améliorés distribués par différents acteurs (17) Réaliser un sondage au niveau national pour compléter l’information disponible sur le parc de véhicule par des données sur lesObjectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) consommations journalières de carburant pour les catégories et différents usages de véhicules. Secteur forestier Promouvoir les fours de carbonisation à haut rendement - 0% 0 100% 4,80 4,80 Promouvoir les plantations domaniales, communales et privées Superficie de 150 000 ha Promouvoir les activités alternatives à l’exploitation des ressources forestières.', 'Secteur forestier Promouvoir les fours de carbonisation à haut rendement - 0% 0 100% 4,80 4,80 Promouvoir les plantations domaniales, communales et privées Superficie de 150 000 ha Promouvoir les activités alternatives à l’exploitation des ressources forestières. Cadre institutionnel et réglementaire Organiser l’atelier de lancement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Mettre en place le cadre institutionnel de coordination de la mise en œuvre de la CDN PM Appuyer les ministères sectoriels impliqués pour la préparation des programmes prévus dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN et les dossiers de mobilisation de financement des projets dans le cadre des mécanismes de soutien aux PMA.', 'Cadre institutionnel et réglementaire Organiser l’atelier de lancement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Mettre en place le cadre institutionnel de coordination de la mise en œuvre de la CDN PM Appuyer les ministères sectoriels impliqués pour la préparation des programmes prévus dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN et les dossiers de mobilisation de financement des projets dans le cadre des mécanismes de soutien aux PMA. Elaborer et mettre en œuvre un Programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et réglementaires du sous-secteur Gestion des Changements Climatiques ; Promouvoir la recherche scientifique, technique et technologique en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation aux changements climatiques;Objectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) Promouvoir le transfert de technologie et savoir-faire en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation aux changements climatiques.Annexe 2 : Synthèse des mesures d’adaptation au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national du Bénin N° Mesures d’adaptation, état de mise en œuvre et sources Objectifs Options et couts Inconditionnels Conditionnels Coût total (millions US$) Proportion (%) Coût (millions US$) Proportion (%) Coût (millions US$) Programme Intégré d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques par le Développement de l’Agriculture, du Transport fluvial, du Tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin (PIACC- DAT-Vallée du Niger au Bénin) Non encore mis en œuvre - Mettre à la disposition des acteurs et des communautés agricoles des avis et des alertes en cas d’événements météorologiques et climatologiques significatifs annoncés, dommageables aux systèmes de production - Promouvoir les systèmes appropriés de production agricole d’adaptation aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle - Mettre au point de nouveaux calendriers agricoles permettant aux acteurs de l’économie agricole et pastorale de planifier et d’exécuter des opérations de production avec une bonne sécurité - Contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à une croissance économique forte et inclusive au Bénin Projet d’adaptation des calendriers agricoles au nouveau contexte des changements climatiques.', 'Elaborer et mettre en œuvre un Programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et réglementaires du sous-secteur Gestion des Changements Climatiques ; Promouvoir la recherche scientifique, technique et technologique en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation aux changements climatiques;Objectifs de la mesure proposée Objectif quantifié (horizon 2030) Inconditionn elle* Coût en (millions US $) Conditionnelle * Coût en (millions US$) Coût total en (millions US$) Promouvoir le transfert de technologie et savoir-faire en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation aux changements climatiques.Annexe 2 : Synthèse des mesures d’adaptation au titre des contributions déterminées au niveau national du Bénin N° Mesures d’adaptation, état de mise en œuvre et sources Objectifs Options et couts Inconditionnels Conditionnels Coût total (millions US$) Proportion (%) Coût (millions US$) Proportion (%) Coût (millions US$) Programme Intégré d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques par le Développement de l’Agriculture, du Transport fluvial, du Tourisme, dans la vallée du Niger au Bénin (PIACC- DAT-Vallée du Niger au Bénin) Non encore mis en œuvre - Mettre à la disposition des acteurs et des communautés agricoles des avis et des alertes en cas d’événements météorologiques et climatologiques significatifs annoncés, dommageables aux systèmes de production - Promouvoir les systèmes appropriés de production agricole d’adaptation aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle - Mettre au point de nouveaux calendriers agricoles permettant aux acteurs de l’économie agricole et pastorale de planifier et d’exécuter des opérations de production avec une bonne sécurité - Contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à une croissance économique forte et inclusive au Bénin Projet d’adaptation des calendriers agricoles au nouveau contexte des changements climatiques. Projet De la Deuxième Communication Nationale non encore mis en œuvre Projet d’Appui aux Infrastructures dans la Vallée de l’Ouémé (PAIA-VO) (2013-2020).', 'Projet De la Deuxième Communication Nationale non encore mis en œuvre Projet d’Appui aux Infrastructures dans la Vallée de l’Ouémé (PAIA-VO) (2013-2020). Phase pilote en cours de mise en œuvre (Projet du PAG Projet de Développement d’Infrastructures Socio-économiques et de Sécurité Alimentaire (PDISSA) (Aménager 750 ha de périmètres irrigués dans le bassin du Niger) En cours de d’élaboration Plan d’action national de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (PANGIRE) (2011-2015).', 'Phase pilote en cours de mise en œuvre (Projet du PAG Projet de Développement d’Infrastructures Socio-économiques et de Sécurité Alimentaire (PDISSA) (Aménager 750 ha de périmètres irrigués dans le bassin du Niger) En cours de d’élaboration Plan d’action national de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (PANGIRE) (2011-2015). En cours d’actualisation Renforcer la disponibilité de l’eau pendant les périodes sèches aux fins d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques ;Développement des infrastructures hydrauliques multifonctions et gestion durable des ressources en eau (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau Mise en valeur de la basse et moyenne vallée de l’Ouémé (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduction de la vulnérabilité des femmes enceintes et des enfants de moins de cinq ans face aux maladies liées aux risques climatiques au Bénin Mesure identifiée au titre du PANA mais non encore mis en œuvre Contribuer à la réduction de la morbidité et la mortalité dues au paludisme et autres maladies liées aux risques climatiques au Bénin.', 'En cours d’actualisation Renforcer la disponibilité de l’eau pendant les périodes sèches aux fins d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques ;Développement des infrastructures hydrauliques multifonctions et gestion durable des ressources en eau (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau Mise en valeur de la basse et moyenne vallée de l’Ouémé (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduction de la vulnérabilité des femmes enceintes et des enfants de moins de cinq ans face aux maladies liées aux risques climatiques au Bénin Mesure identifiée au titre du PANA mais non encore mis en œuvre Contribuer à la réduction de la morbidité et la mortalité dues au paludisme et autres maladies liées aux risques climatiques au Bénin. Projet de protection de la zone côtière face à l’élévation du niveau de la mer/érosion côtière Mesure identifiée au titre du PANA mais non encore mise en œuvre selon l’approche PANA - Corriger le déséquilibre sédimentaire, le démaigrissement et le recul de la plage, - Restaurer les écosystèmes fragiles (mangrove) et promouvoir une technologie améliorée d’extraction du sel combinant l’énergie solaire et le vent Projets de l’Initiative LoCAL-Bénin dans 06 communes au Nord du Bénin.', 'Projet de protection de la zone côtière face à l’élévation du niveau de la mer/érosion côtière Mesure identifiée au titre du PANA mais non encore mise en œuvre selon l’approche PANA - Corriger le déséquilibre sédimentaire, le démaigrissement et le recul de la plage, - Restaurer les écosystèmes fragiles (mangrove) et promouvoir une technologie améliorée d’extraction du sel combinant l’énergie solaire et le vent Projets de l’Initiative LoCAL-Bénin dans 06 communes au Nord du Bénin. (2014-2016). Il y a nécessité d’étendre l’Initiative à toutes les 77 communes du pays. Contribuer à combler le déficit de financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au niveau des collectivités locales tout en développant leur capacité institutionnelle et technique pour faire face aux risques et défis climatiques dans le processus de développement local.', 'Contribuer à combler le déficit de financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au niveau des collectivités locales tout en développant leur capacité institutionnelle et technique pour faire face aux risques et défis climatiques dans le processus de développement local. Projet de renforcement de l’Information sur le climat et système d’alerte précoce en Afrique pour un développement résilient au climat et adaptation aux changements climatiques (SAP-Bénin 2013-2017).', 'Projet de renforcement de l’Information sur le climat et système d’alerte précoce en Afrique pour un développement résilient au climat et adaptation aux changements climatiques (SAP-Bénin 2013-2017). Projet en fin de parcours, à mettre à l’échelle renforcer les capacités de suivi, les systèmes d’alerte précoce et la disponibilité d’informations en matière de changements climatiques pour faire face aux chocs climatiques et planifier l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au BéninProjet de renforcement du système d’observation aux fins d’une meilleure surveillance du climat et de sa variabilité dans la portion nationale du bassin du fleuve Niger non encore mis en œuvre Aménagement des berges de la lagune de Cotonou (Projet du PAG Faire des quartiers inondables riverains de la lagune de Cotonou un poumon vert de la ville Assainissement et aménagement des berges de la lagune de Porto-Novo (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduire la vulnérabilité des populations et des écosystèmes avoisinant la lagune de Porto-Novo aux changements climatiques Projet d’Assainissement pluvial de Cotonou (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Résoudre durablement les problèmes d’inondation à Cotonou en mettant en place des infrastructures d’assainissement (collecteurs primaires) Programme de protection du littoral contre l’érosion côtière (Cotonou- Siafato, Hilacondji-Bouche du roy, Grand-Popo-Ouidah) (Projet du PAG Protéger la côte béninoise contre l’avancée de la mer Programme pour l Adaptation des Villes aux changements climatiques au Bénin (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir une gestion rationnelle et durable de l environnement, des changements climatiques et des ressources naturelles PAGEFCOM 2: Projet d Appui à la Gestion des Forêts Communales, phase 2 (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir le système d’alerte précoce et les alternatives économiques à la surexploitation des Forêts Développement Durable du Tourisme dans le Parc Régional W (Projet du Intégrer les changements climatiques dans les programmes de promotion du tourisme Programme de gestion intégrée des espaces frontaliers (Projet du PAG Renforcer la sécurité alimentaire, sociale et économique des populations frontalières dans le contexte des changements climatiquesProgramme de prévention et de gestion des risques et catastrophes (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Adapter les modes de production et de consommation aux contraintes environnementales et climatiques des zones à risques de catastrophes Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de l énergie aux impacts des changements climatiques au Bénin (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduire les impacts des changements climatiques et de la variabilité sur le secteur de l énergie du Bénin Appui aux programmes de recherches pour la génération de technologies d’Adaptation et de Résilience des Filières Agricoles aux Changements Climatiques : ARFACC (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Améliorer la contribution de la recherche agricole du Bénin à la sécurité alimentaire et à la compétitivité des produits agricoles à travers le renforcement de la recherche stratégique, la recherche- développement et la valorisation des acquis de recherche, dans un contexte de changements et de variabilités climatiques Programme des villes durables (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Mettre en place un Système Habitat et Logement, un Système Planification Urbaine et Territoriale un Système Environnement et Résiliences.', 'Projet en fin de parcours, à mettre à l’échelle renforcer les capacités de suivi, les systèmes d’alerte précoce et la disponibilité d’informations en matière de changements climatiques pour faire face aux chocs climatiques et planifier l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au BéninProjet de renforcement du système d’observation aux fins d’une meilleure surveillance du climat et de sa variabilité dans la portion nationale du bassin du fleuve Niger non encore mis en œuvre Aménagement des berges de la lagune de Cotonou (Projet du PAG Faire des quartiers inondables riverains de la lagune de Cotonou un poumon vert de la ville Assainissement et aménagement des berges de la lagune de Porto-Novo (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduire la vulnérabilité des populations et des écosystèmes avoisinant la lagune de Porto-Novo aux changements climatiques Projet d’Assainissement pluvial de Cotonou (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Résoudre durablement les problèmes d’inondation à Cotonou en mettant en place des infrastructures d’assainissement (collecteurs primaires) Programme de protection du littoral contre l’érosion côtière (Cotonou- Siafato, Hilacondji-Bouche du roy, Grand-Popo-Ouidah) (Projet du PAG Protéger la côte béninoise contre l’avancée de la mer Programme pour l Adaptation des Villes aux changements climatiques au Bénin (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir une gestion rationnelle et durable de l environnement, des changements climatiques et des ressources naturelles PAGEFCOM 2: Projet d Appui à la Gestion des Forêts Communales, phase 2 (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Promouvoir le système d’alerte précoce et les alternatives économiques à la surexploitation des Forêts Développement Durable du Tourisme dans le Parc Régional W (Projet du Intégrer les changements climatiques dans les programmes de promotion du tourisme Programme de gestion intégrée des espaces frontaliers (Projet du PAG Renforcer la sécurité alimentaire, sociale et économique des populations frontalières dans le contexte des changements climatiquesProgramme de prévention et de gestion des risques et catastrophes (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Adapter les modes de production et de consommation aux contraintes environnementales et climatiques des zones à risques de catastrophes Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de l énergie aux impacts des changements climatiques au Bénin (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Réduire les impacts des changements climatiques et de la variabilité sur le secteur de l énergie du Bénin Appui aux programmes de recherches pour la génération de technologies d’Adaptation et de Résilience des Filières Agricoles aux Changements Climatiques : ARFACC (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Améliorer la contribution de la recherche agricole du Bénin à la sécurité alimentaire et à la compétitivité des produits agricoles à travers le renforcement de la recherche stratégique, la recherche- développement et la valorisation des acquis de recherche, dans un contexte de changements et de variabilités climatiques Programme des villes durables (Projet du PAG 2017-2021) Mettre en place un Système Habitat et Logement, un Système Planification Urbaine et Territoriale un Système Environnement et Résiliences. Élaboration du schéma d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux de la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Mettre en place un cadre de référence pour la gestion des eaux dans le bassin du Niger Mobilisation des eaux de surface aux fins d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les Communes les plus vulnérables des départements du Centre et du Nord (PANA-Bénin et Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016- 2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Valoriser les eaux de surface 8 Construction de dix (10) barrages de retenue à buts multiples dans la Améliorer la disponibilité de l’eau pour les usagersvallée du Niger (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Réhabilitation et diversification agricole de vingt retenues agropastorales au Bénin (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Développer l’hydraulique pastorale 10 Réhabilitation et diversification de 5 petits barrages de Gamagou, Gah Guessou, Sombi Kérékou, Wara et Zougou Pantrossi dans l’Alibori Supérieur (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger).', 'Élaboration du schéma d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux de la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Mettre en place un cadre de référence pour la gestion des eaux dans le bassin du Niger Mobilisation des eaux de surface aux fins d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les Communes les plus vulnérables des départements du Centre et du Nord (PANA-Bénin et Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016- 2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Valoriser les eaux de surface 8 Construction de dix (10) barrages de retenue à buts multiples dans la Améliorer la disponibilité de l’eau pour les usagersvallée du Niger (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Réhabilitation et diversification agricole de vingt retenues agropastorales au Bénin (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Développer l’hydraulique pastorale 10 Réhabilitation et diversification de 5 petits barrages de Gamagou, Gah Guessou, Sombi Kérékou, Wara et Zougou Pantrossi dans l’Alibori Supérieur (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger). Appuyer la maintenance des infrastructures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les localités les plus vulnérables Construction de digues de protection contre les inondations (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Réhabiliter les mesures locales d’adaptation qui ont fait leurs preuves face aux inondationsAnnexe 3 : plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN Activités Phase 1 : Phase préparatoire de mise en œuvre de la CDN Mise en place du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Organisation de l’atelier de lancement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Réalisation étude de conception et mise en place du système de Suivi/Vérification/ Evaluation Appui aux ministères sectoriels impliqués pour la préparation des programmes prévus dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN et les dossiers de mobilisation de financement des projets dans le cadre des mécanismes de soutien aux PMA.', 'Appuyer la maintenance des infrastructures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les localités les plus vulnérables Construction de digues de protection contre les inondations (Plan d’Investissement Climat 2016-2024 de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger) Réhabiliter les mesures locales d’adaptation qui ont fait leurs preuves face aux inondationsAnnexe 3 : plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN Activités Phase 1 : Phase préparatoire de mise en œuvre de la CDN Mise en place du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Organisation de l’atelier de lancement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Réalisation étude de conception et mise en place du système de Suivi/Vérification/ Evaluation Appui aux ministères sectoriels impliqués pour la préparation des programmes prévus dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN et les dossiers de mobilisation de financement des projets dans le cadre des mécanismes de soutien aux PMA. Phase 2 : Phase de mise en œuvre Mise en œuvre volet atténuation au niveau sectoriel SECTEUR AGRICULTURE Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Projet ‘’Soutenir la transition vers une agriculture et des systèmes alimentaires intelligents face au climat’’ Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles Sous-Programme de construction des barrages à but multiple Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de techniques culturales améliorées, techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, aménagements hydro-agricoles (2021-2030).', 'Phase 2 : Phase de mise en œuvre Mise en œuvre volet atténuation au niveau sectoriel SECTEUR AGRICULTURE Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Projet ‘’Soutenir la transition vers une agriculture et des systèmes alimentaires intelligents face au climat’’ Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles Sous-Programme de construction des barrages à but multiple Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de techniques culturales améliorées, techniques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, aménagements hydro-agricoles (2021-2030). Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre SECTEUR ENERGIE Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement Programme de développement des capacités de production et d’extension de l’accès à l’électricité (2021- Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre Programme de renforcement des actions de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (2021-2030).', 'Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre SECTEUR ENERGIE Programme d’Actions du Gouvernement Programme de développement des capacités de production et d’extension de l’accès à l’électricité (2021- Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre Programme de renforcement des actions de promotion de l’efficacité énergétique (2021-2030). Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre SECTEUR UTCATF Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.Stratégie Nationale de gestion des Feux de Végétation au Bénin : Programme Amélioration du pilotage de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de Protection et de conservation des forêts naturelles et de plantation (2021-2030).', 'Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre SECTEUR UTCATF Programme d’actions du Gouvernement 2016-2021 Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.Stratégie Nationale de gestion des Feux de Végétation au Bénin : Programme Amélioration du pilotage de la gestion contrôlée des feux de végétation Programme de renforcement des actions en matière de Protection et de conservation des forêts naturelles et de plantation (2021-2030). (Programme à élaborer complétement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN) Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre Mise en œuvre volet adaptation Renforcement du système de prévision des risques climatiques et d’alerte rapide pour la sécurité alimentaire dans les zones agro-écologiques vulnérables Mobilisation des eaux de surfaces aux fins d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (micro-barrages) Lutte contre les maladies climato-sensibles Protection de la zone côtière face à l’élévation du niveau de la mer/érosion côtière Renforcement de la gouvernance locale en matière de financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités en matière d’observation du climat Renforcement de la résilience des villes côtières à faible élévation Intégration des changements climatiques dans la planification sectorielle du développement Assurance de la durabilité et de la résilience des principaux centres urbains du Bénin Intégration de l adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les stratégies locales de réduction de la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et humains dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur Agriculture ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur Energie ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur UTCATF ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mise en œuvre des activités de renforcement de capacités institutionnelles et règlementaires Elaborer et mettre en œuvre un Programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et réglementaire du sous- secteur Gestion des Changements Climatiques ; Promouvoir la recherche scientifique, technique et technologique en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques; Promouvoir le transfert de technologie et savoir-faire en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques.', '(Programme à élaborer complétement au cours de la phase préparatoire de la mise en œuvre de la CDN) Phase préparatoire Phase de mise en œuvre Mise en œuvre volet adaptation Renforcement du système de prévision des risques climatiques et d’alerte rapide pour la sécurité alimentaire dans les zones agro-écologiques vulnérables Mobilisation des eaux de surfaces aux fins d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (micro-barrages) Lutte contre les maladies climato-sensibles Protection de la zone côtière face à l’élévation du niveau de la mer/érosion côtière Renforcement de la gouvernance locale en matière de financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités en matière d’observation du climat Renforcement de la résilience des villes côtières à faible élévation Intégration des changements climatiques dans la planification sectorielle du développement Assurance de la durabilité et de la résilience des principaux centres urbains du Bénin Intégration de l adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les stratégies locales de réduction de la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et humains dans la portion béninoise du bassin du Niger Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur Agriculture ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur Energie ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mesures d’atténuation du Secteur UTCATF ayant un co-bénéfice en adaptation Mise en œuvre des activités de renforcement de capacités institutionnelles et règlementaires Elaborer et mettre en œuvre un Programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et réglementaire du sous- secteur Gestion des Changements Climatiques ; Promouvoir la recherche scientifique, technique et technologique en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques; Promouvoir le transfert de technologie et savoir-faire en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques. Organiser les travaux d’actualisation de la première CDN']

fr-FR

BEN

Benin

LTS

2016-12-12 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/application/pdf/benin_long-term_strategy.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/268d475733ef4545170cf2a09f23566d8bcb3b3c4e092626ae9d237af9810e51.pdf

['REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN MINISTERE DU CADRE DE VIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE DIRECTION GENERALE DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiquesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin STRATEGIE DE DEVELOPPEMENT A FAIBLE INTENSITE DE CARBONE ET RESILIENT AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ______________ Le présent document a été réalisé par le Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (Ex Ministère de l’Environnement chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières - MECGCCRPRNF), avec l’appui financier de l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD).', 'REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN MINISTERE DU CADRE DE VIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE DIRECTION GENERALE DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiquesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin STRATEGIE DE DEVELOPPEMENT A FAIBLE INTENSITE DE CARBONE ET RESILIENT AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ______________ Le présent document a été réalisé par le Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (Ex Ministère de l’Environnement chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières - MECGCCRPRNF), avec l’appui financier de l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD). Il respecte les directives du Ministère Chargé du Développement Economique, de l’Evaluation des Politiques et de Bonne Gouvernance en matière d’élaboration de documents de stratégie sectorielle ou thématique.', 'Il respecte les directives du Ministère Chargé du Développement Economique, de l’Evaluation des Politiques et de Bonne Gouvernance en matière d’élaboration de documents de stratégie sectorielle ou thématique. L’appui technique a été assuré par les experts nationaux à travers six groupes de travail sectoriels, et coordonné par des experts internationaux mobilisés par Expertise France. Partenaires à l’élaboration de la stratégie :Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin TABLE DES MATIERES ACRONYMES 5 GLOSSAIRE DES DEFINITIONS ET CONCEPTS . 7 RESUME EXECUTIF 11 INTRODUCTION : Le Bénin, un pays sur la voie du développement durable .15 1. ETAT DU CLIMAT ET SCENARIO CLIMATIQUE : ‘’Il fera plus chaud et les précipitations seront plus irrégulières avec des vents violents au Bénin d’ici 2050’’ .18 1.1.', 'ETAT DU CLIMAT ET SCENARIO CLIMATIQUE : ‘’Il fera plus chaud et les précipitations seront plus irrégulières avec des vents violents au Bénin d’ici 2050’’ .18 1.1. Contexte de gouvernance climatique .18 1.2. Données climatiques et océaniques dans la sous-région et au Bénin19 1.4. Etat des émissions de GES .23 2. DEFIS ET ENJEUX DE l’ADAPTATION ET DE L’ATTENUATION : ‘’Concilier le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement’’ 24 2.3 Enjeux géopolitiques. ‘’Exercer un leadership inspirationnel pour relever le défi de l’inaction’’ .26 3. DIAGNOSTIQUE STRATEGIQUE : ‘’Six secteurs de développement économiques vulnérables aux 3.1. Diagnostic du secteur de l’agriculture et du développement rural .28 3.2. Diagnostic du secteur de l’énergie .32 3.3. Diagnostic du secteur de la foresterie et de l’utilisation des terres.35 3.4.', 'Diagnostic du secteur de la foresterie et de l’utilisation des terres.35 3.4. Diagnostic du secteur des infrastructures et établissements humains 38 3.5. Diagnostic du secteur de la santé.42 3.6. Diagnostic du secteur des ressources en eau .46 4. FONDEMENTS DE LA STRATEGIE : ‘’Une Stratégie intersectorielle de planification à court et moyen 4.2. Position de la Stratégie dans le système national de planification 50 4.3. Horizon temporel de la Stratégie .52 5. STRATEGIE OPERATIONNELLE : ‘’Mettre en place des instruments de développement économique à faible intensité en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques’’ .53Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 6. PROCESSUS ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE ET DE SUIVI : ‘’ Une approche de mise en 6.1.', 'PROCESSUS ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE ET DE SUIVI : ‘’ Une approche de mise en 6.1. Arrangements de gestion 59 6.3. Suivi & évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie 63 6.4. Plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre de la stratégie 64 7.', 'Plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre de la stratégie 64 7. PLAN DE MOBILISATION DES RESSOURCES : ‘’S’appuyer sur des ressources propres du pays pour en mobiliser davantage auprès des mécanismes de financement dédiés’’ .72 Annexe 1 : Cadre de résultat .75 Annexe 2 : Fiche synoptique de l’axe transversal de coordination .81 Annexe 3: Budget de mise en œuvre de coordination l’axe transversal (An 1) .82 Annexe 4 : Bibliographie .84Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ACRONYMES\x03 AEO : Avenir de l’Environnement en Afrique AEP : Approvisionnement en Eau Potable AFD : Agence Française de Développement BAD : Banque Africaine de Développement BM : Banque Mondiale BOAD : Banque Ouest Africaine de Développement BRS : Banque Régionale de Solidarité CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CEDEAO : Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CNI : Communication Nationale Initiale sur les Changements Climatiques CP : Comité de Pilotage CPND : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National CVA : Chaine de Valeur Ajoutée DCN : Deuxième Communication Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques DGCC : Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques FA : Fonds d’Adaptation FADEC : Fonds d’Appui au Développement des Communes FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FENU/UNCDF : Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies FIDA : Fonds International de Développement Agricole FNEC : Fonds National pour l’Environnement et le Climat FVC : Fonds Vert pour le Climat GEO-5 : 5th Global Environment Outlook/ 5ème Rapport sur l’Etat de l’Environnement Mondial GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre GIE : Gouvernance Internationale de L’Environnement GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur l’évolution du Climat GoB : Gouvernement du Bénin IIED : International Institute for Environment GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l’Evolution du Climat IRED : Initiative Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables MECGCCRPRNF : Ministère de l’Environnement chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières MEHU : Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Habitat et de l’Urbanisme OCDE : Organisation du Commerce pour le Développement Economique ODD : Objectifs du Développement Durable OMD : Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale OS : Objectif spécifique OSC : Organisation de la Société Civile PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PANA : Programme d’Action Nationale d’AdaptationStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin PDC : Plan de Développement Communal PFO : Point Focal Opérationnel PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PIF : Project Identification Form / Note d’identification de projet du FEM PNDS : Plan National de Développement Sanitaire PNIA : Programme National d’Intensification de l’Agriculture PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement PPG : Project Preparation Grant/ Fonds préparatoire du FEM PPP : Partenariat Public-Privé PRODERE : Programme de Développement des Energies Renouvelables PSRSA : Plan Stratégique de Relance du Secteur Agricole SCRP : Stratégie de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté SWOT : Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat/ Force Faiblesse Opportunité Menace UEMOA : Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine UICN : Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature UGCP : Unité de Gestion et de Coordination du Programme UGSP : Unité de Gestion des Sous-Programmes REDD+ : Réduction des Emissions résultant du Déboisement et de la Dégradation des ForêtsStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin GLOSSAIRE\x03DES\x03DEFINITIONS\x03ET\x03CONCEPTS\x03 Adaptation aux changements climatiques : Ajustement des systèmes naturels ou des systèmes humains face à un nouvel environnement ou un environnement changeant.', 'PLAN DE MOBILISATION DES RESSOURCES : ‘’S’appuyer sur des ressources propres du pays pour en mobiliser davantage auprès des mécanismes de financement dédiés’’ .72 Annexe 1 : Cadre de résultat .75 Annexe 2 : Fiche synoptique de l’axe transversal de coordination .81 Annexe 3: Budget de mise en œuvre de coordination l’axe transversal (An 1) .82 Annexe 4 : Bibliographie .84Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ACRONYMES\x03 AEO : Avenir de l’Environnement en Afrique AEP : Approvisionnement en Eau Potable AFD : Agence Française de Développement BAD : Banque Africaine de Développement BM : Banque Mondiale BOAD : Banque Ouest Africaine de Développement BRS : Banque Régionale de Solidarité CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CEDEAO : Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CNI : Communication Nationale Initiale sur les Changements Climatiques CP : Comité de Pilotage CPND : Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National CVA : Chaine de Valeur Ajoutée DCN : Deuxième Communication Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques DGCC : Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques FA : Fonds d’Adaptation FADEC : Fonds d’Appui au Développement des Communes FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FENU/UNCDF : Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies FIDA : Fonds International de Développement Agricole FNEC : Fonds National pour l’Environnement et le Climat FVC : Fonds Vert pour le Climat GEO-5 : 5th Global Environment Outlook/ 5ème Rapport sur l’Etat de l’Environnement Mondial GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre GIE : Gouvernance Internationale de L’Environnement GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur l’évolution du Climat GoB : Gouvernement du Bénin IIED : International Institute for Environment GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l’Evolution du Climat IRED : Initiative Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables MECGCCRPRNF : Ministère de l’Environnement chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières MEHU : Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Habitat et de l’Urbanisme OCDE : Organisation du Commerce pour le Développement Economique ODD : Objectifs du Développement Durable OMD : Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale OS : Objectif spécifique OSC : Organisation de la Société Civile PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PANA : Programme d’Action Nationale d’AdaptationStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin PDC : Plan de Développement Communal PFO : Point Focal Opérationnel PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PIF : Project Identification Form / Note d’identification de projet du FEM PNDS : Plan National de Développement Sanitaire PNIA : Programme National d’Intensification de l’Agriculture PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement PPG : Project Preparation Grant/ Fonds préparatoire du FEM PPP : Partenariat Public-Privé PRODERE : Programme de Développement des Energies Renouvelables PSRSA : Plan Stratégique de Relance du Secteur Agricole SCRP : Stratégie de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté SWOT : Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat/ Force Faiblesse Opportunité Menace UEMOA : Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine UICN : Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature UGCP : Unité de Gestion et de Coordination du Programme UGSP : Unité de Gestion des Sous-Programmes REDD+ : Réduction des Emissions résultant du Déboisement et de la Dégradation des ForêtsStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin GLOSSAIRE\x03DES\x03DEFINITIONS\x03ET\x03CONCEPTS\x03 Adaptation aux changements climatiques : Ajustement des systèmes naturels ou des systèmes humains face à un nouvel environnement ou un environnement changeant. L’adaptation aux changements climatiques indique l’ajustement des systèmes naturels ou humains en réponse à des stimuli climatiques présents ou futurs ou à leurs effets, afin d’atténuer les effets néfastes ou d’exploiter des opportunités bénéfiques.', 'L’adaptation aux changements climatiques indique l’ajustement des systèmes naturels ou humains en réponse à des stimuli climatiques présents ou futurs ou à leurs effets, afin d’atténuer les effets néfastes ou d’exploiter des opportunités bénéfiques. On distingue divers types d’adaptation, notamment l’adaptation anticipée et réactive, l’adaptation publique et privée, et l’adaptation autonome et planifiée. Afforestation : L afforestation ou boisement est une plantation d arbres ayant pour but d établir un état boisé sur une surface longtemps restée dépourvue d arbre, ou n ayant éventuellement jamais (aux échelles humaines de temps) appartenu à l aire forestière. Elle se distingue du reboisement en ceci que celui-ci est réalisé sur une surface boisée peu de temps auparavant.', 'Elle se distingue du reboisement en ceci que celui-ci est réalisé sur une surface boisée peu de temps auparavant. Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat (AIC) : C’est la définition donnée par la FAO qui est retenue dans ce document de stratégie, selon laquelle «L agriculture intelligente face au climat a pour objet de renforcer la capacité des systèmes agricoles de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire, en intégrant le besoin d adaptation et le potentiel d atténuation dans les stratégies de développement de l agriculture durable.', 'Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat (AIC) : C’est la définition donnée par la FAO qui est retenue dans ce document de stratégie, selon laquelle «L agriculture intelligente face au climat a pour objet de renforcer la capacité des systèmes agricoles de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire, en intégrant le besoin d adaptation et le potentiel d atténuation dans les stratégies de développement de l agriculture durable. » Approche par les surcoûts : L’approche par les surcoûts, rapportée au mode de financement des projets de développent par des prêts concessionnels auprès des Banques de développement, signifie faire financer les besoins additionnels dédiés à couvrir les coûts supplémentaires des projets de développement occasionnés par la prise en compte de l environnement et de sa protection.', '» Approche par les surcoûts : L’approche par les surcoûts, rapportée au mode de financement des projets de développent par des prêts concessionnels auprès des Banques de développement, signifie faire financer les besoins additionnels dédiés à couvrir les coûts supplémentaires des projets de développement occasionnés par la prise en compte de l environnement et de sa protection. Dans le cas d’espèce, il s’agira de la prise en compte des surcoûts liés au financement des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation, liées aux changements climatiques. Le FEM utilise cette approche pour ces financements. Atténuation : Intervention anthropique pour réduire les sources ou augmenter les puits de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES).', 'Atténuation : Intervention anthropique pour réduire les sources ou augmenter les puits de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES). Changements climatiques : Les changements climatiques désignent une variation statistiquement significative de l’état moyen du climat ou de sa variabilité persistant pendant de longues périodes (généralement, pendant des décennies ou plus). Les changements climatiques peuvent être dus à desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin processus internes naturels ou à des forçages externes, ou à des changements anthropiques persistants de la composition de l’atmosphère ou de l’affectation des terres.', 'Les changements climatiques peuvent être dus à desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin processus internes naturels ou à des forçages externes, ou à des changements anthropiques persistants de la composition de l’atmosphère ou de l’affectation des terres. On notera que la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), dans son Article 1, définit « changements climatiques » comme étant des « changements de climat qui sont attribués directement ou indirectement à une activité humaine altérant la composition de l’atmosphère mondiale et qui viennent s’ajouter à la variabilité naturelle du climat observée au cours de périodes comparables.', 'On notera que la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), dans son Article 1, définit « changements climatiques » comme étant des « changements de climat qui sont attribués directement ou indirectement à une activité humaine altérant la composition de l’atmosphère mondiale et qui viennent s’ajouter à la variabilité naturelle du climat observée au cours de périodes comparables. » La CCNUCC fait ainsi une distinction entre les « changements climatiques » qui peuvent être attribués aux activités humaines altérant la composition de l’atmosphère, et la «variabilité climatique» due à des causes naturelles. Voir également Variabilité climatique. Efficacité énergétique : Rapport du rendement énergétique d’un processus de transformation ou d’un système à son intrant énergétique.', 'Efficacité énergétique : Rapport du rendement énergétique d’un processus de transformation ou d’un système à son intrant énergétique. Emissions anthropiques : Emissions de GES, de précurseurs de GES, et d’aérosols associés aux activités humaines. Ces activités incluent la combustion de combustibles fossiles pour la production d’énergie, le déboisement, et les changements d’affectation des terres qui entraînent des augmentations nettes des émissions. Energie propre : Une énergie propre ou énergie verte est une source d énergie dont l exploitation ne produit que des quantités négligeables de polluants par rapport à d autres sources plus répandues et considérées comme plus polluantes. Le concept d énergie propre est distinct de celui d énergie renouvelable : le fait qu une énergie se reconstitue n implique pas que les déchets d exploitation de cette énergie disparaissent, ni le contraire.', 'Le concept d énergie propre est distinct de celui d énergie renouvelable : le fait qu une énergie se reconstitue n implique pas que les déchets d exploitation de cette énergie disparaissent, ni le contraire. Les sources d énergie suivantes sont généralement citées comme énergie propre : Énergie géothermique, haute ou basse énergie ; Énergie éolienne ; Énergie hydroélectrique ; Énergie solaire ; Biomasse ; Énergie marémotrice, énergie des vagues, hydroliennes, etc. ; Traction animale (halage, etc.) ; Propulsion humaine. Energie renouvelable : Une énergie renouvelable est une source d’énergie qui se constitue ou se reconstitue plus rapidement qu’elle n’est utilisée. Leur exploitation n entraîne en aucune façon l extinction de la ressource initiale et elle est renouvelable à l échelle humaine.', 'Leur exploitation n entraîne en aucune façon l extinction de la ressource initiale et elle est renouvelable à l échelle humaine. On peut ainsi retenir comme énergie renouvelable : l’énergie éolienne, l’énergie hydraulique (cycle de l’eau), l’énergie solaire, la biomasse produite par photosynthèse, et une partie des énergies marines. Il en est de même pour l’énergie due à la gravité (énergie marémotrice) ou à la géodynamique interne (énergie géothermique). Etablissements humains : Endroit ou zone de peuplement.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Financement structuré : Le financement structuré désigne l ensemble des activités et produits mis en place pour apporter des financements aux acteurs économiques, tout en réduisant le risque grâce à l utilisation de structures complexes.', 'Etablissements humains : Endroit ou zone de peuplement.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Financement structuré : Le financement structuré désigne l ensemble des activités et produits mis en place pour apporter des financements aux acteurs économiques, tout en réduisant le risque grâce à l utilisation de structures complexes. On y inclut la subordination des créances pour créer une dette senior, mezzanine et equity, et mieux relier le risque effectif de la créance à sa rémunération. La titrisation participe également aux financements structurés, en permettant de transformer un actif non liquide en un titre liquide, et donc en apportant des financements nouveaux à l entreprise.', 'La titrisation participe également aux financements structurés, en permettant de transformer un actif non liquide en un titre liquide, et donc en apportant des financements nouveaux à l entreprise. Gaz à effet de serre (GES) : Les GES sont les composants gazeux de l’atmosphère, naturels et anthropiques, qui absorbent et émettent des radiations à des longueurs d’ondes spécifiques dans le spectre du rayonnement infrarouge émis par la surface de la terre, l’atmosphère, et les nuages. Cette propriété cause l’effet de serre. La vapeur d’eau (H2O), le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), l’oxyde d’azote (N2O), le méthane (CH4), et l’ozone (O3) sont les principaux GES dans l’atmosphère de la terre.', 'La vapeur d’eau (H2O), le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), l’oxyde d’azote (N2O), le méthane (CH4), et l’ozone (O3) sont les principaux GES dans l’atmosphère de la terre. Il existe également des GES résultant uniquement des activités humaines, tels que les halocarbures et autres substances contenant du chlore et du bromure, qui sont réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal. Outre CO2, N2O, et CH4, le Protocole de Kyoto réglemente l’hexafluorure de soufre (SF6), les hydrofluorocarbures (HFC), et les perfluorocarbures (PFC), qui sont eux aussi des GES. Insécurité alimentaire : Situation qui existe lorsque les personnes n’ont pas un accès sûr à des denrées alimentaires et nutritives en quantité suffisantes pour garantir une croissance et un développement normaux et une vie active et saine.', 'Insécurité alimentaire : Situation qui existe lorsque les personnes n’ont pas un accès sûr à des denrées alimentaires et nutritives en quantité suffisantes pour garantir une croissance et un développement normaux et une vie active et saine. Elle peut résulter de l’absence de denrées, d’un pouvoir d’achat insuffisant, d’une mauvaise distribution, ou d’une mauvaise utilisation des aliments au niveau domestique. L’insécurité alimentaire peut être chronique, saisonnière ou transitoire. Puits carbone : Tout processus, activité ou mécanisme qui élimine de l’atmosphère un GES, un aérosol, ou un précurseur de GES ou un aérosol.', 'Puits carbone : Tout processus, activité ou mécanisme qui élimine de l’atmosphère un GES, un aérosol, ou un précurseur de GES ou un aérosol. Résilience : Capacité des systèmes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux à faire face à un événement, une tendance ou une perturbation dangereuse, en répondant ou en se réorganisant de manière à maintenir la capacité d’adaptation, d’apprentissage, et de transformation. Scénario climatique : Représentation vraisemblable et souvent simplifiée du futur climat, fondée sur un ensemble intrinsèquement cohérent de relations climatologiques, établie pour l’étude explicite des conséquences possibles des changements climatiques anthropiques, et composante fréquente des modèles sur les incidences.', 'Scénario climatique : Représentation vraisemblable et souvent simplifiée du futur climat, fondée sur un ensemble intrinsèquement cohérent de relations climatologiques, établie pour l’étude explicite des conséquences possibles des changements climatiques anthropiques, et composante fréquente des modèles sur les incidences. Les projections climatiques constituent fréquemment la matière première des scénarios climatiques, mais, en général, ces derniers nécessitent des données complémentaires,Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin de type données climatiques réelles. Un « scénario de changements climatiques » est la différence entre un scénario climatique et le climat réel.', 'Un « scénario de changements climatiques » est la différence entre un scénario climatique et le climat réel. Transition énergétique : Le concept de transition énergétique désigne la phase de transformation qui doit permettre de passer progressivement d un système énergétique basé essentiellement sur les énergies fossiles (charbon, pétrole, gaz naturel, matières radioactives), qui sont par nature limitées, à des sources énergétiques moins centralisées, diversifiées et renouvelables (éolien, solaire, hydraulique, géothermique, marémotrice, biomasse, etc.). Cette transition est indissociable de l efficacité et de la sobriété énergétique (moteurs, ampoules électriques, bâtiments mieux isolés, etc.) et concernera presque toutes les activités humaines (transports, industries, éclairage, chauffage, etc.).', 'et concernera presque toutes les activités humaines (transports, industries, éclairage, chauffage, etc.). Vulnérabilité : Degré par lequel un système risque de subir ou d’être affecté négativement par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, y compris la variabilité climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes. La vulnérabilité dépend du caractère, de l’ampleur, et du rythme des changements climatiques auxquels un système est exposé, ainsi que de sa sensibilité, et de sa capacité d’adaptation. Vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques : Le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC. Working group II, 2007) fourni la définition suivante ; « le degré auquel un système risque de subir ou d être affecté négativement par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, y compris la variabilité climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes.', 'Working group II, 2007) fourni la définition suivante ; « le degré auquel un système risque de subir ou d être affecté négativement par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, y compris la variabilité climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes. La vulnérabilité dépend du caractère, de l ampleur, et du rythme des changements climatiques auxquels un système est exposé, ainsi que sa sensibilité et de sa capacité d adaptation ».Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin RESUME\x03EXECUTIF\x03 La Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques est une stratégie intersectorielle thématique à moyen et court termes, qui couvre la période 2016- 2025.', 'La vulnérabilité dépend du caractère, de l ampleur, et du rythme des changements climatiques auxquels un système est exposé, ainsi que sa sensibilité et de sa capacité d adaptation ».Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin RESUME\x03EXECUTIF\x03 La Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques est une stratégie intersectorielle thématique à moyen et court termes, qui couvre la période 2016- 2025. Elle répond au double besoin du Bénin de faire face aux effets adverses des changements climatiques notamment par l’identification, l’adoption, la diffusion et l’appropriation de mesures d’adaptation d’une part, mais aussi à la volonté de contribuer à la réduction des émissions de GES d’autre part.', 'Elle répond au double besoin du Bénin de faire face aux effets adverses des changements climatiques notamment par l’identification, l’adoption, la diffusion et l’appropriation de mesures d’adaptation d’une part, mais aussi à la volonté de contribuer à la réduction des émissions de GES d’autre part. La vision de la stratégie est ; « Le Bénin est, d’ici 2025, un pays dont le développement est résilient aux changements climatiques et à faible intensité de carbone ». Cette vision repose sur celle de BENIN ALAFIA 2025 et a pour objectif global de contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays.', 'Cette vision repose sur celle de BENIN ALAFIA 2025 et a pour objectif global de contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à renforcer l’un des huit (08) thèmes de la stratégie ALAFIA 2025, notamment celui relatif aux « Bases humaines et matérielles du Développement durable » qui couvre les trois sous-thèmes suivants : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique), Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important), Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité).', 'Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à renforcer l’un des huit (08) thèmes de la stratégie ALAFIA 2025, notamment celui relatif aux « Bases humaines et matérielles du Développement durable » qui couvre les trois sous-thèmes suivants : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique), Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important), Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité). Le développement de la présente stratégie repose sur l’évaluation aussi bien de la vulnérabilité que du potentiel d’atténuation des GES des six (06) principaux secteurs1 de développement qui sous- tendent les sous thèmes ci-dessus cités.', 'Le développement de la présente stratégie repose sur l’évaluation aussi bien de la vulnérabilité que du potentiel d’atténuation des GES des six (06) principaux secteurs1 de développement qui sous- tendent les sous thèmes ci-dessus cités. L’objectif global de la présente stratégie est déclinée en trois objectifs spécifiques: (a) renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique (OS-1), (b) réduire les émissions de GES d’origine anthropique (OS-2), et (c) renforcer la protection des communautés, notamment celles des plus vulnérables face aux catastrophes naturelles (OS-3).', 'L’objectif global de la présente stratégie est déclinée en trois objectifs spécifiques: (a) renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique (OS-1), (b) réduire les émissions de GES d’origine anthropique (OS-2), et (c) renforcer la protection des communautés, notamment celles des plus vulnérables face aux catastrophes naturelles (OS-3). Cette stratégie sera mise en œuvre à travers douze sous-programmes organisés autour des trois piliers suivants, respectivement articulés autour de l’adaptation, de la réduction des risques climatiques et de l’atténuation : 1 Il s’agit des secteurs de l’Agriculture, de la Santé, des Infrastructures et des établissements humains, de l’Energie, des Ressources en eau, de la Forêt et de l’utilisation des terres.', 'Cette stratégie sera mise en œuvre à travers douze sous-programmes organisés autour des trois piliers suivants, respectivement articulés autour de l’adaptation, de la réduction des risques climatiques et de l’atténuation : 1 Il s’agit des secteurs de l’Agriculture, de la Santé, des Infrastructures et des établissements humains, de l’Energie, des Ressources en eau, de la Forêt et de l’utilisation des terres. Ces six secteurs ont été retenus par un conseil des Ministres du 27 Mai 2013.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - Pilier 1 : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles, pour notamment assurer la sécurité alimentaire en améliorant la productivité et en évitant les pertes de production des principaux sous-secteurs de l’agriculture et développer les capacités des communautés locales dans la gestion d’un développement décentralisé résilient.', 'Ces six secteurs ont été retenus par un conseil des Ministres du 27 Mai 2013.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - Pilier 1 : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles, pour notamment assurer la sécurité alimentaire en améliorant la productivité et en évitant les pertes de production des principaux sous-secteurs de l’agriculture et développer les capacités des communautés locales dans la gestion d’un développement décentralisé résilient. Sous ce pilier cinq sous-programmes (SP) seront mis en œuvre : o SP-1 : Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles ; o SP-2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant ; o SP-8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques ; o SP-11 : Sous-programme de construction des barrages à but multiple ; et, o SP-12 : Sous-programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages.', 'Sous ce pilier cinq sous-programmes (SP) seront mis en œuvre : o SP-1 : Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles ; o SP-2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant ; o SP-8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques ; o SP-11 : Sous-programme de construction des barrages à but multiple ; et, o SP-12 : Sous-programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages. Les principaux impacts attendus de la mise en œuvre effective de ce pilier, sont le relèvement du niveau de la sécurité alimentaire, l’augmentation de la part de l’agriculture dans le Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) du Bénin et un degré accru de résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques.', 'Les principaux impacts attendus de la mise en œuvre effective de ce pilier, sont le relèvement du niveau de la sécurité alimentaire, l’augmentation de la part de l’agriculture dans le Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) du Bénin et un degré accru de résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques. - Pilier 2 : Réduction des émissions de GES d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone, pour la réduction à la source des émissions de GES, ainsi que pour le renforcement du potentiel de séquestration de carbone des massifs forestiers.', '- Pilier 2 : Réduction des émissions de GES d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone, pour la réduction à la source des émissions de GES, ainsi que pour le renforcement du potentiel de séquestration de carbone des massifs forestiers. Ce pilier est mis en œuvre à travers les trois sous-programmes suivants: o SP-3 : Sous-programme d’appui à la transition énergétique ; o SP-4 : Sous-programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES ; et o SP-5: Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.', 'Ce pilier est mis en œuvre à travers les trois sous-programmes suivants: o SP-3 : Sous-programme d’appui à la transition énergétique ; o SP-4 : Sous-programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES ; et o SP-5: Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. Le principal effet attendu de la mise en œuvre des sous-programmes de ce pilier, est la réduction des GES, au moins jusqu’à concurrence des engagements pris par le Bénin, dans le cadre des Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (CPND).Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - Pilier 3 : Réduction des risques climatiques, pour la réduction de la vulnérabilité des communautés faces aux catastrophes naturelles ainsi qu’aux maladies sensibles au climat.', 'Le principal effet attendu de la mise en œuvre des sous-programmes de ce pilier, est la réduction des GES, au moins jusqu’à concurrence des engagements pris par le Bénin, dans le cadre des Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (CPND).Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - Pilier 3 : Réduction des risques climatiques, pour la réduction de la vulnérabilité des communautés faces aux catastrophes naturelles ainsi qu’aux maladies sensibles au climat. Ce pilier sera mis en œuvre à travers les sous-programmes suivants : o SP-6 : Sous-programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales ; o SP-7 : Sous-programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles ; o SP-9 : Sous-programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest ; et o SP-10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat.', 'Ce pilier sera mis en œuvre à travers les sous-programmes suivants : o SP-6 : Sous-programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales ; o SP-7 : Sous-programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles ; o SP-9 : Sous-programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest ; et o SP-10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat. Aux termes de la mise en œuvre de ce pilier, il est attendu que les risques liés aux inondations (Dommages matériels et corporels, maladies, etc.)', 'Aux termes de la mise en œuvre de ce pilier, il est attendu que les risques liés aux inondations (Dommages matériels et corporels, maladies, etc.) soient réduits d’au moins 60% dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, avec une incidence positive sur le PIB, ainsi qu’une diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat (paludisme, maladies diarrhéiques, méningite et fièvre jaune) au sein des populations dans les zones à risques et dans les milieux défavorisés (bidonvilles). A ces trois piliers, s’ajoute un axe transversal de coordination, de renforcement de capacités et de gestion des connaissances, qui sera mis en œuvre dans un premier temps par la Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques (DGCC) du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable.', 'A ces trois piliers, s’ajoute un axe transversal de coordination, de renforcement de capacités et de gestion des connaissances, qui sera mis en œuvre dans un premier temps par la Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques (DGCC) du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable. Le plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie repose sur la réussite de la mise en œuvre de cet axe. Les sous-programmes de la stratégie seront mis en œuvre par les Ministères sectoriels sous la coordination du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement durable, qui en assure le pilotage par le biais d’un comité de pilotage qui inclue les principaux acteurs de mise en œuvre.', 'Les sous-programmes de la stratégie seront mis en œuvre par les Ministères sectoriels sous la coordination du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement durable, qui en assure le pilotage par le biais d’un comité de pilotage qui inclue les principaux acteurs de mise en œuvre. Les ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la présente stratégie, seront mobilisées principalement à travers les trois mécanismes de financement que sont : le budget d’investissement de l’Etat, les prêts, les subventions et dons, auprès de mécanismes de financement dédiés, incluant les partenaires multilatéraux et bilatéraux du Bénin.', 'Les ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la présente stratégie, seront mobilisées principalement à travers les trois mécanismes de financement que sont : le budget d’investissement de l’Etat, les prêts, les subventions et dons, auprès de mécanismes de financement dédiés, incluant les partenaires multilatéraux et bilatéraux du Bénin. Avec la mise en œuvre de cette Stratégie, le Bénin prend une mesure supplémentaire contre l’inaction et compte bien lever les facteurs limitant qu’induisent les changements climatiques, afin de s’assurer que les fleurs suscités par la mise en œuvre de son programme développement ALAFIA 2025, donneront les fruits attendus.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin PREFACE\x03 (Par Son Excellence Mr. Guillaume Athanase Patrice TALON, Président de la République) Le changement climatique n est plus simplement un sujet d inquiétude environnemental parmi d autres qu il faut réguler.', 'Avec la mise en œuvre de cette Stratégie, le Bénin prend une mesure supplémentaire contre l’inaction et compte bien lever les facteurs limitant qu’induisent les changements climatiques, afin de s’assurer que les fleurs suscités par la mise en œuvre de son programme développement ALAFIA 2025, donneront les fruits attendus.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin PREFACE\x03 (Par Son Excellence Mr. Guillaume Athanase Patrice TALON, Président de la République) Le changement climatique n est plus simplement un sujet d inquiétude environnemental parmi d autres qu il faut réguler. Il est devenu concret avec ses conséquences néfastes surtout sur les pays les moins avancés, notamment le nôtre.', 'Il est devenu concret avec ses conséquences néfastes surtout sur les pays les moins avancés, notamment le nôtre. Les projections climatiques sur le Bénin indiquent pour les prochaines années une augmentation des températures de l’ordre de 0,5°C pour le scénario le moins pessimiste, 3°C pour le plus pessimiste à l’horizon 2050, voire + 6°C à l’horizon 2100. On retient actuellement que tous les secteurs clés de la vie socio-économique du Bénin sont touchés par la problématique de la vulnérabilité/adaptation /atténuation aux changements climatiques : l’agriculture y compris l’élevage et la pêche, la foresterie, les ressources en eau, les zones côtières, la santé humaine, l’énergie, etc. Le Bénin a perdu environ 20% de son couvert forestier en l’espace de 20 ans, soit environ 1.200.000 ha.', 'Le Bénin a perdu environ 20% de son couvert forestier en l’espace de 20 ans, soit environ 1.200.000 ha. Les phénomènes climatiques tels que les inondations, l’élévation du niveau de la mer rendent vulnérables le cadre de vie des ménages (les infrastructures, les établissements humains, etc.). C’est pour contrer ces risques climatiques que le Bénin a pris la décision d’élaborer une stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques qui s’étend sur la période 2016-2020, avec l’appui technique et financier de l’AFD et du PNUD ; et l’accompagnement technique d’Expertise France dans le cadre de son programme régional « AFRICA 4 CLIMATE ». C’est un document qui présente l’état du climat au Bénin, analyse les défis et enjeux de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation.', 'C’est un document qui présente l’état du climat au Bénin, analyse les défis et enjeux de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation. Il établit un diagnostic de la vulnérabilité des principaux secteurs de développement économique du pays, indique les fondements de la stratégie, le processus, le cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi-évaluation. Il devra accompagner le Bénin à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques notamment à travers des mesures d’adaptation aux changements climatiques d’une part, et, la contribution à la réduction des émissions de GES, d’autre part. La mise en œuvre de cette stratégie exige la participation de tous. Elle fera appel aux efforts multisectoriels coordonnés de tous les acteurs publics et privés à tous les niveaux.', 'Elle fera appel aux efforts multisectoriels coordonnés de tous les acteurs publics et privés à tous les niveaux. Elle sera mise en œuvre sous la coordination de la Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques du Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable autour de ses douze sous-programmes organisés autour de trois piliers à savoir : l’adaptation, la réduction des risques climatiques et l’atténuation des changements climatiques.', 'Elle sera mise en œuvre sous la coordination de la Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques du Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable autour de ses douze sous-programmes organisés autour de trois piliers à savoir : l’adaptation, la réduction des risques climatiques et l’atténuation des changements climatiques. Elle couvre les domaines vulnérables aux changements climatiques : l’agriculture et le développement rural, l’énergie, la foresterie et l’utilisation des terres ; les infrastructures et établissements humains, la santé et les ressources en eau.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin \x03INTRODUCTION\x03ǣ\x03Le\x03Bénin,\x03un\x03pays\x03sur\x03la\x03voie\x03du\x03développement\x03 durable\x03 La République du Bénin, en sa qualité de Partie à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) a voté la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale de Nations Unies, intitulée ‘’l’avenir que nous voulons’’.', 'Elle couvre les domaines vulnérables aux changements climatiques : l’agriculture et le développement rural, l’énergie, la foresterie et l’utilisation des terres ; les infrastructures et établissements humains, la santé et les ressources en eau.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin \x03INTRODUCTION\x03ǣ\x03Le\x03Bénin,\x03un\x03pays\x03sur\x03la\x03voie\x03du\x03développement\x03 durable\x03 La République du Bénin, en sa qualité de Partie à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) a voté la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale de Nations Unies, intitulée ‘’l’avenir que nous voulons’’. Cette résolution issue des travaux du sommet de la terre Rio+20, marque l’engagement des Chefs d’Etats et de Gouvernement « en faveur du développement durable et de la promotion d’un avenir durable sur les plans économique, social et environnemental, pour notre planète comme pour les générations actuelles et futures ».', 'Cette résolution issue des travaux du sommet de la terre Rio+20, marque l’engagement des Chefs d’Etats et de Gouvernement « en faveur du développement durable et de la promotion d’un avenir durable sur les plans économique, social et environnemental, pour notre planète comme pour les générations actuelles et futures ». C’est dans ce contexte que la République du Bénin, s’est résolument engagée sur la voie du développement durable, en développant notamment une stratégie pour l’émergence à l’horizon 2025 ; Bénin ALAFIA 2025. Sous cette stratégie, le Bénin ambitionne d’être « un pays phare, un pays bien gouverné, uni et de paix, à économie prospère et compétitive, de rayonnement culturel et de bien-être social ».', 'Sous cette stratégie, le Bénin ambitionne d’être « un pays phare, un pays bien gouverné, uni et de paix, à économie prospère et compétitive, de rayonnement culturel et de bien-être social ». A cet effet, le Bénin a entrepris d’importantes réformes institutionnelles et adopté nombres de textes réglementaires visant à améliorer l’environnement de mise en œuvre du développement durable.', 'A cet effet, le Bénin a entrepris d’importantes réformes institutionnelles et adopté nombres de textes réglementaires visant à améliorer l’environnement de mise en œuvre du développement durable. Toutefois les changements climatiques risquent de compromettre les efforts de développement économique des pays en développement, comme l’indique le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) dans son cinquième rapport sur l’état de l’environnement (GEO-5); « Le changement climatique vient aggraver les problèmes, car il risque d’accélérer l’urbanisation et de faire peser une pression supplémentaire sur les ressources naturelles comme l’eau douce ou la terre du fait de phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes ».', 'Toutefois les changements climatiques risquent de compromettre les efforts de développement économique des pays en développement, comme l’indique le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) dans son cinquième rapport sur l’état de l’environnement (GEO-5); « Le changement climatique vient aggraver les problèmes, car il risque d’accélérer l’urbanisation et de faire peser une pression supplémentaire sur les ressources naturelles comme l’eau douce ou la terre du fait de phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes ». Le Bénin est en ce moment affecté par les changements climatiques et continuera de l’être, puisque les projections climatiques faites pour le Bénin, indiquent quel que soit le scénario envisagé ; le maintien de l’augmentation des températures avec accroissement de l’ordre de 0,5°C pour le scénario le moins pessimiste, à 3°C pour le plus pessimiste à l’horizon 2050 voire +6°C à l’horizon 2100.', 'Le Bénin est en ce moment affecté par les changements climatiques et continuera de l’être, puisque les projections climatiques faites pour le Bénin, indiquent quel que soit le scénario envisagé ; le maintien de l’augmentation des températures avec accroissement de l’ordre de 0,5°C pour le scénario le moins pessimiste, à 3°C pour le plus pessimiste à l’horizon 2050 voire +6°C à l’horizon 2100. Face à ces contraintes additionnelles induites par les changements climatiques, la République du Bénin, a entrepris dans le cadre de la coopération bilatérale avec la République Française et en collaboration avec le PNUD, de développer une Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques.', 'Face à ces contraintes additionnelles induites par les changements climatiques, la République du Bénin, a entrepris dans le cadre de la coopération bilatérale avec la République Française et en collaboration avec le PNUD, de développer une Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques. Cette stratégie qui est un instrument de planification thématique intersectoriel à court et moyen termes, est développée à partir des acquis mais aussi des faiblesses des différents programmes et stratégies de lutte contre les changements climatiques duStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin pays.', 'Cette stratégie qui est un instrument de planification thématique intersectoriel à court et moyen termes, est développée à partir des acquis mais aussi des faiblesses des différents programmes et stratégies de lutte contre les changements climatiques duStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin pays. Cette stratégie vient renforcer les activités habilitantes recommandées aux Parties de la CCNUCC, notamment ; les communications nationales et le Plan National d’Adaptation (PAN) qui sont en cours d’élaboration, et la CPDN qui vient d’être déposée à la CCNUCC. C’est ainsi que le Bénin, en collaboration avec l’AFD, s’est engagé dans le processus d’élaboration d’une stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient face aux changements climatiques.', 'C’est ainsi que le Bénin, en collaboration avec l’AFD, s’est engagé dans le processus d’élaboration d’une stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient face aux changements climatiques. Il a à ce titre bénéficié d’une assistance technique et d’un appui financier dans le cadre du programme régional maintenant dénommé AFRICA 4 CLIMATE sous la direction d’Expertise France, ainsi que d’un appui du PNUD/Bénin. C’est ainsi, à travers un processus participatif, que diverses actions ont été menées et ont abouti à l’élaboration de la présente stratégie.', 'C’est ainsi, à travers un processus participatif, que diverses actions ont été menées et ont abouti à l’élaboration de la présente stratégie. Il s’agit notamment des activités suivantes : - Une mission d’identification et de planification (du 10 au 16 Octobre 2014) qui a abouti à l’élaboration d’une feuille de route détaillée ; - La mobilisation d’une équipe de consultants (01 national et 01 international) pour fournir une assistance technique à la contrepartie nationale impliquée dans le processus.', 'Il s’agit notamment des activités suivantes : - Une mission d’identification et de planification (du 10 au 16 Octobre 2014) qui a abouti à l’élaboration d’une feuille de route détaillée ; - La mobilisation d’une équipe de consultants (01 national et 01 international) pour fournir une assistance technique à la contrepartie nationale impliquée dans le processus. L’équipe de consultants a produit une note de cadrage qui indique l’approche méthodologique adoptée ainsi que la planification détaillée du processus ; - La tenue d’un atelier méthodologique (Mercredi 1er Avril 2015) au cours duquel les membres des groupes de travail sectoriel ont été formés à l’utilisation des outils d’analyse de la vulnérabilité et des potentialités d’atténuation ; - La mise en place de six (06) Groupes de Travail Sectoriel (GTS); 1) Agriculture et développement rural, 2) Energie et services énergétiques, 3) Foresterie et utilisation des terres, 4) Ressources en eau, 5) Santé et assainissement, et 6) Infrastructures et établissements humains.', 'L’équipe de consultants a produit une note de cadrage qui indique l’approche méthodologique adoptée ainsi que la planification détaillée du processus ; - La tenue d’un atelier méthodologique (Mercredi 1er Avril 2015) au cours duquel les membres des groupes de travail sectoriel ont été formés à l’utilisation des outils d’analyse de la vulnérabilité et des potentialités d’atténuation ; - La mise en place de six (06) Groupes de Travail Sectoriel (GTS); 1) Agriculture et développement rural, 2) Energie et services énergétiques, 3) Foresterie et utilisation des terres, 4) Ressources en eau, 5) Santé et assainissement, et 6) Infrastructures et établissements humains. Les GTS se sont plusieurs fois réunis dans l’optique de faire une analyse de vulnérabilité et des potentialités d’atténuation de leurs secteurs respectifs.', 'Les GTS se sont plusieurs fois réunis dans l’optique de faire une analyse de vulnérabilité et des potentialités d’atténuation de leurs secteurs respectifs. Chaque groupe a produit un rapport sectoriel, qui a fait l’objet d’un atelier de validation interne ; - La consultation des acteurs décentralisés (élus locaux), des acteurs déconcentrés (démembrement de l’Etat), des acteurs de la société civile, et du secteur privé, à travers deux ateliers régionaux ; un tenu à Parakou le 21 juillet et un autre à Bohicon le 23 juillet 2015 ; et - La tenue d’un atelier de validation du document de stratégie par tous les dépositaires d’enjeux les 23 et 24 Février 2016 à l’Hôtel les Oliviers de Porto-Novo.', 'Chaque groupe a produit un rapport sectoriel, qui a fait l’objet d’un atelier de validation interne ; - La consultation des acteurs décentralisés (élus locaux), des acteurs déconcentrés (démembrement de l’Etat), des acteurs de la société civile, et du secteur privé, à travers deux ateliers régionaux ; un tenu à Parakou le 21 juillet et un autre à Bohicon le 23 juillet 2015 ; et - La tenue d’un atelier de validation du document de stratégie par tous les dépositaires d’enjeux les 23 et 24 Février 2016 à l’Hôtel les Oliviers de Porto-Novo. Le document de stratégie présente l’état du climat et le scenario climatique au Bénin (§1), analyse les défis et enjeux de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation (§2), fait un diagnostic stratégiques des principauxStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin secteurs de développement économique du Bénin (§3), indique les fondements de la stratégie (§4), présente la stratégie opérationnelle (§5), le processus et le cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi-évaluation de la stratégie (§6), et présente le plan de mobilisation des ressources (§ 7) devant permettre une mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin précipitations\x03seront\x03plus\x03irrégulières\x03avec\x03des\x03vents\x03violents\x03au\x03Bénin\x03 La gouvernance climatique s’inscrit dans le cadre global de la Gouvernance Internationale de l’Environnement (GIE), et spécifiquement dans celui de la CCNUCC.', 'Le document de stratégie présente l’état du climat et le scenario climatique au Bénin (§1), analyse les défis et enjeux de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation (§2), fait un diagnostic stratégiques des principauxStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin secteurs de développement économique du Bénin (§3), indique les fondements de la stratégie (§4), présente la stratégie opérationnelle (§5), le processus et le cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi-évaluation de la stratégie (§6), et présente le plan de mobilisation des ressources (§ 7) devant permettre une mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin précipitations\x03seront\x03plus\x03irrégulières\x03avec\x03des\x03vents\x03violents\x03au\x03Bénin\x03 La gouvernance climatique s’inscrit dans le cadre global de la Gouvernance Internationale de l’Environnement (GIE), et spécifiquement dans celui de la CCNUCC. C’est en effet sous cette convention cadre sur les changements climatiques, que la communauté internationale s’est accordée pour d’une part limiter les émissions de GES (Atténuation), et d’autre part, appuyer les communautés affectées par les effets adverses des changements climatiques à y faire face (Adaptation).', 'C’est en effet sous cette convention cadre sur les changements climatiques, que la communauté internationale s’est accordée pour d’une part limiter les émissions de GES (Atténuation), et d’autre part, appuyer les communautés affectées par les effets adverses des changements climatiques à y faire face (Adaptation). Toutefois, malgré les dispositions et engagements pris de part et d’autre, le cinquième rapport du PNUE sur l’état de l’environnement (GEO-5) note que « les objectifs convenus sur le plan international n’ont été atteints que partiellement, tel que le prouve la détérioration de l’environnement […] et que par endroits certains seuils critiques ont été dépassés ».', 'Toutefois, malgré les dispositions et engagements pris de part et d’autre, le cinquième rapport du PNUE sur l’état de l’environnement (GEO-5) note que « les objectifs convenus sur le plan international n’ont été atteints que partiellement, tel que le prouve la détérioration de l’environnement […] et que par endroits certains seuils critiques ont été dépassés ». On y note aussi qu’en Afrique, « la faiblesse de la gouvernance empêche de traiter correctement l’entrelacs complexe des problèmes, même si les résultats de projets collaboratifs antérieurs entre gouvernements, communautés et parties prenantes montrent que des progrès sont possibles ». C’est face à ce constat alarmant, que la communauté internationale s’est mobilisée comme jamais auparavant, pour lutter contre les changements climatiques.', 'C’est face à ce constat alarmant, que la communauté internationale s’est mobilisée comme jamais auparavant, pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. En témoigne la place qu’occupent les questions climatiques sur l’agenda des grands événements mondiaux actuellement, notamment les médiatiques Conférences des Parties (CdP), mais également les moyens financiers importants que la communauté internationale est entrain de mobiliser pour lutter contre les changements climatiques.', 'En témoigne la place qu’occupent les questions climatiques sur l’agenda des grands événements mondiaux actuellement, notamment les médiatiques Conférences des Parties (CdP), mais également les moyens financiers importants que la communauté internationale est entrain de mobiliser pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Le Bénin n’est pas en reste, puisqu’il a mis en place une Direction pour la Gestion des Changements Climatiques (DGCC) au sein du Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (Ex Ministère de l’Environnement Chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières), et a entrepris de respecter toutes les diligences recommandées par la CCNUCC.', 'Le Bénin n’est pas en reste, puisqu’il a mis en place une Direction pour la Gestion des Changements Climatiques (DGCC) au sein du Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (Ex Ministère de l’Environnement Chargé de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques, du Reboisement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles et Forestières), et a entrepris de respecter toutes les diligences recommandées par la CCNUCC. La gouvernance des Changements Climatiques au Bénin est régie par l’expression forte de la volonté du Gouvernement à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques et à contribuer auxStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin efforts internationaux de réduction des GES.', 'La gouvernance des Changements Climatiques au Bénin est régie par l’expression forte de la volonté du Gouvernement à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques et à contribuer auxStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin efforts internationaux de réduction des GES. La prise en compte des changements climatiques dans les stratégies et politiques de développement découle des engagements internationaux pris par le Bénin.', 'La prise en compte des changements climatiques dans les stratégies et politiques de développement découle des engagements internationaux pris par le Bénin. Le tableau suivant résume les principaux engagements signés, les stratégies et politiques adoptées : Engagements signés, les stratégies et politiques adoptées Signature par le Bénin de la Convention – Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) Signature par le Bénin du Protocole de Kyoto de lutte contre les changements climatiques Elaboration de la Stratégie Nationale pour la Mise en Œuvre (SNMO) de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) Elaboration du Plan d’Action National de Lutte contre la Désertification (PAN/LCD) Elaboration de la Stratégie de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (SCRP 2011-2015) Elaboration du Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements Communications Nationales du Bénin sur les changements climatiques (Initiale et seconde) Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable au Bénin (2004) Elaboration des Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (2015) L’engagement et la volonté du pays sont clairement affichés dans la poursuite et le renforcement des efforts de prise en compte des questions liées aux changements climatiques.', 'Le tableau suivant résume les principaux engagements signés, les stratégies et politiques adoptées : Engagements signés, les stratégies et politiques adoptées Signature par le Bénin de la Convention – Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) Signature par le Bénin du Protocole de Kyoto de lutte contre les changements climatiques Elaboration de la Stratégie Nationale pour la Mise en Œuvre (SNMO) de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) Elaboration du Plan d’Action National de Lutte contre la Désertification (PAN/LCD) Elaboration de la Stratégie de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (SCRP 2011-2015) Elaboration du Programme d’Action National aux fins de l’Adaptation aux changements Communications Nationales du Bénin sur les changements climatiques (Initiale et seconde) Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable au Bénin (2004) Elaboration des Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National (2015) L’engagement et la volonté du pays sont clairement affichés dans la poursuite et le renforcement des efforts de prise en compte des questions liées aux changements climatiques. Ceci s’est traduit à travers l’élaboration de projets et programmes sectoriels et la création, par décret, d’une Agence Béninoise pour l’Environnement (ABE), et d’un Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC, décret n° 2003-142 du 30 avril 2003).', 'Ceci s’est traduit à travers l’élaboration de projets et programmes sectoriels et la création, par décret, d’une Agence Béninoise pour l’Environnement (ABE), et d’un Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC, décret n° 2003-142 du 30 avril 2003). Puis, très récemment encore, à travers la création d’une Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques au sein du nouveau Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable et la mise en place par le Gouvernement, le 16 juin 2014, du décret n°2014-359 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB).', 'Puis, très récemment encore, à travers la création d’une Direction Générale des Changements Climatiques au sein du nouveau Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable et la mise en place par le Gouvernement, le 16 juin 2014, du décret n°2014-359 portant création, attributions, organisation et fonctionnement de la Commission de Modélisation Economique des Impacts du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat (CMEICB). Les températures à la surface du globe ont augmenté significativement de l ordre de 0.8°C depuis le début du 20ème siècle (Trenberth et al.', 'Les températures à la surface du globe ont augmenté significativement de l ordre de 0.8°C depuis le début du 20ème siècle (Trenberth et al. 2007, GIEC, 2013) avec un réchauffement plus accentué sur 2 Sources : Les données au niveau de la sous-région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest présentées sous cette section sont fournies par le centre régional AGRHYMET et celles spécifiques au Bénin sont tirées du rapport de la Seconde communication nationale.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin les dernières décennies comme le montre la plupart des analyses sur la base des jeux d observations disponibles, affectant ainsi les secteurs d activités tels que l agriculture en particulier.', '2007, GIEC, 2013) avec un réchauffement plus accentué sur 2 Sources : Les données au niveau de la sous-région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest présentées sous cette section sont fournies par le centre régional AGRHYMET et celles spécifiques au Bénin sont tirées du rapport de la Seconde communication nationale.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin les dernières décennies comme le montre la plupart des analyses sur la base des jeux d observations disponibles, affectant ainsi les secteurs d activités tels que l agriculture en particulier. Des analyses récentes sur le continent Africain en particulier sur les régions de l Afrique de l Ouest sahélienne ont montré une tendance à la hausse significative et beaucoup plus sur les dernières décennies, précisément depuis les années 2000.', 'Des analyses récentes sur le continent Africain en particulier sur les régions de l Afrique de l Ouest sahélienne ont montré une tendance à la hausse significative et beaucoup plus sur les dernières décennies, précisément depuis les années 2000. Une augmentation rapide et précoce des températures minimales comparées aux températures maximales a comme conséquence de faire décroitre le gradient thermique. Ce réchauffement climatique observé depuis le milieu du siècle se caractérise sur les indices des extrêmes climatiques par une augmentation du nombre de nuits chaudes et une augmentation des occurrences de vagues de chaleurs au niveau de toute la sous-région (Ly et al. 2013).', 'Ce réchauffement climatique observé depuis le milieu du siècle se caractérise sur les indices des extrêmes climatiques par une augmentation du nombre de nuits chaudes et une augmentation des occurrences de vagues de chaleurs au niveau de toute la sous-région (Ly et al. 2013). Les résultats sur les projections des changements climatiques sur la base de 29 modèles globaux de l expérience CMIP5 à l horizon 2041-2069 par rapport au scénario le plus pessimiste ou RCP8.5, indiquent une hausse significative des températures de surface sur toute la sous-région relativement à la période 1981 à 2010. Le réchauffement au niveau de la surface s intensifie vers le Nord.', 'Le réchauffement au niveau de la surface s intensifie vers le Nord. Dans les régions sahéliennes, la hausse des températures de surface est supérieure à 2°C au cours de la saison pluviométrique de Juin à Septembre sur le moyen terme et s affaiblit vers les régions côtières et sur l océan Atlantique (Fig 1.a). Les projections sur les précipitations (Fig 1.b) se traduisent par un taux d accroissement de l ordre de 30% sur les parties Est de la région Sahélienne, la partie Est du Mali, le Niger et vers le Tchad. Tandis que sur les régions Ouest, la situation semble évoluer vers un déficit de l ordre de 20% par rapport à la moyenne climatologique saisonnière de 1981-2010, sur le Sénégal, la Mauritanie, la Guinée et sur la partie Ouest du Mali.', 'Tandis que sur les régions Ouest, la situation semble évoluer vers un déficit de l ordre de 20% par rapport à la moyenne climatologique saisonnière de 1981-2010, sur le Sénégal, la Mauritanie, la Guinée et sur la partie Ouest du Mali. a) b) Figure 1: a) Médiane de la différence de température (°C) de l air à la surface de la Terre sur la saison JJAS entre la période de référence 1981-2010 et la période future 2040-2069, simulée par 29 modèles globaux en considérant leStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin scénario extrême RCP8.5 pour l évolution du forçage radiatif sur le moyen terme (2040-2069).', 'a) b) Figure 1: a) Médiane de la différence de température (°C) de l air à la surface de la Terre sur la saison JJAS entre la période de référence 1981-2010 et la période future 2040-2069, simulée par 29 modèles globaux en considérant leStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin scénario extrême RCP8.5 pour l évolution du forçage radiatif sur le moyen terme (2040-2069). b) Médiane du taux de précipitation (%) sur la saison JJAS entre la période de référence 1981-2010 et la période future 2040-2069, simulée par 29 modèles globaux en considérant le scénario extrême RCP8.5 pour l évolution du forçage radiatif sur le moyen Ainsi le réchauffement climatique et la variabilité spatiale des précipitations pourraient être associés à des impacts négatifs sur l agriculture en particulier dans certaines parties de la sous-région où l agriculture contribue à environ 40% à 60% des revenus des ménages.', 'b) Médiane du taux de précipitation (%) sur la saison JJAS entre la période de référence 1981-2010 et la période future 2040-2069, simulée par 29 modèles globaux en considérant le scénario extrême RCP8.5 pour l évolution du forçage radiatif sur le moyen Ainsi le réchauffement climatique et la variabilité spatiale des précipitations pourraient être associés à des impacts négatifs sur l agriculture en particulier dans certaines parties de la sous-région où l agriculture contribue à environ 40% à 60% des revenus des ménages. Et l agriculture est largement dominée par un nombre de petits producteurs cultivant principalement des variétés de céréales (ex. mil, maïs, sorgho, etc.) et de légumineuses (ex. arachide, niébé, soja, etc.).', 'et de légumineuses (ex. arachide, niébé, soja, etc.). Sur la base de ces projections climatiques des études récentes ont montré que le calendrier agricole peut se traduire par une réduction des rendements pouvant aller de 20 à 50% à l horizon 2050 (Sarr, 2012). Plus spécifiquement au Bénin, selon les projections des précipitations, dans la région Sud du Bénin (aux latitudes inférieures à 7,5 °N), on pourrait assister jusqu’à l’horizon 2100 à une pluviométrie annuelle pratiquement invariable, par rapport à la période de référence 1971 – 2000. Au Nord de cette latitude, un léger accroissement s’observerait, pouvant aller jusqu’à plus 13% à 15% en 2100, respectivement au Nord-Ouest et au Nord Est.', 'Au Nord de cette latitude, un léger accroissement s’observerait, pouvant aller jusqu’à plus 13% à 15% en 2100, respectivement au Nord-Ouest et au Nord Est. A l’échelle saisonnière, les variations des précipitations de la période Mars – Avril – Mai au cours de laquelle les agriculteurs installent les cultures, seraient pratiquement négligeables dans les deux sous-régions du Sud à l’horizon 2050. En revanche, au Centre et au Nord, un léger accroissement serait observé, avec un chiffre pouvant avoisiner 16% en 2100 au Nord-Est. A l’échelle mensuelle, une diminution des pluies pourrait atteindre 21% à l’horizon 2100 au mois d’Avril dans le Sud du pays. En ce qui concerne le Nord, les projections n’ont pas indiqué une tendance précise à l’échelle mensuelle.', 'En ce qui concerne le Nord, les projections n’ont pas indiqué une tendance précise à l’échelle mensuelle. En ce qui concerne la température de l’air, les projections indiquent une hausse dans toutes les régions du Bénin, à l’horizon 2100 ; le plus fort accroissement thermique serait de 3,27°C, par rapport à la période de référence 1971 – 2000 ; la plus faible valeur serait de 2,6°C dans la région Sud – Ouest. Etant donné que l’accroissement de la température induit généralement une augmentation de l’Evapotranspiration potentielle (ETP), ce processus pourrait entraîner sous certaines conditions un déficit hydrique.', 'Etant donné que l’accroissement de la température induit généralement une augmentation de l’Evapotranspiration potentielle (ETP), ce processus pourrait entraîner sous certaines conditions un déficit hydrique. D’après les projections réalisées au moyen du logiciel DIVA 1.2, le niveau de la mer s’élèverait en continu durant la période 2000 – 2100.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le scénario climatique et océanique ci-dessus présenté, expose indéniablement le Bénin à des risques climatiques, dont les plus sérieux sont la sécheresse, les vents violents, les pluies tardives et violentes, les inondations et l’élévation du niveau de la mer. En effet, une recrudescence des évènements extrêmes a été notée dont les fortes pluies en plusieurs endroits du pays sans qu il y ait une cohérence spatiale.', 'En effet, une recrudescence des évènements extrêmes a été notée dont les fortes pluies en plusieurs endroits du pays sans qu il y ait une cohérence spatiale. L’élaboration du Programme d’Action Nationale pour l’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) au Bénin a en effet permis de déterminer que la nature et l’acuité des risques climatiques ne sont pas réparties uniformément sur les huit (8) zones agro écologiques du pays. Les études relatives ont montré que les secteurs géographiques les plus exposés aux sécheresses par exemple sont les zones agro-écologiques 01 (extrême Nord-Bénin), 04 (Ouest- Atacora/Nord-Donga), 05 (zone cotonnière du Centre) et 08 (zone des Pêcheries), et que les principaux secteurs de développement économique et social sont également impactés de façon différente.', 'Les études relatives ont montré que les secteurs géographiques les plus exposés aux sécheresses par exemple sont les zones agro-écologiques 01 (extrême Nord-Bénin), 04 (Ouest- Atacora/Nord-Donga), 05 (zone cotonnière du Centre) et 08 (zone des Pêcheries), et que les principaux secteurs de développement économique et social sont également impactés de façon différente. Les paramètres de la saison des pluies, date de début, longueur de saison ont aussi montré une variabilité interannuelle accrue au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les risques agro-climatiques de re-semis, de stress post-floraison et d occurrence de faux départs/fins précoces des saisons sont communs aux périodes de sécheresse historique et des deux dernières décennies.', 'Les risques agro-climatiques de re-semis, de stress post-floraison et d occurrence de faux départs/fins précoces des saisons sont communs aux périodes de sécheresse historique et des deux dernières décennies. L occurrence des faux départs et fins précoces rend la distribution des événements pluvieux de la saison peu profitable aux paysans et s avère également corrélée aux déficits pluviométriques dans la région (Alhassane et al. 2013). Figure 2: Risque Sècheresse comparé dans les quatre zones agro-écologiques vulnérablesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Ainsi, la planification agricole est de plus en plus difficile et les stratégies d adaptation telles que l ajustement des calendriers culturaux, adaptation variétale, la maitrise et la gestion de l’eau agricole, doivent tenir compte de cette variabilité aux changements climatiques.', 'Figure 2: Risque Sècheresse comparé dans les quatre zones agro-écologiques vulnérablesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Ainsi, la planification agricole est de plus en plus difficile et les stratégies d adaptation telles que l ajustement des calendriers culturaux, adaptation variétale, la maitrise et la gestion de l’eau agricole, doivent tenir compte de cette variabilité aux changements climatiques. Selon les inventaires de GES réalisés dans cinq (05) secteurs à savoir l’Energie, les Procédés Industriels, l’Agriculture, l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Aơectation des Terres et Foresteries (UTCATF) et les Déchets, avec comme année de référence 2000, le Bénin continue d’être un puits de carbone après les inventaires réalisés dans le cadre de la Communication Nationale Initiale (CNI) sur les changements climatiques.', 'Selon les inventaires de GES réalisés dans cinq (05) secteurs à savoir l’Energie, les Procédés Industriels, l’Agriculture, l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Aơectation des Terres et Foresteries (UTCATF) et les Déchets, avec comme année de référence 2000, le Bénin continue d’être un puits de carbone après les inventaires réalisés dans le cadre de la Communication Nationale Initiale (CNI) sur les changements climatiques. En effet, les émissions de GES (hormis le secteur UTCATF), pour l’année de référence 2000 sont estimées à 6251,03 Gg E-CO2. Pour tous secteurs confondus les émissions de GES indiquent une valeur de l’ordre de -5082,11Gg E-CO2.', 'Pour tous secteurs confondus les émissions de GES indiquent une valeur de l’ordre de -5082,11Gg E-CO2. En ce qui concerne la contribution spécifique de chaque gaz aux émissions totales (hors UTCATF), l’oxyde nitreux (N2 O), le méthane (CH4 ), le dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ) viennent en tête avec respectivement 40 %, 37%, 23%. Le secteur de l’Agriculture avec 68% des émissions totales, et de l’Energie contribuant pour 30%, constituent les principales sources des émissions en 2000. Considérant les GES indirects (NOx, CO, COVNM), hormis le secteur UTCATF, la quantité totale émise est estimée à 896,37 Gg en 2000. Ces émissions émanent essentiellement des secteurs Agriculture et Energie qui y ont contribué à hauteur de 55% et 45% respectivement.', 'Ces émissions émanent essentiellement des secteurs Agriculture et Energie qui y ont contribué à hauteur de 55% et 45% respectivement. Par rapport au premier inventaire établi pour l’année 1995, les émissions totales de GES ont évolué de 4797,74 Gg E-CO2 à 6251,03 Gg E-CO2 de 1995 à 2000, soit un taux d’accroissement de 30,29%. Au total, au vue du bilan des émissions et absorptions réalisé pour l’année de référence 2000 au Bénin donnant une valeur de l’ordre de -5082,11Gg E-CO2, le Bénin a une capacité d’absorption de GES de 5082,11Gg E-CO2.3 Il demeure ainsi un puits de carbone.', 'Au total, au vue du bilan des émissions et absorptions réalisé pour l’année de référence 2000 au Bénin donnant une valeur de l’ordre de -5082,11Gg E-CO2, le Bénin a une capacité d’absorption de GES de 5082,11Gg E-CO2.3 Il demeure ainsi un puits de carbone. 3 Source : Rapport de la Seconde communication nationale.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin le\x03développement\x03économique\x03et\x03la\x03protection\x03de\x03l’environnement’’\x03 L’enjeu du développement de cette stratégie pour le Bénin est triple : Economique, Environnemental et Géopolitique.', '3 Source : Rapport de la Seconde communication nationale.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin le\x03développement\x03économique\x03et\x03la\x03protection\x03de\x03l’environnement’’\x03 L’enjeu du développement de cette stratégie pour le Bénin est triple : Economique, Environnemental et Géopolitique. Du point de vue économique, la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie va permettre au Bénin de sécuriser les efforts de développement tels que retenus dans sa stratégie de développement à long terme Bénin 2025 ALAFIA et autres documents stratégiques qui en découlent (SCRP, OMD, PSRSA, etc.). Dans ces documents il est entre autre prévu « la gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles et l’amélioration du cadre de vie, et la gestion des catastrophes et des risques naturels ».', 'Dans ces documents il est entre autre prévu « la gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles et l’amélioration du cadre de vie, et la gestion des catastrophes et des risques naturels ». Les changements climatiques font en effet peser des risques sur les secteurs productifs stratégiques, par leurs effets adverses (inondations, poches de sécheresses, érosions côtières, canicules, etc.) causant des pertes directes de production et de productivité aux secteurs stratégiques de développement du pays. Mais la prise en compte de ces effets adverses, entraine d’importants coûts additionnels, que souvent la structure des budgets sectoriels ne permet pas de prendre en charge.', 'Mais la prise en compte de ces effets adverses, entraine d’importants coûts additionnels, que souvent la structure des budgets sectoriels ne permet pas de prendre en charge. C’est ainsi que le Gouvernement du Bénin a décidé en conseil des Ministres4 d’intégrer les questions climatiques dans les six plans opérationnels sectoriels de développement suivant : 1) Agriculture et développement rural, 2) Energie et services énergétiques, 3) Foresterie et utilisation des terres, 4) Ressources en eau, 5) Santé et assainissement, et 6) Infrastructure et établissements humains.', 'C’est ainsi que le Gouvernement du Bénin a décidé en conseil des Ministres4 d’intégrer les questions climatiques dans les six plans opérationnels sectoriels de développement suivant : 1) Agriculture et développement rural, 2) Energie et services énergétiques, 3) Foresterie et utilisation des terres, 4) Ressources en eau, 5) Santé et assainissement, et 6) Infrastructure et établissements humains. De plus, le potentiel éco énergétique (éolien, solaire photovoltaïque et calorifique, biomasse et hydroélectrique) du Bénin permet avec la présente stratégie d’accélérer le processus de transition énergétique dans lequel le pays s’est engagé avec notamment la promotion de l’efficacité énergétique et du mixte énergétique avec une part importante des énergies propres et renouvelables.', 'De plus, le potentiel éco énergétique (éolien, solaire photovoltaïque et calorifique, biomasse et hydroélectrique) du Bénin permet avec la présente stratégie d’accélérer le processus de transition énergétique dans lequel le pays s’est engagé avec notamment la promotion de l’efficacité énergétique et du mixte énergétique avec une part importante des énergies propres et renouvelables. Cette option de développement en plus d’être sobre en carbone va considérablement réduire la facture énergétique qui pèse si lourdement sur l’économie du Bénin, vu le coût élevé payé aux pays riverains producteurs d’électricité. En effet, pour le moment au Bénin, 90% de l’électricité consommée est importée (Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo et Nigéria). Environ 28% de la population bénéficie d’un accès au réseau électrique (dont 53,8% en milieu urbain).', 'Environ 28% de la population bénéficie d’un accès au réseau électrique (dont 53,8% en milieu urbain). Seulement 5% des ménages ruraux sont alimentés par l’électricité. L’électricité étant le principal facteur de production industriel, il va de soi que la compétitivité des entreprises installées au Bénin s’en trouve grande impactée. C’est sous cette 4 Conseil des Ministres tenu le 27 mai 2013Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin perspective économique que l’approche par les surcoûts a été retenue pour le développement de la stratégie.', 'C’est sous cette 4 Conseil des Ministres tenu le 27 mai 2013Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin perspective économique que l’approche par les surcoûts a été retenue pour le développement de la stratégie. Il faut par ailleurs noter que du point de vue économique, « ne pas agir maintenant et de façon appropriée » serait plus coûteux pour les pays, comme l’indique Lord Nicholas Stern5 dans son rapport The Economics of Climate Change, où il montre que le coût d un statu quo en matière environnementale serait plus important qu un effort en ce domaine.', 'Il faut par ailleurs noter que du point de vue économique, « ne pas agir maintenant et de façon appropriée » serait plus coûteux pour les pays, comme l’indique Lord Nicholas Stern5 dans son rapport The Economics of Climate Change, où il montre que le coût d un statu quo en matière environnementale serait plus important qu un effort en ce domaine. Conclusion que confirme l’OCDE6 en indiquant que « le coût de l inaction est élevé, alors qu il est possible de financer des actions ambitieuses permettant de protéger l environnement sans compromettre la croissance économique ».', 'Conclusion que confirme l’OCDE6 en indiquant que « le coût de l inaction est élevé, alors qu il est possible de financer des actions ambitieuses permettant de protéger l environnement sans compromettre la croissance économique ». En effet, les coûts des changements climatiques pourraient représenter, à l horizon 2050, entre 5% et 20% du PIB mondial de 2005 par an, alors qu une stabilisation des émissions de GES ne coûterait que 1% du PIB mondial par an. Le Bénin a compris que ne « rien faire » contre les effets des changements climatiques mènerait à des pertes de productivité et de production énormes engendrées par les événements climatiques, tels les inondations, les canicules et l’érosion côtière.', 'Le Bénin a compris que ne « rien faire » contre les effets des changements climatiques mènerait à des pertes de productivité et de production énormes engendrées par les événements climatiques, tels les inondations, les canicules et l’érosion côtière. A ces pertes s’ajoutent les dépenses « d’urgence » et de « reconstruction » qu’engendrent la prise en charge de ces événements extrêmes. L’inaction a une incidence directe sur le PIB du pays, perturbe le système de planification du développement du pays et absorbe une partie importante des ressources financières du pays.', 'L’inaction a une incidence directe sur le PIB du pays, perturbe le système de planification du développement du pays et absorbe une partie importante des ressources financières du pays. Du point de vue environnemental, l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie va permettre au Bénin en tant que Partie à la CCNUCC, de non seulement se conformer à ses engagements, mais mieux va lui permettre de contribuer concrètement à la lutte contre les changements climatiques sous ses deux aspects programmatiques : l’adaptation et l’atténuation. En effet, l’adoption de nombreuses options d’adaptation qui visent le renforcement de la résilience des systèmes de productions agro-sylvo-pastoraux est envisagée.', 'En effet, l’adoption de nombreuses options d’adaptation qui visent le renforcement de la résilience des systèmes de productions agro-sylvo-pastoraux est envisagée. Ce sont des options qui ont pour but d’améliorer et de pérenniser les services des écosystèmes sur lesquels reposent les systèmes de production. Elles sont à base communautaire et accordent une attention particulière aux groupes vulnérables (femmes, enfants et minorités). Bien que le Bénin soit parmi les pays non-annexe A, c’est-à-dire émettant peu de GES, le principe de la responsabilité commune mais différenciée fait qu’il s’est résolument engagé à contribuer à la 5 Lord Nicholas Stern, « The Economics of Climate Change », Cambridge University Press, 2006.', 'Bien que le Bénin soit parmi les pays non-annexe A, c’est-à-dire émettant peu de GES, le principe de la responsabilité commune mais différenciée fait qu’il s’est résolument engagé à contribuer à la 5 Lord Nicholas Stern, « The Economics of Climate Change », Cambridge University Press, 2006. 6 OCDE, « Perspectives de l environnement de l OCDE à l horizon 2030 », 2008.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin réduction des émissions de GES. A cette fin, le Bénin va par le biais de cette stratégie, renforcer les mesures d’efficacité énergétique, de promotion des énergies propres et renouvelables, ainsi que de séquestration du carbone déjà initiées.', 'A cette fin, le Bénin va par le biais de cette stratégie, renforcer les mesures d’efficacité énergétique, de promotion des énergies propres et renouvelables, ainsi que de séquestration du carbone déjà initiées. De façon générale, le développement de cette stratégie permet au Bénin de se conformer aux recommandations de la CCNUCC, qui conseille aux pays en développement d’envisager la gestion du climat de façon plus stratégique pour donner suite à l’approche conjoncturelle jusqu’ici adoptée avec les PANA. C’est donc en prélude à l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) et de la CPDN, dont elle intègre les approches respectives recommandées, que cette stratégie est développée.', 'C’est donc en prélude à l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) et de la CPDN, dont elle intègre les approches respectives recommandées, que cette stratégie est développée. C’est une approche qui permet aussi de passer de l’approche projet à l’approche programme, et constitue un acquis majeur dans le passage du PANA au PNA. Dans le même ordre d’idée, la présente stratégie constitue un acquis méthodologique à partir duquel le Bénin pourra développer sa CPDN. En effet, le scénario climatique retenu, les groupes sectoriels constitués, les analyses de vulnérabilité et l’identification des options d’atténuation, sont autant d’acquis qui permettront de finaliser assez rapidement la CPDN du Bénin. S’y ajoute que les leçons apprises de ce processus d’élaboration de la stratégie seront capitalisées au profit de la CPDN.', 'S’y ajoute que les leçons apprises de ce processus d’élaboration de la stratégie seront capitalisées au profit de la CPDN. 2.3 Enjeux\x03 géopolitiques.\x03 ‘’Exercer\x03 un\x03 leadership\x03 inspirationnel\x03 pour\x03 relever\x03le\x03défi\x03de\x03l’inaction’’\x03\x03 Le Bénin assure la présidence en exercice de l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) (2014-2016) et, à ce titre, exerce un fort leadership dans le champ de la gouvernance climatique. C’est ainsi qu’il a fortement impulsé la mise en œuvre au sein de l’UEMOA, de l’Initiative Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (IRED) dont la mise en œuvre effective de la première phase du Programme Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (PRODER) en confirme la pertinence.', 'C’est ainsi qu’il a fortement impulsé la mise en œuvre au sein de l’UEMOA, de l’Initiative Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (IRED) dont la mise en œuvre effective de la première phase du Programme Régionale de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (PRODER) en confirme la pertinence. Dans le cadre d’un leadership inspirationnel, l’Etat Béninois a entrepris des actions de haute portée environnementale, économique et sociale, parce que conscient de la nécessité « d’agir maintenant » autrement les coûts de l’inaction n’en seraient que plus élevés.', 'Dans le cadre d’un leadership inspirationnel, l’Etat Béninois a entrepris des actions de haute portée environnementale, économique et sociale, parce que conscient de la nécessité « d’agir maintenant » autrement les coûts de l’inaction n’en seraient que plus élevés. C’est ainsi que face à la dégradation de la qualité de l’air due aux émissions des motocyclettes, avec ses incidences directes sur la santé et l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone, l’Etat Béninois a pris des dispositions réglementaires visant l’adoption de nouveaux types de motocyclettes moins polluantes.', 'C’est ainsi que face à la dégradation de la qualité de l’air due aux émissions des motocyclettes, avec ses incidences directes sur la santé et l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone, l’Etat Béninois a pris des dispositions réglementaires visant l’adoption de nouveaux types de motocyclettes moins polluantes. Une telle mesure a eu un effet immédiat d’une grande réduction des émissions de GES, ainsi que la prévalence des maladies respiratoires dont la prise en charge pèse sur le budget des soins de santé.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Par une telle mesure, l’Etat Béninois montre aux autres pays de l’UEMOA et du monde, que d’une part la réduction des GES est à portée de main, et d’autre part qu’il coûte moins cher d’agir maintenant, plutôt que de garder le statu quo tel que le souligne tous les rapports des experts.', 'Une telle mesure a eu un effet immédiat d’une grande réduction des émissions de GES, ainsi que la prévalence des maladies respiratoires dont la prise en charge pèse sur le budget des soins de santé.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Par une telle mesure, l’Etat Béninois montre aux autres pays de l’UEMOA et du monde, que d’une part la réduction des GES est à portée de main, et d’autre part qu’il coûte moins cher d’agir maintenant, plutôt que de garder le statu quo tel que le souligne tous les rapports des experts. Les effets des changements climatiques sont des facteurs limitant que l’Etat Béninois compte bien lever pour s’assurer que les fleurs suscités par la mise en œuvre de son programme développement ALAFIA 2025, donneront les fruits attendus.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.', 'Les effets des changements climatiques sont des facteurs limitant que l’Etat Béninois compte bien lever pour s’assurer que les fleurs suscités par la mise en œuvre de son programme développement ALAFIA 2025, donneront les fruits attendus.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3. DIAGNOSTIQUE\x03 STRATEGIQUE\x03ǣ\x03 ‘’Six\x03 secteurs\x03 de\x03 développement\x03 économiques\x03vulnérables\x03aux\x03changements\x03climatiques’’\x03 Un diagnostic stratégique a été fait pour chacun des six secteurs de développement retenu pour l’élaboration de la présente stratégie. 3.1.1. Importance du secteur dans l’économie du pays Le Gouvernement béninois a retenu de rendre le secteur agricole performant à travers la promotion des filières afin de lutter contre la pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.', 'Importance du secteur dans l’économie du pays Le Gouvernement béninois a retenu de rendre le secteur agricole performant à travers la promotion des filières afin de lutter contre la pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Pour cause, le Plan Stratégique de Relance du Secteur Agricole (PSRSA) constitue un cadre d’opérationnalisation des documents de référence au niveau national et international pour faire du secteur agricole l’un des moteurs essentiels de la dynamique nouvelle de développement économique et social du Bénin. Le PSRSA est doté d’un plan d’actions qui a servi de base à un Programme National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA) du Bénin, objet d’une table ronde des 15 et 16 octobre 2009 à Cotonou.', 'Le PSRSA est doté d’un plan d’actions qui a servi de base à un Programme National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA) du Bénin, objet d’une table ronde des 15 et 16 octobre 2009 à Cotonou. En vue d’améliorer les performances de l’agriculture Béninoise, pour la rendre capable d’assurer de façon durable la sécurité alimentaire de la population et de contribuer au développement économique et social du Bénin, à l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) et notamment à la réduction de la pauvreté de moitié à l’horizon 2015, le Bénin a élaboré et mis en œuvre le Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2011-2015 (PNIA).', 'En vue d’améliorer les performances de l’agriculture Béninoise, pour la rendre capable d’assurer de façon durable la sécurité alimentaire de la population et de contribuer au développement économique et social du Bénin, à l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) et notamment à la réduction de la pauvreté de moitié à l’horizon 2015, le Bénin a élaboré et mis en œuvre le Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2011-2015 (PNIA). Ce plan se propose de promouvoir les treize filières agricoles définies comme prioritaires dans le PSRSA élaboré en 2008 et officiellement entré en vigueur en 2012.', 'Ce plan se propose de promouvoir les treize filières agricoles définies comme prioritaires dans le PSRSA élaboré en 2008 et officiellement entré en vigueur en 2012. Il s’agit du : (i) maïs, (ii) riz, (iii) manioc, (iv) igname, (v) coton, (vi) ananas, (vii) anacarde, (viii) palmier à huile, (ix) cultures maraichères, (x) viande, (xi) lait, (xii) œuf, (xiii) poisson et crevette, en tenant compte de l’approche Chaîne de Valeur Ajoutée (CVA) par filière. Quatre (04) programmes cadres consacrés par le pacte signé au cours de la table ronde sur le PNIA du Bénin sont retenus pour la mise en œuvre du PSRSA/PNIA-Bénin.', 'Quatre (04) programmes cadres consacrés par le pacte signé au cours de la table ronde sur le PNIA du Bénin sont retenus pour la mise en œuvre du PSRSA/PNIA-Bénin. Il s’agit de : (i) Programme de Développement de l’Agriculture, (ii) Programme de Développement de l’Elevage, (iii) Programme de Développement de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture, (iv) Programme Administration et Gestion du Secteur Agricole.', 'Il s’agit de : (i) Programme de Développement de l’Agriculture, (ii) Programme de Développement de l’Elevage, (iii) Programme de Développement de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture, (iv) Programme Administration et Gestion du Secteur Agricole. Ces programmes constituent l’ossature du cadre programmatique du PSRSA/PNIA.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Selon le Rapport d’activités 2013, du Ministère en charge de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche, "Le poids du secteur agricole dans les dépenses publiques est estimé à 6,6% en moyenne sur la période 2008 à 2013" ; en dessous des Principes de Maputo (10% au moins). Ainsi, le secteur agricole, depuis 2010-2011, a pesé respectivement 438,4 et 461,3 milliards de FCFA dans les ressources du PIB.', 'Ainsi, le secteur agricole, depuis 2010-2011, a pesé respectivement 438,4 et 461,3 milliards de FCFA dans les ressources du PIB. Pour les deux dernières campagnes agricoles 2012-2013 et 2013-2014, la contribution au PIB est successivement 491 et 522,1 milliards. Du coup, le taux de contribution au PIB est passé de 32,5% à 33% entre 2010 et 2013 avec une élévation qui a été de 33,3% en 2011. 3.1.2. Vulnérabilité du secteur face aux changements climatiques L’analyse de vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture, dans le cadre de cette stratégie, a porté sur le plan stratégique de relance du secteur agricole (PSRSA/PNIA) qui couvre la période 2010-2015.', 'Vulnérabilité du secteur face aux changements climatiques L’analyse de vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture, dans le cadre de cette stratégie, a porté sur le plan stratégique de relance du secteur agricole (PSRSA/PNIA) qui couvre la période 2010-2015. Elle révèle que le secteur productif agricole est caractérisé par la prédominance de petites exploitations agricoles et fait état de sa vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques. La relative petite taille des exploitations, leur grande dépendance quasi complète à la pluviométrie, ainsi que les modes encore rudimentaires d’exploitation, rendent l’agriculture béninoise particulièrement vulnérable aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques.', 'La relative petite taille des exploitations, leur grande dépendance quasi complète à la pluviométrie, ainsi que les modes encore rudimentaires d’exploitation, rendent l’agriculture béninoise particulièrement vulnérable aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques. C’est en effet le secteur de l’économie le plus vulnérable comme indiqué dans le PANA et dont le tableau ci-dessous résume l’analyse de vulnérabilité des principales unités d’exposition.', 'C’est en effet le secteur de l’économie le plus vulnérable comme indiqué dans le PANA et dont le tableau ci-dessous résume l’analyse de vulnérabilité des principales unités d’exposition. Tableau 1: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture Base programmatique - Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable - Sous-Thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) PLAN STRATEGIQUE DE RELANCE DU SECTEUR AGRICOLE (PSRSA) (i) Programme de Développement de l’Agriculture, (ii) Programme de Développement de l’Elevage, (iii) Programme de Développement de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture, (iv) Programme Administration et Gestion du Secteur Agricole PLAN NATIONAL D’INVESTISSEMENT AGRICOLE 2011-1015 (PNIA) Filières: (i) maïs, (ii) riz, (iii) manioc, (iv) igname, (v) coton, (vi) ananas, (vii) anacarde, (viii) palmier à huile, (ix) cultures maraichères, (x) viande, (xi) lait, (xii) œuf, (xiii) poisson et crevette Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Sécheresse, Inondation, pluies tardives et violentes Intensité : Elevée Unités Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options d’AdaptationStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin d’Expositions Ecosystèmes de production - Diminution des services des écosystèmes ; disponibilité réduite en eau, réduction de la fertilité des sols, diminution de la biodiversité agricole - Origines naturelles : Irrégularité et mauvaise répartition des pluies (Sécheresse et inondations, chaleur intense, vents violents - Origines anthropiques : Utilisation abusive des ressources naturelles - Défense et restauration des sols (DRS) - Gestion durable et intégrées des ressources naturelles Modes de production agricole, piscicole et élevage - Perte de productivité due à des pratiques de productions inadaptées ; (Qualité des semences, technique d’irrigation, rotation culturales, etc…) - Pertes de production post récolte - Modes d’exploitation inappropriés, faible maitrise de l’eau, perturbation du calendrier agricole, manque d’informations climatiques intelligibles pour les producteurs, et un faible niveau de sécurisation foncière.', 'Tableau 1: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture Base programmatique - Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable - Sous-Thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) PLAN STRATEGIQUE DE RELANCE DU SECTEUR AGRICOLE (PSRSA) (i) Programme de Développement de l’Agriculture, (ii) Programme de Développement de l’Elevage, (iii) Programme de Développement de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture, (iv) Programme Administration et Gestion du Secteur Agricole PLAN NATIONAL D’INVESTISSEMENT AGRICOLE 2011-1015 (PNIA) Filières: (i) maïs, (ii) riz, (iii) manioc, (iv) igname, (v) coton, (vi) ananas, (vii) anacarde, (viii) palmier à huile, (ix) cultures maraichères, (x) viande, (xi) lait, (xii) œuf, (xiii) poisson et crevette Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Sécheresse, Inondation, pluies tardives et violentes Intensité : Elevée Unités Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options d’AdaptationStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin d’Expositions Ecosystèmes de production - Diminution des services des écosystèmes ; disponibilité réduite en eau, réduction de la fertilité des sols, diminution de la biodiversité agricole - Origines naturelles : Irrégularité et mauvaise répartition des pluies (Sécheresse et inondations, chaleur intense, vents violents - Origines anthropiques : Utilisation abusive des ressources naturelles - Défense et restauration des sols (DRS) - Gestion durable et intégrées des ressources naturelles Modes de production agricole, piscicole et élevage - Perte de productivité due à des pratiques de productions inadaptées ; (Qualité des semences, technique d’irrigation, rotation culturales, etc…) - Pertes de production post récolte - Modes d’exploitation inappropriés, faible maitrise de l’eau, perturbation du calendrier agricole, manque d’informations climatiques intelligibles pour les producteurs, et un faible niveau de sécurisation foncière. - Déficits d’infrastructures de stockage et d’unités de transformation de la production agricole - Adoption de l’agriculture Intelligente face au climat7 (AIC), qui s’appuie sur l’agriculture irriguée, la valorisation des semences locales et des races endémiques, la recherche de nouvelles variétés plus adaptées, une information climatique fiable et sur une politique nationale de sécurisation foncière des exploitations agricoles.', '- Déficits d’infrastructures de stockage et d’unités de transformation de la production agricole - Adoption de l’agriculture Intelligente face au climat7 (AIC), qui s’appuie sur l’agriculture irriguée, la valorisation des semences locales et des races endémiques, la recherche de nouvelles variétés plus adaptées, une information climatique fiable et sur une politique nationale de sécurisation foncière des exploitations agricoles. - Renforcement de chaque maillon des chaines de valeur agricoles des 13 filières retenues, système de gestion post-récolte effectif Système financier - Perte d’investissements, difficultés de remboursement des prêts Mode et conditions de financement du secteur agricole inadapté Promotion de nouveaux types de « services financiers climatiques » ; Création d’une Banque agricole, de l’assurance indiciaire récolte, du Fonds National de Développement Agricole (FNDA) ; etc… 7 « Le concept d’Agriculture intelligente face au Climat » (AIC) (Smart agriculture en Anglais) tel que défini par la FAO, a pour objet de renforcer la capacité des systèmes agricoles de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire, en intégrant le besoin d adaptation et le potentiel d atténuation dans les stratégies de développement de l agriculture durable.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Les mesures nécessaires pour la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques vont notamment dans le sens du renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques tant nationales que locales en matière de planification et du financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques aux fins d’une amélioration de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes vulnérables et de la promotion des technologiques vertes et à faible émission de carbone.', '- Renforcement de chaque maillon des chaines de valeur agricoles des 13 filières retenues, système de gestion post-récolte effectif Système financier - Perte d’investissements, difficultés de remboursement des prêts Mode et conditions de financement du secteur agricole inadapté Promotion de nouveaux types de « services financiers climatiques » ; Création d’une Banque agricole, de l’assurance indiciaire récolte, du Fonds National de Développement Agricole (FNDA) ; etc… 7 « Le concept d’Agriculture intelligente face au Climat » (AIC) (Smart agriculture en Anglais) tel que défini par la FAO, a pour objet de renforcer la capacité des systèmes agricoles de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire, en intégrant le besoin d adaptation et le potentiel d atténuation dans les stratégies de développement de l agriculture durable.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Les mesures nécessaires pour la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques vont notamment dans le sens du renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques tant nationales que locales en matière de planification et du financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques aux fins d’une amélioration de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes vulnérables et de la promotion des technologiques vertes et à faible émission de carbone. 3.1.3.', '- Renforcement de chaque maillon des chaines de valeur agricoles des 13 filières retenues, système de gestion post-récolte effectif Système financier - Perte d’investissements, difficultés de remboursement des prêts Mode et conditions de financement du secteur agricole inadapté Promotion de nouveaux types de « services financiers climatiques » ; Création d’une Banque agricole, de l’assurance indiciaire récolte, du Fonds National de Développement Agricole (FNDA) ; etc… 7 « Le concept d’Agriculture intelligente face au Climat » (AIC) (Smart agriculture en Anglais) tel que défini par la FAO, a pour objet de renforcer la capacité des systèmes agricoles de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire, en intégrant le besoin d adaptation et le potentiel d atténuation dans les stratégies de développement de l agriculture durable.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Les mesures nécessaires pour la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques vont notamment dans le sens du renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques tant nationales que locales en matière de planification et du financement de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques aux fins d’une amélioration de la résilience des populations et des écosystèmes vulnérables et de la promotion des technologiques vertes et à faible émission de carbone. 3.1.3. Sous - Programmes proposés A l’issue du diagnostic ci-dessus réalisé, les sous-programmes (SP) suivants ont été retenus sur la base des options d’adaptation identifiées : SP 1 : Sous- programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles.', 'Sous - Programmes proposés A l’issue du diagnostic ci-dessus réalisé, les sous-programmes (SP) suivants ont été retenus sur la base des options d’adaptation identifiées : SP 1 : Sous- programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles. Ce sous-programme répond au besoin de renforcer la résilience des systèmes de productions agricoles à travers les principaux maillons de la chaine de valeur des filières couvertes par le PSRSA/PNIA. C’est un sous-programme aussi bien d’adaptation à base communautaire, que d’adaptation à base écosystémique.', 'C’est un sous-programme aussi bien d’adaptation à base communautaire, que d’adaptation à base écosystémique. Plus spécifiquement il s’agira d’une part de financer des activités de renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des communautés agricoles les plus vulnérables, et d’autre part de créer une banque de semences qui valorise les variétés locales résilientes; la construction d’infrastructures d’entreposage et de stockage des productions agricoles; l’acquisition de systèmes d’irrigation adaptés; le développement d’unités de transformations agricoles; la conduite d’activités de recherche appliquée (recherche-action); la production et la diffusion d’informations climatiques à utilisation agricole; et, l’élaboration d’un plan national de sécurisation foncière des exploitations agricoles. SP 2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurants.', 'SP 2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurants. La mise en œuvre de ce sous-programme est pour corriger l’inadéquation du système de financement du secteur agricole soumis aux aléas climatiques. Il s’agit d’abord de capitaliser les acquis de structures financières existantes telles la Banque Régionale de Solidarité (BRS), la Fédération des Caisses d’Epargne et de Crédit Agricole (FECECAM), le Fonds National de la Microfinance (FNM) et le Fonds National de Développement Agricole (FNDA), pour ensuite les appuyer à se doter de produits et services financiers qui prennent en charge adéquatement les risques climatiques qui pèsent sur les investissements agricoles.', 'Il s’agit d’abord de capitaliser les acquis de structures financières existantes telles la Banque Régionale de Solidarité (BRS), la Fédération des Caisses d’Epargne et de Crédit Agricole (FECECAM), le Fonds National de la Microfinance (FNM) et le Fonds National de Développement Agricole (FNDA), pour ensuite les appuyer à se doter de produits et services financiers qui prennent en charge adéquatement les risques climatiques qui pèsent sur les investissements agricoles. Ces mécanismes financiers seront caractérisés par l’exploitation de produits et services financiers climatiques : Assurances récoltes; crédit agricole; capital-risque; etc.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.2.1.', 'Ces mécanismes financiers seront caractérisés par l’exploitation de produits et services financiers climatiques : Assurances récoltes; crédit agricole; capital-risque; etc.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.2.1. Importance du secteur dans l’économie du pays Le secteur énergétique du Bénin est confronté à des défis interdépendants de l’accès à l’énergie, de la sécurité énergétique et de la réduction des émissions de GES dont la réponse durable passe inexorablement par le développement des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique.', 'Importance du secteur dans l’économie du pays Le secteur énergétique du Bénin est confronté à des défis interdépendants de l’accès à l’énergie, de la sécurité énergétique et de la réduction des émissions de GES dont la réponse durable passe inexorablement par le développement des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique. Le secteur de l énergie au Bénin est caractérisé par (i) une grande dépendance vis-à-vis de l utilisation traditionnelle de la biomasse (bois de feu et charbon de bois), (ii) une forte dépendance vis-à-vis de l extérieur pour les approvisionnements en énergie électrique, (iii) un faible accès à l électricité notamment dans les zones rurales, (iv) une dépendance totale de l’extérieur pour les approvisionnements en produits pétroliers et (v) un important potentiel inexploité d’énergies renouvelables.', 'Le secteur de l énergie au Bénin est caractérisé par (i) une grande dépendance vis-à-vis de l utilisation traditionnelle de la biomasse (bois de feu et charbon de bois), (ii) une forte dépendance vis-à-vis de l extérieur pour les approvisionnements en énergie électrique, (iii) un faible accès à l électricité notamment dans les zones rurales, (iv) une dépendance totale de l’extérieur pour les approvisionnements en produits pétroliers et (v) un important potentiel inexploité d’énergies renouvelables. Ce secteur énergétique est placé sous la responsabilité du Ministère de l’Énergie de l Eau et des Mines assure la tutelle technique du secteur, définit la politique énergétique du pays, coordonne et assure le suivi de l ensemble des activités du secteur.', 'Ce secteur énergétique est placé sous la responsabilité du Ministère de l’Énergie de l Eau et des Mines assure la tutelle technique du secteur, définit la politique énergétique du pays, coordonne et assure le suivi de l ensemble des activités du secteur. Dans la perspective de résoudre les différents problèmes posés dans le secteur, plusieurs documents de stratégie ont été élaborés. Les options stratégiques de développement retenues dans le Plan de développement stratégique du secteur de l’énergie sont les suivants : - L’accroissement des capacités de production, des moyens de transport et de distribution de l’énergie électrique et la promotion de l’électrification rurale ; et - Le développement du sous-secteur des énergies renouvelables ainsi que celui des biocarburants.', 'Les options stratégiques de développement retenues dans le Plan de développement stratégique du secteur de l’énergie sont les suivants : - L’accroissement des capacités de production, des moyens de transport et de distribution de l’énergie électrique et la promotion de l’électrification rurale ; et - Le développement du sous-secteur des énergies renouvelables ainsi que celui des biocarburants. L’examen des perspectives prévues dans le Plan de développement stratégique du secteur de l’énergie montre que le mix électrique en 2025 comportera pour une demande de 724 MW: 24 % d’hydroélectricité ; 34% de production thermique, 15% de biomasse, 0,23% de solaire, 4% d’éolienne et 23% d’importations. 3.2.2.', 'L’examen des perspectives prévues dans le Plan de développement stratégique du secteur de l’énergie montre que le mix électrique en 2025 comportera pour une demande de 724 MW: 24 % d’hydroélectricité ; 34% de production thermique, 15% de biomasse, 0,23% de solaire, 4% d’éolienne et 23% d’importations. 3.2.2. Potentialité de réduction des émissions de GES Le secteur de l’énergie au Bénin offre des potentialités aussi bien d’augmentation de la production énergétique, que de réduction des GES.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le Bénin dispose d’un important potentiel éco-énergétique inexploité. L’irradiation solaire moyenne varie de 3,9 à 6,1 kWh/m2/jour du sud au nord du Bénin.', 'L’irradiation solaire moyenne varie de 3,9 à 6,1 kWh/m2/jour du sud au nord du Bénin. La biomasse issue de résidus agricoles, des transformations agro-alimentaires et des déchets solides ménagers est importante (700 tonnes d’ordures ménagères produit par jour à Cotonou). Plusieurs sites de production hydroélectrique ont été identifiés. Une importante disponibilité en terres agricoles inexploitées pouvant servir à l’exploitation renouvelable de la biomasse. Le mix énergétique national en 2010, comporte seulement 8% environ d’énergies renouvelables. Le tableau ci-dessous résume les conclusions de l’analyse des options d’atténuation faite à partir des principales sources d’énergie.', 'Le tableau ci-dessous résume les conclusions de l’analyse des options d’atténuation faite à partir des principales sources d’énergie. Tableau 2: Matrice d’analyse des options d’atténuation par la promotion des énergies renouvelables et propres Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) Sous-thème : Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important) PLAN DE DEVELOPPEMENT STRATEGIQUE DU SECTEUR DE L’ENERGIE - Accroissement des capacités de production, des moyens de transport et de distribution de l’énergie électrique et la promotion de l’électrification rurale ; - Développement du sous-secteur des énergies renouvelables ainsi que celui des biocarburants.', 'Tableau 2: Matrice d’analyse des options d’atténuation par la promotion des énergies renouvelables et propres Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) Sous-thème : Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important) PLAN DE DEVELOPPEMENT STRATEGIQUE DU SECTEUR DE L’ENERGIE - Accroissement des capacités de production, des moyens de transport et de distribution de l’énergie électrique et la promotion de l’électrification rurale ; - Développement du sous-secteur des énergies renouvelables ainsi que celui des biocarburants. Potentialités éco- énergétiques Facteurs climatiques : Vitesse du vent, durée d’ensoleillement, disponibilité en biomasse, hydrologie Potentialité : Elevée Unités d’analyse Impacts sur les émissions des GES Causes Profondes Options d’Atténuation Energie électrique conventionnelle - Faible Les centrales de production de l’énergie électrique utilisée au Bénin sont hors du pays - Les centrales électriques utilisent les hydrocarbures polluants comme combustible - Mix énergétique par les énergies renouvelables et propres (Eolienne, hydrique et solaire) Produits pétroliers - Elevé Détérioration de la qualité de l’air avec une forte incidence sur la santé des populations - Les hydrocarbures sont des combustibles très polluants qui dégagent beaucoup de GES - Production de biocarburants - Réglementation favorisant les produits pétroliers sans plomb - Instauration d’une Taxe carboneStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Bois-énergie - Elevé Perte du potentiel de séquestration du carbone par la perte de puits carbone - Déforestation massive - Aménagement forestier - Efficacité énergétique (Foyers améliorés) Les projections des scénarios futurs des changements climatiques révèlent un accroissement de l’ensoleillement dû à la diminution du nombre de jours de pluie et une augmentation de la température.', 'Potentialités éco- énergétiques Facteurs climatiques : Vitesse du vent, durée d’ensoleillement, disponibilité en biomasse, hydrologie Potentialité : Elevée Unités d’analyse Impacts sur les émissions des GES Causes Profondes Options d’Atténuation Energie électrique conventionnelle - Faible Les centrales de production de l’énergie électrique utilisée au Bénin sont hors du pays - Les centrales électriques utilisent les hydrocarbures polluants comme combustible - Mix énergétique par les énergies renouvelables et propres (Eolienne, hydrique et solaire) Produits pétroliers - Elevé Détérioration de la qualité de l’air avec une forte incidence sur la santé des populations - Les hydrocarbures sont des combustibles très polluants qui dégagent beaucoup de GES - Production de biocarburants - Réglementation favorisant les produits pétroliers sans plomb - Instauration d’une Taxe carboneStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Bois-énergie - Elevé Perte du potentiel de séquestration du carbone par la perte de puits carbone - Déforestation massive - Aménagement forestier - Efficacité énergétique (Foyers améliorés) Les projections des scénarios futurs des changements climatiques révèlent un accroissement de l’ensoleillement dû à la diminution du nombre de jours de pluie et une augmentation de la température. L’analyse de l’effet découplé de ces paramètres induirait un accroissement du rendement des installations photovoltaïques, ce qui constitue de facto un impact positif sur le potentiel en énergie solaire.', 'L’analyse de l’effet découplé de ces paramètres induirait un accroissement du rendement des installations photovoltaïques, ce qui constitue de facto un impact positif sur le potentiel en énergie solaire. A l’horizon 2050, un relèvement important du niveau des températures pourrait entraîner une diminution des performances des équipements solaires par apparition des phénomènes comme l’augmentation de la résistivité des conducteurs et le décollement des soudures des plaques, etc. 3.2.3. Sous-Programmes proposés Au regard des engagements pris par le Bénin dans le cadre de sa CPDN et sur la base de l’analyse des options d’atténuation faite à partir des principales sources d’énergie, les sous-programmes suivants ont été retenus : SP 3 : Sous-Programme d’appui à la transition énergétique.', 'Sous-Programmes proposés Au regard des engagements pris par le Bénin dans le cadre de sa CPDN et sur la base de l’analyse des options d’atténuation faite à partir des principales sources d’énergie, les sous-programmes suivants ont été retenus : SP 3 : Sous-Programme d’appui à la transition énergétique. Ce sous-programme est développé pour exploiter le potentiel éco énergétique dont dispose le Bénin, dans la triple perspective ; 1) d’augmenter la disponibilité et l’accessibilité de l’énergie aux populations (surtout rurales) ; 2) de réduire les émissions de GES ; et 3) de réduire la facture énergétique du pays. Sous ce programme seront financées des centrales solaires, éoliennes et hydroélectriques, ainsi que des activités d’efficacité énergétique aussi bien en milieu urbain qu’en milieu rural (foyer à combustion amélioré).', 'Sous ce programme seront financées des centrales solaires, éoliennes et hydroélectriques, ainsi que des activités d’efficacité énergétique aussi bien en milieu urbain qu’en milieu rural (foyer à combustion amélioré). La production de biocarburant sera aussi financée. SP 4 : Sous-Programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES. Ce sous-programme vient combler un vide juridique sur la réglementation de la pollution par les hydrocarbures avec incidence sur la qualité de l’air et la couche d’ozone. Il s’agira de faire une étude complète sur la question afin de proposer une réglementation pertinente.', 'Il s’agira de faire une étude complète sur la question afin de proposer une réglementation pertinente. Celle-ci va notamment inclure l’établissement d’une taxe carbone avec ses modalités de prélèvement et de gestion.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Ces deux sous-programmes concourent directement au respect des engagements pris par le Bénin dans le cadre de sa CPDN. 3.3.1. Importance du secteur dans l’économie du pays Le Bénin dispose d’un patrimoine forestier non négligeable. La législation forestière a subdivisé les espaces forestiers en domaine classé de l’Etat avec une restriction des droits d’usage et en domaine protégé de l’Etat. Le domaine classé regroupe : • Deux parcs nationaux d’une superficie totale de 869.867 ha.', 'Le domaine classé regroupe : • Deux parcs nationaux d’une superficie totale de 869.867 ha. Il s’agit du Parc National de la Pendjari (282.635 ha) et du Parc W (587.232 ha) ; • Trois zones cynégétiques qui s’étendent sur une superficie totale de 443.679 ha et regroupent les Zones Cynégétiques de la Pendjari (186.419 ha), de la Djona (121.618 ha) et de l’Atacora ; • Quarante-six (46) forêts classées pour 1 303 043 ha ; • Sept (07) Périmètres de Reboisement (PR) : à savoir PR Abomey (173 ha), PR Kouandé (47 ha), PR Natitingou (203 ha), PR Parakou (256 ha), PR Sèmè (1.290 ha), PR Pahou (765 ha) ; et • Les forêts sacrées couvrant environ 0,2 % du territoire et pour lesquelles le pouvoir traditionnel constitue un instrument efficace de conservation.', 'Il s’agit du Parc National de la Pendjari (282.635 ha) et du Parc W (587.232 ha) ; • Trois zones cynégétiques qui s’étendent sur une superficie totale de 443.679 ha et regroupent les Zones Cynégétiques de la Pendjari (186.419 ha), de la Djona (121.618 ha) et de l’Atacora ; • Quarante-six (46) forêts classées pour 1 303 043 ha ; • Sept (07) Périmètres de Reboisement (PR) : à savoir PR Abomey (173 ha), PR Kouandé (47 ha), PR Natitingou (203 ha), PR Parakou (256 ha), PR Sèmè (1.290 ha), PR Pahou (765 ha) ; et • Les forêts sacrées couvrant environ 0,2 % du territoire et pour lesquelles le pouvoir traditionnel constitue un instrument efficace de conservation. Outre le domaine forestier classé, il existe un potentiel non négligeable de forêts dans le domaine protégé, avec des plantations forestières privées et communales.', 'Outre le domaine forestier classé, il existe un potentiel non négligeable de forêts dans le domaine protégé, avec des plantations forestières privées et communales. Les forêts naturelles sont constituées de savanes (arbustives, arborées et boisées), des forêts claires, des forêts denses sèches et des forêts galeries. Dans le nord et le centre du pays, on rencontre des forêts claires et savanes arborées composées essentiellement de : Isoberlinia doka, Afzelia africana, Khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Danielia oliveri, Anogeissus leiocarpus, et Pterocarpus erinaceus. Ces espèces disparaissent de la savane arbustive du fait de la pression anthropique. Sur les montagnes, les collines et même les affleurements rocheux poussent les savanes arborées et arbustives saxicoles.', 'Sur les montagnes, les collines et même les affleurements rocheux poussent les savanes arborées et arbustives saxicoles. Au sud, on trouve des forêts denses semi-décidues et décidues avec des essences comme Mitragyna spp, Acacia sieberiana, Terminalia spp, Borasus aethéopium, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, tamarindus india.', 'Au sud, on trouve des forêts denses semi-décidues et décidues avec des essences comme Mitragyna spp, Acacia sieberiana, Terminalia spp, Borasus aethéopium, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, tamarindus india. Avec une superficie du domaine forestier permanent d’environ 2,7 millions d’hectares (FAO, 2010), le secteur forestier béninois contribue à l’économie nationale à hauteur de 6,64% au PIB nationalStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin (MEHU, 2012) et les stocks de carbone obtenus à partir des directives de FRA /GIEC (annexe 5.2 des directives FAO) sont estimés à 573.9 carbone en Millions de tonnes métriques pour la forêt et à 197.26 Carbone en Millions de tonnes métriques pour les autres terres boisées.', 'Avec une superficie du domaine forestier permanent d’environ 2,7 millions d’hectares (FAO, 2010), le secteur forestier béninois contribue à l’économie nationale à hauteur de 6,64% au PIB nationalStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin (MEHU, 2012) et les stocks de carbone obtenus à partir des directives de FRA /GIEC (annexe 5.2 des directives FAO) sont estimés à 573.9 carbone en Millions de tonnes métriques pour la forêt et à 197.26 Carbone en Millions de tonnes métriques pour les autres terres boisées. Le Gouvernement du Bénin a défini en 1994 sa politique forestière assortie d’un plan d’actions prioritaires que vient compléter et renforcer le document cadre de politique économique.', 'Le Gouvernement du Bénin a défini en 1994 sa politique forestière assortie d’un plan d’actions prioritaires que vient compléter et renforcer le document cadre de politique économique. Le but visé est la conservation et la gestion rationnelle des ressources du domaine forestier en vue d’en assurer la pérennité et garantir une production soutenue de services et de biens pour le bénéfice des populations (Projet TCP/RAF/3306, 2011). 3.3.2.', 'Le but visé est la conservation et la gestion rationnelle des ressources du domaine forestier en vue d’en assurer la pérennité et garantir une production soutenue de services et de biens pour le bénéfice des populations (Projet TCP/RAF/3306, 2011). 3.3.2. Analyse de vulnérabilité et capacité de résorption des GES Selon la FAO, le Bénin a perdu environ 20% de son couvert forestier en l’espace de 20 ans, soit environ 1.200.000 ha, dû au déboisement causé par l’utilisation massive du bois pour la cuisson, la pratique de l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, et l’abattage illégal que le manque de moyens de contrôle et la corruption ne permettent pas d’endiguer et qui est l’une des causes majeures d’émissions de GES au Bénin.', 'Analyse de vulnérabilité et capacité de résorption des GES Selon la FAO, le Bénin a perdu environ 20% de son couvert forestier en l’espace de 20 ans, soit environ 1.200.000 ha, dû au déboisement causé par l’utilisation massive du bois pour la cuisson, la pratique de l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, et l’abattage illégal que le manque de moyens de contrôle et la corruption ne permettent pas d’endiguer et qui est l’une des causes majeures d’émissions de GES au Bénin. Les impacts des changements climatiques sur les divers composantes du secteur foresterie et utilisation des terres concourent à : réduire le potentiel national de séquestration de carbone, occasionner la perte de la biodiversité floristique et faunique, et à engendrer une savanisation/désertification progressive du territoire.', 'Les impacts des changements climatiques sur les divers composantes du secteur foresterie et utilisation des terres concourent à : réduire le potentiel national de séquestration de carbone, occasionner la perte de la biodiversité floristique et faunique, et à engendrer une savanisation/désertification progressive du territoire. Tableau 3: Matrice d’analyse des options d’adaptation et d’atténuation du secteur forestier Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (Dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique) POLITIQUE FORESTIERE Conservation et gestion rationnelle des ressources forestières avec la participation des communautés locales en vue d’en assurer la pérennité tout en garantissant une production soutenue des services et des biens pour le bénéfice des populations.', 'Tableau 3: Matrice d’analyse des options d’adaptation et d’atténuation du secteur forestier Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (Dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique) POLITIQUE FORESTIERE Conservation et gestion rationnelle des ressources forestières avec la participation des communautés locales en vue d’en assurer la pérennité tout en garantissant une production soutenue des services et des biens pour le bénéfice des populations. Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Sécheresse, inondation, pluies tardives et violentes Intensité : Elevé Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options d’Adaptation et d’Atténuation Massifs forestiers - Faible production naturelle de - Stress hydrique, - Aménagement desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin semences forestières de qualité - Forte mortalité de la régénération naturelle dans les forêts - Occurrence plus forte des feux de végétation assez violents - Déstructuration des forêts/savane - Perte de biodiversité végétale et animale - Réduction de la production (déjà faible) de biomasse - Diminution du potentiel de séquestration de carbone du pays.', 'Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Sécheresse, inondation, pluies tardives et violentes Intensité : Elevé Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options d’Adaptation et d’Atténuation Massifs forestiers - Faible production naturelle de - Stress hydrique, - Aménagement desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin semences forestières de qualité - Forte mortalité de la régénération naturelle dans les forêts - Occurrence plus forte des feux de végétation assez violents - Déstructuration des forêts/savane - Perte de biodiversité végétale et animale - Réduction de la production (déjà faible) de biomasse - Diminution du potentiel de séquestration de carbone du pays. - Stress thermique - Inondations - Feux de brousse violents forêts - Création et aménagement de nouvelles aires protégées Ressources en terres - Dégradations physique, chimique et biologique des couches arables du sol = Diminution de la fertilité des sols - Réduction de la superficie des terres cultivables - Réduction du volume du carbone séquestré parle sol - Feux de brousse/ inondation - Mauvaises pratiques agricoles (ex agriculture extensive sur brulis) - Urbanisation - Faible cadre réglementaire de sécurisation foncière - Afforestation - Conservation et Restauration des Sol (CRS) L’analyse de la tendance des émissions et absorption montre que le secteur forestier et autre affectation des terres équivalent à 16509,89 Gg E-CO2 en 1990, 16762,69Gg E -CO2 en 1995, nettes de GES en E-CO2 ont diminué de 50,3% en 2000 et de 65,4% en 2005.', '- Stress thermique - Inondations - Feux de brousse violents forêts - Création et aménagement de nouvelles aires protégées Ressources en terres - Dégradations physique, chimique et biologique des couches arables du sol = Diminution de la fertilité des sols - Réduction de la superficie des terres cultivables - Réduction du volume du carbone séquestré parle sol - Feux de brousse/ inondation - Mauvaises pratiques agricoles (ex agriculture extensive sur brulis) - Urbanisation - Faible cadre réglementaire de sécurisation foncière - Afforestation - Conservation et Restauration des Sol (CRS) L’analyse de la tendance des émissions et absorption montre que le secteur forestier et autre affectation des terres équivalent à 16509,89 Gg E-CO2 en 1990, 16762,69Gg E -CO2 en 1995, nettes de GES en E-CO2 ont diminué de 50,3% en 2000 et de 65,4% en 2005. 3.3.3.', '- Stress thermique - Inondations - Feux de brousse violents forêts - Création et aménagement de nouvelles aires protégées Ressources en terres - Dégradations physique, chimique et biologique des couches arables du sol = Diminution de la fertilité des sols - Réduction de la superficie des terres cultivables - Réduction du volume du carbone séquestré parle sol - Feux de brousse/ inondation - Mauvaises pratiques agricoles (ex agriculture extensive sur brulis) - Urbanisation - Faible cadre réglementaire de sécurisation foncière - Afforestation - Conservation et Restauration des Sol (CRS) L’analyse de la tendance des émissions et absorption montre que le secteur forestier et autre affectation des terres équivalent à 16509,89 Gg E-CO2 en 1990, 16762,69Gg E -CO2 en 1995, nettes de GES en E-CO2 ont diminué de 50,3% en 2000 et de 65,4% en 2005. 3.3.3. Sous-programme proposés SP 5 : Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.', 'Sous-programme proposés SP 5 : Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. Ce sous- programme est du type REDD+, c’est-à-dire de réduction des émissions de GES par la lutte contre la déforestation et la gestion durable des terres. Il concerne aussi bien l’aménagement des aires protégées déjà existant, que de nouvelles aires protégées à créer.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.4.1. Présentation du secteur Le secteur "infrastructures et établissements humains" est l’un des secteurs vitaux où s’organisent l’essentiel des conditions d’habitat des populations.', 'Présentation du secteur Le secteur "infrastructures et établissements humains" est l’un des secteurs vitaux où s’organisent l’essentiel des conditions d’habitat des populations. La loi cadre pour l’environnement du Bénin, défini les "établissements humains", comme étant « l’ensemble des agglomérations urbaines et rurales, quelque soit leur type ou leur taille, et l’ensemble des infrastructures dont elles doivent disposer pour assurer à leur habitants une existence saine et décente ». Le Bénin est composé d’agglomérations urbaines, et d’agglomérations rurales. Mise à part les grandes villes telles que Cotonou, Parakou, Porto-Novo, Abomey-Calavi, et Bohicon, la majeure partie du pays est composée de zones péri-urbaines et rurales.', 'Mise à part les grandes villes telles que Cotonou, Parakou, Porto-Novo, Abomey-Calavi, et Bohicon, la majeure partie du pays est composée de zones péri-urbaines et rurales. La déclaration de politique nationale de l’habitat fait ressortir les objectifs de la politique nationale de l’habitat qui sont : - Définir les orientations stratégiques pour atteindre l’objectif du logement du plus grand nombre, la fourniture des services urbains de base ; - Rendre disponible et à un prix raisonnable, les terrains nécessaires à l’aménagement et au développement territorial particulièrement à la satisfaction des besoins collectifs ; - Sécuriser les terrains à bâtir et rendre plus efficaces les interventions de l’Etat ; - Encourager les efforts d’investissement individuel dans l’habitat à travers des dispositions règlementaires et opérationnelles appropriées ; - Développer le partenariat public/privé dans la production de l’habitat ; - Améliorer l’accès aux infrastructures et aux équipements urbains de base (voirie, assainissement, éclairage public etc.)', 'La déclaration de politique nationale de l’habitat fait ressortir les objectifs de la politique nationale de l’habitat qui sont : - Définir les orientations stratégiques pour atteindre l’objectif du logement du plus grand nombre, la fourniture des services urbains de base ; - Rendre disponible et à un prix raisonnable, les terrains nécessaires à l’aménagement et au développement territorial particulièrement à la satisfaction des besoins collectifs ; - Sécuriser les terrains à bâtir et rendre plus efficaces les interventions de l’Etat ; - Encourager les efforts d’investissement individuel dans l’habitat à travers des dispositions règlementaires et opérationnelles appropriées ; - Développer le partenariat public/privé dans la production de l’habitat ; - Améliorer l’accès aux infrastructures et aux équipements urbains de base (voirie, assainissement, éclairage public etc.) ; - Faciliter aux couches les plus défavorisées, l’accès au financement de leur logement ; et - Fixer les règles et conditions d’accès au logement.', '; - Faciliter aux couches les plus défavorisées, l’accès au financement de leur logement ; et - Fixer les règles et conditions d’accès au logement. Par ailleurs, l’analyse de vulnérabilité de ce secteur a porté sur le Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT). Ce schéma est donc élaboré sur la base de la vision en cours (Bénin 2025 Alafia). A cet effet, trois options d aménagement et de développement sont proposées ; 1) Un aménagement à travers les pôles de développement et les réseaux structurants, 2) Un aménagement qui renforce la solidarité et la complémentarité avec les voisins, 3) Un aménagement qui assure la gestion durable des ressources territoriales.', 'A cet effet, trois options d aménagement et de développement sont proposées ; 1) Un aménagement à travers les pôles de développement et les réseaux structurants, 2) Un aménagement qui renforce la solidarité et la complémentarité avec les voisins, 3) Un aménagement qui assure la gestion durable des ressources territoriales. Ces options sontStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin déclinées en orientations stratégiques, elles-mêmes subdivisées en composantes contenant des propositions d actions envisageables qui se résument dans le tableau 4 plus bas. 3.4.2. Analyse de vulnérabilité Les phénomènes climatiques exceptionnels qui ont frappé le Bénin, durant ces dernières années, sont communs à toute la sous-région.', 'Analyse de vulnérabilité Les phénomènes climatiques exceptionnels qui ont frappé le Bénin, durant ces dernières années, sont communs à toute la sous-région. Par exemple, le Sénégal, le Togo, le Burkina, le Niger, etc., ont connu, au cours de cette décennie, de graves inondations. En effet, au cours des derniers 40 ans, les événements d’inondations ont augmenté fortement en Afrique de l’Ouest. En 2007 et 2009, déjà plus de 800 000 personnes ont été affectées en Afrique de l’Ouest, mais 2010 a été une année particulièrement dévastatrice avec environ 1,9 million de personnes selon UN OCHA(2010). En particulier, les plaines des grandes villes dont Cotonou, Lomé, Accra, Lagos, Dakar et Niamey ont enregistré les chiffres les plus élevés de sinistrés.', 'En particulier, les plaines des grandes villes dont Cotonou, Lomé, Accra, Lagos, Dakar et Niamey ont enregistré les chiffres les plus élevés de sinistrés. La grande majorité des personnes affectées se trouvent au Bénin avec un effectif estimé à 680 000 sinistrés dont 150 000 avaient besoin d’abris. Plus spécifiquement : - Les inondations de 2010 au Bénin ont eu un impact total évalué à plus de 127 milliards de FCFA soit près de 262 millions USD. Les dommages (patrimoine, infrastructures, stocks, etc.) ont été estimés à près de 78,3 Milliards de FCFA (environ 162 millions USD) et les pertes (flux réduits, pertes de production, réduction des chiffres d’affaires, coûts et dépenses induits comme conséquence de la catastrophe) à près de 48,8 milliards FCFA (environ 100 millions USD).', 'ont été estimés à près de 78,3 Milliards de FCFA (environ 162 millions USD) et les pertes (flux réduits, pertes de production, réduction des chiffres d’affaires, coûts et dépenses induits comme conséquence de la catastrophe) à près de 48,8 milliards FCFA (environ 100 millions USD). - En 2005, l’érosion représentait une perte annuelle de plus de 49 Millions de tonnes de sols, tous les départements étant touchés : 13,7 millions de tonnes pour le Zou –Colline ; 10 millions de tonnes pour le Mono – Couffo ; 9,4 millions de tonnes pour l’Ouémé- Plateau; 6,7 millions de tonnes pour le Borgou – Aliboli ; 5,4 millions de tonnes pour l’Atlantique et 4 millions de tonnes pour l’Atlantique-Littoral.', '- En 2005, l’érosion représentait une perte annuelle de plus de 49 Millions de tonnes de sols, tous les départements étant touchés : 13,7 millions de tonnes pour le Zou –Colline ; 10 millions de tonnes pour le Mono – Couffo ; 9,4 millions de tonnes pour l’Ouémé- Plateau; 6,7 millions de tonnes pour le Borgou – Aliboli ; 5,4 millions de tonnes pour l’Atlantique et 4 millions de tonnes pour l’Atlantique-Littoral. - Ces pertes de sols par l’érosion sont aggravées par les modes d’occupation des sols, les pratiques de la culture itinérante sur brûlis avec pour corollaires la baisse du couvert végétal. - L’élévation du niveau de la mer a déjà détruit des hôtels, des habitations, des routes et des récoltes.', '- L’élévation du niveau de la mer a déjà détruit des hôtels, des habitations, des routes et des récoltes. L’océan menace d’engloutir une partie de Cotonou, la capitale économique du pays. D’après une étude publiée en 2007 par un organisme britannique à but non-lucratif, l’International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), l’érosion du littoralStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin pourrait rayer de la carte les zones de Donatin, Tokplégbé, Finagnon, Akpakpa-Dodomey et JAK, au sud-est du Bénin, si rien n’est fait pour freiner l’avancée des eaux. A cela s’ajoute la disparition des écosystèmes naturels (mangrove) et des plantations (cocotiers).', 'A cela s’ajoute la disparition des écosystèmes naturels (mangrove) et des plantations (cocotiers). - A Cotonou, plus de 400 mètres de terre, par endroits, ont déjà été avalés par la mer qui a ainsi englouti des maisons, et emporté des infrastructures hôtelières telles que l’Hôtel Palm Beach. - L’élévation du niveau de la mer par submersion et érosion des côtes a un effet néfaste sur les établissements humains côtiers. Avec le temps, l’intrusion d’eau marine accentue le degré de salinité des terres agricoles des plaines côtières en provoquant leur dégradation. Elle contribue également à la pollution des nappes phréatiques. L’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur des infrastructures et des établissements humains, est présentée dans la matrice suivante.', 'L’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur des infrastructures et des établissements humains, est présentée dans la matrice suivante. Tableau 4: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur des infrastructures et des établissements humains Base Programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (Dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique) SCHEMA NATIONAL D’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE (SNAT) - Aménagement à travers les pôles de développement et les réseaux structurants, - Aménagement qui renforce la solidarité et la complémentarité avec les voisins, - Aménagement qui assure la gestion durable des ressources territoriales Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, élévation du niveau de la mer Intensité : Elevée Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Etablissements humains - Occurrence des inondations - Sinistres importants (Perte d’habitat, de biens et d’équipements) - Perte de points du PIB du fait des embouteillages, des absences des travailleurs et de l’affectation d’une partie du budget d’investissement - Urbanisation incontrôlée (aménagement du territoire déficient) - Interruption de la continuité du réseau hydrographique (Occupation des zones non aedificandi) - Faible dispositif de - Restauration de la continuité du réseau hydrographique (avec construction d’ouvrages d’évacuation des eaux) - Développement et mise en œuvre d’un plan national des contingences desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin aux fins de réparation des altérations et autres préjudices prévention et de gestion des catastrophes naturelles catastrophes naturelles Pôles de développement régionaux Importantes pertes de production et de productivité au niveau local Faibles capacités des collectivités locales à faire face aux changements climatiques Intégration d’options d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans les plans de développement communaux Infrastructures routières - Inondation et dégradation des infrastructures routières - Sous dimensionnement des ouvrages d’évacuation des eaux de pluies Intégration de paramètres climatiques (adaptation et atténuation) dans le code des marchés publics Littoral - Erosion des berges à un rythme accéléré - Destruction des habitats et d’importantes infrastructures économiques (routes, hôtel, etc.)', 'Tableau 4: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur des infrastructures et des établissements humains Base Programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (Dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique) SCHEMA NATIONAL D’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE (SNAT) - Aménagement à travers les pôles de développement et les réseaux structurants, - Aménagement qui renforce la solidarité et la complémentarité avec les voisins, - Aménagement qui assure la gestion durable des ressources territoriales Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, élévation du niveau de la mer Intensité : Elevée Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Etablissements humains - Occurrence des inondations - Sinistres importants (Perte d’habitat, de biens et d’équipements) - Perte de points du PIB du fait des embouteillages, des absences des travailleurs et de l’affectation d’une partie du budget d’investissement - Urbanisation incontrôlée (aménagement du territoire déficient) - Interruption de la continuité du réseau hydrographique (Occupation des zones non aedificandi) - Faible dispositif de - Restauration de la continuité du réseau hydrographique (avec construction d’ouvrages d’évacuation des eaux) - Développement et mise en œuvre d’un plan national des contingences desStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin aux fins de réparation des altérations et autres préjudices prévention et de gestion des catastrophes naturelles catastrophes naturelles Pôles de développement régionaux Importantes pertes de production et de productivité au niveau local Faibles capacités des collectivités locales à faire face aux changements climatiques Intégration d’options d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans les plans de développement communaux Infrastructures routières - Inondation et dégradation des infrastructures routières - Sous dimensionnement des ouvrages d’évacuation des eaux de pluies Intégration de paramètres climatiques (adaptation et atténuation) dans le code des marchés publics Littoral - Erosion des berges à un rythme accéléré - Destruction des habitats et d’importantes infrastructures économiques (routes, hôtel, etc.) - Déplacement des populations - Perturbation de la dynamique sédimentaire du fait d’ouvrages construits en amont (Direction Ghana, Togo, Lomé) Approche sous régionale de protection des berges 3.4.3.', '- Déplacement des populations - Perturbation de la dynamique sédimentaire du fait d’ouvrages construits en amont (Direction Ghana, Togo, Lomé) Approche sous régionale de protection des berges 3.4.3. Sous programmes proposés SP 6 : Sous-programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales. Il s’agit avec ce sous-programme de restaurer les « chemins de l’eau » obstrués par endroit, soit par les habitations, soit par des infrastructures routières avec des ouvrages de franchissement et d’évacuation des eaux inadaptés. Sa mise en œuvre se fera à partir d’un plan de réaménagement des pôles urbains d’intérêt économique et social, où les inondations sont récurrentes et y causent d’importants sinistres chaque année.', 'Sa mise en œuvre se fera à partir d’un plan de réaménagement des pôles urbains d’intérêt économique et social, où les inondations sont récurrentes et y causent d’importants sinistres chaque année. SP 7 : Sous-programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles. Avec ce sous-programme il s’agira notamment de : a) mettre en place un système de prévision et d’alerte précoce ; b) aménager y compris mettre en place des ouvrages de régulation des eaux sur les principaux cours d’eau intérieurs ; et c) mettre en place un plan d’organisation des secours en cas de catastrophe naturelle.', 'Avec ce sous-programme il s’agira notamment de : a) mettre en place un système de prévision et d’alerte précoce ; b) aménager y compris mettre en place des ouvrages de régulation des eaux sur les principaux cours d’eau intérieurs ; et c) mettre en place un plan d’organisation des secours en cas de catastrophe naturelle. Il s’agira également de développer une plateforme de synergie d’action entre les différentes institutions chargées de la collecte, du traitement et de la diffusion de l’information climatique, ainsi que celles chargées de la protection civile.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin SP 8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques.', 'Il s’agira également de développer une plateforme de synergie d’action entre les différentes institutions chargées de la collecte, du traitement et de la diffusion de l’information climatique, ainsi que celles chargées de la protection civile.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin SP 8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques. Ce sous-programme est proposé pour pallier à la faiblesse constatée des collectivités locales à faire face aux effets des changements climatiques, ainsi qu’à contribuer aux efforts d’atténuation des GES.', 'Ce sous-programme est proposé pour pallier à la faiblesse constatée des collectivités locales à faire face aux effets des changements climatiques, ainsi qu’à contribuer aux efforts d’atténuation des GES. Il s’agira spécifiquement d’appuyer l’élaboration de nouveaux types de plans de développement communaux qui intègrent la question des changements climatiques, de former les acteurs du développement local (Organisation Non Gouvernementales (ONG) et secteur privé y compris) aux techniques de prise en charge des questions climatiques à l’échelle locale, et d’initier des micro- projets pilotes de démonstration aussi bien pour l’adaptation que pour l’atténuation. SP 9 : Sous-programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Ce sous- programme sera développé et mis en œuvre en collaboration à l’échelle sous régionale, notamment avec l’UEMOA.', 'Ce sous- programme sera développé et mis en œuvre en collaboration à l’échelle sous régionale, notamment avec l’UEMOA. Il s’intègre dans le cadre du Programme Régional de Lutte contre l’Erosion Côtière (PRLEC–UEMOA), objet du Règlement 02/2007/CM/UEMOA, adopté le 6 avril 2007, dont l’étude régionale pour le suivi du trait de côte et l’élaboration d’un schéma directeur du littoral de l’Afrique de l’Ouest a été réalisé par l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (UICN). 3.5.1.', 'Il s’intègre dans le cadre du Programme Régional de Lutte contre l’Erosion Côtière (PRLEC–UEMOA), objet du Règlement 02/2007/CM/UEMOA, adopté le 6 avril 2007, dont l’étude régionale pour le suivi du trait de côte et l’élaboration d’un schéma directeur du littoral de l’Afrique de l’Ouest a été réalisé par l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (UICN). 3.5.1. Présentation de la situation sanitaire du Bénin La Politique Nationale Sanitaire et le Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) pour la période 2009-2018 constituent les documents stratégiques de référence du secteur, dont l’objectif général est d’« améliorer l’état de santé de la population béninoise sur la base d’un système intégrant les populations pauvres et indigentes».', 'Présentation de la situation sanitaire du Bénin La Politique Nationale Sanitaire et le Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) pour la période 2009-2018 constituent les documents stratégiques de référence du secteur, dont l’objectif général est d’« améliorer l’état de santé de la population béninoise sur la base d’un système intégrant les populations pauvres et indigentes». Cet objectif se décline en trois objectifs spécifiques, à savoir : 1) assurer un accès universel aux services de santé et une meilleure qualité des soins pour l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) ; 2) renforcer le partenariat pour la santé ; et 3) améliorer la gouvernance et la gestion des ressources dans le secteur.', 'Cet objectif se décline en trois objectifs spécifiques, à savoir : 1) assurer un accès universel aux services de santé et une meilleure qualité des soins pour l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) ; 2) renforcer le partenariat pour la santé ; et 3) améliorer la gouvernance et la gestion des ressources dans le secteur. Le profil épidémiologique du Bénin est caractérisé par une prédominance de maladies transmissibles, une mortalité croissante liée aux maladies non transmissibles et une mortalité materno- infanto- juvénile élevée. Ce profil est déterminé par la qualité du milieu de vie, les comportements des individus, les conditions écologiques et climatiques et la capacité des services de santé à assumer pleinement leur rôle.', 'Ce profil est déterminé par la qualité du milieu de vie, les comportements des individus, les conditions écologiques et climatiques et la capacité des services de santé à assumer pleinement leur rôle. Les affections fréquemment rencontrées en consultation et n’ayant pas fait objet d’hospitalisation sont résumées dans la figure suivante.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Figure 3: Fréquence des principales affections rencontrée (Source : Ministère de la Sante) Au Bénin la transmission du paludisme est stable dans l’ensemble du pays.', 'Les affections fréquemment rencontrées en consultation et n’ayant pas fait objet d’hospitalisation sont résumées dans la figure suivante.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Figure 3: Fréquence des principales affections rencontrée (Source : Ministère de la Sante) Au Bénin la transmission du paludisme est stable dans l’ensemble du pays. On distingue trois principales zones de transmission: (i) dans la zone sud, côtière avec des lacs et lagunes la transmission est hétérogène du fait de la diversité des vecteurs, (ii) au centre, la transmission est holo-endémique, (iii) au nord, la transmission est saisonnière avec un pic au cours de la saison des pluies allant de juin à octobre. Toute la population est exposée au paludisme.', 'Toute la population est exposée au paludisme. Cependant les enfants de moins de cinq ans et les femmes enceintes constituent les groupes les plus vulnérables ; et sont exposés aux formes graves de la maladie. En 2014, le paludisme a représenté 40.6% des motifs de consultation et 29.9% des causes d’hospitalisation dans les centres de santé au Bénin. Les formations sanitaires ont notifié 1 519 538 cas de paludisme dont 1 869 décès. Les infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA) sont la première cause de mortalité chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans le monde. S’il est bien établi que le système respiratoire est sensible aux variations des conditions atmosphériques, peu d’études s’intéressent aux relations entre les IRA et les conditions météorologiques, surtout en Afrique subsaharienne.', 'S’il est bien établi que le système respiratoire est sensible aux variations des conditions atmosphériques, peu d’études s’intéressent aux relations entre les IRA et les conditions météorologiques, surtout en Afrique subsaharienne. Le Bénin a enregistré 383 833 cas de maladies diarrhéiques en 2014. L’analyse des statistiques indique une hausse à peine sensible des cas de maladies diarrhéiques de 2009 à 2010, mais depuis 2011 ce taux ne cesse de s’accroître. L’année 2013 est celle où on enregistre le taux le plus élevé de maladies diarrhéiques avec 387 547 cas. Cette même année a été marquée par des épidémies de choléra dans trois des zones agro-écologiques vulnérables aux effets des changements climatiques du pays.', 'Cette même année a été marquée par des épidémies de choléra dans trois des zones agro-écologiques vulnérables aux effets des changements climatiques du pays. Il s’agit de la zone 04 (Ouest-Atacora/Nord-Donga), de la 05 (zone cotonnière du Centre) et de la zone 08 (zone des Pêcheries).Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin L’accessibilité géographique aux soins et aux services de santé est définie par le pourcentage de la population qui vit à moins de 5 kilomètres d’un centre de santé. Au Bénin dans l’ensemble, 89% des ménages ont accès à une formation sanitaire dans leur localité dans un rayon de 5 km.', 'Au Bénin dans l’ensemble, 89% des ménages ont accès à une formation sanitaire dans leur localité dans un rayon de 5 km. S’agissant de l’accessibilité aux formations sanitaires de première référence, on remarque que plus de 50% de la population ont accès à un hôpital de référence en cas de nécessité ; 13% des populations vivent encore à plus de 30 km d’un hôpital de référence. La majorité des communautés rurales ne disposent pas d’un hôpital à moins de 5 km (34% contre 77% pour le milieu urbain). 3.5.2. Analyse de vulnérabilité Selon le 3ème Rapport de l’Avenir de l’Environnement en Afrique (AEO 3), le phénomène de réchauffement de la planète évolue plus en Afrique qu’ailleurs dans le monde.', 'Analyse de vulnérabilité Selon le 3ème Rapport de l’Avenir de l’Environnement en Afrique (AEO 3), le phénomène de réchauffement de la planète évolue plus en Afrique qu’ailleurs dans le monde. Ce constat de l’AEO 3 découle des éléments concrets de preuve rassemblés à partir du 4ème rapport d’évaluation du Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l’évolution du Climat (GIEC). Cette tendance croissante fait des changements climatiques le défi sanitaire et économique le plus important auquel le continent devra faire face. Les maladies sensibles aux conditions climatiques pourraient aisément se propager sous l’effet du réchauffement climatique généralisé (Guernier et autres 2004).', 'Les maladies sensibles aux conditions climatiques pourraient aisément se propager sous l’effet du réchauffement climatique généralisé (Guernier et autres 2004). En effet, la prévalence des infections associées aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes est ascendante au Bénin avec notamment : les maladies diarrhéiques et le paludisme inféodés aux inondations de la zone côtière et des bas-fonds, la méningite cérébro-spinale associée aux saisons sèches sévères de la région nord du pays, le choléra exacerbé par l’accroissement d’humidité, et la bilharziose endémique aux mares chauffées par le soleil. La pression des infections nouvelles jusque- là inconnues dans le pays (grippe aviaire, fièvres hémorragiques, etc.)', 'La pression des infections nouvelles jusque- là inconnues dans le pays (grippe aviaire, fièvres hémorragiques, etc.) vient s’ajouter à l’existant pour accroître le doute sur la capacité de la collectivité nationale à faire aboutir l’objectif 3 de la Déclaration de Politique de Population (DEPOLIPO) en situation de changement climatique persistant.', 'vient s’ajouter à l’existant pour accroître le doute sur la capacité de la collectivité nationale à faire aboutir l’objectif 3 de la Déclaration de Politique de Population (DEPOLIPO) en situation de changement climatique persistant. Tableau 5: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé Base programmatique Thème : Déterminants sociaux du bien-être Sous-thème : Déterminants sociaux du bien-être (pauvreté) La Politique Nationale Sanitaire et le PNDS (2009-2018) 1) assurer un accès universel aux services de santé et une meilleure qualité des soins pour l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) ; 2) renforcer le partenariat pour la santé ; 3) améliorer la gouvernance et la gestion des ressources dans le secteur.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, élévation du niveau de la mer Intensité : Elevé Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Maladies sensibles au climat (Paludisme, IRA, Méningite, fièvre jaune, etc…) - Augmentation de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat - Augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité due aux maladies sensibles au climat - Diminution de la production/productivité en milieu rural - Les inondations (eaux stagnantes) favorisent la propagation des maladies diarrhéiques et du paludisme - Les vents secs sont des facteurs propices au développement et au transport de certains vecteurs (Méningite, IRA) - Mesures de lutte anti vectoriel des principales maladies sensibles au climat Infrastructures de santé - Destruction des infrastructures de santé - Réduction de l’accessibilité/fréquentation des structures sanitaires - Difficultés d’approvisionnement en médicament des structures sanitaires/ruptures de stock - Les inondations et vents violents - Construction et réhabilitation des infrastructures sanitaires Plantes médicinales - Pertes des beaucoup d’espèces endémiques utilisées à des fins thérapeutiques - Diminution de couverture sanitaire des populations utilisant les plantes médicinales, surtout en milieu rural - Le caractère mystique qui entoure l’utilisation des plantes médicinales, limite leur identification aux fins de conservation (Perte de biodiversité due aux changements climatiques) - Intégration de la valorisation, de la conservation et de l’utilisation des plantes médicinales dans les politiques nationales de santé publique 3.5.3.', 'Tableau 5: Matrice d’analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé Base programmatique Thème : Déterminants sociaux du bien-être Sous-thème : Déterminants sociaux du bien-être (pauvreté) La Politique Nationale Sanitaire et le PNDS (2009-2018) 1) assurer un accès universel aux services de santé et une meilleure qualité des soins pour l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) ; 2) renforcer le partenariat pour la santé ; 3) améliorer la gouvernance et la gestion des ressources dans le secteur.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, élévation du niveau de la mer Intensité : Elevé Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Maladies sensibles au climat (Paludisme, IRA, Méningite, fièvre jaune, etc…) - Augmentation de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat - Augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité due aux maladies sensibles au climat - Diminution de la production/productivité en milieu rural - Les inondations (eaux stagnantes) favorisent la propagation des maladies diarrhéiques et du paludisme - Les vents secs sont des facteurs propices au développement et au transport de certains vecteurs (Méningite, IRA) - Mesures de lutte anti vectoriel des principales maladies sensibles au climat Infrastructures de santé - Destruction des infrastructures de santé - Réduction de l’accessibilité/fréquentation des structures sanitaires - Difficultés d’approvisionnement en médicament des structures sanitaires/ruptures de stock - Les inondations et vents violents - Construction et réhabilitation des infrastructures sanitaires Plantes médicinales - Pertes des beaucoup d’espèces endémiques utilisées à des fins thérapeutiques - Diminution de couverture sanitaire des populations utilisant les plantes médicinales, surtout en milieu rural - Le caractère mystique qui entoure l’utilisation des plantes médicinales, limite leur identification aux fins de conservation (Perte de biodiversité due aux changements climatiques) - Intégration de la valorisation, de la conservation et de l’utilisation des plantes médicinales dans les politiques nationales de santé publique 3.5.3. Sous-programme proposés SP 10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat.', 'Sous-programme proposés SP 10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat. Ce sous- programme permet d’attaquer les causes profondes de la résurgence et de la propagation des maladies sensibles au climat. Il s’appuie sur la surveillance épidémiologique, la mise en place d’unStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin plan riposte rapide pour prévenir et endiguer les maladies sensibles au climat en rapport avec les variations climatiques, ainsi que sur la recherche sur l’écologie des vecteurs de ces maladies. 3.6.1. Importance du secteur La République du Bénin reçoit un volume annuel moyen de pluie qui varie du Nord au Sud de 800mm à 1200mm.', 'Importance du secteur La République du Bénin reçoit un volume annuel moyen de pluie qui varie du Nord au Sud de 800mm à 1200mm. Ces eaux de pluies sont drainées par un réseau hydrographique relativement dense mais la plupart des cours d’eau ont un régime d’écoulement intermittent caractérisé par d’importants débits de crue et des débits d’étiage nuls. Les apports intérieurs et extérieurs d eau s’élèvent à environ 13,106 milliards de mètres cubes par an non compris les apports du fleuve Niger.', 'Les apports intérieurs et extérieurs d eau s’élèvent à environ 13,106 milliards de mètres cubes par an non compris les apports du fleuve Niger. Le taux actuel de mobilisation des ressources en eau est de l’ordre de 0,8% dont 4,3% pour les eaux souterraines (environ 80 millions m3 d’eau mobilisées par an sur 1,87 milliard m3 d’eau disponible) et 0,03% pour les eaux de surface (environ 40 millions de m3 d’eau mobilisées par an sur 13,1 milliard m3 d’eau disponible). Ces taux de mobilisation sont très faibles face à de nombreux besoins encore non satisfaits.', 'Ces taux de mobilisation sont très faibles face à de nombreux besoins encore non satisfaits. Si les besoins en eau potable, sur la base de la norme d’approvisionnement établie, enregistrent un taux de desserte relativement satisfaisant de 68% en milieu rural et de 71% en milieu urbain en 2014 et placent le Bénin sur la piste de l’atteinte des OMD, on est bien loin de ces performances dans les autres besoins liés à l’eau (eau agricole, eau industrielle, eau pour l’hydroélectricité, eau pour les activités de plaisance ou nautiques, etc.) où parfois très peu d’informations sont disponibles pour caractériser la situation.', 'où parfois très peu d’informations sont disponibles pour caractériser la situation. En ce qui concerne la mobilisation des 40 millions m3 d’eau de surface, environ 300 barrages ou plutôt retenues d’eau peuvent être dénombrées au Bénin dont à peine la moitié encore fonctionnelles. A part la retenue d’eau de la SUCOBE (ex Société Sucrière de Savè) qui fait 24 millions de m3 d’eau à elle seule, le barrage d’eau potable de l’Okpara (pour la ville de Parakou) qui fait environ 3 millions de m3 d’eau et le tout récent barrage hydro-agricole de Sépounga à Tanguiéta qui fait 1 million de m3 d’eau. Il s’agit généralement de très petits ouvrages dont la capacité individuelle varie de quelques milliers à quelques dizaines de milliers de m3 d’eau.', 'Il s’agit généralement de très petits ouvrages dont la capacité individuelle varie de quelques milliers à quelques dizaines de milliers de m3 d’eau. Depuis l’adoption de la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) comme approche de développement des ressources en eau en 1998, les ressources en eau sont gérées par bassin.', 'Depuis l’adoption de la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) comme approche de développement des ressources en eau en 1998, les ressources en eau sont gérées par bassin. Ainsi le Bénin dispose de quatre ensembles hydrographiques à savoir le Niger, la Volta, l’Ouémé-Yéwa et le Mono/Couffo.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le cadre de la gestion des ressources en eau du Bénin est défini par quatre principaux documents stratégiques : la Stratégie Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable (SNAEP), le Plan d’Action National de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (PANGIRE), le Schéma Directeur Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE) du fleuve Ouémé, et la Vision Eau 2025.', 'Ainsi le Bénin dispose de quatre ensembles hydrographiques à savoir le Niger, la Volta, l’Ouémé-Yéwa et le Mono/Couffo.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le cadre de la gestion des ressources en eau du Bénin est défini par quatre principaux documents stratégiques : la Stratégie Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable (SNAEP), le Plan d’Action National de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (PANGIRE), le Schéma Directeur Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE) du fleuve Ouémé, et la Vision Eau 2025. Le plan stratégique de planification du développement des ressources en eau le plus intégrateur de ces options potentielles d’adaptation, et le plus opérationnel de tous les documents de planification du secteur, est le SDAGE Ouémé.', 'Le plan stratégique de planification du développement des ressources en eau le plus intégrateur de ces options potentielles d’adaptation, et le plus opérationnel de tous les documents de planification du secteur, est le SDAGE Ouémé. Dans ce dernier, les actions de construction de trois (03) grands barrages hydroélectriques sur le cours principal et de vingt-sept (27) moyens et petits barrages sur les affluents, pour un coût d’environ 446,24 Milliards de FCFA, permettent de prendre en compte à la fois les préoccupations relatives au développement du secteur et la réduction de la pauvreté, à l’adaptation puis à l’atténuation. 3.6.2.', 'Dans ce dernier, les actions de construction de trois (03) grands barrages hydroélectriques sur le cours principal et de vingt-sept (27) moyens et petits barrages sur les affluents, pour un coût d’environ 446,24 Milliards de FCFA, permettent de prendre en compte à la fois les préoccupations relatives au développement du secteur et la réduction de la pauvreté, à l’adaptation puis à l’atténuation. 3.6.2. Analyse de vulnérabilité et des options d’adaptation Le développement du secteur des ressources en eau est influencé par les risques climatiques suivants : i) la sécheresse, ii) les inondations, iii) les vagues de chaleur (augmentation de la température), iv) les pluies tardives puis v) l’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'Analyse de vulnérabilité et des options d’adaptation Le développement du secteur des ressources en eau est influencé par les risques climatiques suivants : i) la sécheresse, ii) les inondations, iii) les vagues de chaleur (augmentation de la température), iv) les pluies tardives puis v) l’élévation du niveau de la mer. A ces risques, il faut ajouter : a) le comblement des cours d’eau, des lacs et lagunes ; b) la dégradation anthropique de la qualité de l’eau ; c) la modification du couvert végétal ; d) la modification de l’occupation du sol, y compris l’effet du ruissellement ; et e) la faiblesse du pouvoir d’achat des populations. Le sous-secteur des ressources en eau de surface est le plus vulnérable, suivi immédiatement par l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable (AEP).', 'Le sous-secteur des ressources en eau de surface est le plus vulnérable, suivi immédiatement par l’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable (AEP). Les femmes et les filles sont les plus vulnérables au plan des groupes sociaux. Pour réduire la vulnérabilité actuelle et future du secteur ressource en eau aux changements climatiques les options potentielles d’adaptation identifiées se résument en trois catégories : i) la gestion des besoins en eau (besoins d’irrigation et besoins des établissements humains) ; ii) l’amélioration de l’offre ; puis, iii) la conservation des ressources en eau.', 'Pour réduire la vulnérabilité actuelle et future du secteur ressource en eau aux changements climatiques les options potentielles d’adaptation identifiées se résument en trois catégories : i) la gestion des besoins en eau (besoins d’irrigation et besoins des établissements humains) ; ii) l’amélioration de l’offre ; puis, iii) la conservation des ressources en eau. Tableau 6: Matrice d’analyse de vulnérabilité et d’adaptation du secteur des ressources en eau Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) Schéma Directeur Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE) du fleuve Ouémé - Construction de trois (03) grands barrages hydroélectriques sur le coursStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin principal - Construction de vingt-sept (27) moyens et petits barrages sur les affluents Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, sécheresse Intensité : Moyenne à Elevée Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Eaux de surfaces - Vulnérabilité élevée - Réduction du lit des cours d’eau suite à l’envasement, qui cause des inondations - Changement du régime des cours d’eau avec une réduction de la disponibilité durant les épisodes de sécheresse, ainsi qu’une réduction du potentiel hydroélectrique - Fluctuation de la pluviométrie (en plus et en moins) - Erosion hydrique - Réduction du couvert végétal - Faible niveau de mobilisation des eaux de surface - Mise en place d’ouvrage de retenue d’eau et gestion intégrée et durable des bassins versants Eaux souterraines - Vulnérabilité faible - Rechargement des nappes phréatiques réduites en période de sécheresse - Réduction de la pluviométrie - Réduction du couvert végétal - Réalisation de forages Approvisionnement en eau potable - Vulnérabilité moyenne - Accentuation de la corvée d’eau qui affecte davantage les femmes et les enfants - Résurgence des maladies d’origine hydrique du fait de la faible qualité de l’eau - Faible niveau de maîtrise de l’eau - Réalisation de réservoirs et d’adductions d’eau potable et renforcement des capacités des populations locales dans leur gestion durable 3.6.3.', 'Tableau 6: Matrice d’analyse de vulnérabilité et d’adaptation du secteur des ressources en eau Base programmatique Thème : Bases humaines et matérielles du développement durable Sous-thème : Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité) Schéma Directeur Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE) du fleuve Ouémé - Construction de trois (03) grands barrages hydroélectriques sur le coursStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin principal - Construction de vingt-sept (27) moyens et petits barrages sur les affluents Types et niveaux de risques climatiques Facteurs climatiques : Inondation, pluies violentes, sécheresse Intensité : Moyenne à Elevée Unités d’Expositions Manifestation et Impacts Causes Profondes Options de prévention et de protection Eaux de surfaces - Vulnérabilité élevée - Réduction du lit des cours d’eau suite à l’envasement, qui cause des inondations - Changement du régime des cours d’eau avec une réduction de la disponibilité durant les épisodes de sécheresse, ainsi qu’une réduction du potentiel hydroélectrique - Fluctuation de la pluviométrie (en plus et en moins) - Erosion hydrique - Réduction du couvert végétal - Faible niveau de mobilisation des eaux de surface - Mise en place d’ouvrage de retenue d’eau et gestion intégrée et durable des bassins versants Eaux souterraines - Vulnérabilité faible - Rechargement des nappes phréatiques réduites en période de sécheresse - Réduction de la pluviométrie - Réduction du couvert végétal - Réalisation de forages Approvisionnement en eau potable - Vulnérabilité moyenne - Accentuation de la corvée d’eau qui affecte davantage les femmes et les enfants - Résurgence des maladies d’origine hydrique du fait de la faible qualité de l’eau - Faible niveau de maîtrise de l’eau - Réalisation de réservoirs et d’adductions d’eau potable et renforcement des capacités des populations locales dans leur gestion durable 3.6.3. Sous-programmes proposés SP 11 : Sous-Programme de construction des barrages à but multiple.', 'Sous-programmes proposés SP 11 : Sous-Programme de construction des barrages à but multiple. L’une des actions capitales du Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et de Gestion de l’Eau (SDAGE) Ouémé est la réalisation de trois ouvrages structurants multifonctions (barrages) dont le premier (barrage de Bétérou) vise entre autres prioritairement l’approvisionnement en Eau des zones du socle, le deuxième (barrage de Vossa) la régulation des inondations et le troisième (barrage de Dogo bis) l’autosuffisance énergétique. La réalisation de ces barrages permettra donc de mobiliser et de réguler les ressources en eau à des fins d’usages multiples.', 'La réalisation de ces barrages permettra donc de mobiliser et de réguler les ressources en eau à des fins d’usages multiples. Pour assurer leur contribution à la résilience du développementStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin et des populations et à la durabilité, ces ouvrages devront nécessairement s’intégrer dans une approche plus large de gestion intégrée des bassins versants, permettant notamment une revitalisation des couverts végétaux et l’utilisation planifiée et partagée des ressources en eaux entre différents usages et groupes d’intérêt impliqués dans le développement des sous-régions visées. SP 12 : Sous-Programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages.', 'SP 12 : Sous-Programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages. Dans le cadre de l’approche GIRE promue par le Bénin, ce sous-programme visera non seulement la planification et la réalisation des ouvrages pour assurer une desserte adéquate pour les populations locales concernées (incluant les groupes les plus vulnérables que représentent les femmes et les enfants), mais visera également et de manière prioritaire le renforcement des capacités des populations locales dans la gestion durable de ses ouvrages et des ressources en eaux associées, incluant sur les aspects techniques liés à leur entretien, les aspects institutionnels et financiers associés aux divers comités de gestion de ces ouvrages au niveau communautaire, ainsi que les aspects liés à la préservation de la qualité de l’eau et la prévention des maladies hydriques par les populations locales concernées.', 'Dans le cadre de l’approche GIRE promue par le Bénin, ce sous-programme visera non seulement la planification et la réalisation des ouvrages pour assurer une desserte adéquate pour les populations locales concernées (incluant les groupes les plus vulnérables que représentent les femmes et les enfants), mais visera également et de manière prioritaire le renforcement des capacités des populations locales dans la gestion durable de ses ouvrages et des ressources en eaux associées, incluant sur les aspects techniques liés à leur entretien, les aspects institutionnels et financiers associés aux divers comités de gestion de ces ouvrages au niveau communautaire, ainsi que les aspects liés à la préservation de la qualité de l’eau et la prévention des maladies hydriques par les populations locales concernées. L’analyse SWOT de la problématique de l’intégration et de la prise en charge des questions des changements climatiques dans les politiques de développement économiques sociales et environnementales au Bénin, présente un environnement favorable.', 'L’analyse SWOT de la problématique de l’intégration et de la prise en charge des questions des changements climatiques dans les politiques de développement économiques sociales et environnementales au Bénin, présente un environnement favorable. L’analyse est résumée dans le tableau ci-après : Tableau 7: Analyse SWOT de l intégration des changements climatiques dans les politiques béninoises FORCES : - Le Bénin est partie à la CCNUCC (PAN, CPDN, CN, PANA) - Fort engagement politique - Un ministère au sein duquel on retrouve une direction générale dédiée aux changements climatiques - Existence du Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC) depuis - Fonds National pour l’Environnement (FNE) FAIBLESSES : - Insuffisances de moyens financiers - Déficit de capacités techniques - Cadre légal et réglementaire faible OPPORTUNITES : - Existences de mécanismes financiers dédiés (FA, FEM, FVC) - Partenariat stratégique avec le PNUD (Cofinancement) - Environnement international favorable MENACES : - Non-respect des engagements des pays contributeurs - Echec des négociations sur le climat - Défis liés à l’opérationnalisation effective de la stratégie climat dans les actions des ministères sectoriels et trans-sectoriels concernés fautes de ressources et capacitésStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 4.', 'L’analyse est résumée dans le tableau ci-après : Tableau 7: Analyse SWOT de l intégration des changements climatiques dans les politiques béninoises FORCES : - Le Bénin est partie à la CCNUCC (PAN, CPDN, CN, PANA) - Fort engagement politique - Un ministère au sein duquel on retrouve une direction générale dédiée aux changements climatiques - Existence du Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (CNCC) depuis - Fonds National pour l’Environnement (FNE) FAIBLESSES : - Insuffisances de moyens financiers - Déficit de capacités techniques - Cadre légal et réglementaire faible OPPORTUNITES : - Existences de mécanismes financiers dédiés (FA, FEM, FVC) - Partenariat stratégique avec le PNUD (Cofinancement) - Environnement international favorable MENACES : - Non-respect des engagements des pays contributeurs - Echec des négociations sur le climat - Défis liés à l’opérationnalisation effective de la stratégie climat dans les actions des ministères sectoriels et trans-sectoriels concernés fautes de ressources et capacitésStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 4. FONDEMENTS\x03 DE\x03 LA\x03 STRATEGIE\x03ǣ\x03 ‘’Une\x03 Stratégie\x03 intersectorielle\x03 de\x03 planification\x03\x9d\x03court\x03et\x03moyen\x03termes’’\x03 La présente stratégie est un document légal de planification intersectoriel thématique à court et moyen termes, qui sera validé par le Conseil des Ministres.', 'FONDEMENTS\x03 DE\x03 LA\x03 STRATEGIE\x03ǣ\x03 ‘’Une\x03 Stratégie\x03 intersectorielle\x03 de\x03 planification\x03\x9d\x03court\x03et\x03moyen\x03termes’’\x03 La présente stratégie est un document légal de planification intersectoriel thématique à court et moyen termes, qui sera validé par le Conseil des Ministres. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du respect des engagements du Bénin par rapport à la CCNUCC, qu’il a ratifiée suite au vote du projet de loi portant ratification de la CCNUCC par l’Assemblée Nationale. La stratégie vient consolider et renforcer les acquis de toutes les activités de lutte contre les changements climatiques, initiés dans le cadre de l’application de la décision 28/CP.7 de la CCNUCC relative aux lignes directrices annotées pour l’établissement de programmes d’action nationaux aux fins de l’adaptation (PANA).', 'La stratégie vient consolider et renforcer les acquis de toutes les activités de lutte contre les changements climatiques, initiés dans le cadre de l’application de la décision 28/CP.7 de la CCNUCC relative aux lignes directrices annotées pour l’établissement de programmes d’action nationaux aux fins de l’adaptation (PANA). Des essais de prise en compte des changements climatiques dans les stratégies et programmes de développement existent. Par exemple le verdissement du document de Stratégie de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (R.B., 2007) a permis de donner une orientation à la prise en compte de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. De même le programme de relance du secteur agricole évoque largement la prise en compte de l’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques.', 'De même le programme de relance du secteur agricole évoque largement la prise en compte de l’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques. Cependant, il faut signaler que la prise en compte de l’adaptation n’est pas encore un réflexe dans l’élaboration des politiques de développement. Cette situation est due au fait qu’il s’agit d’une problématique nouvelle et que l’expertise reste très limitée au niveau national en matière de développement et d’utilisation des outils d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité et de l’adaptation.', 'Cette situation est due au fait qu’il s’agit d’une problématique nouvelle et que l’expertise reste très limitée au niveau national en matière de développement et d’utilisation des outils d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité et de l’adaptation. Dans le cadre de la Commission Nationale de Modélisation de l’Impact Economique du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat, il a été retenu d’entamer des travaux visant à : (i) Evaluer les capacités techniques et institutionnelles des ministères sectoriels concernés par la question des changements climatiques, des ministères transversaux (planification, finances, développement) et aussi des institutions d’expertise et de recherche devant accompagner ces ministères (outils, connaissance, expertise etc.', 'Dans le cadre de la Commission Nationale de Modélisation de l’Impact Economique du Climat et de l’Intégration des Changements Climatiques dans le Budget Général de l’Etat, il a été retenu d’entamer des travaux visant à : (i) Evaluer les capacités techniques et institutionnelles des ministères sectoriels concernés par la question des changements climatiques, des ministères transversaux (planification, finances, développement) et aussi des institutions d’expertise et de recherche devant accompagner ces ministères (outils, connaissance, expertise etc. ); (ii) Argumenter les choix de modèles sectoriels retenus relativement aux spécificités du Bénin, puis discuter etStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin analyser les hypothèses nécessaires à l’adaptation des modèles existants choisis aux réalités des différents secteurs de développement ; et (iii) Evaluer les besoins en données (variables climatiques, variables économiques), proposer la méthodologie et les outils de collecte de données, collecter les données et mettre en œuvre les modèles sectoriels adaptés.', '); (ii) Argumenter les choix de modèles sectoriels retenus relativement aux spécificités du Bénin, puis discuter etStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin analyser les hypothèses nécessaires à l’adaptation des modèles existants choisis aux réalités des différents secteurs de développement ; et (iii) Evaluer les besoins en données (variables climatiques, variables économiques), proposer la méthodologie et les outils de collecte de données, collecter les données et mettre en œuvre les modèles sectoriels adaptés. Au plan local, il faut noter que des communes du Bénin, sensibilisées par des ONG ou des institutions publiques nationales, ont introduit des préoccupations liées aux changements climatiques dans leurs Plans de Développement Communaux (PDC) avec des lignes budgétaires associées.', 'Au plan local, il faut noter que des communes du Bénin, sensibilisées par des ONG ou des institutions publiques nationales, ont introduit des préoccupations liées aux changements climatiques dans leurs Plans de Développement Communaux (PDC) avec des lignes budgétaires associées. Il s’agit des communes de Kandi, Karimama, Ségbana, Malanville, Banikoara et Gogounou. La méthodologie d’introduction des préoccupations liées aux changements climatiques a consisté à établir la carte de vulnérabilité de chaque commune pour identifier les risques climatiques majeurs. La suite a été d’identifier les activités à mener au niveau communautaire pour lutter contre les impacts des risques identifiés.', 'La suite a été d’identifier les activités à mener au niveau communautaire pour lutter contre les impacts des risques identifiés. Mais les budgets de ces communes restent généralement dérisoires et aucune activité de grande envergure n’est souvent exécutée dans ce cadre, même si la prévision est faite dans le Plan de Travail Annuel (PTA). Il faut signaler que seulement quelques communes ont pu mettre en œuvre un processus d’intégration des changements climatiques dans leur PDC, en faveur de projets spécifiques8.', 'Il faut signaler que seulement quelques communes ont pu mettre en œuvre un processus d’intégration des changements climatiques dans leur PDC, en faveur de projets spécifiques8. La grande majorité n’a pas pu encore intégrer les questions climatiques en utilisant notamment une méthodologie et des outils pertinents adaptés, partant de l’identification et analyse des risques climatiques, en passant par l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité actuelle et future, pour aboutir à l’identification et la priorisation des options d’adaptation puis leur planification dans le PDC. Cette situation est doublement liée au manque de ressource financière et d’expertise avérée tant au niveau national que local.', 'Cette situation est doublement liée au manque de ressource financière et d’expertise avérée tant au niveau national que local. Par exemple, si l’évaluation des coûts et surcoûts d’impact et des coûts d’adaptation est problématique au niveau national, elle l’est encore plus au niveau local surtout lorsqu’il s’agit des coûts d’adaptation future. Cette stratégie vient ainsi combler ces lacunes en tant que document de planification thématique intersectorielle à moyen et court termes. Elle vient consolider, mettre à l’échelle et pérenniser les acquis de toutes les activités entreprises au niveau national dans le cadre de la lutte contre les changements climatiques.', 'Elle vient consolider, mettre à l’échelle et pérenniser les acquis de toutes les activités entreprises au niveau national dans le cadre de la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Elle approche la question des changements climatiques au Bénin, de façon beaucoup plus structurelle, en l’intégrant notamment dans les secteurs clés qui sous-tendent le développement 8 Communes de Kandi, Karimama, Ségbana, Malanville, Banikoara et Gogounou de même que la Commune des Collines plus récemment où de tels efforts viennent d’être lancés spécifiquement par le biais du projet Africa4Climate sous financement AFD/FEM.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin économique et social du pays.', 'Elle approche la question des changements climatiques au Bénin, de façon beaucoup plus structurelle, en l’intégrant notamment dans les secteurs clés qui sous-tendent le développement 8 Communes de Kandi, Karimama, Ségbana, Malanville, Banikoara et Gogounou de même que la Commune des Collines plus récemment où de tels efforts viennent d’être lancés spécifiquement par le biais du projet Africa4Climate sous financement AFD/FEM.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin économique et social du pays. Elle vise en effet, à renforcer l’un des huit (08) thèmes de la stratégie ALAFIA 2025, notamment celui relatif aux « Bases humaines et matérielles du Développement durable » qui couvre les trois sous-thèmes suivants ; Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique), Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important), Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité).', 'Elle vise en effet, à renforcer l’un des huit (08) thèmes de la stratégie ALAFIA 2025, notamment celui relatif aux « Bases humaines et matérielles du Développement durable » qui couvre les trois sous-thèmes suivants ; Gestion de l’environnement et des villes (dégradation croissante de l’environnement et urbanisation anarchique), Promotion de la technologie (retard technologique important), Promotion de l’économie (défi de productivité et de prospérité). Le développement de la présente stratégie repose sur l’évaluation aussi bien de la vulnérabilité que du potentiel d’atténuation des GES des principaux six (06) secteurs9 de développement qui sous-tendent les sous-thèmes ci-dessus cités.', 'Le développement de la présente stratégie repose sur l’évaluation aussi bien de la vulnérabilité que du potentiel d’atténuation des GES des principaux six (06) secteurs9 de développement qui sous-tendent les sous-thèmes ci-dessus cités. Cette stratégie est par ailleurs en phase avec le Programme Stratégique de Réduction de la Vulnérabilité et d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest, conjointement développé par la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) et l’UEMOA.', 'Cette stratégie est par ailleurs en phase avec le Programme Stratégique de Réduction de la Vulnérabilité et d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest, conjointement développé par la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) et l’UEMOA. Avec le développement et la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient, la République du Bénin : - participe à la co-construction d’une réglementation sur le climat, aussi bien à l’échelle nationale, à l’échelle sous régionale et à l’échelle internationale ; - assume sa part de responsabilité du problème causé par les émissions de GES.', 'Avec le développement et la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient, la République du Bénin : - participe à la co-construction d’une réglementation sur le climat, aussi bien à l’échelle nationale, à l’échelle sous régionale et à l’échelle internationale ; - assume sa part de responsabilité du problème causé par les émissions de GES. En effet, en plus d’adresser les besoins d’adaptation auxquels le Bénin fait prioritairement face, il est également question d’adopter des mesures visant d’une part à prévenir ou à réduire les émissions de GES, et d’autre part des mesures visant la séquestration du carbone ; et - exerce son droit au développement, en veillant notamment à ce que les options d’adaptation et d’atténuation prises n’entravent pas son développement économique et social.', 'En effet, en plus d’adresser les besoins d’adaptation auxquels le Bénin fait prioritairement face, il est également question d’adopter des mesures visant d’une part à prévenir ou à réduire les émissions de GES, et d’autre part des mesures visant la séquestration du carbone ; et - exerce son droit au développement, en veillant notamment à ce que les options d’adaptation et d’atténuation prises n’entravent pas son développement économique et social. Mieux, cette stratégie va renforcer la vision Bénin ALAFIA 2025. La présente Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient face aux changements climatiques couvre la période 2016- 2025 (Décennal, 10 ans).', 'La présente Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient face aux changements climatiques couvre la période 2016- 2025 (Décennal, 10 ans). 9 Ces six secteurs ont été retenus par un conseil des MinistresStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin développement\x03économique\x03\x9d\x03faible\x03intensité\x03en\x03carbone\x03et\x03résilient\x03 aux\x03changements\x03climatiques’’\x03 La présente stratégie a été développée suivant la vision selon laquelle, « le Bénin est d’ici à 2025, un pays dont le développement est résilient aux changements climatiques et à faible intensité en carbone »’’. Elle, repose sur celle de Bénin ALAFIA 2025 qui prévoit à l’horizon 2025, de faire du Bénin, « un pays phare, un pays bien gouverné, uni et de paix, à économie prospère et compétitive, de rayonnement culturel et de bien-être social ».', 'Elle, repose sur celle de Bénin ALAFIA 2025 qui prévoit à l’horizon 2025, de faire du Bénin, « un pays phare, un pays bien gouverné, uni et de paix, à économie prospère et compétitive, de rayonnement culturel et de bien-être social ». Elle s’inscrit dans la perspective de développement durable et de la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable et de l’Agenda de développement international post-2015, notamment l’ODD 11 : Faire en sorte que les villes et les établissements humains soient ouverts à tous, sûrs, résilients et durables, l’ODD-13 : Prendre d’urgence des mesures pour lutter contre les changements climatiques et leurs répercussions, l’ODD- 14 : Conserver et exploiter de manière durable les océans, les mers et les ressources marines aux fins du développement durable, et l’ODD-15 : Préserver et restaurer les écosystèmes terrestres, en veillant à les exploiter de façon durable, gérer durablement les forêts, lutter contre la désertification, enrayer et inverser le processus de dégradation des terres et mettre fin à l’appauvrissement de la biodiversité.', 'Elle s’inscrit dans la perspective de développement durable et de la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable et de l’Agenda de développement international post-2015, notamment l’ODD 11 : Faire en sorte que les villes et les établissements humains soient ouverts à tous, sûrs, résilients et durables, l’ODD-13 : Prendre d’urgence des mesures pour lutter contre les changements climatiques et leurs répercussions, l’ODD- 14 : Conserver et exploiter de manière durable les océans, les mers et les ressources marines aux fins du développement durable, et l’ODD-15 : Préserver et restaurer les écosystèmes terrestres, en veillant à les exploiter de façon durable, gérer durablement les forêts, lutter contre la désertification, enrayer et inverser le processus de dégradation des terres et mettre fin à l’appauvrissement de la biodiversité. L’objectif global de la stratégie est de contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays, pour les rendre à plus faible intensité en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques.', 'L’objectif global de la stratégie est de contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays, pour les rendre à plus faible intensité en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques. Plus spécifiquement, la stratégie est développée et mise en œuvre afin de : - renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique (OS-1) ; - réduire les émissions de GES d’origine anthropique (OS-2) ; et - renforcer la protection des communautés, notamment celles des plus vulnérables face aux catastrophes naturelles (OS-3).Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Cette stratégie sera mise en œuvre à travers douze sous-programmes organisés autour des trois piliers suivants, respectivement articulés autour de l’adaptation, de la réduction des risques climatiques et de l’atténuation : 5.3.1.', 'Plus spécifiquement, la stratégie est développée et mise en œuvre afin de : - renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique (OS-1) ; - réduire les émissions de GES d’origine anthropique (OS-2) ; et - renforcer la protection des communautés, notamment celles des plus vulnérables face aux catastrophes naturelles (OS-3).Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Cette stratégie sera mise en œuvre à travers douze sous-programmes organisés autour des trois piliers suivants, respectivement articulés autour de l’adaptation, de la réduction des risques climatiques et de l’atténuation : 5.3.1. PILIER 1 : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles Il vise à assurer la sécurité alimentaire en améliorant la productivité et l’accès à l’eau potable, en évitant les pertes de production des principaux sous-secteurs de l’agriculture et en développant les capacités des communautés locales dans la gestion d’un développement décentralisé résilient.', 'PILIER 1 : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles Il vise à assurer la sécurité alimentaire en améliorant la productivité et l’accès à l’eau potable, en évitant les pertes de production des principaux sous-secteurs de l’agriculture et en développant les capacités des communautés locales dans la gestion d’un développement décentralisé résilient. Sous ce pilier, cinq (05) sous-programmes (SP) seront mis en œuvre : - SP-1 : Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles ; - SP-2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant ; - SP-8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques ; - SP-11 : Sous-programme de construction des barrages à but multiple ; et - SP-12 : Sous-programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages.', 'Sous ce pilier, cinq (05) sous-programmes (SP) seront mis en œuvre : - SP-1 : Sous-programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles ; - SP-2 : Sous-programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant ; - SP-8 : Sous-programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques ; - SP-11 : Sous-programme de construction des barrages à but multiple ; et - SP-12 : Sous-programme de forages, de construction de réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages. Impacts : Les principaux résultats attendus sur le long terme de la mise en œuvre effective de ce pilier, sont : le relèvement du niveau de la sécurité alimentaire, l’augmentation de la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB du Bénin, et un degré accru de résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques.', 'Impacts : Les principaux résultats attendus sur le long terme de la mise en œuvre effective de ce pilier, sont : le relèvement du niveau de la sécurité alimentaire, l’augmentation de la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB du Bénin, et un degré accru de résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques. Les résultats attendus (effets) se déclinent comme suit : Effet 1.1 : Un accès accru au niveau national et décentralisé au financement du développement de l’agriculture, par le biais des résultats court terme (extrants) suivants: 1.1.1.', 'Les résultats attendus (effets) se déclinent comme suit : Effet 1.1 : Un accès accru au niveau national et décentralisé au financement du développement de l’agriculture, par le biais des résultats court terme (extrants) suivants: 1.1.1. Trois (03) institutions financières majeures ont mis en place et utilisent des instruments financiers qui prennent en charge les risques climatiques qui pèsent sur les investissements agricoles, en appui au développement des filières agricoles retenues par des actions aux niveaux central et décentralisé 1.1.2. Le Fonds National de Développement Agricoles (FNDA) est mis en place et appui le développement des filières agricoles retenues par des actions aux niveaux central et décentralisé 1.1.3.', 'Le Fonds National de Développement Agricoles (FNDA) est mis en place et appui le développement des filières agricoles retenues par des actions aux niveaux central et décentralisé 1.1.3. Le FADEC Agriculture est pérennisé et généralisé à l’échelle nationale.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Effet 1.2 : Une gestion intégrée et durable des ressources de production, par le biais des extrants suivants : 1.2.1. Trois (03) grands barrages à usages multiples sont construits sur le cours principal de l’Ouémé avec des plans de gestion intégrés et effectifs des bassins versants 1.2.2. Nombre d’hectares de terres agricoles aménagés en appui aux 13 filières retenues 1.2.3. Nombre d’hectares de terres agricoles restaurées 1.2.4. Des forages, réservoirs, et système d’adductions d’eau potable sont mis en place 1.2.5.', 'Des forages, réservoirs, et système d’adductions d’eau potable sont mis en place 1.2.5. Les capacités de gestion communautaire durable de ces ouvrages sont effectives dans les communautés ciblées. Effet 1.3 : Les capacités des collectivités locales pour la prise en compte des changements climatiques dans leur développement sont renforcées et se traduisent dans leurs plans et actions de développement, par le biais des extrants suivants : 1.3.1. Les professionnels et exécutifs des collectivités locales et de leurs pôles régionaux (acteurs locaux ONG et secteur privé y compris) sont sensibilisés et formés sur l’intégration des problématiques de changements climatiques dans leur développement 1.3.2. Les analyses de vulnérabilité et du potentiel d’atténuation sont développées pour les collectivités et pôles visés 1.3.3.', 'Les analyses de vulnérabilité et du potentiel d’atténuation sont développées pour les collectivités et pôles visés 1.3.3. Les plans et budget régionaux et communaux de développement intègrent systématiquement les problématiques de changements climatiques 1.3.4. Des micro-projets de démonstration en adaptation et atténuation sont financés et mis en œuvre aux niveaux décentralisés. 5.3.2. PILIER 2 : Réduction des émissions de GES d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone Ce pilier concerne la réduction à la source des émissions de GES, ainsi que le renforcement du potentiel de séquestration de carbone des massifs forestiers.', 'PILIER 2 : Réduction des émissions de GES d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone Ce pilier concerne la réduction à la source des émissions de GES, ainsi que le renforcement du potentiel de séquestration de carbone des massifs forestiers. Ce pilier est mis en œuvre à travers les trois sous-programmes suivants : - SP-3 : Sous-programme d’appui à la transition énergétique ; - SP-4 : Sous-programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES ; et - SP-5: Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Impacts : Le principal résultat long terme attendu de la mise en œuvre des sous-programmes de ce pilier, est la réduction des GES, au moins jusqu’à concurrence des engagements pris par le Bénin, dans le cadre de la CPND, soit l’évitement d’au moins 12 Mt Eq-CO2 d’émissions et la séquestration d’au moins 163 Mt CO2 d’ici à 2030.', 'Ce pilier est mis en œuvre à travers les trois sous-programmes suivants : - SP-3 : Sous-programme d’appui à la transition énergétique ; - SP-4 : Sous-programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES ; et - SP-5: Sous-programme de renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Impacts : Le principal résultat long terme attendu de la mise en œuvre des sous-programmes de ce pilier, est la réduction des GES, au moins jusqu’à concurrence des engagements pris par le Bénin, dans le cadre de la CPND, soit l’évitement d’au moins 12 Mt Eq-CO2 d’émissions et la séquestration d’au moins 163 Mt CO2 d’ici à 2030. Les résultats attendus (effets) se déclinent comme suit : Effet 2.1 : La transition énergétique est réalisée, par le biais des extrants suivants : 2.1.1.', 'Les résultats attendus (effets) se déclinent comme suit : Effet 2.1 : La transition énergétique est réalisée, par le biais des extrants suivants : 2.1.1. Financement et réalisation de centrales à énergies renouvelables (Solaire, Hydroélectricité, Biomasse énergie, etc.) 2.1.2. Mise en place des conditions institutionnelle, juridique et incitative favorables à l investissement privé dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables 2.1.3. Financement et développement des filières de biocarburant. Effet 2.2 : La législation de contrôle à la source des émissions de GES est effective, par le biais des extrants suivants : 2.2.1. Une étude complète est réalisée sur la question de la pollution par les hydrocarbures avec incidence sur la qualité de l’air et la couche d’ozone 2.2.2. Une réglementation est mise en place 2.2.3.', 'Une réglementation est mise en place 2.2.3. Les capacités et instruments de mise en œuvre de cette règlementation sont développés et opérationnels. Effet 2.3 : La déforestation et la gestion durable des terres est effective, selon les cibles établies dans le programme REDD+ du Bénin, et concerne aussi bien l’aménagement des aires protégées déjà existantes, que la création de nouvelles aires protégées, par le biais des extrants suivants : 2.3.1. Mise en œuvre de programmes d afforestation à grande échelle 2.3.2. Les différentes composantes du programme REDD+ sont mises en place 2.3.3. Élaboration et mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durables des écosystèmes forestiers. 5.3.3.', 'Élaboration et mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durables des écosystèmes forestiers. 5.3.3. PILIER 3 : Réduction des risques climatiques Ce pilier regroupe les sous-programmes qui contribuent à la réduction de la vulnérabilité des communautés faces aux catastrophes naturelles ainsi qu’aux maladies sensibles au climat. Ce pilier sera mis en œuvre à travers les quatre (04) sous-programmes suivants : - SP6 : Sous-programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - SP7 : Sous-programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles.', 'Ce pilier sera mis en œuvre à travers les quatre (04) sous-programmes suivants : - SP6 : Sous-programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin - SP7 : Sous-programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles. - SP9 : Sous-programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest - SP10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat.', '- SP9 : Sous-programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest - SP10 : Sous-programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat. Impacts : En termes de résultats longs termes de la mise en œuvre de ce pilier, il est attendu que les risques liés aux inondations (Dommages matériels et corporels, maladies, etc) soient réduits d’au moins 60% dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, avec une incidence positive sur le PIB, ainsi qu’une diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat (paludisme, maladies diarrhéiques, méningite et fièvre jaune) au sein des populations dans les zones à risques et dans les milieux défavorisées (bidonvilles).', 'Impacts : En termes de résultats longs termes de la mise en œuvre de ce pilier, il est attendu que les risques liés aux inondations (Dommages matériels et corporels, maladies, etc) soient réduits d’au moins 60% dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, avec une incidence positive sur le PIB, ainsi qu’une diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat (paludisme, maladies diarrhéiques, méningite et fièvre jaune) au sein des populations dans les zones à risques et dans les milieux défavorisées (bidonvilles). Effet 3.1 : La continuité d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales est assurée, par le biais des extrants suivants : 3.1.1. Les analyses du réseau hydrographique sont actualisées 3.1.2. Des infrastructures de drainage adaptées sont construites en zones urbaines selon ces plans 3.1.3.', 'Des infrastructures de drainage adaptées sont construites en zones urbaines selon ces plans 3.1.3. Des infrastructures de drainage adaptées sont construites en zones périurbaines selon ces plans. Effet 3.2 : Un système de lutte contre les principales maladies sensibles au climat est effectif, par le biais des extrants suivants : 3.2.1. Un système de surveillance épidémiologique est instauré 3.2.2. Un plan de riposte rapide pour prévenir et endiguer les maladies est développé, financé et mis en œuvre 3.2.3. Des recherches sur l’écologie des vecteurs de ces maladies sont financées, réalisées et leurs résultats publiés Effet 3.3 : L’érosion marine côtière est contrôlée, par le biais de l’extrant suivant : 3.3.1. Nombre linéaires de mètres de berge sont protégés contre l’érosion marine côtière.', 'Nombre linéaires de mètres de berge sont protégés contre l’érosion marine côtière. Effet 3.4 : Le système national d’alerte précoce, de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelle est renforcé, par le biais des extrants suivants : 3.4.1. Un système de prévision et d’alerte est mis en place 3.4.2. Un plan d’organisation des secours en cas de catastrophe naturelle est développéStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.4.3. Des synergies sont développées entre les différentes institutions chargées de la collecte, du traitement et de la diffusion de l’information climatique, ainsi que celles chargées de la protection civile. 5.3.4.', 'Des synergies sont développées entre les différentes institutions chargées de la collecte, du traitement et de la diffusion de l’information climatique, ainsi que celles chargées de la protection civile. 5.3.4. AXE TRANSVERSAL : Coordination, renforcement des capacités et de gestion des connaissances A ces trois piliers, s’ajoute un axe transversal de coordination, de renforcement de capacités et de gestion des connaissances. Cet axe sous-tend le plan opérationnel de mise en œuvre de la stratégie dans son ensemble. Impact : Cet axe contribuera à la réalisation de tous les résultats à long terme déjà énoncés plus haut pour chacun des trois piliers de la stratégie.', 'Impact : Cet axe contribuera à la réalisation de tous les résultats à long terme déjà énoncés plus haut pour chacun des trois piliers de la stratégie. Effet 4.1 : La facilitation et coordination de mise en œuvre de la stratégie et son suivi sont effectives, par le biais des extrants suivants : 4.1.1. Un dispositif institutionnel et un plan de coordination, de suivi et d’évaluation sont mis en place 4.1.2. Des demandes de financement sont identifiées, développées et coordonnées avec les ministères concernés Effet 4.2 : Les capacités organisationnelles et individuelles des parties prenantes à la mise en œuvre de la stratégie tant au niveau national que local sont renforcées, par le biais des extrants suivants : 4.2.1. Un cadre légal et réglementaire favorable est mis en place 4.2.2.', 'Un cadre légal et réglementaire favorable est mis en place 4.2.2. Des actions de sensibilisation, de formation et d’accompagnement sont développées et réalisées auprès différentes parties concernéesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin SUIVI\x03ǣ\x03‘’\x03Une\x03approche\x03de\x03mise\x03en\x03œuvre\x03poly-centrée’’\x03 Considérant le caractère multisectoriel de la stratégie, cette dernière sera mise en œuvre à travers quatre organes ; a) un organe d’orientation stratégique : le comité de pilotage, b) un organe de supervision : le comité de coordination, c) un organe de supervision : l’Unité de gestion et de coordination du programme (UGCP), et d) un organe de mise en œuvre : les Unités de gestion des sous-programmes (UGSP).', 'Des actions de sensibilisation, de formation et d’accompagnement sont développées et réalisées auprès différentes parties concernéesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin SUIVI\x03ǣ\x03‘’\x03Une\x03approche\x03de\x03mise\x03en\x03œuvre\x03poly-centrée’’\x03 Considérant le caractère multisectoriel de la stratégie, cette dernière sera mise en œuvre à travers quatre organes ; a) un organe d’orientation stratégique : le comité de pilotage, b) un organe de supervision : le comité de coordination, c) un organe de supervision : l’Unité de gestion et de coordination du programme (UGCP), et d) un organe de mise en œuvre : les Unités de gestion des sous-programmes (UGSP). L’ancrage institutionnel de la stratégie sera au niveau du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable, conformément à sa lettre de mission.', 'L’ancrage institutionnel de la stratégie sera au niveau du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable, conformément à sa lettre de mission. Un tel ancrage institutionnel de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie au sein du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable, où vient d’être instaurée la Direction de la Gestion des Changements Climatiques (DGCC), marque une forte volonté politique du gouvernement du Bénin de lutter contre les changements climatiques et assure une coordination efficace de la stratégie. 6.2.1. Le Comité de Pilotage (CP) Un comité de Pilotage représentatif des parties prenantes et présidé par le Ministre du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable sera mis en place.', 'Le Comité de Pilotage (CP) Un comité de Pilotage représentatif des parties prenantes et présidé par le Ministre du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable sera mis en place. Il est composé des représentants au niveau décisionnel : a) des principaux ministères directement impliqués dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la stratégie, b) des représentants des collectivités locales, c) des représentants de partenaires techniques et financiers, d) des représentants du secteur privé, et e) des représentants de la société civile. Ce comité est l’organe suprême de décision et d’orientation stratégique dans l’architecture de mise en œuvre de la stratégie.', 'Ce comité est l’organe suprême de décision et d’orientation stratégique dans l’architecture de mise en œuvre de la stratégie. A ce titre, le Comité de Pilotage veille au maintien des orientations stratégiques par rapport à la vision fixée, endosse les requêtes de financement, et valide les divers rapports. Ce comité de pilotage qui capitalise sur les acquis du Comité climat déjà instauré, sera institué par un décret qui en fixera la composition et les attributs.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 6.2.2. Le Comité de Coordination (CC) En dessous de ce comité de pilotage vient le Comité de coordination qui est le principal organe de supervision de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie.', 'Le Comité de Coordination (CC) En dessous de ce comité de pilotage vient le Comité de coordination qui est le principal organe de supervision de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie. Il est composé des représentants au niveau technique : a) des principaux ministères directement impliqués dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la stratégie, b) des représentants des collectivités locales, c) des représentants de partenaires techniques et financiers, d) des représentants du secteur privé, et e) des représentants de la société civile. Le comité de coordination regroupe trois sous-comités : 1) Sous-comité des Experts qui regroupe, les spécialistes dans les domaines relatifs aux trois piliers de la stratégie. Ces experts ont pour mission principale de valider techniquement les options d’intervention retenues.', 'Ces experts ont pour mission principale de valider techniquement les options d’intervention retenues. C’est un organe consultatif dont les membres sont nommés par le comité de pilotage sur proposition des ministères impliqués dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie ; 2) Sous-comité des PTF qui regroupe les partenaires du développement au Bénin. Ils seront regroupés autour des trois piliers de la stratégie sous la coordination de trois chefs de file, respectivement un par pilier. A l’effet de la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie, le Gouvernement du Bénin développera des partenariats stratégiques avec notamment, des institutions internationales dans leur stratégie d’intervention au niveau du pays, le secteur privé dans le cadre de partenariat public-privé (PPP), et les pays amis dans le cadre de la coopération bilatérale.', 'A l’effet de la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie, le Gouvernement du Bénin développera des partenariats stratégiques avec notamment, des institutions internationales dans leur stratégie d’intervention au niveau du pays, le secteur privé dans le cadre de partenariat public-privé (PPP), et les pays amis dans le cadre de la coopération bilatérale. Dans le cadre des accords, les institutions décentralisées ainsi que les organisations de la société civile (OSC) seront associées au niveau le plus approprié et sur la base de leurs avantages comparatifs respectifs. C’est un organe de mobilisation de ressource et de coordination des interventions ; et 3) Sous-comité suivi & évaluation qui sera sous la présidence du représentant du Ministère d’Etat Chargé du Développement.', 'C’est un organe de mobilisation de ressource et de coordination des interventions ; et 3) Sous-comité suivi & évaluation qui sera sous la présidence du représentant du Ministère d’Etat Chargé du Développement. Il sera composé de spécialistes en suivi et évaluation des politiques et des programmes. Ce sous-comité approuve les plans de suivi et évaluation des divers sous programmes, valide les rapports des missions d’évaluation et conseil sur les mesures nécessaires à prendre pour l’atteinte des objectifs fixés. 6.2.3. L’Unité de Gestion et Coordination du Programme (UGCP) Une unité de gestion et de coordination du programme (UGCP) sera mise en place au sein de la DGCC du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable.', 'L’Unité de Gestion et Coordination du Programme (UGCP) Une unité de gestion et de coordination du programme (UGCP) sera mise en place au sein de la DGCC du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable. C’est un organe opérationnel de planification, de gestion et de coordination de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie. Il sera organisé autour des trois (3) piliers.', 'Il sera organisé autour des trois (3) piliers. A cet effet une équipe restreinte sera mise en place et comprendra ; un (01)Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Coordonnateur National de la stratégie, un (01) chargé du pilier adaptation, (01) chargé du pilier atténuation, un (01) chargé du pilier de réduction des risques, et un (01) planificateur spécialiste en suivi et évaluation des programmes. C’est à l’UGCP que revient la tâche de développer le portefeuille des sous-programmes sous chaque pilier en étroite collaboration avec les ministères concernés. L’UGCP met en œuvre l’axe transversal de la stratégie. 6.2.4. Les Unités de Gestion des Sous-Programmes (UGSP) Douze (12) unités de gestion seront mises en place, soit une par sous-programme.', 'Les Unités de Gestion des Sous-Programmes (UGSP) Douze (12) unités de gestion seront mises en place, soit une par sous-programme. A cet effet, chaque ministère concerné mettra en place une unité de mise en œuvre du sous-programme dont il aura la charge, en s’appuyant notamment sur la cellule environnementale déjà établie au sein du Ministère. Les UGSP sont des entités opérationnelles basées au sein des ministères et ont la charge de mettre en œuvre les sous-programmes.', 'Les UGSP sont des entités opérationnelles basées au sein des ministères et ont la charge de mettre en œuvre les sous-programmes. Ils sont sous la supervision de l’UGCP, qui assure également la coordination entre les divers UGSP.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Organigramme ______ ______ _______ _______ Structures Attributions COMITE DE PILOTAGE (CP) COMITE DE COORDINATION (CC) Sous comité des Experts Sous comité des PTF Sous comité Suivi-évaluation UNITE DE GESTION ET DE COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME (UGCP) UGSP UGSP UGSP UGSP CP : Organe d’orientation stratégique Assure le maintien de la vision CC : Organe de supervision Assure l’effectivité de la mise en œuvre par l’assistance technique, la mobilisation de ressources et le suivi-évaluation UGCP: Organe opérationnel de planification et de coordination UGSP: Entité opérationnelle de mise en œuvre Assure la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes Assure la planification opérationnelle et la coordination de la mise en œuvreStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la présente stratégie sont assurés par le Ministère d’Etat Chargé du Plan et du Développement, suivant les mécanismes et procédures arrêtés en la matière, à travers le sous-comité suivi et évaluation dont il assure la présidence.', 'Ils sont sous la supervision de l’UGCP, qui assure également la coordination entre les divers UGSP.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Organigramme ______ ______ _______ _______ Structures Attributions COMITE DE PILOTAGE (CP) COMITE DE COORDINATION (CC) Sous comité des Experts Sous comité des PTF Sous comité Suivi-évaluation UNITE DE GESTION ET DE COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME (UGCP) UGSP UGSP UGSP UGSP CP : Organe d’orientation stratégique Assure le maintien de la vision CC : Organe de supervision Assure l’effectivité de la mise en œuvre par l’assistance technique, la mobilisation de ressources et le suivi-évaluation UGCP: Organe opérationnel de planification et de coordination UGSP: Entité opérationnelle de mise en œuvre Assure la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes Assure la planification opérationnelle et la coordination de la mise en œuvreStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la présente stratégie sont assurés par le Ministère d’Etat Chargé du Plan et du Développement, suivant les mécanismes et procédures arrêtés en la matière, à travers le sous-comité suivi et évaluation dont il assure la présidence. 6.3.1.', 'Ils sont sous la supervision de l’UGCP, qui assure également la coordination entre les divers UGSP.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Organigramme ______ ______ _______ _______ Structures Attributions COMITE DE PILOTAGE (CP) COMITE DE COORDINATION (CC) Sous comité des Experts Sous comité des PTF Sous comité Suivi-évaluation UNITE DE GESTION ET DE COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME (UGCP) UGSP UGSP UGSP UGSP CP : Organe d’orientation stratégique Assure le maintien de la vision CC : Organe de supervision Assure l’effectivité de la mise en œuvre par l’assistance technique, la mobilisation de ressources et le suivi-évaluation UGCP: Organe opérationnel de planification et de coordination UGSP: Entité opérationnelle de mise en œuvre Assure la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes Assure la planification opérationnelle et la coordination de la mise en œuvreStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la présente stratégie sont assurés par le Ministère d’Etat Chargé du Plan et du Développement, suivant les mécanismes et procédures arrêtés en la matière, à travers le sous-comité suivi et évaluation dont il assure la présidence. 6.3.1. Suivi et évaluation des performances Le suivi de la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie est crucial surtout à son stade initial.', 'Suivi et évaluation des performances Le suivi de la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie est crucial surtout à son stade initial. A ce titre, le comité de coordination, à travers le sous-comité suivi-évaluation, va élaborer un plan de suivi et évaluation détaillé qui comprend les actions suivantes : - Elaboration de la situation de référence détaillée pour chaque sous- programme et pour la stratégie; - Finalisation du cadre/outils de mesure du rendement pour la stratégie et les sous-programmes ; - Formations des parties prenantes concernées aux niveaux national et décentralisé pour assurer leur contribution à la fonction de suivi ; - Conduite de mission de suivi évaluation par l’organe de supervision de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie (périodicité : chaque deux ans) ; par organe de gestion (périodicité : annuelle, semestrielle trimestrielle et autres) ; - Elaboration rapport de progrès sur la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes et de la stratégie (la périodicité peut varier selon l’organe de mis en œuvre concerné) ; - Évaluations à mi-parcours et finale portant sur la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes et de la stratégie et le niveau d’atteinte des résultats escomptés ; et - Capitalisation des connaissances générées durant la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie, et diffusion à travers les médias appropriés dans les fora les plus indiqués.', 'A ce titre, le comité de coordination, à travers le sous-comité suivi-évaluation, va élaborer un plan de suivi et évaluation détaillé qui comprend les actions suivantes : - Elaboration de la situation de référence détaillée pour chaque sous- programme et pour la stratégie; - Finalisation du cadre/outils de mesure du rendement pour la stratégie et les sous-programmes ; - Formations des parties prenantes concernées aux niveaux national et décentralisé pour assurer leur contribution à la fonction de suivi ; - Conduite de mission de suivi évaluation par l’organe de supervision de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie (périodicité : chaque deux ans) ; par organe de gestion (périodicité : annuelle, semestrielle trimestrielle et autres) ; - Elaboration rapport de progrès sur la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes et de la stratégie (la périodicité peut varier selon l’organe de mis en œuvre concerné) ; - Évaluations à mi-parcours et finale portant sur la mise en œuvre des sous- programmes et de la stratégie et le niveau d’atteinte des résultats escomptés ; et - Capitalisation des connaissances générées durant la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie, et diffusion à travers les médias appropriés dans les fora les plus indiqués. Les enseignements tirés du suivi et de l’évaluation des sous-programmes, seront capitalisés sous divers formes (poster, documentaires, reportages, interview, etc.)', 'Les enseignements tirés du suivi et de l’évaluation des sous-programmes, seront capitalisés sous divers formes (poster, documentaires, reportages, interview, etc.) et diffusés à travers divers canaux (site Internet, radio, télévision, side-event dans les événements internationaux, etc.) 6.3.2. Revue périodique de la stratégique Une revue périodique de la stratégie sera conduite sous la direction du Comité de Pilotage qui en fixe la date exacte et les termes de référence détaillés. Cette revue impliquera l’ensemble des acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie et s’appuiera sur les principaux enseignements des rapports de suiviStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin et évaluation jusque là soumis.', 'Cette revue impliquera l’ensemble des acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie et s’appuiera sur les principaux enseignements des rapports de suiviStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin et évaluation jusque là soumis. Les recommandations faites à l’issue de cette revue seront accompagnées d’un plan d’action de mise en œuvre qui obligera l’UGCP et les UGSP. La mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie, commence et dépend de la bonne exécution de l’axe transversal de coordination.', 'La mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie, commence et dépend de la bonne exécution de l’axe transversal de coordination. Elle suit les principales étapes suivantes : Etape 1 : Planification opérationnelle de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie a) Diffusion et sensibilisation sur la stratégie b) Elaboration d’un plan d’action détaillé Etape 2 : Mise en place du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la stratégie a) Adoption de la stratégie en conseil des ministres b) Signature du décret d’application portant mise en place des instances de gestion et coordination de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie Etape 3 : Mise en place de l’équipe de l’UGCP de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie, incluant l’identification et la sensibilisation de ses points focaux au niveau décentralisé Etape 4 : Formation et mise à niveau des membres des diverses entités de d’orientation, de coordination et de mise en œuvre de la stratégie à l’élaboration des sous- programmes d’adaptation et d’atténuation Etape 5 : Développement et mise en pipeline (recherche de financements) des sous- programmes respectifs.', 'Elle suit les principales étapes suivantes : Etape 1 : Planification opérationnelle de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie a) Diffusion et sensibilisation sur la stratégie b) Elaboration d’un plan d’action détaillé Etape 2 : Mise en place du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la stratégie a) Adoption de la stratégie en conseil des ministres b) Signature du décret d’application portant mise en place des instances de gestion et coordination de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie Etape 3 : Mise en place de l’équipe de l’UGCP de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie, incluant l’identification et la sensibilisation de ses points focaux au niveau décentralisé Etape 4 : Formation et mise à niveau des membres des diverses entités de d’orientation, de coordination et de mise en œuvre de la stratégie à l’élaboration des sous- programmes d’adaptation et d’atténuation Etape 5 : Développement et mise en pipeline (recherche de financements) des sous- programmes respectifs. Le budget chronogramme de cet axe transversal de coordination est à l’annexe 2 du présent document.', 'Le budget chronogramme de cet axe transversal de coordination est à l’annexe 2 du présent document. 6.4.1. Planification opérationnelle de la mise en œuvre Une fois adoptée en Conseil des Ministres, la stratégie sera éditée, publiée et largement diffusée au niveau national, sur la base d’un plan de communication détaillé. Il s’agit d’informer, de sensibiliser et de mobiliser les partenaires ainsi que les populations, autour de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie. Un plan d’action détaillé sera également développé par l’UGCP.', 'Un plan d’action détaillé sera également développé par l’UGCP. Avec ce plan d’action il sera surtout question de planifier toutes les activités de la stratégie, et aussi celles permettant de lever toutes les contraintes (conditions critiques) pour une mise en œuvre effective.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 6.4.2. Mise en place du cadre institutionnel L’accord de coopération bilatérale entre le Bénin et la France, constitue le cadre institutionnel dans lequel se situe ce document de stratégie. L’accord de coopération porte sur le développement du document de stratégie, avec notamment la mise à disposition de ressources financière et techniques de la part de la France (via l’AFD) et la mobilisation d’une expertise nationale de la part du gouvernement du Bénin.', 'L’accord de coopération porte sur le développement du document de stratégie, avec notamment la mise à disposition de ressources financière et techniques de la part de la France (via l’AFD) et la mobilisation d’une expertise nationale de la part du gouvernement du Bénin. Suite à la validation technique du document de stratégie, ce dernier sera soumis au Conseil des Ministres pour adoption. Suite à cette adoption, d’autres actes légaux (décret d’application, etc.) seront pris par les autorités compétentes du Bénin pour notamment fixer la composition et les attributions des organes de gestion de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie (Comité de pilotage, le comité de coordination avec ses sous- comité, l’UGCP et les UGSP). 6.4.3.', 'seront pris par les autorités compétentes du Bénin pour notamment fixer la composition et les attributions des organes de gestion de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie (Comité de pilotage, le comité de coordination avec ses sous- comité, l’UGCP et les UGSP). 6.4.3. Mise en place de l’Unité de Gestion et de Coordination du Programme (UGCP) Le choix des membres de l’équipe de l’UGCP est déterminant pour une mise en œuvre satisfaisante de la stratégie. A ce titre le gouvernement du Bénin, entend sélectionner les meilleurs profils sur la base d’un appel à candidature. Les profils du personnel clé de l’UGCP sont ci-dessous présentés.', 'Les profils du personnel clé de l’UGCP sont ci-dessous présentés. L’équipe de l’UGCP comprendra entre autres, les profils suivants : - Un (e) 01 Coordonnateur (trice) chef d’équipe, ayant un niveau d’étude supérieur du niveau master (au moins) dans le domaine des changements climatiques, de l’environnement ou de toute autre discipline pertinente. Il (Elle) devra avoir au moins dix ans d’expérience confirmée à un poste de coordination ou de direction. Il (Elle) devra avoir une bonne connaissance des institutions sous-régionales (UEMOA, CEDEAO, CILSS, etc.) et internationales (CCNUCC, FEM, FA, FVC, etc.). Il (Elle) devra en plus du français avoir une bonne maîtrise de l’anglais. Il (Elle) devra avoir une grande capacité managériale ainsi qu’un bon profil d’intégrité.', 'Il (Elle) devra avoir une grande capacité managériale ainsi qu’un bon profil d’intégrité. - 01 Chargé(e) du portefeuille Adapdation, qui a au moins un master dans le domaine de l’adaptation ou un diplôme d’ingénieur de conception en agriculture et d’une spécialisation en adaptation en changements climatiques. Il (Elle) devra avoir une expérience pratique confirmée notamment dans la gestion de projets d’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Il (Elle) devra avoir une bonne connaissance des méthodes de sollicitation des ressources des principaux bailleurs de fonds dédiés à l’adaptation, notamment ; le Fonds d’Adaptation, le FEM (LDCF), leStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Fonds Vert Climat et le Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies (FENU).', 'Il (Elle) devra avoir une bonne connaissance des méthodes de sollicitation des ressources des principaux bailleurs de fonds dédiés à l’adaptation, notamment ; le Fonds d’Adaptation, le FEM (LDCF), leStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Fonds Vert Climat et le Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies (FENU). Il (Elle) devra aussi avoir une connaissance de travail de l’anglais ainsi qu’une grande capacité de rédaction. - Un (e) 01 Chargé(e) du portefeuille Atténuation. Il (Elle) doit être titulaire d’un master en changements climatiques ou en sciences de l’environnement. Il (Elle) peut aussi être un ingénieur de conception en foresterie, en énergie, ou dans tout domaine pertinent à la stratégie.', 'Il (Elle) peut aussi être un ingénieur de conception en foresterie, en énergie, ou dans tout domaine pertinent à la stratégie. Il (Elle) devra obligatoirement avoir une spécialisation dans le domaine de Mécanismes de Développement Propres (MDP). Il (Elle) devra avoir une expérience pratique dans la formulation ou dans la gestion des projets d’atténuation (Réduction des émissions des GES). Une bonne connaissance des mécanismes REDD+ serait un plus. Une connaissance de travail de l’anglais est requise. - Un (e) 01 Chargé(e) du portefeuille Risques climatiques. Il (Elle) doit avoir un master relevant des domaines de l’assainissement, de la santé, de l’aménagement urbain, ou des sciences de l’environnement. Il (Elle) doit aussi avec une spécialisation dans le domaine des changements climatiques.', 'Il (Elle) doit aussi avec une spécialisation dans le domaine des changements climatiques. Il (Elle) doit avoir une expérience pratique dans la conception ou dans la gestion d’un projet relevant de la protection civile. Une connaisse de travail de l’anglais est nécessaire. - Un(e) planificateur spécialiste en suivi et évaluation des programmes. Il (Elle) devra être titulaire d’un master ou d’un diplôme d’ingénieur en planification du développement. Il devra avoir une expérience pratique d’au moins 10 ans dans le domaine du suivi des politiques de développement et avoir une très bonne maitrise des instruments de mesure des performances des projets de développement. Une connaissance de travail en anglais est également nécessaire.', 'Une connaissance de travail en anglais est également nécessaire. En plus du personnel clé, un personnel additionnel d’appui composé d’un comptable, d’un assistant administratif et d’un chauffeur, sera recruté. Des consultants nationaux et internationaux seront également mobilisés à travers la coopération internationale. 6.4.4. Formation des Groupes de Travail Sectoriels (GTS) Suite à la formation des GTS en analyse de vulnérabilité et option d’atténuation, des formations en conception de projets d’adaptation et d’atténuation seront organisées à leur intention. Ces formations seront ciblées et seront combinées au processus de développement des sous-programmes identifiés. Ce seront des cessions de formation/formulation des douze (12) sous-programmes identifiés, qui seront organisées par l’équipe de coordination avec l’appui d’experts nationaux et internationaux.', 'Ce seront des cessions de formation/formulation des douze (12) sous-programmes identifiés, qui seront organisées par l’équipe de coordination avec l’appui d’experts nationaux et internationaux. Ces formations devront également cibler les points focaux décentralisés qui seront précédemmentStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin identifiés par l’équipe de coordination. Les sous-programmes seront spécifiquement développés sur la base des canevas des bailleurs ciblés pour chacun, dans l’optique d’une mise en pipeline. Au six (6) GTS ayant réalisés les analyses sectorielles, s’ajouteront deux autres à la lumière de besoins identifiés durant le processus de préparation de la stratégie.', 'Au six (6) GTS ayant réalisés les analyses sectorielles, s’ajouteront deux autres à la lumière de besoins identifiés durant le processus de préparation de la stratégie. Il s’agit d’un GTS pour le développement d’un plan de contingence pour la prévention et la gestion des risques climatiques, ainsi qu’un GTS pour l’appui à l’émergence des pôles de développement régionaux. Pour des raisons d’efficacité des coûts et vu le nombre réduit (6 personnes en moyenne) des membres des GTS, les formations seront groupées en trois sessions de formation d’une durée indicative de 5 jours chacune. Une session sera organisée pour chaque pilier. 6.4.5.', 'Une session sera organisée pour chaque pilier. 6.4.5. Développement et mise en pipeline des sous-programmes La mise en pipeline (ou la soumission des documents de sous-programmes) est certainement l’étape la plus cruciale du processus, puisqu’elle détermine la mobilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre. A noter que le Ministère des finances joue un rôle central et est impliqué dans tous les sous-programmes, puisque dans la plupart des cas c’est lui qui en dernier ressort assure cette mise en pipeline. Le tableau ci-après résume les déterminantes qui sous-tendent une mise en pipeline réaliste.', 'Le tableau ci-après résume les déterminantes qui sous-tendent une mise en pipeline réaliste. Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés PILIER 1 ADAPTATION : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles SP-1 : Sous- programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD - FAO, - UNCDF - Coopérations bilatérales : (AFD, CTB, GIZ) - CEDEAO (Union Africaine, NEPAD) - Secteur privé - Fonds d’adaptation - Fonds vert pour le climat - FNEC - Union Européenne - FEM Communes - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption)Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés bénéficiaires du projet SP-2 : Sous- programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant.', 'Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés PILIER 1 ADAPTATION : Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles SP-1 : Sous- programme de renforcement de la résilience des communautés et filières agricoles - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD - FAO, - UNCDF - Coopérations bilatérales : (AFD, CTB, GIZ) - CEDEAO (Union Africaine, NEPAD) - Secteur privé - Fonds d’adaptation - Fonds vert pour le climat - FNEC - Union Européenne - FEM Communes - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption)Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés bénéficiaires du projet SP-2 : Sous- programme de mise en place des services financiers climatiques structurant. - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Prêt/FIDA/FAO - Banque Mondiale - FENU - IMF - Coopérations bilatérales - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) - Subvention FEM - Fonds d’adaptation - Fonds vert pour le climat - PIF/PPG - Lettre d’endossement SP-8 : Sous- programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques - Investissement/GoB - BM - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de la décentralisation et de la Gouvernance locale - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Subvention FVC/FEM - FNEC - PNUD et Autres agences du SNU - Coopération décentralisée - FENU -PIF/PPG, Document de projet -Lettre d’endossement - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) SP-11 : Sous- programme de construction des barrages à but multiple - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’énergie, de l’eau et des mines - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère de la santé -Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD Union Européenne Banque Islamique de Développement FNEC Fonds d’Adaptation Fonds Vert pour le Climat UEMOA Coopération bilatérale : GIZ - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet -Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) SP-12 : Sous- programme de forages, de construction de - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’énergie, de l’eau - Ministère de l’économie et des financesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages.', '- Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Prêt/FIDA/FAO - Banque Mondiale - FENU - IMF - Coopérations bilatérales - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) - Subvention FEM - Fonds d’adaptation - Fonds vert pour le climat - PIF/PPG - Lettre d’endossement SP-8 : Sous- programme national de renforcement de capacité des collectivités locales en appui à l’émergence de pôles régionaux de développement résilient face aux changements climatiques - Investissement/GoB - BM - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de la décentralisation et de la Gouvernance locale - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Subvention FVC/FEM - FNEC - PNUD et Autres agences du SNU - Coopération décentralisée - FENU -PIF/PPG, Document de projet -Lettre d’endossement - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) SP-11 : Sous- programme de construction des barrages à but multiple - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’énergie, de l’eau et des mines - Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère de la santé -Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD Union Européenne Banque Islamique de Développement FNEC Fonds d’Adaptation Fonds Vert pour le Climat UEMOA Coopération bilatérale : GIZ - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet -Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) SP-12 : Sous- programme de forages, de construction de - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère de l’énergie, de l’eau - Ministère de l’économie et des financesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés réservoirs, d’adductions d’eau potable et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages. et des mines - Ministère du cadre de vie et du développement durable - Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin et ONGs - FNEC - Fonds d’Adaptation - Fonds Vert pour le Climat - Documents de projet - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) PILIER 2 ATTENUATION : Réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone SP-3 : Sous- programme d’appui à la transition énergétique Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD Subventions GCF et partenaires bilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin - AFD - MCA - BM - Requête de prêt - Requête de financement - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet Investissement entreprises privées - Accord de co- financement et d’investissement SP-4 : Sous- programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de la Justice et de la Législation - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc - MCA Requête de financement Document de projet SP-5 : Sous- programme de Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du - Ministère du Cadre de vie etStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, BAD, etc Requête de financement Document de projet Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement PILIER 3 : REDUCTION DES RISQUES CLIMATIQUES SP-6 : Sous- programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministères de l’énergie, de l’Eau et des mines - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement - Prêt BM/BOAD/BAD - Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin dont le Japon - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission SP-7 : Sous- programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère de l’intérieur et de la sécurité publique - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement - Ministère de l’économie et des finances Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc PNUD et autres agences du SNU Requête de financement Document de projet SP-9 : Sous- programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest.', 'et des mines - Ministère du cadre de vie et du développement durable - Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin et ONGs - FNEC - Fonds d’Adaptation - Fonds Vert pour le Climat - Documents de projet - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet - Convention qui s’appuie sur la loi sur les PPP (en cours d’adoption) PILIER 2 ATTENUATION : Réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone SP-3 : Sous- programme d’appui à la transition énergétique Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Prêt/BM/BOAD/BAD Subventions GCF et partenaires bilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin - AFD - MCA - BM - Requête de prêt - Requête de financement - Lettre de transmission - Document de projet Investissement entreprises privées - Accord de co- financement et d’investissement SP-4 : Sous- programme de développement d un mécanisme de contrôle/réglementation des émissions de GES Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de la Justice et de la Législation - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc - MCA Requête de financement Document de projet SP-5 : Sous- programme de Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du - Ministère du Cadre de vie etStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés renforcement des puits de carbone et de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, BAD, etc Requête de financement Document de projet Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement PILIER 3 : REDUCTION DES RISQUES CLIMATIQUES SP-6 : Sous- programme de mise en place et de restauration du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales - Investissement/GoB - Budget d’investissement - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministères de l’énergie, de l’Eau et des mines - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement - Prêt BM/BOAD/BAD - Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin dont le Japon - Requête de prêt - Lettre de transmission SP-7 : Sous- programme de renforcement du système d’alerte précoce de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère de l’intérieur et de la sécurité publique - Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement - Ministère de l’économie et des finances Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc PNUD et autres agences du SNU Requête de financement Document de projet SP-9 : Sous- programme sous régional de protection des côtes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Prêt et Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc.', 'Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Prêt et Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin GCF, FEM, etc. BM, Fonds d’Adaptation Requête de financement Document de projetStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés SP-10 : Sou- programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère de la santé - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin, GCF, FEM, etc BM, OMS, FAO et autres agences du SNU Requête de financement Document de projet Sous-Programme de coordination, de renforcement de capacités et de gestion des connaissances Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement du point focal FEM - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (DGCC) - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention /AFD, GCF, CTB, FEM, UNICEF et PNUD Requête de financement (PIF et PPG) Document de projetStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ressources\x03propres\x03du\x03pays\x03pour\x03en\x03mobiliser\x03davantage\x03auprès\x03des\x03 mécanismes\x03de\x03financement\x03dédiés’’\x03 Le Gouvernement du Bénin compte mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie, à travers principalement les trois mécanismes de financement que sont : le budget d’investissement de l’Etat, les prêts, les subventions et dons et dans une moindre mesure les investissements privés.', 'BM, Fonds d’Adaptation Requête de financement Document de projetStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Sous-programmes (SP) Type de financement/Bailleurs ciblé Documents à produire Responsables Ministères associés SP-10 : Sou- programme de lutte anti-vectoriel des maladies sensibles au climat Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement - Ministère de la santé - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention bailleurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux traditionnels du Bénin, GCF, FEM, etc BM, OMS, FAO et autres agences du SNU Requête de financement Document de projet Sous-Programme de coordination, de renforcement de capacités et de gestion des connaissances Investissement/GoB Lettre d’endossement du point focal FEM - Ministère du Cadre de vie et du Développement Durable (DGCC) - Ministère de l’économie et des finances - Ministère d’Etat chargé du Plan et du Développement Subvention /AFD, GCF, CTB, FEM, UNICEF et PNUD Requête de financement (PIF et PPG) Document de projetStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ressources\x03propres\x03du\x03pays\x03pour\x03en\x03mobiliser\x03davantage\x03auprès\x03des\x03 mécanismes\x03de\x03financement\x03dédiés’’\x03 Le Gouvernement du Bénin compte mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie, à travers principalement les trois mécanismes de financement que sont : le budget d’investissement de l’Etat, les prêts, les subventions et dons et dans une moindre mesure les investissements privés. C’est ainsi que : - des fonds d’investissement seront mobilisés à partir du budget national, notamment pour le financement des sous-programmes structurant pour l’économie nationale, mais aussi pour le cofinancement des autres sous-programmes, souvent requis par les mécanismes de financement.', 'C’est ainsi que : - des fonds d’investissement seront mobilisés à partir du budget national, notamment pour le financement des sous-programmes structurant pour l’économie nationale, mais aussi pour le cofinancement des autres sous-programmes, souvent requis par les mécanismes de financement. Pour ces investissements, l’Etat mettra à contribution le secteur privé à travers des partenariats public-privés (PPP). Ces fonds mobilisés représentent la contribution du Gouvernement et des collectivités locales bénéficiaires des sous-programmes. - des prêts seront sollicités par le Gouvernement du Bénin auprès des Banques d’appui au développement, mais également des institutions spécialisées des Nations Unies les plus indiquées (FAO, FIDA, etc.)', '- des prêts seront sollicités par le Gouvernement du Bénin auprès des Banques d’appui au développement, mais également des institutions spécialisées des Nations Unies les plus indiquées (FAO, FIDA, etc.) ; - des dons et subventions seront requis des partenaires internationaux multilatéraux et bilatéraux du Bénin ainsi que des mécanismes de financement dédiés à la lutte contre les changements climatiques et la protection de l’environnement. - Des investissements privés seront promus, notamment dans le secteur de l’énergie. Ces investissements devront être mobilisés par le Bénin dans le cadre du développement de la production énergétique pour les énergies renouvelables qui requièrent des investissements considérables. A noter que dans les tous les cas, cette mobilisation des ressources financières est soucieuse de l’efficacité de la dette et de l’aide au développement.', 'A noter que dans les tous les cas, cette mobilisation des ressources financières est soucieuse de l’efficacité de la dette et de l’aide au développement. Elle est en effet tributaire du renforcement de la culture démocratique des peuples, qui exigent plus de redevabilité de la part de leurs gouvernants, notamment dans la gestion des affaires publiques et à laquelle l’Etat Béninois attache de la valeur.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Mais en définitive, l’Etat Béninois est conscient que la mobilisation effective des ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie dépendra en grande partie sa capacité à harmonieusement combiner les divers instruments de financements ci-dessus mentionnés.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ANNEXES\x03 Annexe 1 : Cadre de résultats et d’allocation des ressources Annexe 2 : Fiche synoptique de l’axe transversal Annexe 3 : Budget de mise en œuvre de l’axe transversal Annexe 4 : BibliographieStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Annexe\x03ͳ\x03ǣ\x03Cadre\x03de\x03résultat\x03\x03\x03 TITRE : Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin OBJECTIF GLOBAL : La stratégie Bénin Alafia 2025 est opérationalisée de manière a être sobre en carbone et résiliente face aux changements climatiques BUT : Contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays, pour les rendre plus sobres en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques.', 'Elle est en effet tributaire du renforcement de la culture démocratique des peuples, qui exigent plus de redevabilité de la part de leurs gouvernants, notamment dans la gestion des affaires publiques et à laquelle l’Etat Béninois attache de la valeur.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Mais en définitive, l’Etat Béninois est conscient que la mobilisation effective des ressources financières nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de cette stratégie dépendra en grande partie sa capacité à harmonieusement combiner les divers instruments de financements ci-dessus mentionnés.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin ANNEXES\x03 Annexe 1 : Cadre de résultats et d’allocation des ressources Annexe 2 : Fiche synoptique de l’axe transversal Annexe 3 : Budget de mise en œuvre de l’axe transversal Annexe 4 : BibliographieStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Annexe\x03ͳ\x03ǣ\x03Cadre\x03de\x03résultat\x03\x03\x03 TITRE : Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin OBJECTIF GLOBAL : La stratégie Bénin Alafia 2025 est opérationalisée de manière a être sobre en carbone et résiliente face aux changements climatiques BUT : Contribuer au développement durable du Bénin, par l’intégration des considérations climatiques dans les plans opérationnels sectoriels stratégiques du pays, pour les rendre plus sobres en carbone et plus résilients aux changements climatiques. OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES : - OS 1 : Renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique - OS-2 : Réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique.', 'OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES : - OS 1 : Renforcer la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production économique - OS-2 : Réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique. - OS-3 : Renforcer la protection des communautés, notamment celles des plus vulnérables face aux catastrophes naturelles IMPACTS (RÉSULTATS LONG TERME) INDICATEURS DE PERFORMANCE MOYENS DE VÉRIFICATION CONDITIONS CRITIQUES DE RÉALISATION Indicateur Situation de référence (Baseline) Cible 1. Le niveau de la sécurité alimentaire est relevé, la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB du Bénin est augmentée et la résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques est accrue - % de la population souffrant de malnutrition - % de l’agriculture dans le PIB - Niveau de vulnérabilité des communautés locales Rapport 2015 sur la sécurité alimentaire Ministère de l’économie et des finances -Analyses de vulnérabilité - % à déterminer - % à déterminer - Niveau à déterminer A identifier A identifier 2.', 'Le niveau de la sécurité alimentaire est relevé, la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB du Bénin est augmentée et la résilience des communautés locales face aux changements climatiques est accrue - % de la population souffrant de malnutrition - % de l’agriculture dans le PIB - Niveau de vulnérabilité des communautés locales Rapport 2015 sur la sécurité alimentaire Ministère de l’économie et des finances -Analyses de vulnérabilité - % à déterminer - % à déterminer - Niveau à déterminer A identifier A identifier 2. GES évités et séquestrés. - -Mt Eq-CO2 d’émission évitées - Mt Eq-CO2 séquestré nationale - au moins 12 Mt Eq- évitée d’ici à 2030. - au moins 163 Mt CO2 séquestré d’ici à 2030. A identifier A identifierStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3.', 'A identifier A identifierStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 3. Les risques liés aux inondations sont réduits dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, avec une incidence positive sur le PIB, ainsi qu’une diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat au sein des populations dans les zones à risques et dans les milieux défavorisées.', 'Les risques liés aux inondations sont réduits dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, avec une incidence positive sur le PIB, ainsi qu’une diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat au sein des populations dans les zones à risques et dans les milieux défavorisées. - % de réduction des risques liés aux inondations - % d’accroissement du PIB - X% de diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat Rapports existants sur les inondations au Bénin Ministère de l’économie et des finances -Rapports du Ministère de la santé - 60% de réduction des risques liés aux inondations - Y% d’accroissement du PIB (à déterminer) - X% de diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat A identifier A identifier EFFET ATTENDUS (RESULTATS DÉVELOPPEMENTAUX INTERMEDIAIRES) EXTRANTS (RESULTATS COURT TERME) Pilier 1: Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles 1.1.', '- % de réduction des risques liés aux inondations - % d’accroissement du PIB - X% de diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat Rapports existants sur les inondations au Bénin Ministère de l’économie et des finances -Rapports du Ministère de la santé - 60% de réduction des risques liés aux inondations - Y% d’accroissement du PIB (à déterminer) - X% de diminution de la prévalence des maladies sensibles au climat A identifier A identifier EFFET ATTENDUS (RESULTATS DÉVELOPPEMENTAUX INTERMEDIAIRES) EXTRANTS (RESULTATS COURT TERME) Pilier 1: Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales et des systèmes de production agricoles 1.1. Un accès accru au niveau national et décentralisé au financement du développement de l’agriculture 1.1.1.', 'Un accès accru au niveau national et décentralisé au financement du développement de l’agriculture 1.1.1. Trois (03) institutions financières majeures ont mis en place et utilisent des instruments financiers qui prennent en charge les risques climatiques qui pèsent sur les investissements agricoles, en appui au développement des filières agricoles retenues par des actions aux niveaux central et décentralisé 1.1.2. Le Fonds National de Développement agricoles (FNDA) est mis en place et appui au développement des filières agricoles retenues par des actions aux niveaux central et décentralisé 1.1.3. FADEC Agriculture est pérennisé et généralisé à l’échelle nationaleStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin 1.2. Une gestion intégrée et durable des ressources de production 1.2.1.', 'Une gestion intégrée et durable des ressources de production 1.2.1. Trois (03) grands barrages à usages multiples sont construits sur le cours principal de l’Ouémé avec des plans de gestion intégrés et effectifs des bassins versants 1.2.2. Nombre d’hectares de terres agricoles sont aménagés en appui aux 13 filières retenues 1.2.3. Nombre d’hectares de terres agricoles restaurées 1.2.4. Des forages, réservoirs, et système d’adductions d’eau potable sont mis en place 1.2.5. Les capacités de gestion communautaire durable de ces ouvrages sont effectives dans les communautés ciblées 1.3.', 'Les capacités de gestion communautaire durable de ces ouvrages sont effectives dans les communautés ciblées 1.3. Les capacités des collectivités locales pour la prise en compte des changements climatiques dans leur développement sont renforcées et se traduisent dans leurs plans et actions de développement 1.3.1 Les professionnels et exécutifs des collectivités locales et de leurs pôles régionaux (acteurs locaux ONG et secteur privé y compris) sont sensibilisés et formés sur l’intégration des problématiques de changements climatiques dans leur développement 1.3.2. Les analyses de vulnérabilité et du potentiel d’atténuation sont développées pour les collectivités et pôles visés 1.3.3. Les plans et budget régionaux et communaux de développement intègrent systématiquement les problématiques de changements climatiques 1.3.4.', 'Les plans et budget régionaux et communaux de développement intègrent systématiquement les problématiques de changements climatiques 1.3.4. Des micro-projets de démonstration en adaptation et atténuation sont financés et mis en œuvre aux niveaux décentralisésStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Pilier 2 : Atténuation: Réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique et amélioration du potentiel de séquestration de carbone 2.1. La transition énergétique est réalisée 2.1.1. Financement et réalisation de centrales à énergies renouvelables (Solaire, Hydroélectricité, Biomasse énergie, etc.) 2.1.2Mise en place des conditions institutionnelle, juridique et incitative favorables à l investissement privé dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables 2.1.3. Financement et développement des filières de biocarburant 2.2.', 'Financement et développement des filières de biocarburant 2.2. La législation de contrôle à la source des émissions de GES est effective 2.2.1. Une étude complète est réalisée sur la question de la pollution par les hydrocarbures avec incidence sur la qualité de l’air et la couche d’ozone 2.2.2. Une réglementation est mise en place 2.2.3. Les capacités et instruments de mise en œuvre de cette règlementation sont développés et opérationnels 2.3. La déforestation et la gestion durable des terres est effective selon les cibles établies dans la programme REDD+ du Bénin et concerne aussi bien l’aménagement des aires protégées déjà existantes, que la création de nouvelles aires protégées 2.3.1. Mise en œuvre de programmes d afforestation à grande échelle 2.3.2. Les différentes composantes du programme REDD+ sont mises en place 2.3.3.', 'Les différentes composantes du programme REDD+ sont mises en place 2.3.3. Elaboration et mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Pilier 3 : Réduction des risques climatiques 3.1. La continuité du réseau d’écoulement naturel et de drainage des eaux pluviales est assurée 3.1.1 Les analyses du réseau hydrographique sont actualisées, 3.1.2 Des infrastructures de drainage adaptées sont construites en zones urbaines selon ces plans, 3.1.3 Des infrastructures de drainage adaptées sont construites en zones périurbaines selon ces plans. 3.2. Un système de lutte contre les principales maladies sensibles au climat est effectif 3.2.1. Un système de surveillance épidémiologique est instauré 3.2.2.', 'Un système de surveillance épidémiologique est instauré 3.2.2. Un plan de riposte rapide pour prévenir et endiguer les maladies est développé, financé et mis en œuvre 3.2.3. Des recherches sur l’écologie des vecteurs de ces maladies sont financées, réalisées et leurs résultats publiés 3.3. L’érosion marine côtière est contrôlée 3.3.1. Nombre de m linéaires de berge sont protégés contre l’érosion marine côtière 3.4. Le système national d’alerte précoce, de l’information climatique et de gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelle est renforcé 3.4.1. Un système de prévision et d’alerte est mis en place 3.4.2. Un plan d’organisation des secours en cas de catastrophe naturelle est développé 3.4.3.', 'Un plan d’organisation des secours en cas de catastrophe naturelle est développé 3.4.3. Des synergies sont développées entre les différentes institutions chargées de la collecte, du traitement et de la diffusion de l’information climatique, ainsi que celles chargées de la protection civile.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Axe Transversal : Coordination, renforcement des capacités et de gestion des connaissances 4.1 La facilitation et coordination de mise en œuvre de la stratégie et son suivi sont effectives 4.1.1. Un dispositif institutionnel et un plan de coordination, de suivi et d’évaluation sont mis en place 4.1.2. Des demandes de financement sont identifiées, développées et coordonnées avec les ministères concernés 4.2.', 'Des demandes de financement sont identifiées, développées et coordonnées avec les ministères concernés 4.2. Les capacités organisationnelles et individuelles des parties prenantes à la mise en œuvre de la stratégie tant au niveau national que local sont renforcées 4.2.1. Un cadre légal et règlementaire favorable est mis en place 4.2.2.', 'Un cadre légal et règlementaire favorable est mis en place 4.2.2. Des actions de sensibilisation, de formation et d’accompagnement sont développées et réalisées auprès différentes parties concernéesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Annexe\x03ʹ\x03ǣ\x03Fiche\x03synoptique\x03de\x03l’axe\x03transversal\x03de\x03coordination\x03 Identification Axe transversal : Coordination, renforcement des capacités et de gestion des connaissances Mise en œuvre par : La Direction Générale des Changements Climatique, du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Durée de mise en œuvre : 36 mois Cout total : 1,5 mio US$ Objectifs Objectif global : Assurer la réalisation des résultats attendus de la mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie Objectifs spécifiques : - Planifier et coordonner la mise en œuvre de la stratégie - Former les acteurs des différents ministères impliqués ainsi que les points focaux décentralisés - Suivre et évaluer les performances de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie - Informer, sensibiliser et mobiliser la population à contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques Composantes - Coordination - Assistance technique - Suivi et évaluation - Communication Résultats attendus - 12 sous-programmes développés et soumis à des bailleurs de fonds ciblés Partenaires stratégiques - L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) - Le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) - Autres partenaires internationaux à identifier Plan de financement Contributeur Contribution (US$) - Gouvernement du Bénin - Le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM) - L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) - Le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) - Autres partenaires internationaux à identifierStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin (Estimation des coûts à faire sur la base des procédures des bailleurs de fonds et celles de l’administration) RUBRIQUES BASE DE CALCUL COUTS 1.1.', 'Des actions de sensibilisation, de formation et d’accompagnement sont développées et réalisées auprès différentes parties concernéesStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Annexe\x03ʹ\x03ǣ\x03Fiche\x03synoptique\x03de\x03l’axe\x03transversal\x03de\x03coordination\x03 Identification Axe transversal : Coordination, renforcement des capacités et de gestion des connaissances Mise en œuvre par : La Direction Générale des Changements Climatique, du Ministère du Cadre de Vie et du Développement Durable Durée de mise en œuvre : 36 mois Cout total : 1,5 mio US$ Objectifs Objectif global : Assurer la réalisation des résultats attendus de la mise en œuvre effective de la stratégie Objectifs spécifiques : - Planifier et coordonner la mise en œuvre de la stratégie - Former les acteurs des différents ministères impliqués ainsi que les points focaux décentralisés - Suivre et évaluer les performances de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie - Informer, sensibiliser et mobiliser la population à contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques Composantes - Coordination - Assistance technique - Suivi et évaluation - Communication Résultats attendus - 12 sous-programmes développés et soumis à des bailleurs de fonds ciblés Partenaires stratégiques - L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) - Le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) - Autres partenaires internationaux à identifier Plan de financement Contributeur Contribution (US$) - Gouvernement du Bénin - Le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM) - L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) - Le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) - Autres partenaires internationaux à identifierStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin (Estimation des coûts à faire sur la base des procédures des bailleurs de fonds et celles de l’administration) RUBRIQUES BASE DE CALCUL COUTS 1.1. Personnel 100% Salaire du personnel clé financier, 01 expert en CC et 01 expert en suivi-évaluation) et du personnel d’appui (01 Comptable, 01 assistant administratif et 01 chauffeur) 1.2.', 'Personnel 100% Salaire du personnel clé financier, 01 expert en CC et 01 expert en suivi-évaluation) et du personnel d’appui (01 Comptable, 01 assistant administratif et 01 chauffeur) 1.2. Charges de fonctionnement - Consommables de bureaux - Factures - Carburant - Frais divers (frais bancaires, assurances et autres) 1.3. Missions de suivi Frais mission au niveau national (per-diem) pour 12 missions de suivi (1 /mois) pour 2 personnes en moyenne + chauffeur 2.1. Frais de location bureau 12 mois de frais de location des bureaux (souvent à la charge du gouvernement) 3. Equipements et logistique 3.1. Mobilier de bureaux 6 lots de bureaux (Bureaux +fauteuil+ 2 chaises visiteurs) et une table de conférence +chaise pour 12 personnes 3.2. Equipement informatique 6 ordinateurs + Logiciels + Modem+ 2 imprimantes + Photocopieuse Assurance et entretien 4. Assistance technique 4.1.', 'Equipement informatique 6 ordinateurs + Logiciels + Modem+ 2 imprimantes + Photocopieuse Assurance et entretien 4. Assistance technique 4.1. Formation des GTS Frais d’organisation dans un hôtel, de 3 ateliers de formation de 5 jours chacun pour en moyenne 30 personnes 4.2. Etudes de faisabilité 11 études de faisabilité (Etudes d’impact sur l’environnement, analyse financières, etc…) en moyenne 01 par sous- programmeStratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin RUBRIQUES BASE DE CALCUL COUTS 4.3. Services consultants - Consultants nationaux (x homme/jour) - Consultants internationaux (x homme/jour) 4.4. Ateliers validation 11 ateliers d’une journée pour 5. Voyages internationaux 5.1. Billet avion et per-diem - Billets d’avion et perdiem, pour 5 voyages dans la région (Afrique) de 5 jours en moyenne - Billets d’avion et per-diem pour 2 voyages internationaux de 5 jours en moyenne 6.1.', 'Billet avion et per-diem - Billets d’avion et perdiem, pour 5 voyages dans la région (Afrique) de 5 jours en moyenne - Billets d’avion et per-diem pour 2 voyages internationaux de 5 jours en moyenne 6.1. Production de supports de communication (Calendrier, Poster, spot pub, documentaires, reportages, etc. 6.2. Diffusion audiovisuel Frais de diffusion audiovisuel 6.3. Couverture médiatiques des événements Frais de couverture presse écrite, de la presse en ligne et de la presse télévisuelle.Stratégie de développement à faible intensité de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques du Bénin Annexe\x03Ͷ\x03ǣ\x03Bibliographie\x03 1. Agence Française de Développement, 2014. CLIMAT : TOUR DU MONDE DES SOLUTIONS DE L’AFD. Paris, France. 2. Agence Française de Développement, 2014. CONCILIER CLIMAT ET DEVELOPPEMENT. Paris, France. FRAMEWORK FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER THE LDCF AND THE SCCF. Washington, DC. 4. MEHU, 2011.', 'Washington, DC. 4. MEHU, 2011. DEUXIEME COMMUNIC ATION NATIONALE DE L A REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN SUR LESCHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES. Cotonou, Bénin. 5. MEPN, 2008. PROGRAMME D’ACTION NATIONAL D’ADAPTATION AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES DU BENIN (PANA-BENIN). Cotonou, Bénin 6. MPDEAP, 2009. GUIDE METHODOLOGIQUE POUR L’ELABORATION DE DOCUMENTS DE STRATEGIE SECTORIELLE OU THEMATIQUE. Cotonou, Bénin 7. SNU Bénin, 2014. PLAN CADRE DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L’ASSISTANCE AU DEVELOPPEMENT. UNDAF 2014-2018. Cotonou, Bénin']

fr-FR

BTN

Bhutan

1st NDC

2017-09-19 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Bhutan-INDC-20150930.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7f8b05de485b9612ceedc3d293238635a30f31a0b3d22cf1e14bd0399d94c4c4.pdf

['Kingdom of Bhutan Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Kingdom of Bhutan is committed to a successful conclusion of negotiations under the Adhoc‐Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) to adopt a new legally binding agreement under the UNFCCC to be implemented from 2020. In accordance with relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 the Kingdom of Bhutan communicate its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and re‐communicates our resolve to remain carbon neutral by ensuring that our emission of GHGs does not exceed the sink capacity of our forests. The Kingdom of Bhutan made the commitment to remain carbon neutral in 20091 despite our status as a small, mountainous developing country with many other pressing social and economic development needs and priorities.', 'The Kingdom of Bhutan made the commitment to remain carbon neutral in 20091 despite our status as a small, mountainous developing country with many other pressing social and economic development needs and priorities. This commitment was made with the view that there is no need greater, or more important, than keeping the planet safe for life to continue. While making this sincere commitment to remain carbon neutral, we also called on the global community to support our resolve and efforts to fulfil this commitment and support us to undertake appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures. As a land‐locked least developed country located in a fragile mountainous environment, Bhutan remains highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and will disproportionately bear the impacts of climate change.', 'As a land‐locked least developed country located in a fragile mountainous environment, Bhutan remains highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and will disproportionately bear the impacts of climate change. Therefore an adaptation component is also included in the INDC from Bhutan. Considering the historical and current emissions from Bhutan and our imperatives for sustainable development, Bhutan’s INDC is most ambitious and more than our fair share of efforts to combat climate change. Therefore, in putting forward this INDC, we once again call on the international community to support our efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.', 'Therefore, in putting forward this INDC, we once again call on the international community to support our efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. National Context The Kingdom of Bhutan is a small landlocked and least developed country with a total area of 38,394 sqkm and is characterized by rugged mountainous terrain with elevations ranging from around 160 meters to more than 7000 meters above sea level. The population is projected to be around 745,000 with 56.3% of the total engaged in agriculture and forestry2. 1 Declaration of the Kingdom of Bhutan ‐ the Land of Gross National Happiness to Save our Planet, dated 11 December 2009.', '1 Declaration of the Kingdom of Bhutan ‐ the Land of Gross National Happiness to Save our Planet, dated 11 December 2009. 2 Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2014, NSBExport of electricity from hydropower projects form a major source of revenue for the government and development activities3. According to the second national GHG inventory, Bhutan is a net sink for greenhouse gases. The estimated sequestration capacity of our forest is 6.3 million tons of CO2 while the emissions for year 2000 is only 1.6 million tons of CO2 equivalent. This is largely due to huge areas of forest cover, low levels of industrial activity and almost 100% electricity generation through hydropower.', 'This is largely due to huge areas of forest cover, low levels of industrial activity and almost 100% electricity generation through hydropower. Although the highest emissions are from the agriculture sector they have more or less remained constant, but emissions from sectors such as industrial processes and transport are showing a rapidly increasing trend4. During the period 2000‐2013, emissions from the energy sector increased by 191.6% from 0.270 million tons of CO2 e in 2000 to 0.79million tons of CO2 e in 2013.', 'During the period 2000‐2013, emissions from the energy sector increased by 191.6% from 0.270 million tons of CO2 e in 2000 to 0.79million tons of CO2 e in 2013. During the same period, emissions from industrial processes increased by 154.3% from 0.24 million tons of CO2 e to 0.6 million tons of CO2 e. Emission from waste management also increased by 247.54% from 0.047 million tons of CO2 e to 0.16 million tons e. Forests currently cover 70.46%5 of the land area of Bhutan and sequestration by forests is and emissions in 2013 are estimated at 2.2 million tons equivalent7. As reported in the Second National Communication, Bhutan is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change due to the fragile mountainous ecosystem and economic structure.', 'As reported in the Second National Communication, Bhutan is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change due to the fragile mountainous ecosystem and economic structure. The most vulnerable sectors are water resources, agriculture, forests & biodiversity and hydropower sectors. It is projected that both the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events would increase with changing climate. Major existing laws and policies applicable to the INDC from Bhutan include the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan, National Environment Protection Act (NEPA) 2007, National Forest Policy 2011, and Economic Development Policy (EDP) 2010. Mitigation Bhutan intends to remain carbon neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests, which is estimated at 6.3 million tons of CO2 .', 'Mitigation Bhutan intends to remain carbon neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests, which is estimated at 6.3 million tons of CO2 . Bhutan will maintain a minimum of 60 percent of total land under forest cover for all time in accordance the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Efforts will also be made to maintain current levels of forest cover, which currently stand at 70.46%, through sustainable forest management and conservation of environmental services.', 'Efforts will also be made to maintain current levels of forest cover, which currently stand at 70.46%, through sustainable forest management and conservation of environmental services. 3 National Accounts Statistics 2014, NSB 4 Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 5 Land Cover Mapping Project, 2010, NSSC 6 Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 7 Unpublished estimates by NECS, RGOB 2015Hydropower from run‐of‐the‐river schemes account for almost 100% of electricity generation in Bhutan with almost 100% access to electricity in urban areas and 94% in rural areas. Presently, Bhutan offsets 4.4 million tons of CO2 e through exports of hydroelectricity.', 'Presently, Bhutan offsets 4.4 million tons of CO2 e through exports of hydroelectricity. In addition, Bhutan can offset up to 22.4 million tons of CO2 e per year by 2025 in the region through the export of electricity from our clean hydropower projects. Various other policies and initiatives are also already in place that contribute to mitigation such as sustainable land management practices, improved livestock management, promotion of organic agriculture and promotion of zero emission vehicles. The Economic Development Policy of 2010 and draft of 2015 also provide several measures to promote “green growth” for industrial development.', 'The Economic Development Policy of 2010 and draft of 2015 also provide several measures to promote “green growth” for industrial development. The present five year development plan (2013‐ 18) has also integrated carbon neutral development as part of the national key result areas to guide planning and implementation of development activities within all sectors. As a least‐developed country, Bhutan has a development imperative and will pursue ecologically balanced sustainable development in line with our development philosophy of Gross National Happiness. To remain carbon neutral, growing emissions from economic development will need to be mitigated by pursuing low emission development pathways across all sectors. However international support will be essential to ensure success in implementing the strategies, plans and actions for low GHG development.', 'However international support will be essential to ensure success in implementing the strategies, plans and actions for low GHG development. Strategies, plans and actions for low GHG emission development While the basis of our mitigation efforts rests on conserving our forests as carbon sinks, managing the growing emissions as a result of economic development will be through priority strategies, plans and actions for mitigation to support a low emission development pathway. These plans and priority actions, listed below, are based on the National Environment Protection Act, National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development (2012), Economic Development Policy (2010 and draft 2015), Bhutan Transport 2040: Integrated Strategic Vision, National Forest Policy, and other sectoral plans and strategies.', 'These plans and priority actions, listed below, are based on the National Environment Protection Act, National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development (2012), Economic Development Policy (2010 and draft 2015), Bhutan Transport 2040: Integrated Strategic Vision, National Forest Policy, and other sectoral plans and strategies. The gases covered include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide as they were shown to be the priority gases in our second national communication. 1.', 'The gases covered include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide as they were shown to be the priority gases in our second national communication. 1. Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through: • Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests • Enhancing forest information and monitoring infrastructure through national forest inventories and carbon stock assessments • Forest fire management and rehabilitation of degraded and barren forest lands 2.', 'Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through: • Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests • Enhancing forest information and monitoring infrastructure through national forest inventories and carbon stock assessments • Forest fire management and rehabilitation of degraded and barren forest lands 2. Promotion of low carbon transport system by: • Improving mass transit and demand side management of personal modes of transport• Exploring alternative modes of transport to road transport such as rail, water and gravity ropeways • Improving efficiency in freight transport • Promoting non‐motorized transport and non‐fossil fuel powered transport such as electric and fuel cell vehicles • Improving efficiency and emissions from existing vehicles through standards and capacity building • Promoting use of appropriate intelligent transport systems 3.', 'Promotion of low carbon transport system by: • Improving mass transit and demand side management of personal modes of transport• Exploring alternative modes of transport to road transport such as rail, water and gravity ropeways • Improving efficiency in freight transport • Promoting non‐motorized transport and non‐fossil fuel powered transport such as electric and fuel cell vehicles • Improving efficiency and emissions from existing vehicles through standards and capacity building • Promoting use of appropriate intelligent transport systems 3. Minimize GHG emission through application of zero waste concept and sustainable waste management practices: • Enhancement of the three R principles including the conversion of waste to resources • Improving the current system and infrastructure for waste management 4.', 'Minimize GHG emission through application of zero waste concept and sustainable waste management practices: • Enhancement of the three R principles including the conversion of waste to resources • Improving the current system and infrastructure for waste management 4. Promote a green and self reliant economy towards carbon neutral and sustainable development through: • Improvement of manufacturing processes in existing industries through investments and adoption of cleaner technology, energy efficiency and environmental management • Enhance and strengthen environmental compliance monitoring system • Promote investment in new industries that are at higher levels in the value chain, and green industries and services. • Promote industrial estate development and management in line with efficient, clean and green industry development objectives 5.', '• Promote industrial estate development and management in line with efficient, clean and green industry development objectives 5. Promote clean renewable energy generation: • Pursue sustainable and clean hydropower development with support from CDM or other climate market mechanisms to reduce emissions within Bhutan and the region by exporting surplus electricity 6. Promote climate smart livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through: • Organic livestock farming and eco‐friendly farm designs • Improvement of livestock breeds, including conservation of native genetic gene pool/diversity • Expansion of biogas production with stall feeding • Agro‐forestry or agro‐silvo pastoral systems for fodder production 7.', 'Promote climate smart livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through: • Organic livestock farming and eco‐friendly farm designs • Improvement of livestock breeds, including conservation of native genetic gene pool/diversity • Expansion of biogas production with stall feeding • Agro‐forestry or agro‐silvo pastoral systems for fodder production 7. Promote climate smart agriculture to contribute towards achieving food and nutrition security through: • Organic farming and conservation agriculture • Development and promotion of sustainable agricultural practices • Integration of sustainable soil and land management technologies and approaches8. Energy demand side management by promoting energy efficiency in appliances, buildings and industrial processes and technologies. 9. Integration of low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through green buildings, sustainable construction methods and climate smart cities.', 'Integration of low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through green buildings, sustainable construction methods and climate smart cities. Adaptation Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change is a priority for Bhutan. In addition to being a land locked and least developed country with a fragile mountainous environment, Bhutan is further threatened by climate change due to the high dependence of the population on agriculture and the significant role of hydropower for economic development. Bhutan also faces increasing threats from climate hazards and extreme events such as flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF), windstorms, forest fires and landslides.', 'Bhutan also faces increasing threats from climate hazards and extreme events such as flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF), windstorms, forest fires and landslides. Despite following a cautious approach to development by balancing the need for environmental conservation and economic development, climate change threatens to derail the substantial gains made by Bhutan towards sustainable socio‐economic development. Therefore, international support is essential to address the adverse impacts of climate change that are already starting to take place in Bhutan and also to safeguard the gains made towards sustainable development. Bhutan prepared its National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2006 and also updated the project profiles (2012) and is now implementing few of the priority actions identified as urgent and immediate needs.', 'Bhutan prepared its National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2006 and also updated the project profiles (2012) and is now implementing few of the priority actions identified as urgent and immediate needs. For the medium to long term, Bhutan views the process to formulate and implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) as an important means towards reducing vulnerability by both integrating climate change adaptation into national development planning and also implementing priority adaptation actions on the ground. Bhutan will be fully engaged in the NAP process and begin the formulation of the first NAP once support is received.', 'Bhutan will be fully engaged in the NAP process and begin the formulation of the first NAP once support is received. Based on the information presently available through the NAPA, the vulnerability and adaptation assessment in the Second National Communication and other plans and programs in sectors, priority adaptation actions are foreseen in key sectors and areas as follows: Priority adaptation needs 1. Increase resilience to the impacts of climate change on water security through Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches including: • Water resources monitoring, assessment, and mapping • Adoption and diffusion of appropriate technologies for water harvesting and efficient use • Climate proofing water distribution systems • Integrated watershed and wetland management2.', 'Increase resilience to the impacts of climate change on water security through Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches including: • Water resources monitoring, assessment, and mapping • Adoption and diffusion of appropriate technologies for water harvesting and efficient use • Climate proofing water distribution systems • Integrated watershed and wetland management2. Promote climate resilient agriculture to contribute towards achieving food and nutrition security through: • Developing and introducing climate resilient crop varieties and conservation of plant genetic resources • Developing and institutionalising surveillance of crop pests and diseases • Enhancement of national capacity to develop and implement emergency response to agricultural pest and disease outbreaks/epidemics • Establishment of cold storage facilities at sub‐national regions • Improving and increasing investment in irrigation systems and management • Initiating crop insurance programs against climate induced extremes • Promotion of sustainable soil and land management technologies and approaches 3.', 'Promote climate resilient agriculture to contribute towards achieving food and nutrition security through: • Developing and introducing climate resilient crop varieties and conservation of plant genetic resources • Developing and institutionalising surveillance of crop pests and diseases • Enhancement of national capacity to develop and implement emergency response to agricultural pest and disease outbreaks/epidemics • Establishment of cold storage facilities at sub‐national regions • Improving and increasing investment in irrigation systems and management • Initiating crop insurance programs against climate induced extremes • Promotion of sustainable soil and land management technologies and approaches 3. Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through: • Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests 4.', 'Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through: • Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests 4. Strengthen resilience to climate change induced hazards through: • Improved monitoring and detection of hydromet extremes using remote sensing and satellite‐based technologies and approaches • Continual assessment of potentially dangerous glacial lakes and improvement of early warning system for GLOFs • Develop a monitoring, assessment, and warning systems for flash flood and landslide hazards and risks • Forest fire risk assessment and management • Assessment and management of risk and damage from windstorms on agricultural crops and human settlements.', 'Strengthen resilience to climate change induced hazards through: • Improved monitoring and detection of hydromet extremes using remote sensing and satellite‐based technologies and approaches • Continual assessment of potentially dangerous glacial lakes and improvement of early warning system for GLOFs • Develop a monitoring, assessment, and warning systems for flash flood and landslide hazards and risks • Forest fire risk assessment and management • Assessment and management of risk and damage from windstorms on agricultural crops and human settlements. • Enhancement of emergency medical services and public health management to respond to climate change induced disasters • Enhancing preparedness and response to climate change induced disasters at the national and local levels 5.', '• Enhancement of emergency medical services and public health management to respond to climate change induced disasters • Enhancing preparedness and response to climate change induced disasters at the national and local levels 5. Minimize climate‐related health risks through: • Strengthening integrated risk monitoring and early warning systems and response for climate sensitive diseases • Promotion of climate resilient household water supply and sanitation 6. Climate proof transport infrastructure against landslides and flash floods, particularly for critical roads, bridges, tunnel and trails 7. Promote climate resilient livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through: • Climate change resilient farm designs and practices • Livestock insurance against climate induced extremes8.', 'Promote climate resilient livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through: • Climate change resilient farm designs and practices • Livestock insurance against climate induced extremes8. Enhancing climate information services for vulnerability and adaptation assessment and planning through: • Improvement of hydro meteorological network and weather and flood forecasting to adequate levels of temporal and spatial scales • Development of climate change scenarios for Bhutan with appropriate resolution for mountainous situation 9. Promote clean renewable and climate resilient energy generation by: • Diversifying energy supply mix through promotion of renewable energy (solar, wind, small hydro, biomass) other than large hydro and creating investment opportunities • Ensuring energy security during the lean dry season through water storage and reservoirs • Protecting catchment areas for hydropower through watershed and sustainable land management approaches 10.', 'Promote clean renewable and climate resilient energy generation by: • Diversifying energy supply mix through promotion of renewable energy (solar, wind, small hydro, biomass) other than large hydro and creating investment opportunities • Ensuring energy security during the lean dry season through water storage and reservoirs • Protecting catchment areas for hydropower through watershed and sustainable land management approaches 10. Integrate climate resilient and low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through: • Promotion of climate smart cities • Improvement of storm water management and sewer systems • Environmental management and safeguards of development activities Means of Implementation As the vast forest sink of Bhutan will form the cornerstone of our commitment to remain carbon neutral, measures to manage and conserve the forests will need to be supported by a robust forest monitoring system.', 'Integrate climate resilient and low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through: • Promotion of climate smart cities • Improvement of storm water management and sewer systems • Environmental management and safeguards of development activities Means of Implementation As the vast forest sink of Bhutan will form the cornerstone of our commitment to remain carbon neutral, measures to manage and conserve the forests will need to be supported by a robust forest monitoring system. The first comprehensive national forest inventory presently underway will provide an updated state of the forests in Bhutan by end of 2016. The forest monitoring and inventory system being developed in conjunction with a national forest monitoring system for REDD+ will enable monitoring and assessment of forest cover over time.', 'The forest monitoring and inventory system being developed in conjunction with a national forest monitoring system for REDD+ will enable monitoring and assessment of forest cover over time. Mitigation measures to manage and reduce emissions in priority areas and sectors will need to be implemented through relevant low emission development strategies, programs and plans. A combination of fiscal incentives within the NEPA and EDP, financial and technical support from international climate mechanisms, and enforcement of existing legislation for environmental safeguards such as NEPA and Environment Assessment Act 2000 will also be required.', 'A combination of fiscal incentives within the NEPA and EDP, financial and technical support from international climate mechanisms, and enforcement of existing legislation for environmental safeguards such as NEPA and Environment Assessment Act 2000 will also be required. In order to ensure efficient and coordinated approaches to implementation of mitigation and adaptation priorities, existing institutional arrangements such as the National Environment Commission (which also acts as the high level National Climate Change Committee) and Multi‐Sectoral Technical Committee on Climate Change will play the lead role in coordinating action on climate change in Bhutan. Synergies will also be considered in planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions across relevant agenciesand sectors, between national and local level planning, across sub‐national regions, and also with actions under other multilateral environmental agreements.', 'Synergies will also be considered in planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions across relevant agenciesand sectors, between national and local level planning, across sub‐national regions, and also with actions under other multilateral environmental agreements. Public private partnership (PPP) model of implementing actions will also be considered where appropriate. Enhancing awareness and capacity through education, research on areas of concern in Bhutan and institutional strengthening will also be essential for successful implementation of the intended actions. Other indirect success may also be achieved through advocacy and behavioural changes to promote sustainable consumption, energy efficiency and other climate friendly actions.', 'Other indirect success may also be achieved through advocacy and behavioural changes to promote sustainable consumption, energy efficiency and other climate friendly actions. Since the intended actions in the INDC apply to the post 2020 period, the priority mitigation and adaptation actions within this INDC will be considered and integrated in the preparation of the 12th Five Year Development Plan (2018‐2023) and also subsequent five year plan periods. The cycles of the national five‐year development plan process along with the cycles of the INDCs, yet to be determined under the new climate agreement, will form the basis for the national process to review progress in actions and support received.', 'The cycles of the national five‐year development plan process along with the cycles of the INDCs, yet to be determined under the new climate agreement, will form the basis for the national process to review progress in actions and support received. Bhutan is already spending its own resources for some climate change adaptation and mitigation actions through the budgeting for the current five‐year plan, which includes an objective for carbon neutral and climate resilient development. Our hydropower projects are also being built at great additional expense to take into account the need to withstand catastrophic GLOF events. The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation also provides local funding for projects addressing mitigation and adaptation.', 'The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation also provides local funding for projects addressing mitigation and adaptation. However the scale of funding available to address both development needs and the additional burden of mitigation and adaptation will be significantly higher than presently available. As a least‐developed country, with a young population and pressing needs and imperatives for economic development, the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received. Implementing adaptation measures through the NAP process with sufficient funding will also be required to ensure that progress made over the past few decades are not derailed by the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Implementing adaptation measures through the NAP process with sufficient funding will also be required to ensure that progress made over the past few decades are not derailed by the adverse impacts of climate change. Bhutan remains committed to a globally collective effort in addressing climate change and keeping the planet safe for all life, and strives towards an ambitious and legally binding agreement to keep global temperature increase at safe levels of not more than 1.5 degrees Celsius. ‐‐‐']

en-US

BTN

Bhutan

2nd NDC

2021-06-25 00:00:00

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Second%20NDC%20Bhutan.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/56d4cc8c2869dea7e7233daf19cc69ec139a0d4f7cab08cbee357fe93164fafc.pdf

['Kingdom of Bhutan Second Nationally Determined Contribution Royal Government of Bhutan ThimphuContents 2. Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement 2 3. Summary of NDC (mitigation component) .5 a) Forest conservation and management under the National REDD+ Strategy 6 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security . 7 c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 7 d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 7 e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 8 f) Waste Management 9 g) Sustainable Hydropower Development . 9 h) Alternative Renewable Energy. 9 i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap 10 j) National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019 10 k) Cooperative mechanisms to achieve sustainable development and mitigation ambitions . 10 4.', 'Summary of NDC (mitigation component) .5 a) Forest conservation and management under the National REDD+ Strategy 6 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security . 7 c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 7 d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 7 e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 8 f) Waste Management 9 g) Sustainable Hydropower Development . 9 h) Alternative Renewable Energy. 9 i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap 10 j) National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019 10 k) Cooperative mechanisms to achieve sustainable development and mitigation ambitions . 10 4. Adaptation Component . 10 5. Means of Implementation . 10 6. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC 11 Annex I.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC 11 Annex I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC. . 12Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 1 As a small landlocked country with a fragile mountainous ecosystem, and with high reliance on climate sensitive sectors such as hydropower and agriculture, the Kingdom of Bhutan is particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Furthermore, as a least developed country, Bhutan lacks the resources and capacity to address the challenges of climate change. Bhutan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Paris Agreement on 30 September 2015. On ratification of the Paris Agreement on 19 September 2017 the INDC became Bhutan’s first NDC.', 'On ratification of the Paris Agreement on 19 September 2017 the INDC became Bhutan’s first NDC. The NDC reaffirmed Bhutan’s pledge to remain carbon neutral first made in 2009 and laid out the priorities for low GHG emission development across nine areas. The NDC also contained ten areas of priority needs for adaptation and called on the international community to support Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change and that “the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received”1. The Third National GHG Inventory2 shows that Bhutan’s greenhouse gas emissions (including forest emissions) in 2015 amounts to just 3.8 million tons of CO2 e, which is negligible on a global scale.', 'The Third National GHG Inventory2 shows that Bhutan’s greenhouse gas emissions (including forest emissions) in 2015 amounts to just 3.8 million tons of CO2 e, which is negligible on a global scale. In the same year, Bhutan’s forests sequestered 9.4 million tons of CO2 resulting in net negative emissions of 5.6 million tons of CO2 . In this regard, Bhutan continues to remain carbon neutral. In presenting the 2nd NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral and the 2nd NDC is an enhancement from the first NDC in several ways3: i) The data and information that demonstrates Bhutan’s position as a net carbon sequestering country has been greatly improved.', 'In presenting the 2nd NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral and the 2nd NDC is an enhancement from the first NDC in several ways3: i) The data and information that demonstrates Bhutan’s position as a net carbon sequestering country has been greatly improved. Since the first NDC, the national GHG inventory system has been improved with the completion of the 3rd GHG Inventory where significant improvements have been made with the utilisation of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. ii) Bhutan’s forests serve as the cornerstone of our carbon commitment and there has been tremendous improvements in estimation of forest emissions and removals.', 'ii) Bhutan’s forests serve as the cornerstone of our carbon commitment and there has been tremendous improvements in estimation of forest emissions and removals. The data and information for forest emissions and removals have been estimated at a higher tier with the completion of a comprehensive National Forest Inventory in 2016 and the submission of Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level prepared as part of Bhutan’s REDD+ Readiness preparedness. iii) The broad plans and actions for low emission development identified in the 1st NDC to support Bhutan’s efforts to remain carbon neutral have been further elaborated and refined through low emission development strategies (LEDS), and roadmaps.', 'iii) The broad plans and actions for low emission development identified in the 1st NDC to support Bhutan’s efforts to remain carbon neutral have been further elaborated and refined through low emission development strategies (LEDS), and roadmaps. Therefore, sectoral actions with GHG and non-GHG targets along with strategies and priority plans are now presented in the 2nd NDC. The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process. Despite these challenges, this second NDC from Bhutan has been prepared through an extensive process of technical assessments and wide- ranging stakeholder consultations.', 'Despite these challenges, this second NDC from Bhutan has been prepared through an extensive process of technical assessments and wide- ranging stakeholder consultations. The participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs, and private sector and support of UNDP’s Climate Promise were essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances.', 'The participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs, and private sector and support of UNDP’s Climate Promise were essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances. 1 INDC of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2015 2 Third National Communication from the Kingdom of Bhutan to the UNFCCC, 2020 3 Refer Annex 1 on Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC for further details.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 2 The second NDC charts a way for Bhutan to continue pursuing a low emission development pathway towards our national objectives for sustainable development while meeting our obligations under the Paris Agreement. 2.', '1 INDC of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2015 2 Third National Communication from the Kingdom of Bhutan to the UNFCCC, 2020 3 Refer Annex 1 on Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC for further details.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 2 The second NDC charts a way for Bhutan to continue pursuing a low emission development pathway towards our national objectives for sustainable development while meeting our obligations under the Paris Agreement. 2. Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement Since the ratification of the Paris Agreement, Bhutan has taken several measures towards implementing the priorities identified in the NDC.', 'Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement Since the ratification of the Paris Agreement, Bhutan has taken several measures towards implementing the priorities identified in the NDC. The key actions undertaken towards a low emission and carbon resilient development in Bhutan are summarised below: • Climate change has been integrated into our development planning with “Climate Neutrality, Climate and Disaster Resilience” identified as the sixth National Key Result Area (NKRA) of the 12th Five Year Plan (2018-2023). With the five-year plan’s objective as “Just, Harmonious and Sustainable Society through enhanced Decentralisation”, the priority areas for mitigation and adaptation in the NDC were developed into programs primarily under this NKRA and other NKRAs for implementation across different sectors at the national and local levels4.', 'With the five-year plan’s objective as “Just, Harmonious and Sustainable Society through enhanced Decentralisation”, the priority areas for mitigation and adaptation in the NDC were developed into programs primarily under this NKRA and other NKRAs for implementation across different sectors at the national and local levels4. • Following the Economic Development Policy 2016, fiscal incentives were provided in the form of direct and indirect tax incentives under the Fiscal Incentives Act of Bhutan 2017 to stimulate economic growth, foster private sector development, and generate employment. Incentives included tax rebates to industries adopting modern environmentally friendly technologies, tax exemptions to hydroelectric projects, solar, wind, biogas and other renewable energy plants and machineries. Energy efficient and environment friendly equipment were also exempted from import duties for targeted sectors such as hotels.', 'Energy efficient and environment friendly equipment were also exempted from import duties for targeted sectors such as hotels. Waste management and recycling industries were provided income tax holidays and exemption of sales tax and custom duties on plant and machinery.', 'Waste management and recycling industries were provided income tax holidays and exemption of sales tax and custom duties on plant and machinery. • The Climate Change Policy of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2020 was adopted with a vision for “a prosperous, resilient and carbon neutral Bhutan where the pursuit of gross national happiness for the present and future generations is secure under a changing climate.” The policy aims to (i) provide strategic guidance to ensure that Bhutan remains carbon neutral and protect the wellbeing of the people of Bhutan by adapting to climate change in an efficient and effective manner (ii) ensure meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders in climate change action in a coordinated and coherent manner with clear roles and responsibilities and (iii) ensure that the challenges and opportunities of climate change are addressed at all appropriate levels, through adequate means of implementation (finance, technology, capacity building and awareness) and integration into relevant plans and policies.', '• The Climate Change Policy of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2020 was adopted with a vision for “a prosperous, resilient and carbon neutral Bhutan where the pursuit of gross national happiness for the present and future generations is secure under a changing climate.” The policy aims to (i) provide strategic guidance to ensure that Bhutan remains carbon neutral and protect the wellbeing of the people of Bhutan by adapting to climate change in an efficient and effective manner (ii) ensure meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders in climate change action in a coordinated and coherent manner with clear roles and responsibilities and (iii) ensure that the challenges and opportunities of climate change are addressed at all appropriate levels, through adequate means of implementation (finance, technology, capacity building and awareness) and integration into relevant plans and policies. • The national institutions for coordination of climate change actions across key agencies and stakeholder groups have been revitalised with the Climate Change Coordination Committee (C4) from the erstwhile Multisectoral Technical Committee on Climate Change.', '• The national institutions for coordination of climate change actions across key agencies and stakeholder groups have been revitalised with the Climate Change Coordination Committee (C4) from the erstwhile Multisectoral Technical Committee on Climate Change. In addition, a climate change ‘one stop platform’ is being set up to help coordinate multi-stakeholder dialogue to develop and implement climate related work in Bhutan, with the aim to improve coordination between the different climate-sensitive sectors, enhance knowledge management and improve reporting and monitoring of all climate actions in Bhutan. • Bhutan ratified the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances in 2019 and has put in place the system for licensing the import and export of HFCs.', '• Bhutan ratified the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances in 2019 and has put in place the system for licensing the import and export of HFCs. The regulations for Regulation on Control of ODS 2008 are being amended. 4 Gross National Happiness Commission (2019): Twelfth Five Year plan 2018-2023, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 3 • The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy, and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2030 covering the sectors of buildings, transport and industry were launched in 2019. The policy and roadmap aim to facilitate improvements in productivity and energy efficiency while contributing to Bhutan’s efforts to remain carbon neutral. Few of the measures are now being implemented while support is required for full implementation.', 'Few of the measures are now being implemented while support is required for full implementation. In addition, the Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) has been developed in cooperation with International Renewable Energy Agency with a view to complement the country’s efforts in enabling the wider penetration of various renewable energy technologies. • The Renewable Energy Master Plan (2017-2032) was adopted as a strategy for the long-term implementation of renewable energy technologies. This master plan identified 39,462 MW of technically feasible small hydropower, solar and wind projects across the country. These renewable energy technologies provide a basis for both clean energy generation for mitigation and as adaptation to changing water flows and the impacts on hydropower in Bhutan.', 'These renewable energy technologies provide a basis for both clean energy generation for mitigation and as adaptation to changing water flows and the impacts on hydropower in Bhutan. • The Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy (SHDP) 2021 enhances the previous hydropower policy by integrating climate resilience and mitigation among other updates. As current run-of-river hydropower schemes in Bhutan have become increasingly vulnerable to decreasing water flows in the dry season the SHDP emphasises adaptation measures such as reservoir/pumped storage schemes. In addition, the new policy mandates hydropower value chain through ventures in energy storage technologies such as hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other emerging technologies. These energy storage and diversification measures for adaptation also contribute directly to Bhutan’s carbon neutral efforts by providing clean energy for zero carbon transport and mobility.', 'These energy storage and diversification measures for adaptation also contribute directly to Bhutan’s carbon neutral efforts by providing clean energy for zero carbon transport and mobility. • Bhutan’s National Environment Strategy 1998, which charted “the middle path” to development and guided the nation’s pursuit of balanced sustainable development over the past two decades and precipitated most of Bhutan’s environmental policies and measures was updated in 2020. The NES 2020 now integrates new and emerging national environmental challenges and the critical global challenge of climate change. The strategic measures to managing land, air, water, and biodiversity now include climate change as a cross-cutting issue for more holistic integration into relevant policies and programs.', 'The strategic measures to managing land, air, water, and biodiversity now include climate change as a cross-cutting issue for more holistic integration into relevant policies and programs. • Bhutan implemented the REDD+ readiness programme and produced Bhutan’s National REDD+ Strategy and implementation framework including the National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference (Emission) Level, a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Mechanism, and Safeguard Information System (SIS) for REDD+5. With the establishment of the National REDD+ Framework, Bhutan is awaiting support to proceed to implementation of the strategy which include policies and measures that will contribute to continued conservation and sustainable management of forest.', 'With the establishment of the National REDD+ Framework, Bhutan is awaiting support to proceed to implementation of the strategy which include policies and measures that will contribute to continued conservation and sustainable management of forest. • To implement the priority programs in the NDC, several Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) were developed to prioritise mitigation actions in key sectors of Agriculture, Human Settlement, Industry and Transport. These LEDS will serve as the basis for the sector to integrate low carbon measures into development priorities. Further support for implementation is required to realise the identified priority programs and actions in the various LEDS.', 'Further support for implementation is required to realise the identified priority programs and actions in the various LEDS. • A study on Gender and Climate Change in Bhutan with a focus on three NDC sectors of Agriculture, Energy and Waste was undertaken to unpack the gender climate nexus, gender roles and gender differentiated impacts of climate change. The study has been instrumental in informing gender mainstreaming opportunities in the preparation of the LEDS and the 2nd NDC.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 4 • Three NAMAs were developed in 2016 for Road Transport, Housing (residential and institutional) and Municipal Solid Waste Management. However, securing support to implement the NAMAs has been challenging and the NAMAs have not yet been implemented.', 'However, securing support to implement the NAMAs has been challenging and the NAMAs have not yet been implemented. • The Bhutan Electric Vehicle (EV) Roadmap (2020-2025) has also been developed for a transition to zero emission mobility with targets for 2035, 2045 and 2050. The Bhutan Sustainable Low- emission Urban Transport System project is being implemented to initiate the transition to EV mobility by focussing on taxis as the primary target for eventual market transformation. • The National Waste Management Strategy was adopted in 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control flagship program launched on January 23, 2020.', '• The National Waste Management Strategy was adopted in 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control flagship program launched on January 23, 2020. The overall goal is to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan where the current trend of disposing over 80% of solid waste to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy. • The Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) Strategy 2040, covering the forests, agriculture, and livestock sectors, was adopted in 2021 and covers the AFOLU sector under the IPCC emissions source category.', '• The Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) Strategy 2040, covering the forests, agriculture, and livestock sectors, was adopted in 2021 and covers the AFOLU sector under the IPCC emissions source category. The RNR Strategy integrates resilience to climate change and low emission development as one of the key strategies to actualise transformational change in this integrated sector by building on the REDD+ Strategy, LEDS for Food Security 2021, and the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio-economic Development through the Commercialization of Organic Farming 2019. • Adaptation planning and implementation are also progressing. The third NAPA project funded by the LDC Fund is being implemented for “Enhancing Sustainability and Climate Resilience of Forest and Agricultural Landscape and Community Livelihoods in Bhutan” (2017-2023).', 'The third NAPA project funded by the LDC Fund is being implemented for “Enhancing Sustainability and Climate Resilience of Forest and Agricultural Landscape and Community Livelihoods in Bhutan” (2017-2023). This follows the successful conclusion of the 2nd NAPA project “Addressing the Risks of Climate Induced Disasters through Enhanced National and Local Capacity for Effective Actions” (2014-2019). • Two GCF funded projects are also being implemented through the “Bhutan for Life” project for managing the network of Protected Areas as a key component of our carbon sink, and the project, “Supporting Climate Resilience and Transformational Change in the Agriculture Sector in Bhutan” addresses the adverse impacts of climate change on rural livelihood security and poverty, and the effects of sector-led development practices on the ecological integrity of biodiversity-rich forested landscapes.', '• Two GCF funded projects are also being implemented through the “Bhutan for Life” project for managing the network of Protected Areas as a key component of our carbon sink, and the project, “Supporting Climate Resilience and Transformational Change in the Agriculture Sector in Bhutan” addresses the adverse impacts of climate change on rural livelihood security and poverty, and the effects of sector-led development practices on the ecological integrity of biodiversity-rich forested landscapes. • Mainstreaming climate adaptation into local development investment has been piloted since 2011 and expanded in recent years under the Local Climate Adaptative Living Facility (LoCAL) program with support from UNCDF and the EU.', '• Mainstreaming climate adaptation into local development investment has been piloted since 2011 and expanded in recent years under the Local Climate Adaptative Living Facility (LoCAL) program with support from UNCDF and the EU. The first two phases of the program covered 100 “gewogs”6 under performance-based climate resilience grants with support integrated through the 11th and 12th five-year development plans. The program is planned to be scaled up to all 205 gewogs in the country. • Through the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience with the World Bank, a program of climate risk management (and low carbon development) investments and activities was prepared. The priorities were fully integrated into the 12th Five Year Plan and complement NAP, NDC, and SDG priorities.', 'The priorities were fully integrated into the 12th Five Year Plan and complement NAP, NDC, and SDG priorities. • The formulation of a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and the establishing and strengthening of the supporting elements for the NAP process is ongoing with financing from GCF’s NAP readiness support. The project will build national capacity for long term adaptation planning, and conduct in-depth sectoral assessments for water, forest and biodiversity, health, and agriculture. 6 Gewog is a geographic administrative unit below a dzongkhag (district). There are 205 gewogs under 20 dzongkhags in Bhutan.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 5 • Bhutan has started work towards preparing the Long Term Low GHG Emission and Climate Resilient Development Strategy (LTS).', 'There are 205 gewogs under 20 dzongkhags in Bhutan.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 5 • Bhutan has started work towards preparing the Long Term Low GHG Emission and Climate Resilient Development Strategy (LTS). The LTS will provide the overall direction and guidance for Bhutan in the long-term efforts for remaining carbon neutral. The development of the LTS has been hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic and is expected to be completed in 2022. • To facilitate the flow of financing for implementation of the NDC and adaptation priorities from the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Bhutan’s Country Work Program was prepared in 2020.', '• To facilitate the flow of financing for implementation of the NDC and adaptation priorities from the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Bhutan’s Country Work Program was prepared in 2020. Direct access modalities for climate finance are also being pursued with the accreditation of the Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation (BTFEC) as National Implementing Entity to both the GCF and the Adaptation Fund. In addition, Bhutan is pursuing access for the private sector with three financial institutions (Bhutan Development Bank Ltd, Bank of Bhutan Ltd and the Bhutan National Bank Ltd) undergoing the accreditation process for access to the Private Sector Facility of the GCF.', 'In addition, Bhutan is pursuing access for the private sector with three financial institutions (Bhutan Development Bank Ltd, Bank of Bhutan Ltd and the Bhutan National Bank Ltd) undergoing the accreditation process for access to the Private Sector Facility of the GCF. • Bhutan’s 21st Century Economic Roadmap is being drafted as a national initiative to chart out Bhutan’s long-term economic direction and to guide short and medium-term plans, programs, and policies7. The roadmap will articulate the main strategies in key economic priority areas for the country over the next ten years while maintaining Bhutan’s effective social and environmental safeguards and integrate climate resilience and mitigation.', 'The roadmap will articulate the main strategies in key economic priority areas for the country over the next ten years while maintaining Bhutan’s effective social and environmental safeguards and integrate climate resilience and mitigation. The roadmap builds on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, aims to leverage “brand Bhutan” and will feed into the upcoming LTS from Bhutan and transformative green financing measures. • The Green Finance Roadmap is being developed in line with the 21st Economic Century Roadmap and aims to mainstream and bring about transformative changes in financing economic investments and sustainable development in Bhutan for the 21st Century.', '• The Green Finance Roadmap is being developed in line with the 21st Economic Century Roadmap and aims to mainstream and bring about transformative changes in financing economic investments and sustainable development in Bhutan for the 21st Century. The initiative aims to (i) make the financial system of Bhutan more robust and resilient to external vulnerabilities in the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, (ii) channel lending towards products and services that can deliver both investible returns and environmentally positive outcomes, (iii) ensure green investments are prioritised over business-as-usual investment and to mobilise additional investments in Bhutan’s green sectors, (iv) accelerate the financial sector’s contribution towards transitioning to a low carbon economy by leveraging on modern technology and innovations.', 'The initiative aims to (i) make the financial system of Bhutan more robust and resilient to external vulnerabilities in the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, (ii) channel lending towards products and services that can deliver both investible returns and environmentally positive outcomes, (iii) ensure green investments are prioritised over business-as-usual investment and to mobilise additional investments in Bhutan’s green sectors, (iv) accelerate the financial sector’s contribution towards transitioning to a low carbon economy by leveraging on modern technology and innovations. As outlined above, Bhutan has made concerted efforts to integrate the priorities and programs identified in the first NDC by strengthening policies, programs, and institutional arrangements for integrating climate change measures as part of our development process.', 'As outlined above, Bhutan has made concerted efforts to integrate the priorities and programs identified in the first NDC by strengthening policies, programs, and institutional arrangements for integrating climate change measures as part of our development process. Bhutan has had measured success in implementing adaptation programs due to the early start and experience from the NAPA and the LDC Work Program. With regards to mitigation action, Bhutan has been relatively successful in developing strategies and plans in key sectors but faces challenges in raising adequate support for implementation of the LEDS, NAMAs and other mitigation programs. 3.', 'With regards to mitigation action, Bhutan has been relatively successful in developing strategies and plans in key sectors but faces challenges in raising adequate support for implementation of the LEDS, NAMAs and other mitigation programs. 3. Summary of NDC (mitigation component) In presenting the second NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests and sinks as first pledged in 2009 and reaffirmed in the first NDC. At the same time, Bhutan calls on the international community to continue and enhance the support for Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.', 'At the same time, Bhutan calls on the international community to continue and enhance the support for Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Bhutan reiterates the statement in the first NDC that “the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received”. The actions across different priority sectors for mitigation as described in the sections below can only be realised with sufficient and adequate financial and technical support. Therefore, as Bhutan’s NDC isBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 6 more than our fair share of efforts for climate change mitigation, the actions describing targets, actions and strategies are conditional on receiving adequate support for implementation.', 'Therefore, as Bhutan’s NDC isBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 6 more than our fair share of efforts for climate change mitigation, the actions describing targets, actions and strategies are conditional on receiving adequate support for implementation. While Bhutan’s first NDC covered broad priority action areas, the second NDC further enhances our actions by elaborating priority mitigation actions in the form of LEDS, roadmaps and strategies as presented below. a) Forest conservation and management under the National REDD+ Strategy Bhutan has established the national REDD+ framework and produced the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) and implementation framework including the National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference (Emission) Level, a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Mechanism, and Safeguard Information System (SIS) for REDD+8.', 'a) Forest conservation and management under the National REDD+ Strategy Bhutan has established the national REDD+ framework and produced the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) and implementation framework including the National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference (Emission) Level, a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Mechanism, and Safeguard Information System (SIS) for REDD+8. Bhutan’s NRS seeks to achieve the REDD+ objectives with a broad vision that provides co-benefits, including enhancing livelihoods, protecting ecosystem services, and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, the NRS focuses on continuing to strengthen the conservation of existing forests and increase the adaptive capacity to climate change impacts without compromising opportunities for future economic development and prosperity. To achieve this vision, there are four strategy options: 1. Strengthening Forest Management Practices 2. Climate Smart Primary Production. 3.', 'Climate Smart Primary Production. 3. Integrated Land Use Planning 4. Improved Rural Livelihoods. Implementing the NRS is estimated to require approximately USD 54.5 million. Among the activities and interventions within the four strategy options, the following targets until 2030 are highlighted.', 'Among the activities and interventions within the four strategy options, the following targets until 2030 are highlighted. Actions Targets 1 Improve forest management and conservation Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system 2 Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area 51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area 3 Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration 2000 ha of plantation and restoration work 4 Initiate and promote agro-forestry (12FYP) 15 acres 5 Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land) Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content As Bhutan does not have large deforestation or forest degradation, the opportunities to participate in a results-based carbon payment system to maintain the net carbon sink are limited.', 'Actions Targets 1 Improve forest management and conservation Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system 2 Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area 51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area 3 Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration 2000 ha of plantation and restoration work 4 Initiate and promote agro-forestry (12FYP) 15 acres 5 Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land) Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content As Bhutan does not have large deforestation or forest degradation, the opportunities to participate in a results-based carbon payment system to maintain the net carbon sink are limited. Therefore, the approach for the REDD+ strategy for conservation and management of the relatively large percentage of forest land area is based on the premise that protecting Bhutan ́s landcover and climate proofing the economy is a strategic investment and more economical approach than the restoration challenge faced by countries that have experienced decades of deforestation.', 'Therefore, the approach for the REDD+ strategy for conservation and management of the relatively large percentage of forest land area is based on the premise that protecting Bhutan ́s landcover and climate proofing the economy is a strategic investment and more economical approach than the restoration challenge faced by countries that have experienced decades of deforestation. In this regard, Bhutan’s investments in forest sink management are unique and exemplary, delivering cross border benefits, and provide important lessons for other countries in effective protection and management of sustainable natural resource management.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security Emissions from agriculture and livestock have not historically been increasing significantly and neither is it expected to increase significantly soon.', 'In this regard, Bhutan’s investments in forest sink management are unique and exemplary, delivering cross border benefits, and provide important lessons for other countries in effective protection and management of sustainable natural resource management.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security Emissions from agriculture and livestock have not historically been increasing significantly and neither is it expected to increase significantly soon. However, emissions from this sector are a significant fraction of national emissions at 14.5%. The LEDS for Food Security covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration9.', 'The LEDS for Food Security covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration9. The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction.', 'The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The prioritised mitigation measures and targets until 2030 listed below have cumulative mitigation potential of up to 710 Gg CO2 e. Mitigation Measures Targets 1 Switch from synthetic to organic fertilisers 5% annually 2 Improved agricultural practices 14,971 ha 3 Increased biomass through increased perennial crop production 17,495 ha 4 Small and medium scale domestic biogas production 10,254nos 5 Reduction of continuous rice flooding 200 ha/year 6 Improved dairy cattle production through breed improvement and feeding management The cost of implementing the above interventions will require an estimated investment of USD. 61.65 million.', 'The prioritised mitigation measures and targets until 2030 listed below have cumulative mitigation potential of up to 710 Gg CO2 e. Mitigation Measures Targets 1 Switch from synthetic to organic fertilisers 5% annually 2 Improved agricultural practices 14,971 ha 3 Increased biomass through increased perennial crop production 17,495 ha 4 Small and medium scale domestic biogas production 10,254nos 5 Reduction of continuous rice flooding 200 ha/year 6 Improved dairy cattle production through breed improvement and feeding management The cost of implementing the above interventions will require an estimated investment of USD. 61.65 million. c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement Bhutan has and is experiencing rapid urbanisation and a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases.', 'c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement Bhutan has and is experiencing rapid urbanisation and a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases. Activities in the human settlement sector were considered across energy in buildings, transport infrastructure, waste management, land-use in urban areas, and information communication and technology. The LEDS for Human Settlement10 identifies measures over the short- and medium-term scenario (2020-2030) and include: 1. Roll out of solar PV on buildings 2. Replacement of LPG and firewood by electricity 3. Increase in composting and recycling 4. Energy efficient and green building design 5. Efficient street lighting 6. Wastewater management 7. Rollout of energy efficient appliances 8.', 'Rollout of energy efficient appliances 8. Solar water heaters The short and medium-term prioritized mitigation measures will lead to a cumulative mitigation potential of up to 4,122 Gg CO2 e which would require an investment of USD 101.84 Million. d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries Industries play an important part of Bhutan’s economic diversification and growth. At the same time, GHG emissions from industries is projected to grow by almost a factor of three by 2035 under a business-as-usual scenario.', 'At the same time, GHG emissions from industries is projected to grow by almost a factor of three by 2035 under a business-as-usual scenario. The LEDS for Industries 2021 identifies opportunities for mitigation through technical measures, and diversification of the sector away from heavy industries to promoting 9 Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan 10 Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of BhutanBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 8 industries with higher value-addition and manufacturing products with cross cutting benefits in other sectors. The LEDS for Industries was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector.', 'The LEDS for Industries was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector. The manufacturing process related mitigation measures include: 1. Replacing fossil origin reductants with renewable charcoal 2. Cement blending Energy efficiency measures include: 1. Waste heat recovery 2. Refuse derived fuels in cement plants 3. Energy efficiency increases in production processes 4. Direct hot charging- integrated production 5. Energy efficiency improvement of electric motor systems 6. Conversion of diesel boilers to electric boilers. The mitigation potential from the LEDS for industries is estimated between 999 and 1,137 Gg CO2 e per annum based on the grid emission factor11 or 9,990 -11,370 Gg CO2 e cumulative mitigation potential till 2030.', 'The mitigation potential from the LEDS for industries is estimated between 999 and 1,137 Gg CO2 e per annum based on the grid emission factor11 or 9,990 -11,370 Gg CO2 e cumulative mitigation potential till 2030. The LEDS for industries recommends establishment of a revolving fund mechanism, green loans, concessional financing, establishing a cleaner production centre (to be managed by the Association of Bhutanese Industries), technology transfer, and capacity building to realise the mitigation potentials. The initial support needs for facilitating and creating an enabling environment to implement the LEDS for industry such as capacity building, detailed technical assessments and studies, policy and regulatory measures is estimated at US$ 3.52 million dollars.', 'The initial support needs for facilitating and creating an enabling environment to implement the LEDS for industry such as capacity building, detailed technical assessments and studies, policy and regulatory measures is estimated at US$ 3.52 million dollars. This enabling activity will result in the full assessment of mitigation potentials in the industries sector and facilitate the participation of the private sector in low emission development. e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport Transport emissions are projected to increase by a factor of three by 2050 as compared to 2020 levels under business-as-usual scenario. The LEDS for Surface Transport12 was developed to provide strategic intervention options for transport and mobility and are categorised as follows: 1.', 'The LEDS for Surface Transport12 was developed to provide strategic intervention options for transport and mobility and are categorised as follows: 1. Mass transit though improvements in bus systems and the introduction of open-bus rapid transit (BRT) network (electric and diesel) and light rail transit. 2. Promotion of electric passenger vehicles (taxi, two wheelers, light vehicles, buses) 3. Low emission freight transport system for heavy and commercial trucks and freight trains 4. Non-motorized transport system through public bicycle systems and improved sidewalks, crosswalks 5. Improve fuel-efficiency in internal combustion engines through stringent vehicle and emission standards 6. Private vehicle demand management through shared mobility, traffic system management carpooling, ride sharing and rental services, import restriction on internal combustion engine cars from 2030 and introducing annual import quota system.', 'Private vehicle demand management through shared mobility, traffic system management carpooling, ride sharing and rental services, import restriction on internal combustion engine cars from 2030 and introducing annual import quota system. The mitigation options with varying levels of marginal abatement costs have been prioritised for implementation with activities across the short-term (2021-2025), medium-term (until 2030) and long-term (until 2050). The mitigation measures have a cumulative mitigation potential of 5,283 Gg 11 Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan.', 'The mitigation measures have a cumulative mitigation potential of 5,283 Gg 11 Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan. 12 Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021, Ministry of Information and Communication, Royal Government of Bhutan.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 9 e and are a mix of investments from relatively inexpensive low hanging interventions to large infrastructure investments up to an overall total investment requirement of USD 3,233 million till 2030. Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes.', 'Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes. f) Waste Management Under the National Waste Management Strategy 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control Flagship Program Bhutan has set the goal to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan whereby the current trend of disposing over 80% to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy. g) Sustainable Hydropower Development Clean hydropower enables low GHG emissions from Bhutan and the achievement of carbon neutral status. Further development of hydropower projects can mitigate emissions beyond Bhutan in the region at large.', 'Further development of hydropower projects can mitigate emissions beyond Bhutan in the region at large. Future development of hydropower will be as per the revised Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021 and enhances climate resilience through reservoir/pumped storage schemes to ensure energy and water security. Currently, there are four hydropower projects under construction that are anticipated to be commissioned before 2030 viz. Punatsangchuu-I (1200MW), Punatsangchhu-II (1020MW), Kholongchhu (600MW) and Nikachhu (118MW) hydroelectric projects (HEP). In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances.', 'In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances. h) Alternative Renewable Energy An alternative renewable energy program consisting of mini hydro, solar, wind and waste-to-energy technologies will be pursued as a priority program with the aim to reduce deforestation in rural communities and diversify the energy portfolio as adaptation measure to changing water flows, particularly in the dry seasons. Medium-term targets from 2020-2028 include: 1. 71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo). 2.', '71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo). 2. Alternative renewable energy project to install roof mounted solar PV on 300 rural households to enable access to clean energy and displace fuelwood consumption. The regulatory policies and tariff structure for solar feed-in tariff will be prepared to encourage the growth of the prosumer market. 3. An 80-kW decentralised solar PV plant shall be developed to provide reliable and sustainable electricity supply to the Aja Ney community which is inside the Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood. 4.', 'This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood. 4. More than 50 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) of 1000 litres per day (LPD) capacity shall be installed in various public institutions (schools, monasteries, hospitals etc. ), to curtail pressure on firewood which is otherwise deployed for heating water. 5. The remote Lunana community will be provided with a 500-kW mini-hydel to meet the energy demands of the community through a sustainable and reliable approach. This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation. 6.', 'This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation. 6. The feasibility of a waste to energy plant of utility scale in Thimphu will be undertaken and implemented to convert the organic waste to energy and reduce landfill emissions.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 10 i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap In line with the Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021, the potential for the use of hydrogen created from green renewable electricity in Bhutan will be pursued. Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective of exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage.', 'Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective of exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage. The Royal Government will initiate feasibility studies, preparation of the Green Hydrogen Roadmap and pilot projects. j) National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019 The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap (NEECP) were adopted in 2019. The roadmap establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emission in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2 e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&C measures.', 'The roadmap establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emission in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2 e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&C measures. The action plan aims to contribute towards the NDC mitigation measures by enhancing demand side management through (i) promotion of EE in appliances, (ii) buildings and (iii) industrial processes and technologies. The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155 GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector.', 'The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155 GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector. Several of the actions and measures in the EE policy and action plan are also being integrated into the different LEDS for human settlements, transport, and Industries. k) Cooperative mechanisms to achieve sustainable development and mitigation ambitions Bhutan has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanisms for climate actions with sustainable development benefits.', 'k) Cooperative mechanisms to achieve sustainable development and mitigation ambitions Bhutan has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanisms for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. Bhutan views cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition with environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate in cooperative approaches. 4. Adaptation Component Adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change is an equally important, if not more challenging issue than mitigation for Bhutan as a nation. Bhutan included an adaptation component in the first NDC and highlighted ten broad areas of priority adaptation needs.', 'Bhutan included an adaptation component in the first NDC and highlighted ten broad areas of priority adaptation needs. Since then, Bhutan has started the process to formulate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) as part of the NAP readiness support. The NAP support program will result in the preparation of Bhutan’s first NAP and put in place essential elements to support the medium to long term process for adaptation planning and implementation by enhancing institutional coordination, management of climate change data and information, and capacity building of key institutions including academia, civil society, and the private sector.', 'The NAP support program will result in the preparation of Bhutan’s first NAP and put in place essential elements to support the medium to long term process for adaptation planning and implementation by enhancing institutional coordination, management of climate change data and information, and capacity building of key institutions including academia, civil society, and the private sector. Bhutan’s first NAP is expected to be completed and submitted in 2021 and will be the basis of Bhutan’s Adaptation Communication to convey our priorities, plans, actions, and support needs for adaptation. The NAP will cover priority needs and actions in the areas of water, agriculture, forests & biodiversity, and health. 5.', 'The NAP will cover priority needs and actions in the areas of water, agriculture, forests & biodiversity, and health. 5. Means of Implementation While the costs for the implementation for a few of the mitigation measures have been estimated, further detailed feasibility assessments and cost benefit assessments will need to be undertaken for most of the LEDS priorities in the near future.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 11 The implementation of the NDC will be guided by the Climate Change Policy of 2020, which describes the implementation procedures as well as the process for monitoring and evaluation.', 'Means of Implementation While the costs for the implementation for a few of the mitigation measures have been estimated, further detailed feasibility assessments and cost benefit assessments will need to be undertaken for most of the LEDS priorities in the near future.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 11 The implementation of the NDC will be guided by the Climate Change Policy of 2020, which describes the implementation procedures as well as the process for monitoring and evaluation. The policy describes climate change as a cross-cutting issue that needs to be addressed comprehensively and coordinated effectively across all relevant sectors and stakeholders at different levels and defines procedures and institutional roles and responsibilities for implementation.', 'The policy describes climate change as a cross-cutting issue that needs to be addressed comprehensively and coordinated effectively across all relevant sectors and stakeholders at different levels and defines procedures and institutional roles and responsibilities for implementation. This approach includes integration of climate change priorities into the five-year plans, policies and programs while ensuring synergies. Support for implementation will include domestic fiscal incentives and measures, policy, and regulatory measures to create an enabling environment for implementation measures in targeted sectors based on the LEDS. The domestic institutional measures to enable financial flows for climate action include the establishment of national implementing entities for direct access to the GCF and the Adaptation Fund and the private sector facility of the GCF.', 'The domestic institutional measures to enable financial flows for climate action include the establishment of national implementing entities for direct access to the GCF and the Adaptation Fund and the private sector facility of the GCF. The green finance roadmap will enable transformative investments in carbon neutral and climate resilient development. The establishment of Bhutan Climate Fund (BCF) which is underway will serve as a sustainable financing source for Bhutan s development and conservation efforts and correspondingly contribute to diversifying the economy through the development of low-carbon infrastructures. The BCF will aggregate and monetise emission offsets (mitigation outcomes) from renewable projects in Bhutan, starting with the hydro sector.', 'The BCF will aggregate and monetise emission offsets (mitigation outcomes) from renewable projects in Bhutan, starting with the hydro sector. As Bhutan is a land locked LDC with limited financial resources, international financing will be needed to implement the actions in the NDC over the next 10 years. Most of the mitigation actions in this NDC and the strategies across sectors can be realised only with adequate financing and will therefore be contingent on the level of financial support received. 6. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC Further details on the mitigation component of Bhutan’s second NDC are provided in the information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC as presented in Annex I.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 12 Annex I.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC Further details on the mitigation component of Bhutan’s second NDC are provided in the information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC as presented in Annex I.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 12 Annex I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC13. 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Bhutan is already carbon neutral and has achieved the goal for net zero emissions by 2050. Bhutan’s commitment is to remain carbon neutral, and this refers to total emissions relative to total removals at a national level.', 'Bhutan’s commitment is to remain carbon neutral, and this refers to total emissions relative to total removals at a national level. Bhutan’s INDC referenced the period 2000-2013 as a basis for the carbon neutral status in line with the 2nd National GHG Inventory and the 2nd National Communication. The 2nd NDC uses 2015 as base year in line with the 3rd National GHG Inventory. Bhutan’s forest reference emission level (FREL) and forest reference level (FRL) submitted and assessed in 2020 utilises historical reference period of 2005-2014. However, the methodology used for the development of the FREL and FRL is consistent with the National GHG Inventory.', 'However, the methodology used for the development of the FREL and FRL is consistent with the National GHG Inventory. b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Based on the Third National GHG Inventory for Bhutan14 total GHG emissions in Bhutan in 2015 was 3,814.09 Gg CO2 equivalent (CO2e) excluding removals by forest. The carbon sequestration capacity of Bhutan in 2015 was 9,386.59 Gg CO2e. This results in Bhutan already achieving and exceeding the carbon neutral goal of the Paris Agreement with net GHG emissions in 2015 of -5,572.50 Gg Sectoral targets and actions for low emission development are described in section 1c below.', 'This results in Bhutan already achieving and exceeding the carbon neutral goal of the Paris Agreement with net GHG emissions in 2015 of -5,572.50 Gg Sectoral targets and actions for low emission development are described in section 1c below. c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; a) Forest conservation and management Under the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS), Bhutan will continue to strengthen the conservation of existing forests and increase the adaptive capacity to climate change impacts without compromising opportunities for future economic development and prosperity. This vision will be pursued through four strategy options: 1. Strengthening Forest Management Practices 2. Climate Smart Primary Production. 3.', 'Climate Smart Primary Production. 3. Integrated Land Use Planning 4. Improved Rural Livelihoods. Implementing the NRS is estimated to require approximately USD 54.5 million.', 'Implementing the NRS is estimated to require approximately USD 54.5 million. Quantifiable actions and targets until 2030 include Actions Targets 1 Improve forest management and conservation Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system 2 Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area 51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area 3 Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration 2000 ha of plantation and restoration work 4 Initiate and promote agro- 5 Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land) Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content 13 Based on Guidance provided by CMA 1 14 3rd National GHG Inventory of Bhutan as contained in the 3rd National Communication from Bhutan to the UNFCCC, National Environment Commission 2020Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 13 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security The Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) for Food Security 2021 covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration15.', 'Quantifiable actions and targets until 2030 include Actions Targets 1 Improve forest management and conservation Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system 2 Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area 51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area 3 Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration 2000 ha of plantation and restoration work 4 Initiate and promote agro- 5 Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land) Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content 13 Based on Guidance provided by CMA 1 14 3rd National GHG Inventory of Bhutan as contained in the 3rd National Communication from Bhutan to the UNFCCC, National Environment Commission 2020Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 13 b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security The Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) for Food Security 2021 covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration15. The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction.', 'The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The prioritised mitigation measures and targets until 2030 listed below have cumulative mitigation potential of up to 710 Gg CO2e. The cost of implementing the interventions will require an estimated investment of USD.', 'The cost of implementing the interventions will require an estimated investment of USD. 61.65 million Mitigation Measures Targets 1 Switch from synthetic to organic fertilisers 5% annually 2 Improved agricultural practices 14,971 ha 3 Increased biomass through increased perennial crop production 4 Small and medium scale domestic biogas production 10,254nos 5 Reduction of continuous rice flooding 200 ha/year 6 Improved dairy cattle production through breed improvement and feeding management c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement Bhutan has and is experiencing rapid urbanisation and a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases. Activities in the human settlement sector was considered across energy in buildings, transport infrastructure, waste management, land- use in urban areas, and information communication and technology. The LEDS for Human Settlement 202116 identifies measures over the short- and medium- term scenario (2020-2030) and include: 1.', 'The LEDS for Human Settlement 202116 identifies measures over the short- and medium- term scenario (2020-2030) and include: 1. Roll out of solar PV on buildings 2. Replacement of LPG and firewood by electricity 3. Increase in composting and recycling 4. Energy efficient and green building design 5. Efficient street lighting 6. Wastewater management 7. Rollout of energy efficient appliances 8. Solar water heaters The short-term prioritized mitigation measures in human settlements will lead to a cumulative mitigation potential of up to 4,122 Gg CO2e which would require an investment of USD 101.84 million.', 'Solar water heaters The short-term prioritized mitigation measures in human settlements will lead to a cumulative mitigation potential of up to 4,122 Gg CO2e which would require an investment of USD 101.84 million. d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries The LEDS for Industries 202117 identifies opportunities for mitigation through technical measures, and diversification of the sector away from heavy industries to promoting industries with higher value-addition and manufacturing products with cross cutting benefits in other sectors. The LEDS for Industry was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector.', 'The LEDS for Industry was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector. The mitigation measures include: 15 Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan 16 Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan 17 Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 14 1. Replacing fossil origin reductants with renewable charcoal 2. Cement blending 3. Energy efficiency measures include: 4. Waste heat recovery 5. Refuse derived fuels in cement plants 6. Energy efficiency increases in production processes 7. Direct hot charging- integrated production 8.', 'Direct hot charging- integrated production 8. Energy efficiency improvement of electric motor systems 9. Conversion of diesel boilers to electric boilers. The total mitigation potential from the LEDS for industries is estimated between 999 Gg CO2e and 1,137 Gg CO2e per annum depending on the grid emission factor or a cumulative mitigation potential of 9,990 – 11,370 Gg CO2e till 2030. The LEDS for Industries recommends establishment of a revolving fund mechanisms, green loans, concessional financing, establishing a cleaner production centre (to be managed by the Association of Bhutanese Industries), technology transfer and capacity building to realise the mitigation potentials.', 'The LEDS for Industries recommends establishment of a revolving fund mechanisms, green loans, concessional financing, establishing a cleaner production centre (to be managed by the Association of Bhutanese Industries), technology transfer and capacity building to realise the mitigation potentials. The initial support needs for facilitating and creating an enabling environment to implement the LEDS for industry such as capacity building, detailed technical assessments and studies, policy and regulatory measures is estimated at US$ 3.52 million dollars. This enabling activity will result in the full assessment of mitigation potentials in the industries sector and facilitate the participation of the private sector in low emission development.', 'This enabling activity will result in the full assessment of mitigation potentials in the industries sector and facilitate the participation of the private sector in low emission development. e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport The LEDS for Surface Transport18 was developed to provide strategic intervention options for transport and mobility and are categorised as follows: 1. Mass transit though improvements in bus systems and the introduction of open-bus rapid transit (BRT) network (electric and diesel) and light rail transit. 2. Promotion of electric passenger vehicles (taxi, two wheelers, light vehicles, buses) 3. Low emission freight transport system for heavy and commercial trucks and freight trains 4. Non-motorized transport system through public bicycle systems and improved sidewalks, crosswalks 5. Improve fuel-efficiency in internal combustion engines through stringent vehicle and emission standards 6.', 'Improve fuel-efficiency in internal combustion engines through stringent vehicle and emission standards 6. Private vehicle demand management through shared mobility, traffic system management carpooling, ride sharing and rental services, import restriction on internal combustion engine cars from 2030 and introducing annual import quota system. The mitigation options with varying levels of marginal abatement costs have been prioritised for implementation with activities across the short-term (2021- 2025), medium-term (until 2030) and long-term (until 2050). The mitigation measures have a cumulative mitigation potential of 5,283 Gg CO2e and are a mix of investments from relatively inexpensive low hanging interventions to large infrastructure investments up to an overall total investment requirement of USD 3,233 million till 2030. Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes.', 'Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes. 18 Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021, Ministry of Information and Communication, Royal Government of Bhutan.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 15 f) Waste Management Under the National Waste Management Strategy 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control Flagship Program Bhutan has set the goal to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan whereby the current trend of disposing over 80% to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy. g) Sustainable Hydropower Development Clean hydropower enables low GHG emissions from Bhutan and the achievement of carbon neutral status.', 'g) Sustainable Hydropower Development Clean hydropower enables low GHG emissions from Bhutan and the achievement of carbon neutral status. Further development of hydropower projects can mitigate emissions beyond Bhutan in the region at large. Future development of hydropower will be as per the revised Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021 and enhance climate resilience through reservoir/pumped storage schemes to ensure energy and water security. Currently, there are four hydropower projects under construction that are anticipated to be commissioned before 2030 viz. Punatsangchuu-I (1200MW), Punatsangchhu-II projects (HEP). In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances.', 'In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances. h) Alternative Renewable Energy An alternative renewable energy program consisting of mini hydro, solar, wind and waste-to-energy technologies will be pursued as a priority program with the aim to reduce deforestation in rural communities and diversify the energy portfolio as adaptation measure to changing water flows, particularly in the dry seasons. Medium-term targets from 2020-2028 include: 1. 71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo). 2.', '71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo). 2. Alternative renewable energy project to install roof mounted solar PV on 300 rural households to enable access to clean energy and displace fuelwood consumption. The regulatory policies and tariff structure for solar feed-in tariff will be prepared to encourage the growth of the prosumer market. 3. An 80-kW decentralised solar PV plant shall be developed to provide reliable and sustainable electricity supply to the Aja Ney community which is inside the Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood. 4.', 'This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood. 4. More than 50 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) of 1000 litres per day (LPD) capacity shall be installed in various public institutions (schools, monasteries, hospitals etc. ), to curtail pressure on firewood which is otherwise deployed for heating water. 5. The remote Lunana community will be provided with a 500-kW mini-hydel to meet the energy demands of the community through a sustainable and reliable approach. This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation. 6.', 'This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation. 6. The feasibility of a waste to energy plant of utility scale in Thimphu will be undertaken and implemented to convert the organic waste to energy and reduce landfill emissions. i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap In line with the Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021, the potential for the use of hydrogen created from green renewable electricity in Bhutan will be pursued. Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective ofBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 16 exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products, for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage.', 'Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective ofBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 16 exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products, for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage. The Royal Government will initiate feasibility studies, preparation of the Green Hydrogen Roadmap and pilot projects. j) The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019. The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and Energy Efficiency Roadmap (NEECP) 2019 establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emissions in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&C measures.', 'The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and Energy Efficiency Roadmap (NEECP) 2019 establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emissions in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&C measures. The action plan aims to contribute towards the NDC mitigation measures by enhancing demand side management through (i) promotion of EE in appliances, (ii) buildings and (iii) industrial processes and technologies. The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector.', 'The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector. Several of the actions and measures in the EE policy and action plan are also being integrated into the different LEDS for human settlements, transport, and Industries. d Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Bhutan’s target is to maintain the status as a carbon neutral country. This is expressed in relative terms of total GHG emissions against total removals of GHG for each relevant target year.', 'This is expressed in relative terms of total GHG emissions against total removals of GHG for each relevant target year. To maintain this target, Bhutan has prepared sectoral Low Emission Development Strategies, the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan and other sectoral plans, programs, and strategies. The ability for Bhutan to maintain its carbon neutral status will depend on the level of international support received to implement these sectoral strategies and plans and the realisation of this commitment is conditional on the support received. e Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); For the economy wide target of remaining carbon neutral, quantifiable information is based on National GHG Inventories for Bhutan as contained in the National Communications to the UNFCCC and subsequent Biennial Update Reports.', 'e Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); For the economy wide target of remaining carbon neutral, quantifiable information is based on National GHG Inventories for Bhutan as contained in the National Communications to the UNFCCC and subsequent Biennial Update Reports. Sources of data for forestry emissions and removals is based on the Third National GHG Inventory included in the Third National Communication 2020, Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level submitted in 2020, The National Forest Inventory Volume 1, 2016 and National Forest Inventory Volume II 2018.', 'Sources of data for forestry emissions and removals is based on the Third National GHG Inventory included in the Third National Communication 2020, Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level submitted in 2020, The National Forest Inventory Volume 1, 2016 and National Forest Inventory Volume II 2018. Reference points for sectoral targets, strategies, plans, and actions are based on the following: • National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency • Bhutan’s National REDD+ Strategy & Action Plan • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 17 f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Reference points for sectoral targets, strategies, plans, and actions are based on the following: • National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency • Bhutan’s National REDD+ Strategy & Action Plan • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021 • Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 17 f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Values may change due to improvements in the GHG inventory and Biennial Update Reports and completion of assessments leading to the development of Bhutan’s Long-Term Strategy including an assessment and selection of Bhutan’s Grid Emission Factor. 2.', 'Values may change due to improvements in the GHG inventory and Biennial Update Reports and completion of assessments leading to the development of Bhutan’s Long-Term Strategy including an assessment and selection of Bhutan’s Grid Emission Factor. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); Bhutan’s enhanced mitigation efforts to remain carbon neutral includes sectoral targets, strategies, and activities from the year 2021 to 2030 based on the references in 1(e) above. b Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Bhutan’s overall national target is to maintain the carbon neutral status.', 'Bhutan’s overall national target is to maintain the carbon neutral status. This is expressed in relative terms of total GHG emissions against total removals of GHG for each relevant target year. Bhutan’s enhanced mitigation efforts to remain carbon neutral includes sectoral targets, strategies, and activities from the year 2021 to 2030 based on the references in 1(e) above. 3. Scope and coverage: a General description of the target; Bhutan’s target is to maintain the status as a carbon neutral country where total GHG emissions do not exceed total removals by sinks including forests. In order to maintain this carbon neutral status, sectoral targets, programs and plans have been prepared as part of sectoral LEDS and National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan as described above in section 1(c).', 'In order to maintain this carbon neutral status, sectoral targets, programs and plans have been prepared as part of sectoral LEDS and National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan as described above in section 1(c). The implementation and achievement of this target will depend on the level of support available for implementation and is therefore conditional on support received. b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; For the overall target to remain carbon neutral, all gases and sectors are as described in the Third National Communication.', 'b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; For the overall target to remain carbon neutral, all gases and sectors are as described in the Third National Communication. c How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; All the methodologies and tools used for GHG inventory reporting followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000). The methodologies used was from Tier 1 using the default emission/removal factor except for forestry sector where some country specific carbon density data was used. In general, each method was applied based on the availability of data and analysis of key categories.', 'In general, each method was applied based on the availability of data and analysis of key categories. The latest GHG inventory for 2015 estimated emissions sources of energy, IPPU, AFLOU, waste, and removals by sink. The three main gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), is estimated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) were calculated for forestry and other land use only. Emissions of perfluorocarbons (FPCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are not estimated as products containing these gases are not produced in the country.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 18 Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level describes the methodologies for emissions and removals from forests.', 'Emissions of perfluorocarbons (FPCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are not estimated as products containing these gases are not produced in the country.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 18 Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level describes the methodologies for emissions and removals from forests. Consistency in approaches and definitions have been maintained with the national communications and GHG inventories. The collection of data and information is still a challenge when compiling the GHG inventory for Bhutan. Bhutan aspires to gradually improve its reporting by adopting higher tier methods with continued international support and as local capacity develops, and more disaggregated data becomes available. d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'd Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Hydropower from run-of-river projects has been one of the main sources of revenue for Bhutan’s economic development. However, climate change is threatening the generation of clean hydroelectricity, particularly in the dry season with diminishing winter precipitation and the rapidly disappearing Himalayan cryosphere. In addition, the rapid melting of the glaciers and risk of glacial lake outbursts also threaten hydropower investments. To address the adverse impacts of climate change, the Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy (SHDP) 2021 enhances Bhutan’s hydropower policy by integrating climate resilience and mitigation. The SHDP emphasises adaptation measures such as reservoir/pumped storage schemes in addition to run-of-river schemes.', 'The SHDP emphasises adaptation measures such as reservoir/pumped storage schemes in addition to run-of-river schemes. Energy security and climate resilience will also be enhanced through ventures in energy storage technologies such as hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other emerging technologies. Other alternative renewable energy in the form of solar, wind and micro-hydro, including participation though feed-in tariff will also be further promoted for diversifying the energy mix. While these measures are primarily being undertaken to adapt to the increasing threats from adverse impacts of climate change to Bhutan’s energy security, these adaptation measures will result in tangible mitigation benefits. 4.', 'While these measures are primarily being undertaken to adapt to the increasing threats from adverse impacts of climate change to Bhutan’s energy security, these adaptation measures will result in tangible mitigation benefits. 4. Planning processes: a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process. However, the preparation of the 2nd NDC builds on experience of 1st NDC which was prepared in a short timeframe utilising existing policies, plans and strategies.', 'However, the preparation of the 2nd NDC builds on experience of 1st NDC which was prepared in a short timeframe utilising existing policies, plans and strategies. The 2nd NDC has been informed by deliberate preparatory steps which included awareness and capacity building of relevant stakeholders in understanding climate change mitigation and adaptation, and the obligations arising out of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Technical assessments in the form of LEDS for priority sectors were also conducted to elaborate the broad priority actions identified in the 1st NDC. These preparatory assessments towards the NDC include the intensive work undertaken under the REDD+ Readiness program including the first full National Forest Inventory and preparation of the FREL and FRL.', 'These preparatory assessments towards the NDC include the intensive work undertaken under the REDD+ Readiness program including the first full National Forest Inventory and preparation of the FREL and FRL. Additional studies were also conducted to fill gaps in understanding gender issues as related to climate change and environment. This study was used as inputs to inform the preparation of the LEDS and recent climate policies and actions. Preparation of all relevant strategies and the NDC formulation was carried out in a highly consultative manner while catering to national COVID-19 protocols. Despite the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, in- person meetings were conducted with social distancing measures when feasible, and teleconferencing video technologies were utilised during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions.', 'Despite the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, in- person meetings were conducted with social distancing measures when feasible, and teleconferencing video technologies were utilised during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions. The support and participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs and private sector with support from the UNDP Climate PromiseBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 19 program was essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances. i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The 2nd NDC builds on the 1st NDC with the subsequent preparation the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan, the LEDS for sectoral actions, the National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019.', 'i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The 2nd NDC builds on the 1st NDC with the subsequent preparation the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan, the LEDS for sectoral actions, the National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019. All these strategies were prepared in a highly consultative manner. To get an understanding of gender issues in the context of climate change and related policy responses in Bhutan a study on gender and climate change in Bhutan for priority sectors of Agriculture, Energy and Waste was carried out19. The findings and recommendations helped set a basis for understanding gender and climate linkages while enabling the incorporation of gender approaches in the three sectors.', 'The findings and recommendations helped set a basis for understanding gender and climate linkages while enabling the incorporation of gender approaches in the three sectors. It also helped to inform gender considerations in the development LEDS for agriculture, transport, and waste. Further in-depth studies for gender and climate change covering additional sectors and issues are needed. The second NDC from Bhutan has been prepared through an extensive process of technical assessments, and wide-ranging stakeholder consultation process. The consultation process included technical experts from government agencies, representatives of private sector, academia, civil society and youth groups, and high-level government consultation and review.', 'The consultation process included technical experts from government agencies, representatives of private sector, academia, civil society and youth groups, and high-level government consultation and review. ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Bhutan is a small, landlocked country with an area of 38,394 km2 situated on the southern slope of the Eastern Himalayas. The country is almost entirely mountainous with altitudes ranging from about 100 meters in the foothills to over 7,500 meters in the north. Due to its fragile mountainous ecosystem, Bhutan is highly vulnerable to impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. The situation is further worsened by the country’s low adaptative capacity and poor economic status constrained by limited financial, technical, and human capacity.', 'The situation is further worsened by the country’s low adaptative capacity and poor economic status constrained by limited financial, technical, and human capacity. Additionally, the country’s economy is still predominantly dependent on climate sensitive sectors like agriculture (more than 60% of rural population depend for livelihood) and hydropower. The mountainous landscape makes communication and transport very fragile and expensive. Bhutan has a total of 70.77 % forest cover (2,717,162 ha) out of the total geographical area (3,839,400 ha) of the country. Due to the high forest cover, pristine environment, strong conservation efforts and good network of Protected Areas, Bhutan has exceptionally rich biodiversity with one of the highest species densities and flourishing populations of some of the rarest flora and fauna on earth.', 'Due to the high forest cover, pristine environment, strong conservation efforts and good network of Protected Areas, Bhutan has exceptionally rich biodiversity with one of the highest species densities and flourishing populations of some of the rarest flora and fauna on earth. Most of the major rivers in Bhutan originate from glaciers and are recharged by watershed. Most of the river discharge results from rainfall, supplemented by an estimated 2-12% glacial melt and another 2% from snow melt. The combined outflow of the rivers is about 70,576 million m3, or 2,238 m3/s, which corresponds to a flow of 109,000 m3 per capita per year, the highest in the region.', 'The combined outflow of the rivers is about 70,576 million m3, or 2,238 m3/s, which corresponds to a flow of 109,000 m3 per capita per year, the highest in the region. Bhutan is one of the least populated countries in Asia with a total population of 727,145 in 2017 and population growth rate of 1.3% per annum. Bhutan is one of the world’s smallest economies, with gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017 recorded at Nu 164.6 billion or approximately USD 2.4 billion.', 'Bhutan is one of the world’s smallest economies, with gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017 recorded at Nu 164.6 billion or approximately USD 2.4 billion. However, growth 19 Gender and Climate Change in Bhutan with a focus on Nationally Determined Contribution areas: Agriculture, Energy and Waste, National Commission for Women and Children, Royal Government of Bhutan, 2020.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 20 has been remarkable, with the economy growing at an average rate of seven percent over the past decade, mainly due to investments in the hydropower sector. GDP per capita increased from USD 2,464 in 2013 to USD 3,438 in 2017.', 'GDP per capita increased from USD 2,464 in 2013 to USD 3,438 in 2017. However, the COVID 19 pandemic has led to a shrinkage in economic activities and the Asian Development Bank has forecast Bhutan’s economic growth to contract by 3.4% this fiscal year (FY) 2021 from 0.9% in FY2020. Bhutan was categorized as a Least Developed Country (LDC) by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1971. However, over the decades, Bhutan has made remarkable socio-economic advancements, qualifying the country for graduation from this category for the first time at the 2015 triennial review of the list of LDCs.', 'However, over the decades, Bhutan has made remarkable socio-economic advancements, qualifying the country for graduation from this category for the first time at the 2015 triennial review of the list of LDCs. As a least-developed country with a young growing population, Bhutan has pressing needs for economic development and poverty eradication in a challenging environment while conserving of a globally significant natural environment. (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process.', '(b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process. Learning from the experience of 1st NDC which was prepared in a short timeframe utilising existing policies, plans and strategies, the 2nd NDC has been informed by deliberate preparatory steps of capacity building of relevant stakeholders in understanding climate change mitigation and adaptation and the preparation of technical assessments in response to the 1st NDC. These steps are described in section 4a above. With the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures were adopted meetings when feasible and teleconferencing video technologies during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions.', 'With the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures were adopted meetings when feasible and teleconferencing video technologies during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions. The support and participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs and private sector with support from the UNDP Climate Promise program was essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances. The 2nd NDC preparation highlighted the need for continuous capacity building in understanding climate change causes, impacts and actions.', 'The 2nd NDC preparation highlighted the need for continuous capacity building in understanding climate change causes, impacts and actions. (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; N.A b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N.A.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 21 c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N.A.', '(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; N.A b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N.A.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 21 c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N.A. d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; N.A.', 'd Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; N.A. ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. See 3(d) above. 5.', 'ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. See 3(d) above. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with The accounting approach is from Bhutan’s Third National GHG inventory which followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000).', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with The accounting approach is from Bhutan’s Third National GHG inventory which followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000). The methodologies used was from Tier 1 using the default emission/removal factor except for forestry sector where some country specific carbon density data was used.', 'The methodologies used was from Tier 1 using the default emission/removal factor except for forestry sector where some country specific carbon density data was used. The decision trees provided in the IPCC Guidelines guided the choice of methods for inventory.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 22 and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Net emission has been presented in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) using the 100 - year global warming potentials (GWPs) from the 1995 IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) For constructing Bhutan’s FREL and FRL, methodologies used were the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 IPCC Guidelines refinement and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered.', 'The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered. Wherever possible, country specific data have been used for the construction of the FREL and FRL of Bhutan. b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; In addition to the overall methodologies in 5a above, policies measures and strategies in the NDC were guided by 2006 IPCC guidelines and additional approaches for specific LEDS across sectors as detailed within the respective LEDS.', 'b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; In addition to the overall methodologies in 5a above, policies measures and strategies in the NDC were guided by 2006 IPCC guidelines and additional approaches for specific LEDS across sectors as detailed within the respective LEDS. Policies, measures, and strategies in sectors are described within the respective strategy documents: • Forest related policies and measures are described in the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan 2020 • For agriculture and livestock in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021 • For Industries in, Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021 & The National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development 2012.', 'Policies, measures, and strategies in sectors are described within the respective strategy documents: • Forest related policies and measures are described in the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan 2020 • For agriculture and livestock in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021 • For Industries in, Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021 & The National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development 2012. • For human settlements including waste management, in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021 • For surface transport in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021 c If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; As described in 5a above.', '• For human settlements including waste management, in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021 • For surface transport in Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021 c If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; As described in 5a above. d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC GPG as in 5a above.', 'd IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC GPG as in 5a above. e Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; For constructing Bhutan’s FREL and FRL, methodologies used were the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 IPCC Guidelines refinement and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.', 'e Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; For constructing Bhutan’s FREL and FRL, methodologies used were the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 IPCC Guidelines refinement and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 23 See “Bhutan’s Proposed National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level 2020”20 ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; For the National Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level, harvested wood products were counted as part of emissions and was not considered as removals due to lack of capacity, data, and technology to segregate emissions and removals in this sub-category.', 'The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 23 See “Bhutan’s Proposed National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level 2020”20 ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; For the National Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level, harvested wood products were counted as part of emissions and was not considered as removals due to lack of capacity, data, and technology to segregate emissions and removals in this sub-category. This could be considered in the future as part of the future FREL and FRL improvement program (if technical and financial support are available).', 'This could be considered in the future as part of the future FREL and FRL improvement program (if technical and financial support are available). iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; For the National Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level development, age class forest structure specifically was not segregated, however, average values were used covering all different age class and elevation, so the figures are representative of the forests of Bhutan. The IPCC’s recommended 20 years transition period was also used across all REDD+ activities. If there is available support technically and financially, age class wise segregation and their emissions and removal could be considered for further improvement of the FREL and FRL.', 'If there is available support technically and financially, age class wise segregation and their emissions and removal could be considered for further improvement of the FREL and FRL. f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; As in 5a and 5b above. ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; As in 5b above. iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N.A.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 24 iv) Further technical information, as necessary. N.A.', 'iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N.A.Bhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 24 iv) Further technical information, as necessary. N.A. g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Bhutan has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanism for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. Bhutan views cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition with environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate on cooperative approaches. 6.', 'Bhutan views cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition with environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate on cooperative approaches. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Bhutan is already carbon neutral and commits to maintain this status despite national circumstances as a landlocked least developed country, with very high vulnerability in a fragile mountainous ecosystem.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Bhutan is already carbon neutral and commits to maintain this status despite national circumstances as a landlocked least developed country, with very high vulnerability in a fragile mountainous ecosystem. Considering the challenging national circumstances and with pressing needs for poverty reduction and sustainable development, Bhutan’s NDC is the highest possible ambition and more than its fair share of action and burden. b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Bhutan is a landlocked LDC with a small economy and limited resources.', 'b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Bhutan is a landlocked LDC with a small economy and limited resources. In addition, considering the historical and current emissions from Bhutan and our imperatives for sustainable development, Bhutan’s NDC is most ambitious and more than our fair share of efforts to combat climate change. Bhutan also finds itself in a unique situation of not being able to participate in results-based financing after maintaining impressive forest sinks that provide climate, biodiversity and riverine services and benefits beyond our borders. It is also difficult to mobilise support for implementing our LEDS and NAMAs due to low historical emissions. The commitment to remain carbon neutral is an economy wide target that can limit the aspirations and vision of Bhutan for a peaceful and prosperous society.', 'The commitment to remain carbon neutral is an economy wide target that can limit the aspirations and vision of Bhutan for a peaceful and prosperous society. In this regard, financial and technical support from the international community is essential to implement the NDC and therefore the conditional requirement for implementation of the measures. c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Bhutan is already carbon neutral and re-affirms this pledge to maintain this status.', 'c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Bhutan is already carbon neutral and re-affirms this pledge to maintain this status. The 2nd NDC contains enhanced actions as compared to the 1st NDC: - Whereas the 1st NDC contained broad priority areas for both mitigation and adaptation action, the 2nd NDC presents specific sectoral mitigation actions with both GHG and non GHG target aligned with sectoral strategies and priority plans in the form of Low Emission Development Strategies. - The data for the NDC has been greatly enhanced with the 3rd GHG Inventory, the completion of the National Forest Inventory, and submission of Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level.', '- The data for the NDC has been greatly enhanced with the 3rd GHG Inventory, the completion of the National Forest Inventory, and submission of Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level. Bhutan has also consistently taken measures to implement the 1st NDC and elaborate on actions and prepare strategies in preparation for the 2nd NDC as reported in section 2 “Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement” presented in the main text. d How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Bhutan’s commitment to remain carbon neutral is effectively an economy wide target where total national GHG emissions will be kept below forest sink capacity.', 'd How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Bhutan’s commitment to remain carbon neutral is effectively an economy wide target where total national GHG emissions will be kept below forest sink capacity. Bhutan’s 2nd NDC elaborates the mitigation action in key sectors in theBhutan’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 25 form of LEDS, action plans, and priority needs to meet the objective of remaining carbon neutral while pursing our sustainable development goals. e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Bhutan’s carbon neutral commitment is effectively an economy wide target. A suite of strategies and plans have been prepared for sectoral actions to fulfil targets as described in section 1 above. 7.', 'A suite of strategies and plans have been prepared for sectoral actions to fulfil targets as described in section 1 above. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article While Bhutan’s absolute emissions are negligible at a global level and historical emissions are very low, Bhutan’s NDC contributes to the ultimate objective of the Convention by having already met the 2050 goal of achieving net carbon neutrality. The NDC identifies our priority measures, actions, and needs to maintain this carbon neutral status. b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Bhutan has already achieved the “balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks”. In fact, Bhutan’s emissions are net negative - 5,572.50 Gg CO2e) as elaborated in sections 1, 3 & 5 above. Bhutan intends to contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention by maintaining its carbon neutral status. Bhutan’s NDC elaborates measures to ensuring that growth in pursuit of sustainable development and poverty eradication is achieved by low emission development pathways to maintain its carbon neutral status. ---']

en-US

BOL

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

1st NDC

2016-10-05 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/ESTADO%20PLURINACIONAL%20DE%20BOLIVIA1.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2af866beeffe20719665bddf2b1cb3c2e8bb7fac11652f4b8bf615ae6f0a8611.pdf

['CONTRIBUCION PREVISTA DETERMINADA NACIONALMENTE DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA De conformidad con los párrafos pertinentes de las Decisiones 1/CP.19 y 1/CP.20, Bolivia comunica su Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente (CPDN), condicionada a que el nuevo acuerdo climático a ser aprobado en la COP21 refleje de forma efectiva lo dispuesto en el artículo 4.7 de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), que establece: “…la medida en que las Partes que son países en desarrollo lleven a la práctica efectivamente sus compromisos en virtud de la convención dependerá de la manera en que la Partes que son países desarrollados lleven a la práctica efectivamente sus compromisos relativos a los recursos financieros y la transferencia de tecnología, se tendrá plenamente en cuenta que el desarrollo económico y social y la erradicación de la pobreza son las prioridades primeras y esenciales de las Partes que son países en desarrollo”.', 'CONTRIBUCION PREVISTA DETERMINADA NACIONALMENTE DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA De conformidad con los párrafos pertinentes de las Decisiones 1/CP.19 y 1/CP.20, Bolivia comunica su Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente (CPDN), condicionada a que el nuevo acuerdo climático a ser aprobado en la COP21 refleje de forma efectiva lo dispuesto en el artículo 4.7 de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), que establece: “…la medida en que las Partes que son países en desarrollo lleven a la práctica efectivamente sus compromisos en virtud de la convención dependerá de la manera en que la Partes que son países desarrollados lleven a la práctica efectivamente sus compromisos relativos a los recursos financieros y la transferencia de tecnología, se tendrá plenamente en cuenta que el desarrollo económico y social y la erradicación de la pobreza son las prioridades primeras y esenciales de las Partes que son países en desarrollo”. Respetando y exigiendo el cumplimiento de la CMNUCC, el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia observó la intención de algunos países Anexo I de uniformizar las responsabilidades de reducción de emisiones eliminando el principio de la Responsabilidad Común pero Diferenciada, a través de la figura de una “contribución” uniforme para todos los países, sin considerar la responsabilidad histórica, además de deslindar responsabilidad de provisión de medios de implementación en el marco del artículo 4.7 de la CMNUCC antes referido.', 'Respetando y exigiendo el cumplimiento de la CMNUCC, el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia observó la intención de algunos países Anexo I de uniformizar las responsabilidades de reducción de emisiones eliminando el principio de la Responsabilidad Común pero Diferenciada, a través de la figura de una “contribución” uniforme para todos los países, sin considerar la responsabilidad histórica, además de deslindar responsabilidad de provisión de medios de implementación en el marco del artículo 4.7 de la CMNUCC antes referido. Por consiguiente, en la COP19 de Varsovia el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia presentó una “INTERPRETACION LEGAL” con relación a los CPDN, estableciendo que para Bolivia la decisión FCCC/ADP/2013/L.4/Add.1 se aplicará en estricta relación con el artículo 4, en particular el párrafo 7 de la Convención.', 'Por consiguiente, en la COP19 de Varsovia el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia presentó una “INTERPRETACION LEGAL” con relación a los CPDN, estableciendo que para Bolivia la decisión FCCC/ADP/2013/L.4/Add.1 se aplicará en estricta relación con el artículo 4, en particular el párrafo 7 de la Convención. En consecuencia, esta contribución presentada por Bolivia aplicará en el marco del estricto cumplimiento del artículo 4.7 de la CMNUCC.', 'En consecuencia, esta contribución presentada por Bolivia aplicará en el marco del estricto cumplimiento del artículo 4.7 de la CMNUCC. La contribución de Bolivia, asimismo, se presenta tomando en cuenta que el nuevo acuerdo climático debe elaborarse sobre la base de la visión de los pueblos y sus organizaciones sociales, a ser reflejada en las conclusiones de Segunda Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Defensa de la Vida, de octubre de 2015, repudiando a su vez la visión de los imperios y de las transnacionales, y creando el camino para alcanzar una solución a la crisis climática desde una visión alternativa a la actual. La causa estructural que ha provocado la crisis climática es el fallido sistema capitalista.', 'La causa estructural que ha provocado la crisis climática es el fallido sistema capitalista. El sistema capitalista promueve el consumismo, guerrerismo y mercantilismo, generando ladestrucción de la Madre Tierra y de la humanidad. El sistema capitalista es un sistema de muerte. El capitalismo conduce a la humanidad hacia un horizonte de destrucción que sentencia a muerte a la naturaleza y a la vida misma. Para resolver estructuralmente la crisis climática tenemos que destruir al capitalismo.', 'Para resolver estructuralmente la crisis climática tenemos que destruir al capitalismo. El sistema capitalista busca la ganancia sin límites, fortalece el divorcio del ser humano con la naturaleza; establece una lógica de dominación de los hombres contra la naturaleza y entre los seres humanos, convirtiendo en mercancías el agua, la tierra, las funciones ambientales, el genoma humano, las culturas ancestrales, la biodiversidad, la justicia y la ética. El sistema económico del capitalismo privatiza el bien común, mercantiliza la vida, explota a los seres humanos, depreda los recursos naturales, y destruye las riquezas materiales y espirituales de los pueblos. Es así que Bolivia presenta su contribución prevista de forma consistente con su visión de desarrollo integral, de acuerdo a lo establecido en la Constitución Política del Estado, Ley No.', 'Es así que Bolivia presenta su contribución prevista de forma consistente con su visión de desarrollo integral, de acuerdo a lo establecido en la Constitución Política del Estado, Ley No. 071 de Derechos de la Madre Tierra y Ley No. 300 Marco de la Madre Tierra y Desarrollo Integral para Vivir Bien, teniendo como guía la Agenda Patriótica del Bicentenario 2025 y sus 13 pilares, así como los planes nacionales de largo y mediano plazo. Bolivia entiende el Vivir Bien como el horizonte civilizatorio y cultural alternativo al capitalismo, vinculado a una visión holística e integral que prioriza el alcance del desarrollo integral en armonía con la naturaleza y como la solución estructural a la crisis climática mundial.', 'Bolivia entiende el Vivir Bien como el horizonte civilizatorio y cultural alternativo al capitalismo, vinculado a una visión holística e integral que prioriza el alcance del desarrollo integral en armonía con la naturaleza y como la solución estructural a la crisis climática mundial. El Vivir Bien se expresa en la complementariedad de derechos de los pueblos a vivir sin pobreza y en la realización plena de sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, así como de los derechos de la Madre Tierra, que integra la comunidad indivisible de todos los sistemas de vida y los seres vivos, interrelacionados, interdependientes y complementarios, que comparten un destino común.', 'El Vivir Bien se expresa en la complementariedad de derechos de los pueblos a vivir sin pobreza y en la realización plena de sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, así como de los derechos de la Madre Tierra, que integra la comunidad indivisible de todos los sistemas de vida y los seres vivos, interrelacionados, interdependientes y complementarios, que comparten un destino común. Distribución del presupuesto global de emisiones La protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra, y particularmente el respeto a su regeneración en un contexto de cambio climático, se podrá lograr a través de la distribución del presupuesto remanente de emisiones de carbono y gases de efecto invernadero entre todos los países del mundo, en el marco de criterios de justicia climática.', 'Distribución del presupuesto global de emisiones La protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra, y particularmente el respeto a su regeneración en un contexto de cambio climático, se podrá lograr a través de la distribución del presupuesto remanente de emisiones de carbono y gases de efecto invernadero entre todos los países del mundo, en el marco de criterios de justicia climática. La crisis climática que actualmente vivimos ha sido generada por la sobreexplotación del espacio atmosférico por parte de y en favor de los países desarrollados, y tal como lo expresa el párrafo tercero de la CMNUCC, “… tanto históricamente como en la actualidad la mayor parte de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, han tenido su origen en los países desarrollados, y las emisiones per cápita en los países en desarrollo son todavía relativamente reducidas y que la proporción del total de emisiones originada en esos países aumentará para permitirles satisfacer a sus necesidades sociales y de desarrollo…”.', 'La crisis climática que actualmente vivimos ha sido generada por la sobreexplotación del espacio atmosférico por parte de y en favor de los países desarrollados, y tal como lo expresa el párrafo tercero de la CMNUCC, “… tanto históricamente como en la actualidad la mayor parte de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, han tenido su origen en los países desarrollados, y las emisiones per cápita en los países en desarrollo son todavía relativamente reducidas y que la proporción del total de emisiones originada en esos países aumentará para permitirles satisfacer a sus necesidades sociales y de desarrollo…”. El informe AR5 del IPCC establece que de un total de 2.000 GtCO2 emitidas entre 1750 y 2010, 1.160 corresponden a los países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) al año 1990 y las Economías en Transición, es decir alos países Anexo I. Gran parte de las emisiones correspondiente a los países no Anexo I en los períodos históricos coloniales y neocoloniales favorecieron el enriquecimiento de capitales de las potencias industriales e imperialistas; configurando un colonialismo climático expresado en el control del espacio atmosférico.', 'El informe AR5 del IPCC establece que de un total de 2.000 GtCO2 emitidas entre 1750 y 2010, 1.160 corresponden a los países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) al año 1990 y las Economías en Transición, es decir alos países Anexo I. Gran parte de las emisiones correspondiente a los países no Anexo I en los períodos históricos coloniales y neocoloniales favorecieron el enriquecimiento de capitales de las potencias industriales e imperialistas; configurando un colonialismo climático expresado en el control del espacio atmosférico. Las contribuciones de los países deberían ser coherentes con el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad histórica y tal como expresa el párrafo 2 de la decisión 1/CP18 “… los esfuerzos de las partes deberían efectuarse sobre la base de la equidad y de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas … y deberían tener en cuenta los imperativos del acceso equitativo al desarrollo sostenible, la supervivencia de los países y la protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra”.- Bolivia ha propuesto una distribución justa y equitativa del espacio atmosférico, cuidando la capacidad de regeneración y la protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra.', 'Las contribuciones de los países deberían ser coherentes con el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad histórica y tal como expresa el párrafo 2 de la decisión 1/CP18 “… los esfuerzos de las partes deberían efectuarse sobre la base de la equidad y de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas … y deberían tener en cuenta los imperativos del acceso equitativo al desarrollo sostenible, la supervivencia de los países y la protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra”.- Bolivia ha propuesto una distribución justa y equitativa del espacio atmosférico, cuidando la capacidad de regeneración y la protección de la integridad de la Madre Tierra. Para no superar 1.5 grados de temperatura al año 2050, el presupuesto que establece el Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC por sus siglas en inglés) es de 650 GtCO2.', 'Para no superar 1.5 grados de temperatura al año 2050, el presupuesto que establece el Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC por sus siglas en inglés) es de 650 GtCO2. Con la finalidad de aplicar la distribución del presupuesto de carbono remanente que permita garantizar la estabilización de las concentraciones de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera, Bolivia ha propuesto un Índice de Justicia Climática para la distribución justa y equitativa del presupuesto global de emisiones, el mismo que distribuye el presupuesto de carbono basado en los siguientes indicadores: a) Responsabilidad histórica. Comprende la responsabilidad en la acumulación de emisiones desde la época preindustrial (1750-2010). b) Huella ecológica.', 'Comprende la responsabilidad en la acumulación de emisiones desde la época preindustrial (1750-2010). b) Huella ecológica. Se calcula en la cantidad de tierra, agua y bosque que las personas de los países necesitan para satisfacer todos los bienes que consumen y para asimilar los residuos que generan. c) Capacidad de desarrollo. Representa las condiciones de desarrollo económico y social de cada país. d) Capacidad tecnológica. Mide la capacidad de los países en su desarrollo tecnológico considerando el gasto en Investigación y Desarrollo y el desempeño industrial de cada uno de ellos, considerando su capacidad de producir y exportar bienes con alta tecnología. Este índice determina de forma justa el esfuerzo que debe realizar cada país para mantenerse dentro del presupuesto de emisiones restantes que le corresponda.', 'Este índice determina de forma justa el esfuerzo que debe realizar cada país para mantenerse dentro del presupuesto de emisiones restantes que le corresponda. Esto implica que los países que tengan responsabilidad histórica alta, elevada huella ecológica, mayor desarrollo y mayores capacidades tecnológicas, tendrán una menor participación en el presupuesto de emisiones restantes. Como resultado de la aplicación del índice propuesto por Bolivia, corresponde a los países no Anexo I un total de 89% de dicho presupuesto y a los países Anexo I un 11%.', 'Como resultado de la aplicación del índice propuesto por Bolivia, corresponde a los países no Anexo I un total de 89% de dicho presupuesto y a los países Anexo I un 11%. Asimismo, para realizar el monitoreo y sancionar el incumplimiento a los compromisos internacionales es preciso establecer un Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Climática.Circunstancias nacionales En Bolivia se encuentran todos los climas de la zona intertropical, desde el tropical en los llanos hasta el polar, a medida que se asciende en las altas cordilleras, por lo que los impactos del cambio climático son diversos.', 'Asimismo, para realizar el monitoreo y sancionar el incumplimiento a los compromisos internacionales es preciso establecer un Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Climática.Circunstancias nacionales En Bolivia se encuentran todos los climas de la zona intertropical, desde el tropical en los llanos hasta el polar, a medida que se asciende en las altas cordilleras, por lo que los impactos del cambio climático son diversos. Durante los últimos 50 años, el país ha perdido aproximadamente el 50% de la superficie glaciar y se prevé temperaturas más altas y eventos de precipitación más fuertes durante la época de lluvias, que exponen a las diferentes regiones del país a la prolongación de las épocas secas y a un aumento en la frecuencia y magnitud de las inundaciones, riadas, granizadas, desbordes de ríos, deslizamientos y heladas.', 'Durante los últimos 50 años, el país ha perdido aproximadamente el 50% de la superficie glaciar y se prevé temperaturas más altas y eventos de precipitación más fuertes durante la época de lluvias, que exponen a las diferentes regiones del país a la prolongación de las épocas secas y a un aumento en la frecuencia y magnitud de las inundaciones, riadas, granizadas, desbordes de ríos, deslizamientos y heladas. Los efectos se evidencian en los sectores sociales (salud, educación, vivienda), económicos (agropecuaria e industria) y de infraestructura y servicios, los cuales afectan el modo de vida y producción de las poblaciones más vulnerables.', 'Los efectos se evidencian en los sectores sociales (salud, educación, vivienda), económicos (agropecuaria e industria) y de infraestructura y servicios, los cuales afectan el modo de vida y producción de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Del año 1982 a 2014 más de 4 millones de habitantes han sido afectados directamente por estos fenómenos alcanzando a cerca del 40% de la población del país con un impacto económico entre 1 a 2% del PIB, dependiendo de la gravedad del evento climático. Para el 2030, el 27% del territorio nacional podría estar afectado por una sequía persistente y el 24% por inundaciones altamente recurrentes.', 'Para el 2030, el 27% del territorio nacional podría estar afectado por una sequía persistente y el 24% por inundaciones altamente recurrentes. La extrema pobreza en Bolivia alcanza al 17,3% de la población al 2015, misma que se pretende erradicar al año 2025, sin embargo, esto no será posible si no existen acciones tendientes a desarrollar integralmente la economía nacional y reducir los impactos del cambio climático. Por ello, Bolivia ha priorizado la relación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación en complementariedad con el desarrollo integral en las áreas de agua, energía, bosques y agropecuaria en el marco de su Agenda Patriótica 2025, y sus planes de desarrollo nacional.', 'Por ello, Bolivia ha priorizado la relación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación en complementariedad con el desarrollo integral en las áreas de agua, energía, bosques y agropecuaria en el marco de su Agenda Patriótica 2025, y sus planes de desarrollo nacional. Bolivia ha puesto en marcha los programas “Mi Agua” y “Mi Riego” que han permitido incrementar la cobertura de agua potable en 90% (área urbana) y 61% (área rural) al año 2012, y con relación al riego se ha aumentado al mismo año la cobertura de riego a 362.000 hectáreas al año 2014, sobre la base de la gestión integral y comunitaria de los recursos hídricos.', 'Bolivia ha puesto en marcha los programas “Mi Agua” y “Mi Riego” que han permitido incrementar la cobertura de agua potable en 90% (área urbana) y 61% (área rural) al año 2012, y con relación al riego se ha aumentado al mismo año la cobertura de riego a 362.000 hectáreas al año 2014, sobre la base de la gestión integral y comunitaria de los recursos hídricos. En el futuro inmediato, Bolivia tiene previsto implementar hidroeléctricas multipropósitos que permitirán ampliar la cobertura de riego y la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en el país fortaleciendo la adaptación al cambio climático. Bolivia tiene una importante superficie de bosques que alcanzan a 52,5 millones de hectáreas al año 2015.', 'Bolivia tiene una importante superficie de bosques que alcanzan a 52,5 millones de hectáreas al año 2015. En Bolivia, los bosques son espacios de vida de comunidades y pequeños productores y sus funciones ambientales favorecen y contribuyen al Vivir Bien de las poblaciones urbanas y rurales. Las áreas protegidas en Bolivia abarcan un 22,5% de territorio nacional, correspondiendo las de carácter nacional a más de 17 millones de hectáreas. Bolivia considera que los bosques facilitan la provisión de funciones ambientales, fortalecen la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de vida de la población local y nacional de manera complementaria, así como promueven la producción forestal maderable y no maderable y de sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, consolidando su aporte al desarrollo integral del país.', 'Bolivia considera que los bosques facilitan la provisión de funciones ambientales, fortalecen la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de vida de la población local y nacional de manera complementaria, así como promueven la producción forestal maderable y no maderable y de sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, consolidando su aporte al desarrollo integral del país. Así, los bosques contribuyen de forma conjunta a la mitigación y a la adaptación al cambio climático. Con relación a la producción agropecuaria, Bolivia enfrenta el desafío de ampliar lasuperficie de producción de alimentos en áreas con aptitud agropecuaria respetando las funciones ambientales y favoreciendo la producción comunitaria y de pequeños productores agropecuarios.', 'Con relación a la producción agropecuaria, Bolivia enfrenta el desafío de ampliar lasuperficie de producción de alimentos en áreas con aptitud agropecuaria respetando las funciones ambientales y favoreciendo la producción comunitaria y de pequeños productores agropecuarios. A la fecha, Bolivia cuenta con una superficie de 3,5 millones de hectáreas para la producción agrícola y 2,2 millones de hectáreas para la producción pecuaria, que representa el 5% del territorio nacional. Las pequeñas propiedades y comunidades comprenden un total del 57% de la superficie titulada, el 33% son propiedad del Estado, incluyendo áreas protegidas y tierras fiscales, y el 9% corresponde a propiedades medianas y grandes. De este modo, la producción agropecuaria con la participación de pequeños propietarios y comunidades tiene un aporte importante a la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'De este modo, la producción agropecuaria con la participación de pequeños propietarios y comunidades tiene un aporte importante a la adaptación al cambio climático. Con relación a la energía, Bolivia ha incrementado el acceso a la electricidad al 82% de la población en promedio nacional, y tiene previsto alcanzar la cobertura universal del servicio eléctrico al 2025. El desarrollo energético es un factor fundamental de la diversificación económica ampliando la producción de energía renovable y mejorando la eficiencia energética. La energía eléctrica se constituirá en uno de los generadores de riqueza para las y los bolivianos a través de inversiones en hidroeléctricas y en energías alternativas. Esto también favorecerá la capacidad de exportación de energía proveniente de fuentes renovables a los países vecinos.', 'Esto también favorecerá la capacidad de exportación de energía proveniente de fuentes renovables a los países vecinos. Así, la energía forma parte importante de los esfuerzos de mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Así, la energía forma parte importante de los esfuerzos de mitigación al cambio climático. Contexto de las acciones de Bolivia sobre mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático El Vivir Bien con la visión de desarrollo integral en el que se basa la Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente de Bolivia, comprende la construcción de un ser humano integral, sin pobreza material, social y espiritual; acceso universal de la población a todos los servicios básicos fundamentales, en el marco del derecho humano al agua; modelo social económico productivo y comunitario que genera riqueza y la redistribuye para construir una sociedad con mayor igualdad; crecimiento productivo basado en la diversificación a través del fortalecimiento de los sectores de energía, agropecuaria y turismo, e impulsando los sectores de hidrocarburos y minería con industrialización; integración caminera, férrea y fluvial del país, conectando a las poblaciones y flujo de mercancías entre el Océano Atlántico y Océano Pacífico; así como un modelo ambiental de gestión de sistemas de vida para erradicar la pobreza, desarrollar integralmente las economías locales y nacional de forma complementaria con la conservación de funciones ambientales y el desarrollo de sistemas productivos sustentables.', 'Contexto de las acciones de Bolivia sobre mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático El Vivir Bien con la visión de desarrollo integral en el que se basa la Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente de Bolivia, comprende la construcción de un ser humano integral, sin pobreza material, social y espiritual; acceso universal de la población a todos los servicios básicos fundamentales, en el marco del derecho humano al agua; modelo social económico productivo y comunitario que genera riqueza y la redistribuye para construir una sociedad con mayor igualdad; crecimiento productivo basado en la diversificación a través del fortalecimiento de los sectores de energía, agropecuaria y turismo, e impulsando los sectores de hidrocarburos y minería con industrialización; integración caminera, férrea y fluvial del país, conectando a las poblaciones y flujo de mercancías entre el Océano Atlántico y Océano Pacífico; así como un modelo ambiental de gestión de sistemas de vida para erradicar la pobreza, desarrollar integralmente las economías locales y nacional de forma complementaria con la conservación de funciones ambientales y el desarrollo de sistemas productivos sustentables. Bolivia considera que debe realizar esfuerzos justos y ambiciosos para hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático, pese a que no ha causado el fenómeno del calentamiento global.', 'Bolivia considera que debe realizar esfuerzos justos y ambiciosos para hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático, pese a que no ha causado el fenómeno del calentamiento global. Asimismo, Bolivia define su contribución nacional en el marco de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y sus 169 metas, que forman parte de la nueva agenda de desarrollo, desde una visión holística de los compromisos adquiridos, mismos que serán implementados de forma voluntaria por cada Estado y se enmarcan a la Declaración Política del documento.', 'Asimismo, Bolivia define su contribución nacional en el marco de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y sus 169 metas, que forman parte de la nueva agenda de desarrollo, desde una visión holística de los compromisos adquiridos, mismos que serán implementados de forma voluntaria por cada Estado y se enmarcan a la Declaración Política del documento. En esta visión está presente la lucha contra el cambio climático para un desarrollo sustentable y armónico con la naturaleza sobre la base de la gestión de sistemas de vida.Esta contribución responde a la aplicación de un enfoque holístico para la construcción del Vivir Bien con impactos conjuntos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y se realiza en un contexto de ampliación de la capacidad productiva del país con diversificación en los campos de la agropecuaria y energía, como fuentes sostenibles de ingresos económicos para el país, fortaleciendo las funciones ambientales, así como el rol de los bosques en el desarrollo integral, erradicando la pobreza como base del Vivir Bien.', 'En esta visión está presente la lucha contra el cambio climático para un desarrollo sustentable y armónico con la naturaleza sobre la base de la gestión de sistemas de vida.Esta contribución responde a la aplicación de un enfoque holístico para la construcción del Vivir Bien con impactos conjuntos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y se realiza en un contexto de ampliación de la capacidad productiva del país con diversificación en los campos de la agropecuaria y energía, como fuentes sostenibles de ingresos económicos para el país, fortaleciendo las funciones ambientales, así como el rol de los bosques en el desarrollo integral, erradicando la pobreza como base del Vivir Bien. Bolivia realizará una contribución ambiciosa en el marco de sus esfuerzos nacionales; no obstante, podrá incrementar aún más sus resultados y acciones de mitigación y adaptación si cuenta con la provisión de los medios de implementación a través de mecanismos de cooperación internacional en el marco de la Convención, de acuerdo a los principios y provisiones de la Convención, en particular los Artículos 4.4 y 4.7.', 'Bolivia realizará una contribución ambiciosa en el marco de sus esfuerzos nacionales; no obstante, podrá incrementar aún más sus resultados y acciones de mitigación y adaptación si cuenta con la provisión de los medios de implementación a través de mecanismos de cooperación internacional en el marco de la Convención, de acuerdo a los principios y provisiones de la Convención, en particular los Artículos 4.4 y 4.7. Bolivia considera que el enfoque conjunto entre la mitigación y adaptación en el marco de sus planes de desarrollo integral, es la única manera de enfrentar de forma sistemática el cambio climático, que incluye la articulación entre las diferentes dimensiones sociales, económicas y ambientales.', 'Bolivia considera que el enfoque conjunto entre la mitigación y adaptación en el marco de sus planes de desarrollo integral, es la única manera de enfrentar de forma sistemática el cambio climático, que incluye la articulación entre las diferentes dimensiones sociales, económicas y ambientales. Bolivia plantea la necesidad de constituir un mecanismo de cooperación internacional de apoyo al desarrollo integral y resiliencia climática así como la puesta en implementación de un Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de Bosques para fortalecer las sinergias entre la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en el ámbito de los bosques.', 'Bolivia plantea la necesidad de constituir un mecanismo de cooperación internacional de apoyo al desarrollo integral y resiliencia climática así como la puesta en implementación de un Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de Bosques para fortalecer las sinergias entre la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en el ámbito de los bosques. Soluciones estructurales globales y resultados y acciones nacionales contra el cambio climático Para aportar en la solución de la crisis climática desde la visión alternativa del Vivir Bien, contribuyendo a implementar propuestas que permitan al mundo avanzar con soluciones estructurales a la crisis climática, Bolivia presenta la siguiente contribución en dos dimensiones, una vinculada a las soluciones estructurales, y otra a los resultados y acciones nacionales en el marco del desarrollo integral.', 'Soluciones estructurales globales y resultados y acciones nacionales contra el cambio climático Para aportar en la solución de la crisis climática desde la visión alternativa del Vivir Bien, contribuyendo a implementar propuestas que permitan al mundo avanzar con soluciones estructurales a la crisis climática, Bolivia presenta la siguiente contribución en dos dimensiones, una vinculada a las soluciones estructurales, y otra a los resultados y acciones nacionales en el marco del desarrollo integral. Soluciones estructurales a la crisis climática 1.', 'Soluciones estructurales a la crisis climática 1. Adopción de un nuevo modelo civilizatorio en el mundo sin consumismo, guerrerismo y mercantilismo, un mundo sin capitalismo; construyendo y consolidando un orden mundial del Vivir Bien que defiende y promueve los derechos integrales de nuestros pueblos, emprendiendo el camino de la armonía con la naturaleza y el respeto a la vida. 2. Construcción de un sistema climático basado en la responsabilidad con la Madre Tierra, la cultura de la vida y con la realización plena de la humanidad en su desarrollo integral, comunitarizando y humanizando a la economía, superando el enfoque simplista de la decarbonización de la economía. 3.', 'Construcción de un sistema climático basado en la responsabilidad con la Madre Tierra, la cultura de la vida y con la realización plena de la humanidad en su desarrollo integral, comunitarizando y humanizando a la economía, superando el enfoque simplista de la decarbonización de la economía. 3. Protección de los derechos de la Madre tierra de forma articulada y complementaria con los derechos de los pueblos a su desarrollo integral. 4. Defensa de los bienes comunes universales, como son los mares y océanos, el agua, el espacio atmosférico y el monopolio tecnológico, promoviendo el acceso de los pueblosal patrimonio común. 5. Eliminación de las patentes de las tecnologías y reconocimiento del derecho humano a la ciencia y tecnología de la vida. 6.', 'Eliminación de las patentes de las tecnologías y reconocimiento del derecho humano a la ciencia y tecnología de la vida. 6. Implementación efectiva por parte de los gobiernos del derecho humano al agua. 7. Constitución del Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Climática y Madre Tierra para facilitar que los países cumplan sus compromisos internacionales con el cambio climático en un contexto de respeto de los derechos de los pueblos y de la Madre Tierra. 8. Destinar los recursos de la maquinaria militar de las potencias imperiales y de los promotores de la guerra para financiar las acciones de los pueblos contra el cambio climático. 9.', 'Destinar los recursos de la maquinaria militar de las potencias imperiales y de los promotores de la guerra para financiar las acciones de los pueblos contra el cambio climático. 9. Erradicación de la mercantilización de la naturaleza y de los mercados de carbono que promueven millonarios negocios climáticos y no resuelven el problema de la crisis climática. 10. Descolonizar los recursos naturales de visiones coloniales ambientales sesgadas que ven a los pueblos del Sur como guardabosques de los países del Norte y a las comunidades como enemigos de la naturaleza. Resultados y acciones nacionales en el marco del desarrollo integral Bolivia considera que su contribución nacional prevista representa un esfuerzo ambicioso y justo, considerando sus circunstancias nacionales. La contribución de Bolivia articula de forma integrada dos períodos.', 'La contribución de Bolivia articula de forma integrada dos períodos. El primero está vinculado con el período 2015-2020, entendiendo que todos los países deben realizar esfuerzos ambiciosos desde el momento presente para lograr impactos ambiciosos en la reducción del incremento global de temperatura. El segundo se relaciona con el escenario 2021-2030. Asimismo, en ambos períodos se consideran los resultados adicionales que se podrán lograr con el soporte de la cooperación internacional y del mecanismo financiero de la CMNUCC, entendiendo por cooperación el financiamiento y la transferencia de tecnología no reembolsables. La contribución plantea de forma integrada y complementaria diferentes resultados previstos vinculados al logro del vivir Bien en un contexto de cambio climático en agua, energía, bosques y agropecuaria, de la siguiente manera: 1. Período 2015-2030 con Esfuerzo Nacional.', 'Período 2015-2030 con Esfuerzo Nacional. El Estado plurinacional de Bolivia estima alcanzar los siguientes objetivos y resultados en mitigación y adaptación en el marco del desarrollo integral al año 2030, respecto de la línea de base del año 2010: Agua. Incrementar de forma integral la capacidad de adaptación y reducir sistemáticamente la vulnerabilidad hídrica del país. Energía. Incrementar la capacidad de generación eléctrica a través de energías renovables para el desarrollo local y de la región. Bosques y agricultura. Incrementar la capacidad de mitigación y adaptación conjunta a través del manejo integral y sustentable de los bosques.', 'Incrementar la capacidad de mitigación y adaptación conjunta a través del manejo integral y sustentable de los bosques. i) Con relación al agua, se impulsarán acciones con un enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión integral de riesgos, lográndose los siguientes resultados: Se ha triplicado (3.779 millones de m3) la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua el 2030, respecto a los 596 millones de m3 del 2010. Se ha alcanzado el 100% de la cobertura de agua potable el 2025, con sistemas de prestación de servicios resilientes. Se ha reducido el componente de agua en las Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) a 0,02% al 2030.', 'Se ha reducido el componente de agua en las Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) a 0,02% al 2030. Se ha triplicado la superficie de riego superando 1 millón de hectáreas al 2030 respecto a las 296.368 hectáreas del 2010, duplicándose la producción de alimentos bajo riego al 2020 y triplicándose al 2030, respecto a 1,69 millones de TM del 2010. De esta manera se habrán logrado sistemas agropecuarios resilientes. Se ha avanzado significativamente en la participación social para la gestión local del agua, incrementándose al 80% el número de organizaciones sociales de gestión del agua con sistemas resilientes respecto al 35% del año 2010.', 'Se ha avanzado significativamente en la participación social para la gestión local del agua, incrementándose al 80% el número de organizaciones sociales de gestión del agua con sistemas resilientes respecto al 35% del año 2010. Se ha incrementado la producción de alimentos bajo riego, en más de 6 millones de TM el año 2030 respecto al 2010. Se ha incrementado el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) a 5,37% el 2030, con la contribución de sistemas de servicios de agua potable y de riego resilientes.', 'Se ha incrementado el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) a 5,37% el 2030, con la contribución de sistemas de servicios de agua potable y de riego resilientes. Se ha reducido la vulnerabilidad hídrica de 0,51 a 0,30 unidades el año 2030 respecto al 2010, que es medida con el Índice Nacional de Vulnerabilidad Hídrica del país, considerando aspectos relacionados con la exposición (amenazas), sensibilidad hídrica (escasez hídrica) y capacidad de adaptación. Se ha incrementado la capacidad de adaptación de 0,23 unidades el año 2010 a 0,69 unidades el año 2030, que es medida a través del Índice Nacional de Capacidades de Adaptación en Agua.', 'Se ha incrementado la capacidad de adaptación de 0,23 unidades el año 2010 a 0,69 unidades el año 2030, que es medida a través del Índice Nacional de Capacidades de Adaptación en Agua. Para el logro de los resultados vinculados con el agua se desarrollarán las siguientes medidas y acciones: Desarrollo de infraestructura resiliente para los sectores productivos y de servicios. Construcción de redes de cobertura de agua potable y alcantarillado. Reuso del agua con fines productivos para incrementar la producción de alimentos.', 'Reuso del agua con fines productivos para incrementar la producción de alimentos. Restauración de la cobertura vegetal (arbórea, pastizal, humedales y otros) para evitar la erosión y reducir los daños por eventos climáticos adversos. Incremento de la superficie de riego a través de sistemas de riego revitalizados, riego tecnificado, riego con represas, cosecha de agua, proyectos multipropósito y reuso de agua. Construcción de hidroeléctricas multipropósitos para ampliar la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua. Plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domesticas e industriales para reducir sus aportes de metano hacia la atmosfera. Fortalecimiento de la gestión comunitaria, cooperativa y de las capacidades locales para la adaptación al cambio climático, incluyendo la gestión comunitaria del riego y administración colectiva de los servicios de agua.', 'Fortalecimiento de la gestión comunitaria, cooperativa y de las capacidades locales para la adaptación al cambio climático, incluyendo la gestión comunitaria del riego y administración colectiva de los servicios de agua. Aplicación de prácticas, saberes y conocimientos ancestrales, en el marco de la gestión integral del agua. Acciones de gestión de riesgos para mitigar las amenazas recurrentes de los riesgos de sequía e inundación. Instalación de estaciones hidrometeorológicas, geológicas y sísmicas articuladas al nivel nacional. Gestión de la calidad del servicio y reducción de pérdidas, incluyendo la promoción en el uso de artefactos de bajo consumo de agua, sistemas sanitarios eficientes y tecnologías alternativas.', 'Gestión de la calidad del servicio y reducción de pérdidas, incluyendo la promoción en el uso de artefactos de bajo consumo de agua, sistemas sanitarios eficientes y tecnologías alternativas. Cosecha de agua de lluvia para diferentes usos domésticos, así como el re-uso de aguas grises provenientes de duchas, lavamanos, lavanderías y bajantes pluviales, para diversos usos domésticos exceptuando para el consumo humano. Uso más amplio de tecnologías de cosecha de agua, conservación de la humedad del suelo y uso más eficiente del agua (riego y ganado) (como abastecerse cuando hay escasez y como almacenar cuando hay abundancia). Implementación de sistemas de tratamiento y potabilización de agua para mejorar la calidad del agua para consumo humano.', 'Implementación de sistemas de tratamiento y potabilización de agua para mejorar la calidad del agua para consumo humano. Acciones para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas provenientes de actividades mineras, industriales y otras áreas productivas. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades administrativas, técnicas y de gestión de los sistemas sociales y públicos de agua. ii) Con relación a energía, se impulsarán acciones con un enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y desarrollo integral, lográndose los siguientes resultados: Se ha incrementado la participación de energías renovables a 79% al 2030 respecto al 39% del 2010.', 'ii) Con relación a energía, se impulsarán acciones con un enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y desarrollo integral, lográndose los siguientes resultados: Se ha incrementado la participación de energías renovables a 79% al 2030 respecto al 39% del 2010. Se ha logrado incrementar la participación de las energías alternativas y otras energías (vapor ciclo combinado) del 2% el 2010 al 9% el 2030 en el total del sistema eléctrico, que implica un incremento de 1.228 MW al año 2030, respecto a 31 MW de 2010.', 'Se ha logrado incrementar la participación de las energías alternativas y otras energías (vapor ciclo combinado) del 2% el 2010 al 9% el 2030 en el total del sistema eléctrico, que implica un incremento de 1.228 MW al año 2030, respecto a 31 MW de 2010. Se ha incrementado la potencia del sector eléctrico a 13.387 MW al año 2030, respecto de 1.625 MW el 2010. Se han reducido las Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) por cobertura de electricidad de 14,6% el año 2010 a 3% el año 2025. Se ha desarrollado el potencial exportador de electricidad, generada principalmente por energías renovables, llegándose a exportar el año 2030 un estimado de 8.930 MW, incrementándose la renta energética del Estado.', 'Se ha desarrollado el potencial exportador de electricidad, generada principalmente por energías renovables, llegándose a exportar el año 2030 un estimado de 8.930 MW, incrementándose la renta energética del Estado. Se ha reducido la pobreza moderada al 13,4% al 2030 y erradicado la extrema pobreza al 2025, por impacto entre otros de la generación y cobertura de energía, incluyendo el incremento, distribución y redistribución de la renta energética. Se ha contribuido al crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) a 5,4% al 2030, debido a la incidencia del sector energético.', 'Se ha contribuido al crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) a 5,4% al 2030, debido a la incidencia del sector energético. Para el logro de los resultados vinculados con energía se impulsarán las siguientes medidas y acciones: Cambio y diversificación de la matriz energética con el crecimiento de energías renovables a través de la construcción de hidroeléctricas (pequeñas y medianas centrales hidroeléctricos, grandes centrales hidroeléctricas y multipropósito), así como impulso a las energías alternativas (eólica, biomasa, geotérmica y solar), y uso de otras fuentes de energía (vapor ciclo combinado). Universalización energética que favorece el acceso universal de energías limpias con énfasis en la población con mayor pobreza. Ampliación de redes de tendido eléctrico para transmisión y de cobertura de servicios de distribución.', 'Ampliación de redes de tendido eléctrico para transmisión y de cobertura de servicios de distribución. Participación del Estado en la generación energética, generando renta e implementando políticas de distribución y redistribución de riqueza. Promoción de exportación de energía adicional provenientes de fuentes de energía renovables, posicionando a Bolivia como centro energético regional con energías limpias. iii) Con relación a los bosques y agropecuaria, se impulsarán acciones con un enfoque de mitigación y adaptación conjunta al cambio climático y desarrollo integral, lográndose los siguientes resultados: Se ha alcanzado cero deforestación ilegal al 2020. Se ha incrementado la superficie de áreas forestadas y reforestadas a 4.5 millones de hectáreas al 2030.', 'Se ha incrementado la superficie de áreas forestadas y reforestadas a 4.5 millones de hectáreas al 2030. Se ha incrementado las áreas de bosques con manejo integral y sustentable con enfoque comunitario a 16,9 millones de hectáreas al 2030, respecto a 3,1 millones de hectáreas el año 2010. Se han fortalecido las funciones ambientales (captura y almacenamiento de carbono, materia orgánica y fertilidad del suelo, conservación de la biodiversidad y disponibilidad de agua) en aproximadamente 29 millones de hectáreas al 2030. Se ha contribuido al incremento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) al 5,4% el año 2030, favorecido por la producción agropecuaria y agroforestal de manera complementaria con la conservación.', 'Se han fortalecido las funciones ambientales (captura y almacenamiento de carbono, materia orgánica y fertilidad del suelo, conservación de la biodiversidad y disponibilidad de agua) en aproximadamente 29 millones de hectáreas al 2030. Se ha contribuido al incremento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) al 5,4% el año 2030, favorecido por la producción agropecuaria y agroforestal de manera complementaria con la conservación. Se ha reducido a cero la extrema pobreza en la población que depende de los bosques al 2025, de un aproximado de 350 mil personas al 2010. Se ha incrementado al 2030 la cobertura neta de bosques a más de 54 millones de hectáreas, respecto de las 52,5 millones del año 2010.', 'Se ha incrementado al 2030 la cobertura neta de bosques a más de 54 millones de hectáreas, respecto de las 52,5 millones del año 2010. Se ha incrementado la capacidad conjunta de mitigación y adaptación de las áreas comprendidas en los bosques y sistemas agropecuarios y forestales de 0.35 unidades el 2010 a 0,78 unidades el 2030, medido por el Índice Nacional de Vida Sustentable de los Bosques, lográndose sistemas productivos y de conservación complementarios y resilientes. Para el logro de los resultados antes planteados en los bosques y sistemas productivos agropecuarios, agroforestales y forestales se implementarán las siguientes medidas y acciones: Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de resiliencia en los sistemas de vida, funciones ambientales y sus capacidades productivas agropecuarias y agroforestales.', 'Para el logro de los resultados antes planteados en los bosques y sistemas productivos agropecuarios, agroforestales y forestales se implementarán las siguientes medidas y acciones: Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de resiliencia en los sistemas de vida, funciones ambientales y sus capacidades productivas agropecuarias y agroforestales. Fortalecimiento de las prácticas de manejo integral y sustentable de los bosques y el aprovechamiento integrado y sostenible de productos maderables y no maderables. Conservación de áreas con altas funciones ambientales. Restauración y recuperación de suelos degradados y bosques deteriorados. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de regeneración de los bosques y sistemas forestales. Puesta en marcha de sistemas de control, monitoreo y seguimiento para la adecuada utilización de las zonas de vida boscosas.', 'Puesta en marcha de sistemas de control, monitoreo y seguimiento para la adecuada utilización de las zonas de vida boscosas. Acciones de fiscalización y control para el manejo adecuado de los bosques. Acciones para la adecuada gestión de las Áreas Protegidas y zonas boscosas con prioridad de conservación. Consolidación de sistemas agroforestales. Transición hacia sistemas de manejo pecuario semi-intensivos y de manejo integrado agrosilvopastoril. Transición hacia sistemas agrícolas con prácticas de manejo sustentable. Reducción de las vulnerabilidades en los sistemas productivos agropecuarios, piscícola y agroforestal. Aprovechamiento sostenible de recursos de biodiversidad, vida silvestre e hidrobiológicos para la seguridad alimentaria y la industrialización sostenible.', 'Aprovechamiento sostenible de recursos de biodiversidad, vida silvestre e hidrobiológicos para la seguridad alimentaria y la industrialización sostenible. Control de la deforestación ilegal y establecimiento de sistemas de monitoreo y control de desmontes, fuegos e incendios forestales. Formación en tecnologías adaptadas al cambio climático (saberes locales y tecnologías modernas). Acciones para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas productivos ante los cambios climáticos. Uso de variedades, especies adaptadas localmente mostrando adaptaciones más apropiadas al clima y resistentes a plagas y enfermedades. Medidas de seguro agrícola y pecuario que incluyan acciones productivas complementarias con la conservación, logrando sistemas productivos agropecuarios y forestales resilientes. Desarrollo de investigación e información sobre tecnologías alternativas para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Desarrollo de investigación e información sobre tecnologías alternativas para la adaptación al cambio climático. Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales para la adaptación al cambio climático. Fortalecimiento de la gestión comunitaria en el manejo de bosques y sistemas agropecuarios. Forestación y reforestación, plantaciones forestales, áreas verdes y bosques urbanos. 2. Período 2015-2030 con Cooperación Internacional. En el marco de la cooperación internacional y con el soporte del mecanismo financiero de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Bolivia estima que podría incrementar sus resultados de acuerdo al siguiente detalle: i) Con relación al agua, se estima alcanzar los siguientes resultados: Se ha cuadruplicado la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua al 2030 (3.779 millones de m3) respecto al 2010 (596 millones de m3).', 'En el marco de la cooperación internacional y con el soporte del mecanismo financiero de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Bolivia estima que podría incrementar sus resultados de acuerdo al siguiente detalle: i) Con relación al agua, se estima alcanzar los siguientes resultados: Se ha cuadruplicado la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua al 2030 (3.779 millones de m3) respecto al 2010 (596 millones de m3). Se ha incrementado la superficie agrícola bajo riego a 1,5 millones de hectáreas al 2030, respecto al 2010 con 296 mil hectáreas. Se ha cuadruplicado la producción agrícola bajo riego al 2030 (9,49 millones de TM) respecto al 2010 (1,69 millones de TM).', 'Se ha cuadruplicado la producción agrícola bajo riego al 2030 (9,49 millones de TM) respecto al 2010 (1,69 millones de TM). Se ha incrementado la gestión local del agua por organizaciones sociales al 90% al año 2030. ii) Con relación a energía, se estima alcanzar los siguiente resultados: Se ha incrementado la participación de energías renovables a 81% al 2030, respecto al 39% del 2010. Se ha consolidado la participación de las energías alternativas y otras energías (vapor ciclo combinado) al 9% del total del sistema eléctrico con una capacidad instalada de 1.378 MW al 2030.', 'Se ha consolidado la participación de las energías alternativas y otras energías (vapor ciclo combinado) al 9% del total del sistema eléctrico con una capacidad instalada de 1.378 MW al 2030. Se ha ampliado el potencial exportador de Bolivia de electricidad, generada principalmente de energías renovables, a una potencia de 10.489 MW al 2030. iii) Con relación a bosques y agropecuaria, se estima alcanzar los siguientes resultados: Se ha incrementado en siete veces más la superficie de manejo comunitario de bosques al año 2030. Se ha incrementado en 40% la producción forestal maderable y no maderable y duplicado la producción de alimentos provenientes de la gestión integral del bosque y sistemas agropecuarios al 2030.', 'Se ha ampliado el potencial exportador de Bolivia de electricidad, generada principalmente de energías renovables, a una potencia de 10.489 MW al 2030. iii) Con relación a bosques y agropecuaria, se estima alcanzar los siguientes resultados: Se ha incrementado en siete veces más la superficie de manejo comunitario de bosques al año 2030. Se ha incrementado en 40% la producción forestal maderable y no maderable y duplicado la producción de alimentos provenientes de la gestión integral del bosque y sistemas agropecuarios al 2030. Se ha incrementado la reforestación a 6 millones de hectáreas al 2030.ANEXO INFORMACION ADICIONAL SOBRE LA CONTRIBUCION PREVISTA DETERMINADA NACIONALMENTE DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA En este anexo se presentan las metodologías utilizadas para calcular los resultados de la Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.', 'Se ha incrementado la reforestación a 6 millones de hectáreas al 2030.ANEXO INFORMACION ADICIONAL SOBRE LA CONTRIBUCION PREVISTA DETERMINADA NACIONALMENTE DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA En este anexo se presentan las metodologías utilizadas para calcular los resultados de la Contribución Prevista Determinada Nacionalmente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Presupuesto de emisiones globales Bolivia ha elaborado el Índice de Justicia Climática para calcular la participación de los países en la distribución del presupuesto de CO2 de manera equitativa y con criterios de justicia climática. Con este propósito se utilizaron datos de la huella ecológica, la responsabilidad histórica, la capacidad de desarrollo, la capacidad tecnológica, y la población de los países.', 'Con este propósito se utilizaron datos de la huella ecológica, la responsabilidad histórica, la capacidad de desarrollo, la capacidad tecnológica, y la población de los países. Para el cálculo correspondiente se emplearon las siguientes variables y fuentes de información: i) En el cálculo de la huella ecológica se utilizó el Índice Global de Huella Ecológica empleado por el Programa de Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica (CDB) que corresponde al Footprint Network; ii) La responsabilidad histórica se calculó con las emisiones de CO2 equivalentes desde el año 1750 distribuidas de acuerdo a la base del IPCC para el año 2010; iii) Para el cálculo de la capacidad de desarrollo se empleó: i) el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) con datos del Banco Mundial, ii) La pobreza como porcentaje de la población que vive con menos de $us1,25 al día con datos de la División de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas, y iii) el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) formulado por el PNUD; y iv) La capacidad tecnológica utilizó el Índice de Desempeño de la Competencia Industrial de UNIDO y el Gasto en Investigación y Desarrollo como porcentaje del PIB con información del Banco Mundial.', 'Para el cálculo correspondiente se emplearon las siguientes variables y fuentes de información: i) En el cálculo de la huella ecológica se utilizó el Índice Global de Huella Ecológica empleado por el Programa de Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica (CDB) que corresponde al Footprint Network; ii) La responsabilidad histórica se calculó con las emisiones de CO2 equivalentes desde el año 1750 distribuidas de acuerdo a la base del IPCC para el año 2010; iii) Para el cálculo de la capacidad de desarrollo se empleó: i) el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) con datos del Banco Mundial, ii) La pobreza como porcentaje de la población que vive con menos de $us1,25 al día con datos de la División de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas, y iii) el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) formulado por el PNUD; y iv) La capacidad tecnológica utilizó el Índice de Desempeño de la Competencia Industrial de UNIDO y el Gasto en Investigación y Desarrollo como porcentaje del PIB con información del Banco Mundial. La ecuación desarrollada por Bolivia para el cálculo del Índice de Justicia Climática comprende la huella ecológica (hj), la responsabilidad histórica (rj), la capacidad de desarrollo (dj), la capacidad tecnológica (tj) y la población (pj), de acuerdo al siguiente detalle: 𝑖𝑗=‖exp(−𝜃 \U0001d455𝑗−𝜃 𝑟𝑗−𝜃 𝑑𝑗−𝜃 𝑡𝑗+𝜃 𝑝𝑗)‖𝓁 El indicador de distribución porcentual de presupuesto de carbono (ij) se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso θ∈R0,1 y agregando el resultado en la ecuación, en la que los signos de los parámetros θ∈R0,1 reflejan la dirección de la relación entre la variable y el porcentaje de presupuesto.Gráfico 1.', 'La ecuación desarrollada por Bolivia para el cálculo del Índice de Justicia Climática comprende la huella ecológica (hj), la responsabilidad histórica (rj), la capacidad de desarrollo (dj), la capacidad tecnológica (tj) y la población (pj), de acuerdo al siguiente detalle: 𝑖𝑗=‖exp(−𝜃 \U0001d455𝑗−𝜃 𝑟𝑗−𝜃 𝑑𝑗−𝜃 𝑡𝑗+𝜃 𝑝𝑗)‖𝓁 El indicador de distribución porcentual de presupuesto de carbono (ij) se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso θ∈R0,1 y agregando el resultado en la ecuación, en la que los signos de los parámetros θ∈R0,1 reflejan la dirección de la relación entre la variable y el porcentaje de presupuesto.Gráfico 1. Distribución del presupuesto de CO2 Este gráfico muestra la distribución porcentual agrupada de los países Anexo I y no Anexo I, definidos en el contexto de la CMNUCC, que resultan de la aplicación de esta metodología.', 'Distribución del presupuesto de CO2 Este gráfico muestra la distribución porcentual agrupada de los países Anexo I y no Anexo I, definidos en el contexto de la CMNUCC, que resultan de la aplicación de esta metodología. El indicador de distribución porcentual de presupuesto de carbono se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso específico con una visión de justicia climática que da una mayor relevancia a la responsabilidad histórica, la población y la capacidad de desarrollo al momento de calcular la distribución porcentual del presupuesto de CO2 equivalente. En el cálculo se refleja la dirección de la relación entre la variable y el porcentaje de presupuesto (menor presupuesto ante mayor huella ecológica, mayor responsabilidad histórica, mayor capacidad de desarrollo y/o tecnológica, y mayor presupuesto con relación a una mayor población).', 'En el cálculo se refleja la dirección de la relación entre la variable y el porcentaje de presupuesto (menor presupuesto ante mayor huella ecológica, mayor responsabilidad histórica, mayor capacidad de desarrollo y/o tecnológica, y mayor presupuesto con relación a una mayor población). Agua Bolivia ha elaborado el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Hídrica sobre la base del marco conceptual sobre vulnerabilidad del Cuarto Informe del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 2007, mismo que establece que la vulnerabilidad depende de la capacidad de adaptación y sensibilidad del sistema, por el que: Vulnerabilidad Hídrica = Amenaza + Sensibilidad Hídrica – Capacidad de Adaptación en Agua.', 'Agua Bolivia ha elaborado el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Hídrica sobre la base del marco conceptual sobre vulnerabilidad del Cuarto Informe del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 2007, mismo que establece que la vulnerabilidad depende de la capacidad de adaptación y sensibilidad del sistema, por el que: Vulnerabilidad Hídrica = Amenaza + Sensibilidad Hídrica – Capacidad de Adaptación en Agua. Este Índice se sustenta en un análisis del efecto integral (externo e interno), tomando en cuenta: i) intensidad, persistencia y recurrencia de las amenazas del cambio climático, ii) sensibilidad de los sistemas de vida y las comunidades que cohabitan en dichos sistemas, y iii) capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, que a su vez incluye: la captación, embalse, almacenamiento y provisión de agua para consumo humano y para riego, el incremento de la gestión social comunitaria del agua, la mejora de la producción agrícola con sistemas de riego más eficientes, el reuso de agua residual de las grandes urbes, y la ampliación universal de la cobertura nacional de agua potable.', 'Este Índice se sustenta en un análisis del efecto integral (externo e interno), tomando en cuenta: i) intensidad, persistencia y recurrencia de las amenazas del cambio climático, ii) sensibilidad de los sistemas de vida y las comunidades que cohabitan en dichos sistemas, y iii) capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, que a su vez incluye: la captación, embalse, almacenamiento y provisión de agua para consumo humano y para riego, el incremento de la gestión social comunitaria del agua, la mejora de la producción agrícola con sistemas de riego más eficientes, el reuso de agua residual de las grandes urbes, y la ampliación universal de la cobertura nacional de agua potable. Bolivia también ha elaborado el Índice de Capacidad de Adaptación en Agua, que se calculó con datos de gestión comunitaria (𝑔𝑗), productividad (𝑦𝑗), almacenamiento de agua (𝑐𝑗), acceso al agua (𝑎𝑗), y pobreza (𝑝𝑗), entre los años 2015 y 2030, a través de la siguiente ecuación: 𝑖𝑗= 𝜃 𝑔𝑗+𝜃 𝑦𝑗+𝜃 𝑐𝑗+𝜃 𝑎𝑗−𝜃 𝑝𝑗 Este Índice (𝑖𝑗) se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso 𝜃∈ℝ^0,1 y agregando el resultado en la ecuación, por lo que un aumento de la gestión comunitaria, productividad, almacenamiento y acceso al agua aumentará el valor del indicador reflejando una mayor capacidad de adaptación, mientras que un aumento de la pobreza reducirá el valor del indicador representando una menor capacidad de adaptación.Las principales variables analizadas, impactos y resultados con relación al agua se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, las mismas que se representan en el siguiente gráfico.', 'Bolivia también ha elaborado el Índice de Capacidad de Adaptación en Agua, que se calculó con datos de gestión comunitaria (𝑔𝑗), productividad (𝑦𝑗), almacenamiento de agua (𝑐𝑗), acceso al agua (𝑎𝑗), y pobreza (𝑝𝑗), entre los años 2015 y 2030, a través de la siguiente ecuación: 𝑖𝑗= 𝜃 𝑔𝑗+𝜃 𝑦𝑗+𝜃 𝑐𝑗+𝜃 𝑎𝑗−𝜃 𝑝𝑗 Este Índice (𝑖𝑗) se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso 𝜃∈ℝ^0,1 y agregando el resultado en la ecuación, por lo que un aumento de la gestión comunitaria, productividad, almacenamiento y acceso al agua aumentará el valor del indicador reflejando una mayor capacidad de adaptación, mientras que un aumento de la pobreza reducirá el valor del indicador representando una menor capacidad de adaptación.Las principales variables analizadas, impactos y resultados con relación al agua se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, las mismas que se representan en el siguiente gráfico. Gráfico 2.', 'Bolivia también ha elaborado el Índice de Capacidad de Adaptación en Agua, que se calculó con datos de gestión comunitaria (𝑔𝑗), productividad (𝑦𝑗), almacenamiento de agua (𝑐𝑗), acceso al agua (𝑎𝑗), y pobreza (𝑝𝑗), entre los años 2015 y 2030, a través de la siguiente ecuación: 𝑖𝑗= 𝜃 𝑔𝑗+𝜃 𝑦𝑗+𝜃 𝑐𝑗+𝜃 𝑎𝑗−𝜃 𝑝𝑗 Este Índice (𝑖𝑗) se obtuvo multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso 𝜃∈ℝ^0,1 y agregando el resultado en la ecuación, por lo que un aumento de la gestión comunitaria, productividad, almacenamiento y acceso al agua aumentará el valor del indicador reflejando una mayor capacidad de adaptación, mientras que un aumento de la pobreza reducirá el valor del indicador representando una menor capacidad de adaptación.Las principales variables analizadas, impactos y resultados con relación al agua se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, las mismas que se representan en el siguiente gráfico. Gráfico 2. Reducción de la vulnerabilidad hídrica e incremento de la capacidad de adaptación en agua En el gráfico anterior se visualiza de forma integrada la articulación de diferentes variables vinculadas con el almacenamiento de agua y su impacto en el incremento en el acceso al agua y el aumento de la producción agrícola, favoreciendo a su vez el incremento del PIB agropecuario y la reducción de la pobreza por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas, e incluyendo la gestión comunitaria de las organizaciones sociales como una base fundamental para el logro de la capacidad de adaptación en agua.', 'Reducción de la vulnerabilidad hídrica e incremento de la capacidad de adaptación en agua En el gráfico anterior se visualiza de forma integrada la articulación de diferentes variables vinculadas con el almacenamiento de agua y su impacto en el incremento en el acceso al agua y el aumento de la producción agrícola, favoreciendo a su vez el incremento del PIB agropecuario y la reducción de la pobreza por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas, e incluyendo la gestión comunitaria de las organizaciones sociales como una base fundamental para el logro de la capacidad de adaptación en agua. Energía Para la modelización de los escenarios en el sector eléctrico, el cálculo de emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2 e), así como la optimización de generación eléctrica correspondiente a cada escenario, se utilizó el programa OSeMOSYS (Open-Source energy Modelling System) del Instituto Real de Tecnología de Suecia (KTH)1.', 'Energía Para la modelización de los escenarios en el sector eléctrico, el cálculo de emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2 e), así como la optimización de generación eléctrica correspondiente a cada escenario, se utilizó el programa OSeMOSYS (Open-Source energy Modelling System) del Instituto Real de Tecnología de Suecia (KTH)1. Este programa es un software de código abierto que permite modelar y optimizar la planificación de mediano y largo plazo de los sistemas energéticos. Las emisiones de CO2 e se estiman dentro del modelo OSeMOSYS, utilizando el factor de emisión de cada proyecto y de la planta (la capacidad de generar CO2 por MWh).', 'Las emisiones de CO2 e se estiman dentro del modelo OSeMOSYS, utilizando el factor de emisión de cada proyecto y de la planta (la capacidad de generar CO2 por MWh). Por lo tanto, se tiene un comportamiento de emisión creciente en el escenario tendencial y de 1 Para mayor referencia, visitar: www.osemosys.org.evitación de gases de efecto invernadero para los escenarios de esfuerzo nacional y con cooperación. Las principales variables analizadas, impactos y resultados con relación a la energía se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, las mismas que se representan en el siguiente gráfico. Gráfico 3. Desarrollo del sector eléctrico con enfoque de cambio climático En el gráfico anterior se visualiza de forma integrada la articulación de las más importantes variables vinculadas al sector eléctrico.', 'Desarrollo del sector eléctrico con enfoque de cambio climático En el gráfico anterior se visualiza de forma integrada la articulación de las más importantes variables vinculadas al sector eléctrico. El incremento de la potencia de electricidad influye en el aumento de los ingresos por exportación, lo que a su vez favorece en el crecimiento del PIB y éste en el impacto en la reducción de NBI por cobertura de electricidad y en la reducción de la pobreza moderada y pobreza extrema. Asimismo, se visualiza la relación CO2/energía y CO2/PIB, con una disminución considerable en la proporción de la participación del CO2 en la economía y en la generación eléctrica. En conjunto, este proceso coadyuva en la reducción de emisiones del sector eléctrico.', 'En conjunto, este proceso coadyuva en la reducción de emisiones del sector eléctrico. Bosques y agropecuaria Bolivia ha elaborado el Índice de Vida Sustentable del Bosque para medir la capacidad conjunta de mitigación y adaptación para el manejo integral y sustentable de los bosques, sistemas productivos agropecuarios y agroforestales. El Índice articula las funciones ambientales (𝑓 ), pobreza (𝑝 ), gestión comunitaria (𝑔 ), producción (𝑦 ), y cobertura de bosques (𝑐 ), entre los años 2015 y 2030.', 'El Índice articula las funciones ambientales (𝑓 ), pobreza (𝑝 ), gestión comunitaria (𝑔 ), producción (𝑦 ), y cobertura de bosques (𝑐 ), entre los años 2015 y 2030. Como funciones ambientales se han contemplado las siguientes: i) captura y almacenamiento de carbono; ii) presencia de materia orgánica en el suelo; iii) disponibilidad de agua; y iv) presencia de biodiversidad en áreas con alto valor de conservación.La ecuación diseñada por el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia para calcular el Índice de Vida Sustentable de los Bosques es la siguiente: 𝑖 = 𝜃 𝑓 ̃ − 𝜃 𝑝 ̃ +𝜃 𝑔 ̃ + 𝜃 𝑦 ̃ + 𝜃 𝑐̃ El Índice (𝑖 ) se obtiene multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso 𝜃 ∈ ℝ y agregando el resultado en dicha ecuación, por lo que un aumento en las funciones ambientales, gestión comunitaria, producción y mayor cobertura neta de bosques, aumentará el valor del índice de capacidad conjunta de mitigación y adaptación, mientras que un aumento de la pobreza reducirá el valor del índice.', 'Como funciones ambientales se han contemplado las siguientes: i) captura y almacenamiento de carbono; ii) presencia de materia orgánica en el suelo; iii) disponibilidad de agua; y iv) presencia de biodiversidad en áreas con alto valor de conservación.La ecuación diseñada por el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia para calcular el Índice de Vida Sustentable de los Bosques es la siguiente: 𝑖 = 𝜃 𝑓 ̃ − 𝜃 𝑝 ̃ +𝜃 𝑔 ̃ + 𝜃 𝑦 ̃ + 𝜃 𝑐̃ El Índice (𝑖 ) se obtiene multiplicando cada variable normalizada por un peso 𝜃 ∈ ℝ y agregando el resultado en dicha ecuación, por lo que un aumento en las funciones ambientales, gestión comunitaria, producción y mayor cobertura neta de bosques, aumentará el valor del índice de capacidad conjunta de mitigación y adaptación, mientras que un aumento de la pobreza reducirá el valor del índice. Las principales variables analizadas, resultados e impactos con relación a bosques y agropecuaria se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, mismas que se presentan en el siguiente gráfico.', 'Las principales variables analizadas, resultados e impactos con relación a bosques y agropecuaria se articulan de forma integrada y complementaria, mismas que se presentan en el siguiente gráfico. Gráfico 4. Manejo integral y sustentable de bosques y sistemas de vida agropecuarios con impactos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático En el gráfico anterior se visualizan las relaciones entre las variables vinculadas con el manejo integral y sustentable de los bosques y sistemas de vida agropecuarios, destacándose la importancia de la gestión comunitaria de bosques, con impactos en el crecimiento de la producción de alimentos y productos forestales maderables. También se visualiza la importancia de la reforestación, reducción de la deforestación ilegal e incremento de la cobertura boscosa, en un escenario de mantenimiento de funciones ambientales.', 'También se visualiza la importancia de la reforestación, reducción de la deforestación ilegal e incremento de la cobertura boscosa, en un escenario de mantenimiento de funciones ambientales. Como resultado el incremento del PIB agropecuario y forestal repercute en la reducción de la extrema pobreza nacional.']

es-ES

BOL

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

2nd NDC

2022-04-21 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_Bolivia-2021-2030_UNFCCC_en.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3fbb9ae3be74a1d97c497a5594efc872a3f192a41b1e67804753094a5dc720eb.pdf

['English Version NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA NDCs update for the 2021-2030 period within the framework of the Paris AgreementNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA NDCs update for the 2021-2030 period within the framework of the Paris Agreement English VersionV Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Plurinational State of Bolivia Content Prologue IX Executive Summary XI 2.1. Bolivian vision on the fight against the climate crisis 3 2.2. National context of mitigation, adaptation and losses and damages. 4 2.3. Context of NDC implementation 6 3. Mitigation, adaptation and joint mitigation and adaptation goals 13 3.1. Energy sector goals 14 3.2. Forestry sector goals 18 3.3. Water sector goals 23 3.4. Agricultural sector goals 29 4. Means of implementation 35 4.1. Contributions with national effort (unconditioned) 35 4.2.', 'Contributions with national effort (unconditioned) 35 4.2. Contributions conditioned to international cooperation 36VI TABLE INDEX Tabla 1: Directrices de Información sobre Claridad, Transparencia y Entendimiento (ICTU) 38 FIGURE INDEX Figure 1. Impact Chain Analysis of the Energy Sector 13 Figure 2. Impact Chain Analysis of the Forestry Sector 18 Figure 3. Sustainable Forest Life Index (%), baseline and 2030 scenarios. 21 Figure 4. Multidimensional Forest Sustainable Living Index. 22 Figure 5. Impact Chain Analysis of the Water Sector. 23 Figure 6. Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Index, 2030 scenario 27 Figure 7. Multidimensional Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Index. 27 Figure 8. Impact Chain Analysis of the Agricultural Sector. 28 Figure 9. Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP, %), 2030 scenario. 32 Figure 10.', 'Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP, %), 2030 scenario. 32 Figure 10. Multidimensional Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP). 32VII Acronyms ABT: Regulatory Authority and Social Control of Forests and Land ACE: Action for Climate Empowerment AACC: Climate Ambition Alliance AFOLU: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Sector APMT: Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth BAU: Business as usual BUR: Biennial Update Report BTR: Biennial Transparency Report CEPAL: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean CN3: Third National Communication CN4: Fourth National Communication CND: Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) CIMPDES: Interinstitutional Follow-up Committee NESDP, SDGs and NDCs CMNUCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) CO2: Carbon Dioxide D.S.', 'Multidimensional Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP). 32VII Acronyms ABT: Regulatory Authority and Social Control of Forests and Land ACE: Action for Climate Empowerment AACC: Climate Ambition Alliance AFOLU: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Sector APMT: Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth BAU: Business as usual BUR: Biennial Update Report BTR: Biennial Transparency Report CEPAL: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean CN3: Third National Communication CN4: Fourth National Communication CND: Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) CIMPDES: Interinstitutional Follow-up Committee NESDP, SDGs and NDCs CMNUCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) CO2: Carbon Dioxide D.S. : Supreme Decree DGGDF: Forestry General Direction EIF: Financial Intermediary EEAA: Alternative Energy Sources EERR: Renewable Energy EPSAS: Water and Sanitation Public Social Enterprise ETA: Territorial Autonomous EntityVIII FONABOSQUE: National Forestry Development Fund GEI: Greenhouse Gases GFW: Global Forest Watch GISB: Integral and Sustainable Forest Management IBIF: Bolivian Institute of Forestry Research IBT1: Biennial Transparency Report ICTU: Information Clarity Transparency Understanding INRA: National Institute for Agrarian Reform IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU: Industrial Processes and Product Use IRC: Global Climate Risk Index INE: National Institute of Statistic InGEI: Greenhouse Gas Inventory IVSB: Sustainable Live in Forests Index MHE: Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy MIC: Integrated Watershed Management MMAyA: Ministry of Environment and Water MPD: Ministry of Development Planning NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution NIB: Unsatisfied Basic Needs NF3: Nitrogen Trifluoride ODS: Sustainable Development Goals ONG: Non-Governmental Organizations PDC: Basin Master Plans PDES: National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESDP) PEA: Economically Active PopulationIX PESFA: Source Water Sustainability Strategic Plan PIB: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) PNC: National Watershed Plan PNCC: National Climate Change Program PNFR: National Forestation and Reforestation Program PTDI: Integral Development Territorial Plans PSDI: Integral Development Sector Plan SF6: Sulfur Hexafluoride PyMES: Small and medium-sized enterprises PGDES: National Economic and Social Development Plan RIME: Register of Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators PFC: Perfluorocarbons IS: Isolated Systems SERNAP: National Service of Natural Areas Protected SIMTCC: Plurinational System of Information and Integral Monitoring of Mother Earth and Climate Change SPIE: State Planning System SIN: National Interconnected System SNAP: National System of Protected Area TCN: Third National Communication UCB: Bolivian Catholic University UPA: Agricultural Production Units WCS: Wildlife Conservation Society ZEF: Center for Development Research.', ': Supreme Decree DGGDF: Forestry General Direction EIF: Financial Intermediary EEAA: Alternative Energy Sources EERR: Renewable Energy EPSAS: Water and Sanitation Public Social Enterprise ETA: Territorial Autonomous EntityVIII FONABOSQUE: National Forestry Development Fund GEI: Greenhouse Gases GFW: Global Forest Watch GISB: Integral and Sustainable Forest Management IBIF: Bolivian Institute of Forestry Research IBT1: Biennial Transparency Report ICTU: Information Clarity Transparency Understanding INRA: National Institute for Agrarian Reform IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU: Industrial Processes and Product Use IRC: Global Climate Risk Index INE: National Institute of Statistic InGEI: Greenhouse Gas Inventory IVSB: Sustainable Live in Forests Index MHE: Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy MIC: Integrated Watershed Management MMAyA: Ministry of Environment and Water MPD: Ministry of Development Planning NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution NIB: Unsatisfied Basic Needs NF3: Nitrogen Trifluoride ODS: Sustainable Development Goals ONG: Non-Governmental Organizations PDC: Basin Master Plans PDES: National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESDP) PEA: Economically Active PopulationIX PESFA: Source Water Sustainability Strategic Plan PIB: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) PNC: National Watershed Plan PNCC: National Climate Change Program PNFR: National Forestation and Reforestation Program PTDI: Integral Development Territorial Plans PSDI: Integral Development Sector Plan SF6: Sulfur Hexafluoride PyMES: Small and medium-sized enterprises PGDES: National Economic and Social Development Plan RIME: Register of Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators PFC: Perfluorocarbons IS: Isolated Systems SERNAP: National Service of Natural Areas Protected SIMTCC: Plurinational System of Information and Integral Monitoring of Mother Earth and Climate Change SPIE: State Planning System SIN: National Interconnected System SNAP: National System of Protected Area TCN: Third National Communication UCB: Bolivian Catholic University UPA: Agricultural Production Units WCS: Wildlife Conservation Society ZEF: Center for Development Research. ZEF: Center for Development Research.XI Prologue The Plurinational State of Bolivia with the adjustment of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ratifies its commitment to Mother Earth and the Paris Agreement, reaffirming that the civilizational horizon of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth is a fundamental State Policy to advance towards the country’s climate action.', 'ZEF: Center for Development Research.XI Prologue The Plurinational State of Bolivia with the adjustment of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ratifies its commitment to Mother Earth and the Paris Agreement, reaffirming that the civilizational horizon of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth is a fundamental State Policy to advance towards the country’s climate action. Globally, Bolivia is among the countries most affected by the impact of climate change throughout its territory and in its cultural, social, productive, energy and industrial structure, and despite this it is making efforts to advance its comprehensive development to Living Well with a growth in annual public investment in the last 14 years from 629 (2005) to 3,769 millions of US dollars per year (2019)1 , highlighting that there is a greater international commitment to address the climate crisis, including losses and damages management Bolivia’s updated NDC maintains the ambition of the first document and commits Bolivia to take actions aligned with a trajectory consistent with the global goal of limiting the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, with climate justice within the framework of the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of national circumstances.', 'Globally, Bolivia is among the countries most affected by the impact of climate change throughout its territory and in its cultural, social, productive, energy and industrial structure, and despite this it is making efforts to advance its comprehensive development to Living Well with a growth in annual public investment in the last 14 years from 629 (2005) to 3,769 millions of US dollars per year (2019)1 , highlighting that there is a greater international commitment to address the climate crisis, including losses and damages management Bolivia’s updated NDC maintains the ambition of the first document and commits Bolivia to take actions aligned with a trajectory consistent with the global goal of limiting the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, with climate justice within the framework of the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of national circumstances. We also emphasize that it is an urgent need for greater commitment and cooperation on the part of Annex I Developed Countries, so that Bolivia, and the world, can achieve adequate comprehensive management of the climate crisis in terms of mitigation, adaptation and damage and loss management, with an adequate provision of financing, technology transfer and capacity building.', 'We also emphasize that it is an urgent need for greater commitment and cooperation on the part of Annex I Developed Countries, so that Bolivia, and the world, can achieve adequate comprehensive management of the climate crisis in terms of mitigation, adaptation and damage and loss management, with an adequate provision of financing, technology transfer and capacity building. At the same time, the actions resulting from the contributions proposed in this update of Bolivia’s NDC increase the country’s adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce its vulnerability to the climate crisis.', 'At the same time, the actions resulting from the contributions proposed in this update of Bolivia’s NDC increase the country’s adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce its vulnerability to the climate crisis. This NDC represents a true commitment of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to achieve its supreme objective of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth in a context of climate crisis, with national effort and goals conditioned to international cooperation as appropriate under Article 4.7 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement.', 'This NDC represents a true commitment of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to achieve its supreme objective of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth in a context of climate crisis, with national effort and goals conditioned to international cooperation as appropriate under Article 4.7 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the NDC update includes a commitment to greater transparency in the monitoring of the proposed adaptation, mitigation and implementation targets, considering the submission of Biennial 1 Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (2021)XII Update Reports and National Adaptation Communications before the global review scheduled for 2023.', 'Furthermore, the NDC update includes a commitment to greater transparency in the monitoring of the proposed adaptation, mitigation and implementation targets, considering the submission of Biennial 1 Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (2021)XII Update Reports and National Adaptation Communications before the global review scheduled for 2023. Finally, in compliance with the Plurinational Climate Change Policy and Plan, under the leadership of the Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth (APMT) and the Ministry of Development Planning (MPD), work will be done to prepare a National Adaptation Plan and a National Mitigation Strategy, which will guide the actions and agreements necessary to comply with the commitments established in the NDC update.', 'Finally, in compliance with the Plurinational Climate Change Policy and Plan, under the leadership of the Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth (APMT) and the Ministry of Development Planning (MPD), work will be done to prepare a National Adaptation Plan and a National Mitigation Strategy, which will guide the actions and agreements necessary to comply with the commitments established in the NDC update. Luis Arce Catacora Constitutional President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia Juan Santos Cruz Minister - Ministry of Environment and Water Felima Gabriela Mendoza Gumiel Minister - Ministry of Development Planning Angélica Ponce Chambi Executive Director - Plurinational Authority of Mother EarthXIII Executive Summary According to IPCC reports, the warming of the climate system is indisputable, as is the human influence associated with it.', 'Luis Arce Catacora Constitutional President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia Juan Santos Cruz Minister - Ministry of Environment and Water Felima Gabriela Mendoza Gumiel Minister - Ministry of Development Planning Angélica Ponce Chambi Executive Director - Plurinational Authority of Mother EarthXIII Executive Summary According to IPCC reports, the warming of the climate system is indisputable, as is the human influence associated with it. In Bolivia, the climate crisis poses high risks to human, economic, social, productive and natural systems. The Global Climate Risk Index 2021 (CRI) places Bolivia as the tenth most vulnerable country in the world, taking into account the impacts of extreme climate events and associated socioeconomic data.', 'The Global Climate Risk Index 2021 (CRI) places Bolivia as the tenth most vulnerable country in the world, taking into account the impacts of extreme climate events and associated socioeconomic data. Bolivia proposes a structural solution to the global climate crisis in the paradigm of Living Well in balance with Mother Earth, understanding an alternative civilizational horizon and the resulting cultures linked to IPLC’s and other living cultures throughout the globe as an alternative to capitalism and the vulnerability associated with the global civilization at present.', 'Bolivia proposes a structural solution to the global climate crisis in the paradigm of Living Well in balance with Mother Earth, understanding an alternative civilizational horizon and the resulting cultures linked to IPLC’s and other living cultures throughout the globe as an alternative to capitalism and the vulnerability associated with the global civilization at present. Thus, the respect for the rights of Mother Earth and climate justice, based on the principles of common but differentiated equity and responsibility; and a much needed strengthening of integral development for Living Well and the enhancement of the economy of Mother Earth.', 'Thus, the respect for the rights of Mother Earth and climate justice, based on the principles of common but differentiated equity and responsibility; and a much needed strengthening of integral development for Living Well and the enhancement of the economy of Mother Earth. In keeping with the commitments assumed with the Paris Agreement, Bolivia presents the update of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for the period 2021-2030, with an update that demonstrates an increase in Bolivian ambitions for adaptation and mitigation. The Plurinational Climate Change Policy, in harmony with the NDCs, will promote the resilience of productive systems and livelihoods, increase adaptive capacity, and reduce the vulnerability of the different social, economic and environmental sectors with climate justice, a gender approach and intergenerational equity.', 'The Plurinational Climate Change Policy, in harmony with the NDCs, will promote the resilience of productive systems and livelihoods, increase adaptive capacity, and reduce the vulnerability of the different social, economic and environmental sectors with climate justice, a gender approach and intergenerational equity. All Bolivians, especially groups vulnerable to climate change, including families living in poverty, indigenous peoples, women and children, will have reduced their exposure, and will have increased their adaptive capacity to climate change. Bolivia, within the framework of its economic capacities, has proposed an ambitious NDC and will be implemented through sovereign efforts and others will be completed conditioned to international cooperation.', 'Bolivia, within the framework of its economic capacities, has proposed an ambitious NDC and will be implemented through sovereign efforts and others will be completed conditioned to international cooperation. Furthermore, additional financing mechanisms from international cooperation, particularly from developed countries, in accordance with the commitments of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, will considerably increase mitigation ambitions and increase adaptation actions. Bolivia is committed to have strategic basins, sub-basins and micro-basins with adequate multilevel and multi-sectoral water management, adapted and resilient, that allow an efficient, equitable and inclusive use of water resources in their multiple uses and whose management is focused on the welfare of people andXIV the balance of Mother Earth.', 'Bolivia is committed to have strategic basins, sub-basins and micro-basins with adequate multilevel and multi-sectoral water management, adapted and resilient, that allow an efficient, equitable and inclusive use of water resources in their multiple uses and whose management is focused on the welfare of people andXIV the balance of Mother Earth. It is also committed to making water resource use systems more resilient, both in terms of guaranteeing equitable and safe access to drinking water and improved sanitation and services at the urban and rural levels, as well as protecting and restoring water sources and surface and groundwater recharge areas and improving water recovery, treatment and storage systems, including multipurpose systems and water harvesting techniques for irrigation and human consumption.', 'It is also committed to making water resource use systems more resilient, both in terms of guaranteeing equitable and safe access to drinking water and improved sanitation and services at the urban and rural levels, as well as protecting and restoring water sources and surface and groundwater recharge areas and improving water recovery, treatment and storage systems, including multipurpose systems and water harvesting techniques for irrigation and human consumption. In the agricultural sector, Bolivia is committed to strengthening production facilities and diversifying agricultural and food systems to increase food production, food sovereignty and security, generating goods for export of surpluses and resilient local consumption, and to consolidate an agricultural system based on productive efficiency with increased production and productivity.', 'In the agricultural sector, Bolivia is committed to strengthening production facilities and diversifying agricultural and food systems to increase food production, food sovereignty and security, generating goods for export of surpluses and resilient local consumption, and to consolidate an agricultural system based on productive efficiency with increased production and productivity. Bolivia’s contribution to agriculture will be focused on strengthening and diversifying indigenous peoples and local communities productivity, increasing resilience, risk management and consolidating adaptive capacities and climate resilience. Integral and sustainable forest management will be promoted, aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources, and increasing and maintaining environmental functions based on the strengthening of livelihood systems.', 'Integral and sustainable forest management will be promoted, aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources, and increasing and maintaining environmental functions based on the strengthening of livelihood systems. The NDC proposes to reduce deforestation, carry out afforestation and reforestation actions, increase the areas with integrated and sustainable forest management, implement adaptive measures inside and outside protected areas, promote greater control of forest fires, among others, with a strong role and participation of indigenous peoples and local communities, intercultural communities and Afro-Bolivian people.', 'The NDC proposes to reduce deforestation, carry out afforestation and reforestation actions, increase the areas with integrated and sustainable forest management, implement adaptive measures inside and outside protected areas, promote greater control of forest fires, among others, with a strong role and participation of indigenous peoples and local communities, intercultural communities and Afro-Bolivian people. In the energy sector, the use of different renewable energy sources will be strengthened to consolidate and diversify its electricity generation capacity, so that it can cover the national domestic demand, guarantee the capacity and resilience of the electricity system, improve the conditions of populations connected to the national system, promote access to energy and the interconnection of isolated populations.', 'In the energy sector, the use of different renewable energy sources will be strengthened to consolidate and diversify its electricity generation capacity, so that it can cover the national domestic demand, guarantee the capacity and resilience of the electricity system, improve the conditions of populations connected to the national system, promote access to energy and the interconnection of isolated populations. In addition to the efforts designed to improve energy generation and access conditions, Bolivia will also make efforts to improve energy consumption conditions, implementing energy efficiency measures and electrification of particular services in areas such as streetlights or the transportation sector and its mobilities.', 'In addition to the efforts designed to improve energy generation and access conditions, Bolivia will also make efforts to improve energy consumption conditions, implementing energy efficiency measures and electrification of particular services in areas such as streetlights or the transportation sector and its mobilities. Finally, although not considered as specific goals, Bolivia is expected to develop and take advantage of its potential in lithium and biofuels, which would gradually reduce the use of fossil fuels, thus promoting an energy transition to a more sustainable system. The Plurinational State of Bolivia presents the update of the NDC in order to comply with the Paris Agreement and make efforts towards an economic recovery in harmony with Mother Earth.', 'The Plurinational State of Bolivia presents the update of the NDC in order to comply with the Paris Agreement and make efforts towards an economic recovery in harmony with Mother Earth. More so, this NDC is articulated to the National Economic and Social Development Plan 2021-2025 of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, to the SDGs, with national efforts and goals conditioned to international cooperation within the framework of international agreements on climate change.Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of The Plurinational State of Bolivia Bolivia presents its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in the framework of its vision to address the structural causes of the climate crisis in time to build a new civilizational horizon based on Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth, and comprehensively taking into account the principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as the Paris Agreement to address the climate crisis in the framework of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities.', 'More so, this NDC is articulated to the National Economic and Social Development Plan 2021-2025 of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, to the SDGs, with national efforts and goals conditioned to international cooperation within the framework of international agreements on climate change.Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of The Plurinational State of Bolivia Bolivia presents its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in the framework of its vision to address the structural causes of the climate crisis in time to build a new civilizational horizon based on Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth, and comprehensively taking into account the principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as the Paris Agreement to address the climate crisis in the framework of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. In order to contribute to the solution of the climate crisis from the alternative vision of Living Well, contributing to implement proposals that allow the world to move forward with structural solutions to the climate crisis, Bolivia presented its national contribution in three dimensions: the first, linked to structural solutions to climate change; the second, to national results and actions in the framework of integral development; and the third to the implementation mechanisms.', 'In order to contribute to the solution of the climate crisis from the alternative vision of Living Well, contributing to implement proposals that allow the world to move forward with structural solutions to the climate crisis, Bolivia presented its national contribution in three dimensions: the first, linked to structural solutions to climate change; the second, to national results and actions in the framework of integral development; and the third to the implementation mechanisms. Bolivia argues that solutions cannot be separated between those of mitigation and those of adaptation, as well as the losses and damages management caused by the climate crisis. In this sense, it proposed the joint mitigation and adaptation approach through the management of Mother Earth’s life systems.', 'In this sense, it proposed the joint mitigation and adaptation approach through the management of Mother Earth’s life systems. This approach is related to the vision of Living Well in harmony and balance with Mother Earth, which is based on respect for the rights of Mother Earth, in a context of climate change, and the realization of the rights of peoples to their integral development. Bolivia’s contribution proposes different integrated and complementary expected results linked to the achievement of Living Well in a context of climate crisis, in water, energy, forests and agriculture.', 'Bolivia’s contribution proposes different integrated and complementary expected results linked to the achievement of Living Well in a context of climate crisis, in water, energy, forests and agriculture. The objective in water is to comprehensively increase adaptive capacity and systematically reduce the country’s water vulnerability; in energy, the goal is to increase electricity generation capacity through renewable energies for local and regional development; in forests, it is planned to increase joint mitigation and adaptation capacity through integrated and sustainable forest management; in the agricultural sector, the aim is to attend to vulnerable groups, increase production and yields, as well as reduce risk and increase the resilience of production systems.', 'The objective in water is to comprehensively increase adaptive capacity and systematically reduce the country’s water vulnerability; in energy, the goal is to increase electricity generation capacity through renewable energies for local and regional development; in forests, it is planned to increase joint mitigation and adaptation capacity through integrated and sustainable forest management; in the agricultural sector, the aim is to attend to vulnerable groups, increase production and yields, as well as reduce risk and increase the resilience of production systems. Bolivia presents its planned contribution in a manner consistent with its vision of comprehensive development, in accordance with the provisions of the Political Constitution of the State, Law No. 777 Integrated National Planning System, Law No. 071 on the Rights of Mother Earth and Law No.', '071 on the Rights of Mother Earth and Law No. 300 Framework of Mother Earth and Integrated Development for Living Well, guided by the National Economic and Social Development Plan and the Patriotic Agenda of the Bicentennial to 2025 and the planning of the General Economic and Social Development Plan 2021-2025.The update of the Bolivian NDC (2021-2030) was built in coordination between the Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth (APMT), the Ministry of Development Planning (MPD), the Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), the Ministry of Rural Development and Land (MDRyT), the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy (MHE) and the Vice Presidency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, in addition to other relevant sectors.', '300 Framework of Mother Earth and Integrated Development for Living Well, guided by the National Economic and Social Development Plan and the Patriotic Agenda of the Bicentennial to 2025 and the planning of the General Economic and Social Development Plan 2021-2025.The update of the Bolivian NDC (2021-2030) was built in coordination between the Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth (APMT), the Ministry of Development Planning (MPD), the Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), the Ministry of Rural Development and Land (MDRyT), the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy (MHE) and the Vice Presidency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, in addition to other relevant sectors. Bolivia’s 2016 NDC contained targets that were quite ambitious and fair for the Bolivian context and national circumstances.', 'Bolivia’s 2016 NDC contained targets that were quite ambitious and fair for the Bolivian context and national circumstances. On that occasion, the goals were set for mitigation and adaptation in the energy, water, forestry/ agriculture sectors. Progress in their fulfillment was strongly based on national effort and in close relation to the National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESPD 2016-2020) and the Patriotic Agenda 2025. It was not possible to achieve all that was planned due to the absence of means of implementation in the framework of the provision of financing and means of implementation to the country. In the updated NDC, the ambition is ratified, with adjustments made to targets according to the country’s current national circumstances.', 'In the updated NDC, the ambition is ratified, with adjustments made to targets according to the country’s current national circumstances. Bolivia will make an ambitious contribution within the framework of its national efforts; however, it will be able to further increase its mitigation and adaptation results and actions if it has the means of implementation foreseen through international cooperation mechanisms within the framework of the Convention, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Articles 4.4 and 4.7.', 'Bolivia will make an ambitious contribution within the framework of its national efforts; however, it will be able to further increase its mitigation and adaptation results and actions if it has the means of implementation foreseen through international cooperation mechanisms within the framework of the Convention, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Articles 4.4 and 4.7. Despite the devastating impact in the social, economic and productive spheres as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bolivia will not back down from its intentions to contribute to the solution of the climate crisis and its ambition in the NDCs; moreover, Bolivia proposes as the best path the reunion with Mother Earth within the framework of its Productive Social Community Economic Model for Living Well.', 'Despite the devastating impact in the social, economic and productive spheres as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bolivia will not back down from its intentions to contribute to the solution of the climate crisis and its ambition in the NDCs; moreover, Bolivia proposes as the best path the reunion with Mother Earth within the framework of its Productive Social Community Economic Model for Living Well. Bolivia’s updated NDC incorporates four axes: i) water; ii) forests; iii) energy; iv) agriculture and livestock. It also incorporates the necessary means of implementation as an instrumental component for its implementation.2. National Circumstances 2.1.', 'It also incorporates the necessary means of implementation as an instrumental component for its implementation.2. National Circumstances 2.1. Bolivian vision on the fight against the climate crisis Structural solutions to address the climate crisis Bolivia recognizes the structural causes of climate change to the current anthropocentric model, which places human beings above nature and other living beings, and in particular with the capitalist world system of the last two centuries, which has caused the current climate crisis and is modifying the life cycles of Mother Earth, causing the collapse of several ecosystems, the extinction of species, the change in the ways of life of hundreds of millions of people around the world, the spread of hunger and poverty in the world and a growing climate migration.', 'Bolivian vision on the fight against the climate crisis Structural solutions to address the climate crisis Bolivia recognizes the structural causes of climate change to the current anthropocentric model, which places human beings above nature and other living beings, and in particular with the capitalist world system of the last two centuries, which has caused the current climate crisis and is modifying the life cycles of Mother Earth, causing the collapse of several ecosystems, the extinction of species, the change in the ways of life of hundreds of millions of people around the world, the spread of hunger and poverty in the world and a growing climate migration. There is an urgent need to give rise to a new civilizational horizon based on a cosmo-biocentric vision where human beings live in harmony with all living beings of Mother Earth.', 'There is an urgent need to give rise to a new civilizational horizon based on a cosmo-biocentric vision where human beings live in harmony with all living beings of Mother Earth. The present Nationally Determined Contribution is based on a cosmo-biocentric horizon of life that respects life and the rights of Mother Earth, as a living and sacred being. Bolivia reaffirms its proposal for structural solutions to the climate crisis through the: i) Worldwide adoption of a civilizational horizon of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth as opposed to the current anthropocentric and capitalist model. ii) Creation of a climate system based on responsibility towards Mother Earth, the culture of life and the full realization of humanity in its integral development.', 'ii) Creation of a climate system based on responsibility towards Mother Earth, the culture of life and the full realization of humanity in its integral development. iii) Protection of the rights of Mother Earth in an articulated and complementary manner with the rights of peoples to their integral development. iv) Defense of universal common goods, such as the seas and oceans, water, atmospheric space and technological knowledge, promoting the access of peoples to the common heritage. v) Elimination of patents on technologies and recognition of the human right to the science and technology of life. vi) Effective implementation by governments of the human right to water and nature’s right to water.', 'vi) Effective implementation by governments of the human right to water and nature’s right to water. vii) Constitution of the International Tribunal of Climate Justice and Mother Earth to facilitate the fulfillment by countries of their international commitments to climate change and the payment of the historical climate debt. viii) Allocate the resources of the war machine of the imperial powers and the promoters of war to finance the actions of the peoples against the climate crisis.', 'viii) Allocate the resources of the war machine of the imperial powers and the promoters of war to finance the actions of the peoples against the climate crisis. ix) Eradication of the commodification of the environmental functions of nature, of carbon markets and nature-based solutions that promote millionaire climate business and do not solve the problem of the climate crisis.x) Confronting models of “carbon colonialism” to combat the climate crisis that impose models of the countries of the North on the countries and peoples of the South.', 'ix) Eradication of the commodification of the environmental functions of nature, of carbon markets and nature-based solutions that promote millionaire climate business and do not solve the problem of the climate crisis.x) Confronting models of “carbon colonialism” to combat the climate crisis that impose models of the countries of the North on the countries and peoples of the South. Climate justice, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities Developed and industrialized countries have disproportionately used atmospheric space to benefit from irrational development, while the peoples of developing countries are the victims who suffer the consequences at present, and are the ones who have not contributed significantly to the alteration of atmospheric composition, but who nevertheless bear a large part of the current impacts.', 'Climate justice, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities Developed and industrialized countries have disproportionately used atmospheric space to benefit from irrational development, while the peoples of developing countries are the victims who suffer the consequences at present, and are the ones who have not contributed significantly to the alteration of atmospheric composition, but who nevertheless bear a large part of the current impacts. The solution to the climate crisis must come from a vision of climate justice whereby fair treatment is given to all countries and peoples, particularly developing countries and vulnerable groups facing the consequences of climate variability, who, although they have not caused the climate crisis, bear the significant burden of its impacts and potential solutions.', 'The solution to the climate crisis must come from a vision of climate justice whereby fair treatment is given to all countries and peoples, particularly developing countries and vulnerable groups facing the consequences of climate variability, who, although they have not caused the climate crisis, bear the significant burden of its impacts and potential solutions. Developed countries must assume their responsibility and leadership to face the climate crisis, assuming the payment of the climate debt that corresponds to them, within the framework of the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, which should consider the equitable distribution of the remaining carbon budget, considering the right to integral development of the countries, the historical and cumulative responsibility of the countries’ emissions, the ecological footprint, the financial and technological capacity of the countries.', 'Developed countries must assume their responsibility and leadership to face the climate crisis, assuming the payment of the climate debt that corresponds to them, within the framework of the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, which should consider the equitable distribution of the remaining carbon budget, considering the right to integral development of the countries, the historical and cumulative responsibility of the countries’ emissions, the ecological footprint, the financial and technological capacity of the countries. At the present juncture of additional pressures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing impacts on the Bolivian economy, the above becomes even more urgent and demands immediate action to maintain socio-economic progress for a dignified life of the Bolivian population and the stabilization of key ecosystems.', 'At the present juncture of additional pressures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing impacts on the Bolivian economy, the above becomes even more urgent and demands immediate action to maintain socio-economic progress for a dignified life of the Bolivian population and the stabilization of key ecosystems. Sense of urgency and climate ambition Although Bolivia is not one of the main responsible for producing the greenhouse gases causing the present climate crisis, it is one of the main stakeholders in slowing down the pace of deepening climate impacts and thus avoiding the worst projected scenarios, due to our high socio-environmental vulnerability and aware that, given the current state of affairs, it will no longer be enough just to wait for others to act.', 'Sense of urgency and climate ambition Although Bolivia is not one of the main responsible for producing the greenhouse gases causing the present climate crisis, it is one of the main stakeholders in slowing down the pace of deepening climate impacts and thus avoiding the worst projected scenarios, due to our high socio-environmental vulnerability and aware that, given the current state of affairs, it will no longer be enough just to wait for others to act. This update of Bolivia’s NDC reflects an unprecedented sense of urgency that seeks to reinterpret the current situation and considerably expand national ambitions and possibilities to contribute significantly to international efforts to solve the global climate challenge. 2.2.', 'This update of Bolivia’s NDC reflects an unprecedented sense of urgency that seeks to reinterpret the current situation and considerably expand national ambitions and possibilities to contribute significantly to international efforts to solve the global climate challenge. 2.2. National context of mitigation, adaptation and losses and damages Bolivia is a country with wide altitudinal (from 70 to 6542 meters above sea level), climatic and geological variations that make up diverse and complex ecosystems and life systems that harbor high biodiversity, they are important carbon sinks and provide broad environmental functions; therefore, the impacts of climate change and variability are diverse.', 'National context of mitigation, adaptation and losses and damages Bolivia is a country with wide altitudinal (from 70 to 6542 meters above sea level), climatic and geological variations that make up diverse and complex ecosystems and life systems that harbor high biodiversity, they are important carbon sinks and provide broad environmental functions; therefore, the impacts of climate change and variability are diverse. In this sense, it is the most affected country in South America and the tenth most at risk of climate change in the world2 due to the extreme events that have occurred in the last 20 years.', 'In this sense, it is the most affected country in South America and the tenth most at risk of climate change in the world2 due to the extreme events that have occurred in the last 20 years. It has been documented that global warming in Bolivia has generated a significant increase in average temperature of 1.1°C3 , reaching differences with respect to the 1970s of between 1 and 2.5°C in the Andean Mountain range, between 0.5 and 2°C in the Amazon region and 2°C in the plains.', 'It has been documented that global warming in Bolivia has generated a significant increase in average temperature of 1.1°C3 , reaching differences with respect to the 1970s of between 1 and 2.5°C in the Andean Mountain range, between 0.5 and 2°C in the Amazon region and 2°C in the plains. 2 Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) measured by German Watch in 2021 3 Berkeley Earth (2020), Instituto Agrario Bolivia (2020).Climate change is causing pressures in the tropical and Amazonian region of the country that are modifying the continental Amazonian ecosystem, particularly from the interruption of regional water cycles and temperature deregulation, which will eventually turn the largest tropical forest on the planet into an extensive and unproductive savannah or pampas dominated by recurrent cycles of droughts, fires and temporary floods.', '2 Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) measured by German Watch in 2021 3 Berkeley Earth (2020), Instituto Agrario Bolivia (2020).Climate change is causing pressures in the tropical and Amazonian region of the country that are modifying the continental Amazonian ecosystem, particularly from the interruption of regional water cycles and temperature deregulation, which will eventually turn the largest tropical forest on the planet into an extensive and unproductive savannah or pampas dominated by recurrent cycles of droughts, fires and temporary floods. For the Amazon region this could mean that, in the medium and long term, this part of the country, in addition to being incapable of hosting stable food production systems, would also contribute to the global worsening of the climate change phenomenon, with enormous additional volumes of greenhouse gases.', 'For the Amazon region this could mean that, in the medium and long term, this part of the country, in addition to being incapable of hosting stable food production systems, would also contribute to the global worsening of the climate change phenomenon, with enormous additional volumes of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the clear signs of interregional dependence evidenced through the recycling of moisture and rainfall promoted by evapotranspiration from the Amazon forests and its redistribution towards the higher parts of the Andean mountain ranges and valleys, imply that the livelihoods and productive systems of the Andean population of the country, and the region as a whole, will also suffer major impacts caused by the decrease in humidity and reduced water availability related to the loss and degradation of the lowland forest.', 'On the other hand, the clear signs of interregional dependence evidenced through the recycling of moisture and rainfall promoted by evapotranspiration from the Amazon forests and its redistribution towards the higher parts of the Andean mountain ranges and valleys, imply that the livelihoods and productive systems of the Andean population of the country, and the region as a whole, will also suffer major impacts caused by the decrease in humidity and reduced water availability related to the loss and degradation of the lowland forest. Major losses of the Amazon Forest are expected to have significant effects on the agricultural activities on which most of the agriculture in the southern region of South America depends, also affecting the arrival of rains in that part of the continent, in addition to an irreversible loss of the associated biodiversity.', 'Major losses of the Amazon Forest are expected to have significant effects on the agricultural activities on which most of the agriculture in the southern region of South America depends, also affecting the arrival of rains in that part of the continent, in addition to an irreversible loss of the associated biodiversity. Similarly, the altiplano region and the inter-Andean valleys of the country have suffered the substantial reduction of water regulation provided by glaciers which in recent years have lost between 40 and 50 percent of their glacier ice volume.', 'Similarly, the altiplano region and the inter-Andean valleys of the country have suffered the substantial reduction of water regulation provided by glaciers which in recent years have lost between 40 and 50 percent of their glacier ice volume. This phenomenon, along with the consistent increase in temperatures and rainfall deregulation for the region, is putting additional pressures on traditional agricultural systems and demands urgent measures for the expansion of irrigation systems and infrastructure for water treatment and reuse, within the framework of integrated water resource management systems.', 'This phenomenon, along with the consistent increase in temperatures and rainfall deregulation for the region, is putting additional pressures on traditional agricultural systems and demands urgent measures for the expansion of irrigation systems and infrastructure for water treatment and reuse, within the framework of integrated water resource management systems. The risk of climate change in Bolivia is particularly high for vulnerable groups such as indigenous peoples, people living in extreme poverty, women, children, people with disabilities, people living in rural areas and people with limited access to decision-making and resources. More than 2.7 million children and adolescents (24% of the population) live in areas at high risk of floods and droughts.', 'More than 2.7 million children and adolescents (24% of the population) live in areas at high risk of floods and droughts. Rural poverty affects 54% of the population (98% indigenous), which, given their dependence on natural resources and agricultural production, makes them particularly vulnerable to climate variability. The deterioration of livelihood systems and reduction of resilience, reduction of food production due to climate change, makes this vulnerable population bear a greater burden of food insecurity and malnutrition, water and energy insecurity, as well as higher mortality rates4. 4 Vulnerability is understood as the relationship between exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity (see official statistics INE (National Statistics Institute) (2021), Torrico (2020) and UNICEF (2021).2.3.', '4 Vulnerability is understood as the relationship between exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity (see official statistics INE (National Statistics Institute) (2021), Torrico (2020) and UNICEF (2021).2.3. Context of NDC implementation In this NDC, Bolivia is in agreement with the national position expressed during the last decade in multilateral negotiations on climate change and reflected in the Plurinational State’s own regulations. In particular, we highlight the following: 1. Bolivia prioritizes limiting the temperature increase to below 1.5°C in relation to pre-industrial levels within the framework of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities with real emission reductions now on the part of developed countries. 2.', 'Bolivia prioritizes limiting the temperature increase to below 1.5°C in relation to pre-industrial levels within the framework of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities with real emission reductions now on the part of developed countries. 2. Bolivia assumes a holistic vision of the interventions to face the climate crisis, articulating mitigation, adaptation, losses damages, and the integral development of the country. Non- tradable mitigation actions in markets are considered as effective contributions to the integrity of Mother Earth. 3.', 'Non- tradable mitigation actions in markets are considered as effective contributions to the integrity of Mother Earth. 3. Bolivia considers the need for national effort (unconditional commitments) to achieve the goals identified in this NDC but highlights the fundamental importance of the international commitment of developed countries towards developing countries to achieve the country’s goals in relation to mitigation, adaptation, sustainable development (conditional commitments), in the framework of Article 4.7 of the Convention, and the significant allocation of public resources by developed countries provided for in Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. 4.', 'Bolivia considers the need for national effort (unconditional commitments) to achieve the goals identified in this NDC but highlights the fundamental importance of the international commitment of developed countries towards developing countries to achieve the country’s goals in relation to mitigation, adaptation, sustainable development (conditional commitments), in the framework of Article 4.7 of the Convention, and the significant allocation of public resources by developed countries provided for in Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. 4. Bolivia considers that the financing schemes provided by the carbon markets do not represent an option to make ambitious national policies viable in the country, and opposes any form of commodification of the environmental functions of nature; on the contrary, it assumes the effective implementation of Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement of the framework of non-market- based approaches, which will allow for the scaling up and acceleration of the goals identified in the present NDC of Bolivia.', 'Bolivia considers that the financing schemes provided by the carbon markets do not represent an option to make ambitious national policies viable in the country, and opposes any form of commodification of the environmental functions of nature; on the contrary, it assumes the effective implementation of Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement of the framework of non-market- based approaches, which will allow for the scaling up and acceleration of the goals identified in the present NDC of Bolivia. In this sense, financial, technical and other cooperation processes should be strengthened in the framework of compliance with the provision of financing and other means of implementation by developed countries to developing countries. 5.', 'In this sense, financial, technical and other cooperation processes should be strengthened in the framework of compliance with the provision of financing and other means of implementation by developed countries to developing countries. 5. Use of joint mitigation and adaptation approaches linked to the strengthening of the country’s sustainable production systems for the integrated and sustainable management of forests and forest systems within the framework of Article 5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Use of joint mitigation and adaptation approaches linked to the strengthening of the country’s sustainable production systems for the integrated and sustainable management of forests and forest systems within the framework of Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. Everything described above shows a scenario in which Bolivia is definitely committed to contribute, but it also makes clear that the limited capacities to finance national programs of sufficient scale place very concrete obstacles that need to be solved through the accelerated implementation of additional financing mechanisms that allow unlocking the possibility of considerably increasing national contributions.', 'Everything described above shows a scenario in which Bolivia is definitely committed to contribute, but it also makes clear that the limited capacities to finance national programs of sufficient scale place very concrete obstacles that need to be solved through the accelerated implementation of additional financing mechanisms that allow unlocking the possibility of considerably increasing national contributions. This NDC has a focus on integrating joint mitigation and adaptation actions in efforts to strengthen local, regional and national productive development with impacts on integral and sustainable development, which will make it possible to reduce the country’s carbon emissions into the atmosphere, expand the capacity for adaptation and resilience to the climate crisis, and advance in risk management to mitigate the impacts of losses damages caused by the increase in natural disasters.', 'This NDC has a focus on integrating joint mitigation and adaptation actions in efforts to strengthen local, regional and national productive development with impacts on integral and sustainable development, which will make it possible to reduce the country’s carbon emissions into the atmosphere, expand the capacity for adaptation and resilience to the climate crisis, and advance in risk management to mitigate the impacts of losses damages caused by the increase in natural disasters. Bolivia considers that this NDC will be effectively implemented through cooperation between the parties, in particular through Climate Ambition Alliance (bilateral or multilateral), to be subscribed between Bolivia and international partners, in the framework of non-market based approaches that contemplate: i) provision of financial resources for the fulfillment of the goals; ii) provision of technologiesand means of implementation; iii) and access to markets for Bolivian product portfolio derived from sustainable and resilient management to the climate crisis resulting from the foreseen goals.', 'Bolivia considers that this NDC will be effectively implemented through cooperation between the parties, in particular through Climate Ambition Alliance (bilateral or multilateral), to be subscribed between Bolivia and international partners, in the framework of non-market based approaches that contemplate: i) provision of financial resources for the fulfillment of the goals; ii) provision of technologiesand means of implementation; iii) and access to markets for Bolivian product portfolio derived from sustainable and resilient management to the climate crisis resulting from the foreseen goals. This NDC describes in a transparent and clear way the goals, programs and actions, the modalities and the implementation framework of the Bolivian commitments based on approaches that are not linked to markets but to the defense of the rights of Mother Earth. 2.4.', 'This NDC describes in a transparent and clear way the goals, programs and actions, the modalities and the implementation framework of the Bolivian commitments based on approaches that are not linked to markets but to the defense of the rights of Mother Earth. 2.4. COVID-19 and economic recovery At the end of 2019 and in 2020, the country faced a complex situation due to the impacts of a political crisis, which added to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused the national economy to accumulate a drop in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 8.33%, a situation that had a significant impact on social, economic, productive and employment indicators.', 'COVID-19 and economic recovery At the end of 2019 and in 2020, the country faced a complex situation due to the impacts of a political crisis, which added to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused the national economy to accumulate a drop in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 8.33%, a situation that had a significant impact on social, economic, productive and employment indicators. Thus, Bolivia was immersed in the double challenge of responding to the pandemic while at the same time carrying out a process of economic recovery. The country has great needs for continued financial support from international climate change mechanisms, technology transfer and innovation, and capacity development and strengthening to achieve its goals.', 'The country has great needs for continued financial support from international climate change mechanisms, technology transfer and innovation, and capacity development and strengthening to achieve its goals. In this framework and despite the difficult health, economic and social situation, the State decided to submit the NDC update in order to contribute to global climate action and align the economic recovery packages to the commitments set out in the Paris Agreement and international contribution based on green recovery. Healthcare The climate crisis is causing an increase in the burden of climate-related diseases, showing how climate change has exacerbated the problems already faced by urban and rural populations.', 'Healthcare The climate crisis is causing an increase in the burden of climate-related diseases, showing how climate change has exacerbated the problems already faced by urban and rural populations. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has once again demonstrated the importance of access to quality health services, the need for the use of scientific information for decision-making, and the relevance of coordinated action between sectors. Therefore, the response and recovery actions to the COVID-19 emergency are configured as an opportunity to rethink and build healthier, sustainable and resilient societies to these and other future problems.', 'Therefore, the response and recovery actions to the COVID-19 emergency are configured as an opportunity to rethink and build healthier, sustainable and resilient societies to these and other future problems. In order for the National Healthcare System in Bolivia to anticipate, prepare, prevent, respond and recover quickly from the risks associated with the consequences of climate change, the sector must seek to maximize the health benefits of intersectoral climate action. This includes strengthening national and subnational governance structures, organizing observatories to generate data to inform early warning systems for climate-related diseases, emergencies and disasters, preparing health vulnerability assessments and a national health sector adaptation plan, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by the sector, and increasing the resilience of health infrastructure and services.', 'This includes strengthening national and subnational governance structures, organizing observatories to generate data to inform early warning systems for climate-related diseases, emergencies and disasters, preparing health vulnerability assessments and a national health sector adaptation plan, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by the sector, and increasing the resilience of health infrastructure and services. Education Education, contemplated in Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, has broad support from Parties. In May 2018, countries agreed on a proposed Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) decision.', 'In May 2018, countries agreed on a proposed Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) decision. To the date, it is known that the risks associated with the climate phenomenon can be enhanced if combined with local conditions of vulnerability and social inequality, however, these risks could be reduced through appropriate efforts, some of them aimed at education, training, awareness raising, participation and capacity development and strengthening at all levels of civil society, thus strengthening the adaptive capacity of the population, the social fabric and governance conditions.To achieve this, it is essential to convince all levels and sectors of the Bolivian population to implement actions to transform the behavior of our society in accordance with the indications of climate science and local and ancestral knowledge.', 'To the date, it is known that the risks associated with the climate phenomenon can be enhanced if combined with local conditions of vulnerability and social inequality, however, these risks could be reduced through appropriate efforts, some of them aimed at education, training, awareness raising, participation and capacity development and strengthening at all levels of civil society, thus strengthening the adaptive capacity of the population, the social fabric and governance conditions.To achieve this, it is essential to convince all levels and sectors of the Bolivian population to implement actions to transform the behavior of our society in accordance with the indications of climate science and local and ancestral knowledge. This process commits, in terms of capacity building and strengthening, the updating of the Strategy for Capacity Building and Climate Empowerment to be promoted by the PAME, which would aim to strengthen the capacities of individuals and social organizations, civil society and public and private organizations in coordination with academia and the Ministry of Education.', 'This process commits, in terms of capacity building and strengthening, the updating of the Strategy for Capacity Building and Climate Empowerment to be promoted by the PAME, which would aim to strengthen the capacities of individuals and social organizations, civil society and public and private organizations in coordination with academia and the Ministry of Education. Energy A particularity of the NDCs in the energy sector is that the goals and objectives that have been proposed by Bolivia are strongly linked to the development of the electricity sector, leaving aside other potential contributors. However, within this sectorization, Bolivia’s first NDC presented ambitious and clear goals focused on achieving a transition process in the national electricity generation matrix towards a system strongly based on renewable energies.', 'However, within this sectorization, Bolivia’s first NDC presented ambitious and clear goals focused on achieving a transition process in the national electricity generation matrix towards a system strongly based on renewable energies. In this sense, a review of the current state of the electricity sector confirms that the country has made representative progress with respect to the mitigation goals and objectives that were proposed, with an installed capacity of 3150 MW by 2020 and a participation of 38% of renewable energies and 4.2% of alternative energies in relation to the electricity produced/consumed at the national level5, representing progress in the conditions of 2015 towards the goals proposed in the first NDC.', 'In this sense, a review of the current state of the electricity sector confirms that the country has made representative progress with respect to the mitigation goals and objectives that were proposed, with an installed capacity of 3150 MW by 2020 and a participation of 38% of renewable energies and 4.2% of alternative energies in relation to the electricity produced/consumed at the national level5, representing progress in the conditions of 2015 towards the goals proposed in the first NDC. It is also possible to observe that the interest in other components of the energy sector has been developing in parallel, either by its inclusion in official documents such as the Plurinational Policy on Climate Change (PPCC) or its mention in the Third National Communication, that makes a compilation of the mitigation measures that have been developed to date at the national level.', 'It is also possible to observe that the interest in other components of the energy sector has been developing in parallel, either by its inclusion in official documents such as the Plurinational Policy on Climate Change (PPCC) or its mention in the Third National Communication, that makes a compilation of the mitigation measures that have been developed to date at the national level. Additionally, at the national or subnational level, it is possible to see several initiatives and projects developed in the energy sector that have maintained the thematic axes and objectives for climate change mitigation proposed above: energy efficiency in the different consumption sectors, use of new non-polluting technologies for energy generation or provision of services, and the development of a regulatory framework to encourage good environmental practices in the sector.', 'Additionally, at the national or subnational level, it is possible to see several initiatives and projects developed in the energy sector that have maintained the thematic axes and objectives for climate change mitigation proposed above: energy efficiency in the different consumption sectors, use of new non-polluting technologies for energy generation or provision of services, and the development of a regulatory framework to encourage good environmental practices in the sector. In this sense, considering the national advances and the mitigation proposals in the sector presented by countries in the region , the energy sector has decided to reaffirm its initial goals, elaborate on the characterization of these, reevaluate amounts according to the current context of the country and increase the ambition of the sector.', 'In this sense, considering the national advances and the mitigation proposals in the sector presented by countries in the region , the energy sector has decided to reaffirm its initial goals, elaborate on the characterization of these, reevaluate amounts according to the current context of the country and increase the ambition of the sector. For this purpose,6 lines of work are proposed in the area of mitigation and adaptation to climate change in the energy sector, from which a total of 10 goals are proposed that the sector has assumed as challenges until 2030. 5 Vice-Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy (2021).', '5 Vice-Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy (2021). 6 Overview of National Contributions in Latin America (ECLAC, 2019).Integrated water resources management Bolivia has high per capita water availability in general, but water is unevenly distributed across its territory and threatened by the climate crisis and pollution. Many water bodies in strategic watersheds are polluted, affecting public health, increasing drinking water treatment costs and reducing potential use for other sectors such as agriculture and industry. Hence the increasing pressure on water resources into the future, given the current increased water stress in the different regions of the country.', 'Hence the increasing pressure on water resources into the future, given the current increased water stress in the different regions of the country. The imbalance of supply and demand and water pollution and the increased recurrence of climate hazards are clear warning signs of water scarcity and the country must act quickly to address them adequately within the framework of the NDC. Failure to control these trends could derail the country’s aspirations for sustained and resilient growth over the next decade. The State continues to recognize the strategic, multi-sectoral and multi-level importance of water for the country’s development. Although the impacts of climate change are already being felt in the country, there is still uncertainty about how these impacts will play out in the future.', 'Although the impacts of climate change are already being felt in the country, there is still uncertainty about how these impacts will play out in the future. Robust adaptation decision-making is fundamental for social and economic development in harmony with Mother Earth by reducing water-related climate vulnerabilities and developing capacities. To this end, the State has adopted Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in a multisectoral and multilevel manner as official policy, recognizing watersheds as life systems and water management units. The National Watershed Plan works on governance, social management and environmental protection in watersheds, guiding investments with climate rationality. Along these lines, the goals set forth in the NDCs are aimed at taking advantage of the productive potential of water and mitigating climate risks.', 'Along these lines, the goals set forth in the NDCs are aimed at taking advantage of the productive potential of water and mitigating climate risks. Agriculture and livestock Agricultural activity contributes 11% of the national GDP7 ; nearly 40% of the economically active population (EAP), of which 29% is directly related to agricultural production, and 11% to its industrialization and commercialization. Of the 871,927 Agricultural Production Units (APU), 91% are family farmers (58% community-family, 24% reciprocity-family), who are classified as highly vulnerable8. As mentioned above, extreme weather events have increased, mainly droughts in high regions and floods in low regions, reducing agricultural and livestock productivity, with consequences for the food industry and exports, in addition to endangering the lives of indigenous and peasant populations and their livelihoods.', 'As mentioned above, extreme weather events have increased, mainly droughts in high regions and floods in low regions, reducing agricultural and livestock productivity, with consequences for the food industry and exports, in addition to endangering the lives of indigenous and peasant populations and their livelihoods. Forestry and biodiversity Bolivia has 46%9 of its national territory covered by forests, most of it in the Amazon basin and is one of the 15 mega-diverse countries in the world. Considering that forests are not only a national but a global heritage, 24% of its forests are protected under the National System of Protected Areas (NSPA). Moreover, there are many smaller but equally important protected areas at the municipal level.', 'Moreover, there are many smaller but equally important protected areas at the municipal level. The State recognizes that forests are life systems, with populations whose development depends on their adequate conservation and integral and sustainable management. The climate crisis is having an important impact not only on the populations that live in and around the forests, but also on the forest ecosystems themselves, diminishing the provision of their multiple economic, social and cultural benefits, among others. 7 INE (National Statistics Institute) data excluding the contribution of Forestry and Coca. 8 Data from INE (2021) and EAPD (Economic Analysis and Policy Division) (2020). 9 Authority of Fiscalization and Social Control of Forests and Lands.Climate governance Based on the Political Constitution of the State, Law No.', '9 Authority of Fiscalization and Social Control of Forests and Lands.Climate governance Based on the Political Constitution of the State, Law No. 071 on the Rights of Mother Earth, Law No. 300 Framework of Mother Earth and Integral Development for Living Well, guided by the Patriotic Agenda of the Bicentennial 2025 and its 13 pillars, as well as the long and medium term national plans generated in compliance with the enactment of Law No. 777 of the Integral Planning System of the State, the normative bases are laid for the creation of a multilevel and multi-actor institutional framework and governance for climate action in Bolivia.', '777 of the Integral Planning System of the State, the normative bases are laid for the creation of a multilevel and multi-actor institutional framework and governance for climate action in Bolivia. The fulfillment of the NDC goals is framed from its planning, financing, implementation and monitoring in a vision of human and integral development and plural economy, with a focus on life systems management, risk management and climate change, consolidating over time a structural transformation of development towards a more sustainable and integral development.', 'The fulfillment of the NDC goals is framed from its planning, financing, implementation and monitoring in a vision of human and integral development and plural economy, with a focus on life systems management, risk management and climate change, consolidating over time a structural transformation of development towards a more sustainable and integral development. Bolivia has integrated climate change as a state policy within the framework of Living Well in balance with Mother Earth, so it structures its governance scheme understanding the need to combine its development with climate action, the multidimensional and cross-cutting nature of its impacts, and the need to generate a profound paradigm shift towards Living Well for its population. It is in this sense that the Law of Mother Earth (Law No.', 'It is in this sense that the Law of Mother Earth (Law No. 300) and the Comprehensive State Planning System (Law No. 777) are fundamental norms for the implementation of climate action in the plurinational government and the Autonomous Administrative Division with a focus on life systems management, risk management and climate change. 2.5. Related Aspects The most important related aspects of climate crisis management in climate planning in Bolivia are the following: i) Climate justice.', 'Related Aspects The most important related aspects of climate crisis management in climate planning in Bolivia are the following: i) Climate justice. For this reason, Bolivia raises in the international arena the recognition of the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, to facilitate a fair and equitable transition of the country and Bolivian society towards a low carbon economy, denouncing the new “carbon colonialism” that is trying to be imposed by developed countries for all countries, which will increase the dependence of southern countries towards the developed countries of the global north. ii) Interculturality. Bolivia is a free, independent, sovereign, democratic, intercultural, decentralized and autonomous Unitary Social State of Plurinational Communitarian Law.', 'Bolivia is a free, independent, sovereign, democratic, intercultural, decentralized and autonomous Unitary Social State of Plurinational Communitarian Law. Bolivia is based on plurality and political, economic, legal, cultural and linguistic pluralism, within the integration process of the country. Interculturality plays a fundamental role in Bolivian climate policy. This principle recognizes and integrates local knowledge, ancestral and cultural knowledge, values and practices, uses and customs and life systems. iii) Complementarity of rights. In accordance with Law No.', 'In accordance with Law No. 300 Framework of Mother Earth, Integral Development for Living Well, climate planning and management must be developed respecting the rights of Mother Earth, the rights of the Bolivian people to their integral development, the rights of the indigenous native peasant nations and peoples, and the right of the population to live without material, social or spiritual poverty. Likewise, the State guarantees to all persons and collectivities, without any discrimination whatsoever, the free and effective exercise of the rights established in the laws and international human rights treaties.iv) Fight against poverty and integral development for a better life. All actions must lead to poverty reduction in Bolivia.', 'All actions must lead to poverty reduction in Bolivia. Protecting livelihood systems, the climate system and supporting vulnerable groups must be a priority, but it must also become an opportunity to improve the living conditions of people and their communities in their different livelihood systems. v) Environmental education. Environmental education should be a critical social practice that promotes environmental and climate education (formal and non-formal) for the formation of a sensitive and responsible citizenship in the exercise and defense of the rights of Mother Earth. vi) Gender and intergenerational equity. Bolivia will integrate a gender perspective to reduce inequality gaps in its different dimensions in the Plurinational Policy for Climate Change.', 'Bolivia will integrate a gender perspective to reduce inequality gaps in its different dimensions in the Plurinational Policy for Climate Change. In recognition of the differentiated impact that climate change has on women and men, and the central role that women play in aspects such as water management, agricultural production, food and energy security, and community resilience, Bolivia is committed to ensuring that the gender and intergenerational approach is integrated into the country’s climate policy. vii) Adaptation based on life systems and cosmo-biocentrism.', 'vii) Adaptation based on life systems and cosmo-biocentrism. Life systems are organized and dynamic communities of plants, animals, microorganisms and other beings and their environment, where human communities and the rest of nature interact as a functional unit, under the influence of climatic, physiographic and geological factors, as well as productive practices and cultural diversity. Operationally, life systems are established on the basis of the interaction between life zones (ecosystems) and the predominant socio-cultural units that inhabit each life zone and identify the optimal management systems that have developed or can develop as a result of this interrelationship. viii) Integrated climate risk management.', 'viii) Integrated climate risk management. Climate change is considered one of the critical factors contributing to increased disaster risk, adding additional pressure to environmental degradation and rural and urban growth, especially unplanned growth. It is therefore essential to ensure the identification, forecasting and prevention of risks and hazards arising from climate change, as well as to strengthen local response capacities and the organized participation of communities in building resilience. ix) Innovation, science and technology. The development of science, technology and innovation policies in the context of climate change is essential for the adoption of appropriate strategies and applied technologies for mitigation and adaptation.', 'The development of science, technology and innovation policies in the context of climate change is essential for the adoption of appropriate strategies and applied technologies for mitigation and adaptation. The incorporation of innovation as a related axis in climate policy will be the basis for deepening and accelerating, through projects, disruptive actions and the development and transfer of technologies, the achievement of global climate action objectives.3. Mitigation, adaptation and joint mitigation and adaptation goals Mitigation: The Plurinational State of Bolivia, until 2030, plans to make efforts in terms of transition in the national electricity generation matrix towards a system strongly based on renewable energies; improve energy efficiency and integral and sustainable forest management that contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions.', 'Mitigation, adaptation and joint mitigation and adaptation goals Mitigation: The Plurinational State of Bolivia, until 2030, plans to make efforts in terms of transition in the national electricity generation matrix towards a system strongly based on renewable energies; improve energy efficiency and integral and sustainable forest management that contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. Adaptation: Bolivia will promote the integrated and sustainable management of forests, the resilience of productive systems, increase the adaptive capacity of societies and their livelihood systems, and reduce the vulnerability of the different social, economic and environmental sectors with climate justice, with a focus on livelihood systems, gender and intergenerational justice.', 'Adaptation: Bolivia will promote the integrated and sustainable management of forests, the resilience of productive systems, increase the adaptive capacity of societies and their livelihood systems, and reduce the vulnerability of the different social, economic and environmental sectors with climate justice, with a focus on livelihood systems, gender and intergenerational justice. Attention to vulnerable groups: All Bolivian men and women, and especially groups vulnerable to the climate crisis, including indigenous people, women and children, will have reduced their exposure, sensitivity and increased their adaptive capacity to climate change. Implementation: Bolivia, within the framework of its national circumstances, proposes an ambitious NDC in accordance with current public policies and regulations that includes conditional and unconditional goals.3.1.', 'Implementation: Bolivia, within the framework of its national circumstances, proposes an ambitious NDC in accordance with current public policies and regulations that includes conditional and unconditional goals.3.1. Energy sector goals Bolivia’s energy sector is historically recognized as the second largest contributor to the country’s GHG emissions (after AFOLU) and, due to its strategic relevance for development, it is one of the sectors that has been monitored in greater detail and whose development can show progress with respect to the targets proposed in the first NDC, making it possible to show that the country can increase its ambition.', 'Energy sector goals Bolivia’s energy sector is historically recognized as the second largest contributor to the country’s GHG emissions (after AFOLU) and, due to its strategic relevance for development, it is one of the sectors that has been monitored in greater detail and whose development can show progress with respect to the targets proposed in the first NDC, making it possible to show that the country can increase its ambition. The energy sector includes the Mitigation approach to reduce GHG emissions in the sector and the Adaptation approach to improve the conditions and resilience of the population with respect to the effects of climate change; the management areas that make up the sector or the areas where an im- pact is expected to be achieved, defined as Electricity generation, an area that considers variables that affect the production and processing of energy from the supplier’s point of view, Electricity consump- tion, which takes into account the variables that affect the consumer sectors and their energy con- sumption patterns, and Electricity access, which analyzes variables that affect the coverage, access and availability of energy in the general population; The lines of work, which would represent a set of measures and indicators to be worked on in the energy sector according to macro objectives to be achieved, such as the development of the electricity system, the limitation of polluting energies in the electricity matrix, the application of energy efficiency measures, the electrification of energy consump- tion, the expansion of the availability of energy resources, the improvement of interaction capacities with the electricity grid (Figure 1).', 'The energy sector includes the Mitigation approach to reduce GHG emissions in the sector and the Adaptation approach to improve the conditions and resilience of the population with respect to the effects of climate change; the management areas that make up the sector or the areas where an im- pact is expected to be achieved, defined as Electricity generation, an area that considers variables that affect the production and processing of energy from the supplier’s point of view, Electricity consump- tion, which takes into account the variables that affect the consumer sectors and their energy con- sumption patterns, and Electricity access, which analyzes variables that affect the coverage, access and availability of energy in the general population; The lines of work, which would represent a set of measures and indicators to be worked on in the energy sector according to macro objectives to be achieved, such as the development of the electricity system, the limitation of polluting energies in the electricity matrix, the application of energy efficiency measures, the electrification of energy consump- tion, the expansion of the availability of energy resources, the improvement of interaction capacities with the electricity grid (Figure 1). Figure 1.', 'The energy sector includes the Mitigation approach to reduce GHG emissions in the sector and the Adaptation approach to improve the conditions and resilience of the population with respect to the effects of climate change; the management areas that make up the sector or the areas where an im- pact is expected to be achieved, defined as Electricity generation, an area that considers variables that affect the production and processing of energy from the supplier’s point of view, Electricity consump- tion, which takes into account the variables that affect the consumer sectors and their energy con- sumption patterns, and Electricity access, which analyzes variables that affect the coverage, access and availability of energy in the general population; The lines of work, which would represent a set of measures and indicators to be worked on in the energy sector according to macro objectives to be achieved, such as the development of the electricity system, the limitation of polluting energies in the electricity matrix, the application of energy efficiency measures, the electrification of energy consump- tion, the expansion of the availability of energy resources, the improvement of interaction capacities with the electricity grid (Figure 1). Figure 1. Impact Chain Analysis of the Energy Sector.', 'Impact Chain Analysis of the Energy Sector. Macro Sector Energy generation Energy consumption Energy access Development of the electricity system Limitation of polluting energies Energy efficiency measures Electrification of energy consumption Availability of energy resources Interaction the electricity grid Mitigation Adaptation Energy Lines of work Impact Areas Focus Based on this reorganization, the following measures have been defined with their corresponding goals and expected results up to the year 2030:Universal access Goal (1) By 2030, 100% Universal Access to electricity coverage will be achieved. 2020 baseline: 99.1% urban, 80% rural. Conditionality: Goal will be covered with national effort. With international cooperation, implementation could be accelerated. Description: This goal seeks to reach the maximum coverage, focuses on improving the adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable population to climate change, through the provision of basic services in the energy area.', 'Description: This goal seeks to reach the maximum coverage, focuses on improving the adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable population to climate change, through the provision of basic services in the energy area. In this context, and reevaluating the national situation, it is expected that by 2025 electricity coverage will reach 100% in urban areas and 95% in rural areas10 and that by 2030 universal access will be achieved, 100%11 electricity coverage, taking into account the populations connected to the national electricity grid (SIN), provided by medium and low voltage systems supplied by microgrids (SA) and isolated communities supplied by low power alternative systems (isolated family photovoltaic systems). Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 4, 7 and 10.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 4, 7 and 10. Distributed energy systems Goal (2) By 2030, users are expected to produce approximately 76.9 GWh of electricity demanded nationwide (37MW of installed capacity). Conditionality: Goal will be met with national effort. With international cooperation the goal could be achieved by 2025. Description: This goal seeks to develop the capabilities and operational conditions of the general population, allowing them to interact in a personal way with the distribution power grids, by means of low power renewable generation systems.', 'Description: This goal seeks to develop the capabilities and operational conditions of the general population, allowing them to interact in a personal way with the distribution power grids, by means of low power renewable generation systems. It is intended that self-generation and injection of electrical energy to the local networks of distributors will promote energy autonomy of the population and the replacement of energy produced by the electrical grid with renewable energy sources, mainly solar and wind. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Renewable Energy Participation Goal (3) By 2030, 79% of the energy consumed will come from renewable energy plants (50% of installed capacity). 2020 baseline: 37% in energy, 27% in power.', '2020 baseline: 37% in energy, 27% in power. Conditionality: Goal will be covered with national effort. With international cooperation, implementation could be accelerated. Description: This measure seeks to define shares of renewable energy-based power plants in the national electricity generation matrix, taking into account that a greater share of these will represent a decrease in the emissions intensity of the sector, stabilizing and, in the long term, reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the electricity sector. The distinction between energy and power shares is included as they are different but complementary variables. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 12 and 13. 10 Vice-Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energies.', '10 Vice-Ministry of Electricity and Alternative Energies. It is expected that the population growth and its dynamics could oscillate the goal. 11 National goal for the development of electricity coverage.Alternative Energy Participation Goal (4) By 2030, 19% of the energy consumed will come from power plants based on alternative energies (13.25% of installed capacity). 2020 baseline: 5% in energy, 6% in power Conditionality: Goal conditional on international cooperation. Description: This measure seeks to define shares of power plants based on alternative energies in the national electricity generation matrix, taking into account that a greater share of these will represent a decrease in the emissions intensity of the sector, stabilizing and, in the long term, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector.', 'Description: This measure seeks to define shares of power plants based on alternative energies in the national electricity generation matrix, taking into account that a greater share of these will represent a decrease in the emissions intensity of the sector, stabilizing and, in the long term, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector. In this sense, reaffirming and developing on the ambition of the goals presented in the previous NDC, it is expected that by 2030, 19% of the energy consumed (GWh) at the national level will come from alternative power plants (Biomass, Solar, Wind and Geothermal). Likewise, it is expected that by 2030, the installed capacity of alternative energy sources in the SIN will be 771 MW.', 'Likewise, it is expected that by 2030, the installed capacity of alternative energy sources in the SIN will be 771 MW. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 12 and 13. Installed capacity Goal (5) By 2030, the installed capacity of the interconnected electricity system will reach 5,028 MW. Condition: Goal will be met with national effort. Description: This measure seeks to define the total size of the national electricity system in the long term, based on installed capacity, so that this value can be used as a reference for the macro conditions of the electricity system that are expected to be achieved, as well as to set a quantitative basis of analysis for the relative goals of participation of generation plants.', 'Description: This measure seeks to define the total size of the national electricity system in the long term, based on installed capacity, so that this value can be used as a reference for the macro conditions of the electricity system that are expected to be achieved, as well as to set a quantitative basis of analysis for the relative goals of participation of generation plants. A new evaluation of the national context and development expectations allows us to estimate that by 2030 the installed capacity of the interconnected electricity system will reach 5,028 MW. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 9 and 10.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 9 and 10. Isolated Systems Interconnection (IS) to the SIN Goal (6) By 2030, the interconnection of 5 Isolated Systems to the SIN has been achieved. Condition: Goal will be met with national effort. Description: This measure has a mixed mitigation and adaptation approach due to the fact that it proposes the interconnection of ISs to the SIN, achieving on the one hand to reduce emissions associated with electricity consumption in ISs and on the other hand to improve the conditions of the energy resource that is provided to isolated populations. It is expected to achieve the interconnection of at least 5 isolated systems to the SIN by 2030.', 'It is expected to achieve the interconnection of at least 5 isolated systems to the SIN by 2030. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.Hybrid systems in medium and low voltage Goal (7) By 2030, 8 Isolated Systems will be hybrid, including renewable sources in their generation matrix. Baseline 2020: 3 Hybrid ISs Condition: Goal will be met with national effort. Description: This measure seeks to develop clean generation capacities in the country’s ISs through the inclusion of medium and low power renewable generation plants complementary to existing plants operating under microgrid schemes.', 'Description: This measure seeks to develop clean generation capacities in the country’s ISs through the inclusion of medium and low power renewable generation plants complementary to existing plants operating under microgrid schemes. It has been estimated that by 2030 a total of 8 ISs will be able to include in their electricity systems generation plants based on renewable sources (photovoltaic, wind or microhydro). Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 12 and 13. Efficient street lighting Goal (8) By 2030, 6% of the national public lighting inventory has been replaced with LED technology. Conditionality: Goal will be covered with national effort. With cooperation, approximately 12% would be reached.', 'With cooperation, approximately 12% would be reached. Description: Specifically, the goal is to implement at the national level the pilot experiences developed at the subnational level of replacing conventional street lighting fixtures with LED technology. The national goal to date, until 2030, is to replace a total of 38,108 conventional luminaires 12 (6% of the national inventory) with LED technology. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 8, 11, 12 and 13. Electric mobility Goal (9) By 2030, an annual growth of 10% in the share of electric vehicles in the Bolivian public transportation fleet has been achieved. Conditionality: Goal to be met with national effort. With cooperation the goal would be increased.', 'With cooperation the goal would be increased. Description: The measure is considered due to its inclusion within the national development plans that seek to promote the introduction of electric vehicles in the vehicle fleet and has as a goal that the adoption of the new technology (electric mobility) allows to achieve a gradual penetration that reaches 10% of the growth of vehicles in the public transport sector in Bolivia until 2030. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13.', 'Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13. 12 Conventional luminaires are expected to be high-pressure sodium lamps with wattages of 150W, which can be replaced by 54W LED luminaires.Introduction of electricity storage Goal (10) By 2030, 3 pilot projects for electric energy storage and management technologies have been implemented. Conditionality: Goal conditional on international cooperation. Description: This measure seeks to develop, through technology transfer processes, national capacities for the adequate management of an electrical system with a high degree of penetration of generation plants based on intermittent alternative energy sources.', 'Description: This measure seeks to develop, through technology transfer processes, national capacities for the adequate management of an electrical system with a high degree of penetration of generation plants based on intermittent alternative energy sources. The aim is to develop energy storage systems/ projects for the control and management of the electrical grid in the short, medium and long term (battery banks, pumping stations and green hydrogen production, respectively). The measure is taken into account as a complement to the proposals to expand the participation of Renewable Energy and Alternative Energy Sources in the electricity system and as a way to achieve a complete energy transition in the long term. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 9, 12 and 13. 3.2.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 9, 12 and 13. 3.2. Forestry sector goals The total forested area of Bolivia in 2020 was 51,749,332 ha13, detecting that in the forest area there are clear synergies between adaptation and mitigation. In the last decade Bolivia has established the legal and institutional framework for a more effective management of its territory to achieve integrated management and conservation of its forests, zones and life systems. In the last three-five years, Bolivia has managed to significantly reduce the poverty levels of its population, although deforestation continues.', 'In the last three-five years, Bolivia has managed to significantly reduce the poverty levels of its population, although deforestation continues. Deforestation not only causes the emission of large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere (on average about 393 tCO2 per deforested hectare14), but also causes changes in the micro-climate in deforested areas, increasing the maximum temperature and increasing the risk of droughts and floods. This is why the NDC proposes a goal to reduce deforestation and increase the integrated and sustainable management of forests, within the framework of a policy to strengthen access to natural resources by small rural indigenous and aboriginal peasant producers and intercultural communities.', 'This is why the NDC proposes a goal to reduce deforestation and increase the integrated and sustainable management of forests, within the framework of a policy to strengthen access to natural resources by small rural indigenous and aboriginal peasant producers and intercultural communities. The impact areas proposed by the NDCs are i) Increasing forest cover and forest area, reducing deforestation and biodiversity conservation through the development of capacities for forest control, oversight and restitution; ii) Strengthening environmental functions through complementary and sustainable integrated forest management, guaranteeing conservation through sustainable practices; iii) Reducing poverty and contributing to GDP through the strengthening of integrated resource management (Figure 2).', 'The impact areas proposed by the NDCs are i) Increasing forest cover and forest area, reducing deforestation and biodiversity conservation through the development of capacities for forest control, oversight and restitution; ii) Strengthening environmental functions through complementary and sustainable integrated forest management, guaranteeing conservation through sustainable practices; iii) Reducing poverty and contributing to GDP through the strengthening of integrated resource management (Figure 2). The joint mechanism of Mitigation and Adaptation for the Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests is aimed at promoting an integral management of the territories that allows confirming the vocation of land use, establishing spaces for food production, livestock and the integral management of the forest, strengthening environmental functions. 13 Estimate based on the General Directorate of Forestry Forest Map and ABT public accountabilities.', '13 Estimate based on the General Directorate of Forestry Forest Map and ABT public accountabilities. EAPD reports 50,485,120 ha. 14 Tier 3 study of the dynamics of emissions and removals in each pixel in Bolivia, below and above ground, between 1990 and 2010, on average reaches 393 per deforested hectare (see Andersen et al. (2016).Figura 2. Análisis de cadena de impacto del sector bosques. Macro Sector Reduce deforestation and increase protection of forests Regulation, control, oversight, awareness raising Forestry restitution Forest fire reductions Integrated management tools Conservation and harvesting of non-timber species Sustainable integrated forest management Joint mechanism Forestry Lines of work Impact Areas Focus Integrated and sustainable management of forests Environmental functions This result will be achieved through: Strengthening of oversight and control capacities Goal (11) By 2030, reduce deforestation to 80% compared to the baseline. 2020 Baseline: Deforestation: 262,178 ha/year (average 2016-2020)15. Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 40% of the reduction will be with national effort and the remaining 60% will be conditional.', 'Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 40% of the reduction will be with national effort and the remaining 60% will be conditional. Description: The most important joint mitigation and adaptation measure is to reduce deforestation and eliminate illegal deforestation by 2030. This requires strengthening the institutional framework and its capacities for regulation, control, oversight, monitoring, and awareness-raising among local stakeholders involved in forest management in the country. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 13, 15 and 16. Goal (12) Reduce deforestation in National Protected Areas by 100% by 2030. Baseline 2020: In the period 1990-2000, 0.2% of the forests within protected areas were lost and in the period 2000 to 2010, 0.5% of the forests were lost16.', 'Baseline 2020: In the period 1990-2000, 0.2% of the forests within protected areas were lost and in the period 2000 to 2010, 0.5% of the forests were lost16. Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 40% of the reduction will be with own effort and the remaining 60% will be conditional. Description: This goal focuses on improving mitigation and forest conservation capacities in Protected 15 Based on The Forest and Land Inspection and Social Control Authority (2021). 16 National Protected Areas Service, 2013. Deforestation and forest regeneration in Bolivia and its national protected areas for the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. Ed. Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado and Conserva- tion International - Bolivia. La Paz, Bolivia.', 'Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado and Conserva- tion International - Bolivia. La Paz, Bolivia. 36 pp.Areas, through institutional strengthening and territorial governance, so as to boost prevention, control, and monitoring of deforestation and other related illicit activities in Protected Areas. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 13, 15 and 16. Goal (13) Reduce the area with forest fires by 60% compared to the baseline by 2030. 2020 Baseline: Wildfires: 1.447.070 ha/year (average 2019-2021)17. Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 50% of the reduction will be with own effort and the remaining 50% will be conditional.', 'Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 50% of the reduction will be with own effort and the remaining 50% will be conditional. Description: The measure seeks to develop fire prevention, management and control capacities in territories vulnerable to the expansion of the agricultural frontier and natural events, for which it is planned to promote projects, programs and actions based on early warning, increase attention and response capacity. In this regard, it is expected that by 2030, the area of forest fires will be reduced by 60%. Contribution to the SDGs: The target will contribute to SDGs 13, 15 and 16. Integral and sustainable forest conservation and management Goal (14) Double the areas under integrated and sustainable forest management by 2030. 2020 Baseline: 10.8 million hectares18.', '2020 Baseline: 10.8 million hectares18. Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, 40% will be national effort and the remaining 60% will be conditional. Description: This measure seeks to promote an integral and sustainable management of forests, considering the importance of their environmental functions, the cultural, ecological and biological importance for the species, as well as for the local and national economy; in addition, to promote the integral development of territories with forest cover. In particular, the need to access international markets for products derived from integrated and sustainable forest management is considered important. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 2, 13 and 15. Forestry restitution Goal (15) Increase forest cover gain by one million hectares by 2030.', 'Forestry restitution Goal (15) Increase forest cover gain by one million hectares by 2030. Baseline 2012: 86,800 ha in forest cover gain afforestation and reforestation until 202019. Conditionality: 500,000 ha will be regenerated with national effort and an additional 500,000 ha conditional. Description: This measure seeks to promote forest regeneration and restoration processes through afforestation, reforestation and natural and assisted forest regeneration actions. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 2, 13, 15 and 16. 17 DGGDF & ABT Sistema de Información y Monitoreo de Bosques (SIMB). Obtenido de SIMB: 19 Forestry Directorate and FONADIN 2021.Encouraging sustainable practices Goal (16) Double authorized timber production compared to the 2016-2020 average by 2030. wood)20.', 'Obtenido de SIMB: 19 Forestry Directorate and FONADIN 2021.Encouraging sustainable practices Goal (16) Double authorized timber production compared to the 2016-2020 average by 2030. wood)20. Conditionality: Regarding the proposed goal, an increase of 30% is achieved with national effort and an additional 70% conditional. Description: The measure is essential to promote the harvesting of timber resources in a legal manner, and framed in actions of restitution and maintenance of the environmental functionality related to the forest. Planned activities include support for strengthening regulations, control and monitoring and, above all, the search for international timber markets. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 8, 13, 15 and 16. Goal (17) Double the production of non-timber forest products compared to the 2016-2020 average by 2030.', 'Goal (17) Double the production of non-timber forest products compared to the 2016-2020 average by 2030. 2020 Baseline: 103,732 tons (average 2016-2020)21. Conditionality: 150,000 tons will be reached with national effort and 200,000 tons conditional. Description: This measure seeks to strengthen and promote the use of non-timber forest products (Brazil nuts, wild cacao, asaí, majo, carob, cusi and other harvesting products characteristic of Bolivian forests) through the implementation of agroforestry crop systems. Progress is expected to be made in the scalability of technified and industrial harvesting processes in order to expand the benefits associated with their commercialization. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 8, 15 and 16.', 'Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 8, 15 and 16. Sustainable Forest Life Cycle Index Bolivia’s NDC goals in forests include the dimensions of adaptation and mitigation in the framework of integral and sustainable development. These dimensions are integrated into the “Sustainable Forest Life Cycle - IVSB”, which summarizes the objectives of sustainably managing forests to maintain their environmental functions, increase timber and non-timber forest production, and improve the quality of life of the population in forest municipalities. In order to obtain additional results for Bolivia, it was calculated using the LB of the 2020 management. In order to add indicators of different scales, it is necessary to normalize them.', 'In order to add indicators of different scales, it is necessary to normalize them. From the normalized municipal indicators, the simple average of each indicator and the aggregate is obtained to determine the IVSB.VSB = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝐼𝑉𝑆𝐵1𝑥𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚, … . 𝐼𝑉𝑆𝐵7𝑥𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚) Where: IVSB_1xNorm: Area of forest cover loss IVSB _2xNorm: Area of deforestation in Protected Areas IVSB _3xNorm: Area of forest affected by forest fire IVSB _4xNorm: Area of forest area that has management plan IVSB _5xNorm: Gain in forest cover IVSB _6xNorm: Authorized timber production IVSB _7xNorm: Non-timber production Figure 3. Sustainable Forest Life Index (%), baseline and 2030 scenarios. Bolivia (Base line) Compliance (%) Bolivia (National Effort) (All goals achieved) For the baseline, for the 2016-2020 period, a IVSB of 44.6 was obtained. The goal is to reach 100 by 2030.', 'The goal is to reach 100 by 2030. With national effort, a IVSB of 71.2 would be reached in 2030 and with international cooperation, the goals would be completed at 100% (Figure 3 and 4).Figure 4. Multidimensional Forest Sustainable Living Index. (Forest loss) (Deforestation PA) IVSB_3 Forest fires IVSB_4 (Forest management) IVSB_5 (Forest Cover Gain) production Non - timber production Bolivia (Baseline) Bolivia 2030 (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved) 3.3.', '(Forest loss) (Deforestation PA) IVSB_3 Forest fires IVSB_4 (Forest management) IVSB_5 (Forest Cover Gain) production Non - timber production Bolivia (Baseline) Bolivia 2030 (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved) 3.3. Water sector goals The integrated management of water resources is a multilevel and multisectoral effort as well as an increasingly complex and urgent need for the country due to population growth in recent decades, the concentration of the population in cities, the degradation of water quality, changes in land use, the growing impact of floods, droughts, landslides and other hydrological effects related to climate change, and the increase in conflicts arising from the territoriality of water.', 'Water sector goals The integrated management of water resources is a multilevel and multisectoral effort as well as an increasingly complex and urgent need for the country due to population growth in recent decades, the concentration of the population in cities, the degradation of water quality, changes in land use, the growing impact of floods, droughts, landslides and other hydrological effects related to climate change, and the increase in conflicts arising from the territoriality of water. Given this situation, the updating of national contributions in the fight against climate change in the “water” sector towards 2030, responds to the country’s progress in four impact sub-sectors: (i) Promoting increased coverage of drinking water, drinking water safety and basic sanitation; (ii) Increasing environmental functions through conservation of wetlands and wetlands; (iii) Promoting integrated water resource management in watersheds through social water management, ecosystem restoration, planning and improvement of integrated water resource management; and (iv) Improving adaptation through increased area under irrigation and more efficient use of water for agricultural production.', 'Given this situation, the updating of national contributions in the fight against climate change in the “water” sector towards 2030, responds to the country’s progress in four impact sub-sectors: (i) Promoting increased coverage of drinking water, drinking water safety and basic sanitation; (ii) Increasing environmental functions through conservation of wetlands and wetlands; (iii) Promoting integrated water resource management in watersheds through social water management, ecosystem restoration, planning and improvement of integrated water resource management; and (iv) Improving adaptation through increased area under irrigation and more efficient use of water for agricultural production. (Figure 5)Figure 5. Impact Chain Analysis of the Water Sector.', 'Impact Chain Analysis of the Water Sector. Macro Sector IWRM Drinking water coverage Basic sanitation coverage Conservation of Ramsar sites Social water management Environment al quality of watersheds Low risk susface Adaptation Water Lines of work Impact Areas Focus Environmental Functions MIC Food protection The measures that are considered critical to achieve strategic results in relation to the climate crisis are those of adaptation, which seek to reduce the vulnerability of the population and ecosystems regarding the effects of climate change (adaptation based on livelihood systems, community management, climate risk management). Taking into consideration the sector’s progress at the national and subnational levels, a total of six goals have been identified to be developed at the national level. Integrated water resources management Goal (18) 100% drinking water coverage has been achieved with resilient service delivery systems by 2030. Baseline 2020: 94.6% urban areas, 68.7% rural areas.', 'Baseline 2020: 94.6% urban areas, 68.7% rural areas. Conditionality: With national effort 89.7% and with cooperation (conditional) 100% potable water coverage will be reached by 2030. Description: This goal focuses on contributing to the adaptation of the population to climate change by increasing the availability of water for human consumption through improved coverage and water supply. In this sense, it is expected that by 2030 drinking water coverage will reach 89.7%, through the development of works based on the different ecosystems, in order to reduce water losses, promote the use of water saving and micro-metering technologies, as well as the management of sanitation services in such a way that adaptation and risk reduction measures are included.', 'In this sense, it is expected that by 2030 drinking water coverage will reach 89.7%, through the development of works based on the different ecosystems, in order to reduce water losses, promote the use of water saving and micro-metering technologies, as well as the management of sanitation services in such a way that adaptation and risk reduction measures are included. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 3, 6, 9 and 17.Goal (19) 100% basic sanitation has been achieved by 2030. Baseline 2020: 70.6% urban areas, 45% rural areas. Conditionality: With national effort 70.9% and with cooperation (conditional) 100% coverage of basic sanitation will be achieved by 2030.', 'Conditionality: With national effort 70.9% and with cooperation (conditional) 100% coverage of basic sanitation will be achieved by 2030. Description: The goal seeks to develop capacities and operational conditions for the adequate management of wastewater in a way that does not affect nor contaminate water sources and adequate water quality management is carried out. The goal is to achieve 70.9% sanitation coverage by 2030 through the implementation of projects that increase the coverage of sewerage and sanitation services in urban areas with a focus on reuse and co-responsibility of the population in the proper use and maintenance of the system.', 'The goal is to achieve 70.9% sanitation coverage by 2030 through the implementation of projects that increase the coverage of sewerage and sanitation services in urban areas with a focus on reuse and co-responsibility of the population in the proper use and maintenance of the system. The actions planned for compliance are the expansion of sewerage and sanitation coverage in rural areas with participation and appropriate technology and relevance to the culture of the communities, in addition to the rehabilitation and improvement of wastewater treatment plants with a focus on reuse. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 3, 6, 9 and 13. Goal (20) 1.4 billion m3 of water storage capacity will be reached by 2030.', 'Goal (20) 1.4 billion m3 of water storage capacity will be reached by 2030. Conditionality: 60% of the goal will be achieved with national efforts and 40% with international cooperation. This measure seeks to increase water storage capacity as the main strategy to contribute to water security and risk reduction due to climate change. To this end, it is planned to implement systems for planting and harvesting water, irrigation and drinking water systems fed by small and medium-sized reservoirs (excluding hydroelectric plants) to manage periods of drought and contribute to increasing the income of food insecure families. It does not include planned investments in hydropower generation. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 3, 6, 9 and 17.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 3, 6, 9 and 17. Food production Goal (21) 1.3 million hectares under efficient irrigation will have been reached by 2030. Baseline 2020: 519.597 ha of low risk. Conditionality: 1 million ha with national effort (77%), and with cooperation (conditional) could reach 1.3 million hectares (23%). This measure seeks to increase the irrigated area as the main measure for adapting to climate change, for which the construction of revitalized irrigation systems, irrigation with dams and water harvesting with innovation and technological development is planned, promoting cooperation among water users and technology transfer. Technical assistance for the use and maintenance of water and irrigation systems.', 'Technical assistance for the use and maintenance of water and irrigation systems. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 2, 8, 13 and 17.Integrated Watershed Management Goal (22) 12 million hectares have been achieved with Integrated Watershed Management (MIC) by 2030. Baseline 2020: 3.254.200 ha with MIC Conditionality: Goal conditioned at 100%. The measure aims to contribute to increase the availability of water resources in quantity and quality and the restoration of environmental and water functions of the basins, through the implementation of actions to protect water sources, harvesting and planting water, recovery of water bodies and ecosystems, and sustainable land management in local populations and communities, as climate adaptation measures, par excellence, which contribute to resilience to the effects of climate change.', 'The measure aims to contribute to increase the availability of water resources in quantity and quality and the restoration of environmental and water functions of the basins, through the implementation of actions to protect water sources, harvesting and planting water, recovery of water bodies and ecosystems, and sustainable land management in local populations and communities, as climate adaptation measures, par excellence, which contribute to resilience to the effects of climate change. The aim is to ensure water for life systems and therefore for human consumption and production in the upper, middle and lower basins. For this reason, it is expected that by 2030 there will be 12 million hectares with resilient Integrated Watershed Management actions implemented.', 'For this reason, it is expected that by 2030 there will be 12 million hectares with resilient Integrated Watershed Management actions implemented. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 6, 9 and 15. Goal (23) 51 planning instruments have been approved for the management of prioritized watersheds, of which 60% are being implemented until 2030. Baseline 2020: 14 planning instruments have been approved. Conditionality: Goal conditioned at 100%.', 'Conditionality: Goal conditioned at 100%. This measure seeks to increase the development of strategic instruments for sectoral and territorial planning and management in watersheds and their implementation which will territorially guide investment in Integrated Watershed Management actions and recovery of water bodies, guaranteeing the availability of surface and groundwater resources (aquifers) in quality and quantity in a sustainable manner in the face of scenarios of water stress and Climate Change, for different uses, by establishing complementary agreements with Mother Earth within the framework of the water-environmental governance that is intended to be achieved in the life systems. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 5, 6, 11 and 13. Goal (24) 900 km of resilient infrastructure for hydraulic control will have been achieved by 2030.', 'Goal (24) 900 km of resilient infrastructure for hydraulic control will have been achieved by 2030. Baseline 2020: 672 km. Conditionality: 718 km unconditional with national effort and with cooperation (conditional) 900 km. This measure seeks to increase and meet the needs of warning systems and the expansion of the hydro-meteorological network and works and/or resilient hydraulic control infrastructure to mitigate vulnerabilities to flooding in local populations and communities, which have increased with climate change in recent years.', 'This measure seeks to increase and meet the needs of warning systems and the expansion of the hydro-meteorological network and works and/or resilient hydraulic control infrastructure to mitigate vulnerabilities to flooding in local populations and communities, which have increased with climate change in recent years. The multi-hazard risk information system (e.g., floods, droughts) at the national level, prioritizes immediate attention in more than 20 municipalities, which require hydrological and hydraulic modeling to implement protection works (walls, defenses, among others) in places where scour is a major factor to avoid loss of property and human lives.', 'The multi-hazard risk information system (e.g., floods, droughts) at the national level, prioritizes immediate attention in more than 20 municipalities, which require hydrological and hydraulic modeling to implement protection works (walls, defenses, among others) in places where scour is a major factor to avoid loss of property and human lives. Analyses show that the implementation of these preventive protection and risk management measures has a significant avoided cost for the country, in addition to increasing the resilience of populations and ecosystems that are exposed to these risks, thus initiating the so-called “resilient communities”.Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 6, 9 and 11. Environmental functions Goal (25) 16 million ha of wetlands designated as Ramsar Sites will have been maintained and conserved by 2030.', 'Environmental functions Goal (25) 16 million ha of wetlands designated as Ramsar Sites will have been maintained and conserved by 2030. Baseline 2020: 100% (16 million ha in Ramsar Sites) Conditionally: Goal conditioned at 100%. The measure seeks to promote the restoration, maintenance, conservation, storage and good management of the life systems of wetlands, giving priority to those that have the Ramsar site designation, in order to favor the sustainable use and exploitation to ensure the regulation of ecological processes, water recharge, the recovery of high Andean and Amazonian native flora and fauna, and environmental functions for the benefit of local populations and society as a whole, preserving the integrity of the components of Mother Earth and its natural balance.', 'The measure seeks to promote the restoration, maintenance, conservation, storage and good management of the life systems of wetlands, giving priority to those that have the Ramsar site designation, in order to favor the sustainable use and exploitation to ensure the regulation of ecological processes, water recharge, the recovery of high Andean and Amazonian native flora and fauna, and environmental functions for the benefit of local populations and society as a whole, preserving the integrity of the components of Mother Earth and its natural balance. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 6, 9, 13 and 17.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 6, 9, 13 and 17. Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Cycle (IGIySA) The “Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Cycle Index -IGIySA” aims to measure the development of resilience actions to ensure the efficient use and access to surface and groundwater (aquifers) towards water security, from the development of conservation practices of the components, areas and life systems of Mother Earth (Ramsar Sites of wetlands), in order to meet the water needs for human consumption, ecosystems and promote sustainable production processes that promote sustainable production processes, areas and life systems of Mother Earth (Ramsar sites of wetlands), in order to meet the needs of water for human consumption, ecosystems and promote sustainable production processes that contribute to sovereignty with food security and quality of life of the Bolivian population.', 'Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Cycle (IGIySA) The “Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Cycle Index -IGIySA” aims to measure the development of resilience actions to ensure the efficient use and access to surface and groundwater (aquifers) towards water security, from the development of conservation practices of the components, areas and life systems of Mother Earth (Ramsar Sites of wetlands), in order to meet the water needs for human consumption, ecosystems and promote sustainable production processes that promote sustainable production processes, areas and life systems of Mother Earth (Ramsar sites of wetlands), in order to meet the needs of water for human consumption, ecosystems and promote sustainable production processes that contribute to sovereignty with food security and quality of life of the Bolivian population. From the standardized municipal indicators, the simple average of each indicator and the aggregate is obtained to determine the IGIySA.', 'From the standardized municipal indicators, the simple average of each indicator and the aggregate is obtained to determine the IGIySA. IGIySA = Where: IGIySA_1 xNorm: Drinking Water IGIySA_2 xNorm: Basic Sanitation IGIySA_3 xNorm: Irrigation IGIySA_4 xNorm: Water Storage IGIySA_5 xNorm: MIC Projects IGIySA_6 xNorm: Water Planning IGIySA_7 xNorm: Water Protection IGIySA_8 xNorm: RamsarThe higher the index, the higher the water management cycle indicates that integrated, multisectoral, resilient and sustainable water management is being carried out, which implies an increase in the coverage of drinking water, basic sanitation and resilient services, an increase in efficient irrigation systems, an increase in the resilience of the population in the basins as a result of actions for the management, conservation and restoration of environmental functions (MIC), and surface and groundwater planning based on robust decisions with a basin and climate change approach, as well as the maintenance, restoration and conservation of wetlands in Ramsar sites.', 'IGIySA = Where: IGIySA_1 xNorm: Drinking Water IGIySA_2 xNorm: Basic Sanitation IGIySA_3 xNorm: Irrigation IGIySA_4 xNorm: Water Storage IGIySA_5 xNorm: MIC Projects IGIySA_6 xNorm: Water Planning IGIySA_7 xNorm: Water Protection IGIySA_8 xNorm: RamsarThe higher the index, the higher the water management cycle indicates that integrated, multisectoral, resilient and sustainable water management is being carried out, which implies an increase in the coverage of drinking water, basic sanitation and resilient services, an increase in efficient irrigation systems, an increase in the resilience of the population in the basins as a result of actions for the management, conservation and restoration of environmental functions (MIC), and surface and groundwater planning based on robust decisions with a basin and climate change approach, as well as the maintenance, restoration and conservation of wetlands in Ramsar sites. All the planned actions will contribute to increasing water resilience and adaptation to the imminent context of climate change impacts that greatly affect the scarcity of water resources, both for human consumption and food production, and therefore the integrated management of water resources, with emphasis on the most vulnerable rural and urban population.', 'All the planned actions will contribute to increasing water resilience and adaptation to the imminent context of climate change impacts that greatly affect the scarcity of water resources, both for human consumption and food production, and therefore the integrated management of water resources, with emphasis on the most vulnerable rural and urban population. Figure 6. Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Index, 2030 scenario. Bolivia (Base line) Values (%) (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved) Figure 7. Multidimensional Integrated and Sustainable Water Management Index. (Sanitation) (Irrigation) Water storage (MIC projects) Water plannig Water protection (RAMSAR) Bolivia 2020 (Baseline) Bolivia 2030 (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved) Compliance (%)3.4. Agricultural sector goals The agricultural sector in Bolivia is one of the most important sectors, both socially and economically.', 'Agricultural sector goals The agricultural sector in Bolivia is one of the most important sectors, both socially and economically. It is the sector that generates the most jobs in Bolivia and its contribution to GDP is between 11 and 15%. This sector is the most vulnerable to climate change, and the one that most requires investments to improve adaptation and climate resilience of productive systems and household economies. Bolivia’s NDC is oriented towards five aspects: social, productive, governance, resilience and risk management (Figure 8).', 'Bolivia’s NDC is oriented towards five aspects: social, productive, governance, resilience and risk management (Figure 8). Among the priority lines of action are the following: (i) attend to families in a state of extreme poverty and lift them out of that situation; (ii) reduce food insecurity; (iii) expand land access and titling for women; (iv) recover degraded areas for food production; (v) improve food availability and production; (vi) improve yields of main crops to contribute to food security and reduce the expansion of the agricultural frontier; (vii) improve land use under suitability maps; (viii) significantly increase productive and resilient infrastructure; and (ix) reduce risk. Figure 8. Impact Chain Analysis of the Agricultural Sector.', 'Impact Chain Analysis of the Agricultural Sector. Sector macro Social Vulnerable groups and access to resources Food security Production increase Restoration of degraded areas Infrastructure investment Risk reduction Adaptation Mechanism Agriculture Lines of work Impact Areas Focus Productivity Resilience Risks Goal (26) The number of rural and peri-urban inhabitants with high food insecurity will have been reduced by 75% by 2030. Baseline 2020: 1.1 million inhabitants of rural areas and peri-urban sector, with high food insecurity. Conditionality: With national effort up to 60% would be reduced and with international cooperation up to 75% of inhabitants in rural areas and peri-urban sector, with high food insecurity.', 'Conditionality: With national effort up to 60% would be reduced and with international cooperation up to 75% of inhabitants in rural areas and peri-urban sector, with high food insecurity. Description: The actions will make it possible to reduce the number of inhabitants identified in the category of high food insecurity in rural areas and peri-urban sectors of cities through the implementation of public policies, programs and comprehensive projects aimed at improving the availability, access and use of the food. Strategic actions that will improve the food security and sovereignty of Bolivians;improving and strengthening the resilience and adaptation of small, medium, community and vulnerable indigenous native peasant producers through practices that contemplate balanced life systems in the face of the significant effects of climate change.', 'Strategic actions that will improve the food security and sovereignty of Bolivians;improving and strengthening the resilience and adaptation of small, medium, community and vulnerable indigenous native peasant producers through practices that contemplate balanced life systems in the face of the significant effects of climate change. This goal also contributes directly to the reduction of the number of producers in the extreme poverty category by increasing economic income and thus improving the quality of life of producers. These multidimensional actions will require greater investment in productive infrastructure that will increase production, improve yields and reduce losses caused by adverse climatic events resulting from climate variations.', 'These multidimensional actions will require greater investment in productive infrastructure that will increase production, improve yields and reduce losses caused by adverse climatic events resulting from climate variations. Likewise, this implemented productive infrastructure will optimize production and product transformation costs, guaranteeing the necessary means of production and improving competitiveness in internal and external markets. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 2, 3, 8 and 12. Goal (27) 100% of agrarian land titling will be completed, with at least 43% of land ownership rights for women by 2030. Baseline 2020: 641 thousand (31%) women with identified legal land tenure rights. Conditionality: With national effort 100% of the national land titling goal will be achieved.', 'Conditionality: With national effort 100% of the national land titling goal will be achieved. Description: Rural women represent 40.4% of the total population of women in the country. They carry out many of the agricultural productive tasks, and even more so in the current context of climate change, as they are responsible for many of the productive tasks. The gender issue has gained more strength in recent years, as is the case of women’s political participation in the different territorial political and decision-making spaces.', 'The gender issue has gained more strength in recent years, as is the case of women’s political participation in the different territorial political and decision-making spaces. The defined goal is to reach 100% of productive land regulation at the national level of which women with the right to legal land tenure will increase to 43% through processes of access, regulation and titling of land, guaranteeing the distribution and redistribution of land with productive aptitude, and regulating the land market. Avoiding latifundia and guaranteeing the technical security of ownership rights in favor of women. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 3, 5, 8, 10 and 16.', 'Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 3, 5, 8, 10 and 16. Goal (28) At least 725,000 additional hectares of degraded soils will have been recovered and increased for food production by 2030. Conditionality: 60% of the goal will be achieved with national effort and the remaining 40% with international cooperation. Description: The goal aims to sustainably increase the area with agricultural production, reaching 4.3 million hectares, considering an efficient use of soil through increased agricultural productivity, in addition to developing activities for the improvement and conservation of agro-genetic heritage, adequate cultural practices, reduction of harvest and post-harvest losses, improvement of productive infrastructure, technification, mechanization, digitalization and virtualization of production.', 'Description: The goal aims to sustainably increase the area with agricultural production, reaching 4.3 million hectares, considering an efficient use of soil through increased agricultural productivity, in addition to developing activities for the improvement and conservation of agro-genetic heritage, adequate cultural practices, reduction of harvest and post-harvest losses, improvement of productive infrastructure, technification, mechanization, digitalization and virtualization of production. In addition to considering actions to reduce pressure on soils with conflicting uses (physical, chemical and biological) through nutrient replenishment, restoration of beneficial microorganisms, incorporation of green fertilizers, structural soil management practices, among others.', 'In addition to considering actions to reduce pressure on soils with conflicting uses (physical, chemical and biological) through nutrient replenishment, restoration of beneficial microorganisms, incorporation of green fertilizers, structural soil management practices, among others. To this end, comprehensive strategic actions will be defined and implemented for the recovery of productive soils through projectsfor the recovery and rehabilitation of degraded soils in order to add these areas to the current food production surface. Another necessary measure to guarantee the goal is the development and implementation of the Productive Information System - SIP to collect, store, process and monitor agricultural production, land use and management, etc., through the implementation of medium and long term actions of the sector.', 'Another necessary measure to guarantee the goal is the development and implementation of the Productive Information System - SIP to collect, store, process and monitor agricultural production, land use and management, etc., through the implementation of medium and long term actions of the sector. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 2, 8, 13 and 15. Goal (29) Production will have increased by 70% of strategic crops at the national level by 2030. Baseline 2020: 20,196,561 Metric tons of food production.', 'Baseline 2020: 20,196,561 Metric tons of food production. Conditionality: The goal will be increased with national effort by 64% and a 100% of the goal will be reached (34 million tons) with international cooperation Description: The goal is to increase national production of strategic crops (cereals, stimulants, fruit, vegetables, oilseeds and industrial crops, tubers and roots, fodder, among others) by improving the agricultural production system, financial investment mechanisms and technology transfer for food production per agricultural production unit in vulnerable situations; strengthening the institutional framework and governance for the development of sustainable agriculture in small, medium, community and indigenous native peasant producers. Improving institutional coordination mechanisms for the provision of goods and services.', 'Improving institutional coordination mechanisms for the provision of goods and services. Enabling access to differentiated financing with a focus on resilience and adaptation to climate change and commercial articulation. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 2, 8 and 15. Goal (30) The average yield of strategic crops at the national level will have increased by 60% Baseline 2020: 7.6 ton/ha national average. Conditionality: 80% of the goal will be achieved with national effort. 100% of the target will be reached with international cooperation.', '100% of the target will be reached with international cooperation. Description: For the defined goal, the aim is to increase average yields in strategic crops (cereals, stimulants, fruit, vegetables, oilseeds and industrial crops, tubers and roots, fodder, among others) by up to 60% through financial and technological investments aimed at developing agricultural technological innovations (improved seeds resistant to climate variations, integrated pest management, among others); recovery of good practices and ancestral knowledge; implementation of focused technical irrigation; promotion and strengthening of mechanization and appropriate technification processes; strengthening of productive capacities through technical assistance, among other strategic comprehensive actions. Contribution to SDGs: The target will contribute to SDGs 2, 8 and 15. Goal (31) 15 billion will be invested in productive resilient infrastructure by 2030. Baseline 2020: 517 million.', 'Goal (31) 15 billion will be invested in productive resilient infrastructure by 2030. Baseline 2020: 517 million. Conditional: 10 billion will be invested with national effort. It would increase to 15 billion with international cooperation.', 'It would increase to 15 billion with international cooperation. Description: This goal seeks to increase investment in productive infrastructure in the agricultural sector in order to consolidate food sovereignty and security through the implementation of resilientinfrastructure in consensus with the stakeholders, the same that will prioritize sustainable and resilient management of their territories and sustainable productive systems, for the implementation and strengthening of collection and transformation centers for agricultural products, germplasm and seed banks, focused technical irrigation systems, sheds, stables, livestock enclosures, drinking troughs, feeding troughs, protection and risk reduction infrastructure (thermal blankets, anti-hail nets, protection gabions, among others); as well as programs that include resilient production mechanisms to ensure food security and sovereignty for producers and strengthen resilience to climate change in sustainable production systems.', 'Description: This goal seeks to increase investment in productive infrastructure in the agricultural sector in order to consolidate food sovereignty and security through the implementation of resilientinfrastructure in consensus with the stakeholders, the same that will prioritize sustainable and resilient management of their territories and sustainable productive systems, for the implementation and strengthening of collection and transformation centers for agricultural products, germplasm and seed banks, focused technical irrigation systems, sheds, stables, livestock enclosures, drinking troughs, feeding troughs, protection and risk reduction infrastructure (thermal blankets, anti-hail nets, protection gabions, among others); as well as programs that include resilient production mechanisms to ensure food security and sovereignty for producers and strengthen resilience to climate change in sustainable production systems. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 8, 9, 11, 12 and 16.', 'Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 8, 9, 11, 12 and 16. Dimension: Risks Agricultural insurance and integrated natural hazards (flood, drought, frost and hail). Goal (32) At least 50% of families with crops that are vulnerable to adverse natural phenomena will be served by 2030. Baseline 2020: 421 thousand families affected and 142 thousand families benefited (33%). Conditionality: With national effort it is intended to increase the attention to vulnerable groups in case of disasters and/or emergencies up to 50% of the target and 100% of the target with international cooperation.', 'Conditionality: With national effort it is intended to increase the attention to vulnerable groups in case of disasters and/or emergencies up to 50% of the target and 100% of the target with international cooperation. Description: In this goal, it is projected to increase coverage from 33% to 50% (211,000 families) of agricultural insurance in attention to the number of families, whose crops were affected by various adverse weather events (flood, drought, frost, hailstorm, among others), in addition to the implementation of comprehensive actions for risk management and adaptation to Climate Change.', 'Description: In this goal, it is projected to increase coverage from 33% to 50% (211,000 families) of agricultural insurance in attention to the number of families, whose crops were affected by various adverse weather events (flood, drought, frost, hailstorm, among others), in addition to the implementation of comprehensive actions for risk management and adaptation to Climate Change. Productive Vulnerability Index in harmony with Mother Earth The scope of the NDC in the agricultural sector is represented in the Productive Vulnerability Index (IVP) in harmony with Mother Earth, which aims to comprehensively increase adaptive capacity and systematically reduce agricultural vulnerability in the Plurinational State of Bolivia.Productive vulnerability reduction index (IRVP) Where: : Productive Vulnerability Index : Social Dimension : Dimension: Productivity : Resilience Dimension : Dimension: Risks : Importance of variables Figure 9.', 'Productive Vulnerability Index in harmony with Mother Earth The scope of the NDC in the agricultural sector is represented in the Productive Vulnerability Index (IVP) in harmony with Mother Earth, which aims to comprehensively increase adaptive capacity and systematically reduce agricultural vulnerability in the Plurinational State of Bolivia.Productive vulnerability reduction index (IRVP) Where: : Productive Vulnerability Index : Social Dimension : Dimension: Productivity : Resilience Dimension : Dimension: Risks : Importance of variables Figure 9. Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP, %), 2030 scenario. Bolivia (Baseline) Values (%) (Nacional Effort) (All Goals achieved) Figure 10. Multidimensional Productive Vulnerability Reduction Index (IRVP). Goal_1 Food security Bolivia (Baseline) Bolivia 2030 (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved)4.', 'Goal_1 Food security Bolivia (Baseline) Bolivia 2030 (National Effort) Bolivia 2030 (All goals achieved)4. Means of implementation Bolivia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is formulated within the framework of strict compliance with Article 4.7 of the UNFCCC, which establishes differentiated commitments for developed and developing countries, and support with means of implementation from the former to the latter, particularly in relation to financing, technology provision and capacity building. We assume that for the fulfillment of this NDC there must be a national effort according to the capacities of the country and significant international cooperation within the framework of the mechanisms established by the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement for the fulfillment of the conditional goals.', 'We assume that for the fulfillment of this NDC there must be a national effort according to the capacities of the country and significant international cooperation within the framework of the mechanisms established by the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement for the fulfillment of the conditional goals. In addition, Bolivia notes that its NDC will be fully implemented within the framework of non-market-based approaches as defined in Articles 6.8 and 6.9 of the Paris Agreement. In the framework of transparency and climate justice that should govern multilateral climate change negotiations, it is essential to understand that a global scenario that does not provide the sufficient international support required for the important transformations of key sectors in Bolivia and other countries of the world.', 'In the framework of transparency and climate justice that should govern multilateral climate change negotiations, it is essential to understand that a global scenario that does not provide the sufficient international support required for the important transformations of key sectors in Bolivia and other countries of the world. It runs the risk of leading to a gradual worsening of national conditions, including the increase of emissions and the crossing of regional and national ecological thresholds that make the recovery of key ecosystem functions impossible and put at risk central elements of national and global security. 4.1.', 'It runs the risk of leading to a gradual worsening of national conditions, including the increase of emissions and the crossing of regional and national ecological thresholds that make the recovery of key ecosystem functions impossible and put at risk central elements of national and global security. 4.1. Contributions with national effort (unconditioned) The Bolivian NDCs are designed in such a way that a large part of them will be implemented with national effort (unconditional contributions) through the competent State bodies and the Plurinational Authority of Mother Earth (PAME). The PAME (under Law No. 300 and D.S. 1696) is the entity that formulates and implements the Plurinational Climate Change Policy and Plan with a horizontal and intersectoral approach.', '1696) is the entity that formulates and implements the Plurinational Climate Change Policy and Plan with a horizontal and intersectoral approach. It coordinates with all levels of the State and is responsible for the elaboration, execution and coordination of strategies, plans, programs and projects related to the processes and dynamics of climate crisis management with a focus on life systems and non-commercialization of environmental functions (non-market-based approach). The implementation of climate actions is given through its three mechanisms: (i) Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Mechanism for the Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth, (ii) the Mitigation Mechanism for Living Well and (iii) the Adaptation Mechanism for Living Well.', 'The implementation of climate actions is given through its three mechanisms: (i) Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Mechanism for the Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth, (ii) the Mitigation Mechanism for Living Well and (iii) the Adaptation Mechanism for Living Well. As well as the Plurinational Fund of Mother Earth, whose purpose is to manage and transfer financial resources for climate action. The NDCs will also be implemented through the Territorial Platforms Joint Mechanism, Territorial and Sectoral Plans for Integral Development with a focus on climate change management and risk management, promoting horizontal and vertical articulation with the different sectors.4.2.', 'The NDCs will also be implemented through the Territorial Platforms Joint Mechanism, Territorial and Sectoral Plans for Integral Development with a focus on climate change management and risk management, promoting horizontal and vertical articulation with the different sectors.4.2. Contributions conditioned to international cooperation Bolivia, within the framework of its national circumstances, has mobilized national resources for the implementation of climate action; however, the goals and actions committed in the NDCs must be complemented with international cooperation to increase climate ambition, which is why Bolivia proposes in its NDC goals conditioned to the provision of financing, technology transfer, and capacity development, among others. The climate crisis greatly exceeds the local and national resources and capacities needed to address its impacts and consequences that are affecting the country with greater intensity.', 'The climate crisis greatly exceeds the local and national resources and capacities needed to address its impacts and consequences that are affecting the country with greater intensity. Therefore, the country considers that it will require international financial, technological and capacity development support to meet the conditional targets, within the framework of non-market- based approaches. The implementation of the NDCs with international cooperation should be framed within the development of “Climate Ambition Alliance - CAA” (bilateral or multilateral) within the framework of Art. 6.8 (non-market-based approach) mainly through: i) direct transfer of resources to meet NDC targets; ii) provision of technology and capacity development; iii) agreements for access to international markets of developed countries for products based on an integrated and sustainable management.', '6.8 (non-market-based approach) mainly through: i) direct transfer of resources to meet NDC targets; ii) provision of technology and capacity development; iii) agreements for access to international markets of developed countries for products based on an integrated and sustainable management. The Plurinational State of Bolivia is open to international cooperation to help achieve and increase its mitigation, adaptation and joint goals in line with the objective and provisions of the Paris Agreement, based on the achievement of integral development for Living Well and eradication of material, social and spiritual poverty.', 'The Plurinational State of Bolivia is open to international cooperation to help achieve and increase its mitigation, adaptation and joint goals in line with the objective and provisions of the Paris Agreement, based on the achievement of integral development for Living Well and eradication of material, social and spiritual poverty. As highlighted, Bolivia’s NDC will be implemented taking into account Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement, which highlights integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches that help countries implement their nationally determined contributions, in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication and in a coordinated and effective manner, and taking into account, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity development. 4.3.', 'As highlighted, Bolivia’s NDC will be implemented taking into account Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement, which highlights integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches that help countries implement their nationally determined contributions, in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication and in a coordinated and effective manner, and taking into account, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity development. 4.3. Implementation Guide By 2023, when the global review of the Paris Agreement takes place, and by 2025, when a new update of its NDCs will be presented, the Plurinational State of Bolivia will have made progress with its own efforts and with international cooperation in the following lines of implementation. Improve government coordination mechanisms to drive the NDC implementation process.', 'Improve government coordination mechanisms to drive the NDC implementation process. The NDCs are part of the State’s Comprehensive Planning System and, as such, are fully aligned with the National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESPD) 2021-2025 with projection to 2030. In addition, the NDCs have been aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. The need for sectoral and territorial coordination and articulation mechanisms, as provided for in S.D. 1696 and the PAME Mechanisms. This coordination mechanism will be the basis for intersectoral, multilevel and multi-stakeholder articulation, integrating coordination channels with the productive sector, the academic sector, indigenous and aboriginal peasant nations and peoples, youth, women’s organizations and civil society in general.', 'This coordination mechanism will be the basis for intersectoral, multilevel and multi-stakeholder articulation, integrating coordination channels with the productive sector, the academic sector, indigenous and aboriginal peasant nations and peoples, youth, women’s organizations and civil society in general. The coordination mechanisms will facilitate the implementation of the NDC, within the framework of the NESPD 2021-2025, access to climate finance resources, and the monitoring, evaluation and reporting processes.Strengthen institutional capacities and functions and human talent. This line of action expects to strengthen institutional capacities and human talent for the effective implementation of climate actions in accordance with national plans and strategies at different levels and territorial scales and with the involvement of public, social and productive actors.', 'This line of action expects to strengthen institutional capacities and human talent for the effective implementation of climate actions in accordance with national plans and strategies at different levels and territorial scales and with the involvement of public, social and productive actors. The Joint Mechanism 22 is fully operational and develops its potential in its institutional, technical, operational and financial dimensions. The operationalization of the Joint Mechanism will be developed in coordination with Article 25 of Law No. 300 and Law No. 777 and the forestry sector programs established in S.D. 2914 for the Control of Deforestation and Forest Degradation and S.D. 2912.', '2914 for the Control of Deforestation and Forest Degradation and S.D. 2912. Therefore, an articulated implementation is promoted among public actors (DGGDF, National Forest Funds, ABT, INRA, SERNAP) as well as at the level of the ETAs and the communities and productive actors.', 'Therefore, an articulated implementation is promoted among public actors (DGGDF, National Forest Funds, ABT, INRA, SERNAP) as well as at the level of the ETAs and the communities and productive actors. Strengthening the areas of the Joint Mechanism: Area 1: Governance of forests and life systems of Mother Earth23; Area 2: Participatory processes of territorial community management in the framework of the management of life systems, with a focus on mitigation and adaptation to climate change; Area 3: Establishment of local territorial agreements regarding objectives and/or goals for the development of sustainable productive systems with a focus on mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change; Area 4: Integral support for sustainable productive systems and the integral and sustainable management of Mother Earth’s forests and life systems; Area 5: Integral information and monitoring of Mother Earth’s components, environmental functions and life systems.', 'Strengthening the areas of the Joint Mechanism: Area 1: Governance of forests and life systems of Mother Earth23; Area 2: Participatory processes of territorial community management in the framework of the management of life systems, with a focus on mitigation and adaptation to climate change; Area 3: Establishment of local territorial agreements regarding objectives and/or goals for the development of sustainable productive systems with a focus on mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change; Area 4: Integral support for sustainable productive systems and the integral and sustainable management of Mother Earth’s forests and life systems; Area 5: Integral information and monitoring of Mother Earth’s components, environmental functions and life systems. Improved capabilities to generate and manage climate change information for decision making.', 'Improved capabilities to generate and manage climate change information for decision making. Strengthen and promote basic and applied research to offer practical and resilient solutions that promote adaptation and mitigation. Actions should also produce information and low-cost applied technology to scale solutions in rural and urban areas. Solutions for agricultural production, production, consumption and efficient storage of renewable energy, climate change resilient infrastructure; determine the impacts and adaptation in all sectors, with special emphasis on the productive sector, health, education and natural resources; promote sustainable management of natural resources including glaciers and water reservoirs, soils, biodiversity, resilience of ecosystems and local economies, etc.', 'Solutions for agricultural production, production, consumption and efficient storage of renewable energy, climate change resilient infrastructure; determine the impacts and adaptation in all sectors, with special emphasis on the productive sector, health, education and natural resources; promote sustainable management of natural resources including glaciers and water reservoirs, soils, biodiversity, resilience of ecosystems and local economies, etc. In particular, the support of the best available science at regional and international level is required to establish the processes that allow the Plurinational State of Bolivia to effectively link to the mechanism of damages and losses according to Article 8 of the Paris Agreement. Progressively improve access to and management of climate financing.', 'Progressively improve access to and management of climate financing. Taking into consideration Bolivia’s national circumstances and financial capabilities, and based on the needs prioritized in the NDC, access to international financial mechanisms for climate change, technology development, and capacity development established in the framework of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement is essential. Consolidate a transparent and differentiated monitoring, evaluation and reporting system.', 'Consolidate a transparent and differentiated monitoring, evaluation and reporting system. The Plurinational System of Information and Integral Monitoring of Mother Earth and Climate Change (SMTCC) in the framework of the NDCs will promote: a) cross-sectoral data collection, 22 Submitted to the UNFCCC as the Bolivian proposal for the development of new non-market approaches in the framework of decision joint_mitigation.pdf 23 Within the framework of the IPBES document “Conceptualization of the multiple values of nature and its benefits” IPBES/2/INF/7b) development of methodologies and protocols for NDC indicators integrated into the Monitoring and Evaluation Indicator Registry System (RIME), c) indicator sheets and protocols for the measurement and assessment of NDC parameters and process, outcome and impact indicators of mitigation, adaptation and joint mechanism; d) generate reports for follow-up and monitoring of NDC progress at both national, sectoral and subnational levels.', 'The Plurinational System of Information and Integral Monitoring of Mother Earth and Climate Change (SMTCC) in the framework of the NDCs will promote: a) cross-sectoral data collection, 22 Submitted to the UNFCCC as the Bolivian proposal for the development of new non-market approaches in the framework of decision joint_mitigation.pdf 23 Within the framework of the IPBES document “Conceptualization of the multiple values of nature and its benefits” IPBES/2/INF/7b) development of methodologies and protocols for NDC indicators integrated into the Monitoring and Evaluation Indicator Registry System (RIME), c) indicator sheets and protocols for the measurement and assessment of NDC parameters and process, outcome and impact indicators of mitigation, adaptation and joint mechanism; d) generate reports for follow-up and monitoring of NDC progress at both national, sectoral and subnational levels. Bolivia is committed to ensure transparency and openness of key information related to: i) reports to the UNFCCC (National Communication and InGEI, BUR and BTR reports, among others); ii) climate change impacts (on the population and ecosystems); iii) progress in the implementation of the NDC and iv) results in terms of emission reductions and vulnerability of our communities, ecosystems and productive systems.', 'Bolivia is committed to ensure transparency and openness of key information related to: i) reports to the UNFCCC (National Communication and InGEI, BUR and BTR reports, among others); ii) climate change impacts (on the population and ecosystems); iii) progress in the implementation of the NDC and iv) results in terms of emission reductions and vulnerability of our communities, ecosystems and productive systems. As established in the Glasgow Climate Pact, the country’s NDCs will be updated every 5 years, starting in 2025, with a time horizon of 10 years.5. ICTU Guidelines Summary of information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bolivia’s updated NDC to 2030.', 'ICTU Guidelines Summary of information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bolivia’s updated NDC to 2030. The following table quantifies Bolivia’s ambition in terms of climate change mitigation, responding to the Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) guidelines, Decision 4/CMA 1 (Table 2). Table 1: Information Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) Guidelines. 1. Quantifiable information on the baseline a) Reporting period 2021-2030. b) BAU Stage Based on CAIT data 2018 cumulative total emissions were 126.21 Mt CO2eq. c) Mitigation goals In preparing the first Biennial Transparency Report (IBT1), the baseline scenario for Bolivia will be developed more precisely and will include mitigation targets in the energy, forestry and agriculture sectors.', 'c) Mitigation goals In preparing the first Biennial Transparency Report (IBT1), the baseline scenario for Bolivia will be developed more precisely and will include mitigation targets in the energy, forestry and agriculture sectors. d) Sources The Third National Communication (CN3) includes historical emissions up to 2008, so for the establishment of the BAU scenario it was necessary to use data from the CAIT Climate Data Explorer. . e) Circumstances in which the Party may update the values of its reference indicators. Once the estimates of historical GHG emissions in the Fourth National Communication (CN4) have been updated, and when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report (IBT1), the reference scenario for Bolivia will be elaborated and presented with more precision. 2.', 'Once the estimates of historical GHG emissions in the Fourth National Communication (CN4) have been updated, and when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report (IBT1), the reference scenario for Bolivia will be elaborated and presented with more precision. 2. Application period a) Duration (years) Climate change adaptation efforts began in 2010, while mitigation efforts are planned for the period 2021-2030. b) Overall goal The overall goal will be calculated when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report.3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the mitigation goal, including geographic and reference framework. The mitigation goal is focused on: Forestry: • Reduced deforestation • Reduction of forest fires • Increase in forest cover • Increase in areas under forest management for timber and non- timber forest products. Energy: • Increased energy efficiency • Increase of renewable energies in the energy matrix.', 'Energy: • Increased energy efficiency • Increase of renewable energies in the energy matrix. b) IPCC gases, categories and sinks addressed in NDCs When the cumulative target is calculated when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report, the GHGs to be included in Bolivia‘s NDC will be: • CO2 (carbon dioxide mainly from deforestation and fossil fuel combustion), • CH4 and N2O (mainly from enteric fermentation of livestock), and • HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons mainly from refrigeration processes). The NDC excludes SF6, PFCs and NF3 gases, which do not contribute significantly to Bolivia‘s total emissions. The NDC excludes CO2 removals in mature forests, which are beyond the control of Bolivians.', 'The NDC excludes CO2 removals in mature forests, which are beyond the control of Bolivians. The sectors included in Bolivia‘s NDC are: • LULUCF • Energy • Industrial Processes • Agriculture and livestock • Waste c) (c) How the Party has taken into account paragraph 31 (c) and (d) of decision 1/ If the next National GHG Communication includes evidence of significant new emissions sources (>2% of total emissions), it will be included in the next NDC. d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from the Party‘s adaptation and/or economic diversification measures. Reducing emissions caused by deforestation would provide important co- benefits in terms of reducing risks of extreme weather events, protection of biodiversity and other environmental functions of the forest.', 'Reducing emissions caused by deforestation would provide important co- benefits in terms of reducing risks of extreme weather events, protection of biodiversity and other environmental functions of the forest. The stimulation of alternative activities to extensive agriculture (e.g., tourism) could generate alternative jobs of better quality and perspective, especially for women and young people in the country. Investment in energy efficiency and renewable energies will allow the development of some alternative economic sectors.4. Planning process a) Information on planning processes for the development of NDC plans The construction of the NDCs has had three phases, evaluation of compliance with the first NDC (2016). 42 intersectoral workshops and determination of Goals with national effort based on the Economic and Social Plan 2021-2025 and projections to 2030.', '42 intersectoral workshops and determination of Goals with national effort based on the Economic and Social Plan 2021-2025 and projections to 2030. A participatory exercise has also been carried out from the sectors for the formulation of their goals and sectoral contributions. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches used to quantify anthropogenic GHG emissions/ removals. a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals. The overall goal will be calculated when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report. b) The assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for the implementation of policies, measures and strategies in the NDC. Each sector presented its mitigation plans and initiatives between 2021 and 2030 in two scenarios (national effort and with international cooperation or conditional).', 'Each sector presented its mitigation plans and initiatives between 2021 and 2030 in two scenarios (national effort and with international cooperation or conditional). Investments financed with international loans were counted as own effort, since Bolivians would have to repay this debt, while international donations and offsets for reductions in deforestation emissions were counted as international cooperation in the conditional scenario. c) IPCC methodologies and measurement systems used to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The overall goal will be calculated when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report. e) Assumptions, methodologies and approaches specific to each sector, category or activity, consistent with IPCC guidance. The overall goal will be calculated when preparing the First Biennial Transparency Report. 6. How does the Party consider its NDC to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances?', 'How does the Party consider its NDC to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances? a) General considerations The main factor to consider in the new NDC is the inclusion of targets related to agriculture and livestock; additionally, the energy, forestry and water goals have been adjusted and improved. Considering that several commitments are included in the National Economic and Social Development Plan 2021-2025 and are in line with the country‘s national circumstances. The means of implementation described above have been developed or are in the process of being developed. 7. The way in which the NDC contributes to the achievement of the objective of the UNFCCC, as stated in its Art.', 'The way in which the NDC contributes to the achievement of the objective of the UNFCCC, as stated in its Art. 2 a) General considerations Bolivia‘s NDC focuses on strengthening efforts for better adaptation to climate management with co-benefits in mitigation. In this way, a holistic and integral vision is articulated in relation to the management of the climate crisis that includes action in mitigation, adaptation and integral development for Living Well.ABT. (2020). Producción de productos forestales no maderables. La Paz: Autoridad de fiscalización y control social de bosques y tierras. ABT. (2021). Con base en rendiciones públicas de cuentas de la ABT. La Paz - Bolivia: Unidad jurídica y planificación de la ABT, Ministerio de Justicia. ABT. (2021). Planes de Gestión Integral de Bosques y Tierra (PGIBT).', 'Planes de Gestión Integral de Bosques y Tierra (PGIBT). La Paz: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua. La paz: Autoridad de Fiscalización y Control Social de Bosques y Tierra Autoridad. Andersen , L. E., Doyle, A., Del Granado, S., Ledezma, J., Medinaceli, A., Valdivia, M., & Weinhold, D. (18 de marzo de 2016). Emisiones netas de carbono por deforestación en Bolivia durante 1990-2000 y 2000-2010: resultados de un modelo de contabilidad de carbono. PLOS ONE. APMT. (2015). Política Plurinacional de Cambio Climático (Documento de Trabajo), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. La Paz: Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madre Tierra. APMT. (2020). Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madre Tierra. Obtenido de Marco legal: Berkeleyearth. (10 de 07 de 2021). Climate data Bolivia. Obtenido de BID, Naciones Unidas, CEPAL. (2014).', 'Obtenido de BID, Naciones Unidas, CEPAL. (2014). La economía del cambio climático en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Obtenido de climatico-estado-plurinacional-bolivia Bobka, S., Gonzales-Carrasco, L., Malky, A., & Mendizabal, C. (2021). Medición del impacto económico de las medidas de descarbonización de las NDC de Bolivia con proyecciones a 2050. Bolivia. (2004). Primera comunicación nacional. Obtenido de PNCC: Bolivia. (2009). Segunda Comunicación Nacional del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. La Paz: Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos. Bolivia. (2009b). Nueva Constitución Política del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. La Paz: Bolivia.Bolivia. (22 de 12 de 2010). Ley 71. Obtenido de Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia: Bolivia. (2012). Bolivia Rio+20. Obtenido de Cancilleria: Bolivia. (12 de 10 de 2012).', '(12 de 10 de 2012). Ley 300. Obtenido de Gaceta oficiacial de Bolivia. Bolivia. (2013). Agenda Patriótica 2025. Trece pilares de la Bolivia digna y soberana. La Paz. . Obtenido de Agenda Patriótica: comunicacion.presidencia.gob.bo/docprensa/pdf/20130123-11-36-55. pdf Bolivia. (14 de 8 de 2013). DS 1696. Obtenido de Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia. Bolivia. (25 de 01 de 2016). Ley 777. Obtenido de Gaceta oficial de Bolivia : Bolivia. (2020). Análisis del estado de situación de la implementación de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC). La Paz: GIZ. Bolivia. (2020). Tercera Comunicación Nacional de cambio climático del Estado Ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madre Tierra. Obtenido de Bolivia, G. . (2020).', 'Obtenido de Bolivia, G. . (2020). Análisis comparativo de los reportes nacionales 2017 y 2020 respecto al ODS 6.5.1: “Grado de implementación de la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos” en Bolivia. Brienen, R., Phillips, O., Feldpausch, T., Gloor, E., Baker, T., Arets, E., & Pena Claros, M. (2015). Long- term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature, 519(7543), 344–348. doi:10.1038 / nature14283 ClimateWatchData. (11 de 11 de 2021). GHG-Emissions. Obtenido de CMPCC. (2010). Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre el Cambio Climático y los Derechos de la Madre Tierra. Acuerdo de los pueblos (pág. 6). Cochabamba: CMPCC. Obtenido de cmpcc.wordpress.com/derechos-madre-tierra/ DGGDF. (01 de 08 de 2021). Sistema de Información y Monitoreo de Bosques. Obtenido de SIMB: DGGDF. (2021).', 'Sistema de Información y Monitoreo de Bosques. Obtenido de SIMB: DGGDF. (2021). Sistema de Información y Monitoreo de Bosques (SIMB). Obtenido de SIMB: datos.siarh.gob.bo/simb DGGFD & ABT. (2021). Sistema de Informacion y Monitoreo de Bosques (SIMB), Focos de calor e incendios. Obtenido de SIMB: Energía, M. d. (2014). Plan Eléctrico del Estado Plurinacional 2025. Fernández, C., & Fernández, M. (2018). Evaluación de la viabilidad económica de sistemas de generación fotovoltaica para el área urbana de Bolivia, basada en 6 casos de estudio.Gatti, L. V., Basso, L. S., Miller, J. B., Gloor, M., Gatti Domingues, L., Henrique, L., . . . Cassol, G. (2021). Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature, 595, 388–393. GERMANWATH. (2021). Índice de riesgo climático global 2021.', 'Índice de riesgo climático global 2021. Obtenido de org/en/cri Harris , N. L., Gibbs, D. A., Baccini, A., Birdsey , R. A., De Bruin, S., Fatoyinbo , L., . . . Houghton, R. A. (2021). Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon. Naturaleza Cambio Climático, 11, Hidrocarburos, M. d. (2017). Plan Sectorial de Desarrollo Integral de Hidrocarburos 2016-2020. IBIF. (2021). Reporte de Evaluacion del Cumplimiento de las Contribuciones Determinadas. Santa Cruz: IBIF. INE. (2015). Censo agropecuario 2013 Bolivia. . La Paz: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Obtenido de La Paz. 143 p. : www.ine.gob.bo INE. (07 de 2020). Actualización de las lineas de pobreza. Obtenido de Publicaciones: ine.gob.bo/index.php/publicaciones/nota-tecnica-actualizacion-de-la-canasta-basica-de- alimentos-y-de-las-lineas-de-pobreza/ INE. (2020). Estadísticas sociales y económicas de bolivia. Obtenido de INE. (2021). Estadísticas sociales y económicas de bolivia.', 'Estadísticas sociales y económicas de bolivia. Obtenido de www.ine.gob.bo Instituto-Agrario-Bolivia. (2018). Impactos del cambio climático en Bolivia. La Paz - Bolivia. Recuperado el 15 de 11 de 2019, de www.institutoagrario.org/analisis Instituto-Agrario-Bolivia. (2018). La seguridad y soberanía alimentaria frente al cambio climático. Revista Análisis. IPCC. (2007). Climate change the physical science basis. NY: CMNUCC. IPCC. (2019). Reporte especial del IPCC“ Calentamiento glocal de 1.5° C“. Bonn: ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. (2021). AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Bonn: IPCC. IPCC. (2021). AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Bonn: IPCC. IPCC. (2021). Summary for Policymakers. (V. P. Masson-Delmotte, Ed.) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.', 'Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Obtenido de MDRyT. (2010). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social, Plan Sectorial Agropecuario. La Paz: Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras. ME. (2019). Ministerio de energías de Bolivia. Obtenido de Estadísticas y boletines informativos: Interconectado Nacional 2012-2022. La Paz. Ministerio de Hidrocarburos y Energía. (2014). Plan Eléctrico del Estado Plurinacional 2025. Ministerio de Medio Aambiente y Agua – VAPSB. (2016).', 'Ministerio de Medio Aambiente y Agua – VAPSB. (2016). Plan Sectorial de Desarrollo de Saneamiento Básico 2016-2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua - SERNAP. (2013). Deforestación y Regeneración de Bosques en Bolivia y en sus Áreas Protegidas Nacionales para los periodos 1990-2000 y 2000-2010. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua – VAPSB. (2016). Marco de evaluación de desempeño del sector de agua potable y saneamiento 2016 – 2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua – VAPSB. (2016). Plan Sectorial de Agua y Saneamiento 2016- 2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua - VRHR. (2017). Programa Plurianual de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos y Manejo Integral de Cuencas 2017-2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua – VRHR. (2016). Programa Nacional de Riego 2016-2020.', 'Programa Nacional de Riego 2016-2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua. (2013). Memoria Técnica Mapa de Bosque 2013. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua. (2016). Plan Sectorial de Desarrollo Integral de Medio Ambiente y Agua 2016-2020. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua. (2017). Programa Plurianual de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos y Manejo Integral de Cuencas. 2017-2020. La Paz: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua Viceministerio de Recursos Hídricos y Riego. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua -VRHR. (2017). Programa Plurianual de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos y Manejo Integral de Cuencas 2017-2020. Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo. (s.f.). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social 2016-2020. MMAYA. (2017). Programa Plurianual de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos y Manejo Integral de Cuencas.', 'Programa Plurianual de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos y Manejo Integral de Cuencas. 2017-2020. . La Paz: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua Viceministerio de Recursos Hídricos y Riego. Müller, R., Pacheco, P., & Montero, J. (2014). El contexto de la deforestación y degradación de los bosques en Bolivia: Causas, actores e instituciones. Documentos Ocasionales 100. Indonesia: CIFOR. Obtenido de NU. CEPAL. OLADE. (2019). Evaluación de escenarios para la formulación de la Estrategia Energética Sustentable SICA 2030. Chile. Obtenido de Pacheco, D. (2013). Vivir Bien en Armonía y Equilibrio con la Madre Tierra. La Paz: Universidad de la Cordillera - Fundación de la Cordillera.Paz, E. (2020). Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero por introducción de electromovilidad.', 'Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero por introducción de electromovilidad. La Paz- Bolivia: Informe elaborado para el Ministerio de Energías de Bolivia con financiamiento de GIZ. Phillips, O. L., Lewis, S. L., Baker, T. R., Chao, K.-J., & Higuchi, N. (2008). The changing Amazon forest. Philoshophical Transactions, The Royal Society B, 363(1819–1827). doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0033 Phillips, O., & Brienen, R. (2017). Carbon uptake by mature Amazon forests has mitigated Amazon nations’ carbon emissions. Carbon Balance Manage, 12(1). Obtenido de DOI 10.1186/s13021- Saavedra, C. (2020). Los desafíos de la seguridad hídrica en Bolivia. SENAMHI. (2019). Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología. Obtenido de SENAMHI: senamhi.gob.bo SERNAP. (2013). Deforestación y regeneración de bosques en Bolivia y en sus áreas protegidas nacionales para los periodos 1990-2000 y 2000-2010.', 'Deforestación y regeneración de bosques en Bolivia y en sus áreas protegidas nacionales para los periodos 1990-2000 y 2000-2010. La Paz: SERNAP-Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado y C.I. Tierra, M. d. (2010). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social, Plan Sectorial Agropecuario. La Paz: Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras. Torrico-Albino, J. (2020). Escenarios climáticos Bolivia. Análisis - Instituto Agrario Bolivia, 2020 (1) 101-108. Torrico-Albino, J. (2020). Vulnerabilidad climática en Bolivia. Cienciagro, 62-74. Torrico-Albino, J., Peralta-Rivero, C., Cartagena, P., & Petellier, A. (2018). Capacidad de resiliencia de sistemas agroforestales, ganadería semi-intensiva y agricultura bajo riego: beneficios alcanzados por la PEP del CIPCA. Cuaderno de investigación N° 84. La Paz: CIPCA. UDAPE. (2013-2018). Séptimo informe de progreso de losObjetivos de Desarrollo del Milenioen Bolivia.', 'Séptimo informe de progreso de losObjetivos de Desarrollo del Milenioen Bolivia. Obtenido de Informe_de_progreso.pdf UDAPE. (2018). Objetivos de desarrollo del milenio. Obtenido de UDAPE. (2020). Dossier de Estadísticas Sociales y Económicas. Obtenido de bo/ UDAPE. (2021). Dossier de Estadísticas Sociales y Económicas. Obtenido de bo/ UNFCCC. (2015b). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Obtenido de UNFCCC. (2019). UN Climate change annual report. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale. UNFCCC. (2020). NDC Bolivia. Obtenido de aspxUNFCCC. (2020b). UNFCCC. Obtenido de Paris agreement: UNFCCC. (2020c). El Acuerdo de París y las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional. Obtenido de UNFCCC: agreement/contribuciones-determinadas-a-nivel-nacional-ndc UNICEF. (2021). Los Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes de Bolivia Frente al Cambio Climático. La Paz: APMT. UN-WATER. (2013). Water security and the Global Water Agenda.', 'Water security and the Global Water Agenda. A UN-Water Analytical Brief. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Obtenido de global-water-agenda/ UN-WATER. (2020). The Sustainable Development Goal 6. Global Acceleration Framework. Geneva, Switzerland. Obtenido de acceleration-framework/ UN-WATER. (2021). Summary Progress Update 2021: SDG 6 — water and sanitation for all. Geneva, Switzerland. Viceministerio de Recursos Hídricos y Riego, M. d. (2016). Programa Nacional de Riego 2016-2020. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) y Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SERNAP). (2020). El Aporte de las Áreas Protegidas Nacionales en el Marco de las Contribuciones Determinadas Nacionalmente (CDN). La Paz. WRI. (11 de 11 de 2021). Historical Country GHG emissions - CAIT. Obtenido de']

en-US

BIH

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1st NDC

2017-03-16 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/661db27da4cb7bf2e83dda370a2fc673b7636258146501d42fe2544bead83960.pdf

['Bosnia and Herzegovina is a decentralized country comprising two entities (the Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Brčko District. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is sub-divided into 10 Cantons. The two entities and Brčko District manage environmental issues through laws, regulations and standards. The Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations has responsibility for the coordination of activities and harmonizing of plans of the entities’ governmental bodies and institutions at the international level, in energy, environmental protection, development and the exploitation of natural resources. Decision-making involves the Council of Ministers, the governments of two Entities and Brčko District. Potential candidate for EU membership (Stabilization and Association Agreement signed in 2008).', 'Potential candidate for EU membership (Stabilization and Association Agreement signed in 2008). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) Bosnia and Herzegovina Type Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline Coverage Economy-wide, in particular, as determined by decisions of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties on reporting covering the following sectors: A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach) - Energy Industries - Manufacturing industries and construction - Transport - Other sectors B. Fugitive emissions from fuels - Solid fuels - Oil and natural gas 2. Industrial processes - Mineral products - Chemical industry - Metal production - Other production - Enteric fermentation - Manure management - Agricultural soils 4.', 'Industrial processes - Mineral products - Chemical industry - Metal production - Other production - Enteric fermentation - Manure management - Agricultural soils 4. Land-use change and forestry (sinks) - Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks - Solid waste disposal on land - Waste-water handling Scope The INDC includes information on the following GHGs: Carbon dioxide (СО2); Methane (СН4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Base year 1990Time frames / periods for implementation Reduction level In line with the trend of consumption and energy production growth, as a result of development of the country, total emissions also have an upward trend. According to the developed scenarios - their peak occurs in 2030; according to the baseline scenario (BAU) in 2030 expected emissions are 20% higher than the level of emissions in 1990.', 'According to the developed scenarios - their peak occurs in 2030; according to the baseline scenario (BAU) in 2030 expected emissions are 20% higher than the level of emissions in 1990. Emission reduction that BiH unconditionally might achieved, compared to the BAU scenario, is 2% by 2030 which would mean 18% higher emissions compared to the base year 1990. Significant emission reduction is only possible to achieve with international support, which would result in emission reduction of 3% compared to 1990, while compared to the BAU scenario it represents a possible reduction of 23%.', 'Significant emission reduction is only possible to achieve with international support, which would result in emission reduction of 3% compared to 1990, while compared to the BAU scenario it represents a possible reduction of 23%. Methodological approaches used, in particular, for measurement and verification of anthropogenic GHG emissions and, in appropriate cases, their absorption Methodological approaches are based on using the following methodology: Methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defined by the Convention, on the basis of the reference manual The Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of 1996, IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry of 2003, and Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories of 2000. INC, SNC, FBUR; National statistics; Sectoral forecasts. The MRV system in BiH is currently under development (organizational set-up).', 'The MRV system in BiH is currently under development (organizational set-up). Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions BiH is a developing country and the presented target represents a significant effort and is presented as emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline. The BiH CO2 per capita is app 8.2 t (2011), while GDP per capita in 2013 was 3,509 Euro and expressed as Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) amounts 29% of the EU-27 average in 2013, while gross total primary energy consumed per unit of GDP is 0.938 toe / USD 2000. The country consumes about 20% of its GDP on energy. BiH GHG emissions represent less than 0.1% of global total emissions.Planning process INDC is based on the existing strategic documents, inter alia, the following: SNC FBUR Legislation etc.', 'BiH GHG emissions represent less than 0.1% of global total emissions.Planning process INDC is based on the existing strategic documents, inter alia, the following: SNC FBUR Legislation etc. International Market Based Mechanisms Conditional emission reduction is only possible with international support. Additional information: According to the baseline scenario, which rests on the BAU principles, and in line with the mitigation scenarios developed through the Second National Communication and updated through the First Biennial Unit Report (under the UNFCCC convention), the expected GHG emission level by 2020 will reach 1990 levels. Under the baseline scenario, a steady increase of emissions is expected by 2030 generally due to higher energy consumption, while energy generated from renewable energy sources remains with low utilization rates.', 'Under the baseline scenario, a steady increase of emissions is expected by 2030 generally due to higher energy consumption, while energy generated from renewable energy sources remains with low utilization rates. By 2030, GHG emission levels will increase by 20% relative to 2020. This scenario does not include any mitigation action and implies the “business as usual” approach. This scenario does not include any significant changes, incentives or extraordinary amendments to the current approach to the setting and attaining of GHG emission targets. A significant feature of this scenario is a relatively low level of interest and action of state and entity level institutions.', 'A significant feature of this scenario is a relatively low level of interest and action of state and entity level institutions. Under this baseline scenario, the power sector, as a major sector, is characterised by a slight increase of the share of power generated from renewable energy sources (RES) due to the feed-in tariff and lower investment costs of RES facilities. However, most of power will come from fossil fuels. In the period 2015 – 2025, the share of RES will increase by 3% every five years and by 5% thereafter.', 'In the period 2015 – 2025, the share of RES will increase by 3% every five years and by 5% thereafter. On the other hand, the reduction of emissions, which BiH will achieve with the currently on- going and planned mitigation activities, is developed under the unconditional mitigation scenario which shows the decrease of total emissions relative to the baseline (BAU) scenario in the amount of 2% in year 2030. This would result in a slower growth trend of emissions that would increase by 18% in 2030 compared to 1990. This mitigation scenario implies unconditional implementation of minimal technical requirements and sanitation activities related to increase energy efficiency within the buildings sector, e.g.', 'This mitigation scenario implies unconditional implementation of minimal technical requirements and sanitation activities related to increase energy efficiency within the buildings sector, e.g. renovation of buildings for which also international financial support is required in order to increase the emission reduction amount and develop a sustainable system, as well as and a very slight trend of increasing the share of RES in electricity production.', 'renovation of buildings for which also international financial support is required in order to increase the emission reduction amount and develop a sustainable system, as well as and a very slight trend of increasing the share of RES in electricity production. This scenario does not imply any incentives, nor ambitious or systematic approaches and plans for implementation of EE measures in the buildings sector (public and residential).Given the specific trends of emissions during the war period, which were as low as 12% of 1990 levels in 1993, and the fact that BiH has been recovering and coming closer to 1990 levels ever since, it is not fully relevant to compare the reduction of emissions to reductions in other countries, which have seen a steady increase of emissions in the same period.', 'This scenario does not imply any incentives, nor ambitious or systematic approaches and plans for implementation of EE measures in the buildings sector (public and residential).Given the specific trends of emissions during the war period, which were as low as 12% of 1990 levels in 1993, and the fact that BiH has been recovering and coming closer to 1990 levels ever since, it is not fully relevant to compare the reduction of emissions to reductions in other countries, which have seen a steady increase of emissions in the same period. BiH is still below 1990 levels and in case the "business-as-usual" practice continues, 1990 levels will be reached in 2020.', 'BiH is still below 1990 levels and in case the "business-as-usual" practice continues, 1990 levels will be reached in 2020. On the other hand, provided condition and opportunities are created to access international support / development financial mechanisms, certain effects of emission reductions are likely to be seen in the given period, i. e. it will be possible for the country to slow down on its pathway to 1990 levels. Provided this condition is fulfilled, emissions by 2030 would be approximately 3% lower comparing to 1990 levels. Unlike the BAU scenario, under which emission levels will have increased by 20% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels, the mitigation conditional scenario under discussion will see a decrease of 3% of 1990 levels by 2030.', 'Unlike the BAU scenario, under which emission levels will have increased by 20% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels, the mitigation conditional scenario under discussion will see a decrease of 3% of 1990 levels by 2030. It should be noted that the emission reduction trend depends on the development of a scenario for the power sector. In that sense, it is noteworthy to say that, depending on the developments, the idea of linking any development or mitigation scenario to the existing power sector strategies may be abandoned. Given the time when they were drafted, on one hand, and the fact that no significant progress in terms of the implementation thereof has been seen years later, it is assumed that their implementation by 2030 will be quite unlikely.', 'Given the time when they were drafted, on one hand, and the fact that no significant progress in terms of the implementation thereof has been seen years later, it is assumed that their implementation by 2030 will be quite unlikely. Given the state of affairs and facts on the ground, a number of activities and projects resulting in mitigation effects have been initiated or there are clear intentions to implement them. These project activities are a starting assumption for the intended emission contribution provided there is potential access to international development / financial mechanisms (GEF, GCF, EU pre- accession funds, favourable loans from financial institutions).', 'These project activities are a starting assumption for the intended emission contribution provided there is potential access to international development / financial mechanisms (GEF, GCF, EU pre- accession funds, favourable loans from financial institutions). This scenario for major sectors implies the implementation of the following activities: to enact primary and secondary legislation aligning BiH legislation with EU acquis, including strategies, action plan, etc. for all sectors to construct co-generation plants fuelled by wood chips and wood waste from wood processing industry, with the individual power generation capacity of several MW and the total power generation capacity of 70 MW, by 2030. to replace the existing thermal power plants with 30% average efficiency with new plants with approximately 40% average efficiency .', 'to replace the existing thermal power plants with 30% average efficiency with new plants with approximately 40% average efficiency . to install the equipment for power generation from methane from two underground mines (five coal-pits) to install mini hydro power plants with the power generation capacity of up to 10 MW and the total generation capacity of 120 MW, by 2030 to install wind farms of the power generation capacity of 175 MW by 2030.', 'to install the equipment for power generation from methane from two underground mines (five coal-pits) to install mini hydro power plants with the power generation capacity of up to 10 MW and the total generation capacity of 120 MW, by 2030 to install wind farms of the power generation capacity of 175 MW by 2030. to install photovoltaic modules of the total power generation capacity of 4 MW by 2030 to introduce renewable energy sources in the existing district heating systems and to construct new district heating systems fuelled by renewable energy sources to reconstruct and modernize district heating grids, boilers and district heating substations systemic energy rehabilitation of existing buildings (focus on public sector) The BAU and considered mitigation scenario are shown in the chart below.', 'to install photovoltaic modules of the total power generation capacity of 4 MW by 2030 to introduce renewable energy sources in the existing district heating systems and to construct new district heating systems fuelled by renewable energy sources to reconstruct and modernize district heating grids, boilers and district heating substations systemic energy rehabilitation of existing buildings (focus on public sector) The BAU and considered mitigation scenario are shown in the chart below. To conclude: provided that Bosnia-Herzegovina is granted access to international development / financial mechanisms and that the relevant institutions are willing to absorb and cost-effectively use international mechanisms for the above mitigation activities, it will be possible to reduce emissions by app 23% in 2030 relative to the baseline scenario, i.e.', 'To conclude: provided that Bosnia-Herzegovina is granted access to international development / financial mechanisms and that the relevant institutions are willing to absorb and cost-effectively use international mechanisms for the above mitigation activities, it will be possible to reduce emissions by app 23% in 2030 relative to the baseline scenario, i.e. 3% compared to 1990 level. All the values (total emission) provided in the baseline, as well as in the given projections, are calculated without the absorption potential (emission sink) of forestry sector. Although the forestry sector is not included in the presented balance of emissions, it is important to note that the value of sequestration capacity is app.', 'Although the forestry sector is not included in the presented balance of emissions, it is important to note that the value of sequestration capacity is app. 6.470 GgCO2 in 2015 (1990 sinks – 7,423 GgCO2), and that the emission projections intend to keep it on that level.']

en-US

BIH

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Updated NDC

2021-04-20 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20BiH_November%202020%20FINAL%20DRAFT%2005%20Nov%20ENG%20LR.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a6fc26a59e05bd7aeac46df99a8993b84ea9350fff6b1459ca482d1f929a8c5b.pdf

['NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (NDC) FOR THE PERIOD 2020-2030 Climate change is one of the greatest challenges that humanity is facing today, as it affects all aspects of the environment and the economy and threatens the sustainable development of the society. Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a country where the negative effects of climate change are already visible, appreciates the importance of addressing this challenge and is making every effort to render these initiatives successful. GHG emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014, which is at the same time the last year for which the inventory was made up to now, amounted to 26,062 Gg CO2eq .', 'GHG emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014, which is at the same time the last year for which the inventory was made up to now, amounted to 26,062 Gg CO2eq . GHG emissions in 2014 amounted to about 7.38 tons of CO2eq per capita, which is about 15% less than the average of EU countries (EU- 28) for the same year. GHG emissions per unit of GDP for BiH amounted to 1.87 kg CO2eq per euro in 2014, while the EU average was 0.39 kg CO2eq per euro, which indicates inefficient use of resources, primarily energy.', 'GHG emissions per unit of GDP for BiH amounted to 1.87 kg CO2eq per euro in 2014, while the EU average was 0.39 kg CO2eq per euro, which indicates inefficient use of resources, primarily energy. The key challenge in the process of climate change mitigation is to use the transition to a low-carbon (low-emission) economy for achieving the sustainable economic development and social cohesion goals, while taking account of the existing structure of the economy and the time required for its transition. Through investing in GHG emission reduction projects and programmes, there is a great potential for economic growth, employment opportunities and business risk reduction.', 'Through investing in GHG emission reduction projects and programmes, there is a great potential for economic growth, employment opportunities and business risk reduction. The present document Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Bosnia and Herzegovina was prepared in accordance with the Decision 1/CP.21 of the Paris Agreement and it is a revision of the first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – INDC submitted by Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2015.', 'The present document Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Bosnia and Herzegovina was prepared in accordance with the Decision 1/CP.21 of the Paris Agreement and it is a revision of the first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – INDC submitted by Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2015. Compared to the INDC, the NDC of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes a section on climate change adaptation and the updated section related to contribution to climate change mitigation which now includes more ambitious targets for reducing GHG emissions.Nationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Need to include climate change adaptation Bosnia and Herzegovina is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical position, economic importance of the agriculture, water management and forestry sectors, as well as due to its limited capacity for climate change adaptation.', 'Compared to the INDC, the NDC of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes a section on climate change adaptation and the updated section related to contribution to climate change mitigation which now includes more ambitious targets for reducing GHG emissions.Nationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Need to include climate change adaptation Bosnia and Herzegovina is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical position, economic importance of the agriculture, water management and forestry sectors, as well as due to its limited capacity for climate change adaptation. According to the Climate Risk Index data for BiH taken from the Global Climate Risk Index, in 2014 BiH ranked third in terms of total losses and damage caused by climate change.', 'According to the Climate Risk Index data for BiH taken from the Global Climate Risk Index, in 2014 BiH ranked third in terms of total losses and damage caused by climate change. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to determine the impact of climate change on Bosnia and Herzegovina and identify priority action measures. Climate change effects The first three National Communications on climate change under the UNFCCC, as well as numerous scientific papers, have clearly indicated that the climate, and especially climate extremes, have changed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the course of the last few decades. In the last ten years alone, six years have been very dry to extremely dry, and five years have been marked by extreme floods.', 'In the last ten years alone, six years have been very dry to extremely dry, and five years have been marked by extreme floods. During the period 2009-2019 almost all years were characterised by extreme weather conditions: floods in 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2017, cold waves in early 2012, strong wind in mid-2012 and late 2017, and extremely large number of hail days in 2018. Along with the increase in temporal variations in precipitation distribution, the problems related to the pronounced spatial variations are exacerbated – the places lacking water are actually those with the greatest water needs, valleys with the greatest land potential for intensive agriculture, with the necessary irrigation and with the highest population density.', 'Along with the increase in temporal variations in precipitation distribution, the problems related to the pronounced spatial variations are exacerbated – the places lacking water are actually those with the greatest water needs, valleys with the greatest land potential for intensive agriculture, with the necessary irrigation and with the highest population density. The most vulnerable sectors The sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change in Bosnia and Herzegovina include: agriculture, water resources, forestry, energy, tourism, biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems, and human health. The most vulnerable sectors are agriculture and water resources management. The biggest impacts are reflected in the risks of drought, floods and fires. Drought has been one of the most significant threats to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past period, causing great economic, environmental and social costs.', 'Drought has been one of the most significant threats to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past period, causing great economic, environmental and social costs. Extremely high temperatures and heat stress are some of the biggest problems in agriculture, especially in the sub-Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This problem has been particularly present in the last two decades, with the major impact on fruit, vegetable and wine production. In 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced a prolonged period of severe drought, causing losses in agricultural production of about BAM 1.65 billion1, grain and vegetable yields were reduced by about 70%, and energy production was reduced by about 25%.2 Forecasted changes in precipitation amounts and air temperature will negatively affect the current water resources management system in Bosnia and Herzegovina.', 'In 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced a prolonged period of severe drought, causing losses in agricultural production of about BAM 1.65 billion1, grain and vegetable yields were reduced by about 70%, and energy production was reduced by about 25%.2 Forecasted changes in precipitation amounts and air temperature will negatively affect the current water resources management system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Changes can be expected in terms of time of occurrence, frequency and intensity of extreme events – floods and droughts.', 'Changes can be expected in terms of time of occurrence, frequency and intensity of extreme events – floods and droughts. The largest increase in air temperature is predicted during the growing season (June, July and August), and a slightly milder increase during March, April and May, which will result in increased evapotranspiration and more pronounced extreme minimums of water 1 1 euro = 1.95583 BAM, Central Bank of BiH, October 2020 2 Source: “Drought Conditions and Management Strategies in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Concise Country Report”, 2013, a_and_Herzegovina_-_Concise_Country_ReportNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE levels on watercourses.', 'The largest increase in air temperature is predicted during the growing season (June, July and August), and a slightly milder increase during March, April and May, which will result in increased evapotranspiration and more pronounced extreme minimums of water 1 1 euro = 1.95583 BAM, Central Bank of BiH, October 2020 2 Source: “Drought Conditions and Management Strategies in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Concise Country Report”, 2013, a_and_Herzegovina_-_Concise_Country_ReportNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE levels on watercourses. This will result in reduction in the availability of water resources in the growing season when the needs are the highest, in terms of water quantity, but also quality, because in low water periods the potential and real danger of significant degradation of water quality increases.', 'This will result in reduction in the availability of water resources in the growing season when the needs are the highest, in terms of water quantity, but also quality, because in low water periods the potential and real danger of significant degradation of water quality increases. A significant increase in air temperature during the winter season (December, January and February) will result in a decrease in snowfall, that is, a decrease in flow in most watercourses during spring months. On the other hand, the expected more frequent precipitation of higher intensity will cause more intense runoff, often followed by floods.', 'On the other hand, the expected more frequent precipitation of higher intensity will cause more intense runoff, often followed by floods. According to the data from the document Recovery Needs Assessment in BiH3, which was developed with the help of the EU, UN and WB, it is estimated that the total consequences of major floods that occurred in May 2014 in Bosnia and Herzegovina amount to BAM 3,982 million, that is, BAM 2,033 million in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, BAM 1,893 million in Republika Srpska and BAM 58 million in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Potential future impacts and needs The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina has already been affected by many climate extremes: intense precipitation, heat waves, extremely high temperatures, droughts, floods, stormy winds, etc.', 'Potential future impacts and needs The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina has already been affected by many climate extremes: intense precipitation, heat waves, extremely high temperatures, droughts, floods, stormy winds, etc. Under the RCP8.5 climate scenario, an increase in the intensity and frequency of these extremes can be expected in the decades to come. Accordingly, it is important to plan in detail the adaptation measures (short-term, medium-term and long-term), the method of financing the implementation of the proposed measures and the institutions for their implementation. It is necessary to improve the processes of monitoring, analysis and modelling of climate data, and to strengthen professional and institutional capacities.', 'It is necessary to improve the processes of monitoring, analysis and modelling of climate data, and to strengthen professional and institutional capacities. Climate change adaptation planning In response to the adverse consequences of climate change, in 2013 Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted its first Climate Change Adaptation and Low- Emission Development Strategy, the strategic objective of which was to increase resilience of Bosnia and Herzegovina to climate variability and climate change, while preventing environmental degradation, as well as gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. New Climate Change Adaptation and Low-Emission Development Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2020-2030 is in the completion stage.', 'New Climate Change Adaptation and Low-Emission Development Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2020-2030 is in the completion stage. The objective of the Strategy in the field of climate change adaptation is to increase the resilience of Bosnia and Herzegovina to climate variability and climate change, thus ensuring economic progress. Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring the implementation of climate change adaptation measures will be combined with the process of regular updating of priorities and sectoral adaptation plans and programmes of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The preparation of updated plans and programmes will be based on the assessment of the implementation of previous plans and programmes.', 'The preparation of updated plans and programmes will be based on the assessment of the implementation of previous plans and programmes. In this round of the NDC, a framework for monitoring and evaluation of activities and processes of adaptation to climate change will be developed, with defined indicators and manners of reporting.', 'In this round of the NDC, a framework for monitoring and evaluation of activities and processes of adaptation to climate change will be developed, with defined indicators and manners of reporting. 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities, European Union, United Nations and the World Bank (2014): Bosnia and Herzegovina Floods 2014: Recovery Needs AssessmentNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Long-term goal of GHG emission reduction Reduction of GHG emissions compared to the baseline year Timeframe 2020-2030 and by 2050 Coverage In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are encompassed: • power • district heating • building • transport • industry • agriculture • forestry (through increased sinks) • waste • cross-cutting sector4 Area (including GHG) NDC includes information on the following GHG gases: • carbon dioxide (CO2 ) • methane (CH4 ) • nitrogen suboxide (N2 O) • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Baseline year 2014 (for the purpose of comparison with INDC, reduction targets are given in relation to 1990 as well) Contribution (emission reduction level) The unconditional GHG emissions reduction target for 2030 is 12.8% compared to 2014 or 33.2% compared to 1990.', '3 Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities, European Union, United Nations and the World Bank (2014): Bosnia and Herzegovina Floods 2014: Recovery Needs AssessmentNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Long-term goal of GHG emission reduction Reduction of GHG emissions compared to the baseline year Timeframe 2020-2030 and by 2050 Coverage In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are encompassed: • power • district heating • building • transport • industry • agriculture • forestry (through increased sinks) • waste • cross-cutting sector4 Area (including GHG) NDC includes information on the following GHG gases: • carbon dioxide (CO2 ) • methane (CH4 ) • nitrogen suboxide (N2 O) • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Baseline year 2014 (for the purpose of comparison with INDC, reduction targets are given in relation to 1990 as well) Contribution (emission reduction level) The unconditional GHG emissions reduction target for 2030 is 12.8% compared to 2014 or 33.2% compared to 1990. The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance for the decarbonisation of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.5% compared to 2014 or 36.8% compared to 1990.', 'The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance for the decarbonisation of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.5% compared to 2014 or 36.8% compared to 1990. GHG emissions reduction target for 2050 is 50.0% (unconditional) and 55.0% (conditional) compared to 2014, that is, 61.7% (unconditional) and 65.6% (conditional) compared to modelling 1990. In the case of conditional target, more intensive international assistance is expected for faster decarbonisation of the power sector with an emphasis on fair transition of mining areas. Not all of these targets include GHG sinks. In the forestry sector, measures are planned to increase the sinks by 93 until 2030.', 'In the forestry sector, measures are planned to increase the sinks by 93 until 2030. Methodological approach used to measure and verify anthropogenic GHG emissions and their absorption The methodological approach is based on the use of the following data and tools: • Use of data on emissions from the official GHG inventories (1990- 2014), data from national communications on climate change and biennial update reports on GHG emissions • Official statistics • Sectoral development forecasts • Modelling of GHG emissions by 2050 using the LEAP programme (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) (without sinks) (without sinks) 4 Applies to all sectors that use refrigeration and air conditioning equipmentNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION (with sinks) (with sinks) Fairness and ambition based on conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Meeting the defined targets includes the following: • Significant decarbonisation of the economy, especially power sector, with investments of approx.', 'Methodological approach used to measure and verify anthropogenic GHG emissions and their absorption The methodological approach is based on the use of the following data and tools: • Use of data on emissions from the official GHG inventories (1990- 2014), data from national communications on climate change and biennial update reports on GHG emissions • Official statistics • Sectoral development forecasts • Modelling of GHG emissions by 2050 using the LEAP programme (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) (without sinks) (without sinks) 4 Applies to all sectors that use refrigeration and air conditioning equipmentNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION (with sinks) (with sinks) Fairness and ambition based on conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Meeting the defined targets includes the following: • Significant decarbonisation of the economy, especially power sector, with investments of approx. BAM 17 billion in the period until 2030, which is over 5% of GDP; • Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term; • Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period • Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014; • The targets imply reduction in GHG emissions by just over a third by 2030, and almost two-thirds by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'BAM 17 billion in the period until 2030, which is over 5% of GDP; • Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term; • Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period • Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014; • The targets imply reduction in GHG emissions by just over a third by 2030, and almost two-thirds by 2050 compared to 1990. Planning process NDC is based on the strategic documents currently in place. When it comes to implementation, the existing institutional framework is used along with its strengthening. Monitoring and reporting Based on the principles of the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) using the existing institutional framework along with its strengthening.', 'Monitoring and reporting Based on the principles of the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) using the existing institutional framework along with its strengthening. International market mechanisms Out of the mechanisms in place, potentially in the EU ETS for achieving the conditional target. In future mechanisms depending on the EU accession process and the market mechanism conditions. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION – BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. Current emissions As a member of the UNFCCC, BiH is required to report on GHG emissions. Through the development of the first three National Communications and two Biennial Update Reports on GHG emissions, inventories of emissions from 1990 to 2014 were made. The inventories were made by applying the 1996 IPCC methodology.', 'The inventories were made by applying the 1996 IPCC methodology. The development of inventories for 2015 and 2016 is in progress by applying the 2006 IPCC methodology, and their completion is planned for the first quarter of 2021. With this in mind, information on GHG emissions is much more reliable compared to the period when the INDC was produced, and, in addition, the national capacities for their monitoring have been improved. This enabled more reliable emission projections and thus the definition of the targets arising from international treaties. Error! Reference source not found.', 'Error! Reference source not found. shows the GHG emission trend from 1990 to 2014.Nationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 Figure 1: Annual GHG emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina The highest emissions were recorded in 1990 and they amounted to 34,040GgCO2eq . The emissions were significantly reduced during the 1992-1995 period, after which they started increasing. In 2001, they amounted to 12,030GgCO2eq , which is just over one third compared to 1990. Subsequently, primarily due to the growth of emissions in the energy sector, total emissions exceeded (in 2008). Emissions from other sectors were more than halved between 1990 and 2001, due to a reduction of more than 80% in industrial emissions and 50% in the agricultural sector.', 'Emissions from other sectors were more than halved between 1990 and 2001, due to a reduction of more than 80% in industrial emissions and 50% in the agricultural sector. The highest emissions after 1990 were recorded in 2011 and they amounted to 28,107GgCO2eq , which is about 83% of 1990 emissions. The rise in emissions in 2011 primarily occurred due to increased power generation from coal-fired power plants. Year 2012 saw a significant drop in emissions as a result of a smaller share of thermal power plants in power generation. Emissions in 2014, the last year for which the inventory has been made to date, amounted to 26,062GgCO2eq , which is about 23.5% less compared to 1990.', 'Emissions in 2014, the last year for which the inventory has been made to date, amounted to 26,062GgCO2eq , which is about 23.5% less compared to 1990. Based on the analysis of emissions per capita, emissions in 2010 almost reached the levels of emissions per capita in 1990 (5.18 tons of CO2eq per capita annually in 2008), however they are still among the lowest values in Europe. In 2014, emissions per capita amounted to about 7.38 tons of CO2eq , which is about 15% less than the EU average. However, if a comparison is made in relation to gross domestic product, emissions in BiH are nearly five times higher than in the EU.', 'However, if a comparison is made in relation to gross domestic product, emissions in BiH are nearly five times higher than in the EU. GHG emissions per unit of GDP for BiH amounted to 1.87 kg CO2eq per euro in 2014, while the EU average was 0.39 kg CO2eq per euro. These statistical data illustrate the economic and social situation of BiH, which is trapped in poverty, with relatively low GHG emissions, but even lower per capita gross domestic product, which indicates inefficient use of resources, primarily energy. Error! Reference source not found.', 'Error! Reference source not found. shows the shares of individual sectors in total GHG emissions in 1990 and 2014.Nationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 Figure 2: Shares of GHG emissions by sectors The diagram shows the increase of the share of energy generation in total GHG emissions from 61% (in 1990) to 64% (in 2014), although emissions in this sector are lower in 2014 by about 5,500 GgCO2eq compared to 1990. There is a significant increase in the share of transport, from 7% to 12%. The share of agriculture records a significant drop, while the share of industry remained pretty much the same. The share of fugitive emissions from fuels dropped from 5% in 1990 to 2% in 2014.', 'The share of fugitive emissions from fuels dropped from 5% in 1990 to 2% in 2014. It is important to emphasise that this is the share in emissions of all greenhouse gases, and not just carbon dioxide emissions. Creating a GHG emissions inventory resulted in the increased level of data reliability. Verification of calculations was made in terms of the procedures to be followed in data collection and inventory development. The quantity of emissions from 1990 has not yet been reached. It is evident that emission levels have started to rise, due to increased industrial activities, and generally they have an increasing trend. 2.', 'It is evident that emission levels have started to rise, due to increased industrial activities, and generally they have an increasing trend. 2. Emission reduction targets When setting GHG emission reduction targets, it should be taken into account that BiH is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and a member of the Energy Community. Under the Paris Agreement, emission reduction targets are set on a voluntary basis. This means that it is up to each country to consider its own situation and assess which level of emission reductions is in line with its sustainable development. Thereby, it can be expected for the level of international assistance on reducing GHG emissions to be commensurate with the ambition of the targets.', 'Thereby, it can be expected for the level of international assistance on reducing GHG emissions to be commensurate with the ambition of the targets. As a member of the Energy Community, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an obligation to harmonise its energy sector with the acquis communautaire and to base its climate targets on those of the EU, but it also has the possibility to set its own target with an adequate explanation of the ambitiousness of such target. When setting the target for reducing GHG emissions by 2030, the commitments of BiH deriving from both treaties/agreements were taken into account. In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are covered: power sector, district heating, building, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry (through increased sinks), waste and the cross-cutting5 sector.', 'In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are covered: power sector, district heating, building, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry (through increased sinks), waste and the cross-cutting5 sector. The following GHGs were considered: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide 5 Applies to all sectors that use refrigeration and air conditioning equipment Share of GHG emissions by sectors in 1990 Share of GHG emissions by sectors in 2014 proizvodnja energije transport industrijski procesi poljoprivreda otpad fugitivine emisije iz goriva Fugitive emissions from fuels Agriculture Waste Industrial processes Energy generationNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 and hydrofluorocarbons. The period for which the reduction target is defined is by 2030 and by 2050, with the indication of the target for 2025. In consultations with the Secretariat of the Energy Community, year 2014 was selected as the baseline year.', 'In consultations with the Secretariat of the Energy Community, year 2014 was selected as the baseline year. This is the last year for which there is the official inventory of GHG emissions. It should be noted that in that year, BiH suffered catastrophic floods, which was reflected in the level of economic activities and indirectly caused certain reduction in GHG emissions. In order to be able to compare the reduction target with the INDC targets, the target is also expressed in relation to the 1990 emissions. Based on consultations with key stakeholders, the GHG emissions reduction target has been set such to leave room for the construction of planned substitute/new coal-fired power plants with a total capacity of 1,050 MW6 until 2030.', 'Based on consultations with key stakeholders, the GHG emissions reduction target has been set such to leave room for the construction of planned substitute/new coal-fired power plants with a total capacity of 1,050 MW6 until 2030. This is 350 MW more than envisaged by the moderate renewable scenario in the Framework Energy Strategy of BiH until 2035; however, it is less compared to the other three scenarios from the same Strategy. Compared to the scenario of the Entity working groups, the installed capacity of the new coal-fired power plants envisaged by this document is lower by 1,600 MW, and compared to the scenario of optimised/least-cost indicative plan, it is lower by 400 MW.', 'Compared to the scenario of the Entity working groups, the installed capacity of the new coal-fired power plants envisaged by this document is lower by 1,600 MW, and compared to the scenario of optimised/least-cost indicative plan, it is lower by 400 MW. Construction of substitute thermal power plants is justified by the need for gradual decarbonisation of mining areas. It takes much more than 10 years to create a sufficient number of job posts in non- coal-related activities. The option with 750 MW of substitute and new coal-fired power plants was also analysed, which implies more intensive international assistance on decarbonisation with an additional focus on assistance in fair transition of mining areas.', 'The option with 750 MW of substitute and new coal-fired power plants was also analysed, which implies more intensive international assistance on decarbonisation with an additional focus on assistance in fair transition of mining areas. This option implies the construction of another thermal power plant next to block 7 in the Tuzla thermal power plant. Meeting the targets in both options is dependent on receiving international assistance and participation in international financial mechanisms for reducing GHG emissions. The unconditional target of reducing GHG emissions for 2030 is 12.8% (excluding GHG sinks) compared to 2014. The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance, especially for the fair transition of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.7% (excluding GHG sinks) compared to 2014.', 'The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance, especially for the fair transition of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.7% (excluding GHG sinks) compared to 2014. An overview of GHG emission reduction targets of BiH compared to the emissions from 2014 and 1990 is shown in Table 1 and 2. Table 1: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 2014 emissions) Table 2: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 1990 emissions) 6 Inclusive of block 7 of TPP Tuzla which is under constructionNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 shows GHG emissions from 1990 to 2050 according to the previously described targets.', 'Table 1: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 2014 emissions) Table 2: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 1990 emissions) 6 Inclusive of block 7 of TPP Tuzla which is under constructionNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 shows GHG emissions from 1990 to 2050 according to the previously described targets. Emissions until 2014 were taken from the inventory, and emissions from that year until 2050 were modelled in LEAP, taking into account measures by individual sectors.', 'Emissions until 2014 were taken from the inventory, and emissions from that year until 2050 were modelled in LEAP, taking into account measures by individual sectors. Figure 3: GHG emissions in BiH by 2050 according to emission reduction targets - year bezuslovni cilj uslovni cilj - year bezuslovni cilj uslovni cilj unconditional target conditional targetNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 The diagram above ( ) shows the cessation of the two and a half decade long trend of emissions growth until 2020, which is a consequence of limiting the number of operating hours for the most inefficient coal-fired thermal power plants and the commissioning of a certain number of RES plants. However, this is sufficient only to stop the growth trend.', 'However, this is sufficient only to stop the growth trend. The decrease in emissions begins with the commissioning of more efficient thermal power plants, which enables decommissioning of a number of existing thermal power plants. In parallel, the resources of the mines will be gradually used for the production of RES (biomass cultivation, space for solar power plants, etc.). Measures are also being implemented in other sectors, especially in the building sector: reducing the use of coal and heating oil with the implementation of energy efficiency measures to reduce heating and cooling needs, increasing the efficiency of heating and cooling systems, energy efficiency labelling and banning imports of used heating and cooling equipment, etc.', 'Measures are also being implemented in other sectors, especially in the building sector: reducing the use of coal and heating oil with the implementation of energy efficiency measures to reduce heating and cooling needs, increasing the efficiency of heating and cooling systems, energy efficiency labelling and banning imports of used heating and cooling equipment, etc. Reform of the incentive system for RES will be aimed at encouraging the decentralisation of the energy system and the implementation of community energy projects. Under the unconditional target option, the emission reduction after 2025 is milder than in the conditional target option because more power is generated in the new coal-fired power plants (1,050 MW vs. 750 MW).', 'Under the unconditional target option, the emission reduction after 2025 is milder than in the conditional target option because more power is generated in the new coal-fired power plants (1,050 MW vs. 750 MW). Emissions in 2030 according to the unconditional target amount to 22,726 Gg CO2eq , which is by 12.8% less compared to 2014. In the same year, according to the conditional target, emissions are , which is by 17.5% less compared to 2014. Emissions in 2050 according to the unconditional target amount to 13,031 Gg CO2eq , which is by 50.0% less than in 2014. In the same year, according to the conditional target, the emissions amount to 11,728 Gg CO2eq , which is by 55.0% less than in 2014.', 'In the same year, according to the conditional target, the emissions amount to 11,728 Gg CO2eq , which is by 55.0% less than in 2014. It is very important to emphasise that both targets are characterised by the following: • Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term, • Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period (2014 – 2030) and • Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014 In addition, it is important to point out that the presented targets mean a reduction in GHG emissions for slightly more than one third by 2030, and almost two thirds (about 66%) by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'It is very important to emphasise that both targets are characterised by the following: • Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term, • Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period (2014 – 2030) and • Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014 In addition, it is important to point out that the presented targets mean a reduction in GHG emissions for slightly more than one third by 2030, and almost two thirds (about 66%) by 2050 compared to 1990. Taking into account the size of the GHG sinks in 2014 and emissions according to the conditional target in 2050, net emissions in 2050 would amount to around 5,330 Gg CO2eq , which is about 80% less compared to the net emissions in 1990.', 'Taking into account the size of the GHG sinks in 2014 and emissions according to the conditional target in 2050, net emissions in 2050 would amount to around 5,330 Gg CO2eq , which is about 80% less compared to the net emissions in 1990. - year bezuslovni cilj uslovni ciljNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 In order to achieve the defined targets, it is necessary to implement measures that are demanding both in terms of planning and finances. In order to achieve the targets in both options (unconditional and conditional target), Bosnia and Herzegovina will need a strong international assistance for capacity building, training, technology transfer, establishment of financial mechanisms to encourage decarbonisation, preparation of necessary research and project documentation, as well as project financing itself.', 'In order to achieve the targets in both options (unconditional and conditional target), Bosnia and Herzegovina will need a strong international assistance for capacity building, training, technology transfer, establishment of financial mechanisms to encourage decarbonisation, preparation of necessary research and project documentation, as well as project financing itself. In case of the option that defines the conditional target due to faster decarbonisation of the power sector (which requires a higher level of effort on decarbonisation of mining areas), international assistance should be more intensive. The fulfilment of the foregoing defined and described targets will greatly depend on the development of the situation regarding the COVID-19 virus pandemic, which can have a significant impact on the entire economy.']

en-US

BWA

Botswana

1st NDC

2016-11-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/BOTSWANA.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/54e673c30592a538a0f0d3db8cfb2400d31b4bc7416a3c986625d80715ee28e5.pdf

['BOTSWANA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION BOTSWANA is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution, as per decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Botswana intends to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year. Base year emission estimation is 8307 Gg of CO2 equivalent. The targeted emissions reduction will be achieved domestically through strategies and measures which are relevant for the implementation of the target. Consequently, achieving such targets is a function of resource availability and appropriate legal frameworks. Achieving the 15% greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions reduction target requires robust and comprehensive planning within the sectors. Consequently, it is essential that there are conducive legal frameworks in place to enable the achievement of the national target.', 'Consequently, it is essential that there are conducive legal frameworks in place to enable the achievement of the national target. This proposed emission reduction path will be subjected to legislative review and endorsement by Parliament. Botswana is developing a Climate Change Policy and Institutional Framework which will be supported by a Strategy and Action Plan to operationalize the Policy. The Policy will be approved by Parliament in 2016. In addition to the national policy, the development of a strategy will involve development of a long term low carbon strategy, a national adaptation plan, nationally appropriate mitigation actions, identification of technologies, plan for knowledge management capacity development, education and public awareness and a financial mechanism. This total package will ensure that the policy is implementable.', 'This total package will ensure that the policy is implementable. Mitigation Contribution The country intends to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year. The emission reduction target was estimated based on the baseline inventory for the three GHGs being carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The reductions will be realised from the energy sources which is categorised as the stationary and mobile sources. The country will also continuously implement mitigation measures for the livestock sector to reduce CH4 emissions mainly from enteric fermentation though these initiatives are not estimated in the 15%.', 'The country will also continuously implement mitigation measures for the livestock sector to reduce CH4 emissions mainly from enteric fermentation though these initiatives are not estimated in the 15%. Initiatives for emission reductions will be developed from long term low carbon strategy Scope and coverage Gases: This emissions reduction target wasestimated based on baseline GHGs inventory for the three GHGs being CO2, CH4 and N2O. Sectors: Energy sector (mobile and stationary sources), Waste, and the Agriculture Methodological approaches The methodological approaches for estimating national GHGs emissions inventory involved standard IPCC approved methods. Consequently, calculations of GHGs emissions were based on the IPCC Guidelines. For other non-energy sectors such as waste and agriculture, IPCC spreadsheets were adopted and data was input to generate emissions statistics. The country used 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to estimate the CO2 equivalent totals.', 'The country used 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to estimate the CO2 equivalent totals. Market Mechanisms Botswana will use market mechanisms under the convention Adaptation As semi-arid country Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and places high priority on adaptation to reducing vulnerability. Botswana is developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Action Plan which will highlight all the priority areas including Climate Smart Agriculture which include techniques such as low to zero tillage, multi-cropping to increase mulching which reduce evapotranspiration and soil erosion. The development of the NAP calls for a broader stakeholder consultation so that the products of this process represent the views and aspirations of all the stakeholders and respond to their needs.', 'The development of the NAP calls for a broader stakeholder consultation so that the products of this process represent the views and aspirations of all the stakeholders and respond to their needs. The outcome of this process will be significant in guiding how the country responds to the development challenges across all sectors that are attributed to global warming and climate change. This will be informed by already exiting climate change information, socio-economic and development indicators, local experiences as well as existing policies, plans and institutional frameworks. National Adaptation Plan development is coordinated by Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, with support from the National Committee on Climate Change.', 'National Adaptation Plan development is coordinated by Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, with support from the National Committee on Climate Change. Means of implementation The Government of Botswana has been spending a significant portion of its national resources to adapt to the impacts of climate variability over the years. With climate variability intensifying in the future, the budget for adaptation measures could increase significantly as depicted under mitigation and adaptation.Mitigation for GHG emission reductions It is estimated that to achieve the set target of 15% GHG emission reduction by 2030, the country would require approximately USD18.4 billion. These funds will be allocated to energy and transport sector infrastructural developments which will contribute to emission reductions.', 'These funds will be allocated to energy and transport sector infrastructural developments which will contribute to emission reductions. Therefore, future activities need to be conducted on the following key issues: Identification of sources of funding for implementation of the mitigation measures Share of government and international contribution to support the mitigation measures An assessment of the impacts to the national economic growth for allocating national resources to mitigation measures Development of conducive legal framework to support 15% emission reductionsAnnex Climate change impacts Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change the assessment from the Second National Communication indicate that rainfall has been highly variable, spatially, inter and intra annual and that droughts in terms of rainfall deficits are most common in northern Botswana.', 'Therefore, future activities need to be conducted on the following key issues: Identification of sources of funding for implementation of the mitigation measures Share of government and international contribution to support the mitigation measures An assessment of the impacts to the national economic growth for allocating national resources to mitigation measures Development of conducive legal framework to support 15% emission reductionsAnnex Climate change impacts Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change the assessment from the Second National Communication indicate that rainfall has been highly variable, spatially, inter and intra annual and that droughts in terms of rainfall deficits are most common in northern Botswana. Extreme droughts based on low rainfall and soil conditions are most common in south-western Botswana and high rainfall events with risks of floods are most likely in north- eastern Botswana where several large dams are located in this area.', 'Extreme droughts based on low rainfall and soil conditions are most common in south-western Botswana and high rainfall events with risks of floods are most likely in north- eastern Botswana where several large dams are located in this area. Droughts are projected to increase in frequency and severity. Botswana is already witnessing impacts of climate change with constrained agricultural production, increasing food insecurity and increasing water stress, which will worsen with time, as projected. Prior to the Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which identified various adaptation measures, the Government of Botswana had initiated strategies to adapt to drought episodes which are cyclical in nature to reduce vulnerability.', 'Prior to the Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which identified various adaptation measures, the Government of Botswana had initiated strategies to adapt to drought episodes which are cyclical in nature to reduce vulnerability. Consequently, as climatic extreme events are cross-cutting and affecting all economic sectors, the government has adopted a strategy that encompasses all economic sectors with emphasis on the water, health and agriculture (crop and livestock) sectors. Botswana’s adaptation priorities Climate change adaptation framework in the country is guided and informed by the following documents: i. The Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ii. Sustainable Land Management iii.', 'The Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ii. Sustainable Land Management iii. National Water Master Plans In order to ensure that climate change adaptation measures are mainstreamed into national development planning and sectoral planning, the current environmental programmes and projects strategically entail climate change adaptation. For instance, planning within the water sector takes into cognisance the impacts of climate change. Other national initiatives exist such as the on-going Sustainable Land Management in Ngamiland and Central Districts which is aimed at enhancing resilience and reducing the vulnerability of communities to climate change.', 'Other national initiatives exist such as the on-going Sustainable Land Management in Ngamiland and Central Districts which is aimed at enhancing resilience and reducing the vulnerability of communities to climate change. The following adaptations actions are currently being implemented by the government nationally to help communities adapt to the impacts for climate change: Water Sector Construction of pipelines and connection to existing ones to transmit water to demand centres Reduce water loss during transmission by investing on telemetric monitoring systems Enhance conjunctive groundwater-surface water use Agriculture Improve genetic characteristics of the livestock breed such as Musi breed Improve livestock diet through supplementary feeding A switch to crops with the following traits: o Drought resistant, o Tolerant to high temperatures o Short maturity Health Public education and malaria campaigns Malaria Strategy Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases']

en-US

BRA

Brazil

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/BRAZIL%20iNDC%20english%20FINAL.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/be107139f85aeda8a9a3e8acd60a5138fa7fc8bc9de00108254f081ff291636d.pdf

['FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Pursuant to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil is pleased to communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) in the context of the negotiations of a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties. This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.', 'This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It is "intended" in the sense that it might be adjusted, as appropriate, before the ratification, acceptance or approval of the Paris agreement in light of provisions yet to be agreed under the ADP mandate. All policies, measures and actions to implement Brazil’s iNDC are carried out under the National Policy on Climate Change (Law 12,187/2009), the Law on the Protection of Native Forests (Law 12,651/2012, hereinafter referred as Forest Code), the Law on the National System of Conservation Units (Law 9,985/2000), related legislation, instruments and planning processes.', 'All policies, measures and actions to implement Brazil’s iNDC are carried out under the National Policy on Climate Change (Law 12,187/2009), the Law on the Protection of Native Forests (Law 12,651/2012, hereinafter referred as Forest Code), the Law on the National System of Conservation Units (Law 9,985/2000), related legislation, instruments and planning processes. The Government of Brazil is committed to implementing its iNDC with full respect to human rights, in particular rights of vulnerable communities, indigenous populations, traditional communities and workers in sectors affected by relevant policies and plans, while promoting gender-responsive measures. Brazil’s iNDC has a broad scope including mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, consistent with the contributions’ purpose to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention, pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 9 (Lima Call for Climate Action).', 'Brazil’s iNDC has a broad scope including mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, consistent with the contributions’ purpose to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention, pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 9 (Lima Call for Climate Action). MITIGATION: Contribution: Brazil intends to commit to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025.Subsequent indicative contribution: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels in 2030. Type: absolute target in relation to a base year. Coverage: 100% of the territory, economy-wide, including CO2, CH4, N2O, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and SF6. Reference point: 2005. Timeframe: single-year target for 2025; indicative values for 2030 for reference purposes only. Metric: 100 year Global Warming Potential (GWP-100), using IPCC AR5 values.', 'Metric: 100 year Global Warming Potential (GWP-100), using IPCC AR5 values. Methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: inventory based approach for estimating and accounting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines. This iNDC takes into account the role of conservation units and indigenous lands1 as forest managed areas, in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines on the estimation of emission removals.2 Use of markets: Brazil reserves its position in relation to the possible use of any market mechanisms that may be established under the Paris agreement.', 'This iNDC takes into account the role of conservation units and indigenous lands1 as forest managed areas, in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines on the estimation of emission removals.2 Use of markets: Brazil reserves its position in relation to the possible use of any market mechanisms that may be established under the Paris agreement. Brazil emphasizes that any transfer of units resulting from mitigation outcomes achieved in the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the Federal Government. Brazil will not recognize the use by other Parties of any units resulting from mitigation outcomes achieved in the Brazilian territory that have been acquired through any mechanism, instrument or arrangement established outside the Convention, its Kyoto Protocol or its Paris agreement.', 'Brazil will not recognize the use by other Parties of any units resulting from mitigation outcomes achieved in the Brazilian territory that have been acquired through any mechanism, instrument or arrangement established outside the Convention, its Kyoto Protocol or its Paris agreement. ADAPTATION UNDERTAKINGS Brazil considers adaptation to be a fundamental element of the global effort to tackle climate change and its effects. The implementation of policies and measures to adapt to climate change contributes to building resilience of populations, ecosystems, infrastructure and production systems, by reducing vulnerability and through the provision of ecosystem services. 1 “Conservation units” refers here only to federal and state level protected areas; “indigenous lands” refers to areas at the minimum in the “delimited” stage in the demarcation processes.', '1 “Conservation units” refers here only to federal and state level protected areas; “indigenous lands” refers to areas at the minimum in the “delimited” stage in the demarcation processes. Even without the role of these managed areas, Brazil’s contribution would still represent a reduction of 31% in 2025 and 37% in 2030 in relation to 2005 levels (GWP-100; IPCC AR5). 2 Brazil’s Initial National Communication, prior to the applicability of current guidelines, did not consider removals from conservation units and indigenous lands. Such an approach, however, would not be compatible with current guidelines, nor comparable to other Parties’ contributions. Disregarding these removals compromised the comparability of the Brazilian initial inventory with other Parties’ inventories.', 'Disregarding these removals compromised the comparability of the Brazilian initial inventory with other Parties’ inventories. Brazil’s Second National Communication revised this approach.The social dimension is at the core of Brazil s adaptation strategy, bearing in mind the need to protect vulnerable populations from the negative effects of climate change and enhance resilience. In this context, Brazil is working on the design of new public policies, through its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), in its final elaboration phase. The strong involvement of stakeholders, at all levels, will contribute to the formulation and implementation of Brazil s NAP. The NAP aims to implement knowledge management systems, to promote research and technology development for adaptation, to develop processes and tools in support of adaptation actions and strategies, at different levels of government.', 'The NAP aims to implement knowledge management systems, to promote research and technology development for adaptation, to develop processes and tools in support of adaptation actions and strategies, at different levels of government. Brazil is a developing country that experienced a fast urbanization process. In this context, risk areas, housing, basic infrastructure, especially in the areas of health, sanitation and transportation, constitute key areas for adaptation policies. The Government of Brazil gives particular attention to the poorest populations, in terms of improving their housing and living conditions, bolstering their capacity to withstand the effects of severe climate events. Brazil already monitors extreme rainfall events for 888 municipalities and has in place an early warning system and action plans to respond to natural disasters.', 'Brazil already monitors extreme rainfall events for 888 municipalities and has in place an early warning system and action plans to respond to natural disasters. It should be further noted that Brazil seeks to enhance its national capacity in water security (National Water Security Plan) and conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (National Strategic Plan for Protected Areas, as well as the implementation of the Forest Code, particularly concerning protected areas). The National Adaptation Plan will provide a basis for Brazil to strengthen the country s adaptation capacity, assess climate risks and manage vulnerabilities at the national, state and municipal levels.', 'The National Adaptation Plan will provide a basis for Brazil to strengthen the country s adaptation capacity, assess climate risks and manage vulnerabilities at the national, state and municipal levels. Through the NAP, Brazil s vision for its adaptation undertakings is to integrate, where appropriate, vulnerabilities and climate risk management into public policies and strategies, as well as to enhance the coherence of national and local development strategies with adaptation measures. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: Clarification on the extent to which the contribution is dependent upon international support This iNDC is presented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, particularly Article 4, paragraphs 1 and 7, and Article 12, paragraphs 1(b) and 4.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION: Clarification on the extent to which the contribution is dependent upon international support This iNDC is presented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, particularly Article 4, paragraphs 1 and 7, and Article 12, paragraphs 1(b) and 4. Accordingly, the policies, measures and actions to achieve this contribution will be implemented without prejudice to the use of the financial mechanism of the Convention or of any other modalities of international cooperation and support, with a view to enhance effectiveness and/or anticipate implementation.', 'Accordingly, the policies, measures and actions to achieve this contribution will be implemented without prejudice to the use of the financial mechanism of the Convention or of any other modalities of international cooperation and support, with a view to enhance effectiveness and/or anticipate implementation. The implementation of Brazil’s iNDC is not contingent upon international support, yet it welcomes support from developed countries with a view to generate global benefits.Additional actions would demand large-scale increase of international support and investment flows, as well as technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer.', 'The implementation of Brazil’s iNDC is not contingent upon international support, yet it welcomes support from developed countries with a view to generate global benefits.Additional actions would demand large-scale increase of international support and investment flows, as well as technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer. Specifically concerning the forest sector, the implementation of REDD+ activities and the permanence of results achieved require the provision, on a continuous basis, of adequate and predictable results-based payments in accordance with the relevant COP South-South initiatives Recognizing the complementary role of South-South cooperation, on the basis of solidarity and common sustainable development priorities, Brazil will undertake best efforts to enhance cooperation initiatives with other developing countries, particularly in the areas of: forest monitoring systems; biofuels capacity-building and technology transfer; low carbon and resilient agriculture; restoration and reforestation activities; management of protected areas; increased resilience through social inclusion and protection programmes; capacity building for national communications and other obligations under the Convention, in particular to Portuguese speaking countries.', 'Specifically concerning the forest sector, the implementation of REDD+ activities and the permanence of results achieved require the provision, on a continuous basis, of adequate and predictable results-based payments in accordance with the relevant COP South-South initiatives Recognizing the complementary role of South-South cooperation, on the basis of solidarity and common sustainable development priorities, Brazil will undertake best efforts to enhance cooperation initiatives with other developing countries, particularly in the areas of: forest monitoring systems; biofuels capacity-building and technology transfer; low carbon and resilient agriculture; restoration and reforestation activities; management of protected areas; increased resilience through social inclusion and protection programmes; capacity building for national communications and other obligations under the Convention, in particular to Portuguese speaking countries. Brazil invites developed country Parties and relevant international organizations to further support such initiatives.', 'Brazil invites developed country Parties and relevant international organizations to further support such initiatives. 3 Recalling that the submission of forest reference emission levels and their corresponding REDD+ results are in the context of results-based payments, in accordance with decisions 13/CP.19 and 14/CP.19. See also documents FCCC/TAR/2014/BRA and FCCC/SBI/ICA/2015/TATR.1/BRA.FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE INDC FOR CLARIFICATION PURPOSES ONLY Brazil’s iNDC is economy wide and therefore is based on flexible pathways to achieve the 2025 and the 2030 objectives. In that sense, this additional information is meant to be for clarification purposes only.', 'In that sense, this additional information is meant to be for clarification purposes only. LONG TERM ASPIRATION Consistent with the long-term vision of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, Brazil will strive for a transition towards energy systems based on renewable sources and the decarbonization of the global economy by the end of the century, in the context of sustainable development and access to the financial and technological means necessary for this transition. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Brazil is a developing country with several challenges regarding poverty eradication1, education, public health, employment, housing, infrastructure and energy access.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Brazil is a developing country with several challenges regarding poverty eradication1, education, public health, employment, housing, infrastructure and energy access. In spite of these challenges, Brazil’s current actions in the global effort against climate change represent one of the largest undertakings by any single country to date, having reduced its emissions by 41% (GWP-100; IPCC SAR) in 2012 in relation to 2005 levels.2 Brazil is nevertheless willing to further enhance its contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention, in the context of sustainable development. Brazil’s iNDC represents a progression in relation to its current undertakings, in both the type and levels of ambition, while recognizing that emissions will grow to meet social and development needs.', 'Brazil’s iNDC represents a progression in relation to its current undertakings, in both the type and levels of ambition, while recognizing that emissions will grow to meet social and development needs. By adopting an economy-wide, absolute mitigation target, Brazil will follow a more stringent modality of contribution, compared to its voluntary actions pre-2020. This contribution is consistent with emission levels of 1.3 GtCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 1 Brazil has 15.5 million people living below the poverty line, of which 6.2 million live in extreme poverty (2013). Source: MDS. Data Social 2.0. Available at accessed on 24 September 2015. 2 Source: MCTI. Estimativas anuais de emissões de gases de efeito estufa no Brasil. Second edition (2014).', 'Estimativas anuais de emissões de gases de efeito estufa no Brasil. Second edition (2014). Available at 100; IPCC AR5) in 2005. In relation to Brazil’s existing national voluntary commitment, which aims to achieve gross emissions3 of approximately 2 GtCO2e4 in 2020, this iNDC represents an additional gross reduction of approximately 19% in 2025. Furthermore, this contribution is consistent with reductions of 6% in 2025 and 16% in 2030 below 1990 levels (1.4 GtCO2e GWP-100; IPCC AR5).', 'Furthermore, this contribution is consistent with reductions of 6% in 2025 and 16% in 2030 below 1990 levels (1.4 GtCO2e GWP-100; IPCC AR5). Brazil’s iNDC corresponds to an estimated reduction of 66% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (emissions intensity5) in 2025 and of 75% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, both in relation to 2005.6 In the period 2004-2012, Brazil s GDP increased by 32%, while emissions dropped 52% (GWP-100; IPCC AR5), delinking economic growth from emission increase over the period, while at the same time Brazil lifted more than 23 million people out of poverty.7 Per capita emissions decreased from 14.4 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2004 to an estimated 6.5 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2012.', 'Brazil’s iNDC corresponds to an estimated reduction of 66% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (emissions intensity5) in 2025 and of 75% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, both in relation to 2005.6 In the period 2004-2012, Brazil s GDP increased by 32%, while emissions dropped 52% (GWP-100; IPCC AR5), delinking economic growth from emission increase over the period, while at the same time Brazil lifted more than 23 million people out of poverty.7 Per capita emissions decreased from 14.4 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2004 to an estimated 6.5 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2012. At this 2012 level, Brazil s per capita emissions are already equivalent to what some developed countries have considered fair and ambitious for their average per capita emissions by 2030.', 'At this 2012 level, Brazil s per capita emissions are already equivalent to what some developed countries have considered fair and ambitious for their average per capita emissions by 2030. Brazil s per capita emissions will decline further to an estimated 6.2 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2025 and 5.4 tCO2e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2030 under this contribution. Brazil will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the context of continued population8 and GDP growth, as well as income per capita increase, making therefore this contribution unequivocally very ambitious. Brazil s mitigation actions to implement this contribution, including its current undertakings, are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in light of IPCC scenarios and national circumstances.', 'Brazil s mitigation actions to implement this contribution, including its current undertakings, are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in light of IPCC scenarios and national circumstances. According to the IPCC9, global scenarios consistent with a likely chance to keep temperature change below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels are characterized, inter alia, by: i) sustainable use of bioenergy; ii) large-scale measures relating to land use change and forests; 3 Not considering removals. e, which represents a reduction between 36.1% and 38.9% below the projected business as usual emissions in 2020, as established by the Decree 7,390/2010 – assuming GWP-100 (IPCC SAR). ). 6 Source of GDP 2005: Ipeadata. Available at accessed on 2 September 2015. Source of estimated GDP 2025 and 2030: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE).', 'Source of estimated GDP 2025 and 2030: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE). Nota Técnica DEA 12/14: Cenário econômico 2050. August 2014. 7 Sources for emission reductions: MCTI (op.cit.). Source for GDP: Ipeadata (op.cit.). Source for data on poverty: MDS (op.cit.). 8 Brazil s population is projected to continue to grow until the 2040’s, to approximately 230 million inhabitants. Source: IBGE. Projeção da População do Brasil por sexo e idade: 2000-2060. August 2013. Available at', 'In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. SPM 4.1, pp. 10- 12.iii) tripling to nearly quadrupling the share of zero- and low-carbon energy supply globally by the year 2050. In this context, Brazil already has one of the largest and most successful biofuel programs to date, including cogeneration of electricity using biomass.', 'In this context, Brazil already has one of the largest and most successful biofuel programs to date, including cogeneration of electricity using biomass. Brazil has achieved the most impressive results of any country in reducing emissions from deforestation, mainly by reducing the deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazonia by 82% between 2004 and 2014. Brazil’s energy mix today consists of 40% of renewables (75% of renewables in its electricity supply), which amounts to three times the world average in renewables, and more than four times the OECD average.10 This already qualifies Brazil as a low carbon economy.', 'Brazil’s energy mix today consists of 40% of renewables (75% of renewables in its electricity supply), which amounts to three times the world average in renewables, and more than four times the OECD average.10 This already qualifies Brazil as a low carbon economy. Brazil intends to adopt further measures that are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in particular: i) increasing the share of sustainable biofuels in the Brazilian energy mix to approximately 18% by 2030, by expanding biofuel consumption, increasing ethanol supply, including by increasing the share of advanced biofuels (second generation), and increasing the share of biodiesel in the diesel mix; ii) in land use change and forests: - strengthening and enforcing the implementation of the Forest Code, at federal, state and municipal levels; - strengthening policies and measures with a view to achieve, in the Brazilian Amazonia, zero illegal deforestation by 2030 and compensating for greenhouse gas emissions from legal suppression of vegetation by 2030; - restoring and reforesting 12 million hectares of forests by 2030, for multiple purposes; - enhancing sustainable native forest management systems, through georeferencing and tracking systems applicable to native forest management, with a view to curbing illegal and unsustainable practices; iii) in the energy sector, achieving 45% of renewables in the energy mix by 2030, including: - expanding the use of renewable energy sources other than hydropower in the total energy mix to between 28% and 33% by 2030; - expanding the use of non-fossil fuel energy sources domestically, increasing the share of renewables (other than hydropower) in the power supply to at least 23% by 2030, including by raising the share of wind, biomass and solar; - achieving 10% efficiency gains in the electricity sector by 2030.', 'Brazil intends to adopt further measures that are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in particular: i) increasing the share of sustainable biofuels in the Brazilian energy mix to approximately 18% by 2030, by expanding biofuel consumption, increasing ethanol supply, including by increasing the share of advanced biofuels (second generation), and increasing the share of biodiesel in the diesel mix; ii) in land use change and forests: - strengthening and enforcing the implementation of the Forest Code, at federal, state and municipal levels; - strengthening policies and measures with a view to achieve, in the Brazilian Amazonia, zero illegal deforestation by 2030 and compensating for greenhouse gas emissions from legal suppression of vegetation by 2030; - restoring and reforesting 12 million hectares of forests by 2030, for multiple purposes; - enhancing sustainable native forest management systems, through georeferencing and tracking systems applicable to native forest management, with a view to curbing illegal and unsustainable practices; iii) in the energy sector, achieving 45% of renewables in the energy mix by 2030, including: - expanding the use of renewable energy sources other than hydropower in the total energy mix to between 28% and 33% by 2030; - expanding the use of non-fossil fuel energy sources domestically, increasing the share of renewables (other than hydropower) in the power supply to at least 23% by 2030, including by raising the share of wind, biomass and solar; - achieving 10% efficiency gains in the electricity sector by 2030. In addition, Brazil also intends to: iv) in the agriculture sector, strengthen the Low Carbon Emission Agriculture Program (ABC) as the main strategy for sustainable agriculture development, including by restoring an additional 15 million hectares of 10 Sources: EPE.', 'In addition, Brazil also intends to: iv) in the agriculture sector, strengthen the Low Carbon Emission Agriculture Program (ABC) as the main strategy for sustainable agriculture development, including by restoring an additional 15 million hectares of 10 Sources: EPE. Balanço Energético Nacional. Available at accessed on 2 September 2015. OECD (2015), Renewable energy (indicator). doi: 10.1787/aac7c3f1-en. Available at energy.htm, accessed on 2 September 2015.degraded pasturelands by 2030 and enhancing 5 million hectares of integrated cropland-livestock-forestry systems (ICLFS) by 2030; v) in the industry sector, promote new standards of clean technology and further enhance energy efficiency measures and low carbon infrastructure; vi) in the transportation sector, further promote efficiency measures, and improve infrastructure for transport and public transportation in urban areas.', 'Available at energy.htm, accessed on 2 September 2015.degraded pasturelands by 2030 and enhancing 5 million hectares of integrated cropland-livestock-forestry systems (ICLFS) by 2030; v) in the industry sector, promote new standards of clean technology and further enhance energy efficiency measures and low carbon infrastructure; vi) in the transportation sector, further promote efficiency measures, and improve infrastructure for transport and public transportation in urban areas. Brazil recognizes the importance of the engagement of local governments and of their efforts in combating climate change. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE POTENTIAL (GTP) METRIC Brazil notes that, according to the IPCC, "the most appropriate metric and time horizon will depend on which aspects of climate change are considered most important to a particular application.', 'GLOBAL TEMPERATURE POTENTIAL (GTP) METRIC Brazil notes that, according to the IPCC, "the most appropriate metric and time horizon will depend on which aspects of climate change are considered most important to a particular application. No single metric can accurately compare all consequences of different emissions, and all have limitations and uncertainties".11 The IPCC also states that the Global Temperature Potential (GTP) metric is better suited to target-based policies, while the GWP metric is not directly related to a temperature limit such as the 2°C target.12 Taking this into account, the GTP metric is the most consistent with contributions to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre- industrial levels.', 'No single metric can accurately compare all consequences of different emissions, and all have limitations and uncertainties".11 The IPCC also states that the Global Temperature Potential (GTP) metric is better suited to target-based policies, while the GWP metric is not directly related to a temperature limit such as the 2°C target.12 Taking this into account, the GTP metric is the most consistent with contributions to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre- industrial levels. With a view to assuring full transparency, clarity and understanding, Brazil decided to communicate this iNDC using GWP-100 (IPCC AR5), prior to COP-21. Consistent with the 2°C temperature goal and in light of science, Brazil is providing estimates to correspond to GTP-100, with IPCC AR5 values.', 'Consistent with the 2°C temperature goal and in light of science, Brazil is providing estimates to correspond to GTP-100, with IPCC AR5 values. Brazil’s iNDC is consistent with emission levels of 1.0 GtCO2e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5) in and 52%, respectively, compared to estimated emission levels of 1.7 GtCO2e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2005. These reductions translate to reductions of 37% and 43% when expressed in GWP-100 (IPCC AR5). 11 IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].', 'Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. SPM D.2 p.15. 12 See Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. pp.', 'Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. pp. 710-720. See also Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, L.V. Alexander, S.K. Allen, N.L. Bindoff, F.-M. Bréon, J.A. Church, U. Cubasch, S. Emori, P. Forster, P. Friedlingstein, N. Gillett, J.M. Gregory, D.L. Hartmann, E. Jansen, B. Kirtman, R. Knutti, K. Krishna Kumar, P. Lemke, J. Marotzke, V. Masson-Delmotte, G.A. Meehl, I.I. Mokhov, S. Piao, V. Ramaswamy, D. Randall, M. Rhein, M. Rojas, C. Sabine, D. Shindell, L.D. Talley, D.G. Vaughan and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K.', 'Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. pp. 58-59.The corresponding estimates on greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (emissions intensity13) contained in this iNDC, using GTP-100 (IPCC AR5), are as follows: Compared to 2005, the estimated reduction in terms of emissions intensity in 2025 is 70% and in 2030 is 79%. This iNDC represents a substantial reduction of 48% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, compared to 2012 estimates.', 'This iNDC represents a substantial reduction of 48% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, compared to 2012 estimates. In the period 2004-2012, Brazil s GDP increased by 32%, while emission levels dropped 61% (GTP-100; IPCC AR5). Finally, adopting GTP-100 (IPCC AR5), estimates of per capita emissions are as follows: Per capita emissions decreased from 11.9 tCO2e in 2004 to an estimated 4.3 tCO2e in 2012. Brazil s per capita emissions will decline further to an estimated 4.4 tCO2e in 2025 and to 3.7 tCO2e in 2030 under this iNDC.', 'Brazil s per capita emissions will decline further to an estimated 4.4 tCO2e in 2025 and to 3.7 tCO2e in 2030 under this iNDC. The contrast between GTP and GWP estimates sheds light on the importance, for analysis and policy making, of recognizing the predominant role of CO2 emissions in temperature increase, thus avoiding overestimating of the effects of non-CO2 greenhouse gases with shorter lifetimes in the atmosphere, in particular methane. HISTORICAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND EQUITY Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions since the industrial revolution (the post-1750 period). Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two centuries.', 'Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two centuries. Similarly, current human activities around the world will affect the climate system over the next centuries. In order to build a fair and equitable global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to link cause (net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) and effect (temperature increase and global climate change). The global mean surface temperature increase due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'The global mean surface temperature increase due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The specific and relative role of each actor’s emissions to global climate change can be determined using the global mean surface temperature as an indicator. Each individual actor’s contribution to temperature increase should take into consideration differences in terms of starting points, approaches, economic structures, resource bases, the need to maintain sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances. Establishing the series, in all sectors, of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks allows the estimation of the relative share of total ).temperature increase attributable to an individual country.', 'Establishing the series, in all sectors, of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks allows the estimation of the relative share of total ).temperature increase attributable to an individual country. The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the global mean surface temperature increase can be estimated with a high level of confidence. Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure to evaluate responsibility in the global effort to limit temperature increase to 2°C compared to pre- industrial levels. Brazil´s mitigation efforts are of a type, scope and scale at least equivalent to the iNDCs of those developed countries most responsible for climate change.', 'Brazil´s mitigation efforts are of a type, scope and scale at least equivalent to the iNDCs of those developed countries most responsible for climate change. In view of the above, and based on available tools, it is evident that Brazil’s iNDC, while consistent with its national circumstances and capabilities, is far more ambitious than what would correspond to Brazil´s marginal relative responsibility for the global average temperature increase.']

en-US

BRA

Brazil

Updated NDC

2022-04-07 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated%20-%20First%20NDC%20-%20%20FINAL%20-%20PDF.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

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../data/downloaded_documents/b247e08813a498bba036dab9a5feec57c72b4d5d618d27b80282f6b7be38ae68.pdf

['FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL Paris Agreement NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) The government of the Federative Republic of Brazil is pleased to communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), updated in the context of the Glasgow Climate Pact, which was adopted by the Parties to the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement during the 26th Conference of the Parties. Through this communication, Brazil confirms its commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 by 37%, compared with 2005. Additionally, Brazil commits to reduce its emissions in 2030 by 50%, compared with 2005. Brazil´s commitments also include a long-term objective to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.', 'Brazil´s commitments also include a long-term objective to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Brazil’s updated NDC is broad in scope and includes a consideration of means of implementation and the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in all economic sectors. This contribution is communicated under the assumption that the implementation of the Paris Agreement fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common, but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. As a developing country, Brazil´s historical contribution to the global problem of climate change has been small.', 'As a developing country, Brazil´s historical contribution to the global problem of climate change has been small. This NDC therefore largely exceeds the level of ambition expected of a country with a small historical responsibility for the increase in the global mean surface temperature resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.Annex Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brazil’s NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s): The reference year for Brazil’s NDC is 2005.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s): The reference year for Brazil’s NDC is 2005. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year: The quantification of the reference indicator is based on the total net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the reference year of 2005 reported in the “National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol”.', '(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year: The quantification of the reference indicator is based on the total net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the reference year of 2005 reported in the “National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol”. Brazil will adopt the latest National Inventory Report available and submitted to the UNFCCC by the time of the assessment of the results of the NDC.', 'Brazil will adopt the latest National Inventory Report available and submitted to the UNFCCC by the time of the assessment of the results of the NDC. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information: Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025, and by 50% below 2005 levels in 2030.', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025, and by 50% below 2005 levels in 2030. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s): National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: Information on emissions in 2005 and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories. 2.', '(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: Information on emissions in 2005 and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA): Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2025 to 31/12/2025.Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2030 to 31/12/2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable: Single-year targets in 2025 and 2030. 3.', '(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable: Single-year targets in 2025 and 2030. 3. Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target: Economy-wide absolute targets, consistent with the sectors present in the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2025 and 2030, always compared with 2005. The targets will be translated into policies and measures to be detailed and implemented by the Brazilian Federal government. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', '(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/ The same gases previously indicated in the 2015 iNDC have been kept.', '(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/ The same gases previously indicated in the 2015 iNDC have been kept. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans: As a developing country, Brazil faces the challenge of contributing to the global efforts to mitigate emissions, according to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and at the same time implement adaptation actions to cope with the impacts of climate change in its territory.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans: As a developing country, Brazil faces the challenge of contributing to the global efforts to mitigate emissions, according to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and at the same time implement adaptation actions to cope with the impacts of climate change in its territory. According to the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC, published in August 2021, parts of South America, including the Brazilian territory, will experience an increase in temperature that is above the global average, which will lead to the worsening of agricultural and ecological droughts and to the increase in the frequency of extreme climate events.', 'According to the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC, published in August 2021, parts of South America, including the Brazilian territory, will experience an increase in temperature that is above the global average, which will lead to the worsening of agricultural and ecological droughts and to the increase in the frequency of extreme climate events. The IPCC findings are aligned with studies also carried out in Brazil and reported in its 4th National Communication to the UNFCCC, which states that “Brazil´s climate is changing, especially the frequency of extreme precipitation events that occur with greater intensity, just like the variability of temperatures and precipitation also seem to suffer important changes”.', 'The IPCC findings are aligned with studies also carried out in Brazil and reported in its 4th National Communication to the UNFCCC, which states that “Brazil´s climate is changing, especially the frequency of extreme precipitation events that occur with greater intensity, just like the variability of temperatures and precipitation also seem to suffer important changes”. Adaptation actions implemented in the context of this NDC will aim at reducing vulnerability in terms of water, energy, food, social and environmental security, thus potentially generating synergies with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and enhancing social and productive benefits.', 'Adaptation actions implemented in the context of this NDC will aim at reducing vulnerability in terms of water, energy, food, social and environmental security, thus potentially generating synergies with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and enhancing social and productive benefits. Based on the second cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), adaptation measures in Brazil will aim at strengthening the management of water resources, thediversification of energy sources, the development of adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector with a view to ensuring food security, as well as adaptation plans for the urban landscape in Brazil to ensure the resilience of the population and infrastructure. Adaptation policies will be based on the best available science regarding climate change and national circumstances.', 'Adaptation policies will be based on the best available science regarding climate change and national circumstances. The AdaptaBrasil system, developed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) to consolidate and provide information to better understand the impacts of climate change in Brazil, including impacts projected into the future, is the scientific basis upon which national policies will be developed. The tool is maintained through the cooperative efforts of the MCTI, the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) and the National Network for Research and Teaching (RNP).', 'The tool is maintained through the cooperative efforts of the MCTI, the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) and the National Network for Research and Teaching (RNP). To complement the national efforts on adaptation, the federal government will also support subnational entities in their planning efforts by promoting scientific knowledge of adaptation to climate change and mainstreaming the subject into sectoral plans, as well as incorporating resilience criteria into policies and strategic plans . 4.', 'To complement the national efforts on adaptation, the federal government will also support subnational entities in their planning efforts by promoting scientific knowledge of adaptation to climate change and mainstreaming the subject into sectoral plans, as well as incorporating resilience criteria into policies and strategic plans . 4. Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner: At the governmental level, the Interministerial Committee on Climate Change and Green Growth, instituted by decree 10.845, of 25 October 2021, sets the institutional framework for the elaboration and implementation of public policies on climate change.', 'Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner: At the governmental level, the Interministerial Committee on Climate Change and Green Growth, instituted by decree 10.845, of 25 October 2021, sets the institutional framework for the elaboration and implementation of public policies on climate change. The institutional dialogue between the Brazilian government and civil society takes place through the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, instituted by decree 9.082, of 26 June 2017.', 'The institutional dialogue between the Brazilian government and civil society takes place through the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, instituted by decree 9.082, of 26 June 2017. The forum aims at raising “awareness and mobilize society and to contribute to the discussion of actions needed to deal with global climate change, in accordance with the National Policy on Climate Change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its resulting international agreements, including the Paris Agreement and Brazil’s Nationally Determined Contributions”. Articles 5, 231, and 232 of the Brazilian Constitution establish ample rights and guarantees for all Brazilian citizens, paying due attention to the special needs of women and indigenous peoples. Brazil is also a party to the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.', 'Brazil is also a party to the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication: In line with Article 7, paragraph 11, of the Paris Agreement, the adaptation component of this NDC is also the first communication on adaptation presented by Brazil.With a territory of over 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil has equatorial, tropical, and subtropical climates with rainfall levels that range from 500 mm to 2,000 mm per year, as well as six biomes, namely the Cerrado (savannah), the Amazon (equatorial rainforest), the Caatinga (semi-arid), the Atlantic Forest (tropical rainforest), the Pantanal (seasonal wetlands), and the Pampa (subtropical grasslands).', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication: In line with Article 7, paragraph 11, of the Paris Agreement, the adaptation component of this NDC is also the first communication on adaptation presented by Brazil.With a territory of over 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil has equatorial, tropical, and subtropical climates with rainfall levels that range from 500 mm to 2,000 mm per year, as well as six biomes, namely the Cerrado (savannah), the Amazon (equatorial rainforest), the Caatinga (semi-arid), the Atlantic Forest (tropical rainforest), the Pantanal (seasonal wetlands), and the Pampa (subtropical grasslands). All of the six Brazilian biomes will suffer from the negative impacts of climate change, which will require the federal government to consider specific policies and measures to address their particularities when implementing this NDC.', 'All of the six Brazilian biomes will suffer from the negative impacts of climate change, which will require the federal government to consider specific policies and measures to address their particularities when implementing this NDC. Brazil has also signed all major multilateral environmental treaties and has enacted a wide range of laws and public policies regarding sustainable development. It has also worked to implement policies aimed at fighting poverty and reducing vulnerabilities in areas such as health, education, social security and minimum income. Brazil currently ranks 84th among 188 countries in the latest United Nations Human Development Index ranking. Brazilian figures regarding social development point to the need to ensure economic growth while promoting improvements in the life standards of its population.', 'Brazilian figures regarding social development point to the need to ensure economic growth while promoting improvements in the life standards of its population. In 2020, the Brazilian population was 212.6 million, and national authorities project positive growth rates until 2050, when the country´s population might reach 230 million. Approximately 85% of the Brazilian population lives in urban areas, hence the urgent need for the government to implement specific policies and measures to ensure adequate conditions of sanitation and subsistence. Such concerns must be part of the implementation efforts of this NDC. The agricultural sector plays a key role in the Brazilian economy and its pursuit of sustainable development.', 'The agricultural sector plays a key role in the Brazilian economy and its pursuit of sustainable development. An increase in the global temperature interferes with the water levels and rainfall patterns in the different biomes, which, in turn, has the potential to harm the current levels of productivity and employment. Therefore, the Brazilian government considers it to be of the utmost importance to implement adaptation actions in this sector to tackle the perverse effects of climate change. The Brazilian electric sector is among those with the highest share of renewable sources in its mix, which is largely due to the employment of hydropower.', 'The Brazilian electric sector is among those with the highest share of renewable sources in its mix, which is largely due to the employment of hydropower. The negative impacts of climate change, including droughts and decreases in water levels, are taken into account by the federal government in the process of planning for mitigation and action to tackle climate change in the country. b.', 'The negative impacts of climate change, including droughts and decreases in water levels, are taken into account by the federal government in the process of planning for mitigation and action to tackle climate change in the country. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution: The current Brazilian NDC is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), submitted to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change in 2015, and the updated NDC, of 9 December 2020. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement:(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution: The current Brazilian NDC is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), submitted to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change in 2015, and the updated NDC, of 9 December 2020. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement:(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable Not applicable.', '(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable Not applicable. d. Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution: Not applicable.', 'd. Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution: Not applicable. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries: The need to plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change has motivated Brazil to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2016, with the aim of promoting “the reduction and management of climate risks considering the effects of climate change, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change”.', '(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries: The need to plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change has motivated Brazil to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2016, with the aim of promoting “the reduction and management of climate risks considering the effects of climate change, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change”. The NAP involves four-year cycles for its implementation and a review exercise in the last year of each cycle.', 'The NAP involves four-year cycles for its implementation and a review exercise in the last year of each cycle. The first implementation period lasted from 2016 to 2020. The NAP includes 55 types of policies, plans and programs of the federal government for different sectors, with a view to broadening the coherence, efficiency and synergies of adaptation strategies among public policies and in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first implementation period reached its goal to improve existing knowledge regarding the reduction and management of climate risks, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change.', 'The first implementation period reached its goal to improve existing knowledge regarding the reduction and management of climate risks, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change. The second cycle will contribute to the implementation strategy of the Brazilian NDC by the federal government.5.', 'The second cycle will contribute to the implementation strategy of the Brazilian NDC by the federal government.5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: Brazil will update its national inventories for the historical series based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or any subsequent guidelines that may come to replace them.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: Brazil will update its national inventories for the historical series based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or any subsequent guidelines that may come to replace them. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution: Brazil will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs).', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution: Brazil will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs). (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate: See 5 (a) above. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: Emissions of gases covered by Brazil’s NDC will be calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: Emissions of gases covered by Brazil’s NDC will be calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The methodological tier to be employed will depend on the availability of data in the different sectors. Brazil will make an effort to apply at least tier 2 methodologies for the key categories identified. Emissions of the covered gases will be aggregated in terms of the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP-100), on the basis of the values stipulated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, or 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values subsequently determined by the IPCC, as agreed by the CMA.', 'Emissions of the covered gases will be aggregated in terms of the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP-100), on the basis of the values stipulated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, or 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values subsequently determined by the IPCC, as agreed by the CMA. Consistent with Decision 18/CMA.1, Brazil will also continue to employ the global temperature potential (GTP), which is a more accurate metric for assessing the contribution of different gases to climate change. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands: This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands: This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products: Brazil will use the production approach, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests: This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests: This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used: Brazil has not used any other assumptions or methodological approaches. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse- gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable: Not applicable.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse- gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable: Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated: Not applicable. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary: Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable: Brazil will strive to achieve its NDC through domestic measures to be coordinated and implemented by the federal government. The Brazilian government does not rule out the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), as defined in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, to complement national efforts in the achievement of the Brazilian NDC.', 'The Brazilian government does not rule out the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), as defined in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, to complement national efforts in the achievement of the Brazilian NDC. Brazil can also consider the possibility of transferring international mitigation outcomes generated within the national territory. Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes obtained within the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the federal government, in accordance with the terms and conditions, including legislation, to be nationally developed to that end. 6.', 'Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes obtained within the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the federal government, in accordance with the terms and conditions, including legislation, to be nationally developed to that end. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: Brazil is a developing country and, as such, struggles with challenges associated with poverty eradication, the need to improve its development indexes in areas that include education, public health, employment rates, housing and social inclusion.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: Brazil is a developing country and, as such, struggles with challenges associated with poverty eradication, the need to improve its development indexes in areas that include education, public health, employment rates, housing and social inclusion. In spite of its challenges, Brazil has contributed greatly with the global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, thus proving that it is possible to decouple economic growth and emissions.', 'In spite of its challenges, Brazil has contributed greatly with the global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, thus proving that it is possible to decouple economic growth and emissions. In the pre-2020 period, the Brazilian government has voluntarily committed to implementing sectoral initiatives that taken together could reduce the projection of Brazilian emissions by 36.1-38.9% in 2020. In most of these sectors, Brazil has exceeded its expectations, having substantially increased the share of renewable sources in its energy mix and almost doubled the restored area of degraded lands. In spite of current challenges and progress achieved so far, the Brazilian government also worked to update its NDC, in December 2020, with a view to raise its level of ambition.', 'In spite of current challenges and progress achieved so far, the Brazilian government also worked to update its NDC, in December 2020, with a view to raise its level of ambition. In light of the agreement embodied in the Glasgow Climate Pact, Brazil has now once again updated its NDC, to further increase its levels of ambition. The Brazilian NDC is one of the most ambitious in the world. Besides its targets, Brazil is one of the few countries that adopted a commitment for 2025 as well as 2030, which will provide for a better monitoring of the mitigation efforts throughout the decade. Brazil therefore understands that it is making an important contribution to international efforts to combat climate change in both absolute and relative terms.', 'Brazil therefore understands that it is making an important contribution to international efforts to combat climate change in both absolute and relative terms. Currently, 30% of the Brazilian territory is covered by protected areas, such as conservation units and indigenous lands. Brazilian environmental laws are among the most advanced in the world, given that they require landowners to preserve 20-80% of their lands and that they establish additional protective measures for fragile ecosystems. Together with the protected areas established under the Brazilian Forest Code, approximately 50-60% of the Brazilian territory is under some kind of protection. Despite this, the Brazilian government has chosen to go even beyond already existing laws and policies and commit to eliminating illegal deforestation by 2028.', 'Despite this, the Brazilian government has chosen to go even beyond already existing laws and policies and commit to eliminating illegal deforestation by 2028. Still regarding the land use sector, the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC Plan) has already channeled R$ 17 billion to implement a vast range of mitigation measures, which include recovering degraded lands, projects of nitrogen fixation, increased accumulation of organic matter (carbon) in the soil, no-till farming, the integration of forest, crops and cattle breeding, agroforestry and forest planting. By 2020, the ABC Plan had exceeded its goals by 155%, and is to be continued, from 2020 to 2030, through the Sectoral Adaptation Plan for a Low Carbon Agriculture for Sustainable Development (Plan ABC+).', 'By 2020, the ABC Plan had exceeded its goals by 155%, and is to be continued, from 2020 to 2030, through the Sectoral Adaptation Plan for a Low Carbon Agriculture for Sustainable Development (Plan ABC+). It is a key policy among Brazilian sectoral efforts to tackle climate change. Brazil has one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world. In 2020, renewable sources accounted for 48.4% of the total demand for energy, three times the world average. In the electricity demand mix, the share of renewables accounted for 84.8%. As for the transport mix, it represents 25% of the sources.', 'As for the transport mix, it represents 25% of the sources. The production of biofuels for the transport sector has substantially increased due to RenovaBio, which uses market incentives to promote thedecarbonisation of the sector and to incentivize these kinds of fuels. The use of hydropower to generate electricity accounts for 60% of the national installed capacity and has proven to be the best available technology to compensate for the intermittency and seasonality that affect other sources of renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy, as well as biomass.', 'The use of hydropower to generate electricity accounts for 60% of the national installed capacity and has proven to be the best available technology to compensate for the intermittency and seasonality that affect other sources of renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy, as well as biomass. Brazil has also made significant investments, nonetheless, in solar and wind energy and biomass, which already account for 20% of the country´s energy mix and are experiencing rapid growth Regarding the issue of means of implementation, the Brazilian NDC remains unconditional. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity: Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions that have taken place since the Industrial Revolution (the post-1750 period).', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity: Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions that have taken place since the Industrial Revolution (the post-1750 period). Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two and a half centuries. In order to build a fair global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to establish a connection between cause (anthropogenic emissions) and effect (temperature increase and climate change).', 'In order to build a fair global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to establish a connection between cause (anthropogenic emissions) and effect (temperature increase and climate change). The average increase in the global temperature due to anthropogenic emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system. The relative contribution of any individual actor to global climate change can be determined using the average increase in the global temperature as an indicator.', 'The relative contribution of any individual actor to global climate change can be determined using the average increase in the global temperature as an indicator. The contribution of each individual actor to temperature increases should take into account differences in terms of starting points, population, approaches, economic structures, natural resources, the need to maintain sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances. The reconstruction of the historical series of net anthropogenic emissions allows for the estimation of the relative share of the temperature increase attributable to each individual country, including in per capita terms. The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the average increase in the global temperature can be estimated with a high level of confidence.', 'The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the average increase in the global temperature can be estimated with a high level of confidence. Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure for evaluating the level of each party’s responsibility in the collective effort to “[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, in accordance with Article 2.1 (a) of the Paris Agreement.', 'Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure for evaluating the level of each party’s responsibility in the collective effort to “[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, in accordance with Article 2.1 (a) of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement: The target of reducing emissions by 50% between 2005 and 2030 represents an increase of 13 percentage points compared to the previous target of reducing emissions by 37% between 2005 and 2025. The current target is also consistent with a long-term objective of reaching climate neutrality by 2050.', 'The current target is also consistent with a long-term objective of reaching climate neutrality by 2050. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement: Despite being a developing country, Brazil has already adopted an absolute, economy-wide target since it presented its iNDC. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable. 7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: By presenting one of the most ambitious NDCs in the world, Brazil understands it is significantly contributing to the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”, consistent with Article 2 of the UNFCCC.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: By presenting one of the most ambitious NDCs in the world, Brazil understands it is significantly contributing to the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”, consistent with Article 2 of the UNFCCC. By the same token, Brazil believes to be contributing to the collective effort to hold "the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, consistent with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement.', 'By the same token, Brazil believes to be contributing to the collective effort to hold "the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, consistent with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement: As per Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, Brazil presents a sizeable emission reduction target, which largely exceeds any goals related to peaking emissions. Brazil’s NDC is compatible with a long-term objective of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050.']

en-US

BRN

Brunei Darussalam

1st NDC

2020-12-31 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Brunei%20Darussalam%27s%20NDC%202020.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/15912bf0af4948d83adc702de4b759c9a61a1dc2aee47d3a5047e272772d735a.pdf

['Brunei Darussalam Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2020 Brunei Darussalam is no exception to being impacted by the effects of climate change as the rest of the world - believing that the challenges posed by climate change demand urgent, decisive and concerted global action. Brunei Darussalam hereby communicates its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and relevant information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 27 as contained in Annex 1 of decision 4/CMA.1. This NDC supersedes the INDC and has been developed in an inclusive Whole-of-Nation process through the instituted national climate change governance. It sets a new ambition level which includes an economy-wide 2030 NDC target based on clear climate mitigation, resilience and adaptation policies.', 'It sets a new ambition level which includes an economy-wide 2030 NDC target based on clear climate mitigation, resilience and adaptation policies. However, limitations resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, have posed challenges in the preparation of this NDC, which may be updated in due course should there be new findings from further assessments. Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brunei Darussalam’s enhanced NDC 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brunei Darussalam’s enhanced NDC 1. Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Base year (2015) emission level: 11.6 Mt CO2e Business-As-Usual (2030) emission level: approximately 29.5 (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable.', 'Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Base year (2015) emission level: 11.6 Mt CO2e Business-As-Usual (2030) emission level: approximately 29.5 (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in GHG emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030.', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in GHG emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2015. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The national total GHG emissions in 2015 may be recalculated and updated due to continuous methodological improvements. 2. Time frames and/or period for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030 (10-year period).', 'Time frames and/or period for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030 (10-year period). (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target. 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; Economy-wide total GHG emissions reduction relative to BAU levels by 2030. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; GHG covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O). Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, and Waste.', 'Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, and Waste. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; All categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals included. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable.4. Planning process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Brunei Darussalam has established a multi-sectoral climate change institutional governance to ensure a Whole-of-Nation approach in addressing the challenges and opportunities of climate change at a national level.', 'Planning process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Brunei Darussalam has established a multi-sectoral climate change institutional governance to ensure a Whole-of-Nation approach in addressing the challenges and opportunities of climate change at a national level. The climate change governance structure consists of the Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change, Executive Committee on Climate Change, Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group.', 'The climate change governance structure consists of the Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change, Executive Committee on Climate Change, Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group. The Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change comprises of four key ministers and a deputy minister and it is co-chaired by the Honourable Minister of Development and the Honourable Minister of Energy to provide the highest level of strategic direction in addressing climate change. The Executive Committee on Climate Change is composed of Permanent Secretaries of key government agencies, Chief Executive Officers and Managing Directors of industry operators, Presidents of professional associations, academia and non-governmental organisations to drive national climate mitigation, adaptation and support efforts.', 'The Executive Committee on Climate Change is composed of Permanent Secretaries of key government agencies, Chief Executive Officers and Managing Directors of industry operators, Presidents of professional associations, academia and non-governmental organisations to drive national climate mitigation, adaptation and support efforts. The Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group respectively consist of members from the private and public sectors, non-government organisations and academia institutions to execute climate action in each respective area. The varying levels of membership ensures a multi-sectoral collaborative process to approach climate change mitigation, adaptation, resilience and support. ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Despite Brunei Darussalam’s relatively small contribution to the global GHG emissions at around 0.025% in 2018, the Sultanate is affected by adverse impacts of climate change.', 'ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Despite Brunei Darussalam’s relatively small contribution to the global GHG emissions at around 0.025% in 2018, the Sultanate is affected by adverse impacts of climate change. The Government recognises the importance to present a fair and ambitious NDC while considering the country’s national circumstances as a developing country, which include: an oil and natural gas economy; the prioritisation of forested areas; fossil fuel dependency; and vulnerability to a low carbon world. This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', 'This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Brunei Darussalam continues to pursue policies that are in line with its national development plan, the Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), which aims to make the Nation widely recognised for its educated and highly skilled people asmeasured by the highest international standards; achieving and maintaining quality of life among the top 10 nations in the world; and operating under a dynamic and sustainable economy with income per capita within the top 10 countries in the world. The priority of Wawasan Brunei 2035 is to safeguard the welfare of Bruneian citizens, which includes plans to ensure a clean, green and healthy environment.', 'The priority of Wawasan Brunei 2035 is to safeguard the welfare of Bruneian citizens, which includes plans to ensure a clean, green and healthy environment. The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need for a more balanced economy by identifying growth areas in the country to promote the development of other sectors in addition to energy. These include the financial and service industries, which will diversify the economy to ensure future economic stability. Promoting sustainability within the current economy is also a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. This approach is further re-enforced by strong “top-down” support from His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam in many areas of the economy, and through “bottom-up” approaches to activities such as awareness raising on climate change in schools and communities.', 'This approach is further re-enforced by strong “top-down” support from His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam in many areas of the economy, and through “bottom-up” approaches to activities such as awareness raising on climate change in schools and communities. The Government of Brunei Darussalam will continue efforts to develop plans to address the adverse impacts of unusual and extreme weather and climate events. Brunei Darussalam will continue to pursue green growth for sustainability and resilience so as to achieve Brunei Darussalam’s national target whilst remaining economically dependent. b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In preparation for the NDC, extensive consultations and peer reviews have been conducted with relevant stakeholders.', 'b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In preparation for the NDC, extensive consultations and peer reviews have been conducted with relevant stakeholders. An NDC Workshop was organised in 2018, to give relevant stakeholders a more detailed understanding of the NDC process itself and to assist in the preparation of the NDC. Brunei Darussalam’s main priority in the preparation of the NDC is developing the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP) which was launched on 25 July 2020 that outlines the principles, values, and strategies needed to pave the way for low carbon and climate-resilient pathways for a sustainable nation. This BNCCP serves as the basis of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC. The BNCCP was developed using a Whole-of-Nation approach to strategically govern and monitor GHG emissions and strengthen climate-resilience.', 'The BNCCP was developed using a Whole-of-Nation approach to strategically govern and monitor GHG emissions and strengthen climate-resilience. Towards this, ten core national strategies were identified. These strategies are to be achieved in line with Wawasan Brunei 2035 and cover areas pertaining to industrial emissions, forest cover, electric vehicles, renewable energy, power management, carbon pricing, waste management, carbon inventory, climate resilience and adaptation, and climate awareness and education.A total of 39 agencies, consisting of government bodies, private sector agencies, research and academic institutions, and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) were appointed as members of the BNCCP Drafting Committee. Further to that, a group of 51 youth representatives comprising of those between the ages of 25 to 40 were invited to review the BNCCP draft.', 'Further to that, a group of 51 youth representatives comprising of those between the ages of 25 to 40 were invited to review the BNCCP draft. The varying levels of participation and involvement ensures a multi-sectoral approach to climate change mitigation, adaptation and support. Youths and NGOs are regularly engaged in climate change dialogues with ministers and policymakers and for reviews of the BNCCP. Youths have an equally important role to play as the next generation inheriting the responsibility to protect the planet, in fighting the complex scientific problems, social quandaries and impacts presented by climate change.', 'Youths have an equally important role to play as the next generation inheriting the responsibility to protect the planet, in fighting the complex scientific problems, social quandaries and impacts presented by climate change. The Government of Brunei Darussalam continues to support youths towards becoming resilient to the challenges of climate change by enhancing their effective participation in climate policy decision-making processes for them to express their views and to contribute effectively to solutions to mitigate climate change. Brunei Darussalam continues to plan, discuss and implement climate action through the national climate change governance. c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; None.', 'c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; None. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Brunei Darussalam participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action including for Parties to inform their NDC by 2020.', 'Brunei Darussalam participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action including for Parties to inform their NDC by 2020. The preparation of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into consideration of Brunei Darussalam’s national circumstances. (d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable.', '(d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable. ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5.', 'ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Brunei Darussalam refers the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Brunei Darussalam refers the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Tools used: • 2006 IPCC Software • Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) • Simple Econometric Simulation System(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology. ( projects/pathways-paris).', 'Tools used: • 2006 IPCC Software • Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) • Simple Econometric Simulation System(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology. ( projects/pathways-paris). (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Not applicable. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach. The Tier 1 methodology will be used for most emission estimates with exception of fugitive emissions from fuels where a hybrid of Tier 1 and Tier 3 methodology is used, where relevant depending on data availability. The aggregation of GHG emissions and removals will be reported using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Forest land – land-based approach with reference level.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Forest land – land-based approach with reference level. i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed forest land are currently not included but Brunei Darussalam intends to include this if measurements in the field can be estimated, in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC Guidelines. ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Brunei Darussalam uses ‘instantaneous oxidation’ as the default approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, according to the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG- LULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable.', 'ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Brunei Darussalam uses ‘instantaneous oxidation’ as the default approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, according to the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG- LULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Multiple workshops and stakeholder engagements have been carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce GHG emissions. ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.', 'ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Market mechanisms: Brunei Darussalam envisages to achieve the intended GHG emissions reductions under this NDC through domestic actions and financing. However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target. 6.', 'However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Brunei Darussalam considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances through ambitious, but reasonable, ten core national strategies to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen climate-resilience nationwide as reflected in the BNCCP.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Brunei Darussalam considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances through ambitious, but reasonable, ten core national strategies to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen climate-resilience nationwide as reflected in the BNCCP. Themed, “Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-Resilient Brunei Darussalam,” the BNCCP encapsulates the aforementioned intentions in accordance with its aim to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035, whilst (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; safeguarding the welfare of the people and ensuring a clean, green and healthy environment for every citizen.', 'Themed, “Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-Resilient Brunei Darussalam,” the BNCCP encapsulates the aforementioned intentions in accordance with its aim to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035, whilst (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; safeguarding the welfare of the people and ensuring a clean, green and healthy environment for every citizen. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Brunei Darussalam’s NDC has continued to enhance its mitigation efforts and moved towards economy-wide GHG emissions reduction in light of its national circumstances, which reflects its efforts as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives set out in Article 2 of the Convention. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is aimed at achieving the long term-temperature goal set out in Article 2, paragraph 1(a), of the Paris Agreement. As a developing country, Brunei Darussalam will endeavour to limit the increase in GHG emissions in accordance to its national capacity and circumstances with so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of GHG reflecting national circumstances.Accompanying information on Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation and Resilience Efforts, based on the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP).', 'As a developing country, Brunei Darussalam will endeavour to limit the increase in GHG emissions in accordance to its national capacity and circumstances with so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of GHG reflecting national circumstances.Accompanying information on Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation and Resilience Efforts, based on the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP). 1.0 Climate Mitigation Brunei Darussalam will be implementing measures that will mitigate the impact of climate change by introducing strategies to reduce GHG emissions: 1.1 BNCCP Strategy 1 on Industrial Emissions - Reduce overall emissions in the Industrial Sector. Brunei Darussalam aims to lower carbon intensity from the industries by attaining zero- routine flaring, as defined by the World Bank standard.', 'Brunei Darussalam aims to lower carbon intensity from the industries by attaining zero- routine flaring, as defined by the World Bank standard. The main focus for the BNCCP is to reduce industrial emissions in general by 2035. The significant reduction in total fugitive emissions, mainly venting and flaring will be attributed by a number of rejuvenation projects within the oil and gas industry facilities for GHG abatement, both onshore and offshore. The primary goal of this strategy is to achieve zero-routine flaring and reducing other industrial emissions by adopting the “As Low As Reasonably Possible” (ALARP) principle. 1.2 BNCCP Strategy 2 on Forest Cover - Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with a target of planting 500,000 new trees.', '1.2 BNCCP Strategy 2 on Forest Cover - Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with a target of planting 500,000 new trees. Increasing Brunei Darussalam’s forest cover would increase the national carbon sequestration potential, thus having positive effects on habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems. Brunei Darussalam is home to one of the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world. Forest cover in the country constitutes to about 72.1% of land area or 380,000 hectares of land accounting for a carbon sequestration value of 11.4 Mt CO2e. Brunei Darussalam aims to increase its forest reserves from 41% to 55%. Current efforts seek to increase Brunei Darussalam’s carbon sink through reforestation efforts.', 'Current efforts seek to increase Brunei Darussalam’s carbon sink through reforestation efforts. At present, 104,920 trees are identified for current reforestation efforts, and a further 400,000 trees are proposed leading up to 2035. 1.3 BNCCP Strategy 3 on Electric Vehicles - Increase total share of electric vehicles (EV) to 60% of the total annual vehicle sales by 2035. This strategy seeks to promote the ownership of EV through the consideration of various policy related issues such as, but not limited to, the following: price of fuel and electricity; low EV prices (e.g. through excise duty incentives); annual Vehicle License (VL) fees; and availability of infrastructures (e.g. charging stations).', 'through excise duty incentives); annual Vehicle License (VL) fees; and availability of infrastructures (e.g. charging stations). The establishment of the Electric Vehicle Joint Task Force (EVJTF) in 2019 consisting of relevant stakeholders will ensure the implementation of EV policy. Land transportation currently contributes about 13.6% of the total GHG emissions from the energy sector. In 2020, there are over 253,000 active private vehicles in Brunei Darussalam. There has been a steady increase in the number of gasoline and diesel vehicles in Brunei Darussalam since 2009. EVs are a viable transportation option for Brunei Darussalam as travelling pattern is primarily of short- distance with relatively inexpensive electricity for charging.', 'EVs are a viable transportation option for Brunei Darussalam as travelling pattern is primarily of short- distance with relatively inexpensive electricity for charging. 1.4 BNCCP Strategy 4 on Renewable Energy - Increase total share of renewable energy to at least 30% of total capacity in the power generation mix by 2035. Ensuring smooth transition towards a nationwide adoption and use of renewable energy technologies mainly solar photovoltaic (PV) will be critical to Brunei Darussalam in achieving its NDC. Currently, the only renewable energy source comes from a 1.2 MWsolar PV power plant, Tenaga Suria Brunei, located in Seria, Belait District accounting for about 0.14% of the total power generation mix.', 'Currently, the only renewable energy source comes from a 1.2 MWsolar PV power plant, Tenaga Suria Brunei, located in Seria, Belait District accounting for about 0.14% of the total power generation mix. Solar PV is the most viable option in Brunei Darussalam due to significant solar radiance (sunlight) available throughout the country. The utilisation of renewable energy would further diversify the country’s energy mix and reduces reliance on fossil fuels. 1.5 BNCCP Strategy 5 on Power Management - Reduce GHG emissions by at least 10% through better supply and demand management of electricity consumption by 2035. Reducing GHG emissions contribution from the power sector would be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and conservation at both supply and demand side.', 'Reducing GHG emissions contribution from the power sector would be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and conservation at both supply and demand side. Increasing the efficiency in power generation can be done through the reduction of partial load operation, improvement of transmission and distribution losses, implementation of minimum efficiency of 48% for all new power plants, and reduction of gas consumption through the integration of renewable and alternative energy so as to meet domestic power demand. Maximising clean electricity resources to supplement domestic demand encourages an equitable distribution of wealth aid aiming towards a sustainable future. 1.6 BNCCP Strategy 6 on Carbon Pricing - Impose price on carbon emissions for industrial sector.', '1.6 BNCCP Strategy 6 on Carbon Pricing - Impose price on carbon emissions for industrial sector. The introduction of carbon pricing applicable to all industrial facilities emitting beyond a carbon emissions limit threshold at a carbon price per CO2e, by 2025. A carbon pricing scheme would act as a deterrent for excess GHG emissions. The Strategy also seeks to establish of a proper Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system as to ensure accuracy and credibility in baseline emissions data for imposing carbon pricing. 1.7 BNCCP Strategy 7 on Waste Management - Reduce municipal waste to landfills to 1kg/person/day by 2035. Minimising the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of through the adoption of best practices and innovative technologies.', 'Minimising the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of through the adoption of best practices and innovative technologies. 1.8 BNCCP Strategy 9 on Carbon Inventory - Mandatory monthly and annual reporting of carbon inventory. To develop and implement a national directive to all facilities and agents that emit and absorb GHG to report their GHG data to promote transparency and robustness in the national GHG emissions and sinks data. In ensuring the nation’s accountability and responsibility to provide transparency through monitoring upholds the notion of a climate- resilient nation.2.0 Overview of the Impacts of Climate Change on Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam is located on the North Coast of the island of Borneo with a population of 442,400 over a total geographical land size of 5,765 km2.', 'In ensuring the nation’s accountability and responsibility to provide transparency through monitoring upholds the notion of a climate- resilient nation.2.0 Overview of the Impacts of Climate Change on Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam is located on the North Coast of the island of Borneo with a population of 442,400 over a total geographical land size of 5,765 km2. As a small, coastal area with a tropical equatorial climate, vulnerability assessments have shown that the country has medium to high climate change exposure. Brunei Darussalam’s coastal areas are low-lying (up to 12 meters below sea level) which increases the country’s susceptibility to the impact of rising sea levels. The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need to protect the environment and safeguard the nation’s livelihoods.', 'The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need to protect the environment and safeguard the nation’s livelihoods. This is in line with the national vision of Wawasan Brunei 2035. The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is instrumental in supporting the country’s efforts on adopting a nature-based solution approach. 2.1 Observed Climate Trends in Brunei Brunei Darussalam’s climate trend suggests that there is a rise in mean temperature increasing at a rate of 0.25℃ per decade. Rainfall patterns show an intensifying trend in the total rainfall amount, increasing at a rate of 100mm per decade. The highest total rainfall of 275mm was recorded on 30th September 2019 which broke the previous record of 210mm set in 2010.', 'The highest total rainfall of 275mm was recorded on 30th September 2019 which broke the previous record of 210mm set in 2010. The sum of total rainfall in 2019 was considered normal around 3,000mm, however there is evident irregularity in terms of the monthly rainfall trend. Climate change will further aggravate the weather disasters due to the increasing trends in extreme high temperature and rainfall, causing prolonged droughts and flash floods. The Government of Brunei Darussalam aims to enhance climate science research and provide financial support towards bolstering climate resilience. A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification.', 'A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification. 2.2 Natural Disasters Climate change has created a variability in the weather trend which has intensified the global water cycle, and the frequency and severity of natural disaster cases. The severity of the natural disasters in Brunei Darussalam is compounded by the change in climate patterns. Hydrology experts in Brunei Darussalam perceive hydrology-related risks such as flood and droughts as the country’s most severe impact from climate change. With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years.', 'With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years. The elevated temperature has resulted in increased incidents of forest and bush fires. With the rapid increase of global warming trends, the situation creates hotter and drier conditions which aggravate the intensity and severity of heatwaves, resulting in devastating fires in Brunei Darussalam’s forests and peat swamps.', 'With the rapid increase of global warming trends, the situation creates hotter and drier conditions which aggravate the intensity and severity of heatwaves, resulting in devastating fires in Brunei Darussalam’s forests and peat swamps. The damage from the fires results in heavy burdens on the government and the community, create challenges in the restoration of the ecosystem, flora and fauna, cause damage to properties and residential areas, disrupting links while posing threats onto the human and wildlife health in the affected vicinities.According to the Ministry of Health, the effects of climate change such as extreme high temperatures contribute directly to mortalities from cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases, which are particularly significant among the elderly in Brunei Darussalam.', 'The damage from the fires results in heavy burdens on the government and the community, create challenges in the restoration of the ecosystem, flora and fauna, cause damage to properties and residential areas, disrupting links while posing threats onto the human and wildlife health in the affected vicinities.According to the Ministry of Health, the effects of climate change such as extreme high temperatures contribute directly to mortalities from cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases, which are particularly significant among the elderly in Brunei Darussalam. The rising ozone and other pollutants levels in the air will also exacerbate these underlying diseases.', 'The rising ozone and other pollutants levels in the air will also exacerbate these underlying diseases. Increasing variable rainfall patterns will lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods; which can heighten the risk of the water-borne diseases and create breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes. The Aedes mosquitoes vector of dengue is highly sensitive to climate conditions and studies suggest that the effects of climate change is likely to continue to increase our exposure to dengue. Children and the elderly with pre-existing medical conditions are among the most vulnerable to the resulting health risks, which are predicted to be more severe as the effects of climate change worsens.', 'Children and the elderly with pre-existing medical conditions are among the most vulnerable to the resulting health risks, which are predicted to be more severe as the effects of climate change worsens. Although Brunei Darussalam has been declared malaria-free by the World Health Organization since 1987, the risk of regeneration of the Anopheles mosquitoes and re-introduction of malaria in Brunei Darussalam may be increased as climate conditions change. Dengue fever is also a common type of climate- sensitive disease. As of April 2019, 45 Dengue cases have been reported in Brunei and 75 Dengue cases in 2018. 2.4 Wildlife and Biodiversity The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam.', '2.4 Wildlife and Biodiversity The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. The country is rich in biodiversity and tropical equatorial forest resources such as mangroves and sea grasses which are endemic to the island of Borneo. The changes in the weather patterns will alter the phenology of migration, pollination and breeding patterns of our local wildlife and biodiversity. Climate-induced natural disasters will potentially cause destruction of wildlife habitat, which may be correlated with the loss of key wildlife species population such as the Proboscis Monkey and the Rhinoceros Hornbill. Forest fire mostly in the secondary forests and flash flood frequencies in Brunei Darussalam could also result in severe deterioration of the environmental quality and their habitat.', 'Forest fire mostly in the secondary forests and flash flood frequencies in Brunei Darussalam could also result in severe deterioration of the environmental quality and their habitat. 2.5 Food Security The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, highlighted that the disasters associated with climate change, such as prolonged droughts, flash floods, and ocean warming and acidification, will have an adverse impact on the agricultural output and fish stocks in Brunei Darussalam.', '2.5 Food Security The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, highlighted that the disasters associated with climate change, such as prolonged droughts, flash floods, and ocean warming and acidification, will have an adverse impact on the agricultural output and fish stocks in Brunei Darussalam. During heavy rainfall seasons, the increased frequency of flooding severely damages crops in low-lying land areas while aquaculture farms will be impacted by the saltwater intrusions during high storm surges leading to higher fish mortalities.3.0 Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Adaptation and Resilience Action In pursuit of achieving resilience against the impact of climate change, the Government of Brunei Darussalam seeks to incorporate a series of climate adaptation strategies which aims to foster resilience and adaptation capacity of the nation.', 'During heavy rainfall seasons, the increased frequency of flooding severely damages crops in low-lying land areas while aquaculture farms will be impacted by the saltwater intrusions during high storm surges leading to higher fish mortalities.3.0 Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Adaptation and Resilience Action In pursuit of achieving resilience against the impact of climate change, the Government of Brunei Darussalam seeks to incorporate a series of climate adaptation strategies which aims to foster resilience and adaptation capacity of the nation. 3.1 BNCCP Strategy 8 on Climate Resilience and Adaptation The strategy seeks to strengthen Brunei Darussalam’s resilience against climate change risks and increase its capacity to adapt to the impacts of the changing climate.', '3.1 BNCCP Strategy 8 on Climate Resilience and Adaptation The strategy seeks to strengthen Brunei Darussalam’s resilience against climate change risks and increase its capacity to adapt to the impacts of the changing climate. This includes, among others, enhancing and integrating climate science findings into policies, conducting climate impact assessments and consideration of nature-based solutions as an option to increase resilience. 3.2 Current Climate Impacts Mitigation Projects As part of Brunei Darussalam’s National Development Plan (NDP) projects, the Public Works Department through the Department of Drainage and Sewerage of the Ministry of Development has implemented a series of flood mitigation works along the coastal area of Brunei Darussalam.', '3.2 Current Climate Impacts Mitigation Projects As part of Brunei Darussalam’s National Development Plan (NDP) projects, the Public Works Department through the Department of Drainage and Sewerage of the Ministry of Development has implemented a series of flood mitigation works along the coastal area of Brunei Darussalam. About a total of 56km coastal protection structures have been constructed to protect the country’s coastline against strong waves and erosion with the intention to maintain environmental sustainability while achieving socio-economic resilience through adequate and well-planned infrastructure and public facilities.', 'About a total of 56km coastal protection structures have been constructed to protect the country’s coastline against strong waves and erosion with the intention to maintain environmental sustainability while achieving socio-economic resilience through adequate and well-planned infrastructure and public facilities. 3.3 Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) The National Disaster Management Centre organises community-based activities that aim to (i) strengthen institutional capacity and policy frameworks for effective implementation for CCA and DRR; (ii) Establish an ASEAN youth leadership in CCA and DRR; (iii) Increase replicable programmes and models of building community resilience; and (iv) Strengthen awareness-building programmes on a disaster resilient and climate change adaptive ASEAN Community.', '3.3 Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) The National Disaster Management Centre organises community-based activities that aim to (i) strengthen institutional capacity and policy frameworks for effective implementation for CCA and DRR; (ii) Establish an ASEAN youth leadership in CCA and DRR; (iii) Increase replicable programmes and models of building community resilience; and (iv) Strengthen awareness-building programmes on a disaster resilient and climate change adaptive ASEAN Community. The programmes are delivered in a form of workshops and forums with the aim to develop a disaster-resilient community by increasing education and awareness while nurturing public preparedness against climate-induced disasters. 4.0 Awareness and Education BNCCP Strategy 10 on Awareness and Education is an important strategy that enables the realisation of Brunei Darussalam’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.', '4.0 Awareness and Education BNCCP Strategy 10 on Awareness and Education is an important strategy that enables the realisation of Brunei Darussalam’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. This strategy seeks to foster awareness and increase education in matters pertaining to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in all sectors of society, in line with a Whole-of-Nation approach, including the general public, private sectors, Non-Governmental Organisation, associations and most importantly, the youth. 5.0 BNCCP Operational Document With the launching of the first BNCCP, the Brunei Darussalam Executive Committee on Climate Change developed the BNCCP Operational Document Phase I (2021-2025), outlining detailed action plans, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), timelines and appropriate monitoring mechanism in implementing the ten core national strategies set out in the BNCCP. ---']

en-US

BRN

Brunei Darussalam

Updated NDC

2020-12-31 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Brunei%20Darussalam's%20NDC%202020.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/15912bf0af4948d83adc702de4b759c9a61a1dc2aee47d3a5047e272772d735a.pdf

['Brunei Darussalam Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2020 Brunei Darussalam is no exception to being impacted by the effects of climate change as the rest of the world - believing that the challenges posed by climate change demand urgent, decisive and concerted global action. Brunei Darussalam hereby communicates its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and relevant information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 27 as contained in Annex 1 of decision 4/CMA.1. This NDC supersedes the INDC and has been developed in an inclusive Whole-of-Nation process through the instituted national climate change governance. It sets a new ambition level which includes an economy-wide 2030 NDC target based on clear climate mitigation, resilience and adaptation policies.', 'It sets a new ambition level which includes an economy-wide 2030 NDC target based on clear climate mitigation, resilience and adaptation policies. However, limitations resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, have posed challenges in the preparation of this NDC, which may be updated in due course should there be new findings from further assessments. Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brunei Darussalam’s enhanced NDC 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brunei Darussalam’s enhanced NDC 1. Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Base year (2015) emission level: 11.6 Mt CO2e Business-As-Usual (2030) emission level: approximately 29.5 (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable.', 'Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Base year (2015) emission level: 11.6 Mt CO2e Business-As-Usual (2030) emission level: approximately 29.5 (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in GHG emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030.', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in GHG emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2015. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The national total GHG emissions in 2015 may be recalculated and updated due to continuous methodological improvements. 2. Time frames and/or period for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030 (10-year period).', 'Time frames and/or period for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030 (10-year period). (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target. 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; Economy-wide total GHG emissions reduction relative to BAU levels by 2030. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; GHG covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O). Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, and Waste.', 'Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, and Waste. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; All categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals included. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable.4. Planning process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Brunei Darussalam has established a multi-sectoral climate change institutional governance to ensure a Whole-of-Nation approach in addressing the challenges and opportunities of climate change at a national level.', 'Planning process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Brunei Darussalam has established a multi-sectoral climate change institutional governance to ensure a Whole-of-Nation approach in addressing the challenges and opportunities of climate change at a national level. The climate change governance structure consists of the Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change, Executive Committee on Climate Change, Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group.', 'The climate change governance structure consists of the Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change, Executive Committee on Climate Change, Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group. The Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change comprises of four key ministers and a deputy minister and it is co-chaired by the Honourable Minister of Development and the Honourable Minister of Energy to provide the highest level of strategic direction in addressing climate change. The Executive Committee on Climate Change is composed of Permanent Secretaries of key government agencies, Chief Executive Officers and Managing Directors of industry operators, Presidents of professional associations, academia and non-governmental organisations to drive national climate mitigation, adaptation and support efforts.', 'The Executive Committee on Climate Change is composed of Permanent Secretaries of key government agencies, Chief Executive Officers and Managing Directors of industry operators, Presidents of professional associations, academia and non-governmental organisations to drive national climate mitigation, adaptation and support efforts. The Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group respectively consist of members from the private and public sectors, non-government organisations and academia institutions to execute climate action in each respective area. The varying levels of membership ensures a multi-sectoral collaborative process to approach climate change mitigation, adaptation, resilience and support. ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Despite Brunei Darussalam’s relatively small contribution to the global GHG emissions at around 0.025% in 2018, the Sultanate is affected by adverse impacts of climate change.', 'ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Despite Brunei Darussalam’s relatively small contribution to the global GHG emissions at around 0.025% in 2018, the Sultanate is affected by adverse impacts of climate change. The Government recognises the importance to present a fair and ambitious NDC while considering the country’s national circumstances as a developing country, which include: an oil and natural gas economy; the prioritisation of forested areas; fossil fuel dependency; and vulnerability to a low carbon world. This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', 'This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Brunei Darussalam continues to pursue policies that are in line with its national development plan, the Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), which aims to make the Nation widely recognised for its educated and highly skilled people asmeasured by the highest international standards; achieving and maintaining quality of life among the top 10 nations in the world; and operating under a dynamic and sustainable economy with income per capita within the top 10 countries in the world. The priority of Wawasan Brunei 2035 is to safeguard the welfare of Bruneian citizens, which includes plans to ensure a clean, green and healthy environment.', 'The priority of Wawasan Brunei 2035 is to safeguard the welfare of Bruneian citizens, which includes plans to ensure a clean, green and healthy environment. The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need for a more balanced economy by identifying growth areas in the country to promote the development of other sectors in addition to energy. These include the financial and service industries, which will diversify the economy to ensure future economic stability. Promoting sustainability within the current economy is also a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. This approach is further re-enforced by strong “top-down” support from His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam in many areas of the economy, and through “bottom-up” approaches to activities such as awareness raising on climate change in schools and communities.', 'This approach is further re-enforced by strong “top-down” support from His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam in many areas of the economy, and through “bottom-up” approaches to activities such as awareness raising on climate change in schools and communities. The Government of Brunei Darussalam will continue efforts to develop plans to address the adverse impacts of unusual and extreme weather and climate events. Brunei Darussalam will continue to pursue green growth for sustainability and resilience so as to achieve Brunei Darussalam’s national target whilst remaining economically dependent. b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In preparation for the NDC, extensive consultations and peer reviews have been conducted with relevant stakeholders.', 'b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In preparation for the NDC, extensive consultations and peer reviews have been conducted with relevant stakeholders. An NDC Workshop was organised in 2018, to give relevant stakeholders a more detailed understanding of the NDC process itself and to assist in the preparation of the NDC. Brunei Darussalam’s main priority in the preparation of the NDC is developing the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP) which was launched on 25 July 2020 that outlines the principles, values, and strategies needed to pave the way for low carbon and climate-resilient pathways for a sustainable nation. This BNCCP serves as the basis of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC. The BNCCP was developed using a Whole-of-Nation approach to strategically govern and monitor GHG emissions and strengthen climate-resilience.', 'The BNCCP was developed using a Whole-of-Nation approach to strategically govern and monitor GHG emissions and strengthen climate-resilience. Towards this, ten core national strategies were identified. These strategies are to be achieved in line with Wawasan Brunei 2035 and cover areas pertaining to industrial emissions, forest cover, electric vehicles, renewable energy, power management, carbon pricing, waste management, carbon inventory, climate resilience and adaptation, and climate awareness and education.A total of 39 agencies, consisting of government bodies, private sector agencies, research and academic institutions, and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) were appointed as members of the BNCCP Drafting Committee. Further to that, a group of 51 youth representatives comprising of those between the ages of 25 to 40 were invited to review the BNCCP draft.', 'Further to that, a group of 51 youth representatives comprising of those between the ages of 25 to 40 were invited to review the BNCCP draft. The varying levels of participation and involvement ensures a multi-sectoral approach to climate change mitigation, adaptation and support. Youths and NGOs are regularly engaged in climate change dialogues with ministers and policymakers and for reviews of the BNCCP. Youths have an equally important role to play as the next generation inheriting the responsibility to protect the planet, in fighting the complex scientific problems, social quandaries and impacts presented by climate change.', 'Youths have an equally important role to play as the next generation inheriting the responsibility to protect the planet, in fighting the complex scientific problems, social quandaries and impacts presented by climate change. The Government of Brunei Darussalam continues to support youths towards becoming resilient to the challenges of climate change by enhancing their effective participation in climate policy decision-making processes for them to express their views and to contribute effectively to solutions to mitigate climate change. Brunei Darussalam continues to plan, discuss and implement climate action through the national climate change governance. c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; None.', 'c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; None. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Brunei Darussalam participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action including for Parties to inform their NDC by 2020.', 'Brunei Darussalam participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action including for Parties to inform their NDC by 2020. The preparation of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into consideration of Brunei Darussalam’s national circumstances. (d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable.', '(d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable. ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5.', 'ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Brunei Darussalam refers the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Brunei Darussalam refers the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Tools used: • 2006 IPCC Software • Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) • Simple Econometric Simulation System(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology. ( projects/pathways-paris).', 'Tools used: • 2006 IPCC Software • Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) • Simple Econometric Simulation System(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology. ( projects/pathways-paris). (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Not applicable. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach. The Tier 1 methodology will be used for most emission estimates with exception of fugitive emissions from fuels where a hybrid of Tier 1 and Tier 3 methodology is used, where relevant depending on data availability. The aggregation of GHG emissions and removals will be reported using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Forest land – land-based approach with reference level.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Forest land – land-based approach with reference level. i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed forest land are currently not included but Brunei Darussalam intends to include this if measurements in the field can be estimated, in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC Guidelines. ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Brunei Darussalam uses ‘instantaneous oxidation’ as the default approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, according to the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG- LULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable.', 'ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Brunei Darussalam uses ‘instantaneous oxidation’ as the default approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, according to the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG- LULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Multiple workshops and stakeholder engagements have been carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce GHG emissions. ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.', 'ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Market mechanisms: Brunei Darussalam envisages to achieve the intended GHG emissions reductions under this NDC through domestic actions and financing. However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target. 6.', 'However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Brunei Darussalam considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances through ambitious, but reasonable, ten core national strategies to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen climate-resilience nationwide as reflected in the BNCCP.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Brunei Darussalam considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances through ambitious, but reasonable, ten core national strategies to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen climate-resilience nationwide as reflected in the BNCCP. Themed, “Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-Resilient Brunei Darussalam,” the BNCCP encapsulates the aforementioned intentions in accordance with its aim to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035, whilst (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; safeguarding the welfare of the people and ensuring a clean, green and healthy environment for every citizen.', 'Themed, “Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-Resilient Brunei Darussalam,” the BNCCP encapsulates the aforementioned intentions in accordance with its aim to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035, whilst (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; safeguarding the welfare of the people and ensuring a clean, green and healthy environment for every citizen. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Brunei Darussalam’s NDC has continued to enhance its mitigation efforts and moved towards economy-wide GHG emissions reduction in light of its national circumstances, which reflects its efforts as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives set out in Article 2 of the Convention. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is aimed at achieving the long term-temperature goal set out in Article 2, paragraph 1(a), of the Paris Agreement. As a developing country, Brunei Darussalam will endeavour to limit the increase in GHG emissions in accordance to its national capacity and circumstances with so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of GHG reflecting national circumstances.Accompanying information on Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation and Resilience Efforts, based on the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP).', 'As a developing country, Brunei Darussalam will endeavour to limit the increase in GHG emissions in accordance to its national capacity and circumstances with so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of GHG reflecting national circumstances.Accompanying information on Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation and Resilience Efforts, based on the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP). 1.0 Climate Mitigation Brunei Darussalam will be implementing measures that will mitigate the impact of climate change by introducing strategies to reduce GHG emissions: 1.1 BNCCP Strategy 1 on Industrial Emissions - Reduce overall emissions in the Industrial Sector. Brunei Darussalam aims to lower carbon intensity from the industries by attaining zero- routine flaring, as defined by the World Bank standard.', 'Brunei Darussalam aims to lower carbon intensity from the industries by attaining zero- routine flaring, as defined by the World Bank standard. The main focus for the BNCCP is to reduce industrial emissions in general by 2035. The significant reduction in total fugitive emissions, mainly venting and flaring will be attributed by a number of rejuvenation projects within the oil and gas industry facilities for GHG abatement, both onshore and offshore. The primary goal of this strategy is to achieve zero-routine flaring and reducing other industrial emissions by adopting the “As Low As Reasonably Possible” (ALARP) principle. 1.2 BNCCP Strategy 2 on Forest Cover - Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with a target of planting 500,000 new trees.', '1.2 BNCCP Strategy 2 on Forest Cover - Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with a target of planting 500,000 new trees. Increasing Brunei Darussalam’s forest cover would increase the national carbon sequestration potential, thus having positive effects on habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems. Brunei Darussalam is home to one of the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world. Forest cover in the country constitutes to about 72.1% of land area or 380,000 hectares of land accounting for a carbon sequestration value of 11.4 Mt CO2e. Brunei Darussalam aims to increase its forest reserves from 41% to 55%. Current efforts seek to increase Brunei Darussalam’s carbon sink through reforestation efforts.', 'Current efforts seek to increase Brunei Darussalam’s carbon sink through reforestation efforts. At present, 104,920 trees are identified for current reforestation efforts, and a further 400,000 trees are proposed leading up to 2035. 1.3 BNCCP Strategy 3 on Electric Vehicles - Increase total share of electric vehicles (EV) to 60% of the total annual vehicle sales by 2035. This strategy seeks to promote the ownership of EV through the consideration of various policy related issues such as, but not limited to, the following: price of fuel and electricity; low EV prices (e.g. through excise duty incentives); annual Vehicle License (VL) fees; and availability of infrastructures (e.g. charging stations).', 'through excise duty incentives); annual Vehicle License (VL) fees; and availability of infrastructures (e.g. charging stations). The establishment of the Electric Vehicle Joint Task Force (EVJTF) in 2019 consisting of relevant stakeholders will ensure the implementation of EV policy. Land transportation currently contributes about 13.6% of the total GHG emissions from the energy sector. In 2020, there are over 253,000 active private vehicles in Brunei Darussalam. There has been a steady increase in the number of gasoline and diesel vehicles in Brunei Darussalam since 2009. EVs are a viable transportation option for Brunei Darussalam as travelling pattern is primarily of short- distance with relatively inexpensive electricity for charging.', 'EVs are a viable transportation option for Brunei Darussalam as travelling pattern is primarily of short- distance with relatively inexpensive electricity for charging. 1.4 BNCCP Strategy 4 on Renewable Energy - Increase total share of renewable energy to at least 30% of total capacity in the power generation mix by 2035. Ensuring smooth transition towards a nationwide adoption and use of renewable energy technologies mainly solar photovoltaic (PV) will be critical to Brunei Darussalam in achieving its NDC. Currently, the only renewable energy source comes from a 1.2 MWsolar PV power plant, Tenaga Suria Brunei, located in Seria, Belait District accounting for about 0.14% of the total power generation mix.', 'Currently, the only renewable energy source comes from a 1.2 MWsolar PV power plant, Tenaga Suria Brunei, located in Seria, Belait District accounting for about 0.14% of the total power generation mix. Solar PV is the most viable option in Brunei Darussalam due to significant solar radiance (sunlight) available throughout the country. The utilisation of renewable energy would further diversify the country’s energy mix and reduces reliance on fossil fuels. 1.5 BNCCP Strategy 5 on Power Management - Reduce GHG emissions by at least 10% through better supply and demand management of electricity consumption by 2035. Reducing GHG emissions contribution from the power sector would be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and conservation at both supply and demand side.', 'Reducing GHG emissions contribution from the power sector would be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and conservation at both supply and demand side. Increasing the efficiency in power generation can be done through the reduction of partial load operation, improvement of transmission and distribution losses, implementation of minimum efficiency of 48% for all new power plants, and reduction of gas consumption through the integration of renewable and alternative energy so as to meet domestic power demand. Maximising clean electricity resources to supplement domestic demand encourages an equitable distribution of wealth aid aiming towards a sustainable future. 1.6 BNCCP Strategy 6 on Carbon Pricing - Impose price on carbon emissions for industrial sector.', '1.6 BNCCP Strategy 6 on Carbon Pricing - Impose price on carbon emissions for industrial sector. The introduction of carbon pricing applicable to all industrial facilities emitting beyond a carbon emissions limit threshold at a carbon price per CO2e, by 2025. A carbon pricing scheme would act as a deterrent for excess GHG emissions. The Strategy also seeks to establish of a proper Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system as to ensure accuracy and credibility in baseline emissions data for imposing carbon pricing. 1.7 BNCCP Strategy 7 on Waste Management - Reduce municipal waste to landfills to 1kg/person/day by 2035. Minimising the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of through the adoption of best practices and innovative technologies.', 'Minimising the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of through the adoption of best practices and innovative technologies. 1.8 BNCCP Strategy 9 on Carbon Inventory - Mandatory monthly and annual reporting of carbon inventory. To develop and implement a national directive to all facilities and agents that emit and absorb GHG to report their GHG data to promote transparency and robustness in the national GHG emissions and sinks data. In ensuring the nation’s accountability and responsibility to provide transparency through monitoring upholds the notion of a climate- resilient nation.2.0 Overview of the Impacts of Climate Change on Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam is located on the North Coast of the island of Borneo with a population of 442,400 over a total geographical land size of 5,765 km2.', 'In ensuring the nation’s accountability and responsibility to provide transparency through monitoring upholds the notion of a climate- resilient nation.2.0 Overview of the Impacts of Climate Change on Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam is located on the North Coast of the island of Borneo with a population of 442,400 over a total geographical land size of 5,765 km2. As a small, coastal area with a tropical equatorial climate, vulnerability assessments have shown that the country has medium to high climate change exposure. Brunei Darussalam’s coastal areas are low-lying (up to 12 meters below sea level) which increases the country’s susceptibility to the impact of rising sea levels. The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need to protect the environment and safeguard the nation’s livelihoods.', 'The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need to protect the environment and safeguard the nation’s livelihoods. This is in line with the national vision of Wawasan Brunei 2035. The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is instrumental in supporting the country’s efforts on adopting a nature-based solution approach. 2.1 Observed Climate Trends in Brunei Brunei Darussalam’s climate trend suggests that there is a rise in mean temperature increasing at a rate of 0.25℃ per decade. Rainfall patterns show an intensifying trend in the total rainfall amount, increasing at a rate of 100mm per decade. The highest total rainfall of 275mm was recorded on 30th September 2019 which broke the previous record of 210mm set in 2010.', 'The highest total rainfall of 275mm was recorded on 30th September 2019 which broke the previous record of 210mm set in 2010. The sum of total rainfall in 2019 was considered normal around 3,000mm, however there is evident irregularity in terms of the monthly rainfall trend. Climate change will further aggravate the weather disasters due to the increasing trends in extreme high temperature and rainfall, causing prolonged droughts and flash floods. The Government of Brunei Darussalam aims to enhance climate science research and provide financial support towards bolstering climate resilience. A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification.', 'A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification. 2.2 Natural Disasters Climate change has created a variability in the weather trend which has intensified the global water cycle, and the frequency and severity of natural disaster cases. The severity of the natural disasters in Brunei Darussalam is compounded by the change in climate patterns. Hydrology experts in Brunei Darussalam perceive hydrology-related risks such as flood and droughts as the country’s most severe impact from climate change. With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years.', 'With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years. The elevated temperature has resulted in increased incidents of forest and bush fires. With the rapid increase of global warming trends, the situation creates hotter and drier conditions which aggravate the intensity and severity of heatwaves, resulting in devastating fires in Brunei Darussalam’s forests and peat swamps.', 'With the rapid increase of global warming trends, the situation creates hotter and drier conditions which aggravate the intensity and severity of heatwaves, resulting in devastating fires in Brunei Darussalam’s forests and peat swamps. The damage from the fires results in heavy burdens on the government and the community, create challenges in the restoration of the ecosystem, flora and fauna, cause damage to properties and residential areas, disrupting links while posing threats onto the human and wildlife health in the affected vicinities.According to the Ministry of Health, the effects of climate change such as extreme high temperatures contribute directly to mortalities from cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases, which are particularly significant among the elderly in Brunei Darussalam.', 'The damage from the fires results in heavy burdens on the government and the community, create challenges in the restoration of the ecosystem, flora and fauna, cause damage to properties and residential areas, disrupting links while posing threats onto the human and wildlife health in the affected vicinities.According to the Ministry of Health, the effects of climate change such as extreme high temperatures contribute directly to mortalities from cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases, which are particularly significant among the elderly in Brunei Darussalam. The rising ozone and other pollutants levels in the air will also exacerbate these underlying diseases.', 'The rising ozone and other pollutants levels in the air will also exacerbate these underlying diseases. Increasing variable rainfall patterns will lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods; which can heighten the risk of the water-borne diseases and create breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes. The Aedes mosquitoes vector of dengue is highly sensitive to climate conditions and studies suggest that the effects of climate change is likely to continue to increase our exposure to dengue. Children and the elderly with pre-existing medical conditions are among the most vulnerable to the resulting health risks, which are predicted to be more severe as the effects of climate change worsens.', 'Children and the elderly with pre-existing medical conditions are among the most vulnerable to the resulting health risks, which are predicted to be more severe as the effects of climate change worsens. Although Brunei Darussalam has been declared malaria-free by the World Health Organization since 1987, the risk of regeneration of the Anopheles mosquitoes and re-introduction of malaria in Brunei Darussalam may be increased as climate conditions change. Dengue fever is also a common type of climate- sensitive disease. As of April 2019, 45 Dengue cases have been reported in Brunei and 75 Dengue cases in 2018. 2.4 Wildlife and Biodiversity The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam.', '2.4 Wildlife and Biodiversity The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. The country is rich in biodiversity and tropical equatorial forest resources such as mangroves and sea grasses which are endemic to the island of Borneo. The changes in the weather patterns will alter the phenology of migration, pollination and breeding patterns of our local wildlife and biodiversity. Climate-induced natural disasters will potentially cause destruction of wildlife habitat, which may be correlated with the loss of key wildlife species population such as the Proboscis Monkey and the Rhinoceros Hornbill. Forest fire mostly in the secondary forests and flash flood frequencies in Brunei Darussalam could also result in severe deterioration of the environmental quality and their habitat.', 'Forest fire mostly in the secondary forests and flash flood frequencies in Brunei Darussalam could also result in severe deterioration of the environmental quality and their habitat. 2.5 Food Security The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, highlighted that the disasters associated with climate change, such as prolonged droughts, flash floods, and ocean warming and acidification, will have an adverse impact on the agricultural output and fish stocks in Brunei Darussalam.', '2.5 Food Security The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, highlighted that the disasters associated with climate change, such as prolonged droughts, flash floods, and ocean warming and acidification, will have an adverse impact on the agricultural output and fish stocks in Brunei Darussalam. During heavy rainfall seasons, the increased frequency of flooding severely damages crops in low-lying land areas while aquaculture farms will be impacted by the saltwater intrusions during high storm surges leading to higher fish mortalities.3.0 Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Adaptation and Resilience Action In pursuit of achieving resilience against the impact of climate change, the Government of Brunei Darussalam seeks to incorporate a series of climate adaptation strategies which aims to foster resilience and adaptation capacity of the nation.', 'During heavy rainfall seasons, the increased frequency of flooding severely damages crops in low-lying land areas while aquaculture farms will be impacted by the saltwater intrusions during high storm surges leading to higher fish mortalities.3.0 Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Adaptation and Resilience Action In pursuit of achieving resilience against the impact of climate change, the Government of Brunei Darussalam seeks to incorporate a series of climate adaptation strategies which aims to foster resilience and adaptation capacity of the nation. 3.1 BNCCP Strategy 8 on Climate Resilience and Adaptation The strategy seeks to strengthen Brunei Darussalam’s resilience against climate change risks and increase its capacity to adapt to the impacts of the changing climate.', '3.1 BNCCP Strategy 8 on Climate Resilience and Adaptation The strategy seeks to strengthen Brunei Darussalam’s resilience against climate change risks and increase its capacity to adapt to the impacts of the changing climate. This includes, among others, enhancing and integrating climate science findings into policies, conducting climate impact assessments and consideration of nature-based solutions as an option to increase resilience. 3.2 Current Climate Impacts Mitigation Projects As part of Brunei Darussalam’s National Development Plan (NDP) projects, the Public Works Department through the Department of Drainage and Sewerage of the Ministry of Development has implemented a series of flood mitigation works along the coastal area of Brunei Darussalam.', '3.2 Current Climate Impacts Mitigation Projects As part of Brunei Darussalam’s National Development Plan (NDP) projects, the Public Works Department through the Department of Drainage and Sewerage of the Ministry of Development has implemented a series of flood mitigation works along the coastal area of Brunei Darussalam. About a total of 56km coastal protection structures have been constructed to protect the country’s coastline against strong waves and erosion with the intention to maintain environmental sustainability while achieving socio-economic resilience through adequate and well-planned infrastructure and public facilities.', 'About a total of 56km coastal protection structures have been constructed to protect the country’s coastline against strong waves and erosion with the intention to maintain environmental sustainability while achieving socio-economic resilience through adequate and well-planned infrastructure and public facilities. 3.3 Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) The National Disaster Management Centre organises community-based activities that aim to (i) strengthen institutional capacity and policy frameworks for effective implementation for CCA and DRR; (ii) Establish an ASEAN youth leadership in CCA and DRR; (iii) Increase replicable programmes and models of building community resilience; and (iv) Strengthen awareness-building programmes on a disaster resilient and climate change adaptive ASEAN Community.', '3.3 Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) The National Disaster Management Centre organises community-based activities that aim to (i) strengthen institutional capacity and policy frameworks for effective implementation for CCA and DRR; (ii) Establish an ASEAN youth leadership in CCA and DRR; (iii) Increase replicable programmes and models of building community resilience; and (iv) Strengthen awareness-building programmes on a disaster resilient and climate change adaptive ASEAN Community. The programmes are delivered in a form of workshops and forums with the aim to develop a disaster-resilient community by increasing education and awareness while nurturing public preparedness against climate-induced disasters. 4.0 Awareness and Education BNCCP Strategy 10 on Awareness and Education is an important strategy that enables the realisation of Brunei Darussalam’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.', '4.0 Awareness and Education BNCCP Strategy 10 on Awareness and Education is an important strategy that enables the realisation of Brunei Darussalam’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. This strategy seeks to foster awareness and increase education in matters pertaining to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in all sectors of society, in line with a Whole-of-Nation approach, including the general public, private sectors, Non-Governmental Organisation, associations and most importantly, the youth. 5.0 BNCCP Operational Document With the launching of the first BNCCP, the Brunei Darussalam Executive Committee on Climate Change developed the BNCCP Operational Document Phase I (2021-2025), outlining detailed action plans, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), timelines and appropriate monitoring mechanism in implementing the ten core national strategies set out in the BNCCP. ---']

en-US

BFA

Burkina Faso

1st NDC

2016-11-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20BURKINA%20FASO%20280915.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/894d8d6b6f24563b202abcd03ff373d957a7aa4c6f1302765b53a0c1fb9dd219.pdf

['Burkina Faso Burkina FasoPage ii Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Table des matières Section 2. Contexte et cadre institutionnel 1 2.1. Contexte Institutionnel 1 2.2. Stratégies Nationales et Politiques, Cadre de Développement Durable 2 2.3. Cadres de concertation et programmes mis en place pour l’adaptation et l’atténuation . 2 2.3.1 Du PANA au PNA 2 2.3.2 La nécessité d’un cadre NAMA . 3 2.3.3 La Deuxième Communication Nationale . 3 2.5. Les particularités de l’INDC du Burkina Faso . 4 Section 3. Projections et options en atténuation .5 3.2. Objectif: niveau de contribution du Burkina Faso . 6 3.3.', 'Objectif: niveau de contribution du Burkina Faso . 6 3.3. Analyse de la situation de référence des émissions GES et Identification de l’année de référence . 6 3.3.1 Détermination et justification de l’année cible . 7 3.3.2 Choix des paramètres de projection 7 3.3.3 Situation de référence des émissions . 8 3.3.4 Résultats des scénarios et analyses . 9 Section 4. Projections et options d’adaptation . 12 4.1. Stratégie de long terme du Burkina Faso en matière d’adaptation 12 4.2. Les objectifs stratégiques en matière d’adaptation 12 4.3. Secteurs concernés par les projets d’adaptation . 13 4.4. Actions d’adaptation retenues par secteur concerné . 14 Section 5. Analyse socioéconomique des projets INDC 27 5.1.', 'Analyse socioéconomique des projets INDC 27 5.1. Options économiques et financières des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation . 27 5.1.1 Options d atténuation et d’adaptation faisables à coût négatif (Scénario BaU) 27 5.1.2 Politiques/mesures/projets à coût net négatif ou nul si l on tient compte des bénéfices connexes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux (équivalents au Scenario Inconditionnel) . 27 5.1.3 Options à coût d atténuation positif et faisables à condition de bénéficier d une assistance internationale (équivalentes au Scenario Conditionnel Hybride) 28 5.1.4 Relations entre options économiques et options d’atténuation et d’adaptation 28 5.2. Méthodologie opérationnelle d’analyse 29 5.2.2 Cadre général d’analyse socioéconomique des projets 29 5.3.', 'Méthodologie opérationnelle d’analyse 29 5.2.2 Cadre général d’analyse socioéconomique des projets 29 5.3. Résultats des analyses socioéconomiques et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC . 31 5.3.1 Coûts de mise en œuvre et co- bénéfices nets engendrés . 31 5.3.2 Classement des projets INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre 355.4. Sources et conditions de financement 37 Section 6. Mise en œuvre et suivi et évaluation de l’INDC 39 6.1. Schéma et acteurs de mise en œuvre 39 6.2. Schéma et acteurs du suivi et d’évaluation 39 Section 7. Conclusion . 40 Section 8. Engagements / recommandations . 43 Section 9. ANNEXES 44 9.1. Annexes 1: Liste des projets de la composante atténuation de l’INDC . 44 9.2.', 'Annexes 1: Liste des projets de la composante atténuation de l’INDC . 44 9.2. Annexes 2: Liste des projets de la composante adaptation de l’INDC 47Page iv Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Liste des tableaux Tableau 1. Réduction des émissions et coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation . 6 Tableau 2. Types d émissions de GES selon les tendances sectorielles 7 Tableau 3. Situation de référence des émissions des GES . 8 Tableau 4. Evaluation globale tendancielle de l’état des GES de 2007 à 2030 8 Tableau 5. Evolution des émissions (BaU) et part de réduction selon les scenarii . 9 Tableau 6. Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario inconditionnel par rapport au tendanciel 10 Tableau 7.', 'Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario inconditionnel par rapport au tendanciel 10 Tableau 7. Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario conditionnel par rapport au tendanciel 10 Tableau 8. Actions prioritaires dans le cadre des projets d’adaptation 13 Tableau 9. Actions d’adaptation dans les secteurs AFOLU . 16 Tableau 10. Actions d’adaptation dans les autres secteurs vulnérables . 23 Tableau 11. Critères d analyse et de priorisation des projets INDC 30 Tableau 12. Coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC (en US$) Tableau 13. Classement de l ensemble des projets du Scenario Adaptation INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre 35 Liste des figures Figure 1.', 'Classement de l ensemble des projets du Scenario Adaptation INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre 35 Liste des figures Figure 1. Illustration des tendances d’émissions des GES en différents scenarii . 10 Figure 2. Critères d analyse des projets INDC 30 Figure 3.', 'Critères d analyse des projets INDC 30 Figure 3. Représentation graphique des proportions des projets du Scénario Adaptation INDC par secteurs en coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre 35Liste des acronymes COP Conférence des Parties CCNUCC Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements Climatiques CSLP Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté GES Gaz à Effet de Serre IDH Indice de Développement Humain INDC IntendedNationallyDetermined Contributions LAME Laboratoire d’Analyse Mathématique des Equations ONU Organisation des Nations Unies PANA Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PIB Produit intérieur brut PNA Plan National d’Adaptation PNSR Programme National du Secteur Rural SCADD Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable SP/CONEDD Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable TDR Termes de ReferenceCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 1 Section 1.', 'Représentation graphique des proportions des projets du Scénario Adaptation INDC par secteurs en coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre 35Liste des acronymes COP Conférence des Parties CCNUCC Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements Climatiques CSLP Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté GES Gaz à Effet de Serre IDH Indice de Développement Humain INDC IntendedNationallyDetermined Contributions LAME Laboratoire d’Analyse Mathématique des Equations ONU Organisation des Nations Unies PANA Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PIB Produit intérieur brut PNA Plan National d’Adaptation PNSR Programme National du Secteur Rural SCADD Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable SP/CONEDD Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable TDR Termes de ReferenceCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 1 Section 1. Introduction La France accueillera la vingt-et-unième Conférence des Parties de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (COP21/CMP21), qui se tiendra à Paris en Décembre 2015 et qui devrait aboutir à un nouvel accord international sur le climat, applicable à tous les pays.', 'Introduction La France accueillera la vingt-et-unième Conférence des Parties de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (COP21/CMP21), qui se tiendra à Paris en Décembre 2015 et qui devrait aboutir à un nouvel accord international sur le climat, applicable à tous les pays. L’ensemble de la communauté internationale attend de cet accord qu’il soit universel et durable. Il devra donner les signaux économiques et politiques, pour que le modèle de développement économique de notre planète s’engage sur une nouvelle trajectoire, menant à la neutralité carbone avant la fin du siècle, ainsi qu’au respect de l’objectif des 2°C, c’est-à-dire le maintien du réchauffement global des températures sous la barre des +2°C).', 'Il devra donner les signaux économiques et politiques, pour que le modèle de développement économique de notre planète s’engage sur une nouvelle trajectoire, menant à la neutralité carbone avant la fin du siècle, ainsi qu’au respect de l’objectif des 2°C, c’est-à-dire le maintien du réchauffement global des températures sous la barre des +2°C). La COP21, du 30 novembre au 11 décembre 2015, vise principalement à conclure un accord engageant 195 États à réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre ou GES. L objectif final est que les contributions de ces États (différentes d un pays à un autre) permettent de stabiliser le réchauffement climatique dû aux activités humaines en deçà de 2°C d’ici à 2100 (par rapport à la température de l’ère préindustrielle).', 'L objectif final est que les contributions de ces États (différentes d un pays à un autre) permettent de stabiliser le réchauffement climatique dû aux activités humaines en deçà de 2°C d’ici à 2100 (par rapport à la température de l’ère préindustrielle). Chaque pays remettra ses engagementsà la Convention Cadre Climat (UNFCCC)dans un document appeléIntendedNationallyDetermined Contributionsou INDCd ici la fin octobre 2015. Section 2. Contexte et cadre institutionnel Les contributions nationales regroupent 2 types d’objectifs : Les objectifs d’atténuation, qui visent à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, par exemple en modifiant les techniques de production employées.', 'Contexte et cadre institutionnel Les contributions nationales regroupent 2 types d’objectifs : Les objectifs d’atténuation, qui visent à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, par exemple en modifiant les techniques de production employées. L’INDC Burkina Faso présente des éléments chiffrables et fait mention de l’année de référence, de la période d’engagement, du calendrier de mise en œuvre, ainsi que précise les méthodologies employées pour estimer les émissions de GES. Les objectifs d’adaptation, qui visent à réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes naturels et humains aux effets des changements climatiques réels ou prévus. La contribution aux objectifs de ce second volet est volontaire, cependant significative au Burkina Faso et donc nécessaire à présenter en scenario distinct: Adaptation Intégrée.', 'La contribution aux objectifs de ce second volet est volontaire, cependant significative au Burkina Faso et donc nécessaire à présenter en scenario distinct: Adaptation Intégrée. Selon le Ministère en charge du développement durable, les principes sur lesquels reposent les contributions nationales sont : Ambition: les contributions ont vocation à dépasser les engagements actuels des États. Les engagements actuels s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la deuxième période d’engagement du Protocole de Kyoto – c’est notamment le cas pour l’Union Européenne, ou bien correspondent aux actions nationales volontaires souscrites au titre de l’accord de Copenhague et des accords de Cancun. Equité et Différenciation: Les contributions sont examinées en tenant compte des circonstances nationales propres à chaque pays.', 'Equité et Différenciation: Les contributions sont examinées en tenant compte des circonstances nationales propres à chaque pays. Les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires bénéficient notamment d’une certaine flexibilité dans l’élaboration de leur INDC compte tenu de leur capacité limitée. Transparence: Les contributions qui ont été communiquées par les États sont publiées au fur et à mesure sur le site de l’UNFCCC. Une synthèse agrégeant l’ensemble des contributions des parties sera présentée par le secrétariat de la CCNUCC le 1er novembre 2015 sur la base des INDC reçues au 1er octobre.Page 2 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 2.2.', 'Une synthèse agrégeant l’ensemble des contributions des parties sera présentée par le secrétariat de la CCNUCC le 1er novembre 2015 sur la base des INDC reçues au 1er octobre.Page 2 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 2.2. Stratégies Nationales et Politiques, Cadre de Développement Durable Les « états généraux de l’environnement et du développement durable » au Burkina Faso, tenus en novembre 2011,ont fortement recommandé l’élaboration d’une Politique Nationale de Développement Durable (PNDD) assortie d’une loi. Elaborée en 2013, la PNDD encadre efficacement la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCADD).', 'Elaborée en 2013, la PNDD encadre efficacement la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCADD). Avec ce document de cadrage économique qu’est la SCADD, qui, est également juxtaposée à la « Prospective Burkina 2025 », les instruments cadres de politique contribuent à mettre la notion de durabilité au cœur de l’action publique et des autres acteurs non étatiques (PTF, ONG, OSC, Secteur privé) dans un élan de développement socioéconomique générateur de croissance et de revenus équitablement distribués à moyen et long termes et dans des secteurs de haute vulnérabilité climatique tels qu‘identifiés par la Communication nationale2. 2.3. Cadres de concertation et programmes mis en place pour l’adaptation et l’atténuation Le Burkina Faso a ratifié la CCNUCC et le protocole de Kyoto respectivement en septembre 1993 et mars 2005.', 'Cadres de concertation et programmes mis en place pour l’adaptation et l’atténuation Le Burkina Faso a ratifié la CCNUCC et le protocole de Kyoto respectivement en septembre 1993 et mars 2005. A ce jour, il a élaboré et adopté plusieurs documents de politiques et de stratégies relatifs aux changements climatiques, en réponse à certaines dispositions de ces protocoles. On peut, entre autres, citer: La Stratégie Nationale de mise en œuvre de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques adoptée en novembre 2001; le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) en 2007; l’Elaboration d’un cadre NAMA (2008); le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA, 2014).', 'On peut, entre autres, citer: La Stratégie Nationale de mise en œuvre de la Convention sur les Changements Climatiques adoptée en novembre 2001; le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) en 2007; l’Elaboration d’un cadre NAMA (2008); le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA, 2014). Pour la prise en charge et le suivi des questions des changements climatiques, on retient la création au sein du Ministère en charge de l’environnement du Secrétariat Permanentdu Conseil National pour la Gestion de l’Environnement(SP/CONAGESE), qui sera transformé en SP/CONEDD (Conseil National pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable) avec des missions élargies.', 'Pour la prise en charge et le suivi des questions des changements climatiques, on retient la création au sein du Ministère en charge de l’environnement du Secrétariat Permanentdu Conseil National pour la Gestion de l’Environnement(SP/CONAGESE), qui sera transformé en SP/CONEDD (Conseil National pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable) avec des missions élargies. En 1995, le Burkina Faso a mis en place le Comité Interministériel pour la Mise en œuvre des Actions de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CIMAC). Ce comité a été pleinement impliqué dans l’élaboration de la Communication Nationale Initiale sur les changements climatiques.', 'Ce comité a été pleinement impliqué dans l’élaboration de la Communication Nationale Initiale sur les changements climatiques. 2.3.1 Du PANA au PNA Faceà la dégradation des écosystèmes, à la récurrence des crises alimentaires et aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques sur l’environnement, les populations et le cheptel, le Gouvernement du Burkina Faso, avec l’appui du PNUD en tant qu’agence d exécution du Fonds pour l Environnement Mondial (FEM), a initié en 2005 la formulation de son Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation (PANA) à la variabilité et aux Changements Climatiques. Le PANA a été adopté au niveau national en novembre 2007.', 'Le PANA a été adopté au niveau national en novembre 2007. Dans ce cadre, et sous le leadership du SP/CONEDD, trois projets d adaptation ont été élaborés et exécutés entre 2008 et 2013, avec l’appui des Coopérations danoise et japonaise et celui du Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM).', 'Dans ce cadre, et sous le leadership du SP/CONEDD, trois projets d adaptation ont été élaborés et exécutés entre 2008 et 2013, avec l’appui des Coopérations danoise et japonaise et celui du Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM). Le PANA répondait ainsi à une situation urgente où l’adaptation visait principalement les plus vulnérables, notamment les populations rurales.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 3 Afin de valoriser les acquis de la mise en œuvre des trois projets d’une part, de répondre aux préoccupations de la Convention et d’élargir le plan à toutes les parties prenantes du développement d’autre part, le Burkina a élaboré un Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) qui est bâti autour des résultats de l’analyse de la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques des secteurs prioritaires identifiés (agriculture, élevage, eau, forêts et écosystèmes naturels, énergie, infrastructures et habitat, santé…) et des scénarii des changements climatiques aux horizons 2025-2050.', 'Le PANA répondait ainsi à une situation urgente où l’adaptation visait principalement les plus vulnérables, notamment les populations rurales.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 3 Afin de valoriser les acquis de la mise en œuvre des trois projets d’une part, de répondre aux préoccupations de la Convention et d’élargir le plan à toutes les parties prenantes du développement d’autre part, le Burkina a élaboré un Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) qui est bâti autour des résultats de l’analyse de la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques des secteurs prioritaires identifiés (agriculture, élevage, eau, forêts et écosystèmes naturels, énergie, infrastructures et habitat, santé…) et des scénarii des changements climatiques aux horizons 2025-2050. 2.3.2 La nécessité d’un cadre NAMA Le besoin d’évaluation quantitative du potentiel d’atténuation a conduit le Burkina Faso à élaborer un cadre NAMA en 2008, en l’occurrence le Programme Nationale du Secteur Rural (PNSR).', '2.3.2 La nécessité d’un cadre NAMA Le besoin d’évaluation quantitative du potentiel d’atténuation a conduit le Burkina Faso à élaborer un cadre NAMA en 2008, en l’occurrence le Programme Nationale du Secteur Rural (PNSR). Le PNSRs’inscrit dans la dynamique de programmation du développement à court, moyen et long terme, traduite par la conduite de l’Etude prospective Burkina 2025, l’élaboration du Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT) et plus récemment (2010), par l’adoption de la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCADD) en lieu et place du Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté (CSLP). Le PNSR qui vise l’horizon 2015 est une fédération des programmes sectoriels des départements de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, de l’eau, de l’environnement et du cadre de vie. Dans ce cadre, le potentiel TéqCo2/an.', 'Dans ce cadre, le potentiel TéqCo2/an. Les mesures d’atténuation proposées participent à l’atteinte des objectifs du Gouvernement à savoir la restauration des terres dégradées à raison de 30 000 ha/an, l’accroissement des superficies des ha, la réduction des superficies des forêts brûlées par les feux sauvages de 30 % du territoire national à 20 %, l’aménagement des zones cynégétiques villageoises par la sensibilisation et la formation des populations, et la diffusion des connaissances concernant les techniques relatives à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles.', 'Les mesures d’atténuation proposées participent à l’atteinte des objectifs du Gouvernement à savoir la restauration des terres dégradées à raison de 30 000 ha/an, l’accroissement des superficies des ha, la réduction des superficies des forêts brûlées par les feux sauvages de 30 % du territoire national à 20 %, l’aménagement des zones cynégétiques villageoises par la sensibilisation et la formation des populations, et la diffusion des connaissances concernant les techniques relatives à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles. 2.3.3 La Deuxième Communication Nationale En application des articles 4 et 12 de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le Burkina Faso a procédéà l’élaboration d’une Communication Nationale contenant les mesures visant à atténuer ou à faciliter une adaptation appropriée aux changements climatiques.C’est dans ce cadre que fut élaboré en 2014 la Deuxième Communication nationale, conformément aux directives de ladécision 17/CP 8 adoptée par la huitième session de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC.', '2.3.3 La Deuxième Communication Nationale En application des articles 4 et 12 de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le Burkina Faso a procédéà l’élaboration d’une Communication Nationale contenant les mesures visant à atténuer ou à faciliter une adaptation appropriée aux changements climatiques.C’est dans ce cadre que fut élaboré en 2014 la Deuxième Communication nationale, conformément aux directives de ladécision 17/CP 8 adoptée par la huitième session de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC. Le processus de son élaboration ayant commencé depuis 2006, les données d’inventaires prennent appui sur des données de 2007 comme année de référence.', 'Le processus de son élaboration ayant commencé depuis 2006, les données d’inventaires prennent appui sur des données de 2007 comme année de référence. Faisant l’état des changements climatiques, la Deuxième Communication nationale complète et met à jour certaines données déjà portées à la connaissance de la communauté internationale dans la Communication initiale de 2001 que le site web de la CCNUCC réfère à Mai 2002.Page 4 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 2.5. Les particularités de l’INDC du Burkina Faso L INDC du Burkina, pays faible émetteur, est l’un des rares qui présente les deux caractéristiques des INDC, voire une approche résultats (outcomes) et une approche actions/projets/activités.', 'Les particularités de l’INDC du Burkina Faso L INDC du Burkina, pays faible émetteur, est l’un des rares qui présente les deux caractéristiques des INDC, voire une approche résultats (outcomes) et une approche actions/projets/activités. Cela se traduit par une composanteAtténuation qui ne prend en considération que les activités qui amènent à des résultats d émissions crédités dont les objectifs ont été dès le départ orientés surla réduction des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre et en particulier de carbone équivalent. Un exemple de ces initiatives sont les REDD + / PIF, l initiative NAMA et des projets potentiels MDP dans des secteurs porteurs comme pour le Minier.', 'Un exemple de ces initiatives sont les REDD + / PIF, l initiative NAMA et des projets potentiels MDP dans des secteurs porteurs comme pour le Minier. C’est à partir de ces initiatives consacrées principalementà la réduction des gaz à effet de serre que le scénario Conditionnel hybride Atténuation /(Adaptation) est constitué. L’INDC du Burkina comporte par ailleurs toute une composante Adaptationqui rend cet INDC quelque peu unique et ambitieux ; car l’analyse des options d’adaptation avec ses investissements particuliers et ses secteurs ‘’vulnérables’’ à la recherche de résilience a menéà un Scénario Adaptation Intégrée. C est dans cette composante qu’une approche Projets / Activités / Actions se dégage.', 'C est dans cette composante qu’une approche Projets / Activités / Actions se dégage. Elle se justifie hautement par le fait que le « secteur rural », constitué des sous-secteurs Eau- Agriculture-Forêts-Utilisation des Terres (A.FO.LU) est à la fois le principal moteur de l’économie burkinabè (il fait vivre plus de 80% de la population) mais aussi le secteur le plus vulnérable aux effets du changement climatique.', 'Elle se justifie hautement par le fait que le « secteur rural », constitué des sous-secteurs Eau- Agriculture-Forêts-Utilisation des Terres (A.FO.LU) est à la fois le principal moteur de l’économie burkinabè (il fait vivre plus de 80% de la population) mais aussi le secteur le plus vulnérable aux effets du changement climatique. Cette composante est ainsi constituée de projets dont l objectif n est pas PRINCIPALEMENTla réduction des GES (par la séquestration du carbone notamment) mais surtout la valorisation de services environnementaux tels que la sécurité alimentaire, la conservation des eaux et des sols, l agriculture durable, la valorisation des produits forestiers non ligneux y compris les plantes médicinales, la promotion d’une architecture sans bois ni tôle (voûtes nubiennes), etc.Comme un bonus à la composante atténuation, ces projets résultent sur le moyen et long termeà des réductions considérables en GES qui dépassent même les résultats des efforts d’atténuation.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 5 Section 3.', 'Cette composante est ainsi constituée de projets dont l objectif n est pas PRINCIPALEMENTla réduction des GES (par la séquestration du carbone notamment) mais surtout la valorisation de services environnementaux tels que la sécurité alimentaire, la conservation des eaux et des sols, l agriculture durable, la valorisation des produits forestiers non ligneux y compris les plantes médicinales, la promotion d’une architecture sans bois ni tôle (voûtes nubiennes), etc.Comme un bonus à la composante atténuation, ces projets résultent sur le moyen et long termeà des réductions considérables en GES qui dépassent même les résultats des efforts d’atténuation.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 5 Section 3. Projections et options en atténuation L’équipe « Atténuation » a réalisé ses travaux sur la base de la méthodologie suivante: Exploitation de l’inventaire des GES de 2007, par secteur (i.e.', 'Projections et options en atténuation L’équipe « Atténuation » a réalisé ses travaux sur la base de la méthodologie suivante: Exploitation de l’inventaire des GES de 2007, par secteur (i.e. Agriculture; Énergie incluant le secteur Transport;Déchets; Procédés industriels; Affectation des terres, Changement d’affectation des Terres et Forêts (ATCATF); Détermination des indicateurs socio-économiques pour la projection des émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual(BaU) » sur l’horizon 2030; Construction des scénarios de projections d’émissions de GES par secteur; Identification des actions d’atténuation, qui sont en cours ou qui sont programmées, par secteur; Analyse des impacts des actions d’adaptation pour intégrer leurs réductions d’émission indirectes (le cas échéant) dans le bilan d’atténuation; Évaluation de la contribution du Burkina Faso en termes d’atténuation; Recommandations d’actions d’atténuation par secteur; Niveau de couverture de la contribution: Les scenarios sont basés sur des données couvrant l’ensemble du territoire national.', 'Agriculture; Énergie incluant le secteur Transport;Déchets; Procédés industriels; Affectation des terres, Changement d’affectation des Terres et Forêts (ATCATF); Détermination des indicateurs socio-économiques pour la projection des émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual(BaU) » sur l’horizon 2030; Construction des scénarios de projections d’émissions de GES par secteur; Identification des actions d’atténuation, qui sont en cours ou qui sont programmées, par secteur; Analyse des impacts des actions d’adaptation pour intégrer leurs réductions d’émission indirectes (le cas échéant) dans le bilan d’atténuation; Évaluation de la contribution du Burkina Faso en termes d’atténuation; Recommandations d’actions d’atténuation par secteur; Niveau de couverture de la contribution: Les scenarios sont basés sur des données couvrant l’ensemble du territoire national. Cette méthodologie se traduit dans le rapport comme suit: Une approche GES Résultats offrant une plus grande flexibilité sur la façon de parvenir à des réductions de GES, sans nécessairement préciser toutes les actions qui entraîneront des réductions d émissions.', 'Cette méthodologie se traduit dans le rapport comme suit: Une approche GES Résultats offrant une plus grande flexibilité sur la façon de parvenir à des réductions de GES, sans nécessairement préciser toutes les actions qui entraîneront des réductions d émissions. Cette approche permet la transparence des calculs et projections et assure unmeilleur suivi des progrès accomplis par rapport aux actions, puisque les cibles GES prennent généralement en considérationl inventaire national des GES de base (2014), et plus spécifiquement les données de secteur les plus détaillées possible. En conséquence du point 1, le Gouvernement pourrait s’engager sur des résultats quantifiés pouvantfournir une meilleure compréhension des réductions futures d émissions et des niveaux d émissions associées aux contributions, qui, une fois regroupés, facilitent une évaluation des futures émissions (Scenario conditionnel Atténuation et Adaptation).', 'En conséquence du point 1, le Gouvernement pourrait s’engager sur des résultats quantifiés pouvantfournir une meilleure compréhension des réductions futures d émissions et des niveaux d émissions associées aux contributions, qui, une fois regroupés, facilitent une évaluation des futures émissions (Scenario conditionnel Atténuation et Adaptation). Ces états globaux permettent également des progrès dans la réalisation du suivi de l’INDC etoffrent plus de crédibilité pour recevoir un financement et l accès aux marchés, et d améliorer la comparaison entre les INDCs.Il est également plus simple pour estimer les effets et les co-bénéfices selon l’approcherésultats et /ou actions des GES. Dans l’INDC du Burkina Faso, les deux approches ont été utilisées: outcomes en majorité en Atténuation et outcomes et projets (actions) en Adaptation.', 'Dans l’INDC du Burkina Faso, les deux approches ont été utilisées: outcomes en majorité en Atténuation et outcomes et projets (actions) en Adaptation. Il en ressort donc trois scenarios: 1 scenario BaU; 1 scenario Inconditionnel; et 1 scenario Conditionnel qui intègre les projets Adaptation dont l’objectif principal est la réduction des GES ‘’crédités’’.', 'Il en ressort donc trois scenarios: 1 scenario BaU; 1 scenario Inconditionnel; et 1 scenario Conditionnel qui intègre les projets Adaptation dont l’objectif principal est la réduction des GES ‘’crédités’’. La section Atténuation présente ces trois scenarios et leurs descriptions par secteurs clés en matière de contribution aux GES, tout en essayant de garder les mêmes secteurs clés pendant toute l’analyse des trois scenarios mais aussi dans la section Adaptation et dans la section Socioéconomique ; le reste des secteurs ne servant qu’à donner un coût d’investissement si des projets /actionssecondaires sont amenés à contribuer à une réduction encore plus grande des GES aux différents horizons (aux couts de 2015) jusqu’à 2030.', 'La section Atténuation présente ces trois scenarios et leurs descriptions par secteurs clés en matière de contribution aux GES, tout en essayant de garder les mêmes secteurs clés pendant toute l’analyse des trois scenarios mais aussi dans la section Adaptation et dans la section Socioéconomique ; le reste des secteurs ne servant qu’à donner un coût d’investissement si des projets /actionssecondaires sont amenés à contribuer à une réduction encore plus grande des GES aux différents horizons (aux couts de 2015) jusqu’à 2030. Les secteurs clés identifies sont : L’agriculture, les déchets et l‘énergie qui inclut la production d’électricité, le transport, le résidentiel et le tertiaire ainsi que les industries manufacturières, l’habitat, etc.', 'Les secteurs clés identifies sont : L’agriculture, les déchets et l‘énergie qui inclut la production d’électricité, le transport, le résidentiel et le tertiaire ainsi que les industries manufacturières, l’habitat, etc. En termes de représentation dans le rapport, chacun de ces secteurs montrera: - Ses projections en quantités d’émissions dans le scenario BaU, Inconditionnel et Conditionnel;Page 6 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso - les graphiques des trois scenarios; - un tableau synthèse /matrice regroupant toutes ces données + le coût d’investissement(Cout de réduction d’1 tonne de CO2). Le tableau synthèse suivant met l’emphase résume les scenarii en Atténuation. Tableau 1.', 'Le tableau synthèse suivant met l’emphase résume les scenarii en Atténuation. Tableau 1. Réduction des émissions et coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation Scenarii / secteurs Réduction des émissions à Cout d’Investissement(en US$) En chiffre (Gg) en % de réduction BaU (sous total) : 118 323 Inconditionnel Déchets - Conditionnel Source, Compilation Auteurs, juillet 2015. 3.2.', 'Réduction des émissions et coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation Scenarii / secteurs Réduction des émissions à Cout d’Investissement(en US$) En chiffre (Gg) en % de réduction BaU (sous total) : 118 323 Inconditionnel Déchets - Conditionnel Source, Compilation Auteurs, juillet 2015. 3.2. Objectif: niveau de contribution du Burkina Faso Trois scenarios ont été donc considérés en Atténuation pour évaluer l’évolution des émissions et les réductions possibles à partir d’une situation de référence et du potentiel de financement: Un scénario «tendanciel» (Business as Usual - BAU) correspondant au prolongement du passé dans l’hypothèse que le développement économique continue sans rupture; Un scénario « inconditionnel » prenant en compte toutes les politiques publiques engagées après 2007, prenant en compte des évolutions technologiques et des études récentes et ayant un financement acquis ou en cours d’acquisition; Un scénario conditionnel qui prend en compte l’ensemble des projets d’atténuations élaborés et / ou en cours d’élaboration mais n’ayant pas de financement acquis.', 'Objectif: niveau de contribution du Burkina Faso Trois scenarios ont été donc considérés en Atténuation pour évaluer l’évolution des émissions et les réductions possibles à partir d’une situation de référence et du potentiel de financement: Un scénario «tendanciel» (Business as Usual - BAU) correspondant au prolongement du passé dans l’hypothèse que le développement économique continue sans rupture; Un scénario « inconditionnel » prenant en compte toutes les politiques publiques engagées après 2007, prenant en compte des évolutions technologiques et des études récentes et ayant un financement acquis ou en cours d’acquisition; Un scénario conditionnel qui prend en compte l’ensemble des projets d’atténuations élaborés et / ou en cours d’élaboration mais n’ayant pas de financement acquis. 3.3.', 'Objectif: niveau de contribution du Burkina Faso Trois scenarios ont été donc considérés en Atténuation pour évaluer l’évolution des émissions et les réductions possibles à partir d’une situation de référence et du potentiel de financement: Un scénario «tendanciel» (Business as Usual - BAU) correspondant au prolongement du passé dans l’hypothèse que le développement économique continue sans rupture; Un scénario « inconditionnel » prenant en compte toutes les politiques publiques engagées après 2007, prenant en compte des évolutions technologiques et des études récentes et ayant un financement acquis ou en cours d’acquisition; Un scénario conditionnel qui prend en compte l’ensemble des projets d’atténuations élaborés et / ou en cours d’élaboration mais n’ayant pas de financement acquis. 3.3. Analyse de la situation de référence des émissions GES et Identification de l’année de référence L’année de référence retenue est 2007, date de la finalisation du deuxième rapport des inventaires des gaz à effet de serre au Burkina Faso.', 'Analyse de la situation de référence des émissions GES et Identification de l’année de référence L’année de référence retenue est 2007, date de la finalisation du deuxième rapport des inventaires des gaz à effet de serre au Burkina Faso. Les projections vers le futur, selon différents scénarios, sont faites à partir de cette année de base et des paramètres appropriés résultants de l’évolutionCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 7 antérieure du système socio-économique (tendanciel) ou les hypothèses de la prévision (scénarios inconditionnel et conditionnel). 3.3.1 Détermination et justification de l’année cible Le Burkina a choisi 2030comme cible étant donné que cette date coïncide avec le deuxième rendez- vous des OMD.', '3.3.1 Détermination et justification de l’année cible Le Burkina a choisi 2030comme cible étant donné que cette date coïncide avec le deuxième rendez- vous des OMD. Par ailleurs, le Gouvernement du Burkina Faso a adhéré à l’Initiative ″Energie Durable Pour Tous (SE4ALL) ″ du Secrétaire Général des Nations Unies qui vise à atteindre, d’ici 2030, trois objectifs majeurs: Assurer l’accès universel aux services énergétiques modernes; Doubler le taux d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique; Doubler la part des énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique mondial. 3.3.2 Choix des paramètres de projection Les paramètres susceptibles d’influer sur la trajectoire des tendances ont été passés en revues.', '3.3.2 Choix des paramètres de projection Les paramètres susceptibles d’influer sur la trajectoire des tendances ont été passés en revues. De concert avec les structures en charge des statistiques,en l’occurrence l’Institut National des statistiques et de la Démographie, les paramètres suivants ont été retenus pour leur pertinence. Tableau 2. Types d émissions de GES selon les tendances sectorielles Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015.', 'Types d émissions de GES selon les tendances sectorielles Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015. Secteurs GES Paramètres de projection utilisés Tendance sols agricoles NO2 Évolution des importations d’intrant Tendance résidus agricoles brulés au champs +brulage contrôlé de savane NOX CO CO2 Tendance historique INSD Tendance fermentation entérique CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance gestion du fumier CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie CO2CH4N2ONOXCO Tendance historique INSD Tendance gestion déchets liquides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance gestion déchets solides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance transport CO2 Évolution importation carburant Tendance production électricité CO2 Tendance évolution Tendance industries manufacturières CO2 Taux de croissance PIB industrielle Tendance résidentielle CO2 Taux de croit du gaz butane et du pétrole lampant Tendance processus industriels CO2 Tendance historique INSDPage 8 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 3.3.3 Situation de référence des émissions La situation de référence est celle de la deuxième Communication Nationale du Burkina Faso, 2014 (dont les inventaires de GES prennent référence sur les données de l’année 2007) dans le cadre de la CCNUCC et dont le tableau 3 ci-contre constitue une récapitulation significative (émissions totales et relatives par source d’émission).', 'Secteurs GES Paramètres de projection utilisés Tendance sols agricoles NO2 Évolution des importations d’intrant Tendance résidus agricoles brulés au champs +brulage contrôlé de savane NOX CO CO2 Tendance historique INSD Tendance fermentation entérique CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance gestion du fumier CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie CO2CH4N2ONOXCO Tendance historique INSD Tendance gestion déchets liquides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance gestion déchets solides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance transport CO2 Évolution importation carburant Tendance production électricité CO2 Tendance évolution Tendance industries manufacturières CO2 Taux de croissance PIB industrielle Tendance résidentielle CO2 Taux de croit du gaz butane et du pétrole lampant Tendance processus industriels CO2 Tendance historique INSDPage 8 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 3.3.3 Situation de référence des émissions La situation de référence est celle de la deuxième Communication Nationale du Burkina Faso, 2014 (dont les inventaires de GES prennent référence sur les données de l’année 2007) dans le cadre de la CCNUCC et dont le tableau 3 ci-contre constitue une récapitulation significative (émissions totales et relatives par source d’émission). Tableau 3.', 'Secteurs GES Paramètres de projection utilisés Tendance sols agricoles NO2 Évolution des importations d’intrant Tendance résidus agricoles brulés au champs +brulage contrôlé de savane NOX CO CO2 Tendance historique INSD Tendance fermentation entérique CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance gestion du fumier CH4 Taux de croissance du cheptel Tendance changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie CO2CH4N2ONOXCO Tendance historique INSD Tendance gestion déchets liquides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance gestion déchets solides CH4 Taux de croissance de la population Tendance transport CO2 Évolution importation carburant Tendance production électricité CO2 Tendance évolution Tendance industries manufacturières CO2 Taux de croissance PIB industrielle Tendance résidentielle CO2 Taux de croit du gaz butane et du pétrole lampant Tendance processus industriels CO2 Tendance historique INSDPage 8 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso 3.3.3 Situation de référence des émissions La situation de référence est celle de la deuxième Communication Nationale du Burkina Faso, 2014 (dont les inventaires de GES prennent référence sur les données de l’année 2007) dans le cadre de la CCNUCC et dont le tableau 3 ci-contre constitue une récapitulation significative (émissions totales et relatives par source d’émission). Tableau 3. Situation de référence des émissions des GES Source: Communication Nationale du Burkina Faso, 2014.', 'Situation de référence des émissions des GES Source: Communication Nationale du Burkina Faso, 2014. L’analyse du scenario tendanciel montre que les émissions de GES du Burkina vont continuer à croitre de manière substantielle. A l’horizon 2030 le niveau des émissions sera multiplié par cinq comparativement à celle de l’année 2007 et quasiment par 1.6 comparativement à 2015 (tableau 4 ci-dessous). Tableau 4. Evaluation globale tendancielle de l’état des GES de 2007 à 2030 Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015.', 'Evaluation globale tendancielle de l’état des GES de 2007 à 2030 Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015. Catégorie Principaux gaz émis Émissions GES En pourcentage du total des émissions Résidu agricole brûlé aux champs + brûlage contrôlé de savane Changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie NOX, COCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 9 3.3.4 Résultats des scénarios et analyses Au regard des projets et programmes retenus dans le scénario inconditionnel et conditionnel, les résultats des projections donnent, ci-après, la part des réductions opérées par rapport au scénario tendanciel, aussi appelé « Business as Usual » (BAU).', 'Catégorie Principaux gaz émis Émissions GES En pourcentage du total des émissions Résidu agricole brûlé aux champs + brûlage contrôlé de savane Changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie NOX, COCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 9 3.3.4 Résultats des scénarios et analyses Au regard des projets et programmes retenus dans le scénario inconditionnel et conditionnel, les résultats des projections donnent, ci-après, la part des réductions opérées par rapport au scénario tendanciel, aussi appelé « Business as Usual » (BAU). Il convient, en effet, de rappeler, qu’à l’instar de plusieurs pays en développement la faible appropriation et de maîtrise des technologies est concomitante du niveau très bas de développement du pays comme le Burkina Faso et de la faiblesse de ses émissions de GES.', 'Il convient, en effet, de rappeler, qu’à l’instar de plusieurs pays en développement la faible appropriation et de maîtrise des technologies est concomitante du niveau très bas de développement du pays comme le Burkina Faso et de la faiblesse de ses émissions de GES. En dépit des efforts, l’urgence à faire face à des situations de crise récurrente dans plusieurs secteurs appelle l’utilisation de technologies disponibles sur le marché et à moindre coût, bien souvent moins appropriées à la protection de l’environnement local ou global (centrales thermiques d’urgence financées très souvent lors de grands délestages et de mouvements sociaux, dépendance vis-à-vis des moyens de transport obsolètes ailleurs, techniques agricoles à faibles intrants technologiques et consommatrices d’espace et de main d’œuvre, faible gestion des déchets, etc.).', 'En dépit des efforts, l’urgence à faire face à des situations de crise récurrente dans plusieurs secteurs appelle l’utilisation de technologies disponibles sur le marché et à moindre coût, bien souvent moins appropriées à la protection de l’environnement local ou global (centrales thermiques d’urgence financées très souvent lors de grands délestages et de mouvements sociaux, dépendance vis-à-vis des moyens de transport obsolètes ailleurs, techniques agricoles à faibles intrants technologiques et consommatrices d’espace et de main d’œuvre, faible gestion des déchets, etc.). D’où la préférence à penser les réductions de GES par rapport à une tendance possible que par rapport à une année de référence qui nous paraît peu réaliste. Le tableau 5 et la figure 1 ci-dessous illustrent l’évolution des émissions des GES selon les trois scenarii adoptés.', 'Le tableau 5 et la figure 1 ci-dessous illustrent l’évolution des émissions des GES selon les trois scenarii adoptés. Tableau 5. Evolution des émissions (BaU) et part de réduction selon les scenarii Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015.Page 10 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Figure 1. Illustration des tendances d’émissions des GES en différents scenarii Le tableau 6 ci-dessous donne une désagrégation des réductions du scénario inconditionnel. On note que l’atténuation sectorielle est principalement due aux projets et programmes dans l’Agriculture, la Foresterie et les changements d’affectation des sols (entre 6 et 7% de 2020 à 2030), les choix technologiques dans l’industrie électrique (entre 20 et 12% de 2020 à 2030) et à l’efficacité énergétique dans les industries manufacturières (3%.respectivement en 2020 et 2030).', 'On note que l’atténuation sectorielle est principalement due aux projets et programmes dans l’Agriculture, la Foresterie et les changements d’affectation des sols (entre 6 et 7% de 2020 à 2030), les choix technologiques dans l’industrie électrique (entre 20 et 12% de 2020 à 2030) et à l’efficacité énergétique dans les industries manufacturières (3%.respectivement en 2020 et 2030). Les réductions mentionnées ici sont relatives à la tendance BAU du secteur. Tableau 6. Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario inconditionnel par rapport au tendanciel Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015 De manière similaire, le tableau 7 ci-dessous donne une désagrégation des réductions du scénario conditionnel.', 'Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario inconditionnel par rapport au tendanciel Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015 De manière similaire, le tableau 7 ci-dessous donne une désagrégation des réductions du scénario conditionnel. On note qu’en 2030 et toujours par rapport au scénario tendanciel, l’atténuation sectorielle proviendrait principalement des projets et programmes dans l’Agriculture, la Foresterie et les changements d’affectation des sols (10% de réduction par rapport à la tendance sectorielle, d’une moindre consommation des hydrocarbures dans les transports (42%), les choix technologiques dans l’industrie électrique (4%) et de l’efficacité dans le résidentiel et le tertiaire (21%) due à un remplacement massif de l’éclairage traditionnel par l’introduction des lampes basse consommation. Les réductions mentionnées ici sont relatives à la tendance BAU du secteur. Tableau 7.', 'Les réductions mentionnées ici sont relatives à la tendance BAU du secteur. Tableau 7. Désagrégation des réductions des GES (Gg et %) du scénario conditionnel par rapport au tendancielCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 11 Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015 Au cours des quinze dernières années, le Burkina est resté en tête des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA) avec une croissance moyenne annuelle de 5,5 %, et ce en dépit de divers chocs exogènes. L’économie Burkinabé est fortement dominée par l’agriculture qui occupe près de 80 % de la population active. Le coton est la culture de rente la plus importante pour le pays.', 'Le coton est la culture de rente la plus importante pour le pays. L’essentiel des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur de l’agriculture provient des catégories de la fermentation entérique et des solsagricoles. En 2007, le secteur de l’agriculture a contribué à 88 % des émissions de GES au niveau national. L’élevage, à travers l’activité de fermentation entérique, est la catégorie qui contribue le plus aux émissions de GES (près de la moitié annuellement). Les sols agricoles occupent le second rang en termes de contribution à ces émissions.Page 12 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 4. Projections et options d’adaptation 4.1.', 'Les sols agricoles occupent le second rang en termes de contribution à ces émissions.Page 12 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 4. Projections et options d’adaptation 4.1. Stratégie de long terme du Burkina Faso en matière d’adaptation De façon globale, la planification du développement s’appuie sur la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable(SCADD). L’économie du Burkina Faso a été depuis le départ basée sur le secteur primaire, secteur le plus exposé depuis plus de 40 ans maintenant aux effets de la variabilité du climat et considéré aujourd’hui comme le plus vulnérable aux changements du climat.', 'L’économie du Burkina Faso a été depuis le départ basée sur le secteur primaire, secteur le plus exposé depuis plus de 40 ans maintenant aux effets de la variabilité du climat et considéré aujourd’hui comme le plus vulnérable aux changements du climat. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement du Burkina Faso a pris en chargede façon spécifique les questions de changement climatique depuis les grandes sécheresses des années ’70à travers une action soutenue de lutte contre la désertification qui frappe durement le monde rural. En 2014, et dans le cadre du Programme National de Partenariat pour la Gestion Durable des Terres (CPP), le Burkina Faso a élaboré et validé un Cadre Stratégique d’Investissement en Gestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT).', 'En 2014, et dans le cadre du Programme National de Partenariat pour la Gestion Durable des Terres (CPP), le Burkina Faso a élaboré et validé un Cadre Stratégique d’Investissement en Gestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT). La vision en matière de gestion durable des terres (GDT) au Burkina Faso qui prend pour horizon de projection l’année 2025est la suivante: «des systèmes de production rurale durables qui, en prenant en compte les connaissances et les savoir-faire locaux, (i) préservent la fertilité des sols, (ii) augmentent la productivité végétale et animale par unité de surface exploitée et/ou par unité de volume d’eau consommée, (iii) améliorent le bien-être des populations vivant de la terre, (iv) restaurent et préservent l’intégrité et les fonctions des écosystèmes ».', 'La vision en matière de gestion durable des terres (GDT) au Burkina Faso qui prend pour horizon de projection l’année 2025est la suivante: «des systèmes de production rurale durables qui, en prenant en compte les connaissances et les savoir-faire locaux, (i) préservent la fertilité des sols, (ii) augmentent la productivité végétale et animale par unité de surface exploitée et/ou par unité de volume d’eau consommée, (iii) améliorent le bien-être des populations vivant de la terre, (iv) restaurent et préservent l’intégrité et les fonctions des écosystèmes ». Considéré comme un Plan d’Actions du PNSR dans le domaine de la Gestion Durable des Ressources Naturelles (GDRN), le CSI-GDT prend appui sur l’ensemble des programmes et actions prévus dans le cadre du PNSR, financés ou à la recherche de financement.', 'Considéré comme un Plan d’Actions du PNSR dans le domaine de la Gestion Durable des Ressources Naturelles (GDRN), le CSI-GDT prend appui sur l’ensemble des programmes et actions prévus dans le cadre du PNSR, financés ou à la recherche de financement. Les objectifs, les résultats et les produits attendus du CSI-GDT coïncident largement avec les thématiques classées prioritaires du Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA). Parce qu’il a défini des ambitions quantitatives pour le pays à l’horizon 2025 dans les secteurs de la GDRN ainsi que leurs coûts, le CSI-GDT peut être considéré comme un plan d’action opérationnel en matière d’adaptation dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des forêts et de l’utilisation des terres, de la gestion de l’eau et de la biomasse-énergie. 4.2.', 'Parce qu’il a défini des ambitions quantitatives pour le pays à l’horizon 2025 dans les secteurs de la GDRN ainsi que leurs coûts, le CSI-GDT peut être considéré comme un plan d’action opérationnel en matière d’adaptation dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des forêts et de l’utilisation des terres, de la gestion de l’eau et de la biomasse-énergie. 4.2. Les objectifs stratégiques en matière d’adaptation Le plus grand souci pour le Burkina Faso, comme pour tout autre pays, est que les changements climatiques prévus pour les prochaines cinquante années sont déjà inévitables.', 'Les objectifs stratégiques en matière d’adaptation Le plus grand souci pour le Burkina Faso, comme pour tout autre pays, est que les changements climatiques prévus pour les prochaines cinquante années sont déjà inévitables. Donc le premier intérêt de Burkina Faso, qui n est pas un Etat grand émetteur de GES, est inévitablement d améliorer la capacité des populations à s adapter aux conditions qui existeront d ici à 2025, 2030 ou 2050: une hausse significative de la température moyenne, des saisons sèches plus sévères, des saisons de pluie plus fortes et moins prévisibles, un problème croissant de sècheresse, la baisse de la nappe phréatique et une augmentation de la fréquence de certaines maladies.', 'Donc le premier intérêt de Burkina Faso, qui n est pas un Etat grand émetteur de GES, est inévitablement d améliorer la capacité des populations à s adapter aux conditions qui existeront d ici à 2025, 2030 ou 2050: une hausse significative de la température moyenne, des saisons sèches plus sévères, des saisons de pluie plus fortes et moins prévisibles, un problème croissant de sècheresse, la baisse de la nappe phréatique et une augmentation de la fréquence de certaines maladies. Le seul scenario auquel on devrait se préparer est la situation tendancielle, "business as usual" (« les affaires comme d’habitude »); parce que les effets climatiques auxquels le Burkina doit se confronter sont déjà entamés, et les impacts positifs des possibles actions d atténuation à envisager dès maintenant, soit au niveau local soit au niveau global, ne se ressentiront qu après le terme d applicabilité de l INDC (2030).', 'Le seul scenario auquel on devrait se préparer est la situation tendancielle, "business as usual" (« les affaires comme d’habitude »); parce que les effets climatiques auxquels le Burkina doit se confronter sont déjà entamés, et les impacts positifs des possibles actions d atténuation à envisager dès maintenant, soit au niveau local soit au niveau global, ne se ressentiront qu après le terme d applicabilité de l INDC (2030). Les mesures d adaptation prévus dans le PNA (Plan National d Adaptation) du pays a pour objectifs de (i) réduire la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques en développant des capacités d’adaptation et de résilience, (ii) faciliter l’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, d’une manière cohérente, dans des politiques, des programmes ou des activités, nouveaux ou déjà existants, dans des processus particuliers de planification du développement et des stratégies au sein de secteurs pertinents et à différents niveaux.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 13 4.3.', 'Les mesures d adaptation prévus dans le PNA (Plan National d Adaptation) du pays a pour objectifs de (i) réduire la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques en développant des capacités d’adaptation et de résilience, (ii) faciliter l’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, d’une manière cohérente, dans des politiques, des programmes ou des activités, nouveaux ou déjà existants, dans des processus particuliers de planification du développement et des stratégies au sein de secteurs pertinents et à différents niveaux.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 13 4.3. Secteurs concernés par les projets d’adaptation À partir des actions d’adaptation identifiées dans le Plan National d’Adaptation pour les principaux secteurs vulnérables aux changements climatiques, il a été demandé aux experts nationaux (issus du secteur public, de la société civile et du secteur privé) participant à l’atelier de lancement et de consultation de la présente étude, de classer celles qu’ils jugent prioritaires au regard de leur connaissance du contexte environnemental et socio-économique du pays.L’exercice de classement étant à la fois individuel et collectif, il est supposé qu’une action recevant l appui de plus de 50% des participants pourrait être considérée comme d importance significative.Le résultat d’un tel exercice est présenté au tableau ci-après.', 'Secteurs concernés par les projets d’adaptation À partir des actions d’adaptation identifiées dans le Plan National d’Adaptation pour les principaux secteurs vulnérables aux changements climatiques, il a été demandé aux experts nationaux (issus du secteur public, de la société civile et du secteur privé) participant à l’atelier de lancement et de consultation de la présente étude, de classer celles qu’ils jugent prioritaires au regard de leur connaissance du contexte environnemental et socio-économique du pays.L’exercice de classement étant à la fois individuel et collectif, il est supposé qu’une action recevant l appui de plus de 50% des participants pourrait être considérée comme d importance significative.Le résultat d’un tel exercice est présenté au tableau ci-après. Tableau 8.', 'Secteurs concernés par les projets d’adaptation À partir des actions d’adaptation identifiées dans le Plan National d’Adaptation pour les principaux secteurs vulnérables aux changements climatiques, il a été demandé aux experts nationaux (issus du secteur public, de la société civile et du secteur privé) participant à l’atelier de lancement et de consultation de la présente étude, de classer celles qu’ils jugent prioritaires au regard de leur connaissance du contexte environnemental et socio-économique du pays.L’exercice de classement étant à la fois individuel et collectif, il est supposé qu’une action recevant l appui de plus de 50% des participants pourrait être considérée comme d importance significative.Le résultat d’un tel exercice est présenté au tableau ci-après. Tableau 8. Actions prioritaires dans le cadre des projets d’adaptation Secteur Mesures d’adaptation préconisées Applicabilité sur le court, moyen ou long terme % des Participants donnant Priorité A Chaque Action 1.', 'Actions prioritaires dans le cadre des projets d’adaptation Secteur Mesures d’adaptation préconisées Applicabilité sur le court, moyen ou long terme % des Participants donnant Priorité A Chaque Action 1. GDT – Gestion durable des terres A3 Promotion de la gestion durable des terres (GDT)– Amélioration de l’accès à l’information climatique Inclue: A1 Mise en culture de variétés précoces ou résistantes à la sécheresse A2 Mise en œuvre de techniques de conservation des eaux et des sols (cordons pierreux, diguettes, diguettes filtrantes, terrasses, demi-lunes, agroforesterie, fixation des dunes, etc.)', 'GDT – Gestion durable des terres A3 Promotion de la gestion durable des terres (GDT)– Amélioration de l’accès à l’information climatique Inclue: A1 Mise en culture de variétés précoces ou résistantes à la sécheresse A2 Mise en œuvre de techniques de conservation des eaux et des sols (cordons pierreux, diguettes, diguettes filtrantes, terrasses, demi-lunes, agroforesterie, fixation des dunes, etc.) A4 Pratique de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols Tout par moyen de: EA7 Élaboration de schémas directeurs d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux EA2 Réalisation de retenues d’eau : construction de puits modernes, de forages à grand débit, de barrages; aménagements de mares ; dérivation de cours d’eau E3 Aménagement des planset points d’eau pastoraux L 69% E2 Délimitation et aménagement des zones à vocation pastorales EA3 Lutte contre l’ensablement des plans d’eau L 63% A6 Mise en œuvre de techniques d’irrigation économes en eau ECO8 Développer des programmes de recherche sur la résilience des espèces forestières, fauniques et halieutiques ECO7 Réhabilitation et préservation des zones humides L 44%Page 14 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Secteur Mesures d’adaptation préconisées Applicabilité sur le court, moyen ou long terme % des Participants donnant Priorité A Chaque Action F1 Mise en œuvre des bonnes pratiques forestières et agroforestières (coupe sélective du bois de feu, régénération naturelle assistée, défrichement contrôlé, etc.)', 'A4 Pratique de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols Tout par moyen de: EA7 Élaboration de schémas directeurs d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux EA2 Réalisation de retenues d’eau : construction de puits modernes, de forages à grand débit, de barrages; aménagements de mares ; dérivation de cours d’eau E3 Aménagement des planset points d’eau pastoraux L 69% E2 Délimitation et aménagement des zones à vocation pastorales EA3 Lutte contre l’ensablement des plans d’eau L 63% A6 Mise en œuvre de techniques d’irrigation économes en eau ECO8 Développer des programmes de recherche sur la résilience des espèces forestières, fauniques et halieutiques ECO7 Réhabilitation et préservation des zones humides L 44%Page 14 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Secteur Mesures d’adaptation préconisées Applicabilité sur le court, moyen ou long terme % des Participants donnant Priorité A Chaque Action F1 Mise en œuvre des bonnes pratiques forestières et agroforestières (coupe sélective du bois de feu, régénération naturelle assistée, défrichement contrôlé, etc.) F6 La protection des berges des cours et plans d’eau M 69% F4 Pratique de l’agroforesterie pour une gestion durable des ressources naturelles Par moyen de: F2 Gestion Communautaire et Participative des ressources forestières, fauniques et halieutiques N3 Diversification des sources d’énergie (solaire, éolien, biogaz) N6 Promotion des technologies d’économie d’énergie dans l’industrie et le bâtiment 4.', 'F6 La protection des berges des cours et plans d’eau M 69% F4 Pratique de l’agroforesterie pour une gestion durable des ressources naturelles Par moyen de: F2 Gestion Communautaire et Participative des ressources forestières, fauniques et halieutiques N3 Diversification des sources d’énergie (solaire, éolien, biogaz) N6 Promotion des technologies d’économie d’énergie dans l’industrie et le bâtiment 4. Éducation environnementale Eco1 Développement de l’éducation environnementale aussi bien dans les systèmes d’enseignement formel que les systèmes d’enseignementnon formel SA10 Amélioration des méthodes de transformation et de conservation des aliments Source: Auteurs, juillet 2015. 4.4. Actions d’adaptation retenues par secteur concerné Onremarquera, fort utilement, que les thématiques classées comme prioritaires par les experts participants à l’atelier de consultation, coïncident presqu’en totalité avec les objectifs et actions développées et proposées dans le CadreStratégique d’Investissement pour la Gestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT) (cf1.1).', 'Actions d’adaptation retenues par secteur concerné Onremarquera, fort utilement, que les thématiques classées comme prioritaires par les experts participants à l’atelier de consultation, coïncident presqu’en totalité avec les objectifs et actions développées et proposées dans le CadreStratégique d’Investissement pour la Gestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT) (cf1.1). Le tableau 8suivant, inspiré du modèle de mise à l’échelle des technologies de Gestion Durable des Terres (CILSS, 2015) résume les actions d’adaptation proposées dans le cadre de l’INDC pour les secteurs de l’agriculture et de la gestion de l’eau, de l’élevage, de la biomasse énergie, des forêts et des changements dans l’utilisation des terres en général (AFOLU). Elles intègrent des actions transversales liées notamment à la recherche adaptative dans ces secteurs.', 'Elles intègrent des actions transversales liées notamment à la recherche adaptative dans ces secteurs. Le tableau 9quant à lui présente les actions d’adaptation dans les secteurs ou domaines de: L’habitat et l’urbanisme;CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 15 La santé; La gestion des évènements climatiques extrêmes. Les données de base servant à l’alimentation du modèle sont issues de la revue de la documentation pertinente disponible ou ont été fournies par les experts nationaux des départements ministériels compétents. L’annexe 2 présente le détail des projets d’adaptation proposés pour l’INDC.Page 16 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 9.', 'L’annexe 2 présente le détail des projets d’adaptation proposés pour l’INDC.Page 16 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 9. Actions d’adaptation dans les secteurs AFOLU Les actions / projets d adaptation Technologi es correspon dantes CiblesINDC Régions cibles potentielles Total Populati on concern ée Tonnes de séquestrés/ Economisés par an Coût de l investissement en US$ : considérer 40% supplémentaire pour les coûts de mise en œuvre (IEC, administration, renforcement capacités, suivi-évaluation.)', 'Actions d’adaptation dans les secteurs AFOLU Les actions / projets d adaptation Technologi es correspon dantes CiblesINDC Régions cibles potentielles Total Populati on concern ée Tonnes de séquestrés/ Economisés par an Coût de l investissement en US$ : considérer 40% supplémentaire pour les coûts de mise en œuvre (IEC, administration, renforcement capacités, suivi-évaluation.) (coût constant 2015) Retour sur investiss ement pour l’écono mie national e: (%) d aménagement de CES chaque année pour la restauration ou le maintien de la fertilité des terres de culture Zaï seul Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est Zaï + cordons pierreux Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est Cordons pierreux végétalisés Ha cumul Toutes Régions sauf Cascades Cordons pierreux + Zaï + RNA Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l EstCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 17 10.000 ha de micro-bassins (demi-lunes) chaque année pour la restauration de la fertilité des terres de culture Demi-lunes agricoles (avec apport de fumier) Ha cumul Toutes régions avecPluviométri e inférieure ou égale à 600 mm/an 1.000 ha par an de bas-fonds sont aménagés et mis en valeur, associés au système de riziculture intensive (SRI) SRI Ha cumul Grand-Ouest + toutes autres régions où riziculture irriguée d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» sont vulgarisés chaque année pour l’irrigation de 250 ha en production de haut rapport (cas oignon) Irrigationgou tte à goutte Ha cumul Toutes Régions d’Intensification des Productions Agricole à partir de forages à gros débit et utilisant des techniques innovantes d’irrigation sont créées chaque Irrigationgou tte à goutte Ha cumul Régions grands aquifères souterrainsPage 18 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso année au profit de Groupes de jeunes entrepreneurs agricoles(base pomme de terre ou melon) 75.000 ha de terres dégradées sont réhabilités chaque année à des fins sylvo-pastorales Microbassin s (demi- lunes) à la charrue Delfino + semis d herbacées et de ligneux Ha cumul 000 Nord; Centre- Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est 10.000 tonnes de fourrage grossier (foins et résidus de cultures) sont récoltés et stockés chaque année Fauche et conservation de foin Cumul tonnes de MS Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est d intensification des productions animales sont mises en place sur le territoire national Aménageme nt et équipement de zones stratégiques répondant aux besoins des périodes critiques Est, Sud-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins, Cascades; Centre-Ouest, Boucle du Mouhoun 25 milliers de ménages en 2020 sont équipés de Bio digesteurs Toutes régionsCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 19 biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso Le compost issu des bio digesteurs servent à fertiliser terres cultivables (un biodigesteur permet de fertiliser Fertilisation organique des terres de culture Toutes régions 540 milliers de foyers améliorés sont produits et diffusés dont au moins 50% en milieu urbain et semi-urbain.', '(coût constant 2015) Retour sur investiss ement pour l’écono mie national e: (%) d aménagement de CES chaque année pour la restauration ou le maintien de la fertilité des terres de culture Zaï seul Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est Zaï + cordons pierreux Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est Cordons pierreux végétalisés Ha cumul Toutes Régions sauf Cascades Cordons pierreux + Zaï + RNA Ha cumul Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l EstCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 17 10.000 ha de micro-bassins (demi-lunes) chaque année pour la restauration de la fertilité des terres de culture Demi-lunes agricoles (avec apport de fumier) Ha cumul Toutes régions avecPluviométri e inférieure ou égale à 600 mm/an 1.000 ha par an de bas-fonds sont aménagés et mis en valeur, associés au système de riziculture intensive (SRI) SRI Ha cumul Grand-Ouest + toutes autres régions où riziculture irriguée d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» sont vulgarisés chaque année pour l’irrigation de 250 ha en production de haut rapport (cas oignon) Irrigationgou tte à goutte Ha cumul Toutes Régions d’Intensification des Productions Agricole à partir de forages à gros débit et utilisant des techniques innovantes d’irrigation sont créées chaque Irrigationgou tte à goutte Ha cumul Régions grands aquifères souterrainsPage 18 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso année au profit de Groupes de jeunes entrepreneurs agricoles(base pomme de terre ou melon) 75.000 ha de terres dégradées sont réhabilités chaque année à des fins sylvo-pastorales Microbassin s (demi- lunes) à la charrue Delfino + semis d herbacées et de ligneux Ha cumul 000 Nord; Centre- Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est 10.000 tonnes de fourrage grossier (foins et résidus de cultures) sont récoltés et stockés chaque année Fauche et conservation de foin Cumul tonnes de MS Nord; Sahel; nord de la Boucle du Mouhoun; nord de l Est d intensification des productions animales sont mises en place sur le territoire national Aménageme nt et équipement de zones stratégiques répondant aux besoins des périodes critiques Est, Sud-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins, Cascades; Centre-Ouest, Boucle du Mouhoun 25 milliers de ménages en 2020 sont équipés de Bio digesteurs Toutes régionsCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 19 biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso Le compost issu des bio digesteurs servent à fertiliser terres cultivables (un biodigesteur permet de fertiliser Fertilisation organique des terres de culture Toutes régions 540 milliers de foyers améliorés sont produits et diffusés dont au moins 50% en milieu urbain et semi-urbain. Foyers améliorés ménages Toutes régions 80% des dolotières utilisent un foyer amélioré dont 95% en milieu rural et 100% en milieu urbain et semi- urbain ; Ceci contribue à une réduction de YY % de la demande en bois de feu Foyers améliorés dolo Toutes régions sauf SahelPage 20 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso km) de berges des cours d’eau sont réhabilités et mis en défens chaque année Haies- vives; Mise en défens; RNA; tranchées delfino Toutes régions 12 Régions (CT) ou 180 Communes, en rapport avec les communautés de base, créent et classent chacune 1 aire de conservation de la diversité biologique à vocation communale ou régionale d’une superficie minimale de 5.000 ha Reforestati on / Conservati on Est; Boucle du Mouhoun, Sud- Ouest, Cascades, Centre-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins Les plans d’aménagement de X forêts classées sont audités et actualisés dans le but de diversifier les objectifs d’aménagement et de responsabiliser davantage les communautés riveraines (Ecobasedapproach) Aménagem ent /Gestion forêts naturelles Est; Boucle du Mouhoun, Sud- Ouest, Cascades, Centre-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins; Centre-NordCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 21 Rurales développent et mettent en œuvre, avec l’appui de l’Etat ou des ONG,des projets de RNA avec la participation d’au communautés villageoises chacun Régénérati on Naturelle Assistée Toutes Régions Recherche- Développement dans le domaine de l’eau, de ses usages et des impacts du changement climatique Mi F. CFA Toutes les régions Amélioration de la protection des ressources en eau contre le comblement et les végétaux aquatiques envahissants Mi F. CFA Développement Participatif de Technologies de GDT / Recherche- Développement Mi F. CFA Toutes les régionsPage 22 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso adaptative aux CC Source: Estimations des ’auteurs, d’après un modèle du CILSS, juillet 2015.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 23 Tableau 10.', 'Foyers améliorés ménages Toutes régions 80% des dolotières utilisent un foyer amélioré dont 95% en milieu rural et 100% en milieu urbain et semi- urbain ; Ceci contribue à une réduction de YY % de la demande en bois de feu Foyers améliorés dolo Toutes régions sauf SahelPage 20 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso km) de berges des cours d’eau sont réhabilités et mis en défens chaque année Haies- vives; Mise en défens; RNA; tranchées delfino Toutes régions 12 Régions (CT) ou 180 Communes, en rapport avec les communautés de base, créent et classent chacune 1 aire de conservation de la diversité biologique à vocation communale ou régionale d’une superficie minimale de 5.000 ha Reforestati on / Conservati on Est; Boucle du Mouhoun, Sud- Ouest, Cascades, Centre-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins Les plans d’aménagement de X forêts classées sont audités et actualisés dans le but de diversifier les objectifs d’aménagement et de responsabiliser davantage les communautés riveraines (Ecobasedapproach) Aménagem ent /Gestion forêts naturelles Est; Boucle du Mouhoun, Sud- Ouest, Cascades, Centre-Ouest; Hauts-Bassins; Centre-NordCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 21 Rurales développent et mettent en œuvre, avec l’appui de l’Etat ou des ONG,des projets de RNA avec la participation d’au communautés villageoises chacun Régénérati on Naturelle Assistée Toutes Régions Recherche- Développement dans le domaine de l’eau, de ses usages et des impacts du changement climatique Mi F. CFA Toutes les régions Amélioration de la protection des ressources en eau contre le comblement et les végétaux aquatiques envahissants Mi F. CFA Développement Participatif de Technologies de GDT / Recherche- Développement Mi F. CFA Toutes les régionsPage 22 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso adaptative aux CC Source: Estimations des ’auteurs, d’après un modèle du CILSS, juillet 2015.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 23 Tableau 10. Actions d’adaptation dans les autres secteurs vulnérables Action / Projet d adaptation Cibles INDC Coût Unitaire( en US$) Régions /Provinces/vil les cibles potentielles Populati on totale concern ée par le projet ou l action Tonnes séquestr és/ Economi sés par an à l horizon Coût de l investissement en US$: considérer 40% supplémentaire pour les coûts de mise en œuvre (IEC, administration, renforcement capacités, suivi-évaluation.)', 'Actions d’adaptation dans les autres secteurs vulnérables Action / Projet d adaptation Cibles INDC Coût Unitaire( en US$) Régions /Provinces/vil les cibles potentielles Populati on totale concern ée par le projet ou l action Tonnes séquestr és/ Economi sés par an à l horizon Coût de l investissement en US$: considérer 40% supplémentaire pour les coûts de mise en œuvre (IEC, administration, renforcement capacités, suivi-évaluation.) (coût Retour sur investiss ement pour l’économi e nationale (en %) Cartographie et marquage des zones à risques d inondation dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants en adaptation aux changements climatiques Toutes les agglomérations des communes urbaines et rurales du BF Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso Logements cumulés Moyenne : 27m² / logement 05 Com rurales/ sites) de vulgarisation.', '(coût Retour sur investiss ement pour l’économi e nationale (en %) Cartographie et marquage des zones à risques d inondation dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants en adaptation aux changements climatiques Toutes les agglomérations des communes urbaines et rurales du BF Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso Logements cumulés Moyenne : 27m² / logement 05 Com rurales/ sites) de vulgarisation. 1 VN dans 30 % des villages; 80 % des communes ; Bâtiments communautaires m² / bâtimentPage 24 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Gestion des eaux pluviales et prévention des inondations dans les 13 capitales de région du Burkina Faso Km de canaux & caniveaux 13 capitales de région Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural Bâtiments administratifs des régions Recherche et Développement de Technologies dans l architecture et la construction en adaptation aux CC urbaines Restauration et aménagement de la ceinture verte d’Ouagadougou Ville d’Ouagadougou Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble de 9 activités Ensemble du paysCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 25 Développement de la recherche sur la santé et les changements climatiques: ensemble de 3 activités Ensemble du pays Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 100 spécialistes Ensemble du pays Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: création d un centre de Veille sanitaire MT Ensemble du pays Transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental Projet (Equipements, réhabilitation radar, Formation…) Ensemble territoire national Informations hydrométéorologiqu Projet (Renforcement de capacités, Ensemble territoire nationalPage 26 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso es, météorologiques et climatiques intégrées dans les plans de développement et des systèmes d alerte précoce communication, diffusion…) TOTAL AUTRES SECTEURS PNA 912 678 Source: Estimations Auteur, Juillet 2015CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 27 Section 5.', '1 VN dans 30 % des villages; 80 % des communes ; Bâtiments communautaires m² / bâtimentPage 24 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Gestion des eaux pluviales et prévention des inondations dans les 13 capitales de région du Burkina Faso Km de canaux & caniveaux 13 capitales de région Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural Bâtiments administratifs des régions Recherche et Développement de Technologies dans l architecture et la construction en adaptation aux CC urbaines Restauration et aménagement de la ceinture verte d’Ouagadougou Ville d’Ouagadougou Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble de 9 activités Ensemble du paysCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 25 Développement de la recherche sur la santé et les changements climatiques: ensemble de 3 activités Ensemble du pays Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 100 spécialistes Ensemble du pays Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: création d un centre de Veille sanitaire MT Ensemble du pays Transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental Projet (Equipements, réhabilitation radar, Formation…) Ensemble territoire national Informations hydrométéorologiqu Projet (Renforcement de capacités, Ensemble territoire nationalPage 26 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso es, météorologiques et climatiques intégrées dans les plans de développement et des systèmes d alerte précoce communication, diffusion…) TOTAL AUTRES SECTEURS PNA 912 678 Source: Estimations Auteur, Juillet 2015CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 27 Section 5. Analyse socioéconomique des projets INDC 5.1.', 'Analyse socioéconomique des projets INDC 5.1. Options économiques et financières des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation Les options d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans le contexte des pays en développement, à l’instar du Burkina Faso, sont une fonction multiple de facteurs dont les plus en vue sont (i)- le coût de la technologie, (ii)- la facilité d’application/ adoption de la technologie, (iii) le gain social, et (iv) l’abondance du facteur - consommable (ou matière primaire utilisable par la technologie). Le facteur financier étant le déterminant de contrainte, en particulier pour des projets d’investissement à caractère plus social qu’économique, l’analyse de la mise en œuvre des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation insiste plus sur les facteurs coûts (de mise en œuvre de la technologie) que sur les autres facteurs.', 'Le facteur financier étant le déterminant de contrainte, en particulier pour des projets d’investissement à caractère plus social qu’économique, l’analyse de la mise en œuvre des projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation insiste plus sur les facteurs coûts (de mise en œuvre de la technologie) que sur les autres facteurs. Il s’agit alors pour un pays comme le Burkina Faso, dès lors que les contraintes d’atténuation ne sont pas très élevées (comme c’est le cas pour les pays développés à haute intensité d’émissions) de jauger ses investissements par ordre croissant de coûts de mise en œuvre des projets.', 'Il s’agit alors pour un pays comme le Burkina Faso, dès lors que les contraintes d’atténuation ne sont pas très élevées (comme c’est le cas pour les pays développés à haute intensité d’émissions) de jauger ses investissements par ordre croissant de coûts de mise en œuvre des projets. Trois options sont alors possibles: Option 1: Projets d atténuation et d’adaptation faisables à coût négatif; Option 2: Politiques/mesures/projets à coût net négatif ou nul si l on tient compte des bénéfices connexes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux; Option 3: Projets à coûts d atténuation positifs et faisables à condition de bénéficier d une assistance internationale.', 'Trois options sont alors possibles: Option 1: Projets d atténuation et d’adaptation faisables à coût négatif; Option 2: Politiques/mesures/projets à coût net négatif ou nul si l on tient compte des bénéfices connexes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux; Option 3: Projets à coûts d atténuation positifs et faisables à condition de bénéficier d une assistance internationale. 5.1.1 Options d atténuation et d’adaptation faisables à coût négatif(ScénarioBaU) Les projets à coût négatif sont définis comme des investissements produisant des économies d’échelle suffisantes de sorte à pouvoir couvrir les capitaux investis, l entretien, les frais de fonctionnement et les charges d intérêts pendant la durée du cycle de vie du projet.Cette option est souhaitable dans tous les scenarii d’atténuation et d’adaptation, mais davantage dans les scénarios BaU (Business as Usual) ou Inconditionnel, à cause de la certitude que tout projet investi rapportera à ses investisseurssurtout dans un contexte d’absence d’appui extérieur et où l’investissement est fait par emprunt obligataire au niveau intérieur.', '5.1.1 Options d atténuation et d’adaptation faisables à coût négatif(ScénarioBaU) Les projets à coût négatif sont définis comme des investissements produisant des économies d’échelle suffisantes de sorte à pouvoir couvrir les capitaux investis, l entretien, les frais de fonctionnement et les charges d intérêts pendant la durée du cycle de vie du projet.Cette option est souhaitable dans tous les scenarii d’atténuation et d’adaptation, mais davantage dans les scénarios BaU (Business as Usual) ou Inconditionnel, à cause de la certitude que tout projet investi rapportera à ses investisseurssurtout dans un contexte d’absence d’appui extérieur et où l’investissement est fait par emprunt obligataire au niveau intérieur. Dans le domaine de l’atténuation, les projets de reboisement et de foyers améliorés peuvent générer des coûts négatifs.', 'Dans le domaine de l’atténuation, les projets de reboisement et de foyers améliorés peuvent générer des coûts négatifs. L’affiliation aux fonds Carbone peut donner des bénéfices financiers capables de compenser ou contrebalancer les montants investis pour la mise en œuvre des projets, de sorte à rendre les coûts du projet négatifs. 5.1.2 Politiques/mesures/projets à coût net négatif ou nul si l on tient compte des bénéfices connexes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux (équivalents au Scenario Inconditionnel) Il est parfois difficile de déterminer les bénéfices quantitatifs et pécuniaires d’une politique sociale. La difficulté d’extrapolation des gains sociaux ou environnementaux en gains financiers explique la difficulté d’appréhension du coût net négatif ou coût nul.', 'La difficulté d’extrapolation des gains sociaux ou environnementaux en gains financiers explique la difficulté d’appréhension du coût net négatif ou coût nul. Les projets dans le cadre de cette option ont une valeur absolue financière négative, mais une valeur absolue globale nulle ou positive quand on tient compte des effets économico-productifs, socio-sanitaires et environnementaux qu’ils génèrent. Leur mise en œuvre est optionnelle dans un contexte de scénarios inconditionnel ou tendanciel (BaU).Page 28 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Les exemples apparemment intéressants concernent les projets de « foyers améliorés- improvedcookstoves » et « foyers modernes et avancés-advancedcookstoves ».', 'Leur mise en œuvre est optionnelle dans un contexte de scénarios inconditionnel ou tendanciel (BaU).Page 28 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Les exemples apparemment intéressants concernent les projets de « foyers améliorés- improvedcookstoves » et « foyers modernes et avancés-advancedcookstoves ». 5.1.3 Options à coût d atténuation positif et faisables à condition de bénéficier d une assistance internationale (équivalentes au Scenario Conditionnel Hybride) Ce type de projets qui a généralement un objectif principal d’atténuation et de réduction des GES (projets MDP, REDD+ NAMA), est de deux types et correspond à des investissements faisables dans un contexte de scénario conditionnel (d’un financement extérieur): Le projet est très coûteux et rentable à une certaine échelle à cause des économies d’échelle qu’il va générer mais il faudrait un appui extérieur à cause de son coût élevé d’investissement; Le projet n’est pas financièrement rentable mais ses co-bénéfices économiques, socio-sanitaires et environnementaux sont importants ; et il faudrait presqu‘impérativement le mettre en œuvre et nécessairement une assistance financière extérieure à cause de son coût élevé.', '5.1.3 Options à coût d atténuation positif et faisables à condition de bénéficier d une assistance internationale (équivalentes au Scenario Conditionnel Hybride) Ce type de projets qui a généralement un objectif principal d’atténuation et de réduction des GES (projets MDP, REDD+ NAMA), est de deux types et correspond à des investissements faisables dans un contexte de scénario conditionnel (d’un financement extérieur): Le projet est très coûteux et rentable à une certaine échelle à cause des économies d’échelle qu’il va générer mais il faudrait un appui extérieur à cause de son coût élevé d’investissement; Le projet n’est pas financièrement rentable mais ses co-bénéfices économiques, socio-sanitaires et environnementaux sont importants ; et il faudrait presqu‘impérativement le mettre en œuvre et nécessairement une assistance financière extérieure à cause de son coût élevé. 5.1.4 Relations entre options économiques et options d’atténuation et d’adaptation Lorsque les investissements en projets d’atténuation ou d’adaptation sont financièrement rentables, le pays n’a pas besoin de contribution extérieure car le capital investi est à même d’être récupéré et les investisseurs recouvrent leurs capitaux investis.', '5.1.4 Relations entre options économiques et options d’atténuation et d’adaptation Lorsque les investissements en projets d’atténuation ou d’adaptation sont financièrement rentables, le pays n’a pas besoin de contribution extérieure car le capital investi est à même d’être récupéré et les investisseurs recouvrent leurs capitaux investis. Ce type de projet doit être financé et réalisé dans un scénario d’atténuation BaU ou inconditionnel par des financements de l’Etat Central accompagné de ses partenaires locaux (y compris du privé dans le cadre d’un emprunt intérieur).', 'Ce type de projet doit être financé et réalisé dans un scénario d’atténuation BaU ou inconditionnel par des financements de l’Etat Central accompagné de ses partenaires locaux (y compris du privé dans le cadre d’un emprunt intérieur). Cependant dans l’hypothèse d’un projet non financièrement rentable (mais cependant avec des impacts socioéconomiques et des co-bénéfices énormes) ou même rentable de surcroît avec des impacts socioéconomiques et des co-bénéfices énormes, les investissements se feront dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel hybride, c’est-à-dire l’exigence d’un appui financier extérieur/international au financement du projet. Un exemple type de projets dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel dont le financement nécessite un accompagnement financier extérieur est le projet de « foyers améliorés ».', 'Un exemple type de projets dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel dont le financement nécessite un accompagnement financier extérieur est le projet de « foyers améliorés ». Les foyers améliorés dont la performance varie selon l’innovation technologique (improvedcookstove ou advancedcookstove) donnent selon l’emploi (ménages ou producteurs) une rentabilité financière plus ou moins positive. Dans le cas d’une utilisation du ménage, pour les besoins domestiques, la rentabilité est moindre mais dans le cas d’une utilisation à des fins de productions de dolo (bière de sorgho), la rentabilité est beaucoup plu élevée. Cependant, dans l’un ou l’autre mode d’utilisation du foyer amélioré, les impacts et co-bénéfices de l’utilisation du foyer amélioré sont énormes: L’utilisation du foyer amélioré permet d’économiser l’énergie de cuisson de 15% à 45% selon l’évolution technologique.', 'Cependant, dans l’un ou l’autre mode d’utilisation du foyer amélioré, les impacts et co-bénéfices de l’utilisation du foyer amélioré sont énormes: L’utilisation du foyer amélioré permet d’économiser l’énergie de cuisson de 15% à 45% selon l’évolution technologique. Cela veut dire que selon les cas précités, la destruction de la biomasse est préservée de 15% à 45%et cela est largement significatif à grande échelle; La rapidité de la cuisson consécutive à l’utilisation d’un foyer amélioré permet à l’utilisateur du foyer amélioré d’économiser 50% à 75% de son temps initial consacré à la cuisson ou à la production du dolo (selon l’usage du foyer amélioré).', 'Cela veut dire que selon les cas précités, la destruction de la biomasse est préservée de 15% à 45%et cela est largement significatif à grande échelle; La rapidité de la cuisson consécutive à l’utilisation d’un foyer amélioré permet à l’utilisateur du foyer amélioré d’économiser 50% à 75% de son temps initial consacré à la cuisson ou à la production du dolo (selon l’usage du foyer amélioré). Cela veut dire que l’utilisateur du foyer peut consacrer plus de la moitié de son temps initial à d’autres activités génératrices de revenus et multiplier ainsi ses avoirs; L’utilisation des foyers améliorés permet aux ménages et aux autres usagers de réduire leur exposition aux maladies respiratoires du fait de la fumée et de la respiration du gaz carbonique ou, suivant les cas, du monoxyde de carbone.', 'Cela veut dire que l’utilisateur du foyer peut consacrer plus de la moitié de son temps initial à d’autres activités génératrices de revenus et multiplier ainsi ses avoirs; L’utilisation des foyers améliorés permet aux ménages et aux autres usagers de réduire leur exposition aux maladies respiratoires du fait de la fumée et de la respiration du gaz carbonique ou, suivant les cas, du monoxyde de carbone. Les personnes préalablement exposées accroissent leur capital « santé » du fait de l’utilisation du foyer amélioré et les revenus préalablement affectés aux soins de santé sont épargnés.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 29 Du fait donc des énormes bénéfices associés ci-dessus cités, de tels projets sont financés dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel avec besoin d’un accompagnement financier extérieur.', 'Les personnes préalablement exposées accroissent leur capital « santé » du fait de l’utilisation du foyer amélioré et les revenus préalablement affectés aux soins de santé sont épargnés.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 29 Du fait donc des énormes bénéfices associés ci-dessus cités, de tels projets sont financés dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel avec besoin d’un accompagnement financier extérieur. 5.2.', 'Les personnes préalablement exposées accroissent leur capital « santé » du fait de l’utilisation du foyer amélioré et les revenus préalablement affectés aux soins de santé sont épargnés.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 29 Du fait donc des énormes bénéfices associés ci-dessus cités, de tels projets sont financés dans le cadre d’un scénario conditionnel avec besoin d’un accompagnement financier extérieur. 5.2. Méthodologie opérationnelle d’analyse L’analyse socioéconomique des options et projets dans le cadre de l’INDC vise à: Déterminer la faisabilité des projets; Faire une analyse d’ensemble de l’impact des options « de développement vert » sur la croissance économique globale du pays; Permettre de prioriser les projets déjà identifiés et à mettre à œuvre; Définir les indicateurs de pertinence des projets; Déterminer les bénéfices et coûts socioéconomiques inhérents à la mise en œuvre; Faire une évaluation des effets et impacts des projets potentiels identifiés; Valider la pertinence des projets identifiés pour la planification, le financement et l’exécution; Faire une analyse relative des rapports« coûts-bénéfices » nets associés aux technologies optionnelles des projets; La démarche d’analyse est bi-phasiqueet se base sur l’ensemble des projets identifiés dans les composantes «atténuation» et «adaptation»: Définition d’un cadre général d’appréciation des projets en se basant sur des critères et des indicateurs préalablement définis; Analyse des rapports « couts-bénéfices » financiers et/ou et les co-bénéfices socioéconomiques et environnementaux des projets.', 'Méthodologie opérationnelle d’analyse L’analyse socioéconomique des options et projets dans le cadre de l’INDC vise à: Déterminer la faisabilité des projets; Faire une analyse d’ensemble de l’impact des options « de développement vert » sur la croissance économique globale du pays; Permettre de prioriser les projets déjà identifiés et à mettre à œuvre; Définir les indicateurs de pertinence des projets; Déterminer les bénéfices et coûts socioéconomiques inhérents à la mise en œuvre; Faire une évaluation des effets et impacts des projets potentiels identifiés; Valider la pertinence des projets identifiés pour la planification, le financement et l’exécution; Faire une analyse relative des rapports« coûts-bénéfices » nets associés aux technologies optionnelles des projets; La démarche d’analyse est bi-phasiqueet se base sur l’ensemble des projets identifiés dans les composantes «atténuation» et «adaptation»: Définition d’un cadre général d’appréciation des projets en se basant sur des critères et des indicateurs préalablement définis; Analyse des rapports « couts-bénéfices » financiers et/ou et les co-bénéfices socioéconomiques et environnementaux des projets. En l’occurrence, l’analyse des projets se basera sur les principes du CAD-OCDE : pertinence, efficacité, efficience, durabilité et impacts.', 'En l’occurrence, l’analyse des projets se basera sur les principes du CAD-OCDE : pertinence, efficacité, efficience, durabilité et impacts. Une analyse croisée « secteurs de projets INDC/ critères CAD-OECD » permettra de baliser un certain nombre d’indicateurs attendus pour lesquels, les différents projets viables et rentables devront être significatifs.', 'Une analyse croisée « secteurs de projets INDC/ critères CAD-OECD » permettra de baliser un certain nombre d’indicateurs attendus pour lesquels, les différents projets viables et rentables devront être significatifs. 5.2.2 Cadre général d’analyse socioéconomique des projets Le cadre général d’analyse des projets insiste sur leur contribution au développement global du pays: En termes de contribution du projet à la croissance verte et au maintien/redynamisation du stock du capital «ressources naturelles» en facilitant les processus d’atténuation des émissions de GESet d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques; En termesde contribution des projets à la création des richesses (croissance), à la multiplication des revenus nationaux et à la réduction de la pauvreté; Et en termesde facilité d’acquisition et de facilité d’appropriation de la technologie et autres inputs des projets; A cet effet les critères identifiés dans le tableau 11ci-dessous servent de signaux d’analyse de la contribution globale au développement,évaluée sur la base d’un score pondéré sur100.', '5.2.2 Cadre général d’analyse socioéconomique des projets Le cadre général d’analyse des projets insiste sur leur contribution au développement global du pays: En termes de contribution du projet à la croissance verte et au maintien/redynamisation du stock du capital «ressources naturelles» en facilitant les processus d’atténuation des émissions de GESet d’adaptation des populations aux changements climatiques; En termesde contribution des projets à la création des richesses (croissance), à la multiplication des revenus nationaux et à la réduction de la pauvreté; Et en termesde facilité d’acquisition et de facilité d’appropriation de la technologie et autres inputs des projets; A cet effet les critères identifiés dans le tableau 11ci-dessous servent de signaux d’analyse de la contribution globale au développement,évaluée sur la base d’un score pondéré sur100. Pour chacune des 3 contributions ci-dessus citées, un projet sera noté de 1 à 10 selon saforce relativement à cette contribution et aura une note pondérée comprise entre 100 à 1 000 selon sa pertinence et son efficacité en termes de contribution globale au développement.Page 30 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 11.', 'Pour chacune des 3 contributions ci-dessus citées, un projet sera noté de 1 à 10 selon saforce relativement à cette contribution et aura une note pondérée comprise entre 100 à 1 000 selon sa pertinence et son efficacité en termes de contribution globale au développement.Page 30 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 11. Critères d analyse et de priorisation des projets INDC Critères d’analyse Indicateurs pertinents associés Score/ 100 = contribution globale au développement Contribution du projet à la création des richesses (croissance) et à la multiplication des revenus nationauxet à la réduction de la pauvreté > Quantité de production supplémentaire; > Rendement agricole; > Taux de rentabilité interne; > Nombre personnes supplémentaires bénéficiaires.', 'Critères d analyse et de priorisation des projets INDC Critères d’analyse Indicateurs pertinents associés Score/ 100 = contribution globale au développement Contribution du projet à la création des richesses (croissance) et à la multiplication des revenus nationauxet à la réduction de la pauvreté > Quantité de production supplémentaire; > Rendement agricole; > Taux de rentabilité interne; > Nombre personnes supplémentaires bénéficiaires. Contribution du projet à la croissance verte et au maintien/redynamisation du stock de capital «ressources naturelles » > Nombre de tonnes de CO2 séquestrés/ économisés par an; > Degré de conservation du capital naturel. Facilité d’acquisition et la facilité d’appropriation de la technologie et d’inputs des projets > Coût financier de la technologie; > Disponibilité de la matière première (input de la technologie). Source: Auteur, août 2015 Figure 2.', 'Source: Auteur, août 2015 Figure 2. Critères d analyse des projets INDC De manière opérationnelle, l’analyse socioéconomique des projets s’attachera à faire des évaluations couplées: Du taux de retour sur investissement financier des projets; Des bénéfices prévus sociaux etéconomiques des projets; Des externalités environnementales positives ou négatives associées à la mise en œuvre des projets. Contribution à la croissance et revenus et réduction de la pauvreté Contribution à la croissance verte et redynamisation du stock «ressources naturelles » ; Facilité d’acquisition et appropriation de la technologie et inputs du projetCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 31 5.3.', 'Contribution à la croissance et revenus et réduction de la pauvreté Contribution à la croissance verte et redynamisation du stock «ressources naturelles » ; Facilité d’acquisition et appropriation de la technologie et inputs du projetCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 31 5.3. Résultats des analyses socioéconomiques et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC 5.3.1 Coûts de mise en œuvre et co- bénéfices nets engendrés À la différence des coûts d’investissements qui représentent les coûts d’acquisition de l’ensemble du capital productif (facteurs de production y compris les matières premières) des unités de productions, les coûts de mise en œuvre des projets représentent les frais de gestion et de suivi des unités de productions.', 'Résultats des analyses socioéconomiques et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC 5.3.1 Coûts de mise en œuvre et co- bénéfices nets engendrés À la différence des coûts d’investissements qui représentent les coûts d’acquisition de l’ensemble du capital productif (facteurs de production y compris les matières premières) des unités de productions, les coûts de mise en œuvre des projets représentent les frais de gestion et de suivi des unités de productions. Les coûts de mise en œuvre des projets comprennent: Les coûts de formulation des projets (études de faisabilité, de formulation); Les coûts de gestion de projets (couts administratifs de fonctionnement de l’Unité de Gestion des différents projets) comprenant les coûts de renforcement de capacités; Les coûts de soutien à la mise en œuvre comprenant les coûts éventuels pour l’Information, l’Éducation et la Communication –IEC; Les coûts de suivi et d’évaluation des projets.', 'Les coûts de mise en œuvre des projets comprennent: Les coûts de formulation des projets (études de faisabilité, de formulation); Les coûts de gestion de projets (couts administratifs de fonctionnement de l’Unité de Gestion des différents projets) comprenant les coûts de renforcement de capacités; Les coûts de soutien à la mise en œuvre comprenant les coûts éventuels pour l’Information, l’Éducation et la Communication –IEC; Les coûts de suivi et d’évaluation des projets. Il est considéré ici que les coûts de mise en œuvre représentent environ 40% des coûts d’un projet. Le tableau 12ci-dessous donne une estimation des coûts de mise en œuvre des différents projets par secteurs INDC.Page 32 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 12.', 'Le tableau 12ci-dessous donne une estimation des coûts de mise en œuvre des différents projets par secteurs INDC.Page 32 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Tableau 12. Coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC (en US$) Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Agriculture & eau > Accroissement annuel de la production agricole et plus spécifiquement les quantités de produits céréaliers, améliorant conséquemment les niveaux de sécurité alimentaire de même que les niveaux de revenus des paysans ; ce qui amoindrit l incidence de la pauvreté.', 'Coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre des projets conditionnels INDC (en US$) Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Agriculture & eau > Accroissement annuel de la production agricole et plus spécifiquement les quantités de produits céréaliers, améliorant conséquemment les niveaux de sécurité alimentaire de même que les niveaux de revenus des paysans ; ce qui amoindrit l incidence de la pauvreté. > Les actions proposées permettent une séquestration du carbone dans le sol (plus de 5 150 GgeqCO2 séquestrés à l horizon 2030), contribuent à la restauration des terres dégradées et à l atténuation des effets sur le réchauffement climatique dans le but final de préserver les écosystèmes et les ressources en eau.', '> Les actions proposées permettent une séquestration du carbone dans le sol (plus de 5 150 GgeqCO2 séquestrés à l horizon 2030), contribuent à la restauration des terres dégradées et à l atténuation des effets sur le réchauffement climatique dans le but final de préserver les écosystèmes et les ressources en eau. Élevage > L’utilisation des biodigesteurs permet de produire du compost pour la fertilisation desterres agricoles (toutes choses qui accroissent la production agropastorale et les revenus des producteurs) ; elle fournit l’énergie aux ménages ruraux, contribuant à élever leur standard de vie ; > L’utilisation des biodigesteurs contribue à la sauvegarde de la biomasse-énergie parce que les stocks de bois à des fins d’énergie de cuisson ou de chauffage/éclairage sont ; > L’aménagement des espaces pastoraux sauvegardera la biodiversité de même que la mobilisation des eaux de surface qui seront désormais mieux valorisées dans les zones d’intensification des productions animales (ZIPA) Biomasse énergie et énergie par récupération des déchets > L utilisation des foyers améliorés permet d économiser le bois-énergieconsommé (par rapport aux foyers traditionnels); et la rapidité de cuisson associée permet au ménage ou préparateur des repas d économiser son temps et de l affecter à d autres travaux générateurs de revenus.', 'Élevage > L’utilisation des biodigesteurs permet de produire du compost pour la fertilisation desterres agricoles (toutes choses qui accroissent la production agropastorale et les revenus des producteurs) ; elle fournit l’énergie aux ménages ruraux, contribuant à élever leur standard de vie ; > L’utilisation des biodigesteurs contribue à la sauvegarde de la biomasse-énergie parce que les stocks de bois à des fins d’énergie de cuisson ou de chauffage/éclairage sont ; > L’aménagement des espaces pastoraux sauvegardera la biodiversité de même que la mobilisation des eaux de surface qui seront désormais mieux valorisées dans les zones d’intensification des productions animales (ZIPA) Biomasse énergie et énergie par récupération des déchets > L utilisation des foyers améliorés permet d économiser le bois-énergieconsommé (par rapport aux foyers traditionnels); et la rapidité de cuisson associée permet au ménage ou préparateur des repas d économiser son temps et de l affecter à d autres travaux générateurs de revenus. Ce qui peut être doublement comptabilisé comme bénéfices financiers.', 'Ce qui peut être doublement comptabilisé comme bénéfices financiers. > L utilisation des foyers améliorés permet aux populations locales/rurales un gain de capital santé (du fait des maladies respiratoires qu elles évitent de la respiration du monoxyde de carbone) ; les ménages et principalement les femmes peuvent alors économiser les dépenses supportées pour les soins de santé.', '> L utilisation des foyers améliorés permet aux populations locales/rurales un gain de capital santé (du fait des maladies respiratoires qu elles évitent de la respiration du monoxyde de carbone) ; les ménages et principalement les femmes peuvent alors économiser les dépenses supportées pour les soins de santé. > La transformation des déchets en méthane est une source supplémentaire d énergie propre (de même que les nouveaux débouchés d emplois consécutifs) et les villes pourront être débarrassées de leurs déchets au bonheur des populationsCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 33 Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Forêts/ changement dans l utilisation terres > Les investissements forestiers sont une contribution inestimable à l’agroforesterie, à la préservation de la biodiversité et une réponse adéquate à la dégradation de l’environnement et au réchauffement climatique; > Les projets forestiers, menés par des communautés défavorisées, permettent de combiner harmonieusement la préservation des forêts et le développement agricole en valorisant les cultures agricoles dans une dynamique d’accroissements des revenus locaux; > Les projets de création de massifsforestiers et d’aménagement des forêts naturelles permettent la conservation des sols et de l eau, la réduction des facteurs d‘érosion, la dépollution de l air et la conservation de la diversité biologique, sans compter avec la fourniture de produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux, y compris pour l’alimentation et la pharmacopée.', '> La transformation des déchets en méthane est une source supplémentaire d énergie propre (de même que les nouveaux débouchés d emplois consécutifs) et les villes pourront être débarrassées de leurs déchets au bonheur des populationsCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 33 Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Forêts/ changement dans l utilisation terres > Les investissements forestiers sont une contribution inestimable à l’agroforesterie, à la préservation de la biodiversité et une réponse adéquate à la dégradation de l’environnement et au réchauffement climatique; > Les projets forestiers, menés par des communautés défavorisées, permettent de combiner harmonieusement la préservation des forêts et le développement agricole en valorisant les cultures agricoles dans une dynamique d’accroissements des revenus locaux; > Les projets de création de massifsforestiers et d’aménagement des forêts naturelles permettent la conservation des sols et de l eau, la réduction des facteurs d‘érosion, la dépollution de l air et la conservation de la diversité biologique, sans compter avec la fourniture de produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux, y compris pour l’alimentation et la pharmacopée. Renforcement du système d alerte précoce pour la gestion des évènements climatiques extrêmes > Les informations météorologiques permettent aux producteurs d’accroitre leurs opportunités d’investissements en leur fournissant des informations d’importance sociale et économique qui permettent d’adapter leurs systèmes de production, de sauvegarder leurs personnes, leurs moyens de subsistance et leurs productions; > Les actions de transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental permettent une réadaptation des facteurs de production et de consommation en fonction de l’évolution du climat et des changements climatiques et permettent d’accroitre le ratio « couts-bénéfices » du producteur en préservant les acquis environnementaux (économie de la ressource en eau).', 'Renforcement du système d alerte précoce pour la gestion des évènements climatiques extrêmes > Les informations météorologiques permettent aux producteurs d’accroitre leurs opportunités d’investissements en leur fournissant des informations d’importance sociale et économique qui permettent d’adapter leurs systèmes de production, de sauvegarder leurs personnes, leurs moyens de subsistance et leurs productions; > Les actions de transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental permettent une réadaptation des facteurs de production et de consommation en fonction de l’évolution du climat et des changements climatiques et permettent d’accroitre le ratio « couts-bénéfices » du producteur en préservant les acquis environnementaux (économie de la ressource en eau). Habitat et urbanisme > Les investissements dans une meilleure connaissance et délimitation des zones à risques d’inondation permettent un meilleur aménagement de l’espace habité et une prévention efficace des effets des inondations ; contribuant ainsi à la sécurisation et à l’amélioration des conditions de vie.', 'Habitat et urbanisme > Les investissements dans une meilleure connaissance et délimitation des zones à risques d’inondation permettent un meilleur aménagement de l’espace habité et une prévention efficace des effets des inondations ; contribuant ainsi à la sécurisation et à l’amélioration des conditions de vie. > Ils permettent aussi la promotion d’une architecture adaptée aux conditions de changements climatiques, la valorisation des matériaux locaux et l’économie des ressources en bois; ce qui par ricochet, renforce la conservation des forêts et de la biodiversité.', '> Ils permettent aussi la promotion d’une architecture adaptée aux conditions de changements climatiques, la valorisation des matériaux locaux et l’économie des ressources en bois; ce qui par ricochet, renforce la conservation des forêts et de la biodiversité. > Les investissements dans l’efficacité énergétique dans l’habitat permettent enfin des économies significatives dans les budgets d’énergie des entités publiques et des ménages, tout en améliorant le confort global.Page 34 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Santé > Les investissements dans les capacités nationales de prévision, de suivi et de gestion des maladies climato-dépendantes permettent sans conteste d’accroitre la productivité globale de l’économie et à l’accroissement des productions nationales; > les travailleurs en bonne santé dépensent moins de ressources pour se soigner et produisent davantage; > l’Etat du Burkina Faso maitrise davantage les coûts sociaux des changements climatiques.', '> Les investissements dans l’efficacité énergétique dans l’habitat permettent enfin des économies significatives dans les budgets d’énergie des entités publiques et des ménages, tout en améliorant le confort global.Page 34 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Secteurs d’intervention des projets de l’INDC Coûts d’investisseme nts des projets sectoriels Coûts de mise en œuvre Co-bénéfices associés à la mise en œuvre des projets sectoriels Santé > Les investissements dans les capacités nationales de prévision, de suivi et de gestion des maladies climato-dépendantes permettent sans conteste d’accroitre la productivité globale de l’économie et à l’accroissement des productions nationales; > les travailleurs en bonne santé dépensent moins de ressources pour se soigner et produisent davantage; > l’Etat du Burkina Faso maitrise davantage les coûts sociaux des changements climatiques. Énergie renouvelable PM scenario inconditionnel PM > L’utilisation des sources alternatives d’énergie (solaires, biocarburants, etc.)', 'Énergie renouvelable PM scenario inconditionnel PM > L’utilisation des sources alternatives d’énergie (solaires, biocarburants, etc.) permet de réduire les coûts de l’énergie pour les ménages et les entreprises qui accroissent leur productivité; > Elle permet d’atténuer la pollution générée par l’utilisation des énergies fossiles dans les transports et la production d’électricité. Transport PM scenario inconditionnel PM > Les investissements dans les biocarburants permettent d’avoir une disponibilité des sources d’énergies alternatives et de diversifier les sources énergies renouvelables; > Le projet de transport modal permet de diversifier les moyens et infrastructures de transport. Source: Auteur, Août 2015, Estimations à partir du tableau des actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 35 Figure 3.', 'Source: Auteur, Août 2015, Estimations à partir du tableau des actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 35 Figure 3. Représentation graphique des proportions des projets du Scénario Adaptation INDC par secteurs en coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre 5.3.2 Classement des projets INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre Sur la base des pondérations (weightingbasedapproach) préalablement réalisées pour les différents projets conditionnels (elle a consisté à leur attribuer des notes allant de 1 à 10 selon leurs contributions respectives à la création des richesses (35%), à la croissance verte/maintien des ressources naturelles (45%) et à la facilité d’accès/adoption de la technologie (20%), on peut classer les différents projets conditionnels par ordre de priorité suivant la taille de leur note pondérée.', 'Représentation graphique des proportions des projets du Scénario Adaptation INDC par secteurs en coûts d investissements et de mise en œuvre 5.3.2 Classement des projets INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre Sur la base des pondérations (weightingbasedapproach) préalablement réalisées pour les différents projets conditionnels (elle a consisté à leur attribuer des notes allant de 1 à 10 selon leurs contributions respectives à la création des richesses (35%), à la croissance verte/maintien des ressources naturelles (45%) et à la facilité d’accès/adoption de la technologie (20%), on peut classer les différents projets conditionnels par ordre de priorité suivant la taille de leur note pondérée. Le tableau 13 ci-dessous donne unclassement de l’ensemble des projets conditionnels par ordre de priorité de financement et /ou de mise en œuvre Tableau 13.', 'Le tableau 13 ci-dessous donne unclassement de l’ensemble des projets conditionnels par ordre de priorité de financement et /ou de mise en œuvre Tableau 13. Classement de l ensemble des projets du Scenario Adaptation INDC par ordre de priorité de mise en œuvre N° de priorité Les actions d adaptation prévuesà l’INDC Secteurs INDC Score pondéré- priorisation 1. Promotion des foyers dolo dans le but de toucher 97% des dolotières à l’horizon 2030 Énergie biomasse/ énergie par récupération des déchets 2. vulgarisation de 15.000 kits d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» en vue de l’irrigation de 3 750 ha à partir d’eau de surface pour la production de culture de haut rapport (exemple tomate ou pomme de terre). Agriculture Eau 915 3.', 'Promotion des foyers dolo dans le but de toucher 97% des dolotières à l’horizon 2030 Énergie biomasse/ énergie par récupération des déchets 2. vulgarisation de 15.000 kits d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» en vue de l’irrigation de 3 750 ha à partir d’eau de surface pour la production de culture de haut rapport (exemple tomate ou pomme de terre). Agriculture Eau 915 3. Restauration et maintien de la fertilité de 1,575 millions d’ha de terres de culture,par diverses techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols (CES). Agriculture Eau 890 AGRICULTURE & EAU ELEVAGE BIOMASSE ENERGIE ET ENERGIE PAR RECUPERATION DES DECHETS FORETS/ CHANGEMENT DANS L UTILISATION TERRES RENFORCEMENT DU SYSTEME D ALERTE PRECOCE POUR LA GESTION DES EVENEMENTS CLIMATIQUES EXTREMES HABITAT ET URBANISME SANTEPage 36 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso N° de priorité Les actions d adaptation prévuesà l’INDC Secteurs INDC Score pondéré- priorisation 4. L’équipement de 75 000 ménages en 2030 avec des biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso 5.', 'L’équipement de 75 000 ménages en 2030 avec des biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso 5. Restauration et aménagement de la ceinture verte d’Ouagadougou Habitat & urbanisme 875 6. Projet Boisement reboisement équivalent à 1 Programme d Investissement Forestier (PIF) Forêts-land use 870 7. Production et diffusion de foyers améliorés en milieu urbain et semi-urbain Énergie biomasse/ énergie par récupération des déchets 8. Gestion des eaux pluviales et prévention des inondations dans les 13 capitales de région du Burkina Faso Habitat & urbanisme 865 9. Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso Habitat & urbanisme 860 10.', 'Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso Habitat & urbanisme 860 10. Création de 150 Unitésd’Intensification des Productions Agricoles (UIPA) à partir de forages à gros débit et utilisant des techniques innovantes d’irrigation (goutte à goutte sous pression) Agriculture Eau 825 11. Intégration del’utilisation efficace et effective des informations hydrométéorologiques et environnementales dans les plans de développement à long terme pour produire des alertes précoces et saisonnières Système d’alerte Précoce 12. Réhabilitation de 1 125 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins sylvo-pastorales, soit un investissement de 75 000 ha chaque année 13. Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble 9 activités 14.', 'Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble 9 activités 14. Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural Habitat & urbanisme 795 15. fauche et la conservation de 10 000 tonnes de fourrage grossier chaque année(foins et résidus de cultures) 16. Création et classement de 900 000 ha d’espaces de conservation de la diversité biologique à vocation régionale dans 12 Régions (CT) ou 180 Communes Forêts-land use 785 17. Réalisation de 800 000 ha de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) dans 200 communes rurales Forêts-land use 785 18. Restauration de 150 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins de production agricole, par la réalisation de 10 000 ha de micro bassins (ou demi-lunes) chaque année Agriculture Eau 770 19.', 'Restauration de 150 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins de production agricole, par la réalisation de 10 000 ha de micro bassins (ou demi-lunes) chaque année Agriculture Eau 770 19. Récupération de méthane à partir des eaux usées de la station d Epuration de la ville d’Ouagadougou Energie biomasse/ énergie par récupération des déchets 20. Transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental Système d’alerte PrécoceCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 37 N° de priorité Les actions d adaptation prévuesà l’INDC Secteurs INDC Score pondéré- priorisation 21. Amélioration de la protection des ressources en eau contre le comblement et les végétaux aquatiques envahissants Agriculture Eau 765 22. Création et la gestion durable de 5 Zones d’Intensification des Productions Animales (ZIPA) dans 5 régions du pays 23.', 'Création et la gestion durable de 5 Zones d’Intensification des Productions Animales (ZIPA) dans 5 régions du pays 23. Recherche et Développement de Technologies dans l architecture et la construction en adaptation aux changements climatiques Habitat & urbanisme 745 24. Récupération de méthane à partir des déchets solides du Centre d enfouissement Technique de la ville d’Ouagadougou Energie biomasse/ énergie par récupération des déchets 25. Poursuite des actions de recherche développement dans le domaine de l’eau, de ses usages et des impacts du changement climatique Agriculture Eau 720 26. Cartographie et marquage des zones à risques d inondation dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants en adaptation aux changements climatiques Habitat & urbanisme 720 27. L’aménagement de 15 000 ha de bas-fonds et périmètres irrigués et leur mise en valeur par lesystème de riziculture intensive (SRI) Agriculture Eau 705 28.', 'L’aménagement de 15 000 ha de bas-fonds et périmètres irrigués et leur mise en valeur par lesystème de riziculture intensive (SRI) Agriculture Eau 705 28. Développement de la recherche sur la santé et les changements climatiques: ensemble de 3 activités 29. Audit des plans d’aménagement de toutes les forêts classées ou protégées en vue de leur actualisation Forêts-land use 685 30. Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: création d un centre de Veille sanitaire MT 31. Développement Participatif de Technologies de Gestion Durable des Terres / Recherche-Développement adaptative aux CC Forêts-land use 675 32. Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 100 spécialistes 33.', 'Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 100 spécialistes 33. Réhabilitation et la mise en défens de 30 000 ha de berges des cours d’eau Forêts-land use 640 Source: Auteur, Août 2015, Estimations à partir du tableau des actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation 5.4. Sources et conditions de financement Les sources de financements des projets INDC sont multiples. La disponibilité des sources de financement dépendra de la capacité du Burkina Faso à développer une coopération active vis-à-vis des partenaires et institutions de financement.', 'La disponibilité des sources de financement dépendra de la capacité du Burkina Faso à développer une coopération active vis-à-vis des partenaires et institutions de financement. Pour financer les projets INDC, le Burkina Faso pourrait compter sur l’accès au « Fonds Vert Climat - FVC» et sur la disponibilité du Fonds d’Intervention pour l’Environnement (FIE) crée par le Gouvernement, pourvu que ce fonds se dotedes règles de transparence, de neutralité et de bonne gouvernance, permettant la création en son seind’un guichet FVC.Page 38 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Le renforcement des relations bilatérales avec les pays amis et multilatéralesavec les institutions comme la Banque Mondiale, l’Union Européenne, le FEM, le PNUD, le PNUE, la BAD, la BID, la BOAD, la CEDEAO ou encore l’UEMOA, tous, despartenaires financiers potentiels pour les différents projets, à travers des fonds mis déjà sur place, pourra permettre au Burkina Faso de financer ces projets dans le cadre des changements climatiqueset des accords et conventions internationales.', 'Pour financer les projets INDC, le Burkina Faso pourrait compter sur l’accès au « Fonds Vert Climat - FVC» et sur la disponibilité du Fonds d’Intervention pour l’Environnement (FIE) crée par le Gouvernement, pourvu que ce fonds se dotedes règles de transparence, de neutralité et de bonne gouvernance, permettant la création en son seind’un guichet FVC.Page 38 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Le renforcement des relations bilatérales avec les pays amis et multilatéralesavec les institutions comme la Banque Mondiale, l’Union Européenne, le FEM, le PNUD, le PNUE, la BAD, la BID, la BOAD, la CEDEAO ou encore l’UEMOA, tous, despartenaires financiers potentiels pour les différents projets, à travers des fonds mis déjà sur place, pourra permettre au Burkina Faso de financer ces projets dans le cadre des changements climatiqueset des accords et conventions internationales. Le secteur privé Burkinabè se verra attribuerune grande partie (presque 50%) du financement),à conditionque les banques commerciales soient sensibilisées par rapport à ces types de financement.', 'Le secteur privé Burkinabè se verra attribuerune grande partie (presque 50%) du financement),à conditionque les banques commerciales soient sensibilisées par rapport à ces types de financement. Le Burkina Faso soutient l’utilisation des mécanismes de marché tels que le Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) comme un outil performant de Monitoring, Reporting et de Vérification pour les activités d’atténuation et un outil pour les financements axés sur les résultats. Le Burkina appuie donc l’utilisation des Unités de Réduction Certifiée d’Émissions (URCE) délivrées par les projets et programmes d’activités du Mécanisme de Développement Propre pour atteindre les objectifs d’atténuation pré-2020.', 'Le Burkina appuie donc l’utilisation des Unités de Réduction Certifiée d’Émissions (URCE) délivrées par les projets et programmes d’activités du Mécanisme de Développement Propre pour atteindre les objectifs d’atténuation pré-2020. La rémunération du carbone de sorte à le rendre économiquement viable dans les contextes spécifiques des Pays les Moins Avancés, les Pays en Développement et les Petits États Insulaires en Développement est donc une priorité. Pour se faire la mise en place de nouvelles règles de comptabilisation dans le cadre de la CCNUCC pour garantir l’intégrité environnementale des mécanismes de marché et éviter la double comptabilisation est nécessaire.', 'Pour se faire la mise en place de nouvelles règles de comptabilisation dans le cadre de la CCNUCC pour garantir l’intégrité environnementale des mécanismes de marché et éviter la double comptabilisation est nécessaire. Ces règles de comptabilisation seront aussi introduites pour le FIE pour une transparence financière exigée.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 39 Section 6. Mise en œuvre et suivi et évaluation de l’INDC 6.1. Schéma et acteurs de mise en œuvre La mise œuvre des projets INDC nécessitera la mise en place d’une Unité de Coordination des Projets INDC qui pourrait êtreplacée sont la tutelle du SP-CONEDD1.', 'Schéma et acteurs de mise en œuvre La mise œuvre des projets INDC nécessitera la mise en place d’une Unité de Coordination des Projets INDC qui pourrait êtreplacée sont la tutelle du SP-CONEDD1. L’Unité de Coordination sera chargée de coordonner et superviser (suivre) la mise en œuvre des différents projets INDC et comprendra trois entitéstechniques: Une entitéde coordination chargée de la programmation des activités de mise en œuvre des différents projets; Une Cellule Technique Adaptation qui s’occupera de la coordination de la mise en œuvre et du suivi des projets d’Adaptation et qui pourrait devenir une Autorité Nationale Désignée – Adaptation (AND-AD); Une Cellule Technique Atténuation qui s’occupera coordonnerala mise en œuvre et assurera lesuivi des projets d’Atténuation en collaboration ou pour le compte de l’AND Burkina Faso (Autorité Nationale Désignée).', 'L’Unité de Coordination sera chargée de coordonner et superviser (suivre) la mise en œuvre des différents projets INDC et comprendra trois entitéstechniques: Une entitéde coordination chargée de la programmation des activités de mise en œuvre des différents projets; Une Cellule Technique Adaptation qui s’occupera de la coordination de la mise en œuvre et du suivi des projets d’Adaptation et qui pourrait devenir une Autorité Nationale Désignée – Adaptation (AND-AD); Une Cellule Technique Atténuation qui s’occupera coordonnerala mise en œuvre et assurera lesuivi des projets d’Atténuation en collaboration ou pour le compte de l’AND Burkina Faso (Autorité Nationale Désignée). Les cadres et experts au sein de ces unités coopèreront étroitement avec les cadres des différents ministères en charge des projets que sont: Le Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture; Le Ministère en charge des Ressources en eau; Le Ministère en charge des Ressources animales; Le Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et des forêts; Les Ministère et les Institutions publiques en charge de la Recherche Scientifique, et de L’innovation Technologique; Le ministère en charge de l’Habitat et de l’Urbanisme; Le Ministère en charge de la Santé; Le Ministère en charge de l’Énergie; Le Ministère en charge des Transports.', 'Les cadres et experts au sein de ces unités coopèreront étroitement avec les cadres des différents ministères en charge des projets que sont: Le Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture; Le Ministère en charge des Ressources en eau; Le Ministère en charge des Ressources animales; Le Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et des forêts; Les Ministère et les Institutions publiques en charge de la Recherche Scientifique, et de L’innovation Technologique; Le ministère en charge de l’Habitat et de l’Urbanisme; Le Ministère en charge de la Santé; Le Ministère en charge de l’Énergie; Le Ministère en charge des Transports. L’Unité de Coordination travaillera avec les Départementsci-dessus et d’autres ministères à vocation transversale comme le Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, celui en charge de la Promotion des femmes et du Genre et celui de la Coopération internationale, dans le cadre des accords de financements.', 'L’Unité de Coordination travaillera avec les Départementsci-dessus et d’autres ministères à vocation transversale comme le Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, celui en charge de la Promotion des femmes et du Genre et celui de la Coopération internationale, dans le cadre des accords de financements. Elle assurera enfin la coordination avec les structures de la Société Civile et les Institutions représentatives du Secteur Privé. 6.2. Schéma et acteursdu suivi et d’évaluation L’Unité de Coordination sera chargée du suivi global des activités de mise en œuvre des projets INDC2. Pour cela, elle devra disposer d’un manuel de procédures administratives et d’un système harmonisé de suivi-évaluation des projets détaillant les principales responsabilités et les objectifs assignés.', 'Pour cela, elle devra disposer d’un manuel de procédures administratives et d’un système harmonisé de suivi-évaluation des projets détaillant les principales responsabilités et les objectifs assignés. Les acteurs d’évaluation des projets sont externes et viendront des partenaires techniques et financiers des projets à mettre en œuvre. Ces évaluations seront annuelles ouponctuelles et prendront en compte, à certaines étapes de mise en œuvre des projets, les travaux d’évaluateurs indépendants. 1 Le CONEDD est, selon les options de la politique nationale de développement durable, appelée à évoluer en Conseil National pour le Développement Durable (CNDD). 2 Chaque projet disposant en lui-même d’un dispositif de suivi-évaluation utilisant des outils harmonisés (et au besoin standardisés) avec les autres projets de l’INDC.Page 40 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 7.', '2 Chaque projet disposant en lui-même d’un dispositif de suivi-évaluation utilisant des outils harmonisés (et au besoin standardisés) avec les autres projets de l’INDC.Page 40 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 7. Conclusion Dans l’INDC du Burkina Faso les thèmes Atténuation et Adaptation ont été intégrés, les deux étantétroitement liés : pour ‘’atténuer’’ il faut ‘’adapter’’ principalement, puisque le secteur agriculture- foresterie-utilisation des terres (AFOLU) est un secteur d’émissions mais aussi un secteur de séquestration majeur. Et en conséquence l’adaptation contribue grandement aux revenus de l’atténuation (séquestration de CO2 et émissions évitées x prix de la tonne de carbone sur les marchés boursiers).', 'Et en conséquence l’adaptation contribue grandement aux revenus de l’atténuation (séquestration de CO2 et émissions évitées x prix de la tonne de carbone sur les marchés boursiers). Pourtant l’adaptation nécessite des fonds substantiels.Bien que le prix de la tonne de CO2 se soit effondré sur les marchés globaux, la réduction des émissions de CO2 reste un excellent indicateur de performance et d’impact des programmes et projets d’atténuation au Burkina Faso. Le CO2 n’est cependant pas le seul pourvoyeur de vie au Burkina Faso (sécurité alimentaire, pollution atmosphérique, qualité de l’air et de l’eau). Une molécule d’eau (H2O) est aussi vitale pour les sols que le CO2 pour la sécurité alimentaire et pour la chaine du cycle de vie.', 'Une molécule d’eau (H2O) est aussi vitale pour les sols que le CO2 pour la sécurité alimentaire et pour la chaine du cycle de vie. En adaptation, la conservation de l’eau (H2O) (eau de ruissellement, nappes phréatiques, etc.) est un indicateur d’adaptation au même titre que le CO2 en atténuation. Le CO2 et l’H2O peuvent donc être comptabilisés: le CO2 à sa valeur boursière et l’H2O à sa valeur économique. En Atténuation (Approche Résultats), et avec un objectif de réduire les émissions de carbone et d’augmenter la séquestration, les 3 scenarios sont clairs et évidents.', 'En Atténuation (Approche Résultats), et avec un objectif de réduire les émissions de carbone et d’augmenter la séquestration, les 3 scenarios sont clairs et évidents. Il s’agit de prioriser ces scenarios en les reliant à des investissements en adaptation, en technologie propre et en projets dont l’objectif final serait une société à faible émission de carbone et un monde rural plus vert. En Adaptation, les options sont surtout variées et il s’agit aussi de les prioriser dans un tableau de synthèse basé sur les projections en atténuation, les options d’adaptation et les investissements requis. Par exemple, l’adaptation en matière de gestion des ressources en Eau est multisectorielle, avec des initiatives pour la sauvegarde (conservation) de cette ressource, en qualité et quantité.', 'Par exemple, l’adaptation en matière de gestion des ressources en Eau est multisectorielle, avec des initiatives pour la sauvegarde (conservation) de cette ressource, en qualité et quantité. En plus la collecte, le recyclage, la réutilisation, les technologies de traitement de l’eau et les schémas innovateursde valorisation et de bonne gouvernance de l’eau ajouteraient de la « limpidité » à cette eau. D’autres idées d’adaptation s’insèreraient dans le Cadre Stratégique d’Investissement enGestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT), avec un budget en même temps ambitieux et conservateur de 869 milliards de FCFA pour 5 ans.', 'D’autres idées d’adaptation s’insèreraient dans le Cadre Stratégique d’Investissement enGestion Durable des Terres (CSI-GDT), avec un budget en même temps ambitieux et conservateur de 869 milliards de FCFA pour 5 ans. Avec 1/3 des terres dégradées et donc 9 316 000 ha en détresse, l’application de bonnes pratiques d’utilisation des sols et la gestion durable des terroirs ne manquent pas de demande, pourvu que les fonds touchent directement les plus vulnérables (les exploitants de ces Terres) et que l’action s’attaque directement aux problème de la gouvernance des ressources naturelle à tous les niveaux. Il est donc ambitieux d’élaborer pour cet INDC un Scenario Adaptation Intégrée.', 'Il est donc ambitieux d’élaborer pour cet INDC un Scenario Adaptation Intégrée. En termes de Co-bénéfices, et afin de les maximiser, les régions du Nord et le secteur Elevage aurontbesoin de plus d’attention et d‘investissements majeurs. Là aussi les actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation (comme dans le secteur Forêts) s’installent en symbiose et aussi en parallèle. Les changements climatiques amplifieront leurs impacts là où il y a déjà lapression démographique, c’est-à-dire dans les zones peuplées urbaines. Les pays du G7 se sont engagés à apporter 100 milliards de dollars par an d ici à 2020 à la lutte contre le changement climatique, dont une partie doit transiter par le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC).', 'Les pays du G7 se sont engagés à apporter 100 milliards de dollars par an d ici à 2020 à la lutte contre le changement climatique, dont une partie doit transiter par le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC). Cette somme promise par la communauté internationale doit soutenir les pays en développement dans la limitation de leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre et leur adaptation aux effets du changement climatique. Cet engagement ne couvre cependant pas l intégralité des besoins pour financer la réduction des GES au niveau mondial, qui sont estimésentre 650milliards et 1950milliards de dollars USpar an.', 'Cet engagement ne couvre cependant pas l intégralité des besoins pour financer la réduction des GES au niveau mondial, qui sont estimésentre 650milliards et 1950milliards de dollars USpar an. Le Burkina Faso avec son INDC devra se positionner parmi la Société des Nations pour avoir accès à ces fonds.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 41 En termes de financement, le véhicule Fonds d’Intervention pour l’Environnement(FIE) mis en place par le Burkina Faso apparaitcomme un excellent outil,à condition que les règles d’opérationnalisation de ce Fonds soient flexibles, transparentes de façon à en faire un outil de bonne gouvernance. Dans ce Fonds, pourraient être payés les revenus des réductions d’émissions.', 'Dans ce Fonds, pourraient être payés les revenus des réductions d’émissions. Et puisque l’adaptation est au cœur de l’atténuation et la provoque, on pourrait logiquement imaginer qu’un pourcentage des revenus en atténuation soit mobilisé pour financer des options d’adaptation (par exemple jusqu’à 75%) selon des mécanismes innovateurs. On pourrait aussi imaginer plus globalement qu’un pourcentage du FIE(40%) aille vers la mise en œuvre de mesures d’adaptation et de mitigation (15%), les technologies de pointe de suivi et évaluation / certification (15%) ainsi que vers la recherche appliquée (10% par exemple). L’INDC du Burkina Faso s’est voulu participatifdès la premièreactivité, notamment les ateliers 1 à 3 et le groupe ad hoc de travail, robuste, équitable, ambitieux et transparent, pour ne citer que quelques qualificatifs.', 'L’INDC du Burkina Faso s’est voulu participatifdès la premièreactivité, notamment les ateliers 1 à 3 et le groupe ad hoc de travail, robuste, équitable, ambitieux et transparent, pour ne citer que quelques qualificatifs. Robuste, l’INDC l’est par ses éventails de données, d’analyses multiples, de tableaux de synthèse et de réflexionpousséedans les domaines de l’environnement, du changement climatique, de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, du social, du socioéconomique et dans les scénarios qui valorisent les réflexions. Pour êtreéquitable ou se doter d’équité, l’INDC a voulu démontrerà la Société des Nations, que malgré les faibles émissions de carbone et de GES de ce pays par rapport aux émissions globales, le Burkina Faso assume sa responsabilité par rapport aux émissions qu’elle émet,surtout dans le secteur AFOLU.', 'Pour êtreéquitable ou se doter d’équité, l’INDC a voulu démontrerà la Société des Nations, que malgré les faibles émissions de carbone et de GES de ce pays par rapport aux émissions globales, le Burkina Faso assume sa responsabilité par rapport aux émissions qu’elle émet,surtout dans le secteur AFOLU. Pour se faire et malgréle fait que le coût de la réduction d’émissions et le rapport coût d’investissement/bénéfice (sante, bénéfices sociaux, sécurité alimentaire) soient élevés au Burkina, le Gouvernement entend bien engager des actions majeures d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie, et d’adaptation dans les secteurs rural, de la santé et de l’habitat pour aider àréduire ses émissions tout en réduisant considérablement la vulnérabilité des secteurs stratégiques de son économie.', 'Pour se faire et malgréle fait que le coût de la réduction d’émissions et le rapport coût d’investissement/bénéfice (sante, bénéfices sociaux, sécurité alimentaire) soient élevés au Burkina, le Gouvernement entend bien engager des actions majeures d’atténuation dans le secteur de l’énergie, et d’adaptation dans les secteurs rural, de la santé et de l’habitat pour aider àréduire ses émissions tout en réduisant considérablement la vulnérabilité des secteurs stratégiques de son économie. L INDC est ambitieux car il transgresse le « scénario BaU »pour aller vers deux autres scenarios, Inconditionnel et Conditionnel hybride intégrant l’atténuation avecl’adaptation.', 'L INDC est ambitieux car il transgresse le « scénario BaU »pour aller vers deux autres scenarios, Inconditionnel et Conditionnel hybride intégrant l’atténuation avecl’adaptation. Dans le scenario Inconditionnel, le Burkina explore de nouvelles cibles et pousse à fond des opportunités d’atténuation que le pays devrait atteindre si ce pays prenait les mesures techniques et économiquesnécessaires pour arriver àune croissance économique ambitieuse, et pour suivre une courbe ascendante, encore non réalisée dans tous les secteurs de développement. Dans celui Conditionnel Hybride, le Burkina Faso tend vers un développement durable. Et pour transformer l’économie de ‘’consommation de ressources’’ du Burkina en économie graduellement verte (ou presque) et en sociétéà faible émission de carbone, le scénario Adaptation Intégrée se prête bien.', 'Et pour transformer l’économie de ‘’consommation de ressources’’ du Burkina en économie graduellement verte (ou presque) et en sociétéà faible émission de carbone, le scénario Adaptation Intégrée se prête bien. Dans ce scénario il est estimé que la valeur totale des services environnementaux fournis par les actions proposées dans les secteurs AFOLU sur les 15 années jusqu en 2030, serait au moins de US$ 11.500.000.000 (11,5 milliards de dollars) ; ce qui donnerait un retour sur investissement de plus de 400%(ceci à comparer avec le retour seulement financier de la production primaire de 64% (soitsix fois plus grand). Ces services environnementaux,bien qu’invisibles dans une économie de consommation mesurée en PIB, sont réels dans une économie circulaire ou à capital Nature et apportent beaucoup à l économie nationale.', 'Ces services environnementaux,bien qu’invisibles dans une économie de consommation mesurée en PIB, sont réels dans une économie circulaire ou à capital Nature et apportent beaucoup à l économie nationale. Tout en étantéquitable et ambitieux, l’INDC se veuttransparent et aspire à atteindre les objectifs de la Convention Climat en s’alignant sur l’objectif des 2°C et en considérant le besoin de limiter les émissions cumulatives sur cettepériode de temps a presque zéro. Encore une fois, cet objectif est ambitieux et requiert une transparence totale. Techniquement et économiquement, cela veut dire pour le Burkina une économieà faible rendement en carbone (sociétéà faible émission de carbone) et un pays à couverture et économie verte.', 'Techniquement et économiquement, cela veut dire pour le Burkina une économieà faible rendement en carbone (sociétéà faible émission de carbone) et un pays à couverture et économie verte. Avec sa nature semi-aride et les conditions climatiques encore plus incertainespour les annéesà venir, cette transformation va demander des efforts considérables et des investissements colossaux en adaptation, surtout dans les secteurs Agriculture-Forêts-Utilisation des Terres(AFOLU).Les solutions d adaptation existent pour aider la population à prévoir et sePage 42 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso préparerà faire face auxeffets du changement climatique qui arriveront inévitablement à cause des émissions de GES déjà faits depuis 1900 jusqu à aujourd hui.', 'Avec sa nature semi-aride et les conditions climatiques encore plus incertainespour les annéesà venir, cette transformation va demander des efforts considérables et des investissements colossaux en adaptation, surtout dans les secteurs Agriculture-Forêts-Utilisation des Terres(AFOLU).Les solutions d adaptation existent pour aider la population à prévoir et sePage 42 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso préparerà faire face auxeffets du changement climatique qui arriveront inévitablement à cause des émissions de GES déjà faits depuis 1900 jusqu à aujourd hui. Il s avère que beaucoup d’actions d adaptation dépendent des technologies propres qui elles-mêmes contribuent à la baisse des émissions de GES.Les plus importantes sont en lien avec la gestion des terres et la conservation des eaux, des sols et des forêts, afin d augmenter la résilience des populations.', 'Il s avère que beaucoup d’actions d adaptation dépendent des technologies propres qui elles-mêmes contribuent à la baisse des émissions de GES.Les plus importantes sont en lien avec la gestion des terres et la conservation des eaux, des sols et des forêts, afin d augmenter la résilience des populations. Il est donc important que le gouvernement, avec ses partenaires, les donateurs internationaux, appuient ces initiatives et permettent,par des investissements justifiés et propres,leur plus grandeexpansion possible à travers tout le pays.CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 43 Section 8. Engagements/ recommandations L’engagement du Burkina Faso se conjugue à travers trois scenarii.', 'Engagements/ recommandations L’engagement du Burkina Faso se conjugue à travers trois scenarii. Un premier scenario Inconditionnel(annexe 1) qui vise à réduire les émissions de GES de 7 808 Gg par an en 2030, soit 6,6% par rapport au BaU, pour des investissements en cours d’US$ 1.125 milliards; Un scenario Conditionnel Hybride(annexe 1) visant à réduire les émissions de GES de 11,6% correspondant à 13 766 Gg par an en 2030 pour des investissements d’US$756 032 667; Un troisième scénario Adaptation(annexe 2) qui vise entre autres àrestaurer et aménager 5,055 millions d’ha de terres dégradées à l’horizon 2030, correspondant à 55% de la superficie totale actuelle des terres dégradées au pays permettant de nourrir près de 6 millions de personnes supplémentaires à l’horizon 2030.', 'Un premier scenario Inconditionnel(annexe 1) qui vise à réduire les émissions de GES de 7 808 Gg par an en 2030, soit 6,6% par rapport au BaU, pour des investissements en cours d’US$ 1.125 milliards; Un scenario Conditionnel Hybride(annexe 1) visant à réduire les émissions de GES de 11,6% correspondant à 13 766 Gg par an en 2030 pour des investissements d’US$756 032 667; Un troisième scénario Adaptation(annexe 2) qui vise entre autres àrestaurer et aménager 5,055 millions d’ha de terres dégradées à l’horizon 2030, correspondant à 55% de la superficie totale actuelle des terres dégradées au pays permettant de nourrir près de 6 millions de personnes supplémentaires à l’horizon 2030. Ces projets d’adaptation contribueront par ailleurs à réduire les émissions de GES de 43 707Gg de CO2, soit 36.95 % par rapport au BaU,pour un investissement total d’US$ 5 804 949 915.', 'Ces projets d’adaptation contribueront par ailleurs à réduire les émissions de GES de 43 707Gg de CO2, soit 36.95 % par rapport au BaU,pour un investissement total d’US$ 5 804 949 915. En guise de recommandations, elles se résumentà: Garantir l utilisation du Fonds d’Intervention pourl Environnement et dont la transparence financière ne fera aucun doute, pour recevoir et distribuerles recettes de la vente de carbone, conséquence de l Atténuation; Promouvoir clairement l énergie renouvelable, au moins en éliminant les subventions aux carburants fossiles et, au mieux, en subventionnant les investissements en énergies renouvelables; Promouvoir les structures architecturales qui utilisent les matériaux renouvelables, locaux, isolants et à bas coût en énergie, pour toute construction publique et, à travers les subventions ou les facilités fiscales, pour les résidences particulières; Dans le secteur de l’agriculture au sens large, aller résolument vers les pratiques agricoles durables, et adaptée, surtout pour l’exploitation familiale et les petits producteurs; Pour les grandes fermes privées et publiques, revoir la chaine de valeur en termes de changement climatique et, surtout évaluer de façon plus rigoureuse et plus complète les nouveaux programmes de biotechnologies, en particulier les OGM.Page 44 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 9.', 'En guise de recommandations, elles se résumentà: Garantir l utilisation du Fonds d’Intervention pourl Environnement et dont la transparence financière ne fera aucun doute, pour recevoir et distribuerles recettes de la vente de carbone, conséquence de l Atténuation; Promouvoir clairement l énergie renouvelable, au moins en éliminant les subventions aux carburants fossiles et, au mieux, en subventionnant les investissements en énergies renouvelables; Promouvoir les structures architecturales qui utilisent les matériaux renouvelables, locaux, isolants et à bas coût en énergie, pour toute construction publique et, à travers les subventions ou les facilités fiscales, pour les résidences particulières; Dans le secteur de l’agriculture au sens large, aller résolument vers les pratiques agricoles durables, et adaptée, surtout pour l’exploitation familiale et les petits producteurs; Pour les grandes fermes privées et publiques, revoir la chaine de valeur en termes de changement climatique et, surtout évaluer de façon plus rigoureuse et plus complète les nouveaux programmes de biotechnologies, en particulier les OGM.Page 44 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 9. ANNEXES 9.1.', 'En guise de recommandations, elles se résumentà: Garantir l utilisation du Fonds d’Intervention pourl Environnement et dont la transparence financière ne fera aucun doute, pour recevoir et distribuerles recettes de la vente de carbone, conséquence de l Atténuation; Promouvoir clairement l énergie renouvelable, au moins en éliminant les subventions aux carburants fossiles et, au mieux, en subventionnant les investissements en énergies renouvelables; Promouvoir les structures architecturales qui utilisent les matériaux renouvelables, locaux, isolants et à bas coût en énergie, pour toute construction publique et, à travers les subventions ou les facilités fiscales, pour les résidences particulières; Dans le secteur de l’agriculture au sens large, aller résolument vers les pratiques agricoles durables, et adaptée, surtout pour l’exploitation familiale et les petits producteurs; Pour les grandes fermes privées et publiques, revoir la chaine de valeur en termes de changement climatique et, surtout évaluer de façon plus rigoureuse et plus complète les nouveaux programmes de biotechnologies, en particulier les OGM.Page 44 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Section 9. ANNEXES 9.1. Annexes 1: Liste des projets de la composante atténuation de l’INDC Coût (en US$) Coût (US$) Programme d investissement forestier 21 645 878 Projet Boisement reboisement équivalent à 3 Programme d Investissement Forestier (PIF) Namas SNV 17 710 839 Récupération de méthane à partir des eaux usées de la station d Epuration de la ville d’Ouagadougou Foyers Améliorés SNV 196 787 Récupération de méthane à partir des déchets solides du Centre d enfouissement Technique de la ville d’Ouagadougou Foyers Améliorés Tipaala 2 230 254 A.', 'Annexes 1: Liste des projets de la composante atténuation de l’INDC Coût (en US$) Coût (US$) Programme d investissement forestier 21 645 878 Projet Boisement reboisement équivalent à 3 Programme d Investissement Forestier (PIF) Namas SNV 17 710 839 Récupération de méthane à partir des eaux usées de la station d Epuration de la ville d’Ouagadougou Foyers Améliorés SNV 196 787 Récupération de méthane à partir des déchets solides du Centre d enfouissement Technique de la ville d’Ouagadougou Foyers Améliorés Tipaala 2 230 254 A. Production d énergie électrique Projet biodigesteur National 19 722 922 Petites centrales hydro-électriques [Bontioli (5,1 MW), Gongouro (5 MW) et Folonzo (10,8 MW)]en Partenariat Public-Privé Barrage Samendeni 69 710 913 Mini-réseaux à base d’énergie renouvelable et hybride Barrage de Ouessa aval 350 000 000 Systèmes PV, Pico-Hydro et petite éolienne Centrale solaire de Zagtoulli (SONABEL) 67 758 621 B.', 'Production d énergie électrique Projet biodigesteur National 19 722 922 Petites centrales hydro-électriques [Bontioli (5,1 MW), Gongouro (5 MW) et Folonzo (10,8 MW)]en Partenariat Public-Privé Barrage Samendeni 69 710 913 Mini-réseaux à base d’énergie renouvelable et hybride Barrage de Ouessa aval 350 000 000 Systèmes PV, Pico-Hydro et petite éolienne Centrale solaire de Zagtoulli (SONABEL) 67 758 621 B. Transport Centrale solaire PV de Kaya (SONABEL) 21 666 667 Amélioration plus rapide du parc de véhicule(une réduction de 30 % des consommations en 2025 au lieu des 20 % pour 2030) Centrale solaire d’Ouaga 2000 (SONABEL) Substitution de biocarburants aux hydrocarbures: unités de production de bioéthanol (substituer 10 % de la consommation de super en 2030)CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 45 Centrale solaire PV de Dédougou (SONABEL) Substitution de biocarburants aux hydrocarbures: unités de production de biodiesel (substituer 5 % de la consommation de gasoil en 2030) Centrale solaire PV de Gaoua (SONABEL) Résidentiel et Tertiaire Centrale solaire PV de Zina Efficacité énergétique éclairage électrique (résidentiel, EP et tertiaire) 168 750 000 Centrale solaire PV de Diapaga (SONABEL) Industries Centrale solaire de Zagtoulli II (Scatecsolar) Éfficacité éclairage (Projet de diffusion de 2 millions de LBC dans les secteurs industriels et tertiaires) réduction de 2% par an Centrale solaire de Kodeni (Canopy) à Pâ Technologies sobre en énergie (- 3% par an) 5 250 000 Centrale solaire de patte d’oie (Naange) Centrale solaire de Zano (Soltech) Énergie 609 866 667 Centrale solaire de Pâ (Canopy) Agriculture 64 938 000 Petites centrales hydro-électriques [Bontioli (5,1 MW), Gongouro (5 MW) et Folonzo (10,8 MW)]en PPP Installation de 20 MW solaire PV relié au réseau tous les 10 ans (à partir de 2015) Gazogènes (tiges coton) pour la production d’électricité (20 X 250 KW) Mini-réseaux à base d’énergie renouvelable et hybride Systèmes PV, Pico-Hydro et petite éolienne Réduction des pertes du réseau électrique 34 686 667Page 46 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Transport Renforcement du projet "Transfert modal dans la ville de Ouaga (sur 20Km)) B. Résidentiel et Tertiaire Éfficacité énergétique/introduction des ampoules à faible consommation Éfficacité énergétique éclairage électrique (résidentiel, EP et tertiaire) Erreur !', 'Transport Centrale solaire PV de Kaya (SONABEL) 21 666 667 Amélioration plus rapide du parc de véhicule(une réduction de 30 % des consommations en 2025 au lieu des 20 % pour 2030) Centrale solaire d’Ouaga 2000 (SONABEL) Substitution de biocarburants aux hydrocarbures: unités de production de bioéthanol (substituer 10 % de la consommation de super en 2030)CPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 45 Centrale solaire PV de Dédougou (SONABEL) Substitution de biocarburants aux hydrocarbures: unités de production de biodiesel (substituer 5 % de la consommation de gasoil en 2030) Centrale solaire PV de Gaoua (SONABEL) Résidentiel et Tertiaire Centrale solaire PV de Zina Efficacité énergétique éclairage électrique (résidentiel, EP et tertiaire) 168 750 000 Centrale solaire PV de Diapaga (SONABEL) Industries Centrale solaire de Zagtoulli II (Scatecsolar) Éfficacité éclairage (Projet de diffusion de 2 millions de LBC dans les secteurs industriels et tertiaires) réduction de 2% par an Centrale solaire de Kodeni (Canopy) à Pâ Technologies sobre en énergie (- 3% par an) 5 250 000 Centrale solaire de patte d’oie (Naange) Centrale solaire de Zano (Soltech) Énergie 609 866 667 Centrale solaire de Pâ (Canopy) Agriculture 64 938 000 Petites centrales hydro-électriques [Bontioli (5,1 MW), Gongouro (5 MW) et Folonzo (10,8 MW)]en PPP Installation de 20 MW solaire PV relié au réseau tous les 10 ans (à partir de 2015) Gazogènes (tiges coton) pour la production d’électricité (20 X 250 KW) Mini-réseaux à base d’énergie renouvelable et hybride Systèmes PV, Pico-Hydro et petite éolienne Réduction des pertes du réseau électrique 34 686 667Page 46 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Transport Renforcement du projet "Transfert modal dans la ville de Ouaga (sur 20Km)) B. Résidentiel et Tertiaire Éfficacité énergétique/introduction des ampoules à faible consommation Éfficacité énergétique éclairage électrique (résidentiel, EP et tertiaire) Erreur ! Il n y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce documentCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 47 9.2.', 'Il n y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce documentCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 47 9.2. Annexes 2: Liste des projets de la composante adaptation de l’INDC PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Restauration et le maintien de la fertilité de 1,575 millions d’ha de terres de culture,par diverses techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols (CES).', 'Annexes 2: Liste des projets de la composante adaptation de l’INDC PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Restauration et le maintien de la fertilité de 1,575 millions d’ha de terres de culture,par diverses techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols (CES). Restauration de 150 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins de production agricole, par la réalisation de 10 000 ha de micro bassins (ou demi-lunes) chaque année L’aménagement de 15 000 ha de bas-fonds et périmètres irrigués et leur mise en valeur par lesystème de riziculture intensive (SRI) Vulgarisation de 15.000 kits d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» en vue de l’irrigation de 3 750 ha à partir d’eau de surface pour la production de culture de haut rapport (exemple tomate ou pomme de terre).', 'Restauration de 150 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins de production agricole, par la réalisation de 10 000 ha de micro bassins (ou demi-lunes) chaque année L’aménagement de 15 000 ha de bas-fonds et périmètres irrigués et leur mise en valeur par lesystème de riziculture intensive (SRI) Vulgarisation de 15.000 kits d’irrigation «goutte à goutte» en vue de l’irrigation de 3 750 ha à partir d’eau de surface pour la production de culture de haut rapport (exemple tomate ou pomme de terre). Création de 150 Unitésd’Intensification des Productions Agricoles (UIPA) à partir de forages à gros débit et utilisant des techniques innovantes d’irrigation (goutte à goutte sous pression) Amélioration de la protection des ressources en eau contre le comblement et les végétaux aquatiques envahissants Poursuite des actions de recherche développement dans le domaine de l’eau, de ses usages et des impacts du changement climatiquePage 48 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Réhabilitation de 1 125 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins sylvo- pastorales, soit un investissement de 75 000 ha chaque année Fauche et la conservation de 10 000 tonnes de fourrage grossier chaque année(foins et résidus de cultures) L’équipement de 75 000 ménages en 2030 avec des biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso Création et la gestion durable de 5 Zones d’Intensification des Productions Animales (ZIPA) dans 5 régions du pays Production et diffusion de foyers améliorés en milieu urbain et semi- urbain sur 15 ans Promotion des foyers dolo dans le but de toucher 97% des dolotières à l’horizon 2030 Réhabilitation et la mise en défens de 30 000 ha de berges des cours d’eau Création et classement de 900 000 ha d’espaces de conservation de la diversité biologique à vocation régionale dans 12 Régions (CT) ou Audit des plans d’aménagement de toutes les forêts classées ou protégées en vue de leur actualisation Réalisation de 800 000 ha de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) dans 200 communes ruralesCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 49 PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Développement Participatif de Technologies de Gestion Durable des Terres / Recherche-Développement adaptative aux CC Cartographie et marquage des zones à risques d inondation dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants en adaptation aux changements climatiques Gestion des eaux pluviales et prévention des inondations dans les 13 capitales de région du Burkina Faso 2 700 km canaux / caniveaux Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso communautaires Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural 0 1 209 600 Gain de 50 Kwh/m2 ND Recherche et Développement de Technologies dans l architecture et la construction en adaptation aux changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble 9 activités Développement de la recherche sur la santé et les changements climatiques Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 1000 spécialistesPage 50 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: création d un centre de Veille sanitaire MT 1 centre de veille sanitaire Transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental 11 stations hydro équipées ; 50 stations automatiques 1 radar réhabilité 1 équipement radiosonde 1 équipement imagerie satellitaire 11 cadres formés Intégration del’utilisation efficace et effective des informations hydrométéorologiques et environnementales dans les plans de développement à long terme pour produire des alertes précoces et saisonnières Erreur !', 'Création de 150 Unitésd’Intensification des Productions Agricoles (UIPA) à partir de forages à gros débit et utilisant des techniques innovantes d’irrigation (goutte à goutte sous pression) Amélioration de la protection des ressources en eau contre le comblement et les végétaux aquatiques envahissants Poursuite des actions de recherche développement dans le domaine de l’eau, de ses usages et des impacts du changement climatiquePage 48 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Réhabilitation de 1 125 000 ha de terres dégradées à des fins sylvo- pastorales, soit un investissement de 75 000 ha chaque année Fauche et la conservation de 10 000 tonnes de fourrage grossier chaque année(foins et résidus de cultures) L’équipement de 75 000 ménages en 2030 avec des biodigesteurs fonctionnels dans au moins 10 régions du Burkina Faso Création et la gestion durable de 5 Zones d’Intensification des Productions Animales (ZIPA) dans 5 régions du pays Production et diffusion de foyers améliorés en milieu urbain et semi- urbain sur 15 ans Promotion des foyers dolo dans le but de toucher 97% des dolotières à l’horizon 2030 Réhabilitation et la mise en défens de 30 000 ha de berges des cours d’eau Création et classement de 900 000 ha d’espaces de conservation de la diversité biologique à vocation régionale dans 12 Régions (CT) ou Audit des plans d’aménagement de toutes les forêts classées ou protégées en vue de leur actualisation Réalisation de 800 000 ha de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) dans 200 communes ruralesCPDN Burkina Faso - Rapport CPDN Final - Livrable 7 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso Page 49 PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Développement Participatif de Technologies de Gestion Durable des Terres / Recherche-Développement adaptative aux CC Cartographie et marquage des zones à risques d inondation dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants en adaptation aux changements climatiques Gestion des eaux pluviales et prévention des inondations dans les 13 capitales de région du Burkina Faso 2 700 km canaux / caniveaux Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso communautaires Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural 0 1 209 600 Gain de 50 Kwh/m2 ND Recherche et Développement de Technologies dans l architecture et la construction en adaptation aux changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: ensemble 9 activités Développement de la recherche sur la santé et les changements climatiques Renforcement des compétences du personnel sur les maladies sensibles aux changements climatiques: formation de 1000 spécialistesPage 50 Framework contract No 2015-AC-001-15DDU0C006-INDC-Support Facility-Burkina Faso PROJETSD ADAPTATION (SCÉNARIO ADAPTATION INTEGRÉE) Projets Scenarii Emissions nette (Gg Coût/Investisse ment (US$) Cibles Nombre de bénéficiaires Coût projet/bénéficia ire (US$) Renforcement des capacités de prévision et de réponses aux phénomènes liés aux changements climatiques: création d un centre de Veille sanitaire MT 1 centre de veille sanitaire Transfert de technologies pour le suivi climatique, météorologique et environnemental 11 stations hydro équipées ; 50 stations automatiques 1 radar réhabilité 1 équipement radiosonde 1 équipement imagerie satellitaire 11 cadres formés Intégration del’utilisation efficace et effective des informations hydrométéorologiques et environnementales dans les plans de développement à long terme pour produire des alertes précoces et saisonnières Erreur ! Il n y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document']

fr-FR

BFA

Burkina Faso

Updated NDC

9 October 2021

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Rapport%20CDN_BKFA.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/6ad868718e5f2c8a35da708ff25d1abd6947fb972955040652a3493274710201.pdf

['BURKINA FASO CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN) DU BURKINA FASO Version finaleII TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES TABLEAUX IV LISTE DES FIGURES . IV ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS . V AVANT-PROPOS . VII RESUME EXECUTIF . VII I. CONTEXTE NATIONAL 1 II. APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE . 5 III. AMBITIONS DE REDUCTION DES EMISSIONS DE GES DU BURKINA FASO . 7 3.1. Contribution globale des actions d atténuation de la CDN. . 7 3.1.1. Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES . 8 3.1.2. Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie à la réduction des émissions de GES . 10 3.1.3. Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES 10 3.1.4. Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES 11 3.2.', 'Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES 11 3.2. Contribution de réduction des émissions de GES dans la CDN par des actions d adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques . 12 IV. STRATEGIES SECTORIELLES ET MESURES PRIORITAIRES 13 4.1. Analyses des coûts et bénéfices . 14 4.2. Avantages et bénéfices socio-économiques 15 4.3. Secteurs de soutien à l’adaptation . 16 V. CADRE DE TRANSPARENCE, DU RAPPORTAGE ET DE SUIVI DES PROGRES 5.1. Indicateurs de suivi de mise en œuvre de la CDN . 16 5.2. Dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN . 17 5.3. Dispositif de suivi et d’évaluation . 17 5.3.1. Dispositif de suivi . 17 5.3.2. Dispositif d’évaluation . 18 5.3.3. Cadre de suivi des progrès . 18 VI.', 'Cadre de suivi des progrès . 18 VI. MECANISMES DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 19 6.1. Besoins financiers 19 6.2. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie 20 6.3. Stratégie de mobilisation des ressources pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN . 20 6.4. Stratégie de communication 21 VII.', 'Stratégie de communication 21 VII. ANALYSE DES RISQUES ET MESURES DE MITIGATION . 22 ANNEXES i Annexe 1 : Liste des actions d’atténuation . ii Annexe 2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation intégrée viiIII Annexe 3 : Liste des avantages socio-économiques potentiels dans la mise en œuvre des actions relevant des différents secteurs de la CDN . xiii Annexe 5 : Répertoire des indicateurs de suivi de la CDN et alignement aux cibles 0DD xvIV LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Émissions de GES en Gg CO2eq . 3 Tableau 2 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES CO2 eq par rapport au scénario BAU 8 Tableau 3 : Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES . 9 Tableau 4: Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie dans la réduction des émissions de GES . 10 Tableau 5: Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES 11 Tableau 6 : Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES 12 Tableau 7 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES (Gg CO2 eq) des actions d’adaptation par rapport au scénario BAU 13 Tableau 8 : Synthèse des coûts de mise en œuvre de la CDN . 15 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1: Migration des isohyètes 1 Figure 2 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES en Gg équivalent CO2 de 1995 à 2017 2 Figure 3 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES des secteurs de 1995 à 2017.', 'ANALYSE DES RISQUES ET MESURES DE MITIGATION . 22 ANNEXES i Annexe 1 : Liste des actions d’atténuation . ii Annexe 2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation intégrée viiIII Annexe 3 : Liste des avantages socio-économiques potentiels dans la mise en œuvre des actions relevant des différents secteurs de la CDN . xiii Annexe 5 : Répertoire des indicateurs de suivi de la CDN et alignement aux cibles 0DD xvIV LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Émissions de GES en Gg CO2eq . 3 Tableau 2 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES CO2 eq par rapport au scénario BAU 8 Tableau 3 : Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES . 9 Tableau 4: Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie dans la réduction des émissions de GES . 10 Tableau 5: Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES 11 Tableau 6 : Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES 12 Tableau 7 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES (Gg CO2 eq) des actions d’adaptation par rapport au scénario BAU 13 Tableau 8 : Synthèse des coûts de mise en œuvre de la CDN . 15 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1: Migration des isohyètes 1 Figure 2 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES en Gg équivalent CO2 de 1995 à 2017 2 Figure 3 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES des secteurs de 1995 à 2017. . 3 Figure 4 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 1995 . 4 Figure 5 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 2015 . 4 Figure 6 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU 8 Figure 7: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur AFAT pour les années 2025, Figure 8: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur Énergie pour les années 2025, Figure 9: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur du transport pour les Figure 10: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur des Déchets pour les Figure 11 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU 13V ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ANAM : Agence Nationale de la Météorologie BAU : Business As Usual BNDT : Base Nationale de Données Topographiques CAEP : Climate Action Enhancement Package CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des Déchets CN : Communication Nationale eq : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2 ) CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National DGESS : Directions Générales des Études et des Statistiques Sectorielles EX-ACT : EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool FAARF : Fonds d’Appui aux Activités Rémunératrices des Femmes FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FIE : Fonds d’Intervention pour l’Environnement GACMO : Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre Gg : Giga Gramme GGGI : Global Green Growth Institute GIEC : Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Évolution du Climat IDH : Indice de Développement Humain IGB : Institut Géographique du Burkina IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change MEEVCC : Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Économie Verte et du Changement Climatique MRV : Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification MW : Mégawatt MWc : Mégawatt-crête NAMAs : Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ODD : Objectifs de Développement DurableVI ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PANA : Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement RCM : Regional Climate Model RGPH : Recensement Général de la population et de l’Habitation SP/CNDD : Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour le Développement Durable SP/CONEDD : Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour l’Environnement et le Développement DurableVII AVANT-PROPOSVIIIVII RESUME EXECUTIF Le Burkina Faso, très vulnérable aux effets des changements climatiques, a fait l’option de contribuer à l’effort mondial de stabilisation des concentrations des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) dans l’atmosphère.', '. 3 Figure 4 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 1995 . 4 Figure 5 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 2015 . 4 Figure 6 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU 8 Figure 7: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur AFAT pour les années 2025, Figure 8: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur Énergie pour les années 2025, Figure 9: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur du transport pour les Figure 10: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur des Déchets pour les Figure 11 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU 13V ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ANAM : Agence Nationale de la Météorologie BAU : Business As Usual BNDT : Base Nationale de Données Topographiques CAEP : Climate Action Enhancement Package CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des Déchets CN : Communication Nationale eq : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2 ) CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National DGESS : Directions Générales des Études et des Statistiques Sectorielles EX-ACT : EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool FAARF : Fonds d’Appui aux Activités Rémunératrices des Femmes FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FIE : Fonds d’Intervention pour l’Environnement GACMO : Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre Gg : Giga Gramme GGGI : Global Green Growth Institute GIEC : Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Évolution du Climat IDH : Indice de Développement Humain IGB : Institut Géographique du Burkina IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change MEEVCC : Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Économie Verte et du Changement Climatique MRV : Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification MW : Mégawatt MWc : Mégawatt-crête NAMAs : Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ODD : Objectifs de Développement DurableVI ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PANA : Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement RCM : Regional Climate Model RGPH : Recensement Général de la population et de l’Habitation SP/CNDD : Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour le Développement Durable SP/CONEDD : Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour l’Environnement et le Développement DurableVII AVANT-PROPOSVIIIVII RESUME EXECUTIF Le Burkina Faso, très vulnérable aux effets des changements climatiques, a fait l’option de contribuer à l’effort mondial de stabilisation des concentrations des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) dans l’atmosphère. Cet engagement s’est matérialisé par la ratification de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, le Protocole de Kyoto à ladite Convention et l’Accord de Paris sur le climat.', 'Cet engagement s’est matérialisé par la ratification de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, le Protocole de Kyoto à ladite Convention et l’Accord de Paris sur le climat. Le pays a traduit son engagement pour la réduction des émissions de GES en soumettant sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) le 23 octobre 2015 qui est devenue par la suite sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) à l’issue de sa ratification de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat.', 'Le pays a traduit son engagement pour la réduction des émissions de GES en soumettant sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) le 23 octobre 2015 qui est devenue par la suite sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) à l’issue de sa ratification de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat. Cette première CDN a fixé des objectifs de réduction d’émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 de 21 574,63 Gg CO2eq, soit 18,2% par rapport au scénario de référence (Business As Usual ) pour les actions d’atténuation et de 43 707 Gg CO2eq, soit 36,95 % à travers la mise en œuvre d’actions d’adaptation.', 'Cette première CDN a fixé des objectifs de réduction d’émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 de 21 574,63 Gg CO2eq, soit 18,2% par rapport au scénario de référence (Business As Usual ) pour les actions d’atténuation et de 43 707 Gg CO2eq, soit 36,95 % à travers la mise en œuvre d’actions d’adaptation. Pour la période 2015Ŕ2020, le Burkina Faso prévoyait une réduction de 5133 Gg CO2eq représentant 5,58% en scénario inconditionnel et 10953 Gg CO2eq soit 11,9% en scénario conditionnel pour les actions d’atténuation. L’évaluation de la CDN en 2020 montre une réduction de 4 858,07 Gg CO2eq, soit 5,3% du scénario inconditionnel et 2 643,5 Gg CO2eq, soit 2,9% du scénario conditionnel.', 'L’évaluation de la CDN en 2020 montre une réduction de 4 858,07 Gg CO2eq, soit 5,3% du scénario inconditionnel et 2 643,5 Gg CO2eq, soit 2,9% du scénario conditionnel. Le niveau d’atteinte de l’engagement pour la période 2015Ŕ2020 est de 91,37% pour le scénario inconditionnel et 24,36% pour le scénario conditionnel. En ce qui concerne les actions d’adaptation, l’engagement du pays en termes de réduction de GES qui se chiffrait à 43 707Gg CO2eq en 2030, a pu atteindre un niveau de réalisation de 89% en 2020 soit une réduction de 38 898 Gg CO2eq de GES. Le Burkina Faso, grâce à la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation, a pu remplir ses engagements de réduction de ses émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025.', 'Le Burkina Faso, grâce à la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation, a pu remplir ses engagements de réduction de ses émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025. Cette situation convainc davantage le pays que le financement de ses actions d’adaptation est source de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le faible niveau d’atteinte du scénario conditionnel s’explique par les difficultés rencontrées dans la mobilisation des ressources. L’accord de Paris sur le climat prévoit en son article 4 une révision à la hausse des ambitions de réduction des Parties tous les cinq ans. Pour répondre à cette exigence, le pays a entamé le processus de révision de sa CDN en fin 2019.', 'Pour répondre à cette exigence, le pays a entamé le processus de révision de sa CDN en fin 2019. Cette révision conduite par le Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour le Développement Durable (SP/CNDD) a été rendue possible grâce à l’accompagnement du NDC Partnership et ses partenaires que sont le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), l’Institut Mondial pour la Croissance Verte (GGGI), l’Organisation Néerlandaise de Développement (SNV), la Coopération Allemande (GIZ), le Climate Analytics, l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) .', 'Cette révision conduite par le Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour le Développement Durable (SP/CNDD) a été rendue possible grâce à l’accompagnement du NDC Partnership et ses partenaires que sont le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), l’Institut Mondial pour la Croissance Verte (GGGI), l’Organisation Néerlandaise de Développement (SNV), la Coopération Allemande (GIZ), le Climate Analytics, l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) . Le Burkina Faso a, par ailleurs, adopté une approche participative et inclusive pour la révision de sa CDN à travers l’implication des acteurs du public, du privé, des ONG et associations, aux niveaux central, déconcentré et décentralisé.', 'Le Burkina Faso a, par ailleurs, adopté une approche participative et inclusive pour la révision de sa CDN à travers l’implication des acteurs du public, du privé, des ONG et associations, aux niveaux central, déconcentré et décentralisé. Après l’évaluation de sa première CDN qui lui a permis d’identifier les forces et les faiblesses, le pays a mené plusieurs activités en vue de rendre sa nouvelle CDN plusVIII ambitieuse, réaliste, mesurable, notifiable et vérifiable.', 'Après l’évaluation de sa première CDN qui lui a permis d’identifier les forces et les faiblesses, le pays a mené plusieurs activités en vue de rendre sa nouvelle CDN plusVIII ambitieuse, réaliste, mesurable, notifiable et vérifiable. On peut citer entre autres (i) l’évaluation du potentiel de séquestration des GES des secteurs de la CDN; (ii) l’estimation des coûts et les bénéfices des différentes actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation envisagées dans la nouvelle CDN ; (iii) la définition des cibles et indicateurs des actions retenues pour la CDN ; (iv) l’alignement des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation aux ODD prioritaires du pays ; (v) la prise en compte du genre et des solutions fondées sur la nature dans la CDN ; (vi) l’élaboration de Plans sectoriels de la CDN genre sensibles.', 'On peut citer entre autres (i) l’évaluation du potentiel de séquestration des GES des secteurs de la CDN; (ii) l’estimation des coûts et les bénéfices des différentes actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation envisagées dans la nouvelle CDN ; (iii) la définition des cibles et indicateurs des actions retenues pour la CDN ; (iv) l’alignement des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation aux ODD prioritaires du pays ; (v) la prise en compte du genre et des solutions fondées sur la nature dans la CDN ; (vi) l’élaboration de Plans sectoriels de la CDN genre sensibles. Le Burkina Faso, au titre de ses nouvelles ambitions, a considéré un scenario inconditionnel et un scenario conditionnel.', 'Le Burkina Faso, au titre de ses nouvelles ambitions, a considéré un scenario inconditionnel et un scenario conditionnel. Le pays s’engage, en rapport avec ses actions d’atténuation, à réduire ses émissions de GES de 31682,3 Gg CO2eq à l’horizon 2030 soit 29,42% par rapport au scenario Business As Usual. Cet engagement est de 21074,94 Gg CO2eq pour le scenario inconditionnel soit 19,60% et de 10557,91 Gg CO2eq pour le scenario conditionnel soit 9,82%. Comparativement à la CDN de 2015 qui était de 18,2%, l’Etat burkinabè a rehaussé ses ambitions de 11,22%.', 'Comparativement à la CDN de 2015 qui était de 18,2%, l’Etat burkinabè a rehaussé ses ambitions de 11,22%. Pour atteindre cet objectif de 29,42%, un montant de 449 118 465,3 US$ est prévu au titre du scenario inconditionnel contre un montant de 885 670 522 US$ attendu pour le scenario conditionnel soit un montant total de 1 334 788 987 US$. Par ailleurs, le pays a pris l’option de renforcer son adaptation et sa résilience par la mise en œuvre d’actions dont le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES est estimé à 33072,72 Gg CO2eq soit 30,76% par rapport au scenario Business As Usual. Ce potentiel est réparti en scenario inconditionnel (20.67%) et en scenario conditionnel (10.08%).', 'Ce potentiel est réparti en scenario inconditionnel (20.67%) et en scenario conditionnel (10.08%). La mise en œuvre des 864 $US pour le scenario conditionnel soit un montant total de 2 788 062 875 US$. L’évaluation des besoins financiers pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN s’élève à 4 124 231 753 spécifiques au genre et comprises dans le montant à rechercher est d’un montant de 1 379 891 US$.I. CONTEXTE NATIONAL Le Burkina Faso est un pays sahélien de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Il est situé entre 9°20’ et 15°05’ de latitude Nord, 5°20’ de longitude Ouest et 2°03’de longitude Est et couvre une superficie une densité moyenne de 74 habitants au km², selon le Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitation (RGPH) de 2019.', 'Il est situé entre 9°20’ et 15°05’ de latitude Nord, 5°20’ de longitude Ouest et 2°03’de longitude Est et couvre une superficie une densité moyenne de 74 habitants au km², selon le Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitation (RGPH) de 2019. Le milieu rural abrite 73,7% de la population nationale, qui vit essentiellement de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. Le taux de croissance du PIB est en moyenne de 6,2% par an entre 2016 et 2019 et l’incidence de la pauvreté a connu une certaine baisse, passant de 40,1% en 2014 à 36,2% en 2018 selon le deuxième Plan National de Développement Economique et Social (PNDES II).', 'Le taux de croissance du PIB est en moyenne de 6,2% par an entre 2016 et 2019 et l’incidence de la pauvreté a connu une certaine baisse, passant de 40,1% en 2014 à 36,2% en 2018 selon le deuxième Plan National de Développement Economique et Social (PNDES II). Le climat est de type soudanien, avec une pluviométrie, très variable et irrégulière qui décroît du Sud-Ouest vers le Nord, alternant une saison sèche longue (octobre à mai) et une saison pluvieuse courte (juin à septembre). La température est également très variable en fonction des saisons de l’année, avec de fortes amplitudes diurnes. Ces perturbations climatiques ont pour conséquences une migration des isohyètes et des isothermes.', 'Ces perturbations climatiques ont pour conséquences une migration des isohyètes et des isothermes. La température annuelle moyenne connaît une tendance à la hausse sur la période 1961-2018 sur l’ensemble des stations synoptiques du pays et les isohyètes 600 et 900 mm ont considérablement migré (figure 1). Figure 1: Migration des isohyètes Source : Agence Nationale de la Météorologie Les risques climatiques projetés indiquent que pour le Burkina Faso, la variabilité et les changements climatiques auront des répercussions négatives importantes et certaines, sur les secteurs socio-économiques clés de développement, tels que l’agriculture, l’élevage, la pêche,l’exploitation des produits forestiers, etc.', 'Figure 1: Migration des isohyètes Source : Agence Nationale de la Météorologie Les risques climatiques projetés indiquent que pour le Burkina Faso, la variabilité et les changements climatiques auront des répercussions négatives importantes et certaines, sur les secteurs socio-économiques clés de développement, tels que l’agriculture, l’élevage, la pêche,l’exploitation des produits forestiers, etc. Dans ce contexte de vulnérabilité climatique, l’atteinte des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) du pays pourrait être fortement compromise avec une incidence sur les inégalités de genre, du fait de l’économie nationale qui repose essentiellement sur le secteur primaire. Les émissions nationales de GES, au Burkina Faso, ont une tendance à la hausse entre 1995 et 2015.', 'Les émissions nationales de GES, au Burkina Faso, ont une tendance à la hausse entre 1995 et 2015. En effet, les émissions sont passées de 36 648 Gg CO2eq en 1995 à plus de 66 000 Gg CO2eq en 2015, soit une augmentation de 80 %. Figure 2 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES en Gg équivalent CO2 de 1995 à 2017 Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 La hausse des émissions nationales de GES est observée dans tous les secteurs concernés par l’inventaire national des émissions de GES.', 'Figure 2 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES en Gg équivalent CO2 de 1995 à 2017 Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 La hausse des émissions nationales de GES est observée dans tous les secteurs concernés par l’inventaire national des émissions de GES. Les émissions du secteur Agriculture Foresterie et Autres utilisation des Terres (AFAT) ont augmenté de 69%, celles des secteurs de l’Énergie de 8%, des Déchets 2% et des Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits chimiques (PIUP) 1%.Tableau 1: Émissions de GES en Gg CO2eq Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 adapté. Les augmentations des émissions s’expliquent entre autres par l’accroissement des superficies agricoles, la diminution des terres forestières et l’augmentation des effectifs du cheptel.', 'Les augmentations des émissions s’expliquent entre autres par l’accroissement des superficies agricoles, la diminution des terres forestières et l’augmentation des effectifs du cheptel. Sur la période 1995 à 2015, la contribution du secteur AFAT aux émissions nationales de GES est d’au moins 90%. Figure 3 : Évolution des émissions nationales de GES des secteurs de 1995 à 2017. Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 En faisant une analyse par secteur d’émissions de GES, le secteur AFAT a émis 34 645,86 Gg Energie Procédés inductriels Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisation des terres Déchets Progression (%) Taux annuel (%) Projection Projection Projection Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisations des terres (AFAT)tendance se maintient, ce secteur, en 2030, émettra 88 395,68 Gg CO2eq et 168 361,32 Gg CO2eq en 2050.', 'Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 En faisant une analyse par secteur d’émissions de GES, le secteur AFAT a émis 34 645,86 Gg Energie Procédés inductriels Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisation des terres Déchets Progression (%) Taux annuel (%) Projection Projection Projection Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisations des terres (AFAT)tendance se maintient, ce secteur, en 2030, émettra 88 395,68 Gg CO2eq et 168 361,32 Gg CO2eq en 2050. S’agissant du secteur de l’Énergie, les émissions de GES sont passées de 1 115,45 Gg CO2eq en 1995, à 4 035,42 Gg CO2eq en 2015. En maintenant le rythme de progression de 2,62, en 2030, ce secteur émettra 10 110,53 Gg CO2eq et 31 016,58 Gg CO2eq en 2050.', 'En maintenant le rythme de progression de 2,62, en 2030, ce secteur émettra 10 110,53 Gg CO2eq et 31 016,58 Gg CO2eq en 2050. Pour ce qui est du secteur des Déchets, les émissions sont passées de 877,18 Gg CO2eq en 1995 à 1 763,63 Gg CO2eq en 2015 représentant une progression de 1,01. A ce rythme, ce Gg CO2eq. En ce qui concerne le secteur des PIUP, bien que les émissions de GES soient faibles, il enregistre un fort taux de progression à hauteur de 4 378% passant de 9,04 Gg CO2eq en 1995 à 404,64 Gg CO2eq en 2015.', 'En ce qui concerne le secteur des PIUP, bien que les émissions de GES soient faibles, il enregistre un fort taux de progression à hauteur de 4 378% passant de 9,04 Gg CO2eq en 1995 à 404,64 Gg CO2eq en 2015. En suivant cette tendance, le secteur des PIUP émettra 6 115 Gg CO2eq en 2030 et en 2050 une quantité d’émissions de 239 007,99 Gg CO2eq. En 1995, les principaux secteurs émetteurs des GES étaient, le secteur de l’agriculture, la foresterie et les autres utilisations des terres (94,5%), le secteur de l’énergie (3,0%), celui des déchets (2,4%) et enfin le secteur des procédés industriels avec moins de 0,1% du total des émissions.', 'En 1995, les principaux secteurs émetteurs des GES étaient, le secteur de l’agriculture, la foresterie et les autres utilisations des terres (94,5%), le secteur de l’énergie (3,0%), celui des déchets (2,4%) et enfin le secteur des procédés industriels avec moins de 0,1% du total des émissions. Figure 4 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 1995 Figure 5 : Répartition des émissions de GES par secteurs en 2015 Source : Inventaire national GES, 2021 Dans une analyse globale, on note qu’en 2015, le poids du secteur AFAT (90,6%) dans le total des émissions nationales de GES a légèrement diminué. Par contre les secteurs de l’énergie (6,1 %) et des procédés industriels (0,6%) ont augmenté.', 'Par contre les secteurs de l’énergie (6,1 %) et des procédés industriels (0,6%) ont augmenté. Les émissions de GES à Energie procedés industriels Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisation des terres Déchets Energie proedés industriels [POURCEN TAGE] Agriculture, foresterie et autres utilisation des terres Déchetstravers le secteur des déchets sont restées quasi stables (2,7%). Les émissions totales nationales de GES pourraient atteindre 107 522,71 Gg CO2eq en 2030 et 443 345,59 Gg CO2eq en 2050. L’augmentation enregistrée des émissions de GES dans les deux secteurs (énergie et procédés industriels) se justifie par l’industrialisation en marche du pays et l’augmentation du parc automobile. Parmi les GES émis au Burkina Faso, le CO2 qui représentait 62% en 1995 est passé à 66% en , sa contribution aux émissions est passée de 21% en 1995 à 20% en 2015. Les émissions du N2 O ont diminué entre 1995 (17,02%) et 2015 (14%).', 'Les émissions du N2 O ont diminué entre 1995 (17,02%) et 2015 (14%). Enfin, les HFCs contribuent à moins de 1% des GES. Dans sa première CDN, le Burkina Faso a fixé ses objectifs de réduction de GES de 21 574,63 Gg CO2eq à l’horizon 2030, soit 18,2% par rapport au scenario Business As Usual pour les actions d’atténuation et de 43 707 Gg CO2 eq, soit 36,95 % à travers la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation. Pour la période 2015Ŕ2020, le Burkina Faso prévoyait une réduction de 5,58% en scénario inconditionnel et 11,9% en scénario conditionnel pour les actions d’atténuation.', 'Pour la période 2015Ŕ2020, le Burkina Faso prévoyait une réduction de 5,58% en scénario inconditionnel et 11,9% en scénario conditionnel pour les actions d’atténuation. L’évaluation de la CDN en 2020 montre une réduction de 4 858,07 Gg CO2eq, soit 5,3% du scénario inconditionnel et 2 643,5 Gg CO2eq, soit 2,9% du scénario conditionnel. Le niveau d’atteinte de l’engagement pour la période 2015Ŕ2020 est de 91,37% pour le scénario inconditionnel et 24,36% pour le scénario conditionnel. Le faible niveau d’atteinte du scénario conditionnel s’explique par les difficultés rencontrées pour la mobilisation des ressources.', 'Le faible niveau d’atteinte du scénario conditionnel s’explique par les difficultés rencontrées pour la mobilisation des ressources. En ce qui concerne les actions d’adaptation l’engagement du pays en termes de réduction de GES qui se chiffrait à 43 707 Gg CO2eq en 2030, a pu atteindre un niveau de réalisation de 89% en 2020 soit une réduction de 38 898 Gg CO2eq de GES. En outre, l’évaluation a montré que la prise en compte du genre dans certains projets renseignés reste faible. Les femmes représentaient parfois entre 17 et 52% et les jeunes 22 et 27% des bénéficiaires. II.', 'Les femmes représentaient parfois entre 17 et 52% et les jeunes 22 et 27% des bénéficiaires. II. APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE La révision de la CDN du Burkina Faso, coordonnée par le SP/CNDD, a bénéficié du soutien technique et financier de l’initiative « Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) » du NDC Partnership et du « Climate Promise » du PNUD. Plusieurs Partenaires Techniques et Financiers, membres du CAEP se sont mobilisés aux côtés du Gouvernement du Burkina Fasodans le cadre de cette révision. Il s’agit notamment de la SNV, du PNUD, de GGGI, de la FAO, de la GIZ, du Climate Analytics et du PNUE.', 'Il s’agit notamment de la SNV, du PNUD, de GGGI, de la FAO, de la GIZ, du Climate Analytics et du PNUE. Dans le souci de permettre au Burkina Faso de disposer d’une CDN plus ambitieuse, pertinente et réaliste, la démarche inclusive et participative a été adoptée pour l’implication de l’ensemble des acteurs du public, du privé, des ONG et associations, aux niveaux central, déconcentré et décentralisé. Une communication en conseil des ministres a été faite à cet effet. Cette révision, faut-il le rappeler, tire son fondement de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui invite les Parties prenantes audit Accord à communiquer une nouvelle CDN, tous les cinq ans avec une ambition de réduction des émissions de GES à la hausse.', 'Cette révision, faut-il le rappeler, tire son fondement de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui invite les Parties prenantes audit Accord à communiquer une nouvelle CDN, tous les cinq ans avec une ambition de réduction des émissions de GES à la hausse. La première activité de cette révision a été l’évaluation qualitative et quantitative de la première CDN du Burkina Faso. Elle a permis d’identifier les forces et les faiblesses de cette CDN et de formuler des recommandations en vue d’améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la nouvelle CDN du Burkina Faso. Plusieurs activités ont été identifiées pour être inclues dans la nouvelle CDN et découlent des documents de politique, plan et stratégie, projets et programmes du pays.', 'Plusieurs activités ont été identifiées pour être inclues dans la nouvelle CDN et découlent des documents de politique, plan et stratégie, projets et programmes du pays. La fixation des nouveaux engagements en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans la nouvelle CDN a connu la réalisation de plusieurs activités.', 'La fixation des nouveaux engagements en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans la nouvelle CDN a connu la réalisation de plusieurs activités. Il s’est agi des activités ci-après : - l’évaluation du potentiel d’atténuation des émissions de GES des secteurs de la CDN à l’aide des outils IPCC 2006 révisé, EX-ACT, GACMO ; - l’estimation des coûts et les bénéfices des différentes actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation, envisagées dans la nouvelle CDN pour des projets et programmes du secteur AFAT et du secteur énergie (d’autres projets n’ont cependant pas fait l’objet de cette évaluation mais les avantages socio-économiques liés à leur mise en œuvre ont été mis en exergue) ; - la définition des cibles et indicateurs des actions retenues pour la CDN ; - l’étude sur l’alignement des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation aux ODD prioritaires du Burkina Faso ; - l’étude sur la prise en compte des solutions fondées sur la nature dans la CDN ; - l’analyse genre dans les secteurs prioritaires de la CDN ; - l’élaboration de Plans sectoriels de la CDN genre sensibles ; - la production d’une CDN synthétique prenant en compte les différents livrables ;- la validation de la CDN en atelier national, son examen par la Commission Nationale de Planification du Développement, son adoption en conseil des Ministres et sa soumission au Secrétariat Exécutif de la CCNUCC ; - la capitalisation du processus de révision de la CDN.', 'Il s’est agi des activités ci-après : - l’évaluation du potentiel d’atténuation des émissions de GES des secteurs de la CDN à l’aide des outils IPCC 2006 révisé, EX-ACT, GACMO ; - l’estimation des coûts et les bénéfices des différentes actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation, envisagées dans la nouvelle CDN pour des projets et programmes du secteur AFAT et du secteur énergie (d’autres projets n’ont cependant pas fait l’objet de cette évaluation mais les avantages socio-économiques liés à leur mise en œuvre ont été mis en exergue) ; - la définition des cibles et indicateurs des actions retenues pour la CDN ; - l’étude sur l’alignement des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation aux ODD prioritaires du Burkina Faso ; - l’étude sur la prise en compte des solutions fondées sur la nature dans la CDN ; - l’analyse genre dans les secteurs prioritaires de la CDN ; - l’élaboration de Plans sectoriels de la CDN genre sensibles ; - la production d’une CDN synthétique prenant en compte les différents livrables ;- la validation de la CDN en atelier national, son examen par la Commission Nationale de Planification du Développement, son adoption en conseil des Ministres et sa soumission au Secrétariat Exécutif de la CCNUCC ; - la capitalisation du processus de révision de la CDN. III.', 'Il s’est agi des activités ci-après : - l’évaluation du potentiel d’atténuation des émissions de GES des secteurs de la CDN à l’aide des outils IPCC 2006 révisé, EX-ACT, GACMO ; - l’estimation des coûts et les bénéfices des différentes actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation, envisagées dans la nouvelle CDN pour des projets et programmes du secteur AFAT et du secteur énergie (d’autres projets n’ont cependant pas fait l’objet de cette évaluation mais les avantages socio-économiques liés à leur mise en œuvre ont été mis en exergue) ; - la définition des cibles et indicateurs des actions retenues pour la CDN ; - l’étude sur l’alignement des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation aux ODD prioritaires du Burkina Faso ; - l’étude sur la prise en compte des solutions fondées sur la nature dans la CDN ; - l’analyse genre dans les secteurs prioritaires de la CDN ; - l’élaboration de Plans sectoriels de la CDN genre sensibles ; - la production d’une CDN synthétique prenant en compte les différents livrables ;- la validation de la CDN en atelier national, son examen par la Commission Nationale de Planification du Développement, son adoption en conseil des Ministres et sa soumission au Secrétariat Exécutif de la CCNUCC ; - la capitalisation du processus de révision de la CDN. III. AMBITIONS DE REDUCTION DES EMISSIONS DE GES DU BURKINA FASO Les principaux gaz à effet de serre introduits dans l’atmosphère par les activités humaines au Burkina Faso sont : \uf06e le dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ) : il est le plus abondant des gaz à effet de serre et provient principalement de l’usage de combustibles fossiles, de certaines activités industrielles, de la déforestation et dégradation des forêts et de certaines pratiques agro-pastorales.', 'AMBITIONS DE REDUCTION DES EMISSIONS DE GES DU BURKINA FASO Les principaux gaz à effet de serre introduits dans l’atmosphère par les activités humaines au Burkina Faso sont : \uf06e le dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ) : il est le plus abondant des gaz à effet de serre et provient principalement de l’usage de combustibles fossiles, de certaines activités industrielles, de la déforestation et dégradation des forêts et de certaines pratiques agro-pastorales. \uf06e l’oxyde nitreux (N2 O) : il provient de l’épandage d’engrais sur les sols dans le cadre des activités agricoles notamment. Il a un pouvoir de réchauffement de 310 fois plus élevé que le dioxyde de carbone.', 'Il a un pouvoir de réchauffement de 310 fois plus élevé que le dioxyde de carbone. \uf06e le méthane (CH4 ) : il provient notamment de la fermentation entérique, de la digestion des ruminants, des décharges et du traitement des eaux usées. Il réchauffe 21 fois plus que le dioxyde de carbone. \uf06e les gaz fluorés : ces gaz sont utilisés comme agents réfrigérants, isolants électriques ou conducteurs de chaleur. Ce sont les Chlorofluorocarbures (CFC), les Hydrofluorocarbures (HFC), les Perfluorocarbures (PFC) et l’Hexafluorure de Soufre (SF6). Les HFCs sont les gaz à effet de serre industriels considérés dans les inventaires nationaux de GES au Burkina Faso. Ils sont 1300 fois plus réchauffant que le dioxyde de carbone.', 'Ils sont 1300 fois plus réchauffant que le dioxyde de carbone. Dans le cadre de la présente CDN, les GES utilisés sont le CO2 , le CH4 et le NO2. Du fait de la forte prépondérance du CO2 dans l’atmosphère par rapport aux autres gaz à effet de serre (GES) les estimations en termes d’émission se font conventionnellement en CO2 -éq. 3.1. Contribution globale des actions d atténuation de la CDN. La contribution des actions d’atténuation retenues au potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES tant en conditionnel qu’en inconditionnel est présentée dans le tableau 2.', 'La contribution des actions d’atténuation retenues au potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES tant en conditionnel qu’en inconditionnel est présentée dans le tableau 2. Le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES est estimé par rapport au BAU dont les valeurs sont de 92511,38 Gg CO2eq en 2025 ; 107 522,71 Gg CO2eq en 2030 et 185 814,84 Gg CO2eq en 2050.Tableau 2 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES CO2 eq par rapport au scénario BAU Source : SP/CNDD Ces résultats sont représentés conformément au graphique ci-dessous. Figure 6 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU Source : SP/CNDD Le tableau 2 montre que le Burkina Faso s’engage à réduire de 16,25% en 2025 et à l’horizon 2030, de 29,42%.', 'Figure 6 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU Source : SP/CNDD Le tableau 2 montre que le Burkina Faso s’engage à réduire de 16,25% en 2025 et à l’horizon 2030, de 29,42%. Le pays s’inscrit ainsi dans une augmentation de ses ambitions par rapport à celle de la première CDN qui était de 18,2% à l’horizon 2030. Toujours par rapport aux ambitions de réduction, le Burkina Faso s’engage à réduire à l’horizon 2050, 34,43% des émissions de GES. 3.1.1. Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES Le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES dans ce secteur est présenté dans le tableau 3.', 'Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES Le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES dans ce secteur est présenté dans le tableau 3. BAU scenario inconditionnel scenario conditionnel Total Scenarios Réduction des GES par rapport au BAU Gg CO2eq % Gg CO2eq % Gg %Tableau 3 : Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD L’estimation du potentiel de réduction du secteur AFAT donne 10 096,8 Gg CO2eq dont 7 527,3 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scénario inconditionnel et 2 569,5 Gg CO2eq en scénario conditionnel à l’horizon 2025.', 'BAU scenario inconditionnel scenario conditionnel Total Scenarios Réduction des GES par rapport au BAU Gg CO2eq % Gg CO2eq % Gg %Tableau 3 : Contribution du secteur AFAT dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD L’estimation du potentiel de réduction du secteur AFAT donne 10 096,8 Gg CO2eq dont 7 527,3 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scénario inconditionnel et 2 569,5 Gg CO2eq en scénario conditionnel à l’horizon 2025. La mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation du scénario inconditionnel du secteur AFAT permettra une réduction de 8,13% à l’horizon 2025 par rapport au scénario tendanciel et les actions du scénario conditionnel une réduction de 2,77% des émissions totales nationales de GES en 2025.', 'La mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation du scénario inconditionnel du secteur AFAT permettra une réduction de 8,13% à l’horizon 2025 par rapport au scénario tendanciel et les actions du scénario conditionnel une réduction de 2,77% des émissions totales nationales de GES en 2025. Les deux scénarii mis ensemble contribueront à une réduction substantielle de 10,91% des émissions nationales de GES à ce même horizon (2025). Si on se projette à l’horizon 2050, la mise en œuvre des projets induira une réduction pour les deux scénarii de 16,76% des émissions globales de GES.', 'Si on se projette à l’horizon 2050, la mise en œuvre des projets induira une réduction pour les deux scénarii de 16,76% des émissions globales de GES. Figure 7: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur AFAT pour les années 2025, 2030, Source : SP/CNDD Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalLe secteur AFAT est le plus important secteur en termes de potentiel de séquestration des GES au Burkina Faso. Les actions de reforestation, de préservation des ressources naturelles sont de ce fait celles qui pourront permettre d’augmenter les ambitions du pays. 3.1.2. Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie à la réduction des émissions de GES Les résultats en termes de séquestration des émissions de GES dans le secteur de l’énergie sont présentés dans le tableau 4.', 'Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie à la réduction des émissions de GES Les résultats en termes de séquestration des émissions de GES dans le secteur de l’énergie sont présentés dans le tableau 4. Tableau 4: Contribution du secteur de l’Énergie dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD Le potentiel de réduction du secteur de l’énergie est estimé à 3 192,712 Gg CO2eq à l’horizon 2025 pour un potentiel de 1 228,661 Gg CO2eq des actions du scenario inconditionnel et 1 964,051 Gg CO2eq des actions du scenario conditionnel. La figure 8 présente l’évolution des différents scénarii du secteur de l’énergie. Figure 8: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur Énergie pour les années 2025, 2030, 2050 Source : SP/CNDD 3.1.3.', 'Figure 8: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration du secteur Énergie pour les années 2025, 2030, 2050 Source : SP/CNDD 3.1.3. Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES Pour le secteur du transport, le potentiel de séquestration des émissions de GES est présenté ci-dessous dans le tableau 5. Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalTableau 5: Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD Dans le secteur du transport les actions inconditionnelles et les actions dont leur mise en œuvre nécessite une recherche de financement (conditionnel), ont des potentiels de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement évalués à 1 210 Gg CO2eq et 267Gg CO2eq en 2025.', 'Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalTableau 5: Contribution du secteur du Transport dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD Dans le secteur du transport les actions inconditionnelles et les actions dont leur mise en œuvre nécessite une recherche de financement (conditionnel), ont des potentiels de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement évalués à 1 210 Gg CO2eq et 267Gg CO2eq en 2025. Le total du potentiel de séquestration des émissions de CO2 dans le secteur est de 1 477 Gg eq en 2025. L’évolution des différents scenarii est représentée dans la figure ci-dessous. Figure 9: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur du transport pour les Source : SP/CNDD 3.1.4.', 'Figure 9: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur du transport pour les Source : SP/CNDD 3.1.4. Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES Le secteur des déchets contribue à la réduction des émissions de GES à travers certaines actions. Le tableau 6 présente les quantités de GES séquestrées dans les scenarios inconditionnels et conditionnels. Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalTableau 6 : Contribution du secteur des Déchets dans la réduction des émissions de GES Source : SP/CNDD Le potentiel de GES pouvant être séquestré est estimé à 262 Gg CO2eq en 2025 ; 614,80 Gg CO2eq en 2030 et 1 246,9 Gg CO2eq en 2050. Les résultats sont illustrés dans la figure 10 ci-dessous.', 'Les résultats sont illustrés dans la figure 10 ci-dessous. Figure 10: Évolution du potentiel de séquestration de GES du secteur des Déchets pour les Source : SP/CNDD 3.2. Contribution de réduction des émissions de GES dans la CDN par des actions d adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques Le Burkina Faso, conscient de sa vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques, a développé une culture de résilience dans plusieurs secteurs d’activités. Ces actions, tout en renforçant la résilience climatique des populations, contribuent également à la réduction des émissions des GES. La contribution des actions d’adaptation retenues au potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES tant en conditionnel qu’en inconditionnel est présentée dans le tableau ci- dessous.', 'La contribution des actions d’adaptation retenues au potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES tant en conditionnel qu’en inconditionnel est présentée dans le tableau ci- dessous. Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalTableau 7 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES (Gg CO2 eq) des actions d’adaptation par rapport au scenario BAU Scenarios Réduction des GES par rapport au BAU Gg % Gg % Gg CO2eq % Source : SP/CNDD Les résultats du tableau sont représentés conformément au graphique ci-dessous.', 'Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TotalTableau 7 : Synthèse du potentiel de réduction des GES (Gg CO2 eq) des actions d’adaptation par rapport au scenario BAU Scenarios Réduction des GES par rapport au BAU Gg % Gg % Gg CO2eq % Source : SP/CNDD Les résultats du tableau sont représentés conformément au graphique ci-dessous. Figure 11 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU Source : SP/CNDD Le potentiel de réduction des émissions des actions d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 est estimé à 33 072,70 Gg CO2eq soit 30,76% de réduction dont 22230,08 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scenario inconditionnel et 10 842,62 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scenario conditionnel. IV.', 'Figure 11 : Évolution du potentiel global de réduction de GES par rapport au BAU Source : SP/CNDD Le potentiel de réduction des émissions des actions d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 est estimé à 33 072,70 Gg CO2eq soit 30,76% de réduction dont 22230,08 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scenario inconditionnel et 10 842,62 Gg CO2eq pour les actions du scenario conditionnel. IV. STRATEGIES SECTORIELLES ET MESURES PRIORITAIRES Les stratégies et mesures prioritaires pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN du Burkina Faso trouvent leurs fondements dans les résultats d’analyses des coûts et bénéfices, des avantages socio-économiques des secteurs à potentielle réduction de GES et des secteurs de soutien à l’adaptation. BAU Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel Total4.1.', 'BAU Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel Total4.1. Analyses des coûts et bénéfices Les analyses des coûts et bénéfices ont concerné les projets et programmes des secteurs de l’énergie, du transport et de AFAT. L’analyse dans les secteurs de l’énergie et du transport ont permis de mettre en exergue les gains sur le plan économique à court, moyen et long terme. Pour le secteur de l’énergie, les actions d’atténuation financées permettent à court terme (2025), d’économiser près de 22 millions US$. En incluant les actions du scénario inconditionnel, cette économie dépasse 250 millions US$, soit 24% des dépenses d’investissement (y compris les coûts de gestion) qui seraient mobilisées pour la mise en œuvre de l’ensemble des actions.', 'En incluant les actions du scénario inconditionnel, cette économie dépasse 250 millions US$, soit 24% des dépenses d’investissement (y compris les coûts de gestion) qui seraient mobilisées pour la mise en œuvre de l’ensemble des actions. A moyen terme (2030), les deux scenarii indiquent une économie nettement supérieure à celle obtenue à court terme, soit environ 760 millions US$. A long terme (2050), les économies obtenues couvrent presqu’entièrement 98% de toutes les dépenses nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre et l’entretien de l’ensemble des actions retenues dans ledit secteur. Pour le secteur du transport, la monétisation des avantages liés à la mise en œuvre des actions de réduction des émissions de GES nécessite d attribuer un prix à la tonne de GES évitée.', 'Pour le secteur du transport, la monétisation des avantages liés à la mise en œuvre des actions de réduction des émissions de GES nécessite d attribuer un prix à la tonne de GES évitée. Cependant, le Burkina Faso n’a pas encore son propre référentiel sur la fixation du prix de la tonne de CO2. En l’absence de norme nationale, les analyses du pays s’appuient sur le prix de 10 $ US utilisé par le Programme National Biodigesteur (PNB-BF 2020) et Gold standard 2020. Les projets des secteurs de la foresterie, de l’agriculture et de l’élevage qui se sont exécutés au niveau régional ont fait ressortir les avantages socio-économiques liés à leur mise en œuvre dans la CDN.', 'Les projets des secteurs de la foresterie, de l’agriculture et de l’élevage qui se sont exécutés au niveau régional ont fait ressortir les avantages socio-économiques liés à leur mise en œuvre dans la CDN. Le tableau ci-après récapitule les coûts de mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN.Tableau 8 : Synthèse des coûts de mise en œuvre de la CDN Options Secteurs Cout de mise en œuvre des actions Scenario inconditionnel Scenario conditionnel Total Atténuation Déchets - Adaptation - Eau et assainissement Coût de la CDN Source: SP/CNDD 4.2.', 'Le tableau ci-après récapitule les coûts de mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN.Tableau 8 : Synthèse des coûts de mise en œuvre de la CDN Options Secteurs Cout de mise en œuvre des actions Scenario inconditionnel Scenario conditionnel Total Atténuation Déchets - Adaptation - Eau et assainissement Coût de la CDN Source: SP/CNDD 4.2. Avantages et bénéfices socio-économiques Les avantages et bénéfices socio-économiques des actions de la CDN du Burkina Faso comprennent, entre autres, une meilleure sécurité en eau (en particulier une meilleure qualité et quantité d eau pour les populations), l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire (notamment grâce à des cultures diversifiées, à une meilleure rétention du carbone organique et de l eau dans le sol, à une productivité et une résilience améliorée), la réduction des risques de catastrophe et des emplois et moyens de subsistance plus naturels.', 'Avantages et bénéfices socio-économiques Les avantages et bénéfices socio-économiques des actions de la CDN du Burkina Faso comprennent, entre autres, une meilleure sécurité en eau (en particulier une meilleure qualité et quantité d eau pour les populations), l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire (notamment grâce à des cultures diversifiées, à une meilleure rétention du carbone organique et de l eau dans le sol, à une productivité et une résilience améliorée), la réduction des risques de catastrophe et des emplois et moyens de subsistance plus naturels. L’exhaustivité des avantages socio-économiques dans la mise en œuvre des différents secteurs de la CDN est annexée au document (annexe 4).4.3. Secteurs de soutien à l’adaptation Plusieurs actions ont été identifiées dans les secteurs dits de soutien (santé, recherche, genre, infrastructures).', 'Secteurs de soutien à l’adaptation Plusieurs actions ont été identifiées dans les secteurs dits de soutien (santé, recherche, genre, infrastructures). Ces actions, bien que ne contribuant pas directement à la réduction des émissions de GES, participent fortement au développement socio-économique des populations et améliorent leur résilience. Les grandes actions engagées par le gouvernement en termes de réformes du système de santé, d’investissements pour l’amélioration du plateau technique médical, de renforcement des capacités du personnel soignant et de construction d’infrastructures sanitaires, sont autant d’efforts consentis mais ne peuvent être évalués en potentiel de séquestration de carbone.', 'Les grandes actions engagées par le gouvernement en termes de réformes du système de santé, d’investissements pour l’amélioration du plateau technique médical, de renforcement des capacités du personnel soignant et de construction d’infrastructures sanitaires, sont autant d’efforts consentis mais ne peuvent être évalués en potentiel de séquestration de carbone. Pour le secteur des infrastructures, quoique participant à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations, il n’a pas fait l’objet d’une évaluation pour mettre en exergue son potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre au titre de la CDN. Pour la prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale, la CDN s’est inscrite dans cette dynamique qui va certainement favoriser l’atteinte des objectifs des engagements du pays.', 'Pour la prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale, la CDN s’est inscrite dans cette dynamique qui va certainement favoriser l’atteinte des objectifs des engagements du pays. L’inclusion sociale et la prise en compte du genre doivent guider la mise en œuvre des actions contenues dans la CDN et favoriser ainsi la réduction des GES. Enfin, la recherche en tant que secteur contribuant énormément à l’innovation scientifique et technologique, participe à trouver des solutions de résilience aux effets des changements climatiques. Dans le cadre de la CDN, le potentiel d’atténuation des actions du secteur n’a pas été évalué.', 'Dans le cadre de la CDN, le potentiel d’atténuation des actions du secteur n’a pas été évalué. V. CADRE DE TRANSPARENCE, DU RAPPORTAGE ET DE SUIVI DES PROGRES Sous la supervision du SP/CNDD, le suivi et l’évaluation de la CDN seront assurés par une unité de coordination de concert avec les acteurs sectoriels. A cet effet, un plan de renforcement de capacités à l’attention des secteurs concernés par la «Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification (MRV)» sera établi dans la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN avec les coûts correspondants. 5.1.', 'A cet effet, un plan de renforcement de capacités à l’attention des secteurs concernés par la «Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification (MRV)» sera établi dans la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN avec les coûts correspondants. 5.1. Indicateurs de suivi de mise en œuvre de la CDN Des indicateurs de suivi de la mise en œuvre ont été formulés pour les actions retenues dans les différents secteurs de la CDN (Habitat, Environnement, Agriculture, Infrastructures, Eauet assainissement, Transport, Énergie et Élevage). Le répertoire de ces indicateurs se trouve à l’annexe 5 du document. 5.2.', 'Le répertoire de ces indicateurs se trouve à l’annexe 5 du document. 5.2. Dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Économie Verte et du Changement Climatique (MEEVCC) assurera le leadership à travers la mise en place d’une Unité de Coordination qui travaillera en étroite collaboration avec les points focaux désignés au niveau des autres départements ministériels.', 'Dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Économie Verte et du Changement Climatique (MEEVCC) assurera le leadership à travers la mise en place d’une Unité de Coordination qui travaillera en étroite collaboration avec les points focaux désignés au niveau des autres départements ministériels. Il s’agit du : (i) ministère en charge de l’agriculture ; (ii) ministère en charge de l’eau ; (iii) ministère en charge des ressources animales ; (iv) ministère en charge de l’habitat et de l’urbanisme ; (v) ministère en charge des infrastructures ; (vi) ministère en charge de la santé ; (vii) ministère en charge de l’énergie et (viii) ministère en charge des transports ; En outre, l’Unité de Coordination travaillera en synergie avec les collectivités territoriales, les ONG, le secteur privé et avec les ministères à vocation transversale notamment le ministère en charge de la recherche scientifique et de l’innovation, le ministère en charge de la femme et du genre, le ministère en charge des affaires étrangères et le ministère en charge des finances pour les nécessités des accords de financement.', 'Il s’agit du : (i) ministère en charge de l’agriculture ; (ii) ministère en charge de l’eau ; (iii) ministère en charge des ressources animales ; (iv) ministère en charge de l’habitat et de l’urbanisme ; (v) ministère en charge des infrastructures ; (vi) ministère en charge de la santé ; (vii) ministère en charge de l’énergie et (viii) ministère en charge des transports ; En outre, l’Unité de Coordination travaillera en synergie avec les collectivités territoriales, les ONG, le secteur privé et avec les ministères à vocation transversale notamment le ministère en charge de la recherche scientifique et de l’innovation, le ministère en charge de la femme et du genre, le ministère en charge des affaires étrangères et le ministère en charge des finances pour les nécessités des accords de financement. Ainsi, devra-t-elle disposer d’un manuel de procédures administratives et d’un système harmonisé de suivi-évaluation des projets, détaillant les principales responsabilités et les objectifs assignés.', 'Ainsi, devra-t-elle disposer d’un manuel de procédures administratives et d’un système harmonisé de suivi-évaluation des projets, détaillant les principales responsabilités et les objectifs assignés. L’appui des partenaires techniques et financiers demeure fondamental pour une mise en œuvre effective des projets et programmes conditionnels. 5.3. Dispositif de suivi et d’évaluation 5.3.1. Dispositif de suivi Le suivi des indicateurs sera assuré par le SP/CNDD en collaboration avec les points focaux de la CDN, identifiés au sein des Directions Générales des Études et des Statistiques Sectorielles (DGESS) des départements ministériels. De façon opérationnelle, les indicateurs retenus seront renseignés grâce aux concours des points focaux et capitalisés par une Unité de Coordination mise en place à cet effet. L’Unité de Coordination est présidée et animée par le SP/CNDD.', 'L’Unité de Coordination est présidée et animée par le SP/CNDD. Des protocoles de collaboration en vue du partage des données seront élaborés et signés par les acteurs sectoriels pour faciliter la collecte des données.L’Unité de Coordination devrait comprendre au moins trois organes techniques dont : - un organe technique « adaptation » qui s’occupera de la capitalisation des données issues des unités de gestion des projets d’adaptation de la CDN ; - un organe technique « atténuation » qui fera la capitalisation des données issues des unités de gestion des projets d’atténuation de la CDN ; - un organe de soutien qui se chargera du développement du partenariat pour la mise en œuvre et le suivi des projets.', 'Des protocoles de collaboration en vue du partage des données seront élaborés et signés par les acteurs sectoriels pour faciliter la collecte des données.L’Unité de Coordination devrait comprendre au moins trois organes techniques dont : - un organe technique « adaptation » qui s’occupera de la capitalisation des données issues des unités de gestion des projets d’adaptation de la CDN ; - un organe technique « atténuation » qui fera la capitalisation des données issues des unités de gestion des projets d’atténuation de la CDN ; - un organe de soutien qui se chargera du développement du partenariat pour la mise en œuvre et le suivi des projets. Les départements ministériels sectoriels travailleront à capitaliser les informations collectées par les collectivités territoriales, les ONG et les OSC selon leur domaine d’intervention.', 'Les départements ministériels sectoriels travailleront à capitaliser les informations collectées par les collectivités territoriales, les ONG et les OSC selon leur domaine d’intervention. 5.3.2. Dispositif d’évaluation Selon les dispositions de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat, la CDN est révisée suivant un cycle quinquennal. Par conséquent, elle fera l’objet d’une évaluation à sa révision. Toutefois, elle pourrait faire l’objet d’une évaluation intermédiaire. 5.3.3. Cadre de suivi des progrès Le suivi du progrès des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CDN est axé sur la mise en œuvre d’un système MRV dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, des forêts, des autres formes d’utilisation des terres, des déchets, de l’énergie et des procédés industriels.', 'Cadre de suivi des progrès Le suivi du progrès des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CDN est axé sur la mise en œuvre d’un système MRV dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, des forêts, des autres formes d’utilisation des terres, des déchets, de l’énergie et des procédés industriels. Le Ministère en charge de l’environnement coordonnera un comité Ad hoc constitué de toutes les structures compétentes pour la mise en place d’un système MRV performant.', 'Le Ministère en charge de l’environnement coordonnera un comité Ad hoc constitué de toutes les structures compétentes pour la mise en place d’un système MRV performant. Il sera, entre autres, question de suivre: (i) l’augmentation des énergies renouvelables dans le mix de production d électricité du réseau national; (ii) l’amélioration de l efficacité énergétique et des ressources dans les différents secteurs; (iii) la progression du couvert végétal; (iv) la promotion des technologies énergétiques propres, efficaces et durables pour réduire la dépendance excessive à l égard des combustibles fossiles et de la biomasse non durable; (v) l’adoption de systèmes de transport efficaces et à faible émission de dioxyde de carbone; l’adoption d’une agriculture intelligente sur le plan climatique et la gestion efficace du bétail ; et (vi) la progression de systèmes de gestion durable des déchets.', 'Il sera, entre autres, question de suivre: (i) l’augmentation des énergies renouvelables dans le mix de production d électricité du réseau national; (ii) l’amélioration de l efficacité énergétique et des ressources dans les différents secteurs; (iii) la progression du couvert végétal; (iv) la promotion des technologies énergétiques propres, efficaces et durables pour réduire la dépendance excessive à l égard des combustibles fossiles et de la biomasse non durable; (v) l’adoption de systèmes de transport efficaces et à faible émission de dioxyde de carbone; l’adoption d’une agriculture intelligente sur le plan climatique et la gestion efficace du bétail ; et (vi) la progression de systèmes de gestion durable des déchets. Les données seront collectées en tenant compte, au mieux de la dimension genre à travers une désagrégation par sexe et par âge.VI.', 'Les données seront collectées en tenant compte, au mieux de la dimension genre à travers une désagrégation par sexe et par âge.VI. MECANISMES DE MISE EN ŒUVRE Pour mettre pleinement en œuvre les actions de la CDN, le Burkina Faso aura besoin de subventions et d autres financements conventionnels multilatéraux et bilatéraux, d un appui en renforcement des capacités techniques et opérationnelles, ainsi que de transfert de technologies. Des partenaires techniques et financiers seront sollicités pour appuyer la mise en œuvre du plan d’investissement de la CDN et de la stratégie de communication.', 'Des partenaires techniques et financiers seront sollicités pour appuyer la mise en œuvre du plan d’investissement de la CDN et de la stratégie de communication. Dans un contexte économique difficile aggravé par la pandémie de la COVID-19, le Burkina Faso adoptera une approche globale, holistique et multisectorielle de développement à faibles émissions de carbone, résiliente au changement climatique et prenant en compte le genre. 6.1. Besoins financiers L’évaluation des besoins en financement des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique prévues dans la présente CDN est basée sur les programmes et projets identifiés dans les secteurs clés.', 'Besoins financiers L’évaluation des besoins en financement des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique prévues dans la présente CDN est basée sur les programmes et projets identifiés dans les secteurs clés. Pour atteindre l’objectif de 29,42%, un montant de 449 118 465,3 US$ est prévu au titre du scenario inconditionnel contre 885 670 522 US$ attendus pour le scenario conditionnel soit un montant total de 1 334 788 987 US$. Aussi, le pays a pris l’option de renforcer son adaptation et sa résilience par la mise en œuvre d’actions dont le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES est estimé à 33 072,72 Gg CO2eq soit 30,76% par rapport au scenario Business As Usual.', 'Aussi, le pays a pris l’option de renforcer son adaptation et sa résilience par la mise en œuvre d’actions dont le potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES est estimé à 33 072,72 Gg CO2eq soit 30,76% par rapport au scenario Business As Usual. Ce potentiel est réparti en scenario inconditionnel (20,67%) et en scenario conditionnel (10,08%). La mise en œuvre des actions du scenario inconditionnel est d’un montant de 1 147 250 011 US$ contre 1 640 812 864 $US pour le scenario conditionnel soit un montant total de 2 788 062 875 US$. Les besoins en financement pour la réduction des émissions de GES (atténuation et adaptation) s’élèvent à 4 122 851 862 US.', 'Les besoins en financement pour la réduction des émissions de GES (atténuation et adaptation) s’élèvent à 4 122 851 862 US. En lien avec le genre qui est transversal, les besoins spécifiques en financement des initiatives de réduction des GES s’élèvent à 1 379 891 $US. En somme, les besoins financiers de la CDN se chiffrent à 4 124 231 753 US.6.2. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie Le renforcement des capacités vise à outiller les différents acteurs concernés par la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le domaine du système MRV, des mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources et sur le contenu de la CDN d’une manière générale.', 'Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie Le renforcement des capacités vise à outiller les différents acteurs concernés par la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le domaine du système MRV, des mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources et sur le contenu de la CDN d’une manière générale. La stratégie consistera essentiellement à: \uf0d8 des actions d’information, de sensibilisation, d’éducation, de formation pour comprendre la problématique du changement climatique, apporter des réponses en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation ou obtenir des moyens de mise en œuvre (finance climat, technologies propres et/ou adaptatives, etc) ; \uf0d8 des analyses ou études pour déterminer le potentiel des actions et les besoins de mise en œuvre pour élaborer des mesures d’atténuation et/ou d’adaptation ; \uf0d8 un soutien pour l’élaboration et la soumission de documents requis par le cadre de transparence au niveau international.', 'La stratégie consistera essentiellement à: \uf0d8 des actions d’information, de sensibilisation, d’éducation, de formation pour comprendre la problématique du changement climatique, apporter des réponses en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation ou obtenir des moyens de mise en œuvre (finance climat, technologies propres et/ou adaptatives, etc) ; \uf0d8 des analyses ou études pour déterminer le potentiel des actions et les besoins de mise en œuvre pour élaborer des mesures d’atténuation et/ou d’adaptation ; \uf0d8 un soutien pour l’élaboration et la soumission de documents requis par le cadre de transparence au niveau international. Ces documents sont, entre autres, les inventaires des GES, les Communications Nationales, les Rapports Biennaux Actualisés, les Rapports d’évaluation des besoins en technologies, les Stratégies bas carbone à long terme, les Plans Nationaux d’Adaptation ; \uf0d8 un appui à l’élaboration de politiques publiques en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation et pour l’élaboration des textes législatifs et/ou réglementaires au titre des mesures internes de mise en œuvre ; \uf0d8 un soutien à la participation aux négociations internationales sur le climat ; \uf0d8 une promotion à la mise au point et le transfert de technologies écologiquement rationnelles (faiblement ou non carbonées et/ou soutenant la résilience) pour permettre au Burkina Faso de contribuer à la riposte mondiale aux changements climatiques.', 'Ces documents sont, entre autres, les inventaires des GES, les Communications Nationales, les Rapports Biennaux Actualisés, les Rapports d’évaluation des besoins en technologies, les Stratégies bas carbone à long terme, les Plans Nationaux d’Adaptation ; \uf0d8 un appui à l’élaboration de politiques publiques en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation et pour l’élaboration des textes législatifs et/ou réglementaires au titre des mesures internes de mise en œuvre ; \uf0d8 un soutien à la participation aux négociations internationales sur le climat ; \uf0d8 une promotion à la mise au point et le transfert de technologies écologiquement rationnelles (faiblement ou non carbonées et/ou soutenant la résilience) pour permettre au Burkina Faso de contribuer à la riposte mondiale aux changements climatiques. 6.3.', 'Ces documents sont, entre autres, les inventaires des GES, les Communications Nationales, les Rapports Biennaux Actualisés, les Rapports d’évaluation des besoins en technologies, les Stratégies bas carbone à long terme, les Plans Nationaux d’Adaptation ; \uf0d8 un appui à l’élaboration de politiques publiques en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation et pour l’élaboration des textes législatifs et/ou réglementaires au titre des mesures internes de mise en œuvre ; \uf0d8 un soutien à la participation aux négociations internationales sur le climat ; \uf0d8 une promotion à la mise au point et le transfert de technologies écologiquement rationnelles (faiblement ou non carbonées et/ou soutenant la résilience) pour permettre au Burkina Faso de contribuer à la riposte mondiale aux changements climatiques. 6.3. Stratégie de mobilisation des ressources pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN La mobilisation des ressources est très capitale pour une mise en œuvre effective et efficiente des projets prioritaires retenus dans le cadre de la CDN.', 'Stratégie de mobilisation des ressources pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN La mobilisation des ressources est très capitale pour une mise en œuvre effective et efficiente des projets prioritaires retenus dans le cadre de la CDN. Les sources de financement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN seront à rechercher tant au niveau national qu’international. Ainsi, les sources de financement ci-après seront explorées : - les ressources de l’État : le financement de la CDN devrait prioritairement provenir du budget de l’État où une ligne budgétaire devrait y être créée. Les référentiels dedéveloppement dans leur élaboration doivent prévoir un budget conséquent pour intégrer des actions de la CDN.', 'Les référentiels dedéveloppement dans leur élaboration doivent prévoir un budget conséquent pour intégrer des actions de la CDN. Les collectivités territoriales (Communes et Régions) pourraient également contribuer à la mise en œuvre de la CDN en veillant non seulement à l’intégration de leurs actions dans la planification des Plans Communaux de Développement (PCD) et des Plans Régionaux de Développement (PRD), mais aussi en prévoyant des ressources pour leur mise en œuvre. - les partenaires bilatéraux : des financements provenant de la coopération bilatérale peuvent être mobilisés pour soutenir la mise en œuvre de la CDN. L’excellence des relations entre le Burkina Faso et les pays qui font du financement de l’action climatique leur priorité peut être mise à profit pour l’exécution des actions de la CDN.', 'L’excellence des relations entre le Burkina Faso et les pays qui font du financement de l’action climatique leur priorité peut être mise à profit pour l’exécution des actions de la CDN. - Les partenaires multilatéraux : les institutions multilatérales et les fonds multilatéraux créés sous et en dehors de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) peuvent être mobilisés afin d’appuyer le financement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. - le secteur privé et les Organisations Non Gouvernementales : le secteur privé sera mis à contribution dans la mobilisation des ressources en faveur de la CDN notamment à travers le Partenariat Public Privé (PPP). Ce partenariat a permis la réalisation de certains projets dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables.', 'Ce partenariat a permis la réalisation de certains projets dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables. Les Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONG) constituent également des partenaires clés dans le dispositif de lutte contre les changements climatiques et constituent de ce fait une source de mobilisation des ressources financières ou technologiques pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 6.4. Stratégie de communication Une stratégie de communication sur la CDN sera élaborée et mise en œuvre, en vue de renforcer sa visibilité et son appropriation par tous les acteurs aussi bien au niveau national que local. Elle accordera une place primordiale à la communication de masse notamment, par l utilisation des langues nationales et au choix des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) adaptées.', 'Elle accordera une place primordiale à la communication de masse notamment, par l utilisation des langues nationales et au choix des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) adaptées. Par ailleurs, pour une mobilisation plus accrue des financements en appui à la mise en œuvre de la CDN, l’État burkinabè initiera des communications, des séminaires gouvernementaux et parlementaires et des tables rondes sur sa CDN auprès des différents acteurs et présentera lesopportunités qu’elle offre en lien avec la lutte contre le changement climatique, le développement durable et la réduction des inégalités du genre et de l’inclusion sociale.', 'Par ailleurs, pour une mobilisation plus accrue des financements en appui à la mise en œuvre de la CDN, l’État burkinabè initiera des communications, des séminaires gouvernementaux et parlementaires et des tables rondes sur sa CDN auprès des différents acteurs et présentera lesopportunités qu’elle offre en lien avec la lutte contre le changement climatique, le développement durable et la réduction des inégalités du genre et de l’inclusion sociale. De même, pour une bonne couverture des actions et des initiatives de la CDN, il serait nécessaire de former les hommes et les femmes de médias et de les y impliquer. VII.', 'De même, pour une bonne couverture des actions et des initiatives de la CDN, il serait nécessaire de former les hommes et les femmes de médias et de les y impliquer. VII. ANALYSE DES RISQUES ET MESURES DE MITIGATION Ce nouvel engagement du Burkina Faso pour contribuer à l’atteinte de l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris s’inscrit dans un contexte particulier qui pourrait compromettre ses ambitions de réduction. En effet, le contexte d’insécurité vécu dans certaines localités du Burkina Faso depuis le début de l’année 2016 pourrait augmenter la vulnérabilité du pays et impacter négativement la mise en œuvre des actions planifiées dans la CDN révisée. En fonction des actions en cause, des approches participatives avec les parties prenantes permettront d’identifier des options alternatives adaptées aux circonstances.', 'En fonction des actions en cause, des approches participatives avec les parties prenantes permettront d’identifier des options alternatives adaptées aux circonstances. En outre, la pandémie de la COVID-19 qui touche le monde entier entrave l’investissement par les partenaires techniques et financiers et le secteur privé dans l’ensemble des actions prioritaires pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Cette situation pourrait impacter les opportunités d’investissements disponibles pour soutenir l’objectif conditionnel de la CDN. La promotion d’une mobilisation des ressources internes pour la mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN sera privilégiée. Enfin, l’instabilité politique ou institutionnelle pourrait jouer sur l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN.', 'Enfin, l’instabilité politique ou institutionnelle pourrait jouer sur l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN. Les actions de sensibilisation seront menées à l’endroit des nouvelles autorités.i ANNEXESii Annexe 1 : Liste des actions d’atténuation Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) AFAT Inconditionnel Projet d’appui aux populations dépendantes de la forêt PAPF/DGM Projet d’appui au développement de l’anacarde dans le bassin de la Comoé pour la REDD+ (PADA/REDD+) Conditionnel Forêts, agroforesterie et mise en place de jardins nutritif pour une diversification climato-intelligente Réalisation de 100000 hectares de Régénération Naturelle Assistée dans 25 communes du Burkina Faso Energie Inconditionnel Acquisition et installation de 15 000 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescentes (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage public Construction des centrales solaires à Koudougou (20 MWc) et Kaya (10 MWc) d’une capacité de 30 MWc, y compris le renforcement du réseau 220 km (Yeleen) Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Essakane d une puissance de 15 MWc Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Matourkou d une puissance de 14 MWc avec 6 MWh de stockage (KFW) Projet d extension de la centrale Solaire photovoltaïque deiii Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Projet d’acquisition et d’installation d’équipements solaires dans les bâtiments publics.', 'Les actions de sensibilisation seront menées à l’endroit des nouvelles autorités.i ANNEXESii Annexe 1 : Liste des actions d’atténuation Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) AFAT Inconditionnel Projet d’appui aux populations dépendantes de la forêt PAPF/DGM Projet d’appui au développement de l’anacarde dans le bassin de la Comoé pour la REDD+ (PADA/REDD+) Conditionnel Forêts, agroforesterie et mise en place de jardins nutritif pour une diversification climato-intelligente Réalisation de 100000 hectares de Régénération Naturelle Assistée dans 25 communes du Burkina Faso Energie Inconditionnel Acquisition et installation de 15 000 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescentes (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage public Construction des centrales solaires à Koudougou (20 MWc) et Kaya (10 MWc) d’une capacité de 30 MWc, y compris le renforcement du réseau 220 km (Yeleen) Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Essakane d une puissance de 15 MWc Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Matourkou d une puissance de 14 MWc avec 6 MWh de stockage (KFW) Projet d extension de la centrale Solaire photovoltaïque deiii Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Projet d’acquisition et d’installation d’équipements solaires dans les bâtiments publics. Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Dori (Yeleen) d’une puissance de 6,29 MWc (Yeleen).', 'Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Dori (Yeleen) d’une puissance de 6,29 MWc (Yeleen). Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Diapaga d’une puissance de 2,2 MWc (Yeleen). Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Gaoua d’une puissance de 1,13 MWc (Yeleen). Projet d’énergie solaire pour des CSPS hors réseaux. 670 000 1,08 2,16 6,48 Projet d’électrification par système solaire des infrastructures sociocommunautaires dans 300 localités rurales. Projet d’acquisition et d’installation des climatiseurs efficaces en remplacement des mono blocs dans les bâtiments publics. Projet de construction d’une mini-centrales solaires photovoltaïques avec stockage dans les centres médicaux avec antenne chirurgicale (CMA).', 'Projet de construction d’une mini-centrales solaires photovoltaïques avec stockage dans les centres médicaux avec antenne chirurgicale (CMA). Acquisition et installation de 10 500 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescentes (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage publique.iv Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Acquisition et installation de 3 000 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescentes (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage public dans les rues de Ouagadougou (PASEL). Acquisition et installation de 1 500 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescente (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage publique dans les rues de Bobo Dioulasso (PASEL).', 'Acquisition et installation de 1 500 lampadaires à diodes électroluminescente (LED) en remplacement des lampadaires haute pression de sodium et de mercure au profit de l’éclairage publique dans les rues de Bobo Dioulasso (PASEL). Acquisition et installation de 1 500 000 lampes à diodes électroluminescentes (LED) en remplacement des lampes à tubes fluorescentes dans les ménages. Construction de la centrale solaire photovoltaïque à Ouagadougou d’une puissance de 43 MWc (Ouaga Nord Ouest) (Yeleen). Conditionnel Projet de construction d’une centrale solaire de Dédougou (18 MWc). Projet de construction de 3 centrales solaires photovoltaïques à vocation régionale d’une puissance cumulée de 300 MWc dont 150 MWc dans une première phase (Kaya 1 et Koupéla 2).', 'Projet de construction de 3 centrales solaires photovoltaïques à vocation régionale d’une puissance cumulée de 300 MWc dont 150 MWc dans une première phase (Kaya 1 et Koupéla 2). Projet de déploiement de cinquante mille (50 000) kits solaires de type Solar Home System 2 (SHS2) (60 Wc)au profit des ménages au Burkina Faso. Projet de construction d’une centrale thermique à biomasse- déchets de 10 MW à Ouagadougou.v Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Transport Inconditionnel Projet d appui à la modernisation du secteur des transports (PAMOSET-FC) composante " Mise en place d un système de renouvellement pérenne du parc". Projet de réalisation de l’interconnexion ferroviaire Accra- Ouagadougou. Conditionnel Projet de réhabilitation de la ligne ferroviaire Frontière Côte d’Ivoire-Ouaga-Kaya. Projet de construction du chemin de fer Kaya-Frontière Niger.', 'Projet de construction du chemin de fer Kaya-Frontière Niger. 402 460 7,00 59,00 223,00 Projet de mise en place d’une desserte ferroviaire urbaine et périurbaine lourde de la ville d’Ouagadougou à partir de la ligne existante. Déchets Conditionnel Projet de récupération du méthane à partir du traitement des eaux usées de la STEP de Kossodo. Projet de récupération du méthane issu de l enfouissement des déchets du CTVD. Projet de valorisation de 200 000 m3 de boue de vidange en biogaz.vi Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Projet de construction et d’extension des stations de traitement des eaux usées.', 'Projet de valorisation de 200 000 m3 de boue de vidange en biogaz.vi Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût(USD) Projet de construction et d’extension des stations de traitement des eaux usées. Projet de construction et d’extension des stations de traitement des boues de vidange.vii Annexe 2 : Liste des actions d’adaptation intégrée Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Environnement Inconditionnel Intégration des mesures d adaptation au changement climatique dans la gestion concertée du complexe transfrontalier du W- Arly-Pendjari (ADAPT WAP). Préservation et lutte contre la dégradation de la colline sacrée de Boulgou et sa périphérie. Projet d’appui à la restauration des écosystèmes dans le terroir de la brousse de Lergho par la mise en défens dans la commune de Garango.', 'Projet d’appui à la restauration des écosystèmes dans le terroir de la brousse de Lergho par la mise en défens dans la commune de Garango. Amélioration des moyens d’existence durables en milieu rural » dans les régions de la Boucle du Mouhoun et du Centre Ouest, au Burkina Faso. Projet de gestion des paysages communaux pour la REDD+ 100 000 000 3500 19500 25000 projet UE/Wakanda d appui multisectoriel à 20 villages. 6 500 000 Appui à la création d’un système MRV national au Burkina Faso. Projet “Climate Resilience in the Nakambé Basin (RECLIM)” 225 000 Projet de promotion d une assurance climatique indicielle pour les petits exploitants agricoles au Burkina Faso. Appui à la gestion durable des ressources forestières (AGREF)/ BKF/023.', 'Appui à la gestion durable des ressources forestières (AGREF)/ BKF/023. Conditionnelviii Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Restauration des écosystèmes pour la résilience aux changements climatiques des communautés locales dans la zone d’intervention de la Grande Muraille Verte au Burkina Faso. Gestion durable des terres et renforcement de la résilience des communautés du bassin versant du barrage de Toessin. Gestion intégrée des sols pour la productivité agricole et la restauration de l environnement. Mise en place d un Programme de Réduction des Emissions AFOLU (REDD+ + Agriculture). Initiative des écovillages pilotes au Burkina Faso. 70 000 000 Gestion durable des espaces de conservation des régions du Centre-Ouest, de la Boucle du Mouhoun, des Cascades, du Sud- Ouest et du Nord.', '70 000 000 Gestion durable des espaces de conservation des régions du Centre-Ouest, de la Boucle du Mouhoun, des Cascades, du Sud- Ouest et du Nord. Agriculture Inconditionnel Projet d’amélioration de la productivité agricole par la conservation des eaux et des sols (PACES). Projet d appui régional a l initiative pour l irrigation au sahel- Burkina Faso (PARIIS-BF). Programme de Coopération Agricole Burkina Faso Chine (PCA/BF-CH). Projet d’Irrigation localisée et de Résilience Agricole au Burkina Faso (PIRA-BF). Projet d’aménagement et de valorisation de la plaine de la Léraba (PAVAL). Projet de conduite des actions de développement agricole dans la zone de Soum (PDA-Soum).ix Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Projet de gestion participative des ressources naturelles de développement rural du Nord, du Centre-Nord Et de l Est (NEER TAMBA). Projet d amélioration et de la sécurisation agricole (SECURAGRI).', 'Projet d amélioration et de la sécurisation agricole (SECURAGRI). Projet d Appui aux Filières Agricoles dans les régions du sud- ouest, des Hauts-Bassins, des Cascades et de la Boucle du Mouhoun (PAFA-4R). Projet de résilience et compétitivité agricoles du Burkina Faso (PReCA). Conditionnel Projet d’aménagement de 35 000 ha de bas-fonds et périmètres irrigués et leur mise en valeur par le système de riziculture intensive (SRI). Programme de développement intégré de la vallée de Samendeni phase II (PDIS II): aménagements de périmètres irrigues et recalibrage du Mouhoun. Gestion intégrée des sols pour la productivité agricole et la restauration de l environnement. Appui à la gestion durable des terres agricoles dans cinq régions du Burkina Faso (PGDTA-5R). Ressources animales Inconditionnel Récupération et valorisation des espaces pastoraux (« ReVaP »).', 'Ressources animales Inconditionnel Récupération et valorisation des espaces pastoraux (« ReVaP »). 13 989 540 104,7 209,41 628,23 Programme de Développement du Pastoralisme Durable du Sahel (PDPDS).x Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Projet d’Appui à la Mobilité du Bétail pour un meilleur Accès aux Ressources et aux Marchés (PAMOBARMA) en Afrique de l’Ouest. Résilience des eleveurs aux crises (alimentaires et sécuritaires) et aux changements climatiques. Conditionnel Réhabilition de 225000ha de terres degradées à des fins agro sylvo pastorales. Création et gestion durable de 02 zones d intensification de production animale(ZIPA) dans 2 regions du pays. Fauche et conservation de 10000T de fourages grossiers par an (foins et résidus de culture). Aménagement des points d’eau en vue de préserver les berges de la vallée du Kou.', 'Aménagement des points d’eau en vue de préserver les berges de la vallée du Kou. Eau et assainissement Inconditionnel Programme Intégré de Développement et d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique dans le Bassin du Niger (PIDACC/BN). Projet hygiène et assainissement dans les Régions Nord, Centre- Nord et Centre-Sud au BF 2018-2022. Conditionnel construction d un barrage hydro-agricole, éléctrique a BASSIERI au Burkina Faso. Restauration, protection et valorisation du Lac Dem. 102 000 000 Construction d un barrage hydro-agricole et hydroélectrique de Banwaly. Infrastructures Inconditionnel Projet de travaux d’entretien périodique de la RN06 : Ouagadougou-Pont Nazinon. Projet de construction de l’ouvrage de franchissement de Poa sur la piste reliant Kyon à Poa. Projet de construction d’ouvrage de franchissement à kayao.', 'Projet de construction d’ouvrage de franchissement à kayao. 164 886xi Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Projet de travaux d’entretien périodique des routes en terre de l’année 2019: lot 03: Travaux de construction d’ouvrages de franchissement sur la piste Zecco-Toungou et dans la commune de Pô. Projet de travaux de construction d’ouvrages et d’aménagement de la déviation de la RD55: Embr. Rn04-absouya. Projet de travaux du programme d’urgence de réhabilitation et de bitumage de tronçons de routes et d’ouvrages de franchissement / lot 6 : ouvrage sur le barrage de Gutti (Ramsa- Séguenega). Projet de travaux d’aménagement et de bitumage de voies urbaines à Koudougou (7 km + 2 ouvrages de franchissement). Projet de travaux de réalisation d’environ 2,5 km de caniveaux pour le drainage des eaux pluviales à Koudougou.', 'Projet de travaux de réalisation d’environ 2,5 km de caniveaux pour le drainage des eaux pluviales à Koudougou. Habitat Inconditionnel Renforcement le réseau d assainissement des eaux pluviales de la ville de Ouagadougou phase III : aménagement de l exutoire à l intérieur et en aval du parc urbain Bangr weogo. Conditionnel Cartographie des zones à risque d inondations dans les agglomérations de plus de 5000 habitants (50 agglomérations). Valorisation des matériaux locaux et Promotion d un habitat sans bois ni tôle en adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les zone rurales et semi-urbaines du Burkina Faso. Programme pilote de promotion de refroidissement efficient dans les logements sociaux.xii Secteur Scénario Action/Projet Coût (USD) Restauration et aménagement de la ceinture verte de Ouagadougou. Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural.', 'Efficacité énergétique dans l habitat urbain et rural. 1 753 200 40,527 Transport Inconditionnel Projet régional de Corridor économique Lomé-Ouagadougou- Niamey (LON).xiii Annexe 3 : Liste des avantages socio-économiques potentiels dans la mise en œuvre des actions relevant des différents secteurs de la CDN SECTEUR AVANTAGES SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES Transport/Infrastructure la création d’emplois temporaires et permanents ; la baisse du nombre d’accidents de la route ; l’économie de temps des voyages au profit des activités économiques ou aux loisirs ; la diminution du nombre de sinistrés des inondations ; l’amélioration du cadre de vie des populations ; la baisse à long terme des coûts des marchandises à travers la baisse occasionnée du coût du transport ; la baisse des émissions de GES dans le secteur des transports à long terme, entraînant une amélioration de la santé des populations (maladies liées à la pollution réduites) ; Déchets l’augmentation de l’offre énergétique ; l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations ; la réalisation d’économies sur l’importation d’électricité ou de fuel ; l’utilisation des engrais de compostage des boues de vidange ; la gestion durable des fertilisants agricoles ; l’utilisation du compost ; la récupération du méthane pour une réduction considérable des émissions d’un gaz à effet de serre ; Agriculture la mise en place de mécanismes d’accès aux intrants agricoles de qualité, au financement et aux appuis conseils ; l’accroissement de la productivité, des productions et des revenus agricoles sur une base durable pour les exploitants dont les femmes et les jeunes ; la création d’emplois verts ; l’accroissement des revenus pour les femmes bénéficiaires de projets ; l’accroissement de la résilience des populations bénéficiaires face aux changements climatiques ; la réduction des risques de pollution des sources d’eau et de la biodiversité par la non utilisation des herbicides du fait du faible enherbement des sites irrigués par goutte à goutte ; l’aménagement de périmètres irrigués ; l’accroissement des superficies des terres exploitées par l’aménagement des bas-fonds et la récupération des terres dégradées ; Foresterie la gestion durable les ressources forestières et contribution des filières forestières au PIB ; la couverture des besoins énergétiques, par une extension des aménagements forestiers ; la restauration des ressources dégradées et le transfert de compétences aux collectivités territoriales ; le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et l’amélioration des moyens de subsistance des populations en relation avec la question du changement climatique grâce à la mise en place d’un système d’alerte précoce multirisque et à la mise en œuvre de mesures d’adaptation concrètes ; la gestion durable des terres et l’amélioration de la résilience des ménages agro-sylvo- pastoraux aux changements climatiques ; l’amélioration de la résilience des écosystèmes du fleuve Niger et des populations par une gestion durable des ressources naturelles ;xiv SECTEUR AVANTAGES SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES la contribution à la gestion durable des espaces de conservation ; la contribution à l’atteindre de la sécurité alimentaire et la préservation des écosystèmes naturels ; la restauration durable du couvert végétal en vue de renforcer la résilience des populations vulnérables et la contribution à la séquestration du carbone ; l’appui au développement des initiatives locales de la gouvernance forestière et environnementale en augmentant la résilience au changement climatique et en préservant les ressources forestières ; Élevage l’amélioration de la couverture des besoins alimentaires du bétail ; l’amélioration du couvert végétal ; l’amélioration des conditions de vie des agro-pasteurs ; l’augmentation des espaces de pâture ; l’augmentation des espaces pastoraux fonctionnels ; l’augmentation des superficies récupérées ; la création d’emplois et de revenus ; la diminution de la concurrence pour les ressources naturelles ; la fixation et protection des berges ; la réduction de la coupe du bois ; la réduction des risques de dégradation des terres et de conflits ; la réduction des risques de santé animale pour les pays de transit/destination ; la sécurisation des activités pastorales ;xv Annexe 5 : Répertoire des indicateurs de suivi de la CDN et alignement aux cibles SECTEURS INDICATEURS DE SUIVI CDN CIBLES ODD CONCERNEES Energie Nombre d’équipement installé (lampes efficaces et climatiseurs efficaces), Les puissances installées.', '1 753 200 40,527 Transport Inconditionnel Projet régional de Corridor économique Lomé-Ouagadougou- Niamey (LON).xiii Annexe 3 : Liste des avantages socio-économiques potentiels dans la mise en œuvre des actions relevant des différents secteurs de la CDN SECTEUR AVANTAGES SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES Transport/Infrastructure la création d’emplois temporaires et permanents ; la baisse du nombre d’accidents de la route ; l’économie de temps des voyages au profit des activités économiques ou aux loisirs ; la diminution du nombre de sinistrés des inondations ; l’amélioration du cadre de vie des populations ; la baisse à long terme des coûts des marchandises à travers la baisse occasionnée du coût du transport ; la baisse des émissions de GES dans le secteur des transports à long terme, entraînant une amélioration de la santé des populations (maladies liées à la pollution réduites) ; Déchets l’augmentation de l’offre énergétique ; l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations ; la réalisation d’économies sur l’importation d’électricité ou de fuel ; l’utilisation des engrais de compostage des boues de vidange ; la gestion durable des fertilisants agricoles ; l’utilisation du compost ; la récupération du méthane pour une réduction considérable des émissions d’un gaz à effet de serre ; Agriculture la mise en place de mécanismes d’accès aux intrants agricoles de qualité, au financement et aux appuis conseils ; l’accroissement de la productivité, des productions et des revenus agricoles sur une base durable pour les exploitants dont les femmes et les jeunes ; la création d’emplois verts ; l’accroissement des revenus pour les femmes bénéficiaires de projets ; l’accroissement de la résilience des populations bénéficiaires face aux changements climatiques ; la réduction des risques de pollution des sources d’eau et de la biodiversité par la non utilisation des herbicides du fait du faible enherbement des sites irrigués par goutte à goutte ; l’aménagement de périmètres irrigués ; l’accroissement des superficies des terres exploitées par l’aménagement des bas-fonds et la récupération des terres dégradées ; Foresterie la gestion durable les ressources forestières et contribution des filières forestières au PIB ; la couverture des besoins énergétiques, par une extension des aménagements forestiers ; la restauration des ressources dégradées et le transfert de compétences aux collectivités territoriales ; le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et l’amélioration des moyens de subsistance des populations en relation avec la question du changement climatique grâce à la mise en place d’un système d’alerte précoce multirisque et à la mise en œuvre de mesures d’adaptation concrètes ; la gestion durable des terres et l’amélioration de la résilience des ménages agro-sylvo- pastoraux aux changements climatiques ; l’amélioration de la résilience des écosystèmes du fleuve Niger et des populations par une gestion durable des ressources naturelles ;xiv SECTEUR AVANTAGES SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES la contribution à la gestion durable des espaces de conservation ; la contribution à l’atteindre de la sécurité alimentaire et la préservation des écosystèmes naturels ; la restauration durable du couvert végétal en vue de renforcer la résilience des populations vulnérables et la contribution à la séquestration du carbone ; l’appui au développement des initiatives locales de la gouvernance forestière et environnementale en augmentant la résilience au changement climatique et en préservant les ressources forestières ; Élevage l’amélioration de la couverture des besoins alimentaires du bétail ; l’amélioration du couvert végétal ; l’amélioration des conditions de vie des agro-pasteurs ; l’augmentation des espaces de pâture ; l’augmentation des espaces pastoraux fonctionnels ; l’augmentation des superficies récupérées ; la création d’emplois et de revenus ; la diminution de la concurrence pour les ressources naturelles ; la fixation et protection des berges ; la réduction de la coupe du bois ; la réduction des risques de dégradation des terres et de conflits ; la réduction des risques de santé animale pour les pays de transit/destination ; la sécurisation des activités pastorales ;xv Annexe 5 : Répertoire des indicateurs de suivi de la CDN et alignement aux cibles SECTEURS INDICATEURS DE SUIVI CDN CIBLES ODD CONCERNEES Energie Nombre d’équipement installé (lampes efficaces et climatiseurs efficaces), Les puissances installées. Infrastructures Taux d’exécution physique/financier (%) ; Proportion/linéaire de voiries aménagées ; Proportion/linéaire de caniveaux aménagées.', 'Infrastructures Taux d’exécution physique/financier (%) ; Proportion/linéaire de voiries aménagées ; Proportion/linéaire de caniveaux aménagées. Agriculture Nombre d hectares de terres dégradées récupérées, Nombre d hectares de périmètre irrigué aménagés, Nombre d hectares de bas-fonds aménagés, Superficies irriguées avec des systèmes performants d’irrigation exploitées, Nombre d hectares de périmètre avec maitrise totale d eau aménagés. 13,2; 15,3. Ressources Animales Superficie d’aire balisée, Superficie de terre dégradée récupérée, Superficie totale d’espaces pastoraux fonctionnels, Longueur de piste à bétail balisée, Superficie des espaces pastoraux sécurisée. 6.1 ; 9.1.', 'Ressources Animales Superficie d’aire balisée, Superficie de terre dégradée récupérée, Superficie totale d’espaces pastoraux fonctionnels, Longueur de piste à bétail balisée, Superficie des espaces pastoraux sécurisée. 6.1 ; 9.1. Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Nombre de centre de collecte et de traitement de boue de vidange construit ; Nombre de stations d épuration des eaux construit ; Quantité additionnel de CO2 séquestré (tonne) ; Quantité de biogaz produite ; Quantité de boues de vidange valorisée en biogaz ; Quantité de gaz à effet de serre évaluée ; Quantité de méthane récupérée ; Quantité de déchets traités, Quantité de déchets valorisés ; Quantité de déchets évacués. 13.3.', 'Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Nombre de centre de collecte et de traitement de boue de vidange construit ; Nombre de stations d épuration des eaux construit ; Quantité additionnel de CO2 séquestré (tonne) ; Quantité de biogaz produite ; Quantité de boues de vidange valorisée en biogaz ; Quantité de gaz à effet de serre évaluée ; Quantité de méthane récupérée ; Quantité de déchets traités, Quantité de déchets valorisés ; Quantité de déchets évacués. 13.3. Habitat Linéaire de km de caniveaux réalisé ; Nombre d’agglomérations dont les zones à risque sont cartographiées ; Nombre de nouvelles technologies de construction développées dans le domaine du bâtiment ; Proportion des matériaux locaux utilisés. 4.3 ; 9.1;10.3.', 'Habitat Linéaire de km de caniveaux réalisé ; Nombre d’agglomérations dont les zones à risque sont cartographiées ; Nombre de nouvelles technologies de construction développées dans le domaine du bâtiment ; Proportion des matériaux locaux utilisés. 4.3 ; 9.1;10.3. Transport Taux de réalisation des prévisions météorologiques journalières, Nombre de véhicules usagers retirés de la circulation, Nombre de nouveau bus mis en circulation, Linéaire de voie ferrée construit. 9.1 ; 13.3.', 'Transport Taux de réalisation des prévisions météorologiques journalières, Nombre de véhicules usagers retirés de la circulation, Nombre de nouveau bus mis en circulation, Linéaire de voie ferrée construit. 9.1 ; 13.3. Environnement Quantité de gaz à effet de serre émis réduite; Superficie de nouvelles plantations agroforestières mises en place, Superficie des forêts sous aménagement (pour la production du bois); Nombre de plants mis en terre, Superficie de nouvelles plantations agroforestières mises en place, Nombre d espaces de conservation créés par les collectivités territoriales par an, Superficie sur laquelle la RNA est pratiquée, Nombre de bonnes pratiques mises en œuvre en lien avec l adaptation. 15.3 ; 15.4.']

fr-FR

BDI

Burundi

1st NDC

2018-01-17 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CPDN%20BURUNDI.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fd5eb17564074c3025a9b4b19f6268ccd95475c6e49ddb43e109768ff791cde5.pdf

['REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI CONTRIBUTION PREVUE DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CPDN)/BURUNDI1. CONTEXTE NATIONAL Le Burundi est un pays enclavé au cœur de la région des Grands Lacs de l’Afrique et se situe entre les méridiens 29°00’-30°25 Est et les parallèles 2°20°-4°25’ Sud. Sa superficie est de 27834 km² et appartient à deux grands bassins hydrographiques à savoir : le bassin du Nil avec une superficie de 13.800 km² et le bassin du fleuve Congo avec une superficie de 14.034 km². Sa population qui est essentiellement rurale avec un taux d’urbanisation se situant autour de 10,4%, a été estimée à 8 053 574 habitants lors du recensement de 2008 avec une densité moyenne de 310 habitants/ km2.', 'Sa population qui est essentiellement rurale avec un taux d’urbanisation se situant autour de 10,4%, a été estimée à 8 053 574 habitants lors du recensement de 2008 avec une densité moyenne de 310 habitants/ km2. L’économie burundaise est dominée par le secteur primaire qui contribue pour près de la moitié du Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) et apporte près de 80% des recettes d’exportations; le secteur secondaire (industrie et artisanat) ne représente que 17 à 18 % du PIB tandis que le secteur tertiaire ne représente qu’environ le tiers du PIB. La structure actuelle de la production, dominée par l’agriculture de subsistance, rend l’économie très vulnérable et fragile car tributaire des conditions climatiques.', 'La structure actuelle de la production, dominée par l’agriculture de subsistance, rend l’économie très vulnérable et fragile car tributaire des conditions climatiques. La consommation d’électricité au Burundi qui est de 25 KWH/hab./an ne représente que 4% dans le bilan énergétique. Au Burundi, les activités en rapport avec le changement climatique ont été particulièrement marquées par l’élaboration et la publication de la première et deuxième communications nationales au titre de la CCNUCC. Dans la même lancée, le Burundi a préparé le Plan d’Action Nationale pour l’adaptation(PANA). Les actions identifiées dans le cadre du PANA couvraient les secteurs clés de l’économie du Burundi. Comme les différentes études sectorielles d’adaptation et d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité l’ont démontré, le changement climatique affecte tous les secteurs de l’économie Burundaises et en particulier l’agriculture.', 'Comme les différentes études sectorielles d’adaptation et d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité l’ont démontré, le changement climatique affecte tous les secteurs de l’économie Burundaises et en particulier l’agriculture. Les perspectives de croissance écologique durable ont été définies à travers la Vision du Burundi 2025 et traduites en plan d’actions à court terme dans le Cadre Stratégique de croissance et de Lutte contre la Pauvreté couvrant la période 2012- 2015. A moyen et long terme, le Gouvernement envisage d’engager une transition vers une économie verte. La vision Burundi 2025 engage fermement le pays à faire de la protection et de la gestion rationnelle de l’environnement une priorité, afin que les burundais vivent dans un cadre protégé et bien géré.', 'La vision Burundi 2025 engage fermement le pays à faire de la protection et de la gestion rationnelle de l’environnement une priorité, afin que les burundais vivent dans un cadre protégé et bien géré. La vision du Gouvernement en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique s’énonce comme suit : « Un Etat qui promeut un développement résiliant aux effets néfastes du changement climatique». Sur le plan institutionnel, le Ministère de l’Eau, de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Urbanisme avec ses départements et institutions personnalisées comme l’IGEBU et l’OBPE traite les questions en rapport avec le changement climatique.', 'Sur le plan institutionnel, le Ministère de l’Eau, de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Urbanisme avec ses départements et institutions personnalisées comme l’IGEBU et l’OBPE traite les questions en rapport avec le changement climatique. Il bénéficie dans sa mission de l’appui des cadres de concertation comme: la Commission Nationale de l’Environnement, le Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement (GSEAE) et le Partenariat National de l’Eau (PNE-Bu), la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes.', 'Il bénéficie dans sa mission de l’appui des cadres de concertation comme: la Commission Nationale de l’Environnement, le Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement (GSEAE) et le Partenariat National de l’Eau (PNE-Bu), la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. Dans le cadre de sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN), le Burundi entend réaffirmer sa détermination à contribuer à l’effort mondial de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de renforcer sa résilience aux changements climatiques tout en continuant à relever ses défis en matière de développement.2.1.', 'Dans le cadre de sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN), le Burundi entend réaffirmer sa détermination à contribuer à l’effort mondial de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de renforcer sa résilience aux changements climatiques tout en continuant à relever ses défis en matière de développement.2.1. Impacts et vulnérabilité des changements climatiques Les études réalisées dans le cadre de la première communication nationale sur les changements climatiques et sur l’évolution des paramètres climatiques au Burundi à l’horizon 2050 sur base du modèle de circulation générale, montrent que la température moyenne annuelle va augmenter de 1°C à 3°C.', 'Impacts et vulnérabilité des changements climatiques Les études réalisées dans le cadre de la première communication nationale sur les changements climatiques et sur l’évolution des paramètres climatiques au Burundi à l’horizon 2050 sur base du modèle de circulation générale, montrent que la température moyenne annuelle va augmenter de 1°C à 3°C. La pluviométrie accusera une hausse de + ou - 10% et le régime pluviométrique sera perturbé de façon qu’il ne comporte plus que deux grandes saisons de six mois chacune : une saison pluvieuse qui s’étend de novembre à avril et une saison sèche.', 'La pluviométrie accusera une hausse de + ou - 10% et le régime pluviométrique sera perturbé de façon qu’il ne comporte plus que deux grandes saisons de six mois chacune : une saison pluvieuse qui s’étend de novembre à avril et une saison sèche. Ces changements de climat vont entrainer beaucoup de risques liés aux phénomènes suivants : (i) modification des saisons ; (ii) inondations des marais et bas-fonds ; (iii) dégradation des terres et perte de la fertilité des sols ; (iv) pénurie des ressources en eaux souterraines ; (v) avènements de phénomènes climatiques extrêmes (grêle, averses violentes, vent fort, etc.) ;(vi) modifications des cycles végétatifs des plantes cultivées et autres sylvestres ;(vii) phénomènes phytosanitaires imprévisibles.', ';(vi) modifications des cycles végétatifs des plantes cultivées et autres sylvestres ;(vii) phénomènes phytosanitaires imprévisibles. Selon l’analyse intégrée de la vulnérabilité au Burundi menée dans le cadre du projet « Adaptation au Changement Climatique pour la Protection des Ressources en Eau et Sol »(ACCES), on constate que les « hotspots de vulnérabilité » se trouvent dans le nord-ouest et le nord dupays. La pente de la crête (pas la crête directement) vers la plaine de l’Imbo dans l’ouest et lesstructures topographiques au nord et sur le plateau central présentent notamment les régionsles plus vulnérables à l’érosion. Les causes en sont surtout le relief très accentué ainsi que laforte sensibilité de ces régions à la variabilité du climat.', 'Les causes en sont surtout le relief très accentué ainsi que laforte sensibilité de ces régions à la variabilité du climat. Tableau 1 : Impacts importants lies aux changements climatiques au Burundi (source : PANA Secteurs Impacts Eau \uf0a7 assèchement des lacs, et d’autres cours d’eau et disparition de la végétation aquatique; \uf0a7 détérioration de la qualité de l’eau de surface ; \uf0a7 plus grande érosion pluviale et envasements de certaines rivières ; \uf0a7 réduction de la production des centrales hydroélectriques ; \uf0a7 concurrence accrue dans l’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraines qui sont encore aujourd’hui non polluées Energie \uf0a7 l’arrêt plus fréquent de certaines centrales hydroélectriques en service suite au dépassement des seuils de fonctionnement pour cause de déficit pluviométrique et de la sécheresse prolongée ; \uf0a7 l’envasement total de certains barrages suite à une érosion plus forte à cause des précipitations plus abondantes entraînant l’arrêt total de quelques centrales hydroélectriques dont les plus menacées seraient les centrales de Marangara, de Buhiga et de Kayenzi ; \uf0a7 des inondations plus fréquentes dans les infrastructures de production électrique comme celles de Mugere entraînant l’arrêt de la production pendant des périodes plus longues ; \uf0a7 l’accroissement de ruissellement en provenance de la dégradation des terresdans les bassins versants des centrales hydroélectriques \uf0a7 une fluctuation importante dans la production électrique suite aux agressions contre le système d’alimentation en eau et aux modifications des schémas de pluies ; \uf0a7 un déficit plus important dans le secteur de l’électricité entraînant des problèmes réels d’approvisionnement en électricité dans les différents domaines socio-économiques du pays; \uf0a7 un problème généralisé de manque du bois de feu et du charbon de bois suite à une pression plus grande et combinée de l’activité de l’homme et des températures en accroissement et une modification dans les taux de croissance de la biomasse.', 'Tableau 1 : Impacts importants lies aux changements climatiques au Burundi (source : PANA Secteurs Impacts Eau \uf0a7 assèchement des lacs, et d’autres cours d’eau et disparition de la végétation aquatique; \uf0a7 détérioration de la qualité de l’eau de surface ; \uf0a7 plus grande érosion pluviale et envasements de certaines rivières ; \uf0a7 réduction de la production des centrales hydroélectriques ; \uf0a7 concurrence accrue dans l’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraines qui sont encore aujourd’hui non polluées Energie \uf0a7 l’arrêt plus fréquent de certaines centrales hydroélectriques en service suite au dépassement des seuils de fonctionnement pour cause de déficit pluviométrique et de la sécheresse prolongée ; \uf0a7 l’envasement total de certains barrages suite à une érosion plus forte à cause des précipitations plus abondantes entraînant l’arrêt total de quelques centrales hydroélectriques dont les plus menacées seraient les centrales de Marangara, de Buhiga et de Kayenzi ; \uf0a7 des inondations plus fréquentes dans les infrastructures de production électrique comme celles de Mugere entraînant l’arrêt de la production pendant des périodes plus longues ; \uf0a7 l’accroissement de ruissellement en provenance de la dégradation des terresdans les bassins versants des centrales hydroélectriques \uf0a7 une fluctuation importante dans la production électrique suite aux agressions contre le système d’alimentation en eau et aux modifications des schémas de pluies ; \uf0a7 un déficit plus important dans le secteur de l’électricité entraînant des problèmes réels d’approvisionnement en électricité dans les différents domaines socio-économiques du pays; \uf0a7 un problème généralisé de manque du bois de feu et du charbon de bois suite à une pression plus grande et combinée de l’activité de l’homme et des températures en accroissement et une modification dans les taux de croissance de la biomasse. Agriculture et élevage \uf0a7 les pertes de récoltes, du cheptel bovin, caprin, ovin et volaille seront plus importantes suite à des sécheresses plus prolongées et plus fréquentes avec des probabilités d’occurrence entre 40% et 60%; \uf0a7 les rendements de production de viande, de lait seront encore plus affectés et plus réduits de même que la production de poissons en cas de sécheresse ; \uf0a7 des coups de foudre apparaissant pendant des tornades seront plus importants et provoqueront des morts supplémentaires de bétail dans les zones de montagne ; \uf0a7 Perte de qualité et quantité des pâturages.', 'Agriculture et élevage \uf0a7 les pertes de récoltes, du cheptel bovin, caprin, ovin et volaille seront plus importantes suite à des sécheresses plus prolongées et plus fréquentes avec des probabilités d’occurrence entre 40% et 60%; \uf0a7 les rendements de production de viande, de lait seront encore plus affectés et plus réduits de même que la production de poissons en cas de sécheresse ; \uf0a7 des coups de foudre apparaissant pendant des tornades seront plus importants et provoqueront des morts supplémentaires de bétail dans les zones de montagne ; \uf0a7 Perte de qualité et quantité des pâturages. Santé \uf0a7 Augmentation des cas de paludisme Paysages \uf0a7 le risque des inondations plus fréquentes et de grande ampleur dans les basses terres ; \uf0a7 l’amplification de l’érosion des sols le long des axes de drainage dans les bassins versants montagneux des Mirwa ; \uf0a7 les Lacs Cohoha, Rweru, Rwihinda et Kanzigiri dans la dépression de Bugesera pourraient voir leur niveau baisser davantage avec l’amplification de la sécheresse et l’eau se retirer au-delà des 400 m, déjà atteints vers le centre de ces lacs entraînant le risque de disparition total de certains lacs qui sont peu profonds ; \uf0a7 le niveau du Lac Tanganyika va monter consécutivement aux fortes précipitations Ecosystèmes terrestres(forêts) \uf0a7 disparition de l’étage subalpin à partir de 2450 m d’altitude \uf0a7 disparition de certaines espèces végétales, l’aggravation de l’érosion et des feux de brousse \uf0a7 dégradation des bosquets de Bugesera et forêts à Hyphaene de la plaine de la Ruzizi et la vulnérabilité accrue aux feux de brousse 2.2.', 'Santé \uf0a7 Augmentation des cas de paludisme Paysages \uf0a7 le risque des inondations plus fréquentes et de grande ampleur dans les basses terres ; \uf0a7 l’amplification de l’érosion des sols le long des axes de drainage dans les bassins versants montagneux des Mirwa ; \uf0a7 les Lacs Cohoha, Rweru, Rwihinda et Kanzigiri dans la dépression de Bugesera pourraient voir leur niveau baisser davantage avec l’amplification de la sécheresse et l’eau se retirer au-delà des 400 m, déjà atteints vers le centre de ces lacs entraînant le risque de disparition total de certains lacs qui sont peu profonds ; \uf0a7 le niveau du Lac Tanganyika va monter consécutivement aux fortes précipitations Ecosystèmes terrestres(forêts) \uf0a7 disparition de l’étage subalpin à partir de 2450 m d’altitude \uf0a7 disparition de certaines espèces végétales, l’aggravation de l’érosion et des feux de brousse \uf0a7 dégradation des bosquets de Bugesera et forêts à Hyphaene de la plaine de la Ruzizi et la vulnérabilité accrue aux feux de brousse 2.2. Besoins d’adaptation Afin de réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience du Burundi, les besoins ont été identifiés.', 'Besoins d’adaptation Afin de réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience du Burundi, les besoins ont été identifiés. Ces besoins touchent le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, financières et le transfert des technologies.', 'Ces besoins touchent le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, financières et le transfert des technologies. a) Besoins en renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles Le pays a besoin : - d’informer, éduquer et communiquer sur le climat, les risques climatiques et les technologies d’adaptation (développement des capacités des populations à réagir) ;- de renforcer les aptitudes des acteurs (surtout femmes et agriculteurs) sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre de modes de production intensifiés et durables (nouvelles techniques et systèmes culturaux) ; - d’encourager les transferts de technologie entre les organismes de recherche et les acteurs agro-sylvo-pastoraux ; - de soutenir les institutions à définir des priorités en matière d’adaptation selon les secteurs socio-économiques et favoriser la cohérence intersectorielle, notamment lors de l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation.', 'a) Besoins en renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles Le pays a besoin : - d’informer, éduquer et communiquer sur le climat, les risques climatiques et les technologies d’adaptation (développement des capacités des populations à réagir) ;- de renforcer les aptitudes des acteurs (surtout femmes et agriculteurs) sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre de modes de production intensifiés et durables (nouvelles techniques et systèmes culturaux) ; - d’encourager les transferts de technologie entre les organismes de recherche et les acteurs agro-sylvo-pastoraux ; - de soutenir les institutions à définir des priorités en matière d’adaptation selon les secteurs socio-économiques et favoriser la cohérence intersectorielle, notamment lors de l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation. b) Besoins techniques et transfert des technologies Besoins Objectifs et Description Mesure phare : Développement de l’accès à l’eau tout en assurant une meilleure efficience de son utilisation Maitrise et gestion des ressources en eau -Développer, réhabiliter et gérer les aménagements hydro agricoles -Réaliser les aménagements pour les cultures pluviales.', 'b) Besoins techniques et transfert des technologies Besoins Objectifs et Description Mesure phare : Développement de l’accès à l’eau tout en assurant une meilleure efficience de son utilisation Maitrise et gestion des ressources en eau -Développer, réhabiliter et gérer les aménagements hydro agricoles -Réaliser les aménagements pour les cultures pluviales. -Développer la petite et moyenne irrigation et améliorer son efficacité pour limiter la consommation d’eau. Mesure phare : Promotion d’une agriculture intensifiée efficiente en eau Intensification et diversification des productions agricoles -Intensifier et diversifier les productions agricoles en facilitant l’accès aux intrants (engrais, semences vivrières, fourragères résistantes à la sécheresse et produits phytosanitaires.) et aux équipements agricoles. -Développer l’approche agro-écologique (pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, apport de fumier et de compost, développement de l’agroforesterie, conservation de l’eau et du sol).', '-Développer l’approche agro-écologique (pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, apport de fumier et de compost, développement de l’agroforesterie, conservation de l’eau et du sol). Mesure phare : Sécurisation des productions animales et halieutiques et promotion des associations Sécurisation de l’élevage et appui à l’association agriculture élevage -Permettre la diversification des activités (élevage de plusieurs espèces d’animaux, association agriculture-élevage, vente de services de transports de récoltes, cultures fourragères, etc.) -Faciliter la diversité génétique des différents animaux Soutien à l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques Développer l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques tout en préservant la Ressource (empoissonnement des plans d’eau, développement de la pisciculture pluviale, appliquer la mise en défens).', '-Faciliter la diversité génétique des différents animaux Soutien à l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques Développer l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques tout en préservant la Ressource (empoissonnement des plans d’eau, développement de la pisciculture pluviale, appliquer la mise en défens). Mesure phare : Soutien aux équipements utilisant les sources d’énergies renouvelables Amélioration du bienêtre des populations Améliorer les activités productives de l’agriculture et de l’élevage (exhaure, conservation, séchage, chaine de froid) en utilisant les sources d’énergies renouvelables (hydraulique, solaire, éolienne). Mesure phare : Communication sur les risques climatiques et les scenarii d’adaptation Connaissance des changements spatio- temporels du milieu -Suivi du climat et des prévisions météorologiques -Prévention et lutte contre les bio-agresseurs -Les réseaux d’information permettent de connaitre les zones où sévissent des maladies, et/ou celles où les ressources en eau et pâturages sont importantes.2.3.', 'Mesure phare : Communication sur les risques climatiques et les scenarii d’adaptation Connaissance des changements spatio- temporels du milieu -Suivi du climat et des prévisions météorologiques -Prévention et lutte contre les bio-agresseurs -Les réseaux d’information permettent de connaitre les zones où sévissent des maladies, et/ou celles où les ressources en eau et pâturages sont importantes.2.3. Priorités nationales en termes d’adaptation au changement climatique Concernant spécifiquement l’adaptation au changement climatique, les priorités sont déclinées dans les documents suivants : \uf0a7 Le Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA, 2007) \uf0a7 La Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique (2012) \uf0a7 La Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Actions sur le changement climatique (2012) Tableau2 : Politiques et stratégies sectorielles en vigueur en matière d’Adaptation au Changement climatique Secteurs Documents de politiques et stratégies en vigueur Axes prioritaires Eau \uf0a7 La Politique Nationale de Gestion des Ressources en Eau et Plan d’Actions \uf0a7 Le Code de l’Eau (LOI N°1/02 du 26/03/2012 portant Code de l’Eau au Burundi).', 'Priorités nationales en termes d’adaptation au changement climatique Concernant spécifiquement l’adaptation au changement climatique, les priorités sont déclinées dans les documents suivants : \uf0a7 Le Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA, 2007) \uf0a7 La Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique (2012) \uf0a7 La Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Actions sur le changement climatique (2012) Tableau2 : Politiques et stratégies sectorielles en vigueur en matière d’Adaptation au Changement climatique Secteurs Documents de politiques et stratégies en vigueur Axes prioritaires Eau \uf0a7 La Politique Nationale de Gestion des Ressources en Eau et Plan d’Actions \uf0a7 Le Code de l’Eau (LOI N°1/02 du 26/03/2012 portant Code de l’Eau au Burundi). \uf0a7 La maitrise de l’eau en vue d’accroitre la production agricole et pastorale ; \uf0a7 Le renforcement des capacités en ressources humaines dans le domaine de l’eau.', '\uf0a7 La maitrise de l’eau en vue d’accroitre la production agricole et pastorale ; \uf0a7 Le renforcement des capacités en ressources humaines dans le domaine de l’eau. Energie \uf0a7 Stratégie Sectorielle pour le secteur de l’énergie au Burundi (2011) ; réorganisation du secteur de l’électricité au Burundi. \uf0a7 Production hydroélectrique à travers desaménagements ajustés aux phases successives de la croissance de l’économie Burundaise. Forêts Politique Forestière Nationale du Burundi (2012) \uf0a7 Développer et gérer rationnellement les ressources forestières : porter le taux de couverture forestière à 20% en 2025 ; \uf0a7 Valoriser les ressources forestières \uf0a7 Renforcer les capacités humaines et institutionnelles Agriculture Elevage 1. Stratégie Agricole Nationale 2008-2015 2. Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007) ; 3. Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres (2005).', 'Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres (2005). \uf0a7 Accroitre la productivité et la production agricole et développement des systèmes de production durables de manière à rétablir, à court et moyen termes, l’autosuffisance alimentaire ; \uf0a7 Renforcer les capacités de gestion et de développement durable du secteur agricole afin d’arriver à transformer l’agriculture de subsistance en une agriculture de marché rentable et gérée par des professionnels ; \uf0a7 Introduction de l’agriculture intelligente.2.4. Programmes prioritaires en matière d’adaptation. Les suivants programmes ont été identifiés dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Actions sur le Changement Climatique(2012) : Intitulé du programme Composantes Adaptation et gestion des risques climatiques. Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau par unité hydrologique de petite taille.', 'Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau par unité hydrologique de petite taille. Gestion intégrée du risque « climat » et projections dans le temps (climat approché à travers les probabilités et études prospectives) afin de pouvoir prendre des actions en avance Protection des écosystèmes aquatiques et terrestre. Encadrement de la population pour développer sa résilience au changement climatique. Développement des capacités institutionnelles et opérationnelles pour la coordination des programmes résiliant aux changements climatiques. Recherche sur la vulnérabilité et l’adaptation des secteurs socioéconomiques au changement climatique. Etablissement des mécanismes fonctionnels de suivi et évaluation de la variabilité climatique, d’information et de gestion des connaissances. Recherche et vulgarisation des essences sylvicoles adaptées à la sécheresse.', 'Recherche et vulgarisation des essences sylvicoles adaptées à la sécheresse. Promotion de l’agriculture climato-intelligente(Agrométéorologie) Renforcement des capacités, Gestion des connaissances et communication Amélioration des mécanismes de gestion et de diffusion des données et informations. Renforcement des systèmes de suivi des impacts du changement climatique à travers des observations et des enquêtes. Amélioration de la recherche scientifique et technologique pour s’adapter au changement climatique. appuyées d’observations sur le climat. Amélioration du cadre législatif et règlementaire pour la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les programmes d’investissement et la promotion du partenariat public et privé. Renforcement du système de communication et d’échange d’informations et de données. 2.5.', 'Renforcement du système de communication et d’échange d’informations et de données. 2.5. Les initiatives en cours pour soutenir l’adaptation : Projet « Adaptation au Changement Climatique pour la Protection des Ressources en Eau et Sols » (ACCES), sur financement du fonds spécial énergie et le climat, Projet «d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants et l´Amélioration de la Résilience Climatique » (PABVARC), Stratégie de Communication et d’Alerte précoce sur les Adaptations auChangement Climatique », Intégration de l’agriculture intelligente dans le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA), Plan d’Action National(en cours de formulation), Divers projets de micro-subvention du FEM.En matière d’atténuation, la CPDN souhaitée pour le Burundi doit permettre de répondre aux objectifs de développement durable tels que définis dans les politiques et stratégies nationales.', 'Les initiatives en cours pour soutenir l’adaptation : Projet « Adaptation au Changement Climatique pour la Protection des Ressources en Eau et Sols » (ACCES), sur financement du fonds spécial énergie et le climat, Projet «d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants et l´Amélioration de la Résilience Climatique » (PABVARC), Stratégie de Communication et d’Alerte précoce sur les Adaptations auChangement Climatique », Intégration de l’agriculture intelligente dans le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA), Plan d’Action National(en cours de formulation), Divers projets de micro-subvention du FEM.En matière d’atténuation, la CPDN souhaitée pour le Burundi doit permettre de répondre aux objectifs de développement durable tels que définis dans les politiques et stratégies nationales. Taux de réduction escompté Type de contribution Contribution inconditionnelle \uf03e Réduction de 3% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport au scénario de référence (BaU) à l’horizon 2030.', 'Taux de réduction escompté Type de contribution Contribution inconditionnelle \uf03e Réduction de 3% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport au scénario de référence (BaU) à l’horizon 2030. Contribution conditionnelle \uf03e Réduction de20% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, à partir de 2016, par rapport au scénario de référence à l’horizon 2030. Année de référence \uf03e 2005 Année cible \uf03e 2030 Réduction cumulée des émissions d’ici pour l’objectif conditionnel 3.1. Scénario de référence et objectifs de réduction des émissions Le tableau ci-dessous présente les émissions de l’année de référence et le scénario de référence (BaU), les émissions pour l’objectif inconditionnel ainsi que les émissions pour l’objectif conditionnel dont la mise en œuvre dépendrade l’appui financier de la communauté internationale.', 'Scénario de référence et objectifs de réduction des émissions Le tableau ci-dessous présente les émissions de l’année de référence et le scénario de référence (BaU), les émissions pour l’objectif inconditionnel ainsi que les émissions pour l’objectif conditionnel dont la mise en œuvre dépendrade l’appui financier de la communauté internationale. a) Objectif inconditionnel Dans le cadre du Programme National de Reboisement, le Burundi s’engage à augmenter les puits du gaz carbonique par le reboisement de 4 000 hectares par an pendant 15 ans à partir de 2016. Au niveau du secteur énergie, le Burundi est en train de construire trois centrales hydroélectriques. Ce programme permettra de porter le taux d’électrification à 35%, b) Objectif conditionnel - secteurs forêts: (i) reboiser 8 000 ha /an, pendant 15 ans à partir de 2016.', 'Ce programme permettra de porter le taux d’électrification à 35%, b) Objectif conditionnel - secteurs forêts: (i) reboiser 8 000 ha /an, pendant 15 ans à partir de 2016. (ii) remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation traditionnels, et tous les foyers (cuisinières domestiques) traditionnels - secteur agriculture: remplacer progressivement à 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique, d ici 2030. Tableau 3 : Émissions selon les objectifs d’atténuation OBJECTIFS Pourcentage Emission éq-CO2 (Gg)Objectifs d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030 Années Scénario Buiness as Usual Scénario Conditionnel Scénario Inconditionnel 3.2. Portée et étendue de la contribution Tableau 4 : Portée et étendue de la contribution Secteur Gaz Sous-secteurs Étendue géographique O Activités de combustion de carburants, Tout le territoire. O sols agricoles, Tout le territoire. Affectation des terres et foresterie Terres forestières, Tout le territoire.', 'Affectation des terres et foresterie Terres forestières, Tout le territoire. 3.3. Hypothèses et méthodologie Le choix des hypothèses est guidé par les orientations de planification du développement définies dans la vision « Burundi 2025 »et les documents de politiques et des stratégies nationales d’opérationnalisation de cette dernière. Les inventaires de GES ont été réalisés sur cinq modules identifiés par le GIEC à savoir : Procédés industriels, énergie, agriculture, affectation et changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie(ATCATF) ainsi que le module déchets.Pour la conversion en équivalents CO2 , il a été utilisé, les valeurs PRG correspondant à une période de 100 ans. (Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC).', 'Les inventaires de GES ont été réalisés sur cinq modules identifiés par le GIEC à savoir : Procédés industriels, énergie, agriculture, affectation et changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie(ATCATF) ainsi que le module déchets.Pour la conversion en équivalents CO2 , il a été utilisé, les valeurs PRG correspondant à une période de 100 ans. (Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC). Il s’agit de 21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour le N2 O. Les documents de politique qui tiennent en compte les activités génératrices d’émissions de GES et ayant servi à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs sont repris au tableau n°5.', 'Il s’agit de 21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour le N2 O. Les documents de politique qui tiennent en compte les activités génératrices d’émissions de GES et ayant servi à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs sont repris au tableau n°5. Tableau 5 :Documents ayant servis à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs Secteurs Documents de politiques et stratégies en vigueur Énergie Stratégie Sectorielle pour le Secteur de l’Energie au Burundi (2011) Stratégie Nationale de l’Environnement (SNEB, 1997) ; Affectation des terres et foresterie Politique Forestière Nationale du Burundi (2012) ; Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité 2013-2020 ; Agriculture Stratégie Agricole Nationale 2008-2015 (2008) ; Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007) ; Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres Stratégie nationale et Plan d’Action de lutte contre la dégradation des sols Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2012-2017 ; Vision « Burundi 2025 », Cadre Stratégique de Croissance, 2012; Tous les secteurs Première et deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques, 2001 et 2010 ; Plan d’Action National d’adaptation au changement climatique, 2007 ; Rapport synthèse des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre, 2009 ; Rapport synthèse des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES, 2009 ; Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique, 2013 ; Stratégie et plan d’action nationale sur le changement climatique, 2013 ; 3.4.', 'Tableau 5 :Documents ayant servis à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs Secteurs Documents de politiques et stratégies en vigueur Énergie Stratégie Sectorielle pour le Secteur de l’Energie au Burundi (2011) Stratégie Nationale de l’Environnement (SNEB, 1997) ; Affectation des terres et foresterie Politique Forestière Nationale du Burundi (2012) ; Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité 2013-2020 ; Agriculture Stratégie Agricole Nationale 2008-2015 (2008) ; Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007) ; Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres Stratégie nationale et Plan d’Action de lutte contre la dégradation des sols Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2012-2017 ; Vision « Burundi 2025 », Cadre Stratégique de Croissance, 2012; Tous les secteurs Première et deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques, 2001 et 2010 ; Plan d’Action National d’adaptation au changement climatique, 2007 ; Rapport synthèse des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre, 2009 ; Rapport synthèse des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES, 2009 ; Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique, 2013 ; Stratégie et plan d’action nationale sur le changement climatique, 2013 ; 3.4. Compensation des émissions En matière de compensation du manque à gagner éventuel ou de la restriction de certaines activités économiques suite à la mise en œuvre du programme CPDN, le Burundi s’appuiera sur des mécanismes internationaux relatifs à la compensation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et sur la législation nationale en vigueur.', 'Compensation des émissions En matière de compensation du manque à gagner éventuel ou de la restriction de certaines activités économiques suite à la mise en œuvre du programme CPDN, le Burundi s’appuiera sur des mécanismes internationaux relatifs à la compensation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et sur la législation nationale en vigueur. En matière de forêts, il est notamment envisagé de promouvoir la valorisation des services écosystémiques. 3.5. Moyen de vérification/comptage Concernant les moyens de comptabilisation et de vérification du carbone, le Burundi se conforme aux lignes directrices du GIEC. 3.6. Caractère ambitieux et équitable de la contribution prévue Limiter l’accroissement des émissions de GES représente un défi majeur pour le Burundi compte tenu des circonstances nationales.', 'Caractère ambitieux et équitable de la contribution prévue Limiter l’accroissement des émissions de GES représente un défi majeur pour le Burundi compte tenu des circonstances nationales. Sur le plan économique, le Burundi est classé parmi les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) avec un PIB par habitant de282 USD (en 2012). Le Burundi présente des vulnérabilités structurelles importantes, dues en particulier à l’enclavement du pays et à son exposition aux aléas climatiques et naturelles. Selon les statistiques des Nations Unies, le Burundi à un Indice de vulnérabilitéEconomique de 56,81 contre une moyenne de 45,7 en 2012 pour l’ensemble des pays les moins avancés.', 'Selon les statistiques des Nations Unies, le Burundi à un Indice de vulnérabilitéEconomique de 56,81 contre une moyenne de 45,7 en 2012 pour l’ensemble des pays les moins avancés. Face à ces défis de développement, la contribution du Burundi est ambitieuse car elle prévoit l’abattement de 3 % de ses émissions à l’horizon 2030, pour le scénario inconditionnel et de 20% au même horizon temporel pour l’objectif conditionnel. 4. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CONTRIBUTION 4.1. Arrangements institutionnels pour la mise en œuvre La CPDN sera mise en œuvre par le Gouvernement du Burundi à travers le Ministère en charge de l’Environnement qui est l’institution gouvernementale chargée de s’assurer de la mise en œuvre des conventions internationales du domaine de l’environnement.', 'Arrangements institutionnels pour la mise en œuvre La CPDN sera mise en œuvre par le Gouvernement du Burundi à travers le Ministère en charge de l’Environnement qui est l’institution gouvernementale chargée de s’assurer de la mise en œuvre des conventions internationales du domaine de l’environnement. Il s’appuiera sur ses départements et institutions personnalisées comme l’IGEBU et l’OBPE qui traitent des questions en rapport avec le changement climatique mais aussi des cadres de concertations comme: la Commission Nationale de l’Environnement, le Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement (GSEAE), le Partenariat National de l’Eau (PNE-Bu), la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 4.2.', 'Il s’appuiera sur ses départements et institutions personnalisées comme l’IGEBU et l’OBPE qui traitent des questions en rapport avec le changement climatique mais aussi des cadres de concertations comme: la Commission Nationale de l’Environnement, le Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement (GSEAE), le Partenariat National de l’Eau (PNE-Bu), la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 4.2. Renforcement des capacités En dépit du pas non négligeable déjà franchi en matière de création et de renforcement des capacités, les experts nationaux restent en nombre insuffisant et n’ont pas encore acquis une grande maîtrise des outils et méthodologies pour l’établissement des inventaires des émissions de GES, des études de vulnérabilité et d’adaptation au changement climatique et enfin des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES ainsi qu’une bonne maîtrise des procédures pour la confection des dossiers de demandes de financement dans le cadre des mécanismes de financement disponibles.', 'Renforcement des capacités En dépit du pas non négligeable déjà franchi en matière de création et de renforcement des capacités, les experts nationaux restent en nombre insuffisant et n’ont pas encore acquis une grande maîtrise des outils et méthodologies pour l’établissement des inventaires des émissions de GES, des études de vulnérabilité et d’adaptation au changement climatique et enfin des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES ainsi qu’une bonne maîtrise des procédures pour la confection des dossiers de demandes de financement dans le cadre des mécanismes de financement disponibles. Il s’agira donc de renforcer les capacités afin de pallier aux situations suivantes : - l’insuffisance des données sur le climat due à la vétusté des équipements ; - L’insuffisance du personnel scientifique pouvant conduire avec satisfaction les programmes et thèmes de recherche en rapport avec le changement climatique ; - La difficulté de formation du personnel technique et scientifique sur place ou à l’étranger à cause de l’inexistence d’institutions de formation spécialisées dans le domaine du changement climatique sur place et la coopération limitée avec l’extérieur ; - Insuffisance de l’expertise technique nationale tant sur le plan quantitatif que qualitatif.', 'Il s’agira donc de renforcer les capacités afin de pallier aux situations suivantes : - l’insuffisance des données sur le climat due à la vétusté des équipements ; - L’insuffisance du personnel scientifique pouvant conduire avec satisfaction les programmes et thèmes de recherche en rapport avec le changement climatique ; - La difficulté de formation du personnel technique et scientifique sur place ou à l’étranger à cause de l’inexistence d’institutions de formation spécialisées dans le domaine du changement climatique sur place et la coopération limitée avec l’extérieur ; - Insuffisance de l’expertise technique nationale tant sur le plan quantitatif que qualitatif. 4.3. Besoins en transferts des technologies Le Burundi n’a pas de moyens techniques pour faire de la recherche-développement dans le domaine du changement climatique et ne dispose pas de programme national y relatif.', 'Besoins en transferts des technologies Le Burundi n’a pas de moyens techniques pour faire de la recherche-développement dans le domaine du changement climatique et ne dispose pas de programme national y relatif. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la CPDN, les actions du Burundi en matière de transfert de technologie vont porter sur :- la promotion de la recherche développement, l’adoption des technologies et leur domestication au contexte national ; - le renforcement du fonctionnement de certaines organisations et institutions impliquées dans le changement climatique ; - la formation des compétences, l’éducation et la Coopération Internationale. 4.4.Prise en compte du genre, de la jeunesse et des groupes vulnérables.', '4.4.Prise en compte du genre, de la jeunesse et des groupes vulnérables. Les dimensions genre, jeunesse et groupe vulnérables sont des préoccupations qui n’ont pas toujours été prises en compte dans les plans nationaux et sectoriels de développement socioéconomiques du Burundi. Le Gouvernement du Burundi dans sa Vision 2025 les considère comme des questions transversales à prendre en compte dans tous les programmes de développement. Il en sera de même dans la mise en œuvre de la CPDN. 4.5. Besoin de soutien financier. Comme il a été déjà souligné plus haut, la plupart des actions d’adaptation au changement climatique identifiées dans les Plans d’Actions nationaux et sectoriels déjà élaborés n’ont pas été mises en œuvre par manque de moyens financiers.', 'Comme il a été déjà souligné plus haut, la plupart des actions d’adaptation au changement climatique identifiées dans les Plans d’Actions nationaux et sectoriels déjà élaborés n’ont pas été mises en œuvre par manque de moyens financiers. Le tableau ci-dessous donne la synthèse des besoins financiers pour la mise en œuvre de la CPDN sous forme de programmes. Tableau 6 : Programmes et coûts associés pour la mise en œuvre de la CPDN(Source : Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur le Changement Climatique, 2012). Intitulé du programme Composantes Coût (x Adaptation et gestion des risques climatiques. \uf0a7 Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau par unité hydrologique de petite taille ; \uf0a7 Protection des écosystèmes aquatiques et terrestres.', '\uf0a7 Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau par unité hydrologique de petite taille ; \uf0a7 Protection des écosystèmes aquatiques et terrestres. \uf0a7 Encadrement de la population pour développer sa résilience au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Développement des capacités institutionnelles et opérationnelles pour la coordination des programmes résiliant au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Recherche sur la vulnérabilité et l’adaptation des secteurs socio-économiques au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Etablissement des mécanismes fonctionnels de suivi et évaluation de la variabilité climatique, d’information et de gestion des connaissances ; \uf0a7 Recherche et vulgarisation des essences sylvicoles adaptées à la sécheresse ; Atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et \uf0a7 Développement de l’hydroélectricité ; \uf0a7 Electrification rurale décentralisée par systèmedéveloppement sobre en carbone photovoltaïque ; \uf0a7 Efficience énergétique dans la production, le transport, la distribution et la consommation (réduction des pertes, lampes économiques, équipements économes en énergie) ; \uf0a7 Carbonisation de la tourbe, densification et carbonisation de la parche de café, balle de riz et sciure de bois ; \uf0a7 Diffusion et vulgarisation des foyers améliorés ; \uf0a7 Drainage intermittent dans la riziculture ; \uf0a7 Compostage des déchets issus de la défoliation dans les plantations de cannes à sucre ; \uf0a7 Valorisation de la fraction fermentescible des déchets urbains avec la production du compost et du biogaz ; \uf0a7 Programme pilote REDD ; Promotion de la Recherche- développement et transfert de technologie \uf0a7 Développement de la petite hydroélectricité (pico centrales, roues hydrauliques, etc.)', '\uf0a7 Encadrement de la population pour développer sa résilience au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Développement des capacités institutionnelles et opérationnelles pour la coordination des programmes résiliant au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Recherche sur la vulnérabilité et l’adaptation des secteurs socio-économiques au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Etablissement des mécanismes fonctionnels de suivi et évaluation de la variabilité climatique, d’information et de gestion des connaissances ; \uf0a7 Recherche et vulgarisation des essences sylvicoles adaptées à la sécheresse ; Atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et \uf0a7 Développement de l’hydroélectricité ; \uf0a7 Electrification rurale décentralisée par systèmedéveloppement sobre en carbone photovoltaïque ; \uf0a7 Efficience énergétique dans la production, le transport, la distribution et la consommation (réduction des pertes, lampes économiques, équipements économes en énergie) ; \uf0a7 Carbonisation de la tourbe, densification et carbonisation de la parche de café, balle de riz et sciure de bois ; \uf0a7 Diffusion et vulgarisation des foyers améliorés ; \uf0a7 Drainage intermittent dans la riziculture ; \uf0a7 Compostage des déchets issus de la défoliation dans les plantations de cannes à sucre ; \uf0a7 Valorisation de la fraction fermentescible des déchets urbains avec la production du compost et du biogaz ; \uf0a7 Programme pilote REDD ; Promotion de la Recherche- développement et transfert de technologie \uf0a7 Développement de la petite hydroélectricité (pico centrales, roues hydrauliques, etc.) ; \uf0a7 Relance de la recherche-développement, la diffusion et la vulgarisation des énergies renouvelables (biogaz, énergie éolienne, gazéification) ; \uf0a7 Techniques de valorisation des déchets urbains ; \uf0a7 Transport urbain à faibles émissions de GES ; \uf0a7 Adaptation de l’agriculture au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Techniques de valorisation des déchets de l’agriculture, de la sylviculture et d’élevage ; Renforcement des capacités, Gestion des connaissances et communication \uf0a7 Amélioration des méthodes et techniques de gestion durable des forêts et boisements ; \uf0a7 Amélioration des mécanismes de gestion et de diffusion des données et informations ; \uf0a7 Renforcement des systèmes de suivi des impacts du changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Amélioration de la recherche scientifique et technologique pour atténuer et s’adapter au changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Conception et mise en place au niveau national d’un mécanisme de suivi, rapportage et vérification du REDD et d’autres actions en matière de changement climatique ; \uf0a7 Amélioration du cadre législatif et règlementaire pour la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les programmes d’investissement et la promotion du partenariat public et privé ; \uf0a7 Renforcement du système de communication et d’échange d’informations et de données ; Reboisement et \uf0a7 Reboisement des terrains de forte pente ; \uf0a7 Colonisation des terrains de faible pente par l’agroforesterie ; Vulgarisation des meules \uf0a7 Formation des charbonniers à la construction et à l’utilisation de meules améliorées ; 1 500Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés domestiques et \uf0a7 Formation des artisans producteurs de foyers améliorés (métal et poterie) ; \uf0a7 Sensibilisation, promotion des foyers améliorés domestiques et des filières artisanales (briqueteries, tuileries, restaurant…) ; ANNEXE : Liste des acronymes et abbreviations ACCES : Adaptation au Changement Climatique pour la Protection des ressources en Eau et Sol CC :Changement Climatique CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique CSLP : Cadre Stratégique de Lutte contre la Pauvreté CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National ECO2 : Equivalent de dioxyde de carbone Gg : Giga Gramme GgECO2 : Giga Gramme Equivalent CO2 GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l Evolution du Climat GSEAE : Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement IGEBU : Institut Géographique du Burundi IGES : Inventaire de Gaz à Effet de Serre INECN : Institut National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature MDP :Mécanisme pour le Développement Propre MEEATU : Ministère de l’Eau, de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Urbanisme OBPE : Office Burundais pour la Protection de l’Environnement PANA : Plan d’Actions National d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut GSEAE : Groupe Sectoriel Eau, Assainissement et Environnement ATCATF : Affectation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie']

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BDI

Burundi

Updated NDC

2021-05-10 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20%20%20Burundi%20ANNEXE%201.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

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['i REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL 2020 ANNEXEii Table des matières 1. Contexte et planification de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015 . 1 1.1 Rappels sur la CDN initiale du Burundi (CDN 2015) 2 1.2 Nouveaux éléments contribuant à l’actualisation . 5 1.2.1 Inventaire de GES et projections du BAU 6 1.2.2. Analyse de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015. . 6 1.2.4. Plans, Politiques et stratégies nationaux. 9 1.2.2 Présentation des informations selon la Décision 4/CMA.1, annexe I. 10 1.3 Planification de l’actualisation de la CDN . 11 1.3.1 Engagement institutionnel . 11 1.3.2. Ambition renforcée de la CDN 2020. . 11 1.3.3. Démarche participative et inclusive. . 12 1.3.4. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies 13 1.3.5.', 'Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies 13 1.3.5. Calendrier du travail effectué 13 2 Les objectifs en termes d’atténuation . 19 2.1 L’inventaire national de GES 19 2.1.2 Les gaz fluorés (HFC, PFC et SF6 et le NF3 2.2 Les scenarii d’atténuation de la CDN 2020 31 2.2.1. Indicateur, année de Référence et année(s) cible(s) . 31 2.2.3. Méthode de calcul des émissions / absorptions des différents scénarii . 32 2.2.4. Scénario de référence BAU. 33 2.2.5. Scénario inconditionnel 41 2.2.6. Autres impacts . 50 3. VALEUR DE LA CIBLE EN POURCENTAGE 66 3.1. Autres impacts . 66 4. COMMUNICATION SUR L’ADAPTATION . 77 4.1. Situation nationale, dispositifs institutionnels et cadres juridiques . 77 4.1.1. Situation nationale . 77iii 4.1.2. Cadre institutionnel 78 4.1.3. Cadre légal national . 79 4.2.', 'Cadre légal national . 79 4.2. Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités . 79 4.3. Priorités, stratégies, politiques, plans, objectifs et mesures d’adaptation nationaux 81 5.1 Scénario inconditionnel . 83 5.2. Scénario conditionnel . 84 5.3. Besoins en matière de mise en œuvre et d’appui 85 5.4. Mise en œuvre de mesures et de plans d’adaptation 89 5.5. Progrès accomplis et résultats . 90 5.6. Efforts d’adaptation 90 5.7. Coopération au renforcement de l’adaptation aux échelons national, régional et international . 91 5.8. Obstacles, difficultés et lacunes . 91 5.9. Bonnes pratiques, enseignements tirés et échange d’informations . 92 5.10. Suivi et évaluation 92 5.11. Mesures d’adaptation et/ou plans de diversification économique 93 5.12. Contributions à d’autres cadres et/ou conventions au niveau international . 93 5.13.', 'Contributions à d’autres cadres et/ou conventions au niveau international . 93 5.13. Prise en compte des questions de genre, du savoir traditionnel, des connaissances des peuples autochtones et des systèmes de savoir locaux . 93 6. PLAN DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN . 94 6.2. Cadre légal . 95 6.3. Mécanismes de financement . 96 7.', 'Mécanismes de financement . 96 7. MECANISMES DE SUIVI/EVALUATION ET MRV . 96 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Emissions selon les objectifs d’atténuation . 3 Tableau 2: Documents supports à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs . 4 Tableau 3 : Portée et étendue de la CDN 2015 . 4 Tableau 4 : Soutien nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 . 5 Tableau 5: Degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 . 6 Tableau 6 : Degré d’implémentation des actions conditionnelles de la CDN 2015 en 2020 7 Tableau 7 : Calendrier de travail . 14 Tableau 8 : Information sur la clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension de la CDN 2020.', 'MECANISMES DE SUIVI/EVALUATION ET MRV . 96 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Emissions selon les objectifs d’atténuation . 3 Tableau 2: Documents supports à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs . 4 Tableau 3 : Portée et étendue de la CDN 2015 . 4 Tableau 4 : Soutien nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 . 5 Tableau 5: Degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 . 6 Tableau 6 : Degré d’implémentation des actions conditionnelles de la CDN 2015 en 2020 7 Tableau 7 : Calendrier de travail . 14 Tableau 8 : Information sur la clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension de la CDN 2020. . 15iv Tableau 9 : Secteurs et Gaz comptabilisés.', '. 15iv Tableau 9 : Secteurs et Gaz comptabilisés. 20 Tableau 10 : Sous-secteurs et catégories du secteur agriculture et élevage 21 Tableau 11 : Emissions nationales de GES en Gg de CO2eq par secteur . 23 Tableau 12 : Emissions globales de GES en Gg CO2 e du secteur Energie 24 Tableau 13 : Synthèse des émissions du secteur énergie par sous-secteur. 25 Tableau 14 : Emissions de GES du secteur PIUP en Gg CO2 . . 26 Tableau 15 : Emissions de CH4 issues du bétail domestique en EqCO2 en Gg. . 27 Tableau 16 : Emissions issues des sols gérés en Eq CO2 en Gg. . 27 Tableau 17 : Synthèse des résultats des émissions /absorptions de la FAT.', '. 27 Tableau 17 : Synthèse des résultats des émissions /absorptions de la FAT. 28 Tableau 18 : Synthèse des émissions de GES du secteur déchet 30 Tableau 19 : Secteurs comptabilisés . 32 Tableau 20 : Emissions de GES du secteur Energie par le scénario BAU 33 Tableau 21 : Emissions en Gg d’Eq CO2 dans scénario BAU du secteur PIUP 34 Tableau 22 : Projection des émissions de GES (Gg) du secteur Agriculture et élevage /Scénario BAU en CO2 Tableau 23 : Données pour le scénario BAU par sous-catégories 37 Tableau 24 : Evolution de pins et de Callitris . 37 Tableau n°25.', '28 Tableau 18 : Synthèse des émissions de GES du secteur déchet 30 Tableau 19 : Secteurs comptabilisés . 32 Tableau 20 : Emissions de GES du secteur Energie par le scénario BAU 33 Tableau 21 : Emissions en Gg d’Eq CO2 dans scénario BAU du secteur PIUP 34 Tableau 22 : Projection des émissions de GES (Gg) du secteur Agriculture et élevage /Scénario BAU en CO2 Tableau 23 : Données pour le scénario BAU par sous-catégories 37 Tableau 24 : Evolution de pins et de Callitris . 37 Tableau n°25. Evolution des émissions du FAT /Scénario BAU . 38 Tableau 26 : Evolution des émissions de GES du scénario BAU pour le secteur Déchets . 39 Tableau 27 : Emissions en Gg CO2 eq du scénario BAU pour tous les secteurs . 40 Tableau 28 : Actions retenues pour le scénario inconditionnel du secteur Energie 41 Tableau 29 : Priorité nationale d’atténuations dans le sous-secteur transport 42 Tableau 30 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions 43 Tableau 31 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres de calcul des émissions du sous-secteur transport . 44 Tableau 32 : Emissions évitées par priorités nationales 45 Tableau 33 : Emissions évitées . 45 Tableau 34 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel 47 Tableau 35 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel 47 Tableau 36: Résultats des absorptions issues du secteur forestier en EqCO2 en Gg . 48 Tableau 37 : Synthèse des émissions évitées et absorbions complémentaire 49 Tableau 38 : Valeur cible par objectif inconditionnel . 50 Tableau 39: Priorités nationales dans le secteur d’Energie . 50 Tableau 40 : Paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions . 53 Tableau 41 : Emissions évitées par actions identifiées dans le secteur d’énergie 56 Tableau 42 : Actions prioritaires du secteur PIUP . 59 Tableau 43 : Emissions évitées par action identifiée . 60 Tableau 44 : Action prioritaire du secteur agriculture.', 'Evolution des émissions du FAT /Scénario BAU . 38 Tableau 26 : Evolution des émissions de GES du scénario BAU pour le secteur Déchets . 39 Tableau 27 : Emissions en Gg CO2 eq du scénario BAU pour tous les secteurs . 40 Tableau 28 : Actions retenues pour le scénario inconditionnel du secteur Energie 41 Tableau 29 : Priorité nationale d’atténuations dans le sous-secteur transport 42 Tableau 30 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions 43 Tableau 31 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres de calcul des émissions du sous-secteur transport . 44 Tableau 32 : Emissions évitées par priorités nationales 45 Tableau 33 : Emissions évitées . 45 Tableau 34 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel 47 Tableau 35 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel 47 Tableau 36: Résultats des absorptions issues du secteur forestier en EqCO2 en Gg . 48 Tableau 37 : Synthèse des émissions évitées et absorbions complémentaire 49 Tableau 38 : Valeur cible par objectif inconditionnel . 50 Tableau 39: Priorités nationales dans le secteur d’Energie . 50 Tableau 40 : Paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions . 53 Tableau 41 : Emissions évitées par actions identifiées dans le secteur d’énergie 56 Tableau 42 : Actions prioritaires du secteur PIUP . 59 Tableau 43 : Emissions évitées par action identifiée . 60 Tableau 44 : Action prioritaire du secteur agriculture. . 60v Tableau 45 : Effectif des animaux par espèce.', '. 60v Tableau 45 : Effectif des animaux par espèce. 61 Tableau 46: Facteur d’émissions pour chaque animal. . 61 Tableau 47: Impacts de l’action en termes de réduction des Emissions de GES 61 Tableau 48: Priorités nationales dans le secteur FAT . 62 Tableau 49 : Impacts par actions du secteur FAT . 63 Tableau 50: Actions prioritaires identifiées 63 Tableau 51 : Paramètres pour le secteur déchet . 64 Tableau 52: Impacts par action du secteur déchet 64 Tableau 53 : Synthèse des émissions évitées et des absorptions de GES. 66 Tableau 54: Valeur cible par objectif conditionnel . 66 Tableau 55 : ICTU . 67 LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES ET FIGURES Graphique 1 : Synthèse des émissions de GES, TCN.', '66 Tableau 54: Valeur cible par objectif conditionnel . 66 Tableau 55 : ICTU . 67 LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES ET FIGURES Graphique 1 : Synthèse des émissions de GES, TCN. 24 Graphique 2: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie 25 Graphique 3: Émissions du secteur de l énergie . 25 Graphique 4: Emissions du secteur PIUP 26 Graphique 5: Emissions issues du secteur bétail domestique 27 Graphique 6: Emissions issues des sols gérés 28 Graphique 7: Emissions et absorptions issues du secteur FAT . 29 Graphique 8: Emissions issues du secteur déchet 31 Graphique 9: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie 34 Graphique 10 : Emissions du scenario BAU PIU 35 Graphique 11: Emissions du scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture . 36 Tableau 23 : Données pour le scénario BAU par sous-catégories . 37 Graphique 12: Emissions du scenario BAU /FAT . 38 Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets . 39 Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU . 401.', '24 Graphique 2: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie 25 Graphique 3: Émissions du secteur de l énergie . 25 Graphique 4: Emissions du secteur PIUP 26 Graphique 5: Emissions issues du secteur bétail domestique 27 Graphique 6: Emissions issues des sols gérés 28 Graphique 7: Emissions et absorptions issues du secteur FAT . 29 Graphique 8: Emissions issues du secteur déchet 31 Graphique 9: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie 34 Graphique 10 : Emissions du scenario BAU PIU 35 Graphique 11: Emissions du scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture . 36 Tableau 23 : Données pour le scénario BAU par sous-catégories . 37 Graphique 12: Emissions du scenario BAU /FAT . 38 Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets . 39 Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU . 401. Contexte et planification de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015 Le Burundi a pris des engagements devant la communauté internationale pour contribuer à la lutte contre les Changements climatiques, à travers sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) soumise en 2015 lors de la vingt-unième Conférence des Parties (COP 21) de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) tenue à Paris en 2015.', 'Contexte et planification de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015 Le Burundi a pris des engagements devant la communauté internationale pour contribuer à la lutte contre les Changements climatiques, à travers sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) soumise en 2015 lors de la vingt-unième Conférence des Parties (COP 21) de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) tenue à Paris en 2015. Elle est devenue Contribution Déterminée en 2018 après la ratification de l’Accord de Paris par le Burundi. L’Accord de Paris met en garde contre la menace du changement climatique et indique que les réductions d’émission de GES annoncées dans les engagements existants ne sont pas suffisantes pour contenir le réchauffement de la planète en deçà de l’objectif de 2°C.', 'L’Accord de Paris met en garde contre la menace du changement climatique et indique que les réductions d’émission de GES annoncées dans les engagements existants ne sont pas suffisantes pour contenir le réchauffement de la planète en deçà de l’objectif de 2°C. Pour cela, il invite les Parties à faire plus d’efforts pour une transition qui permettrait d’atteindre 1.5°C. Dans ce contexte, il est utile et urgent de voir comment les pays concrétisent leurs engagements en mettant en application les paragraphes 1, 2, 3, 9 et 13 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. L’Accord de Paris prévoit que les pays signataires procèdent à une revue de leur CDN tous les 5 ans.', 'L’Accord de Paris prévoit que les pays signataires procèdent à une revue de leur CDN tous les 5 ans. En 2020, les pays sont ainsi invités à soumettre des CDN révisées sur la base de leurs contributions de 2015 au secrétariat de la CCNUCC. Pour les pays ayant choisi un horizon temporel à 2030, l´année 2020 constitue une première occasion de réaffirmer leur engagement de lutter efficacement contre le réchauffement climatique en communiquant de nouveau en 2020 leur CDN 2015.', 'Pour les pays ayant choisi un horizon temporel à 2030, l´année 2020 constitue une première occasion de réaffirmer leur engagement de lutter efficacement contre le réchauffement climatique en communiquant de nouveau en 2020 leur CDN 2015. Bien que le Burundi ait choisi un horizon temporel à 2030 dans la CDN 2015, le Gouvernement a souhaité revoir ses engagements en les adossant à des données plus actuelles ainsi qu’un meilleur alignement de la CDN sur les directives de l’Accord de Paris, notamment au regard du livre des règles adopté lors de la COP24, pour la CDN 2020.', 'Bien que le Burundi ait choisi un horizon temporel à 2030 dans la CDN 2015, le Gouvernement a souhaité revoir ses engagements en les adossant à des données plus actuelles ainsi qu’un meilleur alignement de la CDN sur les directives de l’Accord de Paris, notamment au regard du livre des règles adopté lors de la COP24, pour la CDN 2020. Dans la CDN 2015, le Burundi s’est engagé à réduire de 3 % ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) d´ici à 2030 sans conditions et de 20% sous conditions.', 'Dans la CDN 2015, le Burundi s’est engagé à réduire de 3 % ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) d´ici à 2030 sans conditions et de 20% sous conditions. L’ambition envisagée pour la CDN 2020 consiste à améliorer la qualité de la CDN 2015, à actualiser les estimations quantitatives avec des données plus récentes, à réévaluer les possibilités d’atténuation et d’adaptation à l’horizon 2020-2030, à prendre en compte plus de secteurs dans la définition des objectifs, à présenter des mesures complémentaires en termes d’atténuation et à inclure la Communication sur l’Adaptation dans la CDN. La CDN du Burundi tient compte du rapport spécial du GIEC d’octobre 2018 sur les conséquences du réchauffement planétaire après l’Accord de Paris.', 'La CDN du Burundi tient compte du rapport spécial du GIEC d’octobre 2018 sur les conséquences du réchauffement planétaire après l’Accord de Paris. Ce rapport établit l’ambition collective de limiter le réchauffement planétaire « en dessous de 2°C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et de poursuivre les efforts en vue de limiter l’augmentation de la température à 1,5°C ». L’Accord de Paris met en garde contre la menace du changement climatique et indique que les réductions d’émission de GES annoncées dans les engagements existants ne sont pas suffisantes pour contenir le réchauffement de la planète en deçà de l’objectif de 2°C. Pour cela, il invite les Parties à faire plus d’efforts pour une transition qui permettrait d’atteindre 1.5°C.', 'Pour cela, il invite les Parties à faire plus d’efforts pour une transition qui permettrait d’atteindre 1.5°C. Dans ce contexte, il est utile et urgent de voir comment les pays concrétisent leurs engagements en mettant en application les paragraphes 1, 2, 3, 9 et 13 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Les CDN actualisées sont basées sur le principe de l’engagement volontaire des pays et favorisent la coopération entre les pays pour atteindre, de façon coordonnée, des objectifs communs de lutte contrele changement climatique qui doivent conduire à une réduction de 45 % 1 des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès 2030 par rapport au niveau de 2010, afin de rester en dessous de la cible de 1,5°C.', 'Les CDN actualisées sont basées sur le principe de l’engagement volontaire des pays et favorisent la coopération entre les pays pour atteindre, de façon coordonnée, des objectifs communs de lutte contrele changement climatique qui doivent conduire à une réduction de 45 % 1 des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès 2030 par rapport au niveau de 2010, afin de rester en dessous de la cible de 1,5°C. L’actualisation de la CDN de la République du Burundi promeut la transparence, la précision, l’exhaustivité, la comparabilité et la cohérence et s’inscrit dans la logique du rapport du GIEC et des conclusions du Dialogue de Talanoa.', 'L’actualisation de la CDN de la République du Burundi promeut la transparence, la précision, l’exhaustivité, la comparabilité et la cohérence et s’inscrit dans la logique du rapport du GIEC et des conclusions du Dialogue de Talanoa. Sa trajectoire est planifiée par rapport à un scénario de référence BAU (Business as Usual ) qui permettra de mesurer l’effort du Burundi quant à ses objectifs d’atténuation vis-à-vis du changement climatique. Les secteurs pris en compte dans la CDN sont les secteurs de l’énergie et des transports, des Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP), de l’Agriculture, foresterie et affectation des terres (AFAT) ainsi que de la gestion des Déchets. A noter que la forêt joue un rôle important à la fois pour l’adaptation et l’atténuation.', 'A noter que la forêt joue un rôle important à la fois pour l’adaptation et l’atténuation. 1.1 Rappels sur la CDN initiale du Burundi (CDN 2015) La CDN initiale du Burundi a été publiée en 2015 et a pris en compte les aspects en rapport avec l’adaptation et l’atténuation. a) Adaptation Le Burundi est exposé aux effets néfastes du changement climatique2. Ces derniers affectent tous les secteurs en particulier les secteurs de l’Energie, de l’Agriculture et l’élevage, de l’eau, de la santé, des paysages et des écosystèmes terrestres. Les besoins en adaptation identifiés dans la CDN 2015 concernaient la foresterie, le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques et financières et le transfert des technologies.', 'Les besoins en adaptation identifiés dans la CDN 2015 concernaient la foresterie, le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques et financières et le transfert des technologies. Des priorités, des politiques et des programmes nationaux ont été définis en termes d’adaptation au changement climatique (PND Burundi 2018-2027, DOPEAE, PN- PA CC, PNA préliminaire etc). b) Atténuation Concernant l’atténuation, le Burundi s’était engagé à réduire de 23% à l’horizon 2030 les émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU), ce qui correspondait à une réduction de 3% (1 958 Gg ECO2) dans le cadre de son objectif inconditionnel et de 20% (14 897 Gg ECO2) dans le cadre de son objectif conditionnel.', 'b) Atténuation Concernant l’atténuation, le Burundi s’était engagé à réduire de 23% à l’horizon 2030 les émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU), ce qui correspondait à une réduction de 3% (1 958 Gg ECO2) dans le cadre de son objectif inconditionnel et de 20% (14 897 Gg ECO2) dans le cadre de son objectif conditionnel. Selon la CDN 2015, l’établissement du BAU s’est référé aux hypothèses en rapport avec la croissance de l’économie nationale (PIB), la croissance démographique ainsi que le taux de l’électrification contenu dans les documents ci-haut cités. Certains de ces documents et bien d’autres élaborés ont servi de base pour l’établissement du BAU de la CDN 2020.', 'Certains de ces documents et bien d’autres élaborés ont servi de base pour l’établissement du BAU de la CDN 2020. 1 Les cibles de réduction des GES et la contribution des Etats, Institut de Recherche en économie contemporaine, Note d’intervention n° 72, 2 Communications nationales sur les changements climatiques (2005, 2010,2019),’Evolution des paramètres climatiques au Burundi à l’horizon 2050 et Analyse intégrée de la vulnérabilité au Burundi menée dans le cadre du projet « Adaptation au Changement Climatique pour la Protection des Ressources en Eau et Sol » (ACCES),Les objectifs d’atténuation ont été évalués sur la base des actions réalisées contribuant à l’atténuation. La comptabilisation et la vérification des émissions de GES évitées ont été calculées en se servant des LD du GIEC 2006.', 'La comptabilisation et la vérification des émissions de GES évitées ont été calculées en se servant des LD du GIEC 2006. Des objectifs intermédiaires aux horizons 2020 et 2025 étaient également définis dans la CDN 2015. Les objectifs d’atténuation des émissions de la CDN 2015 sont synthétisés dans le tableau 1. Tableau 1: Emissions selon les objectifs d’atténuation OBJECTIFS Pourcentage Emission éq-CO2 (Gg) Source : CDN 2015 Pour atteindre l’objectif inconditionnel, les mesures suivantes étaient prévues : - dans le secteur de la foresterie, le Burundi prévoyait d’augmenter les puits de GES par le (re)boisement de 4ha /an durant 15 ans à partir de 2016 jusqu’en 2030.', 'Tableau 1: Emissions selon les objectifs d’atténuation OBJECTIFS Pourcentage Emission éq-CO2 (Gg) Source : CDN 2015 Pour atteindre l’objectif inconditionnel, les mesures suivantes étaient prévues : - dans le secteur de la foresterie, le Burundi prévoyait d’augmenter les puits de GES par le (re)boisement de 4ha /an durant 15 ans à partir de 2016 jusqu’en 2030. - dans le secteur de l’énergie, le Burundi prévoyait de construire trois centrales hydroélectriques afin de porter le taux d’électrification à 35%, soit une production de 45, 4 MW en 2030.', '- dans le secteur de l’énergie, le Burundi prévoyait de construire trois centrales hydroélectriques afin de porter le taux d’électrification à 35%, soit une production de 45, 4 MW en 2030. Pour atteindre l’objectif conditionnel, les mesures suivantes étaient envisagées sous condition de financement : - dans le secteur forestier, le Burundi s’est engagé à (i) reboiser 8 000 ha /an, pendant 15 ans à partir de 2016, (ii) remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation et toutes cuisinières domestiques traditionnels. - dans le secteur d’agriculture, le Burundi prévoyait de remplacer progressivement 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique à l échéance 2030.', '- dans le secteur d’agriculture, le Burundi prévoyait de remplacer progressivement 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique à l échéance 2030. Les documents de politiques et stratégiques tenant compte des activités génératrices des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et qui ont servi à la formulation des hypothèses, des mesures et des objectifs d’atténuation se trouvent dans le tableau 2 par secteur.Tableau 2: Documents supports à la formulation des hypothèses et des objectifs Secteurs Documents de politiques et stratégies en vigueur Énergie Stratégie Sectorielle pour le Secteur de l’Energie au Burundi (2011) ; Stratégie Nationale de l’Environnement (SNEB, 1997). Affectation des terres et foresterie Politique Forestière Nationale du Burundi (2012) ; Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité 2013-2020.', 'Affectation des terres et foresterie Politique Forestière Nationale du Burundi (2012) ; Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité 2013-2020. Agriculture Stratégie Agricole Nationale 2008-2015 (2008) ; Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007) ; Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres (2005) ; Stratégie nationale et Plan d’Action de lutte contre la dégradation des sols 2011-2016 ; Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2012-2017.', 'Agriculture Stratégie Agricole Nationale 2008-2015 (2008) ; Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007) ; Programme d´Action National de Lutte Contre la Dégradation des Terres (2005) ; Stratégie nationale et Plan d’Action de lutte contre la dégradation des sols 2011-2016 ; Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2012-2017. Tous les secteurs Vision « Burundi 2025 », Cadre Stratégique de Croissance, 2012; Première et deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques, 2001 et 2010 ; Plan d’Action National d’adaptation au changement climatique, 2007 ; Rapport synthèse des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre, 2009 ; Rapport synthèse des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES, 2009 ; Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique, 2013 ; Stratégie et plan d’action nationale sur le changement climatique, 2013.', 'Tous les secteurs Vision « Burundi 2025 », Cadre Stratégique de Croissance, 2012; Première et deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques, 2001 et 2010 ; Plan d’Action National d’adaptation au changement climatique, 2007 ; Rapport synthèse des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre, 2009 ; Rapport synthèse des études d’atténuation des émissions de GES, 2009 ; Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique, 2013 ; Stratégie et plan d’action nationale sur le changement climatique, 2013. Source : CDN 2015 La portée et l’étendue de la CDN 2015 se trouvent dans le tableau 3. Tableau 3 : Portée et étendue de la CDN 2015 Secteur Gaz Sous-secteurs Étendue géographique Énergie CO2, CH4, N2O Activités de combustion de carburants Tout le territoire. Agriculture/Élevage CH4 et N2O Bétail domestique et sols gérés Tout le territoire.', 'Agriculture/Élevage CH4 et N2O Bétail domestique et sols gérés Tout le territoire. Affectation des terres et foresterie CO2 Terres forestières Tout le territoire Source : CDN 2015 Le mécanisme de compensation du manque à gagner dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN proposée, était basé sur des mécanismes internationaux relatifs à la compensation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (Article 6 AP) et sur la législation nationale en vigueur. En matière de forêts, il était envisagé de promouvoir la valorisation des services éco systémiques. Concernant les objectifs conditionnels, les besoins en termes de soutien étaient analysés. Pour que les objectifs conditionnels soient atteints, un appui en renforcement des capacités des services du Ministère en charge de l’environnement et en transfert de technologie était nécessaire.', 'Pour que les objectifs conditionnels soient atteints, un appui en renforcement des capacités des services du Ministère en charge de l’environnement et en transfert de technologie était nécessaire. En outre, un appui financier était indispensable.Le coût des composantes atténuation et adaptation pour la mise en œuvre des actions priorisées inscrites dans la CDN 2015 par objectifs inconditionnel et conditionnel était estimé à un milliard quatre cent quatre- vingt-treize millions cinq cent quatre-vingt-neuf mille dollars américains (1.493.589.000 USD). Le tableau 4 illustre le soutien nécessaire pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015.', 'Le tableau 4 illustre le soutien nécessaire pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015. Tableau 4 : Soutien nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 Programme Coût en USD (X1000) 1.Adaptation et gestion des risques climatiques 3 719 2.Atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et développement sobre en carbone 3.Promotion de la Recherche-développement et transfert de technologie 4.Renforcement des capacités, Gestion des connaissances et communication 7.Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés domestiques et artisanaux Source : CDN 2015 1.2 Nouveaux éléments contribuant à l’actualisation L’actualisation de la CDN du Burundi tient compte de nouveaux éléments publiés depuis la CDN 2015, tant au niveau national qu’international.', 'Tableau 4 : Soutien nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 Programme Coût en USD (X1000) 1.Adaptation et gestion des risques climatiques 3 719 2.Atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et développement sobre en carbone 3.Promotion de la Recherche-développement et transfert de technologie 4.Renforcement des capacités, Gestion des connaissances et communication 7.Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés domestiques et artisanaux Source : CDN 2015 1.2 Nouveaux éléments contribuant à l’actualisation L’actualisation de la CDN du Burundi tient compte de nouveaux éléments publiés depuis la CDN 2015, tant au niveau national qu’international. Au niveau national, il s’agit principalement du Troisième Inventaire de GES (2005, 2010 et 2015), du Plan National pour le Développement du Burundi 2018-2027 (PND BURUNDI 2018-2027), du Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (DOPEAE 2020), de la Stratégie Nationale pour la Réduction des Emissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts et du rôle de la Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers, de la Gestion durable des Forêts et du renforcement des stocks de carbone forestier ( REDD+) 2019 , des politiques et plans en rapport avec l’industrie, le transport, l’énergie, la santé et le genre.', 'Au niveau national, il s’agit principalement du Troisième Inventaire de GES (2005, 2010 et 2015), du Plan National pour le Développement du Burundi 2018-2027 (PND BURUNDI 2018-2027), du Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (DOPEAE 2020), de la Stratégie Nationale pour la Réduction des Emissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts et du rôle de la Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers, de la Gestion durable des Forêts et du renforcement des stocks de carbone forestier ( REDD+) 2019 , des politiques et plans en rapport avec l’industrie, le transport, l’énergie, la santé et le genre. Au niveau international, il s’agit essentiellement des décisions issues de la COP 24 en 2018, qui s’est tenue à Katowice en Pologne en décembre 2018 et de l’ICTU qui vise à orienter les pays lors de l’actualisation de leur CDN.', 'Au niveau international, il s’agit essentiellement des décisions issues de la COP 24 en 2018, qui s’est tenue à Katowice en Pologne en décembre 2018 et de l’ICTU qui vise à orienter les pays lors de l’actualisation de leur CDN. Le paquet de Katowice établit les Modalités, les Procédures et les Lignes Directrices qui spécifient la manière dont le Cadre de Transparence Renforcé (CTR) est mis en œuvre. Il énonce les procédures et les mécanismes essentiels qui rendront opérationnel l’Accord de Paris. La CDN actualisée est également en phase de mise en application de l’Accord de Paris et spécifiquement aux paragraphes 1, 2, 3, 9 et 13 de son article 4. En plus, l’actualisation tient compte de la Décision 4 /CMA.', 'En plus, l’actualisation tient compte de la Décision 4 /CMA. 1 Annexe I relative à l’ICTU (Information, Clarity, Transparency and Under standing) qui met en exergue les Informations sur la Clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension des CDN et intègre les questions transversales comme le genre et l’inclusion sociale.1.2.1 Inventaire de GES et projections du BAU Après la soumission de la CDN 2015 au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC, la Troisième Communication a été élaborée et validée en 2019 sous la Coordination du Ministère en charge de l’environnement avec l’appui du Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial. Elle est basée sur le 3ième inventaire national de GES. La méthodologie de calcul des émissions et absorptions de GES a suivi les Lignes Directrices du GIEC 2006.', 'La méthodologie de calcul des émissions et absorptions de GES a suivi les Lignes Directrices du GIEC 2006. Cet inventaire concerne les années 2005, 2010 et 2015. Les gaz à effet de serre considérés sont le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l oxyde nitreux (N2O). Les secteurs couverts sont (i) l énergie ; (ii) les Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) ; (iii) l Agriculture, la Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) et (iv) la gestion des déchets. La TCN contient des projections des émissions à l’horizon 2050 si aucune mesure n’est prise pour atténuer les émissions de GES.', 'La TCN contient des projections des émissions à l’horizon 2050 si aucune mesure n’est prise pour atténuer les émissions de GES. Ces projections montrent également des scenarii d’atténuation basée sur les politiques, mesures, stratégies et plans d’atténuation des GES planifiés et mis en œuvre au Burundi. 1.2.2. Analyse de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015. En amont de l’actualisation de la CDN, une analyse de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 a été réalisée. Cette analyse visait à évaluer les progrès réalisés de la mise en œuvre de la première CDN par rapport aux engagements du Pays dans la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par objectifs inconditionnel et conditionnel.', 'Cette analyse visait à évaluer les progrès réalisés de la mise en œuvre de la première CDN par rapport aux engagements du Pays dans la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par objectifs inconditionnel et conditionnel. Concernant l’objectif inconditionnel, il était prévu dans le secteur forestier de boiser 4000 ha par an pendant 5 ans, soit 20000 ha pour 5 ans et de construire trois centrales hydroélectriques afin de porter le taux d’électrification à 35%. Le degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 dans les secteurs forêts et énergie en 2020 est résumé dans le tableau 5.', 'Le degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 dans les secteurs forêts et énergie en 2020 est résumé dans le tableau 5. Tableau 5: Degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 Secteur Actions prévues Actions réalisées Taux de réalisation en % Energie Construire 3 centrales hydroélectriques 4 centrales en cours de construction Total Source : Rapport d’évaluation de la CDN 2015 Concernant l’objectif conditionnel, il était prévu (i) dans le secteur forestier de boiser 8000 ha par an pendant 5 ans, soit 40000 ha de 2016 à 2020, (ii) dans le secteur de l’énergie de remplacer à 100%, à 3 Par rapport aux superficies à boiser prévues en 2020l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation traditionnels et toutes les cuisinières domestiques traditionnels et (iii) dans le secteur d’agriculture, de remplacer progressivement à 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique, d ici 2030.', 'Tableau 5: Degré de mise en œuvre des actions inconditionnelles de la CDN 2015 Secteur Actions prévues Actions réalisées Taux de réalisation en % Energie Construire 3 centrales hydroélectriques 4 centrales en cours de construction Total Source : Rapport d’évaluation de la CDN 2015 Concernant l’objectif conditionnel, il était prévu (i) dans le secteur forestier de boiser 8000 ha par an pendant 5 ans, soit 40000 ha de 2016 à 2020, (ii) dans le secteur de l’énergie de remplacer à 100%, à 3 Par rapport aux superficies à boiser prévues en 2020l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation traditionnels et toutes les cuisinières domestiques traditionnels et (iii) dans le secteur d’agriculture, de remplacer progressivement à 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique, d ici 2030. Les résultats par actions conditionnelles proposées se trouvent dans le tableau 6.', 'Les résultats par actions conditionnelles proposées se trouvent dans le tableau 6. Tableau 6 : Degré d’implémentation des actions conditionnelles de la CDN 2015 en 2020 Secteur Actions prévues Actions réalisées Taux de réalisation en % Coût de l’action4 Energie Remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation traditionnels DN DN 1500000 Remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, dans tous les foyers les cuisinières domestiques traditionnels DN DN DN Agricole Remplacer progressivement à 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique, d ici DN DN DN Total Source : Rapport d’évaluation CDN 2015 En atténuation, le coût global de la mise en œuvre des actions de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans tous les secteurs par objectif conditionnel était estimé à 1,446,118,000 USD. L’analyse de la CDN 2015 a permis de mettre en évidence certaines lacunes dans le cadre de sa mise en œuvre et d’en tirer des enseignements pour l’actualisation 2020 de la CDN.', 'Tableau 6 : Degré d’implémentation des actions conditionnelles de la CDN 2015 en 2020 Secteur Actions prévues Actions réalisées Taux de réalisation en % Coût de l’action4 Energie Remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, tous les fours de carbonisation traditionnels DN DN 1500000 Remplacer à 100%, à l échéance 2030, dans tous les foyers les cuisinières domestiques traditionnels DN DN DN Agricole Remplacer progressivement à 100% les engrais minéraux par de la fumure organique, d ici DN DN DN Total Source : Rapport d’évaluation CDN 2015 En atténuation, le coût global de la mise en œuvre des actions de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans tous les secteurs par objectif conditionnel était estimé à 1,446,118,000 USD. L’analyse de la CDN 2015 a permis de mettre en évidence certaines lacunes dans le cadre de sa mise en œuvre et d’en tirer des enseignements pour l’actualisation 2020 de la CDN. Les lacunes identifiées sont les suivantes : \uf0fc Absence d’un cadre de coordination nationale de la mise en œuvre des CDN.', 'Les lacunes identifiées sont les suivantes : \uf0fc Absence d’un cadre de coordination nationale de la mise en œuvre des CDN. \uf0fc Absence d’indicateurs pour le suivi et évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. \uf0fc Faible capacité pour la mobilisation des ressources de mise en œuvre de la CDN par objectifs inconditionnel et conditionnel. \uf0fc Absence d’un système MRV national du financement climatique. \uf0fc Insuffisance d’actions de renforcement de capacités et de transfert de technologies.\uf0fc Faible sensibilisation sur l’appropriation de la CDN par toutes les parties prenantes.', '\uf0fc Insuffisance d’actions de renforcement de capacités et de transfert de technologies.\uf0fc Faible sensibilisation sur l’appropriation de la CDN par toutes les parties prenantes. Les enseignements tirés de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 sont les suivantes : \uf0fc La CDN 2015 est très ambitieuse et contient certains engagements non ou difficilement réalisables dans les délais prévus. \uf0fc Le mesurage, le rapportage et l’évaluation des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont difficiles à réaliser faute d’indicateurs et d’informations précises sur les contributions sectorielles de mise en œuvre et de l’existence d’un système MRV pour la CDN.', '\uf0fc Le mesurage, le rapportage et l’évaluation des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont difficiles à réaliser faute d’indicateurs et d’informations précises sur les contributions sectorielles de mise en œuvre et de l’existence d’un système MRV pour la CDN. Suggestion pour l’amélioration de la CDN 2020 : En tenant compte des lacunes observées dans la CDN 2015 et sa mise en œuvre ainsi que l’engagement du Burundi d’augmenter ses ambitions, de nouveaux éléments ont été incorporés dans la CDN 2020. Il s’agit entre autres de : \uf0fc L’intégration des secteurs déchets et industries (PIUP), et des sous-secteurs transports. \uf0fc La prise en compte des aspects liés au genre et à l’inclusion sociale conformément aux politiques nationales en vigueur.', '\uf0fc La prise en compte des aspects liés au genre et à l’inclusion sociale conformément aux politiques nationales en vigueur. \uf0fc L’élaboration d’un cadre logique avec des indicateurs de suivi mesurables pour le suivi et évaluation de la mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires d’atténuation et d’adaptation inscrites dans la CDN 2020. \uf0fc La mise en place d’un cadre de coordination et suivi nationale inclusive de mise en œuvre de la CDN. \uf0fc La sensibilisation de tous les acteurs impliqués (décideurs politiques, planificateurs, les collectivités locales et les communautés de base tout en respectant la dimension genre) à la mise en œuvre de la CDN pour son appropriation.', '\uf0fc La sensibilisation de tous les acteurs impliqués (décideurs politiques, planificateurs, les collectivités locales et les communautés de base tout en respectant la dimension genre) à la mise en œuvre de la CDN pour son appropriation. \uf0fc L’intégration de tous les acteurs impliqués dans la planification en vue de tenir compte du changement climatique en rapport avec la CDN lors de la mise place des outils stratégiques de développement (stratégies et politiques sectorielles).', '\uf0fc L’intégration de tous les acteurs impliqués dans la planification en vue de tenir compte du changement climatique en rapport avec la CDN lors de la mise place des outils stratégiques de développement (stratégies et politiques sectorielles). \uf0fc Le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques des entités sectorielles en moyens financiers suffisants et des outils appropriés pour une mise en œuvre effective de la CDN avec un mécanisme de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la REDD+ et d’autres actions en matière de changement climatique ainsi qu’un programme national de recherche- développement en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique.', '\uf0fc Le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et techniques des entités sectorielles en moyens financiers suffisants et des outils appropriés pour une mise en œuvre effective de la CDN avec un mécanisme de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la REDD+ et d’autres actions en matière de changement climatique ainsi qu’un programme national de recherche- développement en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique. \uf0fc La formulation des projets conformes aux exigences des différents mécanismes de financement et la création d’un cadre stratégique favorable à la mobilisation des financements à l’instar de plusieurs pays africains Parties à la Convention ont créé un Fonds national Changement climatique. \uf0fc L’amélioration du système de collecte des données.\uf0fc L’intégration des programmes de la CDN dans les plans et politiques sectoriels.', '\uf0fc L’amélioration du système de collecte des données.\uf0fc L’intégration des programmes de la CDN dans les plans et politiques sectoriels. \uf0fc La prise en compte de l’ICTU dans la CDN 2020. 1.2.4. Plans, Politiques et stratégies nationaux. (i) Plan de Développement économique du Burundi Le premier document publié depuis la CDN 2015 est le Plan National de Développement du Burundi 2018-2027 rendu public en 2018. Ce plan a été produit dans un contexte où le Burundi connait de grandes mutations dans les domaines de la gouvernance administrative et économique avec un défi majeur lié à la transformation structurelle de l’économie nationale. Il vient faire face aux défis de développement socioéconomique. Ces défis constituent une évidence devant être résolue par le dit plan sur la décennie 2018-2027.', 'Ces défis constituent une évidence devant être résolue par le dit plan sur la décennie 2018-2027. Le Plan National de Développement du Burundi 2018-2027 (PNB) s inscrit dans un schéma de développement axé sur une nouvelle dynamique de transformation des structures économiques, démographiques et sociales. Ce schéma génère des effets multiplicateurs autant durables sur l amélioration de la croissance économique que sur le revenu moyen par habitant. Il permettra la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux, la réduction de la pauvreté, le développement du capital humain, la viabilité environnementale et l équité sociale. Le PNB constitue ainsi un outil d’orientation stratégique sur lequel les secteurs devront construire leurs politiques et plans d’actions pour contribuer positivement à l’augmentation du produit intérieur brut (PIB).', 'Le PNB constitue ainsi un outil d’orientation stratégique sur lequel les secteurs devront construire leurs politiques et plans d’actions pour contribuer positivement à l’augmentation du produit intérieur brut (PIB). Ce plan se veut être le fondement d’une croissance forte et inclusive dès l’année 2018 afin de permettre au Burundi d’atteindre, à l’horizon 2027, le niveau des pays émergents. Son enjeu est de créer les conditions nécessaires à une paix et à une stabilité durable pour la transformation structurelle de l’économie à long terme caractérisée par une croissance à deux chiffres, durable et équitable.', 'Son enjeu est de créer les conditions nécessaires à une paix et à une stabilité durable pour la transformation structurelle de l’économie à long terme caractérisée par une croissance à deux chiffres, durable et équitable. La mise en œuvre du PND s’appuie sur cinq orientations stratégiques à savoir (i) dynamiser les secteurs porteurs de croissance ; (ii) développer le capital humain ; (iii) protéger l’environnement, s’adapter aux changements climatiques et améliorer l’aménagement du territoire, (iv) renforcer la démocratie, la gouvernance, l’Etat de droit et la sauvegarde de la souveraineté nationale, (v) renforcer les mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources et développer la coopération et le partenariat.', 'La mise en œuvre du PND s’appuie sur cinq orientations stratégiques à savoir (i) dynamiser les secteurs porteurs de croissance ; (ii) développer le capital humain ; (iii) protéger l’environnement, s’adapter aux changements climatiques et améliorer l’aménagement du territoire, (iv) renforcer la démocratie, la gouvernance, l’Etat de droit et la sauvegarde de la souveraineté nationale, (v) renforcer les mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources et développer la coopération et le partenariat. La CDN actualisée constitue un des outils pour la mise en œuvre du Plan National de Développement et prend encore en compte les objectifs de Développement Durable 2030. (ii) Politiques et stratégies nationales.', '(ii) Politiques et stratégies nationales. Pour atténuer les effets néfastes des impacts du changement climatique, le Gouvernement du Burundi a défini les orientations politiques notamment à travers le PND 2018-2027, la Vision 2025 publiée par le Burundi en 2011 et les différentes politiques sectorielles telles que la Politique Nationale de l’Eau, la Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau, la Stratégie Nationale Agricole (SAN), Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité 2013-2020 ; la Politique Forestière Nationale et la Lettre de Politique Energétique et sa stratégie de mise en œuvre. En plus, il a élaboré et adopté des stratégies assorties de plans d’actions spécifiques aux changements climatiques, dont :\uf0d8 La Politique et la Stratégie Nationale et plan d’actions sur le changement climatique.', 'En plus, il a élaboré et adopté des stratégies assorties de plans d’actions spécifiques aux changements climatiques, dont :\uf0d8 La Politique et la Stratégie Nationale et plan d’actions sur le changement climatique. \uf0d8 La Stratégie Nationale de Communication en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique. \uf0d8 Le Plan d’Actions National d’Adaptation au changement climatique (PANA, 2007). \uf0d8 Les Communications Nationales sur les Changements Climatiques. \uf0d8 La Stratégie forestière nationale, 2021 en remplacement de celle de (2012). \uf0d8 La Stratégie Nationale REDD+,2019, la Stratégie Nationale d´Utilisation Durable des terres (2007). \uf0d8 La Stratégie nationale et Plan d’Action de lutte contre la dégradation des sols 2011-2016. \uf0d8 Le Plan National d’Investissement Agricole 2012-2017. \uf0d8 Le Plan National d’Adaptation Préliminaire (2020).', '\uf0d8 Le Plan National d’Adaptation Préliminaire (2020). La mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée contribue à la réalisation des objectifs des différents documents de plans, de politiques et de stratégies ci-haut mentionnés en matière d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effets de serre et en matière d’adaptation aux impacts de changement climatique. 1.2.2 Présentation des informations selon la Décision 4/CMA.1, annexe I L’Information sur la Clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension des CDN (ICTU en anglais Information, Clarity, Transparency and Under standing) a été pris en compte dans l’actualisation de la CDN en se focalisant sur les points suivants : (i) Les informations quantifiables sur les points de référence. (ii) Les calendriers et / ou les périodes de mise en œuvre.', '(ii) Les calendriers et / ou les périodes de mise en œuvre. (iii) La portée et le champ d’application. (iv) Le processus de planification. (v) Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques. (vi) La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable compte tenu de sa situation nationale. (vii) La façon dont la CDN concours à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé dans son article 2. .Au niveau international, il a été publié le rapport spécial du GIEC sur les conséquences d’un réchauffement climatique de 1.50C. Ce rapport spécial a été approuvé lors de la 48eme réunion du GIEC à Incheon en Corée du Sud et a été publiée depuis le 8 octobre 2018.', 'Ce rapport spécial a été approuvé lors de la 48eme réunion du GIEC à Incheon en Corée du Sud et a été publiée depuis le 8 octobre 2018. Il a servi de base scientifique au Dialogue de Talanoa clôturé lors de la COP 24 en décembre 2018 à Katowice en Pologne afin de faire le point sur les efforts collectifs fournis par les Parties en vue d’atteindre l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris et d’inciter les pays à prendre des nouveaux engagements plus ambitieux d’ici à 2020.Les conclusions du Dialogue de Talanoa appellent tous les pays à présenter aux Nations Unies des plans climat renforcés (les Contributions déterminées au niveau national - CDN) d ici 2020.', 'Il a servi de base scientifique au Dialogue de Talanoa clôturé lors de la COP 24 en décembre 2018 à Katowice en Pologne afin de faire le point sur les efforts collectifs fournis par les Parties en vue d’atteindre l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris et d’inciter les pays à prendre des nouveaux engagements plus ambitieux d’ici à 2020.Les conclusions du Dialogue de Talanoa appellent tous les pays à présenter aux Nations Unies des plans climat renforcés (les Contributions déterminées au niveau national - CDN) d ici 2020. Elles incitent les Parties de faire une attention spécifique au rôle du secteur des transports (y compris l aviation et la navigation internationales), au financement de la transition, au rôle des investissements publics et privés, au prix carbone dans ce contexte (en tenant compte des aspects socio-économiques), et aux synergies de transition vers une économie circulaire qui vise la gestion sobre et efficace des ressources, etc.', 'Elles incitent les Parties de faire une attention spécifique au rôle du secteur des transports (y compris l aviation et la navigation internationales), au financement de la transition, au rôle des investissements publics et privés, au prix carbone dans ce contexte (en tenant compte des aspects socio-économiques), et aux synergies de transition vers une économie circulaire qui vise la gestion sobre et efficace des ressources, etc. 1.3 Planification de l’actualisation de la CDN 1.3.1 Engagement institutionnel Le Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage est le cadre institutionnel de coordination qui, à travers sa structure administrative et technique, est en charge de la CDN 2020. A cet effet, il a mis en place une commission nationale chargée du suivi de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015.', 'A cet effet, il a mis en place une commission nationale chargée du suivi de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015. Elle est composée de hauts cadres des différents secteurs émetteurs d’émissions de GES dont les secteurs de l’AFAT, de l’Energie, des Transports et des Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des Produits et des Déchets. Des cadres en provenance des secteurs non-émetteurs, mais transversaux à savoir la Santé et le genre ont été aussi intégrés aux réflexions.', 'Des cadres en provenance des secteurs non-émetteurs, mais transversaux à savoir la Santé et le genre ont été aussi intégrés aux réflexions. En étroite collaboration avec le PNUD, cette commission est chargée du suivi du processus d’actualisation de la CDN depuis le recrutement du Bureau et les phases de l’élaboration (validation de la méthodologie, organisation des retraites, des sessions techniques et des ateliers de concertations avec les parties prenantes, de validation à différentes étapes du document et soumission de la CDN actualisée pour adoption et approbation). Sur le plan technique, la CDN 2020 a été réalisée par un consortium de 10 experts nationaux assistés par un consultant international. 1.3.2. Ambition renforcée de la CDN 2020.', 'Ambition renforcée de la CDN 2020. Le Burundi s’est engagé de façon active dans le processus des CDN et, dès 2015, il a transmis une première CDN avec des objectifs d’atténuation pour 2030. Pourtant, en 2020, bien que le pays pouvait se contenter de resoumettre sa CDN 2015 (puisqu’elle allait jusqu’à 2030), le Burundi s’est lancé dans un projet d’actualisation ambitieux. L’augmentation de l’ambition pour la CDN 2020 consiste principalement, d’une part à prendre en compte plus de secteurs dans la définition des objectifs et des mesures complémentaires en termes d’atténuation et d’autre part à inclure la Communication sur l’Adaptation dans la CDN.', 'L’augmentation de l’ambition pour la CDN 2020 consiste principalement, d’une part à prendre en compte plus de secteurs dans la définition des objectifs et des mesures complémentaires en termes d’atténuation et d’autre part à inclure la Communication sur l’Adaptation dans la CDN. La prise en compte des actions concernant les secteurs Transport, PIUP et Déchets dans la CDN 2020 augmente l’ambition en termes d’atténuation des émissions de GES. La présente CDN représente donc une progression par rapport à la CDN précédente, car la couverture des émissions en termes de secteurs a été étendue à l’ensemble des catégories estimées dans l’inventaire de GES.En outre, la CDN 2020 prend en compte la dimension genre et renforce, par conséquent, son caractère d’équité.', 'La présente CDN représente donc une progression par rapport à la CDN précédente, car la couverture des émissions en termes de secteurs a été étendue à l’ensemble des catégories estimées dans l’inventaire de GES.En outre, la CDN 2020 prend en compte la dimension genre et renforce, par conséquent, son caractère d’équité. Comme le périmètre de mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 est national, la mise en œuvre de celle- ci sera équitable et juste selon les milieux diversifiés et les modes de vies des communautés locales. Le Burundi s’inscrit dans la dynamique de continuer à fournir des efforts de réduction des émissions de GES.', 'Le Burundi s’inscrit dans la dynamique de continuer à fournir des efforts de réduction des émissions de GES. Il évoluera vers l’objectif de réduction ou de limitation des émissions à l échelle de l économie et d’augmenter les stocks de Carbone, notamment par la mise en œuvre du Plan National de Développement 2018-2027, et du Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage ainsi que des autres politiques sectorielles. La CDN 2020 concourt à l’alinéa a) de l’article 2 de l’AP car elle prévoit de mettre en œuvre, de 2021 à 2030, des projets/programmes de réduction des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre. Elle contribuera également à la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’AP.', 'Elle contribuera également à la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’AP. C’est ainsi qu’elle prévoit des mesures politiques, stratégiques et des plans/programmes d’atténuation et des plans d’adaptations avec des retombées bénéfiques pour l’atténuation. Le but recherché est d’atteindre le plafonnement mondial de GES souhaité conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles. Dès lors, il sera possible de parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les absorptions anthropiques par les puits de gaz à effet de serre au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle, sur la base de l’équité, et dans le contexte du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté.', 'Dès lors, il sera possible de parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les absorptions anthropiques par les puits de gaz à effet de serre au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle, sur la base de l’équité, et dans le contexte du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté. La CDN 2020 sera exécutée du 1er janvier 2021 et prendra fin le 31 décembre 2030. De 2020 à 2025, une évaluation biannuelle sera faite pour voir les progrès réalisés en matière de réduction des émissions de Gaz à effet de serre de 2021 à 2025. 1.3.3. Démarche participative et inclusive.', '1.3.3. Démarche participative et inclusive. L’actualisation 2020 de la CDN a été organisée en faisant un réel effort pour assurer une démarche participative et inclusive lors des étapes de planification, d’élaboration et de vérification. Elle a tenu compte de l’implication de toutes les parties prenantes dont les institutions étatiques, le secteur privé, les Organisations Non Gouvernementales et les associations communautaires à la base. Les Agences Onusiennes et les Partenaires Techniques et Financiers ont été aussi concertés pour donner leur contribution dans le cadre du processus d’actualisation de la CDN 2020. Pour l’actualisation 2020 de la CDN, les consultations ont également recueilli les opinions des organisations de la Société Civile5 et des chercheurs de l’Université.', 'Pour l’actualisation 2020 de la CDN, les consultations ont également recueilli les opinions des organisations de la Société Civile5 et des chercheurs de l’Université. Il s’agissait d’impliquer et de faire participer le secteur privé, les organisations de la société civile, les communautés locales, les jeunes et les Batwa dans la formulation et évaluation des projets d’atténuation.', 'Il s’agissait d’impliquer et de faire participer le secteur privé, les organisations de la société civile, les communautés locales, les jeunes et les Batwa dans la formulation et évaluation des projets d’atténuation. Un accent particulier a été mis sur 5 Alliance Stratégique de Plaidoyer, qui regroupe une quinzaine d’organisations militant pour les droits de l’homme et le genre, animées par COCAFEM/ GL et la Coopération Suisse, les Eglises Catholique et Anglicane à l’occasion d’une Table Ronde du 12 Mai 2021 sur le rôle du leadership religieux dans la réponse à la crise écologique actuelle et deux Organisations des Batwa UNIPROBA et UPARED, les plus représentatives des Batwa et la Plateforme Laudato Si regroupant quatre associations de jeunes sensibles aux changements climatiques.', 'Un accent particulier a été mis sur 5 Alliance Stratégique de Plaidoyer, qui regroupe une quinzaine d’organisations militant pour les droits de l’homme et le genre, animées par COCAFEM/ GL et la Coopération Suisse, les Eglises Catholique et Anglicane à l’occasion d’une Table Ronde du 12 Mai 2021 sur le rôle du leadership religieux dans la réponse à la crise écologique actuelle et deux Organisations des Batwa UNIPROBA et UPARED, les plus représentatives des Batwa et la Plateforme Laudato Si regroupant quatre associations de jeunes sensibles aux changements climatiques. .la participation des femmes et des peuples autochtones assimilés aux Batwa durant le processus de consultation.', '.la participation des femmes et des peuples autochtones assimilés aux Batwa durant le processus de consultation. Un total de 5 ateliers rassemblant toutes les parties-prenantes ont été organisés afin de collecter les données, de définir les actions à considérer dans les scénarii inconditionnel et conditionnel de la CDN, et de valider les approches méthodologiques et les résultats. 1.3.4. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies Au cours de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015, des renforcements de capacités des cadres des institutions sectorielles ont été effectués, bien qu’en nombre très limités. Ces renforcements ont porté sur les outils et méthodologies des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre et sur les études de vulnérabilités, d’adaptation au changement climatique et d’atténuation des émissions de GES.', 'Ces renforcements ont porté sur les outils et méthodologies des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre et sur les études de vulnérabilités, d’adaptation au changement climatique et d’atténuation des émissions de GES. Le renforcement des capacités se focalisait aussi les procédures et mécanisme de financement de projets. Cependant, le besoin en renforcement de capacités dans ces domaines reste une priorité nationale, car, l’effectif du personnel renforcé est encore insuffisant et la maîtrise de ces outils reste encore faible dans tous les secteurs. C’est dans ce cadre que la CDN 2020 exprime un besoin continu de renforcer un grand nombre d’intervenants impliqués dans l’atténuation au niveau des divers secteurs afin de pallier aux situations suivantes : - Disponibilité limitée de données de qualité.', 'C’est dans ce cadre que la CDN 2020 exprime un besoin continu de renforcer un grand nombre d’intervenants impliqués dans l’atténuation au niveau des divers secteurs afin de pallier aux situations suivantes : - Disponibilité limitée de données de qualité. - Faibles connaissances techniques pour les projections et analyse des mesures d’atténuation. - Difficulté de formation du personnel technique et scientifique faute d’institutions spécialisées de formation dans le domaine du changement climatique sur place et des limites de la coopération pour les formations à l’extérieur. Comme la recherche-développement dans le domaine du changement climatique reste lacunaire et les moyens techniques et financiers limités, la CDN 2020 propose des actions de transfert de technologie pour renforcer les capacités.', 'Comme la recherche-développement dans le domaine du changement climatique reste lacunaire et les moyens techniques et financiers limités, la CDN 2020 propose des actions de transfert de technologie pour renforcer les capacités. Les actions les plus importantes sont les suivantes : Renforcer les institutions sectorielles sur la constitution des bases de données fiables sur l’évolution du climat. Appuyer la recherche- développement dans le domaine du climat. 1.3.5. Calendrier du travail effectué Le travail d’actualisation de la CDN s’est déroulé sur 5 mois.', 'Calendrier du travail effectué Le travail d’actualisation de la CDN s’est déroulé sur 5 mois. Le calendrier des travaux se trouve dans le tableau 7.Tableau 7 : Calendrier de travail Activités prévues Entretien du PREFED/CAREPD avec le Spécialiste du Programme/Chef de l’Unité de Développement Durable et Croissance Inclusive au PNUD, le consultant international et les autorités du Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage. Elaborer la note méthodologique, le plan de travail et un chronogramme pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2015 en collaboration avec les Experts internationaux chargés du suivi de l’actualisation. Participer aux réunions hebdomadaires organisées par les experts internationaux dès le mois d’avril 2021. 4 Elaborer le rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi.', '4 Elaborer le rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi. Valider le rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi par la Commission Technique Chargée du suivi de l’actualisation.', 'Valider le rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi par la Commission Technique Chargée du suivi de l’actualisation. Participer à un atelier de présentation (i) de la CDN évalué et du PNA préliminaire élaboré, (ii) d’une note méthodologique, du plan de travail et d’un chronogramme pour l’actualisation de la CDN et (iv) de validation du questionnaire pour la collecte des données sectorielles prenant spécialement les aspects d’adaptation/atténuation au Changement climatique, l’intégration du genre, la jeunesse, les groupes vulnérables et les besoins en renforcement des capacités ainsi que la validation du rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi.', 'Participer à un atelier de présentation (i) de la CDN évalué et du PNA préliminaire élaboré, (ii) d’une note méthodologique, du plan de travail et d’un chronogramme pour l’actualisation de la CDN et (iv) de validation du questionnaire pour la collecte des données sectorielles prenant spécialement les aspects d’adaptation/atténuation au Changement climatique, l’intégration du genre, la jeunesse, les groupes vulnérables et les besoins en renforcement des capacités ainsi que la validation du rapport sur la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2015 de la République du Burundi. Organiser des descentes de consultations avec les parties prenantes pour la collecte des données et le recueil documentaire et faire des enquêtes sur les besoins en consommation d’énergie et l’utilisation des engrais /pesticides.', 'Organiser des descentes de consultations avec les parties prenantes pour la collecte des données et le recueil documentaire et faire des enquêtes sur les besoins en consommation d’énergie et l’utilisation des engrais /pesticides. Analyse et traitement des données collectées et élaboration des rapports sectoriels et rédaction des rapports sectoriels en tenant compte des aspects d’adaptation /atténuation. 9 Intégrer dans ces rapports sectoriels les observations émises par les experts ciblés. 10 Organiser 4 ateliers régionaux de concertation. Rédaction du document provisoire de la CDN actualisée du Burundi par les Experts du Consortium. 12 Envoi du document provisoire de la CDN 2020 au PNUD. 13 Analyse du document provisoire par les experts internationaux.', '13 Analyse du document provisoire par les experts internationaux. Commentaires sur la CDN 2020 adressés aux Experts nationaux par les Experts internationaux.15 Intégrations des commentaires des experts internationaux dans le document consolidé. Retransmission du document consolidé aux experts internationaux pour les dernières observations. Transmission des dernières observations aux experts afin de les intégrer dans le document consolidé de la CDN. 18 Organisation d’ un atelier national de validation de la CDN 2020. Intégration des observations issues des participants à l’atelier de validation dans le document de la CDN actualisée du Burundi. Envoi du document consolidé de la CDN 2020 aux Experts internationaux pour les dernières observations et le toilettage. 21 Retransmettre le document consolidé aux experts nationaux.', '21 Retransmettre le document consolidé aux experts nationaux. 22 Préparer un texte de présentation de la CDN actualisée au Gouvernement. 23 Adoption de la CDN 2020 par le Conseil des Ministres. 24 Approbation de la CDN par l Assemblée Nationale. Transmettre le document de la CND actualisé de la République du Burundi au Secrétariat de la CCNUCCC. 1.4 CDN 2020 du Burundi Le tableau 9 donne des informations sur la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 2020 de la République du Burundi. Tableau 8 : Information sur la clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension de la CDN 2020. 1. Processus de planification a.', 'Tableau 8 : Information sur la clarté, la Transparence et la Compréhension de la CDN 2020. 1. Processus de planification a. Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivi pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur : i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Dispositifs institutionnels : Le Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage est le cadre institutionnel en charge, à travers sa structure technico Administrative, de l’actualisation de la CDN 2020.', 'Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivi pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur : i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Dispositifs institutionnels : Le Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage est le cadre institutionnel en charge, à travers sa structure technico Administrative, de l’actualisation de la CDN 2020. A cet effet, il a mis en place une commission nationale chargée du suivi de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015. Elle est composéede hauts cadres des différents secteurs (AFAT, Energie dont transports, PIUP et Déchets).', 'Elle est composéede hauts cadres des différents secteurs (AFAT, Energie dont transports, PIUP et Déchets). Les représentants des secteurs impliqués sur des thématiques connexes (Santé, Genre) ont été également intégrés à la Commission. En étroite collaboration avec le PNUD, cette commission est chargée du suivi du processus d’actualisation de la CDN depuis le recrutement du Bureau et des phases d’élaboration (validation de la méthodologie, organisation des retraites pour les sessions techniques et des ateliers de concertations avec les parties prenantes et de validation par étapes du document, soumission de la CDN actualisée pour adoption et approbation).', 'En étroite collaboration avec le PNUD, cette commission est chargée du suivi du processus d’actualisation de la CDN depuis le recrutement du Bureau et des phases d’élaboration (validation de la méthodologie, organisation des retraites pour les sessions techniques et des ateliers de concertations avec les parties prenantes et de validation par étapes du document, soumission de la CDN actualisée pour adoption et approbation). Sur le plan technique, la CDN 2020 a été réalisée par un consortium de 10 experts nationaux (6 experts sectoriels, un économiste, un spécialiste du Genre, un expert Santé et un expert Climat) assistés par un consultant international. Aspect participatif Le processus d’actualisation s’est appuyé sur de nombreux ateliers d’échange (collecte de données, sélection des actions, approbation des méthodologies, vérification et approbation des résultats).', 'Aspect participatif Le processus d’actualisation s’est appuyé sur de nombreux ateliers d’échange (collecte de données, sélection des actions, approbation des méthodologies, vérification et approbation des résultats). Ces ateliers visaient à assurer la participation et l’implication de toutes les parties prenantes techniques et de la société civile avec l’implication des communautés locales, des peuples autochtones, de la dimension en tenant compte des questions de genre et inclusion sociale. Les ateliers avaient aussi pour objectifs de communiquer sur les actions retenues et assurer ainsi leur mise en œuvre par les parties prenantes. La CDN 2020 a été approuvée par les autorités du Burundi avant d’être diffusée au PNUD. ii.', 'La CDN 2020 a été approuvée par les autorités du Burundi avant d’être diffusée au PNUD. ii. Les questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, selon le cas : - La situation nationale, notamment la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté Le Burundi est un pays de l’Afrique Centrale d’une superficie Est entre le Bassin du Congo et les hauts plateaux orientaux et entre 2°30 et 4° 28 de Latitude Sud, au carrefour des voies de l’Afrique Centrale, de l’Afrique Orientale et même de l’Afrique Australe. Le pays connaît un climat tropical chaud et humide influencé par l’altitude et caractérisé par l’alternance d’une saison pluvieuse (octobre à mai) et d’une saison sèche (de juin à septembre).', 'Le pays connaît un climat tropical chaud et humide influencé par l’altitude et caractérisé par l’alternance d’une saison pluvieuse (octobre à mai) et d’une saison sèche (de juin à septembre). Sa pluviométrie et sa température sont fortement influencées par le relief, l’altitude du pays (772-2670 m) et par le changement climatique. La pluviométrie annuelle moyenne varie de 750 mm dans le Nord-Est du Burundi à plus de 2000 mm dans la zone montagneuse.', 'La pluviométrie annuelle moyenne varie de 750 mm dans le Nord-Est du Burundi à plus de 2000 mm dans la zone montagneuse. La température moyenne annuelle la plus élevée est de 24.7°C entre 2006-2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de la plaine de l’Imbo, tandis que la plus faible est de 16.6°C entre 2006-2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de Mugamba.Du point de vue socio-économique, le Burundi compte environ 12,3 millions de populations en 2020 dont plus de 90% vit en milieu rural et 51% est de sexe féminin. Etant parmi les Pays Moins Avancé (PMA), son revenu annuel par habitant est estimé à 280 USD et son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture.', 'Etant parmi les Pays Moins Avancé (PMA), son revenu annuel par habitant est estimé à 280 USD et son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture. Avec une densité de 480,99 personnes /km², la croissance démographique de 2,4% fait des pressions sur les ressources en terre, les ressources en eau et aggravent la situation de déboisement et de déforestation. Selon la TCN, les secteurs qui émettent plus sont celui de l’agriculture, de l’énergie et des Déchets avec respectivement des émissions de 4186,21 Eq CO2 en Gg , 1072,4 Eq CO2 en Gg et 230,73 Eq CO2 . Pour les autres secteurs , les émissions de GES sont insignifiantes.', 'Pour les autres secteurs , les émissions de GES sont insignifiantes. -Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration : \uf0fc Approche participative du processus de planification de l’élaboration de la CDN (Collecte des données, traitement des données, calcul par le logiciel IPCC 2006, besoins, priorisation des mesures… ); \uf0fc Prise en compte de la Décision 4/CMA.1 - D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La CDN 2020 actualisée est en harmonie avec l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris, dans ses dispositions de l’article 4 paragraphes 2 et 3, de l’article 4, de l’article 5, de l’article 6, paragraphes 1 et 2 et de l’article 7 paragraphes 1 et 2.', '-Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration : \uf0fc Approche participative du processus de planification de l’élaboration de la CDN (Collecte des données, traitement des données, calcul par le logiciel IPCC 2006, besoins, priorisation des mesures… ); \uf0fc Prise en compte de la Décision 4/CMA.1 - D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La CDN 2020 actualisée est en harmonie avec l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris, dans ses dispositions de l’article 4 paragraphes 2 et 3, de l’article 4, de l’article 5, de l’article 6, paragraphes 1 et 2 et de l’article 7 paragraphes 1 et 2. Les pays développés devraient agir dans le respect des dispositions prévues par l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Les pays développés devraient agir dans le respect des dispositions prévues par l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris. Le respect du paragraphe 4 de l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris qui met en relief les domaines de coopération et de facilitation et vise à améliorer la compréhension, l’action et l’appui. Ces domaines sont notamment les systèmes d’alerte précoce, la préparation aux situations d’urgence, etc. b.', 'Ces domaines sont notamment les systèmes d’alerte précoce, la préparation aux situations d’urgence, etc. b. Des informations particulières applicables aux Parties, y compris aux organisations régionales d’intégration économique et à leurs États membres, qui se sont mises d’accord pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment les Parties qui ont décidé d’agir conjointement, et les termes de l’accord pertinent, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Non applicable La CDN actualisée n’est pas élaborée dans le cadre des organisations régionales d’intégration économique et de leurs états membres pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Les paragraphes 16, 17 et 18 ne concernent pas la CDN actualisée de la République du Burundi.', 'Les paragraphes 16, 17 et 18 ne concernent pas la CDN actualisée de la République du Burundi. c. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Les étapes qui ont été suivies pour la CDN 2020 n’ont pas été éclairées par le bilan mondial, car, le premier bilan mondial sur l’action climatique sortira en 2023.', 'c. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Les étapes qui ont été suivies pour la CDN 2020 n’ont pas été éclairées par le bilan mondial, car, le premier bilan mondial sur l’action climatique sortira en 2023. Toutefois, les résultats du bilan mondial seront pris en compte pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020. d. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de Non Applicableretombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, 6.', 'Toutefois, les résultats du bilan mondial seront pris en compte pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020. d. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de Non Applicableretombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, 6. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale a.', 'La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale a. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale Lors de l’élaboration de la CDN, l’analyse de la vulnérabilité des secteurs (Agriculture, forêts et Autres terres, énergie, santé, PIUP) a été faite. Les impacts négatifs dus aux changements climatiques ont été relevés et des mesures d’atténuation et/ou d’adaptation pour faire face à ces impacts ont été identifiées par secteur. L’élaboration de la CDN 2020 a utilisé les données les plus récentes de la TCN et d’autres secteurs ont été pris en compte comme les secteurs Déchet, PIUP et transport. b.', 'L’élaboration de la CDN 2020 a utilisé les données les plus récentes de la TCN et d’autres secteurs ont été pris en compte comme les secteurs Déchet, PIUP et transport. b. Des considérations d’équité Le genre et l’inclusion sociale sont pris en compte dans la CDN 2020. En plus, les actions y inscrites ont été identifiées sur base des documents de politiques et de stratégies nationales. c. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de La CDN 2020 a relevé l’ambition par rapport à la CDN précédente par la prise en compte d’actions sur des secteurs et sous-secteurs non inclus dans la CDN 2015 : transport, Déchets.', 'c. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de La CDN 2020 a relevé l’ambition par rapport à la CDN précédente par la prise en compte d’actions sur des secteurs et sous-secteurs non inclus dans la CDN 2015 : transport, Déchets. En outre, les thématiques de la Santé, du genre et de l’inclusion sociale ont été intégrées dans la priorisation des actions. La CDN 2020 représente une progression par rapport à la CDN précédente, car la couverture des émissions en termes de secteurs a été étendue à l’ensemble des secteurs et gaz estimées dans l’inventaire de GES le plus récent.', 'La CDN 2020 représente une progression par rapport à la CDN précédente, car la couverture des émissions en termes de secteurs a été étendue à l’ensemble des secteurs et gaz estimées dans l’inventaire de GES le plus récent. La CDN 2020 a défini des indicateurs précis pour le suivi- évaluation et préconise un plan de renforcement de capacité pour une meilleure appropriation par les différentes parties prenantes. d. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Bien que le Burundi ne soit pas un pays émetteur, il développe à travers ses politiques des actions d’atténuation des émissions de GES.', 'd. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Bien que le Burundi ne soit pas un pays émetteur, il développe à travers ses politiques des actions d’atténuation des émissions de GES. e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Le Burundi renforce ses efforts en termes d’atténuation à travers l’inclusion dans la nouvelle CDN d’actions nationales de réduction des émissions de GES et d’augmentation des stocks de Carbone.', 'e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Le Burundi renforce ses efforts en termes d’atténuation à travers l’inclusion dans la nouvelle CDN d’actions nationales de réduction des émissions de GES et d’augmentation des stocks de Carbone. A titre d’exemple, le développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables (Solaire, éolienne, centrales hydroélectriques en cours de construction, etc), l’accroissement du budget interne pour financer les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation mais aussi les politiques tels que le Plan National de Développement, 2018-2027 et la Politique de planification de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, 6 Comment le CND représente-t-il une progression au-delà du CND précédent de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possible 7 Pays en développement : Informations sur la manière dont ils continuent à renforcer leurs efforts d atténuation, et comment ils ont l intention d évoluer au fil du temps vers l’Objectif de réduction ou de limitation des émissions à l échelle de l économie (Economy wide emission reduction or limitation target EWERLT) à la lumière des différentes circonstances nationales.', 'A titre d’exemple, le développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables (Solaire, éolienne, centrales hydroélectriques en cours de construction, etc), l’accroissement du budget interne pour financer les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation mais aussi les politiques tels que le Plan National de Développement, 2018-2027 et la Politique de planification de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, 6 Comment le CND représente-t-il une progression au-delà du CND précédent de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possible 7 Pays en développement : Informations sur la manière dont ils continuent à renforcer leurs efforts d atténuation, et comment ils ont l intention d évoluer au fil du temps vers l’Objectif de réduction ou de limitation des émissions à l échelle de l économie (Economy wide emission reduction or limitation target EWERLT) à la lumière des différentes circonstances nationales. 8 Les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires en développement peuvent établir et communiquer des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à leur situation particulière.7.', '8 Les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires en développement peuvent établir et communiquer des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à leur situation particulière.7. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 a. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son La CDN 2020 contribue aux objectifs de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris en actant l’accélération du développement sobre en carbone . b.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son La CDN 2020 contribue aux objectifs de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris en actant l’accélération du développement sobre en carbone . b. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris10 - La CDN révisée concourt à l’alinéa a) de l’article 2 de l’AP. Elle prévoit mettre en œuvre de 2021 à 2025 des projets /programmes de réductions des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre.', 'Elle prévoit mettre en œuvre de 2021 à 2025 des projets /programmes de réductions des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre. -La CDN révisée contribuera aussi à la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’AP, car, elle prévoit des mesures politiques, stratégiques et des plans/programmes d’atténuation. Les politiques existantes tiennent compte du plan climatique et des ODD avec le but de se développer de façon sobre en carbone pour contribuer à l’objectif global. 2 Les objectifs en termes d’atténuation 2.1 L’inventaire national de GES Le Burundi a publié trois communications nationales sur les changements climatiques. Il les a soumises au Secrétariat de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques. Chacune de ces communications s’appuie sur un inventaire de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Chacune de ces communications s’appuie sur un inventaire de gaz à effet de serre. La troisième communication nationale sur le climat, publiée en 2019, est basée est le troisième inventaire de GES qui a été publié en 201811. Ce dernier concerne les années 2005, 2010 et 2015. 9 L article 2 de la CCNUCC énonce l objectif ultime de "la stabilisation des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique" (CCNUCC 1992). La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre.', 'La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre. 10 L article 2.1(a) de l Accord de Paris comprend deux objectifs de température globale - "bien en dessous de 2 degrés" et “1,5 degré”. L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions.', 'L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions. et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècle 11 Le Burundi est en train d’élaborer son premier Rapport Biennal d’Actualisation sur le Climat qui s’appuiera sur le quatrième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre.', 'et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècle 11 Le Burundi est en train d’élaborer son premier Rapport Biennal d’Actualisation sur le Climat qui s’appuiera sur le quatrième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre. Ce dernier est en cours d’élaboration et ne peut pas par conséquent servir de référence pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020.La troisième communication nationale sur le climat et son inventaire de GES sont retenus comme documents de référence pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020.', 'Ce dernier est en cours d’élaboration et ne peut pas par conséquent servir de référence pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020.La troisième communication nationale sur le climat et son inventaire de GES sont retenus comme documents de référence pour l’actualisation de la CDN 2020. Sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’environnement, les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre sont réalisés par l’Office Burundais pour la Protection de l’Environnement (OBPE). Le 3ième inventaire national de GES utilisé dans la CDN 2020 prend en compte les secteurs de l’énergie (y compris les transports), de l’Agriculture, de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), des Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des Produits (PIUP) et des déchets.', 'Le 3ième inventaire national de GES utilisé dans la CDN 2020 prend en compte les secteurs de l’énergie (y compris les transports), de l’Agriculture, de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), des Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des Produits (PIUP) et des déchets. Les exclusions éventuelles de certains sous-secteurs (sources non présentes au Burundi ou dont les émissions ne sont pas estimées dans le dernier inventaire national de GES) sont présentées dans les paragraphes sectoriels ci-dessous. Les gaz dont les émissions ou absorptions sont comptabilisées sont repris dans le tableau 10. Tableau 9 : Secteurs et Gaz comptabilisés.', 'Tableau 9 : Secteurs et Gaz comptabilisés. Secteurs Gaz 2.1.2 Les gaz fluorés (HFC, PFC et SF6 et le NF3 Ces gaz ne sont pas comptabilisés dans le troisième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre et ne sont donc pas considérés dans la CDN 2020. La méthodologie adoptée est basée sur les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Les émissions et absorptions de GES ont été calculées à l aide du logiciel d inventaire 2006 du GIEC en utilisant le niveau 1 de méthode (Tier1). Le calcul des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) a été effectué en utilisant les Niveaux 1 de méthode des Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel IPCC Tools.', 'Le calcul des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) a été effectué en utilisant les Niveaux 1 de méthode des Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel IPCC Tools. Pour ce niveau de méthode, les données nécessaires utilisables sont les données d’activité sur la quantité des combustibles brulés (données d’activité) et les facteurs d’émissions par défaut de chaque combustible des LD 2006 du GIEC.Dans le calcul des émissions du secteur de l’énergie, les données d’activité utilisées proviennent des sous-secteurs industries énergétiques, industries manufacturières, construction, commerce, agriculture, foresterie, pêche, résidentiel et transport.', 'Pour ce niveau de méthode, les données nécessaires utilisables sont les données d’activité sur la quantité des combustibles brulés (données d’activité) et les facteurs d’émissions par défaut de chaque combustible des LD 2006 du GIEC.Dans le calcul des émissions du secteur de l’énergie, les données d’activité utilisées proviennent des sous-secteurs industries énergétiques, industries manufacturières, construction, commerce, agriculture, foresterie, pêche, résidentiel et transport. Dans le sous-secteur résidentiel, les combustibles utilisés sont le bois énergie, la bagasse12 constituée de déchets végétaux ou agricoles pour la cuisson, le chauffage et l’éclairage et le pétrole pour l’éclairage par les ménages ruraux. Quant aux ménages urbains, les combustibles utilisés sont le charbon de bois pour la cuisson et le pétrole pour l’éclairage partiellement.', 'Quant aux ménages urbains, les combustibles utilisés sont le charbon de bois pour la cuisson et le pétrole pour l’éclairage partiellement. Dans le sous-secteur transport, les combustibles utilisés sont le gasoil et l’essence. Les émissions issues de la combustion des déchets végétaux ou agricoles, qui sont utilisés surtout dans les ménages ruraux, n’ont pas été quantifiées suite au manque de données. 2.1.3.2 Agriculture et Elevage Les émissions calculées dans ce secteur concernent le bétail domestique (fermentation entérique et gestion du fumier) et les sols gérés (brûlage des résidus de la biomasse de récoltés, émissions dues à la riziculture, émissions directes de N2O issues des sols gérés et émissions de CO2 dues au chaulage et à l’application de l’urée).', '2.1.3.2 Agriculture et Elevage Les émissions calculées dans ce secteur concernent le bétail domestique (fermentation entérique et gestion du fumier) et les sols gérés (brûlage des résidus de la biomasse de récoltés, émissions dues à la riziculture, émissions directes de N2O issues des sols gérés et émissions de CO2 dues au chaulage et à l’application de l’urée). La méthodologie utilisée dans le 3ième inventaire de GES pour le calcul des émissions de GES dans le secteur agriculture est le niveau 1 et les paramètres par défaut des LD 2006 du GIEC. Le logiciel IPCC du GIEC a été utilisé pour calculer les émissions de méthane (CH4) et d’hémioxyde d’azote (N2O). Le secteur Agriculture et Elevage comprend les sous-secteurs et catégories repris dans le tableau 11.', 'Le secteur Agriculture et Elevage comprend les sous-secteurs et catégories repris dans le tableau 11. Tableau 10 : Sous-secteurs et catégories du secteur agriculture et élevage Sous-secteur Catégories Bétail domestique Fermentation entérique, Systèmes de gestion du fumier Terres cultivées Combustion des résidus de récolte Riziculture Application des engrais synthétiques pour toutes les cultures Sols gérés (chaulage, engrais à base d’urée), Pour le bétail, les données d’entrées se focalisent sur la caractérisation primaire du cheptel pour classer les animaux selon ce qui est applicable au pays en tenant compte des espèces et catégories de bétail. Pour les sols gérés, les données d’activité sont la quantité de biomasse brulée pendant l’enlèvement des feuilles par le feu avant récolte à partir de la superficie occupée par la canne à sucre.', 'Pour les sols gérés, les données d’activité sont la quantité de biomasse brulée pendant l’enlèvement des feuilles par le feu avant récolte à partir de la superficie occupée par la canne à sucre. Pour la riziculture, les données d’activité collectées sur terrain concernent les superficies de récolte de riz annuelle et le 12 Prise en compte dans le 3ème Inventaire des GES.temps du cycle végétatif. Pour l’application des engrais et le chaulage, les données d’entrées sont respectivement les quantités d’engrais et de chaux utilisés. Le suivi au quotidien des superficies sur lesquelles sont récoltés les produits ligneux (Cas de SOSUMO) est fait.', 'Le suivi au quotidien des superficies sur lesquelles sont récoltés les produits ligneux (Cas de SOSUMO) est fait. 2.1.3.3 Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) Dans le 3ième inventaire de GES du Burundi, la méthodologie de Niveau 1 utilisée pour le calcul des émissions est celle recommandée par les lignes directrices du GIEC 2006 dans lesquelles les données d’activité ont été multipliées par des facteurs d’émission par défaut. Les calculs ont été effectués au moyen du logiciel du GIEC. Les sources d’émissions prises en compte sont la production de chaux (sous-secteur de l’industrie minérale) et la production du fer et d’acier (sous-secteur de l’industrie métallurgique).Le Burundi n’a pas d’industries chimiques. Les émissions liées à l’usage non énergétique des combustibles ne sont pas estimées par manque de données.', 'Les émissions liées à l’usage non énergétique des combustibles ne sont pas estimées par manque de données. Les émissions de gaz fluorés et au NF3 liées à l’usage (domestique ou industriel) et à la fabrication de ces gaz ne sont pas estimées d’une part, parce qu’il n’existe pas de données nationales permettant d’estimer les émissions provenant de l’utilisation de produits, et d’autre part parce qu’il n’y a pas d’industries qui produisent ces produits au Burundi. Dans le 3ième inventaire de GES du Burundi, le secteur FAT comprend les sous-secteurs les terres forestières, les terres cultivées, les pâturages, les terres humides et les tourbières. Les données d’activité sont les superficies des terres forestières tant publiques que privées, les superficies des pâturages, des terres cultivées et des tourbières.', 'Les données d’activité sont les superficies des terres forestières tant publiques que privées, les superficies des pâturages, des terres cultivées et des tourbières. Après la collecte des données et leur traitement, la méthode utilisée pour le calcul des émissions de GES est celle décrite dans les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC. Les facteurs de conversions des données contenus dans FRA 2015 ont été utilisés. Les calculs d’émissions/absorptions ont été réalisés grâce au logiciel du GIEC 2006 en introduisant les données d’activité traitées.', 'Les calculs d’émissions/absorptions ont été réalisés grâce au logiciel du GIEC 2006 en introduisant les données d’activité traitées. Sur base des données saisies, le logiciel calcule les émissions imputables au changement de stock de biomasse, à la gestion des zones humides, aux incendies de forêts et aux produits ligneux récoltés et fait la somme des émissions de toutes les catégories d’affectation et d’utilisation des terres (FAT). Pour le secteur FAT, en plus de ces sources d’émission, le taux de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, le rythme de la consommation du bois, le développement des technologies d’économie du bois sont à considérer.', 'Pour le secteur FAT, en plus de ces sources d’émission, le taux de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, le rythme de la consommation du bois, le développement des technologies d’économie du bois sont à considérer. .Un suivi- évaluation continue pour la mise en œuvre des projets /programmes /mesures conçus pour atténuer les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures dues aux perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées est fait.Dans le 3ième inventaire de GES du Burundi, la méthodologie de calcul des émissions dans ce secteur s’est appuyée sur les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux des GES ainsi que le logiciel du GIEC 2006.', '.Un suivi- évaluation continue pour la mise en œuvre des projets /programmes /mesures conçus pour atténuer les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures dues aux perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées est fait.Dans le 3ième inventaire de GES du Burundi, la méthodologie de calcul des émissions dans ce secteur s’est appuyée sur les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux des GES ainsi que le logiciel du GIEC 2006. Etant donné l’absence de facteur d’émissions spécifiques au pays, les estimations se sont basées sur des méthodes de Niveau 1 en utilisant principalement des données d’activité et des paramètres par défaut. Les catégories de déchets solides considérés dans le cadre du troisième inventaire de GES du Burundi sont les déchets solides Municipaux (ménagers et commerciaux).', 'Les catégories de déchets solides considérés dans le cadre du troisième inventaire de GES du Burundi sont les déchets solides Municipaux (ménagers et commerciaux). Les déchets biomédicaux n’ont pas été tenus en considération dans le calcul des émissions suite au manque de données liées aux déchets solides jetés dans les fosses et incinérés. Les calculs d’émissions issus des déchets solides n’ont concerné que les villes de Bujumbura et Gitega et certains marchés. Concernant les eaux usées, les rejets issus des ménages, du commerce et de l’industrie sont pris en compte. Le tableau 12 et la figure 1 récapitulent les résultats du 3ième inventaire national de GES du Burundi.', 'Le tableau 12 et la figure 1 récapitulent les résultats du 3ième inventaire national de GES du Burundi. Pour la conversion en équivalents CO2, en Gg, les valeurs du Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) correspondant à une période de 100 ans du Second Rapport d’évaluation (SOD) du GIEC ont été utilisées. Il s’agit de 21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour le N2O. Tableau 11 : Emissions nationales de GES en Gg de CO2eq par secteur Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 0 0,78 7,84 Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres -3732,43 -2249,77 -1348,48 Emissions totales nationales avec absorptions -2130,22 56,51 4148,06 Source : 3ième inventaire national de GES (TCN)Graphique 1 : Synthèse des émissions de GES, TCN.', 'Tableau 11 : Emissions nationales de GES en Gg de CO2eq par secteur Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 0 0,78 7,84 Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres -3732,43 -2249,77 -1348,48 Emissions totales nationales avec absorptions -2130,22 56,51 4148,06 Source : 3ième inventaire national de GES (TCN)Graphique 1 : Synthèse des émissions de GES, TCN. L’analyse des résultats de synthèse des émissions avec absorptions montre que la capacité d’absorptions a fortement diminué au Burundi, ayant comme conséquence l’augmentation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. La totalité des émissions enregistrées au cours du troisième inventaire montrent qu’elles proviennent de l’agriculture, dans les sols gérés par les systèmes de gestion du fumier.', 'La totalité des émissions enregistrées au cours du troisième inventaire montrent qu’elles proviennent de l’agriculture, dans les sols gérés par les systèmes de gestion du fumier. 2.1.4.1 Secteur de l’énergie Le tableau 13 présente les résultats des émissions du secteur de l’énergie pour les trois types de gaz (CO2, CH4, N2O) des années 2005, 2010 et 2015. Tableau 12 : Emissions globales de GES en Gg CO2e du secteur Energie SECTEURS D ACTIVITES 2. Ind. Manufacturières et construction Aérien - 1,39 - - 0,96 - - Routier Maritime - 0,66 - - 0,50 - - Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 1: Synthèse des émissions de GES. TCN. Energie Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Agriculture et élevage Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres Déchets4.', 'Energie Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Agriculture et élevage Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres Déchets4. Commerce et institution 6.Agriculture / foresterie et TOTAL des émissions Graphique 2: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie Tableau 13 : Synthèse des émissions du secteur énergie par sous-secteur. Graphique 3: Émissions du secteur de l énergie Les résultats des émissions du secteur de l’énergie montrent que la quantité de CO2 émise vient en tête dans le sous-secteur des transports, suivis du sous-secteur des industries manufacturières et de la construction. Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 3:Emissions du secteur Energie, TCN. 1.Industrie énergétique 2. Ind. Manufacturières et construction 3. Transport (aérien, routier et maritime) 4.', 'Transport (aérien, routier et maritime) 4. Commerce et institution 5.Résidentiel 6.Agriculture / foresterie et pêcheConcernant les émissions des non CO2, le secteur « résidentiel » prend le devant avec des émissions de méthane issues de la combustion incomplète de la biomasse et ses dérivés. 2.1.4.2 Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP). Les émissions issues du secteur PIUP sont négligeables et les résultats se trouvent dans le tableau 14. Tableau 14 : Emissions de GES du secteur PIUP en Gg CO2.', 'Tableau 14 : Emissions de GES du secteur PIUP en Gg CO2. 2.C Industries métalliques 2.C.1 - Production de l’acier et du fer 0,78 6,24 0,02 Total PIUP en Eq CO2 en Gg 0 0.78 7,87 Graphique 4: Emissions du secteur PIUP 2.1.4.3 Secteur Agriculture et Elevage Les émissions issues du secteur de l’agriculture et de l’élevage proviennent du bétail domestique et des sols gérés. Le tableau 15 et le graphique 4 montrent les résultats d’émissions de GES issues du bétail domestique et des sols gérés. Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 4 : Emissions du sceurr PIUP, TCN. 2.A.2 - Production de la chaux 2.C.1 - Production de l’acier et du ferTableau 15 : Emissions de CH4 issues du bétail domestique en EqCO2 en Gg.', '2.A.2 - Production de la chaux 2.C.1 - Production de l’acier et du ferTableau 15 : Emissions de CH4 issues du bétail domestique en EqCO2 en Gg. Fermentation entérique Gestion du fumier Graphique 5: Emissions issues du secteur bétail domestique Quant aux sols gérés, les émissions qui en découlent sont dues principalement aux systèmes de gestion du fumier. Le tableau 16 et le graphique 5 montre la situation des émissions de CH4 issues des sols gérés en équivalent de CO2 en Gg. Tableau 16 : Emissions issues des sols gérés en Eq CO2 en Gg. Brulage des résidus de récolte 1475,04 1424,43 1480,92 Brulage des résidus de récolte 564,2 545,6 567,3 Application de l urée en CO2 net EqCO2 en Gg Années Graphique : Emissions du sous secteur Bétail domestique, TCN.', 'Brulage des résidus de récolte 1475,04 1424,43 1480,92 Brulage des résidus de récolte 564,2 545,6 567,3 Application de l urée en CO2 net EqCO2 en Gg Années Graphique : Emissions du sous secteur Bétail domestique, TCN. Fermentation entérique Gestion du fumierGraphique 6: Emissions issues des sols gérés L’analyse du tableau 16 montre que les émissions en Eq CO2 en Gg issues du système de gestion du fumier sont élevées. Il s’agit d’une erreur de comptabilisation des émissions non CO2 issues de ce système de gestion du fumier. C’est pour cette raison que les résultats fiables qu’on peut considérer dans le secteur agriculture sont ceux se trouvant au tableau 12.', 'C’est pour cette raison que les résultats fiables qu’on peut considérer dans le secteur agriculture sont ceux se trouvant au tableau 12. 2.1.4.4 Foresterie et autres affectations des terres (FAT) Le tableau 17 et le graphique 6 présentent les résultats du 3ième inventaire national du Burundi pour le secteur FAT en distinguant les émissions et absorptions issues de l’évolution des stocks de carbone des différents réservoirs et lors des changements d’affectation des terres. Tableau 17 : Synthèse des résultats des émissions /absorptions de la FAT.', 'Tableau 17 : Synthèse des résultats des émissions /absorptions de la FAT. Sous-catégories su secteur FAT Emissions /absorptions de CO2 en Gg 2005 Emissions /absorptions de CO2 en Gg en 2010 Emissions /absorptions de CO2 en Gg en 2015 Foresterie et autres utilisations des terres (i) Terres forestières restant forestières (ii ) Terres cultivées restant cultivées (iv) Terres converties en terres cultivées (v) Dont Terres forestières converties en terres cultivées (vi) Dont Pâturages convertis en terres cultivées (vii) Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 6: Emissions du sous-secteur sols gérés , TCN. Brulage des résidus de récolte Riziculture Système de gestion du fumier Brulage des résidus de récolte Application de l urée en CO2 netTourbières restant tourbières (viii) Produits ligneux récoltés (ix) FAT(i)=(ii)+(iii)+(viii)+(ix) ; Terres cultivées= (iv)+(v)+(vi)+(vii).', 'Brulage des résidus de récolte Riziculture Système de gestion du fumier Brulage des résidus de récolte Application de l urée en CO2 netTourbières restant tourbières (viii) Produits ligneux récoltés (ix) FAT(i)=(ii)+(iii)+(viii)+(ix) ; Terres cultivées= (iv)+(v)+(vi)+(vii). Graphique 7: Emissions et absorptions issues du secteur FAT Les résultats montrent que la principale source d’émissions du secteur FAT est la conversion des pâturages en terres cultivées qui représentent pour les années 2005, 2010 et 2015 respectivement 75 %, 74,2% et 70,7 %. La conversion des forêts occupe la deuxième place avec respectivement 22,5%, 24,1 % et 27,5% des émissions totales du secteur alors que la contribution des tourbières aux émissions du secteur FAT reste faible (autour de 2%).', 'La conversion des forêts occupe la deuxième place avec respectivement 22,5%, 24,1 % et 27,5% des émissions totales du secteur alors que la contribution des tourbières aux émissions du secteur FAT reste faible (autour de 2%). Quant aux absorptions, on remarque qu’il y a eu une diminution des capacités d’absorptions de 32 % entre 2005 et 2010 et de 48% entre 2010 et 2015.', 'Quant aux absorptions, on remarque qu’il y a eu une diminution des capacités d’absorptions de 32 % entre 2005 et 2010 et de 48% entre 2010 et 2015. Cela a été dû principalement aux problèmes de Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 7: Emissions et absorptions issues du secteur FAT Produits ligneux récoltés (ix) Tourbières restant tourbières (viii) Dont Pâturages convertis en terres cultivées (vii) Dont Terres forestières converties en terres cultivées (vi) Terres converties en terres cultivées (v) Terres cultivées restant cultivées (iv) Terres cultivées (iii) Terres forestières restant forestières (ii ) Foresterie et autres utilisations des terres (i)déforestation aux profits de l’agriculture, de l’habitat et des infrastructures publiques. A travers ces chiffres, on remarque que les données utilisées pour effectuer les inventaires ne reflètent pas la réalité.', 'A travers ces chiffres, on remarque que les données utilisées pour effectuer les inventaires ne reflètent pas la réalité. L’évolution des émissions de GES issues du secteur FAT dépendent de l’utilisation du bois soit pour la cuisson ou en construction qui ont des impacts sur la dégradation des forêts et de la conversion des terres forestières pour l’agriculture ou les constructions. La démographie est donc l’une des causes qui accentue l’augmentation des émissions issues du secteur FAT. Par contre, l’accroissement des puits de carbone est en fonction avec l’accroissement des superficies forestières et des bonnes pratiques de conservations et de gestion des écosystèmes forestiers.', 'Par contre, l’accroissement des puits de carbone est en fonction avec l’accroissement des superficies forestières et des bonnes pratiques de conservations et de gestion des écosystèmes forestiers. La reforestation et la lutte contre la conversion des terres forestières et des pâturages pour d’autres spéculations sont des pistes d’atténuation importantes à travers le processus REDD+. 2.1.4.5 Secteur des Déchets Le tableau 18 et la figure 6 présentent les résultats du 3ième inventaire national du Burundi issues du secteur Déchets.', '2.1.4.5 Secteur des Déchets Le tableau 18 et la figure 6 présentent les résultats du 3ième inventaire national du Burundi issues du secteur Déchets. Tableau 18 : Synthèse des émissions de GES du secteur déchet Emissions à partir des décharges des déchets solides Emission à partir des eaux usées domestiques et commerciales Emissions à partir des eaux usées industriellesGraphique 8: Emissions issues du secteur déchet Le Tableau 18 montre que les émissions du secteur déchet représentent respectivement 10,88% en 2005, 7,22% en 2010 et 4,21% en 2015 par rapport aux émissions totales de GES du troisième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre ( Cfr tableau 12). 2.2 Les scenarii d’atténuation de la CDN 2020 2.2.1.', '2.2 Les scenarii d’atténuation de la CDN 2020 2.2.1. Indicateur, année de Référence et année(s) cible(s) Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, l’indicateur de référence est un indicateur quantitatif en émission de GES, relatif à un scénario « Business as Usual » (BAU) intégrant tous secteurs du 3ième ’inventaire national de GES et annuel pour 2 années cibles. S’agissant d’un indicateur défini par rapport à un scénario de référence, les années correspondant aux cibles sont les années 2025 et 2030. La CDN actualisée aura une période de 10 ans étalée sur deux périodes. La première période débutera avec le 1er janvier 2021 et prendra fin le 31 décembre 2030 avec une année intermédiaire de 2025.', 'La première période débutera avec le 1er janvier 2021 et prendra fin le 31 décembre 2030 avec une année intermédiaire de 2025. La CDN 2020 définit 2 scenarii : le scénario de référence et le scénario d’atténuation. Le Scenario de référence retenu est le scénario Business As Usual (BAU) qui correspond à la tendance de l’évolution des émissions de GES dans le cas où le Burundi ne prend aucune mesure d’atténuation tandis que le scénario d’atténuation implique la mise en application des actions contribuant à la réduction des émissions des GES.', 'Le Scenario de référence retenu est le scénario Business As Usual (BAU) qui correspond à la tendance de l’évolution des émissions de GES dans le cas où le Burundi ne prend aucune mesure d’atténuation tandis que le scénario d’atténuation implique la mise en application des actions contribuant à la réduction des émissions des GES. Deux scénarii d’atténuation sont distingués : le scénario par objectif inconditionnel (atteignable par des ressources propres au Burundi) et le scénario par objectif conditionnel (atteignable par l’appui de la coopération internationale conformément aux articles 9 et 6 de l’accord de Paris).', 'Deux scénarii d’atténuation sont distingués : le scénario par objectif inconditionnel (atteignable par des ressources propres au Burundi) et le scénario par objectif conditionnel (atteignable par l’appui de la coopération internationale conformément aux articles 9 et 6 de l’accord de Paris). Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 8 : Emissions du secteur déchets Emissions à partir des eaux usées industrielles Emission à partir des eaux usées domestiques et commerciales Emissions à partir des décharges des déchets solidesLe périmètre des projections de la CDN 2020 couvre tout le territoire national du Burundi. La CDN 2020 prend en compte, tous les secteurs comptabilisés dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES pour le calcul des valeurs cibles.', 'La CDN 2020 prend en compte, tous les secteurs comptabilisés dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES pour le calcul des valeurs cibles. En particulier, les sous-secteurs des terres cultivées, des tourbières et des produits ligneux récoltés de la FAT, le secteur des Produits Industriels et Utilisations des Produits (PIUP), le transport et le secteur des déchets sont maintenant pris en compte dans le calcul de la valeur cible. Ce n’était pas le cas dans la CDN 2015 et cela démontre une augmentation de l’ambition du Burundi. Les secteurs qui sont concernés par la CDN actualisée sont présentés dans le tableau 19.', 'Les secteurs qui sont concernés par la CDN actualisée sont présentés dans le tableau 19. Tableau 19 : Secteurs comptabilisés Secteurs Sous-secteurs Gaz concernés Energie et Transport Combustion stationnaire de combustibles CO2, CH4 et N2O Transport Industries Métallurgiques AFAT Agriculture et Elevage CO2, CH4 et N2O Foresterie et Autres affectation des Terres CO2, CH4 et N2O Déchet Traitement des Déchets solides et liquides CO2, CH4 et N2O Pour ces secteurs, tous les gaz considérés dans le 3ième inventaire sont également pris en compte dans le calcul de la valeur cible, à savoir le CO2, le CH4 et le N2O. Les gaz de HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3 n’ont pas été pris en compte car ils ne sont pas estimés dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES.', 'Les gaz de HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3 n’ont pas été pris en compte car ils ne sont pas estimés dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES. La CDN 2020 tient compte de l’article 5 de l’Accord de Paris relatif au renforcement des puits et des réservoirs de GES comme le prévoit l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de la Convention, notamment les forêts et le mécanisme REDD+. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 invite les Parties à prendre des mesures pour conserver et renforcer les puits de carbone. 2.2.3.', 'Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 invite les Parties à prendre des mesures pour conserver et renforcer les puits de carbone. 2.2.3. Méthode de calcul des émissions / absorptions des différents scénarii La formule utilisée pour le calcul des émissions évitées par action est la suivante : E=DA x FE où DA= données d’activités (DA) et FE= facteur d’émission (FE) proposés par défaut pour chaque gaz et chaque combustible par les LD du GIEC 2006. Le scénario d’atténuation est établi en mettant en application les actions d’atténuation visant à réduire les émissions de GES. Le calcul des émissions évitées est fait en déduisant les émissions calculées par action d’atténuation des émissions du BAU.', 'Le calcul des émissions évitées est fait en déduisant les émissions calculées par action d’atténuation des émissions du BAU. Concernant les 2 scénarii d’atténuation, l’approche a consisté à calculer les émissions évitées aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par action retenue dans la CDN pour chaque secteur, puis à soustraire ces émissions évitées aux valeurs du scénario de référence sectoriel.Pour la conversion en équivalents CO2, les valeurs du Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) correspondant à une période de 100 an recommandée dans le second rapport d’évaluation du GIEC ont été appliquées. Il s’agit de 21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour le N2O. 2.2.4. Scénario de référence BAU.', '2.2.4. Scénario de référence BAU. La valeur des émissions du BAU est susceptible de changer du fait de changements méthodologiques et des améliorations dans l’établissement des futurs inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Le scénario de référence BAU est établi si aucune action n’est prise pour la mise en œuvre des politiques, des plans et stratégies pouvant contribuer à l’atténuation des GES. Le BAU considéré est celui de la TCN qui est projeté jusqu’en 2030 à partir de 2015. 2.2.4.1 Secteur de l’Energie 2.2.4.1.1 Plans, Politiques et Stratégie Le plans National de Développement 2018-2027 est le document de base sur lequel se base le développement du secteur de l’Energie.', '2.2.4.1 Secteur de l’Energie 2.2.4.1.1 Plans, Politiques et Stratégie Le plans National de Développement 2018-2027 est le document de base sur lequel se base le développement du secteur de l’Energie. 2.2.4.1.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projections des émissions de GES Les hypothèses de projections sont basées sur le taux d’accroissement de la population, la croissance économique (PIB), les mesures d’orientation politiques et stratégiques du Pays relatives aux développements socioéconomique et environnementale du Pays. 2.2.4.3. Impacts en termes de GES / Scénario BAU. Le tableau 21 présente les émissions de GES historiques et projetées dans le cas du scénario BAU du secteur Energie aux horizons 2025 et 2030.', 'Le tableau 21 présente les émissions de GES historiques et projetées dans le cas du scénario BAU du secteur Energie aux horizons 2025 et 2030. Tableau 20 : Emissions de GES du secteur Energie par le scénario BAU Total Eq CO2 en Gg Source : TCNGraphique 9: Emissions de GES du secteur Energie 2.2.4.2 Secteur Procédés Industriels et Utilisation de Produits (PIUP) 2.2.4.2.1 Plans, Politiques et stratégies En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques, la Politique de l’industrialisation est spécifique au secteur PIUP. 2.2.4.2.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Les hypothèses de projections du secteur PIUP sont basées sur la croissance économique et du taux d’industrialisation.', 'Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Les hypothèses de projections du secteur PIUP sont basées sur la croissance économique et du taux d’industrialisation. Les paramètres sont des quantités de la chaux utilisée en tonnes, les quantités du fer et de l’acier utilisé en tonnes. Des facteurs d’émissions ont été pris en compte comme paramètres de calcul des émissions. 2.2.4.2.3 Impact en termes de GES Les émissions du scénario BAU pour le secteur PIUP se trouvent dans le tableau 22.', '2.2.4.2.3 Impact en termes de GES Les émissions du scénario BAU pour le secteur PIUP se trouvent dans le tableau 22. Tableau 21 : Emissions en Gg d’Eq CO2 dans scénario BAU du secteur PIUP 2.A.2 - Production de chaux 2.C.1 - Production de fer et d acier Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 9: Emissions de GES BAU du secteur EnergieGraphique 10 : Emissions du scenario BAU PIU 2.2.4.3 Secteur Agriculture et élevage 2.2.4.3.1 Plans, Politiques et stratégies En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques), certains Plans, Politiques et Stratégies sont spécifiques au secteur Agriculture.', 'Tableau 21 : Emissions en Gg d’Eq CO2 dans scénario BAU du secteur PIUP 2.A.2 - Production de chaux 2.C.1 - Production de fer et d acier Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 9: Emissions de GES BAU du secteur EnergieGraphique 10 : Emissions du scenario BAU PIU 2.2.4.3 Secteur Agriculture et élevage 2.2.4.3.1 Plans, Politiques et stratégies En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques), certains Plans, Politiques et Stratégies sont spécifiques au secteur Agriculture. - Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (DOPEAE), - Plan National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA) 2018-2022, - Stratégie Agricole Nationale (SAN) 2018-2025, - Programme de Subvention des Semences, - Programme de Subvention des engrais minéraux, - Programme de vaccination contre les principales maladies des animaux domestiques, - Programme d’insémination artificielle des animaux, - Programme de repeuplement du cheptel, 2.2.4.3.2.', '- Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (DOPEAE), - Plan National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA) 2018-2022, - Stratégie Agricole Nationale (SAN) 2018-2025, - Programme de Subvention des Semences, - Programme de Subvention des engrais minéraux, - Programme de vaccination contre les principales maladies des animaux domestiques, - Programme d’insémination artificielle des animaux, - Programme de repeuplement du cheptel, 2.2.4.3.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale sur le climat, le scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture a été défini et des projections des émissions jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 ont été effectuées.', 'Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale sur le climat, le scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture a été défini et des projections des émissions jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 ont été effectuées. Comme pour les autres secteurs, le scénario de référence BAU est établi sur des hypothèses où aucune action n’est prise pour la mise en œuvre de ces politiques, des plans ou stratégies pouvant atténuer les émissions issues du bétail domestique et des sols gérés. Les paramètres projetés du scénario BAU sont liés à l’évolution des effectifs de bovins, de caprins, des ovins pour le bétail domestique.', 'Les paramètres projetés du scénario BAU sont liés à l’évolution des effectifs de bovins, de caprins, des ovins pour le bétail domestique. Quant aux sols gérés, les paramètres sont liés aux superficies des EqCO2 en Gg Années Graphique 10 : Emissions du scénario BAU PIUP 2.A.2 - Production de chaux 2.C.1 - Production de fer et d acieremblavures pour le riz, superficies récoltées pour la canne à sucre, aux quantités d’engrais d’azote et d’urée utilisées pour les sols gérés. Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et paramètres du scénario de référence du secteur Agriculture de la TCN pour 2025 et 2030 ont été retenus.', 'Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et paramètres du scénario de référence du secteur Agriculture de la TCN pour 2025 et 2030 ont été retenus. 2.2.4.3.3 Impact en termes de GES Dans le cadre CDN 2020, les émissions du scénario de référence (BAU) du secteur Agriculture de la TCN ont été retenues pour 2025 et 2030. Dans cette situation, la projection des émissions de 2005 à 2050 se trouve dans le tableau 23.', 'Dans cette situation, la projection des émissions de 2005 à 2050 se trouve dans le tableau 23. Tableau 22 : Projection des émissions de GES (Gg) du secteur Agriculture et élevage /Scénario BAU en CO2e en Gg Graphique 11: Emissions du scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture 2.2.4.4 Secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (FAT) 2.2.4.4.1P&M, Plans, stratégies et projets En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques, certains Plans, Politiques et Stratégies sont spécifiques au secteur FAT : Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 11 : Emissions de GES bau du seceur agriculture- Stratégie Nationale REDD+, - Protocole national de lutte antiérosive pour le secteur AFAT, 2.2.4.4.2Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale le scénario BAU du secteur FAT a été défini et des projections des émissions sectorielles jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 ont été calculées.', 'Tableau 22 : Projection des émissions de GES (Gg) du secteur Agriculture et élevage /Scénario BAU en CO2e en Gg Graphique 11: Emissions du scénario BAU du secteur Agriculture 2.2.4.4 Secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (FAT) 2.2.4.4.1P&M, Plans, stratégies et projets En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques, certains Plans, Politiques et Stratégies sont spécifiques au secteur FAT : Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 11 : Emissions de GES bau du seceur agriculture- Stratégie Nationale REDD+, - Protocole national de lutte antiérosive pour le secteur AFAT, 2.2.4.4.2Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale le scénario BAU du secteur FAT a été défini et des projections des émissions sectorielles jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 ont été calculées. Dans le secteur FAT, les hypothèses de projections du scenario BAU des émissions sont basées sur la diminution du taux de la couverture forestière et l’augmentation des besoins en produits forestiers soit pour la construction ou l’énergie.', 'Dans le secteur FAT, les hypothèses de projections du scenario BAU des émissions sont basées sur la diminution du taux de la couverture forestière et l’augmentation des besoins en produits forestiers soit pour la construction ou l’énergie. Le scénario BAU est basé sur la non mise en œuvre des mesures politiques conduisant à la lutte contre la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts et au renforcement des stocks de carbone. Les paramètres de projections sont basés sur les données de la population, les superficies forestières déboisées et/ou dégradées, le ratio de consommation du bois, de la croissance démographique et économique ainsi que les données d’activités de l’année de référence.', 'Les paramètres de projections sont basés sur les données de la population, les superficies forestières déboisées et/ou dégradées, le ratio de consommation du bois, de la croissance démographique et économique ainsi que les données d’activités de l’année de référence. Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et paramètres du scénario de référence du secteur FAT de la TCN pour 2025 et 2030 ont été retenus. Le tableau 24 met en évidence les données d’entrées ayant un impact sur l’évolution des émissions issues du secteur FAT.', 'Le tableau 24 met en évidence les données d’entrées ayant un impact sur l’évolution des émissions issues du secteur FAT. Tableau 23 : Données pour le scénario BAU par sous-catégories Sous catégories Hypothèses Paramètres Superficies forestières Conversion des terres forestières pour spéculations Superficies des boisements réduites et leurs effets sur l’augmentation des émissions de GES Coupes illicites Idem Pâturages Conversion des pâturages à des fins agricoles ou autres Diminution des superficies de pâturages Pour les superficies forestières, les deux hypothèses mentionnées dans le tableau 27 montrent que ces superficies vont diminuer et les boisements de pins et de Callitris seront les plus touchés comme le montre le tableau 25. Tableau 24 : Evolution de pins et de Callitris 2.2.4.4.3.', 'Tableau 24 : Evolution de pins et de Callitris 2.2.4.4.3. Impacts en termes de GES Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale (TCN), les émissions du scénario BAU du secteur FAT ont été projetées sur base des hypothèses liées à la conversion des terres forestières et des pâturages à d’autres spéculations.Le tableau 26 et la figure 12 présentent les émissions de GES historiques et projetées dans le cas du scénario BAU du secteur FAT à l’horizon 2030. Tableau n°25.', 'Impacts en termes de GES Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale (TCN), les émissions du scénario BAU du secteur FAT ont été projetées sur base des hypothèses liées à la conversion des terres forestières et des pâturages à d’autres spéculations.Le tableau 26 et la figure 12 présentent les émissions de GES historiques et projetées dans le cas du scénario BAU du secteur FAT à l’horizon 2030. Tableau n°25. Evolution des émissions du FAT /Scénario BAU Emissions en Gg Graphique 12: Emissions du scenario BAU /FAT 2.2.4.5 Secteur Déchets 2.2.4.5.1P&M, Plans, stratégies et projets En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques, la Politique nationale d’assainissement et sa stratégie 2025 pour le secteur déchet est spécifique au secteur Déchets.', 'Evolution des émissions du FAT /Scénario BAU Emissions en Gg Graphique 12: Emissions du scenario BAU /FAT 2.2.4.5 Secteur Déchets 2.2.4.5.1P&M, Plans, stratégies et projets En plus des Plans, Politiques et Stratégies communs à tous les secteurs (PND 2018-2027, Vision Burundi 2025, Politique Nationale sur les changements climatiques, la Politique nationale d’assainissement et sa stratégie 2025 pour le secteur déchet est spécifique au secteur Déchets. 2.2.4.5.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale, le scénario BAU du secteur Déchets a été défini et des projections des émissions sectorielles jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 ont été calculées. Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et paramètres du scénario de référence du secteur déchet de la TCN pour 2025 et 2030 ont été retenus.', 'Dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et paramètres du scénario de référence du secteur déchet de la TCN pour 2025 et 2030 ont été retenus. Les hypothèses de projection sont basées sur le taux de croissance de la population, de l’économie nationale et de l’urbanisation. 2.2.4.5.3 Impact en termes de GES Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale (TCN), les émissions du scénario BAU du secteur Déchets ont été projetées sur base du taux de la croissance économique ; le l’accroissement de la population et des stocks de déchets.', '2.2.4.5.3 Impact en termes de GES Dans le cadre de la 3ième Communication Nationale (TCN), les émissions du scénario BAU du secteur Déchets ont été projetées sur base du taux de la croissance économique ; le l’accroissement de la population et des stocks de déchets. Années Graphique 12: Emissions du scénario BAU /FATLe tableau 27 et la figure 13 montrent les émissions de GES historiques (issues du 3ième inventaire national de GES et projetées (issues de la TCN) pour le scénario BAU du secteur Déchets à l’horizon 2030.', 'Années Graphique 12: Emissions du scénario BAU /FATLe tableau 27 et la figure 13 montrent les émissions de GES historiques (issues du 3ième inventaire national de GES et projetées (issues de la TCN) pour le scénario BAU du secteur Déchets à l’horizon 2030. Tableau 26 : Evolution des émissions de GES du scénario BAU pour le secteur Déchets Emissions de CH4 dans les eaux usées industrielles en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des eaux usées commercial et domestique en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des déchets solides en Eq CO2 Emissions de N2O eaux usées domestique et commerciale Source : TCNCC Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets 2.2.4.6.', 'Tableau 26 : Evolution des émissions de GES du scénario BAU pour le secteur Déchets Emissions de CH4 dans les eaux usées industrielles en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des eaux usées commercial et domestique en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des déchets solides en Eq CO2 Emissions de N2O eaux usées domestique et commerciale Source : TCNCC Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets 2.2.4.6. Synthèse du Scénario BAU Le tableau 28 et le graphique 13 présentent les émissions de GES historiques (issues du 3ième inventaire national de) et projetées (issues de la TCN) dans le cas du scénario BAU de tous les secteurs aux horizons 2025 et 2030, sauf le sous-secteur « sols gérés » de l’Agriculture.', 'Synthèse du Scénario BAU Le tableau 28 et le graphique 13 présentent les émissions de GES historiques (issues du 3ième inventaire national de) et projetées (issues de la TCN) dans le cas du scénario BAU de tous les secteurs aux horizons 2025 et 2030, sauf le sous-secteur « sols gérés » de l’Agriculture. Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets Emissions de N2O eaux usées domestique et commerciale Emissions de CH4 des déchets solides en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des eaux usées commercial et domestique en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 dans les eaux usées industrielles en Eq CO2Tableau 27 : Emissions en Gg CO2eq du scénario BAU pour tous les secteurs Agriculture et Elevage Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU EqCO2 en Gg Années Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU Energies PIUP Agriculture et Elevage FAT Déchets2.2.5.', 'Eq CO2 en Gg Années Graphique 13: Emissions scénario BAU déchets Emissions de N2O eaux usées domestique et commerciale Emissions de CH4 des déchets solides en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 des eaux usées commercial et domestique en Eq CO2 Emissions de CH4 dans les eaux usées industrielles en Eq CO2Tableau 27 : Emissions en Gg CO2eq du scénario BAU pour tous les secteurs Agriculture et Elevage Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU EqCO2 en Gg Années Graphique 14: Emissions totales du scénario BAU Energies PIUP Agriculture et Elevage FAT Déchets2.2.5. Scénario inconditionnel 2.2.5.1 Secteur Energie (hors sous-secteur Transports) 2.2.5.1.1 P&M, Plans et actions d’atténuation retenues A. Secteur Energie hors Sous-secteur Transports Le Plan National de Développement du Burundi 2018-2027, la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, les trois Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques et la lettre de politique ainsi que la stratégie sectorielle du secteur de l’énergie prévoient des mesures et technologies indispensables pour l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre.', 'Scénario inconditionnel 2.2.5.1 Secteur Energie (hors sous-secteur Transports) 2.2.5.1.1 P&M, Plans et actions d’atténuation retenues A. Secteur Energie hors Sous-secteur Transports Le Plan National de Développement du Burundi 2018-2027, la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, la stratégie nationale d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, les trois Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques et la lettre de politique ainsi que la stratégie sectorielle du secteur de l’énergie prévoient des mesures et technologies indispensables pour l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Elles mettent l’accent sur l’introduction de nouvelles technologies et mesures visant l’amélioration des conditions de productions et d’utilisation des sources d’énergies non ou peu émettrices de gaz à effet de serre en remplacement des technologies actuellement en usage.', 'Elles mettent l’accent sur l’introduction de nouvelles technologies et mesures visant l’amélioration des conditions de productions et d’utilisation des sources d’énergies non ou peu émettrices de gaz à effet de serre en remplacement des technologies actuellement en usage. Les programmes et projets considérés comme prioritaires sont la construction des centrales hydroélectrique et solaire, la promotion des techniques améliorées de carbonisation du bois, la promotion des foyers améliorés domestiques à charbon de bois en milieu urbain et rural, la promotion du biogaz dans les écoles et les établissements de détention et l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique.', 'Les programmes et projets considérés comme prioritaires sont la construction des centrales hydroélectrique et solaire, la promotion des techniques améliorées de carbonisation du bois, la promotion des foyers améliorés domestiques à charbon de bois en milieu urbain et rural, la promotion du biogaz dans les écoles et les établissements de détention et l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique. Dans la CDN 2020, plusieurs actions de mises en œuvre de ces programmes prioritaires ayant un impact en termes d’atténuation sont retenues dans le cadre du scénario inconditionnel et sont décrites dans le tableau 28.', 'Dans la CDN 2020, plusieurs actions de mises en œuvre de ces programmes prioritaires ayant un impact en termes d’atténuation sont retenues dans le cadre du scénario inconditionnel et sont décrites dans le tableau 28. Tableau 28 : Actions retenues pour le scénario inconditionnel du secteur Energie Priorités nationales Objectif Actions IOV Coûts Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancement en mars 2021 1- Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique 45,4 MW sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriques de Ruzibazi MW), Nombre de MW Installés pour Ruzibazi, pour Kabu et pour Mpanda aménagés dans le cadre Partenariat Public Privé Aménager la CHE de RUVYI 102 et MULE Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectriques fonctionnelles - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectrique Aménager les centrales en cascade sur et SIGUVYAYE 300KW de la microcentrale karonke sont Aménager la microcentrale de Capacité installéemise en service (privé) Karonke 2- Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie par le système photovoltaïque installé Aménager la centrale solaire de Mubuga Capacité installée établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque Electrifier les établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque Nombre d’établissement électrifié l’utilisation des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat pour compenser l’utilisation du bois pour la cuisson établissements scolaires à régime d’internat sont équipés d’un digesteur à biogaz Construire des digesteurs à biogaz à 20 établissements à régime d’internat Nombre d’établissements équipés d’un digesteur à biogaz.', 'Tableau 28 : Actions retenues pour le scénario inconditionnel du secteur Energie Priorités nationales Objectif Actions IOV Coûts Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancement en mars 2021 1- Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique 45,4 MW sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriques de Ruzibazi MW), Nombre de MW Installés pour Ruzibazi, pour Kabu et pour Mpanda aménagés dans le cadre Partenariat Public Privé Aménager la CHE de RUVYI 102 et MULE Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectriques fonctionnelles - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectrique Aménager les centrales en cascade sur et SIGUVYAYE 300KW de la microcentrale karonke sont Aménager la microcentrale de Capacité installéemise en service (privé) Karonke 2- Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie par le système photovoltaïque installé Aménager la centrale solaire de Mubuga Capacité installée établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque Electrifier les établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque Nombre d’établissement électrifié l’utilisation des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat pour compenser l’utilisation du bois pour la cuisson établissements scolaires à régime d’internat sont équipés d’un digesteur à biogaz Construire des digesteurs à biogaz à 20 établissements à régime d’internat Nombre d’établissements équipés d’un digesteur à biogaz. Source : Ministère de l’Hydraulique, Energie et des Mines.', 'Source : Ministère de l’Hydraulique, Energie et des Mines. B. Sous-secteur Transports Les politiques et stratégies nationales du secteur des transports considérées dans le scénario inconditionnel sont le Plan de Développement National du Burundi 2018-2027, la Stratégie Nationale en matière de planification et de gestion du secteur des transports 2018-2027, la politique sectorielle du Ministère des Transports, des Travaux publics et de l’Equipement et la Politique Nationale de l’industrialisation. Les stratégies d’atténuation prévues dans ces documents sont principalement la promotion du véhicule électrique, le transport en commun par grands bus et l’aménagement des pistes piétonnes et cyclables.', 'Les stratégies d’atténuation prévues dans ces documents sont principalement la promotion du véhicule électrique, le transport en commun par grands bus et l’aménagement des pistes piétonnes et cyclables. Dans la CDN 2020, la priorité retenue pour l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le sous-secteur Transports est le développement du transport en commun par grands bus pour diminuer les consommations de carburants des véhicules individuels. Tableau 29 : Priorité nationale d’atténuations dans le sous-secteur transport Priorité nationale Cible Coût D ) Indicateurs de suivi- évaluation Observations/Consid érations Date déb ut Dat e fin Etat d’avanceme nt en mars Améliorati on et augmentat ion du parc automobil e de D’ici grands bus en grands bus acquis Cette action va contribuer à l atténuation des émissions de GES issues des voitures individuelles.transport en commun. circulati on Source : Programme d’Actions Prioritaires (PAP, juillet 2018). 2.2.5.1.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection A. Secteur Energie hors sous-secteur Transports.', 'Hypothèses et paramètres de projection A. Secteur Energie hors sous-secteur Transports. Les priorités d’atténuation retenues consistent à mettre en œuvre des technologies ou des combustibles moins émetteurs de GES en substitution des technologies ou combustibles non performants en termes d’atténuation, à savoir : - des centrales thermiques à diesel pour la production d’électricité, - du bois de chauffage pour la cuisson et l’éclairage dans les ménages ruraux et le charbon de bois pour les ménages urbains pour l’énergie de cuisson. Le tableau 30 montre les paramètres servis pour la comptabilisation de ces émissions.', 'Le tableau 30 montre les paramètres servis pour la comptabilisation de ces émissions. Tableau 30 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions No Priorités d’atténuation Paramètres de calcul des émissions 1 Construction des centrales hydroélectrique - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule ; - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 2 Construction des centrales solaire ou mini réseaux solaire - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 3 Promouvoir l’utilisation des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat - Volume du digesteur à biogaz (50m3) ; - Production énergétique en kWh d’un m3 d’un digesteur - Emissions émises par le bois pour produire la même énergie pour la cuissonB.', 'Tableau 30 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions No Priorités d’atténuation Paramètres de calcul des émissions 1 Construction des centrales hydroélectrique - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule ; - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 2 Construction des centrales solaire ou mini réseaux solaire - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 3 Promouvoir l’utilisation des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat - Volume du digesteur à biogaz (50m3) ; - Production énergétique en kWh d’un m3 d’un digesteur - Emissions émises par le bois pour produire la même énergie pour la cuissonB. Sous-secteur Transports Le logiciel IPCC Tools 2006 est utilisé pour quantifier les émissions émises par les bus et les émissions que les voitures auraient émises pour transporter le même nombre de personnes sur la même distance.', 'Sous-secteur Transports Le logiciel IPCC Tools 2006 est utilisé pour quantifier les émissions émises par les bus et les émissions que les voitures auraient émises pour transporter le même nombre de personnes sur la même distance. Les émissions évitées sont ensuite calculées par différence entre les deux.', 'Les émissions évitées sont ensuite calculées par différence entre les deux. Tableau 31 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres de calcul des émissions du sous-secteur transport Priorités d’atténuation Paramètres de calcul Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile en commun - Nombre de bus de 60 places (200bus en 2025 et 300bus en 2030) ; - Consommation des bus (50l/100km) du carburant; - trajet journalière en km (28km/jour) ; - Quantité de carburant des bus par jour en litre ; - Quantité annuelle de carburant des bus en litre ; - Nombre de voitures particulières exclu de la circulation ; - Consommation de voiture (10/100km) - Quantité de carburant épargnée de la consommation ; - Quantité annuelle de carburants épargnés de la consommation Priorités retenues Quantité de diesel non consommée du fait de l’action (en TJ) FE (kg /GJ) Emissions en Gg Eq Source Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile de transport en commun.', 'Tableau 31 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres de calcul des émissions du sous-secteur transport Priorités d’atténuation Paramètres de calcul Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile en commun - Nombre de bus de 60 places (200bus en 2025 et 300bus en 2030) ; - Consommation des bus (50l/100km) du carburant; - trajet journalière en km (28km/jour) ; - Quantité de carburant des bus par jour en litre ; - Quantité annuelle de carburant des bus en litre ; - Nombre de voitures particulières exclu de la circulation ; - Consommation de voiture (10/100km) - Quantité de carburant épargnée de la consommation ; - Quantité annuelle de carburants épargnés de la consommation Priorités retenues Quantité de diesel non consommée du fait de l’action (en TJ) FE (kg /GJ) Emissions en Gg Eq Source Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile de transport en commun. 2.2.5.1.3.', 'Tableau 31 : Priorités d’atténuation et paramètres de calcul des émissions du sous-secteur transport Priorités d’atténuation Paramètres de calcul Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile en commun - Nombre de bus de 60 places (200bus en 2025 et 300bus en 2030) ; - Consommation des bus (50l/100km) du carburant; - trajet journalière en km (28km/jour) ; - Quantité de carburant des bus par jour en litre ; - Quantité annuelle de carburant des bus en litre ; - Nombre de voitures particulières exclu de la circulation ; - Consommation de voiture (10/100km) - Quantité de carburant épargnée de la consommation ; - Quantité annuelle de carburants épargnés de la consommation Priorités retenues Quantité de diesel non consommée du fait de l’action (en TJ) FE (kg /GJ) Emissions en Gg Eq Source Amélioration et augmentation du parc automobile de transport en commun. 2.2.5.1.3. Impact en termes de GES A. Secteur Energie hors sous-secteur Transports Les émissions évitées du scénario d’atténuation sont égales aux facteurs d émissions par défaut (Niveau 1) de la technologie/combustible substitué multipliés par les consommations d’énergie évitées du fait de la mise en œuvre des actions.', 'Impact en termes de GES A. Secteur Energie hors sous-secteur Transports Les émissions évitées du scénario d’atténuation sont égales aux facteurs d émissions par défaut (Niveau 1) de la technologie/combustible substitué multipliés par les consommations d’énergie évitées du fait de la mise en œuvre des actions. Le logiciel IPCC Tools 2006, a permis de faire la quantification de ces émissions à éviter en entrant les données d’activités de chaque projet par rapport à la pratique qui était en place. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée sur toutes les actions retenues dans la CDN 2020.Le tableau 32 présente les émissions évitées de GES dans le secteur Energie (hors transport) aux horizons 2025 et 2030.', 'Cette méthodologie a été appliquée sur toutes les actions retenues dans la CDN 2020.Le tableau 32 présente les émissions évitées de GES dans le secteur Energie (hors transport) aux horizons 2025 et 2030. Tableau 32 : Emissions évitées par priorités nationales Priorités nationales Priorités retenues Emissions évitées en 1.Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique Aménager la centrale hydroélectrique de Ruzibazi (15MW), la centrale hydroélectrique de Kabu 16 (20MW) et la centrale hydroélectrique de Mpanda Aménager la CHE de RUVYI 102 et MULE 037 Aménager les centrales en cascade sur DAMA (8.8MW) et SIGUVYAYE Aménager la microcentrale de Karonke (300KW) 0 0,32 2.Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie par le système photovoltaïque Aménager la centrale solaire de Mubuga (7,5MW) 2,41 2,41 Electrifier les établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat Construire des digesteurs à biogaz à 20 établissements à régime électrique B. Sous-secteur Transports Le tableau 33 présente les émissions évitées de GES dans le sous-secteur Transport aux horizons 2025 et 2030.', 'Tableau 32 : Emissions évitées par priorités nationales Priorités nationales Priorités retenues Emissions évitées en 1.Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique Aménager la centrale hydroélectrique de Ruzibazi (15MW), la centrale hydroélectrique de Kabu 16 (20MW) et la centrale hydroélectrique de Mpanda Aménager la CHE de RUVYI 102 et MULE 037 Aménager les centrales en cascade sur DAMA (8.8MW) et SIGUVYAYE Aménager la microcentrale de Karonke (300KW) 0 0,32 2.Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie par le système photovoltaïque Aménager la centrale solaire de Mubuga (7,5MW) 2,41 2,41 Electrifier les établissements publics hors réseau électrique par l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque des digesteurs à biogaz dans les écoles à internat Construire des digesteurs à biogaz à 20 établissements à régime électrique B. Sous-secteur Transports Le tableau 33 présente les émissions évitées de GES dans le sous-secteur Transport aux horizons 2025 et 2030. Tableau 33 : Emissions évitées Gaz CO2 (Gg) CH4 (Mg) (Mg) CO2 (Gg) (Mg) N2O (Mg) Total Eq CO2 en Gg Emissions émises par les voitures hors circulation2.2.5.1.4.', 'Tableau 33 : Emissions évitées Gaz CO2 (Gg) CH4 (Mg) (Mg) CO2 (Gg) (Mg) N2O (Mg) Total Eq CO2 en Gg Emissions émises par les voitures hors circulation2.2.5.1.4. Secteur Procédés Industriels et Usages de Produits (PIUP) 2.2.5.1.4.1. P&M, Plans et actions d’atténuation retenues Dans le secteur PIUP, aucune action n’est priorisée dans la CDN actualisée pour réduire les émissions par objectif inconditionnel par faute des indicateurs bien définis. Toutefois, des plans et des politiques et stratégies existent qui peuvent contribuer à réduire les émissions dans ce secteur. 2.2.5.1.4.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Comme il n’y a pas d’actions prévues par objectif inconditionnel à inclure dans la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et les paramètres de projections ne sont pas nécessaires. 2.2.5.1.5. Impact en termes de GES .', 'Impact en termes de GES . La CDN 2020 n’inclut pas des actions d’atténuation des émissions du secteur PIUP mais il est comptabilisé dans le BAU. 2.2.5.1.6. Secteur Agriculture Le Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage a élaboré un document d’orientation de la politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage. Ce dernier s’appuie sur le PND 2018-2027 et le PNIA 2018-2022. Pour mettre en œuvre ces mesures stratégiques contenues dans ces documents, le Ministère envisage faire une politique nationale de l’élevage en stabulation permanente. Cependant, aucune d’action pour appuyer cette politique n’est retenue dans l’objectif conditionnel. 2.2.5.1.7. Secteur Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terre 2.2.5.1.7.1.', 'Secteur Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terre 2.2.5.1.7.1. Plans, stratégies et actions d’atténuation retenues Le Burundi a élaboré des Plans et Stratégies pouvant avoir un impact en termes d’atténuation en lien avec le secteur FAT, en réduisant les émissions de GES issues du secteur forestier par des bonnes pratiques de gestion des ressources forestières ou en augmentant les puits de GES. Les plus importants sont les suivants : - Le Plan National de Développement 2018-2027 qui, en son orientation stratégique 3, envisage la protection de l’environnement, l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et l’amélioration de l’aménagement du territoire.', 'Les plus importants sont les suivants : - Le Plan National de Développement 2018-2027 qui, en son orientation stratégique 3, envisage la protection de l’environnement, l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et l’amélioration de l’aménagement du territoire. - Le Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, - La Politique forestière nationale qui, en son objectif spécifique 2, envisage de porter le taux de la couverture forestière à 20% à l’horizon 2025, - La stratégie Nationale pour la réduction des émissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts, (+) le rôle de la Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers et la Gestion durable des forêts ainsi que l’amélioration des stocks de carbone,- La Politique Nationale sur le changement climatique qui, en son axe 2, envisage la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre et le développement sobre en carbone ; etc.', '- Le Document d’Orientation de la Politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, - La Politique forestière nationale qui, en son objectif spécifique 2, envisage de porter le taux de la couverture forestière à 20% à l’horizon 2025, - La stratégie Nationale pour la réduction des émissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts, (+) le rôle de la Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers et la Gestion durable des forêts ainsi que l’amélioration des stocks de carbone,- La Politique Nationale sur le changement climatique qui, en son axe 2, envisage la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre et le développement sobre en carbone ; etc. Ces plans, politiques et stratégies ont été considérés pour définir les actions du secteur FAT à retenir dans le cadre du scénario inconditionnel de la CDN 2020.', 'Ces plans, politiques et stratégies ont été considérés pour définir les actions du secteur FAT à retenir dans le cadre du scénario inconditionnel de la CDN 2020. Ainsi, deux actions prioritaires retenues dans la CDN 2020 pour le scénario inconditionnel et sont consignées dans le tableau 34. Tableau 34 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel Stratégies prioritaires Objectif Actions Coût D Date du début Date de fin Etat d’avancem ent 2021. foresterie rurale Porter le taux de la couverture forestière à 15.74%, c’est-à-dire augmenter le couvert forestier de 160.000 ha d’ici Produire et planter sur 53.340 ha à raison de 5334 ha /an de 2021 à 2030. ment de la filière bambou au Burundi 2500 ha de bambousseraie créés en dix ans à raison de 250ha/an. Protéger les rives de rivières par la plantation de bambous sur 2500 ha à raison de 250ha /an à partir de 2021 jusqu’en 2030.', 'Protéger les rives de rivières par la plantation de bambous sur 2500 ha à raison de 250ha /an à partir de 2021 jusqu’en 2030. Source des actions : DOPEAE, TCNCC et PND 2018-2027 Burundi. 2.2.5.1.7.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Pour le secteur FAT, les paramètres d’entrée des 2 actions retenues sont présentés dans le tableau 37. Les chiffres en termes de superficies sont consignés dans le DOPEAE et ont été validés par les ateliers tenus à Muramvya les 21 et 22 juillet 2021 et à Ngozi les 6 et 7 juillet 2021.', 'Les chiffres en termes de superficies sont consignés dans le DOPEAE et ont été validés par les ateliers tenus à Muramvya les 21 et 22 juillet 2021 et à Ngozi les 6 et 7 juillet 2021. Tableau 35 : Actions prioritaires retenues par objectif inconditionnel Actions Superficies plantées par an (en ha) Superficies plantées cumulées en 2025 (en ha) Superficies plantées cumulées en 2030 (en ha) Source de chiffres 1 Développement de la foresterie rurale (reboisement de 53340 ha sur 10 ans) validations des superficies2 Développement de la filière bambous 2.2.5.1.7.3. Impact en termes de GES La méthodologie de Niveau 1 les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC a été utilisée pour calculer les absorptions complémentaires de GES résultant des actions d’atténuation retenues dans le cadre du scénario inconditionnel. Elle consiste à multiplier les données d’activités par les facteurs d’absorption.', 'Elle consiste à multiplier les données d’activités par les facteurs d’absorption. Pour calculer les absorptions, les superficies des boisements ont été considérées comme données d’activités. On a ensuite utilisé le logiciel IPCC 2006 pour calculer ces absorptions. Le tableau 42 donne les résultats des absorptions en 2025 et 2030 en Eq CO2 en Gg. Tableau 36: Résultats des absorptions issues du secteur forestier en EqCO2 en Gg Actions Absorptions en Eq CO2 en Gg Boiser 53340ha en 2030 à raison de 5334 ha /an à partir de 2021. Protéger les berges de rivière par la plantation de bambous sur superficie de 2500ha en 2030 à raison de 250ha/an à partir de 2021. 2.2.5.1.8. Secteur Déchets 2.2.5.1.8.1.', 'Protéger les berges de rivière par la plantation de bambous sur superficie de 2500ha en 2030 à raison de 250ha/an à partir de 2021. 2.2.5.1.8. Secteur Déchets 2.2.5.1.8.1. Plans, stratégies et actions d’atténuation retenues Le Plan National de Développement du Burundi 2018-2027, la politique nationale d’assainissement, le plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, les Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques etc., prévoient des actions pour l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effets des serres issues du secteur déchet. Cependant, dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, aucune action n’est envisagée suite au manque de données fiables sur la quantification des déchets et les sites de décharges ne sont pas connus, sauf quelques sites identifiés dans le troisième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre se trouvant en ville de Bujumbura. 2.2.5.1.8.2.', 'Cependant, dans le cadre de la CDN 2020, aucune action n’est envisagée suite au manque de données fiables sur la quantification des déchets et les sites de décharges ne sont pas connus, sauf quelques sites identifiés dans le troisième inventaire de gaz à effet de serre se trouvant en ville de Bujumbura. 2.2.5.1.8.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Comme il n’y a aucune action prévue par scénario inconditionnel dans la CDN 2020, les hypothèses et les paramètres de projections ne sont pas nécessaires.2.2.5.1.8.3. Impact en termes de GES Par objectif inconditionnel, aucune priorité n’a été retenue.', 'Impact en termes de GES Par objectif inconditionnel, aucune priorité n’a été retenue. Par conséquent, le secteur déchet n’a pas d’impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES, 2.2.5.2 Définition de la cible La cible du scénario inconditionnel est une réduction des émissions nationales de 1,58 % par rapport au scénario BAU à l’horizon 2025 et de 3,04 % en 2030. 2.2.5.2.1 Méthode de calcul La méthodologie pour calculer la cible au niveau de chaque secteur, on additionne d’abord les émissions évitées ou absorbées de toutes les actions prioritaires du secteur. La valeur de la cible nationale en Equivalent CO2 en Gg par objectif inconditionnel correspond à la somme des émissions /absorptions issues de la mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires dans tous les secteurs.', 'La valeur de la cible nationale en Equivalent CO2 en Gg par objectif inconditionnel correspond à la somme des émissions /absorptions issues de la mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires dans tous les secteurs. En termes de pourcentage, la valeur cible est le rapport entre la somme des émissions sectorielles du scénario inconditionnel et la somme des émissions sectorielles du scénario de Business As Usual (BAU). La valeur de la cible «C » en % est exprimée par l’équation suivante : X/Y*100. Où X= ∑des émissions sectorielles du scénario inconditionnel en EqCO2 en Gg. Y = ∑ des émissions sectorielles du scénario de Business As Usual (BAU) en EqCO2 en Gg.', 'Y = ∑ des émissions sectorielles du scénario de Business As Usual (BAU) en EqCO2 en Gg. 2.2.5.2.2 Récapitulatif des émissions évitées et absorbions complémentaires Le récapitulatif des émissions évitées et des absorptions dans tous les secteurs se trouve dans le tableau 37. Tableau 37 : Synthèse des émissions évitées et absorbions complémentaire Emissions évitées de GES (en Gg Eq CO2) Emissions évitées de GES (en Gg Eq CO2) Total des émissions avec Total des émissions sans absorptions2.2.5.3. Valeur de la cible en pourcentage Tableau 38 : Valeur cible par objectif inconditionnel Scenario d’atténuation inconditionnel Atténuation en % 1,58 3,04 Il est à noter que le calcul de la cible par objectif inconditionnel est hors absorptions. 2.2.6.', 'Valeur de la cible en pourcentage Tableau 38 : Valeur cible par objectif inconditionnel Scenario d’atténuation inconditionnel Atténuation en % 1,58 3,04 Il est à noter que le calcul de la cible par objectif inconditionnel est hors absorptions. 2.2.6. Autres impacts Les actions retenues dans le scénario de l’objectif inconditionnel ont des impacts sur la santé surtout en réduisant les maladies issues des fumées de la combustion du bois, de la pollution de l’air par les gaz provenant des émissions des véhicules. D’autres impacts sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie sont important grâce à l’augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie électrique, notamment la croissance des revenus des ménages par la création des emplois et la modernisation ainsi que la diversification des activités génératrices de revenus.', 'D’autres impacts sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie sont important grâce à l’augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie électrique, notamment la croissance des revenus des ménages par la création des emplois et la modernisation ainsi que la diversification des activités génératrices de revenus. Elles ont aussi des retombes positifs sur la conservation de la biodiversité, notamment la conservation des sols, l’augmentation de l’eau,etc. 2.2.7. Scénario conditionnel 2.2.7.1. Secteur Energie 2.2.7.1.1. P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues Les politiques et stratégies citées en haut pour le scénario inconditionnel sont valables aussi pour le scénario conditionnel.', 'P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues Les politiques et stratégies citées en haut pour le scénario inconditionnel sont valables aussi pour le scénario conditionnel. Les actions du scénario conditionnel du secteur de l’énergie qui se distinguent des actions du scénario inconditionnel, se focalisent sur la construction des centrales hydroélectrique, la construction et réhabilitation des lignes de transmission et de distribution de l’électrique nationale ainsi que sur la promotion des énergies rénouvelables. Certaines actions dont la réalisation dépend de fonds internationaux sont en supllément de celles prévues dans le scénario inconditionnel. Elles sont comptabilisées séparement de celles du scénario inconditionnel. Celles retenues pour le secteur de l’énergie sont consignées dans le tableau 39.', 'Celles retenues pour le secteur de l’énergie sont consignées dans le tableau 39. Tableau 39: Priorités nationales dans le secteur d’Energie Actions/projets retenus Cible Activités IOV Coûts d’USD Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancem ent Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriqu es : Jiji – Mulembwe -Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectriq 2018 Jiji – Mulembw e ; 2021 Rusumo FallsRusumo Falls MW) ue fonctionnelle - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectriq ue et Aménager la centrale hydroélectriqu e de Ruzizi III (147 MW) soit 49MW pour le Burundi microcentral es sont construites et mises en service Aménager quatre sites de waga, Gikuka, Moyovozi, Nyamvyondo d’une puissance de Electrifier les centres du Pays lieux de communes sont électrifiés Construire des lignes électriques desservant les et centres non encore électrifiés du pays Nombre de chefs-lieux de communes électrifiés Promouvoir les énergies renouvelables en milieu rural par les projets soleil Nyakiriza et Umucowiteramb ere de l’intérieur du pays sont électrifiés par des mini- réseaux solaires Installer des mini-réseaux solaires dans 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays par des Nombre de centres électrifiés ménages ayant des équipements solaires Distribuer des kits solaires à ménages ruraux (capacité de Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des kits solaire établissemen ts de santé seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissement s de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établisseme nts de santé électrifiés établissemen ts scolaire seront électrifié pour Installer aux établissement s scolaires de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établisseme nts scolairel’énergie solaire ménages sont équipés en foyers améliorés Construire améliorés dans les ménages ruraux Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des foyers améliorés plateformes solaires multiservices installées plateformes solaires multiservices Nombre de plateformes solaires multiservices améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire sont installés foyers améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire Nombre de foyers amélioré Appuyer la production et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés ménages rural utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.', 'Tableau 39: Priorités nationales dans le secteur d’Energie Actions/projets retenus Cible Activités IOV Coûts d’USD Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancem ent Accroitre la capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectrique sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriqu es : Jiji – Mulembwe -Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectriq 2018 Jiji – Mulembw e ; 2021 Rusumo FallsRusumo Falls MW) ue fonctionnelle - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectriq ue et Aménager la centrale hydroélectriqu e de Ruzizi III (147 MW) soit 49MW pour le Burundi microcentral es sont construites et mises en service Aménager quatre sites de waga, Gikuka, Moyovozi, Nyamvyondo d’une puissance de Electrifier les centres du Pays lieux de communes sont électrifiés Construire des lignes électriques desservant les et centres non encore électrifiés du pays Nombre de chefs-lieux de communes électrifiés Promouvoir les énergies renouvelables en milieu rural par les projets soleil Nyakiriza et Umucowiteramb ere de l’intérieur du pays sont électrifiés par des mini- réseaux solaires Installer des mini-réseaux solaires dans 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays par des Nombre de centres électrifiés ménages ayant des équipements solaires Distribuer des kits solaires à ménages ruraux (capacité de Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des kits solaire établissemen ts de santé seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissement s de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établisseme nts de santé électrifiés établissemen ts scolaire seront électrifié pour Installer aux établissement s scolaires de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établisseme nts scolairel’énergie solaire ménages sont équipés en foyers améliorés Construire améliorés dans les ménages ruraux Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des foyers améliorés plateformes solaires multiservices installées plateformes solaires multiservices Nombre de plateformes solaires multiservices améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire sont installés foyers améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire Nombre de foyers amélioré Appuyer la production et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés ménages rural utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. Renforcer les capacités des techniciens de fabrication des foyers améliorés et Organiser des foires d’exposition des foyers améliorés pour développer de nouveaux marchés et d’établir le contact avec de potentiels clients Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.', 'Renforcer les capacités des techniciens de fabrication des foyers améliorés et Organiser des foires d’exposition des foyers améliorés pour développer de nouveaux marchés et d’établir le contact avec de potentiels clients Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. ménages urbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson Nombre de ménages urbain qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. ménages rural utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. ménages Nombre de ménages urbain quiurbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. Construction et équipement d’usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques pouvant produire des panneaux photovoltaïq ues de produits Construire et équiper une usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïque s Capacité des panneaux produits Approvisionnem ent énergétique des villages de paix ruraux par systèmes solaires photovoltaïques de paix sont approvisionn és en énergies par systèmes solaires photovoltaïq ues 108 Nombre de villages de paix électrifiés par le système solaire 2.2.7.1.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Le calcul des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par différentes sources d’énergie est basé sur des paramètres, notamment la population, les technologies ou mesures adoptés, le mode de vie de la population et les facteurs d’émissions des combustibles utilisés.', 'Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Le calcul des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par différentes sources d’énergie est basé sur des paramètres, notamment la population, les technologies ou mesures adoptés, le mode de vie de la population et les facteurs d’émissions des combustibles utilisés. La quantité d’émissions est égale aux facteurs d émissions qui sont multipliés par les valeurs d’énergie. Le logiciel IPCC Tools 2006, a permis de faire la quantification des émissions à éviter en entrant les données d’activités de chaque action par rapport à la pratique qui était en place. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée sur toutes les actions identifiées dans le cadre de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015. Le tableau 47 montre les paramètres servis pour la comptabilisation de ces émissions.', 'Le tableau 47 montre les paramètres servis pour la comptabilisation de ces émissions. Tableau 40 : Paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions No Technologies mise en œuvre Paramètres de calcul des émissions 1 Construction des centrales hydroélectrique - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale (4000h) ; - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule ;- Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 2 Construction des centrales solaire ou mini réseaux solaire - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale (1200h) ; - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 3 Electrifier les 28 chefs-lieux de communes de l’intérieur du pays - Population bénéficiaire du projet ; - Consommation moyenne annuelle par habitat - La quantité du pétrole utilisé pour produire la même quantité d’énergie pour l’éclairage ; 4 Utilisation des kits solaire dans les ménages - Puissance totale des kits solaire (491,28kW) ; - Production moyenne annuelle d’énergie en kWh ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie pour l’éclairage établissements de santé et scolaire de l’énergie solaire - Puissance totale installée à l’établissement solaire et de sante (1820kw pour santé et 1816kw pour écoles) ; - nombre d’heure de fonctionnement par jour (4h) ; - production annuelle moyenne d’énergie ; - La quantité du diesel utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie ; 6 Construire des foyers améliorés dans les ménages - Projections de la Population totale (13604766 en 2025 et en 2030 14882591 en 2030 selon données ISTEEBU, - Projections population rural (12230685 en 2025 et - Projections population urbaine (1374081 en 2025 et - Taille du ménage ; - Quantité moyenne de bois consommée par jour et par personne (2,93kg) ;- Quantité moyenne de charbon consommée par jour et par personne (0,68) ; - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de bois (4,5kWh) - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de charbon - Proportion de la population utilisant le bois et le charbon de bois.', 'Tableau 40 : Paramètres pour la comptabilisation des émissions No Technologies mise en œuvre Paramètres de calcul des émissions 1 Construction des centrales hydroélectrique - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale (4000h) ; - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule ;- Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 2 Construction des centrales solaire ou mini réseaux solaire - Capacité de production de la centrale ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement annuel de la centrale (1200h) ; - Equivalent de la production annuelle en Téra joule - Emissions émises par une centrale thermique à diesel de même capacité 3 Electrifier les 28 chefs-lieux de communes de l’intérieur du pays - Population bénéficiaire du projet ; - Consommation moyenne annuelle par habitat - La quantité du pétrole utilisé pour produire la même quantité d’énergie pour l’éclairage ; 4 Utilisation des kits solaire dans les ménages - Puissance totale des kits solaire (491,28kW) ; - Production moyenne annuelle d’énergie en kWh ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie pour l’éclairage établissements de santé et scolaire de l’énergie solaire - Puissance totale installée à l’établissement solaire et de sante (1820kw pour santé et 1816kw pour écoles) ; - nombre d’heure de fonctionnement par jour (4h) ; - production annuelle moyenne d’énergie ; - La quantité du diesel utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie ; 6 Construire des foyers améliorés dans les ménages - Projections de la Population totale (13604766 en 2025 et en 2030 14882591 en 2030 selon données ISTEEBU, - Projections population rural (12230685 en 2025 et - Projections population urbaine (1374081 en 2025 et - Taille du ménage ; - Quantité moyenne de bois consommée par jour et par personne (2,93kg) ;- Quantité moyenne de charbon consommée par jour et par personne (0,68) ; - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de bois (4,5kWh) - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de charbon - Proportion de la population utilisant le bois et le charbon de bois. En milieu urbain utilise le charbon et en milieu rural le bois.', 'En milieu urbain utilise le charbon et en milieu rural le bois. - Rendement des foyers améliorés (20%) solaires multiservices - Puissance totale des plateformes solaires multiservices ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement par jour (4h) ; - Production moyenne annuelle d’énergie ; - La quantité du diesel utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire - Nombre de stère consommé par an (800) ; - Nombre de kilo par stère (600kg) ; - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de bois (4,5kWh) - Rendement des foyers améliorés (20%) 9 Construire et équiper l’usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques pouvant - Capacité de production totale annuelle par an ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie 10 Electrifier les villages de paix ruraux par systèmes solaires photovoltaïques - Nombre moyenne de ménages des villages de paix - Taille moyenne d’un ménage (5personne) ; - Consommation moyenne d’énergie par personne et par jour (30kWh/habitat/jour) ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux : Bujumbura - Quantité de déchets/personne/an (kg/pers/an) - Projection de la population en mairie de Bujumbura :- Quantités annuelles de déchets (tonne) ; - Déchets fermentescibles (57%) - Quantité de déchets d’énergie (25000tonnes/MW); - Production annuelle (MWh) ; - Production annuelle(TJ) 2.2.7.1.3 Impact en termes de GES Tableau 41 : Emissions évitées par actions identifiées dans le secteur d’énergie Emissions évitées en Gg Eq CO2 Actions/projet s retenus Cible activités IOV Coût x1000 USD capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectriqu e 141,5 MW sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriques : Jiji – Mulembwe (49MW) ; Rusumo Falls (27MW) et Kirasa (16 MW) -Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectrique fonctionnelle - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectrique Aménager la centrale hydroélectrique de Ruzizi III (147 MW) soit 49MW pour le Burundi microcentrale sont construites et mise en service Aménager quatre 4 sites de waga, Gikuka, Moyovozi, Nyamvyondo d’une puissance centres du Pays de communes sont électrifiés construire des lignes électriques desservant les et centres non encore Nombre de chefs-lieux de communes électrifiésélectrifiés du pays les énergies renouvelables en milieu rural par les projets soleil Nyakiriza et Umucowitera mbere 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays sont électrifiés par des mini- réseaux solaires Installer des mini-réseaux solaires dans 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays par des Nombre de centres électrifiés ménages des équipement solaire distribuer des kits solaires à ruraux (capacité Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des kits solaire établissements de santé seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissements de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établissement s de santé électrifiés établissements scolaire seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissements scolaires de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établissement s scolaire électrifiés ménages sont équipés en foyers améliorés Construire améliorés dans les ménages ruraux Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des foyers améliorés solaires multiservices installées plateformes solaires multiservices Nombre de plateformes solaires multiservices améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire sont installés foyers améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire Nombre de foyers amélioré construits production et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés des ménages ruraux utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.', '- Rendement des foyers améliorés (20%) solaires multiservices - Puissance totale des plateformes solaires multiservices ; - Nombre d’heure de fonctionnement par jour (4h) ; - Production moyenne annuelle d’énergie ; - La quantité du diesel utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire - Nombre de stère consommé par an (800) ; - Nombre de kilo par stère (600kg) ; - Quantité d’énergie générée par un kilo de bois (4,5kWh) - Rendement des foyers améliorés (20%) 9 Construire et équiper l’usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques pouvant - Capacité de production totale annuelle par an ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie 10 Electrifier les villages de paix ruraux par systèmes solaires photovoltaïques - Nombre moyenne de ménages des villages de paix - Taille moyenne d’un ménage (5personne) ; - Consommation moyenne d’énergie par personne et par jour (30kWh/habitat/jour) ; - La quantité du pétrole utilisée pour produire la même quantité d’énergie Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux : Bujumbura - Quantité de déchets/personne/an (kg/pers/an) - Projection de la population en mairie de Bujumbura :- Quantités annuelles de déchets (tonne) ; - Déchets fermentescibles (57%) - Quantité de déchets d’énergie (25000tonnes/MW); - Production annuelle (MWh) ; - Production annuelle(TJ) 2.2.7.1.3 Impact en termes de GES Tableau 41 : Emissions évitées par actions identifiées dans le secteur d’énergie Emissions évitées en Gg Eq CO2 Actions/projet s retenus Cible activités IOV Coût x1000 USD capacité de production de l’énergie hydroélectriqu e 141,5 MW sont installés Aménager trois centrales hydroélectriques : Jiji – Mulembwe (49MW) ; Rusumo Falls (27MW) et Kirasa (16 MW) -Nombre de nouvelles centrales hydroélectrique fonctionnelle - Nouvelle capacité de production hydroélectrique Aménager la centrale hydroélectrique de Ruzizi III (147 MW) soit 49MW pour le Burundi microcentrale sont construites et mise en service Aménager quatre 4 sites de waga, Gikuka, Moyovozi, Nyamvyondo d’une puissance centres du Pays de communes sont électrifiés construire des lignes électriques desservant les et centres non encore Nombre de chefs-lieux de communes électrifiésélectrifiés du pays les énergies renouvelables en milieu rural par les projets soleil Nyakiriza et Umucowitera mbere 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays sont électrifiés par des mini- réseaux solaires Installer des mini-réseaux solaires dans 48 centres de l’intérieur du pays par des Nombre de centres électrifiés ménages des équipement solaire distribuer des kits solaires à ruraux (capacité Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des kits solaire établissements de santé seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissements de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établissement s de santé électrifiés établissements scolaire seront électrifié pour l’énergie solaire Installer aux établissements scolaires de santé de l’énergie Nombre d’établissement s scolaire électrifiés ménages sont équipés en foyers améliorés Construire améliorés dans les ménages ruraux Nombre de ménages ayant reçu des foyers améliorés solaires multiservices installées plateformes solaires multiservices Nombre de plateformes solaires multiservices améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire sont installés foyers améliorés dans les écoles à Cantine scolaire Nombre de foyers amélioré construits production et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés des ménages ruraux utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. Renforcer les capacités des techniciens de fabrication des foyers améliorés et Organiser des Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.foires d’exposition des foyers améliorés pour développer de nouveaux marchés et d’établir le contact avec de potentiels clients des ménages urbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson Fabriquer et vendre les foyers améliorés à 85% de la population rurale en 2025 Nombre de ménages urbain qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.', 'Renforcer les capacités des techniciens de fabrication des foyers améliorés et Organiser des Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson.foires d’exposition des foyers améliorés pour développer de nouveaux marchés et d’établir le contact avec de potentiels clients des ménages urbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson Fabriquer et vendre les foyers améliorés à 85% de la population rurale en 2025 Nombre de ménages urbain qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. des ménages rural utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. Fabriquer et vendre les foyers améliorés à 75% de la population rurale en 2030 Nombre de ménages ruraux qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. des ménages urbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson Fabriquer et vendre les foyers améliorés à 90% de la population urbaine en 2030 Nombre de ménages urbain qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. 5.', 'des ménages urbains utilisent des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson Fabriquer et vendre les foyers améliorés à 90% de la population urbaine en 2030 Nombre de ménages urbain qui utilise des foyers améliorés pour la cuisson. 5. Construction et équipement d’usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïqu es pouvant produire D’ici 2025, des panneaux photovoltaïque s de 48MW sont produits Construire et équiper une usine de montage et de production des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques Capacité des panneaux produits nement énergétique des villages de paix ruraux par systèmes 27 villages de paix sont approvisionnés en énergies par systèmes solaires Installer les systèmes solaires photovoltaïques Nombre de villages de paix électrifiés par le système solairesolaires photovoltaïqu es photovoltaïque s une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux : et 8,38MW en produit Construire la centrale Capacité installe 2.2.7.2 Procédés Industriel et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP). 2.2.7.2.1 P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues Les politiques, les plans et les stratégies nationales retenus en scénarii conditionnels sont les mêmes que ceux retenus pour le scénario inconditionnel. Le tableau 43 montre les actions prioritaires du secteur.', 'Le tableau 43 montre les actions prioritaires du secteur. Tableau 42 : Actions prioritaires du secteur PIUP Actions prioritaires Cibles Activités Indicateurs de suivi Coûts Année début Date de fin 1.Projet d’Appui au Développement de la Recherche et de l’Innovation dans le secteur industriel « PADRI en sigle ». industr ies innova ntes Redynamiser des industries naissantes et appui aux industries existantes Nombre d’industries Source : TCNCC. 2.2.7.2.2. Hypothèses et paramètres de projection Les hypothèses de projection sont liées à l’économie (PIB), au pouvoir d’achat des populations pour approvisionner en chaux pour l’agriculture et en fers à béton et acier utilisés en construction. Les paramètres de projection sont les quantités de la chaux, du fer et de l’acier. D’autres paramètres sont les facteurs d’émissions.', 'D’autres paramètres sont les facteurs d’émissions. Pour calculer les émissions dues à la production de la chaux, la formule est la C(tonne de CO2) =AXB, Conversion en Gg de CO2 D=C/103 Ces paramètres sont : A : Quantité de chaux produits en tonnes : 1908 Tonnes en 2015. B : Facteurs d’émission par type de chaux produits (tonne de CO2/tonne de chaux produits) : 0,75. 2.2.6.2.3 Impacts en termes d’atténuations.', '2.2.6.2.3 Impacts en termes d’atténuations. Comme les experts en Inventaires n’ont pas eu de données sur terrain, les actions d’atténuation ont été calculée en réduisant les émissions de l’inventaire de 2015 de 3% tous les 5ans, c’est-dire une réduction de 2% par rapport au scénario de référence.Tableau 43 : Emissions évitées par action identifiée Appuyer le développement de la Recherche et de l’Innovation dans le secteur industriel « PADRI en sigle ». 2.2.7.3. Secteur Agriculture 2.2.7.3.1 P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues. Le Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage a élaboré un Document d’Orientation de la politique de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage. Ce dernier s’appuie sur le PND 2018-2027 et le PNIA 2018-2022.', 'Ce dernier s’appuie sur le PND 2018-2027 et le PNIA 2018-2022. Pour mettre en œuvre ces mesures stratégiques contenues dans ces documents, le Ministère envisage faire une politique nationale de l’élevage en stabulation permanente. La réussite de cette politique va s’appuyer sur les systèmes agro sylvo zootechniques qui permettent d’augmenter les aliments pour le bétail par l’augmentation des superficies de cultures fourragères, l’ensilage et la fumure organique par le système de compostage. C’est ainsi que l’amélioration de la composition des aliments pour le bétail en adoptant les systèmes d’intégration agro sylvo zootechniques a été retenue comme priorité nationale. Le tableau 45 montre l’action prioritaire à mener, le coût de l’action et l’échéancier. Tableau 44 : Action prioritaire du secteur agriculture. Stratégies prioritaires Objectif Actions Coût Date du début Date de fin Etat d’avancem ent 2021.', 'Stratégies prioritaires Objectif Actions Coût Date du début Date de fin Etat d’avancem ent 2021. Amélioration de la composition des aliments pour le bétail en adoptant les systèmes d’intégration agro sylvo zootechniques Améliorer les aliments pour le bétail en stabulation permanente et réduire les émissions issues des sols gérés. Améliorer la composition des aliments pour le bétail 2.2.7.3.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projection. Les paramètres du secteur agricole sont basés sur l’effectif projetés en 2025 et 2030 par espèce. L’effectif de ces animaux figure dans le tableau 45.Tableau 45 : Effectif des animaux par espèce. Espèce (T) Nombre de têtes N(T) en 2025 Nombre de têtes N(T) en 2030 Total La formule pour calculer les émissions est la suivante : CH4= N(T)*EF(T)*10^-6 où (T) : Catégorie ou espèce ;N(T) : nombre de têtes, EF : Facteur d’émissions, CH4 : Emissions totales de CH4.', 'Espèce (T) Nombre de têtes N(T) en 2025 Nombre de têtes N(T) en 2030 Total La formule pour calculer les émissions est la suivante : CH4= N(T)*EF(T)*10^-6 où (T) : Catégorie ou espèce ;N(T) : nombre de têtes, EF : Facteur d’émissions, CH4 : Emissions totales de CH4. Le Facteur d’émissions pour chaque catégorie d’animal se trouve dans le tableau 48. Tableau 46: Facteur d’émissions pour chaque animal. Espèce (T) EF (KgCH4/an) Vaches laitières 46 Autres bovins 31 2.2.7.3.3. Impacts en termes de GES.', 'Impacts en termes de GES. Tableau 47: Impacts de l’action en termes de réduction des Emissions de GES Emissions évitées en Gg Eq CO2 Actions /projets prioritaires Améliorer la composition des aliments pour le bétail en adoptant les systèmes d’intégration agro sylvo zootechniques Réduire en 2025 et 2030 de 3% les émissions de CH4 issues de la fermentation entérique à partir de 2015 ( 22,6Gg de 2.2.7.4 Secteur Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terre 2.2.6.4.1 P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues. Les politiques, les plans et les stratégies nationales retenus en scénarii conditionnels sont les mêmes que pour que ceux retenus pour le scénario inconditionnel.La mise en œuvre de ces politiques, plans et stratégies sera concrétisée par les priorités nationales se trouvant dans le tableau 48.', 'Les politiques, les plans et les stratégies nationales retenus en scénarii conditionnels sont les mêmes que pour que ceux retenus pour le scénario inconditionnel.La mise en œuvre de ces politiques, plans et stratégies sera concrétisée par les priorités nationales se trouvant dans le tableau 48. Tableau 48: Priorités nationales dans le secteur FAT Actions /projets prioritaires Cible Activités IOV Coutx1000 USD Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancement foresterie rurale Porter le taux de la couverture forestière à dire augmenter le couvert forestier d’ici 2027 (PND Créer des plantations forestières et agroforestières sur 106.680 ha à raison de 10668ha /an à partir de 2021 Superficies crées milieux dégradés dans le Mumirwa et le Bugesera boisements créés et/ou restaurés et 18000 ha de bassins versants protégés contre l’érosion Créer des plantations forestières et agroforestières sur 22375 ha à raison de 2275,5 ha /an à partir de 2021 Nombre de ha installés sources d’eau par la plantation des bambous bamboussaie créés en dix ans Planter le long des rivières, autour des sources d’eau et dans les exploitations agricoles 2030 à raison de 2250 ha à partir de 2021.', 'Tableau 48: Priorités nationales dans le secteur FAT Actions /projets prioritaires Cible Activités IOV Coutx1000 USD Date de début Date de fin Etat d’avancement foresterie rurale Porter le taux de la couverture forestière à dire augmenter le couvert forestier d’ici 2027 (PND Créer des plantations forestières et agroforestières sur 106.680 ha à raison de 10668ha /an à partir de 2021 Superficies crées milieux dégradés dans le Mumirwa et le Bugesera boisements créés et/ou restaurés et 18000 ha de bassins versants protégés contre l’érosion Créer des plantations forestières et agroforestières sur 22375 ha à raison de 2275,5 ha /an à partir de 2021 Nombre de ha installés sources d’eau par la plantation des bambous bamboussaie créés en dix ans Planter le long des rivières, autour des sources d’eau et dans les exploitations agricoles 2030 à raison de 2250 ha à partir de 2021. Nombre de ha installés de la culture du Moringa 10 ha /région créés et 5 boutures/ménage distribuées à la moitié des ménages ha/an Créer des plantation de Moringa sur 4280 ha à raison de 428ha/an à partir de 2021. Nombre de ha installés2.2.7.4.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projection.', 'Nombre de ha installés2.2.7.4.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projection. Dans le secteur FAT, les hypothèses de projections des émissions de GES jusqu’en 2050 sont basées sur l’évolution de la superficie forestière. Les paramètres de projections sont des superficies de plantations forestières et / ou agroforestières créées. 2.2.7.4.3 Impacts en termes de GES. Tableau 49 : Impacts par actions du secteur FAT Emissions en Gg Eq CO2 Actions /projets prioritaires 1.Développer la foresterie rurale Cible 160.000 ha de boisement créés 2.Projet de réhabilitation des milieux dégradés dans le bassin du Congo et le Bugesera 9000 ha boisements créés ou restaurés et 18000 ha de bassins versants protégés contre l’érosion développement de la filière bambou au Burundi 2250 ha de bambousseraie créés par an 4.Développement de la culture du Moringa 10 ha /région créés et 5 boutures/ménage distribuées à la moitié des ménages burundais ( 2.2.7.5 Secteur Déchets.', 'Tableau 49 : Impacts par actions du secteur FAT Emissions en Gg Eq CO2 Actions /projets prioritaires 1.Développer la foresterie rurale Cible 160.000 ha de boisement créés 2.Projet de réhabilitation des milieux dégradés dans le bassin du Congo et le Bugesera 9000 ha boisements créés ou restaurés et 18000 ha de bassins versants protégés contre l’érosion développement de la filière bambou au Burundi 2250 ha de bambousseraie créés par an 4.Développement de la culture du Moringa 10 ha /région créés et 5 boutures/ménage distribuées à la moitié des ménages burundais ( 2.2.7.5 Secteur Déchets. En termes d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, le projet contribue doublement en évitant les émissions émises par les déchets dans les dépotoirs (Secteur déchets) et les émissions émises par la centrale thermique à base du diesel (secteur énergie). 2.2.7.5.1 P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues.', '2.2.7.5.1 P&M, plans et actions prioritaires retenues. Le Plan de Développement National du Développement du Burundi 2018-2027 et la politique Nationale d’Assainissement, vont servir de référence pour le scénario inconditionnel. Dans ce scénario conditionnel, les objectifs prioritaires sont l’assainissement des centres urbains. L’action prioritaire retenue se trouve dans le tableau 50. Tableau 50: Actions prioritaires identifiées Actions prioritaires Cible Activité IOV Coût x 1000USD Aménager une centrale thermique 8,38MW Construire une centrale thermique Capacité de productionà base des déchets municipaux : Bujumbura à base des déchets municipaux 2.2.7.5.2 Hypothèses et paramètres de projection. Les hypothèses de projection sont basées sur la croissance économique (PIB), la croissance démographique et sur le taux d’urbanisation. Les paramètres de projection se trouvent dans le tableau 51.', 'Les paramètres de projection se trouvent dans le tableau 51. Tableau 51 : Paramètres pour le secteur déchet Projets Paramètres : secteur déchets Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux de la ville de Bujumbura - Projection de la population en mairie de Bujumbura : - Quantité de déchets/personne/an (kg/pers/an) - facteur de correction méthane(%) :46 - DOCF : 50% - Delay time (months) :6 - Emissions émises par les déchets dans le dépotoir ; - Emissions émises par la centrale à biogaz 2.2.7.5.3 Impact en termes de GES Tableau 52: Impacts par action du secteur déchet Emissions en Gg Eq CO2 Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux :2.2.7.6 Conditions pour l’atteinte de ces objectifs Des actions ont été identifiées dans tous les secteurs.', 'Tableau 51 : Paramètres pour le secteur déchet Projets Paramètres : secteur déchets Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux de la ville de Bujumbura - Projection de la population en mairie de Bujumbura : - Quantité de déchets/personne/an (kg/pers/an) - facteur de correction méthane(%) :46 - DOCF : 50% - Delay time (months) :6 - Emissions émises par les déchets dans le dépotoir ; - Emissions émises par la centrale à biogaz 2.2.7.5.3 Impact en termes de GES Tableau 52: Impacts par action du secteur déchet Emissions en Gg Eq CO2 Aménager une centrale thermique à base des déchets municipaux :2.2.7.6 Conditions pour l’atteinte de ces objectifs Des actions ont été identifiées dans tous les secteurs. Le coût de la mise en œuvre est estimé à un milliard six cent quatre-vingt-neuf mille cent deux mille dollars américains (1 689 102).', 'Le coût de la mise en œuvre est estimé à un milliard six cent quatre-vingt-neuf mille cent deux mille dollars américains (1 689 102). Leur mise en œuvre nécessite l’engagement de toutes les parties prenantes. Les Parties engagées à l’Accord de Paris se trouvant à l’Annexe I devront soutenir le Burundi en lui octroyant des financements nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre des programmes identifiés conformément à l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris. Les Partenaires techniques et Financiers sont appelés d’être à côté du Burundi pour l’accompagner dans l’exécution des actions identifiés. Comme la mise en œuvre de certaines actions nécessite une expertise technique, le renforcement des capacités dans les différents domaines d’interventions s’avère indispensable.', 'Comme la mise en œuvre de certaines actions nécessite une expertise technique, le renforcement des capacités dans les différents domaines d’interventions s’avère indispensable. Il s’agit de renforcer les capacités de tous les intervenants dans le transfert des connaissances pour l’acquisition des financements ainsi que le transfert des technologies. L’atteinte des résultats dépendra de la mise en place d’un mécanisme de mise en œuvre robuste qui s’appuie sur les arrangements institutionnel, législatif et financier existants. Ces derniers doivent être renforcés pour être opérationnels et performants. L’implication de toutes les parties prenantes est incontournable pour l’atteinte des résultats attendus. La prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale est encouragée.', 'La prise en compte du genre et de l’inclusion sociale est encouragée. La réalisation de ces actions identifiées par objectif conditionnel va donner un coup de fouet pour le développement socioéconomique et environnemental de notre Pays. 2.2.7.7 Définition de la cible La cible du scénario conditionnel est de réduire les émissions nationales de 11% par rapport au scénario BAU à l’horizon 2025 et de 13% par rapport au scénario BAU à L’horizon 2030. 2.2.7.8 Méthode de calcul La méthodologie pour calculer la cible au niveau de chaque secteur, on additionne d’abord les émissions évitées ou absorbées de toutes les actions prioritaires du secteur.', '2.2.7.8 Méthode de calcul La méthodologie pour calculer la cible au niveau de chaque secteur, on additionne d’abord les émissions évitées ou absorbées de toutes les actions prioritaires du secteur. La valeur de la cible nationale en Equivalent CO2 en Gg par objectif conditionnel correspond à la somme des émissions /absorptions issues de la mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires dans tous les secteurs. En termes de pourcentage, la valeur cible est le rapport entre la somme des émissions sectorielles du scénario conditionnel et la somme des émissions sectorielles du scénario de Business As Usual (BAU). La valeur de la cible «C » en % est exprimée par l’équation suivante : X/Y*100. Où X= ∑des émissions sectorielles du scénario conditionnel en Eq CO2 en Gg.', 'Où X= ∑des émissions sectorielles du scénario conditionnel en Eq CO2 en Gg. Y = ∑ des émissions sectorielles du scénario de Business As Usual (BAU) en Eq CO2 en Gg. 2.2.7.9 Synthèse des émissions évitées et absorbions Le récapitulatif des émissions évitées et des absorptions dans tous les secteurs se trouve dans le tableau 53.Tableau 53 : Synthèse des émissions évitées et des absorptions de GES. Emissions évitées de GES en Gg Emissions évitées de GES en Gg Eq CO2 Total des émissions avec absorptions Total des émissions sans absorptions NB : Le sou secteur FAT n’est pas comptabilisé dans les objectifs d’atténuations des émissions de GES, mais par contre a une grande importance dans l’augmentation des stocks de carbone. 3.', 'Emissions évitées de GES en Gg Emissions évitées de GES en Gg Eq CO2 Total des émissions avec absorptions Total des émissions sans absorptions NB : Le sou secteur FAT n’est pas comptabilisé dans les objectifs d’atténuations des émissions de GES, mais par contre a une grande importance dans l’augmentation des stocks de carbone. 3. VALEUR DE LA CIBLE EN POURCENTAGE La valeur de la cible en pourcentage est de 12,61 % en 2030 et de 11,40 en 2025 et ces valeurs correspondent à des réductions des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 864,39 Eq CO2 en Gg en 2030 et de 735,78 Eq CO2 en Gg en 2025 par rapport au scénario de référence BAU en 2030 et 2025.', 'VALEUR DE LA CIBLE EN POURCENTAGE La valeur de la cible en pourcentage est de 12,61 % en 2030 et de 11,40 en 2025 et ces valeurs correspondent à des réductions des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 864,39 Eq CO2 en Gg en 2030 et de 735,78 Eq CO2 en Gg en 2025 par rapport au scénario de référence BAU en 2030 et 2025. Le tableau 54 montre les détails des valeurs des cibles. Tableau 54: Valeur cible par objectif conditionnel Objectif conditionnel Emissions en Eq CO2 en Gg Emissions en Eq CO2 en Gg Scenario d’atténuation conditionnel 735,78 864,39 Valeur de la cible en % 11,40 12,61 3.1.', 'Tableau 54: Valeur cible par objectif conditionnel Objectif conditionnel Emissions en Eq CO2 en Gg Emissions en Eq CO2 en Gg Scenario d’atténuation conditionnel 735,78 864,39 Valeur de la cible en % 11,40 12,61 3.1. Autres impacts Les actions retenues dans le scenario de l’objectif conditionnel ont des impacts sur la santé surtout en réduisant les maladies issues des fumées de la combustion du bois, de la pollution de l’air par les gaz provenant des émissions des véhicules. D’autres impact sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie sont importants grâce à l’augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie électrique, notamment la croissance des revenus des ménages par la création des emplois et la modernisation ainsi que la diversification desactivités génératrices de revenus.', 'D’autres impact sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie sont importants grâce à l’augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie électrique, notamment la croissance des revenus des ménages par la création des emplois et la modernisation ainsi que la diversification desactivités génératrices de revenus. Elles ont aussi des retombées positives sur la conservation de la biodiversité, notamment la conservation des sols, l’alimentation en eau, etc. La synthèse correspond à un extrait du tableau ICTU 55 tel qu’elle figure dans la CDN2020. Tableau 55 : ICTU 1. Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, selon qu’il convient, une année de référence) a.', 'Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, selon qu’il convient, une année de référence) a. La ou les année(s) de référence, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ Années de référence : 2025 (années de référence intermédiaire) et 2030 (année cible) (cas d’un indicateur défini par rapport à un scénario Business as Usual (BAU)) b. Des informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de l’année ou des années de référence, de la période ou des périodes de référence ou d’autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l’année cible L’indicateur de référence est un indicateur quantitatif annuel, relatif par rapport aux émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual » (BAU), pour les années cibles 2025 et 2030 et 2 scénarios d’atténuation (inconditionnel et conditionnel).', 'Des informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de l’année ou des années de référence, de la période ou des périodes de référence ou d’autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l’année cible L’indicateur de référence est un indicateur quantitatif annuel, relatif par rapport aux émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual » (BAU), pour les années cibles 2025 et 2030 et 2 scénarios d’atténuation (inconditionnel et conditionnel). Emissions nationales de GES : en 2015 (année de base du BAU) : 1 935,9 Gg CO2 eq. eq. en 2030 (BAU) : 6 854,6 Gg Gg CO2 eq.', 'en 2030 (BAU) : 6 854,6 Gg Gg CO2 eq. c. Pour ce qui est des stratégies, des plans et des mesures visées au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ou des politiques et mesures faisant partie des contributions déterminées au niveau national, lorsque l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 ci-dessus ne s’applique pas, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes.', 'c. Pour ce qui est des stratégies, des plans et des mesures visées au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ou des politiques et mesures faisant partie des contributions déterminées au niveau national, lorsque l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 ci-dessus ne s’applique pas, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes. Non applicable (le Burundi est dans la liste des LDCs mais a fourni des informations quantifiables, ce qui est une preuve de l’ambition du Burundi) d. Une cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction Valeurs cibles de l’indicateur de référence (réduction relative des émissions de GES par rapport au BAU) : Scénario inconditionnel – 2025 : 1,58% Scénario inconditionnel – 2030 : 3,04% Scénario conditionnel – 2025 : 11,40% Scénario conditionnel – 2030 : 12,61%e.', 'Non applicable (le Burundi est dans la liste des LDCs mais a fourni des informations quantifiables, ce qui est une preuve de l’ambition du Burundi) d. Une cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction Valeurs cibles de l’indicateur de référence (réduction relative des émissions de GES par rapport au BAU) : Scénario inconditionnel – 2025 : 1,58% Scénario inconditionnel – 2030 : 3,04% Scénario conditionnel – 2025 : 11,40% Scénario conditionnel – 2030 : 12,61%e. Des informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le(s) point(s) de référence Les émissions historiques (2005, 2010 et 2015), servant de base aux projections, sont celles du 3ème rapport d’inventaire de GES utilisé dans la 3ième communication nationale (TCN) du Burundi soumise en 2019.', 'Des informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le(s) point(s) de référence Les émissions historiques (2005, 2010 et 2015), servant de base aux projections, sont celles du 3ème rapport d’inventaire de GES utilisé dans la 3ième communication nationale (TCN) du Burundi soumise en 2019. Les hypothèses de projections sont liées à l’économie nationale (PIP) et à l’accroissement de la population. Pour le FAT, les besoins en énergie bois ont servi pour les projections. Ces hypothèses sont fournies par l’ISTEEBU (Institut des Statistiques et d’Etudes Economiques su Burundi). Les émissions projetées pour les années 2025 et 2030 dans le scenario BAU sont issues de la TCN.', 'Les émissions projetées pour les années 2025 et 2030 dans le scenario BAU sont issues de la TCN. f. Des informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence La valeur des émissions à l’année de référence est susceptible d’être mise à jour du fait de changements méthodologiques et améliorations dans l’établissement des futurs inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. 2. Horizon temporel et/ou période de mise en œuvre a.', 'Horizon temporel et/ou période de mise en œuvre a. Le calendrier et/ou la période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris (CMA) La CDN 2020 est exécutée du 1er janvier 2021 et prendra fin le 31 décembre 2030. L’horizon temporel est de 10 ans mais une étape intermédiaire est prévue au bout de 5 ans. b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas Les objectifs définis dans la CDN 2020 sont annuels. 3.', 'b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas Les objectifs définis dans la CDN 2020 sont annuels. 3. Portée et champ d’application a. Une description générale de la cible L’indicateur de référence est un indicateur quantitatif annuel, relatif par rapport aux émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual » (BAU), pour tous les secteurs de l(inventaire , hors sous-secteur sols gérés de l’Agriculture, pour les années cibles 2025 et 2030 et 2 scénarii d’atténuation (inconditionnel et conditionnel).', 'Portée et champ d’application a. Une description générale de la cible L’indicateur de référence est un indicateur quantitatif annuel, relatif par rapport aux émissions de GES du scénario « Business as Usual » (BAU), pour tous les secteurs de l(inventaire , hors sous-secteur sols gérés de l’Agriculture, pour les années cibles 2025 et 2030 et 2 scénarii d’atténuation (inconditionnel et conditionnel). b. Les secteurs, gaz, catégories et réservoirs visés par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) Tous les secteurs et sous-secteurs et GES inclus dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES du Burundi sont pris en compte dans la CDN 2020 du Burundi, à savoir : Secteurs Gaz Agriculture , hors sols gérés CO2, N2O, CH4 Foresterie et Autres Terres (FAT) CO2 Procédés Industriels et Utilisation de Produits :Concernant les GES, les émissions de PFC, HFC, SF6 et NF3 ne sont estimées dans l’inventaire et donc non prises en compte dans la CDN.', 'b. Les secteurs, gaz, catégories et réservoirs visés par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) Tous les secteurs et sous-secteurs et GES inclus dans le 3ième inventaire national de GES du Burundi sont pris en compte dans la CDN 2020 du Burundi, à savoir : Secteurs Gaz Agriculture , hors sols gérés CO2, N2O, CH4 Foresterie et Autres Terres (FAT) CO2 Procédés Industriels et Utilisation de Produits :Concernant les GES, les émissions de PFC, HFC, SF6 et NF3 ne sont estimées dans l’inventaire et donc non prises en compte dans la CDN. c. La façon dont la Partie a pris en considération les alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 Pour le secteur Energie, les émissions fugitives ne sont estimées dans l’inventaire et donc non prises en compte dans la CDN.', 'c. La façon dont la Partie a pris en considération les alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 Pour le secteur Energie, les émissions fugitives ne sont estimées dans l’inventaire et donc non prises en compte dans la CDN. Pour le secteur l’Agriculture, les émissions du sous-secteur sols gérés ne sont pas comptabilisés ni dans le BAU , ni dans le scénario d’atténuation. Concernant le secteur FAT, le monoxyde de carbone n’a pas été calculé faute de potentiel de réchauffement global. Les émissions/absorptions sont prises en compte dans le BAU et le scénario d’atténuation. Dans le secteur Déchets, les émissions issues de la combustion à l’air libre, du compostage et de la méthanisation ne sont pas estimées dans l’inventaire.', 'Dans le secteur Déchets, les émissions issues de la combustion à l’air libre, du compostage et de la méthanisation ne sont pas estimées dans l’inventaire. Par rapport à la CDN précédente, la nouvelle CDN prend en compte des actions relatives à deux nouveaux secteurs (Agriculture et Déchets) dans les deux scénarii d’atténuation. Les absorptions du secteur FAT ne sont pas prises en compte dans le calcul des valeurs cibles et de l’indicateur.', 'Les absorptions du secteur FAT ne sont pas prises en compte dans le calcul des valeurs cibles et de l’indicateur. d. Les retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, actions et initiatives ayant trait en particulier aux mesures d’adaptation et/ou aux plans de diversification économique des Parties Les mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économiques de la République du Burundi auront des retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation. Il s’agit des politiques, mesures ou stratégies d’adaptation du Burundi aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques dans tous les secteurs couverts par la présente CDN.', 'Il s’agit des politiques, mesures ou stratégies d’adaptation du Burundi aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques dans tous les secteurs couverts par la présente CDN. Ces mesures ont été identifiées et chiffrées dans le document de la Troisième Communication Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques (TCNCC), le Plan National de Développement (PND) 2018-2027, le Document de Politique de l’Environnement Agriculture et Elevage (DOPEAE), etc. 4. Processus de planification a.', 'Ces mesures ont été identifiées et chiffrées dans le document de la Troisième Communication Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques (TCNCC), le Plan National de Développement (PND) 2018-2027, le Document de Politique de l’Environnement Agriculture et Elevage (DOPEAE), etc. 4. Processus de planification a. Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivis pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur :i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Dispositifs institutionnels : Le Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage est le cadre institutionnel en charge de l’actualisation et de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 à travers ses structures administratives et techniques déconcentrées.', 'Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivis pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur :i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Dispositifs institutionnels : Le Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage est le cadre institutionnel en charge de l’actualisation et de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 à travers ses structures administratives et techniques déconcentrées. A cet effet, il a mis en place une commission nationale chargée du suivi de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015.', 'A cet effet, il a mis en place une commission nationale chargée du suivi de l’actualisation de la CDN 2015. Elle est constituée par des cadres des différents secteurs (AFAT, Energie dont transports, PIUP et Déchets). Des cadres impliqués sur des thématiques connexes (Santé, Genre) ont été également aussi intégrés à la Commission. En étroite collaboration avec le PNUD, cette commission est chargée du suivi du processus d’actualisation de la CDN depuis le recrutement du Bureau et les phases de mise en œuvre (validation de la méthodologie, organisation des retraites pour les sessions techniques et des ateliers de concertations avec les parties prenantes et de validation par étapes du document et soumission de la CDN actualisée pour adoption et approbation).', 'En étroite collaboration avec le PNUD, cette commission est chargée du suivi du processus d’actualisation de la CDN depuis le recrutement du Bureau et les phases de mise en œuvre (validation de la méthodologie, organisation des retraites pour les sessions techniques et des ateliers de concertations avec les parties prenantes et de validation par étapes du document et soumission de la CDN actualisée pour adoption et approbation). Sur le plan technique, la CDN 2020 a été réalisée par un Consortium PREFED/CAREPED qui a aligné 10 experts nationaux (6 experts sectoriels, un économiste, un spécialiste du Genre, un expert en santé et un expert en climat) avec l’appui d’un consultant international.', 'Sur le plan technique, la CDN 2020 a été réalisée par un Consortium PREFED/CAREPED qui a aligné 10 experts nationaux (6 experts sectoriels, un économiste, un spécialiste du Genre, un expert en santé et un expert en climat) avec l’appui d’un consultant international. Aspect participatif Au cours du processus d’actualisation de nombreux ateliers d’échange ont été tenus (collecte de données, sélection des actions, approbation des méthodologies, vérification et approbation des résultats). Ces ateliers visaient à assurer la participation et l’implication de toutes les parties prenantes techniques et de la société civile avec l’implication des communautés locales, des peuples autochtones et ont tenu compte de la dimension genre et inclusion sociale.', 'Ces ateliers visaient à assurer la participation et l’implication de toutes les parties prenantes techniques et de la société civile avec l’implication des communautés locales, des peuples autochtones et ont tenu compte de la dimension genre et inclusion sociale. Les ateliers avaient aussi pour objectifs de communiquer sur les actions retenues et assurer ainsi l’appropriation pour leur mise en œuvre par les parties prenantes. La CDN 2020 a été approuvée par les autorités du Burundi avant d’être diffusée. ii.', 'La CDN 2020 a été approuvée par les autorités du Burundi avant d’être diffusée. ii. Les questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, selon le cas : - La situation nationale, notamment la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le Le Burundi est un pays de l’Afrique Centrale d’unedéveloppement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté de Longitude Est entre le Bassin du Congo et les hauts plateaux orientaux et entre 2°30 et 4° 28 de Latitude Sud, au carrefour des voies de l’Afrique Centrale, de l’Afrique Orientale et même de l’Afrique Australe. Le pays connaît un climat tropical chaud et humide influencé par l’altitude et caractérisé par l’alternance d’une saison pluvieuse (octobre à mai) et d’une saison sèche (de juin à septembre).', 'Le pays connaît un climat tropical chaud et humide influencé par l’altitude et caractérisé par l’alternance d’une saison pluvieuse (octobre à mai) et d’une saison sèche (de juin à septembre). Sa pluviométrie et sa température sont fortement influencées par le relief, l’altitude du pays (772-2670 m) et par le changement climatique. La pluviométrie annuelle moyenne varie de 750 mm dans le Nord-Est du Burundi à plus de 2000 mm dans la zone montagneuse. La température moyenne annuelle la plus élevée est de 24.7°C entre 2006- 2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de la plaine de l’Imbo, tandis que la plus faible est de 16.6°C entre 2006- 2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de Mugamba.', 'La température moyenne annuelle la plus élevée est de 24.7°C entre 2006- 2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de la plaine de l’Imbo, tandis que la plus faible est de 16.6°C entre 2006- 2015 enregistrée dans la région naturelle de Mugamba. Du point de vue socio-économique, le Burundi compte environ 12,3 millions de populations en 2020 dont plus de 90% vit en milieu rural et 51% est de sexe féminin. Etant parmi les Pays Moins Avancé (PMA), son revenu annuel par habitant est estimé à 280 USD et son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture. Avec une densité de 480,99 personnes /km², la croissance démographique de 2,4% fait des pressions sur les ressources en terre, les ressources en eau et aggravent la situation de déboisement et de déforestation.', 'Avec une densité de 480,99 personnes /km², la croissance démographique de 2,4% fait des pressions sur les ressources en terre, les ressources en eau et aggravent la situation de déboisement et de déforestation. Selon la TCN, les secteurs qui émettent plus sont celui de l’agriculture, de l’énergie et des Déchets avec respectivement des émissions de 4186,21 Eq CO2 en Gg , 1072,4 Eq CO2 en Gg et 230,73 Eq CO2 . Pour les autres secteurs , les émissions de GES sont insignifiantes.', 'Pour les autres secteurs , les émissions de GES sont insignifiantes. -Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration : \uf0fc Approche participative du processus de planification de l’élaboration de la CDN (Collecte des données, traitement des données, calcul par le logiciel IPCC 2006, besoins, priorisation des mesures… ); \uf0fc Prise en compte de la Décision 4/CMA.1 - D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La CDN 2020 actualisée est en harmonie avec l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris, dans ses dispositions de l’article 4 paragraphes 2 et 3, de l’article 4, de l’article 5, de l’article 6, paragraphes 1 et 2 et de l’article 7 paragraphes 1 et 2.', '-Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration : \uf0fc Approche participative du processus de planification de l’élaboration de la CDN (Collecte des données, traitement des données, calcul par le logiciel IPCC 2006, besoins, priorisation des mesures… ); \uf0fc Prise en compte de la Décision 4/CMA.1 - D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La CDN 2020 actualisée est en harmonie avec l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris, dans ses dispositions de l’article 4 paragraphes 2 et 3, de l’article 4, de l’article 5, de l’article 6, paragraphes 1 et 2 et de l’article 7 paragraphes 1 et 2. Les pays développés devraient agir dans le respect des dispositions prévues par l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris.Le respect du paragraphe 4 de l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris qui met en relief les domaines de coopération et de facilitation et vise à améliorer la compréhension, l’action et l’appui.', 'Les pays développés devraient agir dans le respect des dispositions prévues par l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris.Le respect du paragraphe 4 de l’article 9 de l’Accord de Paris qui met en relief les domaines de coopération et de facilitation et vise à améliorer la compréhension, l’action et l’appui. Ces domaines sont notamment les systèmes d’alerte précoce, la préparation aux situations d’urgence, etc. b.', 'Ces domaines sont notamment les systèmes d’alerte précoce, la préparation aux situations d’urgence, etc. b. Des informations particulières applicables aux Parties, y compris aux organisations régionales d’intégration économique et à leurs États membres, qui se sont mises d’accord pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment les Parties qui ont décidé d’agir conjointement, et les termes de l’accord pertinent, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Non applicable La CDN actualisée n’est pas élaborée dans le cadre des organisations régionales d’intégration économique et de leurs états membres pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Les paragraphes 16, 17 et 18 ne concernent pas la CDN de la République du Burundi actualisée.', 'Les paragraphes 16, 17 et 18 ne concernent pas la CDN de la République du Burundi actualisée. c. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Les étapes qui ont été suivies pour la CDN 2020 n’ont pas été éclairées par le bilan mondial, car, le premier bilan mondial sur l’action climatique sortira en 2023.', 'c. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Les étapes qui ont été suivies pour la CDN 2020 n’ont pas été éclairées par le bilan mondial, car, le premier bilan mondial sur l’action climatique sortira en 2023. Toutefois, le bilan mondial tiendra compte du bilan d’émissions évitées dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020. d. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, Non Applicable 5.', 'Toutefois, le bilan mondial tiendra compte du bilan d’émissions évitées dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020. d. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, Non Applicable 5. Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques : a. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution de la Partie déterminée au niveau national, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux directives pour la comptabilisation adoptée par la CMA Le calcul des émissions de GES (historique et projection du BAU) et des émissions évitées par action conditionnel et inconditionnel en 2025 et 2030 a été réalisé pour les 5 secteurs prévus (énergie, PIUP, agriculture hors sous-secteur sols gérés, FAT et déchets) en utilisant les méthodologies de Niveau 1 présentées dans les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC (LD 2006).', 'Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques : a. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution de la Partie déterminée au niveau national, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux directives pour la comptabilisation adoptée par la CMA Le calcul des émissions de GES (historique et projection du BAU) et des émissions évitées par action conditionnel et inconditionnel en 2025 et 2030 a été réalisé pour les 5 secteurs prévus (énergie, PIUP, agriculture hors sous-secteur sols gérés, FAT et déchets) en utilisant les méthodologies de Niveau 1 présentées dans les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC (LD 2006). Les hypothèses sont basées sur la croissance économique et sur les données de la population.', 'Les hypothèses sont basées sur la croissance économique et sur les données de la population. La démarche méthodologique pour comptabiliser les émissions est l’utilisation du logiciel IPCC Tools 2006. Le calcul des valeurs cibles en pourcentage de l’indicateur aux horizons 2025 et 2030 pour les objectifs conditionnel etinconditionnel de la CDN 2020 a été fait par la sommation des émissions évitées grâce aux actions retenues dans la CDN. La somme des émissions évitées est alors divisée par les émissions du scénario BAU puis multiplié par 100 pour avoir un pourcentage.', 'La somme des émissions évitées est alors divisée par les émissions du scénario BAU puis multiplié par 100 pour avoir un pourcentage. L’atteinte à la cible sera estimée, à périmètre constant, en comparant les émissions réelles comptabilisées dans les futurs inventaires nationaux du Burundi( hors émissions du sous-secteur sols gérés) et les émissions projetées du scénario BAU de la CDN En cas d’évolutions des méthodes et d’améliorations d’inventaire, le BAU sera recalculé. b. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les politiques et les programmes nationaux en matière de développement socio-économique et de protection de l’environnement ont servi de référence pour l’identification des actions d’atténuation.', 'b. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les politiques et les programmes nationaux en matière de développement socio-économique et de protection de l’environnement ont servi de référence pour l’identification des actions d’atténuation. Toutes les actions d’atténuation retenues dans le cadre de l’objectif inconditionnel proposées sont compatibles avec les programmes nationaux de développement socio- économiques et sont réalisables. Les actions d’atténuation retenues dans le cadre de l’objectif conditionnel dépendent du soutien financier international. Ces actions d’atténuation ont été validées lors des ateliers avec les parties prenantes des différents secteurs. Le calcul des émissions évitées des actions retenues dans la CDN a été réalisé en utilisant la méthodologie du GIEC (IPCC Tool , 2006).', 'Le calcul des émissions évitées des actions retenues dans la CDN a été réalisé en utilisant la méthodologie du GIEC (IPCC Tool , 2006). Comme les facteurs d’émissions spécifiques au Burundi font défaut, l’utilisation des FE de niveau 1 a été recommandée dans les LD 2006 du GIEC.', 'Comme les facteurs d’émissions spécifiques au Burundi font défaut, l’utilisation des FE de niveau 1 a été recommandée dans les LD 2006 du GIEC. c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la façon dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et directives en vigueur au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, selon qu’il convient Les documents internationaux suivants ont été utilisés pour estimer et rapporter le volet Atténuation de la CDN : Calcul /Suivi : - Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC - IPCC, 2006 Software Rapportage : - Annexe 1 et 2 de la Décision 4 / CMA.1 : Informations à fournir pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des contributions déterminées au niveau national, visées au paragraphe 28 de la décision 1/CP.21 d. Les méthodes et paramètres de mesure du GIEC qui servent à estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre Les méthodes de calcul des émissions/absorptions sont celles recommandées par le GIEC et sont basées sur les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la façon dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et directives en vigueur au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, selon qu’il convient Les documents internationaux suivants ont été utilisés pour estimer et rapporter le volet Atténuation de la CDN : Calcul /Suivi : - Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC - IPCC, 2006 Software Rapportage : - Annexe 1 et 2 de la Décision 4 / CMA.1 : Informations à fournir pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des contributions déterminées au niveau national, visées au paragraphe 28 de la décision 1/CP.21 d. Les méthodes et paramètres de mesure du GIEC qui servent à estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre Les méthodes de calcul des émissions/absorptions sont celles recommandées par le GIEC et sont basées sur les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC. Les paramètres pour estimer les émissions/absorptions de GES dans les secteurs Energie et Transport, PIUP,Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des Terres, Déchets sont les données d’activités et les facteurs d’émissions.', 'Les paramètres pour estimer les émissions/absorptions de GES dans les secteurs Energie et Transport, PIUP,Agriculture, Foresterie et Affectation des Terres, Déchets sont les données d’activités et les facteurs d’émissions. Le suivi du progrès vers l’atteinte de la cible sera vérifié en appliquant les mêmes méthodes de calcul de ces émissions/absorptions. Le Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) du Second Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (SAR) est utilisé pour convertir les émissions en CO2eq (21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour e. Les hypothèses, méthodes et démarches propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, conformes aux lignes directrices du GIEC, selon qu’il convient, y compris, le cas échéant : i.', 'Le Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) du Second Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (SAR) est utilisé pour convertir les émissions en CO2eq (21 pour le CH4 et 310 pour e. Les hypothèses, méthodes et démarches propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, conformes aux lignes directrices du GIEC, selon qu’il convient, y compris, le cas échéant : i. La démarche suivie pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures des perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées Suivi et Evaluation continuelle de la mise en œuvre des projets /programmes /mesures conçus pour atténuer les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures des perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées ii.', 'La démarche suivie pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures des perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées Suivi et Evaluation continuelle de la mise en œuvre des projets /programmes /mesures conçus pour atténuer les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures des perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées ii. La démarche suivie pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Suivi au quotidien des superficies sur lesquelles sont récoltés les produits ligneux (Cas des plantations de canne à sucre de l’industrie SOSUMO) iii. La démarche suivie pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts La démarche est de faire des inventaires périodiques tous les cinq ans (Classement des forêts ayant 5 ans, 10 ans, 15 ans, 20 ans, etc.). On peut calculer les stocks de carbone par classe d’âges.', 'On peut calculer les stocks de carbone par classe d’âges. f. Les autres hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et les absorptions correspondantes, notamment : i. La façon dont les indicateurs de référence, le(s) niveau(x) de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les principaux paramètres, hypothèses, définitions, méthodes, sources de données et modèles utilisés Les indicateurs de référence (scénario BAU) de la CDN 2020 sont construits en supposant qu’aucune mesure de plans, politique et de stratégie n’est faite pour atténuer les émissions ou augmenter les absorptions.', 'La façon dont les indicateurs de référence, le(s) niveau(x) de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les principaux paramètres, hypothèses, définitions, méthodes, sources de données et modèles utilisés Les indicateurs de référence (scénario BAU) de la CDN 2020 sont construits en supposant qu’aucune mesure de plans, politique et de stratégie n’est faite pour atténuer les émissions ou augmenter les absorptions. Pour le cas de la CDN 2020, ces indicateurs BAU sont ceux définis dans la 3ième Communication Nationale sur les CC soumise en 2019 par le Burundi et projetés jusqu’en 2050 à partir de 2005. Les émissions du sous-secteur sols gérés ne sont pas comptabilisées dans les émissions du BAU.', 'Les émissions du sous-secteur sols gérés ne sont pas comptabilisées dans les émissions du BAU. Il en est de même pour les niveaux de référence en ce qui concerne les différents secteurs. A cet effet, le calcul des émissions de GES du scénario BAU a été réalisé pour tous les secteurs (énergie, PIUP, agriculture ( hors sols gérés), FAT et déchets) en utilisant les méthodologies de Niveau 1présentées dans les Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC (LD 2006). Les indicateurs des actions d’atténuation retenues en 2025 et 2030 ont été définies pour chaque secteur. Les principaux paramètres sont spécifiques pour chaque secteur. Il s’agit des données d’activités et des facteurs d’émissions spécifiques pour chaque secteur.', 'Il s’agit des données d’activités et des facteurs d’émissions spécifiques pour chaque secteur. Les hypothèses principales pour tous les secteurs sont celles liées à l’économie, à la croissance démographique, à la consommation énergétique par ménage, etc. Le scénario BAU est un scénario qui donne des indicateurs d’évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’horizon temporel si des mesures de plans, de politiques ou de stratégies ne sont pas prises pour atténuer ces émissions. Il est établi en faisant des projections à partir de l’an 2015 sur base de la croissance économique, le taux d’accroissement de la population, mais en supposant qu’aucune action n’est réalisée pour mettre en œuvre les plans, politiques et stratégies contribuant à l’atténuation des émissions de GES.', 'Il est établi en faisant des projections à partir de l’an 2015 sur base de la croissance économique, le taux d’accroissement de la population, mais en supposant qu’aucune action n’est réalisée pour mettre en œuvre les plans, politiques et stratégies contribuant à l’atténuation des émissions de GES. Les sources de données pour la détermination des indicateurs sont entre autres : La TCNC (2019), Le Troisième inventaire de GES-2015 Le Plans National de Développement (2018-2027), La Vision du Burundi 2025, La Politique Forestière Nationale (2012), Le Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030, etc. Modèles utilisés IPCC 2006 pour effectuer les calculs d’émissions LEAP pour les projections dans le secteur Energie. ii.', 'Modèles utilisés IPCC 2006 pour effectuer les calculs d’émissions LEAP pour les projections dans le secteur Energie. ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que des gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les démarches méthodologiques utilisées en rapport avec ces éléments, selon que de besoin Non Applicable La CDN du Burundi ne concerne que les GES issus des différents secteurs. iii. Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national qui ne sont pas visés par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont ces facteurs sont estimés Non Applicable La CDN du Burundi ne concerne que les GES issus des différents secteurs. iv.', 'Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national qui ne sont pas visés par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont ces facteurs sont estimés Non Applicable La CDN du Burundi ne concerne que les GES issus des différents secteurs. iv. D’autres informations techniques, selon que de besoin Accès au financement de la CDN conformément à l’article 5 de l’Accord de Paris .La mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 pourrait se faire avec la coopération au niveau régional ( EAC et COMIFAC).g. L’intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Oui selon l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris pour avoir accès au financement pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 6.', 'L’intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Oui selon l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris pour avoir accès au financement pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN 2020 6. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale a. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale Lors de l’élaboration de la CDN, l’analyse de la vulnérabilité des secteurs (Agriculture, forêts et Autres terres, énergie, santé, PIUP) a été faite.', 'La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale Lors de l’élaboration de la CDN, l’analyse de la vulnérabilité des secteurs (Agriculture, forêts et Autres terres, énergie, santé, PIUP) a été faite. Les impacts négatifs dus aux changements climatiques ont été relevés et des mesures d’atténuation et/ou d’adaptation pour faire face à ces impacts ont été identifiées par secteur. .A cet effet, des projets prioritaires ont été mis en évidence. L’élaboration de la CDN 2020 a utilisé les données les plus récentes de la TCN et d’autres secteurs ont été pris en compte comme les secteurs Déchet, PIUP et transport. b. Des considérations d’équité Le genre et l’inclusion sociale sont pris en compte dans la CDN 2020.', 'Des considérations d’équité Le genre et l’inclusion sociale sont pris en compte dans la CDN 2020. En plus de cela, les actions y inscrites ont été identifiées sur base des documents de politiques et de stratégies nationales. c. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris14 La CDN 2020 a relevé l’ambition par rapport à la CDN précédente par la prise en compte d’actions sur des secteurs et sous-secteurs non inclus dans la CDN 2015 : transport, Déchets. En outre, les thématiques de la Santé, du genre et de l’inclusion sociale ont été intégrées dans la priorisation des actions.', 'En outre, les thématiques de la Santé, du genre et de l’inclusion sociale ont été intégrées dans la priorisation des actions. La CDN 2020 représente donc une progression par rapport à la CDN précédente, car la couverture des émissions en termes de secteurs a été étendue à l’ensemble des secteurs et gaz estimées dans l’inventaire de GES le plus récent. La CDN 2020 a défini des indicateurs précis pour le suivi- évaluation et préconise un plan de renforcement de capacité pour une meilleure appropriation par les différentes parties prenantes. d. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Bien que le Burundi ne soit pas un pays émetteur, il développe à travers ses politiques des actions d’atténuation des émissions de GES.', 'Bien que le Burundi ne soit pas un pays émetteur, il développe à travers ses politiques des actions d’atténuation des émissions de GES. e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris4 Le Burundi renforce ses efforts en termes d’atténuation à travers l’inclusion dans la nouvelle CDN d’actions nationales de réduction des émissions de GES et d’augmentation des stocks de Carbone.', 'e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris4 Le Burundi renforce ses efforts en termes d’atténuation à travers l’inclusion dans la nouvelle CDN d’actions nationales de réduction des émissions de GES et d’augmentation des stocks de Carbone. A titre d’exemple, le Plan National de Développement, 2018-2027, la Politique de planification de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, le 14 Comment la CND représente-t-elle une progression au-delà de la CND précédente de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possibledéveloppement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables (Solaire, éolienne, centrales hydroélectriques en cours de construction, etc), l’accroissement du budget interne pour financer les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation. 7.', 'A titre d’exemple, le Plan National de Développement, 2018-2027, la Politique de planification de l’Environnement, de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, le 14 Comment la CND représente-t-elle une progression au-delà de la CND précédente de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possibledéveloppement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables (Solaire, éolienne, centrales hydroélectriques en cours de construction, etc), l’accroissement du budget interne pour financer les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation. 7. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 a.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 a. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 215 La CDN 2020 contribue aux objectifs de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris en actant l’accélération du développement sobre en carbone. b. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris16 - La CDN révisée concourt à l’alinéa a) de l’article 2 de l’AP.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris16 - La CDN révisée concourt à l’alinéa a) de l’article 2 de l’AP. Elle prévoit mettre en œuvre de 2021 à 2025 des projets /programmes de réductions des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre. - La CDN révisée contribuera aussi à la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’AP, car, elle prévoit des mesures politiques, stratégiques et des plans/programmes d’atténuation. - Les politiques existantes tiennent compte du plan climatique et des ODD avec le but de se développer de façon sobre en carbone pour contribuer à l’objectif global. 4. COMMUNICATION SUR L’ADAPTATION 4.1.', '- Les politiques existantes tiennent compte du plan climatique et des ODD avec le but de se développer de façon sobre en carbone pour contribuer à l’objectif global. 4. COMMUNICATION SUR L’ADAPTATION 4.1. Situation nationale, dispositifs institutionnels et cadres juridiques 4.1.1. Situation nationale Le Burundi est un pays de l’Afrique Centrale d’une superficie de 27 834 km carré. Il est situé entre 28° 50 et 30° 54 de Longitude Est entre le Bassin du Congo et les hauts plateaux orientaux et entre 2°30 et 4° 28 de Latitude Sud, au carrefour des voies de l’Afrique Centrale, de l’Afrique Orientale et même de l’Afrique Australe. Le Burundi a un climat tropical chaud et humide.', 'Le Burundi a un climat tropical chaud et humide. Sa pluviométrie et sa température sont fortement influencées par le relief, l’altitude du pays (772-2670 m) et par les changements climatiques. La température moyenne est de 21° C. La distribution des pluies est inégalement répartie à travers le pays, les hautes montagnes de la Crête Congo-Nil recevant les plus grandes quantités de précipitations annuelles de 1600 à 2000 mm et la plaine de la Ruzizi à l’Ouest ainsi 15 L article 2 de la CCNUCC énonce l objectif ultime de "la stabilisation des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique" (CCNUCC 1992).', 'La température moyenne est de 21° C. La distribution des pluies est inégalement répartie à travers le pays, les hautes montagnes de la Crête Congo-Nil recevant les plus grandes quantités de précipitations annuelles de 1600 à 2000 mm et la plaine de la Ruzizi à l’Ouest ainsi 15 L article 2 de la CCNUCC énonce l objectif ultime de "la stabilisation des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique" (CCNUCC 1992). La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre.', 'La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre. 16 L article 2.1(a) de l Accord de Paris comprend deux objectifs de température globale - "bien en dessous de 2 degrés" et “1,5 degré”. L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions.', 'L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions. et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècleque les dépressions de la région naturelle du Bugesera; au Nord Est, recevant les plus faibles quantités de précipitations annuelles entre 800 et 1000 mm.', 'et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècleque les dépressions de la région naturelle du Bugesera; au Nord Est, recevant les plus faibles quantités de précipitations annuelles entre 800 et 1000 mm. Du point de vue économique, le Burundi est parmi les Pays Moins Avancés (PMA). Son revenu annuel par habitant est estimé à 202 USD et son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture.', 'Son revenu annuel par habitant est estimé à 202 USD et son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture. Avec une population de 11.9 millions et une densité de 480,99 personnes /km², la croissance démographique de 2,4% fait des pressions sur les ressources en terre, les ressources en eau et aggravent la situation de déboisement et de déforestation. 4.1.2. Cadre institutionnel Au Burundi, le Ministère de l´Environnement, de l´Agriculture et de l’Elevage (MINEAGRIE) à travers la Direction Générale de l’Environnement, des Ressources en Eau et de l’Assainissement est chargé de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles en matière des changements climatiques.', 'Cadre institutionnel Au Burundi, le Ministère de l´Environnement, de l´Agriculture et de l’Elevage (MINEAGRIE) à travers la Direction Générale de l’Environnement, des Ressources en Eau et de l’Assainissement est chargé de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles en matière des changements climatiques. Les services de l’administration centrale et les établissements publics de l’Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU) et de l’Office Burundais pour la Protection de l’Environnement (OBPE) y apportent leurs appuis. L´IGEBU et l´OBPE sont aussi respectivement Point focal National et Point focal national adjoint de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).', 'L´IGEBU et l´OBPE sont aussi respectivement Point focal National et Point focal national adjoint de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). De plus, le Directeur Général de l´Agriculture audit Ministère est l´Autorité Nationale Désignée (AND) pour le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC), et la focalisation du Fonds de l´Environnement Mondial (FEM) est assurée par le Secrétaire Permanent du MINEAGRIE. Dans le cadre du changement climatique, l´IGEBU est chargé de la collecte, l’analyse, le traitement et la diffusion des données météorologiques et hydrologiques.', 'Dans le cadre du changement climatique, l´IGEBU est chargé de la collecte, l’analyse, le traitement et la diffusion des données météorologiques et hydrologiques. Quant à l´OBPE, les missions y relatives sont de (i) mettre en œuvre les politiques et stratégies en matière de l’environnement et des changements climatiques et de (ii) mettre en place des mécanismes d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (la mise en œuvre du PNA). En plus du MINEAGRIE, d’autres Ministères en charge de l´Energie, de la Santé Publique, du Commerce, du Transport, de l´Industrie et du Tourisme, sont concernés par les questions liées aux changements climatiques.', 'En plus du MINEAGRIE, d’autres Ministères en charge de l´Energie, de la Santé Publique, du Commerce, du Transport, de l´Industrie et du Tourisme, sont concernés par les questions liées aux changements climatiques. Etant donné que le changement climatique impacte de façon transversale tous les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale, une résilience efficace face à cette problématique nécessite l’adoption d’une approche multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire. Cette dernière permet de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs du domaine, de faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ainsi que de mobiliser des ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre du PANA et de la CDN.', 'Cette dernière permet de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs du domaine, de faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ainsi que de mobiliser des ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre du PANA et de la CDN. Contributions à d’autres cadres et/ou conventions au niveau international auquel le Burundi a adhéré : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements climatiques et Accord de Paris. Convention de lutte contre la désertification, Convention sur la diversité biologique, Convention de Vienne sur la Protection de la Couche d’Ozone Convention RAMSAR sur les zones humides. 4.1.3.', 'Convention de lutte contre la désertification, Convention sur la diversité biologique, Convention de Vienne sur la Protection de la Couche d’Ozone Convention RAMSAR sur les zones humides. 4.1.3. Cadre légal national La Constitution du Burundi du 17 mai 2018, spécialement en ses articles 164, alinéa 4 et l’article La Loi n°1/10 du 30 mai 2011 portant création et gestion des aires protégées du Burundi Loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000 portant Code l’environnement Loi no 1 /07 du 15 Juillet 2016, portant révision du code forestier La Loi n°1/02 du 26 mars 2012 portant code de l’eau au Burundi ; Protection qualitative (art.43 à 47) et quantitative des ressources en eau (art.48 à 50).', 'Cadre légal national La Constitution du Burundi du 17 mai 2018, spécialement en ses articles 164, alinéa 4 et l’article La Loi n°1/10 du 30 mai 2011 portant création et gestion des aires protégées du Burundi Loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000 portant Code l’environnement Loi no 1 /07 du 15 Juillet 2016, portant révision du code forestier La Loi n°1/02 du 26 mars 2012 portant code de l’eau au Burundi ; Protection qualitative (art.43 à 47) et quantitative des ressources en eau (art.48 à 50). La Loi n°1/13 du 9 août 2011 portant révision du code foncier du Burundi article 451 alinéa 1, La Loi n°1/13 du 23 avril 2015 portant réorganisation du secteur de l’électricité La Loi n°1/012 du 30 mai 2018 portant Code de l’offre des soins et services de santé au Burundi spécialement en ses articles 137 et 138 Le décret-loi n° 100/241 du 31 décembre 1992 portant réglementation de l’évacuation des eaux usées en milieu urbain.', 'La Loi n°1/13 du 9 août 2011 portant révision du code foncier du Burundi article 451 alinéa 1, La Loi n°1/13 du 23 avril 2015 portant réorganisation du secteur de l’électricité La Loi n°1/012 du 30 mai 2018 portant Code de l’offre des soins et services de santé au Burundi spécialement en ses articles 137 et 138 Le décret-loi n° 100/241 du 31 décembre 1992 portant réglementation de l’évacuation des eaux usées en milieu urbain. Le Code de qui a été promulgué par la loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000. Le décret n° 100/ 292 du 16 octobre 2007 portant création, mission, composition, organisation et fonctionnement de la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 4.2.', 'Le décret n° 100/ 292 du 16 octobre 2007 portant création, mission, composition, organisation et fonctionnement de la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 4.2. Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités A travers différentes stations de l’IGEBU, le Burundi dispose de données climatiques de base et de systèmes de gestion des données, ainsi que de produits de prévision. La production de données et de produits de surveillance des phénomènes hydrométéorologiques extrêmes est cependant faible, en raison des faibles capacités techniques et financières. En se référant aux données de la TCNCC, le Burundi présente aussi des variations thermiques en fonction de ses zones géographiques. En effet, les régions plus élevées connaissent en moyenne des températures plus froides que les basses terres.', 'En effet, les régions plus élevées connaissent en moyenne des températures plus froides que les basses terres. L’analyse de l’évolution de la température moyenne, maximale et minimale inter-décennale montre que le réchauffement a commencé avec la décennie 1986-1995 avec le record qui est apparu respectivement pendant la décennie 2006-2015 suivi par la décennie 1996-2005. Le record de la moyenne de la température maximale a été enregistré pendant la décennie 1996-2005 et la moyenne de la températureminimale a été observée durant la décennie 2006-2015. Toutes les analyses de la température (analyse de l’évolution de la température interannuelles, inter-décennales et inter-normales) montrent que les températures enregistrées à la station Bujumbura à l’aéroport ont une tendance à la hausse.', 'Toutes les analyses de la température (analyse de l’évolution de la température interannuelles, inter-décennales et inter-normales) montrent que les températures enregistrées à la station Bujumbura à l’aéroport ont une tendance à la hausse. Selon la TCNCC (2019), des périodes de manque d’eau ont conduit à des moments de sécheresses prolongées depuis 1917 affectant, entre autres, l´accès à l´eau et la production agricole. Cependant, l’année 2006 de grande sècheresse au Nord du Pays, a été suivie d’une période de graves inondations touchant fortement la majeure partie du pays, en particulier les provinces de Kayanza, Ngozi, Ruyigi, Bururi, et Makamba.', 'Cependant, l’année 2006 de grande sècheresse au Nord du Pays, a été suivie d’une période de graves inondations touchant fortement la majeure partie du pays, en particulier les provinces de Kayanza, Ngozi, Ruyigi, Bururi, et Makamba. Les principaux évènements extrêmes qui se sont manifestés au Burundi sont les suivants : En 2009, des pluies diluviennes ont menacé presque tout le territoire, surtout la plaine de l Imbo, le Mumirwa, la région de Buyenzi et le Centre-Est du pays dans les régions du Mugamba et du Kirimiro. En 2010, des pluies diluviennes se sont abattues sur la ville de Bujumbura, affectant entre autres l aéroport international de Bujumbura. En 2011 les pluies torrentielles ont inondé trois communes urbaines de Bujumbura entrainant des dégâts importants.', 'En 2011 les pluies torrentielles ont inondé trois communes urbaines de Bujumbura entrainant des dégâts importants. En février 2014, suite aux inondations des quartiers du Nord de Bujumbura Mairie, à Gatunguru et ses environs, près de 1 000 maisons se sont effondrées, 20 000 personnes se sont retrouvées sans abris, et 77 morts ont été recensées. Depuis septembre 2015, plus de plus de 4 millions de personnes ont été affectées par des pluies diluviennes ou torrentielles, des déficits hydriques, des vents violents, des inondations et des glissements de terrain. Ces événements climatiques ont détruit plus de 30 000 hectares de cultures, plus de 5 000 habitations, plus de 300 salles de classe et une cinquantaine de ponts.', 'Ces événements climatiques ont détruit plus de 30 000 hectares de cultures, plus de 5 000 habitations, plus de 300 salles de classe et une cinquantaine de ponts. Plus de 42 000 personnes ont été déplacées et seraient toujours dans le besoin humanitaire dans les provinces de Kirundo, Makamba, Bubanza, Cibitoke et Ruyigi. En novembre de 2015, avec le phénomène El Nino, des inondations ont affecté au moins 30 000 personnes dont 52 décès. Selon l´OIM (DTM, 2019) environ 31,000 personnes ont été déplacées par des événements climatiques pendant 2019. Des pluies torrentielles, des vents violents et des glissements de terrain ont provoqué le déplacement de 13 856 personnes.', 'Des pluies torrentielles, des vents violents et des glissements de terrain ont provoqué le déplacement de 13 856 personnes. En 2019, les fortes pluies ont également détruit les récoltes et affecté les moyens de subsistance. Suite à cet évènement, 15 % de la population burundaise a souffert d une grave insécurité alimentaire en avril 2019. Selon la TCNCC, la projection des paramètres climatiques au Burundi montre une tendance ascendante concernant la pluviométrie et les températures. Les modèles climatiques montrent une augmentation des précipitations annuelles entre 12 et 13.15 % à l’horizon 2030 et 2050 pour les 6 stations météorologiques du pays.', 'Les modèles climatiques montrent une augmentation des précipitations annuelles entre 12 et 13.15 % à l’horizon 2030 et 2050 pour les 6 stations météorologiques du pays. Ils montrent aussi une augmentation de la température maximale annuelle entre 0.80 et 0.91°C à l’horizon 2030 et une augmentation entre 1.89 et 2.02°C à l’horizon 2050. La température minimale annuelle augmentera entre 0.91 et 0.99°C à l’horizon 2030 et entre 2.04 et 2.14°C à l’horizon 2050 pourtous les scénarios et les stations météorologiques. La plus forte élévation de la température se produira pendant la saison sèche, en augmentant au fil du temps.', 'La plus forte élévation de la température se produira pendant la saison sèche, en augmentant au fil du temps. Les variations projetées pour les précipitations et les températures maximales et minimales n’indiquent pas des différences significatives entre les deux scénarios mais des différences avec les horizons (2030 et 2050).', 'Les variations projetées pour les précipitations et les températures maximales et minimales n’indiquent pas des différences significatives entre les deux scénarios mais des différences avec les horizons (2030 et 2050). Selon la TCNCC (2019), les augmentations ou l intensité des précipitations totales, sont susceptibles de provoquer des inondations dans les plaines de l ouest de l Imbo et une érosion dans la zone Sud et le plateau central ayant comme conséquences suivantes sur les habitants des collines et des plaines : Exposition aux catastrophes ; Diminution de la production agricole ; Affectation des infrastructures publiques, de la biodiversité et de l´ envasement des barrages ; Une augmentation des risques des maladies vectorielles dans la plaine de l’Imbo, de Kumoso et dans les bas-fonds des marais. 4.3.', 'Selon la TCNCC (2019), les augmentations ou l intensité des précipitations totales, sont susceptibles de provoquer des inondations dans les plaines de l ouest de l Imbo et une érosion dans la zone Sud et le plateau central ayant comme conséquences suivantes sur les habitants des collines et des plaines : Exposition aux catastrophes ; Diminution de la production agricole ; Affectation des infrastructures publiques, de la biodiversité et de l´ envasement des barrages ; Une augmentation des risques des maladies vectorielles dans la plaine de l’Imbo, de Kumoso et dans les bas-fonds des marais. 4.3. Priorités, stratégies, politiques, plans, objectifs et mesures d’adaptation nationaux En partant des enseignements tirés des projets et programmes existants d´adaptation, cette section présente les mesures prioritaires d´adaptation pour répondre aux principaux impacts, facteurs de vulnérabilité et risques aux changements climatiques.', 'Priorités, stratégies, politiques, plans, objectifs et mesures d’adaptation nationaux En partant des enseignements tirés des projets et programmes existants d´adaptation, cette section présente les mesures prioritaires d´adaptation pour répondre aux principaux impacts, facteurs de vulnérabilité et risques aux changements climatiques. Depuis l’élaboration de l’ancien PANA en 2007, le Burundi a mis en œuvre plusieurs projets et programmes d adaptation, en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles, de l’énergie et de gestion de l’eau.', 'Depuis l’élaboration de l’ancien PANA en 2007, le Burundi a mis en œuvre plusieurs projets et programmes d adaptation, en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles, de l’énergie et de gestion de l’eau. Les enseignements tirés de leur mise en œuvre peuvent servir aux projets et programmes futurs, notamment en termes de : potentiel de mise à l échelle, d informations sur le changement climatique, de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités, de planification de l adaptation au niveau infranational et de renforcement de l engagement du secteur privé, entre autres. La mise en œuvre des initiatives d´adaptation a connu de lacunes liées à l’identification des secteurs, à l’insuffisance des priorités d’adaptation, la non continuité d’appui aux projets et au faible renforcement des capacités.', 'La mise en œuvre des initiatives d´adaptation a connu de lacunes liées à l’identification des secteurs, à l’insuffisance des priorités d’adaptation, la non continuité d’appui aux projets et au faible renforcement des capacités. Pour renforcer la future mise en œuvre de priorités d´adaptation, deux principales préoccupations sont à tenir en considération à savoir : Identifier et résumer les enseignements tirés des projets et programmes d adaptation mis en œuvre Renforcer les capacités pour la mise en œuvre continue des activités d´adaptation. La détermination des programmes d’adaptation est faite après examen de documents stratégiques tels que le PND Burundi 2018-2027, PANA, la CDN, et la TCNCC.', 'La détermination des programmes d’adaptation est faite après examen de documents stratégiques tels que le PND Burundi 2018-2027, PANA, la CDN, et la TCNCC. Après avoir réalisé une analyse des vulnérabilités sectorielles sur la base d’une approche participative, l’équipe des experts a procédé à la sélection des critères de hiérarchisation des activités prioritaires dans les différents secteurs retenus en utilisant entre autres l’Analyse Multicritère (AMC) qui a permis de prendre en compte des variables etparamètres qualitatifs, et qui intègrent les informations nécessaires concernant le degré d’effets néfastes des changements climatiques. Six critères de priorisation ont été retenus et ont permis de réaliser une hiérarchisation à l’échelle des secteurs à savoir : 1. Risque de perte de Vie ; 2. Risque de perte de Qualité de Vie ; 3.', 'Risque de perte de Qualité de Vie ; 3. Evidence de l’implication des changements climatiques ; 4. Contribution à la Lutte contre la Pauvreté / Développement Durable ; 5. Faisabilité / Durabilité / Sécurité ; 6. Bénéfice pour l’Environnement. En fonction de ces critères retenus, les scores des secteurs fixent définitivement les secteurs clés vulnérables aux risques climatiques comme suit : 1°. Agriculture et Elevage 2°. Ressources naturelles/écosystèmes/forets 3°. Ressources en Eau En outre, des axes prioritaires ont été proposés, notamment dans la Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique (2012), la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d Actions sur le changement climatique (2012) ainsi que dans le Plan National de Développement 2018-2027 dont l’objectif stratégique général est « Promouvoir un développement résiliant aux effets néfastes du changement climatique ».', 'Ressources en Eau En outre, des axes prioritaires ont été proposés, notamment dans la Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique (2012), la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d Actions sur le changement climatique (2012) ainsi que dans le Plan National de Développement 2018-2027 dont l’objectif stratégique général est « Promouvoir un développement résiliant aux effets néfastes du changement climatique ». La SNPACC définit six axes stratégiques relatifs l’adaptation. Il s’agit de : 1. Adaptation et gestion des risques climatiques, 2. Promotion de la Recherche-Développement et transfert de technologie ; 3. Renforcement des capacités ; 4. Gestion des connaissances et communication ; 5. Implication du genre, de la jeunesse et des groupes vulnérables ; 6.', 'Implication du genre, de la jeunesse et des groupes vulnérables ; 6. Mobilisation des financements Sur la base de ces axes stratégiques, une série de programmes d adaptation prioritaires sont identifiés dans divers documents, notamment : le PND 2018-2027, Programmes d’Actions Prioritaires (2018), lePANA (2007), SNPACC (2013), CDN (2015), TCNCC (2019), Document d Orientation de la Politique Environnementale, Agricole et d Elevage (2020), et des documents sectoriels tels que le PNIA 2016-2020. De façon globale l’objectif de la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique.', 'De façon globale l’objectif de la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique. Sur base du modèle de projection de deux paramètres clés des températures et des précipitations et selon les critères de priorisation, les actions prioritaires suivantes ont été choisies en 2 scénarii inconditionnel et conditionnel. 5.1 Scénario inconditionnel Actions prioritaires proposées par secteur SECTEUR ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES CIBLE ACTIVITE INDICAT EUR COUT EN USD AGRICULTURE ET ELEVAGE 1 Valoriser et promouvoir les plantes autochtones médicinales, nutritionnelles et mellifères D’ici 2023, les plantes autochtones médicinales, nutritionnelles et mellifères prioritaires seront installées et fournies aux utilisateurs Produire des semences des plantes autochtones médicinales, nnutritionnelles et mellifères identifiées prioritaires, installer des jardins botaniques dans les stations et Centres ou aires protégées du Pays et les rendre disponibles aux utilisateurs locaux.', '5.1 Scénario inconditionnel Actions prioritaires proposées par secteur SECTEUR ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES CIBLE ACTIVITE INDICAT EUR COUT EN USD AGRICULTURE ET ELEVAGE 1 Valoriser et promouvoir les plantes autochtones médicinales, nutritionnelles et mellifères D’ici 2023, les plantes autochtones médicinales, nutritionnelles et mellifères prioritaires seront installées et fournies aux utilisateurs Produire des semences des plantes autochtones médicinales, nnutritionnelles et mellifères identifiées prioritaires, installer des jardins botaniques dans les stations et Centres ou aires protégées du Pays et les rendre disponibles aux utilisateurs locaux. Nombre de types de plants installés 2 Promouvoir les bio pesticides utilisés en agriculture pour la réduction de la pollution et l’amélioration de la santé humaine) D’ici 2023, les plantes bio pesticides collectées seront installées dans les stations de Mahwa et Bukemba Installer une collection des plantes bio- pesticides dans les stations de Mahwa et Bukemba; Nombre d’espèces de biopestici des,install és et inscrits 3 Effectuer une recherche inventaire phytosanitaire sur les maladies et ravageurs D’ici 2023, les maladies et ravageurs au Burundi seront inventoriés Faire l’inventaire des maladies et ravageurs présents au pays Liste des maladies et ravageurs inventorié sdes cultures au Burundi pratiques culturales atténuant les effets des aléas climatiques D’ici 2025, les pratiques culturales atténuant les aléas climatiques seront développées Initier les pratiques culturales qui feront face aux aléas climatiques Nombre de pratiques culturales initiées SANTE Sensibiliser la population des méfaits des changements climatiques sur la santé humaine D’ici 2025, au séances de sensibilisation seront menées dans les hôpitaux et CDS Faire des ateliers de sensibilisation par hôpital et CDS Nombre de séances de sensibilisa tion des ménages INFRASTRUCTUR ES TRANSPORTS ET BATIMENTS 4 Développer les infrastructures pour le transport non motorisé à Bujumbura km seront aménagés pour le transport non motorisé Aménager les voies de transport non motorisé Nombre de km aménagé s DECHETS rationnellement les déchets chimiques D’ici 2025, un document des stratégies de gestion et de traitement des déchets chimiques sera élaboré Elaborer les stratégies de gestion Document de stratégie disponible 5.2.', 'Nombre de types de plants installés 2 Promouvoir les bio pesticides utilisés en agriculture pour la réduction de la pollution et l’amélioration de la santé humaine) D’ici 2023, les plantes bio pesticides collectées seront installées dans les stations de Mahwa et Bukemba Installer une collection des plantes bio- pesticides dans les stations de Mahwa et Bukemba; Nombre d’espèces de biopestici des,install és et inscrits 3 Effectuer une recherche inventaire phytosanitaire sur les maladies et ravageurs D’ici 2023, les maladies et ravageurs au Burundi seront inventoriés Faire l’inventaire des maladies et ravageurs présents au pays Liste des maladies et ravageurs inventorié sdes cultures au Burundi pratiques culturales atténuant les effets des aléas climatiques D’ici 2025, les pratiques culturales atténuant les aléas climatiques seront développées Initier les pratiques culturales qui feront face aux aléas climatiques Nombre de pratiques culturales initiées SANTE Sensibiliser la population des méfaits des changements climatiques sur la santé humaine D’ici 2025, au séances de sensibilisation seront menées dans les hôpitaux et CDS Faire des ateliers de sensibilisation par hôpital et CDS Nombre de séances de sensibilisa tion des ménages INFRASTRUCTUR ES TRANSPORTS ET BATIMENTS 4 Développer les infrastructures pour le transport non motorisé à Bujumbura km seront aménagés pour le transport non motorisé Aménager les voies de transport non motorisé Nombre de km aménagé s DECHETS rationnellement les déchets chimiques D’ici 2025, un document des stratégies de gestion et de traitement des déchets chimiques sera élaboré Elaborer les stratégies de gestion Document de stratégie disponible 5.2. Scénario conditionnel SECTEUR ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES CIBLE ACTIVITE INDICATEURS COUT (USD) AGRICULTURE ET ELEVAGE 1 Développer et évaluer de nouvelles variétés de culture nouvelles variétés plus productives des cultures prioritaires sont fournies dans Mettre à la disponibilité des populations en semences et plants pour les Nombre de nouvelles variétés introduites/zone5.3.', 'Scénario conditionnel SECTEUR ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES CIBLE ACTIVITE INDICATEURS COUT (USD) AGRICULTURE ET ELEVAGE 1 Développer et évaluer de nouvelles variétés de culture nouvelles variétés plus productives des cultures prioritaires sont fournies dans Mettre à la disponibilité des populations en semences et plants pour les Nombre de nouvelles variétés introduites/zone5.3. Besoins en matière de mise en œuvre et d’appui vivrières à haut potentiel de rendement et de nutrition et résilientes au changement climatique toutes les zones écologiques retenues 2 . Produire et diffuser les semences de qualité adaptées aux aléas climatiques D’ici 2027, des semences de qualités seront disponibles à tous les BPEAE Assurer la disponibilité des semences de qualité à tous les BPEAE Le nombre de Kgs des semences de qualité sont disponibles l élevage de poisson en étangs D’ici 2029, au moins une augmentation de 13000 tonnes sur la production halieutique seront réalisées.', 'Produire et diffuser les semences de qualité adaptées aux aléas climatiques D’ici 2027, des semences de qualités seront disponibles à tous les BPEAE Assurer la disponibilité des semences de qualité à tous les BPEAE Le nombre de Kgs des semences de qualité sont disponibles l élevage de poisson en étangs D’ici 2029, au moins une augmentation de 13000 tonnes sur la production halieutique seront réalisées. Promouvoir la pisciculture intégrée Nombre de tonnes de production halieutique supplémentaires dans les étangs l’augmentation des productions animales D’ici 2025, un stock stratégique des intrants vétérinaires sera fonctionnel Mettre en place un stock stratégique des intrants vétérinaires Nombre de stocks stratégiques fonctionnels l’effet génétique à travers la généralisation de l’insémination artificielle D’ici 2027, une structure de gestion autonome d’insémination artificielle, d’amélioration génétique et d’appui aux services centraux est fonctionnel Mettre en place d’une structure à autonomie de gestion d’inséminatio n artificielle, d’amélioration génétique et d’appui aux services centraux dans les domaines Une structure fonctionnelleagro-sylvo- zootechnique et gestion durable des ressources naturelles : 18 D’ici 2027, au moins 3000 sites pilotes seront mis en place Mettre en place des sites pilotes pour l’intégration agro-sylvo- zootechnique s et gestion durable des ressources naturelles Nombre de sites pilotes mis en place 7 Réhabiliter et renforcer les infrastructures d’élevage centres vétérinaires Aires d’abattage, 2 centres de quarantaines pour le contrôle marchés de bétail seront réhabilités et renforcés Construire et réhabiliter les infrastructures de base Nombre d’infrastructures réhabilitées et renforcées 8 Créer les unités industrielles de fabrication des aliments concentrés pour bétail de fabrication des blocs à lécher sera installée dans la région de l’Imbo, 4 unités satellites seront installées dans 4 provinces et réhabilitées Installer des unités de fabrication des compléments alimentaires pour le bétail Nombre d’unités de fabrication des compléments alimentaires pour le bétail installé et réhabilitées RESSOURCES EN EAU 9 Aménager des retenues collinaires pour la collecte des eaux de pluie et des cours d’eau à des fins agricoles ha seront irrigués par des retenues collinaires Aménager les ouvrages de retenus d’eau pour irrigation Nombre d’hectares irrigués et de retenues fonctionnelles aménagées 10 Protéger et gérer les zones inondables ha de zones inondables seront protégés Assurer la protection et la gestion des zones inondables Nombre de km aménagésLes priorités présentées au tableau ci-dessus visent à combler les lacunes recensées précédemment et à ce titre permettent de mettre en œuvre les recommandations formulées à cette fin.', 'Promouvoir la pisciculture intégrée Nombre de tonnes de production halieutique supplémentaires dans les étangs l’augmentation des productions animales D’ici 2025, un stock stratégique des intrants vétérinaires sera fonctionnel Mettre en place un stock stratégique des intrants vétérinaires Nombre de stocks stratégiques fonctionnels l’effet génétique à travers la généralisation de l’insémination artificielle D’ici 2027, une structure de gestion autonome d’insémination artificielle, d’amélioration génétique et d’appui aux services centraux est fonctionnel Mettre en place d’une structure à autonomie de gestion d’inséminatio n artificielle, d’amélioration génétique et d’appui aux services centraux dans les domaines Une structure fonctionnelleagro-sylvo- zootechnique et gestion durable des ressources naturelles : 18 D’ici 2027, au moins 3000 sites pilotes seront mis en place Mettre en place des sites pilotes pour l’intégration agro-sylvo- zootechnique s et gestion durable des ressources naturelles Nombre de sites pilotes mis en place 7 Réhabiliter et renforcer les infrastructures d’élevage centres vétérinaires Aires d’abattage, 2 centres de quarantaines pour le contrôle marchés de bétail seront réhabilités et renforcés Construire et réhabiliter les infrastructures de base Nombre d’infrastructures réhabilitées et renforcées 8 Créer les unités industrielles de fabrication des aliments concentrés pour bétail de fabrication des blocs à lécher sera installée dans la région de l’Imbo, 4 unités satellites seront installées dans 4 provinces et réhabilitées Installer des unités de fabrication des compléments alimentaires pour le bétail Nombre d’unités de fabrication des compléments alimentaires pour le bétail installé et réhabilitées RESSOURCES EN EAU 9 Aménager des retenues collinaires pour la collecte des eaux de pluie et des cours d’eau à des fins agricoles ha seront irrigués par des retenues collinaires Aménager les ouvrages de retenus d’eau pour irrigation Nombre d’hectares irrigués et de retenues fonctionnelles aménagées 10 Protéger et gérer les zones inondables ha de zones inondables seront protégés Assurer la protection et la gestion des zones inondables Nombre de km aménagésLes priorités présentées au tableau ci-dessus visent à combler les lacunes recensées précédemment et à ce titre permettent de mettre en œuvre les recommandations formulées à cette fin. L´accent est mis sur 11 Améliorer la gestion des eaux à des fins agricoles et pour d’autres usages domestiques et la résilience des systèmes d’eau, d’assainisseme nt et d’hygiène face aux risques liés au changement climatique D’ici 2025 , au menages utilisent les eaux de pluies à des fins agricoles Collecter et utiliser les eaux de pluies à des fins agricoles et d’autres usages Pourcentage de communautés ou de ménages qui ont accès à un système efficace de collecte des eaux de pluie et de projets EAH qui prennent en compte les risques climatiques.', 'L´accent est mis sur 11 Améliorer la gestion des eaux à des fins agricoles et pour d’autres usages domestiques et la résilience des systèmes d’eau, d’assainisseme nt et d’hygiène face aux risques liés au changement climatique D’ici 2025 , au menages utilisent les eaux de pluies à des fins agricoles Collecter et utiliser les eaux de pluies à des fins agricoles et d’autres usages Pourcentage de communautés ou de ménages qui ont accès à un système efficace de collecte des eaux de pluie et de projets EAH qui prennent en compte les risques climatiques. ENERGIE 12 Réhabiliter les centrales hydroélectrique s existantes centrales seront réhabilitées Réhabiliter les centrales en mauvais état Nombre de centrales réhabilitées 13 Effectuer une densification du réseau de la ville de Bujumbura D’ici 2027, une densification la ligne sur 86.1 km de moyenne tension et de 1085 km de basse tension sera faite Densifier les lignes existantes de moyenne et basse tensions Longueur de densification 14 Réhabiliter le réseau de la ville de Bujumbura km de la ligne de moyenne tension et 772,3 km de base tension seront réhabilités Réhabiliter les lignes de moyenne et basse tension Nombre de Km des lignes réhabilitées 15 Aménager les digesteurs à Biogaz dans les infrastructures publiques établissements seront couverts Installer les digesteurs à biogaz dans les établissements publics Nombre de digesteurs installés INFRASTRUCTUR ES, TRANSPORTS ET BATIMENTS 16 Développer les infrastructures pour le transport non motorisé seront aménagés pour le transport non motorisé Aménager les voies de transport non motorisé Nombre de Km aménagéesle renforcement des capacités et la mobilisation des financements afin de favoriser la mise en œuvre des priorités sectorielles et transversales.', 'ENERGIE 12 Réhabiliter les centrales hydroélectrique s existantes centrales seront réhabilitées Réhabiliter les centrales en mauvais état Nombre de centrales réhabilitées 13 Effectuer une densification du réseau de la ville de Bujumbura D’ici 2027, une densification la ligne sur 86.1 km de moyenne tension et de 1085 km de basse tension sera faite Densifier les lignes existantes de moyenne et basse tensions Longueur de densification 14 Réhabiliter le réseau de la ville de Bujumbura km de la ligne de moyenne tension et 772,3 km de base tension seront réhabilités Réhabiliter les lignes de moyenne et basse tension Nombre de Km des lignes réhabilitées 15 Aménager les digesteurs à Biogaz dans les infrastructures publiques établissements seront couverts Installer les digesteurs à biogaz dans les établissements publics Nombre de digesteurs installés INFRASTRUCTUR ES, TRANSPORTS ET BATIMENTS 16 Développer les infrastructures pour le transport non motorisé seront aménagés pour le transport non motorisé Aménager les voies de transport non motorisé Nombre de Km aménagéesle renforcement des capacités et la mobilisation des financements afin de favoriser la mise en œuvre des priorités sectorielles et transversales. Les ressources humaines du secteur public, privé et de la société civile sont essentielles pour la mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Les ressources humaines du secteur public, privé et de la société civile sont essentielles pour la mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation au changement climatique. Le renforcement des capacités des 17 Développer le corridor de transport sur le Lac Tanganyika modernes seront aménagés et 6 bateaux disponibles Aménager les ports sur le lac Tanganyika et bateaux Nombre de ports aménagés et bateaux acquis DECHETS 18 Connecter les entreprises et les ménages au réseau d’épuration des eaux usées composées des quartiers, des industriels et des établissements publics sensibilisés de la ville de Bujumbura seront raccordées aux réseaux des eaux usées Sensibiliser et raccorder les ménages, les industriels et les établissements publics Nombre de zones de la mairie de Bujumbura raccordés 19 Gérer les déchets solides dans la ville de Bujumbura et dans les autres principales villes D’ici 2030, les villes de Bujumbura, Gitega, Ngozi et Rumonge seront dotées des sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides ainsi que des centres de tri et de recyclage Aménager les sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides Mettre en place des centres de tri et de recyclage pour les villes ciblées ; Nombre des sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides ainsi que nombre des centres de tri et de recyclage par ville PRIORITES TRANSVERSALES 20 Effectuer un suivi de l’environnemen t du Burundi en temps réel pour un développement durable D’ici 2027, les capacités techniques et humaines des programmes PUMA, MESA et GMES seront renforcés Renforcer les capacités techniques, matérielles et humaines des outils et séances de formation en surveillance environnement ale Type et nombre d’outils acquis et nombre de séances de formation en PUMA, MESA et GMES Nombre des participantsparties prenantes relevant des Ministères cibles des instituts de recherches ; ainsi que du secteur privé et de la société civile constitue une partie fondamentale de la stratégie de mise en œuvre du PNA.', 'Le renforcement des capacités des 17 Développer le corridor de transport sur le Lac Tanganyika modernes seront aménagés et 6 bateaux disponibles Aménager les ports sur le lac Tanganyika et bateaux Nombre de ports aménagés et bateaux acquis DECHETS 18 Connecter les entreprises et les ménages au réseau d’épuration des eaux usées composées des quartiers, des industriels et des établissements publics sensibilisés de la ville de Bujumbura seront raccordées aux réseaux des eaux usées Sensibiliser et raccorder les ménages, les industriels et les établissements publics Nombre de zones de la mairie de Bujumbura raccordés 19 Gérer les déchets solides dans la ville de Bujumbura et dans les autres principales villes D’ici 2030, les villes de Bujumbura, Gitega, Ngozi et Rumonge seront dotées des sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides ainsi que des centres de tri et de recyclage Aménager les sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides Mettre en place des centres de tri et de recyclage pour les villes ciblées ; Nombre des sites de transit et décharges finales des déchets solides ainsi que nombre des centres de tri et de recyclage par ville PRIORITES TRANSVERSALES 20 Effectuer un suivi de l’environnemen t du Burundi en temps réel pour un développement durable D’ici 2027, les capacités techniques et humaines des programmes PUMA, MESA et GMES seront renforcés Renforcer les capacités techniques, matérielles et humaines des outils et séances de formation en surveillance environnement ale Type et nombre d’outils acquis et nombre de séances de formation en PUMA, MESA et GMES Nombre des participantsparties prenantes relevant des Ministères cibles des instituts de recherches ; ainsi que du secteur privé et de la société civile constitue une partie fondamentale de la stratégie de mise en œuvre du PNA. Le Burundi a, à ce jour, mis en œuvre une série de programmes d adaptation financés principalement par des bailleurs de fonds bilatéraux et multilatéraux, tels que le FEM, Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD), Banque Mondiale et GIZ, ainsi que des fonds nationaux pour des programmes comme le Programme National de Reboisement.', 'Le Burundi a, à ce jour, mis en œuvre une série de programmes d adaptation financés principalement par des bailleurs de fonds bilatéraux et multilatéraux, tels que le FEM, Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD), Banque Mondiale et GIZ, ainsi que des fonds nationaux pour des programmes comme le Programme National de Reboisement. La gestion des Fonds environnementaux, tels que FEM, Fonds d Adaptation, Fonds bleu et le Fonds Verts pour le Climat est détenue par le Ministère en charge de l’environnement. Ceci constitue un atout pour capitaliser les synergies et les capacités. 5.4.', 'Ceci constitue un atout pour capitaliser les synergies et les capacités. 5.4. Mise en œuvre de mesures et de plans d’adaptation Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PANA, les prérequis sont indispensables pour les décideurs politiques de s’approprier du PANA, de se doter les moyens techniques et financiers nécessaires à la mise en œuvre du PNA ainsi que d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre ´une stratégie de mobilisation de fonds pour l adaptation au Burundi.', 'Mise en œuvre de mesures et de plans d’adaptation Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PANA, les prérequis sont indispensables pour les décideurs politiques de s’approprier du PANA, de se doter les moyens techniques et financiers nécessaires à la mise en œuvre du PNA ainsi que d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre ´une stratégie de mobilisation de fonds pour l adaptation au Burundi. Pour les décideurs, la mise en œuvre devra se focaliser sur les activités suivantes : des zones/commu nautés plus affectées par le risque climatique et améliorer la résilience des systèmes d eau, d assainisseme nt et d hygiène De 2025 à d’eau seront protégées Cibler les zones/commu nautés affectées par le risque climatique et les sources vulnérables en fournissant des systèmes EAH résiliant au climat Pourcentage de points d eau disposant d activités de préservation et de protection de la source 22 Améliorer les connaissances sur le changement climatique, la prévention des maladies liées au changement climatique et la réduction des risques de catastrophes au niveau communautair e De 2021 à personnes auront des connaissances sur le changement climatique et des capacités de se prévenir contre les risques de changement climatique.', 'Pour les décideurs, la mise en œuvre devra se focaliser sur les activités suivantes : des zones/commu nautés plus affectées par le risque climatique et améliorer la résilience des systèmes d eau, d assainisseme nt et d hygiène De 2025 à d’eau seront protégées Cibler les zones/commu nautés affectées par le risque climatique et les sources vulnérables en fournissant des systèmes EAH résiliant au climat Pourcentage de points d eau disposant d activités de préservation et de protection de la source 22 Améliorer les connaissances sur le changement climatique, la prévention des maladies liées au changement climatique et la réduction des risques de catastrophes au niveau communautair e De 2021 à personnes auront des connaissances sur le changement climatique et des capacités de se prévenir contre les risques de changement climatique. Renforcer les capacités des communautés sur le changement climatique et sur la prévention et la gestion des risques liées au changement climatique Nombre de collines/sous-collines ayant bénéficié de formation au changement climatique/réduction des risques de catastrophe TOTAL ADAPTATION Renforcer le mécanisme de coordination par une approche multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs du domaine, de faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ainsi que la mobilisation des ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre du PNA et de la CDN ; Sensibiliser davantage les parties prenantes concernées à l importance de l adaptation et en plaidant pour la reconnaissance de l adaptation au changement climatique comme une priorité nationale ; Inciter les partenaires techniques et financiers à investir dans le domaine des changements climatiques ; Elaborer les textes de loi du domaine des changements climatiques et leur doter des textes d’application ; Harmoniser les politiques sectorielles avec le PND en tenant compte des changements climatiques Développer des programmes de sensibilisation et de formation sur la thématique « changements climatiques ».', 'Renforcer les capacités des communautés sur le changement climatique et sur la prévention et la gestion des risques liées au changement climatique Nombre de collines/sous-collines ayant bénéficié de formation au changement climatique/réduction des risques de catastrophe TOTAL ADAPTATION Renforcer le mécanisme de coordination par une approche multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs du domaine, de faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ainsi que la mobilisation des ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre du PNA et de la CDN ; Sensibiliser davantage les parties prenantes concernées à l importance de l adaptation et en plaidant pour la reconnaissance de l adaptation au changement climatique comme une priorité nationale ; Inciter les partenaires techniques et financiers à investir dans le domaine des changements climatiques ; Elaborer les textes de loi du domaine des changements climatiques et leur doter des textes d’application ; Harmoniser les politiques sectorielles avec le PND en tenant compte des changements climatiques Développer des programmes de sensibilisation et de formation sur la thématique « changements climatiques ». Aux Parties Prenantes : S’approprier et participer à la mise en œuvre du PNA Participer au développement des programmes de sensibilisation et de formation sur le thématique changement climatique.', 'Aux Parties Prenantes : S’approprier et participer à la mise en œuvre du PNA Participer au développement des programmes de sensibilisation et de formation sur le thématique changement climatique. 5.5. Progrès accomplis et résultats Le Burundi a soumis sa Troisième Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques en 2019 au Secrétariat de à la CCNUCC. Actuellement, le Pays est en train de réviser sa CDN. Le Gouvernement du Burundi a reconnu que le processus PNA et la révision de la CDN sont des processus complémentaires qui, mis en cohérence, favorisent l´action et facilitent la mobilisation des ressources pour l’adaptation. Le PNA peut contribuer à la définition de l ambition d adaptation dans le cadre du CDN. 5.6.', 'Le PNA peut contribuer à la définition de l ambition d adaptation dans le cadre du CDN. 5.6. Efforts d’adaptation Au Burundi, les changements climatiques est une réalité et les conséquences sur la survie des communautés s’aggravent de jour le jour d’où les mesures d’adaptation sont incontournables et devront constituer une priorité nationale. Dans les conditions de changement climatique, tout le monde (et surtout les paysans) tente de s’adapter. Les gens commencent en général par modifier leurs pratiques techniques en changeant de variétés culturales et en promouvant les pratiques culturales améliorées.', 'Les gens commencent en général par modifier leurs pratiques techniques en changeant de variétés culturales et en promouvant les pratiques culturales améliorées. L’utilisation des moyens de production (travail, intrants) est raisonnée pour tenir compte des risques : cela se traduit dans certains cas par l’extensification, ailleurs par la concentration des moyens sur des espaces « plus sûrs » (tenant compte de la disponibilité des eaux).Chez les éleveurs, l’on constate, d’une part, le changement de structure des troupeaux, notamment la répartition entre différentes espèces animales et d’autre part, la modification des calendriers fourragers basés notamment sur la stabulation permanente des troupeaux.', 'L’utilisation des moyens de production (travail, intrants) est raisonnée pour tenir compte des risques : cela se traduit dans certains cas par l’extensification, ailleurs par la concentration des moyens sur des espaces « plus sûrs » (tenant compte de la disponibilité des eaux).Chez les éleveurs, l’on constate, d’une part, le changement de structure des troupeaux, notamment la répartition entre différentes espèces animales et d’autre part, la modification des calendriers fourragers basés notamment sur la stabulation permanente des troupeaux. Dans d’autres cas, la recherche de solutions se situe bien souvent hors de l’agriculture, avec la recherche d’autres emplois non agricoles ce qui est à l’origine des migrations internes et externes observés aujourd’hui.', 'Dans d’autres cas, la recherche de solutions se situe bien souvent hors de l’agriculture, avec la recherche d’autres emplois non agricoles ce qui est à l’origine des migrations internes et externes observés aujourd’hui. Sur le plan décisionnel et institutionnel, les efforts d’adaptation sont aussi mobilisés malgré leur inefficacité et se manifestent dans la mise en place des textes légaux, stratégies et plans qui proposent des solutions d’adaptation, afin de mitiger les risques induits par ces changements climatiques. 5.7.', 'Sur le plan décisionnel et institutionnel, les efforts d’adaptation sont aussi mobilisés malgré leur inefficacité et se manifestent dans la mise en place des textes légaux, stratégies et plans qui proposent des solutions d’adaptation, afin de mitiger les risques induits par ces changements climatiques. 5.7. Coopération au renforcement de l’adaptation aux échelons national, régional et international Au niveau national, le renforcement de la coopération concerne l’intervention de toutes les parties prenantes à s’adapter aux changements climatiques à toutes les étapes de planification et de mise en œuvre des programmes inscrits dans la CDN Au niveau régional, la coopération se manifeste à travers les accords régionaux de partenariat comme la COMIFAC et la communauté des pays de l’Afrique de l’Est Les Parties en Accord de Paris reconnaissent l importance de l appui et de la coopération internationale aux efforts d adaptation et la nécessité de prendre en considération les besoins du Burundi particulièrement vulnérables aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques 5.8.', 'Coopération au renforcement de l’adaptation aux échelons national, régional et international Au niveau national, le renforcement de la coopération concerne l’intervention de toutes les parties prenantes à s’adapter aux changements climatiques à toutes les étapes de planification et de mise en œuvre des programmes inscrits dans la CDN Au niveau régional, la coopération se manifeste à travers les accords régionaux de partenariat comme la COMIFAC et la communauté des pays de l’Afrique de l’Est Les Parties en Accord de Paris reconnaissent l importance de l appui et de la coopération internationale aux efforts d adaptation et la nécessité de prendre en considération les besoins du Burundi particulièrement vulnérables aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques 5.8. Obstacles, difficultés et lacunes La gouvernance climatique connaît certaines lacunes, difficultés et obstacles sur les cadres réglementaires et les politiques pertinentes pour l adaptation dont les principaux sont : Faible coordination multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire en matière des changements climatiques, y compris l´adaptation suite à l’inexistence d’un groupe de travail technique fonctionnel et permanent ; Des capacités techniques institutionnelles et individuelles limitées pour traduire les priorités politiques et favoriser une mise en œuvre efficace des activités, projets et programmes ; Faible niveau d intégration de l adaptation dans le processus national et sectoriel de planification et de budgétisation ; Capacité limitée de mobilisation et d accès au financement ; Un cadre règlementaire pas suffisamment fonctionnel ; Manque de points focaux sur le climat dans tous les secteurs clés.5.9.', 'Obstacles, difficultés et lacunes La gouvernance climatique connaît certaines lacunes, difficultés et obstacles sur les cadres réglementaires et les politiques pertinentes pour l adaptation dont les principaux sont : Faible coordination multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire en matière des changements climatiques, y compris l´adaptation suite à l’inexistence d’un groupe de travail technique fonctionnel et permanent ; Des capacités techniques institutionnelles et individuelles limitées pour traduire les priorités politiques et favoriser une mise en œuvre efficace des activités, projets et programmes ; Faible niveau d intégration de l adaptation dans le processus national et sectoriel de planification et de budgétisation ; Capacité limitée de mobilisation et d accès au financement ; Un cadre règlementaire pas suffisamment fonctionnel ; Manque de points focaux sur le climat dans tous les secteurs clés.5.9. Bonnes pratiques, enseignements tirés et échange d’informations Dans la mise en œuvre des projets et programmes d adaptation en cours ou en fin d’exécution, l’on peut tirer de bonnes pratiques et enseignements en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles.', 'Bonnes pratiques, enseignements tirés et échange d’informations Dans la mise en œuvre des projets et programmes d adaptation en cours ou en fin d’exécution, l’on peut tirer de bonnes pratiques et enseignements en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles. Ainsi donc, les leçons apprises sont énoncées comme suit : Le processus du PAN pourra s appuyer sur les activités de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités des acteurs gouvernementaux responsables des organisations de développement communautaire ; Importance des projets pour l intégration régionale de l adaptation, qui pourra être poursuivie dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PNA ; Certains projets ont permis la réalisation d objectifs communs d adaptation et d’atténuation ainsi que sur la mobilisation des investissements du secteur privé ; Le processus du PAN s appuiera sur les objectifs pour produire des résultats coordonnés aux niveaux infranationaux contribuant à la formulation du plan d adaptation national ; Le PNA peut s appuyer sur des activités de renforcement des capacités et des systèmes de collecte et de diffusion des informations météorologiques et hydrologiques ; Le processus du PNA renforce les systèmes d information sur le climat et les capacités connexes ; Le processus du PNA renforce les systèmes d information climatique et alerte précoce, ainsi que des cartes de vulnérabilité de changement climatique.', 'Ainsi donc, les leçons apprises sont énoncées comme suit : Le processus du PAN pourra s appuyer sur les activités de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités des acteurs gouvernementaux responsables des organisations de développement communautaire ; Importance des projets pour l intégration régionale de l adaptation, qui pourra être poursuivie dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PNA ; Certains projets ont permis la réalisation d objectifs communs d adaptation et d’atténuation ainsi que sur la mobilisation des investissements du secteur privé ; Le processus du PAN s appuiera sur les objectifs pour produire des résultats coordonnés aux niveaux infranationaux contribuant à la formulation du plan d adaptation national ; Le PNA peut s appuyer sur des activités de renforcement des capacités et des systèmes de collecte et de diffusion des informations météorologiques et hydrologiques ; Le processus du PNA renforce les systèmes d information sur le climat et les capacités connexes ; Le processus du PNA renforce les systèmes d information climatique et alerte précoce, ainsi que des cartes de vulnérabilité de changement climatique. La stratégie de communication peut servir de base à l élaboration d un plan de communication pour le processus du PNA.', 'La stratégie de communication peut servir de base à l élaboration d un plan de communication pour le processus du PNA. 5.10. Suivi et évaluation Dans sa mise en œuvre, le suivi -évaluation (S&E) du PNA permettra de vérifier si ce processus se déroule comme prévu. Le suivi-évaluation d’adaptation permet d´évaluer les impacts (à court, moyen et long terme) des actions prioritaires menées et si ces dernières contribuent effectivement à l’atteinte des objectifs définies sur la réduction de la vulnérabilité. D´autre part, le S&E peut permettre l apprentissage sur l´adaptation par la pratique, la réorientation des actions selon le besoin, ainsi que le suivi des apports financiers dans le domaine du changement climatique. Actuellement, le Burundi ne dispose pas d un cadre de S&E pour le changement climatique.', 'Actuellement, le Burundi ne dispose pas d un cadre de S&E pour le changement climatique. Les plans et stratégies nationaux pour le changement climatique et l environnement ne définissent ni le système de S&E ni les indicateurs objectivement vérifiables. La Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Actions sur le changement climatique ainsi que le Plan National de développement proposent un ensemble d indicateurs, mais ceux-ci manquent d une base de référence et d objectifs. Il existe une Stratégie Nationale REDD+ (2019) qui propose un système national de surveillance des forêts basé sur la Mesure,Notification et Vérification (MNV), mais sa mise en œuvre n’est pas effective. Il va falloir mettre en place un mécanisme outillé de S&E. 5.11.', 'Il va falloir mettre en place un mécanisme outillé de S&E. 5.11. Mesures d’adaptation et/ou plans de diversification économique Ces mesures font référence à la mise en œuvre de différents plans et stratégies notamment : du Plan d Actions National en matière d Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA 2007) ; du PND Burundi 2018-2027 ; de la Stratégie Nationale de Communication sur les changements climatiques ; Le Burundi a mis en œuvre plusieurs projets et programmes d adaptation, en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles.', 'Mesures d’adaptation et/ou plans de diversification économique Ces mesures font référence à la mise en œuvre de différents plans et stratégies notamment : du Plan d Actions National en matière d Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA 2007) ; du PND Burundi 2018-2027 ; de la Stratégie Nationale de Communication sur les changements climatiques ; Le Burundi a mis en œuvre plusieurs projets et programmes d adaptation, en particulier dans les secteurs de l agriculture et des ressources naturelles. Les enseignements tirés de leur mise en œuvre peuvent servir aux projets et programmes futurs, notamment en termes de : potentiel de mise à l échelle, d informations sur le changement climatique, de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités, de planification de l adaptation au niveau infranational et de renforcement de l engagement du secteur privé, entre autres.', 'Les enseignements tirés de leur mise en œuvre peuvent servir aux projets et programmes futurs, notamment en termes de : potentiel de mise à l échelle, d informations sur le changement climatique, de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités, de planification de l adaptation au niveau infranational et de renforcement de l engagement du secteur privé, entre autres. 5.12. Contributions à d’autres cadres et/ou conventions au niveau international L’adaptation dans le secteur de Changements Climatiques fait intervenir une variété d’acteurs et met en place un cadre conceptuel international commun qui est l’Accord de Paris. Depuis la création du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement en 1988, le Gouvernement du Burundi a entamé le processus d’élaboration des lois en rapport avec la protection de l’Environnement et de ses ressources naturelles.', 'Depuis la création du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement en 1988, le Gouvernement du Burundi a entamé le processus d’élaboration des lois en rapport avec la protection de l’Environnement et de ses ressources naturelles. Bien que ces textes aient été promulgués, ils sont restés inopérants dans le domaine des changements climatique faute de textes d’application d’une part, et pour ne pas avoir été suffisamment vulgarisés et portés à la connaissance des acteurs au niveau sectoriel d’autre part.', 'Bien que ces textes aient été promulgués, ils sont restés inopérants dans le domaine des changements climatique faute de textes d’application d’une part, et pour ne pas avoir été suffisamment vulgarisés et portés à la connaissance des acteurs au niveau sectoriel d’autre part. Parmi les outils juridiques sur lesquels le pays peut compter pour lutter contre les changements climatiques, il y a lieu de mentionner également les conventions internationales ratifiées par le Burundi comme la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements climatiques ; la Convention de lutte contre la désertification, la Convention sur la diversité biologique, la Convention de Vienne sur la Protection de la Couche d’Ozone et la Convention RAMSAR sur les zones humides. Ces conventions sont souvent sources des fonds des activités d’adaptation.', 'Ces conventions sont souvent sources des fonds des activités d’adaptation. 5.13.', 'Ces conventions sont souvent sources des fonds des activités d’adaptation. 5.13. Prise en compte des questions de genre, du savoir traditionnel, des connaissances des peuples autochtones et des systèmes de savoir locaux La CDN 2020 se fonde sur le PND du Burundi, sur les ODD, sur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et sur les Décisions de l’Accord de Paris notamment au regard du livre des règles adopté lors de la COP24 pour appeler à plus de vigilance sur les retombées des politiques en matière de luttes contre les changements climatiques afin d’éviter qu’elles ne se fassent au détriment des femmes et des groupes vulnérables.Dans tous les secteurs et leurs projets œuvrant pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), le Gouvernement du Burundi a l’occasion de jeter une base de référence à propos questions de genre et d’inclusion sociale en matière d’adaptation et de diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES); Les projets et programmes d’agriculture, d’énergie et d’infrastructures retenues dans cette CDN sont particulièrement appelés à intégrer systématiquement les aspects genre et inclusion sociale.', 'Prise en compte des questions de genre, du savoir traditionnel, des connaissances des peuples autochtones et des systèmes de savoir locaux La CDN 2020 se fonde sur le PND du Burundi, sur les ODD, sur l’Agenda 2030 sur le développement durable et sur les Décisions de l’Accord de Paris notamment au regard du livre des règles adopté lors de la COP24 pour appeler à plus de vigilance sur les retombées des politiques en matière de luttes contre les changements climatiques afin d’éviter qu’elles ne se fassent au détriment des femmes et des groupes vulnérables.Dans tous les secteurs et leurs projets œuvrant pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), le Gouvernement du Burundi a l’occasion de jeter une base de référence à propos questions de genre et d’inclusion sociale en matière d’adaptation et de diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES); Les projets et programmes d’agriculture, d’énergie et d’infrastructures retenues dans cette CDN sont particulièrement appelés à intégrer systématiquement les aspects genre et inclusion sociale. Ils informeront et sensibiliseront les femmes, les jeunes et les batwa comme acteurs dans la réduction des gaz à effet de serre.', 'Ils informeront et sensibiliseront les femmes, les jeunes et les batwa comme acteurs dans la réduction des gaz à effet de serre. Les projets en cours renforceront les capacités des femmes, des jeunes et des batwa pour susciter un changement de pratiques et optimiser la gestion intégrée des paysages et la chaîne de valeur alimentaire durable afin d accroître l adoption de systèmes de production résistants et améliorés. Les projets mettront à leur disposition des moyens et des techniques en vue d’améliorer leur niveau de vie, la résilience climatique et la sécurité alimentaire (revenu, utilisation des sources d’énergies non émettrices des gaz à effet de serre foyers améliorés, énergie solaire, ….', 'Les projets mettront à leur disposition des moyens et des techniques en vue d’améliorer leur niveau de vie, la résilience climatique et la sécurité alimentaire (revenu, utilisation des sources d’énergies non émettrices des gaz à effet de serre foyers améliorés, énergie solaire, …. Au cours de leur exécution, les projets forestiers et ceux relatifs à la restauration des terres et des écosystèmes, les groupes des vulnérables bénéficieront d’une attention particulière afin qu’ils se transforment en acteurs dans la réponse-action collective pour une lutte durable contre l’avancée du changement climatique au lieu de subir les risques de catastrophes qui y sont liés.', 'Au cours de leur exécution, les projets forestiers et ceux relatifs à la restauration des terres et des écosystèmes, les groupes des vulnérables bénéficieront d’une attention particulière afin qu’ils se transforment en acteurs dans la réponse-action collective pour une lutte durable contre l’avancée du changement climatique au lieu de subir les risques de catastrophes qui y sont liés. Les suggestions de ces groupes seront recueillies pour l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des projets et pour une gestion communautaire des risques de catastrophes liés aux changements climatiques. Les connaissances traditionnelles des batwa seront prises en considération car ils possèdent une longue expérience d’observation et d’engagement envers leur environnement.', 'Les connaissances traditionnelles des batwa seront prises en considération car ils possèdent une longue expérience d’observation et d’engagement envers leur environnement. Depuis de longues années d’interaction avec leur environnement naturel, ils ont développé des stratégies pour répondre aux impacts liés au changement climatique et ont su y répondre grâce à leur savoir-faire et leur philosophie de la nature. 6. PLAN DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN 6.1. Aspects institutionnels Un cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN existe au Burundi. Il est sous la supervision du Ministère de l´Environnement, de l´Agriculture et de l’Elevage (MINEAGRIE) à travers la Direction Générale de l’Environnement, des Ressources en Eau et de l’Assainissement. Cette dernière est chargée de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles en matière des changements climatiques.', 'Cette dernière est chargée de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles en matière des changements climatiques. Les services de l’administration centrale et les établissements publics (Institut Géographique du Burundi, IGEBU et Office Burundais pour la Protection de l’Environnement, OBPE) y apportent leurs appuis. L´IGEBU et l´OBPE sont aussi respectivement Point focal National et Point focal national adjoint de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).', 'L´IGEBU et l´OBPE sont aussi respectivement Point focal National et Point focal national adjoint de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). Par ailleurs, le Directeur Général de l´Agriculture audit Ministère est l´Autorité Nationale Désignée (AND) pour le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC) tandis que le Secrétaire Permanent du MINEAGRIE occupe la fonction de point focal du Fonds de l´Environnement Mondial (FEM).Dans le cadre du changement climatique, l´IGEBU est chargé de la collecte, l’analyse, le traitement et la diffusion des données météorologiques et hydrologiques.', 'Par ailleurs, le Directeur Général de l´Agriculture audit Ministère est l´Autorité Nationale Désignée (AND) pour le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC) tandis que le Secrétaire Permanent du MINEAGRIE occupe la fonction de point focal du Fonds de l´Environnement Mondial (FEM).Dans le cadre du changement climatique, l´IGEBU est chargé de la collecte, l’analyse, le traitement et la diffusion des données météorologiques et hydrologiques. Quant à l´OBPE, elle a pour missions : la mise en œuvre des politiques et stratégies en matière de l’environnement et des changements climatiques et la mise en place des mécanismes d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (la mise en œuvre du PNA).', 'Quant à l´OBPE, elle a pour missions : la mise en œuvre des politiques et stratégies en matière de l’environnement et des changements climatiques et la mise en place des mécanismes d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (la mise en œuvre du PNA). A toutes fins utiles, signalons que d’autres Ministères sectoriels sont concernés par les questions liées au changement climatique qui impacte de façon transversale tous les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale. Il s’agit des Ministères en charge de l´Energie, de la Santé Publique, du Commerce, du Transport, de l´Industrie et du Tourisme. C’est ce qui justifie la nécessité d’une approche multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire pour assurer une résilience efficace.', 'C’est ce qui justifie la nécessité d’une approche multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire pour assurer une résilience efficace. Ainsi, la CDN 2020 préconise le renforcement de la concertation entre les acteurs du domaine en vue de faciliter l’harmonisation des interventions et la mobilisation des ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre du PANA et de la CDN. A cet effet, à l’instar d’autres pays de la sous – région et du monde, un Conseil National du Changement climatique, doté de capacités techniques et financières et du pouvoir de décision de haut niveau, s’avère indispensable pour les besoins de coordination, de concertation et mobilisation des parties prenantes impliquées à tous les niveaux ainsi que du suivi -évaluation de l’état de mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'A cet effet, à l’instar d’autres pays de la sous – région et du monde, un Conseil National du Changement climatique, doté de capacités techniques et financières et du pouvoir de décision de haut niveau, s’avère indispensable pour les besoins de coordination, de concertation et mobilisation des parties prenantes impliquées à tous les niveaux ainsi que du suivi -évaluation de l’état de mise en œuvre de la CDN. Sur le plan technique, un Comité Technique National sur le climat devra être établi et présidé par une agence paraétatique à l’instar d’autres structures de la Communauté des Pays d’Afrique de l’Est. La création et la mise en place du Conseil National et du Comité technique seront matérialisées par des décrets présidentiels.', 'La création et la mise en place du Conseil National et du Comité technique seront matérialisées par des décrets présidentiels. La mise en place de ces structures devra tenir compte de tous les acteurs et se préoccuper des questions transversales comme le genre et l’inclusion sociale. 6.2. Cadre légal Un arsenal juridique impressionnant se fonde sur la Constitution du Burundi du 17 mai 2018, spécialement en ses articles 164, alinéa 4 et l’article 35.', 'Cadre légal Un arsenal juridique impressionnant se fonde sur la Constitution du Burundi du 17 mai 2018, spécialement en ses articles 164, alinéa 4 et l’article 35. Elle est complétée par les textes qui suivent : - La Loi n°1/10 du 30 mai 2011 portant création et gestion des aires protégées du Burundi - La Loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000 portant Code l’environnement - Loi no 1 /07 du 15 Juillet 2016, portant révision du code forestier - La Loi n°1/02 du 26 mars 2012 portant code de l’eau au Burundi en ce qui concerne la protection qualitative (art.43 à 47) et quantitative des ressources en eau (art.48 à 50).', 'Elle est complétée par les textes qui suivent : - La Loi n°1/10 du 30 mai 2011 portant création et gestion des aires protégées du Burundi - La Loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000 portant Code l’environnement - Loi no 1 /07 du 15 Juillet 2016, portant révision du code forestier - La Loi n°1/02 du 26 mars 2012 portant code de l’eau au Burundi en ce qui concerne la protection qualitative (art.43 à 47) et quantitative des ressources en eau (art.48 à 50). - La Loi n°1/13 du 9 août 2011 portant révision du code foncier du Burundi article 451 alinéa 1, - La Loi n°1/13 du 23 avril 2015 portant réorganisation du secteur de l’électricité - La Loi n°1/012 du 30 mai 2018 portant Code de l’offre des soins et services de santé au Burundi spécialement en ses articles 137 et 138- Le décret-loi n° 100/241 du 31 décembre 1992 portant réglementation de l’évacuation des eaux usées en milieu urbain.', '- La Loi n°1/13 du 9 août 2011 portant révision du code foncier du Burundi article 451 alinéa 1, - La Loi n°1/13 du 23 avril 2015 portant réorganisation du secteur de l’électricité - La Loi n°1/012 du 30 mai 2018 portant Code de l’offre des soins et services de santé au Burundi spécialement en ses articles 137 et 138- Le décret-loi n° 100/241 du 31 décembre 1992 portant réglementation de l’évacuation des eaux usées en milieu urbain. - Le décret n° 100/ 292 du 16 octobre 2007 portant création, mission, composition, organisation et fonctionnement de la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 6.3.', '- Le décret n° 100/ 292 du 16 octobre 2007 portant création, mission, composition, organisation et fonctionnement de la Plateforme Nationale de Prévention des Risques et de la Gestion des Catastrophes. 6.3. Mécanismes de financement L’évaluation des besoins en financement des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique prévus dans la présente CDN est basée sur les listes de programmes et projets identifiés en cours ou projetés à travers les différents secteurs. Une stratégie opérationnelle d’exécution et de son financement permettra la réalisation de la CDN dans les délais prévus. Les mécanismes de financements ont des exigences à respecter au niveau de la qualité des projets à présenter, des données collectées, de l’impact sur l’atténuation ou l’adaptation et des capacités des structures de gestion.', 'Les mécanismes de financements ont des exigences à respecter au niveau de la qualité des projets à présenter, des données collectées, de l’impact sur l’atténuation ou l’adaptation et des capacités des structures de gestion. La maitrise des modalités techniques, sociales et financières est un gage de succès pour capter l’attention des pourvoyeurs des ressources nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 7. MECANISMES DE SUIVI/EVALUATION ET MRV Sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement, le suivi et l’évaluation de la CDN seront assurés par les services techniques sectoriels. Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN.', 'Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN. Un plan de renforcement de capacités à l’attention des secteurs concernés par la MNV sera établi dans la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN avec les coûts correspondants intégrés dans le cout des actions prioritaires. Le Burundi considère que sa CDN est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale et de la façon dont elle concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le Burundi considère que sa CDN est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale et de la façon dont elle concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 de l’Accord de Paris. Dans son processus d’élaboration participative, toutes les parties prenantes ont été consultées et les critères de priorisation des actions se sont basés sur la dimension humaine et socio environnementale. Elle montre des engagements précis de réduction des GES par rapport aux émissions projetées à l’horizon 2030. Le pays s engage à respecter les règles qui garantissent l intégrité environnementale, promeuvent le développement durable et évitent le double comptage des réductions d émissions, conformément aux règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le pays s engage à respecter les règles qui garantissent l intégrité environnementale, promeuvent le développement durable et évitent le double comptage des réductions d émissions, conformément aux règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. La mise en œuvre de la nouvelle CDN 2020 par toutes les parties prenantes avec succès, nécessite d’importants moyens financiers, humains et technologiques de la part du pays, mais aussi de l’appui de la communauté internationale, afin de permettre des réductions encore plus significatives d’émissions de GES et une résilience au changement climatique.']

fr-FR

CPV

Cabo Verde

1st NDC

2017-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Cabo_Verde_INDC_.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e422dd393f125f4160f6c5d3d5441301a0c40eb09c2020e3be66fe4179772a9e.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CABO VERDE_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 | P á g i n a INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CABO VERDE The “Intended Nationally Determined Contribution” (INDC) of Cabo Verde is hereby submitted jointly by the Ministry of Environmental, Housing and Land Planning and by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a view to contribute to the process of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to be held in Paris in December 2015. It responds to COP decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 inviting all Parties to communicate to the secretariat their INDCs so as to achieve the objective set out in Article 2 of the UNFCCC and in a way that demonstrates a progression beyond their current undertakings.', 'It responds to COP decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 inviting all Parties to communicate to the secretariat their INDCs so as to achieve the objective set out in Article 2 of the UNFCCC and in a way that demonstrates a progression beyond their current undertakings. The submission draws attention to the fact that Cabo Verde is a small island developing state (SIDS) and that the strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission (GHG) development put forward herein reflect the special circumstances and adaptation challenges of Cabo Verde, which require specific international support in terms of capacity-building, technology transfer, and financial commitments.', 'The submission draws attention to the fact that Cabo Verde is a small island developing state (SIDS) and that the strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission (GHG) development put forward herein reflect the special circumstances and adaptation challenges of Cabo Verde, which require specific international support in terms of capacity-building, technology transfer, and financial commitments. The preparation of this document was coordinated by the National Directorate of Environment and is structured as follows: (i) summary of contributions; (ii) national context and overall vision; (iii) mitigation; and (iv) adaptation. Cabo Verde´s mitigation contributions listed herein are expressed in the form of Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) Targets and other Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).', 'Cabo Verde´s mitigation contributions listed herein are expressed in the form of Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) Targets and other Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). RE and EE Targets are proposed for both 2025 and 2030, along with biennial monitoring of progress based on pre-defined indicators and supported by GHG inventories. Where expressly indicated, the mitigation contributions and adaptation measures proposed are unconditional unilateral efforts. All other contributions proposed are conditional upon receipt of adequate, timely and predictable international support. Cabo Verde supports the use of market-based mechanisms to implement and achieve the conditional portion of the contributions mentioned in this document.', 'Cabo Verde supports the use of market-based mechanisms to implement and achieve the conditional portion of the contributions mentioned in this document. Finally, Cabo Verde will update, as appropriate, its INDC to account for the most recent GHG inventory currently being prepared as part of Cabo Verde´s Third National Communication process, expected to be concluded in the second half of 2016. This INDC demonstrates Cabo Verde´s continued commitment to sustainable, low- carbon and climate resilient policies and the country´s contribution to global efforts to reduce emissions and limit the increase in global average temperatures to 2°C or 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 | P á g i n a I.', 'This INDC demonstrates Cabo Verde´s continued commitment to sustainable, low- carbon and climate resilient policies and the country´s contribution to global efforts to reduce emissions and limit the increase in global average temperatures to 2°C or 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 | P á g i n a I. Summary of contributions In order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, this first section presents a summary of Cabo Verde’s intended mitigation and adaptation contributions. Cabo Verde strongly believes that, in light of its national circumstances, in particular its position as an arid small island developing states (SIDS) particularly vulnerable to climate change, its INDC is fair, ambitious, and represents a genuine contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.', 'Cabo Verde strongly believes that, in light of its national circumstances, in particular its position as an arid small island developing states (SIDS) particularly vulnerable to climate change, its INDC is fair, ambitious, and represents a genuine contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. Table 1- Summary of contributions Types of contribution Both target and action-based contributions, tailored to Cabo Verde’s special circumstances. Where indicated, the mitigation and adaptation measures proposed are unconditional, domestically realised commitments. All other contributions proposed herein are conditional upon receipt of adequate and predictable international support. Coverage and scope Specific priorities: \uf0a7 Sectors: Energy, transport, waste, AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use), and adaptation. \uf0a7 GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); and nitrous oxide (N2O).', '\uf0a7 GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); and nitrous oxide (N2O). Time dimension of contributions 2025 and 2030 Planning processes Cabo Verde’s planning process is anchored on a wide participatory and societal approach and has been shaped by a core set of programmatic documents, including: \uf0a7 Cabo Verde´s Transformational Agenda for 2030; \uf0a7 National Energy Efficiency Plan of 2015 (PNAEE); \uf0a7 National Renewable Energy Plan of 2015 (PNAER); \uf0a7 The Strategic Water and Sanitation Plan (“PLENAS”); \uf0a7 Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (DCRP III); and \uf0a7 Cabo Verde´s Low Carbon and Climate Resilient Development Strategy (in preparation). Cabo Verde is committed to implement the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4all) agenda and – as host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) – intends to assume regional leadership on energy transformation in Africa.', 'Cabo Verde is committed to implement the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4all) agenda and – as host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) – intends to assume regional leadership on energy transformation in Africa. Cabo Verde has recently signed together with the European Union, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal and Austria a Joint Declaration on Reinforced Cooperation in the Field of Sustainable Energy. The cooperation will support Cabo Verde on its pathway to universal energy access and enhanced electricity supply from 100% renewable energy sources. Cabo Verde’s national efforts and ambitions respond to_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 | P á g i n a the process of the Durban Platform as well as to the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of SIDS, the Samoa Pathway, and the Post- 2015 Development Agenda.', 'Cabo Verde’s national efforts and ambitions respond to_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 | P á g i n a the process of the Durban Platform as well as to the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of SIDS, the Samoa Pathway, and the Post- 2015 Development Agenda. Fair and ambitious As a small island development state (SIDS), Cabo Verde has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita and yet is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. In particular, Cabo Verde faces severe adaptation challenges associated with water resources availability, food and energy security, and desertification processes.', 'In particular, Cabo Verde faces severe adaptation challenges associated with water resources availability, food and energy security, and desertification processes. In light of these circumstances and according to the country´s capacities, Cabo Verde believes its conditional and unconditional contributions to be fair and ambitious, effectively contributing to collective global efforts to reduce emissions and limit the increase in global average temperatures to 2°C or 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Mitigation (target- based) Renewable Energy Cabo Verde makes an unconditional commitment: to achieve 100% grid access by 2017; and to achieve a 30% renewable energy penetration rate into the electric grid by 2025.', 'Mitigation (target- based) Renewable Energy Cabo Verde makes an unconditional commitment: to achieve 100% grid access by 2017; and to achieve a 30% renewable energy penetration rate into the electric grid by 2025. With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to increase the renewable energy uptake in electricity to 100% by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this goal already by 2020, in accordance with the following indicative trajectory: \uf0a7 35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018; \uf0a7 50% RE penetration rate in 2018-2020; \uf0a7 100% RE penetration rate in 2020-2025.', 'With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to increase the renewable energy uptake in electricity to 100% by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this goal already by 2020, in accordance with the following indicative trajectory: \uf0a7 35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018; \uf0a7 50% RE penetration rate in 2018-2020; \uf0a7 100% RE penetration rate in 2020-2025. To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 smart-grid enhancement for the country’s 9 independent networks with state-of-the-art power conditioning, production and distribution control; \uf0a7 built-up of energy storage facilities (including through batteries and flywheels); \uf0a7 design of renewable micro-grids; \uf0a7 design of individual energy systems (solar home systems); and \uf0a7 systematic deployment of solar-water-heaters across all islands.', 'To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 smart-grid enhancement for the country’s 9 independent networks with state-of-the-art power conditioning, production and distribution control; \uf0a7 built-up of energy storage facilities (including through batteries and flywheels); \uf0a7 design of renewable micro-grids; \uf0a7 design of individual energy systems (solar home systems); and \uf0a7 systematic deployment of solar-water-heaters across all islands. The ambitious renewable energy roadmap will require close planning in public-private partnerships, simplified procedures for licensing and certification (“one-stop- shops”) and the creation of robust competitive market conditions and the consideration of specific fiscal incentives to attract the private sector. To reach the above indicative targets, investments in the order of 310 million EUR (50% RE penetration) and 1 billion EUR (100% RE penetration) will be needed.', 'To reach the above indicative targets, investments in the order of 310 million EUR (50% RE penetration) and 1 billion EUR (100% RE penetration) will be needed. Cabo Verde estimates that the renewable energy target will generate annual GHG emission reductions in the eq._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 | P á g i n a Energy Efficiency Cabo Verde makes an unconditional long-term commitment to reduce overall energy demand by 10% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030. With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025.', 'With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025. To achieve these goals, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 seeking to reduce the proportion of technical and non-technical losses in energy distribution from about 25% in 2010 to less than 8% by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy efficiency of large consumers, with particular focus on hotels, hospitals and public administration offices by 2030 or before, including through mandatory installation of solar-water-heater components; \uf0a7 achieving 30% of efficiency improvement in the use of electric power (15% residential, 15% commercial); \uf0a7 improving by at least 10% fuel-usage across sectors and modes of application (except butane usage) by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy performance of the building envelop and implementing a green building code, seeking to cover all new (public or private) buildings by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 enhancing energy efficiency of street lighting and creating energy rating labels for domestic; appliances and air conditioning by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 further promoting the use of smaller distributed energy solutions (e.g.', 'To achieve these goals, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 seeking to reduce the proportion of technical and non-technical losses in energy distribution from about 25% in 2010 to less than 8% by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy efficiency of large consumers, with particular focus on hotels, hospitals and public administration offices by 2030 or before, including through mandatory installation of solar-water-heater components; \uf0a7 achieving 30% of efficiency improvement in the use of electric power (15% residential, 15% commercial); \uf0a7 improving by at least 10% fuel-usage across sectors and modes of application (except butane usage) by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy performance of the building envelop and implementing a green building code, seeking to cover all new (public or private) buildings by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 enhancing energy efficiency of street lighting and creating energy rating labels for domestic; appliances and air conditioning by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 further promoting the use of smaller distributed energy solutions (e.g. solar pumps) for water pumping, distribution and irrigation; \uf0a7 promoting the built-up of a comprehensive network of energy services companies (ESCOs) and clean-energy business incubators.', 'solar pumps) for water pumping, distribution and irrigation; \uf0a7 promoting the built-up of a comprehensive network of energy services companies (ESCOs) and clean-energy business incubators. Base Scenario The Base Scenario for the overall energy demand until 2030 considered the historical evolution and relevant variables associated with energy use, population and economic growth. It projects a moderate annual growth rate in energy demand of around 2% until 2020, increasing to 3% per year from 2020 to 2030. The overall energy demand in 2030 under the Base Scenario is estimated to be around 2,700GWh. Estimated GHG reductions The overall GHG reductions corresponding to Cabo Verde´s energy sector-related goals and other intended mitigation contributions will be calculated and updated once the 3rd National Communication and GHG inventory is concluded (second half of 2016).', 'Estimated GHG reductions The overall GHG reductions corresponding to Cabo Verde´s energy sector-related goals and other intended mitigation contributions will be calculated and updated once the 3rd National Communication and GHG inventory is concluded (second half of 2016). Assumptions and methodologies \uf0a7 According to Cabo Verde´s Base Scenario for the energy sector as presented in the 2020/2030 National Renewable Energy Plan and the National Energy Efficiency Plan; \uf0a7 Methodologies for estimating GHG emissions: IPCC Guidelines 2006; and \uf0a7 Global Warming Potential on a 100 year_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 | P á g i n a timescale in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report.', 'Assumptions and methodologies \uf0a7 According to Cabo Verde´s Base Scenario for the energy sector as presented in the 2020/2030 National Renewable Energy Plan and the National Energy Efficiency Plan; \uf0a7 Methodologies for estimating GHG emissions: IPCC Guidelines 2006; and \uf0a7 Global Warming Potential on a 100 year_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 | P á g i n a timescale in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report. Other mitigation contributions (NAMAs) Transport Seek to develop a NAMA that increases energy efficiency of the transport sector, including domestic shipping and domestic air travel, and evaluates options for policies and actions available to reduce the impact of GHG emissions originating from this sector.', 'Other mitigation contributions (NAMAs) Transport Seek to develop a NAMA that increases energy efficiency of the transport sector, including domestic shipping and domestic air travel, and evaluates options for policies and actions available to reduce the impact of GHG emissions originating from this sector. The NAMA will initially be focused on the collection of relevant data for the sector, including, among others, fuel type and consumption per transport mode, technology performance, fuel substitution possibilities, estimation of costs, and an updated GHG emissions profile for light- duty vehicles as well as for freight and passenger transportation services. This NAMA will also consider options for boosting hybrid and electric fleet in the country, in particular, the feasibility of making government vehicles electrically powered by 2030.', 'This NAMA will also consider options for boosting hybrid and electric fleet in the country, in particular, the feasibility of making government vehicles electrically powered by 2030. Forestry Cabo Verde makes an unconditional long-term commitment to engage in new afforestation/reforestation (“A/R”) campaigns in the order of 10,000 hectares by 2030. With international support, Cabo Verde seeks an A/R campaign area of around 20,000 hectares until 2030. We estimate a planting effort of 400 trees per hectare. If 20,000 hectares are successfully planted, this will generate a long-term sequestration gain of 360 tCO2eq per hectare sequestered after 30 years, corresponding to 7.2 mtCO2eq for 20,000 hectares after 30 years.', 'If 20,000 hectares are successfully planted, this will generate a long-term sequestration gain of 360 tCO2eq per hectare sequestered after 30 years, corresponding to 7.2 mtCO2eq for 20,000 hectares after 30 years. Cabo Verde also aims at eliminating three stone cooking stove (35% of households still use three-stone stove) through improved low-emissions cookstoves by 2025 at the latest, and thereby substantially removing demand for firewood. At the level of governance and institutional infrastructure, Cabo Verde seeks to improve overall forestry governance by investing in inventory and land registry systems, designating priority afforestation/reforestation, and preparing long-term sustainable land management plans coupled with performance-based subsidies.', 'At the level of governance and institutional infrastructure, Cabo Verde seeks to improve overall forestry governance by investing in inventory and land registry systems, designating priority afforestation/reforestation, and preparing long-term sustainable land management plans coupled with performance-based subsidies. Waste Seek to provide proper waste management coverage (with waste segregation, recycling, and treatment in sanitary landfills) for at least 50% of the more vulnerable municipalities by 2030, including: \uf0a7 implementing educational programs for the separation of basic waste types by households and waste producers; \uf0a7 planning and building 5 waste collection and recycling facilities and/or general drop off points \uf0a7 planning and building at least 1 landfill equipped with gas-to-energy systems by 2025; and \uf0a7 developing stand-alone bio-energy solutions.', 'Waste Seek to provide proper waste management coverage (with waste segregation, recycling, and treatment in sanitary landfills) for at least 50% of the more vulnerable municipalities by 2030, including: \uf0a7 implementing educational programs for the separation of basic waste types by households and waste producers; \uf0a7 planning and building 5 waste collection and recycling facilities and/or general drop off points \uf0a7 planning and building at least 1 landfill equipped with gas-to-energy systems by 2025; and \uf0a7 developing stand-alone bio-energy solutions. Seek to promote the use of the resulting sludge from the wastewater treatment process for the production of clean_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 | P á g i n a energy; Seek to further develop and implement the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde, as well regulate and implement the new General Solid Waste Law; Seek to further develop and implement the water and sanitation master plans (“Planos Diretores de Água e Saneamento - PDAS”), as well as regulate and implement the new Water and Sanitation Code; and Seek to improve governance, institutional and technical capacities by: \uf0a7 collecting and organizing relevant data on waste generation; \uf0a7 designing an inter-municipal integrated waste management system; and \uf0a7 capacitating the public sector to engage with private sector operators and technology providers.', 'Seek to promote the use of the resulting sludge from the wastewater treatment process for the production of clean_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 | P á g i n a energy; Seek to further develop and implement the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde, as well regulate and implement the new General Solid Waste Law; Seek to further develop and implement the water and sanitation master plans (“Planos Diretores de Água e Saneamento - PDAS”), as well as regulate and implement the new Water and Sanitation Code; and Seek to improve governance, institutional and technical capacities by: \uf0a7 collecting and organizing relevant data on waste generation; \uf0a7 designing an inter-municipal integrated waste management system; and \uf0a7 capacitating the public sector to engage with private sector operators and technology providers. Adaptation contributions Key strategic axes \uf0a7 Promoting integrated water resources management, guaranteeing stable and adequate water supply (for consumption, agriculture, ecosystems and tourism); \uf0a7 Increasing adaptive capacities of agro-silvo- pastoral production systems in order to ensure and improve national food production and promoting Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy; \uf0a7 Protecting and preventing degradation of coastal zones and their habitat.', 'Adaptation contributions Key strategic axes \uf0a7 Promoting integrated water resources management, guaranteeing stable and adequate water supply (for consumption, agriculture, ecosystems and tourism); \uf0a7 Increasing adaptive capacities of agro-silvo- pastoral production systems in order to ensure and improve national food production and promoting Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy; \uf0a7 Protecting and preventing degradation of coastal zones and their habitat. Proposed measures Seek to ensure by 2030: \uf0a7 that every citizen has safe access to a minimum of 40l potable water per day; \uf0a7 that all urban households are connected to the water supply network; \uf0a7 that sewage collection system and proper disposal is extended to cover at least 90% for the cities of Praia and Mindelo and at least 50% of rural areas; \uf0a7 the construction (or retrofitting/expansion) of at least 4 wastewater treatment plants and water re-use facilities.', 'Proposed measures Seek to ensure by 2030: \uf0a7 that every citizen has safe access to a minimum of 40l potable water per day; \uf0a7 that all urban households are connected to the water supply network; \uf0a7 that sewage collection system and proper disposal is extended to cover at least 90% for the cities of Praia and Mindelo and at least 50% of rural areas; \uf0a7 the construction (or retrofitting/expansion) of at least 4 wastewater treatment plants and water re-use facilities. Seek to establish a systematized electronic database for storage and management of relevant water-related information as well as a framework for measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) to assess water-relevant data and to better evaluate performance in the sector; Seek to build several new desalination and water pumping units.', 'Seek to establish a systematized electronic database for storage and management of relevant water-related information as well as a framework for measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) to assess water-relevant data and to better evaluate performance in the sector; Seek to build several new desalination and water pumping units. With progressive increase of RE penetration in the grid, overall energy costs are expected to reduce, decreasing also potable water supply and irrigation costs.', 'With progressive increase of RE penetration in the grid, overall energy costs are expected to reduce, decreasing also potable water supply and irrigation costs. Decentralized renewable energy solutions and more efficient technologies will also be considered and tested by Cabo Verde; Seek to promote new water storage and distribution techniques and to build at least 5 new dams by 2030; Seek to develop water and sanitation master plans (“planos diretores”) for each island and encourage private_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 | P á g i n a sector participation through different policy incentives and business models; Seek to increase urban resilience by developing master plans for rainwater drainage, improving and extending drainage infrastructure, and implementing flood management systems in vulnerable areas; Seek to disseminate more efficient small-scale irrigation techniques and promoting soil conservation schemes for farmers and rural producers; Seek to diversify income generating activities in rural areas by promote artisanal fishing activities (providing training, equipment, micro-credit) in coastal areas; Seek to promote Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy by, among others, supporting new techniques of aquaculture, improving quality of fishery products through ecolabelling, and promoting sustainable coastal and maritime tourism and sports; Seek to strengthen governance, strategy development and capacity building by, among others: \uf0a7 promoting workshops in order to introduce crop varieties and species more adaptable to climatic conditions; \uf0a7 improving strategies associated with the distribution of agro-climatic zones and the structure of crops; \uf0a7 improving data collection and modelling capacity associated with water and soil management; Seek to rehabilitate or construct infrastructures for the protection of coastal zones against seal level rise and beach erosion; and Seek to implement actions for the adaptation of fishing activities and fishing communities, building on the scenarios and strategies already developed by the Fishery Development National Institute (INDP).', 'Decentralized renewable energy solutions and more efficient technologies will also be considered and tested by Cabo Verde; Seek to promote new water storage and distribution techniques and to build at least 5 new dams by 2030; Seek to develop water and sanitation master plans (“planos diretores”) for each island and encourage private_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 | P á g i n a sector participation through different policy incentives and business models; Seek to increase urban resilience by developing master plans for rainwater drainage, improving and extending drainage infrastructure, and implementing flood management systems in vulnerable areas; Seek to disseminate more efficient small-scale irrigation techniques and promoting soil conservation schemes for farmers and rural producers; Seek to diversify income generating activities in rural areas by promote artisanal fishing activities (providing training, equipment, micro-credit) in coastal areas; Seek to promote Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy by, among others, supporting new techniques of aquaculture, improving quality of fishery products through ecolabelling, and promoting sustainable coastal and maritime tourism and sports; Seek to strengthen governance, strategy development and capacity building by, among others: \uf0a7 promoting workshops in order to introduce crop varieties and species more adaptable to climatic conditions; \uf0a7 improving strategies associated with the distribution of agro-climatic zones and the structure of crops; \uf0a7 improving data collection and modelling capacity associated with water and soil management; Seek to rehabilitate or construct infrastructures for the protection of coastal zones against seal level rise and beach erosion; and Seek to implement actions for the adaptation of fishing activities and fishing communities, building on the scenarios and strategies already developed by the Fishery Development National Institute (INDP). International support The Government of Cabo Verde is dependent on international support in the form of technology support, capacity-building, business development, private-sector involvement, and international climate finance.', 'International support The Government of Cabo Verde is dependent on international support in the form of technology support, capacity-building, business development, private-sector involvement, and international climate finance. In particular, achieving the energy-related goals communicated in this INDC will require substantial investments on grid extension and energy storage capacity, as well as technical assistance for, among others: \uf0a7 preparing feasibility studies and impact assessments; \uf0a7 assessing technological options; \uf0a7 capacitating human resources and technicians; \uf0a7 certifying equipment and systems; \uf0a7 establishing monitoring protocols and performance evaluation procedures; and \uf0a7 developing market-oriented policies and incentives for private sector engagement and strengthening institutional arrangements. The cost estimates mentioned in the mitigation section above will need to be further examined, together with financing options, a roadmap for structural reforms and technical developments, and a detailed investment_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 | P á g i n a agenda.', 'The cost estimates mentioned in the mitigation section above will need to be further examined, together with financing options, a roadmap for structural reforms and technical developments, and a detailed investment_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 | P á g i n a agenda. To the extent mentioned above, Cabo Verde will seek the support of international climate finance through the involvement of both public and private sources. Private and public financing needs for implementing the proposed adaptation measures still need to be assessed and determined. Use of market-based mechanism Several conditional measures envisaged may be financed through mechanisms and/or carbon markets, including the Clean Development Mechanism, new market and non- market based mechanisms, and credited NAMAs.', 'Use of market-based mechanism Several conditional measures envisaged may be financed through mechanisms and/or carbon markets, including the Clean Development Mechanism, new market and non- market based mechanisms, and credited NAMAs. A proper GHG accounting system needs to be established to address the risk of, and ultimately avoid, double- counting of outcomes, in accordance with UNFCCC guidance and technical specifications. II. National Context and Overall Vision Cabo Verde is made up of ten islands and eight islets, located in the Atlantic Ocean, some 450 km west of Senegal. It has a land area of 4,033 square kilometres and a 700,000 square kilometres Economic Exclusivity Zone.', 'It has a land area of 4,033 square kilometres and a 700,000 square kilometres Economic Exclusivity Zone. The 10 islands are grouped into Windward islands (northern islands group) comprising Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, Sal, Boa Vista, and Leeward islands (southern islands group) consisting of Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava. Cabo Verde has an estimated population of 524.832 inhabitants in 2015. While the country’s contribution to global warming has been negligible, as a small island country and a dry Sahelian country with only 10% arable land area, Cabo Verde is particularly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts, ranging from extreme weather conditions to sea-level rise and the degradation of fish stocks. Changes in seasonal, weather and rain patterns are already showing.', 'Changes in seasonal, weather and rain patterns are already showing. Along with a depletion of the country’s scarce natural resources, climate variability in Cabo Verde will increase leading to more storms, floods and droughts, and an ever-shorter rainy season. With 80% of total population live in coastal areas, Cabo Verde is particularly sensitive to sea- level rise and coastal hazards. Despite the challenges, Cabo Verde is an emerging nation with a strong and transformative development agenda. Since achieving independence in 1975, Cabo Verde has evolved into a stable democracy and continuously growing economy, leading to substantial increases in per capita income, widespread education and health, and life- expectancy, graduating in 2007 from the list of least developed countries.', 'Since achieving independence in 1975, Cabo Verde has evolved into a stable democracy and continuously growing economy, leading to substantial increases in per capita income, widespread education and health, and life- expectancy, graduating in 2007 from the list of least developed countries. Cabo Verde’s human development index (HDI) grew by 11% between 2000 and 2013 and stood, in 2014, at 0,636. Today’s economy is mainly shaped by the tertiary sector (almost 70% of GDP), with the tourism industry already representing about 30% of GDP. The industry expects robust growth rates, from half a million tourists in 2013 to one million tourists per year by_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 | P á g i n a 2020.', 'The industry expects robust growth rates, from half a million tourists in 2013 to one million tourists per year by_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 | P á g i n a 2020. While a welcome boost to the economy, this development will increase the pressure on the country’s fragile ecosystem and resources. Cabo Verde is firmly committed to a global low-carbon transformation, which decouples economic growth from emissions, provides for the sustainable use of natural resources, limits average global warming to 2 degrees Celsius, with the ultimate goal of achieving 1.5 degree Celsius in the long-term, and assists nations with adapting to the consequences from sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and other effects of a changing climate.', 'Cabo Verde is firmly committed to a global low-carbon transformation, which decouples economic growth from emissions, provides for the sustainable use of natural resources, limits average global warming to 2 degrees Celsius, with the ultimate goal of achieving 1.5 degree Celsius in the long-term, and assists nations with adapting to the consequences from sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and other effects of a changing climate. At the domestic level, Cabo Verde has laid the relevant groundwork to achieve energy- independence on 100% renewable sources, integrate highest levels of water-efficiency and resilience to climate change, operate a fully sustainable economy and a sustainable tourism infrastructure, and work towards building what Cabo Verde has always carried in its name: a truly green island state. III.', 'At the domestic level, Cabo Verde has laid the relevant groundwork to achieve energy- independence on 100% renewable sources, integrate highest levels of water-efficiency and resilience to climate change, operate a fully sustainable economy and a sustainable tourism infrastructure, and work towards building what Cabo Verde has always carried in its name: a truly green island state. III. Mitigation Energy Sector By 2010, the total annual energy use stood at 1,686,2 GWh. Road transport, aviation and shipping (between islands) stood for most of energy demand, followed by the residential, business and tourism sector, industries, and water production (see Figure 1).', 'Road transport, aviation and shipping (between islands) stood for most of energy demand, followed by the residential, business and tourism sector, industries, and water production (see Figure 1). Figure 1 - Energy consumption per energy subsector in 2010 The entire sector is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels (petroleum, diesel, gasoline, gas butane, and gasoil) and, in the year 2000, corresponded to around 92.9% of the CO2e emissions in the country. Road transport Water production Economic Residential Energy consumption per energy subsector in 2010_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 | P á g i n a However, Cabo Verde is beginning to gradually increase the proportion of wind and solar energy in the energy mix, moving from 1.2% of electricity production from renewable energy n 2010 to about 25% (representing 35 MW capacity) today.', 'Road transport Water production Economic Residential Energy consumption per energy subsector in 2010_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 | P á g i n a However, Cabo Verde is beginning to gradually increase the proportion of wind and solar energy in the energy mix, moving from 1.2% of electricity production from renewable energy n 2010 to about 25% (representing 35 MW capacity) today. Cabo Verde supports and works closely with the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4all) Initiative and – as host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) – assumes regional leadership on energy transformation in Africa. According to Cabo Verde´s National Energy Efficiency Plan (PNAEE), today’s primary energy consumption will grow by about 2% until 2020 and then increase to 3% per year from 2020 to 2030 (“Base Scenario”).', 'According to Cabo Verde´s National Energy Efficiency Plan (PNAEE), today’s primary energy consumption will grow by about 2% until 2020 and then increase to 3% per year from 2020 to 2030 (“Base Scenario”). The overall energy demand in 2030 is estimated to be around 2,700 GWh (see Figure 2). Estimates of final energy demand under the base scenario (GWh) Butane Petroleum Gasoline Gas Oil JET A1 Electricity Wood Charcoal Figure 2 - Estimates of final energy demand under the Base Scenario We attempt to depart from the Base Scenario and its GHG emissions profile by transforming the electricity sector to rely on 100% renewable sources until 2025 and by reducing overall consumption by 20% until 2030.', 'Estimates of final energy demand under the base scenario (GWh) Butane Petroleum Gasoline Gas Oil JET A1 Electricity Wood Charcoal Figure 2 - Estimates of final energy demand under the Base Scenario We attempt to depart from the Base Scenario and its GHG emissions profile by transforming the electricity sector to rely on 100% renewable sources until 2025 and by reducing overall consumption by 20% until 2030. Proposed measures Within the context of the domestic structural reforms planned under Cabo Verde’s Transformational Agenda, the country aims to achieve a fully decarbonized electricity system by 2030, while meeting increased demand (see Figure 3) at affordable prices._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 | P á g i n a Figure 3 - Share of renewables on electricity production between 2020 and 2030 Cabo Verde’s detailed energy agenda is based on, and laid out, in the following documents, as approved at the highest Government level: Table 2- Approved documents Instrument Content National Renewable Energy Plan of 2015 (“PNAER”) National roadmap to become 100% renewable for electricity generation National Energy Efficiency Plan of 2015 (“PANEE”) National comprehensive pathway to implement energy efficiency targets from now up to 2025 Agenda for Action – Sustainable Energy for All International action agenda, approved by Cabo Verde in 2015, to secure universal energy access to all, double EE rates and to double RE proportion in the energy matrix 2015 Joint Declaration between the EU, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Austria and the Republic of Cabo Verde on Reinforced Cooperation in the Field of Sustainable Energy Bilateral policy dialogue and framework for technical assistance on energy sourcing and energy efficiency Cabo Verde unconditionally commits to achieving a electric power penetration rate of 30% by 2025.', 'Proposed measures Within the context of the domestic structural reforms planned under Cabo Verde’s Transformational Agenda, the country aims to achieve a fully decarbonized electricity system by 2030, while meeting increased demand (see Figure 3) at affordable prices._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 | P á g i n a Figure 3 - Share of renewables on electricity production between 2020 and 2030 Cabo Verde’s detailed energy agenda is based on, and laid out, in the following documents, as approved at the highest Government level: Table 2- Approved documents Instrument Content National Renewable Energy Plan of 2015 (“PNAER”) National roadmap to become 100% renewable for electricity generation National Energy Efficiency Plan of 2015 (“PANEE”) National comprehensive pathway to implement energy efficiency targets from now up to 2025 Agenda for Action – Sustainable Energy for All International action agenda, approved by Cabo Verde in 2015, to secure universal energy access to all, double EE rates and to double RE proportion in the energy matrix 2015 Joint Declaration between the EU, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Austria and the Republic of Cabo Verde on Reinforced Cooperation in the Field of Sustainable Energy Bilateral policy dialogue and framework for technical assistance on energy sourcing and energy efficiency Cabo Verde unconditionally commits to achieving a electric power penetration rate of 30% by 2025. Provided the necessary international technical and financial support is made available (in adequate, timely and predictable manner), Cabo Verde will increase the penetration rate to 100% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this indicative goal already by 2020.', 'Provided the necessary international technical and financial support is made available (in adequate, timely and predictable manner), Cabo Verde will increase the penetration rate to 100% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this indicative goal already by 2020. The indicative implementation trajectory is (i) 35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018; (ii) 50% RE penetration rate in 2018-2020; and (iii) 100% RE penetration rate in 2020-2025. Renewable sources will be based mostly on mature technologies, in particular, wind and solar, without however ignoring the potential for geothermal energy and biodiesel in specific areas.', 'Renewable sources will be based mostly on mature technologies, in particular, wind and solar, without however ignoring the potential for geothermal energy and biodiesel in specific areas. Grid connected production (GWh) Goal of total electricity production sourced from renewables between 2020 and 2030_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 | P á g i n a In addition, Cabo Verde unconditionally commits to achieving long-term energy efficiency gains in the order of 10% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030. Conditional on international technical and financial support, Cabo Verde will reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025.', 'Conditional on international technical and financial support, Cabo Verde will reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025. With respect to the goal to achieve the 10% reduction and 20% reduction, respectively, in overall energy demand by 2030, Cabo Verde intends to adopt a number of energy efficiency measures in several sub-sectors, including buildings, appliances, large energy consumers, fuel use and at household level. Figure 4 below contrasts energy demand under the Base Scenario with the potential energy efficient scenario communicated in this INDC.', 'Figure 4 below contrasts energy demand under the Base Scenario with the potential energy efficient scenario communicated in this INDC. (GWh) Comparison between the base scenario and the energy efficient scenario in the evolution of final energy demand Base Scenario Energy Efficient Scenario Figure 4: Energy efficiency target for 2030 (red) compared to the base scenario (blue) The high ambition of Cabo Verde’s goals on renewable energy and energy efficiency will require a technology overhaul of the country’s energy system, paired with an enabling regulatory environment (including the consideration of specific fiscal incentives) that is able to attract sufficient private sector interest. Energy grid and storage capacity will also have to be expanded considerably and different storage technologies will be applied in light of the particularities of each island.', 'Energy grid and storage capacity will also have to be expanded considerably and different storage technologies will be applied in light of the particularities of each island. Table 3 below indicates the goals and actions proposed by Cabo Verde in the energy sector. Monitoring and reporting of Cabo Verde´s performance will be done via Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and, in the case of proposed NAMAs, according to the NAMA´s own MRV mechanism.', 'Monitoring and reporting of Cabo Verde´s performance will be done via Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and, in the case of proposed NAMAs, according to the NAMA´s own MRV mechanism. Table 3 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the energy sector Energy sector Proposed measures Electricity Cabo Verde makes an unconditional commitment: \uf0a7 to achieve 100% grid access (up from 95%); \uf0a7 to achieve 30% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 | P á g i n a With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to increase the electric power penetration rate from renewable sources to 100% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this goal already by 2020, in accordance with the following indicative trajectory: \uf0a7 35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018; \uf0a7 50% RE penetration rate in 2018-2020; \uf0a7 100% RE penetration rate in 2020-2025.', 'Table 3 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the energy sector Energy sector Proposed measures Electricity Cabo Verde makes an unconditional commitment: \uf0a7 to achieve 100% grid access (up from 95%); \uf0a7 to achieve 30% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 | P á g i n a With international support, Cabo Verde seeks to increase the electric power penetration rate from renewable sources to 100% of the installed electric power from renewables sources by 2025, with best efforts to achieve this goal already by 2020, in accordance with the following indicative trajectory: \uf0a7 35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018; \uf0a7 50% RE penetration rate in 2018-2020; \uf0a7 100% RE penetration rate in 2020-2025. To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 smart-grid enhancement for the country’s 9 independent networks with state-of-the-art power conditioning, production and distribution control; \uf0a7 built-up of energy storage facilities (including through batteries and flywheels); \uf0a7 design of renewable micro-grids; \uf0a7 design of individual energy systems (solar home systems); and \uf0a7 systematic deployment of solar-water-heaters across all islands.', 'To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 smart-grid enhancement for the country’s 9 independent networks with state-of-the-art power conditioning, production and distribution control; \uf0a7 built-up of energy storage facilities (including through batteries and flywheels); \uf0a7 design of renewable micro-grids; \uf0a7 design of individual energy systems (solar home systems); and \uf0a7 systematic deployment of solar-water-heaters across all islands. The ambitious renewable energy roadmap will require close planning in public-private partnerships, simplified procedures for licensing and certification (“one-stop-shops”), the creation of robust competitive market conditions, and the consideration of specific fiscal incentives to attract the private sector. Energy Efficiency Seek to reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025.', 'Energy Efficiency Seek to reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the Base Scenario by 2030, with best efforts to achieve this indicative reduction effort already by 2025. To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 seeking to reduce the proportion of technical and non- technical losses in energy distribution from about 25% in 2010 to less than 8% by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy efficiency of large consumers, with particular focus on hotels, hospitals and public administration offices by 2030 or before, including through mandatory installation of solar-water-heater components; \uf0a7 improving by at least 10% fuel-usage across sectors and modes of application (except butane usage) by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 achieving 30% of efficiency improvement in the use of electric power (15% residential, 15% commercial); \uf0a7 improving energy performance of the building envelop, seeking to cover all new (public or private) buildings by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 enhancing energy efficiency of street lighting and creating energy rating labels for domestic appliances and air conditioning by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 further promoting the use of smaller distributed energy solutions (e.g.', 'To achieve this goal, the following key measures are envisaged: \uf0a7 seeking to reduce the proportion of technical and non- technical losses in energy distribution from about 25% in 2010 to less than 8% by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 improving energy efficiency of large consumers, with particular focus on hotels, hospitals and public administration offices by 2030 or before, including through mandatory installation of solar-water-heater components; \uf0a7 improving by at least 10% fuel-usage across sectors and modes of application (except butane usage) by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 achieving 30% of efficiency improvement in the use of electric power (15% residential, 15% commercial); \uf0a7 improving energy performance of the building envelop, seeking to cover all new (public or private) buildings by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 enhancing energy efficiency of street lighting and creating energy rating labels for domestic appliances and air conditioning by 2030 or before; \uf0a7 further promoting the use of smaller distributed energy solutions (e.g. solar pumps) for water pumping, distribution and irrigation; and \uf0a7 promoting the built-up of a comprehensive network of energy services companies (ESCOs) and clean-energy business incubators.', 'solar pumps) for water pumping, distribution and irrigation; and \uf0a7 promoting the built-up of a comprehensive network of energy services companies (ESCOs) and clean-energy business incubators. Transport-specific NAMA Seek to develop a NAMA that increases energy efficiency of the transport sector, including domestic shipping and domestic air travel, and evaluates options for policies and actions available to reduce the impact of GHG emissions originating from this sector. The NAMA will initially be focused on the collection of relevant data_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 | P á g i n a for the sector, including, among others, fuel type and consumption per transport mode, technology performance, fuel substitution possibilities, estimation of costs, and an updated GHG emissions profile for light-duty vehicles as well as for freight and passenger transportation services.', 'The NAMA will initially be focused on the collection of relevant data_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 | P á g i n a for the sector, including, among others, fuel type and consumption per transport mode, technology performance, fuel substitution possibilities, estimation of costs, and an updated GHG emissions profile for light-duty vehicles as well as for freight and passenger transportation services. This NAMA will also consider options for boosting hybrid and electric fleet in the country, in particular, the feasibility of making government vehicles electrically powered by 2030. Base Scenario The Base Scenario for the overall energy demand until 2030 considered the historical evolution and relevant variables associated with energy use, population and economic growth.', 'Base Scenario The Base Scenario for the overall energy demand until 2030 considered the historical evolution and relevant variables associated with energy use, population and economic growth. It projects a moderate annual growth rate in energy demand of around 2% until 2020, increasing to 3% per year from 2020 to 2030. The overall energy demand in 2030 under the Base Scenario is estimated to be around 2,700GWh. Forest Sector One of Cabo Verde’s highest economic, environmental and climate change related priorities concerns the country’s forests. Forest vegetation and forest soils prove the most effective means to store and retain water, minerals and nutrients. They avoid erosion, soil degradation and desertification, thus securing agricultural land. They provide biomass sources; and increase resilience against long, increasingly often, periods of drought.', 'They provide biomass sources; and increase resilience against long, increasingly often, periods of drought. Water availability is approximately 500 m3 a year per person, the second lowest of any country in sub-Saharan Africa. After centuries of degradation, Cabo Verde has successfully engaged in reforestation and afforestation campaigns since the 1920s. Today’s forested area spans some 84,000 hectares, roughly a fifth of the national land territory, the vast majority of it planted (with about 400 trees per hectare). Despite considerable planting activities, management tools such as inventories and management plans remain at an infancy state. Degradation, too, continues. About 35% of households – virtually all of them located in rural areas – depend on firewood for cooking food.', 'About 35% of households – virtually all of them located in rural areas – depend on firewood for cooking food. Most of the wood biomass – according to estimates some 100 tonnes a year – originate from forested lands and is harvested with scarce regard to sustainable harvesting methods. Pressure from a growing population, unplanned urbanization, and non-sustainable grazing contribute to overall degradation. Together with a notable increase in drought years since the 1960s, this represents the most single threat to sustainable development in Cabo Verde.', 'Together with a notable increase in drought years since the 1960s, this represents the most single threat to sustainable development in Cabo Verde. The leading policy framework for Cabo Verde’s forestry sector includes the Economic Transformation Strategy (TEE), which proposes, among others, the sustainable management of resources and the development of agroforestry and the participatory management of forest areas, as well as the Strategy Document on Growth and Poverty Reduction (Documento de Estratégia de Crescimento e Redução da Pobreza - “DECRP”) III – covering the years 2011-2016 – which argues for a “better management of natural resources, including lands, water, fishing and floral resources” and for “economic, social_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 | P á g i n a and physical resilience towards natural disasters and climate change related incidents to alleviate the associated risks” and the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP).', 'The leading policy framework for Cabo Verde’s forestry sector includes the Economic Transformation Strategy (TEE), which proposes, among others, the sustainable management of resources and the development of agroforestry and the participatory management of forest areas, as well as the Strategy Document on Growth and Poverty Reduction (Documento de Estratégia de Crescimento e Redução da Pobreza - “DECRP”) III – covering the years 2011-2016 – which argues for a “better management of natural resources, including lands, water, fishing and floral resources” and for “economic, social_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 | P á g i n a and physical resilience towards natural disasters and climate change related incidents to alleviate the associated risks” and the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP). Proposed measures Table 4 below shows the goals and actions proposed by Cabo Verde in the forestry sector.', 'Proposed measures Table 4 below shows the goals and actions proposed by Cabo Verde in the forestry sector. Monitoring and reporting of Cabo Verde´s performance will be done via Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and, where appropriate, make use of CDM (and other widely applied) baseline and monitoring methodologies. Table 4 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the forestry sector Forestry sector Proposed measures Afforestation and reforestation Cabo Verde makes an unconditional long-term commitment to engage in new afforestation/reforestation (“A/R”) campaigns in the order of With international support, Cabo Verde seeks an A/R campaign area of around 20,000 hectares until 2030; Cabo Verde estimates a planting effort of 400 trees per hectare.', 'Table 4 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the forestry sector Forestry sector Proposed measures Afforestation and reforestation Cabo Verde makes an unconditional long-term commitment to engage in new afforestation/reforestation (“A/R”) campaigns in the order of With international support, Cabo Verde seeks an A/R campaign area of around 20,000 hectares until 2030; Cabo Verde estimates a planting effort of 400 trees per hectare. If 20,000 hectares are successfully planted, this will generate a long-term sequestration gain of 360 tCO2 eq per hectare sequestered after 30 years, eq for 20,000 hectares after 30 years. Cabo Verde also aims at eliminating three stone cooking stove (35% of households still use three-stone stove) through improved low-emissions cookstoves by 2025 at the latest, and thereby substantially removing demand for firewood.', 'Cabo Verde also aims at eliminating three stone cooking stove (35% of households still use three-stone stove) through improved low-emissions cookstoves by 2025 at the latest, and thereby substantially removing demand for firewood. Governance, strategies and capacity building Seek to: \uf0a7 Improve and update of land inventory and registry (including demarcation services, as appropriate) by implementing: - a fully developed and operational inventory and land registry - an area scoping and feasibility analysis; \uf0a7 Designate priority afforestation/reforestation areas based on vegetation options, technical considerations (including concerning water-retention needs, fire prevention and restoration viability), clear tenure rules, and management agreements with private land holders; \uf0a7 Prepare a sustainable land management plan coupled with performance-based subsidies. Waste Management Sector There are few comprehensive surveys on waste, waste management, and emissions from waste.', 'Waste Management Sector There are few comprehensive surveys on waste, waste management, and emissions from waste. Main sources of wastewater and solid waste emissions are household waste, tourism induced, and agricultural waste. According to the Second National Communication, emissions from the waste sector accounted for 32.4% of total CH4 emissions in 2000, and solid waste disposal corresponded to 97.0% of that portion. Cabo Verde solid waste management has traditionally been organized around its 22 municipalities with most of the solid waste – around 113,000 tonnes per year in 2010 – still going directly into open dumps, with the exception of the city of Praia which_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 | P á g i n a currently operates a sanitary landfill.', 'Cabo Verde solid waste management has traditionally been organized around its 22 municipalities with most of the solid waste – around 113,000 tonnes per year in 2010 – still going directly into open dumps, with the exception of the city of Praia which_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 | P á g i n a currently operates a sanitary landfill. In addition, while there is potential for capturing energy in wastewater treatment plants, the use of sludge for thermal power generation purposes remains at concept stage. Cabo Verde initiated an ambitious governance reform process to overcome the deficiencies in the sanitation sector. The 2010 the National Basic Sanitation Plan is currently being updated through the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde (Roadmap de Resíduos de Cabo Verde).', 'The 2010 the National Basic Sanitation Plan is currently being updated through the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde (Roadmap de Resíduos de Cabo Verde). It also launched the National Strategic Water and Sanitation Plan (Plano Estratégico Nacional de Água e Saneamento - “PLENAS”) and is currently preparing detailed water and sanitation master plans (Planos Diretores de Água e Saneamento - PDAS) for each of the islands. The reformed Water and Sanitation Code (Código de Água e Saneamento) and the General Solid Waste Law are expected to be soon enacted. Proposed measures Table 5 below shows the goals and actions proposed by Cabo Verde in the waste sector.', 'Proposed measures Table 5 below shows the goals and actions proposed by Cabo Verde in the waste sector. Monitoring and reporting of Cabo Verde´s performance will be done via Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and, where appropriate, make use of CDM (and other widely applied) baseline and monitoring methodologies.', 'Monitoring and reporting of Cabo Verde´s performance will be done via Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and, where appropriate, make use of CDM (and other widely applied) baseline and monitoring methodologies. Table 5 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the waste sector Waste sector Proposed measures Solid waste Seek to provide proper waste management coverage (with waste segregation, recycling, and treatment in sanitary landfills) for 50% of the most vulnerable municipalities by 2030, including: \uf0a7 implementing educational programs for the separation of basic waste types by households and waste producers; \uf0a7 planning and building 5 waste collection and recycling facilities and/or general drop off points by 2025; \uf0a7 planning and building at least 1 landfill equipped with gas-to- energy systems by 2025; and \uf0a7 developing stand-alone bio-energy solutions; Seek to further develop and implement the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde, as well regulate and implement the new General Solid Waste Law.', 'Table 5 - Cabo Verde´s proposed mitigation contributions in the waste sector Waste sector Proposed measures Solid waste Seek to provide proper waste management coverage (with waste segregation, recycling, and treatment in sanitary landfills) for 50% of the most vulnerable municipalities by 2030, including: \uf0a7 implementing educational programs for the separation of basic waste types by households and waste producers; \uf0a7 planning and building 5 waste collection and recycling facilities and/or general drop off points by 2025; \uf0a7 planning and building at least 1 landfill equipped with gas-to- energy systems by 2025; and \uf0a7 developing stand-alone bio-energy solutions; Seek to further develop and implement the Waste Roadmap for Cabo Verde, as well regulate and implement the new General Solid Waste Law. Wastewater Seek to promote the use of the resulting sludge from the wastewater treatment process for the production of clean energy, which includes carrying-out technological an options assessment and developing business models and investment plans; Seek to develop and implement the water and sanitation master plans (“Planos Diretores de Água e Saneamento - PDAS”), as well as regulate and implement the new Water and Sanitation Code.', 'Wastewater Seek to promote the use of the resulting sludge from the wastewater treatment process for the production of clean energy, which includes carrying-out technological an options assessment and developing business models and investment plans; Seek to develop and implement the water and sanitation master plans (“Planos Diretores de Água e Saneamento - PDAS”), as well as regulate and implement the new Water and Sanitation Code. Governance, strategies and capacity building Seek to: \uf0a7 collect and organize relevant data on waste generation; \uf0a7 design an inter-municipal integrated waste management system; \uf0a7 increase institutional and technical capacity of the public sector to engage with private sector operators and technology providers._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17 | P á g i n a IV. Adaptation Due to its small insular and volcanic characteristics, Cabo Verde suffers from severe natural resources constraints.', 'Adaptation Due to its small insular and volcanic characteristics, Cabo Verde suffers from severe natural resources constraints. The lack of arable lands (only about 10% of the land is potentially arable) forces the country to import between 80% and 90% of its food needs. In addition, the country´s coastal lines are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and erosion. Around 80% of its population is currently living in these coastal areas. Cabo Verde´s coastal zones are also crucial to foster and sustain the local tourism industry, the main driving force behind the country´s service-oriented economy.', 'Cabo Verde´s coastal zones are also crucial to foster and sustain the local tourism industry, the main driving force behind the country´s service-oriented economy. Climatic models ran during the NAPA assessment for the period 2008-2012 have shown that the country´s natural vulnerabilities, along with their social and economic implications, are very likely to be exacerbated by climate-related disruptions in the next decades. These include more frequent extreme events like storms, floods and droughts, as well as shorter rainy seasons, with immediate impacts on livelihoods, infrastructure, sanitary conditions, recharge of reservoirs, and crop productivity. Cabo Verde is affected by acute water scarcity (both surface and underground). Mean annual precipitation levels are erratic and have decreased considerably since 1970. Rainfall projections to 2020 reveal values below the historical pattern.', 'Rainfall projections to 2020 reveal values below the historical pattern. As result, the country has implemented and regularly maintains around 20 highly costly and energy- intensive water desalination units. Daily water needs of population centres, tourism and agriculture is predicted to increase fourfold, from around 50,000m3 to 160,000m3 by 2030 and thus the potential of various sustainable water supply and mobilization solutions will need to be better explored going forward. Despite the existence of wastewater treatment facilities in the main urban areas, wastewater remains scarcely managed across the islands of Cabo Verde. Cabo Verde plans an ambitious operational overhaul of its sanitation management system to overcome infrastructure challenges, in particular, extending the water supply network, improving sewage collection and disposal, and properly harvesting and storing rainwater/storm water runoffs.', 'Cabo Verde plans an ambitious operational overhaul of its sanitation management system to overcome infrastructure challenges, in particular, extending the water supply network, improving sewage collection and disposal, and properly harvesting and storing rainwater/storm water runoffs. Adapting its fragile ecosystems to climate change is a key priority for Cabo Verde. Table 6 below summarizes existing policies and actions to increase the country’s adaptive capacity. Table 6 - Cabo Verde´s existing adaptation policies and actions Existing policies and actions Description National Strategic Water and Sanitation Plan (Plano Estratégico Nacional de Água e Saneamento - “PLENAS”) Through Resolution 10/2015, of February 20th, Cabo Verde passed the PLENAS, kick-starting a water and sanitation reform in the country. The Plan provides strategic guidance to the different government levels and a detailed planning process to be carried out in the islands.', 'The Plan provides strategic guidance to the different government levels and a detailed planning process to be carried out in the islands. A key strategic objective the PLENAS is to ensure that every citizen has minimum daily water consumption level of 40l and a maximum of 90l. The_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18 | P á g i n a expansion in water supply is to be aligned with measures to improve overall sanitation system, optimize the use of the resources, reduce water distribution losses, and promote rainwater harvesting and water re-use. Project “Building adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change in the water sector” With assistance from UNDP and GEF, this project aims to create a more systematic response to climate disruptions by developing adaptation policies and measures to better manage climatic vulnerability and by implementing targeted demonstration investments.', 'Project “Building adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change in the water sector” With assistance from UNDP and GEF, this project aims to create a more systematic response to climate disruptions by developing adaptation policies and measures to better manage climatic vulnerability and by implementing targeted demonstration investments. Water supply project in Santiago With support from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Cabo Verde is currently implementing a project that aims to meet water demand of several communities in the island of Santiago. The project includes the construction of wells and promoting efficiency in water use and allocation. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Project Within the Millennium Challenge Account framework, the WASH project seeks to improve water supply and sanitation services to companies and families in Cabo Verde.', 'Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Project Within the Millennium Challenge Account framework, the WASH project seeks to improve water supply and sanitation services to companies and families in Cabo Verde. National Basic Sanitation Plan (Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico) Approved through Resolution 52/100, the Plan seeks to set a new path for sanitation in the country, with particular focus on improving institutional framework and basic sanitation infrastructure. National Adaptation Programme of Action (Programa de Acção Nacional de Adaptação as Mudanças Climáticas – “NAPA”) Cabo Verde elaborated its NAPA covering the period 2008-2012. The NAPA focuses on three strategic areas for action: (i) water resources; (ii) agriculture practices and forestry; (iii) coastal zones and tourism.', 'The NAPA focuses on three strategic areas for action: (i) water resources; (ii) agriculture practices and forestry; (iii) coastal zones and tourism. Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (Documento de Estratégia de Crescimento e Redução da Pobreza - “DECRP”): Since 2004 Cabo Verde elaborates and reassesses periodically its DECRP containing, among other development strategies, actions to promote food security and protect the environment. The DECRP I considered the planning cycle for the period 2008-2013. DECRP II covers the period 2011-2014. Cabo Verde is currently implementing the DECRP III. National Environmental Action Plan (“Plano de Ação Nacional para o Ambiente – “PANA”) The PANA seeks to mainstream environmental considerations in all the country´s relevant planning process. In 2004 Cabo Verde launched the PANA II, covering the period from 2004 to 2014.', 'In 2004 Cabo Verde launched the PANA II, covering the period from 2004 to 2014. PANA II offers strategic guidance to address key environmental and social issues of Cabo Verde: water scarcity, loss of marine biodiversity, and poor sanitation infrastructure. Strategic Plan for Agriculture Development (Plano Estratégico do Desenvolvimento Agrícola – “PEDA”) and the specific Action Plans for Agriculture Development (Planos de Ação para o Desenvolvimento da Agricultura – “PADA”) Following the guidelines established in the PEDA, Cabo Verde launched the PADAs for the islands of Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão and São Nicolau and set out detailed sectoral guidance for local authorities on, among others, adaptation-related actions for agriculture and fishing activities.', 'Strategic Plan for Agriculture Development (Plano Estratégico do Desenvolvimento Agrícola – “PEDA”) and the specific Action Plans for Agriculture Development (Planos de Ação para o Desenvolvimento da Agricultura – “PADA”) Following the guidelines established in the PEDA, Cabo Verde launched the PADAs for the islands of Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão and São Nicolau and set out detailed sectoral guidance for local authorities on, among others, adaptation-related actions for agriculture and fishing activities. National Program for Food Security (Programa Nacional para Segurança Alimentar) Strategy document that provides for adaptation-related actions in the agriculture and fishery sectors._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19 | P á g i n a Proposed measures Based on the analysis already carried-out during the NAPA process, Cabo Verde now seeks international support to further develop the necessary strategies and national policies to establish an integrated framework that increases the country’s overall adaptive capacity, as well as the level of resilience of those most vulnerable to climatic variability and climate change.', 'National Program for Food Security (Programa Nacional para Segurança Alimentar) Strategy document that provides for adaptation-related actions in the agriculture and fishery sectors._____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19 | P á g i n a Proposed measures Based on the analysis already carried-out during the NAPA process, Cabo Verde now seeks international support to further develop the necessary strategies and national policies to establish an integrated framework that increases the country’s overall adaptive capacity, as well as the level of resilience of those most vulnerable to climatic variability and climate change. Building on the priorities identified during the development of the NAPA process, Cabo Verde proposes to focus its adaptation actions on the following strategic axes: \uf0a7 Promoting integrated water resources management, guaranteeing stable and adequate water supply (for consumption, agriculture, ecosystems and tourism); \uf0a7 Increasing adaptive capacities of the agro-silvo-pastoral production systems in order to ensure and improve national food production, and promoting Cabo Verde´s blue economy; and \uf0a7 Protecting and preventing degradation of the coastal zones and their habitat.', 'Building on the priorities identified during the development of the NAPA process, Cabo Verde proposes to focus its adaptation actions on the following strategic axes: \uf0a7 Promoting integrated water resources management, guaranteeing stable and adequate water supply (for consumption, agriculture, ecosystems and tourism); \uf0a7 Increasing adaptive capacities of the agro-silvo-pastoral production systems in order to ensure and improve national food production, and promoting Cabo Verde´s blue economy; and \uf0a7 Protecting and preventing degradation of the coastal zones and their habitat. In addition, Cabo Verde will further expand on measures and actions already initiated with international support to other areas of the country, such as increasing groundwater reserves and land conservation practices, implementing measures to mitigate floods and intercept runoff, and expanding more-efficient irrigation practices (e.g., drip irrigation, drainage and irrigation monitoring, and crop adaptation techniques).', 'In addition, Cabo Verde will further expand on measures and actions already initiated with international support to other areas of the country, such as increasing groundwater reserves and land conservation practices, implementing measures to mitigate floods and intercept runoff, and expanding more-efficient irrigation practices (e.g., drip irrigation, drainage and irrigation monitoring, and crop adaptation techniques). Table 7 below identifies the key adaptation actions to be implemented by Cabo Verde with a view to achieve the above stated priorities. Financing needs and flows for implementing the proposed adaptation activities still need to be assessed and determined.', 'Financing needs and flows for implementing the proposed adaptation activities still need to be assessed and determined. Table 7 - Cabo Verde´s proposed adaptation goals and measures Adaptation sector Proposed measures Water and sanitation management Seek to ensure by 2030: \uf0a7 that every citizen has safe access to a minimum of 40l potable water per day; \uf0a7 that all urban households are connected to the water supply network; \uf0a7 that public sewage collection system and proper disposal is extended to cover 90% for the cities of Praia and Mindelo and 50% of rural areas; \uf0a7 the construction (or retrofitting/expansion) of at least 4 wastewater treatment plants and water re-use facilities; Seek to establish a systematized electronic database for storage and management of relevant water-related information, including a MRV to assess water-relevant data and to better evaluate performance in the sector; Seek to build several new desalination and water pumping units.', 'Table 7 - Cabo Verde´s proposed adaptation goals and measures Adaptation sector Proposed measures Water and sanitation management Seek to ensure by 2030: \uf0a7 that every citizen has safe access to a minimum of 40l potable water per day; \uf0a7 that all urban households are connected to the water supply network; \uf0a7 that public sewage collection system and proper disposal is extended to cover 90% for the cities of Praia and Mindelo and 50% of rural areas; \uf0a7 the construction (or retrofitting/expansion) of at least 4 wastewater treatment plants and water re-use facilities; Seek to establish a systematized electronic database for storage and management of relevant water-related information, including a MRV to assess water-relevant data and to better evaluate performance in the sector; Seek to build several new desalination and water pumping units. With progressive increase of RE penetration in the grid, overall energy costs are expected to reduce, decreasing also potable water supply and irrigation costs.', 'With progressive increase of RE penetration in the grid, overall energy costs are expected to reduce, decreasing also potable water supply and irrigation costs. Decentralized renewable energy solutions and more_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20 | P á g i n a efficient technologies will also be considered and tested by Cabo Verde; Seek to promote new water storage and distribution techniques and build at least 5 new dams by 2030; Seek to develop water and sanitation master plans (“planos diretores”) for each island and encourage private sector participation through different policy incentives and business models, such as concessions, privatization, leasing, among others, and equitable tariff policies; Seek to increase urban resilience by developing master plans for rainwater drainage, improving and extending drainage infrastructure, and implementing flood management systems in vulnerable areas.', 'Decentralized renewable energy solutions and more_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20 | P á g i n a efficient technologies will also be considered and tested by Cabo Verde; Seek to promote new water storage and distribution techniques and build at least 5 new dams by 2030; Seek to develop water and sanitation master plans (“planos diretores”) for each island and encourage private sector participation through different policy incentives and business models, such as concessions, privatization, leasing, among others, and equitable tariff policies; Seek to increase urban resilience by developing master plans for rainwater drainage, improving and extending drainage infrastructure, and implementing flood management systems in vulnerable areas. Adaptive capacity of agro- silvo- pastoral production and promotion of blue economy Seek to disseminate more efficient small-scale irrigation techniques and promote soil conservation schemes for farmers and rural producers; Seek to diversify income generating activities in rural areas by promoting artisanal fishing activities (providing training, equipment, micro-credit) in coastal areas; Seek to promote Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy by, among others, supporting new techniques of aquaculture, improving quality of fishery products through ecolabelling, and promoting sustainable coastal and maritime tourism and sports; Seek to strengthen governance, strategy development and capacity building by, among others: \uf0a7 promoting workshops in order to introduce crop varieties and species more adaptable to climatic conditions; \uf0a7 improving strategies associated with the distribution of agro- climatic zones and the structure of crops; and \uf0a7 improving data collection and modelling capacity associated with water and soil management.', 'Adaptive capacity of agro- silvo- pastoral production and promotion of blue economy Seek to disseminate more efficient small-scale irrigation techniques and promote soil conservation schemes for farmers and rural producers; Seek to diversify income generating activities in rural areas by promoting artisanal fishing activities (providing training, equipment, micro-credit) in coastal areas; Seek to promote Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy by, among others, supporting new techniques of aquaculture, improving quality of fishery products through ecolabelling, and promoting sustainable coastal and maritime tourism and sports; Seek to strengthen governance, strategy development and capacity building by, among others: \uf0a7 promoting workshops in order to introduce crop varieties and species more adaptable to climatic conditions; \uf0a7 improving strategies associated with the distribution of agro- climatic zones and the structure of crops; and \uf0a7 improving data collection and modelling capacity associated with water and soil management. Protecting and preventing degradation of coastal zones and their habitat Seek to rehabilitate or construct infrastructures for the protection of coastal zones against seal level rise and beach erosion; Seek to implement actions for the adaptation of fishing activities and fishing communities, building on the scenarios and strategies already developed by the Fishery Development National Institute (INDP).']

en-US

CPV

Cabo Verde

Updated NDC

2021-02-04 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Cabo%20Verde_NDC%20Update%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b7d8217667ecd48725d99e0b99202a4dffaf16e039414097e3aa21ec8efc2c20.pdf

['2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cabo VerdeCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Praia, February 2021 This NDC report has been produced with the support of the “international climate finance” from the Government of Luxembourg. This NDC update has been possible thanks to the collaboration of the following international institutions:Foreword Climate change and the threat they pose to the balance and future of the Planet are one of the biggest problems facing humanity today. Indeed, global warming, caused mainly by large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thawing and retreating glaciers, rising sea levels, coastal erosion and increasing frequency and intensity of meteorological events and extreme weather are part of the scientific evidence and tend to get worse.', 'Indeed, global warming, caused mainly by large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thawing and retreating glaciers, rising sea levels, coastal erosion and increasing frequency and intensity of meteorological events and extreme weather are part of the scientific evidence and tend to get worse. Cabo Verde, like other Small Island Developing States (SIDS), contributes insignificantly to global warming. However, due to the fragility of their ecosystems, it is among the countries that suffer most from the consequences of this phenomenon: increased climatic aridity and the frequency of droughts, worsening saline intrusion and deterioration of groundwater, soil degradation and loss of biodiversity, increase frequency of storms and hurricanes, among others.', 'However, due to the fragility of their ecosystems, it is among the countries that suffer most from the consequences of this phenomenon: increased climatic aridity and the frequency of droughts, worsening saline intrusion and deterioration of groundwater, soil degradation and loss of biodiversity, increase frequency of storms and hurricanes, among others. Due to the smallness and weaknesses of its economy, it is also characterized by the weak capacity to replace the damage caused by catastrophes resulting from extreme weather and climatic events. We are, therefore, at the forefront of those who call for the strengthening of Climate Action in the world and the strong solidarity between countries, deserving special attention from SIDS.', 'We are, therefore, at the forefront of those who call for the strengthening of Climate Action in the world and the strong solidarity between countries, deserving special attention from SIDS. On behalf of the Government of Cabo Verde, I reaffirm our country s will and commitment to do everything to assume our responsibilities under the Paris Agreement. With this first update of our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), we commit to decarbonizing our economy, strengthening the country s resilience and adapting the sectors of human activity to the harmful effects of climate change.', 'With this first update of our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), we commit to decarbonizing our economy, strengthening the country s resilience and adapting the sectors of human activity to the harmful effects of climate change. This commitment stems from the policies and strategies adopted for the sustainable development of our islands and constitutes our country s contribution to global efforts to reduce emissions and limit the increase in global average temperatures to 1.5 ° C above pre-industrial levels. In practical terms, there are 14 specific contributions until 2030 (5 for Mitigation and 9 for Adaptation), which will translate into a reduction in our emissions by at least 20%, that is, from 200,000 to 280,000 tCO2eq, annually.', 'In practical terms, there are 14 specific contributions until 2030 (5 for Mitigation and 9 for Adaptation), which will translate into a reduction in our emissions by at least 20%, that is, from 200,000 to 280,000 tCO2eq, annually. For the implementation of these contributions, more than one hundred measures were identified, whose lasting impact of adaptation will also be felt in food security, water security, energy security and the resilience of the economic and social sectors. More than half of the electricity will come from local renewable sources, mobility will be low carbon, through the promotion of electric vehicles, especially in public transport, most of the seawater desalination facilities will start to work with wind and solar energy.', 'More than half of the electricity will come from local renewable sources, mobility will be low carbon, through the promotion of electric vehicles, especially in public transport, most of the seawater desalination facilities will start to work with wind and solar energy. We will adopt the best knowledge and practices in the management of natural resources and in Agriculture, sharing our experience with other countries. This NDC update is an ambitious and realistic commitment, confirming our firm determination to achieve a fair transition to sustainable, carbon-neutral development.', 'This NDC update is an ambitious and realistic commitment, confirming our firm determination to achieve a fair transition to sustainable, carbon-neutral development. This is in line with Cabo Verde s sustainable development objectives and with national and sectoral programs, plans and strategies, on the one hand, and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement and other international agendas, including, among others, development objectives sustainable. The document, structured in 6 chapters, addresses the reasons for updating the NDC in the context of Climate Ambition 2030, and presents Cabo Verde s concrete contributions to Mitigation and Adaptation and the perspective of climate governance for this purpose. It ends with a chapter on priorities and needs, namely in terms of international support, financing, capacity building and technology transfer.', 'It ends with a chapter on priorities and needs, namely in terms of international support, financing, capacity building and technology transfer. I conclude by thanking the valuable work of so many specialists, public entities and civil society organizations, international partners and friendly countries, whose contributions allowed us to update our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), in the context of the Paris Agreement, in perfect alignment with the sustainable development policies and strategies of our small island and archipelagic state. Praia, February 15, 2021.', 'I conclude by thanking the valuable work of so many specialists, public entities and civil society organizations, international partners and friendly countries, whose contributions allowed us to update our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), in the context of the Paris Agreement, in perfect alignment with the sustainable development policies and strategies of our small island and archipelagic state. Praia, February 15, 2021. Gilberto Correia Carvalho Silva Minister of Agriculture and EnvironmentTABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF NDC CONTRIBUTION (2030) AND LONG-TERM DECARBONISATION VISION (2050) 5 NATIONAL CONTEXT 7 CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES 8 BUILDING RESILIENCE .13 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS .13 KEY CONTRIBUTIONS OF CABO VERDE TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 16 INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING (ICTU) 18 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS ERRO! MARCADOR NÃO DEFINIDO.', 'Gilberto Correia Carvalho Silva Minister of Agriculture and EnvironmentTABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF NDC CONTRIBUTION (2030) AND LONG-TERM DECARBONISATION VISION (2050) 5 NATIONAL CONTEXT 7 CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES 8 BUILDING RESILIENCE .13 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS .13 KEY CONTRIBUTIONS OF CABO VERDE TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT 16 INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING (ICTU) 18 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS ERRO! MARCADOR NÃO DEFINIDO. RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY 28 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND-USE .30 ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS ERRO! MARCADOR NÃO DEFINIDO.', 'RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY 28 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND-USE .30 ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS ERRO! MARCADOR NÃO DEFINIDO. OCEANS AND COASTAL ZONES 38 SPATIAL PLANNING 41 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION.43 TRANSPARENCY AND GOVERNANCE .46 CLIMATE DATA .46 CLIMATE SERVICES .47 CLIMATE GOVERNANCE .47 Strategic level 47 Descentralised level .48 Civic level .49 CLIMATE EMPOWERMENT .49 NEEDS AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT .52 NDC FINANCE NEEDS .52 NATIONAL CLIMATE FINANCE STRATEGY 52 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER53 ENHANCED AMBITION INSTRUMENTS54Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ACRONYMS ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ANAS Agência Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Water and Sanitation Agency ANMCV Associação Nacional dos Municípios de Cabo Verde National Association of Municipalities of Cabo Verde BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CIME Comissão Interinstitucional para Mobilidade Elétrica em Cabo Verde Electricity Mobility Policy and Action Plan adopted in 2018 CNAS Conselho Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Water and Sanitation Council CND NDC Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada Nationally Determined Contribution CQNUMC UNFCCC Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas United National Framework Convention on Climate Change DGEM Direção Geral da Economia Marítima General Directorate of Maritime Economy DGSAP Direção Geral da Agricultura Silvicultura e Pecuária General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock DNA Direção Nacional do Ambiente National Directorate of Environment DNAPEC Direção Nacional dos Assuntos Políticos, Económicos e Culturais National Directorate of Political, Economic and Cultural Affairs DNICE Direção Nacional de Indústria, Comércio e Energia National Directorate for Industry, Commerce, and Energy DNP / MF Direção Nacional do Planeamento/Ministerio das Finançass National Directorate of Planning/Ministry of Finance DRR RRD Disaster Risk Reduction Redução de risco de desastre EE Eficiência Energética Energy Efficiency ENAP Estratégia Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, 2016 National strategy for protected areas ENRRD Estratégia Nacional para Redução de Risco de Desastres National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction ENSAN Estratégia Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (2015-2020) National Strategy for Food and Nutrition Security EPANB Estratégia e Plano de Ação Nacional sobre a Biodiversidade (2014-2030)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan EPR Emergency Preparedness and Response ESGAS Estratégia Social e de Género para o Sector da Água e Saneamento Social and Gender Strategy for the Water and Sanitation Sector ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework Quadro de Transparência Reforçada GCF Fundo Verde para o Clima Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas GWh Gigawatt-hours ICF International Climate Finance ICIEG Instituto Cabo-verdiano para a Igualdade e Equidade do Género National Institute for Gender Equality and Equity INE Instituto Nacional de Estatística National Institute of Statistics INFRA Infraestruturas de Cabo Verde Infrastructures of Cabo Verde INGT Instituto Nacional de Gestão do Território National Institute of Territory Management INMG Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics IPCC Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITMOs Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (art 6.2 PA) LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry LT-LEDS Long-term low emissions development strategy 2050 MAA MAE Ministério da Agricultura e Ambiente Ministry of Agriculture and Environment NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Ações de Mitigação Nacionalmente Adequadas NAPA National Programme of Action for Adaptation to Climate Change 2008 – 2012 NAP National Adaptation Plan NbS Nature-based-solutions NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NFCS National Framework for Climate Services NGO Non-Governmental Orgnaisation Organização não governamental NIR National Inventory Report NMA Non-market Approach (Art 6.8 PA) PA Paris Agreement PAGIRE Plano de ação Nacional Para a Gestão Integrada dos Recursos HídricosCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management PDAS Plano Director de Água e Saneamento Water and Sanitation Master Plan PDM Plano Diretor Municipal Municipal Master Plan PDSE EMP Plano Diretor do Setor Elétrico Electricity Master Plan PE-SNIA Plano Estratégico do Sistema Nacional de Investigação Agrária (2017- 2024) Strategic Plan of the National Agricultural Research System PEDS Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (2017-2021) Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development PEMDS Plano Estratégico Municipal de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Municipal Strategic Plans for Sustainable Development PENGER Plano Estratégico Nacional de Prevenção de Resíduos (2015-2030) National Strategic Plan for Waste Prevention PLANEER Plano Estratégico de Extensão Rural (2017–2026) Strategic Rural Extension Plan (2017–2026) PLEAR_CAV Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento das Estatísticas Agrícolas e Rurais Strategic Plan for Agricultural and Rural Statistics (2015–2021) PLENAS Plano Estratégico Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Strategic Plan for Water and Sanitation PNEE Plano Nacional para a Eficiência Energética National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency PNIA-SAN Plano Nacional de Investimento agrícola, segurança alimentar e nutricional, 2018 National Programme for Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security PNIEA Plano Nacional de Investimento da Economia Azul National Blue Economy Investment Plan PNIG Plano Nacional de Igualdade de Género Gender Action Plan PNSE Programa Nacional para a Sustentabilidade Energética National Programme for sustainable Energy POOC Plano de Ordenamento da Orla Costeira e do Mar Adjacente Coastal and Adjacent Seaside Management Plans PROMEA Programa de Promoção para Economia Azul Blue Economy Promotion Program QEUEA Quadro Estratégico Unificado para a Economia Azul Unified Strategic Framework of the Blue Economy RE Renewable Energy Energias renováveis SDG ODS Sustainable Development Goals Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável SIDS PEIDS Small Island Developing States Pequenos Estados insulares em Desenvolvimento SIE / SIA / SIAAS / SIF / SIR Sistema de informação sobre energia / ambiente/ água / silvicultura / riscosCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Information system on energy / environment / water / forestry / risks SNICV Sistema Nacional de Inventário de Gases de Efeito Estufa National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System SNPCB Serviço Nacional de Proteção Civil e Bombeiros National Civil Protection and Fire Service SPAME Serviço de Prospetiva, Acompanhamento Macroeconómica e Estatísticas Service for Prospective, Macroeconomic Monitoring and Statistics Tep/toe Tonelada equivalente de petróleo Tonne of oil equivalente UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre a Mudança do Clima ZEEEM-SV Zona Económica Especial de Economia Marítima em São Vicente Special Economic Zone of Maritime Economy in São Vicente ZDER Zone for the Development of Renewable EnergiesCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) SUMMARY OF NDC CONTRIBUTION (2030) AND LONG-TERM DECARBONISATION Deeply supportive of the goals and objectives of the Paris Agreement (PA), Cabo Verde puts forward an update to its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from 2015.', 'OCEANS AND COASTAL ZONES 38 SPATIAL PLANNING 41 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION.43 TRANSPARENCY AND GOVERNANCE .46 CLIMATE DATA .46 CLIMATE SERVICES .47 CLIMATE GOVERNANCE .47 Strategic level 47 Descentralised level .48 Civic level .49 CLIMATE EMPOWERMENT .49 NEEDS AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT .52 NDC FINANCE NEEDS .52 NATIONAL CLIMATE FINANCE STRATEGY 52 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER53 ENHANCED AMBITION INSTRUMENTS54Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ACRONYMS ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ANAS Agência Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Water and Sanitation Agency ANMCV Associação Nacional dos Municípios de Cabo Verde National Association of Municipalities of Cabo Verde BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CIME Comissão Interinstitucional para Mobilidade Elétrica em Cabo Verde Electricity Mobility Policy and Action Plan adopted in 2018 CNAS Conselho Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Water and Sanitation Council CND NDC Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada Nationally Determined Contribution CQNUMC UNFCCC Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas United National Framework Convention on Climate Change DGEM Direção Geral da Economia Marítima General Directorate of Maritime Economy DGSAP Direção Geral da Agricultura Silvicultura e Pecuária General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock DNA Direção Nacional do Ambiente National Directorate of Environment DNAPEC Direção Nacional dos Assuntos Políticos, Económicos e Culturais National Directorate of Political, Economic and Cultural Affairs DNICE Direção Nacional de Indústria, Comércio e Energia National Directorate for Industry, Commerce, and Energy DNP / MF Direção Nacional do Planeamento/Ministerio das Finançass National Directorate of Planning/Ministry of Finance DRR RRD Disaster Risk Reduction Redução de risco de desastre EE Eficiência Energética Energy Efficiency ENAP Estratégia Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, 2016 National strategy for protected areas ENRRD Estratégia Nacional para Redução de Risco de Desastres National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction ENSAN Estratégia Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (2015-2020) National Strategy for Food and Nutrition Security EPANB Estratégia e Plano de Ação Nacional sobre a Biodiversidade (2014-2030)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan EPR Emergency Preparedness and Response ESGAS Estratégia Social e de Género para o Sector da Água e Saneamento Social and Gender Strategy for the Water and Sanitation Sector ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework Quadro de Transparência Reforçada GCF Fundo Verde para o Clima Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas GWh Gigawatt-hours ICF International Climate Finance ICIEG Instituto Cabo-verdiano para a Igualdade e Equidade do Género National Institute for Gender Equality and Equity INE Instituto Nacional de Estatística National Institute of Statistics INFRA Infraestruturas de Cabo Verde Infrastructures of Cabo Verde INGT Instituto Nacional de Gestão do Território National Institute of Territory Management INMG Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics IPCC Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITMOs Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (art 6.2 PA) LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry LT-LEDS Long-term low emissions development strategy 2050 MAA MAE Ministério da Agricultura e Ambiente Ministry of Agriculture and Environment NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Ações de Mitigação Nacionalmente Adequadas NAPA National Programme of Action for Adaptation to Climate Change 2008 – 2012 NAP National Adaptation Plan NbS Nature-based-solutions NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NFCS National Framework for Climate Services NGO Non-Governmental Orgnaisation Organização não governamental NIR National Inventory Report NMA Non-market Approach (Art 6.8 PA) PA Paris Agreement PAGIRE Plano de ação Nacional Para a Gestão Integrada dos Recursos HídricosCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management PDAS Plano Director de Água e Saneamento Water and Sanitation Master Plan PDM Plano Diretor Municipal Municipal Master Plan PDSE EMP Plano Diretor do Setor Elétrico Electricity Master Plan PE-SNIA Plano Estratégico do Sistema Nacional de Investigação Agrária (2017- 2024) Strategic Plan of the National Agricultural Research System PEDS Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (2017-2021) Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development PEMDS Plano Estratégico Municipal de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Municipal Strategic Plans for Sustainable Development PENGER Plano Estratégico Nacional de Prevenção de Resíduos (2015-2030) National Strategic Plan for Waste Prevention PLANEER Plano Estratégico de Extensão Rural (2017–2026) Strategic Rural Extension Plan (2017–2026) PLEAR_CAV Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento das Estatísticas Agrícolas e Rurais Strategic Plan for Agricultural and Rural Statistics (2015–2021) PLENAS Plano Estratégico Nacional de Água e Saneamento National Strategic Plan for Water and Sanitation PNEE Plano Nacional para a Eficiência Energética National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency PNIA-SAN Plano Nacional de Investimento agrícola, segurança alimentar e nutricional, 2018 National Programme for Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security PNIEA Plano Nacional de Investimento da Economia Azul National Blue Economy Investment Plan PNIG Plano Nacional de Igualdade de Género Gender Action Plan PNSE Programa Nacional para a Sustentabilidade Energética National Programme for sustainable Energy POOC Plano de Ordenamento da Orla Costeira e do Mar Adjacente Coastal and Adjacent Seaside Management Plans PROMEA Programa de Promoção para Economia Azul Blue Economy Promotion Program QEUEA Quadro Estratégico Unificado para a Economia Azul Unified Strategic Framework of the Blue Economy RE Renewable Energy Energias renováveis SDG ODS Sustainable Development Goals Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável SIDS PEIDS Small Island Developing States Pequenos Estados insulares em Desenvolvimento SIE / SIA / SIAAS / SIF / SIR Sistema de informação sobre energia / ambiente/ água / silvicultura / riscosCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Information system on energy / environment / water / forestry / risks SNICV Sistema Nacional de Inventário de Gases de Efeito Estufa National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System SNPCB Serviço Nacional de Proteção Civil e Bombeiros National Civil Protection and Fire Service SPAME Serviço de Prospetiva, Acompanhamento Macroeconómica e Estatísticas Service for Prospective, Macroeconomic Monitoring and Statistics Tep/toe Tonelada equivalente de petróleo Tonne of oil equivalente UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre a Mudança do Clima ZEEEM-SV Zona Económica Especial de Economia Marítima em São Vicente Special Economic Zone of Maritime Economy in São Vicente ZDER Zone for the Development of Renewable EnergiesCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) SUMMARY OF NDC CONTRIBUTION (2030) AND LONG-TERM DECARBONISATION Deeply supportive of the goals and objectives of the Paris Agreement (PA), Cabo Verde puts forward an update to its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from 2015. The update deepens and moves beyond the initial set of actions and commitments with respect to scope, sector ambition, balancing of mitigation and adaptation action, climate justice and gender equality, as well as transparency and governance.', 'The update deepens and moves beyond the initial set of actions and commitments with respect to scope, sector ambition, balancing of mitigation and adaptation action, climate justice and gender equality, as well as transparency and governance. With 14 contributions and more than hundred measures planned, Cabo Verde seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit – in the order of 180,000 tCO2eq. annually by 2030 – as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of food, water and energy security for Cabo Verde and improved resilience across communities.', 'annually by 2030 – as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of food, water and energy security for Cabo Verde and improved resilience across communities. Although Cabo Verde s population compares well with other countries in Africa in terms of access to energy, water and education, the pandemic has shown that economic and health emergencies are exacerbated by the triple crisis of resources scarcity, climate change and biodiversity loss, particularly for Cabo Verde s rural society. The NDC firmly responds to the development objectives of Cabo Verde’s Ambição 2030 (Ambition Plan 2030).', 'The NDC firmly responds to the development objectives of Cabo Verde’s Ambição 2030 (Ambition Plan 2030). Cabo Verde’s flagship contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 18% below business-as-usual (BAU) and to increase this target to 24% on the condition of adequate international support; • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonised economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including by building a pumped storage and other energy storage capacities; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon public transport, including active modes and international maritime transport; • The 2030 commitment to reverse the trend of habitat degradation, substantially improve biodiversity, water retention, strengthen soils and restore forests and coastal wetlands; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to provide sewage systems to all households and provides safe wastewater treatment, including the use of RE and the recovery of nutrients and energy from wastewater; • The 2025 commitment to establish comprehensive and coherent planning tools – adaptation, spatial, urban, disaster response – at the central as well as municipal levels; • The 2030 commitment to design and develop its ocean-based economy in a low-carbon way – covering transport, fishing, coastal infrastructure and coastal energy, tourism – enhancing nature-based solutions (NbS), conserving and restoring natural habitats; • The 2025 commitment a specific Roadmap ‘Responsible Tourism in the Circular Economy’ defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector; • The 2025 commitment to build a monitoring system for tracing climate change related risks to public health and integrate climate change resilience targets into the national One Health policy framework;Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • The 2025 commitment to create a strong platform for the empowerment of the young, women and society as-a-whole in climate change policymaking and the implementation of climate-change responses fostering knowledge, skills and sustainable jobs.', 'Cabo Verde’s flagship contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 18% below business-as-usual (BAU) and to increase this target to 24% on the condition of adequate international support; • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonised economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including by building a pumped storage and other energy storage capacities; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon public transport, including active modes and international maritime transport; • The 2030 commitment to reverse the trend of habitat degradation, substantially improve biodiversity, water retention, strengthen soils and restore forests and coastal wetlands; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to provide sewage systems to all households and provides safe wastewater treatment, including the use of RE and the recovery of nutrients and energy from wastewater; • The 2025 commitment to establish comprehensive and coherent planning tools – adaptation, spatial, urban, disaster response – at the central as well as municipal levels; • The 2030 commitment to design and develop its ocean-based economy in a low-carbon way – covering transport, fishing, coastal infrastructure and coastal energy, tourism – enhancing nature-based solutions (NbS), conserving and restoring natural habitats; • The 2025 commitment a specific Roadmap ‘Responsible Tourism in the Circular Economy’ defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector; • The 2025 commitment to build a monitoring system for tracing climate change related risks to public health and integrate climate change resilience targets into the national One Health policy framework;Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • The 2025 commitment to create a strong platform for the empowerment of the young, women and society as-a-whole in climate change policymaking and the implementation of climate-change responses fostering knowledge, skills and sustainable jobs. To ensure robust implementation in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement, Cabo Verde will enact dedicated legislation covering comprehensive monitoring, reporting and evaluation of GHG data, mitigation action as well as adaptation action, and defining a cross-institutional climate governance framework.', 'To ensure robust implementation in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement, Cabo Verde will enact dedicated legislation covering comprehensive monitoring, reporting and evaluation of GHG data, mitigation action as well as adaptation action, and defining a cross-institutional climate governance framework. While mobilising substantial domestic funding, Cabo Verde will rely on international support – technological, capacity-building and finance – to achieve its 2030 contributions. The Cabo Verde Government will adopt a Climate Finance Strategy and Roadmap by 2022 to establish and prioritise how best to incentivise domestic investments and how to direct funding from international public, private and philanthropic sources for use in different project preparation and financing stages.', 'The Cabo Verde Government will adopt a Climate Finance Strategy and Roadmap by 2022 to establish and prioritise how best to incentivise domestic investments and how to direct funding from international public, private and philanthropic sources for use in different project preparation and financing stages. Cabo Verde supports the use of all of the enhanced ambition instruments under Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement, focusing on energy and mobility under the provision on cooperative approaches (Art. 6.2 Paris Agreement) and on targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities (food and water security and healthy soils) as well as interventions on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources) under the non-market approaches provision (Art. 6.8 Paris Agreement).', '6.2 Paris Agreement) and on targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities (food and water security and healthy soils) as well as interventions on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources) under the non-market approaches provision (Art. 6.8 Paris Agreement). Box 1: List of NDC measures and their estimated* international funding needs for implementation 2020-2030 #1: Reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency #2: Increasing renewable energy targets # 3: Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility # 4: Shifting towards responsible tourism and circular economy # 5: Fostering the natural sink function of ecosystems #1: Improving water security and natural replenishment while reducing water carbon intensity #2: Enhancing sewage, solid waste and wastewater treatment #3: Increasing and sustaining land-based food security through regenerative agriculture #4: Increasing and sustaining ocean-based food security through regenerative fishing #5: Extending marine protected areas #6: Defending marine resources and coastal zones #7: Using spatial planning as an ally in climate change mitigation and adaptation #8: Mitigating climate related disaster risks and vulnerabilities #9: Confronting climate related health risks Total estimated funding needs for NDC 2020-2030 2 000 Mio Euro *to be confirmed and detailed in the upcoming NDC Implementation Road Map 2021Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NATIONAL CONTEXT Located some 620 km off the west coast of Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago of ten islands of which nine are inhabited.', 'Box 1: List of NDC measures and their estimated* international funding needs for implementation 2020-2030 #1: Reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency #2: Increasing renewable energy targets # 3: Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility # 4: Shifting towards responsible tourism and circular economy # 5: Fostering the natural sink function of ecosystems #1: Improving water security and natural replenishment while reducing water carbon intensity #2: Enhancing sewage, solid waste and wastewater treatment #3: Increasing and sustaining land-based food security through regenerative agriculture #4: Increasing and sustaining ocean-based food security through regenerative fishing #5: Extending marine protected areas #6: Defending marine resources and coastal zones #7: Using spatial planning as an ally in climate change mitigation and adaptation #8: Mitigating climate related disaster risks and vulnerabilities #9: Confronting climate related health risks Total estimated funding needs for NDC 2020-2030 2 000 Mio Euro *to be confirmed and detailed in the upcoming NDC Implementation Road Map 2021Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NATIONAL CONTEXT Located some 620 km off the west coast of Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago of ten islands of which nine are inhabited. Despite the arid climate and mountainous terrain, Cabo Verde has been developing rapidly, in a large part thanks to its flourishing tourism industry, graduating from a least developed to a middle-income country in 2007.', 'Despite the arid climate and mountainous terrain, Cabo Verde has been developing rapidly, in a large part thanks to its flourishing tourism industry, graduating from a least developed to a middle-income country in 2007. As a small island development state (SIDS), Cabo Verde, a very small emitter of GHG emissions at a per capita rate of just under 1 tCO2eq , is disproportionately vulnerable to external economic shocks and extreme climatic events that can instantly erase years, if not decades of development gains. Cabo Verde is also facing significant capacity constraints, limited fiscal space and insufficient domestic finance to respond adequately to challenges posed by climate change.', 'Cabo Verde is also facing significant capacity constraints, limited fiscal space and insufficient domestic finance to respond adequately to challenges posed by climate change. This has been compounded by the economic fallout of the COVID 19 global pandemic and exacerbating the already existing high debt to GDP ratio. Although Cabo Verde has made remarkable progress in poverty reduction over the last decade, poverty remains widespread (35% of the population as recently as 2015, INE 2019). The COVID 19 pandemic has caused the biggest recession in Cabo Verde’s modern history affecting virtually all economic sectors, including notably tourism, which is of strategic importance. Current macro-fiscal indicators are provided in Table 1 below.', 'Current macro-fiscal indicators are provided in Table 1 below. Table 1: Main macro-fiscal indicators in Cabo Verde (% change each time compared to previous year) Base COVID Scenario Base COVID Scenario Public Deficit In % GDP - 1.8 - 1.7 - 11.4 - 1.4 - 9.7 Source: Fonte: SPAME/DNP (2020), * P = predictions Pre-pandemic statistical data shows a country whose population doubled since Independence in 1975, to count 544,000 inhabitants in 2018, with an estimated increase to 620,000 inhabitants in 2030, a scenario that presents opportunities and challenges. While requiring massive efforts at all levels of society, the coming years will be dedicated to rebuilding the economy not just as it was, but more resilient, fairer and better.', 'While requiring massive efforts at all levels of society, the coming years will be dedicated to rebuilding the economy not just as it was, but more resilient, fairer and better. Cabo Verde, an African model of democracy, stability and share of the population with access to education (93% enrolment 2018), water (86%, 2018)1 and electricity (92.2%, 2019)2 and has made the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the backbone of its economic, social and cultural planning. While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emissions reduction and building resilience, Cabo Verde’s national efforts alone will not be sufficient for achieving the goals of the NDC in mitigation and adaptation and in securing the long-term sustainable development and decarbonisation of Cabo Verde.', 'While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emissions reduction and building resilience, Cabo Verde’s national efforts alone will not be sufficient for achieving the goals of the NDC in mitigation and adaptation and in securing the long-term sustainable development and decarbonisation of Cabo Verde. 1 Anuário Estatístico 2018, INE 2 Inquérito multi-objectivo contínuo (IMC 2019)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Climate vulnerabilities The pandemic has exposed the extreme fragility of economies and development gains in tourism-based import- dependent SIDS, such as Cabo Verde.', '1 Anuário Estatístico 2018, INE 2 Inquérito multi-objectivo contínuo (IMC 2019)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Climate vulnerabilities The pandemic has exposed the extreme fragility of economies and development gains in tourism-based import- dependent SIDS, such as Cabo Verde. An archipelago of ten volcanic islands with no permanent water courses, no natural forests, limited mineral resources and scarce in areas suitable for agriculture (only 12% of its territory is arable land), Cabo Verde is particularly exposed to increasingly extreme weather events, desertification of land and persistent droughts, occasional but severe and highly damaging heavy rains (most recently in September 2020), and sea-level rise. As a consequence, the archipelgo faces severe adaptation challenges associated with, among others, water resource scarcity, food and energy security.', 'As a consequence, the archipelgo faces severe adaptation challenges associated with, among others, water resource scarcity, food and energy security. The access to affordable and sustainably-sourced energy and water, the protection of the islands’ delicate unique biodiversity and soils, sustainable development and the deployment of socio-ecological resilience within the planetary boundaries are a matter not just of policy choice but of survival. In Cabo Verde, since 1990, temperature increase by 0.04%/year. Recent projections indicate a temperature increase of about 1°C for the period 2011-2040 and of 3°C until the end of the century.', 'Recent projections indicate a temperature increase of about 1°C for the period 2011-2040 and of 3°C until the end of the century. Results also show a reduction in annual average precipitation of about 2%, a temporal extension of the dry season, with an increased likelihood of droughts, and a shortening of the rainy season, with a concentration of heavy, localised rains in a short period of time, causing high water discharge and run-off and soil erosion. Figure 1: Climate indicators for the period 2011-2040 Source: WMO, MAA, GCF, 20193 Already today, Cabo Verdeans have to adapt to ever-longer drought periods, storms, soil erosion, salt intrusion and increased desertification. For the country’s high exposure to natural hazards, see Table 2 below.', 'For the country’s high exposure to natural hazards, see Table 2 below. 3 Enhancing climate science of Green Climate Fund Activities in Cabo Verde, WMO, MAA, GCF, 2019 and Plano nacional para o Quadro de serviços de clima em Cabo Verde, MAA/WMO, Oct 2020.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 2: Disaster Risk Profile of Cabo Verde Source: World Bank -Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery, 2019 The situation is made more difficult by the country’s relatively small size in terms of territorial boundaries, demographics and the economy, as well as its geographic isolation. While Cabo Verde’s islands are in no way self-sufficient – the vast majority of goods, including essential foods, are imported.', 'While Cabo Verde’s islands are in no way self-sufficient – the vast majority of goods, including essential foods, are imported. People are exceedingly vulnerable to shocks in supply chains caused by economic or digital disruptions, extreme weather events, or most recently the COVID 19 pandemic. As concerns specifically climate hazards (see figure 2 below), the most damaging to Cabo Verde are estimated to be drougts, floods, land slides, forest fires, sea-level rise, coast and beach erosion and epidemics. To this add the non-climate related hazards such as volcanic and seismic activities. From a territorial perspective, research concludes that about 80% of the archipelago s territory has a high susceptibility to drought, especially the shallow islands and São Vicente.', 'From a territorial perspective, research concludes that about 80% of the archipelago s territory has a high susceptibility to drought, especially the shallow islands and São Vicente. The defintition of vulnerable groups in the face of climate change as well as the connections between gender and climate policy and planning are not yet sufficiently established or institutionalised in Cabo Verde. The highest climate change vulnerability tend to lie with the cities, the shallow islands, the steep agricultural and forest areas, the coast lines. Population and assets are concentrated in coastal cities.', 'Population and assets are concentrated in coastal cities. Considering Cabo Verde’s small and dispersed geographic area, disasters can take country-wide proportions.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 2: Map of the susceptibility to selected climate hazards in a high risk scenario, per island, 2014/2021 Source: Methodological pilote study for the production of a climate hotspots map, INGT/DNA, 2021 and Comprehensive Hazard Assessment and Mapping in Cabo Verde, UN Joint Office and Government of Cabo Verde, 2014. The documented climate hazards are: beach and coast erosion (erasão das praias e erosão costeira, yellow and red resp. ), floods (cheias, dark blue), heavy rains (precipitação, light blue), land slides (movimento vertente, brown), forest fires (incendio florestal, pink), droughts (seca, orange).', '), floods (cheias, dark blue), heavy rains (precipitação, light blue), land slides (movimento vertente, brown), forest fires (incendio florestal, pink), droughts (seca, orange). In black, the names of the islands, and the names and administrative limits of the 22 municipalities. Since Cabo Verde’s ratification of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, these climate vulnerabilities have been studied and are being monitored.', 'Since Cabo Verde’s ratification of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, these climate vulnerabilities have been studied and are being monitored. Although limited in ressources, the Government has since spared no efforts to reduce the Nation’s overall vulnerabilities and exposure to disaster and to cope with climate change, as can be seen by the following selection of milestone documents produced under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment: • First (1994 – 2004) and Second (2004-2014) National Action Plan for the Environment; • First National Inventory Report on GHG (1995), 20 years after national Independence; • First (2000), Second (2010) and Third (2017) National Communication (NC) to the UNFCCC; • First National Programme of Action for Adaptation to Climate Change (NAPA) 2008 – 20124.', 'Although limited in ressources, the Government has since spared no efforts to reduce the Nation’s overall vulnerabilities and exposure to disaster and to cope with climate change, as can be seen by the following selection of milestone documents produced under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment: • First (1994 – 2004) and Second (2004-2014) National Action Plan for the Environment; • First National Inventory Report on GHG (1995), 20 years after national Independence; • First (2000), Second (2010) and Third (2017) National Communication (NC) to the UNFCCC; • First National Programme of Action for Adaptation to Climate Change (NAPA) 2008 – 20124. The Government has also undertaken efforts to reduce its carbon dependence and shift its energy generation from fossil to renewable sources, as will be exposed in the following pages.', 'The Government has also undertaken efforts to reduce its carbon dependence and shift its energy generation from fossil to renewable sources, as will be exposed in the following pages. This stems from the fact that the country is endowed with a high potencial for exploiting renewable energies (see Figure 3 below). Disposing of a comprehensive network of terrestrial and maritime protected areas and biosphere reserves, the country also aims to mobilise its potencial for sequestring carbon naturally, in its ocean, forests, wetlands and soils.', 'Disposing of a comprehensive network of terrestrial and maritime protected areas and biosphere reserves, the country also aims to mobilise its potencial for sequestring carbon naturally, in its ocean, forests, wetlands and soils. 4 based on the Sectoral Climate Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Studies undertaken in 2007.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 3: Map of areas potentially reducing GHG emissions through deployment of renewable energies and through natural carbon sequestration in vegetative cover and protected areas, per islands, 2021. Source: Methodological pilote study for the design of a climate hotspots map, INGT/DNA, 2021. ZDER = special zone for the development of renewable energies (RE).', 'ZDER = special zone for the development of renewable energies (RE). The documented areas with GHG reduction potential are: Praia, São Vicente, Sal and Boavista municipalities with the deployment of electric vehicles, the CERMI - Centre for Renewable Energies and Industrial Maintenance, and the ZDER for solid urban waste (RSU); Brava and Maio with 2 solar desalination plants under development; the terrestrial and maritime protected areas, the vegetative cover on all islands but Sal. All islands have ZDER for either geothermal (red), ocean (light blue), wind (light green), hydro (Dark blue), solide waste (violet) or solar (yellow) energies. In black, the names of the islands, and the names and administrative limits of the 22 municipalities.', 'In black, the names of the islands, and the names and administrative limits of the 22 municipalities. For more details on the RE potential in MW per island see fig. 7.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Box 2: Main climate related vulnerabilities of communities in Cabo Verde Agriculture: Agricultural output, always precarious given soils and precipitation conditions, is exceedingly sensitive to a warming climate and increasingly unpredictable rain patterns frequently in torrential way. The sector employs some 15% of the population and is responsible for local food supply.', 'The sector employs some 15% of the population and is responsible for local food supply. While soils are naturally fertile due to their volcanic origin, fertility has been decreasing over time due to water and wind erosion, salt intrusion, weak vegetative cover and continuous use without proper replenishment of nutrients extracted by crops. Invasive species and plagues increase agriculture vulnerability. The sector that resisted best to the pandemic was the agriculture.', 'The sector that resisted best to the pandemic was the agriculture. Local food production continued; Food imports: For more than 80% of their needs, Cabo Verdeans are dependent on imports of essential food; any disruptions for shipping, commodity supply, fluctuating international food commodity prices; and currency risks will have disproportionate consequences for Cabo Verde’s food security and distribution and the capacity to meet basic needs; Energy: Fossil fuel imports and logistics: While Cabo Verde is dependent on imports for virtually all its fossil fuel needs, the energy mix still heavily relies on them from transport to desalination to generator use whether in agriculture or in the health (hospital) system; disruptions to supply and prices – a likely prospect in a world more and more impacted by climate change and vanishing resources – are felt immediately and across communities.', 'Local food production continued; Food imports: For more than 80% of their needs, Cabo Verdeans are dependent on imports of essential food; any disruptions for shipping, commodity supply, fluctuating international food commodity prices; and currency risks will have disproportionate consequences for Cabo Verde’s food security and distribution and the capacity to meet basic needs; Energy: Fossil fuel imports and logistics: While Cabo Verde is dependent on imports for virtually all its fossil fuel needs, the energy mix still heavily relies on them from transport to desalination to generator use whether in agriculture or in the health (hospital) system; disruptions to supply and prices – a likely prospect in a world more and more impacted by climate change and vanishing resources – are felt immediately and across communities. Linking Cabo Verde’s islands with each other and with other countries – a challenge at the best of times – is extremely vulnerable to disruptions from climate change, pandemics, fossil fuel scarcity.', 'Linking Cabo Verde’s islands with each other and with other countries – a challenge at the best of times – is extremely vulnerable to disruptions from climate change, pandemics, fossil fuel scarcity. Renewable generation is key, but these installations too have to be made climate-resilient (larger ports for reception of ever larger wind generators, batteries waste, extreme winds or no wind, bruma seca, corrosion of photovolataic panels); Water: Cabo Verde increasingly suffers from water shortage. The country must operate ever more desalination plants to meet its increasing water needs; yet those plants run heavy on energy use (10% of all the electricity consumed in the country); Urbanisation and Infrastructure: Urban sprawl – often unplanned – has diminished habitats and essential ecosystem services.', 'The country must operate ever more desalination plants to meet its increasing water needs; yet those plants run heavy on energy use (10% of all the electricity consumed in the country); Urbanisation and Infrastructure: Urban sprawl – often unplanned – has diminished habitats and essential ecosystem services. Recurrent droughts and worsening conditions in agriculture and fisheries have driven rural population into cities and the tourism employment or into exodus. It has also created massive challenges for the country’s essential infrastructure (transportation, energy,water and sewage facilities, communications infrastructures in particular), which are further exposed by climate hazards.', 'It has also created massive challenges for the country’s essential infrastructure (transportation, energy,water and sewage facilities, communications infrastructures in particular), which are further exposed by climate hazards. Buidling in a more resilient, with lower land- and energy footprints, while keeping up with the housing supply and prices, is the challenge; Sea-level rise: The geomorphological characteristics of Cabo Verde’s islands define a set of landscapes, where lowlands in the coast stand out; this makes coastal communities, economic operations and infrastructure particularly vulnerable to a possible rise in sea level associated with extreme and adverse climate events, as are cases of storms with high winds, heavy rains and tidal waves; the country is already witnessing loss of coastal territory due to these phenomena; Public health: COVID 19 has put Cabo Verde’s public health system and finances under enormous stress.', 'Buidling in a more resilient, with lower land- and energy footprints, while keeping up with the housing supply and prices, is the challenge; Sea-level rise: The geomorphological characteristics of Cabo Verde’s islands define a set of landscapes, where lowlands in the coast stand out; this makes coastal communities, economic operations and infrastructure particularly vulnerable to a possible rise in sea level associated with extreme and adverse climate events, as are cases of storms with high winds, heavy rains and tidal waves; the country is already witnessing loss of coastal territory due to these phenomena; Public health: COVID 19 has put Cabo Verde’s public health system and finances under enormous stress. While the relationship between climate change, biodiversity and infectious disease is complex, it is clear that the loss and degradation of natural habitats undermines the web of life and increases the risk of disease spillover from wildlife to people.', 'While the relationship between climate change, biodiversity and infectious disease is complex, it is clear that the loss and degradation of natural habitats undermines the web of life and increases the risk of disease spillover from wildlife to people. The country’s record on combatting a range of infectious diseases such as cholera, Zika, dengue as well as yellow fever, and malaria is exceptional. Nevertheless, Cabo Verde is less prepared than other countries to withstand future epidemic and pandemic outbreaks, not least for its high exposure to international visitors, on whom the current economy depends; Vulnerable groups can generally be defined as groups of individuals exposed to poverty, or low-income individuals.', 'Nevertheless, Cabo Verde is less prepared than other countries to withstand future epidemic and pandemic outbreaks, not least for its high exposure to international visitors, on whom the current economy depends; Vulnerable groups can generally be defined as groups of individuals exposed to poverty, or low-income individuals. Climate vulnerable groups considers groups and communities that have adversely been affected by climate hazards, and having limited ability and income to recover by themselves. This would include women, the elderly and the youth or persons with disabilities. Women are responsible for the day-to-day running of households and basic services, mainly in rural areas. They suffer from the lack of (or limited) access to water, land and energy in rural areas and increasing fragility in supply chains.', 'They suffer from the lack of (or limited) access to water, land and energy in rural areas and increasing fragility in supply chains. Women and youth are underrepresented in decision making bodies, overrepresented in unemployment and emigration and have lesser patrimonial or financial resources; Digital threats: As an island state, Cabo Verde is hyper-dependent on swift, steady and 24/7 available digital and satellite services feeding needs from education to transport to early-warning systems. Extreme weather events can have seriously debilitating impacts on societal and security-related functions; Financial resilience: Cabo Verde is both considerably indebted and highly dependent on non-domestic financing and foreign direct investment.', 'Extreme weather events can have seriously debilitating impacts on societal and security-related functions; Financial resilience: Cabo Verde is both considerably indebted and highly dependent on non-domestic financing and foreign direct investment. Increasing vulnerability to and costs of climate change escalate financial exposure and affects the financial resilience of the country.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building resilience Cabo Verde follows the IPCC definition, describing resilience as “the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self- organisation and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.” Cabo Verde’s Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (2018) defines “resilient communities as the populations and human settlements informed about the risks, aware and able to anticipate, prevent, prepare, face and recover from disasters; competent communities, capable of leading and taking risk reduction initiatives at local and community level; societies capable of organising cooperation within neighbourhoods and communities, of reinforcing self-help and of encouraging solidarity and mutual support, of cultivating disaster preparedness.” Addressing these vulnerabilities is a key national interest of Cabo Verde and lead element of Cabo Verde’s climate ambition.', 'Increasing vulnerability to and costs of climate change escalate financial exposure and affects the financial resilience of the country.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building resilience Cabo Verde follows the IPCC definition, describing resilience as “the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self- organisation and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.” Cabo Verde’s Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (2018) defines “resilient communities as the populations and human settlements informed about the risks, aware and able to anticipate, prevent, prepare, face and recover from disasters; competent communities, capable of leading and taking risk reduction initiatives at local and community level; societies capable of organising cooperation within neighbourhoods and communities, of reinforcing self-help and of encouraging solidarity and mutual support, of cultivating disaster preparedness.” Addressing these vulnerabilities is a key national interest of Cabo Verde and lead element of Cabo Verde’s climate ambition. Building resilience is a task that touches on economic, social and environmental aspects all at once.', 'Building resilience is a task that touches on economic, social and environmental aspects all at once. Cabo Verde needs a resilient infrastructure that reaches all of its people with energy, clean water, basic health, emergency and education services. Cabo Verde needs affordable public services; that includes energy and water bills. While social rebates for poor households are available, costs for water and energy for Cabo Verde´s families are still high. Cabo Verde needs land and agriculture management that is responsive to and copes with diminishing precipitation, occasional and severe flooding, and increased soil and biodiversity erosion. Cabo Verde needs state-of-the-art emergency plans to manage shocks and crisis ranging from weather events to new pandemics, cyber-attacks, infrastructure collapse, and supply chain interruptions.', 'Cabo Verde needs state-of-the-art emergency plans to manage shocks and crisis ranging from weather events to new pandemics, cyber-attacks, infrastructure collapse, and supply chain interruptions. Finally, Cabo Verde needs inclusive and gender-sensitive strategies to enhance the adaptative capacity of all of its communities and economic sectors, including food production and tourism. Building resilience is not a one-off challenge but requires continuous efforts on planning, screening risks and performance, developing response measures, and working together across communities and institutions. Greenhouse gas emissions projections5 Cabo Verde has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita in the world (0.99 tCO2eq /inhabitant in 2010), the burning of fossil fuels in electricity generation and combustion accounting for about 90% of total emissions.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions projections5 Cabo Verde has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita in the world (0.99 tCO2eq /inhabitant in 2010), the burning of fossil fuels in electricity generation and combustion accounting for about 90% of total emissions. The comparably low carbon footprint aside, Cabo Verde has consistently worked towards transforming its economy from fossil to renewable energy (RE) sources. Under its first NDC, Cabo Verde spelled out a number of sector- wide and sub-sector-wide targets (RE penetration rates into the electric grid; reduction of cross-sectoral energy- demand; access to energy) while also committing to action-based targets (focusing on improvements of the country’s nine electricity grids, hardware installation, planning tools, and other ‘soft’ measures such as educational programs).', 'Under its first NDC, Cabo Verde spelled out a number of sector- wide and sub-sector-wide targets (RE penetration rates into the electric grid; reduction of cross-sectoral energy- demand; access to energy) while also committing to action-based targets (focusing on improvements of the country’s nine electricity grids, hardware installation, planning tools, and other ‘soft’ measures such as educational programs). While a number of contributions have yet to come to fruition – the first NDC had a time horizon until 2030 – several key milestones have been reached, especially concerning the creation of renewable- friendly regulatory and investment framework.', 'While a number of contributions have yet to come to fruition – the first NDC had a time horizon until 2030 – several key milestones have been reached, especially concerning the creation of renewable- friendly regulatory and investment framework. Regarding the evolution of GHG emissions and removals in Cabo Verde between 1995 and 2010 by sectors listed, the energy sector has contributed most to total emissions, reaching approximately 550 Gg of CO2eq in 2005, the highest value of the series listed. In 2010, emissions had decreased by 1.2% compared to 2005.', 'In 2010, emissions had decreased by 1.2% compared to 2005. The Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector, more specifically forestry, in 2005 and 2010 contributed to the net removal of CO2 , at the tune of -238 Gg CO2 corresponding to a decrease of 0.25% in 2010 relative to 2005. In 2005, the transport subsector accounted for 55% of total CO2 emissions in the energy sector, followed by the energy industries subsector with 33%. In 2010, the subsector energy industries accounted for 55% of total CO2 emissions in the energy sector and transport accounted for 41% of total CO2 emissions in this sector. The 5 Appropriate physical numbers in this section have been rounded to the unit, for ease of reading.', 'The 5 Appropriate physical numbers in this section have been rounded to the unit, for ease of reading. The data considered does not take the effects of the COVID pandemic into account.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) transport sub-sector decreased by 27% of total CO2 emissions compared to 2005, due mainly to the reduction in the number of domestic flights in Cabo Verde. This said, emissions are expected to rise, in line with growing demand for energy and assuming business-as- usual (BAU) conditions (from energy mix as of 2019). The general energy demand in 2030 is calculated to reach approximately 363,836 toe, from an annual of 222,928 toe in 2019 (the impact from COVID 19 not yet taken into account).', 'The general energy demand in 2030 is calculated to reach approximately 363,836 toe, from an annual of 222,928 toe in 2019 (the impact from COVID 19 not yet taken into account). Graphic 1: Total Energy demand: 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 – Projected BAU Scenario (toe) Source: DNICE (2020) Emissions in energy demand (outside electricity) are expected to reach 500 kt CO2eq in 2030. Among the various subsectors, the transport sector presents the highest GHG emissions over the years, averaging approximately / year between 2020 and 2030. By 2030 the transport sector is estimated to produce 440 kt CO2eq . Emissions also increase in the energy transformation category (electricity generation) from 280,320 tCO2eq . in in 2030 (not yet adjusted for the COVID 19 pandemic).', 'in in 2030 (not yet adjusted for the COVID 19 pandemic). In domestic energy, according to INE, in 2019, the most consumed fuel in urban areas is gas, around 81.2% of households, mainly in urban areas (93.2%), followed by firewood with 16.1%, particularly in rural areas (43.4%). The municipalities of Santiago, with the exception of Praia, register the highest consumption of firewood as a source of energy for cooking. By islands, the largest demand for firewood is concentrated on the island of Santiago, representing about 50% of the national demand. About 20% of households use wood as the main energy source for cooking. The vast majority (85%) of the wood used is collected mainly by women and only 13% is purchased.', 'The vast majority (85%) of the wood used is collected mainly by women and only 13% is purchased. The projected emissions (BAU and NDC) across sectors are shown in Table 3 and 4 (none yet adjusted for the COVID 19 pandemic). toe LPG Kerosene Gasoline Gasoil JET A1 Fire-wood Gasoil + Fuel Electricity Wind + Solar EletricityCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emissions and removals, historic data up to 2010 and projections from 2010 onwards, in Gg, by sector by 2030, considering BAU scenario. Total GHG Emissions/Removals GHG Emissions (tCO2eq Source: Third National Communication, MAA-INMG (2017) up to 2010 and DNICE projections (Energy 2020-2030).', 'Total GHG Emissions/Removals GHG Emissions (tCO2eq Source: Third National Communication, MAA-INMG (2017) up to 2010 and DNICE projections (Energy 2020-2030). emissions and removals, historic data up to 2010 and projections from 2010 onwards, in Gg, by sector by 2030, considering NDC scenario. Total GHG Emissions/Removals GHG Emissions (tCO2eq Source: Third National Communication, MAA-INMG (2017) up to 2010 and DNICE projections (Energy 2020-2030). total and per capita emissions considering BAU and NDC scenario. Source: DNICE (2020) The emissions data used are those from Cabo Verde’s Third National Communication (NC) of 2017, meaning the latest available official data on emissions dates back to 2010 and projection from DNICE for 2020, 2025 and 2030. They will be updated in Cabo Verde’s first biennial update report (BUR), to be released in 2022.', 'They will be updated in Cabo Verde’s first biennial update report (BUR), to be released in 2022. Emissions per capita (tCO2eq ) Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq ) GHG Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq) - BAU GHG Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq) - NDC GHG Emission (tCO2eq)/capita - BAU GHG Emissions (tCO2eq)/capita - NDCCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) CLIMATE AMBITION 2020-2030 Cabo Verde’s update of its first NDC has been developed in consultation with stakeholders and is aligned with Cabo Verde’s development objectives, on the one hand, and the objectives of the Paris Agreement, on the other hand.', 'Emissions per capita (tCO2eq ) Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq ) GHG Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq) - BAU GHG Total Emissions (Gg CO2eq) - NDC GHG Emission (tCO2eq)/capita - BAU GHG Emissions (tCO2eq)/capita - NDCCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) CLIMATE AMBITION 2020-2030 Cabo Verde’s update of its first NDC has been developed in consultation with stakeholders and is aligned with Cabo Verde’s development objectives, on the one hand, and the objectives of the Paris Agreement, on the other hand. As a party to the Paris Agreement, Cabo Verde is committed to setting ambitious targets needed to enact change and remains wholly supportive of the Paris Agreement and to all of the responsibilities and actions outlined therein.', 'As a party to the Paris Agreement, Cabo Verde is committed to setting ambitious targets needed to enact change and remains wholly supportive of the Paris Agreement and to all of the responsibilities and actions outlined therein. In submitting this NDC, Cabo Verde, as a small emitter of GHG, supports the call on all Parties to make their submissions, to ensure that their NDCs are in keeping with their contributions to global emissions and to their respective responsibilities under the Convention and to take actions that will result in the restriction of global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'In submitting this NDC, Cabo Verde, as a small emitter of GHG, supports the call on all Parties to make their submissions, to ensure that their NDCs are in keeping with their contributions to global emissions and to their respective responsibilities under the Convention and to take actions that will result in the restriction of global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The newly submitted contributions are fair and ambitious, considering the national circumstances, such as the SDGs and poverty eradication, demographics, geography and insularity, climate, dependence on external stimulators. They will go substantially beyond the commitments put forward in Cabo Verde’s initial NDC submission, i.e., in terms of scope, sector ambition, coherence between adaptation and mitigation, horizontal themes, including gender equality, and notably transparency.', 'They will go substantially beyond the commitments put forward in Cabo Verde’s initial NDC submission, i.e., in terms of scope, sector ambition, coherence between adaptation and mitigation, horizontal themes, including gender equality, and notably transparency. The COVID 19 pandemic represents a moment of profound turmoil and disruption, causing a precarious economic downturn due to the drop in tourism and trade, and aggravating the country’s economic vulnerabilities to climate change. Despite the challenge, however, if anything, this crisis will strengthen the determination of Cabo Verde and its people to take aggressive action to combat and adapt climate change.', 'Despite the challenge, however, if anything, this crisis will strengthen the determination of Cabo Verde and its people to take aggressive action to combat and adapt climate change. Key contributions of Cabo Verde to the Paris Agreement Cabo Verde’s new key contributions include: Box 3: Increasing Cabo Verde’s 2030 climate ambitions • By 2030, Cabo Verde commits to reduce economy-wide GHG emissions by 18% below the BAU scenario. Conditional on adequate international support, this reduction target may go up to 24% below the BAU scenario. • The 2030 commitments are set with the long-term goal of achieving a decarbonised net-zero emissions economy by 2050. The island of Brava will be the first pilote for maximum decarbonisation by 2040.', 'The island of Brava will be the first pilote for maximum decarbonisation by 2040. • Key implementation targets focus on increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, the shift from fossil fuel-engineered transport to electrified transport and individual active mobility, enhanced resource rehabilitation and land mitigation measures. • By 2030, Cabo Verde seeks to install core resilience functions and metrics, namely concerning low- carbon, affordable, gender-and disaster sensitive access to water, energy and essential public services and resilient infrastructures and equipments. • For this purpose, Cabo Verde will elaborate a new National Adaptation Plan as part of its global climate change contribution, for submission to the UNFCCC by 2023, at the latest.', '• For this purpose, Cabo Verde will elaborate a new National Adaptation Plan as part of its global climate change contribution, for submission to the UNFCCC by 2023, at the latest. • To plan, manage and track progress, Cabo Verde will build a national climate governance system centered on inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The 2030 Climate Ambition contributions respond to the development objectives as included in Cabo Verde’s Ambição 2030 (National Development Plan Ambition 2030), which in turn is designed to implement, in three stages over the next 10 years, the SDGs and, subsequently to align with the NDC.', '• To plan, manage and track progress, Cabo Verde will build a national climate governance system centered on inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The 2030 Climate Ambition contributions respond to the development objectives as included in Cabo Verde’s Ambição 2030 (National Development Plan Ambition 2030), which in turn is designed to implement, in three stages over the next 10 years, the SDGs and, subsequently to align with the NDC. The main pillars of the development Ambition 2030 are improved well-being and resilience, reduced social and terrritorial inequalities and environmental injustice, energy transition, circular, blue, digital economies, sustainable tourism, productive agriculture.', 'The main pillars of the development Ambition 2030 are improved well-being and resilience, reduced social and terrritorial inequalities and environmental injustice, energy transition, circular, blue, digital economies, sustainable tourism, productive agriculture. Within the framework of Cabo Verde’s Ambition 2030, the country is committed to promoting an inclusive, diversified, circular, resilient and low-carbon economy. Figure 4: Main concepts for Cabo Verde approach on economic development For the elaboration of the present NDC, the current 5 years Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Cabo Verde (PEDS I 2017 – 2021) was used as a reference. For the achievement of the Ambiçao 2030, two new 5 years PEDS will be designed, and aligned with the NDC.', 'For the achievement of the Ambiçao 2030, two new 5 years PEDS will be designed, and aligned with the NDC. It is important to realise that Cabo Verde’s mitigation and adaptation commitments do not stand in isolation from each other and that they transcend the boundaries of climate change policymaking proper. The climate crisis is as much a resources and livelihoods crisis – diminishing or threatening access to clean water and food – as it is a social crisis. Similarly, Cabo Verde’s mitigation commitments directly yield a range of significant adaptation and resilience benefits, and vice versa. Energy sourced from renewables means enhanced energy security for Cabo Verde across islands as well as self-relied access to clean water.', 'Energy sourced from renewables means enhanced energy security for Cabo Verde across islands as well as self-relied access to clean water. These in turn provide climate resilience for families and communities, urban and rural, incentivises the production of local farming productions; it also considerably improves the livelihoods of those households living in poverty. Conversely, many adaptation measures directly yield mitigation co-benefits. Cabo Verde’s forests, soils and coastal wetlands are important carbon stocks, and all measures directed at protecting and enhancing these ecosystems – meant to reduce erosion, improve or protect against flooding and salinisation – also maintain and improve the country’s carbon sink capabilities. Efforts are ongoing to improve the understanding of – and quantify, where possible –the specific mitigation co-benefits of Cabo Verde’s adaptation actions planned.', 'Efforts are ongoing to improve the understanding of – and quantify, where possible –the specific mitigation co-benefits of Cabo Verde’s adaptation actions planned. Circular Digital Resilient /Low carbon Blue Box 4: Mitigation impacts Cabo Verde’s mitigation measures are expected to yield annual GHG emission reductions in the order of (18% to 24% below BAU, incl. LULUCF) by 2030Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) Time frame Cabo Verde’s updated NDC covers the timeframe 1 January 2021 through 31 December 2030. Scope Climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate mitigation target: Economy-wide, net domestic reduction target.', 'Climate mitigation target: Economy-wide, net domestic reduction target. Sectors and gases covered Sectors • Energy • Industrial processes • Agriculture • Waste • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Gases • Greenhouse gases included: CO2 O and HFCs Target and reference indicator • At least 18% below BAU by 2030 and 24% below BAU in a conditional scenario (single-year target). • BAU scenario starts in 2013. Methodologies and Metrics • Methodologies: All mitigation commitments will be accounted for on the basis of the 2006 guidance of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change 2016 (IPCC 2016), including the guidance on wetlands (IPCC 2013), applying relevant default data (tier 1) or better (tier 2 and tier 3), once robust data is available. • Metrics: Global Warming Potential on a 100 timescale in accordance with IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report.', '• Metrics: Global Warming Potential on a 100 timescale in accordance with IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report. Consultations The preparation was led by the National Directorate for the Environment in consultation with stakeholders. Consultations were carried out between July 2020-January 2021 (mainly on-line due to COVID). Implementation The Government of Cabo Verde will adopt an NDC Implementation Roadmap to set out institutional responsibilities, relevant governance frameworks, milestones, and precise delivery targets for the specific contributions and actions outlined in this NDC. The process will be part of Cabo Verde’s National Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) foreseen in the Paris Agreement. Fair and ambition The updated first NDC is considered fair and ambitious in the framework of the global response.', 'Fair and ambition The updated first NDC is considered fair and ambitious in the framework of the global response. Despite its low emissions profile and its position as a highly vulnerable SIDS, Cabo Verde commits to a substantial, economy-wide reduction target. While ambitious in purpose, the NDC contributions are socially inclusive, cross-cutting in nature, and tailored to benefit Cabo Verde’s most vulnerable people in particular. The country ambition contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement, including curbing the rise in global emissions to 1.5 % above pre-industrial levels.', 'The country ambition contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement, including curbing the rise in global emissions to 1.5 % above pre-industrial levels. Other The information provided may be subject to revision following the release of Cabo Verde’s first biennial update report (BUR), planned for 2022.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Energy is a transversal sector on which the rest of the economy depends upon. A key priority for Cabo Verde is to secure access to affordable energy for 100% of households.', 'A key priority for Cabo Verde is to secure access to affordable energy for 100% of households. Furthermore, growing electricity demand (see overall growth expectation in Table 5 and Figure 5 below) can be met with a combination of improved energy efficiency (EE), controlled losses and additional RE sources, plus storage systems that will make Cabo Verde´s energy system more reliable. The benefits will be felt across the economy from agriculture, desalination and irrigation; to the small-medium-enterprises sector, starting by the fishing industry that requires constant ice production; to transport permitting the switch to lower carbon electric engines; to the residential sector and the tourism sector, which consumes 20% of the electricity supply.', 'The benefits will be felt across the economy from agriculture, desalination and irrigation; to the small-medium-enterprises sector, starting by the fishing industry that requires constant ice production; to transport permitting the switch to lower carbon electric engines; to the residential sector and the tourism sector, which consumes 20% of the electricity supply. Table 5: Electricity demand growth rates in a BAU scenario (GWh) Source: Electricity Sector Master Plan, 2018 In recent years, Cabo Verde has embarked on an ambitious low-carbon energy transition. A milestone for the electricity sector was the adoption in 2018 of the Electricity Master Plan (EMP 2018–2040).', 'A milestone for the electricity sector was the adoption in 2018 of the Electricity Master Plan (EMP 2018–2040). It lays out the groundwork for the adoption of new policies to encourage the development and investment of domestically available RE sources to reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels. This plan pays specific attention to the modernisation of the electricity grid with the multiple aim of stabilising the networks, reducing distribution losses, reducing electricity prices and price volatilities, and expanding access to electricity for citizens. The implementation is particularly challenging because the archipelago depends on different networks working side by side, but each on its own.', 'The implementation is particularly challenging because the archipelago depends on different networks working side by side, but each on its own. Cabo Verde is an island country with a high external energy dependence, both for energy production and transportation, since it needs to import the most used fuels, namely petroleum products and their derivatives. Biomass consumption is mainly focused on firewood in rural areas and the outskirts of cities for food preparation. RE sources are mainly wind and solar, with hydropower, wave, geothermal, waste and biomass sources playing almost no role in Cabo Verde’s energy matrix. With respect to electrical energy, the vast majority are produced from thermal power plants using diesel and fuel oil.', 'With respect to electrical energy, the vast majority are produced from thermal power plants using diesel and fuel oil. In 2019, before the economic and touristic lockdown due to COVID, on average 18.4% of the domestic electricity production was renewably sourced, with Santiago, Sal, Sao Vicente and Boavista leading the way.7 As can be seen from Figure 5 below, in 2017, Cabo Verde recorded a total electricity demand of 490 GWh. The baseline (BAU) scenario estimates that the country will achieve total demand of 625 GWh, 843 GWh and 990 GWh in 2020, 2030 and 2040, respectively. The expected average growth rate for the whole period 2018-2040 is approximately 3% compared to 7.5% between 2000-2017 (the mid- and long-term impact of COVID 19 not yet calculable).', 'The expected average growth rate for the whole period 2018-2040 is approximately 3% compared to 7.5% between 2000-2017 (the mid- and long-term impact of COVID 19 not yet calculable). Up to 20% of that volume would be consumed by the tourism sector, 10% for desalination. Electricity losses would have been reduced from 23% today to 10% in 2030. Most of the incremental renewable capacity would be solar and wind. To achieve this, the installation of a pumped storage facility on Santiago island is indispensible and planned for 2023-2026.', 'To achieve this, the installation of a pumped storage facility on Santiago island is indispensible and planned for 2023-2026. 6 These data do not include pandemic COVID´s effects on energy demand.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 5: Historical evolution of electricity demand and expected electricity demand for 2020, 2030, 2040, per sector and in different scenarios. Source: Electricity Master Plan, 2018. The different scenarios considered before the COVID pandemic are: an efficiency scenario (the left column for the projections 2020, 2030 and 2040), a BAU scenario (the middle column), and a high growth scenario (the right column).', 'The different scenarios considered before the COVID pandemic are: an efficiency scenario (the left column for the projections 2020, 2030 and 2040), a BAU scenario (the middle column), and a high growth scenario (the right column). In this context, RE is the opportunity for Cabo Verde to solve, in a structural way, energy sector related problems, reducing energy costs and prices, minimising uncertainty and exposure to international fuel prices. The lower costs will allow the implementation of a set of active policies to reduce losses, ensuring that the cost of energy is shared by all who benefit from it, while safeguarding those with the weakest economic conditions. With the constant technology innovation, there are numerous new ways of producing RE.', 'With the constant technology innovation, there are numerous new ways of producing RE. Some of these new forms are already used or piloted in Cabo Verde, including a tidal wave energy installation. The map below gives an illustration of the RE potential.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 6: Map of renewable energies potential per islands. Source: Atlas of Renewable Energies, MICE, 2014 Cabo Verde’s NDC measures towards RE are based on Electricity Master Plan figures and growth projections as it can be observed in Figure 8 below. Figure 7: Total renewable capacity installed (MW) and renewable energy generated (%) Source: Electricity Master Plan, 2018.', 'Figure 7: Total renewable capacity installed (MW) and renewable energy generated (%) Source: Electricity Master Plan, 2018. The proposed mitigation strategies in this updated NDC are intended to accelerate efforts made by the international community to combat climate change in a context of sustainable development. Cabo Verde’s commitments for 2030 will also mark an important milestone towards the zero-emissions target of 2050.', 'Cabo Verde’s commitments for 2030 will also mark an important milestone towards the zero-emissions target of 2050. Total renewable capacity installed (MW) Renewable energy generated (%) Wind Storage (MWh) Solar Solar Wind Storage PumpingCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The NDC energy goals build on the following national plans: • Sustainable Energy Action Agenda for All, 2015; • Electricity Sector Master Plan 2017-2040 adopted in 2018; • Electric Mobility Policy and Action Plan, adopted in 2018; • National Programme for sustainable Energy, 2017-2021, adopted in 2018. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #1: REDUCING ENERGY INTENSITY AND FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY Cabo Verde undertakes to reduce energy demand by 7% below BAU projections through change in the energy mix and energy efficiency improvements.', 'Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #1: REDUCING ENERGY INTENSITY AND FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY Cabo Verde undertakes to reduce energy demand by 7% below BAU projections through change in the energy mix and energy efficiency improvements. With adequate support, the reduction commitment can be increased to 15% below BAU projections.', 'With adequate support, the reduction commitment can be increased to 15% below BAU projections. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Diminish overall electricity consumption by 7% in 2030 compared to the BAU scenario; with adequate support, this reduction target could be increased to 15%; • Decrease total electricity losses to 10% by 2030, from a baseline of 23% in 2017; • Promote farm biogas units as a means to recover nutrients and improve soils, facilitate farm hygiene and health, substitute wood or fossil gas for cooking or electricity for lighting; • Modernise and strengthen the electricity transmission and distribution networks; • Accelerate smart grid development and mass use of smart meters; • Enhance energy efficient public lighting, appliances, buildings and develop specialised loan/credit products for energy saving or energy efficient companies and investments such as solar water heaters, air conditioners, buildings and isolation materials, EE appliances etc; • Integrate adapted technical specifications and criteria into the Building Code for low-carbon, low-tech, passive, bioclimatic, self-reliant constructions, which can be kept cool, safe and healthy and resist extreme weather events without the increased use of electricity or imported materials (local new and recycled construction materials, vegetalisation, density-size-orientation, exposure to wind and sun, natural light, shading and ventilation, on-site composting/gardening…).', 'To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Diminish overall electricity consumption by 7% in 2030 compared to the BAU scenario; with adequate support, this reduction target could be increased to 15%; • Decrease total electricity losses to 10% by 2030, from a baseline of 23% in 2017; • Promote farm biogas units as a means to recover nutrients and improve soils, facilitate farm hygiene and health, substitute wood or fossil gas for cooking or electricity for lighting; • Modernise and strengthen the electricity transmission and distribution networks; • Accelerate smart grid development and mass use of smart meters; • Enhance energy efficient public lighting, appliances, buildings and develop specialised loan/credit products for energy saving or energy efficient companies and investments such as solar water heaters, air conditioners, buildings and isolation materials, EE appliances etc; • Integrate adapted technical specifications and criteria into the Building Code for low-carbon, low-tech, passive, bioclimatic, self-reliant constructions, which can be kept cool, safe and healthy and resist extreme weather events without the increased use of electricity or imported materials (local new and recycled construction materials, vegetalisation, density-size-orientation, exposure to wind and sun, natural light, shading and ventilation, on-site composting/gardening…). Lead Agency: Ministry of Industry, Trade and EnergyCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #2: INCREASING RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS Cabo Verde undertakes to make a major shift towards the low-carbon economy by increasing the RE share in the electricity supply (today at 18.4%) to 30% (in 2025) and up to 50% in 2030.', 'Lead Agency: Ministry of Industry, Trade and EnergyCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #2: INCREASING RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS Cabo Verde undertakes to make a major shift towards the low-carbon economy by increasing the RE share in the electricity supply (today at 18.4%) to 30% (in 2025) and up to 50% in 2030. With adequate support, the RE target may go up to 100% by 2040. Cabo Verde also undertakes to secure on-grid or off-grid electricity supply across nine islands and to reach 100% access to electricity for all consumers by 2023.', 'Cabo Verde also undertakes to secure on-grid or off-grid electricity supply across nine islands and to reach 100% access to electricity for all consumers by 2023. To contribute to the target the following policies and measures are planned: • Increase wind energy capacity by installing 10 MW wind farm for Santiago by 2022 and 60 MW by 2030; • Increase solar photovoltaic energy by installing an additional 150 MW by 2030; the following initial steps are under development: • 10 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Santiago (start by 2022) ; • 5 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Boa Vista by 2022 ; • 5 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Sal by 2023 ; • 5 MW solar photovoltaic plant for São Vicente by 2023 ; • 4 photovoltaic solar parks in the islands of Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Maio and Fogo by 2025 ; • Seek the installation of first energy production pilot project out of waves by 2027; • Implement a pumped storage plant on the island of Santiago by 2026; • Increase RE storage capacity by installing storage systems in Brava, São Nicolau, Boa Vista and São Vicente by 2025, guaranteeing the energy needs of these islands; • Implement micro-energy network in rural areas: construction of micro-networks based on renewable sources in the locality of Chã das Caldeiras, Fogo Island by 2022; • Install of a waste-to-energy biogas landfill in Santiago by 2025 and construction of 8 biogas plants across islands by 2030; • Operationalise the Action Plan for Gender and Energy by 2030 and support the emergence of local businesses and promote economic opportunities for women particularly in the field of RE to represent at least 20 % of the workforce in 2030; • Promote employment opportunities for the youth in the field of RE; • Introduce first solar desalinisation plants at scale, with the first plant to be commissioned in 2021 (Furna, Brava Island); • Implement the Brava Sustainable Island Projet (see box 5 below).Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Box 5: Cabo Verde low-carbon flagship project: Brava Sustainable Island In 2018, the Government of Cabo Verde elaborated a pioneer energy transition plan for the island of Brava8, which is home to 5 000 Cabo Verdeans.', 'To contribute to the target the following policies and measures are planned: • Increase wind energy capacity by installing 10 MW wind farm for Santiago by 2022 and 60 MW by 2030; • Increase solar photovoltaic energy by installing an additional 150 MW by 2030; the following initial steps are under development: • 10 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Santiago (start by 2022) ; • 5 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Boa Vista by 2022 ; • 5 MW photovoltaic solar power plant for Sal by 2023 ; • 5 MW solar photovoltaic plant for São Vicente by 2023 ; • 4 photovoltaic solar parks in the islands of Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Maio and Fogo by 2025 ; • Seek the installation of first energy production pilot project out of waves by 2027; • Implement a pumped storage plant on the island of Santiago by 2026; • Increase RE storage capacity by installing storage systems in Brava, São Nicolau, Boa Vista and São Vicente by 2025, guaranteeing the energy needs of these islands; • Implement micro-energy network in rural areas: construction of micro-networks based on renewable sources in the locality of Chã das Caldeiras, Fogo Island by 2022; • Install of a waste-to-energy biogas landfill in Santiago by 2025 and construction of 8 biogas plants across islands by 2030; • Operationalise the Action Plan for Gender and Energy by 2030 and support the emergence of local businesses and promote economic opportunities for women particularly in the field of RE to represent at least 20 % of the workforce in 2030; • Promote employment opportunities for the youth in the field of RE; • Introduce first solar desalinisation plants at scale, with the first plant to be commissioned in 2021 (Furna, Brava Island); • Implement the Brava Sustainable Island Projet (see box 5 below).Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Box 5: Cabo Verde low-carbon flagship project: Brava Sustainable Island In 2018, the Government of Cabo Verde elaborated a pioneer energy transition plan for the island of Brava8, which is home to 5 000 Cabo Verdeans. This endeavour was subsequently operationalised and approved via the Municipal Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development.The Brava Sustainable Island Project aims to leverage proven technological advancements and best practices to make the island a territory where most of its energy needs are provisioned through renewable sources (67% by 2030).', 'This endeavour was subsequently operationalised and approved via the Municipal Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development.The Brava Sustainable Island Project aims to leverage proven technological advancements and best practices to make the island a territory where most of its energy needs are provisioned through renewable sources (67% by 2030). With renewable energy as a catalyst, the project shall aim to foster low- carbon, resilient economic and social development across all sectors. Wind and solar power plants, including smart grid storage, are planned to be installed, the grid infrastructure extended and upgraded, sea-water desalination solar-powered. Energy efficiency is high on the agenda starting with buildings, appliances and public lighting. Road and sea mobility are planned to be electric.', 'Road and sea mobility are planned to be electric. Lead Agency: Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Transport The transport sector for its part remains a major consumer of fossil fuels as motor vehicles: in passenger cars, sea and air vessels, burn gasoline, diesel or jet fuel in internal combustion engines. Cabo Verde’s Government has identified the promotion of active and electric mobility as a strategy for reducing road transport-related GHG emissions as well as increasing the share of RE storage and penetration. The country has recently received international support for the implementation of its first nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) ‘Promotion of Electric Mobility’.', 'The country has recently received international support for the implementation of its first nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) ‘Promotion of Electric Mobility’. Maritime and air transport cannot easily switch from fossil fuel to electric. However, maritime transport accounts for a large percentage of national GHG emissions in SIDS. At the same time, there is great reliance on international maritime transport to meet the needs of the population, which often represents a high cost factor. Measures for climate protection in maritime transport can create synergies to reduce GHG emissions and help lower supply costs. Aware that Cabo Verde needs support to meet these ambitious mitigation targets, the country seeks to join regional and international initiatives promoting low-carbon maritime transport, starting along the North-West African routes.', 'Aware that Cabo Verde needs support to meet these ambitious mitigation targets, the country seeks to join regional and international initiatives promoting low-carbon maritime transport, starting along the North-West African routes. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #3: LOWERING THE CARBON INTENSITY OF MOBILITY Cabo Verde undertakes to electrify at least 25% of its land-borne transport fleet (new vehicles) by 2030 by resorting to RE sources. Conditional on adequate international support, the shares per vehicle category could increase to 50% in favor of public, collective high-passenger load vehicles. Cabo Verde will also undertake measures to advance carbon-free active mobility and sustainable maritime transport.', 'Cabo Verde will also undertake measures to advance carbon-free active mobility and sustainable maritime transport. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Reduce the necessity of high-carbon mobility through urban planning and digitilisation (car-free areas, cycling and pedestrian lanes, functional mix and spatial density to bring living and working closer together, incentives for home-office, apps for car-sharing and taxi hailing …); • Create secured and attractive home-work urban cycling and walking networks with bicycle repair and equipment businesses in Praia and Mindelo, to promote low carbon mobility, convivial cities and local youth employment; • By 2023, quantify the national GHG reductions possible by swifting to lower carbon international maritime transport (i.e.sails or solar vessels, engine efficiency improvement, lower carbon fuels, optimise logistics and operating processes or avoidance strategies etc.)', 'To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Reduce the necessity of high-carbon mobility through urban planning and digitilisation (car-free areas, cycling and pedestrian lanes, functional mix and spatial density to bring living and working closer together, incentives for home-office, apps for car-sharing and taxi hailing …); • Create secured and attractive home-work urban cycling and walking networks with bicycle repair and equipment businesses in Praia and Mindelo, to promote low carbon mobility, convivial cities and local youth employment; • By 2023, quantify the national GHG reductions possible by swifting to lower carbon international maritime transport (i.e.sails or solar vessels, engine efficiency improvement, lower carbon fuels, optimise logistics and operating processes or avoidance strategies etc.) and develop a policy framework and national action plan as a measure under the International Maritime Organisation.', 'and develop a policy framework and national action plan as a measure under the International Maritime Organisation. Encourage the international community to bring ocean transport decarbonisation technologies to scale; • By 2023, finalise a policy and targets on reducing GHG emissions in domestic maritime transport (passenger-, cargo- and tourist- vessels, ports, fuel storage, supply chains, logistics), based on a detailed feasibility assessment; • Electrify the vehicles fleet with a priority for public, collective, high-passenger load, duty and commercial vehicles over private, individual, low-passenger load vehicles, so as to make this mobility shift socially inclusive and create public adherence and local jobs; • By 2050, fully replace all residual thermal vehicles (gasoline/diesel) for Electric Vehicles (EV); • Implement the NAMA “Promotion of EV in Cabo Verde" and the Electric Mobility Action Plan involving: • By 2025, establish the procurement rules for the acquisition of 100% EV by institutional entities and have at least 50% of EV in the new acquisition of urban collective transport (see table 5 below); • Gradually install of a wide-reaching network of recharging stations, with priority to public, collective, grouped charging stations at bus/taxi/company stations benefiting the greatest number of users,Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) complemented by private stations; starting in the main urban centers of Cabo Verde and along strategic road corridors; • By 2030, the national public recharge infrastructure is fully implemented; • By 2030, the public administration’s vehicle fleet is fully electrified.', 'Encourage the international community to bring ocean transport decarbonisation technologies to scale; • By 2023, finalise a policy and targets on reducing GHG emissions in domestic maritime transport (passenger-, cargo- and tourist- vessels, ports, fuel storage, supply chains, logistics), based on a detailed feasibility assessment; • Electrify the vehicles fleet with a priority for public, collective, high-passenger load, duty and commercial vehicles over private, individual, low-passenger load vehicles, so as to make this mobility shift socially inclusive and create public adherence and local jobs; • By 2050, fully replace all residual thermal vehicles (gasoline/diesel) for Electric Vehicles (EV); • Implement the NAMA “Promotion of EV in Cabo Verde" and the Electric Mobility Action Plan involving: • By 2025, establish the procurement rules for the acquisition of 100% EV by institutional entities and have at least 50% of EV in the new acquisition of urban collective transport (see table 5 below); • Gradually install of a wide-reaching network of recharging stations, with priority to public, collective, grouped charging stations at bus/taxi/company stations benefiting the greatest number of users,Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) complemented by private stations; starting in the main urban centers of Cabo Verde and along strategic road corridors; • By 2030, the national public recharge infrastructure is fully implemented; • By 2030, the public administration’s vehicle fleet is fully electrified. Table 6: National goals for the new acquisition of electric vehicles by category by year Public and duty vehicles: Private vehicles: Source: Carta Política de Mobilidade Elétrica.', 'Table 6: National goals for the new acquisition of electric vehicles by category by year Public and duty vehicles: Private vehicles: Source: Carta Política de Mobilidade Elétrica. Resolution 58/2018. Lead Agencies: Ministry of Internal Administration; Ministry of Maritime Economy and Ministry of Industry, Trade and EnergyCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Responsible tourism and circular economy Art. 2 of the Paris Agreement aims at “strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty”. So far, mitigation actions are mostly concentrated at project level, targeting some sectors that are considered to be classic mitigation sectors, such as energy, and targeting emissions and removals within national boundaries only.', 'So far, mitigation actions are mostly concentrated at project level, targeting some sectors that are considered to be classic mitigation sectors, such as energy, and targeting emissions and removals within national boundaries only. As ambition increases, a more comprehensive approach to climate action is needed, focusing on transformational change, value chains and cross-border movements. This is where the responsible tourism and circular economy approach become increasingly relevant. A flourishing tourism sector is vital to economic prosperity of the Nation and its coastal communities. The continued viability of this sector remains at risk from climate change, pollution, urbanisation, and ecosystem degradation. Yet tourism also contributes to these threats. Air and boat travel to islands is carbon intensive.', 'Air and boat travel to islands is carbon intensive. Emissions from international flights are not taken into account in the goals that are set by countries in international treaties like the Kyoto protocol or the Paris Agreement. However, to make this industry more climate resilient and to ensure continued business under climate change incertainty, Cabo Verde encourages the international community to do its share in reducing the carbon intensity of air and sea transport. On its territory, Cabo Verde will do its share to adapt the coastal and marine tourism industry to local climate threats and to enhance its climate and environmental benefits. The tourism sector is capable of generating a lot of economic benefits, including positive impacts on the local economy and small businesses.', 'The tourism sector is capable of generating a lot of economic benefits, including positive impacts on the local economy and small businesses. Traditional tourism is organised in a linear way and thus may well lead to exploitation of natural resources, especially on islands that are primarily accessed by tourists through air travel. These various negative impacts that the tourism sector can cause, underline the need to plan, manage and monitor tourism well. The circular economy has been proposed in recent years as a model that can help make tourism more sustainable. The tourism sector has the capacity to combine economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability and contribute to their mutual improvement.', 'The tourism sector has the capacity to combine economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability and contribute to their mutual improvement. The circular tourism sector refers to its ability to trigger and stimulate circular flows with the aim of aligning the tourism sector and sustainable resource management. Climate change is closely linked to linear extraction and consumption, whereby high global consumption of materials drives high energy demand and, which in turn drives GHG emissions as well as vulnerabilities to supply chain disruptions. The concept of circularity leaves the linear "take-make-dispose" approach behind and is based on maximising the utilisation of materials as a resource, extending the life of products and recovering valuable materials for new products (cradle-to-cradle).', 'The concept of circularity leaves the linear "take-make-dispose" approach behind and is based on maximising the utilisation of materials as a resource, extending the life of products and recovering valuable materials for new products (cradle-to-cradle). The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • National Development Strategy Ambition 2020-2030; • Grand Strategic Plan Options for sustainable tourism development (GOPEDS) 2018-2030. Cabo Verde’s contributions for 2030 are as follows: MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #4: SHIFTING TOWARDS RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY Cabo Verde undertakes to strengthen sustainable tourism as a factor for local empowerment and economic development, ensuring climate resilience and diversification and increasing decent employment. International and national efforts combined seek to reduce overall GHG emissions from tourism by 20% per visitor/day by 2030.', 'International and national efforts combined seek to reduce overall GHG emissions from tourism by 20% per visitor/day by 2030. Cabo Verde undertakes to develop a roadmap for the phased transition to a circular economy for theCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) years 2022 to 2040, by industry and municipality. The circular economy aims to contribute to climate protection and adaptation to climate change. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • By 2025, evaluate the feasibility and engage with relevant international partners in order to lower the carbon footprint of air travel.', 'To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • By 2025, evaluate the feasibility and engage with relevant international partners in order to lower the carbon footprint of air travel. This could include issues such as low-carbon jet fuels, lighter aircrafts, carbon compensation schemes or credits launched by departure countries, international air companies or hotel operators for the benefit of Cabo Verde, notably in the areas of climate preparedness of the local tourism infrastructures and regeneration of the local ecosystems tourism depends on; • By 2025, develop a national roadmap for responsible tourism in the circular economy, in order to build a comparative advantage for the Cabo Verde tourism destination.', 'This could include issues such as low-carbon jet fuels, lighter aircrafts, carbon compensation schemes or credits launched by departure countries, international air companies or hotel operators for the benefit of Cabo Verde, notably in the areas of climate preparedness of the local tourism infrastructures and regeneration of the local ecosystems tourism depends on; • By 2025, develop a national roadmap for responsible tourism in the circular economy, in order to build a comparative advantage for the Cabo Verde tourism destination. The roadmap will define targets for the local contribution to reducing GHG emissions, per visitor/day by 2030, through strict reuse and recycling, banning single-use plastic; gutter and beach-clean ups, community and NGO work and tree planting activities for tourists etc.', 'The roadmap will define targets for the local contribution to reducing GHG emissions, per visitor/day by 2030, through strict reuse and recycling, banning single-use plastic; gutter and beach-clean ups, community and NGO work and tree planting activities for tourists etc. It will make it compulsory for mid-scale and large-scale hospitality providers to produce RE and implement EE measures, install sewage and waste water infrastructures, compost their organic waste, and recycle treated water, on-site. Large hotels are encouraged to offer low-carbon tourist activities and services, promote collective transport, active and electric mobility etc.', 'Large hotels are encouraged to offer low-carbon tourist activities and services, promote collective transport, active and electric mobility etc. Operators are expected to monitor and publically communicate their climate and resource footprints; • Subordinate the development of tourism zones and infrastructures to more responsible forms of tourism and other land uses such as terrestrial and maritime protected areas, maritime domain, productive soils, water domain, areas of landscape, natural heritage and cultural values and other envrironmental constraints; • Establish load limits per tourism development zone, take the carrying capacity of the territory into account and, spatially plan for cycling, walking, hiking infrastructures, sports and nature observation activities, electrified public transport; • Promote sustainable tourism projects in islands/areas that are currently out of tourism development areas.', 'Operators are expected to monitor and publically communicate their climate and resource footprints; • Subordinate the development of tourism zones and infrastructures to more responsible forms of tourism and other land uses such as terrestrial and maritime protected areas, maritime domain, productive soils, water domain, areas of landscape, natural heritage and cultural values and other envrironmental constraints; • Establish load limits per tourism development zone, take the carrying capacity of the territory into account and, spatially plan for cycling, walking, hiking infrastructures, sports and nature observation activities, electrified public transport; • Promote sustainable tourism projects in islands/areas that are currently out of tourism development areas. To accomplish this, it is proposed to support interested municipalities and rural communities to develop responsible tourism plans, with features that allow them to rehabilitate cultural and architectural heritage, typical houses and landscapes, set up handicraft stores, propose cultural performances.', 'To accomplish this, it is proposed to support interested municipalities and rural communities to develop responsible tourism plans, with features that allow them to rehabilitate cultural and architectural heritage, typical houses and landscapes, set up handicraft stores, propose cultural performances. Overall tourism revenue will be redistributed to all islands and reinvested into the climate prepardness of all local communities; • Ensure links between agriculture, fisheries and the tourism sector to facilitate the supply of hotels with local products once the national food demand is satisfied.', 'Overall tourism revenue will be redistributed to all islands and reinvested into the climate prepardness of all local communities; • Ensure links between agriculture, fisheries and the tourism sector to facilitate the supply of hotels with local products once the national food demand is satisfied. Develop the rural economy by strengthening the logistic chains from local producer to hotels (packaging, inter-island infrastructure, cold storage conditions and services, quality control, phytosanitary certification); • Stimulate/incentivise micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), entrepreneurship and private investment in the area of ecotourism and strengthen the market for organic and traditional goods such as Fogo coffee, grog, goat cheese, salt and other fresh local goods, produced with traditional techniques; • Encourage manufacturers and businesses, through fiscal incentives and capacity development, to design circular products and services, based on resources recovery, biodegradability and the true production costs, including environmental costs.', 'Develop the rural economy by strengthening the logistic chains from local producer to hotels (packaging, inter-island infrastructure, cold storage conditions and services, quality control, phytosanitary certification); • Stimulate/incentivise micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), entrepreneurship and private investment in the area of ecotourism and strengthen the market for organic and traditional goods such as Fogo coffee, grog, goat cheese, salt and other fresh local goods, produced with traditional techniques; • Encourage manufacturers and businesses, through fiscal incentives and capacity development, to design circular products and services, based on resources recovery, biodegradability and the true production costs, including environmental costs. Products which are simple, low-energy, easy to repair, passive should be favoured.', 'Products which are simple, low-energy, easy to repair, passive should be favoured. This measure will be stimulated by adopting tariff and tax solutions that favour local producers and companies as opposed to international providers, and accompanied by the setting of indicators to monitor achievement. A flagship local product which can substitute imports is salt; • Promote employment opportunities for the youth in the field of sustainable tourism through the enhancement of IT and language skills; • Implement the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction to ensure the safety of tourists, to prevent ship oil leaks and to make tourism infrastructures and ecosystems resilient in the face of climate change hazards.', 'A flagship local product which can substitute imports is salt; • Promote employment opportunities for the youth in the field of sustainable tourism through the enhancement of IT and language skills; • Implement the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction to ensure the safety of tourists, to prevent ship oil leaks and to make tourism infrastructures and ecosystems resilient in the face of climate change hazards. Lead Agencies: Ministry of Tourism and Transport; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy; Ministry of internal Administration; National Service for Civil Protection and Fire Service (SNPCB); Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing, National Institute of Territory Management (INGT).Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Agriculture, forestry and other land-use Main GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land-use come from livestock farming (enteric fermentation and manure management), the burning of agricultural waste, and fertilizer use.', 'Lead Agencies: Ministry of Tourism and Transport; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy; Ministry of internal Administration; National Service for Civil Protection and Fire Service (SNPCB); Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing, National Institute of Territory Management (INGT).Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Agriculture, forestry and other land-use Main GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land-use come from livestock farming (enteric fermentation and manure management), the burning of agricultural waste, and fertilizer use. As a whole, however, the sector remains a net carbon sink due to forest cover. With afforestation and reforestation measures implemented since the 1920s, forest cover in the country has been raised from zero to about 85,000 ha or 21% of the national territory.', 'With afforestation and reforestation measures implemented since the 1920s, forest cover in the country has been raised from zero to about 85,000 ha or 21% of the national territory. The generally harsh environmental conditions have a negative impact on the density and growth of planted trees largely affecting forest productivity and quality. Still, forests assume essential environmental functions in Cabo Verde notably the protection of soil and regeneration of water (see the adaptation section below). The production of wood and non-wood forest products also plays a significant role in local economies. The major forest products are fuelwood and charcoal, fodder and to a very limited extent some timber from the highlands of Fogo and Santo Antão. The fuelwood production volume is estimated at 268,000 tons/year.', 'The fuelwood production volume is estimated at 268,000 tons/year. Cabo Verde also boasts a number of coastal wetlands and inland reservoirs. These ecosystems deserve specific attention for their biodiversity and climate adaptation benefits (see below on adaptation) as well as for their climate mitigation (carbon sink) role. So far, no climate-specific policies have been introduced. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION #5: FOSTERING THE NATURAL SINK FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEMS Cabo Verde undertakes to increase, through reforestation and afforestation, forest areas by 2030 with resilient and preferably endemic and native species, to protect wetlands and to reduce/replace fuelwood. Cabo Verde undertakes also to prevent forest fires, which threaten liveihoods and ecosystems release large quantities of GHG.', 'Cabo Verde undertakes also to prevent forest fires, which threaten liveihoods and ecosystems release large quantities of GHG. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • By 2030, commit to afforestation of 7 000 hectares with diverse, resilient, adapted species; • By 2030, commit to reforestation of 3 000 hectares with diverse, resilient, adapted species; • By 2025, deliminate priority areas, accounting for 6 000 hectares, which contribute to the conservation and protection of soils, wetlands, headwaters, ribeiras and water bodies and verify compatibility with other land uses; • Elaborate forest management plans and forest fire prevention plans in Maio, Santo Antão, Fogo, Santiago and Boavista islands; • Explore ocean-based natural carbon sequestration, which proves harmless to the maritime resources, coastal communities and sea ecosystems; • Improve the collection and management of data in the land sector – including forest, soil, below-ground biomass and wetland data.', 'To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • By 2030, commit to afforestation of 7 000 hectares with diverse, resilient, adapted species; • By 2030, commit to reforestation of 3 000 hectares with diverse, resilient, adapted species; • By 2025, deliminate priority areas, accounting for 6 000 hectares, which contribute to the conservation and protection of soils, wetlands, headwaters, ribeiras and water bodies and verify compatibility with other land uses; • Elaborate forest management plans and forest fire prevention plans in Maio, Santo Antão, Fogo, Santiago and Boavista islands; • Explore ocean-based natural carbon sequestration, which proves harmless to the maritime resources, coastal communities and sea ecosystems; • Improve the collection and management of data in the land sector – including forest, soil, below-ground biomass and wetland data. Update and consolidate (GHG capture and storage potential, high caron stock lands, .) current forest, wetlands and soil inventory from 2012 improving access to and sharing of data and methodologies; • Integrate forest, wetlands and soil information, including data and plans on conservation and restoration and data on forest fire breaks, into municipal development plans; • Implement in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures in national plans/strategies for the conservation and enhancement of national seed and plant material in the face of climate change; • Empower interested communities and actors (women, the elderly, the youth, …) to safeguard natural resources, to become foresters, conservationists or entrepreneurs in the sustainably- and locally sourced products business: teas, aromatic herbs, essential oils, soaps, rhum, mel, cheese, coffee, dies, panos etc.', 'Update and consolidate (GHG capture and storage potential, high caron stock lands, .) current forest, wetlands and soil inventory from 2012 improving access to and sharing of data and methodologies; • Integrate forest, wetlands and soil information, including data and plans on conservation and restoration and data on forest fire breaks, into municipal development plans; • Implement in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures in national plans/strategies for the conservation and enhancement of national seed and plant material in the face of climate change; • Empower interested communities and actors (women, the elderly, the youth, …) to safeguard natural resources, to become foresters, conservationists or entrepreneurs in the sustainably- and locally sourced products business: teas, aromatic herbs, essential oils, soaps, rhum, mel, cheese, coffee, dies, panos etc. Lead Agency: Ministry of Agriculture and EnvironmentCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) While adaptation measures were less prominently covered in Cabo Verde’s initial NDC submission, with this update to Cabo Verde’s first NDC adaptation actions and contributions take centre stage.', 'Lead Agency: Ministry of Agriculture and EnvironmentCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) While adaptation measures were less prominently covered in Cabo Verde’s initial NDC submission, with this update to Cabo Verde’s first NDC adaptation actions and contributions take centre stage. Cabo Verde s climate adaptation and resilience priorities are aligned with national, sectoral and local development policies, as included under the Cabo Verde s National Strategic Agenda for Climate Resilience 2020-2030, in the framework of the national Development Strategy Ambition 2030 (Ambição 2030) and the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction.', 'Cabo Verde s climate adaptation and resilience priorities are aligned with national, sectoral and local development policies, as included under the Cabo Verde s National Strategic Agenda for Climate Resilience 2020-2030, in the framework of the national Development Strategy Ambition 2030 (Ambição 2030) and the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition to more specific adaptation targets presented below, Cabo Verde undertakes to: • Submit, in 2022, a new National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to climate change to the UNFCCC, building on the NAPA and NDC adaptation objectives; • Map and territorialise adaptation and resilience policies and actions supporting municipalities with the adoption of their adaptation and resilience plans until 2025. According to the IPCC, adaptation and mitigation can be understood as complementary components of countries’ response to climate change.', 'According to the IPCC, adaptation and mitigation can be understood as complementary components of countries’ response to climate change. Adaptation generates larger benefits to small islands when delivered in conjunction with other development activities. At the same time, there is often no clear boundary between adaptation and mitigation, which can overlap and which should be ideally mutually beneficial. This is why Cabo Verde favours, where possible, “green” nature-based solutions (NbS) over “grey”, engineered, solutions. NbS mimic the characteristics of natural features (bio/geo-mimicry), but are enhanced or created by man to provide specific services such as wave energy dissipation and erosion reduction. They are more cost-effective and hold larger co-benefits than engineered solutions which demand permanent maintenance.', 'They are more cost-effective and hold larger co-benefits than engineered solutions which demand permanent maintenance. While adaptation is key to reducing risks and impacts of climate change, lack of ambition in mitigating climate change at the global level may result in a number of limits to efforts undertaken by Cabo Verde. These include the inability of coastal ecosystems to adapt to increased rates and extent of sea level rise; insufficient financial resources to implement required adaptation strategies; and lack of effective or affordable technologies to provide coastal protection from impending sea level rise and extreme events.', 'These include the inability of coastal ecosystems to adapt to increased rates and extent of sea level rise; insufficient financial resources to implement required adaptation strategies; and lack of effective or affordable technologies to provide coastal protection from impending sea level rise and extreme events. These limits to adaptation, be they of biophysical, economic, technological, institutional, and social and cultural nature, may result in loss and damage, that is, impacts of climate change that occur despite the best mitigation and adaptation efforts. Loss and damage is addressed under Article 8 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, recognising the importance that parties should give to averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change.', 'Loss and damage is addressed under Article 8 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, recognising the importance that parties should give to averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change. This includes extreme weather events and slow onset events. All priority sectors are at risk of experiencing loss and damage as a result of increased climate impacts and limits to the ability to adapt to them. Potential loss and damage will result from salt water intrusion into freshwater supplies and agricultural land, frequent flooding and water shortages, which would lead to decreased food availability and security as well as permanent loss of territory due to sea level rise.', 'Potential loss and damage will result from salt water intrusion into freshwater supplies and agricultural land, frequent flooding and water shortages, which would lead to decreased food availability and security as well as permanent loss of territory due to sea level rise. Rising water temperatures and sea water CO2 concentration will result in declines in commercially important fisheries stocks, as well as impact tourism. Sea level rise and increased extreme climatic events will also result in loss of culturally and spiritually important landscapes and ultimately migration and displacement of coastal communities. Temperature increase will directly result in increased risk of deaths and injuries associated with extreme events, and indirectly through increased water borne and vector borne disease outbreaks.', 'Temperature increase will directly result in increased risk of deaths and injuries associated with extreme events, and indirectly through increased water borne and vector borne disease outbreaks. Addressing the increased risk of significant levels of loss and damage due to climate change requires international support to implement a range of comprehensive risk management strategies.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Water Water is one of the resources by which the population is already impacted by the effects of climate change, considering the likely changes in rainfall models and the consequent water availability.', 'Addressing the increased risk of significant levels of loss and damage due to climate change requires international support to implement a range of comprehensive risk management strategies.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Water Water is one of the resources by which the population is already impacted by the effects of climate change, considering the likely changes in rainfall models and the consequent water availability. There is a well-marked seasonality with dry and rainy seasons in the country, so that at the end of the dry period caudal, underground and surface water can be observed well below the average and even absence of water in some sources. Groundwater is among the most important natural resources.', 'Groundwater is among the most important natural resources. The increasing use of groundwater, the reduction of potable water and the consequent demand, saltwater intrusion and contamination of coastal aquifers have become one of the most disturbing problems in the management of groundwater resources since they are considered strategic reservoirs. Fair access to water for all Cabo Verde people, combined with sustainable water use, reduction of water losses and increase of desalinisation through RE sources remain national challenges. Despite significant improvements in the water and sanitation sector over the last two decades, Cabo Verde still faces major challenges. It relies on the energy-intensive process of desalinisation for clean water, which prevents the country to reduce the water carbon footprint.', 'It relies on the energy-intensive process of desalinisation for clean water, which prevents the country to reduce the water carbon footprint. The capacity for the production of desalinated water has already reached 43,720 m3/day and is tending to increase due to the increase in demand, namely from the tourism sector. In the two main cities, Praia and Mindelo, more than 80% of the drinking water is currently produced by desalination. The limited water access leads to significant risks to the country’s frail ecosystem, its biodiversity, plant coverage, land quality and agricultural production. The loss of organic matter and the decrease in water retention capacity cause the soil to deteriorate.', 'The loss of organic matter and the decrease in water retention capacity cause the soil to deteriorate. The level of groundwater is dropping, the salinity of the soil is increasing due to the ingress of seawater and irrigated areas, especially in coastal areas, are decreasing. In the area of sanitation and waste, the country has not yet fully achieved the objectives set out in the first NDC nor in the Water and Sanitation Strategic Plan (PLENAS: Plano Estratégico de Agua e Saneamento) that sets up the objectives for the sector till 2030. PLENAS aims at supplying 100% of households with access to public water network, in the amount of 40l/person/day with 5l/person-drinking water day for 2030 and at costs not exceeding 5% of family income.', 'PLENAS aims at supplying 100% of households with access to public water network, in the amount of 40l/person/day with 5l/person-drinking water day for 2030 and at costs not exceeding 5% of family income. In the event that no connection to the household is provided, access to a water point should be at a maximum distance of 250 m. The domiciliary network is still a privilege of the more affluent categories, who live in urban areas and divide the poor from the non-poor and the rural from the urban areas.', 'In the event that no connection to the household is provided, access to a water point should be at a maximum distance of 250 m. The domiciliary network is still a privilege of the more affluent categories, who live in urban areas and divide the poor from the non-poor and the rural from the urban areas. The majority of the population lives in households with access to basic services: 64% live in households with running water, 80% with sanitary facilities and 80% connected to sewers or septic tank that dispose of solid waste through containers or cars and garbage (77%).', 'The majority of the population lives in households with access to basic services: 64% live in households with running water, 80% with sanitary facilities and 80% connected to sewers or septic tank that dispose of solid waste through containers or cars and garbage (77%). The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • PLENAS, Water and Sanitation Strategic Plan approved in 2015 and to be updated every 5 years; • Water and Santiation Code approved in 2015; • ESGAS, Social and Gender Strategy for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Cabo Verde, in force until • PAGIRE, National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in force until 2020; • PDAS: Water and Sanitation Master Plans; • PENGER: National Strategic Plan for Waste Prevention, 2015-2030.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #1: IMPROVING WATER SECURITY AND NATURAL REPLENISHMENT WHILE REDUCING THE WATER CARBON INTENSITY Cabo Verde undertakes to minimise technical and commercial water losses and to mobilise water supply using renewable energy to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system by 2030.', 'The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • PLENAS, Water and Sanitation Strategic Plan approved in 2015 and to be updated every 5 years; • Water and Santiation Code approved in 2015; • ESGAS, Social and Gender Strategy for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Cabo Verde, in force until • PAGIRE, National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in force until 2020; • PDAS: Water and Sanitation Master Plans; • PENGER: National Strategic Plan for Waste Prevention, 2015-2030.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #1: IMPROVING WATER SECURITY AND NATURAL REPLENISHMENT WHILE REDUCING THE WATER CARBON INTENSITY Cabo Verde undertakes to minimise technical and commercial water losses and to mobilise water supply using renewable energy to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system by 2030. To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • From 2021, outline and keep up to date an implementation plan for the PLENAS and the ESGAS targets to ensure the availability and sustainable management of drinking water and sanitation for all; • Integrate the climatic, biophysical and economic limits to increasing water supply into the revisions of PLENAS and PAGIRE, start by reducing water losses before increasing water supply and ensure a fair share of clean water to all consumers by 2030; • Reduce hydro-inefficiency through water losses in water supply systems and desalinination plants from • Increase the installed RE capacity as energy source for the production of desalinated water; • By 2022, create an incentive framework to attract domestic and foreign direct investment in low-carbon desalination techniques; • By 2030, increase the storage capacity per capita through the design/building of small dams, terraces, tanks and reservoirs to retain water, to slow down the runoff and enhance groundwater infiltration; • Improve the infiltration and replenishment of water resources through NbS such as soil cover for humidity, altitude moisture and rain vegetative harvesting, slope stabilisation, agroforestry etc.', 'To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • From 2021, outline and keep up to date an implementation plan for the PLENAS and the ESGAS targets to ensure the availability and sustainable management of drinking water and sanitation for all; • Integrate the climatic, biophysical and economic limits to increasing water supply into the revisions of PLENAS and PAGIRE, start by reducing water losses before increasing water supply and ensure a fair share of clean water to all consumers by 2030; • Reduce hydro-inefficiency through water losses in water supply systems and desalinination plants from • Increase the installed RE capacity as energy source for the production of desalinated water; • By 2022, create an incentive framework to attract domestic and foreign direct investment in low-carbon desalination techniques; • By 2030, increase the storage capacity per capita through the design/building of small dams, terraces, tanks and reservoirs to retain water, to slow down the runoff and enhance groundwater infiltration; • Improve the infiltration and replenishment of water resources through NbS such as soil cover for humidity, altitude moisture and rain vegetative harvesting, slope stabilisation, agroforestry etc. ; • Improve and enforce the licensing system for capturing groundwater in order to avoid over exploitation.', '; • Improve and enforce the licensing system for capturing groundwater in order to avoid over exploitation. Lead Agencies: National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANAS) and National Water and Sanitation Council (CNAS); DNICE at Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #2: ENHANCING SEWAGE, SOLID WASTE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT Cabo Verde undertakes to provide sewage systems to all households and provides safe wastewater treatment, increasing the use of renewable energy and the recovery of nutrients and energy from wastewater, by 2030.', 'ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #2: ENHANCING SEWAGE, SOLID WASTE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT Cabo Verde undertakes to provide sewage systems to all households and provides safe wastewater treatment, increasing the use of renewable energy and the recovery of nutrients and energy from wastewater, by 2030. To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • By 2030, set up sustainable, data-supported, institutional and technical waste management systems based on the principle of reducing the waste and sewage quantities at source before managing them (legislation on single use plastics, building waste, packaging, segregation, recycling, treatment) serving all Cabo Verde municipalities; • By 2025, integrate the principles of climatic, biophysical and economic limits and securing efficiency before increasing supply, to water and sanitation management into the evaluation and revision of PDAS, the action plan for solid waste treatment and sewage network, and regulate and implement a new water and sanitation code.', 'To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • By 2030, set up sustainable, data-supported, institutional and technical waste management systems based on the principle of reducing the waste and sewage quantities at source before managing them (legislation on single use plastics, building waste, packaging, segregation, recycling, treatment) serving all Cabo Verde municipalities; • By 2025, integrate the principles of climatic, biophysical and economic limits and securing efficiency before increasing supply, to water and sanitation management into the evaluation and revision of PDAS, the action plan for solid waste treatment and sewage network, and regulate and implement a new water and sanitation code. Present proposals to: o Strengthen municipal knowledge, means and equipment for solid and organic waste control, reduction management and awareness raising among households and communities; o Raise awareness among local administrations, private sector and populations to control and reduce waste production; o Strengthen monitoring and promote recycling ; o Incentivise private sector operators and technology providers to get involved in waste implementation policies.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • By 2030, provide 100% waste disposal coverage such as septic tanks for households outside the network; • By 2025, develop and implement training programs for the domestic and community reuse of solid waste; • By 2025, massify waste bins in rural communities and improve waste collection; • By 2024, adopt a national strategy on organic waste at the municipal level, as well as for specific industries, notably fishing, agriculture, and tourism.', 'Present proposals to: o Strengthen municipal knowledge, means and equipment for solid and organic waste control, reduction management and awareness raising among households and communities; o Raise awareness among local administrations, private sector and populations to control and reduce waste production; o Strengthen monitoring and promote recycling ; o Incentivise private sector operators and technology providers to get involved in waste implementation policies.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • By 2030, provide 100% waste disposal coverage such as septic tanks for households outside the network; • By 2025, develop and implement training programs for the domestic and community reuse of solid waste; • By 2025, massify waste bins in rural communities and improve waste collection; • By 2024, adopt a national strategy on organic waste at the municipal level, as well as for specific industries, notably fishing, agriculture, and tourism. Create an organic waste recycling centre on Santiago island; set up a comprehensive adapted strategy for energy and nutrients recovery from waste, via biogas and other means.', 'Create an organic waste recycling centre on Santiago island; set up a comprehensive adapted strategy for energy and nutrients recovery from waste, via biogas and other means. Lead Agencies: ANAS and CNASCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Agriculture Cabo Verde suffers prolonged drought periods. Erosion and soil degradation have led to increasing desertification over the past decades. The negative impact of drought on agriculture is paralleled by a decline in agricultural and food production and an increase in agricultural and water prices. Agriculture is predominantly based on subsistence family production. Drip or drop by drop irrigation has expanded fast, with investments made in water mobilisation and gravity irrigation schemes but it still needs further extension and improvement.', 'Drip or drop by drop irrigation has expanded fast, with investments made in water mobilisation and gravity irrigation schemes but it still needs further extension and improvement. The expansion of agriculture depends on the use of smart and sustainable water management. Agriculture and livestock, together with fishing, are the main economic activities in rural areas and can expose the rural population to poverty due to its fragility.', 'Agriculture and livestock, together with fishing, are the main economic activities in rural areas and can expose the rural population to poverty due to its fragility. The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • Forest law adoped in 1998; • ENSAN: National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition, 2015–2020; • PLEAR_CAV: Plan for Agricultural and Rural Statistics, current practice, 2015–2021; • PE-SNIA: Strategic Plan of the National Agricultural Research System, 2017–2024; • PLANEER: Strategic Rural Extension Plan, 2017–2026; • PNIA-SAN: Future National Programme for Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security, adopted in 2018.', 'The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • Forest law adoped in 1998; • ENSAN: National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition, 2015–2020; • PLEAR_CAV: Plan for Agricultural and Rural Statistics, current practice, 2015–2021; • PE-SNIA: Strategic Plan of the National Agricultural Research System, 2017–2024; • PLANEER: Strategic Rural Extension Plan, 2017–2026; • PNIA-SAN: Future National Programme for Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security, adopted in 2018. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #3: INCREASING AND SUSTAINING LAND-BASED FOOD SECURITY THROUGH REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE Cabo Verde undertakes to create a resilient agriculture and sustainable livestock economy by 2025, nation-wide and island-specific, by perpetually regenerating its agricultural resources (soil, water, vegetal and animal genetic material, knowhow, .) and closing the cycle between nutrients removed from and nutrients returned to the soil, and turning imported biomass and its organic waste to an advantage for national soil fertility enhancement.', 'Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #3: INCREASING AND SUSTAINING LAND-BASED FOOD SECURITY THROUGH REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE Cabo Verde undertakes to create a resilient agriculture and sustainable livestock economy by 2025, nation-wide and island-specific, by perpetually regenerating its agricultural resources (soil, water, vegetal and animal genetic material, knowhow, .) and closing the cycle between nutrients removed from and nutrients returned to the soil, and turning imported biomass and its organic waste to an advantage for national soil fertility enhancement. To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • Integrate the climatic, biophysical and economic limits to agricultural water supply policies and practices, start by reducing water losses before increasing water supply, reduce brackish water desalination for agriculture and promote other techniques, such as natural replenishment of water resources to avoid salt intrusion, or reverse osmosis; • Improve agricultural water use through efficient irrigation systems, with an emphasis on micro-irrigation and smart hydroponic systems.', 'To achieve this target the following measures are planned: • Integrate the climatic, biophysical and economic limits to agricultural water supply policies and practices, start by reducing water losses before increasing water supply, reduce brackish water desalination for agriculture and promote other techniques, such as natural replenishment of water resources to avoid salt intrusion, or reverse osmosis; • Improve agricultural water use through efficient irrigation systems, with an emphasis on micro-irrigation and smart hydroponic systems. Increase the irrigated land based on drip irrigation (17% in 2015) and adopt measures to irrigate from reused treated wastewater as a measure of resilience; • Reverse and prevent land degradation through agricultural-land preserving spatial planning, plan cities to allow for urban farming (ground/roof/front/balcony gardening, urban organic waste composting, .); • Reverse and prevent land degradation through soil and water conservation techniques such as mulching, planting of cover crops, application of organic amendments, agro-forestry systems, efficient non-depleting biomass use for energy, preference of nitrogen-fixing leguminous crops over soil- depleting ones, anti-erosion practices such as terraces, contour ridges and vegetations barriers etc; • Promote integrated pest and disease management such as the use of natural enemies of plants and approved pesticides to reduce seasonal infestations and crop yield losses; • Associate agriculture systematically to livestock in order to cyle soil-regenerating nutrients and enhance conditions for the maintenance of livestock, making it more adapted to the new agro-climato-ecologicalCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conditions, especially in what refers to heat and water management, cattle feed and the control diseases; • Strengthen modern and profitable agro-entrepreneurialism with the development of precision and digital farming, urban farming and orchards, greenhouses and aquaculture, hydroponics, tourism industry supply with local products, modern cooperatives, companies or public-private partnerships, digitalisation, RE and EE in agricultural transformation, distribution and commercialisation (cold chain, ice prodcution, online-shopping); • By 2030, women will take up 40 % of employment in agriculture; • Invest in agricultural research, extension, demonstration and farmers capacity in order to: o modernise ancient, tried-and-tested coping strategies in the face of extreme wheather and agronomic conditions, such as vegetative rain- and mist harvesting, seeds and water conservation, crops associations, fruit tree cultivation; o develop locally-appropriate, low-tech, low-energy, low-cost adaptation practices, easily replicated and simple to adopted, resilient in the face of energy and material shortages; o improve (grafting, pruning, .) and climate-adapt local plant and animal genetic resources and varieties, including the development of short-cycle and drought-resistant crops, in order to make them climate-resilient and increase food quantity and nutrious quality; o recuperate the large amounts of imported biomass (food imports for residents and tourists) and consumed in Cabo Verde as additional local soil enhancers (collecting, composting and biomethanisation of urban and hotel organic waste in order to produce fertiliser for the local soils); o improve fodder production quantity (on-farm hydroponics, .), quality and conservation.', 'Increase the irrigated land based on drip irrigation (17% in 2015) and adopt measures to irrigate from reused treated wastewater as a measure of resilience; • Reverse and prevent land degradation through agricultural-land preserving spatial planning, plan cities to allow for urban farming (ground/roof/front/balcony gardening, urban organic waste composting, .); • Reverse and prevent land degradation through soil and water conservation techniques such as mulching, planting of cover crops, application of organic amendments, agro-forestry systems, efficient non-depleting biomass use for energy, preference of nitrogen-fixing leguminous crops over soil- depleting ones, anti-erosion practices such as terraces, contour ridges and vegetations barriers etc; • Promote integrated pest and disease management such as the use of natural enemies of plants and approved pesticides to reduce seasonal infestations and crop yield losses; • Associate agriculture systematically to livestock in order to cyle soil-regenerating nutrients and enhance conditions for the maintenance of livestock, making it more adapted to the new agro-climato-ecologicalCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conditions, especially in what refers to heat and water management, cattle feed and the control diseases; • Strengthen modern and profitable agro-entrepreneurialism with the development of precision and digital farming, urban farming and orchards, greenhouses and aquaculture, hydroponics, tourism industry supply with local products, modern cooperatives, companies or public-private partnerships, digitalisation, RE and EE in agricultural transformation, distribution and commercialisation (cold chain, ice prodcution, online-shopping); • By 2030, women will take up 40 % of employment in agriculture; • Invest in agricultural research, extension, demonstration and farmers capacity in order to: o modernise ancient, tried-and-tested coping strategies in the face of extreme wheather and agronomic conditions, such as vegetative rain- and mist harvesting, seeds and water conservation, crops associations, fruit tree cultivation; o develop locally-appropriate, low-tech, low-energy, low-cost adaptation practices, easily replicated and simple to adopted, resilient in the face of energy and material shortages; o improve (grafting, pruning, .) and climate-adapt local plant and animal genetic resources and varieties, including the development of short-cycle and drought-resistant crops, in order to make them climate-resilient and increase food quantity and nutrious quality; o recuperate the large amounts of imported biomass (food imports for residents and tourists) and consumed in Cabo Verde as additional local soil enhancers (collecting, composting and biomethanisation of urban and hotel organic waste in order to produce fertiliser for the local soils); o improve fodder production quantity (on-farm hydroponics, .), quality and conservation. • By 2025, adopt a public agricultural financing and credit program to promote regenerative, circular agricultural systems, with special incentives for women and youth to enter the scheme.', '• By 2025, adopt a public agricultural financing and credit program to promote regenerative, circular agricultural systems, with special incentives for women and youth to enter the scheme. Lead Agencies: General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, supported by the Institute for Gender Equality and Equity.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Oceans and Coastal Zones The ocean is critical for the global climate system and planetary health. It absorbed 25% of all CO2 emissions and captured 90% of the additional heat generated from GHG emissions, but it is now warming and acidifying. Marine and coastal ecosystems not only sequester carbon but also protect coasts, assets and communities from climate damage.', 'Marine and coastal ecosystems not only sequester carbon but also protect coasts, assets and communities from climate damage. In 2015, Cabo Verde became the first African country to adopt a blue growth charter for a sustainable fishing sector, and it is moving toward the development of the National Blue Economy Investment Plan (PNIEB). The blue economy is an instrumental part of the Cabo Verde Ambition 2030 ranking second in the list of most important economic sectors (and a key export driver) for the country. Tapping into the full potential of the country’s vast exclusive economic zone (800 000 km2, 200 times its land surface) and strategic location, the Government aims to transform Cabo Verde into a maritime and logistics platform in the Atlantic.', 'Tapping into the full potential of the country’s vast exclusive economic zone (800 000 km2, 200 times its land surface) and strategic location, the Government aims to transform Cabo Verde into a maritime and logistics platform in the Atlantic. The flagship project toward that goal is the creation of a special exclusive economic maritime zone centered around the island of São Vicente, home to Porto Grande, the country’s largest port. For that purpose, in 2018 the Cabo Verde Government created an ad hoc organisation to accompany the planning process of the Special Economic Zone of Maritime Economy in São Vicente (ZEEEM-SV). Fisheries play a strategic role in the national economy despite their current low contribution to GDP (1% est.)', 'Fisheries play a strategic role in the national economy despite their current low contribution to GDP (1% est.) or to employment (around 5% of the active population, with women mainly concerned with selling fish on the markets). The sector contributes to exportation and nutrition (in average each resident consumes 11 kg/marine products/year) and is of high socio-economic importance in the rural coastal fishing communities. Ocean-based food production provides food during extreme events such as droughts or importation contraints, when the land- based food sources are affected and limited. However, the blue economy’s prospects are put at risk by a physical environment that is increasingly fragile.', 'However, the blue economy’s prospects are put at risk by a physical environment that is increasingly fragile. The increase of population growth in coastal areas intensifies the exploitation of resources and coastlines, along with increased deposition of waste, putting at risk the health of marine and coastal ecosystems and eliminating the capacity of nature to regenerate itself. This applies, in particular, to the overexploitation of inert and fishery resources, but also to the environmental degradation of the sea beaches (mainly in urban areas), which retain uttermost importance both for their environmental (habitat) services and their value for the tourism industry. Sea level rise, for its part, presents existential risks.', 'Sea level rise, for its part, presents existential risks. A projected increase in sea level from 0.26 m to 0.98 m over the next 60-80 years will increase coastal submersion, erosion, flooded areas and salinity in Cabo Verde, with a massive impact on coastal infrastructure (including tourism) and people, 80% of which live along the 1 000 km long coast line. Important coastal wetlands extend into the ocean. Seagrass meadows, in particular, are vast marine prairies that lie along the coasts, bordering the oceans and seas of the world. They play an integral role in delivering multiple benefits to the environment – and people.', 'They play an integral role in delivering multiple benefits to the environment – and people. They are nurseries for commercial fish and a food source for marine turtles and manatees among others and are an important habitat for endangered species like seahorses. They also promote sediment stabilisation, pathogen reduction in coastal waters and carbon sequestration. Cabo Verde has launched its first seagrass protection pilot project in Santiago.', 'Cabo Verde has launched its first seagrass protection pilot project in Santiago. The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • NBSAP: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation, 2015-230; • PNIEA: National Blue Economy Investment Plan, since 2019 in approval process; • PROMEA: Blue Economy Promotion Program, since 2019 in approval process; • QEUEA: Unified Strategic Framework for the Blue Economy, since 2019 in approval process.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #4: INCREASING AND SUSTAINING OCEAN-BASED FOOD SECURITY THROUGH REGENERATIVE FISHING Cabo Verde undertakes to adopt sustainable fishing practices as a contribution to reducing pressure on islands fishing species and improving national food security, protein supply, nutrition and health as well as employment opportunities.', 'The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • NBSAP: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation, 2015-230; • PNIEA: National Blue Economy Investment Plan, since 2019 in approval process; • PROMEA: Blue Economy Promotion Program, since 2019 in approval process; • QEUEA: Unified Strategic Framework for the Blue Economy, since 2019 in approval process.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #4: INCREASING AND SUSTAINING OCEAN-BASED FOOD SECURITY THROUGH REGENERATIVE FISHING Cabo Verde undertakes to adopt sustainable fishing practices as a contribution to reducing pressure on islands fishing species and improving national food security, protein supply, nutrition and health as well as employment opportunities. Therefore ocean food production must meet national and local needs and be adapted to a changing climate.', 'Therefore ocean food production must meet national and local needs and be adapted to a changing climate. To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Adopt a robust system for monitoring, control and surveillance, including by digital traceability, of fisheries activities – legal and illegal –by 2025 (including by foreign fishing vessels); • Develop, adopt and implement science- and ecosystems-based plans to rebuild depleted fisheries stocks, and ensure adaptive fisheries management to respond to climate change and uncertainties of shifting ocean ecosystems, based on the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the FAO’s guidelines and in agreement with regional fisheries management organisations; • Protect local fish consumption and domestic small-scale fisheries over international tourism industry supply, exportation and large-scale international fisheries; • Condition fishing subsidies, quotas and authorisations to sound screening of available fishing resources and replenishment rates, endangered and vulnerable species and habitats, including with respect to the risk for habitats (including seabeds) and by-catches, with clear safeguards in place against overfishing and overexploitation, and to minimise collateral damage; • Implement a quality and environmental label for fishery products by 2027; • Put in place policies and management frameworks to minimise the environmental impacts of aquaculture and adopt fiscal and regulatory incentives for the establishment of such aquaculture installations; • Develop a gender analysis of women and men in the blue economy (promoting entrepreneurship, developing jobs for the young, encouraging innovation) by 2022 and identify priority gender-specific actions; • By 2030, women will take up at least 40% of employment in the blue economy.', 'To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Adopt a robust system for monitoring, control and surveillance, including by digital traceability, of fisheries activities – legal and illegal –by 2025 (including by foreign fishing vessels); • Develop, adopt and implement science- and ecosystems-based plans to rebuild depleted fisheries stocks, and ensure adaptive fisheries management to respond to climate change and uncertainties of shifting ocean ecosystems, based on the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the FAO’s guidelines and in agreement with regional fisheries management organisations; • Protect local fish consumption and domestic small-scale fisheries over international tourism industry supply, exportation and large-scale international fisheries; • Condition fishing subsidies, quotas and authorisations to sound screening of available fishing resources and replenishment rates, endangered and vulnerable species and habitats, including with respect to the risk for habitats (including seabeds) and by-catches, with clear safeguards in place against overfishing and overexploitation, and to minimise collateral damage; • Implement a quality and environmental label for fishery products by 2027; • Put in place policies and management frameworks to minimise the environmental impacts of aquaculture and adopt fiscal and regulatory incentives for the establishment of such aquaculture installations; • Develop a gender analysis of women and men in the blue economy (promoting entrepreneurship, developing jobs for the young, encouraging innovation) by 2022 and identify priority gender-specific actions; • By 2030, women will take up at least 40% of employment in the blue economy. Lead Agencies: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; Ministry of Maritime Economy, supported by the Institute for Gender Equality and Equity.', 'Lead Agencies: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; Ministry of Maritime Economy, supported by the Institute for Gender Equality and Equity. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #5: EXTENDING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Cabo Verde undertakes to halt the alteration and destruction of marine natural habitats and the loss of marine biodiversity through adoption of national policies and protected marine areas plans that contributes to the extension of protected marine areas (“MPAs”) and to the implementation of their monitoring mechanisms.', 'ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #5: EXTENDING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Cabo Verde undertakes to halt the alteration and destruction of marine natural habitats and the loss of marine biodiversity through adoption of national policies and protected marine areas plans that contributes to the extension of protected marine areas (“MPAs”) and to the implementation of their monitoring mechanisms. To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Capitalise on knoweldge and spatial analysis tools to identify carbon sequestration potential and optimal locations for marine protected areas, and other area-based conservation measures; • Increase of the area of coastal and marine protected sites (currently some 128,000 ha) by 50% by 2030; • Develop management plans for 100% of marine protected areas by 2030 that include actions to adapt to climate change.', 'To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Capitalise on knoweldge and spatial analysis tools to identify carbon sequestration potential and optimal locations for marine protected areas, and other area-based conservation measures; • Increase of the area of coastal and marine protected sites (currently some 128,000 ha) by 50% by 2030; • Develop management plans for 100% of marine protected areas by 2030 that include actions to adapt to climate change. Incorporate a mechanism for monitoring and reviewing marine protected areas management plans involving local populations; • Adopt a law to regulate marine spatial planning by 2022 and/or revision and adaptation of the current basic law of territorial planning and urban planning to include maritime spatial planning (a tool that allows the zoning of activities to be developed at sea; law defining the use of maritime space and maritime spatial planning);Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Adopt a national maritime space management plan by 2024 built on the protection and restoration of Cabo Verde’s blue natural capital and incorporating ambitious climate change targets, with ZEEEM-SV assuming an explicit stewardship role; • Identify and implement awareness-raising actions in each island during 2023-2024 among residents, tourists and fishermen associations for the protection of marine species.', 'Incorporate a mechanism for monitoring and reviewing marine protected areas management plans involving local populations; • Adopt a law to regulate marine spatial planning by 2022 and/or revision and adaptation of the current basic law of territorial planning and urban planning to include maritime spatial planning (a tool that allows the zoning of activities to be developed at sea; law defining the use of maritime space and maritime spatial planning);Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Adopt a national maritime space management plan by 2024 built on the protection and restoration of Cabo Verde’s blue natural capital and incorporating ambitious climate change targets, with ZEEEM-SV assuming an explicit stewardship role; • Identify and implement awareness-raising actions in each island during 2023-2024 among residents, tourists and fishermen associations for the protection of marine species. Lead Agencies: Ministry of Maritime Economy; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing, INGT.', 'Lead Agencies: Ministry of Maritime Economy; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing, INGT. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #6: DEFENDING MARINE RESOURCES AND COASTAL ZONES Cabo Verde undertakes to adopt planning regulations and management plans by 2025 to protect marine resources and maritime spaces and place blue habitat conservation as an integral part and backbone of the country’s blue economy strategy and prioritisation. In addition, Cabo Verde undertakes to design and adopt a string of natural based-solutions (NbS) tailored to the particularities of each island, as a key adaptation element to tackle rising sea-levels, increased risks of flooding and damage to coastal dwellings and infrastructure.', 'In addition, Cabo Verde undertakes to design and adopt a string of natural based-solutions (NbS) tailored to the particularities of each island, as a key adaptation element to tackle rising sea-levels, increased risks of flooding and damage to coastal dwellings and infrastructure. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Implement coastal protection in each island, the priority order being their climate risk coefficient and the criticability of the endangered ecosystems (wetlands, seagrasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, reefs, .); • Use nature- , ecosytem- and landscape-based solutions in planning and implementing coastal restoration and protection works to combine with or substitute for grey infrastructure, and incentivise their use to sequester and store carbon and improve coastal resilience, while also delivering food, socioeconomic and cultural benefits (artificial wetlands or salt marshes, beach nourishment, reef creation, revegetation, dune fixing shrubs, nutrient cycling, expansion room for the sea or dunes, .); • By 2023 a study will be carried out on the activity of collecting and extracting sand from the beaches, in order to determine its socio-economic and environmental impacts and to identify alternatives for the people dependent on this activity.', 'To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Implement coastal protection in each island, the priority order being their climate risk coefficient and the criticability of the endangered ecosystems (wetlands, seagrasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, reefs, .); • Use nature- , ecosytem- and landscape-based solutions in planning and implementing coastal restoration and protection works to combine with or substitute for grey infrastructure, and incentivise their use to sequester and store carbon and improve coastal resilience, while also delivering food, socioeconomic and cultural benefits (artificial wetlands or salt marshes, beach nourishment, reef creation, revegetation, dune fixing shrubs, nutrient cycling, expansion room for the sea or dunes, .); • By 2023 a study will be carried out on the activity of collecting and extracting sand from the beaches, in order to determine its socio-economic and environmental impacts and to identify alternatives for the people dependent on this activity. The results will be integrated into policy in 2024; • Inventorise seagrass beds, develop a protection strategy and create a comprehensive seagrass conservation regime by 2024, providing continuity to the existing seagrass inventory project currently developed in Santiago and Maio.', 'The results will be integrated into policy in 2024; • Inventorise seagrass beds, develop a protection strategy and create a comprehensive seagrass conservation regime by 2024, providing continuity to the existing seagrass inventory project currently developed in Santiago and Maio. Implementation of a Cabo Verde seaweed germplasm bank.', 'Implementation of a Cabo Verde seaweed germplasm bank. This action will be complemented with the creation of knowledge expertise within the Cabo Verde scientific and university community in this area; • Implement the recent created sea campus and link the Cabo Verde Ocean Observatory, the Cabo Verde Atmospheric Observatory and the Ocean Science Center in Sao Vicente with the objective: training of executives, to work in areas linked to the maritime sector, in a perspective of high standing and internationalisation of services, and the development of the research on the sea, fisheries, maritime transport technologies and climate change; • Identify and support high-impact research on marine resources and marine biology in collaboration with international research centres (incl.', 'This action will be complemented with the creation of knowledge expertise within the Cabo Verde scientific and university community in this area; • Implement the recent created sea campus and link the Cabo Verde Ocean Observatory, the Cabo Verde Atmospheric Observatory and the Ocean Science Center in Sao Vicente with the objective: training of executives, to work in areas linked to the maritime sector, in a perspective of high standing and internationalisation of services, and the development of the research on the sea, fisheries, maritime transport technologies and climate change; • Identify and support high-impact research on marine resources and marine biology in collaboration with international research centres (incl. seagrass, algaes, plancton to provide food or medication, capture carbon, or substitute fuel, plastics, feedstocks.); • Create a blue fund by 2023 for domestic and international financing of the blue economy.', 'seagrass, algaes, plancton to provide food or medication, capture carbon, or substitute fuel, plastics, feedstocks.); • Create a blue fund by 2023 for domestic and international financing of the blue economy. Exploiting payments for environmental services to support the blue economy. Lead Agency: Ministry of Maritime Economy; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing; INGT, Infraestructuras.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Spatial planning Territorial planning is an important tool in the fight against climate change, in the sens that it can set aside land for resources replenishment and regeneration, carbon sequestration, protection of livehoods and assets, and overall organise economic development so as to avoid encroachments and competion of land-uses.', 'Lead Agency: Ministry of Maritime Economy; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing; INGT, Infraestructuras.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Spatial planning Territorial planning is an important tool in the fight against climate change, in the sens that it can set aside land for resources replenishment and regeneration, carbon sequestration, protection of livehoods and assets, and overall organise economic development so as to avoid encroachments and competion of land-uses. By deciding where an infrastructure is to be built, it can be more or less exposed to climate change. By reducing urban sprawl or planning active and public mobility infrastructures, it can reduce GHG emissions. By prohibiting construction is risk areas, it can save lives.', 'By prohibiting construction is risk areas, it can save lives. To this adds that maps are a formidable awareness raising and consensus building tool. The accelerated growth in Cabo Verde s cities is a main concern for Cabo Verde. It occurs in large part spontaneously and in an under-organised manner, especially in the big growth cities such as Praia, Sal, Rei, Mindelo, Santa Maria and Espargos, generating socio-economic conflicts and unfolding environmental impacts. For the country, it is necessary to revert these patterns of urban expansiveness that are a drain on lands and habitats, public services, and infrastructure spending.', 'For the country, it is necessary to revert these patterns of urban expansiveness that are a drain on lands and habitats, public services, and infrastructure spending. Over the last years, the country has adopted a set of laws and regulations laying out the basis for an effective and rational implementation of land planning strategies and integration of climate change. Yet, there are still gaps and shortcomings including concerning the effective implementation of plans and policies, as well as monitoring and surveillance, evaluation, follow-up compliance and enforcement. Cabo Verde focuses on decentralisation strategies to permit local communities to take key planning, development and enforcement decisions.', 'Cabo Verde focuses on decentralisation strategies to permit local communities to take key planning, development and enforcement decisions. The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans and strategies: • Decentralisation law, n° 69/VII/2010, adopted in 2010 and attributing to municipalities, among others, the competence of spatial and urban planning; • PEMDS: Strategic Municipal Plan for the Sustainable Development of Cabo Verde.', 'The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans and strategies: • Decentralisation law, n° 69/VII/2010, adopted in 2010 and attributing to municipalities, among others, the competence of spatial and urban planning; • PEMDS: Strategic Municipal Plan for the Sustainable Development of Cabo Verde. They are the municipal declination of PEDS and defines the goals, indicators and objectives to be achieved in the each of the 22 municiplaities for each sectors; • National Spatial Planning and Urbanism Policy, approved in 2020, that integrates the problem of climate change by including as guiding principles environmental care and resilience to environmental climate change; • National Housing Policy, approved in 2020, which incorporates strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change; • Urban Agenda 2030, which guides the implementation of SDG 11 concerned with making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; • Cabo Verde Habitat III Report, which seeks to implement the UN Habitat Agenda and the UN New Urban Agenda.', 'They are the municipal declination of PEDS and defines the goals, indicators and objectives to be achieved in the each of the 22 municiplaities for each sectors; • National Spatial Planning and Urbanism Policy, approved in 2020, that integrates the problem of climate change by including as guiding principles environmental care and resilience to environmental climate change; • National Housing Policy, approved in 2020, which incorporates strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change; • Urban Agenda 2030, which guides the implementation of SDG 11 concerned with making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; • Cabo Verde Habitat III Report, which seeks to implement the UN Habitat Agenda and the UN New Urban Agenda. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #7: USING SPATIAL PLANNING AS AN ALLY IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION In view of the territorialisation of the NDC, Cabo Verde is committed to integrate climate issues into national and municipal planning.', 'Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #7: USING SPATIAL PLANNING AS AN ALLY IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION In view of the territorialisation of the NDC, Cabo Verde is committed to integrate climate issues into national and municipal planning. Cabo Verde will draw a new map of Cabo Verde, reflecting new land-uses as derived from new climate policy. This map aims at prioritising climate-resilient land-use over climate exposed land-use to save lives and assets. To contribute to the targets the country will adopt the following measures: • By 2023, draw a new map of Cabo Verde reflecting new land-uses as derived from new climate policy (NDC, NAP).', 'To contribute to the targets the country will adopt the following measures: • By 2023, draw a new map of Cabo Verde reflecting new land-uses as derived from new climate policy (NDC, NAP). This map aims at solving competition between land uses by prioritising climate-resilientCabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) land-use over climate exposed land-use to save lives and assets. The basis is the pilot national climate mitigation and adaptation methodology and map series developed in 2021 by the Diretorate for Environment and INGT. By 2025, provide capacity building at national and municipal levels to model climate sccenarios spatially and to implement the new climate-proof planning, align the updating of the Municipal Master Plans (MMPs) and the PEMDS.', 'By 2025, provide capacity building at national and municipal levels to model climate sccenarios spatially and to implement the new climate-proof planning, align the updating of the Municipal Master Plans (MMPs) and the PEMDS. The principles of the new map are the following: o Municipal decentralisation: the 22 municipalities, via their MMPs, are responsible for climate- proof planning, implemementing, and sharing data with the national level; o Risk mapping: revisit existing maps to identify the climate risk hot spots as well as the areas with greatest potential for mitigation and adaptation (coast protection, watercourse restoration and vegetation, urban green spaces and trees, wetland protection, groundwater recharge areas…), include zones where human activities are endangered and prohibited; o Loss of territory and biodiversity: plan for the loss of coastal territory, the displacement of communities and assets, the space necessary to protect the littoral, where people and assets are concentrated, from building up and eroding; Draw up all Coastal and Adjacent Seaside Management Plans, POOC to safeguard, conserve and protect marine biodiversity, including seagrass areas, thus adapting the planning of this area to climate change, including the prediction of sea level rise; o Land and Landscape approach: adopt a land-based approach for the protection of vulnerables communities and sensitive ecosystems.', 'The principles of the new map are the following: o Municipal decentralisation: the 22 municipalities, via their MMPs, are responsible for climate- proof planning, implemementing, and sharing data with the national level; o Risk mapping: revisit existing maps to identify the climate risk hot spots as well as the areas with greatest potential for mitigation and adaptation (coast protection, watercourse restoration and vegetation, urban green spaces and trees, wetland protection, groundwater recharge areas…), include zones where human activities are endangered and prohibited; o Loss of territory and biodiversity: plan for the loss of coastal territory, the displacement of communities and assets, the space necessary to protect the littoral, where people and assets are concentrated, from building up and eroding; Draw up all Coastal and Adjacent Seaside Management Plans, POOC to safeguard, conserve and protect marine biodiversity, including seagrass areas, thus adapting the planning of this area to climate change, including the prediction of sea level rise; o Land and Landscape approach: adopt a land-based approach for the protection of vulnerables communities and sensitive ecosystems. This entails f.i.', 'The principles of the new map are the following: o Municipal decentralisation: the 22 municipalities, via their MMPs, are responsible for climate- proof planning, implemementing, and sharing data with the national level; o Risk mapping: revisit existing maps to identify the climate risk hot spots as well as the areas with greatest potential for mitigation and adaptation (coast protection, watercourse restoration and vegetation, urban green spaces and trees, wetland protection, groundwater recharge areas…), include zones where human activities are endangered and prohibited; o Loss of territory and biodiversity: plan for the loss of coastal territory, the displacement of communities and assets, the space necessary to protect the littoral, where people and assets are concentrated, from building up and eroding; Draw up all Coastal and Adjacent Seaside Management Plans, POOC to safeguard, conserve and protect marine biodiversity, including seagrass areas, thus adapting the planning of this area to climate change, including the prediction of sea level rise; o Land and Landscape approach: adopt a land-based approach for the protection of vulnerables communities and sensitive ecosystems. This entails f.i. to set aside land for the natural extension of the sea, do not build in the way of nature (flood zones), identify the potential and location for adapted NbS, no net reduction of food-production and water infiltration areas, consider peri- urban ecosystems apart, in order to set aside land for the cities short-circuit supply in food, water, recreation, clean air etc; o Multifunctional planning: to save land and costs, a building should multiply functions (housing, work, services, shopping, storage, parking, recreation .) and provide at the same time space and shelter, food, energy, water, .; o Science-based and data-driven: access satelites imagery and generate geomatic data, establish nationwide odometric, meteorologic, bathymetric stations and charts and scientific studies in order to allow the generation and inclusion of theses factors in decision-making.', 'to set aside land for the natural extension of the sea, do not build in the way of nature (flood zones), identify the potential and location for adapted NbS, no net reduction of food-production and water infiltration areas, consider peri- urban ecosystems apart, in order to set aside land for the cities short-circuit supply in food, water, recreation, clean air etc; o Multifunctional planning: to save land and costs, a building should multiply functions (housing, work, services, shopping, storage, parking, recreation .) and provide at the same time space and shelter, food, energy, water, .; o Science-based and data-driven: access satelites imagery and generate geomatic data, establish nationwide odometric, meteorologic, bathymetric stations and charts and scientific studies in order to allow the generation and inclusion of theses factors in decision-making. Lead Agencies: Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning, and Housing; INGT and Infraestructuras; National Association of Cabo Verde Municipalities.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Disaster risk reduction In 2017 Cabo Verde committed to implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) which goes hand in hand with the Paris Agreement and that sets out the overall objective to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries.', 'Lead Agencies: Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning, and Housing; INGT and Infraestructuras; National Association of Cabo Verde Municipalities.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Disaster risk reduction In 2017 Cabo Verde committed to implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) which goes hand in hand with the Paris Agreement and that sets out the overall objective to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries. Cabo Verdes National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ENRRD), adopted in 2018, aims to provide an effective policy plan for managing risks, preventing disasters, minimising damage and associated losses, and avoiding the creation of new risks by establishing institutional mechanisms and capacity building to plan and implement disaster risk reduction to build the resilience of Cabo Verde.', 'Cabo Verdes National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ENRRD), adopted in 2018, aims to provide an effective policy plan for managing risks, preventing disasters, minimising damage and associated losses, and avoiding the creation of new risks by establishing institutional mechanisms and capacity building to plan and implement disaster risk reduction to build the resilience of Cabo Verde. ENRRD promotes the integration of risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in all sectors relevant to food security and reaffirms the need to develop risk insurance as a measure of financial protection against risks of disasters. However, the implementation of the national strategy is slowed down by a number of challenges in the field of Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR).', 'However, the implementation of the national strategy is slowed down by a number of challenges in the field of Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR). The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans and strategies: • ENRRD: National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2018-2030. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #8: MITIGATING CLIMATE RELATED DISASTER RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES AND PROMOTE ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Cabo Verde undertakes to implement its National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction by 2030, in conjunction with its new climate map (see above), and adopt and implement resilience and disaster management plans by cities and municipalities.', 'Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #8: MITIGATING CLIMATE RELATED DISASTER RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES AND PROMOTE ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Cabo Verde undertakes to implement its National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction by 2030, in conjunction with its new climate map (see above), and adopt and implement resilience and disaster management plans by cities and municipalities. To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Assist the National Service for Civil Protection and Fire Brigades (SNPCB) with technical and financial assistance for the implementation of the ENRRD; • By 2022, identify vital, strategic and critical infrastructures, equipment and services, which functions are to be protected at all cost, including via duplication; make the national Building Code resilient and low- carbon and offer save and affordable alternatives to vulnerable households living in climate-exposed areas; • By 2023, adopt a municipal risk disaster and resilience reduction plan for all 22 municipalities, based on the ENRRD and the designate risk areas in spatial planning, with focus on emergency response and climate risk prevention and management on hot spot areas affected by heavy losses; • Undertake simulations of response to emergencies at municipal and bairros levels.', 'To contribute to the target the country will adopt the following measures: • Assist the National Service for Civil Protection and Fire Brigades (SNPCB) with technical and financial assistance for the implementation of the ENRRD; • By 2022, identify vital, strategic and critical infrastructures, equipment and services, which functions are to be protected at all cost, including via duplication; make the national Building Code resilient and low- carbon and offer save and affordable alternatives to vulnerable households living in climate-exposed areas; • By 2023, adopt a municipal risk disaster and resilience reduction plan for all 22 municipalities, based on the ENRRD and the designate risk areas in spatial planning, with focus on emergency response and climate risk prevention and management on hot spot areas affected by heavy losses; • Undertake simulations of response to emergencies at municipal and bairros levels. The aim is to make the municipalities more efficient, agile and supportive in responding to all types of shocks, including those related to resources, such as water and energy; • By 2023, provide risk data and information: set up early warning systems with recognition of the differentiated impacts most vulnerable groups (women, the youth, disabled people) face during disasters.', 'The aim is to make the municipalities more efficient, agile and supportive in responding to all types of shocks, including those related to resources, such as water and energy; • By 2023, provide risk data and information: set up early warning systems with recognition of the differentiated impacts most vulnerable groups (women, the youth, disabled people) face during disasters. Elaborate and adopt a national climate change vulnerability index and monitor; Create a national observatory of the territory to monitor the hazard dynamics and occupation of the territory; • Expand livelihood protection policies that assist vulnerable, low-income individuals to recover from damages associated with extreme weather events; provide support and protection for internally displaced persons, persons displaced across borders and host communities; • By 2026, draw up disaster recovery plans for all 22 municipalities with resource inventories, first response measures and actions (including on logistics) concerning humanitarian post-disaster needs.', 'Elaborate and adopt a national climate change vulnerability index and monitor; Create a national observatory of the territory to monitor the hazard dynamics and occupation of the territory; • Expand livelihood protection policies that assist vulnerable, low-income individuals to recover from damages associated with extreme weather events; provide support and protection for internally displaced persons, persons displaced across borders and host communities; • By 2026, draw up disaster recovery plans for all 22 municipalities with resource inventories, first response measures and actions (including on logistics) concerning humanitarian post-disaster needs. Local disaster recovery plans will involve an inventory of physical and human resources, with involvement of direct from services involved in post-disaster assistance, such as, SNPCB, national police, armed forces, social assistance, health, among others, across spheres of Government.', 'Local disaster recovery plans will involve an inventory of physical and human resources, with involvement of direct from services involved in post-disaster assistance, such as, SNPCB, national police, armed forces, social assistance, health, among others, across spheres of Government. Lead Agency: Ministry of internal Administration; SNPCB; Ministry for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Housing, INGT, Infraestructuras.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Health Climate change has already led to significant social and environmental impacts and has subsequent effects that in turn impact human health. Global food security is threatened by rising temperatures and increases in the frequency of extreme events; global potential yields for major crops have declined by 1.8-5.6% between 1981 and 2019.', 'Global food security is threatened by rising temperatures and increases in the frequency of extreme events; global potential yields for major crops have declined by 1.8-5.6% between 1981 and 2019. Climatic suitability for infectious disease transmission has increased rapidly since the 1950s with a 15% increase for dengue and regional increases for malaria and Vibrio bacteria. Worldwide between 145 million and 565 million people are today at risk of potential inundation from rising sea levels.', 'Worldwide between 145 million and 565 million people are today at risk of potential inundation from rising sea levels. Following up on and enhancing the achievements the country has made on improving public health over the past decades, Cabo Verde is committed to integrating the concept of climate change into its health policies and, in particular, into its “One Health Strategy”, which is designed to inform all health-related policies and combines three components: Human Health, animal health and environmental health, offering a holistic approach to face health risks and respond to future epidemics, involving different ministries and entities responsible for human, animal and environmental health.', 'Following up on and enhancing the achievements the country has made on improving public health over the past decades, Cabo Verde is committed to integrating the concept of climate change into its health policies and, in particular, into its “One Health Strategy”, which is designed to inform all health-related policies and combines three components: Human Health, animal health and environmental health, offering a holistic approach to face health risks and respond to future epidemics, involving different ministries and entities responsible for human, animal and environmental health. The most frequently used indicators when assessing the effects of climate change on the disease profile in Cabo Verde are those related to i. vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever; ii. health impacts of climate-related health hazards (e.g.', 'health impacts of climate-related health hazards (e.g. floods, storms etc. ); iii. food and nutrition insecurity and water scarcity; and iv. respiratory diseases caused by cooking stoves, dust (bruma seca) or skin cancer due to the high incidence of solar radiation. Of particular relevance is the air quality in Cabo Verde, which in many localities is considered unsafe. Contributors to poor air quality in Cabo Verde include dust blowing from the Sahara Desert and vehicle emissions. Seasonal variations in pollution exist, with the highest levels occurring during October to March due to dust storms. Against this backdrop, public health and the capability to respond to future health emergencies are cross-cutting priorities in Cabo Verde´s NDC. Detailed health-climate resilience measures will be part of the upcoming NAP.', 'Detailed health-climate resilience measures will be part of the upcoming NAP. The NDC commitments for this sector are based on the objectives of the following national plans: • Law of the National Health Service, approved in 2003, currently under review; • National Health Development Plan 2017-2021. Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #9: CONFRONTING CLIMATE RELATED HEALTH RISKS Cabo Verde undertakes to adopt a national plan for health and climate change and build climate change considerations into its national One Health Strategy and to combat health risks and respond to future epidemics by 2025 at the latest.', 'Cabo Verde’s contributions in this sector for 2030 are as follows: ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION #9: CONFRONTING CLIMATE RELATED HEALTH RISKS Cabo Verde undertakes to adopt a national plan for health and climate change and build climate change considerations into its national One Health Strategy and to combat health risks and respond to future epidemics by 2025 at the latest. To contribute to this target, the following measures are planned: • Create a Cabo Verde profile for climate change and health and improve the national database for the country’s diseases related to climate change and to climate-vulnerable groups, as instruments for progress tracking, monitoring and evaluation of health effects; • Study and quantifiy health co-benefits related to the reduction of GHG emissions and climate vulnerabilities as a consequence of the implementation of the NDC and the NAP the NDC, to be integrated into cost-benefit analysis in policy-making processes;Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Set up municipal capacity to integrate climate-derived health issues into the municipalities sustainable development plans leading to municipal climate change actions plans with health prevention, treatment, monitoring programs; • Launch a national information campaign on the health benefits associated with cycling and walking as opposed to driving; • Identify the vulnerabilities and strengthen the climate resilience and environmental sustainability of healthcare facilities and infrastructures (location and physical criticity, secured energy and water supply, comfort, ventilation and heat management, prevention and management of hospital waste, .); • Set up till 2022 a national action plan on health and climate change indicating additional priority measures and actions to be implemented till 2030, as well as establishing a financial plan to identify financial support needs from the international community; • Set up a research project to identify health effects of climate change on animals and vegetable species in the country.', 'To contribute to this target, the following measures are planned: • Create a Cabo Verde profile for climate change and health and improve the national database for the country’s diseases related to climate change and to climate-vulnerable groups, as instruments for progress tracking, monitoring and evaluation of health effects; • Study and quantifiy health co-benefits related to the reduction of GHG emissions and climate vulnerabilities as a consequence of the implementation of the NDC and the NAP the NDC, to be integrated into cost-benefit analysis in policy-making processes;Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Set up municipal capacity to integrate climate-derived health issues into the municipalities sustainable development plans leading to municipal climate change actions plans with health prevention, treatment, monitoring programs; • Launch a national information campaign on the health benefits associated with cycling and walking as opposed to driving; • Identify the vulnerabilities and strengthen the climate resilience and environmental sustainability of healthcare facilities and infrastructures (location and physical criticity, secured energy and water supply, comfort, ventilation and heat management, prevention and management of hospital waste, .); • Set up till 2022 a national action plan on health and climate change indicating additional priority measures and actions to be implemented till 2030, as well as establishing a financial plan to identify financial support needs from the international community; • Set up a research project to identify health effects of climate change on animals and vegetable species in the country. Lead Agencies: Ministry of Health; Public Health National Institute; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy, supported by ICIEG.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) TRANSPARENCY AND GOVERNANCE Tracking progress of implementation and achievement of the NDC will be done in the framework of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) as outlined in Art.', 'Lead Agencies: Ministry of Health; Public Health National Institute; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy, supported by ICIEG.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) TRANSPARENCY AND GOVERNANCE Tracking progress of implementation and achievement of the NDC will be done in the framework of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) as outlined in Art. 13 of the Paris Agreement.', '13 of the Paris Agreement. In order to communication and account for the NDC and prepare the roll out of the ETF in Cabo Verde, the country promotes the following actions: • Improving robustness, comparability and complitude of climate change data ; • Providing climate change services to multiple users; • Establishing a result-oriented, effective climate change governance; • Complementing the NDC by a comprehensive National Adaptation Plan to climate change to be submitted to the UNFCCC; • Endowing the NDC and NAP with Implementation Road Maps until 2030, which attribute responsibilities, present detailed costs and align performance indicators with antional planning; • Continue its pionneering position as a SIDS in reporting to the UNFCCC and delivering the NC, BUR, BTR as per Paris Agreement; • Empowering society-as-a-whole for climate action; • Preparing the Long-term Low-Emissions Developement Strategy for 2050.', 'In order to communication and account for the NDC and prepare the roll out of the ETF in Cabo Verde, the country promotes the following actions: • Improving robustness, comparability and complitude of climate change data ; • Providing climate change services to multiple users; • Establishing a result-oriented, effective climate change governance; • Complementing the NDC by a comprehensive National Adaptation Plan to climate change to be submitted to the UNFCCC; • Endowing the NDC and NAP with Implementation Road Maps until 2030, which attribute responsibilities, present detailed costs and align performance indicators with antional planning; • Continue its pionneering position as a SIDS in reporting to the UNFCCC and delivering the NC, BUR, BTR as per Paris Agreement; • Empowering society-as-a-whole for climate action; • Preparing the Long-term Low-Emissions Developement Strategy for 2050. Climate data The country is currently preparing its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and an updated GHG Inventory for the 4th National Communication to the UNFCCC.', 'Climate data The country is currently preparing its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and an updated GHG Inventory for the 4th National Communication to the UNFCCC. The country is still facing considerable challenges to generate robust GHG data and methodologies. Key obstacles include: • Limited technical and institutional capacity to trace, model and project emissions data; • Absence of a centralised system to collect and analyse data from different sectors; • Lack of national conversion emissions factors (current data relies exclusively on IPCC default values); • Inexistence of institutional mechanisms of cooperation among national institutions to share data; • Incomplete GHG inventory history.', 'Key obstacles include: • Limited technical and institutional capacity to trace, model and project emissions data; • Absence of a centralised system to collect and analyse data from different sectors; • Lack of national conversion emissions factors (current data relies exclusively on IPCC default values); • Inexistence of institutional mechanisms of cooperation among national institutions to share data; • Incomplete GHG inventory history. Insufficient data on, in particular, agriculture, land-use and forestry emissions and removals, and lack of procedures to collect and regularly update data.Seeking the improvement of GHG data collection and management, Cabo Verde is currently developing a legal act establishing a national GHG inventory system (SNICV). With this legal act, Cabo Verde intends to institutionalise climate monitoring and reporting.', 'With this legal act, Cabo Verde intends to institutionalise climate monitoring and reporting. Improving data collection and reporting will provide national benefits including access to new information (including across sectors and activities), identifying capacity building needs, and the establishment of structures and systems for better data gathering and sharing. Improving climate change data will also increase the engagement of different national stakeholders in climate change policies, the awareness of citizens as well as the political will for climate action. It will also allow Cabo Verde to identify needs, gaps and difficulties in data generation and collection and seek clear international support. The new data and evidence will serve as well to update national policies and strategies.', 'The new data and evidence will serve as well to update national policies and strategies. The SNICV includes four major elements, namely: • The GHG Inventory Preparation Plan; • The Quality Control and Assurance System; • The Methodological Improvement Program;Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • The Archive and Documentation System. Climate services The Government of Cabo Verde intends to implement until 2025 a National Framework for Climate Services or NFCS in alliance with the recommandation of the World Meteorological Organisation. The national action plan for the creation of the climate services framework in Cabo Verde has been adopted in October 2020.', 'The national action plan for the creation of the climate services framework in Cabo Verde has been adopted in October 2020. The NFCS is an institutional mechanism to coordinate, facilitate and strengthen collaboration between national institutions to improve the co-production, adaptation, delivery and use of climate forecasts and services, with the aim of enhancing food and nutrition security, water management, health and DRR as well as the production of RE. NFCS aim to deliver the following climate services: meteorological, agro-bio-meteorological and climatological data, bulletins, information, analysis, cultural calendars, indicators, models, maps, didactic material for school curricula, playdoyer and empowerment material, early warnings, tailorded to international, sub-regional, national, municipal, local, civic, ONG, press users needs.', 'NFCS aim to deliver the following climate services: meteorological, agro-bio-meteorological and climatological data, bulletins, information, analysis, cultural calendars, indicators, models, maps, didactic material for school curricula, playdoyer and empowerment material, early warnings, tailorded to international, sub-regional, national, municipal, local, civic, ONG, press users needs. Media: paper, website, apps, TV, radio, rural animation, press, SMSs/email. NFCS´s aims to strenthen overall climate capacity and to contribute to making decision-making at all levels and in all sectors climate-proof.', 'Media: paper, website, apps, TV, radio, rural animation, press, SMSs/email. NFCS´s aims to strenthen overall climate capacity and to contribute to making decision-making at all levels and in all sectors climate-proof. Specifically, the NFCS will: • improve the understanding of climate-related risks and vulnerability; • strengthen capacities for observation and monitoring of climate systems; • integrate climate information into development plans and climate decision-making; • support capacities to develop, integrate and communicate meteorological and climate information; • expand the capacity of users to understand and apply meteorological and climate information optimally; • Strengthen research, modelling and forecasting related to climate change.', 'Specifically, the NFCS will: • improve the understanding of climate-related risks and vulnerability; • strengthen capacities for observation and monitoring of climate systems; • integrate climate information into development plans and climate decision-making; • support capacities to develop, integrate and communicate meteorological and climate information; • expand the capacity of users to understand and apply meteorological and climate information optimally; • Strengthen research, modelling and forecasting related to climate change. Climate governance The existing climate change governance system, as created by law in 2007 and 2019, will be restructured for greater efficiency, enhanced capacity in mobilising international climate finance and greater public outreach.', 'Climate governance The existing climate change governance system, as created by law in 2007 and 2019, will be restructured for greater efficiency, enhanced capacity in mobilising international climate finance and greater public outreach. It will be articulated on three levels, namely: Strategic level The core of the first level is the National Climate Council (NCC), (vice-) presided over by the Ministries having Finances and the Environment in their attributions and composed of the main administrations concerned with climate change (see fig. 9). The Council formulates climate policy, adopts the national climate strategy, including for finance, in view of transposing the Paris Agreement, in accordance with national development objectives.', 'The Council formulates climate policy, adopts the national climate strategy, including for finance, in view of transposing the Paris Agreement, in accordance with national development objectives. The Council coordinates the translation of this strategy into national sectors planning, policies and budgets and into bilateral and multilateral climate cooperation programmes. It defines the climate country programmes per international funding source, sets the criteria for eligibility of national and local projects for climate funding, and selects the indicators to monitor progress. The Council coordinates the LT-LEDS 2050. The Council articulates between the operational and civic levels of climate governance (see below) and gives guidance to enhance civic climate empowerment. For its work, it builds upon the recommadations of the civic Forum.', 'For its work, it builds upon the recommadations of the civic Forum. It may constitute sub-working groups and seek the support of advisory bodies.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Operational level Climate Department at the National Environment Diretorate (DNA, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment) The DNA, as Designated National Authority to the UNFCCC and leader of the Climate Change Committee established n 2008, is responsible for climate accountability and communication under the Convention and for transitioning to the ETF. DNA is in charge, in conjunction with DNP, of coordinating the technical and sectoral implemention of the NDC and the NAP. For this purpose and with the support of international climate partners, the DNA will set up and host a Climate Department.', 'For this purpose and with the support of international climate partners, the DNA will set up and host a Climate Department. The Departement will be structured into a mitigation arm (responsible for inventories and GHG reporting) and an adaptation arm (responsible for both adaptation planning and monitoring). It will be in charge of accounting for the technical and sectoral indicators for tracking NDC and NAP progress, as a basis for preparing national communication/reporting to UNFCCC. In coordination with DNP, the Department will be responsible for gradual deployment of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF, Art. 13). The Climate Department will closely interact with the 22 municiplities and assist the municipal development plateforms in technically implementing the national climate planning and policies into municipal development plans.', 'The Climate Department will closely interact with the 22 municiplities and assist the municipal development plateforms in technically implementing the national climate planning and policies into municipal development plans. It will also interact with the local DRR platforms as well as with the 22 PDMs. The Department will assist national agencies in there endeavour to become climate finance ready and support project promoters with the development of climate projets or funding proposals to international climate financiers, in accordance with the strategy and criteria set up by the National Climate Council.', 'The Department will assist national agencies in there endeavour to become climate finance ready and support project promoters with the development of climate projets or funding proposals to international climate financiers, in accordance with the strategy and criteria set up by the National Climate Council. Climate Service at the National Planning Directorate (DNP, Ministry of Finance) The DNP is a central service whose mission is to support the Government of Cabo Verde in defining and elaborating the national strategy for development planning, as well as to coordinate the elaboration, implementation, follow-up and evaluation of the national development strategy document. The DNP leads the Interministerial Articulation Committee for Climate Funds established in 2019 and is therefore responsible for coordinating International Climate Finance (ICF).', 'The DNP leads the Interministerial Articulation Committee for Climate Funds established in 2019 and is therefore responsible for coordinating International Climate Finance (ICF). The DNP is in charge, in conjunction with DNA, of coordinating the planning and financial implementing of the NDC and the NAP. DNP will integrate climate planning within the next PEDS, in order to align the NDC and the NAP with PEDS. DNP is also in charge of transposing the national climate planning to the municipal level. The DNP, as National Designated Authority to the GCF, is the Government department mandated and authorised to enter into specific financial transactions with other countries on behalf of the Government.', 'The DNP, as National Designated Authority to the GCF, is the Government department mandated and authorised to enter into specific financial transactions with other countries on behalf of the Government. It mobilises ICF and negociates specific bilateral financial transactions, coordinates its flow in alignment with the national climate strategy and planning and manages the database of projects eligible for domestic and international climate finance. In so doing, the DNP will rely on its Resource Mobilisation Service, an internal unit whose task is to monitor and coordinate with different Governmental institutions the disbursement and follow-up of international funds and centralising information, making it possible to evaluate the results and monitor the implementation of commitments.', 'In so doing, the DNP will rely on its Resource Mobilisation Service, an internal unit whose task is to monitor and coordinate with different Governmental institutions the disbursement and follow-up of international funds and centralising information, making it possible to evaluate the results and monitor the implementation of commitments. Descentralised level The Municipal Development Platform aims to strengthen municipal action on climate and promote the involvement of all municipalities in the processes of planning and implementing climate actions. It will also serve to guarantee the participation of municipalities in the definition and monitoring of climate policy and long-term low emissions development 2050.', 'It will also serve to guarantee the participation of municipalities in the definition and monitoring of climate policy and long-term low emissions development 2050. The Platform is mandated by the National Climate Council.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Civic level The National Climate Council will coordinate and the operational levels (DNA/DNP) will prepare a national civic Plateform whose mission it is to inform decision-makers on “The Cabo Verde We Want by 2050”. The Plateform aims at empowering civic climate action and fostering citizen’s engagement for societal value change. The plateform is mandated by the Council to participate in defining and monitoring climate policy and long-term low emissions development 2050.', 'The plateform is mandated by the Council to participate in defining and monitoring climate policy and long-term low emissions development 2050. The engagement in the Plateform is open and voluntary, directed to all citizen’s, as individuals or associations, scientific and academic bodies, training institutions, cities, NGOs, parliamentary commissions, press, private sector trades, firms and professions, engineering and architectural representations etc. The culmination of the Plateform’s work is an annual National Climate Forum, a two-days event, structured in sub-groups, which report to the plenary, ahead of each annual UNFCCC climate Conferences of Parties. The Forum’s recommandations are adressed to the Government.', 'The Forum’s recommandations are adressed to the Government. Figure 8: Enhanced climate change governance setting Climate empowerment Cabo Verde is also committed to ensuring that Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) becomes, as per Articles 6 and 12 of the Paris Agreement, a key horizontal instrument to involve all levels of society in climate action, in particular vulnerable groups (including children, the youth, the elderly and people living with disabilities) in support of all elements of mitgation and adaptation. ACE is a non-GHG target, but without such a civic empowerment, the NDC cannot be achieved. Climate empowerment is a whole-of-society, long-term transformational process. All socio-economic groups are concerned and can become climate stewards. We are all in this together.', 'We are all in this together. Different groups have different assets,Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) abilities and needs. The old, the young and women are valuable stakeholders and agents of change in identifying and responding to climate change hazards, in safeguarding natural resources and in sharing their knowledge of economic, social and environmental resilience. Society can learn a lot from the elderly in terms of working the lands, adapting and optimising genetic material, resources sobriety and management within the planetary boundaries. These ancient knowledges need to be cherished and adapted to the modern circumstances. A knowledge bridge needs to be built between the elderly and the youth.', 'A knowledge bridge needs to be built between the elderly and the youth. Young people have been speaking out on climate change issues all over the world, especially in recent years. This is because they are the ones most affected by the impacts of climate change significantly through their lifetimes. Therefore, this NDC supports the participation and engagement of young people in climate-related issues, climate policy and implementation to increase resilience. The focus on children, youth and climate reflects the special consideration given to young people and their economic potential for sustainable development in Cabo Verde s Ambition 2030. Young people represent about 46% of the labour force, 69% of the unemployed and the majority (52%) of the inactive population.', 'Young people represent about 46% of the labour force, 69% of the unemployed and the majority (52%) of the inactive population. At the end of 2019, 57 605 young people were living outside work, education or training in Cabo Verde and of these, 30 745, i.e. the majority (55%), are women. Being excluded from the labour market makes young people also one of the groups most vulnerable to climate change Women, as raisers of the next generation, can be important stewards of intergenerational natural resources preservation. While many gender equality targets have been met by Cabo Verde, gender roles continue to deny women full equality and access to resources.', 'While many gender equality targets have been met by Cabo Verde, gender roles continue to deny women full equality and access to resources. The key issues that lock the majority of women in poverty and low productivity are their lack of time - for productive labor, of land - for building assets, of financing - for extending businesses, and of knowledge to increase production and market acess. The key to the next great progress on gender equality in Cabo Verde is women’s economic empowerment. 9 As concerns the gender-climate linkages, even though some analyses and data on certain sectors are available (gender and water, gender and agriculture, gender and tourism), the main focus is primarily on economic and social gender equality.', '9 As concerns the gender-climate linkages, even though some analyses and data on certain sectors are available (gender and water, gender and agriculture, gender and tourism), the main focus is primarily on economic and social gender equality. A systematic linking between vulnerable groups, gender and climate will be established in the NAP under preparation. established. For this NDC the sectors of energy, water, land use/agriculture, blue economy and tourism are the focus of gender equality.', 'For this NDC the sectors of energy, water, land use/agriculture, blue economy and tourism are the focus of gender equality. Under the lead of the Climate Department and the Ministry for Family and Social Inclusion, and with the support of ICIEG and INE, the following measures are planned for climate-empowering women and reducing their climate vulnerabilities: • By 2022, assess which groups and individuals are most vulnerable to which climate effects, distinguishing between age, gender, income, sector, education, location, impairments etc.', 'Under the lead of the Climate Department and the Ministry for Family and Social Inclusion, and with the support of ICIEG and INE, the following measures are planned for climate-empowering women and reducing their climate vulnerabilities: • By 2022, assess which groups and individuals are most vulnerable to which climate effects, distinguishing between age, gender, income, sector, education, location, impairments etc. and define and operationalise group specific climate adaptation measures and climate empowerment actions; • By 2022, integrate climate issues and ACE into the updated gender equality plans and strategies; • By 2022, ICIEG will define climate policy-specific needs, targets and indicators on gender-climate mainstreaming for all industries and Government offices.', 'and define and operationalise group specific climate adaptation measures and climate empowerment actions; • By 2022, integrate climate issues and ACE into the updated gender equality plans and strategies; • By 2022, ICIEG will define climate policy-specific needs, targets and indicators on gender-climate mainstreaming for all industries and Government offices. Therefore, the capacity of the national Institute for Gender Equality and Equity (ICIEG) and the National Statistics Institute (INE) to collect, analyse and interpret gender-disaggregated statistics and qualitative studies for climate relevant sectors, or make better use of available data, will be reinforced; • Define roles and responsibilities of and within different institutions with regard to gender and climate actions; appoint a National Gender and Climate Change Focal Point, linked to the Climate Governance Framework (see below, section on Transparency and Governance); • As part of the NAP under preparation, present gender-differentiated and disaggregated data to identify gaps, needs, achievements and opportunities for women, men, the elderly, the youth – children in 9 Cabo Verde gender profile, UN Women 2018Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) particular – and marginalised and vulnerable groups, especially in rural communities and report on updates every other year onwards; • Accountability: Every year, DNA and DNP report on progress in empowering vulnerable groups in climate action and on the effects of gender-sensitive climate policy planning, budgeting, implementing.', 'Therefore, the capacity of the national Institute for Gender Equality and Equity (ICIEG) and the National Statistics Institute (INE) to collect, analyse and interpret gender-disaggregated statistics and qualitative studies for climate relevant sectors, or make better use of available data, will be reinforced; • Define roles and responsibilities of and within different institutions with regard to gender and climate actions; appoint a National Gender and Climate Change Focal Point, linked to the Climate Governance Framework (see below, section on Transparency and Governance); • As part of the NAP under preparation, present gender-differentiated and disaggregated data to identify gaps, needs, achievements and opportunities for women, men, the elderly, the youth – children in 9 Cabo Verde gender profile, UN Women 2018Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) particular – and marginalised and vulnerable groups, especially in rural communities and report on updates every other year onwards; • Accountability: Every year, DNA and DNP report on progress in empowering vulnerable groups in climate action and on the effects of gender-sensitive climate policy planning, budgeting, implementing. As concerns strengthening of participation and climate-empowerment of society in general and young people in particular in the area of climate change, the following measures to build climate literacy, skills and engagement are planned: • By 2022, identify and set up a network of youth associations (per island/municipality or city) as a focal point for youth participation in climate action and the annual; • A digital platform, open access data and didactive iterative tools, such as Les Fresques du Climat\uf0e2, digital inventory by the young of the coping strategies of the old, for civic inter-generational knowledge building and sharing will be available by 2023 to engage all interested civic groups in climate conversations; • Facilitate public access to climate information and include climate education and ancient coping practices in textbooks and schools for all age groups by 2025 and train teaching staff accordingly; • From 2023 onwards, roll out specific training programmes, create job opportunities and offer financial support (including through tailored loan facilities for vulnerable groups) to individuals and entrepreneurs interested by the fields of RE, EE, renewable water and other resources efficiency, regenerative agriculture, NbS, responsible tourism, marine protection and technology, shipbuidling, sustainable aquaculture.', 'As concerns strengthening of participation and climate-empowerment of society in general and young people in particular in the area of climate change, the following measures to build climate literacy, skills and engagement are planned: • By 2022, identify and set up a network of youth associations (per island/municipality or city) as a focal point for youth participation in climate action and the annual; • A digital platform, open access data and didactive iterative tools, such as Les Fresques du Climat\uf0e2, digital inventory by the young of the coping strategies of the old, for civic inter-generational knowledge building and sharing will be available by 2023 to engage all interested civic groups in climate conversations; • Facilitate public access to climate information and include climate education and ancient coping practices in textbooks and schools for all age groups by 2025 and train teaching staff accordingly; • From 2023 onwards, roll out specific training programmes, create job opportunities and offer financial support (including through tailored loan facilities for vulnerable groups) to individuals and entrepreneurs interested by the fields of RE, EE, renewable water and other resources efficiency, regenerative agriculture, NbS, responsible tourism, marine protection and technology, shipbuidling, sustainable aquaculture. In addition, youth should be able to further their education in areas such as: repair and maintenance of appliances and bicycles, food processing and preservation, supply of local products to hotels, cultural services, recycling industry, digital tools allowing energy and resources savings, language proficiencies etc; • By 2030 triple the number of jobs available for young adults in fields above related to climate change and sustainability (compared to today’s level); • Encourage society at large and give incentives to low carbon, low material, low energy or locally sourced consumption, especially where local substitutes to importation are available; • Designate a National Focal Point for ACE to foster the implementation of all ACE elements at the national level; • Based on the experience of the Ambition 2030 participative process, set up a large public participation process on climate change, culminating annually in a civic Forum entitled “The Cabo Verde we want by 2050”.', 'In addition, youth should be able to further their education in areas such as: repair and maintenance of appliances and bicycles, food processing and preservation, supply of local products to hotels, cultural services, recycling industry, digital tools allowing energy and resources savings, language proficiencies etc; • By 2030 triple the number of jobs available for young adults in fields above related to climate change and sustainability (compared to today’s level); • Encourage society at large and give incentives to low carbon, low material, low energy or locally sourced consumption, especially where local substitutes to importation are available; • Designate a National Focal Point for ACE to foster the implementation of all ACE elements at the national level; • Based on the experience of the Ambition 2030 participative process, set up a large public participation process on climate change, culminating annually in a civic Forum entitled “The Cabo Verde we want by 2050”. Consultations with the public should be part of the monitoring and future adjustment of climate policy and of the process for defining Cabo Verde’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy 2050 as set out in Art.', 'Consultations with the public should be part of the monitoring and future adjustment of climate policy and of the process for defining Cabo Verde’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy 2050 as set out in Art. 4 of the Paris Agreement.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NEEDS AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT Cabo Verde s ambitious climate change agenda as set out in this NDC requires solid international financial support to second domestic efforts. The Government of Cabo Verde will commit significant financial resources to implement the ambitious climate change agenda as set out in the updated first NDC. Yet the success of the implementation of Cabo Verde’s updated first NDC rests on the support – in technology, capacity-building and finance – provided by international partners.', 'Yet the success of the implementation of Cabo Verde’s updated first NDC rests on the support – in technology, capacity-building and finance – provided by international partners. A detailed assessment of budgetary own contributions and international needs and capacity building needs will be included in the NDC Implementation Roadmap to be released later this year. NDC finance needs Dealing with the climate crisis may lead to a rise in costs beyond the capacity of the national budget. As such, international support to meet the rising costs of addressing loss and damage with risk transfer mechanisms are necessary.', 'As such, international support to meet the rising costs of addressing loss and damage with risk transfer mechanisms are necessary. From earlier analysis, it is estimated that the incremental financial resources Cabo Verde would need for implementing the updated NDC amount to a minimum of 2 bn Euros for 10 years of climate action, half of the amount being earmarked for mitigation, and half for adaptation (see Box 1).', 'From earlier analysis, it is estimated that the incremental financial resources Cabo Verde would need for implementing the updated NDC amount to a minimum of 2 bn Euros for 10 years of climate action, half of the amount being earmarked for mitigation, and half for adaptation (see Box 1). This preliminary assessment is based on current best knowledge, extrapolated from cost estimates, such as that of the first NDC of 2015, and from existing budgets of major ongoing sectoral policies, which are conducive to alleviating climate risks and reducing GHG emissions, namely those for the sectors electricity and mobility, environment and biodiversity, water and waste, agriculture and forestry, blue and digital economy, sustainable tourism, DRR and research.', 'This preliminary assessment is based on current best knowledge, extrapolated from cost estimates, such as that of the first NDC of 2015, and from existing budgets of major ongoing sectoral policies, which are conducive to alleviating climate risks and reducing GHG emissions, namely those for the sectors electricity and mobility, environment and biodiversity, water and waste, agriculture and forestry, blue and digital economy, sustainable tourism, DRR and research. These estimates and budgets were counterchecked with the cost estimates under the first PEDS 2017-2021. It is however clear that a detailed assessment of budgetary own contributions and international needs is necessary. Indeed, detailed costs will be included in the NDC Implementation Roadmap to be released later this year.', 'Indeed, detailed costs will be included in the NDC Implementation Roadmap to be released later this year. Likewise, the upcoming NAP Implementation Road Map will deliver the detailed activities, costs, actors, timelines and indicators for the adaptation component. National climate finance strategy Cabo Verde will promote, design and adopt a range of low-carbon and resilience financing tools and instruments to channel NDC-relevant investments from public and private sources. For that purpose, by 2022, DNP will also have adopted a Climate Finance Strategy and Work Plan defining, base on transparent criteria, the envisaged project and investment pipeline needed to implement the NDC as well as concrete financing pathways.', 'For that purpose, by 2022, DNP will also have adopted a Climate Finance Strategy and Work Plan defining, base on transparent criteria, the envisaged project and investment pipeline needed to implement the NDC as well as concrete financing pathways. These pathways will be informed by a thorough analysis of how best to direct funding from public, private and philanthropic sources for use in different project preparation and financing stages and how it can be integrated in blended financing structures in order to reduce risks and attract capital from more commercially oriented equity investors and debt providers. Cabo Verde has gained robust experience on blended finance instruments when building its RE capacity and investors can rely on a stable, easy-to use and transparent regulatory framework for public-private partnerships.', 'Cabo Verde has gained robust experience on blended finance instruments when building its RE capacity and investors can rely on a stable, easy-to use and transparent regulatory framework for public-private partnerships. The Climate Finance Strategy will be designed along internationally agreed taxonomies for sustainable activities from Africa, Europe and beyond, with a standardised definition of sustainable activities, and best practices related to objectives, finance and investment benchmarks, as well as safeguards.', 'The Climate Finance Strategy will be designed along internationally agreed taxonomies for sustainable activities from Africa, Europe and beyond, with a standardised definition of sustainable activities, and best practices related to objectives, finance and investment benchmarks, as well as safeguards. The Climate Finance Strategy will produce a priority list of national, municipal, private, public climate change mitigation and adaptation projects eligible for climate financing.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) To operationalise this strategy and prepare for the national ETF roll out and for the updating of the NDC, Cabo Verde will, with adequate support, undertake the following actions, over the years to come, ideally before 2024: • ensure coherence between its NDC and its subsequent Strategic Plans for Sustainable Development (PEDS II), integrate climate change into the planning cycle, with dedicated indicators; • render its public expenditure and financial framework climate sensitive and increase domestic resources for adaptation in the mid- and long term expenditures frameworks; • integrate climate change into the budget cycle, and secure new and additional domestic funds for NDC implementation, f. i. by disvesting into and taxing high-carbon goods&services, introducing payment for environmental services, finance major public works and investments on the basis of their climate fitness and secured maintenance costs… ; • account for the value of the climate in national accounts and calculate the cost of inaction on climate change (% GDP).', 'The Climate Finance Strategy will produce a priority list of national, municipal, private, public climate change mitigation and adaptation projects eligible for climate financing.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) To operationalise this strategy and prepare for the national ETF roll out and for the updating of the NDC, Cabo Verde will, with adequate support, undertake the following actions, over the years to come, ideally before 2024: • ensure coherence between its NDC and its subsequent Strategic Plans for Sustainable Development (PEDS II), integrate climate change into the planning cycle, with dedicated indicators; • render its public expenditure and financial framework climate sensitive and increase domestic resources for adaptation in the mid- and long term expenditures frameworks; • integrate climate change into the budget cycle, and secure new and additional domestic funds for NDC implementation, f. i. by disvesting into and taxing high-carbon goods&services, introducing payment for environmental services, finance major public works and investments on the basis of their climate fitness and secured maintenance costs… ; • account for the value of the climate in national accounts and calculate the cost of inaction on climate change (% GDP). Evaluate the loss&damage costs of climate change to its society and economy (art.', 'Evaluate the loss&damage costs of climate change to its society and economy (art. 8 PA) and define a ratio between the share of finance to be allocated to adaptation, and the one to be allocated to mitigation; • establish contingency funds that assist vulnerable, low-income individuals to recover from damages associated with extreme weather events or to assist persons having switching from high-carbon to low-carbon employment; • accredit national entities to international climate funds for direct access to climate finance. Among the national candidate entities to apply for climate finance readiness is the National Water and Sanitation Agency and the National Environment Fund.', 'Among the national candidate entities to apply for climate finance readiness is the National Water and Sanitation Agency and the National Environment Fund. This might entail the creation of a climate change fund or the establishment of a climate change window under the environmental fund to better channel international climate finance; • promote specialised innovative financial products, tailored for the needs of the public and private sectors, for individuals, businesses, municipalities, cities, such as Paris-aligned bonds (blue-, desalinisation-bonds) to access financial capital markets at preferential costs, debt-for-climate swaps, blue funds, loan/credit products for energy saving or energy efficient investments and companies, financial support for non-state actors etc; • hold an annual conference with international donors, private investors and development banks to socialise its Climate Finance Strategy and procure climate finance support; • seek international support and alliances to refine the national climate diplomacy and negociation in view of reinforcing its position at international climate conferences, securing international climate finance, and accessing strategic climate information and documents.', 'This might entail the creation of a climate change fund or the establishment of a climate change window under the environmental fund to better channel international climate finance; • promote specialised innovative financial products, tailored for the needs of the public and private sectors, for individuals, businesses, municipalities, cities, such as Paris-aligned bonds (blue-, desalinisation-bonds) to access financial capital markets at preferential costs, debt-for-climate swaps, blue funds, loan/credit products for energy saving or energy efficient investments and companies, financial support for non-state actors etc; • hold an annual conference with international donors, private investors and development banks to socialise its Climate Finance Strategy and procure climate finance support; • seek international support and alliances to refine the national climate diplomacy and negociation in view of reinforcing its position at international climate conferences, securing international climate finance, and accessing strategic climate information and documents. This includes being in a linguistical (the international climate language is English), technical and IT position (cyber security, band with, open access, satelites imagery …), so as to access and exchange this information and documents in a timely and comprehensive manner.', 'This includes being in a linguistical (the international climate language is English), technical and IT position (cyber security, band with, open access, satelites imagery …), so as to access and exchange this information and documents in a timely and comprehensive manner. Technology development and transfer Under the Paris Agreement, high-income countries have committed to provide technology transfert and capacity building to low and middle income countries.', 'Technology development and transfer Under the Paris Agreement, high-income countries have committed to provide technology transfert and capacity building to low and middle income countries. Specific national needs include: • overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate low-carbon technologies; • involvement of the private sector; • support to develop a comparable, standardised, reliable climate vulnerability index, taking national circumstances into account; • availability of satellite, radar, drone and other international climate observation data, statistics and digital management systems; • continued mutual learning between national and international research and academia.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The three later are crucial for the atlantic archipelago in order to build and domesticate an insularity-adapted climate information systems.', 'Specific national needs include: • overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate low-carbon technologies; • involvement of the private sector; • support to develop a comparable, standardised, reliable climate vulnerability index, taking national circumstances into account; • availability of satellite, radar, drone and other international climate observation data, statistics and digital management systems; • continued mutual learning between national and international research and academia.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The three later are crucial for the atlantic archipelago in order to build and domesticate an insularity-adapted climate information systems. Cabo Verde specifically calls upon the international community to act urgently to scale-up carbon effcifient technologies for air and maritime transport, which are vital for the islands connectivity, supply and prosperity.', 'Cabo Verde specifically calls upon the international community to act urgently to scale-up carbon effcifient technologies for air and maritime transport, which are vital for the islands connectivity, supply and prosperity. Advances are also required in the areas of pumped storage, wave-energy generation, ocean carbon storage solutions in order to reduced uncertaintlies, potential environmental risks and costs. Non-market approaches (NMA) (Art 6.8) can be used to organise international bulk purchasing of f.i. technology, in order to drive down the cost of climate technology transfer. In order to structure this technology and knowledge support, Cabo Verde will undertake to prepare a Technology Needs Assessment. Enhanced ambition instruments Cabo Verde strongly supports all three instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Enhanced ambition instruments Cabo Verde strongly supports all three instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement. This includes the mitigation mechanism (Art. 6.4) as well as bilateral cooperative approaches (Art. 6.2) applied to, in particular, the energy and mobility sectors, with a view to meeting the targets marked in this NDC update as conditional on adequate international support. Cabo Verde also intends to pilot integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches (Art. 6.8) targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities (access to clean water and healthy soils) as well as interventions under Art. 6.9 linking climate to sustainable development, for instance on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources).', '6.9 linking climate to sustainable development, for instance on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources). In summary, Cabo Verde shall enhance transparency, governance and support and report information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving the NDC.', 'In summary, Cabo Verde shall enhance transparency, governance and support and report information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving the NDC. Box 6 and last below summarises the next steps to be undertaken by Cabo Verde for compliance with the Paris Agreement and transitioning to the ETF, taking due note of the flexibility provisions and of the fact that as a SIDS, the country may submit relevant information at its discretion.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Box 6: Cabo Verde’s next steps for compliance with the Paris Agreement10 PA Priority for Cabo Verde Implications for Cabo Verde State of planning NDCs and LT-LEDS Prepare and submit progressively more ambitious NDCs every five years.', 'Box 6 and last below summarises the next steps to be undertaken by Cabo Verde for compliance with the Paris Agreement and transitioning to the ETF, taking due note of the flexibility provisions and of the fact that as a SIDS, the country may submit relevant information at its discretion.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Box 6: Cabo Verde’s next steps for compliance with the Paris Agreement10 PA Priority for Cabo Verde Implications for Cabo Verde State of planning NDCs and LT-LEDS Prepare and submit progressively more ambitious NDCs every five years. Track progress in achieving the NDC Formulate a long-term low emissions development strategy (LT-LEDS) \uf050 NDC 2015 done \uf050 NDC 2020 done ➔ 2021: adopt NDC Implementation Road Map and track progress ➔ 2022: start elaboration of LT-LEDS in conjunction with next PEDS ➔ 2025 submit updated NDC Market and non- market mechanisms Consider participating in mitigation projects that generate credits or not (internationally transferred mitigation outcomes - ITMOs,) in order to comply with the NDC ➔ 2022: implement national Climate Finance Strategy Adaptation Present and periodically update a communication on adaptation that may include priorities, implementation support, plans and actions.', 'Track progress in achieving the NDC Formulate a long-term low emissions development strategy (LT-LEDS) \uf050 NDC 2015 done \uf050 NDC 2020 done ➔ 2021: adopt NDC Implementation Road Map and track progress ➔ 2022: start elaboration of LT-LEDS in conjunction with next PEDS ➔ 2025 submit updated NDC Market and non- market mechanisms Consider participating in mitigation projects that generate credits or not (internationally transferred mitigation outcomes - ITMOs,) in order to comply with the NDC ➔ 2022: implement national Climate Finance Strategy Adaptation Present and periodically update a communication on adaptation that may include priorities, implementation support, plans and actions. (either as a NAP, in an NDC, in a National Communication) \uf050 NAPA 2008 done ➔ 2021: adopt NAP and NAP Implementation Road Map and track progress Loss&Damage Enhance understanding of adverse effects of and adaptation to climate change, with possible support for themes related to early warning, emergency preparedness, slow onset events, permanent loss&damage, risk management and insurance, non-econ.', '(either as a NAP, in an NDC, in a National Communication) \uf050 NAPA 2008 done ➔ 2021: adopt NAP and NAP Implementation Road Map and track progress Loss&Damage Enhance understanding of adverse effects of and adaptation to climate change, with possible support for themes related to early warning, emergency preparedness, slow onset events, permanent loss&damage, risk management and insurance, non-econ. losses, resilience ➔ 2022: establish loss&damage costs Financing As a SIDS, Cabo Verde should receive enhanced access to funding available internationally for adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change \uf050 ongoing ➔ 2022: amplify via the National Climate Finance Strategy Technology development and transfer As a SIDS, Cabo Verde should receive enhanced access funding available internationally to support the strengthening of cooperative action in terms of technology development and transfer.', 'losses, resilience ➔ 2022: establish loss&damage costs Financing As a SIDS, Cabo Verde should receive enhanced access to funding available internationally for adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change \uf050 ongoing ➔ 2022: amplify via the National Climate Finance Strategy Technology development and transfer As a SIDS, Cabo Verde should receive enhanced access funding available internationally to support the strengthening of cooperative action in terms of technology development and transfer. \uf050 ongoing ➔ 2023: undertake a Technology Needs Assessment Capacity As a SIDS, Cabo Verde should receive enhanced access funding available internationally for training with the objective of implementing the PA, starting by taking stock of national needs. \uf050 ongoing ➔ 2022: amplify via the National Climate Finance Strategy Education and Awareness raising The country should improve education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information on climate change.', '\uf050 ongoing ➔ 2022: amplify via the National Climate Finance Strategy Education and Awareness raising The country should improve education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information on climate change. \uf050 ongoing ➔ 2022: adopt new Climate Governance and Action for Climate Empowerment ➔ 2022: set up Citizen’s Forum Enhanced Transparency Framework The country should set up an ETF, although with some flexibility for SIDS. \uf050 4º NC and BUR ongoing ➔ 2022: adopt new Climate Governance ➔ 2022: submit BUR ➔ 2024: submit 4th NC, NIR and 1st BTR 10 Box adapted from the Report on the Implementation of the PA in Cabo Verde, GET2C, Nov 2019']

en-US

KHM

Cambodia

LTS

2021-12-30 00:00:00

uploaded

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/KHM_LTS_Dec2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a7ec0b761566d4fb068ce0b86b9ddd16d4ffeb6aa2d387ba73aa0d6a9799f7c0.pdf

['i Table of Contents Foreword . ii Abbreviations . iv Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction and Background . 6 1.1. Global and local context of climate change 6 1.2. Developing Cambodia’s long-term strategy . 6 2. Cambodia’s Vision for Carbon Neutrality . 8 2.1.1. The BAU scenario 8 2.2. Economic costs and benefits . 15 2.2.1. Public sector costs . 16 2.2.2. Public financing plan. 16 2.3. Technology and capacity needs . 17 2.3.1. Agriculture sector 17 2.3.2. Energy sector . 18 2.3.3. FOLU sector 21 2.3.4. IPPU sector 23 2.3.5. Waste sector . 24 3. Socioeconomic Benefits 26 3.1. Costs and benefits of LTS4CN actions . 26 3.2. Total economic costs and benefits 29 3.3. Public sector costs . 31 3.4. Implications for investment, economic growth, gender and jobs 33 3.5.', 'Implications for investment, economic growth, gender and jobs 33 3.5. Adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits 36 3.6. Benefits of adaptation for economic growth 37 3.6.1. Sector adaptation co-benefits analysis 37 4. Governance, Measurement, Reporting and Verification . 45 4.1. Governance structure . 45 4.2. MRV indicators and tracking . 46 4.2.1. MRV framework 46 4.2.2. Reporting responsibility . 47Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality ii Foreword The Kingdom of Cambodia, as a country vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, understands the urgency of ambitious climate action.', 'Reporting responsibility . 47Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality ii Foreword The Kingdom of Cambodia, as a country vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, understands the urgency of ambitious climate action. Although Cambodia bears very little responsibility for the historical and current climate crisis, we have consistently responded to international calls for action on climate change and contributed to the efforts, in line with our capacities and responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As announced by Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, during the 2020 United Nations Climate Ambition Summit, this “Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN)” is yet another testament to our consistent, strong commitment and political will to address climate change.', 'As announced by Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, during the 2020 United Nations Climate Ambition Summit, this “Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN)” is yet another testament to our consistent, strong commitment and political will to address climate change. We are proud to be among the very first members of the Least Developed Country group to submit this long-term strategy. This is a highly significant step for a developing country like Cambodia. This also reflects leading by example on climate change action on the part of Cambodia, a strong supporter of multilateral action on climate change.', 'This also reflects leading by example on climate change action on the part of Cambodia, a strong supporter of multilateral action on climate change. This LTS4CN essentially aims to serve as a roadmap or vision document based on a comprehensive analysis and modelling of all relevant economic sectors, and it looks several decades ahead. It outlines priority mitigation actions for each sector to achieve the country’s goal of a carbon neutral economy in 2050. The strategy largely builds on existing commitments of the Royal Government and proposes a trajectory consistent with the Updated Nationally Determined Contribution. It takes into consideration the balance between emissions reductions, economic growth, social justice, and climate resilience.', 'It takes into consideration the balance between emissions reductions, economic growth, social justice, and climate resilience. Economic analysis shows that the investments to be made under this strategy have the potential to create 449,000 additional jobs, and deliver an additional 2.8% of annual GDP growth by 2050 for Cambodia. We can achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 through continued efforts to address the forest sustainability and land use; decarbonize our power sector and pursue higher energy efficiency; as well as promote low-carbon agriculture, industrial processes, and waste management. The vision set out in this document will be regularly updated and may be amended as needed to reflect any evolving trends or unforeseen events.', 'The vision set out in this document will be regularly updated and may be amended as needed to reflect any evolving trends or unforeseen events. It provides an overall policy direction, while the exact commitments and programmes of the Royal Government will continue to be articulated in our Five-Year National Strategic Development Plans and corresponding sector plans. We believe that this LTS4CN will help Cambodia to achieve carbon neutrality, which will be our major contribution to the sustainable development in Cambodia and the world. It is worth acknowledging here our inter-ministerial team who diligently took up the challenge to develop this LTS4CN through a year-long process of intensive discussion and consultations among international and national experts, concerned ministries, and key relevant stakeholders.', 'It is worth acknowledging here our inter-ministerial team who diligently took up the challenge to develop this LTS4CN through a year-long process of intensive discussion and consultations among international and national experts, concerned ministries, and key relevant stakeholders. Our acknowledgement also goes to all our valued partners who have contributed to the development of this important document, including, but not limited to, the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance programme (funded by the European Union, Sweden, and the United Nations Development Programme), the United Kingdom, the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Global Green Growth Institute, and Agence Française de Développement.It is imperative that the implementation of this LTS4CN requires strong cooperation and supportsJ and we look forward to working with all stakeholders to make this long-term vision a realityr ,()l/~ (j -~ Cha r of the National Council for Sustainable Development Minister of Environment Cambodia s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality iiiCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality iv Abbreviations BAU Business as Usual CCGT Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine CEGIM Climate Economic Growth Impact Model CNG Compressed Natural Gas FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas ILO International Labour Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LTS4CN Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality LNG Liquified Natural Gas MAC Marginal Abatement Cost MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification e Megatons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent NDC Nationally Determined Contribution REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, fostering conservation and sustainable management of forests, and enhancing forest carbon stocks SAM e Social Accounting Matrix Tons of Carbon Dioxide EquivalentExecutive Summary An innovative visioning exercise for Cambodia By presenting this Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN)1, Cambodia demonstrates her commitment to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and presents a policy scenario to realize a vision of a carbon neutral and resilient society within the next 30 years.', 'Our acknowledgement also goes to all our valued partners who have contributed to the development of this important document, including, but not limited to, the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance programme (funded by the European Union, Sweden, and the United Nations Development Programme), the United Kingdom, the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Global Green Growth Institute, and Agence Française de Développement.It is imperative that the implementation of this LTS4CN requires strong cooperation and supportsJ and we look forward to working with all stakeholders to make this long-term vision a realityr ,()l/~ (j -~ Cha r of the National Council for Sustainable Development Minister of Environment Cambodia s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality iiiCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality iv Abbreviations BAU Business as Usual CCGT Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine CEGIM Climate Economic Growth Impact Model CNG Compressed Natural Gas FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas ILO International Labour Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LTS4CN Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality LNG Liquified Natural Gas MAC Marginal Abatement Cost MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification e Megatons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent NDC Nationally Determined Contribution REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, fostering conservation and sustainable management of forests, and enhancing forest carbon stocks SAM e Social Accounting Matrix Tons of Carbon Dioxide EquivalentExecutive Summary An innovative visioning exercise for Cambodia By presenting this Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN)1, Cambodia demonstrates her commitment to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and presents a policy scenario to realize a vision of a carbon neutral and resilient society within the next 30 years. The LTS4CN is a new type of policy tool for Cambodia.', 'The LTS4CN is a new type of policy tool for Cambodia. As a visioning exercise, it is not meant to replace or supersede existing national and sectoral strategies of the Government but rather to guide future policy and investment decisions by all concerned stakeholders. The LTS4CN will possibly be reviewed every five years, in line with the framework for updating Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This will provide an opportunity to refresh the LTS4CN and reflect the latest trends in policy, technology, and financing as well as any unforeseen external events. Developing the strategy was a collective effort that included contributions from relevant ministries and agencies as well as technical experts.', 'Developing the strategy was a collective effort that included contributions from relevant ministries and agencies as well as technical experts. A two-stage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions modelling approach applied sector models to the agriculture, forestry and other land use (FOLU), industrial processes and product use (IPPU), energy, and waste sectors. A combined pathway model indicated the socioeconomic impacts of proposed measures. The process started with defining relevant existing policy targets and action plans in national and sectoral strategies as well as in the Updated NDC issued in 2020. An intensive round of consultations led to the identification of priority mitigation actions for each sector. Different scenarios were developed to explore how these actions can reduce emissions and help achieve carbon neutrality, compared to business as usual (BAU).', 'Different scenarios were developed to explore how these actions can reduce emissions and help achieve carbon neutrality, compared to business as usual (BAU). An economic modelling estimated the socioeconomic costs using the marginal abatement cost model. Adaptation benefits were elaborated for suggested mitigation actions. A credible scenario for carbon neutrality by 2050 The LTS4CN modelling suggests that Cambodia could achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 with the FOLU sector providing a total carbon sink of 50 megatons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2 e). The energy sector is expected to be the highest emitter in 2050 at 28 MtCO2 e, followed by the agriculture e. The waste and IPPU sectors are projected to emit 1.6 and 1.2 MtCO2 e, respectively (Table 1).', 'The energy sector is expected to be the highest emitter in 2050 at 28 MtCO2 e, followed by the agriculture e. The waste and IPPU sectors are projected to emit 1.6 and 1.2 MtCO2 e, respectively (Table 1). 1 Carbon neutrality for this strategy is considered as Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 2 Table 1: GHG emissions projection by sector in 2050, BAU and LTS4CN scenarios Sector BAU scenario, MtCO2e Emissions reduction in Emissions balance in *The FOLU sector uses the national forest definition and soils have been included into the calculations. The LTS4CN proposes a trajectory for decarbonization that is largely aligned with the updated NDC trajectory.', 'The LTS4CN proposes a trajectory for decarbonization that is largely aligned with the updated NDC trajectory. It incorporates some carbon sinks not previously considered in the NDC, however, including an updated sink factor for forests remaining forests (in line with the second Forest Reference Level Report), and for plantations and forest soils. This leads to a lower estimate of total GHG emissions, at around 35 MtCO2 e less in 2020 compared to the NDC. Cambodia’s vision for carbon neutrality is largely founded on the continued implementation of existing commitments in the FOLU sector. Execution of the REDD+ Investment Plan2 will drive reduced rates of deforestation as well as an expansion of afforestation and reforestation activities.', 'Execution of the REDD+ Investment Plan2 will drive reduced rates of deforestation as well as an expansion of afforestation and reforestation activities. The FOLU sector is expected to provide a significant carbon sink leaving room for other sectors to incrementally transition towards carbon neutrality. Figure 1: GHG emission projections, BAU and LTS4CN scenarios During the first decade of the strategy, emissions reductions are achieved in the FOLU sector by starting implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan. Once it is fully financed, it is expected to reduce the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 compared to the REDD+ baseline specified in the updated NDC (reduce 50percent of historical emission).', 'Once it is fully financed, it is expected to reduce the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 compared to the REDD+ baseline specified in the updated NDC (reduce 50percent of historical emission). From 2030 onwards, reforestation and afforestation efforts will continue with a raised level of ambition to ensure that the carbon sink from 2 REDD+ refers to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, fostering conservation and sustainable management of forests, and enhancing forest carbon stocks. GHG emissions in MtCO2 e BAU Balance LTS4CN BalanceCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 3 forests continues to grow. The FOLU sector is expected to be carbon neutral from 2031. Afforestation and reforestation efforts will be compatible with growth in the agricultural sector because of expected gains in productivity and climate resilience.', 'Afforestation and reforestation efforts will be compatible with growth in the agricultural sector because of expected gains in productivity and climate resilience. Deforestation is assumed to stop by 2045, with the FOLU sector becoming both resilient and sustainable, transformed by agroforestry and reforestation as two dynamic mitigation actions. Land dedicated to sustainable plantations and agroforestry is assumed to constantly increase to reach 1.6 million hectares under afforestation and reforestation mitigation actions and 1.1 million hectares of native forest restoration. 3 These combined actions will result in a carbon sink of 50 MtCO2 e in 2050. In the energy sector, emissions reductions until 2030 come from energy efficiency and conservation through the implementation of the National Energy Efficiency Policy4 in buildings, industry, and public services.', 'In the energy sector, emissions reductions until 2030 come from energy efficiency and conservation through the implementation of the National Energy Efficiency Policy4 in buildings, industry, and public services. This will limit growth in energy demand even as demand for energy services rises rapidly. Additionally, policies will be developed and put into place to incentivize switching to electricity for cooking and passenger vehicles, and to coal alternatives in the industrial sector. Major long-term infrastructural changes in the energy sector will be studied and prepared in this first decade. After 2030, energy sector emissions reductions will come from more stringent energy efficiency standards and continued fuel switching to low-carbon sources. Initial steps to decarbonize the electricity supply will be taken, with some investments in renewable energy and gas.', 'Initial steps to decarbonize the electricity supply will be taken, with some investments in renewable energy and gas. With natural gas used as a transition fuel in the power sector, investments in infrastructure for imports, storage and transportation will be necessary. In the last decade of the LTS4CN scenario, between 2040 and 2050, the power sector will start a deeper decarbonization journey by adding more renewable energy in the generation mix, reaching a share of 35 percent in 2050. Within the renewable energy share, 12 percent is assumed to come from solar. Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage will be required during this transition. In the transportation sector, urban public transportation will become more widespread and electric vehicle penetration will grow in the passenger vehicle fleet.', 'In the transportation sector, urban public transportation will become more widespread and electric vehicle penetration will grow in the passenger vehicle fleet. Investments in rail development will start after 2030. Emissions will be also reduced by more moderate use of electric vehicles, increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles and higher penetration of compressed natural gas (CNG) for interregional buses and for trucks. Under the LTS4CN scenario, 70 percent of motorcycles and 40 percent of cars and urban buses are expected to be electric vehicles by 2050. The waste sector will achieve half of its emission savings in the first decade through mitigation measures in solid waste disposal, for example, by diverting organic waste from landfills or introducing the effective management of landfill gas.', 'The waste sector will achieve half of its emission savings in the first decade through mitigation measures in solid waste disposal, for example, by diverting organic waste from landfills or introducing the effective management of landfill gas. Other important mitigation measures are linked to reducing open burning and domestic wastewater. A small but increasing share of emissions savings will be achieved through introducing good practices in the biological treatment of solid waste. In 2050, the waste sector is expected to realize nationwide waste collection coverage of 85 percent and will be almost fully decarbonized. The recycling rate will increase to 35 percent; 50 percent of organic waste will be composted or treated. Most urban dwellings will have access to proper wastewater treatment.', 'Most urban dwellings will have access to proper wastewater treatment. And the principle of reduce, reuse, and recycle will be mainstreamed into the national development agenda, including through environmental, social and economic plans, policies, strategies, and programmes. Mitigation actions in the agriculture sector are expected to be implemented gradually over the 30- year period. Major reductions will be achieved by reducing methane-intensive rice and livestock production, and promoting composting and producing biogas in livestock management, organic fertilizer, and deep fertilizer technology. Major mitigation actions for the IPPU sector will start in the first decade of the LTS4CN scenario, with emissions projected to peak in the early 2030s before dropping steeply until 2040. Between 2040 and 2050, emissions will fall gradually.', 'Between 2040 and 2050, emissions will fall gradually. Key mitigation actions in the sector are clinker substitution 3 A total of 2.7 million hectares is aligned with the target in the REDD+ Investment Plan. 4 Prepared by the Ministry of Mines and Energy for 2021 to 2030.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 4 and carbon capture and storage in cement production, recycling of aggregate concrete, increased use of refrigerants with low global warming potential and regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment as well as recovery of spent refrigerants.', '4 Prepared by the Ministry of Mines and Energy for 2021 to 2030.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 4 and carbon capture and storage in cement production, recycling of aggregate concrete, increased use of refrigerants with low global warming potential and regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment as well as recovery of spent refrigerants. The LTS4CN pathway delivers net economic benefits reaching 2.8 percent of GDP by 2050 Economic analysis of the LTS4CN suggests net economic benefits for the public and private sectors, in addition to adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits. These net benefits start from the first year of LTS4CN implementation and reach more than US $4.2 billion in 2050, over 2.8 percent of projected GDP.', 'These net benefits start from the first year of LTS4CN implementation and reach more than US $4.2 billion in 2050, over 2.8 percent of projected GDP. Wider social and environmental benefits including adaptation co-benefits from LTS4CN actions are estimated to be worth more than the economic benefits, at nearly $7 billion in 2050. By 2050, the private sector is projected to invest nearly $1.4 billion each year, mostly in energy, transportation, and the forestry sectors, with some significant investment in the IPPU sector. Benefits in terms of private sector operating expenses are over six times the investment and come from a wide range of actions. Significant benefits come from energy efficiency ($3.4 billion), vehicle electrification ($1.1 billion) and rail and freight haulage ($1.1 billion).', 'Significant benefits come from energy efficiency ($3.4 billion), vehicle electrification ($1.1 billion) and rail and freight haulage ($1.1 billion). These are reduced by $800 million in opportunity costs from protecting forests from conversion to agriculture. Public capital expenditures are relatively small, with some ongoing investment in renewable energy, buses, trains, and forestry, in line with the REDD+ Implementation Plan. There are significant ongoing public operating expenses, dominated by rail and haulage ($500 million) and the loss of a fuel tax from the electrification of vehicles ($200 million). These costs are offset by operating profits from renewable energy. The net contribution of agriculture, waste, and IPPU sectors is small. Implementing the LTS4CN will require substantial public investment over 30 years (Figure 2).', 'Implementing the LTS4CN will require substantial public investment over 30 years (Figure 2). A proposed public financing plan suggests devoting 1 percent of new public borrowing to the LTS4CN and making a small shift to divert 3 percent of public spending on economic services to LTS4CN actions. These two measures provide 40-50 percent of financing needs. The financing plan assumes that pricing policies and taxation reform in the transportation sector will be introduced gradually and cover 90 percent of transportation sector costs by 2050. The financing plan also assumes that international climate finance will meet the remainder of public finance needs. This will cover major investment in public transportation and rail freight, support in the forestry sector, and financing for carbon capture and storage, and grid flexibility.', 'This will cover major investment in public transportation and rail freight, support in the forestry sector, and financing for carbon capture and storage, and grid flexibility. International climate finance is essential for Cambodia to implement the LTS4CN scenario. Figure 2: Public financing needs and financing plan Public sector costs and financing (US millions of dollars) Gap for climate finance Policy reform in transport 2% of Economic Services spend 1% of new borrowing Total needsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 5 Achieving Cambodia’s LTS4CN scenario is an ambitious but feasible goal. Realizing it depends on a comprehensive enabling environment, sufficient access to technology and climate financing, and extensive capacity building, and education.', 'Realizing it depends on a comprehensive enabling environment, sufficient access to technology and climate financing, and extensive capacity building, and education. With reducing emissions to net zero by 2050 critical to meeting the Paris Agreement goal of keeping the global average temperature increase below 1.5°C, Cambodia is committed to leading the way. The LTS4CN is an important starting point in providing guidance on how it can reach carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'The LTS4CN is an important starting point in providing guidance on how it can reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1.', 'Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1. Introduction and Background 1.1.', 'Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1. Introduction and Background 1.1. Global and local context of climate change Science has made it clear that the Earth’s climate is changing, in every region and across the global climate system.', 'Global and local context of climate change Science has made it clear that the Earth’s climate is changing, in every region and across the global climate system. Most of these changes are unprecedented. According to the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), climate action in the next decades is crucial to limit global warming. Staying below a temperature rise of 1.5°C or even 2°C will be nearly impossible if immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in GHG emissions do not take place.5 Improved observational data sets to assess historical warming and better scientific understanding of the response of the climate system have affirmed that human activities are responsible for the majority of global warming since 1850.', 'Staying below a temperature rise of 1.5°C or even 2°C will be nearly impossible if immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in GHG emissions do not take place.5 Improved observational data sets to assess historical warming and better scientific understanding of the response of the climate system have affirmed that human activities are responsible for the majority of global warming since 1850. The Royal Government of Cambodia is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon, sustainable mode of development. Cambodia has been a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change since 1996, the Kyoto Protocol since 2002, and the Paris Climate Agreement since 2017.', 'Cambodia has been a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change since 1996, the Kyoto Protocol since 2002, and the Paris Climate Agreement since 2017. Accordingly, the country submitted her first NDC in 2015 and the Updated NDC in 2020, highlighting ambitious targets to reduce emissions and strengthen adaptive capacity in line with Cambodia’s national policies and strategies. In the Updated NDC, Cambodia aims to reduce emissions by around 42 percent from 155 MtCO2e under BAU to 90.5 MtCO2 e by 2030.6 The first national Biennial Update Report was submitted in 2020, which includes emissions from 1994 to 2016. Total emissions in 2016 reached 163.6 MtCO2 e. The FOLU sector is the largest source of emissions in Cambodia.7 1.2.', 'Total emissions in 2016 reached 163.6 MtCO2 e. The FOLU sector is the largest source of emissions in Cambodia.7 1.2. Developing Cambodia’s long-term strategy Development of the Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN) concluded in 2021. It provides a detailed, evidence-driven guide to help Cambodia take long-term climate actions aligned with the Paris Agreement commitment to limiting global warming to 1.5°C. It includes institutional arrangements for long-term planning, development of a monitoring and evaluation framework, and analysis of financial options and socioeconomic impacts of selected priority actions. Developing the LTS4CN included planning (Phase 1) and strategy development (Phase 2). The planning phase encompassed a literature review of key documentation and data sets and a vision- setting exercise based on desk research.', 'The planning phase encompassed a literature review of key documentation and data sets and a vision- setting exercise based on desk research. The collection of baseline emissions information in five key sectors, namely FOLU, energy, agriculture, IPPU, and waste, was accompanied by an exploration of decarbonization pathways used or proposed in Cambodia so far. Phase 1 involved the development of a plan for the strategy development. The outcomes of Phase 1 were consistent with a vision of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 through upscaling existing mitigation activities and adding new activities. The study concluded that the main contributors to emissions in Cambodia are the FOLU, agriculture, and energy sectors. Reaching net zero by 2050, therefore, requires more focus on decarbonizing these sectors.', 'Reaching net zero by 2050, therefore, requires more focus on decarbonizing these sectors. In the FOLU sector, the main driver of emissions is the expansion of industrial agriculture, while in agriculture, a key source 5 IPCC, 2021, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 6 General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development, 2020, Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution. Phnom Penh. 7 General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development, 2020, First Biennial Update Report of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 7 of emissions is rice cultivation.', 'Phnom Penh.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 7 of emissions is rice cultivation. Energy sector emissions are largely determined by the power mix, road transportation and the level of vehicle electrification.8 In Phase 2, all key stakeholders, under the leadership of the National Council for Sustainable Development, contributed to strategy development as illustrated in Figure 4.', 'Energy sector emissions are largely determined by the power mix, road transportation and the level of vehicle electrification.8 In Phase 2, all key stakeholders, under the leadership of the National Council for Sustainable Development, contributed to strategy development as illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4: Overall methodology for Phase 2 of developing the LTS4CN The Department of Climate Change of the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment and Cambodia Climate Change Alliance Phase 3 coordinated the development of the LTS4CN with support from development partners such as the United Nations Development Programme, Agence Française de Développement, Global Green Growth Institute, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the World Bank.', 'Figure 4: Overall methodology for Phase 2 of developing the LTS4CN The Department of Climate Change of the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment and Cambodia Climate Change Alliance Phase 3 coordinated the development of the LTS4CN with support from development partners such as the United Nations Development Programme, Agence Française de Développement, Global Green Growth Institute, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the World Bank. A two-stage GHG emissions modelling exercise was employed, consisting of sector models for the agriculture, FOLU, IPPU, energy, and waste sectors, and a combined pathway model including a socioeconomic cost and benefit analysis.', 'A two-stage GHG emissions modelling exercise was employed, consisting of sector models for the agriculture, FOLU, IPPU, energy, and waste sectors, and a combined pathway model including a socioeconomic cost and benefit analysis. Intensive consultation with all relevant stakeholders from line ministries and other key institutions discussed priority mitigation actions and validated data, assumptions, and approaches. This ensured that suggested LTS4CN actions would be feasible and aligned with Cambodia’s development priorities and at the same time targeted to the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. 8 Carbon Trust, 2021, A Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) for Cambodia: Literature Review and Vision-Setting Report. Sector analysis identification of key actions Net-zero vision meetings with line ministries Full scenario development and modelling Second round of consultations and validation Finalize scenarios and report writingCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 8 2.', 'Sector analysis identification of key actions Net-zero vision meetings with line ministries Full scenario development and modelling Second round of consultations and validation Finalize scenarios and report writingCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 8 2. Cambodia’s Vision for Carbon Neutrality 2.1. LTS4CN objectives and scenarios The LTS4CN outlines a vision of a carbon neutral economy and provides long-term policy direction on how to reduce emissions in the next few decades. The overall goal of the strategy is to describe a pathway towards a country-wide carbon neutral economy by 2050. 2.1.1. The BAU scenario Summarizing findings from sector analysis and modelling, under a BAU scenario, emissions are expected to increase at an annual rate of 1.9 percent up to 156 MtCO2 e. Figure 5 illustrates this emissions pathway.', 'The BAU scenario Summarizing findings from sector analysis and modelling, under a BAU scenario, emissions are expected to increase at an annual rate of 1.9 percent up to 156 MtCO2 e. Figure 5 illustrates this emissions pathway. The FOLU sector has the highest share of total emissions, at 63percent in the base year of 2016. In 2050, 53 percent of total emissions is expected to come from the energy sector, followed by agriculture at 22 percent and FOLU at 14 percent. The smallest emitters are estimated to be the IPPU and waste sectors, with shares of 7 percent and 4 percent, respectively. The BAU scenario for the LTS4CN differs from the NDC BAU scenario primarily because additional carbon sinks have been incorporated in the analysis.', 'The BAU scenario for the LTS4CN differs from the NDC BAU scenario primarily because additional carbon sinks have been incorporated in the analysis. The carbon sink factor for forests remaining forests has been aligned with the second Forest Reference Level Report recently submitted by Cambodia, and the carbon sink from forest soils has been added along with the sink from plantations included in the national forest definition. Figure 5: GHG emissions projections in the BAU scenario by sector In the agriculture sector, rice cultivation, livestock management (enteric fermentation and manure management), nitrous oxide emissions from managed soils and fertilizer are the main contributors to emissions.', 'Figure 5: GHG emissions projections in the BAU scenario by sector In the agriculture sector, rice cultivation, livestock management (enteric fermentation and manure management), nitrous oxide emissions from managed soils and fertilizer are the main contributors to emissions. Total emissions in the agriculture sector in the base year of 2016, amounted to 18 e. Emissions are estimated to almost double to 35 MtCO2 e in 2050 assuming current trends continue and no major mitigation actions occur. The main drivers of the agriculture sector are population and economic growth, which lead to increased rice and meat production and consumption. The energy sector was responsible for roughly 8 MtCO2 e in 2016. It is the third largest emitting sector after FOLU and agriculture.', 'It is the third largest emitting sector after FOLU and agriculture. Emissions are expected to grow exponentially, however, up to 83 MtCO2 e under the BAU scenario by 2050, driven by population and economic growth leading to increased GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Agriculture Energy FOLU IPPU Waste BAU BalanceCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 9 energy demand. As the BAU scenario follows a conventional, primarily fossil fuel-based and emissions-intensive development path, emissions are expected to increase by a factor of 10. The FOLU sector was responsible for 51 MtCO2 e of emissions in 2016, the largest share of emissions in Cambodia. Deforestation is the major cause of emissions. Under the BAU scenario, emissions would e by 2050, with an annual decline by 2.6 percent between 2016 and 2050.', 'Under the BAU scenario, emissions would e by 2050, with an annual decline by 2.6 percent between 2016 and 2050. The waste sector is the second smallest emitter at 2.8 MtCO2 e in 2016. Under BAU conditions, emissions are expected to grow to up to 6.5 MtCO2 e by 2050, which includes emissions from solid waste disposal, biological treatment, burning, and wastewater. In the IPPU sector, the mineral industry (cement and glass), pulp and paper, lubricants, substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (refrigeration and air conditioning, and fire protection) as well as the food and beverage industry are the main contributors to emissions. Emissions totaled 1.8 MtCO2 e in 2016, mainly from the cement industry (1.4 MtCO2 e, 74 percent) and refrigeration and air e, 21 percent).', 'Emissions totaled 1.8 MtCO2 e in 2016, mainly from the cement industry (1.4 MtCO2 e, 74 percent) and refrigeration and air e, 21 percent). According to BAU projections, emissions in 2050 is expected to increase to 11 MtCO2 e, with 55 percent from the cement industry and 39 percent from refrigeration and air conditioning. Reaching carbon neutrality requires both reducing sources of emissions, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, and increasing carbon sinks, such as by expanding forests, since trees capture carbon from the atmosphere as they grow. Cambodia’s vision for carbon neutrality is founded on the country’s strong political commitment in the FOLU sector. Under the LTS4CN scenario, full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan will drive afforestation and reforestation activities.', 'Under the LTS4CN scenario, full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan will drive afforestation and reforestation activities. The FOLU sector is expected to become a significant carbon sink in 2050, leaving room for other sectors to incrementally transition towards carbon neutrality. Figure 6: GHG emissions projections in the BAU and LTS4CN scenarios The LTS4CN scenario suggests that Cambodia could achieve overall carbon neutrality in 2050 with the FOLU sector providing a total carbon sink of about 50 MtCO2 e. The waste and IPPU sectors will be the least emitting sectors in 2050 with 1.6 and 1.2 MtCO2 e, respectively. The energy sector is expected to be the highest emitter at 28 MtCO2 e, followed by agriculture at 19 MtCO2 e (Figure 6).', 'The energy sector is expected to be the highest emitter at 28 MtCO2 e, followed by agriculture at 19 MtCO2 e (Figure 6). GHG emissions in MtCO2 e BAU Balance LTS4CN BalanceCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 10 Table 2: GHG emissions projection by sector in 2050, BAU and LTS4CN scenarios Sector BAU scenario, MtCO2e Emissions reduction in Emissions balance in Compared to the BAU scenario, where carbon emissions are expected to increase to up to 156 MtCO2 e in 2050, the LTS4CN scenario would cumulatively avoid about 1,400 MtCO2 e of emissions over 30 years (Figure 6). Reaching carbon neutrality is possible if the FOLU sector can develop a significant carbon sink and all other sectors gradually reduce their emissions to the levels suggested in Table 2.', 'Reaching carbon neutrality is possible if the FOLU sector can develop a significant carbon sink and all other sectors gradually reduce their emissions to the levels suggested in Table 2. Total emissions in the LTS4CN scenario are projected to decline gradually until 2040, with the decrease slowing between 2040 and 2050, as summarized in Figure 7. Figure 13 summarizes major mitigation actions and targets for each sector. Figure 7: GHG emissions projections in the LTS4CN scenario with sectoral shares The LTS4CN scenario introduces eight mitigation actions for the agriculture sector to avoid a total of e in 2050. That corresponds to an emissions reduction of 45 percent compared to the BAU scenario.', 'That corresponds to an emissions reduction of 45 percent compared to the BAU scenario. Major decreases of emissions in crop cultivation can be achieved by using less methane- intensive rice cultivars, direct seeding practices, alternate wetting and drying practices, and organic fertilizer and, deep fertilizer technology. In livestock management, mitigation measures are feed additives for cattle, improved fodder management and the wide application of composting technology. GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Agriculture Energy FOLU IPPU Waste LTS4CN BalanceCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 11 Figure 8: GHG emissions projections for the agriculture sector in the LTS4CN scenario The FOLU sector consultation and modelling process suggested a “green highway” scenario where forests provide a carbon sink of 50 MtCO2 e in 2050 and are the main driver of carbon neutrality (Figure 9).', 'GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Agriculture Energy FOLU IPPU Waste LTS4CN BalanceCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 11 Figure 8: GHG emissions projections for the agriculture sector in the LTS4CN scenario The FOLU sector consultation and modelling process suggested a “green highway” scenario where forests provide a carbon sink of 50 MtCO2 e in 2050 and are the main driver of carbon neutrality (Figure 9). This can be achieved through implementing ambitious sector policies and strategies starting from the early 2020s, including the full implementation of the existing REDD+ Investment Plan until 2050. Five key sectoral mitigation actions under the LTS4CN scenario are reducing deforestation, afforestation and reforestation, improved forest management, assisted natural regeneration9 of native forests and riparian landscapes, and agroforestry.', 'Five key sectoral mitigation actions under the LTS4CN scenario are reducing deforestation, afforestation and reforestation, improved forest management, assisted natural regeneration9 of native forests and riparian landscapes, and agroforestry. Figure 9: GHG emissions projections for the FOLU sector in the LTS4CN scenario Cambodia’s LTS4CN scenario for the energy sector can lead to significant emissions reductions by progressively prioritizing three main actions: energy efficiency and conservation, shifts to low- carbon sources and decarbonization of electricity production. The scenario projects the energy sector would emit only 28 MtCO2 e by 2050 (Figure 10), an emissions reduction of 66 percent compared to the BAU scenario.', 'The scenario projects the energy sector would emit only 28 MtCO2 e by 2050 (Figure 10), an emissions reduction of 66 percent compared to the BAU scenario. Major emissions saving comes from energy efficiency in buildings and industry, the switch to electricity for domestic cooking, and coal substitution and abatement in the industrial, and power sectors. Incremental decarbonization of the power sector is suggested through a moderate share of 9 Assisted natural regeneration is the human protection and preservation of natural tree seedlings in forested areas.', 'Incremental decarbonization of the power sector is suggested through a moderate share of 9 Assisted natural regeneration is the human protection and preservation of natural tree seedlings in forested areas. GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from fertiliser Savings from livestock Savings from rice LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissions GHG emissions in MtCO2 e LTS agroforestry LTS restoration LTS forest management LTS plantation growth LTS re/aforestation LTS deforestation BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 12 renewable energy in the generation mix until 2050, while using natural gas as a transitional fuel. That requires substantial investment in combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants and LNG import capacity. In the transportation sector, emissions savings can be achieved by developing rail for passengers and freight, urban public transportation, and the electrification of the passenger and, light-duty vehicle fleet.', 'In the transportation sector, emissions savings can be achieved by developing rail for passengers and freight, urban public transportation, and the electrification of the passenger and, light-duty vehicle fleet. Figure 10: GHG emissions projections for the energy sector in the LTS4CN scenario The LTS4CN scenario suggests five mitigation actions for the IPPU sector that could avoid a total of e of emissions compared to 10.7 MtCO2 e under BAU. These priority actions aim to reduce emissions in cement production and use as well as the climate impact of refrigerants. They include promoting clinker substitution and carbon capture and storage in cement production as well as the recycling of aggregate concrete.', 'They include promoting clinker substitution and carbon capture and storage in cement production as well as the recycling of aggregate concrete. The refrigeration and air-conditioning market would need to implement use of refrigerants with low global warming potential, accompanied by regular inspection of equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants (Figure 11). Figure 11: GHG emissions projections for the IPPU sector in the LTS4CN scenario The waste sector would reduce its emissions to 1.2 MtCO2 e in 2050 in the LTS4CN scenario (Figure 12). This can be achieved by improving waste collection rates; implementing reduce, reuse, and recycle principles; producing biogas and compost from organic waste; eliminating open burning; extracting landfill gas and producing refuse derived fuel; and improving treatment of wastewater.', 'This can be achieved by improving waste collection rates; implementing reduce, reuse, and recycle principles; producing biogas and compost from organic waste; eliminating open burning; extracting landfill gas and producing refuse derived fuel; and improving treatment of wastewater. GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from power genmix Savings from transport Savings from industry Savings from buildings/cooking LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissions GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from low GWP refrigerants Savings from cement LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 13 Figure 12: GHG emissions projections for the waste sector in the LTS4CN scenario GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from waste water Savings from open burning Savings from biological treatment Savings from landfill management LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 14 Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in LNG import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage • Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 13: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 15 2.2.', 'GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from power genmix Savings from transport Savings from industry Savings from buildings/cooking LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissions GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from low GWP refrigerants Savings from cement LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 13 Figure 12: GHG emissions projections for the waste sector in the LTS4CN scenario GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from waste water Savings from open burning Savings from biological treatment Savings from landfill management LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 14 Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in LNG import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage • Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 13: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 15 2.2. Economic costs and benefits The sector analysis entailed consultations to identify 31 key actions contributing to carbon neutrality.', 'Economic costs and benefits The sector analysis entailed consultations to identify 31 key actions contributing to carbon neutrality. Discussions of a long list of options led to the selection of five to eight key actions per sector that capture the main opportunities for achieving carbon neutrality. Some actions bundle sets of more detailed actions. An assessment of economic costs and benefits of the 31 key actions built on an Extended Cost Benefit Analysis (see more details in separate the Technical Annex). The LTS4CN scenario creates estimated net economic benefits for the public and private sectors of about $5 billion in 2050 (3 percent of projected GDP). Further benefits will include $1 billion in adaptation co-benefits from LTS4CN actions.', 'Further benefits will include $1 billion in adaptation co-benefits from LTS4CN actions. Wider social and environmental benefits would reach $6 billion, mainly from FOLU actions. Full net benefits start from the first year of the LTS4CN and grow to more than $11 billion in 2050, which is 7.5 percent of projected GDP that year (see Section 3 for more details). This would compensate for about two thirds of the GDP lost due to climate change impacts, as estimated in the Climate Economic Growth Impact Model (CEGIM) for Cambodia.', 'This would compensate for about two thirds of the GDP lost due to climate change impacts, as estimated in the Climate Economic Growth Impact Model (CEGIM) for Cambodia. Table 3: Total costs and benefits by public and private capital and operating expenditures Annual costs (orange) and benefits (green), millions of dollars Private capital expenditures Public capital expenditures Wider benefits (social and environmental) By 2050, the private sector would be investing nearly $1.4 billion each year, mainly in energy, transportation and forestry, with some significant investment in the IPPU. Private-sector operating expenditure benefits are six times initial investment costs and come from a wide range of actions. Benefits are high from energy efficiency ($3.4 billion), vehicle electrification ($1.1 billion) and rail and freight haulage ($1.1 billion).', 'Benefits are high from energy efficiency ($3.4 billion), vehicle electrification ($1.1 billion) and rail and freight haulage ($1.1 billion). These are reduced by nearly $800 million, however, due to the opportunity costs of protecting forest from conversion to agriculture. Public capital expenditure is relatively small, with some ongoing investment in renewable energy, buses, trains, and forestry, in line with the REDD+ Investment Plan. There are significant ongoing public operating expenditures, dominated by rail and haulage ($500 million) and the loss of a fuel tax from the electrification of vehicles ($200 million). These costs are offset by operating profits from renewable energy, however.', 'These costs are offset by operating profits from renewable energy, however. The net contribution of the agriculture, waste, and IPPU sectors is small.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 16 Table 4: Economic and wider benefits per year Benefits as a percentage of GDP Wider social and environmental benefits 2.2.1. Public sector costs Public costs are dominated by operating expenditures in the energy and transportation sectors, including costs associated with rail and freight and loss of a fuel duty from electrification. While public transportation fares will gradually increase to reduce the subsidy required for bus operations, this will be more than offset by the steady rise in the loss of a fuel duty due to the electrification of cars.', 'While public transportation fares will gradually increase to reduce the subsidy required for bus operations, this will be more than offset by the steady rise in the loss of a fuel duty due to the electrification of cars. These costs could be reduced or even entirely avoided by introducing other forms of vehicle taxation and building demand for buses and trains so that pricing policies can make bus and rail operators profitable. There are smaller net costs in the forestry sector, mainly from lost forestry royalties, but also from the costs of supporting reforestation, afforestation, improved forestry management and restoration of degraded forest.', 'There are smaller net costs in the forestry sector, mainly from lost forestry royalties, but also from the costs of supporting reforestation, afforestation, improved forestry management and restoration of degraded forest. Costs of public support average $17 million per year in the first 10 years of the LTS4CN scenario, consistent with the REDD+ Investment Plan, which requires $16 million per year. 2.2.2. Public financing plan The LTS4CN will require substantial public investment over 30 years (Table 5). A proposed public financing plan suggests devoting 1 percent of new public borrowing to the LTS4CN and making a small shift in public spending on economic services to divert 2 percent to LTS4CN actions. These two measures provide 40-50 percent of financing needs.', 'These two measures provide 40-50 percent of financing needs. The financing plan assumes the gradual introduction of pricing policies and taxation reform in the transportation sector, which will cover 90 percent of transportation sector costs by 2050. The remainder of public finance needs will be met by international climate finance. This will include major investment in public transportation and rail freight as well as support for the forestry sector and financing for carbon capture and storage and, grid flexibility. Table 5: Public financing needs and financing plan Public financing needs, millions of dollars Total New public borrowing Economic services spent (3 percent) Policy reform in the transportation sector International climate financeCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 17 2.3.', 'Table 5: Public financing needs and financing plan Public financing needs, millions of dollars Total New public borrowing Economic services spent (3 percent) Policy reform in the transportation sector International climate financeCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 17 2.3. Technology and capacity needs Technology and capacity needs are crucial for successful LTS4CN implementation, especially for the Department of Climate Change, the Climate Change Technical Working Group, and sectoral and subnational technical working groups. They are the enablers of adaptation and mitigation actions and commitments. Without proper capacity and technology, it will be difficult although not impossible for Cambodia to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The following subsections summarize key technology and capacity needs for each sector. 2.3.1.', 'The following subsections summarize key technology and capacity needs for each sector. 2.3.1. Agriculture sector Major barriers to LTS4CN actions in agriculture include conflicting land use demands, the clash between regional and sectoral implementation plans, and the significant energy required for manufacturing organic fertilizers. Transformations are required to improve agriculture productivity, increase land use efficiency and enhance planning and implementation, among others. Table 6 details the challenges and required technology and capacity. Table 6: Technology and capacity needs in the agriculture sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Demand for land in agriculture (rice crop cultivation) with population growth; emissions reduction target in the FOLU sector. Improvement in agriculture productivity. Increasing land use efficiency (including integrated farming or complex agroforestry). Enhanced commitment of large-scale businesses to environmentally sound practices.', 'Enhanced commitment of large-scale businesses to environmentally sound practices. Research on high productivity agricultural technologies; capacity building for farmers to enable them to use high-quality seeds and adopt improved technologies and practices. Optimization of the use of unproductive land in non- forest areas for cropland expansion, along with the enforcement of bans on the conversion of agricultural lands to other land uses. Provision of incentives for contributions to emissions reductions and other environmental benefits. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries The clash between regional and sectoral pathway implementation plans. Enhanced effectiveness of the planning and implementation of the two pathways. Policy and programme alignment among line ministries, among regions, and between ministries and local governments (vertical and horizontal alignment) and coherent institutional arrangements. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Public works and transport; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Mines and Energy; and Ministry of PlanningCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 18 2.3.2.', 'Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Public works and transport; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Mines and Energy; and Ministry of PlanningCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 18 2.3.2. Energy sector The main barriers to the LTS4CN scenario in the energy sector include obstacles to electric cooking, large-scale displacement of coal in industries, challenges to increase clean transportation, develop collective transportation and a sustainable transportation economy, increase variable renewable energy, the use of natural gas in the power and transportation sectors, and develop “behind the meter” distributed energy resources. Table 7 suggests how to address these barriers to achieve necessary transformations. Table 7: Technology and capacity needs in the energy sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Barriers to electric cooking are significant in terms of device accessibility, cooking habits, and widespread access to reliable and, affordable clean electricity.', 'Table 7: Technology and capacity needs in the energy sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Barriers to electric cooking are significant in terms of device accessibility, cooking habits, and widespread access to reliable and, affordable clean electricity. Active promotion of quality, efficient electric cooking equipment (beyond rice cookers) to households, graduating to clean cooking where the electric grid is reliable. Expansion of the electric grid to allow the transition to electric clean cooking. Significant investments in the power sector and incentives for low- and middle-income households to adopt quality electric cooking devices will be necessary to support the switch to electric cooking. Ministry of Mines and Energy Electricite du Cambodge (electric utility) Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation The large-scale displacement of coal in industries depends on the reliable availability of sustainable biomass and waste that are homogeneous and have high energy content. Supply chains for collection of biomass residues (mainly from processing to limit negative impacts on soil fertility) and waste need to be structured.', 'Supply chains for collection of biomass residues (mainly from processing to limit negative impacts on soil fertility) and waste need to be structured. Investments in drying, torrefaction, and densification technologies are necessary to realize fuel quality. Allocation of a budget for research on biomass densification technologies and torrefaction. Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for industries investing in biomass residue processing for the domestic market. Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation Increasing clean transportation (electric vehicles, CNG, etc.) across all transportation segments requires fueling Development of regulatory frameworks and a policy environment to encourage electric vehicles and Ministry of Mines and Energy Ministry of Public Works and Transport Energy required for manufacturing organic fertilizers (crushing, drying and transportation) to replace inorganic fertilizer. If organic fertilizer is produced in Cambodia, it will have an impact on the energy sector. Technical and economic feasibility assessments to produce organic fertilizer. Promotion of solar- powered organic fertilizer manufacturing. Promotion of regional organic fertilizer manufacturing to reduce transportation emissions. Provision of incentives or tax benefits for starting regional organic fertilizer plants.', 'Provision of incentives or tax benefits for starting regional organic fertilizer plants. Special provisions and tax benefits for organic fertilizer used by food manufacturers. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 19 Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors and maintenance infrastructure. alternative fuels uptake. Implementation of a charging station network for electric vehicles. Implementation of a CNG/LNG fueling network for trucks that cannot move to electric vehicles. Grid reinforcements and modernization to accommodate electric vehicle loads. Development of competencies and market offerings for vehicle maintenance and distribution. Study of hydrogen or other zero-carbon fuels as long-term alternatives to natural gas for the trucking sector. Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation Electricite du Cambodge Private sector Development of collective transportation and a sustainable transportation economy. Planning and financing for public transportation and passenger and freight rail expansions. New transportation paradigms, encompassing new technologies, innovative modes of travel organization and behaviour changes. Reinforcement of transportation management competencies in urban municipalities and/or selection of operators.', 'Reinforcement of transportation management competencies in urban municipalities and/or selection of operators. Development of competencies and market offerings for other collective transportation services such as carpooling Government setting a long-term vision for transportation and planning accordingly. Capacity building for local authorities and transportation companies (operators, manufacturers, etc.). Development of courses at all levels for initial training on green transportation and continuous learning. Support to start-ups or local businesses in the sector. Incentives and promotion campaigns, including potential subsidies for collective transportation (rail, public transportation). Set up policies to facilitate the deployment of new transportation modes (example, low emission zone LEZ, car parks, etc.). Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and InnovationCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 20 Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Increasing variable renewable energy (wind, solar photovoltaic) in the power sector implies major investments in generation capacity, grid modernization and flexibility, and storage. Resource mapping and identification of renewable energy sources. Incentives, policy targets and tariff structures to encourage renewable energy investments.', 'Incentives, policy targets and tariff structures to encourage renewable energy investments. Human resources/capacity to support integrated renewable energy planning, installation and operations. Modernized power system operation (generation fleet, dispatch and grid code) and development of storage to adapt to resource intermittence. Contracts and tariffication methodologies that better account for flexibility in needs and risks related to variability. Competitive renewables and storage procurement. Consumer behaviour change to shift demand to times with high resource availability. Development of policy targets for variable renewable energy penetration. Development of a prospectus of priority sites for project development. Institutionalization of auction mechanisms for procurement of renewable energy projects on priority sites. Development and introduction of flexible terms for dispatchable generation capacity to allow ancillary services. Development and introduction of time-of-use tariff policies. Capacity building for government/energy sector officials on integrated power planning, resource mapping and regulation/tariffication. Labour development policies to train personnel for renewable energy systems operations, clean energy technicians, etc.', 'Labour development policies to train personnel for renewable energy systems operations, clean energy technicians, etc. Ministry of Mines and Energy Electricite du Cambodge Electricity Authority of Cambodia Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation Use of natural gas in the power sector (CCGT) and transportation (CNG for heavy- duty vehicles) will require import, storage and potentially transportation infrastructure for LNG. Planning and financing of natural gas infrastructure investments. Consideration of the long-term flexibility and resilience of natural gas infrastructure with respect to a potential shift to zero-carbon gases such as hydrogen, and potential threats from market disruptions or climate events. Government vision-setting and master plans on the long-term role of natural gas in the energy sector. Training/capacity building for public officials on natural gas procurement, operations, regulations, environmental risks, etc. Labour force training for operators at port, storage or transportation facilities. Allocation of a budget for research on the long-term potential for natural gas alternatives such as hydrogen.', 'Allocation of a budget for research on the long-term potential for natural gas alternatives such as hydrogen. Ministry of Mines and Energy Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and InnovationCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 21 Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Capacity development for operations and maintenance of related infrastructure and equipment. Development of a regulatory environment to support import, distribution, pricing and health, safety and environment (HSE) oversight. Development of “behind the meter” distributed energy resources will contribute to reducing overall emissions from the building sector and decrease pressure on grid- connected generation capacity, but large-scale integration creates technical and regulatory challenges. Development of a policy and regulatory environment for distributed energy integration in the built environment. Development of a market offering (specialized equipment suppliers, real estate developers, etc.) for distributed energy in residential and commercial buildings. Grid and regulatory adaptations if excess energy is reinjected into the grid. Incentives for individuals or developers to integrate distributed energy into building constructions Support to businesses in developing distributed energy offerings.', 'Incentives for individuals or developers to integrate distributed energy into building constructions Support to businesses in developing distributed energy offerings. Integration of distributed energy in building codes and electricity distribution regulations. Policy intervention in urban planning and design (reduce carbon footprints and contribute to spatial development sustainability, etc.) Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction Ministry of Mines and Energy Electricity Authority of Cambodia 2.3.3. FOLU sector For the FOLU sector, gaps in the technical capacity for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) were identified as emphasized in the 2020 Biennial Update Report and the Updated NDC.', 'FOLU sector For the FOLU sector, gaps in the technical capacity for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) were identified as emphasized in the 2020 Biennial Update Report and the Updated NDC. Capacity gaps relate to a lack of in-depth understanding of the technical aspects of GHGs and mitigation actions, including the detailed set of modalities, procedures and guidelines under the Enhanced Transparency Framework, GHG inventories, mitigation analysis, climate vulnerability and adaptation assessments, projection methods for emissions and removals, quality assurance and control, and technical support for improving activity data and emissions factors. Also important is improving institutional capacity for monitoring and evaluation to enhance reporting on mitigation, adaptation, and support needed and, received.', 'Also important is improving institutional capacity for monitoring and evaluation to enhance reporting on mitigation, adaptation, and support needed and, received. Table 8 provides an overview.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 22 Table 8: Technology and capacity needs in the FOLU sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Speed of project and/or investment implementation. The FOLU sector benefits from programmes already in place. The REDD+ Investment Plan is a key initiative that will require full funding and implementation. Leadership and political commitments. Ministry of Environment Access to climate finance. Targets will require an optimal use of funding and new climate finance. Capacity building for developing grants and investment proposals. Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Planning; and partners Access to innovations in satellite imagery and monitoring. A major aspect of mitigation relies on clear zoning and monitoring of forests.', 'A major aspect of mitigation relies on clear zoning and monitoring of forests. Capacity building, access to funding and a budget allocation for research on effective monitoring systems. Ministry of Environment Implementation of the first National Forest Inventory. Statistical sampling approaches for land use changes and accurate emissions factors must account for all of the carbon pool. Leadership, capacity building, experimental research and access to funding. Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Data collection system for harvested wood products. Systematic data collection on harvested wood products for local consumption and export, including biomass use for energy. Leadership, capacity building and access to funding. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Planning Other emissions from forest conversion and forest fires. Accounting for all major GHGs: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Leadership, capacity building and experimental research. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Environment Growth and yield for natural forests and plantations of non-native and native species. Sinks are clearly estimated under specific forest types and plantations.', 'Sinks are clearly estimated under specific forest types and plantations. Leadership, capacity building and experimental research. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Environment Exposure to natural disasters and fires. With higher forest cover and a focus on afforestation, mitigation strategies will need to reduce impacts on forests from natural disasters and the risk of fires. Access to funding and innovations to increase the resilience of the forestry sector. Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 23 2.3.4. IPPU sector Several major barriers in the IPPU sector include the long-distance transportation of captured carbon, the use of several products for clinker substitution, the risk of increased emissions from recycling aggregate concrete, and the impact of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems on global warming.', 'IPPU sector Several major barriers in the IPPU sector include the long-distance transportation of captured carbon, the use of several products for clinker substitution, the risk of increased emissions from recycling aggregate concrete, and the impact of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems on global warming. Needed transformations could build on technical and economic feasibility assessments to determine carbon capture readiness, the allocation of bare lands away from residential areas for carbon storage, the introduction of novel technologies and national-level research on using refrigerants with low global warming potential. Table 9 summarizes major challenges and outlines required technology and capacity. Table 9: Technology and capacity needs in the IPPU sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Secure storage of captured carbon requires extensive isolated land areas apart from industrial and urban zones.', 'Table 9: Technology and capacity needs in the IPPU sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Secure storage of captured carbon requires extensive isolated land areas apart from industrial and urban zones. Captured carbon therefore needs to be transported long distances, which may add significant transportation emissions (energy sector). Technical and economic feasibility assessments to determine carbon capture readiness in the country. Allocation of bare lands that are away from residential areas and are not suited for agriculture or forestry. Industry collaboration on a megascale project to optimize transportation, rather than relying on individual industries. Allocation of a budget for research on innovative cost-effective carbon capture and storage technologies. Policy changes for Special Economic Zones to implement carbon capture and storage. Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for industries willing to implement carbon capture and storage.', 'Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for industries willing to implement carbon capture and storage. Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation; Ministry of Environment Using several products for clinker substitution, such as reduced coal ash powder waste and fly ash etc., requires extra land to dispose of waste. This can cause land and water pollution. Allocation of bare lands for waste disposal that are away from residential areas and waterways, and that are not suitable for agriculture or forestry. Industrial policy change (mandate for the cement industry) to move towards cement with less clinker composition as a sustainable product. Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for cement industries willing to implement clinker substitution. Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation; Ministry of Environment Recycling aggregate concrete requires a special process including crushing technology, which may be energy-intensive and increase energy sector emissions. Introduce novel technologies. Policy changes for Special Economic Zones to allow recycled aggregate concrete. Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for industries willing to recycle aggregate concrete.', 'Provision of incentives or subsidized loans for industries willing to recycle aggregate concrete. Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation; Ministry of Environment; and Ministry of Mines and Energy The impact of refrigeration and air- conditioning systems on global warming is through both energy use and refrigerant emissions. National-level research on using low global warming potential refrigerants. Refrigerants Impose restrictions or bans on high global warming potential refrigerants. Ministry of EnvironmentCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 24 Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors Nearly 80 percent of total emissions comes from energy, while 20 percent relates to refrigerants. Refrigerant fluids are chosen for their thermodynamic efficiency to extract heat and for their safety in use. Replacing high global warming potential refrigerants with low potential ones inevitably involves a loss of refrigerating efficiency, which increases energy use. As a result, electricity consumption and emissions may increase. assessment for life cycle emissions of refrigeration/air- conditioning equipment.', 'assessment for life cycle emissions of refrigeration/air- conditioning equipment. New industrial law to increase the frequency of equipment checks; implementation of the law on managing the release of gases. Introduction of a national-level methodology for end-of- life disposal. 2.3.5. Waste sector Several main barriers to the LTS4CN in the waste sector include gaps in solid data; the lack of clear government investment policies, incentives and mechanisms; insufficient institutional capacity; and limited public participation and awareness. Necessary transformations, among others, centre on installing weighbridges and matters, developing a central database and conducting waste composition studies. Table 10 provides an overview. Table 10: Technology and capacity needs in the waste sector Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors The sector faces a general lack of solid data. Data are usually produced using estimations per capita instead of actual measurements, such as tonnage of waste sent to landfills.', 'Data are usually produced using estimations per capita instead of actual measurements, such as tonnage of waste sent to landfills. There is no centralized database that can be easily accessed. Install weighbridges at new landfills and meters at new wastewater treatment plants with a proper data collection system. Develop and organize a central database that is kept up to date. Conduct studies on the composition of municipal solid and industrial waste and leakages to the environment, and analyse focal sludge. Allocation of a budget for infrastructure and information technology. Establish clear roles and responsibilities for data collection, reporting and analysis. Ministry of Public Works and Transport; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation; subnational administrators The lack of clear government investment policies, incentives and mechanisms is hindering private sector investment and participation. All proposed technologies are proven at commercial scale. Some are expensive and complex to run, however, requiring the participation of specialized international companies.', 'Some are expensive and complex to run, however, requiring the participation of specialized international companies. Clear articulation and implementation of Develop enabling investment policies, standardized power purchase agreements, an appropriate fee-in tariff for electricity and gate fees at waste processing centres. Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Public Works and TransportCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 25 Major challenges and barriers Transformation needed Required transformative policy measures and capacity Responsible actors government investment policies and incentives will enable international private sector participation. Organize competitive public procurement to attract global developers and investors. Offer land allocations and concessions for waste management facilities. A lack of institutional capacity to assess and regulate new technologies, including environmental and social safeguards. Environmental impact assessments are outsourced only to local firms that may not have capabilities to assess new technologies. Reinforce and clarify the regulatory framework and focus on capacity building within government institutions, including for subnational administrators with direct oversight responsibilities for waste infrastructure and operations. Strengthen and implement the regulatory/legislative framework (environmental impact assessments, licensing process).', 'Strengthen and implement the regulatory/legislative framework (environmental impact assessments, licensing process). Improve monitoring and regulatory oversight. Institutional capacity building. Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Public Works and Transport; subnational administrators Limited public participation and awareness hinder waste management improvement. Public participation and buy- in during the development of policy and infrastructure. Ongoing awareness raising on environment issues and regulations applying to the community. Long-term awareness campaigns and guidance. Provision of infrastructure to facilitate compliance (e.g., bins, signage). Implementation of regulations (e.g., issuing fines for repeated non- compliance). Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Public Works and Transport; subnational administratorsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 26 3. Socioeconomic Benefits 3.1. Costs and benefits of LTS4CN actions Figure presents the evolution of net costs and benefits for each of the 31 actions in the LTS4CN. Ten actions account for over 90 percent of total costs and benefits, covering both public and private costs.', 'Ten actions account for over 90 percent of total costs and benefits, covering both public and private costs. Actions with the highest net benefits are at the bottom of the figure; actions with the highest net costs are at the top. Major costs are from lost timber and farming revenues arising from reduced deforestation, along with expenditures on carbon capture and storage and to some extent for public transportation over the first decade. Forest restoration also requires net costs in the same period. Four actions would deliver substantial net benefits. Public transportation benefits arise from reduced vehicle operation costs, and time savings among commuters on all modes of transportation due to lower congestion. Renewable energy is profitable through most of the time.', 'Renewable energy is profitable through most of the time. Road and rail haulage and switching to low global warming potential refrigerants are also profitable. The private sector would see very strong benefits from energy efficiency. Afforestation yields steadily growing benefits. The electrification of vehicles in the last decade of the period delivers nearly $500 million of benefits by 2050.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 27 Figure 14: Costs and benefits of key LTS4CN actions, including public and private capital and operating expenditures A marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve describes both the cost effectiveness of the action (on the y-axis) and the scale of its potential contribution to emission reductions (on the x-axis).', 'The electrification of vehicles in the last decade of the period delivers nearly $500 million of benefits by 2050.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 27 Figure 14: Costs and benefits of key LTS4CN actions, including public and private capital and operating expenditures A marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve describes both the cost effectiveness of the action (on the y-axis) and the scale of its potential contribution to emission reductions (on the x-axis). This Figure presents a MAC curve for the LTS4CN, with the average cost effectiveness over the period on the y-axis and the potential reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 on the x-axis. Labels for smaller actions are removed to make the MAC curve more legible.', 'Labels for smaller actions are removed to make the MAC curve more legible. The more cost-effective actions appear to the left of the curve.Figure 15: The MAC curve for 2050The MAC curve provides a guide to help prioritize actions. It offers only a broad overview, however, and simplifies key issues, including changes in cost effectiveness due to technical innovation and market conditions, and greater expense as actions are scaled up. Despite these shortcomings, some conclusions are possible.', 'Despite these shortcomings, some conclusions are possible. • About 15 percent of emissions reductions comes from six actions that are strongly profitable: energy efficiency, rail, refrigerants, renewable energy, electric vehicles, and public transportation; • About 50 percent of reductions can be achieved by actions that are marginally profitable, including, in particular, afforestation, forest management, and rice practices; and • The remaining 35 percent of reductions require actions with net costs. These reductions are dominated by reduced deforestation and carbon storage and capture. 3.2. Total economic costs and benefits The economic analysis suggests that the LTS4CN create net economic benefits for the public and private sector even before accounting for adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits.', 'Total economic costs and benefits The economic analysis suggests that the LTS4CN create net economic benefits for the public and private sector even before accounting for adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits. These net benefits start from the first year of the LTS4CN and grow to more than $4 billion in 2050, over 2.8 percent of projected GDP that year. Public and private sectors: Figure shows that public sector costs start at relatively modest levels and grow steadily through the period, reaching nearly $1 billion or 0.7 percent of GDP in 2050. The private sector experiences strong net benefits from the second year, reaching $1 billion in 2036 and growing strongly for the remainder of the period.', 'The private sector experiences strong net benefits from the second year, reaching $1 billion in 2036 and growing strongly for the remainder of the period. The figure also shows, however, that these net benefits require significant private sector investment, which must grow steadily to nearly $1.5 billion in 2050. This investment is profitable but requires clear policy commitments to providing private sector confidence in investing in carbon neutral actions.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 30 Figure 16: Total costs and benefits of public and private capital and operating expenditures Costs and benefits by sector: Figure 14 shows the sectoral distribution of net costs and benefits. The economic impacts of actions in the agriculture, waste, and IPPU sectors are small.', 'The economic impacts of actions in the agriculture, waste, and IPPU sectors are small. The overall costs are dominated by FOLU, with net costs in 2050 of about $1 billion. These costs are attributed to the FOLU sector but the largest element is the opportunity cost of foregoing income from the agricultural use of deforested land. The cost of foregoing timber sales from deforestation is also large. Direct forestry costs are significant but smaller than the opportunity costs associated with reduced deforestation.', 'Direct forestry costs are significant but smaller than the opportunity costs associated with reduced deforestation. The benefits are dominated by energy and transportation, with net benefits of over $4 billion in 2050, driven largely by economic savings from energy efficiency plus reduced commuting costs associated with public transportation, renewable energy, lower haulage costs, and electric vehicles.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 31 Figure 14: Total costs and benefits by sector 3.3. Public sector costs Figure 15 shows public sector costs by sector, with substantial funding required in energy and transportation, FOLU, and IPPU. Mid-period funding in the energy sector relates largely to public transportation.', 'Mid-period funding in the energy sector relates largely to public transportation. The strong increase in the last decade is associated with investment in rail and haulage to support strong economic growth, and the loss of a fuel duty as electrification of transportation expands. Figure 15: Public sector costs by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 32 Figure 19 shows the breakdown of public expenditure requirements by key actions. The largest requirements are for operating expenditures in the energy and transportation sectors, which require over $350 million in funding in 2050, with large funding requirements for rail and haulage. The loss of a fuel tax is partially offset by gains from competitive renewable energy generation.', 'The loss of a fuel tax is partially offset by gains from competitive renewable energy generation. Public transportation subsidies are initially high but the analysis assumes that these costs are increasingly offset through cost-recovery fare policies. Carbon capture and storage requires steadily increasing funding; no accounting is made for possible reductions in its costs. Figure 19: Public sector costs by action There are smaller net costs in the forestry sector, mainly from lost forestry royalties but also from the cost of supporting reforestation, afforestation, improved forestry management, and restoration of degraded forest. The costs of public support average $17 million per year in the first 10 years of the LTS4CN.', 'The costs of public support average $17 million per year in the first 10 years of the LTS4CN. This is consistent with the REDD+ Investment Plan, which requires $16 million per year.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 33 3.4. Implications for investment, economic growth, gender, and jobs This section considers only the net economic benefits from LTS4CN actions, without taking into account the adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits, which are addressed in the next section. Figure presents the potential loss in GDP arising from climate change with no global commitment to carbon neutrality. This assessment comes from the CEGIM.', 'This assessment comes from the CEGIM. It suggests that GDP in 2050 would be lower by over $15 billion or 10 percent of GDP if mitigation is limited to the levels assumed in the IPCC mid-range climate change scenarios.10 If global commitments to carbon neutrality are realized, this will not eliminate all GDP losses; the extent of loss avoidance is unclear, however. Some losses arise because of emissions that have already taken place. Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 would reduce cumulative new emissions by half (if reductions are achieved in a linear fashion), compared to a mitigation policy freezing emissions at current levels.', 'Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 would reduce cumulative new emissions by half (if reductions are achieved in a linear fashion), compared to a mitigation policy freezing emissions at current levels. If GDP losses from past emissions account for one third of the total loss, and global carbon neutrality halved remaining losses, GDP loss would fall by about $5 billion in 2050. Figure 20: Implications of LTS4CN for economic growth The assessment above considers only the effects of mitigation actions on reducing GDP loss arising from climate change. Economic analysis shows substantial net economic benefits from LTS4CN actions.', 'Economic analysis shows substantial net economic benefits from LTS4CN actions. It assumes that total annual public and private investment in these actions rises to $18.6 billion by 2050 and accounts for between 5-8 percent of total national investment 10 For floods, droughts, rainfall variability and sea level rise, it used the A1 scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Extreme Events, and for heat stress, the RCP4.5 scenarios in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 34 over the period. The analysis suggests that net annual benefits from this investment would rise to over $6 billion by 2050, which implies an average rate of return on investment of 20-25 percent.', 'The analysis suggests that net annual benefits from this investment would rise to over $6 billion by 2050, which implies an average rate of return on investment of 20-25 percent. In recent years, Cambodia has achieved high growth rates of over 7 percent of GDP with investment levels of about 25 percent of GDP, suggesting that routine non-LTS4CN investment be delivering rates of return on investment similar to those achieved by the LTS4CN investment. Although there is considerable uncertainty around the accuracy of available data, evidence suggests it would be possible to reallocate some domestic investment from routine development to LTS4CN actions without a significant loss of growth. The substantial economic gains from mitigation are thus achievable without significant net economic costs.', 'The substantial economic gains from mitigation are thus achievable without significant net economic costs. Based on available evidence, the average return on investment for routine development is about five percentage points higher than for LTS4CN investment, at about 28 percent compared to 20-25 percent. There would, therefore, be a modest reduction in growth from diverting funds from routine development to LTS4CN investment, before considering mitigation, adaptation, and wider benefits. Achieving the financing plan presented in the previous section would mean 26 percent of LTS4CN investment would be funded by international climate finance, without reducing domestic investment in routine development. This would roughly compensate for the difference in returns on investment.', 'This would roughly compensate for the difference in returns on investment. The scale of international funding envisaged in the financing plan is consistent with the argument that developing countries should be compensated for the net costs of their contribution to global mitigation.', 'The scale of international funding envisaged in the financing plan is consistent with the argument that developing countries should be compensated for the net costs of their contribution to global mitigation. The CEGIM analysis suggests that a package of adaptation measures could reduce losses and damages arising from climate change by 22 percent or about $3.3 billion.11 If global carbon neutrality plans are implemented (worth about $5 billion to Cambodia in 2050) and Cambodia adopts the adaptation measures described in the CEGIM analysis (worth about $3.3 billion), the potential loss of GDP arising from climate change could be about 55 percent less than the $15 billion projected in the CEGIM analysis,12 without significantly reducing growth from investment in the economy.', 'The CEGIM analysis suggests that a package of adaptation measures could reduce losses and damages arising from climate change by 22 percent or about $3.3 billion.11 If global carbon neutrality plans are implemented (worth about $5 billion to Cambodia in 2050) and Cambodia adopts the adaptation measures described in the CEGIM analysis (worth about $3.3 billion), the potential loss of GDP arising from climate change could be about 55 percent less than the $15 billion projected in the CEGIM analysis,12 without significantly reducing growth from investment in the economy. Figure presents an estimate of the potential value of carbon emissions delivered by LTS4CN actions, if they are valued at the social cost of carbon of $100 per tCO2 e.13 This analysis suggests larger reductions in the loss of GDP may be achievable, although given uncertainties around the appropriate value of the social cost of carbon, this comparison is useful mainly as a source of confidence that the LTS4CN economic analysis is not exaggerated.', 'Figure presents an estimate of the potential value of carbon emissions delivered by LTS4CN actions, if they are valued at the social cost of carbon of $100 per tCO2 e.13 This analysis suggests larger reductions in the loss of GDP may be achievable, although given uncertainties around the appropriate value of the social cost of carbon, this comparison is useful mainly as a source of confidence that the LTS4CN economic analysis is not exaggerated. Labour and jobs: The economic benefits from LTS4CN actions could take the form of either increased profits or increased income associated with new jobs and greater wages.', 'Labour and jobs: The economic benefits from LTS4CN actions could take the form of either increased profits or increased income associated with new jobs and greater wages. Since the case studies reviewed in the economic analysis do not provide enough evidence to assess whether benefits come from profits or income, a detailed modelling of the impact on jobs and incomes is not possible. A first indication can be provided by using evidence in the Cambodia Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), which distinguishes between returns to income and capital for 26 sectors, including agriculture and forestry (56 percent to labour), manufacturing (60 11 These adaptation measures are mostly different than the LTS4CN actions. The benefits are thus separate from the adaptation co-benefits from LTS4CN actions.', 'The benefits are thus separate from the adaptation co-benefits from LTS4CN actions. 12 The net economic benefits from the LTS4CN. 13 The social cost of carbon is estimated by dividing the expected global loss of GDP arising from climate change by the emissions reductions required to avoid that loss. The Biden Administration in the United States of America is currently reviewing evidence on the social cost of carbon but it is expected to rise substantially from the level of $50 per tCO2e used in the Obama Administration to a level greater than $100 per tCO2e.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 35 percent to labour), and transportation/services (51 percent to labour), with a national average of 45 percent to labour.', 'The Biden Administration in the United States of America is currently reviewing evidence on the social cost of carbon but it is expected to rise substantially from the level of $50 per tCO2e used in the Obama Administration to a level greater than $100 per tCO2e.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 35 percent to labour), and transportation/services (51 percent to labour), with a national average of 45 percent to labour. Statistics from the International Labour Organization (ILO) show average salaries in 21 sectors in 2019, with a national average of $266 per month and $173 per month for agriculture and forestry, $254 for manufacturing, $259 for energy, and $170 for water and sanitation.', 'Statistics from the International Labour Organization (ILO) show average salaries in 21 sectors in 2019, with a national average of $266 per month and $173 per month for agriculture and forestry, $254 for manufacturing, $259 for energy, and $170 for water and sanitation. Using these statistics, it is possible to estimate the number of jobs created by the economic benefits of each LTS4CN sector. The analysis does not count jobs created by actions that have net costs because the costs will be reflected in lower incomes elsewhere in the economy. For example, all FOLU actions do create jobs in forestry but some also involve substantial net costs.', 'For example, all FOLU actions do create jobs in forestry but some also involve substantial net costs. In particular, reducing deforestation generates some jobs, such as in enforcement, but it results in the loss of agricultural income from the inability to cultivate land that would otherwise have been converted into agriculture. The analysis suggests that the direct economic benefits from LTS4CN actions would deliver 157,000 jobs by 2050, using the following assumptions: • Only the LTS4CN actions that deliver net benefits are considered; • The share of benefits obtained by labour is based on the SAM; and • All sector salaries rise in line with the CEGIM projections for per capita GDP.', 'The analysis suggests that the direct economic benefits from LTS4CN actions would deliver 157,000 jobs by 2050, using the following assumptions: • Only the LTS4CN actions that deliver net benefits are considered; • The share of benefits obtained by labour is based on the SAM; and • All sector salaries rise in line with the CEGIM projections for per capita GDP. All of these jobs are in sectors with average incomes that are less than the national average, generating a net contribution to reducing equality. About 80 percent of the jobs are in the energy and transportation sector. Since it has wages only slightly below the national average, the net impact on inequality would be modest.', 'Since it has wages only slightly below the national average, the net impact on inequality would be modest. If resources for LTS4CN investment were used for routine development, outside the LTS4CN, and if they achieved returns similar to the average for Cambodia in recent years, total economic benefits would be slightly higher than direct benefits from LTS4CN actions. As a higher share of benefits would go to profits and average wages would be higher, the total number of jobs created would be slightly higher at about 183,000 in 2050, compared to 157,000 for LTS4CN investment. Table below expands the analysis to include not only jobs created by the direct economic benefits from LTS4CN actions.', 'Table below expands the analysis to include not only jobs created by the direct economic benefits from LTS4CN actions. When jobs from wider mitigation and adaptation benefits are added, LTS4CN actions generate 449,000 jobs in 2050, or 145% more than routine investment.', 'When jobs from wider mitigation and adaptation benefits are added, LTS4CN actions generate 449,000 jobs in 2050, or 145% more than routine investment. Table 11: Jobs created by the LTS4CN compared to routine investment LTS4CN investment Routine investment Direct benefits Adaptation and wider benefits Mitigation benefits* Total Benefits in 2050 (millions of dollars) Average salary in 2050 (dollars per year) Jobs created in 2050 (hundreds of thousands) Note: * Assumes one third of CEGIM loss in GDP from climate change is averted with global carbon neutrality by 2050.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 36 Impact on gender equality: The impact of the LTS4CN on gender equality is difficult to assess without more detailed evidence on incomes in subsectors and the possibilities for designing actions to promote gender equality.', 'Table 11: Jobs created by the LTS4CN compared to routine investment LTS4CN investment Routine investment Direct benefits Adaptation and wider benefits Mitigation benefits* Total Benefits in 2050 (millions of dollars) Average salary in 2050 (dollars per year) Jobs created in 2050 (hundreds of thousands) Note: * Assumes one third of CEGIM loss in GDP from climate change is averted with global carbon neutrality by 2050.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 36 Impact on gender equality: The impact of the LTS4CN on gender equality is difficult to assess without more detailed evidence on incomes in subsectors and the possibilities for designing actions to promote gender equality. An illustration of the potential impact, however, is provided by comparing the impact of reduced deforestation (the only action with net annual private sector costs) with the impact of energy efficiency (which delivers just over half of total annual private sector benefits).', 'An illustration of the potential impact, however, is provided by comparing the impact of reduced deforestation (the only action with net annual private sector costs) with the impact of energy efficiency (which delivers just over half of total annual private sector benefits). The costs from reduced deforestation involve loss of farm income, where women will be more affected than men because they account for 53 percent of agricultural labour. In contrast, benefits from energy efficiency in manufacturing are over twice the costs of deforestation, and women account for 67.5 percent of manufacturing labour. New jobs for women in manufacturing will be much better paid than those lost in agriculture.', 'New jobs for women in manufacturing will be much better paid than those lost in agriculture. Table 2 presents the analysis and shows that the combined effect of the two LTS4CN actions will increase incomes by over $600 million in 2050 and create over 22,000 new jobs. Women will receive 77 percent of the net increase in income and 86 percent of the net increase in jobs.', 'Women will receive 77 percent of the net increase in income and 86 percent of the net increase in jobs. Table 12: Changes in jobs and income for men and women based on lower deforestation and greater energy efficiency in 2050 Lower deforestation Greater energy efficiency in manufacturing Total effect of both actions Women Men Women Men Women Men Labour share of value added (%) Sector average income in 2050 (dollars per year) Sources: SAM for the labour share of value added and the ILO for sector incomes and sector average income, updated using CEGIM per capita incomes. The pathway model estimates 53 percent of energy efficiency benefits are in manufacturing. For more, see: ILO and Asian Development Bank, 2103, Gender Equality in the Labor Market.', 'For more, see: ILO and Asian Development Bank, 2103, Gender Equality in the Labor Market. The above analysis considers only the impacts on incomes and jobs from the direct economic costs and benefits of the two LTS4CN actions. There are three further ways in which the LTS4CN will affect gender equality. • Actions have adaptation co-benefits. Since women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, they are likely to benefit more from adaptation; • Actions have wider social and environmental benefits, mainly related to forestry (i.e., better health, non-timber incomes, and flood reduction).', 'Since women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, they are likely to benefit more from adaptation; • Actions have wider social and environmental benefits, mainly related to forestry (i.e., better health, non-timber incomes, and flood reduction). These will be shared by both men and women but will benefit women more because they are more engaged in activities linked to natural resources; and • Finally, if the LTS4CN is matched by equivalent global reductions in emissions, there will be very large benefits from reduced economic losses and damages due to slower climate change. Women again will benefit more than men given their greater vulnerability to climate change. 3.5. Adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits Adaptation benefits: A monetary value for adaptation benefits was estimated based on a classification system developed.', 'Adaptation and wider social and environmental benefits Adaptation benefits: A monetary value for adaptation benefits was estimated based on a classification system developed. It is assumed that a high classification will increase benefitsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 37 by 50 percent. This is because most adaptation benefits are associated with resilience to extreme and irregular rainfall patterns. The IPCC Special Report on Extreme Events suggests that the frequency of these events would roughly double by 2050 in Cambodia.14 Therefore, the average increase over the period in benefits from a public action with high adaptation relevance is 50 percent, compared to 30 percent for a mid-level of relevance and 10 percent for low relevance.', 'The IPCC Special Report on Extreme Events suggests that the frequency of these events would roughly double by 2050 in Cambodia.14 Therefore, the average increase over the period in benefits from a public action with high adaptation relevance is 50 percent, compared to 30 percent for a mid-level of relevance and 10 percent for low relevance. Wider social and environmental benefits: Wider benefits are estimated based on a comprehensive literature review of case studies reporting on the valuation of social and environmental benefits. This review is summarized in the separate technical Annex. The evidence is patchy. While several studies attempt valuation, they often produce quite widely varying results.', 'While several studies attempt valuation, they often produce quite widely varying results. Total wider social and environmental benefits are estimated to be worth more than the economic benefits, at nearly $7 billion in 2050. Over 90 percent of these benefits are associated with forestry and almost all the rest with energy efficiency. Key features of the wider benefits are as follows. • Forestry delivers critical watershed benefits related to the retention of water in the soil. This reduces erosion, which decreases dam siltation and improves water quality. It also reduces downstream flooding. For established natural forests, these benefits are estimated at over $500 per hectare a year. Plantations and recovering forest areas also deliver watershed benefits but to a lesser degree.', 'Plantations and recovering forest areas also deliver watershed benefits but to a lesser degree. • Forestry delivers important biodiversity benefits with studies suggesting that one-off loss of these benefits from deforestation amount to about $2,000 per hectare. • The economic analysis includes only potential incomes from timber extraction. Wider benefits from tourism and non-timber forest products are also possible, with values of over $300 per hectare reported in various studies. • The main wider benefits from energy and transportation relate to the health benefits from reduced pollution. Global studies provide some indications of the average national cost of pollution linked to emissions. When these are adjusted to reflect Cambodia’s per capita income, they suggest an average of $4.6 per tCO2 e. Economic analysis uses this figure for power generation.', 'When these are adjusted to reflect Cambodia’s per capita income, they suggest an average of $4.6 per tCO2 e. Economic analysis uses this figure for power generation. Emissions from transportation are likely to have significantly higher health costs because people are much more exposed to concentrated levels of pollution. • The Extended Cost Benefit Analysis case studies and international literature review provide some evidence for further specific wider benefits. Health benefits from electrification of cooking are about 10 times higher than average health benefits. Buses and trains cut the number of accidents. Waste actions reduce water pollution. 3.6. Benefits of adaptation for economic growth 3.6.1. Sector adaptation co-benefits analysis An analysis of adaptation co-benefits looked at each sector and related mitigation actions in the LTS4CN.', 'Sector adaptation co-benefits analysis An analysis of adaptation co-benefits looked at each sector and related mitigation actions in the LTS4CN. To measure impacts on the country and local levels, an assessment of relevance 14 IPCC, 2012, Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 38 now and in the medium-term 2050 scenario was included. Some impacts that are not immediately relevant can become very significant with the progression of climate change. It was assumed that extreme events become more frequent in line with the conclusions of the IPCC 2012 Special Report on Extreme Events.', 'It was assumed that extreme events become more frequent in line with the conclusions of the IPCC 2012 Special Report on Extreme Events. The report found that the frequency of most irregular climatic events (from floods to droughts to unseasonal rainfall) will roughly double by 2050. Exposure to climate change will be mainly through the changing frequency of extreme events and rainfall variability. The results of the analysis are reported in the following tables by sector. A scale shows the expected impact of each measure (low, moderate, medium, high, and top). The last column indicates specific NDC actions related to proposed adaptation benefits.', 'The last column indicates specific NDC actions related to proposed adaptation benefits. Agriculture sector Table 13: Adaptation co-benefits in the agriculture sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Less methane-intensive rice cultivars Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an integral adaptation strategy to assist human communities facing the adverse effects of climate change. Medium High 63 Minimize the risks (drought, soil loss, etc.) during extreme climatic events by promoting resilient cropping systems. High High to top 2 2 Direct seeding practices Reduced exposure to climate related extremes and slow onset events affecting agriculture and dependent livelihoods. Medium High 2 Support in suppressing opportunistic agricultural pests and invasive species favoured by higher temperature and humidity due to climate change. Low Medium 2 Introduction of innovative sustainable techniques in crop rotation to strengthen their life cycle, reducing the use of chemicals, water consumption and soil erosion.', 'Low Medium 2 Introduction of innovative sustainable techniques in crop rotation to strengthen their life cycle, reducing the use of chemicals, water consumption and soil erosion. High High to top 7 Alternate wetting and drying Increased crop breeding for greater heat and water tolerance as well as food security. Medium High 7 Drought preparedness increases adaptive capacity for water management in High to topCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 39 response to reduced levels of precipitation. Enable more consistent stream flows that can deliver irrigation water. High to top Potential for scaled-up climate-resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate resilient practices. Low Medium 85 Daily spreading of manure and use of digesters Reduced vulnerability to climate-related erosion in cropping systems. Medium High 7 Improved feed quality fodder management Value addition can reduce sensitivity to climate extremes and changes in agriculture. Medium High Promotion of organic fertilizers Increased soil fertility, which can help farmers deal with increased temperatures and climate variability.', 'Medium High Promotion of organic fertilizers Increased soil fertility, which can help farmers deal with increased temperatures and climate variability. Medium High N/A Energy sector Table 14: Adaptation co-benefits in the energy sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number 1 Building sector Increased energy security and less reliance on primary energy imports, e.g., fuels, coal, etc. Medium High Increased adaptive capacity and resources of local communities affected by climate change. Medium High 50,51 Improved ability and capacity of vulnerable populations to protect themselves during climatic events. Medium High 50,51 Better-insulated buildings reduce both energy consumption and the impact of climate change- induced heat waves. Medium High 50,51 Decreased stress on systems that supply needed goods and services, given the intensification of resource and energy use, in particular through energy efficiency actions. High High to top N/A Through energy efficiency, improved insulation moderates internal temperatures during extreme heat/cold events. Medium High 39 Potential reduction in heat island effect/internal heating and cooling load from panel shading.', 'Medium High 39 Potential reduction in heat island effect/internal heating and cooling load from panel shading. Low Medium 39Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 40 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Increased use of public transportation can provide additional transportation options and reduce redundancy in transportation systems during emergency events. Low Medium 56 Electric vehicles as additional emergency transportation for large populations in the event of evacuations or other major climatic events. Low Medium 56 Electric vehicles can potentially be utilized as back-up batteries in emergency situations. Low Medium 56 Power generation Reduction of exposure to fluctuating fossil fuel costs and escalating carbon costs for vulnerable populations disproportionately impacted by climate change. Medium High Facilitation of inclusiveness within the energy transition as a major pillar of adaptation (distributed generation, local renewable producers). 5 Biomass supply Charcoal forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection since fires become more common with higher temperatures and longer dry spells.', '5 Biomass supply Charcoal forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection since fires become more common with higher temperatures and longer dry spells. By limiting onsite burns of biomass material, it could be repurposed as an energy input. Medium High 63 FOLU sector Table 15: Adaptation co-benefits in the FOLU sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Stop deforestation Increased forest resilience to climate change and reduced vulnerability of local populations. High High to top 63 Preservation of natural assets as a source of economic returns in the long run and reduced future expenditure to mitigate adverse events. Medium High 63 Prevent soil erosion and reduce flooding risks. High High to top 63 Reduced risks from landslides. High High to top 63 Favours water retention, moderate evapotranspiration and river restoration.', 'High High to top 63 Favours water retention, moderate evapotranspiration and river restoration. Medium High 63Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 41 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Preserving natural corridors enables species migration and supports the maintenance of ecosystem and genetic diversity. Low Medium 63 Reduced heat stress and animal mortality. Low Medium 63 Increased species composition (e.g., the mix of hardwood and softwood species), age structure and harvest regime, and reduction of species emigration and extinctions. Medium High 63 Avoiding biotic disturbances such as the spread of pests and pathogens favored by climate change, while increasing connectivity in ecological networks. Low Medium 63 High/Middle/ Low sequestration forest Improved forest management and protection and the development of sustainable ecosystem services, which can result in avoided deforestation or reforestation. High High to top 63 Conserving water in natural systems to alleviate the effect of droughts or prevent floods.', 'High High to top 63 Conserving water in natural systems to alleviate the effect of droughts or prevent floods. High High to top 63, 35 Ecosystem protection through the restoration of natural habitats affected by climate change; restored hydrological balance in river basins. High High to top 1, 4 Agroforestry can underpin poverty reduction and improve food availability for marginal rural communities more affected by climate change. Medium High 1,4 Increased filtering of stormwater and improved air quality assisting in adapting to climate change. Medium High 1,4 Maintaining groundwater and surface water quality and quantity; reducing and delaying flood flows. High High to top 1,4Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 42 IPPU sector Table 16: Adaptation co-benefits in the IPPU sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Clinker substitution New materials can help to prevent overheating in warmer climates, keeping buildings cool when temperatures rise due to climate change.', 'High High to top 1,4Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 42 IPPU sector Table 16: Adaptation co-benefits in the IPPU sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Clinker substitution New materials can help to prevent overheating in warmer climates, keeping buildings cool when temperatures rise due to climate change. Low Medium N/A Using several products for clinker substitution, such as coal ash power, would reduce waste and land needed for disposal. Medium High N/A Replacing clinker with industrial waste or by-products prevents such waste ending up in landfills. Low Medium N/A Carbon capture and storage Increased range of available adaptation options as well as their effectiveness in reducing or avoiding risk from increasing rates or magnitudes of climate change. Low Medium N/A Introduce alternatives for cement Promoting the use of locally available mineral resources contributes to energy efficiency in buildings given thermal mass, fire resistance and durability.', 'Low Medium N/A Introduce alternatives for cement Promoting the use of locally available mineral resources contributes to energy efficiency in buildings given thermal mass, fire resistance and durability. Low Medium N/A The use of alternative raw materials will reduce the use of primary raw materials whose availability can decline through climate change. Medium High N/A Use of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (i.e., F-gases) N/A N/A N/A N/A Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Increased energy security and less reliance on energy imports Medium High N/A Improved insulation moderates internal temperatures during extreme heat/cold events Medium High N/A Increased stakeholder awareness (building designers, users and owners) about risks and potential impacts on the environment posed by variable weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes. Medium High N/A Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings Reduction of exposure to fluctuating fossil fuel costs and escalating carbon costs for vulnerable populations High High to top N/ACambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 43 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number disproportionately impacted by climate change.', 'Medium High N/A Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings Reduction of exposure to fluctuating fossil fuel costs and escalating carbon costs for vulnerable populations High High to top N/ACambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 43 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number disproportionately impacted by climate change. Large-scale public-private risk reduction and economic diversification through government insurance for the non-diversifiable portion of risk. Low Medium N/A Waste sector Table 17: Adaptation co-benefits in the waste sector No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Solid waste disposal Waste management prevents surface and groundwater contamination from toxic wastes that is higher in periods of intensive rain. Low Medium 84 Biogas and fertilizers from waste can increase agricultural yields that may decline due to climate change. Medium Biogas can increase energy security and reduce reliance on energy imports. Medium High N/A Biogas can reduce the exposure to fluctuating fossil fuel costs and escalating carbon costs for vulnerable populations disproportionately impacted by climate change.', 'Medium High N/A Biogas can reduce the exposure to fluctuating fossil fuel costs and escalating carbon costs for vulnerable populations disproportionately impacted by climate change. Medium High N/A Biological treatment of solid waste Reduced soil erosion, which can otherwise be higher during periods of intense rain that will become more common due to climate change. High High to top N/A Improved crop yields through using compost. Medium High 8 Compost can increase soil fertility and replenish organic matter and nutrients. High High to top N/A Improved moisture retention of soil (resulting in lower irrigation requirements). Medium High N/A Incineration and open burning of waste Improved soil conditions in areas degraded by climate change and used for waste burning. Low Medium N/A Benefits from energy production (see Action 1). Medium High N/ACambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 44 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Wastewater treatment and discharge Adaptive water management in waste treatment can help adjust to uncertain hydrological changes due to climate change.', 'Medium High N/ACambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 44 No Mitigation action Adaptation co-benefit Relevance (now) Relevance NDC action number Wastewater treatment and discharge Adaptive water management in waste treatment can help adjust to uncertain hydrological changes due to climate change. Medium High 82 Adaptation benefits from compost production (see Action 2). Medium High N/ACambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 45 4. Governance, Measurement, Reporting and Verification 4.1. Governance structure The institutional arrangements for implementing the LTS4CN build on existing national coordination arrangements. The roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder are presented in Table 18.', 'The roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder are presented in Table 18. Table 18: Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Roles and functions in LTS4CN implementation National Council for Sustainable Development Coordination and integration Capacity building and knowledge management Stakeholder engagement Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Economy and Finance Support to the integration of the LTS4CN implementation at national and subnational planning and budgeting Support to MRV development and implementation Sector-lead ministries/government institutions LTS4CN planning and implementation in respective sectors Provision of information to the National Council for Sustainable Development Non-governmental organizations Provision of information Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector LTS4CN implementation Engagement in policymaking Provision of information Development partners Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Academia Provision of research, development, innovation and information Engagement in policymakingCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 46 Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram.', 'Table 18: Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Roles and functions in LTS4CN implementation National Council for Sustainable Development Coordination and integration Capacity building and knowledge management Stakeholder engagement Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Economy and Finance Support to the integration of the LTS4CN implementation at national and subnational planning and budgeting Support to MRV development and implementation Sector-lead ministries/government institutions LTS4CN planning and implementation in respective sectors Provision of information to the National Council for Sustainable Development Non-governmental organizations Provision of information Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector LTS4CN implementation Engagement in policymaking Provision of information Development partners Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Academia Provision of research, development, innovation and information Engagement in policymakingCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 46 Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram. Figure 21: Stakeholder roles and responsibilities 4.2. MRV indicators and tracking 4.2.1.', 'Figure 21: Stakeholder roles and responsibilities 4.2. MRV indicators and tracking 4.2.1. MRV framework MRV helps transparently demonstrate progress in implementing the LTS4CN in line with the targets of Cambodia’s Updated NDC. Cambodia has developed an integrated and detailed MRV system for her updated NDC that comprises tracking and reporting on progress towards adaptation and mitigation, finance received, and required capacity support. The system assists in the coordination of NDC implementation, provides a collective and easy way to update progress made, serves as an effective communication and engagement tool, and provides access to all information relevant to reporting under the Paris Agreement. In developing the system, particular attention was paid to integrating cross-cutting issues in the tracking, such as those related to youth, gender, and private sector engagement.', 'In developing the system, particular attention was paid to integrating cross-cutting issues in the tracking, such as those related to youth, gender, and private sector engagement. The MRV framework for the LTS4CN will build on existing government systems, while strengthening capacity and data collection capability where possible. It will be integrated into the online NDC tracking system with reporting conducted in parallel. The long-term process will be tracked with specific sectoral headline indicators (Table 19) and results indicators that will be selected later.Cambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 47 Table 19: Main sectoral headline indicators 4.2.2. Reporting responsibility The LTS4CN will likely be reviewed every five years in line with the framework for updating NDCs.', 'Reporting responsibility The LTS4CN will likely be reviewed every five years in line with the framework for updating NDCs. This will ensure the transparency, accuracy, and comparability of information on emissions reductions leading towards carbon neutrality by 2050. Relevant sector leads and ministries will contribute to tracking LTS4CN implementation. They will need to communicate outcomes to the National Council for Sustainable Development to support national reporting. The Council is responsible for collecting and submitting Cambodia’s national reporting related to the Paris Agreement.', 'The Council is responsible for collecting and submitting Cambodia’s national reporting related to the Paris Agreement. Sector Indicator Frequency Waste Total GHGs emissions from the waste sector (MtCO2e): solid waste disposal, biological treatment, open burning, wastewater Annual Percentage of emissions reduction by the waste sector against BAU: solid waste disposal, biological treatment, open burning, wastewater Annual Agriculture Total emissions (MtCO2e) from the agriculture sector Annual Percentage of emissions reduction by the agriculture sector against BAU Annual IPPU Total emissions (MtCO2e) from the IPPU sector Annual Percentage of emissions reductions by the IPPU against BAU Annual Energy Total emissions from the energy sector (MtCO2e) Annual Percentage of emissions reductions by the energy sector against BAU Annual FOLU Total emissions from the FOLU sector (MtCO2e) Annual Percentage of emissions reductions by the FOLU sector against BAU Annual TOTAL Total emissions (MtCO2e) for waste, agriculture, IPPU, energy, and FOLU Annual Percentage of emissions reductions (waste, agriculture, IPPU, energy, and FOLU) Annual']

en-US

KHM

Cambodia

1st NDC

2017-02-06 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Cambodia%27s%20INDC%20to%20the%20UNFCCC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

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['Cambodia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction Cambodia recognises the need for respecting the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in particular the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’ along with the right to the sustainable development of developing countries. A global limit of greenhouse gas emissions is also needed in order to achieve the ultimate objective of convention, which is “to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. In response to the ‘Lima Call for Action’1, Cambodia is pleased to present its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC, ahead of COP 21 in Paris, December 2015.', 'In response to the ‘Lima Call for Action’1, Cambodia is pleased to present its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC, ahead of COP 21 in Paris, December 2015. This INDC is subject to revisions to meet national circumstances as the country continues along its development pathway. Cambodia is a low emitter and highly vulnerable country to the negative effects of climate change. Our contribution is therefore necessarily aligned with our development priorities. The INDC includes both adaptation and mitigation actions based on national circumstances.', 'The INDC includes both adaptation and mitigation actions based on national circumstances. Cambodia’s INDC is composed of five sections: Section 1: National context, presenting national circumstances relevant to the INDC Section 2: Adaptation, covering Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change and prioritised adaptation actions Section 3: Mitigation, including Cambodia’s intended contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with information to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding, and consideration of fairness and ambition Section 4: Planning and implementation processes, with indications of the institutions, policies, strategies, and plans that will support the implementation of the INDC Section 5: Means of implementation, with information on the support needed for the implementation of the INDC.', 'Cambodia’s INDC is composed of five sections: Section 1: National context, presenting national circumstances relevant to the INDC Section 2: Adaptation, covering Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change and prioritised adaptation actions Section 3: Mitigation, including Cambodia’s intended contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with information to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding, and consideration of fairness and ambition Section 4: Planning and implementation processes, with indications of the institutions, policies, strategies, and plans that will support the implementation of the INDC Section 5: Means of implementation, with information on the support needed for the implementation of the INDC. 1 UNFCCC decision Decision -/CP.20Cambodia is confident that through INDCs, which is a new, ‘bottom-up’ approach to addressing climate change, the impasse in the negotiations that have been experienced in the past years will be overcome.', '1 UNFCCC decision Decision -/CP.20Cambodia is confident that through INDCs, which is a new, ‘bottom-up’ approach to addressing climate change, the impasse in the negotiations that have been experienced in the past years will be overcome. Cambodia also hopes that the new agreement to be finalised at COP 21 will be successful in limiting temperatures to a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system, and at the same time contribute to global poverty reduction and promote economic growth efforts. 1. National Context Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, in particular from floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion. Agriculture,infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zones are the most affected sectors.', 'Agriculture,infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zones are the most affected sectors. Cambodia’s main national development priority, enshrined in the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) for 2014-2018, is to reduce poverty while fostering economic growth at a steady rate of 7-8% per year2. Cambodia aims to progress from least-developed country (LDC) status towards a low and high middle-income developing country by 2018 and 2030 respectively. It is intended that this goal will be achieved by diversifying the economy, including through industrialisation and the development of physical infrastructure. Efforts in addressing climate change in Cambodia cannot be separated from economic development and poverty alleviation goals.', 'Efforts in addressing climate change in Cambodia cannot be separated from economic development and poverty alleviation goals. The agriculture sector is expected to grow at an annual rate of 5% in order to meet national economic growth and export targets, as well as to contribute to the population’s food security needs. At the same time, Cambodia has more than 57% forest cover, which the government endeavours to increase and maintain, to ensure livelihoods for forest-dependent communities and future generations. The pressure on resources and land is high, and whilst the latest available GHG inventory suggests that Cambodia was an overall net carbon sink in 20003.', 'The pressure on resources and land is high, and whilst the latest available GHG inventory suggests that Cambodia was an overall net carbon sink in 20003. Despite the many challenges inherent in realising such strong ambitions, Cambodia is proud of the progress made in climate change policy, in particular since the accession to the UNFCCC in 1996. Explicit efforts have been made in mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national planning. For example, Cambodia has developed and implemented the Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP), and associated action plans developed by each relevant ministry.', 'For example, Cambodia has developed and implemented the Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP), and associated action plans developed by each relevant ministry. These plans are Cambodia’s first ever comprehensive national policy documents that illustrate not only the country’s priority adaptation needs, but also provide roadmaps for the de-carbonisation of key economic sectors and the enhancement of carbon sinks. Further, Cambodia has developed a Green Growth Policy and Roadmap 2 Source: RGC (2014), National Strategic Development Plan 2014-18, Ministry of Planning. Available at: 3According to the latest greenhouse gas inventory for 2000 in: RGC (2015), Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, Ministry of Environment (unpublished)which sets the path to stimulating the economy through low carbon options, savings and creating jobs, protecting vulnerable groups, and improving environmental sustainability.', 'Available at: 3According to the latest greenhouse gas inventory for 2000 in: RGC (2015), Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, Ministry of Environment (unpublished)which sets the path to stimulating the economy through low carbon options, savings and creating jobs, protecting vulnerable groups, and improving environmental sustainability. Cambodia has also made progress in integrating climate change in budgeting through the development of a climate change financing framework, in addition to producing regular climate public expenditure reviews and having improved tracking of climate finance in the Official Development Assistance (ODA) database. There is ongoing work in priority sectors to strengthen climate change-related budget submissions and in integrating climate change in their monitoring and evaluation systems.', 'There is ongoing work in priority sectors to strengthen climate change-related budget submissions and in integrating climate change in their monitoring and evaluation systems. Climate finance modules are also being integrated in the public financial management training courses provided for government officials. 2.1. Vulnerability to Climate Change Cambodia is one of the most climate vulnerable countries in the world4. As a least developed, agrarian country, Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change is mainly due to its geography, high reliance on the agriculture sector, and low adaptive capacity, including limited financial, technical and human resources. Over the past decade, Cambodia has witnessed more frequent and severe floods, droughts and windstorms which pose serious challenges to socio-economic development.', 'Over the past decade, Cambodia has witnessed more frequent and severe floods, droughts and windstorms which pose serious challenges to socio-economic development. As well as occurring more frequently, storms have resulted in increasingly high physical and economic impacts, in particular in rural areas. As an example, heavy rainfall in October 2013 resulted in flash floods, impacting over half a million people. More than half of Cambodia s provinces were impacted, with the Mekong region being particularly affected, as the river’s water levels rose with the rainfall.', 'More than half of Cambodia s provinces were impacted, with the Mekong region being particularly affected, as the river’s water levels rose with the rainfall. An assessment indicated that the damage and loss caused by the 2013 floods was 356 million US$5, of which 153 million US$ was the estimated value of the destruction of physical assets (damage) in the affected areas, and 203 million US$ the estimated losses in production and economic flows. Similarly, in 2012, drought was experienced by 11 out of the 24 provinces in Cambodia and negatively affected tens of thousands of hectares of rice growing areas.', 'Similarly, in 2012, drought was experienced by 11 out of the 24 provinces in Cambodia and negatively affected tens of thousands of hectares of rice growing areas. Meteorological modelling predicts that temperatures will rise in the future and, in addition to the increased frequency of severe floods experienced over the last decade, rainfall patterns will become more unpredictable by 2050. Agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zones are the most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change: - Agriculture: The country’s most agricultural production system is dependent either on rainfall or on the annual flooding and recession of the Tonle Sap Great Lake.', 'Agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zones are the most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change: - Agriculture: The country’s most agricultural production system is dependent either on rainfall or on the annual flooding and recession of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. The sector is therefore particularly sensitive to potential changes in local climate and monsoon regimes 4Source: Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC, 2012), RGC (2006) and RGC (2015), Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, Ministry of Environment (unpublished) 5Cambodia 2013: Post-Flood Early Recovery Need Assessment Report, RGC.- Infrastructure: the increasing occurrence and severity of floods exacerbated by climate change are resulting in high costs for the maintenance and upgrading of roads and irrigation infrastructure.', 'The sector is therefore particularly sensitive to potential changes in local climate and monsoon regimes 4Source: Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC, 2012), RGC (2006) and RGC (2015), Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, Ministry of Environment (unpublished) 5Cambodia 2013: Post-Flood Early Recovery Need Assessment Report, RGC.- Infrastructure: the increasing occurrence and severity of floods exacerbated by climate change are resulting in high costs for the maintenance and upgrading of roads and irrigation infrastructure. This is particularly the case in urban areas where more and more assets and population are concentrated - Forestry: Under emission scenarios SRESB1 and SRESA2 up to 2050 most lowland forest will be exposed to a longer dry period, particularly forest areas located in the northeast and southwest.', 'This is particularly the case in urban areas where more and more assets and population are concentrated - Forestry: Under emission scenarios SRESB1 and SRESA2 up to 2050 most lowland forest will be exposed to a longer dry period, particularly forest areas located in the northeast and southwest. More than 4 million hectares of lowland forest, which currently has a water deficit period of between 4 and 6 months, will become exposed to a greater water deficit period of between 6 to 8 months or more - Human health: Climate change can have both direct and indirect impacts. Examples of direct impacts include death, injury, psychological disorders and damage to public health infrastructure.', 'Examples of direct impacts include death, injury, psychological disorders and damage to public health infrastructure. Examples of indirect impacts include changes in the geographical range and incidence of vector-borne diseases, water-borne and infectious diseases, malnutrition and hunger as a result of ecosystem disturbance - Coastal zones: Coastal zone resources already face a number of pressures, including from over-fishing, over-exploitation of forest resources and mangrove ecosystems leading to increased erosion. Climate change adds to these existing challenges through sea level rise, shrinking arable land and decreasing availability of drinking water. 2.2 Priority Actions Adapting to current and future effects of climate change is a priority for Cambodia.', '2.2 Priority Actions Adapting to current and future effects of climate change is a priority for Cambodia. Cambodia firmly believes that climate change adaptation action requires an integrated, multi- sector approach to be effective and to be able to support national development objectives.', 'Cambodia firmly believes that climate change adaptation action requires an integrated, multi- sector approach to be effective and to be able to support national development objectives. Cambodia has therefore selected a number of priority actions, giving prominence to ones with climate change impact mitigation co-benefits, as follows: - Promoting and improving the adaptive capacity of communities, especially through community based adaptation actions, and restoring the natural ecology system to respond to climate change - Implementing management measures for protected areas to adapt to climate change - Strengthening early warning systems and climate information dissemination - Developing and rehabilitating the flood protection dykes for agricultural and urban development - Increasing the use of mobile pumping stations and permanent stations in responding to mini-droughts, and promoting groundwater research in response to drought and climate risk - Developing climate-proof agriculture systems for adapting to changes in water variability to enhance crop yields.', 'Cambodia has therefore selected a number of priority actions, giving prominence to ones with climate change impact mitigation co-benefits, as follows: - Promoting and improving the adaptive capacity of communities, especially through community based adaptation actions, and restoring the natural ecology system to respond to climate change - Implementing management measures for protected areas to adapt to climate change - Strengthening early warning systems and climate information dissemination - Developing and rehabilitating the flood protection dykes for agricultural and urban development - Increasing the use of mobile pumping stations and permanent stations in responding to mini-droughts, and promoting groundwater research in response to drought and climate risk - Developing climate-proof agriculture systems for adapting to changes in water variability to enhance crop yields. - Promoting climate resilient agriculture in coastal areas through building sea dykes and scaling-up of climate-smart farming systems- Developing crop varieties suitable to Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) and resilient to climate change - Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are adaptive to climate change - Repairing and rehabilitating existing road infrastructure and ensuring effective operation and maintenance, taking into account climate change impacts - Up-scaling the Malaria Control Program towards pre-elimination status of malaria - Up-scaling of national programmes to address the risk of acute respiratory infection, diarrhoeal disease and cholera in disaster-prone areas.', '- Promoting climate resilient agriculture in coastal areas through building sea dykes and scaling-up of climate-smart farming systems- Developing crop varieties suitable to Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) and resilient to climate change - Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are adaptive to climate change - Repairing and rehabilitating existing road infrastructure and ensuring effective operation and maintenance, taking into account climate change impacts - Up-scaling the Malaria Control Program towards pre-elimination status of malaria - Up-scaling of national programmes to address the risk of acute respiratory infection, diarrhoeal disease and cholera in disaster-prone areas. Including conducting surveillance and research on water-borne and food-borne diseases associated with climate change - Strengthening technical and institutional capacity to conduct climate change impact assessments, climate change projections, and mainstreaming of climate change into sector and sub-sector development plans.', 'Including conducting surveillance and research on water-borne and food-borne diseases associated with climate change - Strengthening technical and institutional capacity to conduct climate change impact assessments, climate change projections, and mainstreaming of climate change into sector and sub-sector development plans. The implementation of each of the above actions and the context in current climate change strategies are presented in Table 1 in the Annex.', 'The implementation of each of the above actions and the context in current climate change strategies are presented in Table 1 in the Annex. Cambodia’s contribution particularly aligns with the following requirement of the Lima Call for Action, paragraph 11: - “…the least developed countries and small island developing States may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions…” Cambodia wishes to propose a GHG mitigation contribution for the period 2020 – 2030, conditional upon the availability of support from the international community, in particular in accordance with Article 4.3 of the UNFCCC.', 'Cambodia’s contribution particularly aligns with the following requirement of the Lima Call for Action, paragraph 11: - “…the least developed countries and small island developing States may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions…” Cambodia wishes to propose a GHG mitigation contribution for the period 2020 – 2030, conditional upon the availability of support from the international community, in particular in accordance with Article 4.3 of the UNFCCC. Significantly, despite Cambodia’s status as an LDC, Cambodia is implementing actions in accordance with our sustainable development needs that also address climate change: (i) Energy industries, manufacturing industries, transport, and other sectors: Cambodia intends to undertake actions as listed in Table 1, the impact of which is expected to be a maximum reduction of 3,100 Gg CO2 eq compared to baseline emissions of 11,600 Gg CO2 eq by 2030.', 'Significantly, despite Cambodia’s status as an LDC, Cambodia is implementing actions in accordance with our sustainable development needs that also address climate change: (i) Energy industries, manufacturing industries, transport, and other sectors: Cambodia intends to undertake actions as listed in Table 1, the impact of which is expected to be a maximum reduction of 3,100 Gg CO2 eq compared to baseline emissions of 11,600 Gg CO2 eq by 2030. (ii) LULUCF: Cambodia intends to undertake voluntary and conditional actions to achieve the target of increasing forest cover to 60% of national land area by 2030. In absence of any actions the net sequestration from LULUCF is expected toin 2030 compared to projected sequestration of 18,492 in 20106.', 'In absence of any actions the net sequestration from LULUCF is expected toin 2030 compared to projected sequestration of 18,492 in 20106. Tables 1 and 2 detail the potential mitigation reduction in these sectors, along with the necessary corresponding actions to realise the mitigation potential identified. Table 1: Mitigation actions in key sectors – aggregate reductions by 2030 Sector Priority actions Reduction as Gg eq and % in the year 2030 compared to the baseline Energy Industries National grid connected renewable energy generation (solar energy, hydropower, biomass and biogas) and connecting decentralised renewable generation to the grid. Off-grid electricity such as solar home systems, hydro (pico, mini and micro). Promoting energy efficiency by end users. Manufacturing Industries Promoting use of renewable energy and adopting energy efficiency for garment factory, rice mills, and brick kilns.', 'Manufacturing Industries Promoting use of renewable energy and adopting energy efficiency for garment factory, rice mills, and brick kilns. Transport Promoting mass public transport. Improving operation and maintenance of vehicles through motor vehicle inspection and eco-driving, and the increased use of hybrid cars, electric vehicles and bicycles. Other Promoting energy efficiency for buildings and more efficient cookstoves. Reducing emissions from waste through use of biodigesters and water filters. Use of renewable energy for irrigation and solar lamps.', 'Use of renewable energy for irrigation and solar lamps. 6This information is based on an assessment undertaken for preparing the Second National Communication (SNC).Table 2: Contribution from the LULUCF sector Name of activity Description Estimated emission reductions Increasing the forest cover to 60% of national land area by maintaining it In accordance with the National Forest Programme (2010-2029), Cambodia is striving to increase and maintain the forest cover at 60% of the total land area, from an estimate of 57% in 2010. This will be achieved in particular through: Reclassification of forest areas to avoid deforestation: - Protected areas: 2.8 million hectares - Protected forest: 3 million hectares - Community forest: 2 million hectares - Forest concessions reclassified to protected and production forest: 0.3 million hectares - Production forest: 2.5 million hectares.', 'This will be achieved in particular through: Reclassification of forest areas to avoid deforestation: - Protected areas: 2.8 million hectares - Protected forest: 3 million hectares - Community forest: 2 million hectares - Forest concessions reclassified to protected and production forest: 0.3 million hectares - Production forest: 2.5 million hectares. Implementation of the FLEGT 7 programme in Cambodia The objective is to improve forest governance and promote international trade in verified legal timber. eq/ha/year 3.2 Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Table 3 provides additional information to assist the UNFCCC in compiling and comparing the contributions from all INDCs received by Parties to the convention.', 'eq/ha/year 3.2 Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Table 3 provides additional information to assist the UNFCCC in compiling and comparing the contributions from all INDCs received by Parties to the convention. Table 3: Summary of information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding Information for the UNFCCC Time frames and/or periods for implementation Timeframe for 2020 to 2030 7 FLEGT stands for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade.', 'Table 3: Summary of information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding Information for the UNFCCC Time frames and/or periods for implementation Timeframe for 2020 to 2030 7 FLEGT stands for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. It aims to reduce illegal logging by strengthening sustainable and legal forest management, improving governance and promoting trade in legally produced timber.Information for the UNFCCC implementation Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O) Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating emissions and projections Historical GHG inventory: The reported estimates of emissions of GHGs and removals of CO2 are based on data reported in the draft Second National Communication (SNC) developed by the Government of Cambodia.', 'It aims to reduce illegal logging by strengthening sustainable and legal forest management, improving governance and promoting trade in legally produced timber.Information for the UNFCCC implementation Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O) Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating emissions and projections Historical GHG inventory: The reported estimates of emissions of GHGs and removals of CO2 are based on data reported in the draft Second National Communication (SNC) developed by the Government of Cambodia. The GHG inventory used Tier 1 methodologies set out in the IPCC 1996 Guidelines, IPCC default emission factors and country specific activity data from 2000.', 'The GHG inventory used Tier 1 methodologies set out in the IPCC 1996 Guidelines, IPCC default emission factors and country specific activity data from 2000. Baseline GHG projections: In the energy sector, projections have been generated for the SNC using Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) modelling, using default emission factors and activity data from a wide range of sources. Projections for the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector take into account forest and grassland conversions and land abandonment, and are based on methodologies in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance. All projections took into account current macroeconomic conditions, policy conditions, market conditions and events in other sectors.', 'All projections took into account current macroeconomic conditions, policy conditions, market conditions and events in other sectors. Mitigation options: These were formulated based on previous needs analyses, experience from successful projects, pilot projects, feasibility studies, literature reviews and expert opinion. Approaches for land use, land-use change and forestry emissions Though actions for LULUCF are presented as a conditional contribution, a precise list of actions and the GHG impacts will be updated after finalisation of the REDD+ Strategy (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation “Plus” Strategy).', 'Approaches for land use, land-use change and forestry emissions Though actions for LULUCF are presented as a conditional contribution, a precise list of actions and the GHG impacts will be updated after finalisation of the REDD+ Strategy (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation “Plus” Strategy). Global Warming Potentials (GWP) GWPs values used for estimating CO2 e are taken from the IPCC Second Assessment Report Reference pointInformation for the UNFCCC Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in the target year Projection methodology for low carbon scenarios A LEAP model was used to project the BAU scenario for energy sector, while COMAP was used for LULUCF, asindicated in the draft SNC. 3.3 Fairness and Ambition Cambodia recognises the need for all countries to present fair and ambitious INDCs, and acknowledges the objectives laid out in the Lima Call for Action.', '3.3 Fairness and Ambition Cambodia recognises the need for all countries to present fair and ambitious INDCs, and acknowledges the objectives laid out in the Lima Call for Action. As an LDC, Cambodia emits a small share of present global emissions and accounts for a fraction of past global emissions. Taking into account the important role of forestry in carbon capture, Cambodia was still a net sink in the year 2000. As per estimates in draft SNC, Cambodia s BAU per capita emissions in 2050 will be 2.59 tCO2 eq, this is less than half of current world per capita emission.', 'As per estimates in draft SNC, Cambodia s BAU per capita emissions in 2050 will be 2.59 tCO2 eq, this is less than half of current world per capita emission. The actions proposed, if adequately supported through finance, technology transfer, and capacity building, will keep the per capita emissions to an eq by 2030 which is below world average for a 2oC pathway. Cambodia, despite being an LDC, has for the first time presented a clear list of mitigation actions to limit growth in GHG emissions, making a significant deviation from BAU, and thus going beyond existing actions. Cambodia seeks to maximise synergies between mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development.', 'Cambodia seeks to maximise synergies between mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development. Hence, the actions proposed are necessarily integrated with Cambodia’s development priorities, whilst ensuring that growth shifts towards a low carbon development pathway, and align with efforts to increase our country’s resilience. 4. Planning and Implementation Processes The INDC has been developed under the coordination of the National Council for Sustainable Development. An INDC Preparation Team has been appointed, with representatives from relevant ministries that will be responsible for the implementation of the specific actions identified. This INDC (and its future revisions) are to be an integral part of the climate change architecture of Cambodia.', 'This INDC (and its future revisions) are to be an integral part of the climate change architecture of Cambodia. Hence its implementation will be aligned with that of Cambodia s national climate change policy, and not create unnecessary duplication.There are a number of existing and planned domestic processes for delivering, supporting, and monitoring climate change policy in Cambodia, thereby facilitating the successful implementation of the actions captured in the INDC. It is clear that these strategies and plans will need to be revised once the timeframes expire, after having assessed the progress achieved under them. Cambodia made extensive progress in developing processes for implementing climate change interventions over the last decade.', 'Cambodia made extensive progress in developing processes for implementing climate change interventions over the last decade. The overarching development plan for the country, the National Strategic Development Plan (2014-2018), states the importance of implementing Cambodia’s Climate Change Strategic Plan (2014-2023) and contains indicators to track implementation of climate change actions. Further, the INDC development is guided by theGreen Growth Road Map (2009), developed with the aim to support the achievement of middle-income country status by 2030. The roadmap also has priority projects for the longer term i.e. 2020-2030. Cambodia intends to support the initial delivery of the INDC mainly through the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) (2014 – 2023).', 'Cambodia intends to support the initial delivery of the INDC mainly through the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) (2014 – 2023). The following strategic priorities aim to develop Cambodia towards a green, low-carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable and knowledge-based society: (1) The line ministries have developed Sectoral Climate Change Strategic Plans and Action Plans (SCCSPs and SCCAPs) are aligned with CCCSP and cover all the main sectors of relevance to climate change, where identified in the NAPA and National Communications under the UNFCCC. Cambodia is also actively mainstreaming climate change resilience into sub-national planning and finance systems.', 'Cambodia is also actively mainstreaming climate change resilience into sub-national planning and finance systems. (2) Specifically on adaptation, Cambodia has undertaken initiatives to mainstream adaptation into national development, and in specific sectors such as in the agriculture, forestry and human health sectors, as well as coastal zone management. In addition to the CCSP and the SCCSPs and SCCAPs, Cambodia has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (2006), in which coping mechanisms to hazards and climate change impacts are identified, as well as key adaptation needs. (3) The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is being used in Cambodia to strengthen the ongoing climate change adaptation processes through cross-sectoral programming and implementation at national and sub-national levels.', '(3) The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is being used in Cambodia to strengthen the ongoing climate change adaptation processes through cross-sectoral programming and implementation at national and sub-national levels. It may in turn inform future climate change strategies, financing frameworks, and national development planning and budgeting. (4) Forestry related actions would be implemented as part of the national REDD+ Strategy. Cambodia is developing an operational National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS), Reference Emission Level to more accurately quantify GHG impacts of actions in this sector. This will form the basis of implementing and accounting for the forestry actions post 2020.', 'This will form the basis of implementing and accounting for the forestry actions post 2020. Further, Forest Reference Emission Levels and Forest Reference Levels(FREL/FRL) and a Safeguards Information System (SIS) will be used to account for the emissions reduced via the implementation of activities identified from 2016-2020. Cambodia has already taken steps to ensure that its monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system includes indicators to measure progress, including INDC implementation, both for adaptation and mitigation. The monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system will build on the greenhouse gas inventory. In particular, continued support to develop the REDD+ MRV system is required, in order to enable Cambodia to move towards the third phase of REDD+ where it will receive performance-based payments. M&E for adaptation is currently carried out at project-level.', 'M&E for adaptation is currently carried out at project-level. A national M&E framework will be developed, while activities to operationalise it in key sectors have already begun. The Annex to this INDC summarises the prioritised actions on climate change mitigation and adaptation, and the proposed related planning and implementation processes. It is expected that there will be stock-taking of progress and lessons learned in 2018 for the development of the action plans for the subsequent period. 5. Means of Implementation Cambodia requires support in the form of financing, capacity building, and technology transfer to implement the actions set out in this INDC.', 'Means of Implementation Cambodia requires support in the form of financing, capacity building, and technology transfer to implement the actions set out in this INDC. Detailed analysis at the start of the INDC implementation will be necessary in order to align it with that of the climate change action plans and refine the estimation of funding requirements, in particular post 2018. This analysis will determine the precise nature and level of support needed, in particular with respect to capacity building and technology transfer. The assessment of support needs will build on the climate change financing framework that has been developed in conjunction with the climate change action plans.', 'The assessment of support needs will build on the climate change financing framework that has been developed in conjunction with the climate change action plans. This framework included an analysis of financing sources, costing, analysis of climate change impacts on the economy, and recommendations on financing modalities for the implementation of the CCCSP. According to the assessment of financial needs for priority activities up to 2018 included in the sectoral climate change action plans, Cambodia would require 1.27 billion US$ to support the implementation of these activities. The assessment also took into account the climate finance absorption capacity of Cambodia to ensure that the proposed investments are effective.', 'The assessment also took into account the climate finance absorption capacity of Cambodia to ensure that the proposed investments are effective. The international finance support needed would be additional to what Cambodia is allocating to implement its sustainable development plans to realise the identified positive impacts of GHG emission reduction activities. The Climate Change Financing Framework estimated that in 2012, expenditure on climate related policies and actions represented 6.5% of public expenditure, or 1.31% of national GDP. In the National Strategic Development Plan there is aplan to increase the ratio of climate expenditure on GDP from an estimated 1.39% in 2015 to 1.5% in 2018. The support received will be channelled through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms, including market based mechanisms.', 'The support received will be channelled through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms, including market based mechanisms. Cambodia is for example making progress in readiness for direct access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which may become the principal vehicle for climate finance in the future. Dedicated climate change funding from international sources, either from bilateral/multilateral donors or through global climate funds, represents only 40% of total climate related investment. The strategy will also focus on traditional development funds, as the climate-relevant portion of these funds from domestic and international sources too are an important financing support. As stated above Cambodia is already participating in REDD+ mechanism with respect to forestry related actions. Sectoral climate change action plans contain indications of capacity building needs.', 'Sectoral climate change action plans contain indications of capacity building needs. Through consultations carried out to develop the INDC, the development of MRV and M&E systems has been identified as a priority. Though, as explained above the work has already been initiated, more work is needed to develop the MRV based on identified indicators. Cambodia has developed technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation, and technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans.', 'Cambodia has developed technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation, and technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans. At the start of the INDC implementation phase Cambodia will also need to carry out a detailed technology needs assessment.Annex: Further Information Related to Climate Change Related Strategies and Policies Cambodia intends to support the initial delivery of the INDC mainly through the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) (2014 – 2023) (see table 1 below) through the following strategic priorities aims to develop towards a green, low-carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable and knowledge-based society.', 'At the start of the INDC implementation phase Cambodia will also need to carry out a detailed technology needs assessment.Annex: Further Information Related to Climate Change Related Strategies and Policies Cambodia intends to support the initial delivery of the INDC mainly through the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) (2014 – 2023) (see table 1 below) through the following strategic priorities aims to develop towards a green, low-carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable and knowledge-based society. The main CCCSP strategic objectives are to: - Promote climate resilience through improving food, water and energy security - Reduce sectoral, regional, gender vulnerability and health risks to climate change impacts - Ensure climate resilience of critical ecosystems (Tonle Sap Lake, Mekong River, coastal ecosystems, highlands, etc.', 'The main CCCSP strategic objectives are to: - Promote climate resilience through improving food, water and energy security - Reduce sectoral, regional, gender vulnerability and health risks to climate change impacts - Ensure climate resilience of critical ecosystems (Tonle Sap Lake, Mekong River, coastal ecosystems, highlands, etc. ), biodiversity, protected areas and cultural heritage sites - Promote low-carbon planning and technologies to support sustainable development - Improve capacities, knowledge and awareness for climate change responses - Promote adaptive social protection and participatory approaches in reducing loss and damage due to climate change - Strengthen institutions and coordination frameworks for national climate change responses - Strengthen collaboration and active participation in regional and global climate change processes.', '), biodiversity, protected areas and cultural heritage sites - Promote low-carbon planning and technologies to support sustainable development - Improve capacities, knowledge and awareness for climate change responses - Promote adaptive social protection and participatory approaches in reducing loss and damage due to climate change - Strengthen institutions and coordination frameworks for national climate change responses - Strengthen collaboration and active participation in regional and global climate change processes. The CCCSP sets out strategies and actions for different phases: - In the immediate term (2013-2014): putting in place institutional and financial arrangements for the implementation of the CCCSP, development of national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks and indicators, and development of climate change action plans (2014 – 2018) by line ministries - In the medium term (2013-2018): launch of high priority programmes with an initial focus on adaptation and gradual increase in mitigation actions, and accreditation of the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund - In the long term (2019-2023): the focus will be on research and learning, but its main objective will be to scale up successful initiatives and to continue mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national programmes.', 'The CCCSP sets out strategies and actions for different phases: - In the immediate term (2013-2014): putting in place institutional and financial arrangements for the implementation of the CCCSP, development of national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks and indicators, and development of climate change action plans (2014 – 2018) by line ministries - In the medium term (2013-2018): launch of high priority programmes with an initial focus on adaptation and gradual increase in mitigation actions, and accreditation of the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund - In the long term (2019-2023): the focus will be on research and learning, but its main objective will be to scale up successful initiatives and to continue mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national programmes. Table A1 provides a comprehensive list of climate change related strategies and policies under the CCCSP.Table A1: INDC planning and implementation processes and their link to existing climate change strategies and plans Priority actions Existing climate change strategy and plan Adaptation Promoting and improving the adaptive capacity of communities and restoring the natural ecology system to respond to climate change Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Environment and Protected Area Implementing measures of management and protection of areas to adapt to climate change Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Environment and Protected Area Strengthening climate information and early warning systems Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Water Resources and Developing and rehabilitating the flood protection dykes for agricultural/urban development Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Water Resources and Increasing the use of mobile pumping stations and permanent stations in responding to mini- droughts, and promoting groundwater research in response to drought and climate risk Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Water Resources and Developing climate-proof tertiary-community irrigation to enhance the yields from agricultural production of paddy fields Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Rural Development (2014-2018) Promoting the climate resilience of agriculture through building sea dykes in coastal areas and scaling-up of climate-smart farming systems Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Water Resources and Meteorology (2014-2018); and Climate Change Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014-2018) Developing crop varieties suitable to Agro- Ecological Zones (AEZ) and resilient to climate change (include coastal zones) Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are adaptive to climate change Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Repairing and rehabilitating existing road infrastructure and ensuring effective operation and maintenance, taking into account climate change impacts Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Public Works and TransportPriority actions Existing climate change strategy and plan Up-scaling the Malaria Control Program towards pre-elimination status of malaria Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Public Health (2014-2018) Up-scaling of national programmes on acute respiratory infection, diarrhoeal disease and cholera in disaster-prone areas, including conducting surveillance and research on water- borne and food-borne diseases associated with climate variables Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Public Health (2014-2018) Strengthening technical and institutional capacity to conduct climate change impact assessments, climate change projections, and mainstreaming of climate change into sector and sub-sector development plans Implementation of recommendations from the draft SNC Mitigation Energy Industries Grid connected renewable energy generation (solar energy, hydropower, biomass and biogas) and connecting decentralised renewable generation to the grid Off-grid electricity such as solar home systems, hydro (pico, mini and micro) Promoting energy efficiency by end users Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Manufacturing Industry and Energy Sectors (2014-2018) Manufacturing Industries Reducing emissions as a result of rice milling, garment, and brick works Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Manufacturing Industry and Energy Sectors (2014-2018) Transport Sector Motor vehicle inspection, public transport and improving efficiency of vehicles Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Transport Sector (2014-2018) Other Sectors Efficient cookstoves, biodigesters, water filters Implementation of Climate Change Action Plan for Manufacturing Industry and Energy Sectors (2014-2018) Forestry Increasing forest cover to 60% of national land Implementation of: National Forest Programme 2010-29; Climate ChangePriority actions Existing climate change strategy and plan area, and maintaining that level from 2030 onwards Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector (2014-2018); REDD+ Strategy']

en-US

KHM

Cambodia

Updated NDC

2020-12-31 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/20201231_NDC_Update_Cambodia.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/5211b530a8fe35d2aacf76bee9f03082d52f917c3e3416c1cbfb579b552a953f.pdf

['Published by: The General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, the Kingdom of Cambodia © 2020 the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, the Kingdom of Cambodia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Contact Information: The General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment Morodok Techo Building (Lot 503), Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) i Foreword The International community reached a truly historic milestone with the Paris climate agreement in 2015.', 'Contact Information: The General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment Morodok Techo Building (Lot 503), Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) i Foreword The International community reached a truly historic milestone with the Paris climate agreement in 2015. Together, we agreed to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels, to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Cambodia has always been a strong supporter of multilateral action on climate change.', 'Cambodia has always been a strong supporter of multilateral action on climate change. As a country particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, we understand the urgency of ambitious climate action and aim to lead by example, in line with our capacities and responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for Cambodia presents our commitments and needs for the next decade, in order to realize our vision of a low carbon and resilient society. Developed through extensive consultations over a nine-month period, our NDC includes contributions from all concerned stakeholders in the country, including relevant ministries and agencies, civil society representatives, development partners, academia, and the private sector.', 'Developed through extensive consultations over a nine-month period, our NDC includes contributions from all concerned stakeholders in the country, including relevant ministries and agencies, civil society representatives, development partners, academia, and the private sector. The updated NDC has been improved in several important ways. First, coverage has increased to include climate change mitigation targets in the agricultural and waste sectors, and also with more detailed actions in key sub-sectors, such as energy efficiency. It includes a stronger set of adaptation actions, which remain the top priority for Cambodia. Second, we have set an ambitious target in the Forestry and Land Use sector (FOLU) for halving the deforestation rate by 2030, in line with our REDD+ strategy.', 'Second, we have set an ambitious target in the Forestry and Land Use sector (FOLU) for halving the deforestation rate by 2030, in line with our REDD+ strategy. In other sectors, we have increased our level of ambition for Green House Gases (GHG) emissions reduction compared to our initial NDC in 2015. Third, the updated NDC pays particular attention to gender and vulnerable groups, in order to ensure that our adaptation and mitigation actions contribute to a more inclusive society. Finally, a significant effort has been made to develop a solid framework for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), so that we are able generate credible evidence on progress made and on challenges encountered.', 'Finally, a significant effort has been made to develop a solid framework for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), so that we are able generate credible evidence on progress made and on challenges encountered. This will help us to keep refining ourCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ii policies so that we not only meet our NDC commitments, but also our climate change targets under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). I would like to take this opportunity to thank all our partners who have contributed to the development of this document, both at the sectoral and national levels.', 'I would like to take this opportunity to thank all our partners who have contributed to the development of this document, both at the sectoral and national levels. I would like to thank in particular the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance programme (funded by the European Union, Sweden, and UNDP), the World Bank, the NDC Partnership, and other Development Partners for their support and cooperation for this process. As Cambodia is committed to doing her part to address the global challenge of climate change, we look forward to working with all our partners to address our remaining needs in financing, capacity development, and technology transfers. This cooperation and support will be crucial to achieve the ambitious vision set out in this document.', 'This cooperation and support will be crucial to achieve the ambitious vision set out in this document. Say Samal Minister of Environment Chair of the National Council for Sustainable DevelopmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) iii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AI Artificial Intelligence BAU Business as Usual BUR Biennial Update Report CAMDI Cambodia Disaster Loss and Damage Information System CCAP Climate Change Action Plan CCCA Cambodia Climate Change Alliance CLUP Commune Land Use Plan CCCSP Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan CCTWG Climate Change Technical Working Group CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEDAW Convention on Ending all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CNCW Cambodia National Council for Women CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CSDG Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals DCC Department of Climate Change DLUP District Land Use Plan DRM Disaster Risk Management EMIS Education Management Information System EMS Environmental Management System ESS Environmental and Social Safeguards ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EWS Early Warning Systems EX-ACT Tool EX-Ante Carbon Balance Tool FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FOLU Forestry and other Land Use GSSD General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse Gases IPCC International Panel on Climate Change JCM Joint Crediting Mechanism LGCC3 Local Government and Climate Change III M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MIS Management Information System MISTI Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management Urban Planning and Construction MoE Ministry of Environment MoEYS Ministry of Education Youth and Sports MoH Ministry of HealthCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) iv MoINF Ministry of Information MoP Ministry of Planning MoWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MoT Ministry of Tourism MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRD Ministry of Rural Development MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Actions NCDD National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development NCDM National Committee for Disaster Management NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSDP National Strategic Development Plan NSPGG National Strategic Plan on Green Growth ODA Official Development Assistance PPP Public Private Partnerships REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RE Renewable Energy SDG Sustainable Development Goals SHS Solar Home Systems SMEs Small and Medium Sized Enterprises SNC Second National Communication TNA Technology Needs Assessment TNC Third National Communication UMIC Upper Middle-Income Country UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VDC Village Development Committee VER Verified Emissions Reduction WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health OrganisationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) v Contents Foreword i Acronyms iii Contents . v Executive Summary . 1 Overview 11 National Circumstances . 11 Outline of the Document . 13 2 Mitigation Contribution 13 Business as Usual emission scenarios 13 Mitigation Targets 20 Mitigation measures . 23 3 Adaptation Contribution . 29 Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change 29 Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience . 30 Prioritised adaptation actions . 33 4 Cross-cutting areas . 40 Gender . 40 Youth involvement 44 Private sector engagement 45 5 Governance and Implementation Processes 46 The NDC update process . 46 Overarching policy structures . 47 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities . 48 7 Means of Implementation . 51 Finance 51 Barriers and capacity needs 52 Technology needs and availability . 55 Overview 57 MRV for NDC Tracking 58Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) vi Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 59 Fairness and ambition . 60 9 Sustainable Development . 61 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures 90 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Actions 103 Appendix 3: Selected Bibliography 135 Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates . 136 Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios 139Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction The International community reached a truly historic milestone with the Paris climate agreement in 2015.', 'Say Samal Minister of Environment Chair of the National Council for Sustainable DevelopmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) iii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AI Artificial Intelligence BAU Business as Usual BUR Biennial Update Report CAMDI Cambodia Disaster Loss and Damage Information System CCAP Climate Change Action Plan CCCA Cambodia Climate Change Alliance CLUP Commune Land Use Plan CCCSP Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan CCTWG Climate Change Technical Working Group CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEDAW Convention on Ending all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CNCW Cambodia National Council for Women CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CSDG Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals DCC Department of Climate Change DLUP District Land Use Plan DRM Disaster Risk Management EMIS Education Management Information System EMS Environmental Management System ESS Environmental and Social Safeguards ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EWS Early Warning Systems EX-ACT Tool EX-Ante Carbon Balance Tool FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FOLU Forestry and other Land Use GSSD General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse Gases IPCC International Panel on Climate Change JCM Joint Crediting Mechanism LGCC3 Local Government and Climate Change III M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MIS Management Information System MISTI Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management Urban Planning and Construction MoE Ministry of Environment MoEYS Ministry of Education Youth and Sports MoH Ministry of HealthCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) iv MoINF Ministry of Information MoP Ministry of Planning MoWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MoT Ministry of Tourism MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRD Ministry of Rural Development MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Actions NCDD National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development NCDM National Committee for Disaster Management NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSDP National Strategic Development Plan NSPGG National Strategic Plan on Green Growth ODA Official Development Assistance PPP Public Private Partnerships REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RE Renewable Energy SDG Sustainable Development Goals SHS Solar Home Systems SMEs Small and Medium Sized Enterprises SNC Second National Communication TNA Technology Needs Assessment TNC Third National Communication UMIC Upper Middle-Income Country UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VDC Village Development Committee VER Verified Emissions Reduction WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health OrganisationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) v Contents Foreword i Acronyms iii Contents . v Executive Summary . 1 Overview 11 National Circumstances . 11 Outline of the Document . 13 2 Mitigation Contribution 13 Business as Usual emission scenarios 13 Mitigation Targets 20 Mitigation measures . 23 3 Adaptation Contribution . 29 Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change 29 Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience . 30 Prioritised adaptation actions . 33 4 Cross-cutting areas . 40 Gender . 40 Youth involvement 44 Private sector engagement 45 5 Governance and Implementation Processes 46 The NDC update process . 46 Overarching policy structures . 47 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities . 48 7 Means of Implementation . 51 Finance 51 Barriers and capacity needs 52 Technology needs and availability . 55 Overview 57 MRV for NDC Tracking 58Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) vi Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 59 Fairness and ambition . 60 9 Sustainable Development . 61 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures 90 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Actions 103 Appendix 3: Selected Bibliography 135 Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates . 136 Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios 139Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction The International community reached a truly historic milestone with the Paris climate agreement in 2015. Together, we agreed to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels, to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.', 'Together, we agreed to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels, to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. The RGC has supported global efforts against climate change by being a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1996. Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which showcased her progress in climate policy, and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with her national circumstances.', 'Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which showcased her progress in climate policy, and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with her national circumstances. The country is now proud to submit an updated NDC, which strengthens her aspirations towards a cleaner and greener economy and fulfils her obligations to better the lives of her citizens, in particular the vulnerable. The focus of Cambodia’s development is on reducing poverty and ensuring stable economic growth, with the aim of achieving upper-middle income status by 2030, as enshrined in the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP). Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and adaptation features prominently in the NDC.', 'Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and adaptation features prominently in the NDC. At the same time, Cambodia’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are increasing as the country develops. The country has already made remarkable progress in terms of climate change policy, particularly in mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national planning. The RGC has developed and continues to implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP) (2013) and each relevant ministry has developed associated action plans (CCAPs). Cambodia’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) was submitted in August 2020, and the Third National Communication (TNC) work is underway.', 'Cambodia’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) was submitted in August 2020, and the Third National Communication (TNC) work is underway. The National Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Framework for the response to Climate Change has also been developed and regular climate public expenditure reviews have been undertaken.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cambodia has also improved the tracking of climate finance in her Official Development Assistance (ODA) database, among many other initiatives. Chapter 2: Mitigation This section contains an illustration of Cambodia’s Business as Usual (BAU), the proposed mitigation targets and measures to support the achievement of them.', 'Chapter 2: Mitigation This section contains an illustration of Cambodia’s Business as Usual (BAU), the proposed mitigation targets and measures to support the achievement of them. Business as Usual (BAU) emission scenarios In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 without the FOLU are expected to rise by up to 79 million tCO2e/year, while overall GHG emissions with the FOLU are expected to increase to 155 million tCO2e/year. Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) The FOLU sector will generate the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030, with 49.2% of the forecasted BAU emissions in 2030. This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and Industry (IPPU) with 9.0%.', 'This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and Industry (IPPU) with 9.0%. Mitigation targets Using the information provided by relevant ministries on the mitigation measures, activities and assumptions, NDC scenarios for energy generation, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, and the building sectors were modelled using PROSPECT+, while NDC scenarios for the FOLU sector were developed using the EX-ACT tool.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The estimated emission reductions of the NDC scenario are shown below. Overall GHG emissions reduction (including the FOLU) The estimated emissions reduction with the FOLU by 2030 under the NDC scenario will be approximately 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction of which 59.1% is from the FOLU).', 'Overall GHG emissions reduction (including the FOLU) The estimated emissions reduction with the FOLU by 2030 under the NDC scenario will be approximately 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction of which 59.1% is from the FOLU). Summary over BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction Sector BAU 2016 emissions e) emissions e) Scenario e) reduction e) emission reduction % Mitigation measures Mitigation actions were identified from information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD) across seven mitigation sectors: energy, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU.', 'Summary over BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction Sector BAU 2016 emissions e) emissions e) Scenario e) reduction e) emission reduction % Mitigation measures Mitigation actions were identified from information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD) across seven mitigation sectors: energy, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Overall GHG emissions reduction for NDC scenario (including the FOLU) BAU Scenario NDC ScenarioCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 3: Adaptation contribution Adaptation features strongly in Cambodia’s initial NDC and is equally important in this updated NDC due to the country’s continued high vulnerability to climate change. Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change Based on several international climate change indices, Cambodia is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change.', 'Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change Based on several international climate change indices, Cambodia is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The country is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion. Climate change may reduce the country’s annual average GDP growth by 6.6% and absolute GDP by 0.4% in 2020, by 2.5% in 2030, and up to 9.8% in 2050. This may delay reaching upper middle-income status by one year. Accordingly, Cambodia has begun working to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) based on the National Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPA).', 'Accordingly, Cambodia has begun working to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) based on the National Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPA). Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience Cambodia’s vulnerability is characterised by frequent floods and irregular rainfall, coupled with an agrarian based economy, limited human and financial resources, insufficient physical infrastructure, and limited access to technologies. Socio-economic status, location, access to resources and technologies all influence Cambodian’s ability to manage climate impacts. Different social groups experience climate vulnerability differently, and women, children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially marginalised groups are often hit harder. For the development of the SNC, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors including agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health.', 'For the development of the SNC, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors including agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health. Prioritised adaptation actions As with mitigation, all Line Ministries with adaptation relevance submitted their proposed priority actions (86 in total). The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are: Agriculture (17 actions) Coastal zones (2 actions) Energy (2 actions) Human health (5 actions)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Industry (1 action) Infrastructure – including roads, buildings and urban land use planning (15 actions) Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity (7 actions) Tourism (3 actions) Water resources (6 actions).', 'The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are: Agriculture (17 actions) Coastal zones (2 actions) Energy (2 actions) Human health (5 actions)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Industry (1 action) Infrastructure – including roads, buildings and urban land use planning (15 actions) Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity (7 actions) Tourism (3 actions) Water resources (6 actions). In addition, a number of Ministries play an enabling role to facilitate the implementation of actions within the NDC. Such actions can be divided into: Education (4 actions) Gender (6 actions) Governance (2 actions) Information (4 actions) Knowledge sharing (1 action) Policy and planning (12 actions) Chapter 4: Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed quickly which made conducting far-reaching consultations challenging.', 'Such actions can be divided into: Education (4 actions) Gender (6 actions) Governance (2 actions) Information (4 actions) Knowledge sharing (1 action) Policy and planning (12 actions) Chapter 4: Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed quickly which made conducting far-reaching consultations challenging. As such, some crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation were not adequately analysed, namely Gender; Youth involvement; and engagement with the Private sector. Regarding Gender, all sectors, especially waste and energy, are key to mitigation. For adaptation, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors are particularly important, and all ministries provided targets for women’s participation. Gender-balanced training and awareness material and the promotion of ‘women champions’ are key. Most Ministries included gender disaggregated targets of each action across these areas.', 'Most Ministries included gender disaggregated targets of each action across these areas. Regarding youth involvement, in mitigation there is a focus on energy, industry and transport. In adaptation, youth are especially involved in energy, industry, and transport. Also, beyond direct engagement in these sectors, children and youth play a critical role in the development, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of climate actions across sectors. With regard to private sector engagement, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are key to the industry, waste, and energy sectors. While the private sector is less prevalent than inCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation sectors, there are strong opportunities, especially for smallholder farmers and foresters. In general, the private sector can provide inputs, knowledge, and finance.', 'In general, the private sector can provide inputs, knowledge, and finance. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Indigenous People. The Cambodian Constitution recognises that all Khmer citizens (including all indigenous people under the National Policy on the Development of Indigenous Peoples) are equal before the law regardless of race, colour, national origin, etc. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous people, specifically concerning land ownership.', 'During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous people, specifically concerning land ownership. Chapter 5: Governance and Implementation Processes The NDC update process The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development (GSSD) led a preliminary assessment of the NDC implementation and the identification of gaps, as well as the development of the corresponding NDC Roadmap and Stakeholder Engagement Plan. This ensured that the country was able to review her NDC targets by the COP 26 meeting and is expected to achieve her stated contributions by 2030.', 'This ensured that the country was able to review her NDC targets by the COP 26 meeting and is expected to achieve her stated contributions by 2030. Summary of NDC implementation timeline and targets Governance Governance systems set up Mitigation Implementation of mitigation actions Adaptation NAP process ongoing and adaptation actions in NDC implemented Finance Finance systems set up and concessional financing terms MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of progress and development of transparency system NDC and climate change governance systems increasingly mainstreamed Increased ambition, economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process Climate investment plan operational and increased sophistication of finance system Transparency system partially operational NDC and other planning systems perfectly mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Real-time economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process and resilience improved Middle-income level of financial sophistication achieved Transparency system upgraded and fully operationalCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The NDC update process was initiated with the relevant line ministries in March 2020 and included contributions from a number of development partner experts.', 'Summary of NDC implementation timeline and targets Governance Governance systems set up Mitigation Implementation of mitigation actions Adaptation NAP process ongoing and adaptation actions in NDC implemented Finance Finance systems set up and concessional financing terms MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of progress and development of transparency system NDC and climate change governance systems increasingly mainstreamed Increased ambition, economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process Climate investment plan operational and increased sophistication of finance system Transparency system partially operational NDC and other planning systems perfectly mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Real-time economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process and resilience improved Middle-income level of financial sophistication achieved Transparency system upgraded and fully operationalCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The NDC update process was initiated with the relevant line ministries in March 2020 and included contributions from a number of development partner experts. A private sector event included the participation of stakeholders from a range of different sectors, and local communities and indigenous peoples were engaged in the process.', 'A private sector event included the participation of stakeholders from a range of different sectors, and local communities and indigenous peoples were engaged in the process. Every effort was made to conduct consultations in a gender responsive way. Overarching policy structures Cambodia’s NDC places strong focus on the CCCSP 2014-23 (2013) and the related Sectoral Action Plans for its implementation. The following guidelines are also crucial: Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018); The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013); The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018); The National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 (that is currently under development); The Circular Economy Strategy and Action Plan (also under development) sectoral policies; and the related strategies detailed in the Annex.', 'The following guidelines are also crucial: Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018); The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013); The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018); The National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 (that is currently under development); The Circular Economy Strategy and Action Plan (also under development) sectoral policies; and the related strategies detailed in the Annex. Stakeholder roles and responsibilities An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder with regard to the NDC implementation is below.', 'Stakeholder roles and responsibilities An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder with regard to the NDC implementation is below. Stakeholder roles and responsibilities NCSD Ministries/Public Institutions NCDD Development Partners Private/financial Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia GSSD CCTWG Policy Approval Policy development, coordination, Monitoring & Reporting Planning, implementation, Reporting -Development of NDC initiatives - Lead in coordination, integration, capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal frameworks, NDC review - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and implementation plans and policies -Coordination with Internal Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports -Support to integration -NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors -Reporting via CCTWG -Coordination with sub- national administrations for inputs and reporting -Working on NDC strategies and supports -Reporting to CCTWG -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy dialogues -Dissemination of information Provision of research, development, innovation and information Legend Internal stakeholders Key stakeholders -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSD -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 6: Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology.', 'Stakeholder roles and responsibilities NCSD Ministries/Public Institutions NCDD Development Partners Private/financial Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia GSSD CCTWG Policy Approval Policy development, coordination, Monitoring & Reporting Planning, implementation, Reporting -Development of NDC initiatives - Lead in coordination, integration, capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal frameworks, NDC review - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and implementation plans and policies -Coordination with Internal Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports -Support to integration -NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors -Reporting via CCTWG -Coordination with sub- national administrations for inputs and reporting -Working on NDC strategies and supports -Reporting to CCTWG -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy dialogues -Dissemination of information Provision of research, development, innovation and information Legend Internal stakeholders Key stakeholders -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSD -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 6: Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial demands remain high.', 'Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial demands remain high. Future resource mobilisation will look towards a reasonable mix of national and international funds, in addition to market mechanisms, where appropriate, and in line with progress on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The total funding required for all mitigation actions is over US $ 5.8 billion. The FOLU, waste, and energy sector actions require the highest funding. Total funding required for all adaptation actions is just over US $ 2 billion. Infrastructure, water, and agriculture require the highest funding. Barriers and capacity needs The NDC review identified the need for capacity building for the NDC implementation, especially for the NCSD/DCC, CCTWG, and sectoral (and sub-national) TWGs.', 'Barriers and capacity needs The NDC review identified the need for capacity building for the NDC implementation, especially for the NCSD/DCC, CCTWG, and sectoral (and sub-national) TWGs. In addition, each ministry submitted its own capacity building needs, which will require a strong international support. Technology needs and availability Cambodia has developed a technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation, and technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans. However, these are largely outdated so each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability.', 'However, these are largely outdated so each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability. Chapter 7: Transparency Overview The RGC’s approach to developing and operationalising its domestic measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems focuses on integration into the existing climate change M&E framework structure of the CCCSP rather than setting up new layers of institutional structures.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MRV for NDC Tracking Cambodia is putting significant emphasis on the development of an integrated and detailed MRV system that is also aimed at achieving implementation of the NDC. It will be made up of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and the support needed).', 'It will be made up of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and the support needed). Components of MRV for NDC tracking The system will detail how monitoring will occur and how data will be managed, aggregated, and translated into reports, with a particular focus on gender and vulnerable groups. A simple, accessible online NDC tracking system will be developed and the tool will be made accessible through the website. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding The NDC contains a summary in table format of such information.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding The NDC contains a summary in table format of such information. Fairness and ambition Despite being a least developed country with an eighth of the per capita emissions when compared to the global average, with this NDC Cambodia is proposing an ambitious set of sectoral reduction targets and structured and comprehensive adaptation actions.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 8: Sustainable Development Climate change mitigation and adaptation will be crucial not only to achieve SDG 13 on Climate Action, but a range of other SDGs and the Paris Agreement, given the cross-cutting nature of climate change.', 'Fairness and ambition Despite being a least developed country with an eighth of the per capita emissions when compared to the global average, with this NDC Cambodia is proposing an ambitious set of sectoral reduction targets and structured and comprehensive adaptation actions.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 8: Sustainable Development Climate change mitigation and adaptation will be crucial not only to achieve SDG 13 on Climate Action, but a range of other SDGs and the Paris Agreement, given the cross-cutting nature of climate change. SDG 13 has significant implications on the achievement of other key priorities of each country, such as poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy access, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, and sustainable land use and ecosystems1.', 'SDG 13 has significant implications on the achievement of other key priorities of each country, such as poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy access, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, and sustainable land use and ecosystems1. As part of the Cambodia NDC revision process, an analysis on how the NDCs can impact the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was carried out. Each mitigation measure and adaptation action has been screened against the attainment of the SDGs.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Overview The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development.', 'Each mitigation measure and adaptation action has been screened against the attainment of the SDGs.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Overview The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. The RGC has supported global efforts against climate change by being a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1996. Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which showcased progress in climate policy and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with the national circumstances.', 'Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which showcased progress in climate policy and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with the national circumstances. The country is now proud to submit an updated NDC which strengthens her aspirations towards a cleaner and greener economy and fulfils her obligations to better the lives of her citizens, in particular the most vulnerable people. National Circumstances Cambodia’s development focus is on poverty reduction and stable economic growth, to support the country’s efforts to become an upper middle-income nation by 2030.', 'National Circumstances Cambodia’s development focus is on poverty reduction and stable economic growth, to support the country’s efforts to become an upper middle-income nation by 2030. To meet this aim, the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) prioritises: (1) investment in rural areas; (2) decentralisation of national governance; and (3) further integration into the ASEAN region and the wider international community. Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and adaptation features prominently in the NDC. The sectors most affected are agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zone areas are particularly vulnerable to sea level rises and intrusion. According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Cambodia was ranked as the 12th most climate risk-prone country globally, showing the high-level of vulnerability to extreme weather events.', 'According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Cambodia was ranked as the 12th most climate risk-prone country globally, showing the high-level of vulnerability to extreme weather events. However, beyond extreme weather events, climate change also results in slow-onset events that can have significant negative implications for Cambodia and her citizens, particularly the most vulnerable people. Climate change acts as a threat multiplier and its impacts are particularly damaging given the limited adaptive capacity of Cambodia’sCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) population due to socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, malnutrition, agricultural dependence, settlements in flood-prone areas, and public health2. At the same time, Cambodia’s total annual net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rising due to development activities.', 'At the same time, Cambodia’s total annual net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rising due to development activities. Hence, there is a need to prioritise developing Cambodia’s economy and improving the socioeconomic wellbeing of its population, including the most vulnerable people, through low-carbon pathways. Cambodia has already made remarkable progress in climate change policy, especially in mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national planning. The Cambodian Government’s coordinated strategy to tackle climate change is focused on adaptation, with a gradual increase in mitigation actions aligned with economic development goals. Cambodia has developed and continues to implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP) (2015) and each relevant ministry has developed associated action plans (CCAPs).', 'Cambodia has developed and continues to implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP) (2015) and each relevant ministry has developed associated action plans (CCAPs). The country submitted her Intended NDC to the UNFCCC ahead of the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 in Paris in 2015 and then ratified the NDC in 2016. Cambodia’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) was also completed and submitted in August 2020 and the Third National Communication (TNC) work is underway. Further submissions of the NDCs will enable the Cambodian Government to progress in the fulfilment of the Paris Climate Agreement. The successful implementation of Cambodia’s NDC will, however, rely on adequately accessing and mobilising domestic and international climate finance.', 'The successful implementation of Cambodia’s NDC will, however, rely on adequately accessing and mobilising domestic and international climate finance. Cambodia has also made strong progress in developing and implementing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks, including for finance. The country has produced regular climate public expenditure reviews and has improved tracking of climate finance in her Official Development Assistance (ODA) database. The National M&E Framework for Climate Change Response has also been developed and future adaptation and mitigation efforts are anticipated to be supported by international donors and multilateral funds, as well as national contributions. 2 Davies, G.I. et al (2015)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Outline of the Document This document contains Cambodia’s updated NDC, in alignment with the UNFCCC’s decisions.', 'et al (2015)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Outline of the Document This document contains Cambodia’s updated NDC, in alignment with the UNFCCC’s decisions. Cambodia’s INDC, submitted in 2015 and ratified in 2016, already contains mitigation targets and adaptation actions until 2030, so this document updates the initial submission. Accordingly, the document is structured as follows: Section 2 contains the mitigation contribution, Section 3 illustrates the adaptation contribution, Section 4 includes cross-cutting areas of gender, youth involvement, and private sector engagement, Section 5 contains governance and implementation processes, Section 6 includes the means of implementation, Section 7 contains an illustration of transparency means across mitigation, adaptation, and finance, and In Section 8, the relationship between Cambodia’s NDC and sustainable development is presented.', 'Accordingly, the document is structured as follows: Section 2 contains the mitigation contribution, Section 3 illustrates the adaptation contribution, Section 4 includes cross-cutting areas of gender, youth involvement, and private sector engagement, Section 5 contains governance and implementation processes, Section 6 includes the means of implementation, Section 7 contains an illustration of transparency means across mitigation, adaptation, and finance, and In Section 8, the relationship between Cambodia’s NDC and sustainable development is presented. 2 Mitigation Contribution This section contains an illustration of Cambodia’s Business as Usual (BAU), the proposed mitigation targets and measures to support the achievement of these targets. Business as Usual emission scenarios BAU scenarios were developed covering energy generation, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, building, and the forestry and other land use (FOLU) sectors.', 'Business as Usual emission scenarios BAU scenarios were developed covering energy generation, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, building, and the forestry and other land use (FOLU) sectors. The BAU scenarios for electricity, transport, buildings, cement, other industries (excluding cement), agriculture, and waste sectors were developed using the PROSPECT+ model. The FOLU sector was formed based on the model developed for the REDD+ NDC assessment by the REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS).Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Overall GHG emissions (including the FOLU) were validated using GHG emission values in the latest Biennial Update Report (BUR, 2020), which consists of GHG emissions from 2010 - 2016 for most of the sectors (except the FOLU). As shown in Table 1, the UNFCCC sectors were generated by combining certain PROSPECTS+ sectors.', 'As shown in Table 1, the UNFCCC sectors were generated by combining certain PROSPECTS+ sectors. Table 1 PROSPECTS+ Sectors conversion into the UNFCCC sectors No PROSPECTS+ Sector UNFCCC sector 1 Electricity Energy 4 Other industry Industry (IPPU) 6 Waste Waste For each sector, a BAU scenario was developed by extrapolating past emission trends, interpolating available data, and using relevant influential factors (GDP, population, and the forestry growth rate) to fill in missing data in a sequence. 3 We have kept Agriculture and the FOLU sectors separately in order to make the decision-making process easier for the government.', '3 We have kept Agriculture and the FOLU sectors separately in order to make the decision-making process easier for the government. However, we can merge it if needed and present as the AFOLU sector.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 1 Overall GHG emissions in BAU scenarios (including the FOLU) According to Figure 1, overall GHG emissions in 2030 without the FOLU would rise by up to 79 million tCO2e/year, while overall GHG emissions with the FOLU are expected to increase to 155 million tCO2e/year. Figure 2 illustrates the forecast emissions for mitigation sectors under the BAU Scenario (including the FOLU Scenario) until 2030.', 'Figure 2 illustrates the forecast emissions for mitigation sectors under the BAU Scenario (including the FOLU Scenario) until 2030. The lower line (in grey) shows the BAU emissions of the waste sector, which has the lowest BAU emissions among all sectors, while most upper line (in green) shows the cumulative BAU emissions of all sectors. GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Overall GHG emissions in BAU scenarios (including the FOLU) BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) Calculated BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) BURCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 2 Projections of the BAU GHG emissions for all mitigation sectors Figure 3 illustrates the forecast of emissions for each mitigation sector (excluding the FOLU) up to 2030.', 'GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Overall GHG emissions in BAU scenarios (including the FOLU) BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) Calculated BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) BURCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 2 Projections of the BAU GHG emissions for all mitigation sectors Figure 3 illustrates the forecast of emissions for each mitigation sector (excluding the FOLU) up to 2030. Figure 3 The BAU GHG emission projections for mitigation sectors (without the FOLU) GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Projection of sector wise cumulative BAU emissions including the FOLU Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy + FOLU Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Projections of sector wise BAU emissions excluding the FOLU Waste Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + EnergyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) According to Figure 2 and Figure 3, the BAU scenarios for all sectors are steadily increasing.', 'Figure 3 The BAU GHG emission projections for mitigation sectors (without the FOLU) GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Projection of sector wise cumulative BAU emissions including the FOLU Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy + FOLU Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Projections of sector wise BAU emissions excluding the FOLU Waste Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + EnergyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) According to Figure 2 and Figure 3, the BAU scenarios for all sectors are steadily increasing. The highest emissions contributor is the FOLU sector, followed by the agricultural sector.', 'The highest emissions contributor is the FOLU sector, followed by the agricultural sector. The share of emission contributions of the sectors in 2016 and 2030 are illustrated in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 below. Figure 4 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Table 2 Sectoral share and absolute number of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) The FOLU sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030, contributing up to 49.2% of the BAU emissions. This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and industry (IPPU) with 9.0%.', 'This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and industry (IPPU) with 9.0%. The FOLU, energy, agriculture, and industry (IPPU) sectors would be responsible for more than 95% of the estimated BAU emissions in 2030. BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Including the FOLU) FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste million eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 5 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Table 3 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) When considering the BAU emissions without the FOLU, the energy sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030.', 'BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Including the FOLU) FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste million eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 5 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Table 3 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) When considering the BAU emissions without the FOLU, the energy sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030. This would be followed by the agriculture sector with 34.5%, industry (IPPU) with 17.7%, and waste with 4.1% BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Excluding the FOLU) Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste million eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 6 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Table 4 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) The FOLU sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2016 also, contributing up to 61% of the forecasted BAU emissions.', 'This would be followed by the agriculture sector with 34.5%, industry (IPPU) with 17.7%, and waste with 4.1% BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Excluding the FOLU) Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste million eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 6 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Table 4 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) The FOLU sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2016 also, contributing up to 61% of the forecasted BAU emissions. This would be followed by the agricultural sector with 16.9%, the energy sector with 12%, and industry (IPPU) with 7.9%. The FOLU, agriculture, energy, and industry (IPPU) sectors were responsible for more than 95% of BAU emissions in 2016.', 'The FOLU, agriculture, energy, and industry (IPPU) sectors were responsible for more than 95% of BAU emissions in 2016. BAU GHG Emissions in 2016 (Including the FOLU) FOLU Agriculture Energy Industry(IPPU) Waste million eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 7 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Table 5 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2 e) When considering the BAU emissions without the FOLU, the agricultural sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2016. This would be followed by the energy sector with 30.8%, the industrial sector (IPPU) with 20.3%, and the waste sector with 5.5%.', 'This would be followed by the energy sector with 30.8%, the industrial sector (IPPU) with 20.3%, and the waste sector with 5.5%. Mitigation Targets Using the information provided by relevant ministries on the mitigation measures, activities, and assumptions, NDC scenarios for energy, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, and the building sectors were modelled using PROSPECT+, while the NDC scenarios for the FOLU sector were developed using the EX-ACT tool. BAU GHG Emissions in 2016 (Excluding the FOLU) Agriculture Energy Industry(IPPU) Waste eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The majority of targets identified below are conditional on the international support. Cambodia also implements mitigation actions under the country’s sustainable development programme. The start and end year of each project were considered as 2020 and 2030, respectively.', 'The start and end year of each project were considered as 2020 and 2030, respectively. Overall GHG emission reductions including the FOLU NDC Scenarios The FOLU NDC Scenario: Reduce 50% of historical emissions by 2030 (REDD+ programme); This target is based on the REDD+ national strategy which was included due to recommendations from the REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) and the Department of Climate Change. The main assumption of the calculation was to reduce the 50% historical emission from the forest sector (76.3 million tCO2e) by 2030 (38.1 million tCO2e) with an average annual reduction of 21 million tCO2e/year. (Further information on the NDC scenarios is provided in Appendix 6). The estimated emission reductions under the NDC scenario are shown in Figure 8 below.', 'The estimated emission reductions under the NDC scenario are shown in Figure 8 below. Figure 8 Overall GHG emission reduction (including the FOLU) GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Overall GHG emission reduction for the NDC scenario (including the FOLU) BAU Scenario NDC ScenarioCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) As per Figure 8, the estimated emission reductions with the FOLU by 2030 under the NDC scenario will be approximately 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction, of which 59.1% is from the FOLU). The NDC Scenario - contributions by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario among the sectors is indicated in Figure 9 below.', 'The NDC Scenario - contributions by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario among the sectors is indicated in Figure 9 below. Figure 9 GHG emissions reduction under the NDC scenario in 2030 Table 6 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e) GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario - 2030 FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste eCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The emissions reduction of 64.6 million tCO2e/year is expected by 2030. This is a 41.7 % reduction compared with the BAU case. The FOLU is expected to provide the major share of 59.1% emission reduction by 2030.', 'The FOLU is expected to provide the major share of 59.1% emission reduction by 2030. Other sectors like energy (21.3%), agriculture (9.6%), industry (IPPU) (9.1%), and waste (0.9%) are also expected to contribute significantly. This approach will have a better resilience to failure in mitigation activities. One disadvantage of the involvement of many sectors could be the need for more experts in many fields. However, this could be considered as an opportunity to develop or strengthen Cambodia’s capacity. Mitigating emissions from the electricity sector will be directed mainly on the renewable energy power generation. There will be barriers imposed by the availability and the absorption capacity of the grid, which would have to be addressed for the achievement of targets.', 'There will be barriers imposed by the availability and the absorption capacity of the grid, which would have to be addressed for the achievement of targets. Mitigating the transport sector emissions would require policy instruments and carbon pricing instruments to promote low emission transport modes. Social acceptance would depend on the chosen approaches, public awareness-raising activities, and the instruments used. The other industrial sector will expand and play a major role during Cambodia’s development. Therefore, the energy efficiency and process development of existing as well as new industries will have to be improved in order to minimize the effect on emissions. As the cost of the RE is on the reducing trend use of the renewable energy will be a cost-effective mitigation strategy.', 'As the cost of the RE is on the reducing trend use of the renewable energy will be a cost-effective mitigation strategy. Mitigation measures The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD, supported by the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA), has been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities.', 'Mitigation measures The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD, supported by the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA), has been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities. The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 7 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD).', 'The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 7 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD). These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared.', 'These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared. The mitigation projects are distributed among seven sectors: energy, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. Table 8 shows the identified list.', 'Table 8 shows the identified list. No Mitigation action Government priority GHG mitigation potential Targets Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) Finance Technology availability Gender Final score Costs BenefitsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1.043 MtCO2 MISTI Other Industries 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Building residential Building commercial 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 MME Other Industries Building residential Building commercial 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in MME Building commercial Other Industries 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Building residential 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources.', 'No Mitigation action Government priority GHG mitigation potential Targets Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) Finance Technology availability Gender Final score Costs BenefitsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1.043 MtCO2 MISTI Other Industries 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Building residential Building commercial 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 MME Other Industries Building residential Building commercial 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in MME Building commercial Other Industries 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Building residential 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources. 25 % of the renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME Energy generation 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill MoE Waste -MSW 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source).', '25 % of the renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME Energy generation 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill MoE Waste -MSW 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 MoE Waste -MSWCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector then up to 0.5 MtCO2 e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill.', 'If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 MoE Waste -MSWCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector then up to 0.5 MtCO2 e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 0.2 e/year MoE Cement sector Waste _MSW 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 MPWT Passenger transport 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Passenger transport 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028.', 'GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 0.2 e/year MoE Cement sector Waste _MSW 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 MPWT Passenger transport 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Passenger transport 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028. NCDD Building commercial Building residential 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) (Small size (2-3-4m3) MAFF Building residential Agriculture land related 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) Medium size(6-8-10m3) MAFF Energy generation Agriculture land related 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) Large size(>10m3) MAFF Energy generation Agriculture land related Waste -MSW 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e from 2021-2030at an average of e/year MISTI Waste -MSW 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings e /year NCSD Building commercial 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD Building commercial & Residential 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Freight Transport 24 Emission management from factories MoE Other IndustryCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter for emission to the air to 90 factories.', 'NCDD Building commercial Building residential 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) (Small size (2-3-4m3) MAFF Building residential Agriculture land related 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) Medium size(6-8-10m3) MAFF Energy generation Agriculture land related 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000) Large size(>10m3) MAFF Energy generation Agriculture land related Waste -MSW 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e from 2021-2030at an average of e/year MISTI Waste -MSW 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings e /year NCSD Building commercial 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD Building commercial & Residential 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Freight Transport 24 Emission management from factories MoE Other IndustryCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter for emission to the air to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed.', '90% of factories to be licensed. 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Agriculture land- related 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Agriculture land- related 28 Promote manure management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF Agriculture land- related 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector emissions MISTI Wastewater 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan Enhanced MEPS and F-gas transition for room air conditioners and residential refrigerators targeting the new & existing equipment stock in the country.', '25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Agriculture land- related 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Agriculture land- related 28 Promote manure management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF Agriculture land- related 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector emissions MISTI Wastewater 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan Enhanced MEPS and F-gas transition for room air conditioners and residential refrigerators targeting the new & existing equipment stock in the country. MLMUCP Building commercial 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 20% of the newly constructed buildings will comply with Building Energy Code MLMUCP Building commercial 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings.', 'MLMUCP Building commercial 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 20% of the newly constructed buildings will comply with Building Energy Code MLMUCP Building commercial 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. - cities (Phnom Penh and Siem Reap) analysed for mitigating UHIE and projects are implemented - 2% of the existing public and commercial buildings are retrofitted with passive cooling measures MLMUCP Building commercial Source: Ministries’ submissions (Project level emissions were submitted by the line ministries listed under Appendix 5).Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 8 The FOLU targets (detailed list of actions are listed in the Appendix 5) No FOLU activities/target Lead Ministry Sector 1 FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by 2030 Activities: - Improve management and monitoring of forest resources and forest land use - Strengthen implementation of sustainable forest management - Approaches to reduce deforestation, build capacity, and engage stakeholders REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) FOLU Source: Ministerial submissions and REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3 Adaptation Contribution Adaptation features strongly in Cambodia’s initial NDC and is equally important in this updated NDC, due to the country’s continued high vulnerability to climate change.', '- cities (Phnom Penh and Siem Reap) analysed for mitigating UHIE and projects are implemented - 2% of the existing public and commercial buildings are retrofitted with passive cooling measures MLMUCP Building commercial Source: Ministries’ submissions (Project level emissions were submitted by the line ministries listed under Appendix 5).Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 8 The FOLU targets (detailed list of actions are listed in the Appendix 5) No FOLU activities/target Lead Ministry Sector 1 FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by 2030 Activities: - Improve management and monitoring of forest resources and forest land use - Strengthen implementation of sustainable forest management - Approaches to reduce deforestation, build capacity, and engage stakeholders REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) FOLU Source: Ministerial submissions and REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3 Adaptation Contribution Adaptation features strongly in Cambodia’s initial NDC and is equally important in this updated NDC, due to the country’s continued high vulnerability to climate change. Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change According to several international climate change indices, Cambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of climate change4.', 'Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change According to several international climate change indices, Cambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of climate change4. The Global Climate Risk Index (1999–2018)5 placed Cambodia at 12th place among the most vulnerable countries globally. The World Risk Index (2019)6, calculated as a product of exposure and vulnerability, categorised Cambodia as among the ‘very high’ impacted countries. Rising temperatures are likely to lead to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in a fragile socio-economic context. The country s climate vulnerability results in loss and damage to human life, livelihoods, and the national economy, as well as the degradation of her natural resources. The country is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion.', 'The country is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion. According to a series of vulnerability assessments carried out in 20167, 17.5% of Cambodia’s communes were ‘highly’ vulnerable (i.e. 288 communes) and 27.28% (449 communes) were ‘quite’ vulnerable to multiple climate change hazards. Notably, recent research8 indicates that without climate change, the real GDP will grow at an average of 6.9% per year from 2017 to 2050, achieving Upper Middle-Income Country (UMIC) status in 2035. With climate change, the headline projections use the mid-climate change scenario and a mid-adaptation scenario that is equivalent to current levels of adaptation. Climate change reduces average GDP growth to 6.6% and absolute GDP by 0.4% in 2020, 2.5% in 2030, and 9.8% in 2050.', 'Climate change reduces average GDP growth to 6.6% and absolute GDP by 0.4% in 2020, 2.5% in 2030, and 9.8% in 2050. As a result, the UMIC status may be delayed by one 5 Source: Eckstein et al. (2019) 6 Source: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (2019) 7 The information is queried from the Commune DatabaseCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) year. Accordingly, Cambodia has begun developing her National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP process builds on work carried out as part of the National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA), the Second National Communication (SNC) and the CCSAP, among others. The NAP identifies climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation actions for Cambodia.', 'The NAP identifies climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation actions for Cambodia. Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience Cambodia’s vulnerability is characterised by frequent flooding and irregular rainfall, coupled with an agrarian based economy, limited human and financial resources, insufficient physical infrastructure, and limited access to technologies. Socio-economic status, as well as location, access to resources and technology all influence Cambodia’s ability to manage the impact of climate change. Different social groups experience climate vulnerability differently and women, children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially marginalised groups often feel the impacts of climate change disproportionately. For the development of the SNC9, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health.', 'For the development of the SNC9, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health. Agriculture and water resources: Under future climate conditions (2025 and 2050), most of Cambodia’s agricultural areas will be exposed to higher risks of drought. Based on data from the past 20 years, losses in production were mainly due to flooding (about 62%) and drought (about 36%). Most flooding occurs due to increased water levels in the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake between early July and early October. Disruptions to logistical corridors caused by floods have a profound impact to agricultural supply chains, both domestically and for international trade.', 'Disruptions to logistical corridors caused by floods have a profound impact to agricultural supply chains, both domestically and for international trade. The impact of climate change on yield is quite significant. Under the high emission scenario (SRES-A2)10, wet season rice yield (rain-fed) is continuously expected to decrease until 2080 and could fall by up to 70% of current yield levels. Similarly, for the dry season, (irrigated) rice yields for crops planted in November and DecemberCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) could decrease by 40%. The negative impacts on agricultural production can lead to breakdown of food systems, and vulnerable groups risk further deterioration into food and nutrition crises if exposed to extreme climate events.', 'The negative impacts on agricultural production can lead to breakdown of food systems, and vulnerable groups risk further deterioration into food and nutrition crises if exposed to extreme climate events. Adaptation strategies, for example additional time in sourcing water or pasture, can particularly affect women labour allocation, in turn influencing time available for childcare and feeding (e.g. breastfeeding exclusively, preparing healthy meals). Further strain on the workload of women and climate change related stress during pregnancy could contribute to low birth weight, leading to increases in risks of undernutrition and non-communicable diseases11.', 'Further strain on the workload of women and climate change related stress during pregnancy could contribute to low birth weight, leading to increases in risks of undernutrition and non-communicable diseases11. Forestry: More than 4 million hectares of lowland forest, especially those located in the northeast and southwest, which currently have a water deficit period of between four and six months, will become exposed to a water deficit period of between six and eight months or more. A decrease in forest cover may in turn have negative implications for the population, especially children, through micronutrient deficiencies12. Moreover, decreased forest cover, either from climate change or deforestation, increases the risk of landslides13.', 'Moreover, decreased forest cover, either from climate change or deforestation, increases the risk of landslides13. Coastal zones: Rising sea levels are expected to impact coastal systems through inundation, flood and storm damage, loss of wetlands, erosion, saltwater intrusion, and rising water tables. Analysis of the impact of sea-level rises on coastal areas suggests that a total area of about 25,000 ha would be permanently inundated by a sea level rise of one metre, increasing to 38,000 ha at a sea level rise of two metres. Under a high emissions scenario, and without large investments in adaptation, an annual average of 30,700 people are projected to be affected by flooding due to sea level rises between 2070 and 210014. Cambodia also faces inland river flood risks.', 'Cambodia also faces inland river flood risks. It 11 Gender, Climate change, Health WHO: Cambodia: for key sectors in Cambodia: 12 Impacts of forests on children’s diet in rural areas across 27 developing countries: 13 Deforestation Effects on Rainfall‐Induced Shallow Landslides: Remote Sensing and Physically‐Based Modelling 14 From WHO Climate and Health Profile Cambodia 2015: Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is projected that by 2030 an additional 69,800 people may be at risk of river floods annually as a result of climate change, above the estimated 89,700 annually affected population in 2010. Human health: Under a high emissions scenario, the mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 4.2°C on average from 1990 to 2100.', 'Human health: Under a high emissions scenario, the mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 4.2°C on average from 1990 to 2100. This will negatively impact the most vulnerable populations, especially children and the elderly, particularly through heatwaves15. Higher temperatures and variable precipitation accelerates microbial growth, transmission and virulence, can lead to changes in the seasonal and geographic distribution of vector-borne and water-borne diseases16. The spatial pattern of malaria risk in Cambodia has been found to change as rainfall and temperature change in the future. The transmission risk tends to increase until 2050, and then decreases again in 208017. High temperature and precipitation changes can also result in lower food production in the tropics as well as heat-related diseases.', 'High temperature and precipitation changes can also result in lower food production in the tropics as well as heat-related diseases. In addition, the SNC highlighted gaps in information on the role of ecosystems and natural protection assets such as soils, forests, coral reefs, and sea grasses in preventing losses due to climate change, as well as helping to build adaptive capacity. Cambodia’s adaptation contribution follows the planning and implementation cycle of the NAP process and integrates elements that are specific to the NDC.', 'Cambodia’s adaptation contribution follows the planning and implementation cycle of the NAP process and integrates elements that are specific to the NDC. 15 WHO Climate and Health Profile Cambodia 2015: 16 Children’s Environment and Health in East Asia and the Pacific: Figure 10 NDC-NAP linkages Source: CDKN (2016) Prioritised adaptation actions Similarly, to mitigation, the template used to ensure comparability across adaptation actions is illustrated below. Table 9 Template for ministerial submissions for Adaptation Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority; 2= no government policy in place; 3=in line with a government priority Resilience potential: Vulnerable communities targeted etc. Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach; 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits; No.', 'Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach; 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits; No. Adaptation action Government priority Resilience building potential Targets Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance Technology availability Gender Final score Costs BenefitsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative; 3= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available; Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion; 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion; 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion. All line ministries with adaptation relevance submitted their proposed priority actions, which are presented in Annex 2. Prioritised adaptation actions The following table summarises the proposed adaptation actions subdivided by sectors and the corresponding lead ministry.', 'Prioritised adaptation actions The following table summarises the proposed adaptation actions subdivided by sectors and the corresponding lead ministry. The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are the followings (58): Agriculture, including agribusiness, animal health and production, agriculture / energy, and agriculture / gender (17 actions) Coastal zones (2 actions) Energy (2 actions) Human health (5 actions) Industry (1 action) Infrastructure – including roads, buildings, and urban land use planning (15 actions) Livelihoods, poverty, and biodiversity (7 actions) Tourism (3 actions) Water resources (6 actions).', 'The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are the followings (58): Agriculture, including agribusiness, animal health and production, agriculture / energy, and agriculture / gender (17 actions) Coastal zones (2 actions) Energy (2 actions) Human health (5 actions) Industry (1 action) Infrastructure – including roads, buildings, and urban land use planning (15 actions) Livelihoods, poverty, and biodiversity (7 actions) Tourism (3 actions) Water resources (6 actions). Table 10 Priority adaptation actions Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 1 Towards an Agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang Agriculture NCDD 2 Development of Rice crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFF 3 Development of Horticulture and other food crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFFCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 4 Development of Industry crops for increase in production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFF 5 Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events Agriculture MAFF 6 Building climate change resilience on cassava production and processing Agriculture MAFF 7 Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change Agriculture MAFF 8 Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 9 Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change Agriculture MAFF 10 Enhancing institutional and capacity development on climate change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector Agriculture MAFF 11 Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through AI which can adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 12 Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 13 Strengthening capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector Agriculture MAFF 14 Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change Agriculture MAFF 15 Promoting climate resilience in the capture fisheries sector Agriculture MAFF 16 Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐ resilient practices Agriculture NCDD 17 Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people Agriculture MRD 18 Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities.', 'Table 10 Priority adaptation actions Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 1 Towards an Agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang Agriculture NCDD 2 Development of Rice crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFF 3 Development of Horticulture and other food crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFFCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 4 Development of Industry crops for increase in production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement Agriculture MAFF 5 Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events Agriculture MAFF 6 Building climate change resilience on cassava production and processing Agriculture MAFF 7 Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change Agriculture MAFF 8 Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 9 Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change Agriculture MAFF 10 Enhancing institutional and capacity development on climate change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector Agriculture MAFF 11 Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through AI which can adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 12 Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change Agriculture MAFF 13 Strengthening capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector Agriculture MAFF 14 Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change Agriculture MAFF 15 Promoting climate resilience in the capture fisheries sector Agriculture MAFF 16 Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐ resilient practices Agriculture NCDD 17 Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people Agriculture MRD 18 Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities. Coastal zones MOE 19 Effective management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans Coastal zones MOE 20 Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity infrastructures and provide recommendations Energy MME 21 Climate proofing existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure Energy MMECambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 22 Enable effective decision-making for health interventions through generation of information and improved surveillance or early-warning systems Human health MOH 23 Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery Human health MOH 24 Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector-borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change Human health MOH 25 Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessments on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities.', 'Coastal zones MOE 19 Effective management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans Coastal zones MOE 20 Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity infrastructures and provide recommendations Energy MME 21 Climate proofing existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure Energy MMECambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 22 Enable effective decision-making for health interventions through generation of information and improved surveillance or early-warning systems Human health MOH 23 Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery Human health MOH 24 Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector-borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change Human health MOH 25 Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessments on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities. Human health MOH 26 Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation Human health MOH 27 Heat stress adaptation for industrial production Industry MISTI 28 Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) Infrastructure - Buildings MLMUPC 29 Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response to climate change Infrastructure - Buildings MOEYS 30 Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction and infrastructure standards including for public sector and community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH etc.', 'Human health MOH 26 Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation Human health MOH 27 Heat stress adaptation for industrial production Industry MISTI 28 Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) Infrastructure - Buildings MLMUPC 29 Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response to climate change Infrastructure - Buildings MOEYS 30 Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction and infrastructure standards including for public sector and community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH etc. Infrastructure - Buildings NCDM 31 Prepare spatial planning (city/district/municipality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 32 Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 33 Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban planning or new sub-cities to address vulnerability of urbanization.', 'Infrastructure - Buildings NCDM 31 Prepare spatial planning (city/district/municipality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 32 Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 33 Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban planning or new sub-cities to address vulnerability of urbanization. Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 34 Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management and building due to climate change Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 35 Promote Land Use Planning Tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 36 Promote proper low-cost shelters for low-income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 37 Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 38 Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPCCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 39 Strengthening Climate Resilient Cities Infrastructure - Land use planning NCDD 40 Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impacts, including developing an M&E framework for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads Infrastructure - Roads MPWT 41 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastructure - Roads MPWT 42 Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience Infrastructure - Roads MRD 43 Develop and annually update national and subnational multi- hazard and climate risk assessments, including the identification of the most vulnerable communities Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 44 National end-to-end early warning systems with focus on effective dissemination to populations at risk Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 45 Implement community–based disaster and climate risk management programs Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 46 Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity MOE 47 Integrated village development Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity MRD 48 Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around lake Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy and waste management) Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDD 49 Building climate resilient livelihood and public infrastructures in social land concession for vulnerable communities Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDD 50 Provide capacity building and supports for climate change innovation at the provincial along Tonle Sap River Tourism MOT 51 Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels Tourism MOT 52 Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector Tourism MOT 53 Establish an automated nation-wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including the collection of climate and hydrological data Water resources MOWRAM 54 Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate- resilient water management Water resources MOWRAM 55 Establish a national climate and flood warning system, including a service centre and flood emergency response plans Water resources MOWRAM 56 Integrated groundwater management in Cambodia Water resources NCDD 57 Establish nationally standardized best-practice systems for irrigation Water resources MOWRAM 58 Resilient and Adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction Water resources MRD Source: Ministries’ submissionCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enabling actions In addition, a number of Ministries also play an enabling role to facilitate the implementation of actions within the NDC.', 'Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 34 Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management and building due to climate change Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 35 Promote Land Use Planning Tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 36 Promote proper low-cost shelters for low-income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 37 Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPC 38 Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature Infrastructure - Land use planning MLMUPCCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub sector Ministry 39 Strengthening Climate Resilient Cities Infrastructure - Land use planning NCDD 40 Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impacts, including developing an M&E framework for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads Infrastructure - Roads MPWT 41 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastructure - Roads MPWT 42 Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience Infrastructure - Roads MRD 43 Develop and annually update national and subnational multi- hazard and climate risk assessments, including the identification of the most vulnerable communities Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 44 National end-to-end early warning systems with focus on effective dissemination to populations at risk Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 45 Implement community–based disaster and climate risk management programs Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDM 46 Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity MOE 47 Integrated village development Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity MRD 48 Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around lake Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy and waste management) Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDD 49 Building climate resilient livelihood and public infrastructures in social land concession for vulnerable communities Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity NCDD 50 Provide capacity building and supports for climate change innovation at the provincial along Tonle Sap River Tourism MOT 51 Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels Tourism MOT 52 Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector Tourism MOT 53 Establish an automated nation-wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including the collection of climate and hydrological data Water resources MOWRAM 54 Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate- resilient water management Water resources MOWRAM 55 Establish a national climate and flood warning system, including a service centre and flood emergency response plans Water resources MOWRAM 56 Integrated groundwater management in Cambodia Water resources NCDD 57 Establish nationally standardized best-practice systems for irrigation Water resources MOWRAM 58 Resilient and Adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction Water resources MRD Source: Ministries’ submissionCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enabling actions In addition, a number of Ministries also play an enabling role to facilitate the implementation of actions within the NDC. Such actions can be divided into the followings (29): Education (4 actions) Gender (6 actions) Governance (2 actions) Information (4 actions) Knowledge sharing (1 action) Policy and planning (12 actions) Table 11 Enabling actions No.', 'Such actions can be divided into the followings (29): Education (4 actions) Gender (6 actions) Governance (2 actions) Information (4 actions) Knowledge sharing (1 action) Policy and planning (12 actions) Table 11 Enabling actions No. Action Cross- cutting Lead Ministry 1 Upgrading curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects in primary schools Education MOEYS 2 Upgrading curricula to include climate change for non-formal education Education MOEYS 3 Build centres of excellence for delivering climate change courses and research among Universities Education MOEYS 4 Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g.', 'Action Cross- cutting Lead Ministry 1 Upgrading curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects in primary schools Education MOEYS 2 Upgrading curricula to include climate change for non-formal education Education MOEYS 3 Build centres of excellence for delivering climate change courses and research among Universities Education MOEYS 4 Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g. as a required component of teacher training Education MOEYS 5 Strengthen institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation policies, plans, programming, including gender sensitive budgeting Gender MOWA 6 Enhance coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disabilities (PWD), youth, and the elderly Gender MOWA 7 Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with a particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting and the dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated.', 'as a required component of teacher training Education MOEYS 5 Strengthen institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation policies, plans, programming, including gender sensitive budgeting Gender MOWA 6 Enhance coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disabilities (PWD), youth, and the elderly Gender MOWA 7 Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with a particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting and the dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated. Gender MOWA 8 Capacity Development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive budgeting and NDC Gender MOWA 9 Develop technical guidelines for Gender mainstreaming in NDC process Gender MOWA 10 Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change Gender NCDD 11 Local government and Climate Change-III (LGCC3) Governance NCDD 12 Reducing vulnerability of local communities though sub-national climate governance reform (focusing on policy) Governance NCDDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', 'Gender MOWA 8 Capacity Development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive budgeting and NDC Gender MOWA 9 Develop technical guidelines for Gender mainstreaming in NDC process Gender MOWA 10 Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change Gender NCDD 11 Local government and Climate Change-III (LGCC3) Governance NCDD 12 Reducing vulnerability of local communities though sub-national climate governance reform (focusing on policy) Governance NCDDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Action Cross- cutting Lead Ministry 13 Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the capacity of coverage for raising awareness on climate change nationwide Information MOINF 14 Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in the information sector Information MOINF 15 Urge private media organizations to participate in covering climate change related topics and to complement state broadcasting agencies.', 'Action Cross- cutting Lead Ministry 13 Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the capacity of coverage for raising awareness on climate change nationwide Information MOINF 14 Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in the information sector Information MOINF 15 Urge private media organizations to participate in covering climate change related topics and to complement state broadcasting agencies. Information MOINF 16 Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial advertisement that has negative impact on the environment Information MOINF 17 News coverage and program production for awareness raising on climate change and its impacts Knowledge sharing MOINF 18 Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (Focus on implementation) Policy and planning NCDD 19 Mainstreaming climate change into Education Strategic Plan 2019- 2023 Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 Policy and planning MOEYS 20 Strengthen the cooperation with local and International development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in the media sector Policy and planning MOINF 21 Development of climate change national/capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators Policy and planning MOP 22 Development of a climate change public investment program for the national/capital/ provincial levels Policy and planning MOP 23 Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into rural development planning processes and technical design.', 'Information MOINF 16 Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial advertisement that has negative impact on the environment Information MOINF 17 News coverage and program production for awareness raising on climate change and its impacts Knowledge sharing MOINF 18 Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (Focus on implementation) Policy and planning NCDD 19 Mainstreaming climate change into Education Strategic Plan 2019- 2023 Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 Policy and planning MOEYS 20 Strengthen the cooperation with local and International development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in the media sector Policy and planning MOINF 21 Development of climate change national/capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators Policy and planning MOP 22 Development of a climate change public investment program for the national/capital/ provincial levels Policy and planning MOP 23 Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into rural development planning processes and technical design. Policy and planning MRD 24 Build adaptive capacity on climate change for Village leaders (Village Development Committees, VDCs) Policy and planning MRD 25 Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) Policy and planning NCSD 26 Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 Policy and planning NCSD 27 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans Policy and planning NCSD 28 Enhance institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy.', 'Policy and planning MRD 24 Build adaptive capacity on climate change for Village leaders (Village Development Committees, VDCs) Policy and planning MRD 25 Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) Policy and planning NCSD 26 Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 Policy and planning NCSD 27 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans Policy and planning NCSD 28 Enhance institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy. Policy and planning NCSD 29 Development of a long-term low emission strategy Policy and planning NCSD Source: Ministries’ submissionsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4 Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed in a short period of time, which made far-reaching consultations challenging.', 'Policy and planning NCSD 29 Development of a long-term low emission strategy Policy and planning NCSD Source: Ministries’ submissionsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4 Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed in a short period of time, which made far-reaching consultations challenging. As such, it was understood that some crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation were not adequately analysed, specifically 1) Gender; 2) Youth involvement; and 3) Private sector engagement. Most Ministries included the implications of each action across these areas. These are presented and summarised below. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Indigenous People.', 'It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Indigenous People. The Cambodian Constitution recognises that all Khmer citizens (which include indigenous people under the National Policy on the Development of Indigenous Peoples) are equal before the law regardless of race, colour, national origin, etc. Indigenous people are also protected by the Land Law (2001), the Forest Law (2002), the Protected Areas Law (2008), and the National REDD+ Strategy, among others. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous peoples, specifically concerning land ownership.', 'During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous peoples, specifically concerning land ownership. Respect for the traditional knowledge held by indigenous peoples is integral to an understanding of traditional livelihoods and of culture and is, therefore, an essential component of safeguarding these rights. Gender Overview Climate change affects gender minorities disproportionately, including women and girls. The areas where women play a central role - food security, nutrition, energy, livelihoods, health, natural resource management, among others - are those most directly impacted by climate change. By exaggerating gender inequality, climate change also reinforces a structural root cause of violence against women and girls18.', 'By exaggerating gender inequality, climate change also reinforces a structural root cause of violence against women and girls18. In prioritising climate solutions, a gender-balanced approach should incorporate the intersectional needs of the population to ensure inclusivity. Addressing gender inequalities 18 Gender, Climate change, Health WHO:Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is, therefore, a priority for Cambodia and gender has been effectively mainstreamed across planning and budgeting, including in the context of addressing climate change. Notably, the CCCSP includes a strategic objective to ‘reduce sectoral, regional, gender vulnerability and health risks to climate change impacts’. The Ministry mandated with planning and facilitating the implementation of gender issues is the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA).', 'The Ministry mandated with planning and facilitating the implementation of gender issues is the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA). The MOWA has formed a Gender and Climate Change Committee, which gathers information on gender and climate change, conducts studies on the impact of climate change on women and children and builds climate change capacity in the ministry’s departments. The MOWA has also integrated climate change, green growth, and disaster risk management into Neary Rattanak IV, the National Policy on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment.', 'The MOWA has also integrated climate change, green growth, and disaster risk management into Neary Rattanak IV, the National Policy on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. In addition, as part of Cambodia’s periodic reporting to the Convention on Ending all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Cambodia National Council for Women (CNCW) responds specifically to the disproportionate impacts of climate change on rural women and acknowledges the policy and programme efforts underway in Cambodia to mitigate these impacts19. As part of this NDC update, all Ministries acknowledged the importance of addressing gender issues, particularly women’s participation in climate action. Most priority actions have a specific target for women’s participation that ranges from 15% to 70%.', 'Most priority actions have a specific target for women’s participation that ranges from 15% to 70%. Gender and age disaggregated data are crucially important in measuring the success of the gender targets, not only related to women’s participation but also women’s access to skills and technology, as well as women in climate-related decision making. Mitigation Mitigation priority actions, including energy, waste, and transport, all have linkages to gender equality and social inclusion and the potential to contribute to several gender-based indicators.', 'Mitigation Mitigation priority actions, including energy, waste, and transport, all have linkages to gender equality and social inclusion and the potential to contribute to several gender-based indicators. In relation to energy priorities such as (1) access to energy in rural areas and (2) the diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy source, women are often responsible for household energy- related decisions in rural areas, and women, the poor and the marginalised are often last to 19 CEDAW (2018) Sixth periodic report submitted by Cambodia under Article 18 of the Convention, due in 2017.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) gain energy access.', 'In relation to energy priorities such as (1) access to energy in rural areas and (2) the diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy source, women are often responsible for household energy- related decisions in rural areas, and women, the poor and the marginalised are often last to 19 CEDAW (2018) Sixth periodic report submitted by Cambodia under Article 18 of the Convention, due in 2017.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) gain energy access. Gender-responsive mitigation actions and indicators will help measure these changes and also contribute to measuring the success of SDG 5, Cambodia’s CEDAW commitments, and the CCCSP. All mitigation sectors have encouraged the equal involvement of men and women in mitigation actions.', 'All mitigation sectors have encouraged the equal involvement of men and women in mitigation actions. However, the waste and energy sectors show a higher tendency of maintaining a gender balance and encouraging women’s participation. For example, women and children often constitute a large portion of informal waste pickers. Therefore, formalising the waste sector management and creating decent jobs could have a significant impact on ensuring stable livelihoods for women. Projects such as those in the composting market can benefit both men and women. There is high potential to contribute to gender equality through increasing energy access in rural areas, by diversifying household and community energy generation sources. For example, by reducing the reliance on biomass as an energy source.', 'For example, by reducing the reliance on biomass as an energy source. Women are also often responsible for the majority of household energy-related decisions in rural areas. Gender equality can be encouraged in mitigation actions such as through eco-payments. In the transport sector, women generally use public transport more than men. Ensuring safe, efficient and comfortable transport for women may increase their access to higher education centres, skills development centres and other resources in urban areas. Women constitute a higher proportion of the working population in agriculture, and the forestry sector is seen as providing strong opportunities to improve gender balance. In the forestry sector, and particularly for REDD+, there is a need to recognise the diversity of stakeholders, particularly among forest communities.', 'In the forestry sector, and particularly for REDD+, there is a need to recognise the diversity of stakeholders, particularly among forest communities. In addition to continuing the enhancement of ‘invited spaces’ for women’s groups, it will be important for gender outcomes to be adequately captured in the country’s REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems and the broader REDD+ monitoring system.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers are the most common occupations (31%) among Cambodia’s working population20. Women (32.5%) make up slightly more of the employed population than men (28.5%)21. This category, however, this does not account for the self-employed or those working their own land, which is very common in Cambodia’s agrarian-based economy.', 'This category, however, this does not account for the self-employed or those working their own land, which is very common in Cambodia’s agrarian-based economy. Women have a strong role to play in this sector and in value chain development in particular. Priorities include the need to increase women’s income generation while decreasing their work burden by improving agricultural practices and access to technology, as well as fostering women’s collective working groups. In terms of infrastructure, particularly in climate proofing of buildings and roads, opportunities for women to contribute more prominently to restoration and construction are needed, in order to increase their access to income and livelihoods.', 'In terms of infrastructure, particularly in climate proofing of buildings and roads, opportunities for women to contribute more prominently to restoration and construction are needed, in order to increase their access to income and livelihoods. In the human health sector, the importance of gender-disaggregated data is considered a priority, especially to understand the different impacts of air-and vector-borne diseases on women and men. This is of particular significance to women, who often carry the burden of household care including medical care for the family, but who also play an important role in championing behavioural patterns which may improve health and hygiene and reduce disease spread22.', 'This is of particular significance to women, who often carry the burden of household care including medical care for the family, but who also play an important role in championing behavioural patterns which may improve health and hygiene and reduce disease spread22. In Disaster Risk Management (DRM), little gender-disaggregated data collection exists, therefore information on the differentiated impacts of disasters on women, the elderly, children, disabled people, and other socially marginalised groups is largely anecdotal. Data collection needs to be prioritised and the role of women in DRM strengthened, particularly in the potential role women and children can play a key role in developing and monitoring emergency response plans.', 'Data collection needs to be prioritised and the role of women in DRM strengthened, particularly in the potential role women and children can play a key role in developing and monitoring emergency response plans. Enabling actions It is crucial to develop training and awareness materials that take particular gender-based needs and priorities into account to ensure that women and girls benefit equally from 20 National Institute of Statistics (2018). CSES 2017 Final Report 21 National Institute of Statistics (2018). CSES 2017 Final Report 22 See Cambodia’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2015) for more information and targets on reducing risk to and death due to malaria transmission.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) climate action.', 'CSES 2017 Final Report 22 See Cambodia’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2015) for more information and targets on reducing risk to and death due to malaria transmission.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) climate action. The training of trainers and ‘women champions’ are being rolled out in an effort to reach women in particular, and this work will be continued and scaled up where possible. The linkages between more targeted education and an increase in school enrolment for children, in particular girls, are also key to ensure the impacts of climate change do not disproportionately affect girls in terms of access to, and the completion of, education.', 'The linkages between more targeted education and an increase in school enrolment for children, in particular girls, are also key to ensure the impacts of climate change do not disproportionately affect girls in terms of access to, and the completion of, education. Youth involvement Overview The Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (MoEYS) is the lead Ministry mandated with ensuring youth engagement in all relevant sectors, including in climate change. Some Ministries have indicated where youth engagement can be most appropriate. Mitigation The involvement of youth in mitigation actions tends to be lower than in adaptation. However, youth are encouraged to participate in programmes in the relevant sectors, including energy, industry, and transport. Adaptation In the infrastructure sector, youth could provide inputs in construction design, given their role as workers.', 'Adaptation In the infrastructure sector, youth could provide inputs in construction design, given their role as workers. In DRM they can promote and share knowledge of Early Warning Systems (EWS) with their communities. In human health and water resources (especially conservation), their role in awareness-raising campaigns is crucial. Youth also play a key role in the tourism sector, from working in eco-tourism to promoting local organic products. Youth are also a target of higher education abroad programmes, especially in the water resources sector. Overall, they can engage in volunteering activities related to education, training, and outreach and also through specific media programmes.', 'Overall, they can engage in volunteering activities related to education, training, and outreach and also through specific media programmes. Enabling actions Beyond direct engagement in these sectors, children and youth play a critical role in the development, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of climate actions across sectors – they need to be engaged at the national and local levels to participate meaningfully in the development of climate policies, including the NDC and NAP. They need to be empowered to be able to act as leaders of the next generation, educated on theirCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) environmental rights and equipped with the necessary skills, knowledge and training for a green transition.', 'They need to be empowered to be able to act as leaders of the next generation, educated on theirCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) environmental rights and equipped with the necessary skills, knowledge and training for a green transition. Private sector engagement Overview Most actions will be effective only through the engagement of the sector-appropriate private sector players, including through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Private sector entry points have been identified with most of the ministries, and engagement is highlighted in the NDC implementation through directed actions. Private sector partners will need to be engaged to develop PPPs for climate solutions, beyond a donor-based approach, that can be applied sector-wide.', 'Private sector partners will need to be engaged to develop PPPs for climate solutions, beyond a donor-based approach, that can be applied sector-wide. Some of the challenges and opportunities for PPPs include23: An absence of reliable data on private sector investments, including difficulties in identifying adaptation measures supported by the private sector and issues in covering all parts of the economy; The size of the informal sector which accounts for more than half of Cambodia’s GDP; and Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in Cambodia (only 0.2 % are companies with at least 100 employees; 98% of companies employ 10 people or fewer) and provide around two-thirds of the country’s employment.', 'Some of the challenges and opportunities for PPPs include23: An absence of reliable data on private sector investments, including difficulties in identifying adaptation measures supported by the private sector and issues in covering all parts of the economy; The size of the informal sector which accounts for more than half of Cambodia’s GDP; and Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in Cambodia (only 0.2 % are companies with at least 100 employees; 98% of companies employ 10 people or fewer) and provide around two-thirds of the country’s employment. Through addressing some of these challenges and opportunities, there is potential to accelerate climate action with the private sector through PPPs.', 'Through addressing some of these challenges and opportunities, there is potential to accelerate climate action with the private sector through PPPs. Mitigation In general, all mitigation sectors require strong public and private sector collaboration to ensure effectiveness. Based on existing climate related data and information available, the private sector is predominantly involved in the industry, waste and energy sectors, while less information is available for other sectors, namely transport, forestry, and agriculture. 23 UNICEF EAPRO Climate Action Advocacy Development in ASEAN Region draft reportCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation While the main potential to scale up private investments relate to mitigation efforts, barriers can be removed in order to stimulate private sector adaptation engagement, not least in the agriculture, human health, and fisheries sectors24.', '23 UNICEF EAPRO Climate Action Advocacy Development in ASEAN Region draft reportCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation While the main potential to scale up private investments relate to mitigation efforts, barriers can be removed in order to stimulate private sector adaptation engagement, not least in the agriculture, human health, and fisheries sectors24. In all sectors, and crucially in buildings and infrastructure, it is in the interest of the private sector to be involved in policymaking and planning and to ensure guidelines and standards are appropriate and implementable.', 'In all sectors, and crucially in buildings and infrastructure, it is in the interest of the private sector to be involved in policymaking and planning and to ensure guidelines and standards are appropriate and implementable. Private sector players are equally involved as input and technology providers (such as in innovative and more resilient clean energy, agriculture, and water spaces), as service providers (such as in eco-tourism or technical assistance to sectors such as water) or as financiers to many other actions, or can themselves be involved in awareness, training and education, such as through private media and universities.', 'Private sector players are equally involved as input and technology providers (such as in innovative and more resilient clean energy, agriculture, and water spaces), as service providers (such as in eco-tourism or technical assistance to sectors such as water) or as financiers to many other actions, or can themselves be involved in awareness, training and education, such as through private media and universities. 5 Governance and Implementation Processes The NDC update process The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD led a preliminary assessment of the NDC implementation and identification of gaps, as well as the development of the corresponding NDC Roadmap and Stakeholder Engagement Plan.', '5 Governance and Implementation Processes The NDC update process The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD led a preliminary assessment of the NDC implementation and identification of gaps, as well as the development of the corresponding NDC Roadmap and Stakeholder Engagement Plan. This ensured that the country was able to review her NDC targets by the COP 26 meeting and is expected to achieve her stated contributions by 2030. The process for the formulation of the NDC roadmap allowed for an initial engagement of stakeholders in key sectors in the discussion of which resources and mechanisms could be leveraged and what would still need to be put in place to ensure full delivery of the NDC targets.', 'The process for the formulation of the NDC roadmap allowed for an initial engagement of stakeholders in key sectors in the discussion of which resources and mechanisms could be leveraged and what would still need to be put in place to ensure full delivery of the NDC targets. The NDC Roadmap, with expected timelines and targets for Cambodia’s NDC implementation, as emerged from the process detailed above, is presented below.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 11 Summary of the NDC implementation timeline and targets Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) The NDC update process initiated with the line ministries in March 2020 helped ascertain whether certain targets would need to be adjusted and whether Cambodia would be able to raise her level of ambition.', 'The NDC Roadmap, with expected timelines and targets for Cambodia’s NDC implementation, as emerged from the process detailed above, is presented below.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 11 Summary of the NDC implementation timeline and targets Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) The NDC update process initiated with the line ministries in March 2020 helped ascertain whether certain targets would need to be adjusted and whether Cambodia would be able to raise her level of ambition. Strong engagement continued throughout the process: experts from development partners, including UNWOMEN, FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, World Bank, GGGI, and WHO provided specialist advice both to line ministries and inputting directly in this document.', 'Strong engagement continued throughout the process: experts from development partners, including UNWOMEN, FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, World Bank, GGGI, and WHO provided specialist advice both to line ministries and inputting directly in this document. In addition, a private sector event was organised, with wide participation of stakeholders from different sectors, and local communities and indigenous peoples have been engaged in the process. Every effort was made to conduct such consultations in a gender responsive way.', 'Every effort was made to conduct such consultations in a gender responsive way. Overarching policy structures Cambodia’s NDC places strong focus on the CCCSP 2014-23 (2013) and related Sectoral Action Plans for its implementation, in addition to the following, some of which have been developed since 2015: Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018) have been developed, adapting the global SDGs to Cambodia’s context by adding ‘Goal 18 of De- mining’ and tailoring the indicators Governance Governance systems set up Mitigation Implementation of mitigation actions Adaptation NAP process ongoing and adaptation actions in NDC implemented Finance Finance systems set up and concessional financing terms MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of progress and development of transparency system NDC and climate change governance systems increasingly mainstreamed Increased ambition, economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process Climate investment plan operational and increased sophistication of finance system Transparency system partially operational NDC and other planning systems perfectly mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Real-time economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process and resilience improved Middle-income level of financial sophistication achieved Transparency system upgraded and fully operationalCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013) was prepared to move Cambodia towards a green economy The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018) was developed, focusing on fostering socio- economic development National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 was developed.', 'Overarching policy structures Cambodia’s NDC places strong focus on the CCCSP 2014-23 (2013) and related Sectoral Action Plans for its implementation, in addition to the following, some of which have been developed since 2015: Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018) have been developed, adapting the global SDGs to Cambodia’s context by adding ‘Goal 18 of De- mining’ and tailoring the indicators Governance Governance systems set up Mitigation Implementation of mitigation actions Adaptation NAP process ongoing and adaptation actions in NDC implemented Finance Finance systems set up and concessional financing terms MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of progress and development of transparency system NDC and climate change governance systems increasingly mainstreamed Increased ambition, economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process Climate investment plan operational and increased sophistication of finance system Transparency system partially operational NDC and other planning systems perfectly mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Real-time economy-wide mitigation targets and implementation NDC linked to NAP process and resilience improved Middle-income level of financial sophistication achieved Transparency system upgraded and fully operationalCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013) was prepared to move Cambodia towards a green economy The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018) was developed, focusing on fostering socio- economic development National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 was developed. There are four climate change indicators in the current NSDP.', 'There are four climate change indicators in the current NSDP. The line ministries will be required to develop their own sectoral development plans; and The Circular Economy Strategy and Action Plan is also being advanced. This outlines the key vision, mission, strategies, and roadmap for Cambodia to transition towards a circular economy through the improvement of many aspects of the economy and society.', 'This outlines the key vision, mission, strategies, and roadmap for Cambodia to transition towards a circular economy through the improvement of many aspects of the economy and society. In addition, there are a number of other sectoral policies and strategies, detailed action by action in the Annexes, including the below: National Protected Area Strategic Management Plan 2017-2031 (2017) National Cooling Plan (draft) National REDD+ Strategy 2017 – 2021 (2017) and the National REDD+ Action and Investment Plan (2019) National Energy Efficiency Policy (draft) National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan 2016–2023 (2018); and Strategic Planning Framework for Fisheries 2010 – 2019 (2010). Stakeholder roles and responsibilities The NCSD is the focal point for the UNFCCC, in addition to covering a number of other roles.', 'Stakeholder roles and responsibilities The NCSD is the focal point for the UNFCCC, in addition to covering a number of other roles. The DCC/GSSD has played a key role in coordination within the government, integration into planning and budgeting, in addition to capacity building and overall stakeholder engagement across all sectors. The NCSD promotes sustainable development aimed at ensuring economic, environmental, social, and cultural balance within the Kingdom of Cambodia.', 'The NCSD promotes sustainable development aimed at ensuring economic, environmental, social, and cultural balance within the Kingdom of Cambodia. It also includes an Executive Committee and a Secretariat (housed at the Ministry of Environment).Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) A General Secretariat (GSSD) was established to support the operations of the NCSD and for coordinating the development of policies, strategic plans, action plans, and legal instruments concerning sustainable development, including the green economy, climate change, biodiversity conservation and biosafety, and science and technology. The Department of Climate Change (DCC) is under the GSSD and has led technical efforts for climate change adaptation and mitigation response and reporting.', 'The Department of Climate Change (DCC) is under the GSSD and has led technical efforts for climate change adaptation and mitigation response and reporting. A Climate Change Technical Working Group (CCTWG) was established to facilitate and provide technical support to the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) in addressing climate change in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The TWG is key to governance and to ensure decision making and implementation by key line ministries. Committees or technical working groups have been created in several line ministries to take on the coordination responsibilities for climate change actions within their respective sectors. Civil society is recognised as an important voice for the community and plays an important role in policy implementation.', 'Civil society is recognised as an important voice for the community and plays an important role in policy implementation. The NGO Forum is one way in which civil society can bring a voice to the NDC formulation and implementation. Development partners also provide a platform for NGO collaboration and women-focused NGOs were consulted during the process of this NDC update. An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder in relation to the NDC implementation can be seen in the following table.', 'An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder in relation to the NDC implementation can be seen in the following table. Table 12 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Role and functions in NDC implementation NCSD Coordination and integration Capacity building and knowledge management Stakeholder engagement MoP, MoEF Support to integration of NDC implementation in national and subnational planning and budgeting Support to MRV development and implementation Line ministries/Government Institutions NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors Provision of information to NCSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NGOs NDC implementation Provision of information Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector NDC implementation Engagement in policymaking Provision of information Development partners Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Academia Provision of research, development, innovation, and information Engagement in policymaking Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram.', 'Table 12 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Role and functions in NDC implementation NCSD Coordination and integration Capacity building and knowledge management Stakeholder engagement MoP, MoEF Support to integration of NDC implementation in national and subnational planning and budgeting Support to MRV development and implementation Line ministries/Government Institutions NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors Provision of information to NCSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NGOs NDC implementation Provision of information Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector NDC implementation Engagement in policymaking Provision of information Development partners Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Academia Provision of research, development, innovation, and information Engagement in policymaking Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram. Figure 12 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) NCSD Ministries/Public Institutions NCDD Development Partners Private/financial Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia GSSD CCTWG Policy Approval Policy development, coordination, Monitoring & Reporting Planning, implementation, Reporting -Development of NDC initiatives - Lead in coordination, integration, capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal frameworks, NDC review - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and implementation plans and policies -Coordination with Internal Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports -Support to integration -NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors -Reporting via CCTWG -Coordination with sub- national administrations for inputs and reporting -Working on NDC strategies and supports -Reporting to CCTWG -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy dialogues -Dissemination of information Provision of research, development, innovation and information Legend Internal stakeholders Key stakeholders -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSD -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 7 Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology.', 'Figure 12 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) NCSD Ministries/Public Institutions NCDD Development Partners Private/financial Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia GSSD CCTWG Policy Approval Policy development, coordination, Monitoring & Reporting Planning, implementation, Reporting -Development of NDC initiatives - Lead in coordination, integration, capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal frameworks, NDC review - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and implementation plans and policies -Coordination with Internal Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports -Support to integration -NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors -Reporting via CCTWG -Coordination with sub- national administrations for inputs and reporting -Working on NDC strategies and supports -Reporting to CCTWG -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to NCSD-S -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy dialogues -Dissemination of information Provision of research, development, innovation and information Legend Internal stakeholders Key stakeholders -Provision of support -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSD -NDC implementation -Engagement in policy and provision of information to the GSSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 7 Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial needs remain high and most actions require financial support (detailed actions are listed in the Annexes).', 'Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial needs remain high and most actions require financial support (detailed actions are listed in the Annexes). Future resource mobilisation will look towards a reasonable mix of national and international funds, in addition to market mechanisms, where appropriate, and in line with progress on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The NDC Roadmap indicated that Cambodia will also require the development of a climate investment plan to aggregate finance needs, gaps, sources, options, and the creation of a project pipeline. Mitigation The following table summarises the finance needs per sector as reported by each ministry in their mitigation submissions. The total funding required for mitigation actions is over US $ 5.8 billion. The FOLU, waste, and energy sector mitigation actions require the most funds.', 'The FOLU, waste, and energy sector mitigation actions require the most funds. These are mostly conditional upon international support. (Further information is provided in Appendix 4). Table 13 Summary of mitigation finance necessary Sector Estimated finance necessary (million US $) Source: Ministries’ submissions 25 This row includes the estimated finance necessary for mitigation actions that cannot be included in the other categories (Energy, Waste, IPPU, Agriculture, FOLU), such as: 1) Promoting One Tourist, One Trees campaign; 2) Installing air quality monitoring equipment in all provinces across and establishing an air quality data monitoring center with mobile application for public information and access.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation The table below summarises the finance needs per sector as reported by each ministry in their adaptation submissions.', 'Table 13 Summary of mitigation finance necessary Sector Estimated finance necessary (million US $) Source: Ministries’ submissions 25 This row includes the estimated finance necessary for mitigation actions that cannot be included in the other categories (Energy, Waste, IPPU, Agriculture, FOLU), such as: 1) Promoting One Tourist, One Trees campaign; 2) Installing air quality monitoring equipment in all provinces across and establishing an air quality data monitoring center with mobile application for public information and access.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation The table below summarises the finance needs per sector as reported by each ministry in their adaptation submissions. The total funding required for adaptation actions is just over US $ 2 billion. Infrastructure, water, and agriculture require the highest funding.', 'Infrastructure, water, and agriculture require the highest funding. Table 14 Summary of adaptation finance necessary Sector Estimated finance necessary (US $) Coastal zones 72,000,000 Enabling actions 21,050,000 Human health 467,685 Industry Not reported Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity 211,125,000 Tourism 2,500,000 (as minimum) Water resources 468,798,900 Source: Ministries’ submissions Of the amount indicated above, the majority is conditional upon international support. In fact, almost half of the actions specifically included an indication of conditionality, whilst only five specified that implementation may be possible, at least partially, through existing budget allocations (see detailed table in Appendix 2). In any case, more analysis will need to be carried out as part of the NDC tracking process to ensure transparency.', 'In any case, more analysis will need to be carried out as part of the NDC tracking process to ensure transparency. Barriers and capacity needs The NDC review identified the need for capacity building for the NDC implementation, especially for the NCSD/DCC, CCTWG, and sectoral (and sub-national) TWGs. In addition, each ministry submitted its own capacity building requirements.', 'In addition, each ministry submitted its own capacity building requirements. The table below summarises the barriers and capacity needs for the NDC implementation as submitted by each ministry and identified in the NDC review, the tackling of which will require strong international support.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 15 Barriers and capacity needs Ministry Barriers Capacity needs MISTI • Technical capacity • Finance • Regulatory framework • Inter-ministerial cooperation • Participation from private sector (factory owners and workers) • Labour skill • Data from factories • Equipment • Financial support • Human resource training • Support from top management MLMUPC • Finance (budget for activity implementation) • Climate change information toolkit and capacity • Data systems to monitor and evaluate the impacts of climate change interventions • Capacity on climate change (otherwise MLMUPC has full technical capacity) • Support to strengthen the CCTWG of MLMUPC Capacity support for technical staff of the four General Department within MLMUPC as well as horizontal (line agencies) and vertical actors (sub-national government) in carrying out the activities.', 'The table below summarises the barriers and capacity needs for the NDC implementation as submitted by each ministry and identified in the NDC review, the tackling of which will require strong international support.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 15 Barriers and capacity needs Ministry Barriers Capacity needs MISTI • Technical capacity • Finance • Regulatory framework • Inter-ministerial cooperation • Participation from private sector (factory owners and workers) • Labour skill • Data from factories • Equipment • Financial support • Human resource training • Support from top management MLMUPC • Finance (budget for activity implementation) • Climate change information toolkit and capacity • Data systems to monitor and evaluate the impacts of climate change interventions • Capacity on climate change (otherwise MLMUPC has full technical capacity) • Support to strengthen the CCTWG of MLMUPC Capacity support for technical staff of the four General Department within MLMUPC as well as horizontal (line agencies) and vertical actors (sub-national government) in carrying out the activities. MME • Lack of regulatory framework • Limited capacity for data collection and monitoring • Lack of data management system • Lack of integrated decision support system • Human and institutional capacity building • Financial support • Capacity on mainstreaming climate change into energy infrastructure planning and development • Integrated decision support system for integration of climate data (from various ministries) to support resilient energy infrastructure MOE • Climate model expertise • Concept note and proposal development • Data management and reporting As coordinator for the NDC implementation, the MOE would be expected to build its own capacity and the one of the line ministries in a number of areas, including: • Coordination and integration • Capacity building and knowledge management • Stakeholder engagement • Mitigation and adaptation including: • Environmental, social, economic impact assessment • ESS and gender implementation • Sectoral knowledge and best practices • GHG measurement and accounting • Vulnerability assessment • Policy development and appraisal • MRV/Transparency including: • GHG measurement and accounting • Negotiations skills • Public financial management • Database developmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MOEYS • Finance • Concept note development • Technical capacity • Concept and case studies on climate change, DRR, climate emergency, response planning • Data collection and monitoring systems • Integration of climate change into school curriculum and teacher training curriculum, • M&E framework and systems for Education Management Information System (EMIS) and climate change.', 'MME • Lack of regulatory framework • Limited capacity for data collection and monitoring • Lack of data management system • Lack of integrated decision support system • Human and institutional capacity building • Financial support • Capacity on mainstreaming climate change into energy infrastructure planning and development • Integrated decision support system for integration of climate data (from various ministries) to support resilient energy infrastructure MOE • Climate model expertise • Concept note and proposal development • Data management and reporting As coordinator for the NDC implementation, the MOE would be expected to build its own capacity and the one of the line ministries in a number of areas, including: • Coordination and integration • Capacity building and knowledge management • Stakeholder engagement • Mitigation and adaptation including: • Environmental, social, economic impact assessment • ESS and gender implementation • Sectoral knowledge and best practices • GHG measurement and accounting • Vulnerability assessment • Policy development and appraisal • MRV/Transparency including: • GHG measurement and accounting • Negotiations skills • Public financial management • Database developmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MOEYS • Finance • Concept note development • Technical capacity • Concept and case studies on climate change, DRR, climate emergency, response planning • Data collection and monitoring systems • Integration of climate change into school curriculum and teacher training curriculum, • M&E framework and systems for Education Management Information System (EMIS) and climate change. MOH • Finance for climate change infrastructure and innovation • Human resources • Gender involvement • Technical support • Technical and financial support from external sources both for policy development, infrastructure and behaviour change communication and awareness raising MOINF • Finance • Technical • Human resources on climate change and environment • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert ministries is crucial MOP • Finance • Capacity • Technical Assistance • MoP has the capacity to guide sectoral ministries to implement their activities • Capacity building is necessary for all staff (by sector) on climate change • MoP and NCSD need capacity to assist in mainstreaming climate change in development plan.', 'MOH • Finance for climate change infrastructure and innovation • Human resources • Gender involvement • Technical support • Technical and financial support from external sources both for policy development, infrastructure and behaviour change communication and awareness raising MOINF • Finance • Technical • Human resources on climate change and environment • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert ministries is crucial MOP • Finance • Capacity • Technical Assistance • MoP has the capacity to guide sectoral ministries to implement their activities • Capacity building is necessary for all staff (by sector) on climate change • MoP and NCSD need capacity to assist in mainstreaming climate change in development plan. Being the key ministry to coordinate finance to the sectors, MoP might also require support in the following areas: • Financial and technology needs assessments • Financial modelling and cost benefit analysis • Business case and project concept note writing • Financial and investment terminology • Understanding of the constraints and requirements of investors • Accreditation and access to climate finance • Environmental, Social Safeguards (ESS) and gender MOT • Finance • Technical • Human resources on climate change and environment • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert ministries is crucial MOWRAM • Finance • Capacity of staff • Needs assessment - particularly on technology • Technical support and cooperation from the private sector is requiredCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Data/information centres MPWT • Finance • Human resource (capacity building) • Research and development • Capacity on climate change to be built for implementation and access to finance MRD • Finance • Human resources • Outsourcing some services to firms on project design and quality assurance • For the implementation of the Government budget, MRD have enough capacity to deliver NCDD • Capacity of implementers and NCDD • Finance • Policy (at the national level) • Existing capacity is not yet sufficient for implementation.', 'Being the key ministry to coordinate finance to the sectors, MoP might also require support in the following areas: • Financial and technology needs assessments • Financial modelling and cost benefit analysis • Business case and project concept note writing • Financial and investment terminology • Understanding of the constraints and requirements of investors • Accreditation and access to climate finance • Environmental, Social Safeguards (ESS) and gender MOT • Finance • Technical • Human resources on climate change and environment • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert ministries is crucial MOWRAM • Finance • Capacity of staff • Needs assessment - particularly on technology • Technical support and cooperation from the private sector is requiredCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Data/information centres MPWT • Finance • Human resource (capacity building) • Research and development • Capacity on climate change to be built for implementation and access to finance MRD • Finance • Human resources • Outsourcing some services to firms on project design and quality assurance • For the implementation of the Government budget, MRD have enough capacity to deliver NCDD • Capacity of implementers and NCDD • Finance • Policy (at the national level) • Existing capacity is not yet sufficient for implementation. Climate change is still new • Human Resources are dedicated mostly for decentralisation and de-concentration, as reflected in the upcoming NCDD Strategy NCDM • Resource person • Finance from development partners (governmental budget is limited) • Policy/standards (for example private engagement in DRM) • NCDM would be able to deliver with technical and finance support MOWA • Capacity building to better understand the concept of gender and gender analysis, • M&E • Finance • Coordination (institutional arrangements) • Resource person needs • Technical support • Gender safeguards mitigation measures implementation MAFF • Human resources • Finance • AFOLU GHG data • Technology • Capacity building on Enhance Transparency Framework (ETF) and Management Information System(s) (MIS) • Technical support to establish and operate a tracking system for the NDC, CSDG and other relevant climate change strategies • Technical support for improving activity data and emission factor Source: Ministries’ submissions and NDC Roadmap (2019) Technology needs and availability Overview Cambodia has developed a technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation.', 'Climate change is still new • Human Resources are dedicated mostly for decentralisation and de-concentration, as reflected in the upcoming NCDD Strategy NCDM • Resource person • Finance from development partners (governmental budget is limited) • Policy/standards (for example private engagement in DRM) • NCDM would be able to deliver with technical and finance support MOWA • Capacity building to better understand the concept of gender and gender analysis, • M&E • Finance • Coordination (institutional arrangements) • Resource person needs • Technical support • Gender safeguards mitigation measures implementation MAFF • Human resources • Finance • AFOLU GHG data • Technology • Capacity building on Enhance Transparency Framework (ETF) and Management Information System(s) (MIS) • Technical support to establish and operate a tracking system for the NDC, CSDG and other relevant climate change strategies • Technical support for improving activity data and emission factor Source: Ministries’ submissions and NDC Roadmap (2019) Technology needs and availability Overview Cambodia has developed a technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation. Technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) However, these are mostly out of date, as such, each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability (see the Annexes) and summarised here.', 'Technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) However, these are mostly out of date, as such, each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability (see the Annexes) and summarised here. Mitigation Limited information has been provided on technology availability in mitigation sectors. In waste, required technology is available in the country and region (e.g. Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia). In the energy sector, technologies such as Solar Home Systems (SHS), direct and alternating current (AC/DC) micro grids, and solar battery charging stations are available in the country. In the agricultural sector for example, compost technology is currently available.', 'In the agricultural sector for example, compost technology is currently available. Key technologies in the transport sector include digital systems for GHG emission MRV; spatial planning tools for network management, including traffic management and newer technologies for electric mobility. Adaptation The agricultural sector indicated detailed technology needs for climate smart practices in all its proposed actions, ranging from stress tolerant varieties, to systems of rice intensification to integrated pest management and integrated soil and nutrient management.', 'Adaptation The agricultural sector indicated detailed technology needs for climate smart practices in all its proposed actions, ranging from stress tolerant varieties, to systems of rice intensification to integrated pest management and integrated soil and nutrient management. There are a number of innovative information platforms and databases in use for disaster risk management, including CAMDI (to monitor the impact of disasters, and the DesInventar package), real-time technology-based weather forecasting methods and technology transferred from the French and Finnish meteorological societies, in addition to manuals and toolkits such as the Community Based Disaster Risk Management Field Practitioners Handbook and the KoBo toolbox for community assessment. The energy sector continues to adapt renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies to the Cambodian context.', 'The energy sector continues to adapt renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies to the Cambodian context. The health sector makes use of a number of systems, such as the National Dengue Surveillance System, or the CAMEWARN, a case-based surveillance system which covers seven epidemic prone diseases and syndromes. The infrastructure sector makes use of several guidelines for climate proofing investment developed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank. Technologies in use in the land use planning sector include land survey high technology, aerial photography for mapping, soil tests for spatial planning, downscaled climate projections and network-level vulnerability assessments.', 'Technologies in use in the land use planning sector include land survey high technology, aerial photography for mapping, soil tests for spatial planning, downscaled climate projections and network-level vulnerability assessments. In the water resources sector, groundwater analysis, vulnerability and risk assessments, in addition to groundwater monitoring systems are in use.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enabling technologies The enabling sectors use a range of known technologies including radio, TV and social media for information and awareness to sharing lessons learned from other countries, or the National M&E Manual to monitor progress on indicators. Overview The RGC’s approach to developing and operationalising its domestic measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems focuses on integration into the existing climate change M&E framework structure of the CCCSP rather than setting up new layers of institutional structures.', 'Overview The RGC’s approach to developing and operationalising its domestic measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems focuses on integration into the existing climate change M&E framework structure of the CCCSP rather than setting up new layers of institutional structures. Figure 13 MRV systems in Cambodia Source: NCSD (2020) Cambodia has made significant efforts in establishing robust information systems for MRV. The country has five well-established MRV systems (GHG emissions, CCCSP, which includes adaptation and mitigation, REDD+, Project level MRVs for two planned Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), 12 Clean Development Mechanism (CDMs), 6 JointCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Crediting Mechanism (JCMs), and 6 Verified Emissions Reductions (VERs) and Support received).', 'The country has five well-established MRV systems (GHG emissions, CCCSP, which includes adaptation and mitigation, REDD+, Project level MRVs for two planned Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), 12 Clean Development Mechanism (CDMs), 6 JointCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Crediting Mechanism (JCMs), and 6 Verified Emissions Reductions (VERs) and Support received). MRV for NDC Tracking Cambodia puts great emphasis on the development of an integrated and detailed MRV system, which is also aimed at achieving the implementation of the NDC. It will be comprised of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed).', 'It will be comprised of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed). Figure 14 Components of MRV for NDC tracking Source: NCSD (2020) The system will detail how monitoring will happen, and how data will be managed, aggregated and translated into reports, with particular attention paid to gender and vulnerable groups. A simple, accessible and understandable NDC tracking online system will be developed and the tool will be made accessible online. It is expected that, to the extent possible, the system will harmonise and track all data needs for the relevant international agencies and domestic stakeholders.', 'It is expected that, to the extent possible, the system will harmonise and track all data needs for the relevant international agencies and domestic stakeholders. It will serve as a data repository for in-country stakeholders, including to provide knowledge management for the private sector and to track their contributions to the SDGs, and international ones, particularly the UNFCCC andCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) any other relevant international reporting agency. Verification from third parties, including academic institutions, will be considered. The system will also consider the ISAF (accountability framework) supported by the NCDD (financed by the WB). This ensures proper accessibility of information at the community level (Information for Citizens I4C) and accountability at the commune levels to follow-up on the proposed measures.', 'This ensures proper accessibility of information at the community level (Information for Citizens I4C) and accountability at the commune levels to follow-up on the proposed measures. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Information for the UNFCCC Timeframes Timeframe for implementation 2020-2030 Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating emissions and projections (Excluding the FOLU sector) Historical Data: The reported estimates of emissions of GHGs and removal of CO2 are based on data reported in the 2019 GHG Inventory Report and First Biennial Updated Report (BUR, 2020) developed by the Government of Cambodia.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Information for the UNFCCC Timeframes Timeframe for implementation 2020-2030 Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating emissions and projections (Excluding the FOLU sector) Historical Data: The reported estimates of emissions of GHGs and removal of CO2 are based on data reported in the 2019 GHG Inventory Report and First Biennial Updated Report (BUR, 2020) developed by the Government of Cambodia. Tier 1 methodologies set out in the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines and IPCC default emission factors and country specific activity data from 1994 to 2016 were used for the BAU assessment.', 'Tier 1 methodologies set out in the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines and IPCC default emission factors and country specific activity data from 1994 to 2016 were used for the BAU assessment. Baseline Scenario: Projections were generated by forecasting the calculated emissions within the period of 2000 to 2016 using PROSPECT+ modelling tool for electricity, transport, buildings, cement, other industry (excluding cement), agriculture and waste sectors. Default emission factors and activity data were collected from a wide range of sources but focusing mainly on the latest update of BUR and the defaults values which were given by the model itself. All projections considered current macroeconomic conditions, policy conditions, market conditions and events in other sectors.', 'All projections considered current macroeconomic conditions, policy conditions, market conditions and events in other sectors. For each sector, a BAU scenario was developed by extrapolating past emission trends, interpolating to fill data missing in a sequence and using relevant influential factors (GDP, population, forestry growth rate). Mitigation Scenario: These were formulated based on submissions from relevant ministries. All the possibleCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation actions were considered to develop the NDC scenario using PROSPECT+ model. Approaches for land use, land-use change and forestry emissions EX-ACT tool was used for this sector because PROSPECT+ doesn’t cover the FOLU sector. Historical Data: Most of the activity data was taken from the National GHG Inventory prepared in 2019 and the BUR finalised in 2020.', 'Historical Data: Most of the activity data was taken from the National GHG Inventory prepared in 2019 and the BUR finalised in 2020. Besides those, default values which are given by the EX-ACT based on 2006 IPCC guidelines were considered. (Data from 2000 to 2016 were used) Baseline Scenario: projections for the FOLU sector were generated by calculating emissions within the period of 2000 to 2016 using EX-ACT. Then the BAU forecasts were developed based on the forest cover percentage and deforestation rates in the country. Mitigation Scenario: These were formulated based on proposed actions submitted from all relevant ministries. The main FOLU sector targets were considered to developed mitigation scenarios.', 'The main FOLU sector targets were considered to developed mitigation scenarios. Global Warming Potentials (GWP) GWP values used for estimating CO2 e were taken from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report to be in line with the latest updated BUR submitted in 2020 Reference point Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in the target year Selected BAU scenario: 213 million tCO2 e/year for the year Projection methodology for low carbon scenarios PROSPECTS+ model was used to estimate baseline and NDC emissions for sectors other than the FOLU, and EX-ACT tool for the FOLU sectors. Most of the activity data were taken from the ‘National GHG Inventory 1994-2016’ prepared in 2019 and a study on “A Design of Low Carbon Development Plan Towards 2050 in Cambodia in 2016”.', 'Most of the activity data were taken from the ‘National GHG Inventory 1994-2016’ prepared in 2019 and a study on “A Design of Low Carbon Development Plan Towards 2050 in Cambodia in 2016”. Fairness and ambition The core mitigation commitments of the Paris Agreement are common to all parties, but there is some differentiation in requirements. Developed countries “should” undertake absolute economy-wide reduction targets, while developing countries “are encouraged” to move toward economy-wide targets over time. Cambodia, despite being a least developed country, with an eighth of the per capita emissions when compared to the global average26, sets, in this updated NDC, ambitious sectoral reduction targets and structured and comprehensive adaptation actions. 26 Source: The World Bank, CO2e emissions per capita global database.', '26 Source: The World Bank, CO2e emissions per capita global database. Estimates for 2016.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 9 Sustainable Development Climate change mitigation and adaptation will be crucial not only to achieve SDG 13 on Climate Action, but a number of other SDGs, in addition to the Paris Agreement and given the cross-cutting nature of climate change. SDG 13 has significant implications on the achievement of other key priorities of each country, such as poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy access, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, and sustainable land use and ecosystems27. As such, the NDC implementation can contribute to almost all SDGs, and gender sensitive approaches can help redress gender inequalities (SDG5) and ensure women are engaged and can benefit at all levels.', 'As such, the NDC implementation can contribute to almost all SDGs, and gender sensitive approaches can help redress gender inequalities (SDG5) and ensure women are engaged and can benefit at all levels. As part of the Cambodia NDC revision process, an analysis on how the NDCs can impact the achievement of the SDG was carried out. Each mitigation measure and adaptation action was screened against the attainment of the SDGs. For mitigation, the SCAN tool was utilized. Given the overlap between the SDGs and climate change action, the MRV/Transparency systems used for the NDC implementation can potentially be used to track the SDG implementation as well, especially the goals related to mitigation, adaptation, and finance.', 'Given the overlap between the SDGs and climate change action, the MRV/Transparency systems used for the NDC implementation can potentially be used to track the SDG implementation as well, especially the goals related to mitigation, adaptation, and finance. They could also be used to track the gender sensitive impact of climate actions and effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives if appropriate gender indicators are embedded into the M&E framework and appropriate resources and monitored.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 16 Summary of the SDG assessment of mitigation actions Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Industry Urban planning tools for climate change mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Air pollution reduction, Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries MME Training of a certain number of energy managers/companies by DTEBP Efficiency energy and pollution management in latex and rubber wood processing MAFF Energy saving, reduce GHG and pollution from waste water, health and environment friendly, increased income and value added and employment, and safety working environment Waste Development of strategies for waste management including hazardous waste management (MISTI focuses on technical aspect of waste management inside the factories; Improve process only) MISTI New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Potential for private sector engagement in financing, constructing, and operating sanitary landfill and LFG systems MoE Reduced fire hazard - Decrease risk of collapse - Odour control - Reduced health hazard - Energy for leachate evaporation -Prevention of surface and groundwater contamination from toxic waste componentsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution - leachate capture and treatment - Employment creation Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000)(Small size (2-3-4m3); MAFF Contributing people s livelihood as well as better economy Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source).', 'They could also be used to track the gender sensitive impact of climate actions and effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives if appropriate gender indicators are embedded into the M&E framework and appropriate resources and monitored.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 16 Summary of the SDG assessment of mitigation actions Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Industry Urban planning tools for climate change mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Air pollution reduction, Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries MME Training of a certain number of energy managers/companies by DTEBP Efficiency energy and pollution management in latex and rubber wood processing MAFF Energy saving, reduce GHG and pollution from waste water, health and environment friendly, increased income and value added and employment, and safety working environment Waste Development of strategies for waste management including hazardous waste management (MISTI focuses on technical aspect of waste management inside the factories; Improve process only) MISTI New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Potential for private sector engagement in financing, constructing, and operating sanitary landfill and LFG systems MoE Reduced fire hazard - Decrease risk of collapse - Odour control - Reduced health hazard - Energy for leachate evaporation -Prevention of surface and groundwater contamination from toxic waste componentsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution - leachate capture and treatment - Employment creation Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 2000)(Small size (2-3-4m3); MAFF Contributing people s livelihood as well as better economy Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). Can be done at different stages in the waste management value chain, either at household, community level or at landfill site.', 'Can be done at different stages in the waste management value chain, either at household, community level or at landfill site. Private sector can invest in and operate the composting facilities MoE Job creation -Reduced odour nuisance- local organic fertilizer production-less leachate leakage from landfill-less landfill space required, so cost-savings (but space required for composting) Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. The mechanical and biological separation and treatment of waste will be combined with an anaerobic digestion plant (generation of biogas from organic waste) to power facilities at the landfill. The produced RDF can be sold to e.g. cement industry as fuel. Private sector can invest in and manage the RDF and anaerobic digestion plant MoE 1. Job creation 2. Reduced odour nuisance 3. Local organic fertilizer production (bioslurry) 4.', 'Reduced odour nuisance 3. Local organic fertilizer production (bioslurry) 4. Less leachate leakage from landfill 5. less landfill space required Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainabilityCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector MISTI Provides job opportunities for landfill pickers in a safer environment-Reduces energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for the occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation-Improves local air quality by reducing The open burning of garment waste, including at The landfills-Reduces The need for landfill space-Reduces The need of virgin materials for manufacturing building products Energy Application of electrical equipment labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) MME Labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centers MME 1.', 'Less leachate leakage from landfill 5. less landfill space required Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainabilityCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector MISTI Provides job opportunities for landfill pickers in a safer environment-Reduces energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for the occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation-Improves local air quality by reducing The open burning of garment waste, including at The landfills-Reduces The need for landfill space-Reduces The need of virgin materials for manufacturing building products Energy Application of electrical equipment labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) MME Labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centers MME 1. Reducing inefficient appliances/technologies uses 2.', 'Less leachate leakage from landfill 5. less landfill space required Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainabilityCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector MISTI Provides job opportunities for landfill pickers in a safer environment-Reduces energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for the occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation-Improves local air quality by reducing The open burning of garment waste, including at The landfills-Reduces The need for landfill space-Reduces The need of virgin materials for manufacturing building products Energy Application of electrical equipment labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) MME Labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centers MME 1. Reducing inefficient appliances/technologies uses 2. Informing the citizens of possibilities to improve EE and of related benefits Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation MME Energy efficiency standards, laws and regulations concerning building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgatedCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Introduction of efficient electrical industrial motors and transformer MME Resolve of economic viability of investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection Increase energy access to rural area MME Local community has electricity 24 hours Incorporate renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) into energy mix MME Reduce imports energy sources and increase clean energy Diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy sources MME Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHGCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution emission) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action) Paradigm shift Cooling of public sector buildings NCSD The cooling of public buildings has many benefits, including: • Reduced GHG emissions – climate-friendly solutions to cooling buildings reduces the reliance on ACs which are a source of GHGs • Improved living conditions – as temperatures rise, cooling of buildings in a necessity to avoid heat stress and the subsequent health risks Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing MISTI Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 1: Sustainable energy practices in garment industry 1.1: Upgrade to efficient boiler 1.2: Sewing machine 1.3: Washing machine 1.4: Drying machine 1.6: Efficient lightning appliance 2: Sustainable energy practices in brick industry 2.1: Boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade 2.2: Modified boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade Improving brick kiln efficiency can improve the safety of brick kiln operation through implementation of better safety features that reduce risk of injury during loading of fuel and handling of bricks.', 'Informing the citizens of possibilities to improve EE and of related benefits Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation MME Energy efficiency standards, laws and regulations concerning building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgatedCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Introduction of efficient electrical industrial motors and transformer MME Resolve of economic viability of investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection Increase energy access to rural area MME Local community has electricity 24 hours Incorporate renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) into energy mix MME Reduce imports energy sources and increase clean energy Diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy sources MME Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHGCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution emission) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action) Paradigm shift Cooling of public sector buildings NCSD The cooling of public buildings has many benefits, including: • Reduced GHG emissions – climate-friendly solutions to cooling buildings reduces the reliance on ACs which are a source of GHGs • Improved living conditions – as temperatures rise, cooling of buildings in a necessity to avoid heat stress and the subsequent health risks Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing MISTI Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 1: Sustainable energy practices in garment industry 1.1: Upgrade to efficient boiler 1.2: Sewing machine 1.3: Washing machine 1.4: Drying machine 1.6: Efficient lightning appliance 2: Sustainable energy practices in brick industry 2.1: Boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade 2.2: Modified boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade Improving brick kiln efficiency can improve the safety of brick kiln operation through implementation of better safety features that reduce risk of injury during loading of fuel and handling of bricks. ReducingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution the toxicity and amount of emission pollutants coming from brick kilns is also an expected benefit to implementing energy efficient technology.', 'ReducingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution the toxicity and amount of emission pollutants coming from brick kilns is also an expected benefit to implementing energy efficient technology. 3: Sustainable energy practices in food & beverage Industry 3.1: Replacing inefficient boilers in the F&B industry Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass- residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for 8 hours/day, 20 days/month 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four-boiler system 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuel wood savingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Transport Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle(Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) MPWT 1.', '3: Sustainable energy practices in food & beverage Industry 3.1: Replacing inefficient boilers in the F&B industry Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass- residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for 8 hours/day, 20 days/month 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four-boiler system 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuel wood savingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Transport Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle(Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) MPWT 1. Reduce maintenance cost/saving cost 2.', '3: Sustainable energy practices in food & beverage Industry 3.1: Replacing inefficient boilers in the F&B industry Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass- residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for 8 hours/day, 20 days/month 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four-boiler system 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuel wood savingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Transport Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle(Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) MPWT 1. Reduce maintenance cost/saving cost 2. Reduce traffic accident, injury and fatality 3. reduce air pollution 4. reduce GHG emission5.', 'Reduce traffic accident, injury and fatality 3. reduce air pollution 4. reduce GHG emission5. innovate technology E-mobility MPWT Establish green belts along major roads for climate change mitigation MPWT Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Agriculture Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Sustainable land management, reduce emission from burned agriculture residue, protect soil from erosion Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Reduction of chemical fertilizer utilization, contribution to mitigate the greenhouse gases, reduce production cost and pollution, and soil improvementCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Promote fodder production to improve high nutrient rich and high-quality forage feed value agriculture by-products technology to support cattle production MAFF Increase soil organic carbon, Enhanced adoption by farmers of improved fodder technology has significantly increased animals’ production and household income Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission MAFF Increase GAHP “Good Animals Health Practice” enhanced adoption by improving animal farms and slaughterhouses; household Seedlings distribute to public and local community MAFF Contributing forest cover, promote CF livelihoods, and cultural Forestry FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) Combating the climate change and promoting people s livelihoodCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 17 Summary of the SDG assessment of adaptation actions Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Agriculture Towards an Agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang NCDD a) Climate Change mitigation as the project considering of low-carbon agricultural technology b) Improved new management approach in agroecosystem c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Development of Rice crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- business rice value chain and profit in rice production value chains.', 'innovate technology E-mobility MPWT Establish green belts along major roads for climate change mitigation MPWT Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Agriculture Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Sustainable land management, reduce emission from burned agriculture residue, protect soil from erosion Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Reduction of chemical fertilizer utilization, contribution to mitigate the greenhouse gases, reduce production cost and pollution, and soil improvementCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Promote fodder production to improve high nutrient rich and high-quality forage feed value agriculture by-products technology to support cattle production MAFF Increase soil organic carbon, Enhanced adoption by farmers of improved fodder technology has significantly increased animals’ production and household income Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission MAFF Increase GAHP “Good Animals Health Practice” enhanced adoption by improving animal farms and slaughterhouses; household Seedlings distribute to public and local community MAFF Contributing forest cover, promote CF livelihoods, and cultural Forestry FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) Combating the climate change and promoting people s livelihoodCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 17 Summary of the SDG assessment of adaptation actions Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) SDG contribution Agriculture Towards an Agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang NCDD a) Climate Change mitigation as the project considering of low-carbon agricultural technology b) Improved new management approach in agroecosystem c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Development of Rice crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- business rice value chain and profit in rice production value chains. Mitigating impact of rice farming on environment Development of Horticulture and other food crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF 47.1% of youth who involved in agriculture sectors, will be provided capacity development, technology transfer in various form of sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and Good Agriculture Practice (GAP).', 'Mitigating impact of rice farming on environment Development of Horticulture and other food crops for increase production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF 47.1% of youth who involved in agriculture sectors, will be provided capacity development, technology transfer in various form of sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). Youth will be strongly involved in pre and post-harvest technology, and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), Enterprise development and other agro- business enhancement to ensureCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) food security and income generation among the youth groups. Development of Industry crops for increase in production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- business value chain and profit generation boosting local food security through diversification, reduction in soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions through fostering eco-system services through CSA practices.', 'Development of Industry crops for increase in production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- business value chain and profit generation boosting local food security through diversification, reduction in soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions through fostering eco-system services through CSA practices. Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events MAFF Increasing resilience to climate change and natural disasters, and improving resilience facilities, tools and technologies.', 'Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events MAFF Increasing resilience to climate change and natural disasters, and improving resilience facilities, tools and technologies. Building climate change resilience on cassava production and processing MAFF Mitigation: reduce pollution from processing Environmental: Prevent soil erosion Social: healthy living conditions for people in the cassava production areas Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change MAFF Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change MAFF Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resourcesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change MAFF Maintain and improved rubber production and provide employment; Improvement of rubber plant genetic and fully scientifically documented; Increased revenue by reduced maintaining cost; Mitigation as rubber plantation e Economic growth Enhancing institutional and capacity development on climate change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector MAFF Sustainable rubber production to support economic development and employment Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through Artificial Intelligence (AI) which can adapt to climate change MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Strengthening capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change MAFF Develop aquaculture system increase production, enhance livelihoods related to food and nutrition security, reduce fishing pressure on fisheries resourcesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Promoting climate resilience in the capture fisheries sector MAFF Develop fishes and aquatic habitats, sustain fish yields, strengthen food and nutrition security Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐resilient practices NCDD a) GHG emission reduction through solar irrigation b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people MRD -Adaptive capacity of rural poor people will contribute to livelihood promotion and be environmentally friendly Coastal zones Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities.', 'Building climate change resilience on cassava production and processing MAFF Mitigation: reduce pollution from processing Environmental: Prevent soil erosion Social: healthy living conditions for people in the cassava production areas Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change MAFF Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change MAFF Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resourcesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change MAFF Maintain and improved rubber production and provide employment; Improvement of rubber plant genetic and fully scientifically documented; Increased revenue by reduced maintaining cost; Mitigation as rubber plantation e Economic growth Enhancing institutional and capacity development on climate change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector MAFF Sustainable rubber production to support economic development and employment Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through Artificial Intelligence (AI) which can adapt to climate change MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Strengthening capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector MAFF Environmental, social and adaptation Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change MAFF Develop aquaculture system increase production, enhance livelihoods related to food and nutrition security, reduce fishing pressure on fisheries resourcesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Promoting climate resilience in the capture fisheries sector MAFF Develop fishes and aquatic habitats, sustain fish yields, strengthen food and nutrition security Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐resilient practices NCDD a) GHG emission reduction through solar irrigation b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people MRD -Adaptive capacity of rural poor people will contribute to livelihood promotion and be environmentally friendly Coastal zones Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities. MoE Mitigation: reduce GHG emission from waste in oceans Effective management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans MoE Biodiversity of marine resources Energy Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity infrastructures and provide recommendations MME a) Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection b) Local community safety and life protection c) Water and air pollution Climate proofing of existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure MMECambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Human Health Enable effective decision-making for health interventions through generation of information and improved surveillance or early-warning systems MOH - Social: improve health care system and enable remote village to have proper access to healthcare -Indirect: reduce risks of life- lost and losing money on long- distance travel to healthcare - To reduce of time lag on reporting number of cases to the National Level - Reduce diagnostic errors Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery MOH - Community has better planning to maintain a reliable, safe supply of water, sanitation - Community hygiene can prevent diseases as-well-as can lower death rates - Improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities - Reduce environmental pollution through proper waste management Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector- borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change MOH Capacity for health professionals improved to identify and treat climate-sensitive health issuesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessment on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities.', 'MoE Mitigation: reduce GHG emission from waste in oceans Effective management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans MoE Biodiversity of marine resources Energy Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity infrastructures and provide recommendations MME a) Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection b) Local community safety and life protection c) Water and air pollution Climate proofing of existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure MMECambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Human Health Enable effective decision-making for health interventions through generation of information and improved surveillance or early-warning systems MOH - Social: improve health care system and enable remote village to have proper access to healthcare -Indirect: reduce risks of life- lost and losing money on long- distance travel to healthcare - To reduce of time lag on reporting number of cases to the National Level - Reduce diagnostic errors Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery MOH - Community has better planning to maintain a reliable, safe supply of water, sanitation - Community hygiene can prevent diseases as-well-as can lower death rates - Improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities - Reduce environmental pollution through proper waste management Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector- borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change MOH Capacity for health professionals improved to identify and treat climate-sensitive health issuesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessment on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities. MOH Population Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation MOH Capacity of health personnel improved to identify and treat to climate-sensitive disease Industry Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) MLMUPC 1) Stakeholders (designer, user, and building commercial owner) are aware of the risks and potential impacts of environment posed by variability in weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes on the different types of building construction 2) Environmental Risk Management and Mitigation is created because the construction equipment operations consume a lot of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel.', 'MOH Population Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation MOH Capacity of health personnel improved to identify and treat to climate-sensitive disease Industry Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) MLMUPC 1) Stakeholders (designer, user, and building commercial owner) are aware of the risks and potential impacts of environment posed by variability in weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes on the different types of building construction 2) Environmental Risk Management and Mitigation is created because the construction equipment operations consume a lot of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel. 3) The measure includes enacting strict laws to enforce institutions to make environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early stage of projects, and enhancing the awareness of construction participants with regard to impacts of construction in the environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The results also revealed that "search about alternative methods for construction to mitigate the adverse impacts of construction on the environment" was ranked in the second position with regard to proposed solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of construction.', '3) The measure includes enacting strict laws to enforce institutions to make environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early stage of projects, and enhancing the awareness of construction participants with regard to impacts of construction in the environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The results also revealed that "search about alternative methods for construction to mitigate the adverse impacts of construction on the environment" was ranked in the second position with regard to proposed solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of construction. Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response to climate change MOEYS a) Energy saving b) Low carbon building c) Strengthen school capacity to accommodate more students Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction and infrastructure standards including for public sector and community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH, etc. NCDM - Technical guidelines cross- beneficial to other sectors - Potential for community groups (e.g.', 'NCDM - Technical guidelines cross- beneficial to other sectors - Potential for community groups (e.g. school support committees) to be involved in construction/retrofitting - Increased energy-efficiency, and use of climate-aware products (DLUP) Prepare spatial planning (city/district/municipality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation (CLUP) Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning MLMUPC Enhance terrestrial, aquatic resources of each ecosystem of the commune and district location to preserve and conserve environmental degradation (35% of total commune land are green spaces) and enhance social stakeholder to participate the during road map design and CLUP/DLUP studyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures MLMUPC The country’s land poor and landless families have received land, have improved their livelihoods via land allocation, and land recipients have capacity to challenge with climate change impacts because they have been trained and educated on climate change.', 'school support committees) to be involved in construction/retrofitting - Increased energy-efficiency, and use of climate-aware products (DLUP) Prepare spatial planning (city/district/municipality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation (CLUP) Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning MLMUPC Enhance terrestrial, aquatic resources of each ecosystem of the commune and district location to preserve and conserve environmental degradation (35% of total commune land are green spaces) and enhance social stakeholder to participate the during road map design and CLUP/DLUP studyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures MLMUPC The country’s land poor and landless families have received land, have improved their livelihoods via land allocation, and land recipients have capacity to challenge with climate change impacts because they have been trained and educated on climate change. On the other hand, allocated land to people to use for their farming creates soil fertility Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban planning or new sub-cities to address vulnerability of urbanization.', 'On the other hand, allocated land to people to use for their farming creates soil fertility Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban planning or new sub-cities to address vulnerability of urbanization. MLMUPC Mitigation co-benefit: contribution to the local GHG emission Environment co-benefit: ecosystem restoration (i.e.', 'MLMUPC Mitigation co-benefit: contribution to the local GHG emission Environment co-benefit: ecosystem restoration (i.e. regulate water) Social co-benefit: job creation, improved public health Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change MLMUPC Contribution to climate data related to cities through finding of the assessments Promote land use planning tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emissions to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people Promote proper low-cost shelters for low- income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emission that is to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: reduce landCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs MLMUPC Energy consumption in building sectors Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature MLMUPC Promote sea engineering environment, sea water rise, sea tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and sea erosion Disaster management to protect coastal populations Strengthening climate resilient city NCDD Strengthen knowledge and capacity on resilient city.', 'regulate water) Social co-benefit: job creation, improved public health Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change MLMUPC Contribution to climate data related to cities through finding of the assessments Promote land use planning tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emissions to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people Promote proper low-cost shelters for low- income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emission that is to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: reduce landCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs MLMUPC Energy consumption in building sectors Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature MLMUPC Promote sea engineering environment, sea water rise, sea tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and sea erosion Disaster management to protect coastal populations Strengthening climate resilient city NCDD Strengthen knowledge and capacity on resilient city. Financing for resilient cities.', 'regulate water) Social co-benefit: job creation, improved public health Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change MLMUPC Contribution to climate data related to cities through finding of the assessments Promote land use planning tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emissions to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people Promote proper low-cost shelters for low- income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession MLMUPC The project will produce low- carbon emission that is to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: reduce landCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs MLMUPC Energy consumption in building sectors Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature MLMUPC Promote sea engineering environment, sea water rise, sea tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and sea erosion Disaster management to protect coastal populations Strengthening climate resilient city NCDD Strengthen knowledge and capacity on resilient city. Financing for resilient cities. Partnership and communication.', 'Financing for resilient cities. Partnership and communication. Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impact including M&E framework develop for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads MPWT Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact MPWT - GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road - Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience MRD - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, - Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, - Improve productivities Livelihoods, poverty and vulnerability Develop and annually update national and subnational multi-hazard and climate risk assessments, including identification of most vulnerable communities.', 'Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impact including M&E framework develop for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads MPWT Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact MPWT - GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road - Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience MRD - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, - Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, - Improve productivities Livelihoods, poverty and vulnerability Develop and annually update national and subnational multi-hazard and climate risk assessments, including identification of most vulnerable communities. NCDM - National risk assessment can be used as a basis for priority areas of adaptation and mitigation activities - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia - Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities.', 'NCDM - National risk assessment can be used as a basis for priority areas of adaptation and mitigation activities - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia - Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities. - Can be used alongside ID Poor system National end-to-end Early Warning Systems with focus on effective dissemination to populations at risk NCDM Other sectors, i.e.', '- Can be used alongside ID Poor system National end-to-end Early Warning Systems with focus on effective dissemination to populations at risk NCDM Other sectors, i.e. water resources and meteorology, agriculture will be of benefited by potential cross- sectoral mitigation activities.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implement community–based disaster and climate risk management programs NCDM - Social resilience at community level and increased engagement in disaster preparedness and response - Reduced asset, infrastructure, and life loss due to disasters Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change MOE Environment Integrated village development MRD - Job creation - Food security - Behaviour Change - Better living environment - Wellbeing and environmental friendliness of communities to improve Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy, and waste management) NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission though reducing fire wood consumption and waste pollution.', 'water resources and meteorology, agriculture will be of benefited by potential cross- sectoral mitigation activities.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implement community–based disaster and climate risk management programs NCDM - Social resilience at community level and increased engagement in disaster preparedness and response - Reduced asset, infrastructure, and life loss due to disasters Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change MOE Environment Integrated village development MRD - Job creation - Food security - Behaviour Change - Better living environment - Wellbeing and environmental friendliness of communities to improve Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy, and waste management) NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission though reducing fire wood consumption and waste pollution. b) Strengthen resilient capacity of women and girl in flooding community though accessing to clean water and clean energy.', 'b) Strengthen resilient capacity of women and girl in flooding community though accessing to clean water and clean energy. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actionCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building climate resilient livelihood and public infrastructures in social land concession for vulnerable communities NCDD Modality: the project designed as potential for scaling up through its key success of implementation. It would be the key recommendation for the improvement of social land concession implementation to include climate change as one of main focus while community will really need support to cope with such climate change issues when settle-in new development area of social land concession sites.', 'It would be the key recommendation for the improvement of social land concession implementation to include climate change as one of main focus while community will really need support to cope with such climate change issues when settle-in new development area of social land concession sites. Improve knowledge: the project will help to improve understanding for sub-national level, local authorities on climate change both of adaptation and mitigation though join implementation follow decentralize approach under coordination of National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development Secretariat (NCDDS). Similarly, the community groups will also receive training and awareness raising to build their sense understanding climate change to engage fully participation for the project implementation.', 'Similarly, the community groups will also receive training and awareness raising to build their sense understanding climate change to engage fully participation for the project implementation. This will positively contribute to both of adaption and mitigation action in the future.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Tourism Provide capacity building and supports for climate change innovation at the provincial along Tonle Sap River MOT Encouraging all involvement tourism stakeholders for better the understanding and to engage their contribution on adaptation to two beneficiaries: 1) Environmental Education Development on green tourism, 2) Peam Krosoap was estimated be upgrade and innovated for climate change adaptation. Cambodia CBET/CET standard, 3) The quality of ecotourism services and products would improve through by tourism innovation. 4) Reducing poverty and contribute to responding effectively to climate change, so it is increasing the gross domestic product of Cambodia (GDP).', '4) Reducing poverty and contribute to responding effectively to climate change, so it is increasing the gross domestic product of Cambodia (GDP). Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels MOT Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector MOT Water resources Establish an automated nation-wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including collection of climate and hydrological data MOWRAM Data can be used cross-sectorally and for short- and long-term projection Supporting disaster risk reduction,Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and other mitigation activities Supporting River Basin management planning and monitoring activities Supporting hydrological modelling works and decision support system (DSS) Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate-resilient water management MOWRAM Improved relationships between all major water users Improved water allocation and abstraction limits -> reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Establish a national climate and flood warning system, including a service centre and flood emergency response plans MOWRAM Other sectors, i.e.', 'Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels MOT Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector MOT Water resources Establish an automated nation-wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including collection of climate and hydrological data MOWRAM Data can be used cross-sectorally and for short- and long-term projection Supporting disaster risk reduction,Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and other mitigation activities Supporting River Basin management planning and monitoring activities Supporting hydrological modelling works and decision support system (DSS) Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate-resilient water management MOWRAM Improved relationships between all major water users Improved water allocation and abstraction limits -> reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Establish a national climate and flood warning system, including a service centre and flood emergency response plans MOWRAM Other sectors, i.e. agriculture will benefit by potential cross-sectoral mitigation activities Flood risk reduction and mitigation Integrated groundwater management in Cambodia NCDD a) Sustainable water management b) Reduce water pollution c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Establish nationally standardized best -practice systems for irrigation MOWRAM Improved relationships between all major water users Increased productivity of agricultural sectorCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Improved water allocation and abstraction limits and reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Increased drought management Resilient and adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction MRD Changing attitude and practices of rural people to be more environmentally friendly Education Upgrading curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects for primary schools MOEYS Students shall understand: a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Upgrading curriculum to include climate change for non-formal education MOEYS Students shall understand: a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Build centres of excellence for delivering climate change courses and research among Universities MOEYS a ) climate change mitigation b) Pollution reduction c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g.', 'agriculture will benefit by potential cross-sectoral mitigation activities Flood risk reduction and mitigation Integrated groundwater management in Cambodia NCDD a) Sustainable water management b) Reduce water pollution c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Establish nationally standardized best -practice systems for irrigation MOWRAM Improved relationships between all major water users Increased productivity of agricultural sectorCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Improved water allocation and abstraction limits and reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Increased drought management Resilient and adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction MRD Changing attitude and practices of rural people to be more environmentally friendly Education Upgrading curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects for primary schools MOEYS Students shall understand: a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Upgrading curriculum to include climate change for non-formal education MOEYS Students shall understand: a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Build centres of excellence for delivering climate change courses and research among Universities MOEYS a ) climate change mitigation b) Pollution reduction c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g. as a required component of teacher training MOEYS a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Gender Strengthen institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation s policies, plans, programming, including gender budgeting MOWA Improve gender equality, Gender responsive action, Gender responsive budgeting in policies planning of action and programmes Enhance coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disability (PWD), youth, and elderly MOWA Increase collaboration with Ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in an efficient and accountable manner Extending the scope of partnership building Increase the family economy, food and nutrition Security Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting, and dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated.', 'as a required component of teacher training MOEYS a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation Gender Strengthen institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation s policies, plans, programming, including gender budgeting MOWA Improve gender equality, Gender responsive action, Gender responsive budgeting in policies planning of action and programmes Enhance coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disability (PWD), youth, and elderly MOWA Increase collaboration with Ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in an efficient and accountable manner Extending the scope of partnership building Increase the family economy, food and nutrition Security Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting, and dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated. MOWA - Gender Responsive M&E - Reducing Gender Gap in social environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Capacity development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC MOWA Capacity development Promotion of gender in social inclusiveness Reduction of gender gap in social environment Develop a technical guidelines for gender mainstreaming in NDC process MOWA Mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in NDC Analysis of gender integration in NDC (both adaptation and mitigation) Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Builds market capacity of rural women entrepreneur in the context of climate resilient and DRR Governance Local government and Climate Change-III NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards c) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Reducing vulnerability of local communities though sub-national climate governance reform (focusing on policy) NCDD a) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standardsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) b) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Information Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the capacity of coverages for raising awareness on climate change nationwide MOINF - GHG mitigation - Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in information sector MOINF - GHG Mitigation - Enhance journalistic professionalism - Reduce the spread of disinformation Urge private Media organizations to participate in covering/broadcasting the climate change topics and to complement the state broadcasting agencies.', 'MOWA - Gender Responsive M&E - Reducing Gender Gap in social environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Capacity development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC MOWA Capacity development Promotion of gender in social inclusiveness Reduction of gender gap in social environment Develop a technical guidelines for gender mainstreaming in NDC process MOWA Mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in NDC Analysis of gender integration in NDC (both adaptation and mitigation) Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Builds market capacity of rural women entrepreneur in the context of climate resilient and DRR Governance Local government and Climate Change-III NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards c) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Reducing vulnerability of local communities though sub-national climate governance reform (focusing on policy) NCDD a) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standardsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) b) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Information Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the capacity of coverages for raising awareness on climate change nationwide MOINF - GHG mitigation - Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in information sector MOINF - GHG Mitigation - Enhance journalistic professionalism - Reduce the spread of disinformation Urge private Media organizations to participate in covering/broadcasting the climate change topics and to complement the state broadcasting agencies. MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - informed society and active citizens - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial advertisement that has negative impact on environment MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Knowledge sharing News coverage and program production for awareness raising on climate change and its impacts MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Policy and planningCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (Focus on implementation) NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Improve performance-based of sub-national government on climate change planning and accessing to climate resilient grants Mainstreaming climate change into Education Strategic Plan 2019-2023 Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 MOEYS a) Climate change adaptation b) Policy, Planning & Guidelines, c) Strengthening d) Research enhancement Strengthen the cooperation with local and International development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in media sector MOINF - GHG Mitigation - Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Development of climate change national/ capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators MOP Climate change adaptation and mitigation and other environmental issues (air pollution, water pollution, waste management, biodiversity, etc.)', 'MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - informed society and active citizens - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial advertisement that has negative impact on environment MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Knowledge sharing News coverage and program production for awareness raising on climate change and its impacts MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Policy and planningCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (Focus on implementation) NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Improve performance-based of sub-national government on climate change planning and accessing to climate resilient grants Mainstreaming climate change into Education Strategic Plan 2019-2023 Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 MOEYS a) Climate change adaptation b) Policy, Planning & Guidelines, c) Strengthening d) Research enhancement Strengthen the cooperation with local and International development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in media sector MOINF - GHG Mitigation - Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Development of climate change national/ capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators MOP Climate change adaptation and mitigation and other environmental issues (air pollution, water pollution, waste management, biodiversity, etc.) will be integrated into a single plan Development of a climate change public investment program for the national/capital/ provincial levels MOP Mitigation investment plan Public awareness on climate investment and fund will be improved Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into MRD Contribute to the improvement of rural development work in challenging environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) rural development planning processes and technical design.', 'will be integrated into a single plan Development of a climate change public investment program for the national/capital/ provincial levels MOP Mitigation investment plan Public awareness on climate investment and fund will be improved Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into MRD Contribute to the improvement of rural development work in challenging environmentCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) rural development planning processes and technical design. Build adaptive capacity on climate change for village leaders (Village Development Committees, VDCs) MRD Contribute to rural community development planning and practices in challenging environment Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) NCSD Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 NCSD Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans NCSD Enhance institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy NCSD Development of a long-term low emission strategy NCSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures No.', 'Build adaptive capacity on climate change for village leaders (Village Development Committees, VDCs) MRD Contribute to rural community development planning and practices in challenging environment Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) NCSD Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 NCSD Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans NCSD Enhance institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy NCSD Development of a long-term low emission strategy NCSDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 1 Urban planning tools for climate change mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub city Industry Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) Urban Strategic Policy 2020.', 'Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 1 Urban planning tools for climate change mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub city Industry Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) Urban Strategic Policy 2020. Three urban planning solutions will be implemented through the toolkit and formulated policy in the case area to reduce GHG emissions from earth construction, resulting in the saving of 1. 70% of the three urban planning completed by 2025 (unconditional) 2. 100% of the three urban planning completed by 2030 (unconditional) Air pollution reduction, independency in terms of energy generation, improve resilience of urban planning through access high technical motivation 1. Costs: for policy formulation is 2.5 million 2.', 'Costs: for policy formulation is 2.5 million 2. Costs: for three urban planning solution is 25 million Technology is available, but it needs to have complemented from international places Job targets at least 32% of women 2 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Industry Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Implementation of energy audit and enforcement of industries to adopt energy management standards e/year 1. Conduct the mandatory energy audits for companies with an annual energy consumption of more than prescribed within the laws/regulation 2.', 'Conduct the mandatory energy audits for companies with an annual energy consumption of more than prescribed within the laws/regulation 2. Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in Training of a certain number of energy managers/companies by DTEBP USD 50 million USD 60 million Implementation of international standards such 30% Conditional Required corporation from private companies 3 Efficiency energy and pollution management in latex and rubber wood processing Industry Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) CCPAP 2016-2020 NA Piloting and establishment one completed demonstration local factory for latex and rubber timber processing (energy saving, pollution free, less chemical input, and improve quantity and quality of raw products) Energy saving, reduce GHG and pollution from waste water, health and environment friendy, increased income and value added and employment, and safety working environment USD 1,158,000 It is expected trained latex and wood processors will contribute to climate change impact through waste water treatment and biogas capture technology. Safety working environment and pollution free.', 'Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in Training of a certain number of energy managers/companies by DTEBP USD 50 million USD 60 million Implementation of international standards such 30% Conditional Required corporation from private companies 3 Efficiency energy and pollution management in latex and rubber wood processing Industry Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) CCPAP 2016-2020 NA Piloting and establishment one completed demonstration local factory for latex and rubber timber processing (energy saving, pollution free, less chemical input, and improve quantity and quality of raw products) Energy saving, reduce GHG and pollution from waste water, health and environment friendy, increased income and value added and employment, and safety working environment USD 1,158,000 It is expected trained latex and wood processors will contribute to climate change impact through waste water treatment and biogas capture technology. Safety working environment and pollution free. Waste water treatment plant and biogas capture technology, latex processing, wood processing, timber treatment, Women participation in all production chain 5 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Potential for private sector engagement in financing, constructing, and operating sanitary landfill and LFG systems Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) 1.', 'Waste water treatment plant and biogas capture technology, latex processing, wood processing, timber treatment, Women participation in all production chain 5 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Potential for private sector engagement in financing, constructing, and operating sanitary landfill and LFG systems Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) 1. PPCA conditional short-term and mid-to long term target (2035) 3. National Waste Strategy Objective C 4. CCCSP strategy 1f and GHG emission reductions due to avoidance of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills & dumpsites. e in case action #2 composting is implemented in 2030 - Dangkor Landfill potential is around 0.14 to e /year in 2020 This action aims to increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill Reduced fire hazard 1. Decrease risk of collapse 2. Odour control 3. Reduced health hazard 4. Energy for leachate evaporation 5. Prevention of surface and groundwater contamination from toxic waste components 6. leachate capture and treatment 7.', 'Prevention of surface and groundwater contamination from toxic waste components 6. leachate capture and treatment 7. Employment creation Conditional NDC action: Cumulative in sanitary landfills: USD 664 million for flaring and USD 788 million including electricity generator (excluding land acquisition) Estimated accrued income in the period 1. Electricity sales: USD 69.8 million 2. Carbon revenues: USD 25.97 million based on USD Available in the region, incl. Thailand Gender diversity of workforce are female at all levels (workers to middle and executive managers) 6 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). Can be done at different stages in the waste management value chain, either at household, community level or at landfill site. Private sector can invest in and operate the composting facilities Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) National Waste Strategy B (recycling + Strategy A (Separation) - PPCA Action Area 2-2 (Recycling Organic Waste) GHG emission reductions due to avoidance of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills & dumpsites.', 'Private sector can invest in and operate the composting facilities Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) National Waste Strategy B (recycling + Strategy A (Separation) - PPCA Action Area 2-2 (Recycling Organic Waste) GHG emission reductions due to avoidance of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills & dumpsites. -If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up to 0.5 e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 (depending on BAU and operational practices during composting). Increasing share of total MSW generated that is composted from by 2030. Job creation 1. Reduced odour nuisance 2. Local organic fertilizer production 3. Less leachate leakage from landfill 4. Less landfill space required, so cost-savings (but space required for composting) Conditional NDC action: 1. A one-time Investment cost (CAPEX): From USD 40-60 per annual tonne for windrow/static pile composting to USD 300-500 per annual tonne for in-vessel composting. 2. Operating costs: at least USD 32 per tonne for static pile composting. Sale of local fertilizer (compost) 1.', 'Operating costs: at least USD 32 per tonne for static pile composting. Sale of local fertilizer (compost) 1. Implementation of quality standards required, so that produced compost has the right quality (no pollutants) and can be sold. 2. Basic quality of compost can be sold for USD 120 per tonne. Available in Cambodia (e.g. COMPED and CSARO are operating a composting facilities) Gender equality will be promoted by implementing good practices and involving women at all locations where the actions will be implemented. Women will play a crucial role in composting activities at household scale as traditionally women are more involved in cooking activities. Target:Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 60% of ppl involved are women 7 Production of Refuse- Derived Fuel (RDF ) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill.', 'Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 60% of ppl involved are women 7 Production of Refuse- Derived Fuel (RDF ) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. The mechanical and biological separation and treatment of waste will be combined with an anaerobic digestion plant (generation of biogas from organic waste) to power facilities at the landfill. The produced RDF can be sold to e.g. cement industry as fuel. Private sector can invest in and manage the RDF and anaerobic digestion plant Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) 1. National Waste Strategy B (recycling + Strategy A (Separation) 2. PPCA Action Area 2-2 (Recycling Organic Waste) 1. GHG emission reductions due to avoidance of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills & dumpsites. 2. GHG ER for composting => see 5. 3. GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion <0.2 e/year 1,100 ton/per day of MSW (fresh and landfill mining 1.', 'GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion <0.2 e/year 1,100 ton/per day of MSW (fresh and landfill mining 1. Job creation 2. Reduced odour nuisance 3. local organic fertilizer production (bioslurry) 4. less leachate leakage from landfill 5. less landfill space required Investment: USD land) Sale of surplus electricity to EdC - Sale of RDF: USD - Sales of slurry/compost (quality standards required) Available in regions, including Thailand and Vietnam Promote gender equality and workers safety (health) situation by implementing good practices Target: 40 to 60% of ppl involved are women’s 8 Implementation of National 3R strategy Waste Ministry of Environment (MOE) 1. PPCA action area 2 SDG indicator 12.5 2. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (SSWM) 3. The national strategy on 3R for waste management in Cambodia 1. GHG reduction due to reduced amount of plastic waste generated and burned. GHG reduction due to recycling of paper / wood 2. GHG emissions e/year Cities and secondary towns Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainability 1. Low cost for promoting awareness/campaign for public participation 2.', 'GHG emissions e/year Cities and secondary towns Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainability 1. Low cost for promoting awareness/campaign for public participation 2. High cost for recycling plastic (USD recycling will have significant economic benefits 2. Reduction of waste to be landfilled Available in the region (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia) Proportion of young women engages in waste management of women will benefit from this action.', 'Reduction of waste to be landfilled Available in the region (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia) Proportion of young women engages in waste management of women will benefit from this action. reduction compared to Waste Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Planning Framework for ) = sum ((n small scale*EFs) +(n mediunscale * EFm)+(n big scale * EFb)); the convert to C02 (using e plant per year (include: contributing people s livelihood as well as better economy USD 12,750,000 Benefit in term of gas or fuel-wood /year/HH and get Develop an acceptable and suitable biodigester for farmers and farms; Develop an effective bio- slurry for safe crop garden/farms to supply markets Women participation were encouraged 10 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector Waste Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) - The GHG benefit targeted from the action is 0.12 e from 2021-2030 at an average of 0.01 e/year Accurate data generated on garment waste profile, quantity and of suitable garment waste captured for recycling 1. Provides job opportunities for landfill pickers in a safer energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for The occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation3.', 'Provides job opportunities for landfill pickers in a safer energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for The occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation3. Improves local air quality by reducing The open burning of garment waste, including at The landfills4. Reduces The need for landfill space5. Reduces The need of virgin materials for manufacturing building products Indicative capital investment cost in the range of USD 2-3 million which includes collection trucks, warehouse, conveyor belts, shredder/grinder, compactors/moulders. This cost will vary depending on the final technologies selected.Operational costs will mostly consist of truck diesel (most garment companies are in the Phnom Penh area), labour and electricity. Income derived from waste collection fees and selling the products, as well as seeking financial support from well- established international buyers. Gender equality will be an important part of the project and strongly promoted. Many women work as waste pickers at the landfills and creating job opportunities in safer environments would be a central element of such project.', 'Many women work as waste pickers at the landfills and creating job opportunities in safer environments would be a central element of such project. Women of garment manufacturing employees and their knowledge and technical know-how will be tapped in for assessing recycling options. Special Economic Zone; GMAC; and Building IndustryCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 11 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector Waste Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) 1. GHG savings due to the anaerobic decomposition of carbon matter in the IWW and the inefficient running of treatment systems. 2. Water reuse will decrease the reliance on fresh water, which is sometimes extracted from depleting wells (e.g. in Bavet) 3. Less pollution of local waterways which may impact farmlands, especially in the dry season when the IWW is not diluted Due to the lack of available data, it is difficult to estimate current GHG emissions and therefore derive emission saving targets (this should be built into the project).', 'Less pollution of local waterways which may impact farmlands, especially in the dry season when the IWW is not diluted Due to the lack of available data, it is difficult to estimate current GHG emissions and therefore derive emission saving targets (this should be built into the project). Assessment of methane production potential from IWW streams is depending on the concentration of degradable organic matter in the wastewater, the volume of wastewater, and the propensity of the industrial sector to treat their wastewater in anaerobic systems, or not treat it at all. One of the best ways to reduce GHG emission is to capture the methane generated by anaerobic IWW treatment processes. However, this can be only economically feasible for large scale operations. A study in China targeting IWW with a high concentration of organics treated with anaerobic systems indicated that the amount of gas recycled in 2010 was only 5.4% of emissions. Therefore, a target of 5-10% for Cambodia may be realistic as a starting point.', 'Therefore, a target of 5-10% for Cambodia may be realistic as a starting point. Other targets may include: - 40% of required WWTPs are installed - 50% of identified improvement are implemented 1. Reduced energy and water costs at factories, by reduce water use and/or reuse treated wastewater 2. Improved air quality (odours) for workers and local populations 3. Improved water quality for local populations as direct discharge pollutes sources of water that may be used for cleaning, cooking and farming 4. Provides job opportunities for the installation of WWTPs 5. Opportunities to reuse the sludge, depending on the contamination profile The total cost will depend on the number of factories targeted. Installing a new system is a net cost, but a basic system can be installed relatively cost effectively for SMEs. Improvements of existing systems will be done according to cost benefits analysis, aiming to work with factories that will save money.', 'Improvements of existing systems will be done according to cost benefits analysis, aiming to work with factories that will save money. Overall, It could be aimed to set up a finance vehicle of USD 5-10 mn to support factories with co- financing. Gender equality will be an important part of the project and strongly promoted. Many women work in factories. Furthermore, they are likely to be more exposed by the direct discharge of IWW in local waterways as they are primarily responsible for cooking and washing. 12 Application of electrical equipment labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Increase market share of higher-class efficient appliances e/year Reduce 1.2 TWh electricity use in Labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy USD 250 million USD 280 million Labelling of electrical regulated appliances Comply with MEPS for electrical regulated appliances (With Support from Japan and Korea) Require private sectors (Producer, Importer, Retailers) to be engaged and to comply with MEPSCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', '12 Application of electrical equipment labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Increase market share of higher-class efficient appliances e/year Reduce 1.2 TWh electricity use in Labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy USD 250 million USD 280 million Labelling of electrical regulated appliances Comply with MEPS for electrical regulated appliances (With Support from Japan and Korea) Require private sectors (Producer, Importer, Retailers) to be engaged and to comply with MEPSCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 13 Public awareness campaigns Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) 1. Investments in energy efficiency are seen more favourably to decrease energy consumption 2. Creation of both in relation to the use of energy efficient appliances, as well as concerning the features of the buildings e/year Providing the necessary fundamentals to understand energy efficiency issues when in professional practice to reduce 2% in 2030. The approximate number of awareness programmes scheduled for a programmes) 1. Reducing inefficient appliances/technologies uses 2.', 'The approximate number of awareness programmes scheduled for a programmes) 1. Reducing inefficient appliances/technologies uses 2. Informing the citizens of possibilities to improve EE and of related benefits USD 20 million USD 32 million 1. Develop curriculum for educational institutions 2.', 'Informing the citizens of possibilities to improve EE and of related benefits USD 20 million USD 32 million 1. Develop curriculum for educational institutions 2. Social media to promote saving activities and preparation and broadcasting of a documentary film on Sustainable Energy 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 14 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Certification level new buildings built or undergoing major renovation electricity consumption in reduction of energy demand in new buildings /buildings undergoing major renovation Energy efficiency standards, laws and regulations concerning building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgated USD 25 million USD 40 million Information needed to improve energy efficiency in building designs 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 15 Introduction of efficient electrical industrial motors and transformer Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Enforcement of efficient electrical transformers/motors in utilities /buildings/ industries which reduces electricity consumption e/year Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in Resolve of economic viability of investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment USD 16 million USD 21 million Request to comply with new high- efficiency electric motors 30% conditional Public sector and Private sector 16 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Draft Biomass Strategy Plan (MME) Strengthen climate- resilient energy through increase clean charcoal production Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection USD 10 million USD 20 million Mixing Rice husk, Coconut shield and cops 30% Conditional Incentives for green charcoal companies to be able to compete with traditional charcoal 17 Increase energy access to rural area Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) At least 90% of household has access to electricity grid by 2030 Strengthen climate- resilient energy through electricity infrastructure improvement in order to respond to climate related disasters.', 'Social media to promote saving activities and preparation and broadcasting of a documentary film on Sustainable Energy 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 14 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Certification level new buildings built or undergoing major renovation electricity consumption in reduction of energy demand in new buildings /buildings undergoing major renovation Energy efficiency standards, laws and regulations concerning building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgated USD 25 million USD 40 million Information needed to improve energy efficiency in building designs 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 15 Introduction of efficient electrical industrial motors and transformer Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Enforcement of efficient electrical transformers/motors in utilities /buildings/ industries which reduces electricity consumption e/year Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in Resolve of economic viability of investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment USD 16 million USD 21 million Request to comply with new high- efficiency electric motors 30% conditional Public sector and Private sector 16 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Draft Biomass Strategy Plan (MME) Strengthen climate- resilient energy through increase clean charcoal production Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection USD 10 million USD 20 million Mixing Rice husk, Coconut shield and cops 30% Conditional Incentives for green charcoal companies to be able to compete with traditional charcoal 17 Increase energy access to rural area Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) At least 90% of household has access to electricity grid by 2030 Strengthen climate- resilient energy through electricity infrastructure improvement in order to respond to climate related disasters. 1.', 'Social media to promote saving activities and preparation and broadcasting of a documentary film on Sustainable Energy 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 14 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Certification level new buildings built or undergoing major renovation electricity consumption in reduction of energy demand in new buildings /buildings undergoing major renovation Energy efficiency standards, laws and regulations concerning building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgated USD 25 million USD 40 million Information needed to improve energy efficiency in building designs 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 15 Introduction of efficient electrical industrial motors and transformer Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Enforcement of efficient electrical transformers/motors in utilities /buildings/ industries which reduces electricity consumption e/year Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in Resolve of economic viability of investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment USD 16 million USD 21 million Request to comply with new high- efficiency electric motors 30% conditional Public sector and Private sector 16 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Draft Biomass Strategy Plan (MME) Strengthen climate- resilient energy through increase clean charcoal production Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection USD 10 million USD 20 million Mixing Rice husk, Coconut shield and cops 30% Conditional Incentives for green charcoal companies to be able to compete with traditional charcoal 17 Increase energy access to rural area Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) At least 90% of household has access to electricity grid by 2030 Strengthen climate- resilient energy through electricity infrastructure improvement in order to respond to climate related disasters. 1. Increase energy access to 80% by 2.', 'Increase energy access to 80% by 2. Increase energy access to 85% by Local community has electricity 24 hours. USD 40 million USD 55 million 1. Solar Home System (SHS) 2. DC Micro grid 3. AC Micro grid Solar Battery Charging station 30% Conditional Public sector and Private sector 18 Roadmap study on Integration of renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) into energy mix Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Target of generation power from various types renewable sources Strengthen energy reliability 25 % of RE source into power mix (generation capacity) by 2030 (solar, wind, hydro and biomass) Reduce imports energy sources and increase clean energy USD 300,000 USD 600,000 1. Solar PV 2. Onshore wind reservoir / run river 4.', 'Onshore wind reservoir / run river 4. Waste to Energy +Unconditional Public sector and Private sector 19 Diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy sources Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Draft Biomass Strategy Plan (MME) Strengthen climate- resilient energy through increase clean charcoal production 20 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality Energy National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 1. Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation 2. Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Reducing GHG emission though energy consumption of street lightening of the rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom Municipality, Kep Municipality, and Preah Sihanuk Municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 1. Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission 2. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action USD 10 million USD 15 million 1. Climate change governance vulnerability and impact assessment for Sangkat Green Growth Policy 30% Private sector engagement through technical supportCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', 'Climate change governance vulnerability and impact assessment for Sangkat Green Growth Policy 30% Private sector engagement through technical supportCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 21 Toward Battambang city to green city Energy National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 1. Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation 2. Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Reducing GHG emission though green city planning and ecofriendly habitant. 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city, and ecofriendly into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 1. Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission 2. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action) Paradam shif USD 8 million USD 15 million 1.', 'NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action) Paradam shif USD 8 million USD 15 million 1. Climate change governance vulnerability and impact assessment for Sangkat Green Growth Policy volunteers in green space arrangement Private sector engagement through technical support 22 Eco-payment based on changing behavior on fire wood use of community in Angkor and Kulen Conservation Park Energy National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 2023:a) Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation) Mainstream climate change into national and sub- national development plans and the NSPS Reducing GHG emission though avoiding the extraction of the forest from Angkor conservation park and Kulen conservation park for housing, fire wood consumption, and agriculture land. 20 communes of Prasat Bakong district, Kulen District, Norkor Krav District, and Banteay Srey District, of Siem Reap Province integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 1. Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission 2. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action USD 7 million USD 15 million 1.', 'NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action USD 7 million USD 15 million 1. Climate change governance vulnerability and impact assessment for Sangkat Green Growth Policy based climate resilient grant volunteers in green space arrangement Private sector investment through eco- tourism or PPP 23 Cooling of public sector buildings Energy Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) 1. MME Standards & Labelling for cooling appliances (DRAFT) 2. MOE Guidelines for Green Building (DEVELOPING) 3. MME (with EU and ADB) Energy Efficiency Policy (DRAFT) 1. GHG emissions are reduced by a decreased reliance and use of mechanical ACs 2. GHG emissions are reduced by through energy efficient retrofits in public buildings 3. The adoption of climate-friendly cooling across all Cambodian public sector buildings would results in 0.04 e reductions against BAU per year Without stronger measures to encourage the uptake of more efficient units, IEA estimates that rising electricity demand from cooling alone is projected to require around 200 GW of additional generation capacity in 2040 and cooling could be responsible for as much as 30% share in the ASEAN region’s peak electricity demand.', 'The adoption of climate-friendly cooling across all Cambodian public sector buildings would results in 0.04 e reductions against BAU per year Without stronger measures to encourage the uptake of more efficient units, IEA estimates that rising electricity demand from cooling alone is projected to require around 200 GW of additional generation capacity in 2040 and cooling could be responsible for as much as 30% share in the ASEAN region’s peak electricity demand. Deploying more efficient ACs, along with other efficient equipment and building efficiency improvements, would permit ASEAN countries to save 110 TWh of electricity by 2040. This NDC action aims to implement climate-friendly cooling in public buildings to reduce GHG emissions: The adoption of climate-friendly cooling across all Cambodian public sector buildings would result in 0.04 e reductions against BAU per year. Cooling of public buildings has many benefits, including: 1. Reduced GHG emissions – climate-friendly solutions to cooling buildings reduces the reliance on ACs which are a source of GHGs 2.', 'Reduced GHG emissions – climate-friendly solutions to cooling buildings reduces the reliance on ACs which are a source of GHGs 2. Improved living conditions – as temperatures rise, cooling of buildings in a necessity to avoid heat stress and the subsequent health risksCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 24 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Energy Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) The National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency in Cambodia (MIME 2013), Basic Energy Plan (2019), The National Policy on Green Growth and the National Strategic Plan on Green Growth 2013-2030 and Industrial Development Policy 2015-2025. Technology transfer in key industrial sub- sectors which are process heat intensive: bricks, food and beverage Energy efficiency measures cut the production cost and significantly boost competitiveness and productivity of manufacturing, enabling job creation. Women account for 25% of the industry workforce and around 85% of garment workers, Cambodia’s largest industrial sector Conditional Possibility for youth engagement related to factories, retailers, technology vendors etc.', 'Women account for 25% of the industry workforce and around 85% of garment workers, Cambodia’s largest industrial sector Conditional Possibility for youth engagement related to factories, retailers, technology vendors etc. Private sector involvement through factories, GMAC, retailers, ESCOs and technology vendors 1: Sustainable energy practices in garment Industry vs BAU by 2030 Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 1.1: Upgrade to efficient boiler - GHG emission e/year for 26 boilers, approximately Each efficient boiler is estimated at USD 60,000 cost. In monetary terms, savings represent USD 13.2 million in avoid wood biomass cost at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 1.2: Sewing machine GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.002 e/year for 3,500 new electric machines. Each efficient sewing machine is estimated at USD 200. In monetary terms, electricity savings represent USDk 468 in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.3: Washing machine GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.0002 e/year for 130 new washing machines Each efficient washing machine is estimated at USD 3,500.', '1.3: Washing machine GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.0002 e/year for 130 new washing machines Each efficient washing machine is estimated at USD 3,500. In monetary terms, electricity savings represent USDk 34.8 in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.4: Drying machine GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.0001 e/year for 65 new drying machines. Each efficient drying machine is estimated at USD 3,500. In monetary terms, electricity savings represent USDk 17.4 in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.5: Compressors GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.0007 e/year for 40 new compressors. Each compressor is estimated at USD 20,000. compressors will save 693 MWh/year electricity, totaling 6,930 MWh by 2030. (40 compressors x years) 1.6: Efficient lightning appliance - GHG emission reduction is estimated at 0.005 e/year for 150,000 new efficient lightning appliances. Each lightbulb is estimated at USD16.', 'Each lightbulb is estimated at USD16. In monetary terms, electricity savings represent USDk 730 in a year, at an average electricity cost USDCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 2: Sustainable energy practices in brick industry e, 44% vs BAU by 2030 Improving brick kiln efficiency can improve the safety of brick kiln operation through implementation of better safety features that reduce risk of injury during loading of fuel and handling of bricks. Reducing the toxicity and amount of emission pollutants coming from brick kilns is also an expected benefit to implementing energy efficient technology. 2.1: Boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade Roughly estimated GHG emission reductions: 0.03 eq/year for 8 rotary kiln replacing same amount of boat kilns. Each rotary efficient kiln is estimated at USD 200,000 cost.', 'Each rotary efficient kiln is estimated at USD 200,000 cost. In monetary terms, savings represent USD 1.57 million in avoid wood biomass cost each year, at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 2.2: Modified boat-to- rotary kiln upgrade Roughly estimated GHG emission reductions: 0.01 e/year for 6 rotary kiln replacing same amount of modified boat kilns. Each rotary efficient kiln is estimated at USD 200,000 cost. In monetary terms, savings represent USDk 700 in avoided wood biomass cost each year, at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 3: Sustainable energy practices in food & beverage Industry Food and Beverage 1.04 e, 25% vs BAU by Improving energy productivity, reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 3.1: Replacing inefficient boilers in the F&B industry Roughly estimated GHG emission reductions: 0.02 e/year for 17 highly efficient boiler replacing same amount of low efficient units. One efficient boiler is estimated at USD 37,000 cost.', 'One efficient boiler is estimated at USD 37,000 cost. In monetary terms, savings represent USDk 830 in avoid wood biomass cost each year, at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass-residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company Reduction of firewood by 20%, it represents e/year Savings in monetary value USD 263/year 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for days/month Installation of new additional biomass residue briquette- based boiler equipped with gas treatment system, USD 33,850 Savings in monetary value USD 263/year 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four- boiler system Switch to new system for collective distribution using 3 boilers instead of 4 independent boilers.', '4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass-residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company Reduction of firewood by 20%, it represents e/year Savings in monetary value USD 263/year 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for days/month Installation of new additional biomass residue briquette- based boiler equipped with gas treatment system, USD 33,850 Savings in monetary value USD 263/year 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four- boiler system Switch to new system for collective distribution using 3 boilers instead of 4 independent boilers. Savings in monetary value US 5,301 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuelwood saving Install a system to reuse the deposits of steam USD 6,495Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', 'Savings in monetary value US 5,301 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuelwood saving Install a system to reuse the deposits of steam USD 6,495Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 25 Actions to promote sustainable sourcing of fuel wood in the garment industry Energy Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) 1. The Forest Law of 2. National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) 2017- 3. National Forest Development Policy Year - Annual climate impact - Total climate impact 1. 6000 ha of timber plantations established between firewood plantations established between Further evaluations have to be carried out to set a quantified target for this action. Achieving the defined target will be highly dependent on availability of climate finance, including both public and private sources, to conduct and scale up the defined activities.', 'Achieving the defined target will be highly dependent on availability of climate finance, including both public and private sources, to conduct and scale up the defined activities. Linked government actions in the forestry value chain that incentivize demand side investment, such as reducing the availability and hence pushing up the cost of unsustainable fuel wood, is key to achieving the defined targets. Accessing climate finance associated with forest preservation to fund demand side interventions is a necessary barrier to overcome to scale factory investment that affect unsustainable wood fuel production. Co-benefits to this action include the following: 1. Improved air quality due to reduced wood fuel combustion and improvement in combustion efficiency 2. Reduction of soil erosion and silting of lakes and rivers 3. Increased productivity of agricultural land affected by deforestation 4. Job creation from implementing demand side energy efficiency measures 5. Increased export industry competitiveness Total investment costs: Approximately Challenges with selection of appropriate variety of fuelwood and lands for sustainable fuelwood production Children, especially girls, and women will benefit from this action by reducing the amount of distance they have to extract fuelwood.', 'Increased export industry competitiveness Total investment costs: Approximately Challenges with selection of appropriate variety of fuelwood and lands for sustainable fuelwood production Children, especially girls, and women will benefit from this action by reducing the amount of distance they have to extract fuelwood. Conditional Private sector engagement through factories and plantations 26 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan - Direct emission reduction due F-gas transition in air- conditioning and refrigeration - Indirect emission reduction due to improved cooling efficiency - Additionally, Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code and implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities can be carried out as part of the implementation of the NCAP – see below Energy Ministry of Land Management, Urban Lanning and Construction (MLMUPC) Integration of the Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol mandated F-gas transition plans with plans to improve cooling efficiency and access to cooling. NCAP and its roadmap to support the adoption of Enhanced MEPS for cooling appliances and improve existing energy policies.', 'NCAP and its roadmap to support the adoption of Enhanced MEPS for cooling appliances and improve existing energy policies. e emissions by 2030 Direct GHG Emissions e emissions Indirect GHG emissions reduction – 0.92MtCO2 e Enhanced MEPS and F-gas transition for room air conditioners and residential refrigerators targeting the new & existing equipment stock in the country. Improvement in affordability and access to cooling for the population Improvement in local R&D and manufacturing Enhancement of customer trust and promotion of new & local market players Generation of jobs and boost in economy Costs: USD 50 million Benefits: Total cumulative savings after 10 years of implementation USD 1,320 Million through energy savings by 2030 (Considering USD 50 million investment and 10 years cumulative electricity savings of 6.1 TWh through NCAP) Low GWP refrigerants Hydrocarbons, etc., High Seasonal Energy Efficiency Room Air conditioners Climate adaptive and energy efficient refrigeratorsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', 'Improvement in affordability and access to cooling for the population Improvement in local R&D and manufacturing Enhancement of customer trust and promotion of new & local market players Generation of jobs and boost in economy Costs: USD 50 million Benefits: Total cumulative savings after 10 years of implementation USD 1,320 Million through energy savings by 2030 (Considering USD 50 million investment and 10 years cumulative electricity savings of 6.1 TWh through NCAP) Low GWP refrigerants Hydrocarbons, etc., High Seasonal Energy Efficiency Room Air conditioners Climate adaptive and energy efficient refrigeratorsCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 27 Inclusion of performance requirements of passive cooling systems in building energy code of Cambodia Energy Ministry of Land Management, Urban Lanning and Construction (MLMUPC) Environment and Natural Resources Code, which has a chapter on Sustainable Cities, making it a requirement for the capital city and cities over 200,000 people to develop a Green City Strategic Plan and identify green city development projects.', 'Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 27 Inclusion of performance requirements of passive cooling systems in building energy code of Cambodia Energy Ministry of Land Management, Urban Lanning and Construction (MLMUPC) Environment and Natural Resources Code, which has a chapter on Sustainable Cities, making it a requirement for the capital city and cities over 200,000 people to develop a Green City Strategic Plan and identify green city development projects. e emissions 20% of the newly constructed buildings will comply with Building Energy Code Improved air quality, more jobs and better economy, better energy security and grid reliability Costs: USD 750,000 Payback period: 2.25 years Envelope insulation, high performance glazing, Insulated door/window frames, air- tightness, shading, ventilation, cool roofs 28 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings.', 'e emissions 20% of the newly constructed buildings will comply with Building Energy Code Improved air quality, more jobs and better economy, better energy security and grid reliability Costs: USD 750,000 Payback period: 2.25 years Envelope insulation, high performance glazing, Insulated door/window frames, air- tightness, shading, ventilation, cool roofs 28 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. Energy Ministry of Land Management, Urban Lanning and Construction (MLMUPC) Environment and Natural Resources Code, which has a chapter on Sustainable Cities, making it a requirement for the capital city and cities over 200,000 people to develop a Green City Strategic Plan and identify green city development projects.', 'Energy Ministry of Land Management, Urban Lanning and Construction (MLMUPC) Environment and Natural Resources Code, which has a chapter on Sustainable Cities, making it a requirement for the capital city and cities over 200,000 people to develop a Green City Strategic Plan and identify green city development projects. e emissions 2 cities ( Phnom Penh and Siem Reap) analysed for mitigating UHIE and projects are implemented - 2% of the existing public and commercial buildings are retrofitted with passive cooling measures Health and well-being of the citizens, energy cost savings to the consumers, improved aesthetics, increased productivity of the population, vegetation acting as carbon sinks Costs: USD 49 million Payback period: 4.5 years Urban planning, cool/green roof and greening of city 29 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport(MPWT) 1. Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 3. Rectangular Strategy, 4. National Policy on Green Growth, 5. Sectoral development plans. 30 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) 1. Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 3. Rectangular Strategy, 4.', 'Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 3. Rectangular Strategy, 4. National Policy on Green Growth and sectoral development plans. inspection centers will be in operation vehicles are expected to be inspected by 2030 1. Reduce maintenance cost/saving cost 2. Reduce traffic accident, injury and fatality 3. Reduce air pollution 4. Reduce GHG emission 5. Innovate technology 1. Public and public 2. Private partnership investment opportunity upgrading the current system 4. Demonstrate the system Benefit 1. Time saving maintenance cost/saving cost 3. Reduce traffic accident, injury and fatality 4. Reduce air pollution and GHG Technology is unavailable and costly; however, the originated country is seeking for/requiring assistant from foreign country. Lack of experts and staffs need to be trained.', 'Lack of experts and staffs need to be trained. 31 E-mobility Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) vehicles(battery vehicle) are registered by 2020; 32 Establish green belts along major roads for climate change mitigation Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) 33 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) 34 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) National Action Program to combat land NA Battambang ; Preah Vihea and Kampong Cham Provinces Sustainable land management, reduce emission from burned agriculture residue, protect soil from erosion USD 24,963,000 Reduce emission and soil erosion, increase soil organic carbon andvicrop yield Conservation agriculture; Minimum tillage, mulching with crop residue, and crop rotation; legum growing; Encourage the participation of womenCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', '31 E-mobility Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) vehicles(battery vehicle) are registered by 2020; 32 Establish green belts along major roads for climate change mitigation Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) 33 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train Transport Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) 34 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) National Action Program to combat land NA Battambang ; Preah Vihea and Kampong Cham Provinces Sustainable land management, reduce emission from burned agriculture residue, protect soil from erosion USD 24,963,000 Reduce emission and soil erosion, increase soil organic carbon andvicrop yield Conservation agriculture; Minimum tillage, mulching with crop residue, and crop rotation; legum growing; Encourage the participation of womenCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 35 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) National Action Program to combat land NA 10 provinces Reduce of chemical fertilizer utilization, contribution to mitigate the greenhouse gases, reduce production cost and pollution, and soil improvement USD 2.6 million Reduce production cost and pollution from chemical fertilizer, sustainable land management Composting, bio-digester, manure management Encourage the participation of women 36 Promote fodder production to improve high nutrient rich and high-quality forage feed value agriculture by- products technology to support cattle production Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Planning Framework for NA 1year/1ha/province Increase soil organic carbon, Enhanced adoption by farmers of improved fodder technology has significantly increased animals’ production and household income; USD 625,000 Reduce cost of feed and medicine input fodder manual is available Women participation were encouraged to take care it 37 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Planning Framework for NA 25 provinces and cities Increase GAHP “Good Animals Health Practice” enhanced adoption by improving animal farms and slaughterhouses; household USD 21.25 million reduce environment pollution from Farms and slaughterhouses and household Compost technology is available Women participation were encouraged 38 Seedlings distribute to public and local community Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) indicators, JMI (2020), National arbor day seedling Contributing forest cover, promote CF livelihoods, and cultural Long term USD 1 /seedling; medium plan USD 0.5/seedling ; Fast growing USD 0,3/ per seedling Revenue is referred to social, environmental and promoted people livelihood Simple guide for tree plantation, Nursery management Women participation were encouraged management of forest conservation areas, such as protected areas and flooded and mangrove conservation areas - Promote forest land tenure security through forest land classification, zoning, demarcation, and registration 2.', 'Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 35 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) National Action Program to combat land NA 10 provinces Reduce of chemical fertilizer utilization, contribution to mitigate the greenhouse gases, reduce production cost and pollution, and soil improvement USD 2.6 million Reduce production cost and pollution from chemical fertilizer, sustainable land management Composting, bio-digester, manure management Encourage the participation of women 36 Promote fodder production to improve high nutrient rich and high-quality forage feed value agriculture by- products technology to support cattle production Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Planning Framework for NA 1year/1ha/province Increase soil organic carbon, Enhanced adoption by farmers of improved fodder technology has significantly increased animals’ production and household income; USD 625,000 Reduce cost of feed and medicine input fodder manual is available Women participation were encouraged to take care it 37 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Planning Framework for NA 25 provinces and cities Increase GAHP “Good Animals Health Practice” enhanced adoption by improving animal farms and slaughterhouses; household USD 21.25 million reduce environment pollution from Farms and slaughterhouses and household Compost technology is available Women participation were encouraged 38 Seedlings distribute to public and local community Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) indicators, JMI (2020), National arbor day seedling Contributing forest cover, promote CF livelihoods, and cultural Long term USD 1 /seedling; medium plan USD 0.5/seedling ; Fast growing USD 0,3/ per seedling Revenue is referred to social, environmental and promoted people livelihood Simple guide for tree plantation, Nursery management Women participation were encouraged management of forest conservation areas, such as protected areas and flooded and mangrove conservation areas - Promote forest land tenure security through forest land classification, zoning, demarcation, and registration 2. Strengthen law enforcement activities to address unauthorized logging, and encroachment 3.', 'Strengthen law enforcement activities to address unauthorized logging, and encroachment 3. Monitor the status of ELCs and SLCs for compliance with regulations and strengthen capacity for effective monitoring 4. Support harmonization of legal frameworks for effective management of forest resources 5. Strengthen regulatory framework and capacity for social and environmental impact assessment and compliance 6. Strengthen capacity for data management and establish decision support systems for forest and land use sector Forestry REDD+ Secretariat Key Indicator of Rectangular Strategy phase - 4 Reducing of CO2 e emission 21.54 Mt CO2 - e/yearCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 7. Strengthen and scale up community-based forest management 8. Engage and encourage the private sector to implement alternative and sustainable supply chains from agro industrial plantations, and to reduce emissions 9. Expand afforestation, reforestation and restoration activities 10. Enhance timber supply and wood-based energy sourced from community-based forest management areas and private plantations to reduce pressure on forest areas 11.', 'Enhance timber supply and wood-based energy sourced from community-based forest management areas and private plantations to reduce pressure on forest areas 11. Promote effective, equitable, sustainable management and use of forests, forest lands and non-timber forest products 12. Identify and implement alternative and sustainable livelihood development programmes for local communities most dependent on forest resources 13. Support mechanisms to mainstream policies and measures that reduce deforestation in relevant government ministries and agencies14. Strengthen national and subnational capacity for improved coordination mechanisms for national land use policy and planning 15. Strengthen capacity, knowledge and awareness of stakeholders to enhance their contribution to reducing deforestation and forest degradation 16. Encourage public engagement, participation and consultations in forestry and land use planning, and promote the involvement of multiple stakeholders 17. Strengthen capacity of academic and research institutions in training, research and technology development associated with forestry and land use partnerships with development partners in building knowledge and human resources related to forestry, land use and climate changeCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No.', 'Strengthen capacity of academic and research institutions in training, research and technology development associated with forestry and land use partnerships with development partners in building knowledge and human resources related to forestry, land use and climate changeCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 40 1. Promoting one tourist, one tree campaign Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Royal Government of Cambodia labels tourism sector as “Green Gold”. Tourism is a non-smoke industry which import in places. Baseline: 5 locations Kompong Speu Kratie (Kosh Trong) Kompot (Kompong and other locations approximately is Target: 25 locations covering all provinces/city Reducing natural disaster, job creation for local people, poverty alleviation, social welfare improvement, cultural and environmental conservation, protecting biodiversity. USD 2 million USD 2.5 million Public toilet, education signboard, billboard, rubbish bin etc. The M&E system will be aligned with National Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Climate Change. Encouraging women, elderly, children, poorest to involve, they might understand and support new mindset that would provide (for adaptation projects).', 'Encouraging women, elderly, children, poorest to involve, they might understand and support new mindset that would provide (for adaptation projects). Small unconditional for planting tree, state-public land Conditional to support community for developing and maintain/care tree 1. Youth could join by in-kind and cash to support the activity 1. Private sector could join by in- kind and cash to support the activity. 2. Private sector and community could take benefits travel manner in order to protect and conserve environment, biodiversity, culture and local livelihood improvement Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Baseline: 58 Hotel Target: 150 Hotels Conditional MoT will closely work with travel agencies and private sector to promote those relevant guidelines. 42 3. Always remind and practice 3R in all tourists´acivities Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Target: all tourist activities would be targeted Conditional Private would provide bags, re-fill bottle water, support recycle shops or association. Provide big bottle water for refilling. 43 4.', 'Provide big bottle water for refilling. 43 4. Reducing energy use, improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, carbon offsetting, waste management and recycling, and water conservation Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Emission reduction: 1- Be more activities from tourists including; adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. Conditional Private sector/agencies are key destination management Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Emission reduction: 1- Be more activities from tourists including; adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. Conditional Private sector/agencies are key and green tourism activities Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Emission reduction: 1- Be more activities from tourists including; adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking.', 'Conditional Private sector/agencies are key and green tourism activities Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) Emission reduction: 1- Be more activities from tourists including; adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. Conditional Private sector/agencies are key 46 Installing air quality monitoring equipment in all provinces across the countries and establishing air quality data monitoring center with mobile application for public information and access Other industry Ministry of Environment (MOE) Conditional Private sector engagement through technical supportCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 47 Establishing air quality monitoring and broadcasting center Other industry Ministry of Environment (MOE) Cost (Installing air quality monitoring equipment and establishing data center and mobile application).', 'Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority GHG mitigation potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits(adaptation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDGs 47 Establishing air quality monitoring and broadcasting center Other industry Ministry of Environment (MOE) Cost (Installing air quality monitoring equipment and establishing data center and mobile application). Cost of air quality monitoring equipment is around 5,000 = USD 1,075,000) - Benefit (air quality data, public health early warning system) Conditional Private sector engagement through technical support 48 Improving urban environmental management through increasing green spaces in the city Policy and planning Ministry of Environment (MOE) Conditional Private sector engagement through technical support 49 Emission management from factories Other industry Ministry of Environment (MOE) Unconditional Require full private sector engagement 50 Air quality management from construction sites Other industry Ministry of Environment (MOE) USD 500,000 Unconditional Require full private sector engagement 51 Development of a long- term low emission strategy Policy and planning National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) Conditional Require full private sector engagementCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Actions No. Adaptation action Sector Ministry Government priority Resilience building potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDG s 1 Towards an agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang Agriculture National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) 1.', 'Adaptation action Sector Ministry Government priority Resilience building potential Baseline and targets Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Finance benefits Technology availability Gender Conditional/ Unconditional Youth Private sector SDG s 1 Towards an agroecological transition in the uplands of Battambang Agriculture National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) 1. Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen local agricultural practice to respond to climate hazards through innovation of agroecological technology Baseline is 0. Target: 100,000 by 2026 (with policy intervention the project has the potential to scale-up to 5 million people accounting for 30% of total population) 1. Climate Change mitigation as the project considering of low-carbon agricultural technology 2. Improved new management approach in agroecosystem 3. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards FAO 2. GCF funding modalities and investment criteria standards 3.', 'GCF funding modalities and investment criteria standards 3. NCDD accreditation standards Target 30% women beneficiaries 50% participation of women in stakeholder consultations and 50% women representation on project decision making boards The component of project output to be aligned with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub- national Democratic Development of NCDD Private sector from the agriculture supply chain Improvement of Agricultural Productivity and Diversification and Agri-Business) Development of rice crops for increase production, improved quality- safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro- business enhancement Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Increase rice productivity, reduce loss during and post harvesting and improve rice quality, safety. Baseline: 11.51 million tonne in 2020 Target: 3% increased production/year Promote climate- friendly Agri- business rice value chain and profit in rice production value chains.', 'Baseline: 11.51 million tonne in 2020 Target: 3% increased production/year Promote climate- friendly Agri- business rice value chain and profit in rice production value chains. Mitigating impact of rice farming on environment master plan of Stress tolerant varieties, Agriculture(CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP),Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Organic Agriculture, ISNM, Integrated Pest management (IPM), water saving techniques, System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Complex Rice System (for example duck- rice farming), Agroforestry, on- farm seed conservation and selection technics and post- harvests technologies, Sustainable landscape management (land levelling, integrated micro- watershed management). Enhance women s economic empowerment and promote the participation of women in decision-process within the value chain, with emphasize on post- harvesting opportunities and agro-business (incl. women in Rice ACs, capacity development for leadership roles within ACs etc.). Ensure women s meaningful and active participation in capacity development and opportunities.', 'Ensure women s meaningful and active participation in capacity development and opportunities. This requires gender related targets such as, (1) equal representation of women and men (50% women) participate in stakeholder (suggest this could be 50% to be equal with men) of the total project beneficiaries of extension services, training and inputs are female farmers, and (3) 50% of women beneficiaries self-report a reduction in their work burden as a result of project activities At least 35% of female- farmers (including female- headed households) will benefit from relevant trainings, access to resources, extension services taking into account their work burdens. Youth represents agriculture sectors. They will be engaged in capacity development, technology transfer in relation to sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), and pre and post-harvest techniques. Youth will be strongly involved in Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), enterprise development and agro-business activities to ensure food security and income generation among the youth groups. Various private sector players i.e. rice miller, processing, exporter, producers; inputs suppliers; buyers will be promoted in rice crop production.', 'rice miller, processing, exporter, producers; inputs suppliers; buyers will be promoted in rice crop production. The private sectors will be strongly engaged/involved in working with small scale farmers such as providing technical assistance, support to provide credit so that farmers can access to inputs and contracting to buy the productCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3 Development of horticulture and other food crops for increase production, improved quality- safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro- business enhancement Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Increase horticulture production and productivity and profit in horticulture production value chains through using tress tolerant varieties and CSA practices and increasing resilience to climate change. Fostering local chemical free produced vegetable value chains by improving sustainable water management practices, promoting diversification to increase food security, access to healthy food and diversified income opportunities resilient to climate change. Target: Increased supply of vegetable 2% /year to local market 47.1% of youth who involved in agriculture sectors, will be provided capacity development, technology transfer in various form of sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and Good Agriculture Practice (GAP).', 'Target: Increased supply of vegetable 2% /year to local market 47.1% of youth who involved in agriculture sectors, will be provided capacity development, technology transfer in various form of sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). Youth will be strongly involved in pre and post-harvest technology, and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), Enterprise development and other agro-business enhancement to ensure food security and income generation among the youth groups. Investment return not estimated Stress tolerant varieties, Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Conservation Agriculture (CA),Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), ISNM, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), Organic Agriculture, water saving techniques post-harvests technologies and stress tolerant species and varieties, intercropping, agroforestry, crop rotation, mixed cropping /companion planting, integrated farming system approach At least 35% of women are involved in agriculture sector. Empowering women through strengthening their roles and capacities in the horticultural value chains, increasing income generation and food security at the same time through for example surplus selling of home garden systems.', 'Empowering women through strengthening their roles and capacities in the horticultural value chains, increasing income generation and food security at the same time through for example surplus selling of home garden systems. Decrease work burden for women through improved practices and technologies (for example drip irrigation) empower women through improved nutrition to their household. Target: beneficiaries receiving training on horticulture are women; 2. 50% of all women project beneficiaries avail childcare services to enable their full participation in horticulture training programs; 3. 50% of all gender awareness training participants are men; 4. 50% of all women project beneficiaries report an increase income as a result of project activities; and 5. 50% of women project beneficiaries report a reduce in hours spent on horticulture activities as a result of access to improved practices and technologies (Ref:FAO and MAFF, 2017: Gender Assessment in Agriculture sector. MAFF, 2015: Gender mainstreaming policy and strategic framework in Agriculture 2016-2020. MoP, 2017: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey Youth represents agriculture sectors.', 'MoP, 2017: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey Youth represents agriculture sectors. They will be engaged in capacity development, technology transfer in relation to sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), and pre and post-harvest techniques. Youth will be strongly involved in Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), enterprise development and agro-business activities to ensure food security and income generation among the youth groups. Promote and engagement of private sector including investors/input suppliers, exporters, and SME/ entrepreneurs to be involved in the horticulture value chains that can boost multiple and double cropping to adapt with climate variability; particularly in dry season for smallholders and medium farmers aiming to improve food security and income generation.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4 Development of Industry crops for increase in production, improved quality- safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro- business enhancement Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Increase industry crop productivity and profit in the production value chains through stress-tolerant varieties and CSA practices and increasing resilience to climate change. Diversification will also contribute to increase in income (Land equivalent ratio) and diversification of economic opportunities of farmers to adapt to climate change. Increase in income through improvement in processing technologies.', 'Diversification will also contribute to increase in income (Land equivalent ratio) and diversification of economic opportunities of farmers to adapt to climate change. Increase in income through improvement in processing technologies. million tons in 2020 Target: 10% increased production per year Promote climate- friendly Agri- business value chain and profit generation boosting local food security through diversification, reduction in soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions through fostering eco-system services through CSA practices. Investment return not estimated Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Agroforestry, Integrated Soil and Nutrient Management (ISNM), Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Botanical pesticide production, organic fertilizer, Conservation Agriculture (CA), water saving techniques and post- harvests and processing technologies and improving stress tolerant species and variety selection. Promote women in collective business and provide relevant technical trainings and capacity building on quality, safety, harvest, post-harvest, financial literacy, enterprise development and processing/packaging skills. At least 50% women are engaged in consultation, planning and decision making process for sustainable landscape management through the application/replicate of the CSA practices, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, etc.', 'At least 50% women are engaged in consultation, planning and decision making process for sustainable landscape management through the application/replicate of the CSA practices, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, etc. Strengthen women s leadership roles and knowledge sharing on women-led success stories women s good practices to improve women s opportunities within the Value Chains and/or sustainable market accessibility which ultimately contribute their increase in income generation and food security. 50% of women beneficiaries report an increase in income generation as a result of improved market accessibility 50% of women beneficiary’s report food security through a 12- month period as a result of the project activities. Youth represents agriculture sectors. They will be engaged in capacity development, technology transfer in relation to sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), and pre and post-harvest techniques. Youth will be strongly involved in Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), enterprise development and agro-business activities to ensure food security and income generation among the youth groups. Promote private sector players in various phases of industrial crop value chain.', 'Promote private sector players in various phases of industrial crop value chain. They will be involved in support to provide sustainable agriculture practices, techniques and technology transfer, improving water management practices, pre and post-harvest technology, processing (i.e. cashew nut/cassava processing) and certification for market expansion. 5 Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate- smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Boosting climate- resilient agriculture adoption by Institutional capacity building and extension services to transfer CSA technology to farmers. This will enable farmers to respond to climate hazards, improve food security and productivity, and increase ecological and economic resilience while Baseline: Departments of GDA and 12 Seed farms, research stations and development and training centers, selected Agricultural Cooperatives.Targets: Increasing resilience to climate change and natural disasters, and improving resilience facilities, tools and technologies. Increasing resilience to climate change and natural disasters, and improving resilience facilities, tools and technologies. of GDA, 12 Seed farms research stations and development and training centers, and selected Agricultural Cooperatives. Crop production manuals (e.g.', 'of GDA, 12 Seed farms research stations and development and training centers, and selected Agricultural Cooperatives. Crop production manuals (e.g. SRP, GAP, Post-harvest technologies/tools, Agricultural Organic Standards, irrigation facilities, saving water technologies/tools, green houses) and Irrigation facilities and agricultural machinery tools/ equipment), Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Agroforestry, Integrated Soil and Nutrient management (ISNM), Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Botanical pesticide production, organic fertilizer, Conservation Agriculture (CA), water saving techniques (rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation etc.) and post- harvests and processing 35% of female farmers participate in capacity female farmers receive extension services35% of female farmers report a reduction in hours spent on their agricultural activities as a result of project activities Strengthen women s leadership roles and knowledge sharing on women-led success stories women s good practices to improve women s opportunities within the Value Chains and/or sustainable market Youth represent agriculture sectors. They will be engaged in capacity development, technology transfer in relation to sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), and pre and post-harvest techniques.', 'They will be engaged in capacity development, technology transfer in relation to sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), and pre and post-harvest techniques. Youth will be strongly involved in The private sector players active in capacity development, investment of technology innovation to adapt with the climate sensitivity (i.e. suitable agriculture equipment and machinery), improved access to quality inputs, pre- and post- harvest technologies, processing and marketing.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigating climate change effects. technologies and improving stress tolerant species and variety selection, crop rotation, mixed cropping /companion planting, integrated farming system approach, Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), water saving techniques (drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting and storage, integrated aquaponics systems), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP),Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Organic Agriculture, ISNM, Integrated Pest management (IPM), water saving techniques, System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Complex Rice System (for example duck-rice farming), on- farm seed conservation and selection technics and post- harvests technologies, Sustainable landscape management (land levelling, integrated micro- watershed management). accessibility which ultimately contribute their increase in income generation and food security.', 'accessibility which ultimately contribute their increase in income generation and food security. 25% increase in women in leadership positions in project activities Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), enterprise development and agro-business activities to ensure food security and income generation among the youth groups. 6 Building climate change resilience on cassava production and processing Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Climate Change Priorities Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector Building the resilience of country cassava production and processing for economic development, human health and environmental sustainability Baseline: N/A Target: Cassava farmers in at least 15 provinces in the country, or more than 0.6 million hectares in cassava production (MAFF, 2018), plus the growing cassava processing industry Mitigation: reduce pollution from processing Environmental: Prevent soil erosion Social: healthy living conditions for people in the cassava production areas 2,890,000 a). Economy of national and cassava farmers improved; b). Land erosion and soil fertility degradation minimized; c). Health of populations living in the cassava processing areas improved 1. Variety improvement program for Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease; 2. Prevention of soil erosion and soil nutrient leaching; 3.', 'Prevention of soil erosion and soil nutrient leaching; 3. Appropriate waste management for cassava processing developed Women have been actively involved in different phases of research and enhancing of agricultural productivity, improvement of quality and agriculture technology transfer. At least 50% of women involved in agricultural research will participate in new technology development and distribution. Women s voices and needs will be ensured along the process of the climate resilient research and technology development. Gender responsive target suggestions: # of women in leadership positions in new technology development and distribution # of women and other socially marginalized groups consulted as part of climate research # of gender analyses conducted as part of new research Further analysis on youth involvement in cassava production, capacity and necessary resources is required. Provide capacity building based on the need, ongoing technical support, improve access to resources (financial, inputs, suitable equipment) in cassava production and processing.', 'Provide capacity building based on the need, ongoing technical support, improve access to resources (financial, inputs, suitable equipment) in cassava production and processing. Private sectors will be actively participating in capacity development, supply of inputs, improvement processing facilities and technology and exportation.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 7 Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) plan in respond to the impact of CC National Demography Increase and stabilization of crop production through conducting research on plant genetic conservation and utilization, release of new crop varieties with high yield and quality, resistant biotic and abiotic stresses. Baseline: 38 varieties conserved in 2019 1 new variety released Target: 200 varieties conservation and rejuvenation per year; At least 2 new crop varieties released per year Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources are being conserved in CARDI’s gene-bank and on field for long term utilization.', 'Baseline: 38 varieties conserved in 2019 1 new variety released Target: 200 varieties conservation and rejuvenation per year; At least 2 new crop varieties released per year Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources are being conserved in CARDI’s gene-bank and on field for long term utilization. ; New crop varieties released to respond to climate change ; new crop varieties with high yielding and quality, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Women have been actively involved in different phases of research and enhancing of agricultural productivity, improvement of quality and agriculture technology transfer. At least 50% of women involved in agricultural research will participate in new technology development and distribution. Women s voices and needs will be ensured along the process of the climate resilient research and technology development.', 'Women s voices and needs will be ensured along the process of the climate resilient research and technology development. Gender responsive target suggestions: # of women in leadership positions in new technology development and distribution # of women and other socially marginalized groups consulted as part of climate research # of gender analyses conducted as part of new research More than 50% of youths (who are involved in the proposed priorities for agricultural development sector) will be engaged to participate in new technology development and distribution. They include students, researchers, scientists, sellers and farmers. It is important to work with all stakeholders such as farmers agricultural communities, agricultural cooperatives, SME, and Cambodian rice milling association.', 'It is important to work with all stakeholders such as farmers agricultural communities, agricultural cooperatives, SME, and Cambodian rice milling association. 8 Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) plan in respond to the impact of CC National Demography Technology package for rice crop diversification; New upland soil classification and fertilizer recommendations; Land erosion, degradation, and soil fertility management in lowland and upland areas Baseline: NA Target: At least 5 types of new technologies developed responding to climate change Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources 1,500,000 £2,250,000.00 Mung-bean grown within short duration variety (Less than 55days from planting till first harvesting) and irrigated with small amounts of water; Upland soil map development with Fertilizer recommendation; Technology transfer of rice seed purification technique for farmer level; Quality seed produced and Pre- and post-harvest technology development Women will be engaged to participate in research and technology development.', '8 Development of new technologies and increased yields by using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) plan in respond to the impact of CC National Demography Technology package for rice crop diversification; New upland soil classification and fertilizer recommendations; Land erosion, degradation, and soil fertility management in lowland and upland areas Baseline: NA Target: At least 5 types of new technologies developed responding to climate change Promotion of environment and conservation of natural resources 1,500,000 £2,250,000.00 Mung-bean grown within short duration variety (Less than 55days from planting till first harvesting) and irrigated with small amounts of water; Upland soil map development with Fertilizer recommendation; Technology transfer of rice seed purification technique for farmer level; Quality seed produced and Pre- and post-harvest technology development Women will be engaged to participate in research and technology development. More than 50% of female farmers will benefit from capacity building and extension services in particular new technologies on crop diversification, variety selection of stress tolerant crops, and soil fertilities management in low and upland areas, pre and post- harvest technology.', 'More than 50% of female farmers will benefit from capacity building and extension services in particular new technologies on crop diversification, variety selection of stress tolerant crops, and soil fertilities management in low and upland areas, pre and post- harvest technology. More than 50% of youths (who are involved in the proposed priorities for agriculture development sector) will be engaged to participate in new technology development and distribution. They include students, researchers, scientists, sellers and farmers. All stakeholders including farmer agricultural communities, agricultural cooperatives, SME, and Cambodian rice milling association will be engaged to be involved in developing new technologies, facilities to develop, test and demonstrate the resilience of crop varieties. 9 Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 2023) and CCAP Resilient rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ in Cambodia for sustainable production and reduced maintaining cost.Rubber clone trial and experimental to produces best accessions variety by AEZ in term of resilient, good yield and rubber quality.Carbon sequestration and contribute to sound ecological function.', '9 Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 2023) and CCAP Resilient rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ in Cambodia for sustainable production and reduced maintaining cost.Rubber clone trial and experimental to produces best accessions variety by AEZ in term of resilient, good yield and rubber quality.Carbon sequestration and contribute to sound ecological function. Baseline: 363 farmers trained in 2019 (DGR, trained planter in 5 AEZ; at least 1 new clone variety developed Maintain and improved rubber production and provide employment;Improv ement of rubber plant genetic and fully scientifically documented;Increas ed revenue by reduced maintaining cost; Mitigation as rubber plantation e Economic growth 9,248,600 $13,872,900.00 Horticulture, Cloning and breeding, Plantation trial and analysis, Land suitability, soil improvement. Implementation of gender sensitive extension services and promotion of women roles in value chain development. 50% of rubber producers participating in trainings are women.', '50% of rubber producers participating in trainings are women. 50% of women beneficiary’s report extension services meet their specific needs and priorities # of women report new waged positions in rubber value chain development Ensure the engagement of at least 80 % of youth involved in the rubber production in capacity development including development rubber clone variety that are suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change. Private sector will be engaged in capacity development and adopt/using clone technology after training. The private sectors will be supported with rubber seeds that are suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate change.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) institutional and capacity development on climate change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 2023) and CCAP Overcome the unique challenges of rubber involved in responding to climate change it must be able to act on foresight, learn and adapt, build collaborative coalitions for action through research and/or enhance existing GAP subjective to rubber plantation practices. Baseline: 171 sub- national/extension workers trained in 2019.', 'Baseline: 171 sub- national/extension workers trained in 2019. Target: 5 permanent sample plots (PSP) equipped with mini weather stations; 150 well trained national technical staff, worker, and 30 rubber small holder association; Support to sub- national level 20 times. Sustainable rubber production to support economic development and employment 3,852,000 $5,778,000.00 PSP (permanent sample plot) establishment, data recording and analyses technique; Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Agroforestry, sustainable land management. All levels of interventions will target at least 30% of women beneficiaries and 50% representation of women and men in stakeholder consultations. Equally involve participation of men and women in Vulnerability Impact Assessment (VIA) to assess the needs and constraints to ensure comprehensive gender analysis in the report. All data measuring vulnerability will be disaggregated by gender, age, location, income Include gender-sensitive indicators in the institutional development i.e.', 'All data measuring vulnerability will be disaggregated by gender, age, location, income Include gender-sensitive indicators in the institutional development i.e. at least 30% of women will be represented in particular in leadership positions Ensure the engagement of at least 80 % of youth involving in the rubber production in capacity development specifically on climate change vulnerability impact assessment, improvement of adaptation and mitigation measure related to rubber production. Private sector will be involved in capacity development, planning to improve the effectiveness of adaptation measures and mitigation actions related to the rubber sector. animal production and animal health) Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through AI which can adapt to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Strategic Planning Framework for Livestock Strengthened climate-resilient animal breed through modern technology Baseline: Animal breed production: 338 of Cattle breeds produced and 123347 of piglets produced in 2019.', 'animal production and animal health) Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia through AI which can adapt to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Strategic Planning Framework for Livestock Strengthened climate-resilient animal breed through modern technology Baseline: Animal breed production: 338 of Cattle breeds produced and 123347 of piglets produced in 2019. Meat production Target: Increase animal breed by 3%/year and meat production by 3% for 25 provinces/ year Environmental, social and adaptation animals’ production and meat by At least households keeping, raising livestock will benefit from the prioritized activities in 5 different AEZs AI, feed fodder, cooling systems and deworming, and vaccine programmes At least 23% of beneficiaries will be female-farmers will be involved in various capacities in the development of animal breeding technologies and genetic management of animal production. They will be also engaged in animal management technology, feeding, grazing and disease management, improvement of access information, services, engagement in the roles of livestock commercialization and livestock production. Youth represent 5% in animal production. They will be supported in capacity building and animal breeding technology to adapt to climate change. Youth engagement will be promoted through whole process of animal production value chain.', 'Youth engagement will be promoted through whole process of animal production value chain. Private sector/ animal husbandry farm owners will be supported on AI technology to produce and sell high quality of cattle sperm, to improve the quality of cattle productions. They will provide technical support and extension services to smallholders for improving adaptive capacity and household production 12 Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Strategic Planning Framework for Livestock Strengthened research skills and Improved breeding technologies; improved vaccination. of animal received vaccines in 2019 Target: get 1 vaccination after 10 years; Vaccines to Environmental, social and adaptation mortality to less expected to increase Animal Breeding and Feeding (AI technique, Fodder Programme), cooling systems, de-worming and vaccine programmes, Animal disease surveillance) At least 20% of women will be engaged and improved technology literacy and technical capacity on animal husbandry.', 'of animal received vaccines in 2019 Target: get 1 vaccination after 10 years; Vaccines to Environmental, social and adaptation mortality to less expected to increase Animal Breeding and Feeding (AI technique, Fodder Programme), cooling systems, de-worming and vaccine programmes, Animal disease surveillance) At least 20% of women will be engaged and improved technology literacy and technical capacity on animal husbandry. Suggested target: 20% of all beneficiaries of technology literacy on animal husbandry are women Promote women s roles as livestock ownership, care providers, feed gatherers, processors, users and sellers as a key aspect of local economic development. 50% of women beneficiaries report new assets (livestock) 70% of women beneficiaries report new skills in animal husbandry 40% of youth (animal raisers) will be engaged in research and development of animal genetic, animal breeding and animal feeding technologies (i.e. AI technology, fodder programme), cooling systems, deworming and vaccine programmes to adapt to climate change.', 'AI technology, fodder programme), cooling systems, deworming and vaccine programmes to adapt to climate change. The private sector will play important role in replicating and piloting the technologies including improvement in animal breeding, AI technologies, cooling systems, deworming, vaccine programmes, animal disease surveillance and fodder programmes.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Strategic Planning Framework for Livestock Animal Health and Production cooperatives establishment and Technical guidelines for animal health and production set up, Integration with farming systems based on animal production is expanded Baseline: NA Target: 5 Animal Health and Production cooperatives/year Environmental, social and adaptation 6,250,000 Provide benefits to 750 farmers /year; expected increase Animal breed and waste trustable and acceptable technology to farmers and cooperatives At least 60% of female animal raisers/ farmers will be engaged in capacity strengthening to prevent risk, and increase preparedness and response to climate change.', 'The private sector will play important role in replicating and piloting the technologies including improvement in animal breeding, AI technologies, cooling systems, deworming, vaccine programmes, animal disease surveillance and fodder programmes.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) capacities for risk prevention and reduction, effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Strategic Planning Framework for Livestock Animal Health and Production cooperatives establishment and Technical guidelines for animal health and production set up, Integration with farming systems based on animal production is expanded Baseline: NA Target: 5 Animal Health and Production cooperatives/year Environmental, social and adaptation 6,250,000 Provide benefits to 750 farmers /year; expected increase Animal breed and waste trustable and acceptable technology to farmers and cooperatives At least 60% of female animal raisers/ farmers will be engaged in capacity strengthening to prevent risk, and increase preparedness and response to climate change. 75% of women beneficiaries’ report increase knowledge, inputs and technologies to respond to the changing climate Provide technical support and adaptation measures to women groups/ animal production cooperatives with veterinary services (i.e.', '75% of women beneficiaries’ report increase knowledge, inputs and technologies to respond to the changing climate Provide technical support and adaptation measures to women groups/ animal production cooperatives with veterinary services (i.e. vaccination, monitoring of diseases), credit, and other form of recovery, rehabilitation measures and market linkages. # of women s groups/animal production cooperatives benefit from project activities 5% of youth involved in animal production will be supported on capacity development particularly on risk reduction, preparedness and response to climate shocks as well as technology transfer, knowledge and skills on early warning systems and disease management. They will be also be engaged in collective businesses, enterprise development, financial accessibility and market linkage. Promote capacity development, and technical response for risk prevention and reduction. The private sector will be also promoted to support climate adaptation measures to mobilize financial resources and technical capacity, leverage the efforts of governments, engage civil society and community efforts, and develop innovative climate services and adaptation technologies.', 'The private sector will be also promoted to support climate adaptation measures to mobilize financial resources and technical capacity, leverage the efforts of governments, engage civil society and community efforts, and develop innovative climate services and adaptation technologies. management and aquaculture development ) Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Joint Monitoring Indicators (JMIs) Climate Change Priorities Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector Increase adaptation, strengthen livelihoods and safeguard food and nutrition security of small-scale fishermen Baseline: 307,408 tons Increased aquaculture yields by 20% annually Develop aquaculture system increase production, enhance livelihoods related to food and nutrition security, reduce fishing pressure on fisheries resources will be engaged in aquaculture production and benefits (RGC, (i) Domesticate and produce both indigenous and exotic species that are more adaptable to climate change;(ii) Promote aquaculture in plastic ponds and composite ponds; (iii) Promote cage and pen culture in man-made reservoirs 50% of beneficiaries in improved aquaculture production are women50% of women report improved access to beneficiaries of in farm and out farm activities are women 65.5% of youth involved in aquaculture will be engaged in construction and operations of fishponds, fish hatching, and fish marketing.', 'management and aquaculture development ) Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are more adaptive to climate change Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Joint Monitoring Indicators (JMIs) Climate Change Priorities Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector Increase adaptation, strengthen livelihoods and safeguard food and nutrition security of small-scale fishermen Baseline: 307,408 tons Increased aquaculture yields by 20% annually Develop aquaculture system increase production, enhance livelihoods related to food and nutrition security, reduce fishing pressure on fisheries resources will be engaged in aquaculture production and benefits (RGC, (i) Domesticate and produce both indigenous and exotic species that are more adaptable to climate change;(ii) Promote aquaculture in plastic ponds and composite ponds; (iii) Promote cage and pen culture in man-made reservoirs 50% of beneficiaries in improved aquaculture production are women50% of women report improved access to beneficiaries of in farm and out farm activities are women 65.5% of youth involved in aquaculture will be engaged in construction and operations of fishponds, fish hatching, and fish marketing. They will receive support in term of technical training and capacity development in collective business, development of fishponds, hatchery facilities, selecting of brood stock, transferring, feed preparation, harvest and post- harvest technology and marketing.', 'They will receive support in term of technical training and capacity development in collective business, development of fishponds, hatchery facilities, selecting of brood stock, transferring, feed preparation, harvest and post- harvest technology and marketing. Private sector engagement/cooperat ion in fisheries product and food safety in response to climate change and disaster risk reduction. They will be strongly engaged in the process of capacity development, input supplies (i.e. feed), trading and processing technologies and marketing.', 'They will be strongly engaged in the process of capacity development, input supplies (i.e. feed), trading and processing technologies and marketing. 15 Promoting climate resilience in the fisheries sector Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Joint Monitoring Indicators (JMIs) Climate Change Priorities Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector Sustainable use of fisheries resources and Increase adaptation, strengthen livelihoods and safeguard food and nutrition security Capture fisheries production from all sources sustained to metric tons annually Develop fishes and aquatic habitats, sustain fish yields, strengthen food and nutrition security households engaged with fishing activities will benefit from the intervention (i)Dredging and rehabilitation of fish refuges and critical habitats; (ii) Protection of flooded and mangrove forests as the spawning, nursing and feeding habitats for fish and other aquatic animal 50% of participants in rehabilitation of fish refuges and mangrove forest are women 50% of beneficiaries receiving extension services are women 50% of women beneficiaries have successfully been approved for loans (or credit services) and gained access to fisheries resources 30% of youth involved in fishery sector will be engaged in consultation meetings, engaging sustainable fishery management and protection the critical habitats and mangroves and flooded forests.', '15 Promoting climate resilience in the fisheries sector Agriculture Ministry of Agricultur e, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Joint Monitoring Indicators (JMIs) Climate Change Priorities Action Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector Sustainable use of fisheries resources and Increase adaptation, strengthen livelihoods and safeguard food and nutrition security Capture fisheries production from all sources sustained to metric tons annually Develop fishes and aquatic habitats, sustain fish yields, strengthen food and nutrition security households engaged with fishing activities will benefit from the intervention (i)Dredging and rehabilitation of fish refuges and critical habitats; (ii) Protection of flooded and mangrove forests as the spawning, nursing and feeding habitats for fish and other aquatic animal 50% of participants in rehabilitation of fish refuges and mangrove forest are women 50% of beneficiaries receiving extension services are women 50% of women beneficiaries have successfully been approved for loans (or credit services) and gained access to fisheries resources 30% of youth involved in fishery sector will be engaged in consultation meetings, engaging sustainable fishery management and protection the critical habitats and mangroves and flooded forests. Private sector will be engaged in protection of flooded forests and reforestation activities for example with the incentives for ecosystem services certification scheme or as a part of Social Corporative Responsibilities activities.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 16 Scaled up climate‐ resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐resilient practices Agriculture National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) INDC: Developing climate-proof agriculture systems for adapting to change in water variability to enhance crop yields Strengthen the adaptive capacities of smallholder farmers and coastal communities, especially women and most vulnerable groups, to cope with impacts of climate change induced challenges on their livelihoods as well as on water- energy- food security.', 'Private sector will be engaged in protection of flooded forests and reforestation activities for example with the incentives for ecosystem services certification scheme or as a part of Social Corporative Responsibilities activities.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 16 Scaled up climate‐ resilient agricultural production through increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐resilient practices Agriculture National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) INDC: Developing climate-proof agriculture systems for adapting to change in water variability to enhance crop yields Strengthen the adaptive capacities of smallholder farmers and coastal communities, especially women and most vulnerable groups, to cope with impacts of climate change induced challenges on their livelihoods as well as on water- energy- food security. provinces namely Takeo, Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, Kandal and Prey Veng with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 1. GHG emission reduction through solar irrigation 2.', 'provinces namely Takeo, Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, Kandal and Prey Veng with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 1. GHG emission reduction through solar irrigation 2. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards 10,000,000 17,000,000 Solar water pumps Medical cold chain Improved access to sustainable agriculture and medical cold chain for food security and better health services for women and men in vulnerable communities as well as safe drinking water for coastal communities Target: 30% of beneficiaries receiving cold chain services (for food storage) are women 50% of all project beneficiaries reporting access to safe drinking water are women Will be important to engage with the private sector in the agriculture and energy sectors to ensure adequate capacity. 17 Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people Agriculture Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Building adaptive capacity of rural poor people for better living standards 2,000 Rural poor People (Poor 1, & Poor 2).', '17 Developing a training manual and providing training on approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people Agriculture Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Building adaptive capacity of rural poor people for better living standards 2,000 Rural poor People (Poor 1, & Poor 2). Adaptive capacity of rural poor people will contribute to livelihood promotion and environmentally friendly 10,000,000 Poor villagers will change their behavior and attitudes in working hard for their betterment of their livelihoods and communities Lessons learnt and best practice from other countries can be applied. In poor villagers both men and women participate in training program . Target: 50% of program beneficiaries are women Conditional Youth among the poor family (15-35 years old) are engaged 18 Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities.', 'Target: 50% of program beneficiaries are women Conditional Youth among the poor family (15-35 years old) are engaged 18 Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities. Coastal zones Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) NSDP Effective coastal zone management resilience to climate change as well as projection of other impacts that caused by human activities % of coastal pollution reduction through marine conservation activities % of coastal pollution reduction through solid waste management of the 4 coastal cities and provinces % of coastal pollution reduction through waste water management of the 4 coastal cities and provinces Mitigation: reduce GHG emission from waste in ocean Biodiversity of marine resources management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans Coastal zones Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) NSDP Resilience of coastal zone through restoration of its functions that will reduce the impacts from different factors including climate change Main function and services of marine and coastal zone ecological system is protected and restored by 2030 % of flooded forest and mangrove which will be restored and protected GHG emission reduction through restoration of mangrove and improvement of ocean capacity to capture the carbon from atmosphere 70,000,000 Construct the baseline data for economic value of ocean ecology Preparation of documents for collection of ocean ecological services GHG inventory of mangrove Selection of mangrove species resilient to climate change Preparation of mechanism, protection and management of protected areaCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects for primary schools Education Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, p242.', 'Coastal zones Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) NSDP Effective coastal zone management resilience to climate change as well as projection of other impacts that caused by human activities % of coastal pollution reduction through marine conservation activities % of coastal pollution reduction through solid waste management of the 4 coastal cities and provinces % of coastal pollution reduction through waste water management of the 4 coastal cities and provinces Mitigation: reduce GHG emission from waste in ocean Biodiversity of marine resources management and protection of ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans Coastal zones Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) NSDP Resilience of coastal zone through restoration of its functions that will reduce the impacts from different factors including climate change Main function and services of marine and coastal zone ecological system is protected and restored by 2030 % of flooded forest and mangrove which will be restored and protected GHG emission reduction through restoration of mangrove and improvement of ocean capacity to capture the carbon from atmosphere 70,000,000 Construct the baseline data for economic value of ocean ecology Preparation of documents for collection of ocean ecological services GHG inventory of mangrove Selection of mangrove species resilient to climate change Preparation of mechanism, protection and management of protected areaCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) curriculum and training methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects for primary schools Education Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, p242. the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on education, training, awareness, participation and access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response.b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education.c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities.3.', 'the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on education, training, awareness, participation and access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response.b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education.c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities.3. Curriculum framework the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on education, training, awareness, participation and access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response.b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education.c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities.3. Curriculum Strengthen resilience through education in order to respond to related climate disasters by: 1. Developing the supplementary documents for supporting teaching and learning at school nationwide Eco- CC into Khmer, Science and Social study subjects. 1. Develop and implement the supplementary documents (from primary to the Eco-school from 10 least 8000 schools across the country will increase awareness about CC thought Khmer, Science and Social study subjects Students shall understand:1. Climate change mitigation2. Pollution.3. Biodiversity 4. Environment conservation5. 5Rs. 2,000,000 2,500,000 Textbook ratio for primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools Increase percentage of girls for:1.', '2,000,000 2,500,000 Textbook ratio for primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools Increase percentage of girls for:1. Enrollment rateTarget: 47.9% for girls Textbook publication- unconditional (National budget partners)Others: Conditional Field testing for curricula and textbookCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) curriculum to include climate change for non- formal education Education Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, a) Enhance the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on education, training, awareness, participation and access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response. b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education. c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities. d) Policy of Non- Formal Education e) National policy on lifelong learning Strengthen resilience through education in order to respond to related climate disasters by: 1. Develop the supplementary documents for support teaching and learning at school levels. nationwide Eco- school. 3. Integrate CC into Khmer, Science and Social study subjects. NFE curriculum, such as literacy program, income generation program (community learning center) and Equivalency program in response to climate change 5.', 'NFE curriculum, such as literacy program, income generation program (community learning center) and Equivalency program in response to climate change 5. Integrate into national action plan on lifelong learning Increase the update of CLC from 17 in 2020 to Students shall understand: 1. Climate change mitigation conservation 5. 5Rs. 2. Criteria for ranking CLC Increase percentage of girls for: 1. Enrollment rate 2. Promotion rate Target: 30% for girls by Textbook publication- unconditional (National budget+partners) Others: Conditional Field testing for curriculum and textbook 22 Build centers of excellence for delivering climate change courses and research among Universities Education Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, 2. National Action Development of knowledge and information system on climate change knowledge management related to climate change adaptation and promoting innovation that is needed based 5. Develop a knowledge management center for facilitating access to up-to-date information for climate change responses climate-resilience education through innovation, research and data management center. lessons learn and best practices for climate resilience development to share among practitioners Target: 3 centers of excellences in 2023 as mentioned in the ESP target and increase to 1. Climate change mitigation reduction conservation 5. 5Rs.', 'lessons learn and best practices for climate resilience development to share among practitioners Target: 3 centers of excellences in 2023 as mentioned in the ESP target and increase to 1. Climate change mitigation reduction conservation 5. 5Rs. 3,250,000 3,300,00 Standards and criteria of center of excellence Target: 25% of all new course spaces are allocated to women Develop gender safeguard guidance and best practice for climate change Engage youth in all aspects including research, curriculum, etc.… Engage private universities to be centersCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 23 Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g. as a required component of teacher training Education Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, education quality of teachers and build capacity of planning officers on teaching and learning methodologies of climate change Strengthening climate-resilient education through capacity building and institutional strengthening Baseline: No data available Target: 60% of teachers primary and secondary trained on climate change concepts. 1. Climate change mitigation reduction conservation 5. 5Rs. Capacity Development Assessment tool Target: 46% of all trainees are women Conditional Engage youth in all aspects including research, curriculum, etc.', 'Capacity Development Assessment tool Target: 46% of all trainees are women Conditional Engage youth in all aspects including research, curriculum, etc. Engage private universities to be centers 24 Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity infrastructures and provide recommendations Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan, p. 24 for MME Strengthen climate-resilient energy through electricity infrastructure improvement in order to respond to climate related disasters. assessment of existing 5 power plants assessment of the existing 1000km of national power transmission network 1. Forest fire prevention and biodiversity protection 2. Local community safety and life protection 3. Water and air pollution 322,000 500,000 Adapting the Energy Sector to Climate Change by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-looking Climate Change Policy by EU Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment by X?', 'Water and air pollution 322,000 500,000 Adapting the Energy Sector to Climate Change by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-looking Climate Change Policy by EU Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment by X? Include gender indicators and identifying the adaptation options by women in climate-resilient energy sector # of gender analyses conducted as part of climate risk analysis for electricity infrastructure 50% of stakeholders consulted should be made up of socially marginalized groups, such as women, the elderly, the disabled, remote communities, indigenous communities 25 Climate proofing of existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Increase storage capacity by adjust water release schedule to maximize generation Amplified by runoff conditions, the resulting change in water availability determines whether power output is reduced or increased - - - - - Gender analysis forms part of the analysis for scoping and feasibility studies for solar/hydro infrastructure Stakeholder consultations will include women and women s groups, the disabled, the elderly, indigenous groups and all local communities impacted by the proposed infrastructure institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation s policies, plans, programming, including gender budgeting Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan Ratanak V, MoWA- GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Optimize the implementation of policy, action plans, programs of gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation at national and sub- national levels Baselines:1.1.1.', 'Include gender indicators and identifying the adaptation options by women in climate-resilient energy sector # of gender analyses conducted as part of climate risk analysis for electricity infrastructure 50% of stakeholders consulted should be made up of socially marginalized groups, such as women, the elderly, the disabled, remote communities, indigenous communities 25 Climate proofing of existing and future solar/hydropower infrastructure Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Increase storage capacity by adjust water release schedule to maximize generation Amplified by runoff conditions, the resulting change in water availability determines whether power output is reduced or increased - - - - - Gender analysis forms part of the analysis for scoping and feasibility studies for solar/hydro infrastructure Stakeholder consultations will include women and women s groups, the disabled, the elderly, indigenous groups and all local communities impacted by the proposed infrastructure institutional capacities at national and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation s policies, plans, programming, including gender budgeting Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan Ratanak V, MoWA- GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Optimize the implementation of policy, action plans, programs of gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation at national and sub- national levels Baselines:1.1.1. Baseline: 2,352 local community members, coordination meeting conducted with line ministries 1.2.1.', 'Baseline: 2,352 local community members, coordination meeting conducted with line ministries 1.2.1. Five Sectoral Ministries such as Agriculture, Health, Education, Water resources and Rural development (wash management) has mainstreamed gender in their own policy plan and programme of climate change adaptation in 2030- Officials of relevant ministries have the capacity to mainstream gender into climate change adaptation policy plan and programmes in Improve gender equality, Gender responsive action, Gender responsive budgeting in policies planning of action and programmes 500,000 600 000US$ Technology is well available 25% of VCMG and CCDM DCDM, PCDM and participants are female/male Women leaders and women civil servants participated in the formulation, implementation and implementation of climate change adaptation policies at national and sub- national levels.Gender response/mainstreamed into climate change adaptation policy Plans and Programmes at national and sub-national levels # of polices and plans have gender mainstreamed with appropriate gender indicators and resources allocated Conditional MoWA prefers to implement this actions base on available fund (small CCCA support) Could be good to incorporate youth as community volunteersCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disability (PWD), youth, and elderly Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA -Increase the effectiveness and accountability of coordination mechanisms between ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in reducing vulnerability of women and other vulnerable and marginalized groups.', 'Five Sectoral Ministries such as Agriculture, Health, Education, Water resources and Rural development (wash management) has mainstreamed gender in their own policy plan and programme of climate change adaptation in 2030- Officials of relevant ministries have the capacity to mainstream gender into climate change adaptation policy plan and programmes in Improve gender equality, Gender responsive action, Gender responsive budgeting in policies planning of action and programmes 500,000 600 000US$ Technology is well available 25% of VCMG and CCDM DCDM, PCDM and participants are female/male Women leaders and women civil servants participated in the formulation, implementation and implementation of climate change adaptation policies at national and sub- national levels.Gender response/mainstreamed into climate change adaptation policy Plans and Programmes at national and sub-national levels # of polices and plans have gender mainstreamed with appropriate gender indicators and resources allocated Conditional MoWA prefers to implement this actions base on available fund (small CCCA support) Could be good to incorporate youth as community volunteersCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) coordination and implementing accountability mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disability (PWD), youth, and elderly Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA -Increase the effectiveness and accountability of coordination mechanisms between ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in reducing vulnerability of women and other vulnerable and marginalized groups. -Women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups have an ability into Climate change adaptation Baseline: - 7 coordination meeting conducted - MOWA strengthened the institutional capacity by producing gender mainstreaming policy documents, trained respective officials - GCCC conducted sex- disaggregated baseline - Four pilot projects on agriculture, water, health and infrastructure to demonstrate how gender responsive and gender equitable climate change adaptation investment Targets: - Mechanism and accountability of coordination mechanisms between ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector to reduce the vulnerability of women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups by at least 40% by - Women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups have the ability to adapt to climate change by at least 20% Increase collaboration with Ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in an efficient and accountable manner Extending the scope of partnership building Increase the family economy, food and nutrition Security 50,000 Technology is well available (ITC, Social media…….)', '-Women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups have an ability into Climate change adaptation Baseline: - 7 coordination meeting conducted - MOWA strengthened the institutional capacity by producing gender mainstreaming policy documents, trained respective officials - GCCC conducted sex- disaggregated baseline - Four pilot projects on agriculture, water, health and infrastructure to demonstrate how gender responsive and gender equitable climate change adaptation investment Targets: - Mechanism and accountability of coordination mechanisms between ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector to reduce the vulnerability of women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups by at least 40% by - Women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups have the ability to adapt to climate change by at least 20% Increase collaboration with Ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector in an efficient and accountable manner Extending the scope of partnership building Increase the family economy, food and nutrition Security 50,000 Technology is well available (ITC, Social media…….) participants are female/male Stakeholder consultations include representatives of differing social groups, women, the disabled, the elderly, the indigenous and ethnic minorities Women represent 25% of decision makers in sub national climate change committees -Promote gender equality, and innovation -Leave no one behind -Women empowerment -Women in leadership 28 Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with particular focus on collecting and managing sex- disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting, and dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated.', 'participants are female/male Stakeholder consultations include representatives of differing social groups, women, the disabled, the elderly, the indigenous and ethnic minorities Women represent 25% of decision makers in sub national climate change committees -Promote gender equality, and innovation -Leave no one behind -Women empowerment -Women in leadership 28 Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with particular focus on collecting and managing sex- disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting, and dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated. Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Develop and strengthen the effectiveness of the collection and management of gender- disaggregated data, performance- based reporting, dissemination and promotion of gender-sensitive knowledge in response to climate change adaptation. Targets: At least five key sectoral ministries have developed and implemented an M&E system to monitor gender outcomes in climate change initiatives by 2025.', 'Targets: At least five key sectoral ministries have developed and implemented an M&E system to monitor gender outcomes in climate change initiatives by 2025. By 2030 at least ten sectoral ministries have developed and implemented this M&E system -Gender Responsive M&E -Reducing Gender Gap in social environment 200,000 Technology in the design and implementation of gender performance monitoring and evaluation systems of climate change adaptation initiatives Women leaders have supported female civil servants in collaborating with key sectoral ministries in the design and implementation of gender performance monitoring and evaluation systems in climate change adaptation initiatives.', 'By 2030 at least ten sectoral ministries have developed and implemented this M&E system -Gender Responsive M&E -Reducing Gender Gap in social environment 200,000 Technology in the design and implementation of gender performance monitoring and evaluation systems of climate change adaptation initiatives Women leaders have supported female civil servants in collaborating with key sectoral ministries in the design and implementation of gender performance monitoring and evaluation systems in climate change adaptation initiatives. Gender and age disaggregated data on the impact of climate change is collected 50% of all new studies and report collect and use gender and age disaggregated data Conditional NCSD has fund for system and training as part of Enhanced Transparency Framework ImplementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) -Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan -Neary Ratanak V, MoWA -GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Builds effectively and optimize of capacity for members of GCCC and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC Baseline: 3 training session conducted with 357 persons, women Targets: 20 members of GCCC and 24 officers from sectoral Ministries developed capacity on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC in This activity target only gender and NDC.', 'Gender and age disaggregated data on the impact of climate change is collected 50% of all new studies and report collect and use gender and age disaggregated data Conditional NCSD has fund for system and training as part of Enhanced Transparency Framework ImplementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries on gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) -Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan -Neary Ratanak V, MoWA -GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Builds effectively and optimize of capacity for members of GCCC and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC Baseline: 3 training session conducted with 357 persons, women Targets: 20 members of GCCC and 24 officers from sectoral Ministries developed capacity on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC in This activity target only gender and NDC. The target group is GCCC member participants/each) Capacity development Promotion of gender in social inclusiveness Reduction of gender gap in social environment 400,000 Technology is well available Target: 50% participants in capacity development are female Women participate in capacity development 30 Develop a technical guidelines for gender mainstreaming in NDC process Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - NDC Roadmap and stakeholder engagement plan - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Target: A Technical guideline for Gender mainstreaming in NDC process has developed and launched in 2025 Mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in NDC Analysis of gender integration in NDC (both adaptation and mitigation) restoration in NDC process Target: 50% participants are female 31 Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change Gender National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) 1.', 'The target group is GCCC member participants/each) Capacity development Promotion of gender in social inclusiveness Reduction of gender gap in social environment 400,000 Technology is well available Target: 50% participants in capacity development are female Women participate in capacity development 30 Develop a technical guidelines for gender mainstreaming in NDC process Gender Ministry of Women s Affairs (MOWA) - NDC Roadmap and stakeholder engagement plan - Mainstreaming Gender and Climate Change Strategic Plan - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA Target: A Technical guideline for Gender mainstreaming in NDC process has developed and launched in 2025 Mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in NDC Analysis of gender integration in NDC (both adaptation and mitigation) restoration in NDC process Target: 50% participants are female 31 Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to climate change Gender National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) 1. Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient communities though local business supplier of clean energy and green technology Baseline: Testing in Takeo and Pursat (4 districts) Target: 25 communes of 3 provinces namely Takeo, Kampong Thom, and Prey Veng with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission 2.', 'Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient communities though local business supplier of clean energy and green technology Baseline: Testing in Takeo and Pursat (4 districts) Target: 25 communes of 3 provinces namely Takeo, Kampong Thom, and Prey Veng with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission 2. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action 3. Builds market capacity of rural women entrepreneur in the context of climate resilient and DRR 2. Climate vulnerability and impact assessment for 25 target communes 3. Climate Change Index Solar for hatching and heating, solar pumping station. Target: 60% women report increase in income and access to markets: 1. Promote inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women in institutional arrangement for climate change 2. Cambodia Gender and Climate Change Action Plan 3.', 'Cambodia Gender and Climate Change Action Plan 3. Policy on gender for sub-national democratic development Conditional Supplier of green technology and solar application 32 Local government and Climate Change- Governanc e National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation2. Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient local governance through financial, institutional, policy and strategic plan reform in order to respond to current and projected climate hazards and prevent from loss and damage due to hazard districtsTargets: Beneficiaries equivalent to 3% of total population by knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards3. Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change 13,185,000 14,000,000 1. Climate change governance2. Climate vulnerability and impact assessment for 20 target communes3. GCF funding modalities and investment criteria standard4. NCDD accreditation standards Target: 30% of participants in the institutional arrangements are womena.', 'NCDD accreditation standards Target: 30% of participants in the institutional arrangements are womena. Promote gender equality by engaging more women in institutional arrangement for climate change (Co-financing: GCF) Conditional Volunteers in agriculture, public health and environment Service providers: capacity building, infrastructure & constructionCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) vulnerability of local communities though sub-national climate governance reform (focusing on policy) Governanc e National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS 2. Strategic Plan on Capacity Development for civil servant of MoI and human resources at sub- national level Improve efficiency of capacity building program Strengthen local climate solution to respond to climate hazards through: awareness, capacity and skills planning is integrated in sub- national planning 3. Local adaptive infrastructure and service Baseline: National policy to be transferred to sub- national administration: climate change, waste management, public health, education, water resource, agriculture, rural development, climate change adaptation planning (Sub-national climate change adaptation-NAP) Target: 40% of total population by 2030 1. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards 2. Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change develop for civil servants of MoI 2. GCF funding modalities and investment criteria standards 3.', 'GCF funding modalities and investment criteria standards 3. NCDD accreditation standards Target: 30% participation of women in the process The component of project output to be aligned with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub- national Democratic Development of NCDD Conditional Consultation with NGOs which focus on youth Develop policy which include PPP for relevant sectors in sub-national adaptation planning 34 Enable effective decision-making for health interventions through generation of information and improved surveillance or early- warning systems Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) 1. Train health care providers on reporting & data surveillance clinical diagnostic (rapid usage guideline development) 3. National Action Plan for Dengue and other Arboviral Disease Prevention and Control 4. SOP for dengue surveillance system climate-resilient health program to respond to health risk posted by climate change 2. Dengue sentinels expansion Health care providers working with dengue and other water-borne disease Baseline: 5 existing provinces (Siem Reap, Takeo, Kampong Cham, Battambang, and Kampot) New selected sits: Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang, Kratie, Preveng, and Tbong Khmom.', 'Dengue sentinels expansion Health care providers working with dengue and other water-borne disease Baseline: 5 existing provinces (Siem Reap, Takeo, Kampong Cham, Battambang, and Kampot) New selected sits: Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang, Kratie, Preveng, and Tbong Khmom. Target: 11 for dengue for unconditional centennial site -Social: improve health care system and enable remote village to have proper access to healthcare -Indirect: reduce risks of life-lost and losing money on long-distance travel to healthcare -To reduce of time lag on reporting number of case to the National Level - Reduce diagnostic errors 113,519 - CamEWARN - HIS - Climate change risk: vulnerability assessment - National Dengue Surveillance System Target: 40% of decision makers at the local and sub national level are female Risk assessment on the impact of dengue fever to women and men to understand the disproportionate impacts Identify age of patients, children, adult. Gender and age disaggregated data will be collected Conditional Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) participants are private sector) Dengue stakeholder (clinic) are also from private sector.', 'Gender and age disaggregated data will be collected Conditional Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) participants are private sector) Dengue stakeholder (clinic) are also from private sector. MoH have engaged clinic into actions through capacity building and awareness campaign 35 Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) 1. Develop rural water safety planning Assessment tools development for health care facilities and communities of technical working group for CC on Health at Ratanakiri 1. TWG-Meeting on WASH-Health Care Facilities related to Climate Change 2. The assessment was conducted at 25 health centers in Ratanakiri 3. The assessment was conducted at communities in three districts, 15 communes, and 75 villages. Baseline: 25 Health Centers and 15 villages in Ratanakiri (water sanitation) Target: 100 Health Centers and 60 Communities and 300 villages in 4 vulnerability province on climate change Target: provinces/municipalit y from 5 provinces) Province/Municipality 1. Community has better planning to maintain a reliable, safe supply of water, sanitation hygiene can prevent diseases as-well-as can lower death rates. 3.', 'Community has better planning to maintain a reliable, safe supply of water, sanitation hygiene can prevent diseases as-well-as can lower death rates. 3. Improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities environmental pollution through proper waste management 246,758 - Paper based survey, Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Target: 40% project beneficiaries of health services are female Reduce challenges for women and girls in access to water 50% of women report increased access to water for themselves and their families as a result of project activities Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) Private sector could support by participation in training workshop or activitiesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 36 Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector-borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) Clinical Diagnosis - Vector-borne: National guideline for Clinical Management of Dengue (WHO’s - Water-borne: +Leptospirosis, +Schistosomiasis Endorse Pending Melioidosis, Endorsed Treatment for water-borne and vector-borne diseases related to climate change are strengthened -HC, HP, RHP Capacity for health professionals improved to identify and treat climate- sensitive health issues Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Reduce health impact of climate change for women Conduct a study on the differentiated impacts of vector borne and water borne diseases on women and men, girls and boys.', 'Improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities environmental pollution through proper waste management 246,758 - Paper based survey, Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Target: 40% project beneficiaries of health services are female Reduce challenges for women and girls in access to water 50% of women report increased access to water for themselves and their families as a result of project activities Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) Private sector could support by participation in training workshop or activitiesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 36 Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector-borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) Clinical Diagnosis - Vector-borne: National guideline for Clinical Management of Dengue (WHO’s - Water-borne: +Leptospirosis, +Schistosomiasis Endorse Pending Melioidosis, Endorsed Treatment for water-borne and vector-borne diseases related to climate change are strengthened -HC, HP, RHP Capacity for health professionals improved to identify and treat climate- sensitive health issues Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Reduce health impact of climate change for women Conduct a study on the differentiated impacts of vector borne and water borne diseases on women and men, girls and boys. Based on these results, update guidelines which focus on women (or men s) vulnerability and role in control and prevention of vector borne and water borne diseases and ensure women and men equally play a role in diseases management.', 'Based on these results, update guidelines which focus on women (or men s) vulnerability and role in control and prevention of vector borne and water borne diseases and ensure women and men equally play a role in diseases management. Suggest target: # of women and # of men reporting they have new knowledge and skills on how to prevent and control vector and water borne diseases in the home and at their workplace 50% of project beneficiaries receiving support to manage vector borne or water borne diseases are women 37 Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessment on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities.', 'Suggest target: # of women and # of men reporting they have new knowledge and skills on how to prevent and control vector and water borne diseases in the home and at their workplace 50% of project beneficiaries receiving support to manage vector borne or water borne diseases are women 37 Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessment on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities. Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) Putting Health Data in to CAMDI, NCDM Broadcasting and publishing health data related to CC in the public Public awareness Population Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Reduce health impact of climate change for women Gender, age, disability status and location disaggregated data are included in health databases institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) - Capacity building for government staff (National and Sub national) on climate change and health - Sharing Weather data with National Dengue Control Programme - Strengthen Capacity of Climate Change Technical Working Group - Update climate change curricular in university courses (Draft: Syllabus) -Climate Change Vulnerability assessment in health facilities and communities - TWG Meeting on Development syllabus Climate Change for Health to integrate into master’s Degree of CC - Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management for health Baseline: 1 RTK (water sanitation and hygiene) - Key national and provincial staff at Ministry of Health and other key ministries - Master’s degree of climate change students of Royale University Phnom Penh, pursuing environmental health courses.', 'Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) Putting Health Data in to CAMDI, NCDM Broadcasting and publishing health data related to CC in the public Public awareness Population Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Reduce health impact of climate change for women Gender, age, disability status and location disaggregated data are included in health databases institutional capacities to effectively integrate climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation Human health Ministry of Health (MOH) - Capacity building for government staff (National and Sub national) on climate change and health - Sharing Weather data with National Dengue Control Programme - Strengthen Capacity of Climate Change Technical Working Group - Update climate change curricular in university courses (Draft: Syllabus) -Climate Change Vulnerability assessment in health facilities and communities - TWG Meeting on Development syllabus Climate Change for Health to integrate into master’s Degree of CC - Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management for health Baseline: 1 RTK (water sanitation and hygiene) - Key national and provincial staff at Ministry of Health and other key ministries - Master’s degree of climate change students of Royale University Phnom Penh, pursuing environmental health courses. Baseline: 1 education institution (RUPP, UHS, NIPH) (for climate change mainstreaming) Target: 2 public university (UHS & NIPH) Target 4 provinces (Kratie, Preh Vihear, Tbong Khmom and Prey Veng) -Capacity of health personnel improved to identify and treat to climate-sensitive disease 107,408 - Climate change website for Department of Preventive Medicine - Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Target: 40% of beneficiaries of health sector initiatives are women Women make up 30% of decision-making positions in local and sub national planning for health sector initiatives Reduce health impact of climate change for women and children especially marginalized community women and people with disability unconditional conditional Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) Private sector could support by funding or material support participant in training workshopCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 39 Heat stress adaptation for industrial production Industry Ministry of Industry, Science, Technolog y and Innovation (MISTI) Heat stress mitigation and adaption are aligned with the following plans/actions:- Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Economic Growth in Cambodia, MEF and NCSD 2019- Promoting Private Sector Contribution to the Climate Change Responses in Cambodia, NCSD Climate Change Financing Framework, MoE Industrial Development The Cambodia Decent Work Country Programme 2023, RGC and In 2050, reduced labour productivity accounts for 57% of all loss and damage.', 'Baseline: 1 education institution (RUPP, UHS, NIPH) (for climate change mainstreaming) Target: 2 public university (UHS & NIPH) Target 4 provinces (Kratie, Preh Vihear, Tbong Khmom and Prey Veng) -Capacity of health personnel improved to identify and treat to climate-sensitive disease 107,408 - Climate change website for Department of Preventive Medicine - Emailing, Telegram, Mobile phones Target: 40% of beneficiaries of health sector initiatives are women Women make up 30% of decision-making positions in local and sub national planning for health sector initiatives Reduce health impact of climate change for women and children especially marginalized community women and people with disability unconditional conditional Youth could engage through campaign/ awareness at least 40% are youth (15-35 age) Private sector could support by funding or material support participant in training workshopCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 39 Heat stress adaptation for industrial production Industry Ministry of Industry, Science, Technolog y and Innovation (MISTI) Heat stress mitigation and adaption are aligned with the following plans/actions:- Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Economic Growth in Cambodia, MEF and NCSD 2019- Promoting Private Sector Contribution to the Climate Change Responses in Cambodia, NCSD Climate Change Financing Framework, MoE Industrial Development The Cambodia Decent Work Country Programme 2023, RGC and In 2050, reduced labour productivity accounts for 57% of all loss and damage. It affects all sectors but is particularly high in manufacturing and constructionFactor ies can improve their resilience to heat stress by: - Permitting flexible working schedules during periods of heat stress so that workers avoid working under high temperatures- Improving working conditions in factories such as supplying water, ventilation, regular breaks, and adapting work wear - Introducing mechanization to avoid heavy manual labor during periods of heat stress Baseline: Projections show that heat stress will cause an average reduction in productivity in Cambodia, across all sectors, of 6.54% by 2055 under a worst- case climate change scenario.', 'It affects all sectors but is particularly high in manufacturing and constructionFactor ies can improve their resilience to heat stress by: - Permitting flexible working schedules during periods of heat stress so that workers avoid working under high temperatures- Improving working conditions in factories such as supplying water, ventilation, regular breaks, and adapting work wear - Introducing mechanization to avoid heavy manual labor during periods of heat stress Baseline: Projections show that heat stress will cause an average reduction in productivity in Cambodia, across all sectors, of 6.54% by 2055 under a worst- case climate change scenario. This NDC aims to increase the focus on adaptation to avoid loss and damages caused by heat stress, including reduced labor productivity. Around 86% of industrial workers are employed by the garment, textile, and footwear (GTF) sector. Target: The adoption of heat stress adaption actions in GTF factories could benefit up to 800,000 workers, reducing their exposure to health risks and increasing their productivity. Promote more labour efficient farming systems with flexible farm work scheduling; improved working practices on construction sites; better working conditions in factories (e.g.', 'Promote more labour efficient farming systems with flexible farm work scheduling; improved working practices on construction sites; better working conditions in factories (e.g. ventilation, drink breaks, more flexible schedules during heatwaves …); improved understanding of risks amongst workers and employers; improved forecasting and measurement of heatwaves; and planning to protect supply chains from heat stress The investment costs for this adaptation action has to be calculated for implementi ng a combinatio n of following aspects:1. Costs involved in retrofitting the workplace, industries and factory floors2. Investment costs for either adding or improving specific amenities to the workplace3. Costs for training and capacity- building for the workforce Under BAU, by labour productivity accounts for 57% of all loss and damage from climate change. It affects all sectors but is particularly high in manufacturing and construction - Women account for 25% of the industry workforce and around 85% of GTF workers, Cambodia’s largest industrial sector. Adaptive actions to reduce heat stress in occupational settings, such as GTF factories, will significantly affect women due to their high participation. - Heat stress can lead to heatstroke and may even have a fatal outcome.', '- Heat stress can lead to heatstroke and may even have a fatal outcome. Heat stress adaption actions will improve public health by reducing exposure to dangerous temperatures and working conditions75% of women workers report improved working conditions The private sector will play a large role in driving adaption actions, motivated by labor productivity and associated profits, but the government can provide support through raising awareness, information, advice, and policy implementation. Depending on the actions, other government entities and actors will need to be involved. 40 Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the capacity of coverages for raising awareness on climate change nationwide Informatio n Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -National AdaptationPlan FinancingFrame - Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan -Increased knowledge and level of awareness among the public on climate change so they can prepare in a timely manner should any catastrophe occur. -Increased participation among public in environmental protection. - Well-informed people on climate change able to change their living attitudes and strengthen their capacity towards climate change adaptation. -Promote access to information among the public on climate change.', '-Promote access to information among the public on climate change. Broadcast/disseminat e climate change policies, action plans and information via existing government media agencies to reach out to 80% of total population. (national radio), 50% (TVK) Target: Coverage all province and area in Cambodia through digital broadcasting means -GHG mitigation -Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation population is well-informed about climate change and its adaptation. CBA analysis would be conducted -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social -Media Women groups at home able to receive timely climate change information and able to respond accordingly.', 'CBA analysis would be conducted -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social -Media Women groups at home able to receive timely climate change information and able to respond accordingly. 50% of women reported an increase in available and timely climate change information 50% of women reported ability to make their own decisions based on available and timely climate change information # of Women groups that have the capacity, information and skills to actively participate in environmental protection Youth issues will be promoted Private sector would introduce the new technology, providing fund, develop broadcasting stationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 41 Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in information sector Informatio n Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -National Adaptation Plan Financing -Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan -Increase the capacity of media officials and journalists so they are enabled to covers/report on climate change issues in an accurate and professional manner. Baseline: 4 capacity buildings and training workshops on climate change have been conducted in Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk and Battambang Province. (approx.', 'Baseline: 4 capacity buildings and training workshops on climate change have been conducted in Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk and Battambang Province. (approx. : 50 person) Targets: Workshops/Seminars -Conduct 20 training -Organize 10 study exchanges -GHG Mitigation -Enhance journalistic professionalism - Reduce the spread of disinformation officials and 200 journalists participate in these programs Face to face or Virtual (Webinar) Encourage and empower female media officials and journalists to participate in these programs. Target: 30% of training recipients are female 75% of training recipients report increased skills to report on climate change issues Conditional Participants could be youth ( age Journalists and private broadcasting media organization are invited to participate in these trainings The experts from line ministries specially MoE are invited to be a resource person. 42 Urge private media organizations to participate in covering/broadcasti ng the climate change topics and to complement the state broadcasting agencies. Informatio n Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -National Adaptation Plan Financing -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan -The participation of private media organizations enabled to expand the capacity of coverages to remote and vulnerable areas. -Strengthen cooperation and experience sharing on climate change broadcasting between public and private media organizations.', '-Strengthen cooperation and experience sharing on climate change broadcasting between public and private media organizations. Baseline: No baseline available. There were several private media organizations such as CBS, Hang Meas and Bayon collaborating with Ministry of Information so far. Target: 90% of private media organizations including Electronic, Traditional and Online media participate in climate change broadcasting campaigns. -Reduce cost of climate risk -informed society and active citizens -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation population is well-informed about climate change and its adaptation implications -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% of those interviewed report increased awareness of climate change are women Women groups living in remote and vulnerable areas are able to receive comprehensive news on climate change and actively participate in environmental protection. Some cases need funding News anchors/hosts who majority are youth working at media organizations play a vital role to encourage/ promote the public on Climate Change adaptation Collaboration with private media organizations. Support private media organization on technical, specialist and funding.', 'Support private media organization on technical, specialist and funding. 43 Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial advertisement that has negative impact on environment Informatio n Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan Discouraging (or banning) all forms of commercial ads that effect climate change is a direct and effective respond Target: Encourage the public to consume products or goods that are not harmful to the environment and reduce the commercial ads of any product or good that has negative impact on environment to minimum. MoInfor will provide advise/counsel to media organizations to study the pro and con of the goods/services before accepting for advertisement - Reduce cost of climate risk -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation commercial ads of any products/goods that has negative impact on environment -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% of people that report changing behaviour as a result of advertising are women Encourage women group to consume all products or goods that are do not harm the environment.', 'MoInfor will provide advise/counsel to media organizations to study the pro and con of the goods/services before accepting for advertisement - Reduce cost of climate risk -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation commercial ads of any products/goods that has negative impact on environment -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% of people that report changing behaviour as a result of advertising are women Encourage women group to consume all products or goods that are do not harm the environment. Unconditional News anchors/hosts who majority are youth working at media organizations play a vital role to encourage/ promote the public on Climate Change adaptation Urge for participation/ collaboration among media organizations in this campaign (Private agencies is a target)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 44 Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) Infrastruct ure - Buildings Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction in Strengthen regulation and capacity for construction sector especially/includin g in the coastal zone locations to adaption to climate change.', 'Unconditional News anchors/hosts who majority are youth working at media organizations play a vital role to encourage/ promote the public on Climate Change adaptation Urge for participation/ collaboration among media organizations in this campaign (Private agencies is a target)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 44 Integrating climate change response measures onto the construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of modern integration of technology) Infrastruct ure - Buildings Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction in Strengthen regulation and capacity for construction sector especially/includin g in the coastal zone locations to adaption to climate change. Development of Technical Climate Change Toolkit s for Mainstreaming Climate Change Measures and formulation of Climate Change Toolkit s for coastal area management for both land use, building and housings- By 2025: All Building Planner and Designer Received Capacity Building on Kits - By 2026: At least 30% of building permits are fully followed the Toolkits By 2030: At least 60% of Building Permits are fully with toolkit s elements - By 2026: Infrastructure and building development in one coastal zone is designed and mainstreaming through climate change toolkit s against sea water rise, tidal, and waste water management storage - Infrastructure and building development in two coastal zones is designed and mainstreaming through climate change toolkit s against sea water rise, tidal, and waste water management storage (conditional) (designer, user, and building commercial owner) are aware of the risks and potential impacts of environment posed by variability in weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes on the different types of building construction2.', 'Development of Technical Climate Change Toolkit s for Mainstreaming Climate Change Measures and formulation of Climate Change Toolkit s for coastal area management for both land use, building and housings- By 2025: All Building Planner and Designer Received Capacity Building on Kits - By 2026: At least 30% of building permits are fully followed the Toolkits By 2030: At least 60% of Building Permits are fully with toolkit s elements - By 2026: Infrastructure and building development in one coastal zone is designed and mainstreaming through climate change toolkit s against sea water rise, tidal, and waste water management storage - Infrastructure and building development in two coastal zones is designed and mainstreaming through climate change toolkit s against sea water rise, tidal, and waste water management storage (conditional) (designer, user, and building commercial owner) are aware of the risks and potential impacts of environment posed by variability in weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes on the different types of building construction2. Environmental Risk Management and Mitigation is created because the construction equipment operations consume a lot of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel.', 'Environmental Risk Management and Mitigation is created because the construction equipment operations consume a lot of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel. 3. The measure includes enacting strict laws to enforce institutions to make environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early stage of projects, and enhancing the awareness of construction participants with regard to impacts of construction in the environmentThe results also revealed that "search about alternative methods for construction to mitigate the adverse impacts of construction on the environment" was ranked in the second position with regard to proposed solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of construction. according to the CPEIR, climate related investment for construction sector is about year.', 'according to the CPEIR, climate related investment for construction sector is about year. Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women economic of poor women headed household access to climate change resilient housing20% of all beneficiaries involved in construction design are women Provide inputs in construction design as they are the main input providers for MLMUPC Full engagement of private sector in construction sector is neededCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 45 Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response to climate change Infrastruct ure - Buildings Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, Adaptation Plan climate proofing and retrofitting of existing and planned schools and university infrastructure a) Strategy 1.2: Develop physical infrastructure with clean and safe learning environments in line with primary school standards, especially for incomplete and disadvantaged b) Strategy 1.3: Expand physical infrastructure and facilities for secondary Strengthen climate-resilient education through infrastructure development in order to respond to climate related disasters such as temperature increase, drought, flood, storms and lightning.', 'Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women economic of poor women headed household access to climate change resilient housing20% of all beneficiaries involved in construction design are women Provide inputs in construction design as they are the main input providers for MLMUPC Full engagement of private sector in construction sector is neededCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 45 Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response to climate change Infrastruct ure - Buildings Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan for MoEYS, Adaptation Plan climate proofing and retrofitting of existing and planned schools and university infrastructure a) Strategy 1.2: Develop physical infrastructure with clean and safe learning environments in line with primary school standards, especially for incomplete and disadvantaged b) Strategy 1.3: Expand physical infrastructure and facilities for secondary Strengthen climate-resilient education through infrastructure development in order to respond to climate related disasters such as temperature increase, drought, flood, storms and lightning. Target: 18 school buildings can be targeted according to the planned budget and the implementing period is to build 5 schools in 2020 to 18 schools in 2030. a) Energy saving b) Low carbon building c) Strengthen school capacity to accommodate more students 1,950,000 2,000,000 Following last updated Standard Design of MoEYS and Climate Change to implement as pilot project including the components as below: 01 tiling roof school building with 05 classrooms, equipped with furniture for students and teachers, electricity power connection, indoor ventilation, lightning protection equipment, latrine and sanitation room, water well and water tank, planting tree and garden etc. Increase enrollment rate of girls with more schools closed to home.', 'Target: 18 school buildings can be targeted according to the planned budget and the implementing period is to build 5 schools in 2020 to 18 schools in 2030. a) Energy saving b) Low carbon building c) Strengthen school capacity to accommodate more students 1,950,000 2,000,000 Following last updated Standard Design of MoEYS and Climate Change to implement as pilot project including the components as below: 01 tiling roof school building with 05 classrooms, equipped with furniture for students and teachers, electricity power connection, indoor ventilation, lightning protection equipment, latrine and sanitation room, water well and water tank, planting tree and garden etc. Increase enrollment rate of girls with more schools closed to home. Target: 47% of all new school enrollments are girls Provide construction guidelines to companies 46 Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction and infrastructure standards including for public sector and community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH etc.', 'Target: 47% of all new school enrollments are girls Provide construction guidelines to companies 46 Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction and infrastructure standards including for public sector and community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH etc. Infrastruct ure - Buildings National Committee for Disaster Manageme nt (NCDM) - 2015 Law on Disaster Management - Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic - National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction - Increased infrastructure resilience to withstand impacts of disasters - Interlinked with energy-efficiency policies for Climate Change Adaptation Baseline: Standard is in draft now, and further development and implementation are needed - 100% of new building compliant with climate and disaster resilient construction guidelines - Conditional: 20% of older buildings retrofitted - Established guidelines for incorporating climate and disaster risk assessments into design and construction of new buildings and critical infrastructures (school, health facility and other facilities). - Established or improved national legislative frameworks for resilient construction and its implementation mechanism. - Technical guidelines cross- beneficial to other sectors - Potential for community groups (e.g.', '- Technical guidelines cross- beneficial to other sectors - Potential for community groups (e.g. school support committees) to be involved in construction/retrofit ting - Increased energy- efficiency, and use of climate-aware products (needs to be enhanced to account for reconstructi on of older buildings) The standard will benefit to social and economy benefit - Existing know-how and policies to reduce global buildings sector energy use by 2050. - Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change Implication for Buildings.', '- Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change Implication for Buildings. _Web_Pages.pdf Target: 30% of all new jobs would be taken up by women Conditional Youth would be an employee, workers Private sector would engage in process by learning from standard and apply these gained knowledge to their projectCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 47 (DLUP) Prepare spatial planning (city/district/munici pality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation (CLUP) Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth National Urban Development Strategy Strengthen legal framework and national and sub- national capacity for resilient urban growth CLUP and DLUP with strong vision of climate change measures (Conserve 35% of area for Green Space to buffer urban development from climate hazards): By 80% by 2030, and 350 communes land use planning (CLUP) have been completed By 80% (conditional) by 2030, and Enhance terrestrial, aquatic resources of each ecosystem of the commune and district location to preserve and conserve environmental degradation (35% of total commune land are green spaces) and enhance social stakeholder to participate the during road map design and CLUP/DLUP study Of which: CLUP/DLUP implementa tion of adaption designing activities in communes Districts (unconditio nal) per District (conditional ) Benefit from reforestation programme: Land Survey High Technology Aero Photo for mapping Soil Test for spatial planning 32% (Standard of ADB and world bank) of local and sub national decision makers are women Women make up 50% of those consulted as part of the CLUP processes Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment: 32% of restoration jobs go to women in the community Engage youth in implementation Private sector: contract consultants to provide technical aspect on planning and full engagement for implementation 48 Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Sector #34, (1) Builds capacity to effectively respond to food insecurity and reduces the risks related to disasters such as floods and droughts in social land concession areas.', '_Web_Pages.pdf Target: 30% of all new jobs would be taken up by women Conditional Youth would be an employee, workers Private sector would engage in process by learning from standard and apply these gained knowledge to their projectCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 47 (DLUP) Prepare spatial planning (city/district/munici pality) guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation (CLUP) Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth National Urban Development Strategy Strengthen legal framework and national and sub- national capacity for resilient urban growth CLUP and DLUP with strong vision of climate change measures (Conserve 35% of area for Green Space to buffer urban development from climate hazards): By 80% by 2030, and 350 communes land use planning (CLUP) have been completed By 80% (conditional) by 2030, and Enhance terrestrial, aquatic resources of each ecosystem of the commune and district location to preserve and conserve environmental degradation (35% of total commune land are green spaces) and enhance social stakeholder to participate the during road map design and CLUP/DLUP study Of which: CLUP/DLUP implementa tion of adaption designing activities in communes Districts (unconditio nal) per District (conditional ) Benefit from reforestation programme: Land Survey High Technology Aero Photo for mapping Soil Test for spatial planning 32% (Standard of ADB and world bank) of local and sub national decision makers are women Women make up 50% of those consulted as part of the CLUP processes Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment: 32% of restoration jobs go to women in the community Engage youth in implementation Private sector: contract consultants to provide technical aspect on planning and full engagement for implementation 48 Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of social land concession (SLC) and its procedures Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Sector #34, (1) Builds capacity to effectively respond to food insecurity and reduces the risks related to disasters such as floods and droughts in social land concession areas. (2) Climate- proof Low-cost shelter construction for land recipients.', '(2) Climate- proof Low-cost shelter construction for land recipients. the sub-decree 19 and other related legal documents of Social Land Concession is fully revised with mainstreaming climate measureBy 2026, at least two to three social land concession areas are fully intervened by climate change measures, especially farming land and residential land are allocated with full climate change concerns and technologyBy 2030: All housings and other associate infrastructures in allocation in SLC are fully climate-proofed. By 2030: 100% of land recipients are well aware of climate change through capacity buildings The country’s land poor and landless families have received land, have improved their livelihoods via land allocation, and land recipients have capacity to challenge with climate change impacts because they have been trained and educated on climate change. On the other hand, allocated land to people to use for their farming creates soil fertility stakeholders consulted are womenRestoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', 'On the other hand, allocated land to people to use for their farming creates soil fertility stakeholders consulted are womenRestoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. 32% of restoration jobs go to women in the communityIdentification and selection process of SLC policies and procedure will include women beneficiaries Conditional Youth will be targeted in the consultation process of the SLC to endure they are well informed, and their needs are address in the planning and implementation of the SLC Private sector will be engaged at the implementation stage to market activities (for instance, to buy agriculture products from the communities) 49 Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban planning or new sub- cities to address vulnerability of urbanization. Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth All vulnerable or highly vulnerable communes can be covered. of Guidance toolkit for Enhancing climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment toward zoning in spatial planning; of toolkit for Zoning and prioritizing adaptation measures and promote low- carbon land use development and planning By 2023: Green Building Development toolkit is formulated.', 'of Guidance toolkit for Enhancing climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment toward zoning in spatial planning; of toolkit for Zoning and prioritizing adaptation measures and promote low- carbon land use development and planning By 2023: Green Building Development toolkit is formulated. Green physical space is standardized for commercial purpose and other small city use By 2030: At least 50% of small city development request are permitted with fully use of all elements in toolkit By 2030: All small enlarged city is standardized with full physical and climate resilient norms addressed in tool toolkit. Mitigation co- benefit: contribution to the local GHG emission Environment co- benefit: ecosystem restoration (i.e. regulate water) Social co-benefit: job creation, improved public health 7860000 Target: 30% of consulted community members are women Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. Conditional Needs of youths will be reflected in the urban or sub- city planning process Private companies such as construction companies, gated communities, architect companies, engineers, etc.', 'Conditional Needs of youths will be reflected in the urban or sub- city planning process Private companies such as construction companies, gated communities, architect companies, engineers, etc. will be engaged to ensure climate change issues are reflected in their practicesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3) Introduction of toolkits into practical use Assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) Climate Change Action Plan of MLMUPC National Urban Development Strategy Improve knowledge on urban vulnerabilities to climate risks for cities in urban and rural areas Strengthen early warning systems for urban and rural slumps By 2030, 60% of cities in urban and cities assessed on its vulnerabilities (conditional) cities in urban and cities assessed on its vulnerabilities (unconditional) Contribution to climate data related to cities through finding of the assessments vulnerability assessment (data enumerators and analysis staff) are women # of assessment that include gender and age disaggregated data Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', 'will be engaged to ensure climate change issues are reflected in their practicesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3) Introduction of toolkits into practical use Assessment towards the development of climate change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) Climate Change Action Plan of MLMUPC National Urban Development Strategy Improve knowledge on urban vulnerabilities to climate risks for cities in urban and rural areas Strengthen early warning systems for urban and rural slumps By 2030, 60% of cities in urban and cities assessed on its vulnerabilities (conditional) cities in urban and cities assessed on its vulnerabilities (unconditional) Contribution to climate data related to cities through finding of the assessments vulnerability assessment (data enumerators and analysis staff) are women # of assessment that include gender and age disaggregated data Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. Conditional Youth issues will be included at the assessment design and analysis stages Climate change impacts on private sector investment and private sector roles in reducing vulnerabilities will be part of the assessment 51 Promote land use planning tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Sector #34, Improve adaptive capacity of low - income households and vulnerable households through provision of climate-proofed shelters By 2023: Complete zoning and all toolkits, and guidelines By: 2008: Complete 50% of Urban Buildings And 50% of rural housing By 2030: Complete 100% of Urban Buildings and 100% of rural housings The project will produce low-carbon emissions to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people 2560000 Climate-resilient building construction technology and Low- cost affordable housing technology Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', 'Conditional Youth issues will be included at the assessment design and analysis stages Climate change impacts on private sector investment and private sector roles in reducing vulnerabilities will be part of the assessment 51 Promote land use planning tools for urban houses and building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the low-income and homeless people Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Sector #34, Improve adaptive capacity of low - income households and vulnerable households through provision of climate-proofed shelters By 2023: Complete zoning and all toolkits, and guidelines By: 2008: Complete 50% of Urban Buildings And 50% of rural housing By 2030: Complete 100% of Urban Buildings and 100% of rural housings The project will produce low-carbon emissions to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people 2560000 Climate-resilient building construction technology and Low- cost affordable housing technology Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. Ensure socially marginalized and low income/homeless people are consulted in the process of developing guidelines for building/construction 50% of house beneficiaries are low income women Conditional The tools will be disseminated to construction sector to encourage them engage them in climate resilient projects 52 Promote proper low- cost shelters for low income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) and NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Review of Priority Action, and Construction Improve resilience of ecosystem (through reduction or resource depletion By 2023: Complete zoning and all toolkits, and guidelines By: 2008: Complete 50% of rural housing By 2030: Complete 100% of rural shelters in social land concession The project will produce low-carbon emission that is to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: reduce land conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', 'Ensure socially marginalized and low income/homeless people are consulted in the process of developing guidelines for building/construction 50% of house beneficiaries are low income women Conditional The tools will be disseminated to construction sector to encourage them engage them in climate resilient projects 52 Promote proper low- cost shelters for low income households resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land concession Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) and NAP Financing Framework and Implementation Plan: Review of Priority Action, and Construction Improve resilience of ecosystem (through reduction or resource depletion By 2023: Complete zoning and all toolkits, and guidelines By: 2008: Complete 50% of rural housing By 2030: Complete 100% of rural shelters in social land concession The project will produce low-carbon emission that is to enhance environmental atmosphere Social co-benefit: reduce land conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. 50% of all newly contracted rural shelters are used by women 100% of all rural shelters include separate spaces (rooms with doors and lavatory facilities) for women and children use Conditional The tools will be disseminated to construction sector to encourage them engage them in climate resilient projects 53 Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth Improve regulations and national capacity on building code to adapt to climate change By 2024: Toolkit finalized, and launching building permits are mainstreamed, building permits are fully mainstreamed engineering professionals trained, professionals are trained Energy consumption in building sectors Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants 6560000 Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', '50% of all newly contracted rural shelters are used by women 100% of all rural shelters include separate spaces (rooms with doors and lavatory facilities) for women and children use Conditional The tools will be disseminated to construction sector to encourage them engage them in climate resilient projects 53 Development of building code with mainstreaming climate change into building designs Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth Improve regulations and national capacity on building code to adapt to climate change By 2024: Toolkit finalized, and launching building permits are mainstreamed, building permits are fully mainstreamed engineering professionals trained, professionals are trained Energy consumption in building sectors Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants 6560000 Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. Target: 30% of trained professionals and engineers are women Conditional Youth issues and roles will be integrated in the development process of the building code Building code will be enforced amongst private sector practices 54 Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth National Urban Development Strategy Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan Build climate resilience of coastal ecosystem By 2024: Complete all associate tools and planning scenarios for building, housing, and coastal protection By 2030: 100 km sea wall completion (conditional) Promote sea engineering environment, sea water rise, sea tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and sea erosion Disaster management to protect coastal populations Operation Cost and TA Wall: Total: Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment.', 'Target: 30% of trained professionals and engineers are women Conditional Youth issues and roles will be integrated in the development process of the building code Building code will be enforced amongst private sector practices 54 Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature Infrastruct ure - Land use planning Ministry of Land Manageme nt, Urban Lanning and Constructi on (MLMUPC) National Policy and Strategic Plan for Green Growth National Urban Development Strategy Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan Build climate resilience of coastal ecosystem By 2024: Complete all associate tools and planning scenarios for building, housing, and coastal protection By 2030: 100 km sea wall completion (conditional) Promote sea engineering environment, sea water rise, sea tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and sea erosion Disaster management to protect coastal populations Operation Cost and TA Wall: Total: Restoration can be a crucial opportunity for women’s economic empowerment. Target: 30% of all construction jobs go to women 30% of all training and awareness raising participants are women Youth: socio- economic, geographical, ESIA, Climate Change and other study Private sector as construction design and implementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) climate resilient city Infrastruct ure - Land use planning National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium, and large-scale irrigation infrastructureCCC Introduce technologies in water work development and rehabilitation in response to the negative impacts of climate changeCCCSP the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptationMainst ream climate change into national and sub- national development plans and the NSPS Strengthening sub- national capacities and processes for localizing and delivering on SDGs and building resilience at the city level, the initiative will seek to address unstainable pattern of urban growth.', 'Target: 30% of all construction jobs go to women 30% of all training and awareness raising participants are women Youth: socio- economic, geographical, ESIA, Climate Change and other study Private sector as construction design and implementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) climate resilient city Infrastruct ure - Land use planning National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium, and large-scale irrigation infrastructureCCC Introduce technologies in water work development and rehabilitation in response to the negative impacts of climate changeCCCSP the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptationMainst ream climate change into national and sub- national development plans and the NSPS Strengthening sub- national capacities and processes for localizing and delivering on SDGs and building resilience at the city level, the initiative will seek to address unstainable pattern of urban growth. Climate exacerbated impact is also adding challenges to sustainable growth, the initiative will also consider integrate climate planning in city planning and investment projects. It will tackle the barriers on: 1. knowledge and capacity; 2. access to finance, and 3. partnership engagement. municipalities of Siem Reap, Kampong Cham and Tbong Khmum Strengthen knowledge and capacity on resilient city.Financing for resilient cities.Partnership and communication. 10,000,000 15,000,000 1. Climate change governance2. Climate vulnerability and impact assessment 3.', 'Climate vulnerability and impact assessment 3. National Green Growth Policy The component of project output to be aligned with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub- national Democratic Development of NCDD 56 Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impact including M&E framework develop for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Rectangular Strategy National Policy on Green Growth Sectoral Development Plans The future national transport infrastructure is climate proofed, especially in sensitive/vulnerab le area where new standards have been used in design phase of construction projects. - One guidebook on climate proofing roads with design standards will be developed by - All repair and new road construction will follow the climate proofing design standard by 2030 - M&E framework develop for climate proofing standard road by 2023 Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportation (Experts, data collection and analysis, review and risk assessment of climate change impact, …) 600,000 USD.', '- One guidebook on climate proofing roads with design standards will be developed by - All repair and new road construction will follow the climate proofing design standard by 2030 - M&E framework develop for climate proofing standard road by 2023 Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportation (Experts, data collection and analysis, review and risk assessment of climate change impact, …) 600,000 USD. -Climate proofed standard design is built, quality of road infrastructure resilience to extreme climate event reduce maintenance and rehabilitation cost, good condition of road will result in better combustion led to GHG reduction Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector Road Infrastructure Projects by ADB Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector: Road infrastructure projects by WB Capacity building program for stakeholders on climate proofing road standard 25% at least of workers or beneficiaries are female The climate proofing road standard will consider gender considerations to ensure the women have full access to roads and use roads as a means to improve their income and livelihood.', '-Climate proofed standard design is built, quality of road infrastructure resilience to extreme climate event reduce maintenance and rehabilitation cost, good condition of road will result in better combustion led to GHG reduction Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector Road Infrastructure Projects by ADB Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector: Road infrastructure projects by WB Capacity building program for stakeholders on climate proofing road standard 25% at least of workers or beneficiaries are female The climate proofing road standard will consider gender considerations to ensure the women have full access to roads and use roads as a means to improve their income and livelihood. 30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads Unconditional-for publication (national budget)+Training 57 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Cambodia Climate Change Strategic National Adaptation Plan Financing Strengthen climate road resilience to avoid loss and damage due to climate hazards and ensure full and sustain road operations for road users particularly most vulnerable group New national road construction using climate proofing road standards by 2030.', '30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads Unconditional-for publication (national budget)+Training 57 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Cambodia Climate Change Strategic National Adaptation Plan Financing Strengthen climate road resilience to avoid loss and damage due to climate hazards and ensure full and sustain road operations for road users particularly most vulnerable group New national road construction using climate proofing road standards by 2030. Repair road using climate proofing standards by 2030.', 'Repair road using climate proofing standards by 2030. - GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road -Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line (road constructio n and maintenanc e) 11,000,000 Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector Road Infrastructure Projects by ADB Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector: Road infrastructure projects by WB Capacity building program for stakeholders on climate proofing road standard 25% at least of workers or beneficiaries are female New and repaired roads will ensure access of women particularly those living in the climate hard hit area and enable them to access necessary basic need such as markets, healthcare, water resources.', '- GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road -Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line (road constructio n and maintenanc e) 11,000,000 Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector Road Infrastructure Projects by ADB Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector: Road infrastructure projects by WB Capacity building program for stakeholders on climate proofing road standard 25% at least of workers or beneficiaries are female New and repaired roads will ensure access of women particularly those living in the climate hard hit area and enable them to access necessary basic need such as markets, healthcare, water resources. 30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads For new road, this will be under construction companies (Private Sector)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 58 Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Improve resilient capacity of rural road s DBST 3166 Km Concrete: 812 Km - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, Improve productivities - Better rural connectivity will promote a better rural economic, and environmental activities The current technology is available for resilient road construction; however, more advanced tech is still needed for construction in a challenging Environment.', '30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads For new road, this will be under construction companies (Private Sector)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 58 Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Improve resilient capacity of rural road s DBST 3166 Km Concrete: 812 Km - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, Improve productivities - Better rural connectivity will promote a better rural economic, and environmental activities The current technology is available for resilient road construction; however, more advanced tech is still needed for construction in a challenging Environment. Target: 30% of those who receive skills training are women 50% of those benefiting from social and economic facilities are women Men and women have access to social and economic facilities.', 'Target: 30% of those who receive skills training are women 50% of those benefiting from social and economic facilities are women Men and women have access to social and economic facilities. All construction companies as are all private 59 News coverage and program production for awareness raising on climate change and its impacts Knowledge sharing Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework Cambodia Climate Change Strategic -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan -Producing diversified and pluralistic contents enable to attract the attention of different types of audiences on climate change through educational spot, featuring news, roundtable discussion and entertainments. Baseline: No baseline available (several climate change topics ,news feature, and roundtable discussion have been produced) Targets: -Produce numbers of educational spots - Numbers of Roundtable discussion session being conducted -Featuring/ Reporting news related to climate change - Produce numbers of songs, and other entertainment.', 'Baseline: No baseline available (several climate change topics ,news feature, and roundtable discussion have been produced) Targets: -Produce numbers of educational spots - Numbers of Roundtable discussion session being conducted -Featuring/ Reporting news related to climate change - Produce numbers of songs, and other entertainment. National Radio Cambodia (RNK) plan to produce - 120 topics of news feature related to climate change and 60 Hours of Airing - 120 topics on Climate Change to be discuss at “Suntanea Matik” Talk Show and 240 Hours of Airing - Cover 360 news article on Climate Change and 18 Hours of Airing -Reduce cost of climate risk -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation 3000000 - Hundreds of educational materials being produced and documented - Different types of audience being informed on climate change -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Women is among the targeted audience in which they feel the sense of inclusivity. Target: 30% of roundtable participants are women Conditional Youth is one of the targeted group in which the contents to be produced for.', 'Target: 30% of roundtable participants are women Conditional Youth is one of the targeted group in which the contents to be produced for. final production/materials will be published/broadcast at private media organizations 60 Develop and annually update national and subnational multi- hazard and climate risk assessments, including identification of most vulnerable communities. Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Disaster Manageme nt (NCDM) - 2015 Law on Disaster Management National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic - Risk-informed, country-wide hazard assessment to be used as a guidance for development planning- Disast er risk information can be used as evidence to inform local development planning- Centra lized database managed by NCDM increases institutional resilience. - Inter- ministerial agreement/s on mechanisms and protocols on climate and disaster data and information sharing among government ministries and agencies.', '- Inter- ministerial agreement/s on mechanisms and protocols on climate and disaster data and information sharing among government ministries and agencies. - Vulnerable communities identified, and can become better prepared for future disasters provinces/City based on the identified hazard- CamDI (Cambodia Disaster Database) operational and regularly updated.- One national presentation on CamDI organized every year.- National Risk Assessment/Profile, updating the available risk assessment in Cambodia- Spatial risk analysis / multi- hazard risk assessments an national and sub- national level, incorporating climate change scenarios - National risk assessment can be used as a basis for priority areas of adaptation and mitigation activities - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia- Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities.- Can be used alongside ID Poor system benefit from CAMDI) - INFORM Risk Index, www.inform-index.org, an open- source methodology for quantitatively assessing crisis and disaster risk.', '- Vulnerable communities identified, and can become better prepared for future disasters provinces/City based on the identified hazard- CamDI (Cambodia Disaster Database) operational and regularly updated.- One national presentation on CamDI organized every year.- National Risk Assessment/Profile, updating the available risk assessment in Cambodia- Spatial risk analysis / multi- hazard risk assessments an national and sub- national level, incorporating climate change scenarios - National risk assessment can be used as a basis for priority areas of adaptation and mitigation activities - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia- Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities.- Can be used alongside ID Poor system benefit from CAMDI) - INFORM Risk Index, www.inform-index.org, an open- source methodology for quantitatively assessing crisis and disaster risk. - Global Disaster Database, EM-DAT which houses country-level information of past disasters (since the early 1900s).- Country- level information also available on compiled platform managed by the ReliefWeb ( Various / existing climate change scenarios studies developed for Cambodia.- CamDI platform (www.camdi.ncdm.gov.kh) - CamDI user’s manual (developed in 2014, updated in 2020).- After adoption of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), the country’s data base is to follow DesInventar database.DesInventar software is available for country’s adoption, available here: 30% of presentation participants femaleGender and age disaggregated data is collected and made available as per the guidance of SFDRR.At least 20% of women in technical positions and decision making roles at national and subnational levels.Gender and disaster vulnerability atlas could be developed.', '- Global Disaster Database, EM-DAT which houses country-level information of past disasters (since the early 1900s).- Country- level information also available on compiled platform managed by the ReliefWeb ( Various / existing climate change scenarios studies developed for Cambodia.- CamDI platform (www.camdi.ncdm.gov.kh) - CamDI user’s manual (developed in 2014, updated in 2020).- After adoption of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), the country’s data base is to follow DesInventar database.DesInventar software is available for country’s adoption, available here: 30% of presentation participants femaleGender and age disaggregated data is collected and made available as per the guidance of SFDRR.At least 20% of women in technical positions and decision making roles at national and subnational levels.Gender and disaster vulnerability atlas could be developed. Conditional Ao- that is at a technical stage NCDM will engage the private sector in process.', 'Conditional Ao- that is at a technical stage NCDM will engage the private sector in process. They could support NCDM for funding, material or cooperationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 61 National end-to-end early warning systems with focus on effective dissemination to populations at risk Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Disaster Manageme nt (NCDM) - 2015 Law on Disaster Management - National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction - Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic - Availability of real-time climate data for informed climate information - Enables community-level preparedness and response to disasters Baseline: only one system naming 1294 (specifically on flood) with covering 25 provinces (baseline- there are some cooperation with NGOs Target: to scale up to all communes/districts - Installation of 100 Automatic Weather Stations and 100 Automatic Hydrological Stations for national coverage. - Introduction of climate smart agriculture / drought resistance agriculture techniques in drought vulnerable provinces, based on the multi hazard risk assessment. - Nation-wide coverage for multi- hazard (flood, drought and storm) early warning - Transboundary flood early warning systems with Vietnam and Thailand established Other sectors, i.e. water resources and meteorology, agriculture will be of benefited by potential cross- sectoral mitigation activities.', 'water resources and meteorology, agriculture will be of benefited by potential cross- sectoral mitigation activities. 15,000,000 $100,000,000 - Automatic Weather and Hydrological Stations configuration in Cambodia, including Integrated Water Management System and other data bases established. - Realtime technology-based forecasting developed by advanced meteorological societies worldwide, e.g. Meteo France International, Finnish Meteorological Society - EWS1294 technology Females to make up 40% of subscriptions to Gender-sensitive EWS to be implemented, including inclusion of disability and other most vulnerable group. Specific EWS medium is to be implemented for various types of disability. Conditional Youth could promote and share the system to community people Private sector would take some roles (subject to discuss more) for example introduction new technology/knowledg e (mobile company provide the data) community–based disaster and climate risk management programs Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Disaster Manageme nt (NCDM) - 2015 Law on Disaster Management - Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic - National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction Strengthened community preparedness and adaptation capacities.', 'Conditional Youth could promote and share the system to community people Private sector would take some roles (subject to discuss more) for example introduction new technology/knowledg e (mobile company provide the data) community–based disaster and climate risk management programs Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Disaster Manageme nt (NCDM) - 2015 Law on Disaster Management - Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic - National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction Strengthened community preparedness and adaptation capacities. Baseline: 2 (at Kompot and Kep provinces) Target: 75% of communities have preparedness and contingency plans developed and updated bi-annually, including disaster simulation and climate change adaptation strategies - Social resilience at community level and increased engagement in disaster preparedness and response - Reduced asset, infrastructure, and life loss due to disasters benefit - Community Based Disaster Risk Management Field Practitioners Handbook: - KoBo toolbox for community assessment Females represent 25% of VDMG and CCDM Training of trainers of Women Champion in DRR and CCA – ensuring more representative of women on disaster and climate risk management.', 'Baseline: 2 (at Kompot and Kep provinces) Target: 75% of communities have preparedness and contingency plans developed and updated bi-annually, including disaster simulation and climate change adaptation strategies - Social resilience at community level and increased engagement in disaster preparedness and response - Reduced asset, infrastructure, and life loss due to disasters benefit - Community Based Disaster Risk Management Field Practitioners Handbook: - KoBo toolbox for community assessment Females represent 25% of VDMG and CCDM Training of trainers of Women Champion in DRR and CCA – ensuring more representative of women on disaster and climate risk management. 25% increase of women in climate change community based decision making positions Conditional Could incorporate youth as community volunteers Private sector would engage in process by learning from standard and apply these gained knowledge to their project 63 Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) National Protected Areas Strategic Management plan 15 PAs with species- specific conservation action plans 15 PAs with forest restoration plans under implementation Total budget: Environment 1,125,000 To improve the knowledge base, support conservation action, and strengthen the enabling environment for addressing threats to species and ecosystem Number of PAs with species- specific conservation action plans Promote biodiversity conservation and restoration 25% of eco-tourism inputs/initiatives are directed to women Women make up 50% of representatives in biodiversity conservation inanities (decision making, training, capacity building, services etc.)', '25% increase of women in climate change community based decision making positions Conditional Could incorporate youth as community volunteers Private sector would engage in process by learning from standard and apply these gained knowledge to their project 63 Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y Ministry of Environme nt (MOE) National Protected Areas Strategic Management plan 15 PAs with species- specific conservation action plans 15 PAs with forest restoration plans under implementation Total budget: Environment 1,125,000 To improve the knowledge base, support conservation action, and strengthen the enabling environment for addressing threats to species and ecosystem Number of PAs with species- specific conservation action plans Promote biodiversity conservation and restoration 25% of eco-tourism inputs/initiatives are directed to women Women make up 50% of representatives in biodiversity conservation inanities (decision making, training, capacity building, services etc.) Ecotourism Forest restoration 64 Integrated village development Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Building adaptive capacity of rural family to be smart in agricultural productivities and other livelihood promotion in changing environment.', 'Ecotourism Forest restoration 64 Integrated village development Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Building adaptive capacity of rural family to be smart in agricultural productivities and other livelihood promotion in changing environment. Baseline: 10 villages in Takeo, 10 in Kampong Speu and 10 Thbaung Kmom Targets: - -Job creation -Food security -Behavior Change -Better living environment -Wellbeing and environmental friendliness of communities to improve 200000000 Lessons learnt and best community practices from advanced countries Target: 30% of total beneficiaries are female Gender-responsiveness towards more participation in decision making and benefits. Women will be empowered in communities and households.', 'Women will be empowered in communities and households. Conditional for 170 villages Incorporate youth as community volunteers.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 65 Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy, and waste management) Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) a) Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation b) Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient local governance through financial, institutional, policy and strategic plan reform in order to respond to current and projected climate hazards and prevent from loss and damage due to hazard Targets: 10 communes of 4 provinces namely Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhaning, and Siem Reap Province with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028 a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission though reducing fire wood consumption and waste pollution. b) Strengthen resilient capacity of women and girl in flooding community though accessing to clean water and clean energy. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action 2.', 'NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action 2. Climate vulnerability and impact assessment for 10 target communes Climate vulnerable map Target: 30% of women 30% of women report increased access to clean water 30% of women report access to off grid renewable energy technology and inputs a) Promote inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women in institutional arrangement for climate change b) Cambodia Gender and Climate Change Action Plan c) Policy on gender for sub-national democratic development Conditional For waste management Companies for waste collection, green technology and clean water 66 Building climate resilient livelihood and public infrastructures in social land concession for vulnerable communities Livelihood s, poverty and biodiversit y National Committee for Sub- National Democratic Developm ent (NCDD) Rectangular Strategy Phase IV priority areas include Road, Water, Electricity and People to set the agenda for development while priority order of these four priority areas have been changed according to development phase. In the first two Legislatures, the Rectangular Strategy gave the top priority to Road, followed by Water, Electricity and People.', 'In the first two Legislatures, the Rectangular Strategy gave the top priority to Road, followed by Water, Electricity and People. In the Rectangular StrategyNSDP Development of physical infrastructure including:- Development of Transport and Urban Infrastructure- Water Resources and Irrigation System ManagementCCCS Climate change implication on infrastructure- Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS The Climate resilience at local level, within the social land concession communities will be strengthened and adapted through integrated into the support community infrastructures and sustainable management response to flood, drouth, strong wind. In addition, the GHG also effectively reduces from the introduce of sustainable land management practices by adopt to resilience agriculture activities and forest resources management that will positively create alternatives livelihood for the potential vulnerable communities. Help to build ownership and decision- making process at the community level as resulted from the project, the community will be able to engage in local planning and implementation with regards action to adapt with future trends of climate change. communes, 7 districts and 5 provinces across different geographical area of Cambodia including Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spue, Tboung Khmum and Kratie province to receive the resilient infrastructures services, improving their livelihood alternatives and sustainable growth.', 'communes, 7 districts and 5 provinces across different geographical area of Cambodia including Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spue, Tboung Khmum and Kratie province to receive the resilient infrastructures services, improving their livelihood alternatives and sustainable growth. The project is planning to scale up to other potential areas as nationwide through lesson learnt and key success of its implementation Modality: the project designed as potential for scaling up through its key success of implementation. It would be the key recommendation for the improvement of social land concession implementation to include climate change as one of main focus while community will really need support to cope with such climate change issues when settle-in new development area of social land concession sites. Improve knowledge: the project will help to improve understanding for sub-national level, local authorities on climate change both of adaptation and mitigation though join implementation follow decentralize approach under coordination of National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development Secretariat (NCDDS). Similarly, the community groups will also receive training and awareness raising to build their sense understanding climate change to engage fully participation for the project implementation.', 'Similarly, the community groups will also receive training and awareness raising to build their sense understanding climate change to engage fully participation for the project implementation. This will positively contribute to both of adaption and mitigation action in the future. and Communication Technology (NSDP 2014-2023)2- Climate change governance3- Climate Change Index4- Social Land Concession sub-degree 5- National REED+ strategy 2017- Adapt with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub-national Democratic DevelopmentGender and Climate Change, green growth, and disaster managementCambodia Gender and Climate Change Action PlanThe Project will also contribute to the goals of the RGC’s new “Five Year Strategic Plan to Promote Gender Equality and Women’s 2023”, which aims to address women’s limited access to assets and services.', 'and Communication Technology (NSDP 2014-2023)2- Climate change governance3- Climate Change Index4- Social Land Concession sub-degree 5- National REED+ strategy 2017- Adapt with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub-national Democratic DevelopmentGender and Climate Change, green growth, and disaster managementCambodia Gender and Climate Change Action PlanThe Project will also contribute to the goals of the RGC’s new “Five Year Strategic Plan to Promote Gender Equality and Women’s 2023”, which aims to address women’s limited access to assets and services. inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women (at least 30%) in institutional arrangement and implementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 67 Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (focus on implementation) Policy and planning National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) a) Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation b) Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient local governance through financial, institutional, policy and strategic plan reform in order to respond to current and projected climate hazards and prevent loss and damage due to hazards provinces namely Takeo, Battambang, Peahvihear, Krati, Steng treng, Kampong Chhaning, Prey Veng, Svayreng, and Kampot with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2027 a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Improve performance-based of sub-national government on climate change planning and accessing to climate resilient grants 2 - Climate vulnerability and impact assessment for 50 target communes 3 - Climate Change Index Target: 30% women in local (commune and district) government participate in capacity building and awareness raising on climate impacts a.', 'inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women (at least 30%) in institutional arrangement and implementationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 67 Building climate resilience for district and commune governance through policy and strategic development plan reform (focus on implementation) Policy and planning National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) a) Leverage the decentralization process to strengthen financial and institutional processes for local adaptation b) Mainstream climate change into national and sub-national development plans and the NSPS Strengthen climate-resilient local governance through financial, institutional, policy and strategic plan reform in order to respond to current and projected climate hazards and prevent loss and damage due to hazards provinces namely Takeo, Battambang, Peahvihear, Krati, Steng treng, Kampong Chhaning, Prey Veng, Svayreng, and Kampot with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2027 a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Improve performance-based of sub-national government on climate change planning and accessing to climate resilient grants 2 - Climate vulnerability and impact assessment for 50 target communes 3 - Climate Change Index Target: 30% women in local (commune and district) government participate in capacity building and awareness raising on climate impacts a. Promote inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women in institutional arrangement for climate change b. Cambodia Gender and Climate Change Action Plan c. Policy on gender for sub- national democratic development Conditional Engage youth in analysis on impact of climate change and integrate cc into development climate change into Education Strategic Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Policy and planning Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) for education Capitalize on lessons learned, local knowledge and good practices for development of policies and actions for adaptation and mitigation.', 'Promote inclusiveness, gender equality, and accountability by engaging more women in institutional arrangement for climate change b. Cambodia Gender and Climate Change Action Plan c. Policy on gender for sub- national democratic development Conditional Engage youth in analysis on impact of climate change and integrate cc into development climate change into Education Strategic Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Policy and planning Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) for education Capitalize on lessons learned, local knowledge and good practices for development of policies and actions for adaptation and mitigation. Strengthen resilience through education policy, research and planning reform in order to respond to climate related hazards.', 'Strengthen resilience through education policy, research and planning reform in order to respond to climate related hazards. Baseline: Integrated in primary and secondary sub-sector (Only strategies) Target: climate change concepts are mainstreamed into ESP and SDG4 Roadmap for a) Climate change adaptation b) Policy, Planning & Guidelines, c) Strengthening d) Research enhancement 3 - Strategies and interventions in the ESP and SDG4 Gender participated in the planning process on SDG4 and ESP 69 Strengthen the cooperation with local and International development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in media sector Policy and planning Minister of Informatio n (MOINF) -Ministry of Information Strategic Plan Strengthen the cooperation with local and international development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions is the best approach to accelerate the strategic plan implementation and ensuring the sustainability of projects. Baseline: No baseline available. The latest cooperation. Moinfo implemented a project on Climate Change knowledge and Capacity building through TV/ Radio and Media, supported by NCSD / CCCA (2017- Target: MoInfo will seek and work with relevant stakeholders agencies including government and non- government institutions and accelerate the strategic plan implementation -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation bond of cooperation between Ministry of Information and stakeholders.', 'Moinfo implemented a project on Climate Change knowledge and Capacity building through TV/ Radio and Media, supported by NCSD / CCCA (2017- Target: MoInfo will seek and work with relevant stakeholders agencies including government and non- government institutions and accelerate the strategic plan implementation -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation bond of cooperation between Ministry of Information and stakeholders. The latest cooperation.', 'Moinfo implemented a project on Climate Change knowledge and Capacity building through TV/ Radio and Media, supported by NCSD / CCCA (2017- Target: MoInfo will seek and work with relevant stakeholders agencies including government and non- government institutions and accelerate the strategic plan implementation -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation bond of cooperation between Ministry of Information and stakeholders. The latest cooperation. Moinfo implemented a project on Climate Change knowledge and Capacity building through TV/ Radio and Media, supported by NCSD / CCCA -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% are female Conditional Collaboration with private media organizations 70 Development of climate change national/capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators Policy and planning Ministry of Planning (MOP) NSDP, RS IV, CCCSP, CSDGs Building climate resilience development planning in the formulation and reporting of the implementation of the development plans and public investment programs at national and sub- national level Building transparent and credible information reporting the progress of the indicators, including CC indicators set in NSDP and CSDGs Formulation of the National/ Capital/ Provincial Development Plan to include climate change strategies/ policies and action plans by Reporting the progress of the achieving of the set indicators, including climate change indicators in the NSDP and the Cambodia Sustainable Development Goals and the achievement and status of the integration of climate change into the sub- Climate change adaptation and mitigation and other environmental issues (air pollution, water pollution, waste management, biodiversity, etc.)', 'Moinfo implemented a project on Climate Change knowledge and Capacity building through TV/ Radio and Media, supported by NCSD / CCCA -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% are female Conditional Collaboration with private media organizations 70 Development of climate change national/capital/ provincial development plans including an M&E system with specific indicators Policy and planning Ministry of Planning (MOP) NSDP, RS IV, CCCSP, CSDGs Building climate resilience development planning in the formulation and reporting of the implementation of the development plans and public investment programs at national and sub- national level Building transparent and credible information reporting the progress of the indicators, including CC indicators set in NSDP and CSDGs Formulation of the National/ Capital/ Provincial Development Plan to include climate change strategies/ policies and action plans by Reporting the progress of the achieving of the set indicators, including climate change indicators in the NSDP and the Cambodia Sustainable Development Goals and the achievement and status of the integration of climate change into the sub- Climate change adaptation and mitigation and other environmental issues (air pollution, water pollution, waste management, biodiversity, etc.) will be integrated into a single plan. Cost of trainings, consultation s, and follow-up activities -Sub- national planning capacity building under budget of government . Integrated development plan National M&E Manual/Guideline/Handbook - M&E Capacity Building Plan - Training on M&E incl.', 'Integrated development plan National M&E Manual/Guideline/Handbook - M&E Capacity Building Plan - Training on M&E incl. data collection methods as well as data interpretation and presentation - Annual Progress Report/Voluntary National Review of the implementation of NSDP/CSDGs" All gender actions and strategies to respond to climate change are also integrated into development planning and National M&E Guideline and System. Gender target %-NSDP (only for action plan).', 'Gender target %-NSDP (only for action plan). Only priority is mentioned in development plans Training on gender and age disaggregated data collection will prioritized Climate change mainstreaming is conditional (Both financial and technical capacity for ToT)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) as well as sector development plans national development plans All indicators reported with credible and reliable resource of information by 2030 The National M&E Manual/Guideline/Ha ndbook formulated and disseminated for official use A long-term M&E capacity building program developed by At least 10 M&E trainings courses organized Target: 25 provinces 71 Development of a climate change public investment program for the national/capital/ provincial levels Policy and planning Ministry of Planning (MOP) NSDP,RS IV,CCCSP,CSDGs Building climate resilience investment planning through the formulation and compilation of information of climate investment fund to assist in making decision for climate change actions and priority. National/ Capital/ Provincial three-year rolling Public Investment Program, including the Climate Change-related Projects will be developed every year.Online climate investment and funding information will be available to public by 2030 which include the trend of climate expenditure and potential funding information which will be updated every year.', 'National/ Capital/ Provincial three-year rolling Public Investment Program, including the Climate Change-related Projects will be developed every year.Online climate investment and funding information will be available to public by 2030 which include the trend of climate expenditure and potential funding information which will be updated every year. Mitigation investment planPublic awareness on climate investment and fund will be improved ated Public Investment Program Climate-Informed Decisions: The National/ Capital/ Provincial Public Investment Program including the Climate Change- related Projects as a Mechanism for Lowering Carbon Emissions Gender involvement is highly considered in the project implementation as stated in the project information sheet/ document.Gender target/%-at 5% of total project staff. Encourage participation of women-% of gender will be specified in the project document which will be determined by partners Conditional including detail technology (Private and financial sector)PIP online. Ministries to record all investment plans including climate change in investment. (no training yet and information to be available online for climate investment 72 Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into rural development planning processes and technical design.', '(no training yet and information to be available online for climate investment 72 Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change into rural development planning processes and technical design. Policy and planning Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular Strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan -Strengthen capacity for Climate Change in rural development planning & technical design. Baseline: Number of trainings have been conducted by MRD and others but there is no proper system to record Target: By 2030, about 30% of Technical Officials in MRD and PDRD have been trained - Contribute to the improvement of rural development work in challenging environment VDC will help their community better in term of development and challenging environment - Lesson learnt and best practice from other countries can be applied. Target: 30% of MRD female staffs will receive capacity building 75% of capacity building recipients report increased knowledge and application of gender integration in their work Gender is considering in all stages of project or programme to promote gender mainstreaming. Gender participation indicator will be included.', 'Gender participation indicator will be included. 73 Build adaptive capacity on climate change for village leaders (Village Development Committees, VDCs) Policy and planning Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan Strengthen capacity on climate resilience. Target: 200 VDCs have been trained (1000 VDC members) - Contribute to rural community development planning and practices in challenging environment 10,000,000 Lessons learnt and best practice from other countries can be applied. Target: 40% of VDC members in committee are female Gender is considering in all stages of project or programme to promote gender mainstreaming. Gender participation indicator will be included.', 'Gender participation indicator will be included. 74 Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/c ommunes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Infrastructure: road, water, Policies and planning Agriculture Ecosystem-based services The vulnerability in the provinces around Tonle sap lake and Svay Rieng reduced vulnerability index 10,000,000 20,000,000 30-60% of beneficiaries Conditional Plays an important role in capacity building activities, implementation of the pilot projects and as beneficiaries Can provide funding, services and technologyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 75 Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) The CCCSP for 2024- 2033 developed and the implementation successfully conducted until 2030.', '74 Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/c ommunes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Infrastructure: road, water, Policies and planning Agriculture Ecosystem-based services The vulnerability in the provinces around Tonle sap lake and Svay Rieng reduced vulnerability index 10,000,000 20,000,000 30-60% of beneficiaries Conditional Plays an important role in capacity building activities, implementation of the pilot projects and as beneficiaries Can provide funding, services and technologyCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 75 Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) The CCCSP for 2024- 2033 developed and the implementation successfully conducted until 2030. 76 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Enhanced transparency framework set in place and the sectoral M&E strengthened through capacity building institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Enhanced capacity of/ and coordination regarding climate change related issues with line ministries and institutions both at the national and sub-national levels.', '76 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Enhanced transparency framework set in place and the sectoral M&E strengthened through capacity building institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy Policy and planning National Council for Sustainabl e Developm ent (NCSD) Cambodian Development Goals Framework Enhanced capacity of/ and coordination regarding climate change related issues with line ministries and institutions both at the national and sub-national levels. 78 Provide capacity building and supports for Climate Change Innovation at the provincial along Tonle Sap River Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) -Royal Government of Cambodia labels tourism sector as “Green Gold”. -Tourism is a non-smoke industry, which import in places. Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has developed its Climate Change Action Plan for Tourism Sector -Promoting livelihood resilience through CBT/CBE tourism development. -Improving tourism standards to improve the quality of services and products. -Innovating new products design and efficiency natural resources management 1. Strengthen the capacity building on Environmental Education Development (EED) in tourism to stakeholders among 6 Provinces. 6 provinces are just based on first priority strategy plan of MoT where are higher tourist area.', '6 provinces are just based on first priority strategy plan of MoT where are higher tourist area. Those are Kg Thom, Battambang, Siem Reap, Kg Cham, Kg Chhnang and Pursat. 2. Providing supports for Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Koh Kong Provinces Encouraging all involvement tourism stakeholders for better the understanding and to engage their contribution on adaptation to two beneficiaries: Education Development on green tourism. 2) Peam Krosoap was estimated be upgrade and innovated for climate change adaptation. Cambodia CBET/CET standard. 3) The quality of ecotourism services and products would improve through by tourism innovation. 4) Reducing poverty and contribute to responding effectively to climate change, so it is increasing the gross domestic product of Cambodia (GDP). Public toilet, education signboard, billboard, rubbish bin etc. The M&E system will be aligned with National Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Climate Change. Target: 70% of training participants are female Encouraging women, elderly, children, poorest to involve, they might understand and support new mindset that would provide (for adaptation projects).', 'Target: 70% of training participants are female Encouraging women, elderly, children, poorest to involve, they might understand and support new mindset that would provide (for adaptation projects). Youth inside of target communities will be engaged through campaign activities Cambodia Authority of Travel Agencies (CATA) where consist of dozens agencies- mostly are private sector would provide technical support, strategy development and cooperation 79 Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) -Royal Government of Cambodia labels tourism sector as “Green Gold”. -Tourism is a non-smoke industry, which import in places. Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has developed its Climate Change Action Plan for Tourism Sector -Promoting livelihood resilience through CBT/CBE tourism development. -Improving tourism standards to improve the quality of services and products. -Innovating new products design and efficiency natural resources management Target: 60% of women (including children) respond to having an increased awareness of community based tourism and the impacts of climate change on this sector Youth plays an important role in all activities of MoT such as camping, cycling campaign.', '-Innovating new products design and efficiency natural resources management Target: 60% of women (including children) respond to having an increased awareness of community based tourism and the impacts of climate change on this sector Youth plays an important role in all activities of MoT such as camping, cycling campaign. MoT build this awareness through tourist agencies/travel agenciesCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 80 Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector Tourism Ministry of Tourism (MOT) -Royal Government of Cambodia labels tourism sector as “Green Gold”. - Tourism is a non- smoke industry, which import in places.Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has developed its Climate Change Action Plan for Tourism Sector -Promoting livelihood resilience through CBT/CBE tourism development.- Improving tourism standards to improve the quality of services and products.- Innovating new products design and efficiency natural resources management MoT will work closely to expert ministries to enhance the climate resilience farming at local community. This activity is attractive much to tourist.', 'This activity is attractive much to tourist. one village one product strategy Baseline: 6 locations Target: 30 locations/provinces Target: 40% of training participants are women (including children)40% of beneficiaries for new ecotourism product development are women Youth Engagement: Promotion on quality of organic foods/vegetable to extend using and support on local products. Support to the local agriculture product, enhance Agric- ecotourism in community by bring tourists to visit and involve agriculture active and create wonderful memories and fun. Pushing on Smart-agriculture plantation and extend on the more create of cycle systems including; fish, meat, vegetable, so on. 81 Establish an automated nation- wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including collection of climate and hydrological data Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Enables better preparedness and response to environmental shocks Enables inter- ministerial agreement/s on mechanisms and protocols on climate and disaster data and information sharing among government ministries and agencies Can be used to develop climate- informed risk assessments and strategies Increased national meteorological and hydrological data Baseline: 80 auto hydromet system already installed.', '81 Establish an automated nation- wide hydromet monitoring network and data transmission program, including collection of climate and hydrological data Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Enables better preparedness and response to environmental shocks Enables inter- ministerial agreement/s on mechanisms and protocols on climate and disaster data and information sharing among government ministries and agencies Can be used to develop climate- informed risk assessments and strategies Increased national meteorological and hydrological data Baseline: 80 auto hydromet system already installed. Targets (by 2030): a) 90+ automated hydrological stations b) 51 automated weather stations 94 automated water quality stations c) 410 automated ground water stations d) Coverage: at least 40 % of the country with priority areas e) 26 PDWRAM offices Coverage: 100 % of the country (Conditional) Data can be used cross-sectorally and for short and long term projection Supporting disaster risk reduction, and other mitigation activities Supporting River Basin management planning and monitoring activities Supporting hydrological modelling works and decision support system (DSS) 47,900,000 The benefit of this activity is contributed to other adaption activities (e.g.', 'Targets (by 2030): a) 90+ automated hydrological stations b) 51 automated weather stations 94 automated water quality stations c) 410 automated ground water stations d) Coverage: at least 40 % of the country with priority areas e) 26 PDWRAM offices Coverage: 100 % of the country (Conditional) Data can be used cross-sectorally and for short and long term projection Supporting disaster risk reduction, and other mitigation activities Supporting River Basin management planning and monitoring activities Supporting hydrological modelling works and decision support system (DSS) 47,900,000 The benefit of this activity is contributed to other adaption activities (e.g. Automatic Weather and Hydrological Stations configuration in Cambodia Real time hydro-meteorological platform incorporating data from MoWRAM’s hydro and meteo station World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines on Integrated Urban, Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Guidelines. Target: 5-10% females to be involved in network and monitoring plan development.', 'Target: 5-10% females to be involved in network and monitoring plan development. Conditional 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) (Unconditional) Consulting firm installed system and technical training to operate the system (service provider)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 82 Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate- resilient water management Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Increased environmental resilience More equitable water distribution/acces s to vulnerable groups Sustainable development and framework for disaster risk reduction, and can therefore act as a mechanism of coherence among these global frameworks - 10 River Basins have updated River Basin Management Plans - 1 Water Resource and Storage Assessment for River Basin Group completed, for 3+ River Basin Groups/25 River Basins - 1 National Water Resource Management Information Centre established, with facilities to store, analyze and report on water resources data and information, and inform management decisions, and established process for data sharing.', 'Conditional 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) (Unconditional) Consulting firm installed system and technical training to operate the system (service provider)Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 82 Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate- resilient water management Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Increased environmental resilience More equitable water distribution/acces s to vulnerable groups Sustainable development and framework for disaster risk reduction, and can therefore act as a mechanism of coherence among these global frameworks - 10 River Basins have updated River Basin Management Plans - 1 Water Resource and Storage Assessment for River Basin Group completed, for 3+ River Basin Groups/25 River Basins - 1 National Water Resource Management Information Centre established, with facilities to store, analyze and report on water resources data and information, and inform management decisions, and established process for data sharing. - Development of modern and modular fit-for-purpose Decision Support Systems (database, water modelling packages, user interfaces) incorporating remote sensing and observed field data, economic and social information that covers at least 25 River Basins - 20+ of PDWRAM staff, FWUCs, and young-to-middle level Cambodian water professionals receive quarterly training in water resource management - 252 of communities educated on climate and water resource management - Establishment of 252 knowledge hubs to build local understanding of water resources (water and soil), scheme condition and performance, changes in agricultural inputs and outputs etc.', '- Development of modern and modular fit-for-purpose Decision Support Systems (database, water modelling packages, user interfaces) incorporating remote sensing and observed field data, economic and social information that covers at least 25 River Basins - 20+ of PDWRAM staff, FWUCs, and young-to-middle level Cambodian water professionals receive quarterly training in water resource management - 252 of communities educated on climate and water resource management - Establishment of 252 knowledge hubs to build local understanding of water resources (water and soil), scheme condition and performance, changes in agricultural inputs and outputs etc. - 1 National Water Analytic System covering 32 river basins Improved relationships between all major water users Improved water allocation and abstraction limits -> reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem 49,600,000 Benefits: The benefit can be estimated from the damage and recovery cost by flood and drought or other water related disaster as below.', '- 1 National Water Analytic System covering 32 river basins Improved relationships between all major water users Improved water allocation and abstraction limits -> reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem 49,600,000 Benefits: The benefit can be estimated from the damage and recovery cost by flood and drought or other water related disaster as below. The potential benefits include: - Flood damage and loss cost: 356 million USD (based on 2013 flood) -Post flood recovery cost USD (based on Target: 10-20% female 40% of education project beneficiaries are women Gender and age disaggregated data is collected and used at the water resource management info center Send around 20 students abroad for higher education (Master)- Conditional Construction of center and technical support on capacity buildingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 83 Establish a national climate and food warning system, including a service center and flood emergency response plans Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) 2015 Law on Disaster Management Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Communities (including vulnerable ones) more resilient to disasters Increased risk knowledge More accurately monitoring and predicting risk Dissemination of information to public Responsive to warnings and disasters 1 National Centre Established with Decision Supporting System 100% of provinces have Flood Emergency Response Plans Other sectors, i.e.', 'The potential benefits include: - Flood damage and loss cost: 356 million USD (based on 2013 flood) -Post flood recovery cost USD (based on Target: 10-20% female 40% of education project beneficiaries are women Gender and age disaggregated data is collected and used at the water resource management info center Send around 20 students abroad for higher education (Master)- Conditional Construction of center and technical support on capacity buildingCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 83 Establish a national climate and food warning system, including a service center and flood emergency response plans Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) 2015 Law on Disaster Management Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Communities (including vulnerable ones) more resilient to disasters Increased risk knowledge More accurately monitoring and predicting risk Dissemination of information to public Responsive to warnings and disasters 1 National Centre Established with Decision Supporting System 100% of provinces have Flood Emergency Response Plans Other sectors, i.e. agriculture will benefit by potential cross-sectoral mitigation activities Flood risk reduction and mitigation 8,800,000 Benefits: can be estimated from the damage and recovery cost by flood and drought the same as #2 Real-time technology-based forecasting developed by advanced meteorological societies worldwide, Existing community based DRR and CCA guidelines Target: 50% of all stakeholders in consultations on flood warning systems are women Females to be involved in emergency response plan development, and gender mainstreamed throughout.', 'agriculture will benefit by potential cross-sectoral mitigation activities Flood risk reduction and mitigation 8,800,000 Benefits: can be estimated from the damage and recovery cost by flood and drought the same as #2 Real-time technology-based forecasting developed by advanced meteorological societies worldwide, Existing community based DRR and CCA guidelines Target: 50% of all stakeholders in consultations on flood warning systems are women Females to be involved in emergency response plan development, and gender mainstreamed throughout. 30% of women in instutional arrangements for climate and flood warning systems 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) Construction of center and technical support on capacity building groundwater management in Cambodia Water resources National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium, and large-scale irrigation infrastructure technologies in water work development and rehabilitation in response to the negative impacts of climate change Strengthen resilience of most vulnerable groups to respond to water shortage issues through sustainable management of ground water provinces namely Peahvihear, Banteymeanchey, Oudormeanchey,Kratie , Steng treng, Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 1. Sustainable water management 2. Reduce water pollution 3.', '30% of women in instutional arrangements for climate and flood warning systems 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) Construction of center and technical support on capacity building groundwater management in Cambodia Water resources National Committee for Sub- National Democrati c Developm ent (NCDD) Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium, and large-scale irrigation infrastructure technologies in water work development and rehabilitation in response to the negative impacts of climate change Strengthen resilience of most vulnerable groups to respond to water shortage issues through sustainable management of ground water provinces namely Peahvihear, Banteymeanchey, Oudormeanchey,Kratie , Steng treng, Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom with integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2030 1. Sustainable water management 2. Reduce water pollution 3. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Vulnerability and Risk Assessment 2. Groundwater monitoring system 3.', 'NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Vulnerability and Risk Assessment 2. Groundwater monitoring system 3. Capacity building and advocacy program for ground water The component of project output to be aligned with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub- national Democratic Development of NCDD 50% of stakeholders consulted are women, and people from socially marginalised groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, ethnic minorities) Youth engagement on groundwater conservation campaign and involvement on water conservation advocacy.', 'Capacity building and advocacy program for ground water The component of project output to be aligned with Policy on Promotion of Gender Equality for Sub- national Democratic Development of NCDD 50% of stakeholders consulted are women, and people from socially marginalised groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, ethnic minorities) Youth engagement on groundwater conservation campaign and involvement on water conservation advocacy. Private sector engagement on groundwater management through exchange of technology adoption.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 85 Establish nationally standardized best- practice systems for irrigation Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic Objective Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Framework for irrigation sector Improved drought resilienceClimate resilience irrigation systems and sustainable agriculture production 10+ regional exchange to countries that have globally recognized specialized irrigation and water resources experience- 1 nation- wide (35 river basins) soil assessment program for irrigation investment established- 1 national standard for design, construction and performance monitoring of irrigation schemes developed- Establish 502 long-term O&M contracts for large irrigation schemes to set-up organizational, management, operational, financial and administration systems, including building PDWRAM and Farmer Water User Committee capabilities- Establish 10+ small pilot trials (50 ha to 100 ha) to test cutting edge technology and advance irrigation practice, including testing water delivery systems, preparation measures, crop types and patterns, fertilizers, and potential scale up cost and benefits- Establish 544 Farmer Water large water storage rehabilitated and new irrigation schemes with O&M plans Improved relationships between all major water usersIncreased productivity of agricultural sectorImproved water allocation and abstraction limits and reverse/halt overdevelopment impactsProtection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystemIncreased drought management 2,498,900 Benefits: Net return from irrigation scheme is million USD per year in term of paddy rice production of the whole country with 95% of the irrigation service fee (ISF)Net return from irrigation scheme is estimated to be USD per year for case of paddy and vegetation combined production Regulation & water law (river basin planning, IWRM etc.', 'Private sector engagement on groundwater management through exchange of technology adoption.Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 85 Establish nationally standardized best- practice systems for irrigation Water resources Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorolo gy (MOWRA M) Climate Change Strategic Plan (Strategic Objective Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – Framework for irrigation sector Improved drought resilienceClimate resilience irrigation systems and sustainable agriculture production 10+ regional exchange to countries that have globally recognized specialized irrigation and water resources experience- 1 nation- wide (35 river basins) soil assessment program for irrigation investment established- 1 national standard for design, construction and performance monitoring of irrigation schemes developed- Establish 502 long-term O&M contracts for large irrigation schemes to set-up organizational, management, operational, financial and administration systems, including building PDWRAM and Farmer Water User Committee capabilities- Establish 10+ small pilot trials (50 ha to 100 ha) to test cutting edge technology and advance irrigation practice, including testing water delivery systems, preparation measures, crop types and patterns, fertilizers, and potential scale up cost and benefits- Establish 544 Farmer Water large water storage rehabilitated and new irrigation schemes with O&M plans Improved relationships between all major water usersIncreased productivity of agricultural sectorImproved water allocation and abstraction limits and reverse/halt overdevelopment impactsProtection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystemIncreased drought management 2,498,900 Benefits: Net return from irrigation scheme is million USD per year in term of paddy rice production of the whole country with 95% of the irrigation service fee (ISF)Net return from irrigation scheme is estimated to be USD per year for case of paddy and vegetation combined production Regulation & water law (river basin planning, IWRM etc. )Existing Irrigation design concept and management methodologyFarmer Water User Communities (FWUC) sub- degree and the FWUC Development Policy and Guidelines of MoWRAMMoWRAM’s O&M plan and guideline for irrigation schemes Existing irrigation technologies (e.g., Drip irrigation, Precision mobile drip irrigation, Center pivot irrigation, Fertigation and Chemigation technology)Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines on Transfer of irrigation management services 25% of participants for regional exchange are female40% of Farmer Water User Committees female 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) (Conditional) FWUC provide capacity building on technology+NGOsSoil assessment (consulting firm)Standard for irrigation: participation in design standardcutting edge technology and advance irrigation practice: construction 86 Resilient and adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction Water resources Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Cambodia Sustainable Development Goals -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan WASH infrastructure in the rural area resilient and adapted to CC.', ')Existing Irrigation design concept and management methodologyFarmer Water User Communities (FWUC) sub- degree and the FWUC Development Policy and Guidelines of MoWRAMMoWRAM’s O&M plan and guideline for irrigation schemes Existing irrigation technologies (e.g., Drip irrigation, Precision mobile drip irrigation, Center pivot irrigation, Fertigation and Chemigation technology)Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines on Transfer of irrigation management services 25% of participants for regional exchange are female40% of Farmer Water User Committees female 20 students sent abroad for higher education (Master) (Conditional) FWUC provide capacity building on technology+NGOsSoil assessment (consulting firm)Standard for irrigation: participation in design standardcutting edge technology and advance irrigation practice: construction 86 Resilient and adaptive rural water supply and sanitation construction Water resources Ministry of Rural Developm ent (MRD) -Cambodia Sustainable Development Goals -Rectangular strategy -NSDP -MRD Strategic Plan WASH infrastructure in the rural area resilient and adapted to CC. Water Supply 58% Changing attitude and practices of rural people to be more environmentally friendly The current technology is available for resilient and adaptive water supply and sanitation Target: 50% of project beneficiaries are women 50% of stakeholders in consultations are women 50% of training participants on new technologies and adaptive water systems are women Gender will be engaged in planning and using and maintaining water supply infrastructure .', 'Water Supply 58% Changing attitude and practices of rural people to be more environmentally friendly The current technology is available for resilient and adaptive water supply and sanitation Target: 50% of project beneficiaries are women 50% of stakeholders in consultations are women 50% of training participants on new technologies and adaptive water systems are women Gender will be engaged in planning and using and maintaining water supply infrastructure . Incorporate youth as community volunteers, Water user group for maintenance of the equipment All private companies as suppliersAppendix 3: Selected Bibliography Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (2019). World Risk Index, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft publisher CDKN (2016). Planning for NDC implementation: a Quick Start Guide, Climate Development Knowledge Network Davies, G.I., McIver, L., Kim, Y., Hashizume, M., Iddings, S. and Chan, V., (2015).', 'Planning for NDC implementation: a Quick Start Guide, Climate Development Knowledge Network Davies, G.I., McIver, L., Kim, Y., Hashizume, M., Iddings, S. and Chan, V., (2015). Water- borne diseases and extreme weather events in Cambodia: Review of impacts and implications of climate change, International journal of environmental research and Eckstein, D et al. (2019). Global Climate Risk Index 2020, Germanwatch GSSD (2017). National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan. General Secretariat of National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2015). Second National Communication, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2016).', 'Second National Communication, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2016). Promoting private sector contribution to the climate change response in Cambodia, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2018). Addressing climate change impacts on economic growth in Cambodia, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2020).', 'Addressing climate change impacts on economic growth in Cambodia, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. NCSD (2020). Cambodia’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR), National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources.', 'Cambodia’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR), National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources. 25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME N/a 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source).', '25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME N/a 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 28 These emission reduction values were submitted by the lead ministry 29 N/a: sectoral projections were used.No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill.', 'If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 28 These emission reduction values were submitted by the lead ministry 29 N/a: sectoral projections were used.No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE 421 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT N/a 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028.', 'GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE 421 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT N/a 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028. NCDD N/a 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2 e/year 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battembang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD N/a 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT N/a 24 Emission management from factories Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories.', 'NCDD N/a 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2 e/year 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battembang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD N/a 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT N/a 24 Emission management from factories Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed. MoE N/a 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF N/a 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology 30 N/a: sectoral projections were used.', 'MoE N/a 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF N/a 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology 30 N/a: sectoral projections were used. 31 N/a: sectoral projections were used.No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 27 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF N/a 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector MISTI N/a 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP 1090 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings.', '31 N/a: sectoral projections were used.No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 27 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF N/a 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector MISTI N/a 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP 1090 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. No FOLU sector targets Lead Ministry 1 FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 MAFF, Rectangular Strategy IV, INDC 2 FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduce 50% of historical emission REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) 3 FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (4.7 e/ha/year)Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios In all sectors except FOLU, there is only one NDC scenario.', 'No FOLU sector targets Lead Ministry 1 FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 MAFF, Rectangular Strategy IV, INDC 2 FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduce 50% of historical emission REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) 3 FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (4.7 e/ha/year)Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios In all sectors except FOLU, there is only one NDC scenario. The FOLU sector has three NDC scenarios, as follows: FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 – (MAFF, Rectangular Strategy IV). Increment of forest cover up to 60% of national land area was suggested by the MAFF. According to the received information, this target is agreed with the “Rectangular Strategy IV, angle 2 (60% of forest cover is maintained)”.', 'According to the received information, this target is agreed with the “Rectangular Strategy IV, angle 2 (60% of forest cover is maintained)”. The FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduction 50% of historical emission by 2030 (REDD+ programme); This target is based on the REDD+ national strategy which was included due to the suggestions of REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) and the Department of Climate Change. The main assumption of the calculation was to reduce historical emissions from the forest sector by half (76.3 million tCO2e) by 2030 (38.1 million tCO2e), with an average annual reduction of 21 million tCO2e/year. The FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (INDC, 2015) - (4.7 tCO2e/ha/year). This scenario was based on the FOLU sector target presented in the country’s INDC report.', 'This scenario was based on the FOLU sector target presented in the country’s INDC report. The INDC target was also developed in the expectation of maintaining 60% forest cover of the total land area. However, the considered base year was 2010. The effort necessary to increase the forest cover was less (from 57% forest cover in 2010 to 60% in 2030. The increment is 3%). Therefore, emission reduction for the increasing 1 hectare of forest cover was estimated as 4.7 tCO2e/ha/year in INDC. However, actual forest cover is around 42% in 2020. The 18% of forest cover increment should be applied to achieve 60% target in 2030.', 'The 18% of forest cover increment should be applied to achieve 60% target in 2030. Here It was observed how much emission reduction can be achieved using the same emission factor value (4.7 tCO2e/ha/year) in the current circumstances. The following three overall NDC scenarios were developed based on the three NDC scenarios of the FOLU sector: NDC Scenario 1: FOLU NDC scenario 1 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors NDC Scenario 2: FOLU NDC scenario 2 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors NDC Scenario 3: FOLU NDC scenario 3 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectorsEstimated emission reductions under the different NDC scenarios are shown in Figure 15 below.', 'The following three overall NDC scenarios were developed based on the three NDC scenarios of the FOLU sector: NDC Scenario 1: FOLU NDC scenario 1 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors NDC Scenario 2: FOLU NDC scenario 2 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors NDC Scenario 3: FOLU NDC scenario 3 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectorsEstimated emission reductions under the different NDC scenarios are shown in Figure 15 below. Figure 15 Overall GHG emission reduction (including the FOLU) Source: NCSD (2020) As per Figure 15, the estimated emission reduction with FOLU by 2030 under different NDC scenarios will be approximately: NDC scenario 1: 329.2 million tCO2e/year (212.4 % reduction, of which 92% is from FOLU), NDC scenario 2: 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction, of which 59.1% is from FOLU); and NDC scenario 3: 30.2 million tCO2e/year (19.7 % reduction, of which 12.5% is from FOLU).', 'Figure 15 Overall GHG emission reduction (including the FOLU) Source: NCSD (2020) As per Figure 15, the estimated emission reduction with FOLU by 2030 under different NDC scenarios will be approximately: NDC scenario 1: 329.2 million tCO2e/year (212.4 % reduction, of which 92% is from FOLU), NDC scenario 2: 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction, of which 59.1% is from FOLU); and NDC scenario 3: 30.2 million tCO2e/year (19.7 % reduction, of which 12.5% is from FOLU). NDC Scenario 1 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1 among the sectors is indicated in Figure 16 below.', 'NDC Scenario 1 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1 among the sectors is indicated in Figure 16 below. GHG Emission (million tCO2 e) Year Overall GHG emission reductions for different NDC scenarios (including the FOLU) BAU Scenario NDC Scenario 1 NDC Scenario 2 NDC Scenario 3Figure 16 GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) Table 18: Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emissions reduction under the NDC Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction The NDC Scenario 1 has a mitigation target of 329.2 million tCO2e/year by the year 2030. This is a 212.4 % reduction compared to the BAU scenario.', 'This is a 212.4 % reduction compared to the BAU scenario. The FOLU is to provide the major share of 92% emission reduction by 2030. Other sectors like energy (4.2 %), agriculture (1.9%), industry (IPPU) (1.8 %), and waste (0.2 %) are also expected to contribute in a minor way. GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1- 2030 FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste eThe FOLU sector would contribute to 49.2% of the total GHG emissions of the country by 2030 and 61% by 2016. However, this is a high national ambition. A main reason for the reduction of forest area is utilizing forest land for agriculture.', 'A main reason for the reduction of forest area is utilizing forest land for agriculture. Therefore, supporting policies such as increasing the yield of agricultural lands and possible interventions like forest gardens where a combination of large and small useful trees are planted in home gardens need to be explored in order to achieve this target without hindering the production of the agriculture sector. NDC Scenario 2 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario 2 among different sectors is indicated in Figure 17 below.', 'NDC Scenario 2 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario 2 among different sectors is indicated in Figure 17 below. Figure 17 GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 2 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 2- 2030 FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste eTable 19 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emissions reduction under the NDC Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction Under the NDC scenario 2, an emission reduction of 64.6 million tCO2e/year is expected by 2030. This is a 41.7 % reduction compared with the BAU case. Even under this scenario, the FOLU is expected to provide the major share of the 59.1% reduction in emissions by 2030.', 'Even under this scenario, the FOLU is expected to provide the major share of the 59.1% reduction in emissions by 2030. Other sectors like energy (21.3%), agriculture (9.6%), Industry (IPPU) (9.1%), and waste (0.9%) are also expected to contribute in a significant way. This approach will have an even wider participation than scenario 1 and will have even better resilience to failures in the mitigation activities. Yet one disadvantage of the involvement of many sectors could be the need for more experts in many fields. However, this could be considered as an opportunity to develop or strengthen Cambodia’s capacity.', 'However, this could be considered as an opportunity to develop or strengthen Cambodia’s capacity. NDC Scenario 3 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reduction under the NDC scenario 3 among the various sectors is indicated in Figure 18 below.Figure 18: GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 3 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) Table 20 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emission reduction under the NDC Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction Under the NDC scenario 3, the target emission reduction is 30.2 million tCO2e/year by 2030, which is a 19.7 % reduction compared with the BAU scenario. The main emphasis for emission reduction under this scenario is on the Energy sector (45.5%), followed by the Agriculture sector (20.6%).', 'The main emphasis for emission reduction under this scenario is on the Energy sector (45.5%), followed by the Agriculture sector (20.6%). The Industry (IPPU) sector is at third place with a 19.5% expected contribution. The FOLU will also join with above sectors to make a more than 95% contribution in the emission reduction. GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 3- 2030 Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) FOLU Waste ePlacing less emphasis on the FOLU could be more socially acceptable as the rapid de- forestation of the country would have been linked to the expansion of agriculture. Expecting a 20.6% share of emission reduction from agriculture also may be more acceptable to rural farming communities.', 'Expecting a 20.6% share of emission reduction from agriculture also may be more acceptable to rural farming communities. However, there could be an effect on soil, water and other natural resources not considered in the GHG mitigation study. Mitigating emissions from the electricity sector will be directed mainly on renewable energy power generation. There will be barriers imposed by the availability and the absorption capacity of the grid which would have to be addressed for the achievement of the targets. Mitigating transport sector emissions would require policy instruments and carbon pricing instruments to promote low emission transport modes. Social acceptance would depend on the chosen approaches, public awareness and the instruments used. The other industrial sectors will expand and play a major role during Cambodia’s development.', 'The other industrial sectors will expand and play a major role during Cambodia’s development. Therefore, energy efficiency and the process of developing existing and new industries must be improved to minimize the effect on emissions. As the cost of the RE is on the reducing trend use of renewable energy will be a cost-effective mitigation strategy. The RGC can decide on an NDC scenario to be followed based on the adaptability under the environmental, cultural, economic, technical and political conditions and priorities of the country. Mitigation measures The DCC of the GSSD, supported by CCCA, have been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities.', 'Mitigation measures The DCC of the GSSD, supported by CCCA, have been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities. The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following.', 'The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following. Table 21 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects Scoring Government priority: No Mitigation action Government priority GHG mitigation potential Targets Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) Finance Technology availability Gender Final score Costs Benefits1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD).', 'Table 21 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects Scoring Government priority: No Mitigation action Government priority GHG mitigation potential Targets Co-benefits (environmental, social, adaptation) Finance Technology availability Gender Final score Costs Benefits1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD). These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared.', 'These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared. The mitigation projects are distributed among seven mitigation sectors: energy generation, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU.', 'The mitigation projects are distributed among seven mitigation sectors: energy generation, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. Table 22 shows the identified list.Table 22 Mitigation projects No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2 MISTI Other Industries 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Building residential Building commercial 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to MME Other Industries Building residential Building commercial 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial Other Industries 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Building residential 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources.', 'Table 22 shows the identified list.Table 22 Mitigation projects No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2 MISTI Other Industries 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities MLMUPC Building residential Building commercial 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to MME Other Industries Building residential Building commercial 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 MME Building residential Building commercial 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 MME Building commercial Other Industries 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through enforcement of regulations MME Building residential 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) resources. 25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME Energy generation 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill MoE Waste -MSW Agriculture - land- related 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source).', '25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 MME Energy generation 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill MoE Waste -MSW Agriculture - land- related 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up to e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 MoE Waste- MSW 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill.', 'If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up to e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 MoE Waste- MSW 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. MoE Cement sector Waste -MSWNo Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 MPWT Passenger transport 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Passenger transport 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028.', 'MoE Cement sector Waste -MSWNo Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 MPWT Passenger transport 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Passenger transport 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028. NCDD Building commercial Building residential 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Building residential Agricultural land related 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation Agricultural land related 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation Agricultural land related Waste -MSW 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2 e/year MISTI Waste -MSW 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings NCSD Building commercial 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD Building commercial & Residential 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Freight Transport 24 Emission management from factories Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories.', 'NCDD Building commercial Building residential 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Building residential Agricultural land related 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation Agricultural land related 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation Agricultural land related Waste -MSW 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the garment sector e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2 e/year MISTI Waste -MSW 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings NCSD Building commercial 22 Toward Battambang city to green city 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city by 2025 NCDD Building commercial & Residential 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Freight Transport 24 Emission management from factories Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed.', '90% of factories to be licensed. MoE Other Industry 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Agriculture land- related 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Agriculture land- relatedNo Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 28 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF Agriculture land- related 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector MISTI Wastewater 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP Building commercial 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia MLMUCP Building commercial 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings.', 'MoE Other Industry 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) MAFF Agriculture land- related 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep placement fertilizer technology MAFF Agriculture land- relatedNo Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector 28 Promote manure Management through compost making process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 MAFF Agriculture land- related 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & beverage sector MISTI Wastewater 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP Building commercial 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia MLMUCP Building commercial 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. MLMUCP Building commercial Source: Ministries’ submissions Table 23 FOLU targets No FOLU target Lead Ministry Sector 1 FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 MAFF, Rectangular Strategy IV, INDC FOLU 2 FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduce 50% of historical emission REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS FOLU 3 FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (4.7 e/ha/year) INDC FOLU Source: Ministries’ submissions and REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS)']

en-US

CMR

Cameroon

1st NDC

2016-07-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CPDN%20CMR%20Final.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/dfd115246f17a11de9fca95483a606cbccbef9ea00940a31778c01ead782e0c7.pdf

['REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN CONTRIBUTION PREVUE DETERMINEE AU PLAN NATIONAL (CPDN) INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) 1. Contexte national Données clés Climat Très variable selon les 5 zones agro-écologiques, cf. note de bas de page 2 PNB (Mds US$ 2014) 32,5 Part de l’agriculture dans le PIB et l’emploi total (2014) 20% et 60% Consommation énergie primaire (Mtep 2012) 6,98 Consommation d’énergie primaire / hab (tep 2012) 0.32 Part des énergies fossiles dans la consommation primaire (2012) 28% Part des énergies fossiles dans le bouquet électrique (2014) 46% Capacité électrique installée raccordée (2013) 1 400 MW Taux d’électrification 51% Sources : Sources nationales ; Banque mondiale ; Délégation UE à partir de diverses sources.', 'note de bas de page 2 PNB (Mds US$ 2014) 32,5 Part de l’agriculture dans le PIB et l’emploi total (2014) 20% et 60% Consommation énergie primaire (Mtep 2012) 6,98 Consommation d’énergie primaire / hab (tep 2012) 0.32 Part des énergies fossiles dans la consommation primaire (2012) 28% Part des énergies fossiles dans le bouquet électrique (2014) 46% Capacité électrique installée raccordée (2013) 1 400 MW Taux d’électrification 51% Sources : Sources nationales ; Banque mondiale ; Délégation UE à partir de diverses sources. La CPDN du Cameroun est ancrée dans la vision que le pays a dessinée pour son devenir à l’horizon de 2035 : celle de devenir un pays émergent.', 'La CPDN du Cameroun est ancrée dans la vision que le pays a dessinée pour son devenir à l’horizon de 2035 : celle de devenir un pays émergent. Cet objectif global s’accompagne d’un ensemble d’objectifs intermédiaires : (i) la réduction de la pauvreté ; (ii) l’atteinte du stade de pays à revenus intermédiaires, (iii) l’atteinte du stade de Nouveau Pays Industrialisé et (iv) la consolidation du processus démocratique et de l’unité nationale dans le respect de la diversité qui caractérise le pays. En termes économiques, cela impliquera notamment une croissance soutenue, une révolution agricole fondée sur l’augmentation de la productivité, et un doublement de la part du secteur secondaire dans la structure du PIB (de 19 à 38%).', 'En termes économiques, cela impliquera notamment une croissance soutenue, une révolution agricole fondée sur l’augmentation de la productivité, et un doublement de la part du secteur secondaire dans la structure du PIB (de 19 à 38%). Le Cameroun est un faible émetteur de GES (2e Communication nationale). Cette stratégie ambitieuse de développement se traduira par une hausse forte des émissions.', 'Cette stratégie ambitieuse de développement se traduira par une hausse forte des émissions. Au travers de cette CPDN, le Cameroun entend réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement sans ralentir sa croissance, en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des cobénéfices élevés (Section 2 : Atténuation) ; renforcer la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques (Section 3 : Adaptation) ; mettre en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles et renforcer son dispositif et ses outils de mise en œuvre pour faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs (Section 4) ; et mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens pertinents : financements, transferts de technologies et renforcement de capacités (Section 5).La Contribution du Cameroun Type de contribution Un objectif de réduction des émissions assorti d’actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation Objectif national à long terme sur les émissions de GES Réduction des émissions de GES à hauteur de 32% par rapport à un scénario de référence pour l’année cible (2035), et conditionnée au soutien de la communauté internationale sous forme de financement, d’actions de renforcements de capacité et de transfert de technologies.', 'Au travers de cette CPDN, le Cameroun entend réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement sans ralentir sa croissance, en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des cobénéfices élevés (Section 2 : Atténuation) ; renforcer la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques (Section 3 : Adaptation) ; mettre en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles et renforcer son dispositif et ses outils de mise en œuvre pour faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs (Section 4) ; et mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens pertinents : financements, transferts de technologies et renforcement de capacités (Section 5).La Contribution du Cameroun Type de contribution Un objectif de réduction des émissions assorti d’actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation Objectif national à long terme sur les émissions de GES Réduction des émissions de GES à hauteur de 32% par rapport à un scénario de référence pour l’année cible (2035), et conditionnée au soutien de la communauté internationale sous forme de financement, d’actions de renforcements de capacité et de transfert de technologies. Année cible 2035 Année de référence Objectifs sectoriels principaux Scénario CPDN: (i) verdissement (intensification, sédentarisation) de la politique agricole ; (ii) gestion durable des forêts (iii) augmentation de l’offre énergétique et amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique; (iv) 25% d’énergie renouvelable dans le bouquet électrique à l’horizon 2035.', 'Année cible 2035 Année de référence Objectifs sectoriels principaux Scénario CPDN: (i) verdissement (intensification, sédentarisation) de la politique agricole ; (ii) gestion durable des forêts (iii) augmentation de l’offre énergétique et amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique; (iv) 25% d’énergie renouvelable dans le bouquet électrique à l’horizon 2035. Ambition de la Contribution L’objectif de réduction des émissions du Cameroun représente un effort significatif pour un pays dont les émissions sont insignifiantes à l’échelon international et dont le PIB par habitant se situe au 148ème rang mondial (2013, en base PPP). Equité de la Contribution La réduction de 32% en 2035 est du même ordre ou supérieure à celle proposée par des pays comparables ou de la sous-région.', 'Equité de la Contribution La réduction de 32% en 2035 est du même ordre ou supérieure à celle proposée par des pays comparables ou de la sous-région. Ce niveau d’engagement tient compte des efforts accomplis ou en cours pour réduire les émissions / augmenter les puits de carbone (reboisement, gestion durable des forêts). Scenarii de référence et de développement sobre en carbone (CPDN) Les graphiques ci-après présentent (i) un scénario de référence dans lequel aucune intervention publique nouvelle ne vient tempérer les émissions liées au développement du Cameroun et (ii) un scenario CPDN de développement sobre en carbone (à PIB et niveau de développement identiques) montrant l’impact des grandes actions sectorielles d’atténuation.', 'Scenarii de référence et de développement sobre en carbone (CPDN) Les graphiques ci-après présentent (i) un scénario de référence dans lequel aucune intervention publique nouvelle ne vient tempérer les émissions liées au développement du Cameroun et (ii) un scenario CPDN de développement sobre en carbone (à PIB et niveau de développement identiques) montrant l’impact des grandes actions sectorielles d’atténuation. Ce scénario CPDN est conditionné au soutien de la communauté internationale sous forme de financement, d’actions de renforcements de capacité et de transfert de technologies. Dans le scénario de référence, les émissions de GES atteignent 104 MtCO2-équ. en 2035, soit une hausse de 166% par rapport à 2010. Dans le scénario CPDN, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 71 MtCO2-équ.', 'Dans le scénario CPDN, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 71 MtCO2-équ. en 2035, soit une hausse de 82% par rapport à 2010 (39 MtCO2-équ.). En d’autres termes, l’augmentation des émissions par rapport à l’année de base est réduite de moitié (32 contre 65 MtCO2-équ. ).Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques Type d’objectif Réduction en pourcentage par rapport aux émissions de l’année cible dans un scénario de référence. Couverture (du pays) Tout le pays. Gaz couverts Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4), oxyde nitreux (N2O) Secteurs/sources couverts Agriculture, Energie, Forêt, Déchets – (hors UTCATF pour l’objectif de réduction) Scénario de référence Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2035 par secteur d’activité en fonction des stratégies de développement actuelles.', 'Gaz couverts Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4), oxyde nitreux (N2O) Secteurs/sources couverts Agriculture, Energie, Forêt, Déchets – (hors UTCATF pour l’objectif de réduction) Scénario de référence Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2035 par secteur d’activité en fonction des stratégies de développement actuelles. Scénario d’atténuation CPDN Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2035 sur la base d’orientations bas carbone dans les principaux secteurs d’activité, notamment énergie et agriculture. Sources pour les scénarii Données AIE, Banque mondiale, Enerdata, EDGAR, FAO, PNUE; Stratégies de développement (Cameroun Vision 2035, DSCE), Stratégies sectorielles (PDSE, PNIA, etc.). Pouvoir de réchauffement global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées par le Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat (GIEC, AR4).', 'Pouvoir de réchauffement global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées par le Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat (GIEC, AR4). Emissions de l’année de référence L’inventaire de l’année de référence est construit sur la base des données AIE, FAO et EDGAR. Données à revoir lors du prochain inventaire. Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de référence Le scénario de référence est construit en appliquant aux émissions des différents secteurs des hypothèses d’évolution dépendant des taux de croissance sectoriels, de l’évolution de la population, du bouquet énergétique et de l’évolution tendancielle de l’efficacité du secteur.', 'Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de référence Le scénario de référence est construit en appliquant aux émissions des différents secteurs des hypothèses d’évolution dépendant des taux de croissance sectoriels, de l’évolution de la population, du bouquet énergétique et de l’évolution tendancielle de l’efficacité du secteur. Méthodologie de projection pour le scénario CPDN Le scénario CPDN est construit en appliquant aux émissions sectorielles du scénario de référence une estimation des réductions découlant de la mise en place des Actions sectorielles – agriculture, forêt, déchets, énergie (par ex. bouquet électrique 25% EnR : 11% micro-hydro ; 7% biomasse ; 6% solaire PV ; 1% éolien).', 'bouquet électrique 25% EnR : 11% micro-hydro ; 7% biomasse ; 6% solaire PV ; 1% éolien). Approche concernant les émissions relatives à l’affectation des terres, les changements d’affectation et la foresterie (UTCATF) Les émissions de ce secteur important au Cameroun devront faire l’objet d’une analyse plus précise d’ici 2020 pour pouvoir être intégrées à l’objectif général. Cela pourra se faire grâce notamment à une meilleure connaissance des superficies par type de sols. Actions d’atténuation Le Cameroun entend mettre en œuvre les Actions d’atténuation suivantes, en cohérence avec ses orientations de développement.Agriculture / Pêche / Elevage / Forêt Grands enjeux du secteur agriculture/élevage/pêche: (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance, sécurité alimentaires, développement de l’agro-industrie et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité.', 'Actions d’atténuation Le Cameroun entend mettre en œuvre les Actions d’atténuation suivantes, en cohérence avec ses orientations de développement.Agriculture / Pêche / Elevage / Forêt Grands enjeux du secteur agriculture/élevage/pêche: (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance, sécurité alimentaires, développement de l’agro-industrie et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité. Grands enjeux du secteur forestier : (i) Gestion durable des forêts par l’exploitation et valorisation des forêts productives dans le cadre de plans d aménagement, (ii) Contribution à la croissance économique et à la lutte contre la pauvreté à travers la rétrocession d’une partie des recettes fiscales aux collectivités, la création d’emplois, la création de forêts communales dans le DFP et de forêts communautaires dans le DFnP (iii) Conservation de la biodiversité à travers le renforcement du réseau national d’aires protégées, (iv) Mise en cohérence du système foncier grâce aux plans de zonage.', 'Grands enjeux du secteur forestier : (i) Gestion durable des forêts par l’exploitation et valorisation des forêts productives dans le cadre de plans d aménagement, (ii) Contribution à la croissance économique et à la lutte contre la pauvreté à travers la rétrocession d’une partie des recettes fiscales aux collectivités, la création d’emplois, la création de forêts communales dans le DFP et de forêts communautaires dans le DFnP (iii) Conservation de la biodiversité à travers le renforcement du réseau national d’aires protégées, (iv) Mise en cohérence du système foncier grâce aux plans de zonage. \uf0e0 MESSAGE CLE : « L’agriculture a été et demeure le pilier de l’ambition d’émergence du pays mais il est possible et même nécessaire de limiter son impact carbone.', '\uf0e0 MESSAGE CLE : « L’agriculture a été et demeure le pilier de l’ambition d’émergence du pays mais il est possible et même nécessaire de limiter son impact carbone. La gestion durable des forets permettra d’augmenter le puits carbone. Cette croissance bas-carbone apportera d’importants cobénéfices (développement économique et social, création d’emplois, amélioration de l’environnement et de la santé, etc.', 'Cette croissance bas-carbone apportera d’importants cobénéfices (développement économique et social, création d’emplois, amélioration de l’environnement et de la santé, etc. ).» Orientation Actions Analyse coûts-bénéfices 1) Mise en cohérence de la planification et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture tout en limitant la déforestation / dégradation - Assurer la cohérence entre les plans de développement agricole et les stratégies de limitation de la déforestation ou de la dégradation (processus REDD+) grâce au Schéma national d’aménagement et du développement durable du territoire (prévu pour 2017) en concertation avec chacune des filières et les territoires ; - Créer les conditions favorables au développement du secteur en améliorant la gouvernance en impliquant tous les acteurs concernés et en s’appuyant sur la décentralisation, afin d’assurer de façon efficace et efficiente la planification, la programmation, la budgétisation, la mobilisation des financements, la mise en œuvre et le suivi-évaluation du développement du secteur rural ; - Renforcer la gestion durable et la valorisation des forêts et de la biodiversité, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres ; - Favoriser la réhabilitation des terres dégradées et le reboisement des savanes anthropiques, et renforcer les puits de carbone dans les forêts dégradées ; - Développer les infrastructures de base qui permettront d’améliorer la logistique des transports de produits agricoles, d’élevage et de pisciculture.', ').» Orientation Actions Analyse coûts-bénéfices 1) Mise en cohérence de la planification et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture tout en limitant la déforestation / dégradation - Assurer la cohérence entre les plans de développement agricole et les stratégies de limitation de la déforestation ou de la dégradation (processus REDD+) grâce au Schéma national d’aménagement et du développement durable du territoire (prévu pour 2017) en concertation avec chacune des filières et les territoires ; - Créer les conditions favorables au développement du secteur en améliorant la gouvernance en impliquant tous les acteurs concernés et en s’appuyant sur la décentralisation, afin d’assurer de façon efficace et efficiente la planification, la programmation, la budgétisation, la mobilisation des financements, la mise en œuvre et le suivi-évaluation du développement du secteur rural ; - Renforcer la gestion durable et la valorisation des forêts et de la biodiversité, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres ; - Favoriser la réhabilitation des terres dégradées et le reboisement des savanes anthropiques, et renforcer les puits de carbone dans les forêts dégradées ; - Développer les infrastructures de base qui permettront d’améliorer la logistique des transports de produits agricoles, d’élevage et de pisciculture. Impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre: L’évaluation de l impact de ces stratégies agricoles ou forestières nécessiterait une collecte de données fiables et mesurables.', 'Impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre: L’évaluation de l impact de ces stratégies agricoles ou forestières nécessiterait une collecte de données fiables et mesurables. Un exercice simplifié a toutefois pu être mené pour évaluer les tendances: - Le scénario de référence, basé sur l hypothèse de croissance du secteur agricole, aboutit à une multiplication par 3 des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur en 2035 par rapport à l année de référence. - Le scénario bas-carbone permettrait une diminution de 33% des émissions en 2035 par rapport au scénario de référence.', '- Le scénario bas-carbone permettrait une diminution de 33% des émissions en 2035 par rapport au scénario de référence. Cobénéfices du développement agricole et de la stratégie de limitation de la déforestation: - développement des infrastructures et mise à disposition d’équipements permettant une amélioration de la qualité de vie, notamment dans le milieu rural ; - amélioration de la productivité et de la croissance agricole permettant l’amélioration de la compétitivité, la création de richesses et la réduction de la pauvreté ; - stimulation de la création d’industries 2) Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant de limiter la déforestation / dégradation - Découpler la production agricole de la déforestation / dégradation via l’intensification des pratiques agricoles durables sur l’environnement et l’agroforesterie (notamment grâce à la sécurisation du foncier) ; - Favoriser l’utilisation de semences améliorées à haut rendement et résistantes aux facteurs contraires de l’environnement (hors OGM et hybrides) ; - Développer les espèces à haut rendement, à cycle court et permettant de faire des rotations rapides ; - Renforcer les partenariats et collaborations pour améliorer la productivité des sols, la mise en œuvre d’innovations agricoles ; développer l’agriculture raisonnée, conservatoire ou durable ; - Développer une mécanisation efficiente de l agriculture et améliorer les infrastructures de transformation et de conditionnement afin de rallonger la chaîne de valeur :- Utiliser et valoriser durablement les ressources naturelles par la promotion équilibrée de l’ensemble des filières, en tenant compte des contraintes de conservation de l’environnement et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.', 'Cobénéfices du développement agricole et de la stratégie de limitation de la déforestation: - développement des infrastructures et mise à disposition d’équipements permettant une amélioration de la qualité de vie, notamment dans le milieu rural ; - amélioration de la productivité et de la croissance agricole permettant l’amélioration de la compétitivité, la création de richesses et la réduction de la pauvreté ; - stimulation de la création d’industries 2) Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant de limiter la déforestation / dégradation - Découpler la production agricole de la déforestation / dégradation via l’intensification des pratiques agricoles durables sur l’environnement et l’agroforesterie (notamment grâce à la sécurisation du foncier) ; - Favoriser l’utilisation de semences améliorées à haut rendement et résistantes aux facteurs contraires de l’environnement (hors OGM et hybrides) ; - Développer les espèces à haut rendement, à cycle court et permettant de faire des rotations rapides ; - Renforcer les partenariats et collaborations pour améliorer la productivité des sols, la mise en œuvre d’innovations agricoles ; développer l’agriculture raisonnée, conservatoire ou durable ; - Développer une mécanisation efficiente de l agriculture et améliorer les infrastructures de transformation et de conditionnement afin de rallonger la chaîne de valeur :- Utiliser et valoriser durablement les ressources naturelles par la promotion équilibrée de l’ensemble des filières, en tenant compte des contraintes de conservation de l’environnement et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural ; - effets positifs sur l’économie sociale : création d’emplois en milieu rural (création de dizaines de milliers d’emplois formels par an dans les dix prochaines années) ; - la conservation de la biodiversité permet le maintien de pools de gènes, d’espèces et d’écosystèmes tout en contribuant à la création d’emplois ; - développement du capital humain (encadrement, formation et organisation des producteurs, des éleveurs, des aquaculteurs et des forestiers) ; - autonomisation des femmes et protection des populations vulnérables et minorités ; - diminution de l’agriculture itinérante ; - amélioration de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; - développement des usages récréatifs de la forêt ; - meilleure résilience aux changements climatiques.', 'légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural ; - effets positifs sur l’économie sociale : création d’emplois en milieu rural (création de dizaines de milliers d’emplois formels par an dans les dix prochaines années) ; - la conservation de la biodiversité permet le maintien de pools de gènes, d’espèces et d’écosystèmes tout en contribuant à la création d’emplois ; - développement du capital humain (encadrement, formation et organisation des producteurs, des éleveurs, des aquaculteurs et des forestiers) ; - autonomisation des femmes et protection des populations vulnérables et minorités ; - diminution de l’agriculture itinérante ; - amélioration de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; - développement des usages récréatifs de la forêt ; - meilleure résilience aux changements climatiques. Coûts Le coût global de mise en œuvre du PNIA a été évalué à 15 000 milliards de FCFA (25 md US$) sur la période 2014-2020.', 'Coûts Le coût global de mise en œuvre du PNIA a été évalué à 15 000 milliards de FCFA (25 md US$) sur la période 2014-2020. Le coût global de mise en œuvre de la stratégie 2020 forêt et faune pour la période 2013-2017 est évalué à 388 mln US$.', 'Le coût global de mise en œuvre de la stratégie 2020 forêt et faune pour la période 2013-2017 est évalué à 388 mln US$. 3) Promotion des pratiques permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu - Promouvoir l’intégration agriculture-élevage, l’agroforesterie, et l agriculture de conservation en particulier au niveau des plantations communautaires et privées ; - Améliorer la productivité agricole à travers la valorisation optimale des ressources en terres et en eau, l’amélioration du cadre de vie des producteurs ruraux et leur connexion aux marchés, l’amélioration de l’accès aux matériels, équipements et aux financements adaptés ; - Restaurer les sols organiques et promouvoir la recherche sur la gestion des ressources naturelles (notamment les sciences des sols et la physiologie pathologie et technologie post récolte) ; - Adapter les calendriers culturaux, et les techniques de production - Limiter les émissions de méthane de la riziculture en réduisant au maximum la submersion.', '3) Promotion des pratiques permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu - Promouvoir l’intégration agriculture-élevage, l’agroforesterie, et l agriculture de conservation en particulier au niveau des plantations communautaires et privées ; - Améliorer la productivité agricole à travers la valorisation optimale des ressources en terres et en eau, l’amélioration du cadre de vie des producteurs ruraux et leur connexion aux marchés, l’amélioration de l’accès aux matériels, équipements et aux financements adaptés ; - Restaurer les sols organiques et promouvoir la recherche sur la gestion des ressources naturelles (notamment les sciences des sols et la physiologie pathologie et technologie post récolte) ; - Adapter les calendriers culturaux, et les techniques de production - Limiter les émissions de méthane de la riziculture en réduisant au maximum la submersion. notamment énergétique des ressources en milieu rural yc les déchets - Réduire la consommation non durable de bois de chauffage par exemple par la gestion durable du bois-énergie ; les foyers améliorés, et la promotion de la méthanisation et/ou de la butanisation dans l espace rural ; - Développer la production d’énergie à base de déchets agricoles, notamment par la valorisation des cabosses de cacao, pommes d’anacarde, bagasses de canne à sucre, mélasse, effluents de manioc, paille de riz pour la production des briquettes ; etc.', 'notamment énergétique des ressources en milieu rural yc les déchets - Réduire la consommation non durable de bois de chauffage par exemple par la gestion durable du bois-énergie ; les foyers améliorés, et la promotion de la méthanisation et/ou de la butanisation dans l espace rural ; - Développer la production d’énergie à base de déchets agricoles, notamment par la valorisation des cabosses de cacao, pommes d’anacarde, bagasses de canne à sucre, mélasse, effluents de manioc, paille de riz pour la production des briquettes ; etc. - Développer la production de compléments alimentaires pour animaux et poisson et autres produits (ensilage, etc.)', '- Développer la production de compléments alimentaires pour animaux et poisson et autres produits (ensilage, etc.) ; - Développer l’utilisation de fumiers améliorés par compostage.Energie / Déchets Grands enjeux de l énergie: (i) Améliorer l accès des populations et des industries à l électricité en quadruplant la capacité de production à l’horizon 2035 pour passer à 6GW ; (ii) accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité, surtout dans les zones difficilement raccordables au réseau électrique et (iii) faire de l’efficacité énergétique une priorité nationale.', '; - Développer l’utilisation de fumiers améliorés par compostage.Energie / Déchets Grands enjeux de l énergie: (i) Améliorer l accès des populations et des industries à l électricité en quadruplant la capacité de production à l’horizon 2035 pour passer à 6GW ; (ii) accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité, surtout dans les zones difficilement raccordables au réseau électrique et (iii) faire de l’efficacité énergétique une priorité nationale. Grands enjeux des déchets: améliorer la salubrité urbaine notamment en faisant des déchets une ressource pour la production d’énergie \uf0e0 MESSAGE CLE : « Porter à 25% la part des énergies renouvelables hors grande hydro dans le bouquet électrique en 2035 » Orientation Actions Analyse coûts-bénéfices 5) Maîtrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité énergétique volontariste Transversales: - Mettre en place d une réglementation sur l efficacité énergétique (EE) sur la base notamment du document « Politique Nationale, Stratégie et Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité Energétique dans le secteur de l’électricité au Cameroun » (2014) avec un objectif d’économies d’énergie de 2 250GWh correspondant à 450MW de capacité installée à l’horizon 2025 ; - Créer et opérationnaliser l’Agence de promotion et de rationalisation de l’utilisation des énergies (APRUE) - Développer des incitations économiques pour promouvoir et lever les barrières à l investissement dans l EE ; - Interconnecter les 3 réseaux (Nord, Sud et Est) du Cameroun pour optimiser le transport et la distribution et réduire les pertes ; - Renforcer et promouvoir l intégration et la participation du Cameroun dans le marché sous régional de l Energie, à travers l interconnexion avec les autres pays de la sous-région, notamment le Pool énergétique d’Afrique Centrale (PEAC) et l’Afrique de l’Ouest via le Nigéria (WAPP).', 'Grands enjeux des déchets: améliorer la salubrité urbaine notamment en faisant des déchets une ressource pour la production d’énergie \uf0e0 MESSAGE CLE : « Porter à 25% la part des énergies renouvelables hors grande hydro dans le bouquet électrique en 2035 » Orientation Actions Analyse coûts-bénéfices 5) Maîtrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité énergétique volontariste Transversales: - Mettre en place d une réglementation sur l efficacité énergétique (EE) sur la base notamment du document « Politique Nationale, Stratégie et Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité Energétique dans le secteur de l’électricité au Cameroun » (2014) avec un objectif d’économies d’énergie de 2 250GWh correspondant à 450MW de capacité installée à l’horizon 2025 ; - Créer et opérationnaliser l’Agence de promotion et de rationalisation de l’utilisation des énergies (APRUE) - Développer des incitations économiques pour promouvoir et lever les barrières à l investissement dans l EE ; - Interconnecter les 3 réseaux (Nord, Sud et Est) du Cameroun pour optimiser le transport et la distribution et réduire les pertes ; - Renforcer et promouvoir l intégration et la participation du Cameroun dans le marché sous régional de l Energie, à travers l interconnexion avec les autres pays de la sous-région, notamment le Pool énergétique d’Afrique Centrale (PEAC) et l’Afrique de l’Ouest via le Nigéria (WAPP). Impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre: L’évaluation de cet impact nécessiterait une évaluation détaillée.', 'Impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre: L’évaluation de cet impact nécessiterait une évaluation détaillée. Un exercice simplifié a toutefois pu être mené pour évaluer les tendances: - Le scénario de référence, basé sur les hypothèses de croissance des secteurs consommateurs d énergie, et d évolution du bouquet énergétique à 2035, se traduit par un quasi triplement des émissions de gaz à effet de serre énergétiques par rapport à l année de référence, ainsi qu à un doublement des émissions du secteur des déchets. - Le scénario bas-carbone, basé sur une amélioration de l efficacité énergétique du système, et une évolution du bouquet énergétique, permettrait une réduction des émissions de 26% par rapport au scénario de référence.', '- Le scénario bas-carbone, basé sur une amélioration de l efficacité énergétique du système, et une évolution du bouquet énergétique, permettrait une réduction des émissions de 26% par rapport au scénario de référence. Cobénéfices de la stratégie énergie-déchet - amélioration de la productivité des entreprises - stimulation de l’émergence de porteurs de projet énergétique (EE et EnR), ou ‘éco- entrepreneuriat‘ - dynamisation de l’économie locale : création d’emplois qualifiés et pour tous les profils - renforcement du capital humain du Industrie : - Encourager puis rendre obligatoires les audits énergétiques réguliers dans les grosses industries à forte intensité énergétique; - Sensibiliser et encourager les audits énergétiques dans les PME ; - Optimiser les procédés via des technologies plus efficientes ainsi que par le lissage et l’effacement ; - Evaluer les potentiels de substitution ou d optimisation (par exemple cogénération ou valorisation) ; - Limiter les pertes (torchages, réseaux, gaspillage) par l’application des réglementations, ainsi que par des normes, tarifications et incitations.', 'Cobénéfices de la stratégie énergie-déchet - amélioration de la productivité des entreprises - stimulation de l’émergence de porteurs de projet énergétique (EE et EnR), ou ‘éco- entrepreneuriat‘ - dynamisation de l’économie locale : création d’emplois qualifiés et pour tous les profils - renforcement du capital humain du Industrie : - Encourager puis rendre obligatoires les audits énergétiques réguliers dans les grosses industries à forte intensité énergétique; - Sensibiliser et encourager les audits énergétiques dans les PME ; - Optimiser les procédés via des technologies plus efficientes ainsi que par le lissage et l’effacement ; - Evaluer les potentiels de substitution ou d optimisation (par exemple cogénération ou valorisation) ; - Limiter les pertes (torchages, réseaux, gaspillage) par l’application des réglementations, ainsi que par des normes, tarifications et incitations. Bâtiments : - Réviser le code du bâtiment pour améliorer la performance énergétique par des normes thermiques de construction et de rénovation, et un processus de certification ;- Former et organiser toute la chaîne de valeur à la construction/rénovation basse consommation ; - Réglementer et imposer l’étiquetage des appareils électriques.', 'Bâtiments : - Réviser le code du bâtiment pour améliorer la performance énergétique par des normes thermiques de construction et de rénovation, et un processus de certification ;- Former et organiser toute la chaîne de valeur à la construction/rénovation basse consommation ; - Réglementer et imposer l’étiquetage des appareils électriques. Cameroun (encadrement, formation et organisation des filières). - diminution des congestions et de la pollution locale (notamment les polluants à courte durée de vie) - meilleur résilience aux changements climatiques (diversification du bouquet électrique) Coûts Le montant total des investissements nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre du PDSE à l’horizon 2035 a été évalué à 8 270 md de FCFA (scénario médian).', '- diminution des congestions et de la pollution locale (notamment les polluants à courte durée de vie) - meilleur résilience aux changements climatiques (diversification du bouquet électrique) Coûts Le montant total des investissements nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre du PDSE à l’horizon 2035 a été évalué à 8 270 md de FCFA (scénario médian). Une évaluation simplifiée du coût de mise en œuvre du bouquet électrique proposé dans le scénario bas carbone n a pas montré de surcoût financier significatif (en base LCOE) mais devra être précisée dans une étude ultérieure.', 'Une évaluation simplifiée du coût de mise en œuvre du bouquet électrique proposé dans le scénario bas carbone n a pas montré de surcoût financier significatif (en base LCOE) mais devra être précisée dans une étude ultérieure. Transport : limiter la mobilité contrainte et développer les offres de transport bas-carbone - Promouvoir une approche intégrée du secteur et le développement du transport bas-carbone via un Schéma national des infrastructures de transport ; - Intégrer une dimension énergie/climat dans les documents de planification territoriale afin de tenter de limiter les distances, de travailler sur la mixité fonctionnelle et de proposer des politiques de transport en commun efficiente ; - Accompagner l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales dans l élaboration de plans de développement de transport collectif intra et interurbain bas carbone (ex tramway Yaoundé et Douala); - Favoriser l achat de véhicules peu polluants et la mise au rebut des plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations.', 'Transport : limiter la mobilité contrainte et développer les offres de transport bas-carbone - Promouvoir une approche intégrée du secteur et le développement du transport bas-carbone via un Schéma national des infrastructures de transport ; - Intégrer une dimension énergie/climat dans les documents de planification territoriale afin de tenter de limiter les distances, de travailler sur la mixité fonctionnelle et de proposer des politiques de transport en commun efficiente ; - Accompagner l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales dans l élaboration de plans de développement de transport collectif intra et interurbain bas carbone (ex tramway Yaoundé et Douala); - Favoriser l achat de véhicules peu polluants et la mise au rebut des plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations. 6) Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire - Renforcer les politiques de gestion des déchets (d’ici à 2035, toutes les grandes villes devraient avoir des décharges aménagées avec au moins 70% de captage de méthane) ; - Promouvoir le développement d’une économie circulaire ; - Récupérer / utiliser les déchets agricoles et forestiers ; compostage ; - Valorisation / traitement des autres déchets (station d’épuration, boues de vidange, etc.).', '6) Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire - Renforcer les politiques de gestion des déchets (d’ici à 2035, toutes les grandes villes devraient avoir des décharges aménagées avec au moins 70% de captage de méthane) ; - Promouvoir le développement d’une économie circulaire ; - Récupérer / utiliser les déchets agricoles et forestiers ; compostage ; - Valorisation / traitement des autres déchets (station d’épuration, boues de vidange, etc.). 7) Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables - Réaliser une évaluation exhaustive du potentiel des énergies renouvelables (l’étude partielle d’Invest’€lec a recensé 262 sites de petite hydro et 25 sites de biomasse-énergie pour un total cumulé de 284MW de capacité.', '7) Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables - Réaliser une évaluation exhaustive du potentiel des énergies renouvelables (l’étude partielle d’Invest’€lec a recensé 262 sites de petite hydro et 25 sites de biomasse-énergie pour un total cumulé de 284MW de capacité. 35 projets pilote (23 hydro, 9 biomasse et 3 solaires PV) ont été identifiés ; - Adopter un plan de développement des énergies renouvelables portant à 25% la part des EnR dans le bouquet électrique à l’horizon 2035 ; - Mettre en place un cadre incitatif pour le développement des EnR (appel d offre, tarifs de rachat, etc.) et lever les barrières à l investissement (renforcement du cadre institutionnel, etc.)', 'et lever les barrières à l investissement (renforcement du cadre institutionnel, etc.) ; un projet de loi est à l’examen ; - Accélérer la mise en œuvre du Plan directeur d’électrification rurale développé par l’AER ; créer d’autres facilitations financières pour l’éclairage rural comme le Fonds d’électrification rurale (FER) ; promouvoir le développement des “mini- smart-grids“ en zone rurale ; - Créer une Agence de promotion des énergies renouvelables ; - Améliorer la collaboration entre les instances existantes (FEICOM, PNDP, et l’AER) pour le développement des projets communautaires en EnR.Le schéma ci-dessous présente les hypothèses d’évolution du bouquet électrique dans les différents scenarii : Le schéma ci-dessous montre la part relative des différents secteurs dans l’atteinte de l’objectif global proposé:En juin 2015 le Cameroun a validé un Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNACC) qui inclut, entre autres, une évaluation des évolutions du climat dans chacune des cinq zones agro-écologiques1, une évaluation de la sensibilité, de la vulnérabilité et de la résilience sectorielles et géographiques, une stratégie d’intervention 2016-2025, une évaluation des pertes, risques et lacunes, un plan d’action quinquennal 2016-2020 décliné en 20 fiches-projets détaillées.', '; un projet de loi est à l’examen ; - Accélérer la mise en œuvre du Plan directeur d’électrification rurale développé par l’AER ; créer d’autres facilitations financières pour l’éclairage rural comme le Fonds d’électrification rurale (FER) ; promouvoir le développement des “mini- smart-grids“ en zone rurale ; - Créer une Agence de promotion des énergies renouvelables ; - Améliorer la collaboration entre les instances existantes (FEICOM, PNDP, et l’AER) pour le développement des projets communautaires en EnR.Le schéma ci-dessous présente les hypothèses d’évolution du bouquet électrique dans les différents scenarii : Le schéma ci-dessous montre la part relative des différents secteurs dans l’atteinte de l’objectif global proposé:En juin 2015 le Cameroun a validé un Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNACC) qui inclut, entre autres, une évaluation des évolutions du climat dans chacune des cinq zones agro-écologiques1, une évaluation de la sensibilité, de la vulnérabilité et de la résilience sectorielles et géographiques, une stratégie d’intervention 2016-2025, une évaluation des pertes, risques et lacunes, un plan d’action quinquennal 2016-2020 décliné en 20 fiches-projets détaillées. La vision du PNACC est qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution / opportunité de développement.', 'La vision du PNACC est qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution / opportunité de développement. Ainsi les Camerounais – particulièrement les femmes, les enfants et les personnes vulnérables – et les secteurs économiques du pays acquièrent une plus grande résilience et une plus grande capacité d’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques ».', 'Ainsi les Camerounais – particulièrement les femmes, les enfants et les personnes vulnérables – et les secteurs économiques du pays acquièrent une plus grande résilience et une plus grande capacité d’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques ». Afin d’atteindre ce résultat, le PNACC a présenté un programme stratégique basé sur 4 axes : Axe stratégique 1 : Améliorer les connaissances sur les changements climatiques Recommandations : Soutenir la recherche ; Affiner les scénarios climatiques, Vulgariser les informations climatiques ; Mettre en place un système d’observation, d’information et d’alerte ; Constituer une base de données pour les suivi d’indicateurs et le MRV.', 'Afin d’atteindre ce résultat, le PNACC a présenté un programme stratégique basé sur 4 axes : Axe stratégique 1 : Améliorer les connaissances sur les changements climatiques Recommandations : Soutenir la recherche ; Affiner les scénarios climatiques, Vulgariser les informations climatiques ; Mettre en place un système d’observation, d’information et d’alerte ; Constituer une base de données pour les suivi d’indicateurs et le MRV. Axe stratégique 2 : Informer, éduquer et mobiliser la population camerounaise pour s’adapter aux changements climatiques Recommandations : Les communautés et les groupes vulnérables sont les cibles prioritaires ; Soutenir les actions de plaidoyers ; Mener des mobilisations communautaires ; Favoriser les actions d’IEC ; Utiliser les medias de proximité et traditionnels ; Partager les expériences d’adaptation.', 'Axe stratégique 2 : Informer, éduquer et mobiliser la population camerounaise pour s’adapter aux changements climatiques Recommandations : Les communautés et les groupes vulnérables sont les cibles prioritaires ; Soutenir les actions de plaidoyers ; Mener des mobilisations communautaires ; Favoriser les actions d’IEC ; Utiliser les medias de proximité et traditionnels ; Partager les expériences d’adaptation. Axe stratégique 3 : Réduire la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques dans les principaux secteurs et zones agro-écologiques du pays Recommandations : Evaluer les coûts ; Financer des études et mesures concrètes ; Concevoir des mécanismes financiers d’incitation.', 'Axe stratégique 3 : Réduire la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques dans les principaux secteurs et zones agro-écologiques du pays Recommandations : Evaluer les coûts ; Financer des études et mesures concrètes ; Concevoir des mécanismes financiers d’incitation. Axe stratégique 4 : Intégrer l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les stratégies et politiques sectorielles nationales Recommandations : Prendre en compte l’adaptation dans les planifications et les budgétisations nationale et locales; Intégrer le CC dans le schéma d’Aménagement du Territoire ; Mener des études spécifiques pour mieux cerner les risques ; Participer aux échanges internationaux.', 'Axe stratégique 4 : Intégrer l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les stratégies et politiques sectorielles nationales Recommandations : Prendre en compte l’adaptation dans les planifications et les budgétisations nationale et locales; Intégrer le CC dans le schéma d’Aménagement du Territoire ; Mener des études spécifiques pour mieux cerner les risques ; Participer aux échanges internationaux. Douze secteurs économiques ont été pris en compte dans chacune des 5 ZAE pour évaluer leur vulnérabilité aux paramètres précédents : - huit secteurs thématiques : Agriculture, Élevage, Pêche et aquaculture, Foresterie, sylviculture et faune, Eau, assainissement et santé, Énergie, mines et industries, Développement urbain et travaux publics, Tourisme ; - quatre secteurs transversaux, conformément à la DSCE : Éducation, recherche et formation professionnelle, Artisanat et économie sociale, Télécommunications, Genre, population vulnérable, protection sociale et solidarité nationale.', 'Douze secteurs économiques ont été pris en compte dans chacune des 5 ZAE pour évaluer leur vulnérabilité aux paramètres précédents : - huit secteurs thématiques : Agriculture, Élevage, Pêche et aquaculture, Foresterie, sylviculture et faune, Eau, assainissement et santé, Énergie, mines et industries, Développement urbain et travaux publics, Tourisme ; - quatre secteurs transversaux, conformément à la DSCE : Éducation, recherche et formation professionnelle, Artisanat et économie sociale, Télécommunications, Genre, population vulnérable, protection sociale et solidarité nationale. 1 Le pays est divisé en 5 Zones agro-écologiques (ZAE) : 1 Zone soudano-sahélienne, 2 Zone des hautes savanes guinéennes, 3 Zone des hauts plateaux, 4 Zone à pluviométrie bimodale, 5 Zone à pluviométrie monomodaleL’analyse des impacts et la vulnérabilité par ZAE et par secteur nous montre que : - Les zones les plus vulnérables sont : la ZAE soudano sahélienne et la ZAE côtière à pluviométrie monomodale ; - Les secteurs les plus vulnérables sont (i) l’agriculture, et (ii) l’eau l’assainissement et la santé ; - Environ 320 000 personnes sont annuellement exposées aux catastrophes climatiques.', '1 Le pays est divisé en 5 Zones agro-écologiques (ZAE) : 1 Zone soudano-sahélienne, 2 Zone des hautes savanes guinéennes, 3 Zone des hauts plateaux, 4 Zone à pluviométrie bimodale, 5 Zone à pluviométrie monomodaleL’analyse des impacts et la vulnérabilité par ZAE et par secteur nous montre que : - Les zones les plus vulnérables sont : la ZAE soudano sahélienne et la ZAE côtière à pluviométrie monomodale ; - Les secteurs les plus vulnérables sont (i) l’agriculture, et (ii) l’eau l’assainissement et la santé ; - Environ 320 000 personnes sont annuellement exposées aux catastrophes climatiques. La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs forestiers ou montagneux.', 'La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs forestiers ou montagneux. Malgré la forte variabilité par ZAE, on peut estimer que pour les secteurs : - Agriculture : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 1, 2 et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Élevage: La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 1, 2 et 3, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Pêche et aquaculture : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à moyenne dans tout le pays, surtout dans les zones 5, 1, et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Foresterie, sylviculture et faune : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs boisés (sécheresses, évènements extrêmes) ; - Eau, assainissement et santé : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs boisés (sécheresse, inondations et mouvement de terrain) ; - Énergie, mines et industries : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 5 et 2, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (précipitations, sècheresse, montée du niveau de la mer) ; - Développement urbain et travaux publics : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 5 et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (inondations, montée du niveau de la mer) ; - Tourisme : La vulnérabilité sera globalement moyenne à faible dans le pays, sauf dans les massifs montagneux et la zone 1 (Sècheresse).', 'Malgré la forte variabilité par ZAE, on peut estimer que pour les secteurs : - Agriculture : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 1, 2 et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Élevage: La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 1, 2 et 3, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Pêche et aquaculture : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à moyenne dans tout le pays, surtout dans les zones 5, 1, et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (sécheresses, hausse des températures) ; - Foresterie, sylviculture et faune : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs boisés (sécheresses, évènements extrêmes) ; - Eau, assainissement et santé : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 4 et 5, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays mais avec des tendances fortes dans les massifs boisés (sécheresse, inondations et mouvement de terrain) ; - Énergie, mines et industries : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 5 et 2, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (précipitations, sècheresse, montée du niveau de la mer) ; - Développement urbain et travaux publics : La vulnérabilité sera globalement forte à très forte dans les zones 5 et 4, forte à moyenne dans le reste du pays (inondations, montée du niveau de la mer) ; - Tourisme : La vulnérabilité sera globalement moyenne à faible dans le pays, sauf dans les massifs montagneux et la zone 1 (Sècheresse). La stratégie d’intervention 2016-2025 (non chiffrée) débouche sur un plan d’action quinquennal préliminaire 2016-2020, décliné en 20 fiches programmes regroupées ci-après par thématiques générales.', 'La stratégie d’intervention 2016-2025 (non chiffrée) débouche sur un plan d’action quinquennal préliminaire 2016-2020, décliné en 20 fiches programmes regroupées ci-après par thématiques générales. Les fiches 1 à 5 concernent des projets transversaux, les fiches 6 à 20 les projets sectoriels. En général le Maître d’ouvrage sera le MINEPAT, assisté par une ou plusieurs structures techniques (Ministère ou Comité de coordination interministériel) agissant en tant que Maître d’ouvrage délégué ou Maître d’œuvre. Les montants indiqués, soit 1,8 milliards de dollars sur 5 ans, sont indicatifs, basés 1) sur le montant de 16$ par an et par habitant proposé par la Banque Mondiale pour l’Afrique Sub-saharienne2 et 2) sur la hiérarchie des priorités sectorielles du Gouvernement camerounais.', 'Les montants indiqués, soit 1,8 milliards de dollars sur 5 ans, sont indicatifs, basés 1) sur le montant de 16$ par an et par habitant proposé par la Banque Mondiale pour l’Afrique Sub-saharienne2 et 2) sur la hiérarchie des priorités sectorielles du Gouvernement camerounais. Des études complémentaires permettront une ventilation de ces budgets en projets confiés aux divers partenaires : 2 Banque Mondiale, 2010, The cost to developing countries of adapting to climate change : New methods and estimates.Thématiques générales / Programmes mln $ % Maitre d ouvrage délégué / Maître d œuvre Agriculture, Elevage, Pêche Programme 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des changements climatiques: aménagement de l espace, choix des techniques agronomiques et intensification; Gestion des besoins en eau; développement de l agriculture durable /conservatoire / durable; gestion des pollutions hydriques; gestion et exploitation des déchets Comité de coordination (MINADER, ministères sectoriels concernés et structures faîtières) Programme 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques (REVEECC): Gestion des pâturages, des points d eau; Gestion de l espace, cartographie des terroirs; amélioration de l agriculture itinérante; production fourragère MINEPDED et MINEPIA Programme 18: Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique: Adaptation de la pêche, de l aquaculture, de la pisciculture MINEPIA Aménagement du territoire / gestion des risques Programme 01 : Mettre à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro - météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités MINTRANSPORT, MINATD, MINEPDED Programme 02 : Actualisation des plans de contingence national, régionaux et départementaux, accroissement et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence MINADT, MINEPDED, MINFI Programme 03 : Développement des programmes Risques climatiques et Plan d’Affectation des Terres: Cartographie des terroirs; Schémas directeurs d’aménagement national, provinciaux, départementaux, communautaires; Système de suivi.', 'Des études complémentaires permettront une ventilation de ces budgets en projets confiés aux divers partenaires : 2 Banque Mondiale, 2010, The cost to developing countries of adapting to climate change : New methods and estimates.Thématiques générales / Programmes mln $ % Maitre d ouvrage délégué / Maître d œuvre Agriculture, Elevage, Pêche Programme 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des changements climatiques: aménagement de l espace, choix des techniques agronomiques et intensification; Gestion des besoins en eau; développement de l agriculture durable /conservatoire / durable; gestion des pollutions hydriques; gestion et exploitation des déchets Comité de coordination (MINADER, ministères sectoriels concernés et structures faîtières) Programme 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques (REVEECC): Gestion des pâturages, des points d eau; Gestion de l espace, cartographie des terroirs; amélioration de l agriculture itinérante; production fourragère MINEPDED et MINEPIA Programme 18: Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique: Adaptation de la pêche, de l aquaculture, de la pisciculture MINEPIA Aménagement du territoire / gestion des risques Programme 01 : Mettre à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro - météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités MINTRANSPORT, MINATD, MINEPDED Programme 02 : Actualisation des plans de contingence national, régionaux et départementaux, accroissement et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence MINADT, MINEPDED, MINFI Programme 03 : Développement des programmes Risques climatiques et Plan d’Affectation des Terres: Cartographie des terroirs; Schémas directeurs d’aménagement national, provinciaux, départementaux, communautaires; Système de suivi. MINCAF Programme 05 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques; Restauration et gestion des mangroves; Utilisation des ressources; Adaptation des infrastructures MINEPDED, MINDEF, MINEPIA et MINDCAF Programme 07 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques MINTP, MINEPAT, MINMAP et ONACC Programme 08 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des changements climatiques MINHDU Programme 09 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatiques MINDCAF, MINATD Energie, Industrie Programme 11 : Changements climatiques et gestion intégrée de déchets ménagers, collecte et valorisation MINEPDED Programme 12 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique dans un contexte de changement climatique MINEEThématiques générales / Programmes mln $ % Maitre d ouvrage délégué / Maître d œuvre Programme 15 : Prise des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales: Utilisation des ressources par l artisanat (eau, RN, etc.', 'MINCAF Programme 05 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques; Restauration et gestion des mangroves; Utilisation des ressources; Adaptation des infrastructures MINEPDED, MINDEF, MINEPIA et MINDCAF Programme 07 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques MINTP, MINEPAT, MINMAP et ONACC Programme 08 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des changements climatiques MINHDU Programme 09 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatiques MINDCAF, MINATD Energie, Industrie Programme 11 : Changements climatiques et gestion intégrée de déchets ménagers, collecte et valorisation MINEPDED Programme 12 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique dans un contexte de changement climatique MINEEThématiques générales / Programmes mln $ % Maitre d ouvrage délégué / Maître d œuvre Programme 15 : Prise des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales: Utilisation des ressources par l artisanat (eau, RN, etc. ); Développement et adaptation des sites touristiques MINPMEESA et MINTOUL Programme 20 : Prise en compte du changement climatique dans le développement des industries au Cameroun: gestion de l espace, protection des zones à risque climatique; approvisionnements en énergies, eau, services; déchets et pollutions, émission de GES.', '); Développement et adaptation des sites touristiques MINPMEESA et MINTOUL Programme 20 : Prise en compte du changement climatique dans le développement des industries au Cameroun: gestion de l espace, protection des zones à risque climatique; approvisionnements en énergies, eau, services; déchets et pollutions, émission de GES. MINEPDED, MINIMIDT Forêts Programme 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun: inventaires, gestion et conservation des blocs forestiers, reconstitution du couvert forestier, surtout dans les zones sensibles (têtes de source, berges, etc.', 'MINEPDED, MINIMIDT Forêts Programme 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun: inventaires, gestion et conservation des blocs forestiers, reconstitution du couvert forestier, surtout dans les zones sensibles (têtes de source, berges, etc. ); agroforesterie villageoise; valorisation des déchets végétaux ; développement des transformations in situ; conservation de la biodiversité; gestion des trafics et du braconnage; gestion des feux de brousse MINFOF et MINEPDED Gestion des eaux / Santé / Social Programme 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au changement climatique MINAS et MINPROF Programme 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique; sécurisation des services environnementaux; gestion des eaux de surface et des nappes phréatiques, protection des têtes de source; Fixation des berges et des sols; Rôle des femmes; plans d utilisation des eaux de surface ou de profondeur; luttes contre les pollutions (agricoles, industrielles, sanitaires, etc.', '); agroforesterie villageoise; valorisation des déchets végétaux ; développement des transformations in situ; conservation de la biodiversité; gestion des trafics et du braconnage; gestion des feux de brousse MINFOF et MINEPDED Gestion des eaux / Santé / Social Programme 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au changement climatique MINAS et MINPROF Programme 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique; sécurisation des services environnementaux; gestion des eaux de surface et des nappes phréatiques, protection des têtes de source; Fixation des berges et des sols; Rôle des femmes; plans d utilisation des eaux de surface ou de profondeur; luttes contre les pollutions (agricoles, industrielles, sanitaires, etc. ); prévention des évènements extrêmes (inondations); conservation de la biodiversité aquatique MINEE Programme 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale face aux changements climatiques; Carte sanitaire; maladies émergentes; systèmes d alerte MINSANTE Renforcement des capacités / Communication Programme 04 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre MINEPDED Programme 06 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur le changement climatique: curricula et outils pédagogiques, formations spécialisées; formation continue; bourses d études; appui à la recherche.', '); prévention des évènements extrêmes (inondations); conservation de la biodiversité aquatique MINEE Programme 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale face aux changements climatiques; Carte sanitaire; maladies émergentes; systèmes d alerte MINSANTE Renforcement des capacités / Communication Programme 04 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre MINEPDED Programme 06 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur le changement climatique: curricula et outils pédagogiques, formations spécialisées; formation continue; bourses d études; appui à la recherche. MINESUP, MINESEC, MINEDUB, MINRESI, MINEPDED, MINEFOP4. Processus de planification, mise en œuvre et suivi de la CPDN Le Cameroun prendra les mesures suivantes pour mettre en œuvre cette CPDN, en assurer le suivi et le cas échéant l’actualisation.', 'Processus de planification, mise en œuvre et suivi de la CPDN Le Cameroun prendra les mesures suivantes pour mettre en œuvre cette CPDN, en assurer le suivi et le cas échéant l’actualisation. Description Objectif Cadre institutionnel Intégrer les changements climatiques dans la planification nationale et les politiques sectorielles Mise en cohérence des plans et politiques sectoriels avec les objectifs et Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation Rendre opérationnel l’Observatoire national sur les changements climatiques (ONACC) créé en 2009. Assurer une mise en œuvre efficace d’une politique nationale transversale Le conseil d’orientation de l’ONACC est notamment en charge de la planification, de la coordination de la mise en œuvre, du suivi et de l’évaluation de la CPDN ; l’ONACC est particulièrement en charge du suivi- évaluation.', 'Assurer une mise en œuvre efficace d’une politique nationale transversale Le conseil d’orientation de l’ONACC est notamment en charge de la planification, de la coordination de la mise en œuvre, du suivi et de l’évaluation de la CPDN ; l’ONACC est particulièrement en charge du suivi- évaluation. Evaluer l’impact climat de toute loi ou politique/programme/projet public nouveau (étude d’impact) Intégrer le climat dans les processus de décision publique Opérationnali sation de la CPDN Traduire la CPDN en programmes opérationnels basés sur les stratégies sectorielles Opérationnaliser la CPDN - Améliorer les systèmes d’établissement et de collecte des données sur les émissions (monitoring).', 'Evaluer l’impact climat de toute loi ou politique/programme/projet public nouveau (étude d’impact) Intégrer le climat dans les processus de décision publique Opérationnali sation de la CPDN Traduire la CPDN en programmes opérationnels basés sur les stratégies sectorielles Opérationnaliser la CPDN - Améliorer les systèmes d’établissement et de collecte des données sur les émissions (monitoring). - Réalisation d’un inventaire annuel Obtenir des données fiables sur les émissions de GES Etudes complémentaires (à réaliser après soumission de la CPDN) : - affiner les coûts des Actions de la CPDN et quantifier leurs co-bénéfices - améliorer la connaissance de l’utilisation et la gestion des terres au Cameroun - évaluation du potentiel des énergies renouvelables - opérationnalisation du PNACC et options pour leur financement - évaluation de l’opportunité d’une fiscalité écologique Chiffrer et affiner la description des Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CPDN Suivi- évaluation (MRV) Indicateurs : - émissions annuelles globales et sectorielles de GES - intensité carbone du PIB et des principaux secteurs en - capacité annuelle installée en énergies renouvelables - indicateurs d’adaptation et de vulnérabilité (à préciser) - suivi de l’affectation des terres agricoles Suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CPDN Codage des dépenses liées aux changements climatiques (par ex.', '- Réalisation d’un inventaire annuel Obtenir des données fiables sur les émissions de GES Etudes complémentaires (à réaliser après soumission de la CPDN) : - affiner les coûts des Actions de la CPDN et quantifier leurs co-bénéfices - améliorer la connaissance de l’utilisation et la gestion des terres au Cameroun - évaluation du potentiel des énergies renouvelables - opérationnalisation du PNACC et options pour leur financement - évaluation de l’opportunité d’une fiscalité écologique Chiffrer et affiner la description des Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CPDN Suivi- évaluation (MRV) Indicateurs : - émissions annuelles globales et sectorielles de GES - intensité carbone du PIB et des principaux secteurs en - capacité annuelle installée en énergies renouvelables - indicateurs d’adaptation et de vulnérabilité (à préciser) - suivi de l’affectation des terres agricoles Suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CPDN Codage des dépenses liées aux changements climatiques (par ex. sur la base des ‘Rio Markers’ développés par OCDE-CAD) dans le budget de l’Etat Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national Création d’un système de suivi de l’ensemble des dépenses et financements liés au climat Suivi des ressources et dépenses nationales globales liées au climat Communicati on - campagne de communication fin 2015 sur CPDN et COP 21, en direction de la société civile - mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / CPDN, où les indicateurs supra seront publiés Actualisation de la CPDN Périodicité : Révision à la lumière des résultats de la COP21, si nécessaire.', 'sur la base des ‘Rio Markers’ développés par OCDE-CAD) dans le budget de l’Etat Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national Création d’un système de suivi de l’ensemble des dépenses et financements liés au climat Suivi des ressources et dépenses nationales globales liées au climat Communicati on - campagne de communication fin 2015 sur CPDN et COP 21, en direction de la société civile - mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / CPDN, où les indicateurs supra seront publiés Actualisation de la CPDN Périodicité : Révision à la lumière des résultats de la COP21, si nécessaire. Tous les 5 ans sauf indication contraire issue des COP5.', 'Tous les 5 ans sauf indication contraire issue des COP5. Moyens de mise en œuvre Financement Le Cameroun entend mobiliser les sources suivantes pour financer les Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de cette CPDN : Financements privés Le Cameroun entend mobiliser des financements privés internationaux ou domestiques pour le co-financement des Actions de cette CPDN, particulièrement celles pouvant générer une rentabilité financière acceptable pour le secteur privé. A cet effet, le Cameroun s’attachera à renforcer la capacité des marchés financiers et système bancaire domestiques à mobiliser et déployer l’épargne nationale notamment sur les projets concourant à un développement sobre en carbone et résilient au changement climatique, ainsi que l’attractivité du Cameroun pour les IDE (climat des investissements).', 'A cet effet, le Cameroun s’attachera à renforcer la capacité des marchés financiers et système bancaire domestiques à mobiliser et déployer l’épargne nationale notamment sur les projets concourant à un développement sobre en carbone et résilient au changement climatique, ainsi que l’attractivité du Cameroun pour les IDE (climat des investissements). Budget national Le Cameroun augmentera ses financements budgétaires en faveur des Actions de cette CPDN qui relèvent de la compétence de l’Etat et que ne pourrait pas financer l’assistance internationale. Cet effort de l’Etat peut prendre la forme soit de dépenses budgétaires directes soit transiter par des fonds spécifiques financés notamment à partir du budget de l’Etat.', 'Cet effort de l’Etat peut prendre la forme soit de dépenses budgétaires directes soit transiter par des fonds spécifiques financés notamment à partir du budget de l’Etat. Bailleurs de fonds / PTF Le Cameroun sollicitera l’appui des bailleurs de fonds et PTF (notamment en dons et assistance technique) pour le financement des Actions de cette CPDN. Fonds vert pour le climat Le Cameroun réfléchit à l’opportunité de mettre en place une entité nationale éligible (accréditée) au FVC et autres organismes internationaux. Le Cameroun sollicitera aussi l’appui des entités régionales et multilatérales accréditées pour cofinancer les Actions de cette CPDN.', 'Le Cameroun sollicitera aussi l’appui des entités régionales et multilatérales accréditées pour cofinancer les Actions de cette CPDN. Marchés du carbone Le Cameroun soutient l inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone dans un accord post 2020 sur le climat et propose qu’un tel instrument, couplé à un régime comptable approprié, puisse être utilisé pour aider à financer certains investissements dans les infrastructures sobres en carbone et résilientes au changement climatique. Le Cameroun considère que certaines des Actions de cette CPDN, ou des actions supplémentaires, pourraient être financées en tout ou en partie par le transfert international d’actifs carbone en veillant au respect des principes d intégrité de l environnement et de transparence.', 'Le Cameroun considère que certaines des Actions de cette CPDN, ou des actions supplémentaires, pourraient être financées en tout ou en partie par le transfert international d’actifs carbone en veillant au respect des principes d intégrité de l environnement et de transparence. Autres instruments économiques L’opportunité de déployer des outils permettant de générer un signal prix sur le coût social du carbone (marché ou taxe carbone) et ainsi d’internaliser l’externalité carbone sera explorée Première tranche quinquennale La CPDN est déclinée en tranches quinquennales. Une première tranche quinquennale d’Actions à financer sera présentée début 2016.', 'Une première tranche quinquennale d’Actions à financer sera présentée début 2016. Renforce- ment des capacités Atténuation A tous les niveaux : lien entre développement, énergie et changement climatique ; suivi/évaluation des activités Décideurs : intérêts d’intégrer la réflexion énergie-climat dans toutes les politiques sectorielles Opérateurs: mise en œuvre du développement bas-carbone, par exemple : Agriculteurs : Pratiques agricoles permettant une intensification soutenable de la production ; modes de gestion et valorisation des résidus agricoles. Foresterie : Renforcement de la gestion durable des forêts, gouvernance, exploitation à faible impact, augmentation des taux de transformation, valorisation des déchets de la transformation. Energie : Gestion durable du bois énergie, construction, diffusion et utilisation des foyers et fours améliorés, mise en place de plantation à des fins de bois-énergie.', 'Energie : Gestion durable du bois énergie, construction, diffusion et utilisation des foyers et fours améliorés, mise en place de plantation à des fins de bois-énergie. Entrepreneurs : Les clefs du succès pour développer un projet d’énergie renouvelable en milieu rural ; valorisation de produits issus d’uneagriculture soutenable. Adaptation Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques - Sensibiliser les populations sur les impacts du changement climatique - Développer les capacités des populations à anticiper les impacts et augmenter leur résilience Système de Gestion de l’Information Environnementale - Coordonner les activités de l’ONACC et de l’Observatoire national des risques (ONR) pour la prévision des évènements météorologiques et des impacts des changements climatiques.', 'Adaptation Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques - Sensibiliser les populations sur les impacts du changement climatique - Développer les capacités des populations à anticiper les impacts et augmenter leur résilience Système de Gestion de l’Information Environnementale - Coordonner les activités de l’ONACC et de l’Observatoire national des risques (ONR) pour la prévision des évènements météorologiques et des impacts des changements climatiques. - Créer un réseau d’observation et de suivi de la dynamique du trait de côte à l’échelle nationale afin d’identifier les territoires à risque d’érosion côtière et examen d’un ou de plusieurs indicateurs traduisant la relation climat / érosion côtière. Renforcer la résilience des pratiques productives - Le renforcement des capacités des acteurs (surtout femmes jeunes et personnes âgées, peuples autochtones, agriculteurs, etc.)', 'Renforcer la résilience des pratiques productives - Le renforcement des capacités des acteurs (surtout femmes jeunes et personnes âgées, peuples autochtones, agriculteurs, etc.) porte sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre de modes de productions intensifiés et durables. Transferts de technologie et R&D - Développement des partenariats entre les entreprises et les centres de recherche sur le développement de solutions bas-carbone.', 'Transferts de technologie et R&D - Développement des partenariats entre les entreprises et les centres de recherche sur le développement de solutions bas-carbone. - Meilleur accès à des outils (par exemple calage des cycles culturaux à la saison pluvieuse)Principales abréviations AER Agence d’électrification rurale BAD Banque africaine de développement CC Changements climatiques CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique CES Conservation des eaux et du sol COP Conférence des Parties (à la CCNUCC) CPDN Contribution prévue déterminée au plan national (= INDC) DFP Domaine forestier permanent DFnP Domaine forestier non permanent DSCE Document de stratégie sur la croissance et l’emploi EE Efficacité énergétique EnR Energies renouvelables FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCFA Franc CFA FEICOM Fonds spécial d’équipement et d’intervention intercommunale GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat IDE Investissements directs étrangers IFD Institutions financières de développement INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (= CPDN) IREN Institut de recherche sur les énergies renouvelables LCOE Levelized cost of electricity MINADER Ministère de l’agriculture et du développement durable MINATD Ministère de l’administration territoriale et de la décentralisation MINEE Ministère de l’eau et de l’énergie MINEPAT Ministère de l’économie, du plan et de l’aménagement du territoire MINEPDED Ministère de l’environnement, de la protection de a nature et du développement durable MINEPIA Ministère de l’élevage, pêche et industrie animale MINHDU Ministère de l’habitat et du développement urbain MINFOF Ministère de la forêt et de la faune MINTRANS Ministère des transports Md Milliard Mln Million MtCO2-équ Millions de tonnes de dioxide de carbone ou équivalents Mtep Millions de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ONACC Observatoire national sur les changements climatiques OCDE Organisation pour la coopération économique et le développement PDSE Plan de développement long terme du secteur électrique PF Politique forestière et Plan stratégique de mise en œuvre PIB Produit intérieur brut PNDP Programme national de développement participatif PNUE Programme des nations unies pour l’environnement PPA Parité des pouvoirs d’achat PRG Pouvoir de réchauffement global PTF Partenaires techniques et financiers REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation UE Union européenne UNECA Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique US$ Dollar des Etats Unis UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changements d’affectation des terres et forêts ZAE Zone agro-écologiqueSources Transversales Cameroun Vision 2035 Document de Stratégie pour la Croissance et l’Emploi (DSCE) 1ère communication nationale du Cameroun 2ème communication nationale du Cameroun Loi N° 2013 / 004 du 18 avril 2013 fixant les incitations à l’investissement privé en République du Cameroun.', '- Meilleur accès à des outils (par exemple calage des cycles culturaux à la saison pluvieuse)Principales abréviations AER Agence d’électrification rurale BAD Banque africaine de développement CC Changements climatiques CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique CES Conservation des eaux et du sol COP Conférence des Parties (à la CCNUCC) CPDN Contribution prévue déterminée au plan national (= INDC) DFP Domaine forestier permanent DFnP Domaine forestier non permanent DSCE Document de stratégie sur la croissance et l’emploi EE Efficacité énergétique EnR Energies renouvelables FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCFA Franc CFA FEICOM Fonds spécial d’équipement et d’intervention intercommunale GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat IDE Investissements directs étrangers IFD Institutions financières de développement INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (= CPDN) IREN Institut de recherche sur les énergies renouvelables LCOE Levelized cost of electricity MINADER Ministère de l’agriculture et du développement durable MINATD Ministère de l’administration territoriale et de la décentralisation MINEE Ministère de l’eau et de l’énergie MINEPAT Ministère de l’économie, du plan et de l’aménagement du territoire MINEPDED Ministère de l’environnement, de la protection de a nature et du développement durable MINEPIA Ministère de l’élevage, pêche et industrie animale MINHDU Ministère de l’habitat et du développement urbain MINFOF Ministère de la forêt et de la faune MINTRANS Ministère des transports Md Milliard Mln Million MtCO2-équ Millions de tonnes de dioxide de carbone ou équivalents Mtep Millions de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ONACC Observatoire national sur les changements climatiques OCDE Organisation pour la coopération économique et le développement PDSE Plan de développement long terme du secteur électrique PF Politique forestière et Plan stratégique de mise en œuvre PIB Produit intérieur brut PNDP Programme national de développement participatif PNUE Programme des nations unies pour l’environnement PPA Parité des pouvoirs d’achat PRG Pouvoir de réchauffement global PTF Partenaires techniques et financiers REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation UE Union européenne UNECA Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique US$ Dollar des Etats Unis UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changements d’affectation des terres et forêts ZAE Zone agro-écologiqueSources Transversales Cameroun Vision 2035 Document de Stratégie pour la Croissance et l’Emploi (DSCE) 1ère communication nationale du Cameroun 2ème communication nationale du Cameroun Loi N° 2013 / 004 du 18 avril 2013 fixant les incitations à l’investissement privé en République du Cameroun. Décret N° 2009/410 du 10 décembre 2009 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Observatoire National sur les Changements Climatiques Document de stratégie de développement du secteur rural Inventaire national des GES 2013 Loi n°00211/008 du 06 mai 2011 d’orientation pour l’aménagement et le développement durable du territoire au Cameroun Stratégie et Plan d’action national pour la biodiversité version 2, 2012 Atténuation (général) Mesures d’atténuation, MINEPDED 2013 Energie Fiche pays Cameroun de la Délégation de l’UE Bilan des opportunités de projets de production décentralisée d’électricité identifiées par invest’€lec Elaboration de la stratégie sectorielle eau et énergie – Variables d’action domaine énergie, 2011 Projet de loi portant promotion et développement des énergies renouvelables au Cameroun Etat des lieux du cadre réglementaire du secteur des énergies renouvelables au Cameroun – Etude Global Village Cameroun, 2012 Livre Blanc de la CEEAC et de la CEMAC : Politique régionale pour un accès universel aux services énergétiques modernes et le développement économique et social 2014 - 2030 Plan d’Action National Energie pour la Réduction Pauvreté 2007 Plan Directeur Electrification Rurale, 2008 Politique nationale, stratégie et Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité énerg.', 'Décret N° 2009/410 du 10 décembre 2009 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de l’Observatoire National sur les Changements Climatiques Document de stratégie de développement du secteur rural Inventaire national des GES 2013 Loi n°00211/008 du 06 mai 2011 d’orientation pour l’aménagement et le développement durable du territoire au Cameroun Stratégie et Plan d’action national pour la biodiversité version 2, 2012 Atténuation (général) Mesures d’atténuation, MINEPDED 2013 Energie Fiche pays Cameroun de la Délégation de l’UE Bilan des opportunités de projets de production décentralisée d’électricité identifiées par invest’€lec Elaboration de la stratégie sectorielle eau et énergie – Variables d’action domaine énergie, 2011 Projet de loi portant promotion et développement des énergies renouvelables au Cameroun Etat des lieux du cadre réglementaire du secteur des énergies renouvelables au Cameroun – Etude Global Village Cameroun, 2012 Livre Blanc de la CEEAC et de la CEMAC : Politique régionale pour un accès universel aux services énergétiques modernes et le développement économique et social 2014 - 2030 Plan d’Action National Energie pour la Réduction Pauvreté 2007 Plan Directeur Electrification Rurale, 2008 Politique nationale, stratégie et Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité énerg. dans le secteur de l’électricité 2014 Projet Développement du Secteur de l’Energie : Mise à jour du plan de développement du secteur de l’électricité - Etude Economique et financière avec Annexes 2014 Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower in Cameroon 2013 Transport Plan directeur routier du Cameroun - Plan directeur ferroviaire Forêt Composante REDD+_du PNDP 2013 Document R-PIN REDD+ du Cameroun, 2008 et Document R-PP REDD+ du Cameroun, 2013 Plan d’action national de lutte contre la désertification Loi n° 94/01 du 20 janvier 1994 portant régime des forêts, de la faune et de la pêche 1994 Stratégie 2020 du sous secteur forêts et faune, 2012 Agriculture Document de stratégie du sous secteur élevage, pèches et industries animales Gestion durable des terres dans les plans de développement et élaboration des plans d’utilisation et de gestion durable des terres Plan national d’investissement agricole (PNIA) Projet d’amélioration de la compétitivité agricole (PACA) Adaptation Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, 2015 World Bank: The cost to developing countries of adapting to climate change : New methods and Etude de l’impact du changement climatique sur la Sanaga (Banque mondiale) Vulnérabilité des Zones agro-écologiques aux changements climatiques']

fr-FR

CMR

Cameroon

Updated NDC

2021-11-10 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e%20CMR%20finale%20sept%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

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['République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN Paix-Travail-Patrie CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL - ACTUALISEE (CDN) NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION- UPDATED (NDC)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Table des matières Résumé 1 Introduction 2 Circonstances nationales et positionnement stratégique . 2 Vision du Cameroun pour les changements climatiques et processus de révision de la CDN . 10 Composante Atténuation 11 4.1 Émission nationale de gaz à effet de serre 11 4.2 Scénario Business As Usual (BAU) 12 4.3 Portée et couverture des actions d’atténuation . 12 4.4 Les actions d’atténuation retenues 13 4.4 Informations sur les efforts d’atténuation . 19 a) Mesures inconditionnelles . 19 b) Objectif Global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) . 19 Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 19 Composante Adaptation 31 6.1 Les priorités de l’adaptation et la résilience au Cameroun 34 6.2- Projets d’adaptation 36 6.3 Projets sectoriels sensibles à l’adaptation 36 6.4 Programmes d’adaptation incluant les projections liées aux coûts d’adaptation.', 'République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN Paix-Travail-Patrie CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL - ACTUALISEE (CDN) NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION- UPDATED (NDC)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Table des matières Résumé 1 Introduction 2 Circonstances nationales et positionnement stratégique . 2 Vision du Cameroun pour les changements climatiques et processus de révision de la CDN . 10 Composante Atténuation 11 4.1 Émission nationale de gaz à effet de serre 11 4.2 Scénario Business As Usual (BAU) 12 4.3 Portée et couverture des actions d’atténuation . 12 4.4 Les actions d’atténuation retenues 13 4.4 Informations sur les efforts d’atténuation . 19 a) Mesures inconditionnelles . 19 b) Objectif Global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) . 19 Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 19 Composante Adaptation 31 6.1 Les priorités de l’adaptation et la résilience au Cameroun 34 6.2- Projets d’adaptation 36 6.3 Projets sectoriels sensibles à l’adaptation 36 6.4 Programmes d’adaptation incluant les projections liées aux coûts d’adaptation. . 38 Cadre de mise en œuvre et de suivi (MNV) 40 7.1 Besoins en technologies. 45 7.2 Financement : besoin d’appui financier pour la mise en œuvre des composantes adaptation et atténuation . 46 7.2.1 Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation 46 7.2.2 Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation . 49 7.2.3 Mobilisation des ressources 49 7.3 Renforcement des capacités 51 Annexes 54 Annexe 1 : Liste des Projets d’Adaptation 54 Annexe 2 : Coût d’investissement par secteur aux horizons 2025 et Annexe 3 : Planification budgétaire des actions d’atténuation (en millions de dollars) 57République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 4 : Liste des mesures d’Atténuation 58République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 °C Degré Celsius APRUE Agence de Promotion et de Rationalisation de l’Utilisation des Energies BaU Business as Usual BRT Bus Rapid Transit BUR Rapport Biennal Actualisé CC Changements Climatique CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National CMA Conference of the Parties Serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CN Communication Nationale CNCC Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques CO2 Dioxyde de Carbone COP Conférence des Parties CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CTD Collectivité Territoriale Décentralisée CVUC Communes et Villes Unies du Cameroun DFnP Domaine Forestier non Permanent DFP Domaine Forestier Permanent DSPL Déclaration de Stratégie de Lutte contre la Pauvreté EE Efficacité Energétique ENR Energie Renouvelable FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FCFA Francs de la Communauté Financière Africaine FEICOM Fonds Spécial d’Equipement et d’Intervention Intercommunal GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GgEqCO2 Giga gramme Equivalent CO2 GIEC Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur l’Evolution du Climat GW Giga Watt Ha Hectare HFC Hydrofluorocarbure IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre Km Kilomètre kW Kilowatt LED DEL (Diode Electroluminescente) MINAC Ministère des Arts et de la Culture MINAS Ministère des Affaires Sociales MINAT Ministère de l’Administration Territoriale MINCOMMERCE Ministère du Commerce MINDCAF Ministère du Cadastre et des Affaires Foncières MINDDEVEL Ministère de la Décentralisation et du Développement LocalRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 MINDEF Ministère de la Défense MINEDUB Ministère de l’Education de Base MINEFOP Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle MINEPAT Ministère de l’Economie de la Planification et de l’Aménagement du Territoire MINEPDED Ministère de l’Environnement de la Protection de la Nature et du Développement Durable MINESEC Ministère des Enseignements Secondaires MINESUP Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieure MINFI Ministère des Finances MINFOPRA Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme Administrative MINHDU Ministère de l’Habitat et du Développement Urbain MINJEC Ministère de la Jeunesse et de l’Education Civique MINJUSTICE Ministère de la Justice MINMAP Ministère des Marchés Publics MINMIDT Ministère des Mines de l’Industrie et du Développement Technologique MINPMEESA Ministère des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises, de l’Economie Sociale et de l’Artisanat MINPOSTEL Ministère des Postes et Télécommunications MINPROFF Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Famille MINRESI Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation MINREX Ministère des Relations Extérieures MINSEP Ministère des Sports et de l’Education Physique MINTSS Ministère du Travail et de la Sécurité Sociale MNV Mesure, Notification, Vérification MRV Monitoring, Reporting, Verification MW Méga Watt N2O Protoxyde d’Azote NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONACC Observatoire National sur les Changements Climatiques ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale OSC Organisation de la Société Civile PCD Plan Communal de Développement PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PM Premier Ministre PNACC Programme National d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique PV Photo Voltaïque RBT Rapport Biennal de TransparenceRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 SDN30 Stratégie Nationale de Développement à l’horizon SNIGES Système National d’Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre SPAND Stratégie et Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité TCN Troisième Communication Nationale TdC Théorie du Changement UP Unité de Production USD Dollar Américain ZAE Zone AgroécologiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Résumé Synthèse des éléments de compréhension de la CDN 2021 Type d’engagement Réduction des GES par scénario conditionnel et inconditionnel Périmètre et GES couverts Ensemble du territoire national Avec pour principaux cibles les 3 premiers Période couverte 2020 - 2030 Année de référence (année de base) Niveau d’engagement ou de réduction des émissions de GES Le niveau de réduction de GES à l’horizon 2030 est de 35% réparti ainsi qu’il suit : \uf0d8 23% dans un scénario conditionnel \uf0d8 12% inconditionnel Secteurs prioritaires couverts \uf0d8 AFAT (Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres) \uf0d8 Energie \uf0d8 Déchets Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) \uf0d8 Métriques : Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) conformément aux orientations du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4).', '. 38 Cadre de mise en œuvre et de suivi (MNV) 40 7.1 Besoins en technologies. 45 7.2 Financement : besoin d’appui financier pour la mise en œuvre des composantes adaptation et atténuation . 46 7.2.1 Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation 46 7.2.2 Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation . 49 7.2.3 Mobilisation des ressources 49 7.3 Renforcement des capacités 51 Annexes 54 Annexe 1 : Liste des Projets d’Adaptation 54 Annexe 2 : Coût d’investissement par secteur aux horizons 2025 et Annexe 3 : Planification budgétaire des actions d’atténuation (en millions de dollars) 57République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 4 : Liste des mesures d’Atténuation 58République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 °C Degré Celsius APRUE Agence de Promotion et de Rationalisation de l’Utilisation des Energies BaU Business as Usual BRT Bus Rapid Transit BUR Rapport Biennal Actualisé CC Changements Climatique CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National CMA Conference of the Parties Serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CN Communication Nationale CNCC Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques CO2 Dioxyde de Carbone COP Conférence des Parties CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National CTD Collectivité Territoriale Décentralisée CVUC Communes et Villes Unies du Cameroun DFnP Domaine Forestier non Permanent DFP Domaine Forestier Permanent DSPL Déclaration de Stratégie de Lutte contre la Pauvreté EE Efficacité Energétique ENR Energie Renouvelable FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture FCFA Francs de la Communauté Financière Africaine FEICOM Fonds Spécial d’Equipement et d’Intervention Intercommunal GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GgEqCO2 Giga gramme Equivalent CO2 GIEC Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur l’Evolution du Climat GW Giga Watt Ha Hectare HFC Hydrofluorocarbure IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre Km Kilomètre kW Kilowatt LED DEL (Diode Electroluminescente) MINAC Ministère des Arts et de la Culture MINAS Ministère des Affaires Sociales MINAT Ministère de l’Administration Territoriale MINCOMMERCE Ministère du Commerce MINDCAF Ministère du Cadastre et des Affaires Foncières MINDDEVEL Ministère de la Décentralisation et du Développement LocalRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 MINDEF Ministère de la Défense MINEDUB Ministère de l’Education de Base MINEFOP Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle MINEPAT Ministère de l’Economie de la Planification et de l’Aménagement du Territoire MINEPDED Ministère de l’Environnement de la Protection de la Nature et du Développement Durable MINESEC Ministère des Enseignements Secondaires MINESUP Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieure MINFI Ministère des Finances MINFOPRA Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Réforme Administrative MINHDU Ministère de l’Habitat et du Développement Urbain MINJEC Ministère de la Jeunesse et de l’Education Civique MINJUSTICE Ministère de la Justice MINMAP Ministère des Marchés Publics MINMIDT Ministère des Mines de l’Industrie et du Développement Technologique MINPMEESA Ministère des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises, de l’Economie Sociale et de l’Artisanat MINPOSTEL Ministère des Postes et Télécommunications MINPROFF Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Famille MINRESI Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation MINREX Ministère des Relations Extérieures MINSEP Ministère des Sports et de l’Education Physique MINTSS Ministère du Travail et de la Sécurité Sociale MNV Mesure, Notification, Vérification MRV Monitoring, Reporting, Verification MW Méga Watt N2O Protoxyde d’Azote NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONACC Observatoire National sur les Changements Climatiques ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale OSC Organisation de la Société Civile PCD Plan Communal de Développement PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PM Premier Ministre PNACC Programme National d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique PV Photo Voltaïque RBT Rapport Biennal de TransparenceRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 SDN30 Stratégie Nationale de Développement à l’horizon SNIGES Système National d’Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre SPAND Stratégie et Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité TCN Troisième Communication Nationale TdC Théorie du Changement UP Unité de Production USD Dollar Américain ZAE Zone AgroécologiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Résumé Synthèse des éléments de compréhension de la CDN 2021 Type d’engagement Réduction des GES par scénario conditionnel et inconditionnel Périmètre et GES couverts Ensemble du territoire national Avec pour principaux cibles les 3 premiers Période couverte 2020 - 2030 Année de référence (année de base) Niveau d’engagement ou de réduction des émissions de GES Le niveau de réduction de GES à l’horizon 2030 est de 35% réparti ainsi qu’il suit : \uf0d8 23% dans un scénario conditionnel \uf0d8 12% inconditionnel Secteurs prioritaires couverts \uf0d8 AFAT (Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres) \uf0d8 Energie \uf0d8 Déchets Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG) \uf0d8 Métriques : Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) conformément aux orientations du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4). Les valeurs du Potentiel de réchauffement Global PRG utilisées sont : CO2 = 1 (par convention) CH4 = 25 ;N2O = 298 ; HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800.', 'Les valeurs du Potentiel de réchauffement Global PRG utilisées sont : CO2 = 1 (par convention) CH4 = 25 ;N2O = 298 ; HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800. Méthodologies de l’estimation des émissions \uf0d8 Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. \uf0d8 Les guides de bonnes pratiques de 2013, y compris les méthodes supplémentaires révisées. Coût de mise en œuvre \uf0d8 57 640 USD (28 713 milliards FCFA)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Introduction Le Cameroun a soumis sa CPDN auprès du Secrétariat de la CCNUCC en octobre 2015 et ratifié l’Accord de Paris en janvier 2016.', 'Coût de mise en œuvre \uf0d8 57 640 USD (28 713 milliards FCFA)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Introduction Le Cameroun a soumis sa CPDN auprès du Secrétariat de la CCNUCC en octobre 2015 et ratifié l’Accord de Paris en janvier 2016. De fait, ce document est considéré comme la première CDN du Cameroun, décrivant les objectifs de réduction des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) accompagnés de propositions de mesures d’adaptation. A travers le présent document, le Gouvernement du Cameroun présente une actualisation de sa première Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (atténuation et adaptation), pour la période 2020 - 2030 et conformément aux articles 4.2, 4.9 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris et autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord.', 'A travers le présent document, le Gouvernement du Cameroun présente une actualisation de sa première Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (atténuation et adaptation), pour la période 2020 - 2030 et conformément aux articles 4.2, 4.9 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris et autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. Le contenu de cette soumission s appuie sur l’examen des progrès réalisés au titre de la première CDN, les nouvelles politiques telles que la SND30, les plans nationaux et sectoriels, et reflètent les travaux ultérieurs concernant l élaboration d’objectifs quantifiables d atténuation et d adaptation. Ce document représente une synthèse robuste qualifiée par des évaluations détaillées et pertinentes des mesures d atténuation et des mesures d adaptation.', 'Ce document représente une synthèse robuste qualifiée par des évaluations détaillées et pertinentes des mesures d atténuation et des mesures d adaptation. Ces évaluations sont complétées et soutenues par une analyse approfondie, des informations et données contextualisées, un processus inclusif de consultation des parties prenantes, en ciblant une ambition climatique accrue. A travers la révision de sa CDN, le Cameroun entend réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement 35% à l’horizon 2030, avec 2010 comme année de référence, sans pour autant ralentir sa croissance, tout en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des cobénéfices élevés, en renforçant la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques, et en mettant en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles, y compris le renforcement de son dispositif et des outils de mise en œuvre, afin de faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs.', 'A travers la révision de sa CDN, le Cameroun entend réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement 35% à l’horizon 2030, avec 2010 comme année de référence, sans pour autant ralentir sa croissance, tout en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des cobénéfices élevés, en renforçant la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques, et en mettant en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles, y compris le renforcement de son dispositif et des outils de mise en œuvre, afin de faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs. Circonstances nationales et positionnement stratégique Le Cameroun au sein du Bassin du Congo comprend des écosystèmes représentatifs du continent africain, qui le qualifie d’Afrique en miniature.', 'Circonstances nationales et positionnement stratégique Le Cameroun au sein du Bassin du Congo comprend des écosystèmes représentatifs du continent africain, qui le qualifie d’Afrique en miniature. Le territoire couvre une superficie de 475 650 km2, et il s’étire sur 1 500 km du Sud au Nord (2-13°N) et de 800 km d’Ouest en Est (9-16°E). , et un taux de croissanceRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 démographique annuel de 2,5%. Ce taux atteint 4,3% dans les villes. L’urbanisation anarchique est l’un des phénomènes les plus remarquables de ces dernières années. Ainsi le taux d’urbanisation est passe de 52% en 2010 à 57% en 2019. 50% de la population camerounaise vit dans des quartiers d’habitats précaires, souvent illégaux.', '50% de la population camerounaise vit dans des quartiers d’habitats précaires, souvent illégaux. Au plan climatique, sa large extension en latitude lui vaut de passer d’une pluviométrie monomodale déficitaire en zone agroécologique (ZAE) sahélienne (500 à 800 mm) à une pluviométrie monomodale (1800 à 2800 mm) en ZAE hautes savanes et hauts plateaux, une pluviométrie bimodale relativement abondante (1500 – 2000 mm) en ZAE forestière et une importante pluviométrie monomodale (3000 – 8000 mm) en ZAE littorale. La température elle-même varie d’un milieu à l’autre et se situe entre 20°C et 35 °C avec une amplitude thermique allant de 3°C à plus de 12°C Au plan biologique, le Cameroun compte six (06) principaux types d’écosystèmes, avec une grande diversité des systèmes de production agro- pastorale.', 'La température elle-même varie d’un milieu à l’autre et se situe entre 20°C et 35 °C avec une amplitude thermique allant de 3°C à plus de 12°C Au plan biologique, le Cameroun compte six (06) principaux types d’écosystèmes, avec une grande diversité des systèmes de production agro- pastorale. La flore est dominée par la steppe et les Yaérés à l’Extrême-Nord, la savane dans le Nord, l’Adamaoua et les hautes terres de l’Ouest, les forêts semi- décidues dans le Centre – Sud, puis les forêts sempervirentes et les mangroves en zone côtière. Le Cameroun occupe le quatrième rang en matière de richesse de la flore et le cinquième en termes de diversité faunique en Afrique avec 8300 espèces de plantes, 335 espèces de mammifères (SPANB II, 2012).', 'Le Cameroun occupe le quatrième rang en matière de richesse de la flore et le cinquième en termes de diversité faunique en Afrique avec 8300 espèces de plantes, 335 espèces de mammifères (SPANB II, 2012). Par ailleurs, ce patrimoine floristique et faunique fait l’objet de menace multiples, parmi les plus importantes il faut relever, l’exploitation forestière, faunique et minière illégale et anarchique, l’utilisation des terres non contrôlée pour l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis et le développement non durable de l’agro- industries). Le taux annuel net de déforestation estimée à 0,6% (FAO, 2020) couplé à un faible taux de reboisement (0,1%) suggère une diminution croissante de la diversité biologique. La contribution de la déforestation aux changements climatiques et à la vulnérabilité des populations locales et autochtones est indéniable.', 'La contribution de la déforestation aux changements climatiques et à la vulnérabilité des populations locales et autochtones est indéniable. Le Cameroun possède un massif forestier important qui est de plus en plus dégradé par les activités agropastorales ainsi que les projets miniers et structurants auxquelsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 s’ajoute une croissance démographique importante. En effet, la population camerounaise en 2021 est estimée à environ 27 millions d’habitants avec une densité moyenne de 56 hts/km2, qui toutefois varie de 7 à 200 habitants/km2 suivant les régions du pays. Cette densité disparate constitue un déterminant majeur de la dégradation des terres arables et des paysages forestiers, fortement marquée dans la partie septentrionale et les hautes terres de l’Ouest.', 'Cette densité disparate constitue un déterminant majeur de la dégradation des terres arables et des paysages forestiers, fortement marquée dans la partie septentrionale et les hautes terres de l’Ouest. Or, la majorité de la population rurale du Cameroun est dépendante des moyens de subsistance des activités agricoles et pastorales dans un contexte où la productivité des paysages et des terres est de moins en moins bonne, avec un risque d’intensification de l’exode rural. La problématique de la dégradation des paysages forestiers est réelle dans tout le pays, mais très variée d’une zone agroécologique à l’autre.', 'La problématique de la dégradation des paysages forestiers est réelle dans tout le pays, mais très variée d’une zone agroécologique à l’autre. Dans une optique de durabilité forte, le renouvellement des ressources forestières et la reconstitution des formations végétales dégradées, compte probablement parmi les défis majeurs actuels auxquels le Cameroun est appelé à faire face dans les prochaines décennies, avec l’amplification des bouleversements environnementaux et des changements climatiques. Les défis inhérents à ceux-ci concernent la déforestation, l’accroissement du potentiel érosif des cours d’eau et l’augmentation des inondations et des glissements de terrain qui induisent une nouvelle dynamique au paysage avec l’accélération des processus géomorphologiques. Dès lors, il en résulte des risques environnementaux importants. La sécheresse demeure discrète et omniprésente dans la partie septentrionale du pays.', 'La sécheresse demeure discrète et omniprésente dans la partie septentrionale du pays. C’est un facteur contraignant pour les populations et un déclencheur - amplificateur des maladies qui exposent plus de 3 000 000 d’âmes (Etude de la vulnérabilité du Cameroun, 2021).', 'C’est un facteur contraignant pour les populations et un déclencheur - amplificateur des maladies qui exposent plus de 3 000 000 d’âmes (Etude de la vulnérabilité du Cameroun, 2021). La fréquence saisonnière et quasi ininterrompue depuis deux décennies des évènements climatiques extrêmes, l’instabilité de la durée des saisons des pluies, les inondations récentes, les sécheresses récurrentes auxquelles le Cameroun est de plus en plus exposé, prouvent que les changements climatiques ont cessé d’être une question purement scientifique et sont devenus un problème réel et prégnant pour notre société, requérant des mesures urgentes pour la sauvegarde et la protection de la vie humaine.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Au plan économique, il est important de relever que l’économie du Cameroun est l’une des plus diversifiée d’Afrique.', 'La fréquence saisonnière et quasi ininterrompue depuis deux décennies des évènements climatiques extrêmes, l’instabilité de la durée des saisons des pluies, les inondations récentes, les sécheresses récurrentes auxquelles le Cameroun est de plus en plus exposé, prouvent que les changements climatiques ont cessé d’être une question purement scientifique et sont devenus un problème réel et prégnant pour notre société, requérant des mesures urgentes pour la sauvegarde et la protection de la vie humaine.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Au plan économique, il est important de relever que l’économie du Cameroun est l’une des plus diversifiée d’Afrique. Bien que les secteurs secondaire (22% du PIB) et tertiaire (45%) soient bien développés, l’économie repose néanmoins principalement sur des secteurs de production: agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture, foresterie et sylviculture.', 'Bien que les secteurs secondaire (22% du PIB) et tertiaire (45%) soient bien développés, l’économie repose néanmoins principalement sur des secteurs de production: agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture, foresterie et sylviculture. L’agriculture emploie près de 60% de la population et demeure le secteur prédominant de l’économie nationale tant par sa contribution au PIB (23%) que pour les effets d’entrainement sur d’autres secteurs d’activités. Les principales cultures commerciales sont le cacao, le café, le tabac, le coton, les bananes et le poivre. La contribution du secteur minier au PIB reste négligeable malgré d’importantes potentialités identifiées et mises en exploitation. Le Cameroun renferme au moins 52 types de ressources minérales et la stratégie s’appuie sur la valorisation d’au moins 30 % de ces ressources. Les activités minières concernent l’exploration, l’exploitation et la transformation.', 'Les activités minières concernent l’exploration, l’exploitation et la transformation. Le secteur industriel représente près du tiers du PIB. Il produit essentiellement pour le marché local.', 'Il produit essentiellement pour le marché local. Continent Afrique Sous - Région Afrique centrale Coordonnées 2° - 13° latitude Nord, 9° - 16° longitude Est Superficie 42e rang mondial Couverture forestière : 20 millions ha Superficie cultivée : 3,257 millions ha Terres : 98,8 % Eau : 1,2 % Côtes 400 km Frontières Centrafrique 822 km (Est), Tchad 1 122 km (Est et Nord-Est), République du Congo 520 km (Sud-Est), Guinée équatoriale 183 km (Sud), Gabon 298 km (Sud), Nigeria 1 720 km (Ouest et Nord- Ouest) Altitude maximale 4 095 m (Mont Cameroun) Altitude minimale 0 m (Océan Atlantique) Plus long cours d’eau Sanaga (900 km) Plus importante étendue d’eau Lac TchadRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 De prime à bord, il faut noter que la contrainte climatique exerce déjà une pression accrue sur les principaux secteurs alimentant le budget national, elle accroit les vulnérabilités sociales et contribue à dégrader les infrastructures nécessaires à l’activité économique.', 'Continent Afrique Sous - Région Afrique centrale Coordonnées 2° - 13° latitude Nord, 9° - 16° longitude Est Superficie 42e rang mondial Couverture forestière : 20 millions ha Superficie cultivée : 3,257 millions ha Terres : 98,8 % Eau : 1,2 % Côtes 400 km Frontières Centrafrique 822 km (Est), Tchad 1 122 km (Est et Nord-Est), République du Congo 520 km (Sud-Est), Guinée équatoriale 183 km (Sud), Gabon 298 km (Sud), Nigeria 1 720 km (Ouest et Nord- Ouest) Altitude maximale 4 095 m (Mont Cameroun) Altitude minimale 0 m (Océan Atlantique) Plus long cours d’eau Sanaga (900 km) Plus importante étendue d’eau Lac TchadRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 De prime à bord, il faut noter que la contrainte climatique exerce déjà une pression accrue sur les principaux secteurs alimentant le budget national, elle accroit les vulnérabilités sociales et contribue à dégrader les infrastructures nécessaires à l’activité économique. Par ailleurs, la lutte contre les effets du changement climatique révèle aussi bien pour l’adaptation que pour l’atténuation, des besoins de ressources financières additionnelles en plus de ceux nécessaires aux impératifs déjà connus du développement.', 'Par ailleurs, la lutte contre les effets du changement climatique révèle aussi bien pour l’adaptation que pour l’atténuation, des besoins de ressources financières additionnelles en plus de ceux nécessaires aux impératifs déjà connus du développement. Pour réussir la mutation transformationnelle vers une économie sobre en carbone, il faut des investissements conséquents pour la mise en place des technologies appropriées, en ciblant tous les secteurs à enjeux. Les financements nécessaires soutiendront la mise en œuvre des programmes et projets en cohérence avec les engagements pris en respectant une distribution tenant compte des secteurs les plus émetteurs et les zones agro écologiques les plus vulnérables. A cet effet, la Stratégie Nationale de Développement 2020-2030 du Cameroun doit absolument être mise en perspective dans le cadre de la révision de cette CDN.', 'A cet effet, la Stratégie Nationale de Développement 2020-2030 du Cameroun doit absolument être mise en perspective dans le cadre de la révision de cette CDN. La raison en est simple, le pays envisage une profonde transformation structurelle de son économie dont la croissance doit être proche de deux chiffres. Ceci passe par une stratégie d’industrialisation reposant sur une transformation accrue des ressources naturelles et une réduction graduelle des importations en faveur des exportations des produits manufacturés ou semi finis. Cette ambition porte prioritairement sur le marché de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) estimé à environ 300 millions d’habitants.', 'Cette ambition porte prioritairement sur le marché de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) estimé à environ 300 millions d’habitants. La conséquence prévisible de cette orientation stratégique dans le cas d’un business as usual est une pression sans précédent sur les ressources édaphiques, hydriques et la biomasse aussi bien en ce qui concerne les prélèvements que les dégradations dues aux pollutions et plus particulièrement aux émissions des gaz à effet de serre.', 'La conséquence prévisible de cette orientation stratégique dans le cas d’un business as usual est une pression sans précédent sur les ressources édaphiques, hydriques et la biomasse aussi bien en ce qui concerne les prélèvements que les dégradations dues aux pollutions et plus particulièrement aux émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Pour concilier ses ambitions légitimes de croissance économique avec les impératifs de lutte contre le réchauffement et tenir ses engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Gouvernement a consacré un des objectifs globaux de la SND30 à la lutte contre le changement climatique : « Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique et la gestionRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement social durable et inclusif ».', 'Pour concilier ses ambitions légitimes de croissance économique avec les impératifs de lutte contre le réchauffement et tenir ses engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Gouvernement a consacré un des objectifs globaux de la SND30 à la lutte contre le changement climatique : « Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique et la gestionRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement social durable et inclusif ». Ainsi, s’agissant du secteur de l’énergie, le pays entend poursuivre sa politique de développement d’un mix énergétique basé sur l’énergie hydroélectrique, le photovoltaïque, le thermique à base de gaz et l’énergie issue de la biomasse.', 'Ainsi, s’agissant du secteur de l’énergie, le pays entend poursuivre sa politique de développement d’un mix énergétique basé sur l’énergie hydroélectrique, le photovoltaïque, le thermique à base de gaz et l’énergie issue de la biomasse. Pour le secteur rural, le Gouvernement a opté pour une politique d’intensification promouvant les technologies les plus innovantes, climato résilientes notamment. S’agissant des déchets, il est prévu la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale des déchets dans le sillage de la promotion de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises. Comme les autres pays d’Afrique centrale situé autour du Golfe de Guinée, le Cameroun a d’importants gisements de pétrole offshore et on shore dont la plupart ne seraient pas encore découverts.', 'Comme les autres pays d’Afrique centrale situé autour du Golfe de Guinée, le Cameroun a d’importants gisements de pétrole offshore et on shore dont la plupart ne seraient pas encore découverts. Il envisage d’accentuer ses efforts de prospection pour accroître ses réserves et augmenter sa production de pétrole et de gaz en mettant l’accent sur les nouveaux bassins on shore de la partie septentrionale du pays notamment (P. 45).1 L’exploitation de certains bassins a été différée en raison de la chute du prix du baril du pétrole. Afin de tenir ses engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Cameroun doit absolument attirer des investisseurs pour explorer et développer des projets structurants portant sur l’hydroélectricité, le gaz et d’autres énergies propres à l’instar de l’hydrogène et de l’ammoniac.', 'Afin de tenir ses engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Cameroun doit absolument attirer des investisseurs pour explorer et développer des projets structurants portant sur l’hydroélectricité, le gaz et d’autres énergies propres à l’instar de l’hydrogène et de l’ammoniac. Pour ce qui est du sous-secteur forestier, les forêts du bassin du Congo dont environ 12% de la superficie se trouve au Cameroun ont un rôle vital de régulation des GES et du dioxyde de carbone, ceci en plus de jouer un rôle déterminant sur la régulation du climat régional et le cycle de l’eau.', 'Pour ce qui est du sous-secteur forestier, les forêts du bassin du Congo dont environ 12% de la superficie se trouve au Cameroun ont un rôle vital de régulation des GES et du dioxyde de carbone, ceci en plus de jouer un rôle déterminant sur la régulation du climat régional et le cycle de l’eau. Pour que ce massif forestier continue de jouer ce rôle primordial pour l’humanité, la communauté internationale doit sans délai redéployer avec plus de détermination et de méthode, les différents instruments à même de contribuer efficacement aux efforts d’atténuation et d’adaptation.', 'Pour que ce massif forestier continue de jouer ce rôle primordial pour l’humanité, la communauté internationale doit sans délai redéployer avec plus de détermination et de méthode, les différents instruments à même de contribuer efficacement aux efforts d’atténuation et d’adaptation. Plus que certains pays de la Sous-région le 1 Les réserves prouvées de gaz au Cameroun sont estimées à 157 milliards m3 d’après la Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH);République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 soutien dont a besoin le Cameroun pour tenir ses engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN est déterminant. Alors que le taux de croissance de la population urbaine du continent était de 5,4% en 2015, l’Afrique centrale présentait quant à lui un taux de 6,2%.', 'Alors que le taux de croissance de la population urbaine du continent était de 5,4% en 2015, l’Afrique centrale présentait quant à lui un taux de 6,2%. Ces chiffres impliquent au moins deux défis : le premier est de la sécurité alimentaire d’une population urbaine dont les besoins en produits vivriers croissent rapidement. Dans son rôle de grenier incontesté de l’Afrique Centrale, le Cameroun exerce plus que les autres pays de la Sous-région une forte pression sur ses ressources naturelles et sa biomasse pour continuer de satisfaire à la demande croissante en vivres de son marché intérieur mais aussi de ceux des pays voisins. S’agissant du sous-secteur de la mine solide, avec la création récente de la SONAMINES, on pourrait lire la volonté du Gouvernement de développer enfin ce sous-secteur.', 'S’agissant du sous-secteur de la mine solide, avec la création récente de la SONAMINES, on pourrait lire la volonté du Gouvernement de développer enfin ce sous-secteur. 2 La du minerai de fer est constitué essentiellement par le gisement de Nkout estimé à 2 milliards de tonnes extensible à 4 milliards d’une part et du bassin de fer de Mbalam dont la capacité de production annuelle serait de 40 millions de tonnes sur 12 ans dans sa première phase de développement. Les réserves de rutile du pays seraient évaluées à 3 millions de tonnes, soit le second potentiel mondial après la Sierra Leone.', 'Les réserves de rutile du pays seraient évaluées à 3 millions de tonnes, soit le second potentiel mondial après la Sierra Leone. S’agissant du minerai de l’alumine, le cinquième des plateaux bauxitiques explorés en 2020 par « Canyon Resources » affiche des réserves estimées à 892 millions de tonnes dont 250 Millions à très haute teneur d’aluminium. Si le pays mettait en œuvre sans autre forme de procès ces grands projets miniers, les conséquences sur l’environnement, en dépit des mesures habituelles de mitigation des impacts, seraient considérables. Il est à noter que plus de 70% des réserves minières du pays se trouvent en domaine forestier.', 'Il est à noter que plus de 70% des réserves minières du pays se trouvent en domaine forestier. Les partenaires techniques et financiers du Cameroun devraient le soutenir afin de que des moyens conséquents soient mobilisés pour mettre en place des techniques d’exploitation les moins préjudiciables possibles à l’équilibre des forêts. 2 En 2017, les mines et les carrières contribuaient à seulement 1,7% des apports financiers du secteur des industries extractives. du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Deux autres défis exacerbent les vulnérabilités du Cameroun. Au plan des milieux physiques, il faut relever la situation critique des régions septentrionales du pays face aux changements climatiques. Ceci se traduit par des sécheresses récurrentes et divers phénomènes climatiques extrêmes.', 'Ceci se traduit par des sécheresses récurrentes et divers phénomènes climatiques extrêmes. Ainsi, dans la seule région de l’Extrême-nord, souffre d’un déficit céréalier de 30 000 tonnes, le taux d’insécurité alimentaire y est de 33,6 %. La présence des réfugiés (57 000) et déplacés (223 642) exercent en outre une forte pression sur les ressources naturelles tels que les points d’eau et pâturages (SNADDT, Diagnostic 2018). Les implications socioéconomiques de ces vulnérabilités sont multiples. Pour répondre aux crises conjoncturelles induites, l’Etat consacre logiquement l’essentiel de ses modestes ressources financières aux problèmes sociaux en lien avec la santé, la sécurité alimentaire et les situations d’urgence post-catastrophe.', 'Pour répondre aux crises conjoncturelles induites, l’Etat consacre logiquement l’essentiel de ses modestes ressources financières aux problèmes sociaux en lien avec la santé, la sécurité alimentaire et les situations d’urgence post-catastrophe. Tant que la résilience des régions soudano sahéliennes du pays et dans une moindre mesure celle des régions de l’Ouest et du Nord-Ouest ne sera pas significativement améliorée, les ressources propres de l’Etat nécessaires pour adresser les défis liés au changement climatique ne pourront pas répondre aux défis en présence.', 'Tant que la résilience des régions soudano sahéliennes du pays et dans une moindre mesure celle des régions de l’Ouest et du Nord-Ouest ne sera pas significativement améliorée, les ressources propres de l’Etat nécessaires pour adresser les défis liés au changement climatique ne pourront pas répondre aux défis en présence. Au plan sécuritaire, il est connu que le Cameroun fait face à l’instabilité dans deux zones agroécologiques les plus exposées aux effets du changement climatique, la région de l’Extrême-Nord en proie aux attaques de la secte Boko Haram et les régions du Nord-Ouest et du Sud-Ouest secoués par les exactions des séparatistes anglophones.', 'Au plan sécuritaire, il est connu que le Cameroun fait face à l’instabilité dans deux zones agroécologiques les plus exposées aux effets du changement climatique, la région de l’Extrême-Nord en proie aux attaques de la secte Boko Haram et les régions du Nord-Ouest et du Sud-Ouest secoués par les exactions des séparatistes anglophones. Les ressources financières mobilisées par l’Etat pour restaurer la paix dans ces régions où l’instabilité tend à devenir endémique ont largement contribué à éroder la résilience de l’économie du pays. La crise sanitaire actuelle est venue accentuer la fragilisation d’une économie déjà déstabilisée par les effets conjugués du changement climatique et des crises sécuritaires.', 'La crise sanitaire actuelle est venue accentuer la fragilisation d’une économie déjà déstabilisée par les effets conjugués du changement climatique et des crises sécuritaires. Sans une très forte volonté politique et un soutien international à la mesure des défis sus analysés, les engagements du pays pris dans le cadre de sa CDN pourraient ne pas être tenus.', 'Sans une très forte volonté politique et un soutien international à la mesure des défis sus analysés, les engagements du pays pris dans le cadre de sa CDN pourraient ne pas être tenus. Au vu du tableau ci-dessus présenté, le pays envisage donc de mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens conséquents pertinents : financements, transferts de technologies et renforcement de capacités pour tenir ses engagements internationaux et atteindre ses objectifs de développement socioéconomiques.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Vision du Cameroun pour les changements climatiques et processus de révision de la CDN La vision du Cameroun dans sa stratégie de réponse inclusive aux impacts du changement climatique se résume dans le slogan : « transformer la contrainte climatique en opportunités de développement ».', 'Au vu du tableau ci-dessus présenté, le pays envisage donc de mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens conséquents pertinents : financements, transferts de technologies et renforcement de capacités pour tenir ses engagements internationaux et atteindre ses objectifs de développement socioéconomiques.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Vision du Cameroun pour les changements climatiques et processus de révision de la CDN La vision du Cameroun dans sa stratégie de réponse inclusive aux impacts du changement climatique se résume dans le slogan : « transformer la contrainte climatique en opportunités de développement ». Dans le cadre de l’adaptation, la vision du Cameroun selon son Plan National d’adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PNACC) stipule qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution/opportunité de développement.', 'Dans le cadre de l’adaptation, la vision du Cameroun selon son Plan National d’adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PNACC) stipule qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution/opportunité de développement. Ainsi les camerounais particulièrement les femmes, les enfants et les personnes vulnérables et les secteurs économiques du pays acquièrent une plus grande résilience et une plus grande capacité d’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques ». Cette vision est fondée sur la théorie du déterminisme inverse consistant à admettre que des transformations socioéconomiques structurelles positives peuvent avoir pour déclencheurs le souci concerté de vaincre des contraintes du milieu physique.', 'Cette vision est fondée sur la théorie du déterminisme inverse consistant à admettre que des transformations socioéconomiques structurelles positives peuvent avoir pour déclencheurs le souci concerté de vaincre des contraintes du milieu physique. Les changements climatiques peuvent donc constituer une réelle opportunité à capitaliser en faveur de la transition vers une économie verte, de la lutte contre la pauvreté, mais au-delà renforcer le ciment social par le jeu de solidarités sociales nécessaires en vue de la réduction des vulnérabilités différentielles.', 'Les changements climatiques peuvent donc constituer une réelle opportunité à capitaliser en faveur de la transition vers une économie verte, de la lutte contre la pauvreté, mais au-delà renforcer le ciment social par le jeu de solidarités sociales nécessaires en vue de la réduction des vulnérabilités différentielles. Pour concilier ses ambitions légitimes de croissance économique en tant compte des impératifs pour inverser les effets négatifs des changements climatiques et tenir les engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Gouvernement a consacré un des objectifs globaux de la SND30 à la lutte contre les changements climatiques : « Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement social durable et inclusif ».', 'Pour concilier ses ambitions légitimes de croissance économique en tant compte des impératifs pour inverser les effets négatifs des changements climatiques et tenir les engagements pris dans le cadre de sa CDN, le Gouvernement a consacré un des objectifs globaux de la SND30 à la lutte contre les changements climatiques : « Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement social durable et inclusif ». En considérant à la fois les objectifs d’atténuation et d’adaptation, les politiques et les outils règlementaires de mise en œuvre y afférents nécessitent à la fois des adaptations, des renforcements et des créations nouvelles.', 'En considérant à la fois les objectifs d’atténuation et d’adaptation, les politiques et les outils règlementaires de mise en œuvre y afférents nécessitent à la fois des adaptations, des renforcements et des créations nouvelles. Ces politiques doiventRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture Waste autant que faire se peut prendre en compte la contrainte climatique dans la conception et l’élaboration des politiques de développement en général. Composante Atténuation 4.1 Émission nationale de gaz à effet de serre En 2010, le secteur de l’agriculture demeure la plus importante source d’émissions de GES avec 24074.61 Gg Eq CO2 soit 69 % des émissions totales (Fig.1). Le secteur de l’Energie en seconde position, présente 18 % des émissions, suivi du secteur des déchets avec 12 %.', 'Le secteur de l’Energie en seconde position, présente 18 % des émissions, suivi du secteur des déchets avec 12 %. Le secteur des procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP) vient en dernier lieu avec 1 %. (Rapport national IGES TCN, 2020). Fig. 1 : Pourcentage des émissions de GES par secteur en 2010 hors foresterie La figure 2 illustre les différents gaz à effet de serre (GES) par secteur source d’émission Fig.', '1 : Pourcentage des émissions de GES par secteur en 2010 hors foresterie La figure 2 illustre les différents gaz à effet de serre (GES) par secteur source d’émission Fig. 2 : Émissions par type de GES (en Gg Eq CO2) pour l’année de référence 2010 Agriculture Industrie Energie DéchetsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 4.2 Scénario Business As Usual (BAU) Pour le Cameroun, dans un scénario Business As Usual (BAU), les émissions de GES atteignent 119 085 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030, soit une hausse de 71% par rapport à 2010 année de base où les émissions sont de l’ordre de 34 933 Gg Eq CO2 (Fig.3). Fig.', '2 : Émissions par type de GES (en Gg Eq CO2) pour l’année de référence 2010 Agriculture Industrie Energie DéchetsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 4.2 Scénario Business As Usual (BAU) Pour le Cameroun, dans un scénario Business As Usual (BAU), les émissions de GES atteignent 119 085 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030, soit une hausse de 71% par rapport à 2010 année de base où les émissions sont de l’ordre de 34 933 Gg Eq CO2 (Fig.3). Fig. 3 : Tendance des Emissions (en Gg Eq CO2) dans le scénario Business as Usual 4.3 Portée et couverture des actions d’atténuation Dans le scénario CDN avec prise en compte des mesures, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 104 187 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030 soit une hausse de 66 % par rapport à 2010 (34 933 Gg Eq CO2) et une réduction de 12 % par rapport au scénario BAU.', '3 : Tendance des Emissions (en Gg Eq CO2) dans le scénario Business as Usual 4.3 Portée et couverture des actions d’atténuation Dans le scénario CDN avec prise en compte des mesures, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 104 187 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030 soit une hausse de 66 % par rapport à 2010 (34 933 Gg Eq CO2) et une réduction de 12 % par rapport au scénario BAU. Dans ce même scénario, mais cette fois avec mesures additionnelles, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 76 826 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030 soit une augmentation de 55 % par rapport à 2010 et une réduction de 35 % par rapport au scénario BAU ce qui représente en valeur absolue 42 259 Gg Eq CO2 de réduction (Fig.4).', 'Dans ce même scénario, mais cette fois avec mesures additionnelles, l’augmentation des émissions est contenue à 76 826 Gg Eq CO2 en 2030 soit une augmentation de 55 % par rapport à 2010 et une réduction de 35 % par rapport au scénario BAU ce qui représente en valeur absolue 42 259 Gg Eq CO2 de réduction (Fig.4). Emissions hors foresterieRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Fig.4 : Évolution des émissions (Gg Eq. CO2) de GES du Cameroun suivant différents scénarii Les parts de réduction de chaque secteur en 2030 sont présentés dans le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 1 : Part de réduction par secteur en 2030 Part de Réduction par secteur en 2030 Secteurs Agriculture FAT Energie Déchets Totaux Part de chaque secteur dans la réduction totale (%.)', 'CO2) de GES du Cameroun suivant différents scénarii Les parts de réduction de chaque secteur en 2030 sont présentés dans le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 1 : Part de réduction par secteur en 2030 Part de Réduction par secteur en 2030 Secteurs Agriculture FAT Energie Déchets Totaux Part de chaque secteur dans la réduction totale (%.) Part de chaque secteur par rapport au pourcentage de réduction (%.) En termes de potentiel de réduction le secteur de la foresterie vient en tête, suivi de l’Energie 4.4 Les actions d’atténuation retenues Le Cameroun entend mettre en œuvre les actions d’atténuation ci-dessous, sur la base des orientations et options de réduction en cohérence avec les piliers de sa stratégie nationale de développement 2020-2030 (SND30) et les ODD.', 'En termes de potentiel de réduction le secteur de la foresterie vient en tête, suivi de l’Energie 4.4 Les actions d’atténuation retenues Le Cameroun entend mettre en œuvre les actions d’atténuation ci-dessous, sur la base des orientations et options de réduction en cohérence avec les piliers de sa stratégie nationale de développement 2020-2030 (SND30) et les ODD. Scénario BaU 2030 Scénario "with measures" 2030 Scénario "with additionnal measures" 2030République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Agriculture/Pêche/Élevage/Forêt \uf0d8 Grands enjeux du secteur agriculture/élevage/pêche : (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance, sécurité alimentaires, développement de l’agro-industrie et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité.', 'Scénario BaU 2030 Scénario "with measures" 2030 Scénario "with additionnal measures" 2030République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Agriculture/Pêche/Élevage/Forêt \uf0d8 Grands enjeux du secteur agriculture/élevage/pêche : (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance, sécurité alimentaires, développement de l’agro-industrie et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité. \uf0d8 Grands enjeux du secteur forestier : (i) Gestion durable des forêts par l’exploitation et valorisation des forêts productives dans le cadre de plans d aménagement, (ii) Contribution à la croissance économique et à la lutte contre la pauvreté à travers la rétrocession d’une partie des recettes fiscales aux collectivités, la création d’emplois, la création de forêts communales dans le Domaine Forestier Permanant (DFP) et de forêts communautaires dans le Domaine Forestier non Permanant (DFnP) (iii) Conservation de la biodiversité à travers le renforcement du réseau national d’aires protégées, (iv) Mise en cohérence du système foncier grâce aux plans de zonage.', '\uf0d8 Grands enjeux du secteur forestier : (i) Gestion durable des forêts par l’exploitation et valorisation des forêts productives dans le cadre de plans d aménagement, (ii) Contribution à la croissance économique et à la lutte contre la pauvreté à travers la rétrocession d’une partie des recettes fiscales aux collectivités, la création d’emplois, la création de forêts communales dans le Domaine Forestier Permanant (DFP) et de forêts communautaires dans le Domaine Forestier non Permanant (DFnP) (iii) Conservation de la biodiversité à travers le renforcement du réseau national d’aires protégées, (iv) Mise en cohérence du système foncier grâce aux plans de zonage. \uf0d8 MESSAGE CLE : « L’agriculture a été et demeure le pilier de l’ambition d’émergence du pays mais il est possible et même nécessaire de limiter son impact carbone.', '\uf0d8 MESSAGE CLE : « L’agriculture a été et demeure le pilier de l’ambition d’émergence du pays mais il est possible et même nécessaire de limiter son impact carbone. La gestion durable des forêts permettra d’augmenter le puits carbone. Cette croissance bas-carbone apportera d’importants Co-bénéfices (développement économique et social, création d’emplois, amélioration de l’environnement et de la santé, etc.).', 'Cette croissance bas-carbone apportera d’importants Co-bénéfices (développement économique et social, création d’emplois, amélioration de l’environnement et de la santé, etc.). Orientations par rapport à la SND 30 Actions d’atténuation retenues Options de réduction retenues 1) Mise en cohérence de la planification et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture tout en limitant la déforestation/dégradation -Aménagement durable des espaces rural et urbain ; - Renforcement de la gestion durable et la valorisation des forêts et de la biodiversité, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres ; -Réhabilitation des terres dégradées et le reboisement des savanes anthropiques, et - Reboisement ; - Gestion durable et Régénération assistée des forêtsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 renforcement des puits de carbone dans les forêts dégradées.', 'Orientations par rapport à la SND 30 Actions d’atténuation retenues Options de réduction retenues 1) Mise en cohérence de la planification et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture tout en limitant la déforestation/dégradation -Aménagement durable des espaces rural et urbain ; - Renforcement de la gestion durable et la valorisation des forêts et de la biodiversité, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres ; -Réhabilitation des terres dégradées et le reboisement des savanes anthropiques, et - Reboisement ; - Gestion durable et Régénération assistée des forêtsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 renforcement des puits de carbone dans les forêts dégradées. 2) Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant de limiter la déforestation / dégradation - Amélioration durable de la productivité agricole et gestion durable de la production animale et halieutique ; - Adaptation des calendriers culturaux, et des techniques de production ; - Limitation des émissions de méthane de la riziculture en réduisant au maximum la submersion ; -Renforcement des partenariats et collaborations pour améliorer la productivité́ des sols, la mise en œuvre d’innovations agricoles ; développer l’agriculture raisonnée, conservatoire ou durable Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz 3) Promotion des pratiques permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu - Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification ; - Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants (% de matières grasses DM ajoutées)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Energie/Déchets \uf0d8 Grands enjeux de l énergie: (i) Améliorer l accès des populations et des industries à l électricité en quadruplant la capacité de production à l’horizon 2035 pour passer à 6 GW ; (ii) accroitre l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité, surtout dans les zones difficilement raccordables au réseau électrique et (iii) faire de l’efficacité énergétique une priorité nationale.', '2) Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant de limiter la déforestation / dégradation - Amélioration durable de la productivité agricole et gestion durable de la production animale et halieutique ; - Adaptation des calendriers culturaux, et des techniques de production ; - Limitation des émissions de méthane de la riziculture en réduisant au maximum la submersion ; -Renforcement des partenariats et collaborations pour améliorer la productivité́ des sols, la mise en œuvre d’innovations agricoles ; développer l’agriculture raisonnée, conservatoire ou durable Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz 3) Promotion des pratiques permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu - Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification ; - Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants (% de matières grasses DM ajoutées)République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Energie/Déchets \uf0d8 Grands enjeux de l énergie: (i) Améliorer l accès des populations et des industries à l électricité en quadruplant la capacité de production à l’horizon 2035 pour passer à 6 GW ; (ii) accroitre l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité, surtout dans les zones difficilement raccordables au réseau électrique et (iii) faire de l’efficacité énergétique une priorité nationale. \uf0d8 Grands enjeux des déchets : Améliorer la salubrité urbaine notamment en faisant des déchets une ressource pour la production d’énergie \uf0d8 MESSAGE CLE : « Porter à 25 % la part des énergies renouvelables hors grande hydro dans le bouquet électrique en 2035 » Orientations par rapport à la SND 30 Actions d’atténuation retenues Options de réduction retenues 4) Maitrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité́ énergétique volontariste - Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique; - Mise en place d une règlementation sur l efficacité́ énergétique (EE); - Création et opérationnalisation l’Agence de promotion et de rationalisation de l’utilisation des énergies (APRUE); - Développement des incitations économiques pour promouvoir et lever les barrières à l investissement dans l EE; - Favorisation de l achat de véhicules peu polluants et mise au rebut des véhicules - Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes; - Éclairage efficace avec LED; - Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluo compactes; - Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie; - Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluo compactes: - Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED; - Éclairage public efficace; - Efficacité énergétique de service ; - Réseaux électrique efficaces ; - Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau ;République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations ; - Promotion des modes de transport à faible émission carbone.', '\uf0d8 Grands enjeux des déchets : Améliorer la salubrité urbaine notamment en faisant des déchets une ressource pour la production d’énergie \uf0d8 MESSAGE CLE : « Porter à 25 % la part des énergies renouvelables hors grande hydro dans le bouquet électrique en 2035 » Orientations par rapport à la SND 30 Actions d’atténuation retenues Options de réduction retenues 4) Maitrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité́ énergétique volontariste - Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique; - Mise en place d une règlementation sur l efficacité́ énergétique (EE); - Création et opérationnalisation l’Agence de promotion et de rationalisation de l’utilisation des énergies (APRUE); - Développement des incitations économiques pour promouvoir et lever les barrières à l investissement dans l EE; - Favorisation de l achat de véhicules peu polluants et mise au rebut des véhicules - Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes; - Éclairage efficace avec LED; - Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluo compactes; - Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie; - Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluo compactes: - Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED; - Éclairage public efficace; - Efficacité énergétique de service ; - Réseaux électrique efficaces ; - Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau ;République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations ; - Promotion des modes de transport à faible émission carbone. - Services d’autobus Express 5) Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire - Gestion durable et efficace des déchets, - Renforcement des politiques de gestion des déchets (d’ici à 2035, toutes les grandes villes devraient avoir des décharges aménagées avec au moins 70 % de captage de méthane) ; - Promotion du développement d’une économie circulaire ; - Récupération / utilisation des déchets agricoles et forestiers ; compostage ; - Valorisation / traitement des autres déchets (station d’épuration, boues de vidange.', '- Services d’autobus Express 5) Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire - Gestion durable et efficace des déchets, - Renforcement des politiques de gestion des déchets (d’ici à 2035, toutes les grandes villes devraient avoir des décharges aménagées avec au moins 70 % de captage de méthane) ; - Promotion du développement d’une économie circulaire ; - Récupération / utilisation des déchets agricoles et forestiers ; compostage ; - Valorisation / traitement des autres déchets (station d’épuration, boues de vidange. - Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois de feu non renouvelables ; - Le biogaz dans les grandes fermes ; - Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles ; - Recyclage des plastiques ; - Combustibles issus de déchets municipaux solides ; - Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux ; - Compostage des déchets solides municipaux.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6) Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables - Promotion des énergies renouvelables - Adoption d’un plan de développement des énergies renouvelables portant à 25 % la part des EnR dans le bouquet électrique ; - Mise en place d’un cadre incitatif pour le développement des EnR - PV solaire grand réseau ; - PV solaire petit réseau isolé 100 % solaire ; - Lampadaires solaires.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 4.4 Informations sur les efforts d’atténuation a) Mesures inconditionnelles Le scénario des mesures inconditionnelles d’atténuation comprend des options de réduction sur lesquelles le Cameroun s’engage dans le cadre de sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) tenant compte de son contexte national et de ses capacités internes.', '- Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois de feu non renouvelables ; - Le biogaz dans les grandes fermes ; - Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles ; - Recyclage des plastiques ; - Combustibles issus de déchets municipaux solides ; - Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux ; - Compostage des déchets solides municipaux.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6) Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables - Promotion des énergies renouvelables - Adoption d’un plan de développement des énergies renouvelables portant à 25 % la part des EnR dans le bouquet électrique ; - Mise en place d’un cadre incitatif pour le développement des EnR - PV solaire grand réseau ; - PV solaire petit réseau isolé 100 % solaire ; - Lampadaires solaires.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 4.4 Informations sur les efforts d’atténuation a) Mesures inconditionnelles Le scénario des mesures inconditionnelles d’atténuation comprend des options de réduction sur lesquelles le Cameroun s’engage dans le cadre de sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) tenant compte de son contexte national et de ses capacités internes. L’objectif inconditionnel se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions à hauteur de 104 187 Gg Eq.', 'L’objectif inconditionnel se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions à hauteur de 104 187 Gg Eq. CO2. L’ensemble des mesures inconditionnelles, d’un coût d’environ 25 784,66 millions USD, permettent de réduire les émissions projetées pour l’année 2030 de 14 898 Gg Eq. CO2, soit 12 % des émissions dans le scenario BAU 2030. b) Objectif Global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) La CDN révisée du Cameroun, présente un objectif d’atténuation global de 35 % avec 32 options de réduction dans les secteurs cibles (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU 2030).', 'CO2, soit 12 % des émissions dans le scenario BAU 2030. b) Objectif Global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) La CDN révisée du Cameroun, présente un objectif d’atténuation global de 35 % avec 32 options de réduction dans les secteurs cibles (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence (BAU 2030). Ce nouvel objectif de réduction indique la volonté du pays à revoir à la hausse son ambition d’atténuation par rapport à la première version de la CDN (objectif de 32 % de réduction).', 'Ce nouvel objectif de réduction indique la volonté du pays à revoir à la hausse son ambition d’atténuation par rapport à la première version de la CDN (objectif de 32 % de réduction). Il se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions réduites de 14 898 Gg Eq CO2 (inconditionnelles) et un surplus de réduction de 27 361 Gg Eq C02 (conditionnées) si le Cameroun reçoit l’appui nécessaire pour la mise en œuvre des mesures additionnelles proposées. Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 1.', 'Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 1. Informations quantifiées sur le point de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base Type de contribution Un objectif de réduction des émissions assorti d’actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation Objectif national à long terme sur les Émissions de GES Réduction des émissions de GES à hauteur de 35% par rapport à un scénario de référence pour l’année cible 2030 et reparti en 12% inconditionnel et 23% conditionné au soutien de la communauté internationale sous forme de financement, d’actions de renforcements de capacité et de transfert de technologies.', 'Informations quantifiées sur le point de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base Type de contribution Un objectif de réduction des émissions assorti d’actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation Objectif national à long terme sur les Émissions de GES Réduction des émissions de GES à hauteur de 35% par rapport à un scénario de référence pour l’année cible 2030 et reparti en 12% inconditionnel et 23% conditionné au soutien de la communauté internationale sous forme de financement, d’actions de renforcements de capacité et de transfert de technologies. Année cible 2030 Année de référence 2010République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Objectif Stratégie Nationale de Croissance économique et transformation structurelle (porter le taux de croissance annuel de 4,5% à 8,1% en moyenne sur la période 202-2030 ; ramener le déficit de la balance commerciale de 8,8% du PIB en 2018 à 3% en 2030) ; réduction de la pauvreté et du sous-emploi (ramener le taux de pauvreté de 37,5% en 2014 à moins de 25% en 2030) ; préservation environnementale et maitrise des risques climatiques (renforcer les actions en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets des changements climatiques et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement durable et inclusif) ; renforcement de la Gouvernance (renforcer la performance de l’action publique en vue de l’atteinte des objectifs de développement).', 'Année cible 2030 Année de référence 2010République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Objectif Stratégie Nationale de Croissance économique et transformation structurelle (porter le taux de croissance annuel de 4,5% à 8,1% en moyenne sur la période 202-2030 ; ramener le déficit de la balance commerciale de 8,8% du PIB en 2018 à 3% en 2030) ; réduction de la pauvreté et du sous-emploi (ramener le taux de pauvreté de 37,5% en 2014 à moins de 25% en 2030) ; préservation environnementale et maitrise des risques climatiques (renforcer les actions en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets des changements climatiques et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement durable et inclusif) ; renforcement de la Gouvernance (renforcer la performance de l’action publique en vue de l’atteinte des objectifs de développement). Objectifs sectoriels principaux Scénario CDN : (i) verdissement (intensification, sédentarisation) de la politique agricole ; (ii) gestion durable des forêts (iii) augmentation de l’offre énergétique et amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique; (iv) 25% d’énergie renouvelable dans le bouquet électrique à l’horizon 2035.', 'Objectifs sectoriels principaux Scénario CDN : (i) verdissement (intensification, sédentarisation) de la politique agricole ; (ii) gestion durable des forêts (iii) augmentation de l’offre énergétique et amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique; (iv) 25% d’énergie renouvelable dans le bouquet électrique à l’horizon 2035. Ambition de la Contribution L’objectif de réduction des émissions du Cameroun représente un effort significatif pour un pays dont les émissions restent insignifiantes à l’échelon international et dont le PIB par habitant se situe au 99ème rang mondial et 16ème rang en Afrique (2020, Banque Mondiale). Équité de la Contribution L’augmentation des ambitions de réduction de 35% des émission d’ici à 2030 est du même ordre ou supérieure à celle proposée par des pays comparables ou de la sous- région.', 'Équité de la Contribution L’augmentation des ambitions de réduction de 35% des émission d’ici à 2030 est du même ordre ou supérieure à celle proposée par des pays comparables ou de la sous- région. Ce niveau d’engagement tient compte des efforts accomplis ou en cours pour réduire les émissions / augmenter les puits de carbone (reboisement, gestion durable des forêts). Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’année cible. L’indicateur de référence est quantifié sur la base des émissions nationales totales de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour l’année de référence 2010, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence est de 34933Gg eq CO2.', 'Pour l’année de référence 2010, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence est de 34933Gg eq CO2. Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, où les politiques et mesures en tant qu’éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le Une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 12% en 2030 par rapport au scénario Bisness as Usual (BaU), avec des financements internes du pays. Avec un soutien international conséquent le Cameroun pourrait aller jusqu’à une réduction des émissions de 35% par rapport au scenario Business as Usual (BaU).République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 paragraphe 1 (b) ci-dessus n’est pas applicable, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes. Cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en quantité de réduction.', 'Cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en quantité de réduction. N/A Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence. La quantification des indicateurs de référence a été faite à partir des données de l’inventaire national des émissions des GES élaboré en suivant les méthodologies et les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006 dans le cadre de la troisième Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques (TCN). Il est utile d’indiquer que les informations sur les indicateurs de références peuvent être mis à jour et recalculées en raison d’améliorations méthodologiques continues ou mise à dispositions d’informations pertinentes non disponibles avant.', 'Il est utile d’indiquer que les informations sur les indicateurs de références peuvent être mis à jour et recalculées en raison d’améliorations méthodologiques continues ou mise à dispositions d’informations pertinentes non disponibles avant. Les informations sur les mises à jour effectuées seront reportées dans les rapports de la CCNUCC notamment dans les rapports biennaux sur la transparence et ce à partir de 2024, 2. Délais et/ou délai de mise en œuvre a. Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la CMA. b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas 3. Périmètre et couverture a.', 'b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas 3. Périmètre et couverture a. Description générale de l’objectif d’atténuation Engagement inconditionnel de réduction des émissions de GES de 12% (14898 Gg Eq CO2) en 2030 comparé au scenario BAU avec les niveaux de soutien international en vigueur en 2020 augmenté à 35% (42259Gg Eq CO2) avec un soutien international plus important. b. Secteurs, gaz, catégories et bassins couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC. La CDN du Cameroun concerne l’ensemble de l’économie.', 'La CDN du Cameroun concerne l’ensemble de l’économie. Elle reflète toutes les Émissions et les absorptions anthropogéniques telles que rapportées dans la Troisième communication nationale et le premier rapport biennal comme définisRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 par les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les secteurs Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), Énergie, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation Des Produits (PIUP) et Déchets. Les principaux gaz concernés sont les gaz à effet de serre inclus dans les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC notamment CO2, CH4, N2O. c. Comment le pays Partie a tenu compte des paragraphes 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21.', 'c. Comment le pays Partie a tenu compte des paragraphes 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21. • La CDN du Cameroun conformément aux indications des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, a inclue toutes les catégories d’émissions ou d’absorptions anthropiques estimés dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Aucune source, aucun puits, aucune activité qui était inclus dans la version précédente de la CDN n’a été exclue. La CDN Cameroun concentre son intervention sur les secteurs ayant un grand potentiel d’atténuation. d. Co-avantages d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties. NA 4.', 'd. Co-avantages d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties. NA 4. Processus de planification a. Informations sur les processus de planification que le pays partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre du pays partie, y compris, le cas échéant : i. Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d’une manière sensible au genre.', 'Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d’une manière sensible au genre. Le dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi de la CDN, présente un organigramme incluant les rôles et les qualités des membres depuis les services du Premier Ministère jusqu’à la société civile et les groupes vulnérables en passant par les ministères sectoriels et les ONG. Il en est de même de groupes de travail et le mécanisme de suivi et reporting sans oublier le système national d’inventaire des GES. Ce dispositif va assurer l’opérationnalisation de la CDN au Cameroun.', 'Ce dispositif va assurer l’opérationnalisation de la CDN au Cameroun. Chaque groupe de travail devra bénéficier d’un volet renforcement des capacités qui permettra une meilleure circulation de l’information au sein des ministères, entre les différents ministères et les autres parties prenantes.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 ii (a). Les circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté.', 'Les circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté. Position géographique : Grâce à sa large extension latitudinale (2-13°N sur plus de 1500km) et méridienne (9-16°E sur plus 800km) d’une superficie de 475 000 km2, le Cameroun est bordé au nord- ouest par le Nigeria (sur 1 720 km), au nord par le Tchad (1 122 km), à l’est par la République Centrafricaine (822 km), au sud par le Congo (520 km), le Gabon (298 km) et la Guinée équatoriale (183 km). Il dispose à l’ouest d’une ouverture de 364 km de côte sur l’océan Atlantique.', 'Il dispose à l’ouest d’une ouverture de 364 km de côte sur l’océan Atlantique. Climat : Le Climat contrasté du Cameroun se subdivise en deux grands domaines climatiques : le domaine équatorial et subéquatorial, au sud, et les domaines tropicaux au nord, tous deux comportant des nuances liées au relief (hautes terres) ou à la mer. Economie nationale : Au Cameroun, l’agriculture est et demeure le secteur prédominant de l’économie nationale, tant par sa contribution au PIB que pour les effets d’entrainement sur d’autres secteurs d’activité́. Les principales cultures commerciales sont le cacao, le café, le tabac, le coton et les bananes et le poivre. Malgré́ des potentialités agricoles avérées, le Cameroun reste confronté au défi de nourrir convenablement une population en croissance rapide.', 'Malgré́ des potentialités agricoles avérées, le Cameroun reste confronté au défi de nourrir convenablement une population en croissance rapide. L’agriculture, qui est extrêmement importante pour l’économie camerounaise, est naturellement sensible aux conditions climatiques. On estime toutefois que 72 % des unités de production (UP) seraient polyvalentes (concernées par les productions végétales et animales, et, dans la partie méridionale du pays, par la forêt, 25 % spécialisées dans les productions végétales, et 3 % spécialisées dans l’élevage).', 'On estime toutefois que 72 % des unités de production (UP) seraient polyvalentes (concernées par les productions végétales et animales, et, dans la partie méridionale du pays, par la forêt, 25 % spécialisées dans les productions végétales, et 3 % spécialisées dans l’élevage). Le Cameroun ambitionne porter le taux de croissance annuel de 4,5% à 8,1% en moyenne sur la période 2020- 2030 ; Porter la croissance du secteur secondaire (hors pétrole) à plus de 8% en moyenne ; Ramener le déficit de la balance commerciale de 8,8% du PIB en 2018 de 3% enRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Développement durable : le Cameroun envisage renforcer les actions en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles; Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets des changements climatiques et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement durable et inclusif (ODD Lutte contre la pauvreté : le gouvernement camerounais dans sa déclaration de stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté (DSPL) adoptée en 1998 s’engage à poursuivre avec efficacité la lutte contre la pauvreté au Cameroun de manière à réduire considérablement et durablement la proportion de la population qui vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté au moyen d’une croissance économique forte et durable, d’une meilleure efficience des dépenses, des politiques de réduction de la pauvreté convenablement ciblées et du renforcement de la gouvernance.', 'Le Cameroun ambitionne porter le taux de croissance annuel de 4,5% à 8,1% en moyenne sur la période 2020- 2030 ; Porter la croissance du secteur secondaire (hors pétrole) à plus de 8% en moyenne ; Ramener le déficit de la balance commerciale de 8,8% du PIB en 2018 de 3% enRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Développement durable : le Cameroun envisage renforcer les actions en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles; Renforcer les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets des changements climatiques et la gestion environnementale pour garantir une croissance économique et un développement durable et inclusif (ODD Lutte contre la pauvreté : le gouvernement camerounais dans sa déclaration de stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté (DSPL) adoptée en 1998 s’engage à poursuivre avec efficacité la lutte contre la pauvreté au Cameroun de manière à réduire considérablement et durablement la proportion de la population qui vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté au moyen d’une croissance économique forte et durable, d’une meilleure efficience des dépenses, des politiques de réduction de la pauvreté convenablement ciblées et du renforcement de la gouvernance. Ramener le taux de pauvreté de 37,5% en 2014 à moins de 25% en 2030 ; Ramener le sous-emploi de 77% en 2014 à moins de 50% en 2030 ; Porter l’Indice du Capital Humain de 0,39 en 2018 à 0,55 et l’Indice de Développement Humain de 0,52 en 2016 à 0,70 en 2030. iii (b).', 'Ramener le taux de pauvreté de 37,5% en 2014 à moins de 25% en 2030 ; Ramener le sous-emploi de 77% en 2014 à moins de 50% en 2030 ; Porter l’Indice du Capital Humain de 0,39 en 2018 à 0,55 et l’Indice de Développement Humain de 0,52 en 2016 à 0,70 en 2030. iii (b). Meilleures pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la CDN. La CDN du Cameroun est élaborée dans un cadre de transparence facilement vérifiable. 43 Options de réduction (26 inconditionnelles et 17 conditionnées) sectorielles avec des objectifs quantifiables de réductions individuelles ont été identifiées avec leur coût de mise en œuvre. Le Cameroun a mis en place un groupe technique CDN constitué des Points Focaux sectoriels dédiée au suivi de la mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN.', 'Le Cameroun a mis en place un groupe technique CDN constitué des Points Focaux sectoriels dédiée au suivi de la mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN. Ces points focaux sectoriels ont été impliqués et formés pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de leurs actions. iv (c). Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris. NA b. Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionale et leurs États membres, qui sont parvenus à un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, y compris les NARépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Parties qui ont accepté d’agir conjointement et les termes de l’accord, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'NA b. Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionale et leurs États membres, qui sont parvenus à un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, y compris les NARépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Parties qui ont accepté d’agir conjointement et les termes de l’accord, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. c. Comment le pays partie préparant sa CDN a-t-elle été informée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'c. Comment le pays partie préparant sa CDN a-t-elle été informée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. NA d. Chaque Partie ayant une CDN au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des co- avantages d’atténuation conformes au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur: i. Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de réponse ont-elles été prises en compte dans le développement de la CDN NARépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 ii.', 'Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de réponse ont-elles été prises en compte dans le développement de la CDN NARépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 ii. Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co- bénéfices d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l’immobilier, l’agriculture et la pêche. NA 5.', 'Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co- bénéfices d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l’immobilier, l’agriculture et la pêche. NA 5. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions a. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national du pays partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/ CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA.', 'Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions a. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national du pays partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/ CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA. L’approche méthodologique adoptée pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre de la CDN du Cameroun est identique à celle utilisée dans l’inventaire de GES et est conforme aux orientations des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 b. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national.', 'L’approche méthodologique adoptée pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre de la CDN du Cameroun est identique à celle utilisée dans l’inventaire de GES et est conforme aux orientations des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 b. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national. Les mêmes hypothèses et approches sont utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la CDN.', 'Les mêmes hypothèses et approches sont utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la CDN. c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont le pays partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant. L’inventaire national actuel des GES du Cameroun élaboré dans le cadre de sa troisième communication, a été fait conformément à la décision 24 / CP.19 et a utilisé les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. d. Méthodologies et paramètres utilisés pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre. Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Métriques : Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) conformément aux orientations du quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4). Les valeurs duPotentiel de réchauffement Global PRG utilisées sont : CO2 = 1 (par convention) CH4 = 25 ;N2O = 298 ; HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800. e. Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant, y compris, le cas échéant : i. Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées.', 'Les valeurs duPotentiel de réchauffement Global PRG utilisées sont : CO2 = 1 (par convention) CH4 = 25 ;N2O = 298 ; HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800. e. Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant, y compris, le cas échéant : i. Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées. Toutes les estimations des émissions et absorptions issues de l’inventaire national des GES du Cameroun inclus dans la CDN, ont été faites sans approche spécifique pour exclure les émissions issues des perturbations naturelles. ii. Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés. Les produits ligneux récoltés informels ont été estimés iii.', 'Les produits ligneux récoltés informels ont été estimés iii. Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts. Les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts n’ont pas été pris en Considération. f. Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : i.', 'f. Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : i. Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence et / ou les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de L’inventaire national des émissions de GES de 2010, les scénarios Business As Usual ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006 ainsi que sur la base des informations et données reçus des sectoriels en fonction deRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés. la stratégie national de développement du pays à l’horizon 2030.', 'la stratégie national de développement du pays à l’horizon 2030. Les scénarios d’atténuation ont été élaborés à partir des données des Statistiques nationales, des données sur les activités sectorielles et l’utilisation du modèle Greenhouse-gases Abattement Costs Model (GACMO) des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030, version du 01 Janvier 2021. ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces éléments, le cas échéant. NA iii. Pour les forceurs climatiques inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont les forçateurs climatiques sont estimés. NA iv. Informations techniques complémentaires, si nécessaire. NA g. L’intention d’utiliser la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant.', 'NA g. L’intention d’utiliser la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant. Le Cameroun est favorable pour une participation aux mécanismes financiers et de coopération prévue à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. Le Cameroun envisage aussi renforcer ses capacités pour une participation efficace aux mécanismes de l’article 6. 6. Comment le pays partie considère que sa CDN est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale a. Comment le pays Partie considère que sa CDN est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale. La CDN révisée du Cameroun revoit à la hausse ses ambitions de réduction par rapport à la première version de sa CDN, en indiquant un objectif de 35% de réduction à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scenario BAU.', 'La CDN révisée du Cameroun revoit à la hausse ses ambitions de réduction par rapport à la première version de sa CDN, en indiquant un objectif de 35% de réduction à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scenario BAU. Cet objectif de réduction est reparti en objectif inconditionnel de 12% et conditionne (23%) à l’appui de la communauté internationale. Ce nouvel engagement traduit la forte volonté du Cameroun à augmenter de façon significative son ambition en matière d’atténuation quand on sait que sa précédente CDN affichait une volonté de réduction de 32% des émission de GES à l’horizon 2035.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 b. Les considérations d’équité, y compris la réflexion sur l’équité.', 'Ce nouvel engagement traduit la forte volonté du Cameroun à augmenter de façon significative son ambition en matière d’atténuation quand on sait que sa précédente CDN affichait une volonté de réduction de 32% des émission de GES à l’horizon 2035.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 b. Les considérations d’équité, y compris la réflexion sur l’équité. Équité Avec moins de 0,1% des émissions totales de GES mondiales en 2010, les émissions du Cameroun par habitant sont très disproportionnellement basses comparées à la moyenne mondiale. De plus, le bilan des émissions montre que le Cameroun demeure un puits carbone avec une capacité de séquestration deux fois supérieur à ses émissions. Historiquement parlant, le Cameroun a toujours eu un taux d’émission très faible et une accumulation des émissions historiques extrêmement basse comparée à celles des pays industrialisés.', 'Historiquement parlant, le Cameroun a toujours eu un taux d’émission très faible et une accumulation des émissions historiques extrêmement basse comparée à celles des pays industrialisés. Cela prouve la très faible responsabilité du Cameroun relativement aux causes anthropiques du changement climatique. Le pays a une grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique non seulement en raison de son exposition, mais aussi à cause de sa faible capacité globale d’adaptation. Néanmoins, en reconnaissant les responsabilités communes, mais différenciées, formulées sous la CCNUCC et reconfirmées dans l’Accord de Paris, le Cameroun vise à assumer une contribution d’atténuation des émissions de GES plus signifiante que celle qui lui serait conforme selon sa responsabilité historique.', 'Néanmoins, en reconnaissant les responsabilités communes, mais différenciées, formulées sous la CCNUCC et reconfirmées dans l’Accord de Paris, le Cameroun vise à assumer une contribution d’atténuation des émissions de GES plus signifiante que celle qui lui serait conforme selon sa responsabilité historique. Cela est basé sur la conception d’une idée d’équité globale ainsi que sur le constat de l’urgence planétaire dans laquelle l’humanité dans son ensemble est engagée. c. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Le Cameroun présente une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’Accord de Paris pour la période 2020-2030, conformément aux articles 4.2, 4.9 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord.', 'Le Cameroun présente une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’Accord de Paris pour la période 2020-2030, conformément aux articles 4.2, 4.9 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. La CDN actualisée représente une progression par rapport à la précédente CDN, et affiche un niveau d’ambition de réduction des émissions revu à la hausse par rapport à la précédente CDN. d. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Conformément à l’article 4.4 de l’Accord de Paris, La CDN actualisée du Cameroun présente un objectif absolu de réduction des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie nationale.', 'Conformément à l’article 4.4 de l’Accord de Paris, La CDN actualisée du Cameroun présente un objectif absolu de réduction des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie nationale. e. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. NA 7. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention tels qu’énoncés à son article 2République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 a. Comment la CDN contribue à atteindre l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2. Le Cameroun est confiant que sa CDN actualisée est en droite ligne avec l’objectif de la CCNUCC et avec à long terme celui de l’Accord de Paris, comme indiqué aux points 6a et 6b plus haut.', 'Le Cameroun est confiant que sa CDN actualisée est en droite ligne avec l’objectif de la CCNUCC et avec à long terme celui de l’Accord de Paris, comme indiqué aux points 6a et 6b plus haut. La CDN du Cameroun représente la contribution du Cameroun aux objectifs de l’article 2 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) notamment : stabiliser les concentrations de GES dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêcherait l’interférence dangereuse et anthropique avec le système climatique. Les sections 4 et 6 détaillent l’ambition d’atténuation du Cameroun qui contribuera à la réalisation de l’article 2 de la CCNUCC. b. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation de l’article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l’article 4, paragraphe 1, de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation de l’article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l’article 4, paragraphe 1, de l’Accord de Paris. Les sections 4 et 6 explicitent l’ambition de réduction des émissions de GES du Cameroun qui contribuera donc à sa manière à la réalisation de l’article 2 de la CCNUCC.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Composante Adaptation Le Cameroun du fait de son exposition, sa sensibilité et de sa faible capacité d’adaptation demeure très vulnérable aux changements climatiques. En effet, le réchauffement climatique est fortement ressenti et les scenarii de projections climatiques récentes font état d’une augmentation des températures dans toutes les cinq zones agroécologiques du pays.', 'En effet, le réchauffement climatique est fortement ressenti et les scenarii de projections climatiques récentes font état d’une augmentation des températures dans toutes les cinq zones agroécologiques du pays. La ZAE soudano sahélienne du septentrion, connaitra une augmentation de +0,7° C de température à l’horizon 2025 ; +1,2° C en 2035 ; +2,5° C en 2055 ; +3,6° C en 2075 et +4,8° C en 2100. Dans les quatre ZAE restantes, les augmentations de températures passeront de +0,6° C en 2025 à +3,6° C en 2100. Concernant les précipitations, les scénarii prévoient globalement un climat plus sec et moins pluvieux en ZAE soudano sahélienne avec néanmoins une augmentation de 0 à +2% et une concentration des pluies dans l’espace et le temps.', 'Concernant les précipitations, les scénarii prévoient globalement un climat plus sec et moins pluvieux en ZAE soudano sahélienne avec néanmoins une augmentation de 0 à +2% et une concentration des pluies dans l’espace et le temps. Par contre, en dépit d’un climat plus chaud et humide, il fait relever une régression des pluies de l’ordre de -1 à -5% en ZAE Hautes savanes (Adamaoua) et Hauts plateaux (hautes terres), puis, de -2 à 0% en ZAE forestière bimodale, et enfin une augmentation de 0 à +2% en ZAE côtière ou littorale entre 2021 et 2040 (Etude vulnérabilité, 2021).', 'Par contre, en dépit d’un climat plus chaud et humide, il fait relever une régression des pluies de l’ordre de -1 à -5% en ZAE Hautes savanes (Adamaoua) et Hauts plateaux (hautes terres), puis, de -2 à 0% en ZAE forestière bimodale, et enfin une augmentation de 0 à +2% en ZAE côtière ou littorale entre 2021 et 2040 (Etude vulnérabilité, 2021). Toutefois, Il faut s’attendre à une forte variabilité des précipitations futures sur l’ensemble du territoire camerounais avec des valeurs de -12 à +20 mm de pluie par mois (de -8 à +17 %) dans les années 2100. De plus, dans certaines régions, le réchauffement climatique va entraîner la diminution des rendements des cultures, de la productivité du bétail et des pénuries en eau.', 'De plus, dans certaines régions, le réchauffement climatique va entraîner la diminution des rendements des cultures, de la productivité du bétail et des pénuries en eau. Les phénomènes météorologiques et climatiques extrêmes tels que les sécheresses et les inondations devraient être plus fréquents, avec des impacts négatifs sur la santé et la vie humaine. Toutefois la ZAE soudano Sahélienne (exposés à la sécheresse, à la désertification et aux inondations extrêmes) et la zone côtière (durement éprouvée par les inondations et la montée du niveau de la mer) sont les plus vulnérables. Aussi, les projections climatiques au Cameroun montrent-elles l’augmentation de la fréquence et de l’amplitude des évènements extrêmes suivants :République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 \uf0d8 Les sécheresses : en ZAE soudano sahélienne.', 'Aussi, les projections climatiques au Cameroun montrent-elles l’augmentation de la fréquence et de l’amplitude des évènements extrêmes suivants :République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 \uf0d8 Les sécheresses : en ZAE soudano sahélienne. Compte tenu de l’aridité du climat, les sécheresses vont s’intensifier. Il faudra prévoir en moyenne cinq sécheresses par décennie pour un bilan d’au moins 500 morts par évènements dans la ZAE soudano sahélienne (Etude vulnérabilité, 2021). \uf0d8 Les inondations : elles vont augmenter en nombre et en intensité dans les ZAE soudano sahélienne, côtière et forestière à pluviométrie bimodale.', '\uf0d8 Les inondations : elles vont augmenter en nombre et en intensité dans les ZAE soudano sahélienne, côtière et forestière à pluviométrie bimodale. En effet, les projections montrent au moins cinq à dix inondations par an suivant l’intensité de pluies (MINEPDED, 2015a, Tchindjang, 2013, Etude vulnérabilité, 2021) ; L’augmentation significative de la population (27 millions d’hbts) suscite de nombreux défis en termes de bien-être économique et social qui est grandement tributaire de la viabilité des principaux secteurs de développement. De plus, la population exposée annuellement aux aléas climatiques est passée de 320 000 (MINEPDED 2015) à environ 3 000 000 d’âmes (Etude vulnérabilité, 2021). Les tendances observées ci-dessus augurent des défis pluriels croissants, notamment d’ordres économiques et financiers, scientifiques ou technologiques.', 'Les tendances observées ci-dessus augurent des défis pluriels croissants, notamment d’ordres économiques et financiers, scientifiques ou technologiques. En effet, les conséquences des changements climatiques pourraient réduire les efforts du Cameroun destinés tant au développement d’une économie forte diversifiée et compétitive, qu’au renforcement de l’unité nationale, la consolidation du processus démocratique ; et par conséquent limiter la réalisation de l’émergence de la « vision 2035 ». Fort de ces constats, il ressort que l’adaptation aux changements climatiques revêt toute son importance. Elle est définie comme un processus permettant aux sociétés de s ajuster en réponse aux modifications de leur environnement, afin de limiter les impacts négatifs des changements climatiques, voire de bénéficier de conséquences positives.', 'Elle est définie comme un processus permettant aux sociétés de s ajuster en réponse aux modifications de leur environnement, afin de limiter les impacts négatifs des changements climatiques, voire de bénéficier de conséquences positives. Les stratégies d adaptation visent à augmenter la résilience et réduire la vulnérabilité des milieux, des organisations, des collectivités et des individus face aux effets connus ou anticipés de l évolution du climat. La mise en place de telles actions gagne à être combinée avec les mesures de lutte contre les changements climatiques, qui visent notamment à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre3. 3 VIVRE EN VILLE (2013).', '3 VIVRE EN VILLE (2013). « Adaptation aux changements climatiques », Collectivitesviables.org, Vivre en Ville, décembre 2013 L’objectif et la vision du Cameroun pour l’adaptation c’est qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution/opportunité de développement.', '« Adaptation aux changements climatiques », Collectivitesviables.org, Vivre en Ville, décembre 2013 L’objectif et la vision du Cameroun pour l’adaptation c’est qu’en 2035, « les changements climatiques dans les cinq zones agro-écologiques du Cameroun sont complètement intégrés au développement durable du pays, réduisant ainsi sa vulnérabilité, et transformant même le problème des changements climatiques en une solution/opportunité de développement. Ainsi les Camerounais particulièrement les femmes, les enfants et les personnes vulnérables et les secteurs économiques du pays vont acquérir une plus grande résilience et une plus grande capacité d’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.1 Les priorités de l’adaptation et la résilience au Cameroun Tableau 2 : Priorités d’adaptation suivant chaque secteur et ODD correspondant Secteur Priorités ODD Correspondant Agriculture - Promouvoir une agriculture intelligente face au climat pour renforcer la résilience et améliorer les investissements dans l adaptation et renforcer la résilience des communautés aux effets néfastes du changement climatique grâce à un accès et une connectivité améliorée, et un stockage des aliments - Renforcer la chaîne de valeur dans l agriculture Energie - Assurer l’approvisionnement énergétique durable et procéder à la certification de la résilience climatique des infrastructures énergétiques - Garantir la sécurité énergétique Infrastructures - Construire des infrastructures, y compris des systèmes ferroviaires, des aéroports et des ports maritimes, qui résistent au climat grâce à l intégration de mesures d adaptation et de résilience pour améliorer la durabilité.', 'Ainsi les Camerounais particulièrement les femmes, les enfants et les personnes vulnérables et les secteurs économiques du pays vont acquérir une plus grande résilience et une plus grande capacité d’adaptation aux impacts négatifs des changements climatiques.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.1 Les priorités de l’adaptation et la résilience au Cameroun Tableau 2 : Priorités d’adaptation suivant chaque secteur et ODD correspondant Secteur Priorités ODD Correspondant Agriculture - Promouvoir une agriculture intelligente face au climat pour renforcer la résilience et améliorer les investissements dans l adaptation et renforcer la résilience des communautés aux effets néfastes du changement climatique grâce à un accès et une connectivité améliorée, et un stockage des aliments - Renforcer la chaîne de valeur dans l agriculture Energie - Assurer l’approvisionnement énergétique durable et procéder à la certification de la résilience climatique des infrastructures énergétiques - Garantir la sécurité énergétique Infrastructures - Construire des infrastructures, y compris des systèmes ferroviaires, des aéroports et des ports maritimes, qui résistent au climat grâce à l intégration de mesures d adaptation et de résilience pour améliorer la durabilité. - Soutenir les infrastructures régionales et améliorer le commerce et Renforcer la résilience des corridors de transport régionaux - Assurer la résilience des systèmes de transport urbain et ruralRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Résilience des populations - Renforcer la résilience des communautés aux effets néfastes du changement climatique grâce à un accès et une connectivité améliorée, et un stockage des aliments - Développer les compétences humaines sensibles aux enjeux du changement climatique - Renforcer la solidarité sociale - Mettre en place un mécanisme de suivi de l’adaptation au changement climatique spécifique aux vulnérabilités locales - Contribuer à éliminer l extrême pauvreté Economie et développement - Renforcer l’environnement des affaires pour accroitre les investissements visant le passage vers un développement résilient - Renforcer la mobilisation des ressources nécessaires pour le financement de l’adaptation - Appuyer la promotion des initiatives sur l’économie circulaire et soutenir la création des emplois dans le secteur du recyclage des déchets ODD 8 & ODD 9République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.2- Projets d’adaptation L’ensemble des projets présentés correspondent aux axes stratégiques définis par la Stratégie Nationale de Développement 2020-2030, le PNACC ainsi qu’aux attentes de la CDN révisée.', '- Soutenir les infrastructures régionales et améliorer le commerce et Renforcer la résilience des corridors de transport régionaux - Assurer la résilience des systèmes de transport urbain et ruralRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Résilience des populations - Renforcer la résilience des communautés aux effets néfastes du changement climatique grâce à un accès et une connectivité améliorée, et un stockage des aliments - Développer les compétences humaines sensibles aux enjeux du changement climatique - Renforcer la solidarité sociale - Mettre en place un mécanisme de suivi de l’adaptation au changement climatique spécifique aux vulnérabilités locales - Contribuer à éliminer l extrême pauvreté Economie et développement - Renforcer l’environnement des affaires pour accroitre les investissements visant le passage vers un développement résilient - Renforcer la mobilisation des ressources nécessaires pour le financement de l’adaptation - Appuyer la promotion des initiatives sur l’économie circulaire et soutenir la création des emplois dans le secteur du recyclage des déchets ODD 8 & ODD 9République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.2- Projets d’adaptation L’ensemble des projets présentés correspondent aux axes stratégiques définis par la Stratégie Nationale de Développement 2020-2030, le PNACC ainsi qu’aux attentes de la CDN révisée. Projet 1 : Mise en place d’un système d’observation, de gestion des informations et d’alerte sur les risques climatiques au Cameroun ; Projet 2 : Actualisation du plan national de contingence au Cameroun et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence ; Projet 3 : Élaboration de Plan d’Affectation des Terres sensibles aux risques climatiques ; Projet 4 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre ; Projet 5 : Résilience des infrastructures et des systèmes de développement littoraux contre les effets des changements climatiques.', 'Projet 1 : Mise en place d’un système d’observation, de gestion des informations et d’alerte sur les risques climatiques au Cameroun ; Projet 2 : Actualisation du plan national de contingence au Cameroun et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence ; Projet 3 : Élaboration de Plan d’Affectation des Terres sensibles aux risques climatiques ; Projet 4 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre ; Projet 5 : Résilience des infrastructures et des systèmes de développement littoraux contre les effets des changements climatiques. 6.3 Projets sectoriels sensibles à l’adaptation La présente CDN prend en compte les priorités des CTD et les piliers de la SND30.', '6.3 Projets sectoriels sensibles à l’adaptation La présente CDN prend en compte les priorités des CTD et les piliers de la SND30. Elle comprend 12 projets d’adaptation élaborés pour un coût total de 15.928 milliards de FCFA. Dans le cadre de la CDN actualisée, les 15 projets sectoriels ont été revus, 12 titres ont été reformulés et un classement de fiches de projets par secteur a été fait pour les besoins de cohérence, et de priorités des CTD par piliers de la SND30 (en annexe). Pour les besoins de consistance, trois (projets 11, 12 et 20) sur les quinze projets avaient un fort potentiel d’atténuation, il a donc été décidé de ne pas les conserver dans ce portefeuille de projets d’adaptation. Les projections budgétaires des 12 projets d’adaptation retenus.', 'Les projections budgétaires des 12 projets d’adaptation retenus. Les projections budgétaires desdites fiches s’élèvent à 15.928 milliards de FCFA pour la mise en œuvre de 27 mesures d’adaptation qui reflètent la priorisation de l’adaptationRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Tableau 3 : Répartition des 15 actions (programmes) du PNACC par secteur de mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée Secteur Programmes/projets prioritaires du PNACC Nombre de projets Industries et Services Projet 15 : Prise en compte des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales Infrastructures Projet 7 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques Projet 8 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des changements climatiques Rural Projet 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des changements climatiques Projet 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques (REVEECC) Projet 18 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique Projet 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun Éducation Projet 6 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur les changements climatiques Santé Projet 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale face aux changements climatiques Social Projet 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique.', 'Les projections budgétaires desdites fiches s’élèvent à 15.928 milliards de FCFA pour la mise en œuvre de 27 mesures d’adaptation qui reflètent la priorisation de l’adaptationRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Tableau 3 : Répartition des 15 actions (programmes) du PNACC par secteur de mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée Secteur Programmes/projets prioritaires du PNACC Nombre de projets Industries et Services Projet 15 : Prise en compte des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales Infrastructures Projet 7 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques Projet 8 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des changements climatiques Rural Projet 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des changements climatiques Projet 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques (REVEECC) Projet 18 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique Projet 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun Éducation Projet 6 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur les changements climatiques Santé Projet 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale face aux changements climatiques Social Projet 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique. Gouvernance Projet 9 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatique Projet 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au changement climatiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.4 Programmes d’adaptation incluant les projections liées aux coûts d’adaptation.', 'Gouvernance Projet 9 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatique Projet 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au changement climatiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 6.4 Programmes d’adaptation incluant les projections liées aux coûts d’adaptation. PROJETS DE LA CDN Zones d’interventions par zone agro écologique (ZAE) COUTS (Mds de FCFA) COUTS (Mds $ US ) AGRICULTURE, ELEVAGE, PECHE 904,6 1,8092 Projet 1 : promotion et développement d’une agriculture intelligente et résiliente face aux effets des CC prenant en compte la chaine de valeur agricole Toutes les ZAEs 537,1 1,0742 Projet 2 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques ZAE sahélienne, hautes savanes et hauts plateaux Projet 3 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique (Littoral, Nord et Extrême-Nord) Toutes les ZAEs 142,5 0,285 ÉNERGIE/INDUSTRIE ET DECHETS 2567.5 5,135 Projet 4 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique et renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique en contexte de changement climatique Toutes les ZAEs 2152,5 4,305 Projet 5 : Gestion intégrée et valorisation des déchets puis promotion des initiatives d’économie circulaire Toutes les ZAEs 150 0,3 Projet 6 : Promotion des technologies à bas carbone dans les procédés industriels et les activités touristiques et artisanales.', 'PROJETS DE LA CDN Zones d’interventions par zone agro écologique (ZAE) COUTS (Mds de FCFA) COUTS (Mds $ US ) AGRICULTURE, ELEVAGE, PECHE 904,6 1,8092 Projet 1 : promotion et développement d’une agriculture intelligente et résiliente face aux effets des CC prenant en compte la chaine de valeur agricole Toutes les ZAEs 537,1 1,0742 Projet 2 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques ZAE sahélienne, hautes savanes et hauts plateaux Projet 3 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique (Littoral, Nord et Extrême-Nord) Toutes les ZAEs 142,5 0,285 ÉNERGIE/INDUSTRIE ET DECHETS 2567.5 5,135 Projet 4 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique et renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique en contexte de changement climatique Toutes les ZAEs 2152,5 4,305 Projet 5 : Gestion intégrée et valorisation des déchets puis promotion des initiatives d’économie circulaire Toutes les ZAEs 150 0,3 Projet 6 : Promotion des technologies à bas carbone dans les procédés industriels et les activités touristiques et artisanales. Toutes les ZAEs 265 0,53 INFRASTRUCTURES & ASSAINISSEMENT 3487,7 6,9754 Projet 7 : Construire des infrastructures résilientes au climat et renforcer la résilience des systèmes et des corridors de transport nationaux et régionaux.', 'Toutes les ZAEs 265 0,53 INFRASTRUCTURES & ASSAINISSEMENT 3487,7 6,9754 Projet 7 : Construire des infrastructures résilientes au climat et renforcer la résilience des systèmes et des corridors de transport nationaux et régionaux. Toutes les ZAEs 3187,7 6,3754 Projet 8 : Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau et élaboration des systèmes d’assainissement résilients au changement climatique Toutes les ZAEs 300 0,6 Projet 9 : Réduction des atteintes à la forêt ZAEs forestière, côtière et hautes savanes Projet 10 : Promotion du reboisement et de la restauration des paysages forestiers dégradés Toutes les ZAEs 415 0,83République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE / GESTION DES RISQUES 774 1,548 Projet 11 : Mise à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités Toutes les ZAEs 300 0,6 Projet 12 : Elaboration des plans ORSEC dans toutes les régions et opérationnalisation des fonds d’urgence en cas de catastrophe.', 'Toutes les ZAEs 3187,7 6,3754 Projet 8 : Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau et élaboration des systèmes d’assainissement résilients au changement climatique Toutes les ZAEs 300 0,6 Projet 9 : Réduction des atteintes à la forêt ZAEs forestière, côtière et hautes savanes Projet 10 : Promotion du reboisement et de la restauration des paysages forestiers dégradés Toutes les ZAEs 415 0,83République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE / GESTION DES RISQUES 774 1,548 Projet 11 : Mise à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités Toutes les ZAEs 300 0,6 Projet 12 : Elaboration des plans ORSEC dans toutes les régions et opérationnalisation des fonds d’urgence en cas de catastrophe. Toutes les ZAE 172 0,344 Projet 13 : intégration des risques et des changements climatiques dans les programmes d’éducation et de formation Toutes les ZAEs 52 0,104 Projet 14 : Elaboration des plans d’affectation des Terres et amélioration de la gouvernance foncière en réponse aux changements climatiques Toutes les ZAEs 250 0,5 SANTE & GENRE 4911,6 9,8232 Projet 15 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et couches vulnérables et réduction de leur vulnérabilité aux CC Toutes les ZAEs 40,4 0,0808 Projet 16 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système national de santé aux CC Toutes les ZAEs 4871,2 9,97424 RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES / COMMUNICATION 200 0,4 Projet 17 : Education, formations et renforcement des capacités de tous les acteurs aux changements climatiques Toutes les ZAEs 200 0,40 PROJETS SPECIFIQUES DEDIES AU ZAEs 2557,6 5,1152 Projet 18 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques Projet 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des CC Toutes les ZAEs 1411,2 2,8224 Projet 20 : Promotion de la production fourragère et réduction des conflits agro-pastoraux fauniques dans la zone septentrionale.', 'Toutes les ZAE 172 0,344 Projet 13 : intégration des risques et des changements climatiques dans les programmes d’éducation et de formation Toutes les ZAEs 52 0,104 Projet 14 : Elaboration des plans d’affectation des Terres et amélioration de la gouvernance foncière en réponse aux changements climatiques Toutes les ZAEs 250 0,5 SANTE & GENRE 4911,6 9,8232 Projet 15 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et couches vulnérables et réduction de leur vulnérabilité aux CC Toutes les ZAEs 40,4 0,0808 Projet 16 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système national de santé aux CC Toutes les ZAEs 4871,2 9,97424 RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES / COMMUNICATION 200 0,4 Projet 17 : Education, formations et renforcement des capacités de tous les acteurs aux changements climatiques Toutes les ZAEs 200 0,40 PROJETS SPECIFIQUES DEDIES AU ZAEs 2557,6 5,1152 Projet 18 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques Projet 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des CC Toutes les ZAEs 1411,2 2,8224 Projet 20 : Promotion de la production fourragère et réduction des conflits agro-pastoraux fauniques dans la zone septentrionale. Projet 21 : Promotion de l’agro-écologie et lutte contre l’érosion et la dégradation des terres dans les hautes terres.', 'Projet 21 : Promotion de l’agro-écologie et lutte contre l’érosion et la dégradation des terres dans les hautes terres. ZAE hautes savanes & hauts plateauxRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Cadre de mise en œuvre et de suivi (MNV) Le Cameroun prendra les mesures suivantes pour mettre en œuvre cette CDN, en assurer le suivi et le cas échéant l’actualisation. Fig.6 : Dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi de la CDN, présente un organigramme incluant les rôles et les qualités des membres depuis les services du Premier Ministère jusqu’à la société civile et les groupes vulnérables en passant par les ministères sectoriels et les ONG.', 'Fig.6 : Dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la CDN Le dispositif institutionnel de mise en œuvre et de suivi de la CDN, présente un organigramme incluant les rôles et les qualités des membres depuis les services du Premier Ministère jusqu’à la société civile et les groupes vulnérables en passant par les ministères sectoriels et les ONG. Il en est de même de groupes de travail et le mécanisme de suivi et reporting sans oublier le système national d’inventaire des GES. Ce dispositif va assurer l’opérationnalisation de la CDN au Cameroun. Chaque groupe de travail devra bénéficier d’un volet renforcement des capacités qui permettra une meilleure circulation de l’information au sein des ministères, entre les différents ministères et les autres parties prenantes.', 'Chaque groupe de travail devra bénéficier d’un volet renforcement des capacités qui permettra une meilleure circulation de l’information au sein des ministères, entre les différents ministères et les autres parties prenantes. Selon l’article 2 du décret N°079/CAB/PM du 05 septembre 2017, le comité interministériel a pour mission « de coordonner et suivre les diligencesRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 sectorielles relatives à la mise en œuvre des recommandations de l’Accord de Paris sur le réchauffement climatique ». Le décret N° 2020/0998/ CAB/PM du 13 mars 2020 dans son article 3, définit le Comité Interministériel comme une « instance de réflexion multisectorielle instituée pour adresser, une problématique spécifique et complexe ayant un caractère transversal impliquant plusieurs administrations et/ou d autres acteurs des secteurs concernés… ».', 'Le décret N° 2020/0998/ CAB/PM du 13 mars 2020 dans son article 3, définit le Comité Interministériel comme une « instance de réflexion multisectorielle instituée pour adresser, une problématique spécifique et complexe ayant un caractère transversal impliquant plusieurs administrations et/ou d autres acteurs des secteurs concernés… ». D’après le décret N° 2020/0998/ CAB/PM du 13 mars 2020, un groupe de travail interministériel est une « instance de réflexion multisectorielle instituée afin d adresser, une problématique spécifique et complexe ayant un caractère transversal et impliquant plusieurs administrations et/ou d autres acteurs des secteurs concernés.', 'D’après le décret N° 2020/0998/ CAB/PM du 13 mars 2020, un groupe de travail interministériel est une « instance de réflexion multisectorielle instituée afin d adresser, une problématique spécifique et complexe ayant un caractère transversal et impliquant plusieurs administrations et/ou d autres acteurs des secteurs concernés. Le décret du 3 octobre 2012 sur l’organisation du MINEPDED en son article 1 précise que le MINEPDED est « responsable de l’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre de la politique du Gouvernement en matière d’environnement et de protection de la nature, dans une perspective de développement durable ». A ce titre, il est tout à fait justifié que le MINEPDED assure la coordination CDN.', 'A ce titre, il est tout à fait justifié que le MINEPDED assure la coordination CDN. Il joue un rôle de premier plan dans le suivi de la CDN tout en assurant le bon fonctionnement des groupes de travail sans oublier le reporting à l’international avec le CCNUCC. Cette proposition intègre pour chaque groupe, son responsable, sa composition, les partenaires des agences parapubliques, privées, société civile, la composition transversale (représentants de la décentralisation et collectivités), des ministères représentants de genre, des groupes vulnérables et le renforcement des capacités.', 'Cette proposition intègre pour chaque groupe, son responsable, sa composition, les partenaires des agences parapubliques, privées, société civile, la composition transversale (représentants de la décentralisation et collectivités), des ministères représentants de genre, des groupes vulnérables et le renforcement des capacités. Le but est de donner aux différents groupes toute l’envergure nécessaire et aussi une vision globale des partenaires qu’ils peuvent consulter pour une question ou pour une autre en complément de ses membres statutaires.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Tableau 4 : Rôles et responsabilités des différents acteurs dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Acteurs Rôles Responsabilités Comité Interministériel Accord de Paris Organe d’orientation politique et d’arbitrage entre les différentes parties prenantes Portage politique de la CDN MINEPDED et coordination nationale de la CDN et du changement climatique Rôle régalien : - Elaboration et suivi de l’action climatique du gouvernement - Faciliter la mise en œuvre de la CDN par les autres acteurs - Développement stratégique et suivi des acteurs dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Représentant du gouvernement auprès de la CNUCC – Coordonner et assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Accompagner les ministères sectoriels et les autres parties prenantes dans le processus d’intégration du CC dans les stratégies et la mise en œuvre de la CDN -Animer les groupes thématiques au niveau national et reporter l’évolution de la mise en œuvre de la CDN au niveau national et international.', 'Le but est de donner aux différents groupes toute l’envergure nécessaire et aussi une vision globale des partenaires qu’ils peuvent consulter pour une question ou pour une autre en complément de ses membres statutaires.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Tableau 4 : Rôles et responsabilités des différents acteurs dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Acteurs Rôles Responsabilités Comité Interministériel Accord de Paris Organe d’orientation politique et d’arbitrage entre les différentes parties prenantes Portage politique de la CDN MINEPDED et coordination nationale de la CDN et du changement climatique Rôle régalien : - Elaboration et suivi de l’action climatique du gouvernement - Faciliter la mise en œuvre de la CDN par les autres acteurs - Développement stratégique et suivi des acteurs dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Représentant du gouvernement auprès de la CNUCC – Coordonner et assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Accompagner les ministères sectoriels et les autres parties prenantes dans le processus d’intégration du CC dans les stratégies et la mise en œuvre de la CDN -Animer les groupes thématiques au niveau national et reporter l’évolution de la mise en œuvre de la CDN au niveau national et international. Contribuer à la recherche de financement lié à la mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC aux niveaux nationaux et international - Préparer la participation du Cameroun aux conférences et autres réunions relatives aux changements climatiques - Organiser la restitution des résultats des conférences /réunions et autres activités - Assure le secrétariat permanent, Principal responsable du suivi et de la coordination de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, même si celle-ci incombe à tous les acteurs.', 'Contribuer à la recherche de financement lié à la mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC aux niveaux nationaux et international - Préparer la participation du Cameroun aux conférences et autres réunions relatives aux changements climatiques - Organiser la restitution des résultats des conférences /réunions et autres activités - Assure le secrétariat permanent, Principal responsable du suivi et de la coordination de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, même si celle-ci incombe à tous les acteurs. - Responsable technique de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Organe technique du MINEPDED en charge du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN et qui peut mobiliser d’autres services techniques et/ou institutionnels pour la conduite d’études, analyses et modélisationsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 - Promouvoir le renforcement des capacités nationales en matière de CC Ministères sectoriels et groupes - Élaboration et intégration du CC dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles Participer effectivement aux groupes de travail Décliner les priorités stratégiques de la CDN dans leurs cadres de planification opérationnels Groupes de travail thématiques - Analyser les informations disponibles, nécessaires relatives à leur domaine thématique en lien avec le CC - Fournir à la CNCC des informations et des avis sur toutes les questions relatives à leur domaine thématique - Promouvoir le renforcement des capacités dans leur domaine thématique - Soutenir et participer à la recherche de financement - Assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans leur domaine et reporter au sous-groupe reporting, suivi et évaluation - Mener des études, analyser et modéliser, renforcer des capacités - Assurer l’opérationnalisation des résultats des études.', '- Responsable technique de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Organe technique du MINEPDED en charge du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN et qui peut mobiliser d’autres services techniques et/ou institutionnels pour la conduite d’études, analyses et modélisationsRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 - Promouvoir le renforcement des capacités nationales en matière de CC Ministères sectoriels et groupes - Élaboration et intégration du CC dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles Participer effectivement aux groupes de travail Décliner les priorités stratégiques de la CDN dans leurs cadres de planification opérationnels Groupes de travail thématiques - Analyser les informations disponibles, nécessaires relatives à leur domaine thématique en lien avec le CC - Fournir à la CNCC des informations et des avis sur toutes les questions relatives à leur domaine thématique - Promouvoir le renforcement des capacités dans leur domaine thématique - Soutenir et participer à la recherche de financement - Assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans leur domaine et reporter au sous-groupe reporting, suivi et évaluation - Mener des études, analyser et modéliser, renforcer des capacités - Assurer l’opérationnalisation des résultats des études. Questions relatives à leur domaine thématique : \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Atténuation \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Adaptation \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Financement climat \uf0a7 Groupe de travail recherche et prospections, données, systèmes climatologiques coordonné par l’ONACC Organisations de la société civile/autres groupes vulnérables/genre - Relayer aux niveaux des communes, des chefferies et des populations les actions contenues dans la CDN - Rôle de veille et d’alerte sur les manquements ou les mauvaises pratiques observées dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Collaborer avec la CNCC pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CNUCC - Contribuer à l’opérationnalisation de la CDN et la participation de toutes les catégories d’acteurs à l’action climatiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Secteur privé, centres de recherches et universités, - Intégration du CC et contribution à la traduction en action des engagements inscrits dans la CDN concernant leur secteur - Renforcement des capacités du personnel et adaptation des profils professionnels aux nouvelles technologies et mode de production compatibles avec la CDN - Appropriation de la CDN et intégration du CC dans la planification des activités et les investissements - Ils jouent un rôle complémentaire dans l’analyse et la production de données, notamment dans une perspective d’innovation technologique ?', 'Questions relatives à leur domaine thématique : \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Atténuation \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Adaptation \uf0a7 Groupe de travail Financement climat \uf0a7 Groupe de travail recherche et prospections, données, systèmes climatologiques coordonné par l’ONACC Organisations de la société civile/autres groupes vulnérables/genre - Relayer aux niveaux des communes, des chefferies et des populations les actions contenues dans la CDN - Rôle de veille et d’alerte sur les manquements ou les mauvaises pratiques observées dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Collaborer avec la CNCC pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CNUCC - Contribuer à l’opérationnalisation de la CDN et la participation de toutes les catégories d’acteurs à l’action climatiqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Secteur privé, centres de recherches et universités, - Intégration du CC et contribution à la traduction en action des engagements inscrits dans la CDN concernant leur secteur - Renforcement des capacités du personnel et adaptation des profils professionnels aux nouvelles technologies et mode de production compatibles avec la CDN - Appropriation de la CDN et intégration du CC dans la planification des activités et les investissements - Ils jouent un rôle complémentaire dans l’analyse et la production de données, notamment dans une perspective d’innovation technologique ? SNIGES, Suivi évaluation (MRV) - Outil de calcul et reportage des émissions annuelles globales et sectorielles de GES - Intensité carbone du PIB et des principaux secteurs - Capacité annuelle installée en énergies renouvelables - Caractérisation des indicateurs d’adaptation et de vulnérabilité - Suivi de l’affectation des terres agricoles - Codage et suivi des dépenses et financements liés aux changements climatiques - Suivi des actions et des indicateurs de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national - Suivi des ressources, recettes et dépenses nationales globales liées au climat Communication et actualisation de la CDN - Campagnes régulières de communication sur la CDN à partir de fin 2021, en direction des CTD, des ONG, des peuples autochtones et communautés locales, de la société civile, du secteur privé et autres acteurs clés - Mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / CDN, où les indicateurs supra seront publiés - Communication horizontale, verticale et transversale - La périodicité de la CDN est de 5 ans, sauf indication contraire issue des COPRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.1 Besoins en technologies L’évaluation des besoins en technologies pour la mise œuvre de la CDN est dépendante des priorités nationales en termes de développement économique et social.', 'SNIGES, Suivi évaluation (MRV) - Outil de calcul et reportage des émissions annuelles globales et sectorielles de GES - Intensité carbone du PIB et des principaux secteurs - Capacité annuelle installée en énergies renouvelables - Caractérisation des indicateurs d’adaptation et de vulnérabilité - Suivi de l’affectation des terres agricoles - Codage et suivi des dépenses et financements liés aux changements climatiques - Suivi des actions et des indicateurs de la mise en œuvre de la CDN - Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national - Suivi des ressources, recettes et dépenses nationales globales liées au climat Communication et actualisation de la CDN - Campagnes régulières de communication sur la CDN à partir de fin 2021, en direction des CTD, des ONG, des peuples autochtones et communautés locales, de la société civile, du secteur privé et autres acteurs clés - Mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / CDN, où les indicateurs supra seront publiés - Communication horizontale, verticale et transversale - La périodicité de la CDN est de 5 ans, sauf indication contraire issue des COPRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.1 Besoins en technologies L’évaluation des besoins en technologies pour la mise œuvre de la CDN est dépendante des priorités nationales en termes de développement économique et social. Ces besoins sont étroitement liés aux secteurs d’activité et aux technologies prioritaires en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique.', 'Ces besoins sont étroitement liés aux secteurs d’activité et aux technologies prioritaires en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique. Le tableau ci-dessous recensent les technologies propres considérées comme pertinentes (maximisent les réductions des émissions de GES tout en maximisant l’efficacité de l’activité), en prenant en compte le stade de développement technologique du pays, en vue de garantir que les technologies retenues est possible avec un renforcement des capacités « technologiques » nationales d’intensité moyenne (et donc à un coût « raisonnable »).', 'Le tableau ci-dessous recensent les technologies propres considérées comme pertinentes (maximisent les réductions des émissions de GES tout en maximisant l’efficacité de l’activité), en prenant en compte le stade de développement technologique du pays, en vue de garantir que les technologies retenues est possible avec un renforcement des capacités « technologiques » nationales d’intensité moyenne (et donc à un coût « raisonnable »). Secteurs Technologie Agriculture Pratique d’irrigation intermittente des rizières (Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz) Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants Pratiques culturales anti-érosives Agriculture biologique Bioengrais Pyrolyse des résidus agricoles (Biochar, biogaz, biofuel) Méthanisation de fumier FAT Reboisement Régénération assistée des forêts Pratiques agroforestière Energie Biomasse Combustion directe pour production d’électricité Eolien on shore pour la production d’électricité Solaire Photovoltaïque pour la production d’électricité Solaire thermique Petite hydroélectricité Mini hydroélectricité Efficacité énergétique dans le bâtiment « Lampes à Basse Consommation (LBC) » Efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Bus à transit rapide Déchets Gestion des déchets (Hiérarchie des déchets) Production d’énergie électrique ou thermique par combustion des déchets Extraction de biogaz dans les abattoirs Gazéification thermique des déchets pour cogénération Collecte de méthane dans les sites d’enfouissage pour production d’électricité et de chaleur Compostage anaérobie des déchets solides Traitement biologique anaérobique (déchets liquides) Capture et torcharge du biogaz dans les déchargesRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.2 Financement : besoin d’appui financier pour la mise en œuvre des composantes adaptation et atténuation 7.2.1 Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation Les investissements nécessaires à consacrer aux actions d’atténuation pour atteindre l’objectif visé en 2030 sont évalués à 25 784,66 millions USD soit 12 785 milliards FCFA.', 'Secteurs Technologie Agriculture Pratique d’irrigation intermittente des rizières (Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz) Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants Pratiques culturales anti-érosives Agriculture biologique Bioengrais Pyrolyse des résidus agricoles (Biochar, biogaz, biofuel) Méthanisation de fumier FAT Reboisement Régénération assistée des forêts Pratiques agroforestière Energie Biomasse Combustion directe pour production d’électricité Eolien on shore pour la production d’électricité Solaire Photovoltaïque pour la production d’électricité Solaire thermique Petite hydroélectricité Mini hydroélectricité Efficacité énergétique dans le bâtiment « Lampes à Basse Consommation (LBC) » Efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Bus à transit rapide Déchets Gestion des déchets (Hiérarchie des déchets) Production d’énergie électrique ou thermique par combustion des déchets Extraction de biogaz dans les abattoirs Gazéification thermique des déchets pour cogénération Collecte de méthane dans les sites d’enfouissage pour production d’électricité et de chaleur Compostage anaérobie des déchets solides Traitement biologique anaérobique (déchets liquides) Capture et torcharge du biogaz dans les déchargesRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.2 Financement : besoin d’appui financier pour la mise en œuvre des composantes adaptation et atténuation 7.2.1 Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation Les investissements nécessaires à consacrer aux actions d’atténuation pour atteindre l’objectif visé en 2030 sont évalués à 25 784,66 millions USD soit 12 785 milliards FCFA. Le tableau 4 donne plus de détails sur les besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation Tableau 4 : coûts des investissements d’atténuation (en millions USD) Secteurs Mesures Description Besoins Agriculture durable Réduction des émissions du CH4 des cultures de riz Viabilisation et exploitation durable d’au moins 15 % du potentiel des terres aménageables et irrigables.', 'Le tableau 4 donne plus de détails sur les besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation Tableau 4 : coûts des investissements d’atténuation (en millions USD) Secteurs Mesures Description Besoins Agriculture durable Réduction des émissions du CH4 des cultures de riz Viabilisation et exploitation durable d’au moins 15 % du potentiel des terres aménageables et irrigables. Pratique de la culture par irrigation intermittente des rizières des bassins de production de Maga et de Lagdo Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants (% de matières grasses DM ajoutées) Introduction 12 % de supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants Mise en place des conditions d’accès à l’alimentation du cheptel bovin Développement des 12500 ha plantations fourragères dans la zone soudano-sahélienne et hautes savanes Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Utilisation par 5 % des agriculteur d’indicateurs de nitrification à Gestion durable des sols agricolisé Intensification et sédentarisation des système agricoles intégré et sobre en carbone Production des bio-engrais et utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Mise en place des unités de compostage de capacité de production de 50 à 100 tonnes/jour dans les dix régions du Cameroun Total Agriculture 7485,30 Gestion durable des forêts Reboisement/Réhabilitation des écosystèmes dégradés Plantation de 650000 ha de terres dégradées Régénération assistée des forêts Mise en défend de 3 299 000 ha de forêt sur l’ensemble du territoire nationalRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Sécurisation et aménagement des aires protégées Mise en place de barrières de contrôle, formation et installation des écogardes, afin de mener des patrouilles permanentes dans l’ensembles des aires protégées.', 'Pratique de la culture par irrigation intermittente des rizières des bassins de production de Maga et de Lagdo Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants (% de matières grasses DM ajoutées) Introduction 12 % de supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants Mise en place des conditions d’accès à l’alimentation du cheptel bovin Développement des 12500 ha plantations fourragères dans la zone soudano-sahélienne et hautes savanes Utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Utilisation par 5 % des agriculteur d’indicateurs de nitrification à Gestion durable des sols agricolisé Intensification et sédentarisation des système agricoles intégré et sobre en carbone Production des bio-engrais et utilisation des inhibiteurs de nitrification Mise en place des unités de compostage de capacité de production de 50 à 100 tonnes/jour dans les dix régions du Cameroun Total Agriculture 7485,30 Gestion durable des forêts Reboisement/Réhabilitation des écosystèmes dégradés Plantation de 650000 ha de terres dégradées Régénération assistée des forêts Mise en défend de 3 299 000 ha de forêt sur l’ensemble du territoire nationalRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Sécurisation et aménagement des aires protégées Mise en place de barrières de contrôle, formation et installation des écogardes, afin de mener des patrouilles permanentes dans l’ensembles des aires protégées. Total Foresterie 2974,81 Energie Implantation des Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau Mise en place des centrales hydroélectriques de 600 MW de puissance Production de l’énergie Solaire Installation de centrales solaires de Lampadaire solaire Installation de 50 000 lampadaires solaires dans les localités à accès limité ou inaccessible au réseau électrique Services d’autobus Express Mise en circulation dans les villes de Douala et Yaoundé des Service d Autobus Express (BRT) Promotion des voitures électriques Substitution de 5 % des véhicules à énergie fossile par des voitures électriques à l’horizon 2030 Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes Installation d’éclairage efficace de 20 millions d’ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage efficace avec LED Installation d’éclairage efficace de 20 millions d’ampoules LED Efficacité énergétique industrie Réduction de la consommation énergétique du secteur industriel de 15 % Efficacité énergétique service : éclairages des bureau Installation d’éclairage efficace de 2 millions d’ampoules fluocompactes et LED Éclairage public efficace Efficacité énergétique : installation d’éclairage public efficace de 1 000 000 milles points lumineux bas consommation Energies alternatives au bois de chauffe Substitution de 10% de quantité de bois par le biogaz dans les grandes fermes, les fermes rurales et les ménages Ville bas carbone Promouvoir la création des quartiers à faible consommation d’énergie et à bâtiments performants autoconsommation dans les métropoles de Yaoundé et Douala Production et Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés et du gaz naturel (méthane) améliorés dans la zone Soudano- Sahélienne Réseaux électrique efficaces Mise en place d’un système de la conduite fiable et efficace du réseau électriqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Total Energie 14322,56 Déchets Création des décharges contrôlées Mise en place des centres intercommunaux de gestion des déchets dans les dix régions du Cameroun Biogaz dans les fermes rurales Installation des biodigesteurs dans 10 % les fermes rurales Biogaz dans les grandes fermes Installation des biodigesteurs dans 5 % des grandes fermes Recyclage des plastiques Mise en place d’unités de collecte et de recyclage des déchets plastiques Combustible issu de déchets municipaux solides Collecte et valorisation des combustibles dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets solides municipaux Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets solides municipaux Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des eaux usées industrielles Biogaz issu des déchets liquides municipaux Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets liquides municipaux Compostage des déchets solides municipaux Valorisation des déchets organiques à des fins agricoles Mise en place d’une économie circulaire au Cameroun.', 'Total Foresterie 2974,81 Energie Implantation des Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau Mise en place des centrales hydroélectriques de 600 MW de puissance Production de l’énergie Solaire Installation de centrales solaires de Lampadaire solaire Installation de 50 000 lampadaires solaires dans les localités à accès limité ou inaccessible au réseau électrique Services d’autobus Express Mise en circulation dans les villes de Douala et Yaoundé des Service d Autobus Express (BRT) Promotion des voitures électriques Substitution de 5 % des véhicules à énergie fossile par des voitures électriques à l’horizon 2030 Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes Installation d’éclairage efficace de 20 millions d’ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage efficace avec LED Installation d’éclairage efficace de 20 millions d’ampoules LED Efficacité énergétique industrie Réduction de la consommation énergétique du secteur industriel de 15 % Efficacité énergétique service : éclairages des bureau Installation d’éclairage efficace de 2 millions d’ampoules fluocompactes et LED Éclairage public efficace Efficacité énergétique : installation d’éclairage public efficace de 1 000 000 milles points lumineux bas consommation Energies alternatives au bois de chauffe Substitution de 10% de quantité de bois par le biogaz dans les grandes fermes, les fermes rurales et les ménages Ville bas carbone Promouvoir la création des quartiers à faible consommation d’énergie et à bâtiments performants autoconsommation dans les métropoles de Yaoundé et Douala Production et Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés et du gaz naturel (méthane) améliorés dans la zone Soudano- Sahélienne Réseaux électrique efficaces Mise en place d’un système de la conduite fiable et efficace du réseau électriqueRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Total Energie 14322,56 Déchets Création des décharges contrôlées Mise en place des centres intercommunaux de gestion des déchets dans les dix régions du Cameroun Biogaz dans les fermes rurales Installation des biodigesteurs dans 10 % les fermes rurales Biogaz dans les grandes fermes Installation des biodigesteurs dans 5 % des grandes fermes Recyclage des plastiques Mise en place d’unités de collecte et de recyclage des déchets plastiques Combustible issu de déchets municipaux solides Collecte et valorisation des combustibles dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets solides municipaux Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets solides municipaux Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des eaux usées industrielles Biogaz issu des déchets liquides municipaux Collecte et valorisation du biogaz dans les stations de traitement de déchet des déchets liquides municipaux Compostage des déchets solides municipaux Valorisation des déchets organiques à des fins agricoles Mise en place d’une économie circulaire au Cameroun. Opérationnalisation du marché de déchets et mettre en place des solutions alternatives afin de créer une économie respectueuse des ressources et de l’environnement Total Déchets 1001,99 A l’horizon 2030, la part d’investissement pour l’atténuation est évaluée à 25 784,66 de million USD.', 'Opérationnalisation du marché de déchets et mettre en place des solutions alternatives afin de créer une économie respectueuse des ressources et de l’environnement Total Déchets 1001,99 A l’horizon 2030, la part d’investissement pour l’atténuation est évaluée à 25 784,66 de million USD. Ce montant est reparti selon les actions prioritaires du pays en matière de changement climatique et de développement. Le secteur de l’Energie a la plus grand montant avec 14322,56 millions USD. Le secteur de l’Agriculture totalise 7485,3 millions USD, le reste est reparti à hauteur de 2974,84 USD pour le secteur Foresterie et 1001,99 pour le secteur des Déchets.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.2.2 Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation Les investissements nécessaires à consacrer aux actions d’adaptation sont évalués à 31 856 millions USD soit 15 928 milliards FCFA.', 'Le secteur de l’Agriculture totalise 7485,3 millions USD, le reste est reparti à hauteur de 2974,84 USD pour le secteur Foresterie et 1001,99 pour le secteur des Déchets.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 7.2.2 Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation Les investissements nécessaires à consacrer aux actions d’adaptation sont évalués à 31 856 millions USD soit 15 928 milliards FCFA. Le tableau 5 donne plus de détails à ce sujet.', 'Le tableau 5 donne plus de détails à ce sujet. Tableau 5 : coûts des investissements d’adaptation (millions USD) Secteurs Interventions/Investisseme nts 2021-2030 (En Mds USD) Agriculture, élevage, pèche 1,8092 Energie/industrie et déchets 5,135 Infrastructures & assainissement 6,9754 Aménagement du territoire / gestion des risques 1,548 Sante & genre 9,8232 Renforcement des capacités / communication 0,4 Projets spécifiques dédies au ZAEs 5,1152 7.2.3 Mobilisation des ressources Le coût total des investissements à réaliser pour atteindre les objectifs escomptés dans le cadre de cette CDN en 2030 s’élève à 57 640 millions USD, soit 28 713 milliards de FCA. Le Cameroun compte mobiliser les ressources (finances, technologies, ressources humaines…) publiques et privées, aussi bien sur le plan domestique qu’au niveau international pour la mise en œuvre des actions de cette CDN.', 'Le Cameroun compte mobiliser les ressources (finances, technologies, ressources humaines…) publiques et privées, aussi bien sur le plan domestique qu’au niveau international pour la mise en œuvre des actions de cette CDN. Au niveau des sources publiques domestiques, au cours de la période 2015-2020, le Cameroun a mobilisé environ 162,35 millions USD pour les activités prévues ou en lien avec la mise en œuvre des engagements pris dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris. Cet effort représente certes, 70,84% du total des financements nationaux et internationaux consacrés aux dites activités pendant cette période, mais il est largement insuffisant par rapport aux besoins des activités inconditionnelles.', 'Cet effort représente certes, 70,84% du total des financements nationaux et internationaux consacrés aux dites activités pendant cette période, mais il est largement insuffisant par rapport aux besoins des activités inconditionnelles. Pour cette raison et conformément à l’option prise dans la précédente version de la CDN, le pays entend augmenter ses financements budgétaires en faveur des actions climatiques, soit à travers des dépenses budgétaires directes, soit par le canal des fonds spécifiques alimentés notamment par le budget de l’Etat.', 'Pour cette raison et conformément à l’option prise dans la précédente version de la CDN, le pays entend augmenter ses financements budgétaires en faveur des actions climatiques, soit à travers des dépenses budgétaires directes, soit par le canal des fonds spécifiques alimentés notamment par le budget de l’Etat. A ce sujet, le Cameroun compte progressivement renforcer la prise en compte desRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 financements des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans ses documents et instruments de référence, de cadrage et de planification généraux et sectoriels afin de parvenir à une meilleure intégration des questions de changements climatiques dans le financement de ses actions de développement.', 'A ce sujet, le Cameroun compte progressivement renforcer la prise en compte desRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 financements des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans ses documents et instruments de référence, de cadrage et de planification généraux et sectoriels afin de parvenir à une meilleure intégration des questions de changements climatiques dans le financement de ses actions de développement. Parallèlement à cet effort, le pays explorera les possibilités de générer de nouvelles recettes pouvant contribuer au financement des activités de cette CDN, en faisant recours par exemple aux instruments fiscaux adaptés (taxes, droits, obligations, prélèvements, fiscalité environnementale…). La possibilité d’utiliser d’autres outils fiscaux (subventions, allègements fiscaux, garanties …) pour susciter des investissements privés compatibles avec les objectifs de la CDN pourrait être également envisagée.', 'La possibilité d’utiliser d’autres outils fiscaux (subventions, allègements fiscaux, garanties …) pour susciter des investissements privés compatibles avec les objectifs de la CDN pourrait être également envisagée. Jusqu’à présent, l’implication du secteur privé dans la mobilisation des ressources pour les actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation au Cameroun est timide. Au regard de ce constat, la participation du secteur privé constitue un des principaux défis de la mise en œuvre de la présente CDN. Le Cameroun devra donc, plus que par le passé, mobiliser la contribution des acteurs privés (entreprises privées, bailleurs de fonds privés) internationaux et domestiques dans le cadre de la planification et de la mise en œuvre des interventions contre le changement climatique.', 'Le Cameroun devra donc, plus que par le passé, mobiliser la contribution des acteurs privés (entreprises privées, bailleurs de fonds privés) internationaux et domestiques dans le cadre de la planification et de la mise en œuvre des interventions contre le changement climatique. A cet effet, le Cameroun s’efforcera à mettre en place un environnement favorable pour attirer les ressources privées, notamment en créant ou en améliorant l’attractivité de l’environnement commercial général du pays ainsi que celle de l’environnement d’investissement spécifique aux actions de la CDN. Il s’agira entre autres d’améliorer les règlements et procédures commerciales, d’améliorer les infrastructures, de fournir des incitations non financières (renforcement de capacités, assistance technique, projets de démonstration ou pilotes, études, données…), du recours aux outils fiscaux incitatifs etc.', 'Il s’agira entre autres d’améliorer les règlements et procédures commerciales, d’améliorer les infrastructures, de fournir des incitations non financières (renforcement de capacités, assistance technique, projets de démonstration ou pilotes, études, données…), du recours aux outils fiscaux incitatifs etc. Il sera aussi question d’utiliser les fonds publics pour catalyser les flux financiers privés, à travers notamment les partenariats public-privé (PPP) dans le cadre d’un développement sobre en carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques. Enfin, Certains investissements privés pourraient contribuer à générer des actifs carbones dont la cession au niveau international pourrait financer certaines actions de cette CDN.', 'Enfin, Certains investissements privés pourraient contribuer à générer des actifs carbones dont la cession au niveau international pourrait financer certaines actions de cette CDN. Au cours de la période 2015-2020, Les ressources mobilisées au niveau international pour les activités prévues ou en lien avec la mise en œuvre desRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 engagements pris dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris ont été évaluées à environ 51,41 millions USD seulement. Ce montant est largement insignifiant par rapport à l’accompagnement qui était attendu de la communauté internationale dans le cadre des activités conditionnelles de la CDN.', 'Ce montant est largement insignifiant par rapport à l’accompagnement qui était attendu de la communauté internationale dans le cadre des activités conditionnelles de la CDN. Au regard de ce constat, le Cameroun entend déployer plus d’efforts pour mobiliser les ressources à partir des financements bilatéraux, des fonds climatiques multilatéraux et des fonds multilatéraux non axés sur le climat. A ce sujet, le Cameroun voudrait se donner les moyens de travailler non seulement avec les grands fournisseurs de ressources ou les plus en vue (Fonds Vert pour le Climat, Fonds Spécial pour les Changements Climatiques, Fonds pour l’Adaptation, FEM, FIDA, FCPF, Fonds pour les Technologies Propres, …), mais aussi avec les autres fonds auprès desquels il est éligible (environ une trentaine active).', 'A ce sujet, le Cameroun voudrait se donner les moyens de travailler non seulement avec les grands fournisseurs de ressources ou les plus en vue (Fonds Vert pour le Climat, Fonds Spécial pour les Changements Climatiques, Fonds pour l’Adaptation, FEM, FIDA, FCPF, Fonds pour les Technologies Propres, …), mais aussi avec les autres fonds auprès desquels il est éligible (environ une trentaine active). Dans le but d’assurer une mise en œuvre efficace, ces mesures font l’objet d’un plan d’action accompagné d’un dispositif de suivi évaluation dans le cadre d’une stratégie de mobilisation des ressources pour l’implémentation de la CDN.', 'Dans le but d’assurer une mise en œuvre efficace, ces mesures font l’objet d’un plan d’action accompagné d’un dispositif de suivi évaluation dans le cadre d’une stratégie de mobilisation des ressources pour l’implémentation de la CDN. 7.3 Renforcement des capacités L’atteinte de cet objectif tout comme la réalisation des ambitions exprimées plus haut en ce qui concerne les financements publics domestiques et les ressources privées va nécessiter une combinaison de mesures à caractère politique, légale, règlementaire, institutionnelle et technique qui ont été approuvées par les parties prenantes du processus CDN dans le cadre d’un plan de mobilisation des ressources.', '7.3 Renforcement des capacités L’atteinte de cet objectif tout comme la réalisation des ambitions exprimées plus haut en ce qui concerne les financements publics domestiques et les ressources privées va nécessiter une combinaison de mesures à caractère politique, légale, règlementaire, institutionnelle et technique qui ont été approuvées par les parties prenantes du processus CDN dans le cadre d’un plan de mobilisation des ressources. Il s’agit notamment : Du renforcement, de la réforme et/ou de la mise en place de cadres politique, légal, réglementaire et institutionnel adéquat par rapport aux exigences de mobilisation et gestion optimale des ressources.', 'Il s’agit notamment : Du renforcement, de la réforme et/ou de la mise en place de cadres politique, légal, réglementaire et institutionnel adéquat par rapport aux exigences de mobilisation et gestion optimale des ressources. Référence est faite ici par exemple à la règlementation sur la fiscalité environnementale et autres financements innovants ; à l’accréditation d’entités nationales auprès des principaux fonds internationaux et à la création par exemple d’un fond climat national qui aurait pour missions, entre autres de coordonner la mobilisation des ressources destinées à la lutte contre les changements climatiques ou à la dévolution de cette responsabilité aux entités nationales accréditées.', 'Référence est faite ici par exemple à la règlementation sur la fiscalité environnementale et autres financements innovants ; à l’accréditation d’entités nationales auprès des principaux fonds internationaux et à la création par exemple d’un fond climat national qui aurait pour missions, entre autres de coordonner la mobilisation des ressources destinées à la lutte contre les changements climatiques ou à la dévolution de cette responsabilité aux entités nationales accréditées. Dans ce cadre, le processus d’accréditationRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 du MINFI et du FEICOM en cours et la mise en place du Comité Interne de Coordination de Projets liés à la Finance Climatique au sein du MINEPDED constituent des avancées.', 'Dans ce cadre, le processus d’accréditationRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 du MINFI et du FEICOM en cours et la mise en place du Comité Interne de Coordination de Projets liés à la Finance Climatique au sein du MINEPDED constituent des avancées. En plus de ces deux institutions intervenant pour financer la CDN l’une au niveau national et la seconde à l’échelle des régions, il est envisagé de susciter et de faciliter l’accréditation d’une autre structure spécialisée dans le financement des micro-projets d’adaptation. Du Renforcement de la gouvernance et de l’amélioration du climat des affaires.', 'Du Renforcement de la gouvernance et de l’amélioration du climat des affaires. Il s’agit d’une part, de mesures de diverses natures liées à la participation, à la reddition des comptes, à la transparence, à l’efficacité et à l’efficience dans la gestion des fonds et, d’autre part, de toutes actions de nature à améliorer le rang du Cameroun dans le classement « Doing Business » ; Du renforcement de capacités (a) dans les domaines relatifs aux changements climatiques en général (b) en matière de montage, exécution, suivi-évaluation des projets/programmes éligibles aux différents fonds et (c) en matière de recherche et mobilisation des ressources en fonction des exigences des principaux fonds.', 'Il s’agit d’une part, de mesures de diverses natures liées à la participation, à la reddition des comptes, à la transparence, à l’efficacité et à l’efficience dans la gestion des fonds et, d’autre part, de toutes actions de nature à améliorer le rang du Cameroun dans le classement « Doing Business » ; Du renforcement de capacités (a) dans les domaines relatifs aux changements climatiques en général (b) en matière de montage, exécution, suivi-évaluation des projets/programmes éligibles aux différents fonds et (c) en matière de recherche et mobilisation des ressources en fonction des exigences des principaux fonds. Le renforcement de capacités devra déboucher entre autres sur la mise en place d’une banque de projets et programmes pouvant faire l’objet de propositions aux fournisseurs de ressources ; De l’amélioration de la communication ainsi que du développement de la coopération et des partenariats.', 'Le renforcement de capacités devra déboucher entre autres sur la mise en place d’une banque de projets et programmes pouvant faire l’objet de propositions aux fournisseurs de ressources ; De l’amélioration de la communication ainsi que du développement de la coopération et des partenariats. Les principales actions de ce chapitre sont(a) le développement et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie d’information, de communication et de lobbying (b), l’organisation de campagnes de lobbying de haut niveau et de tables rondes de fournisseurs de ressources et en particulier la sensibilisation des banques à restructurer leur portefeuille qui devra privilégier les projets dédiés au verdissement de l’économie, (c) le renforcement de la collaboration régional pour la mobilisation des financements dans le cadre par exemple des organisations comme la COMIFAC, la CBLT, la Commission Climat du Sahel et (d) le renforcement de la collaboration avec des organisations internationales, les entités régionales et multilatérales accréditées et les entités de mise en œuvre des différents fonds.', 'Les principales actions de ce chapitre sont(a) le développement et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie d’information, de communication et de lobbying (b), l’organisation de campagnes de lobbying de haut niveau et de tables rondes de fournisseurs de ressources et en particulier la sensibilisation des banques à restructurer leur portefeuille qui devra privilégier les projets dédiés au verdissement de l’économie, (c) le renforcement de la collaboration régional pour la mobilisation des financements dans le cadre par exemple des organisations comme la COMIFAC, la CBLT, la Commission Climat du Sahel et (d) le renforcement de la collaboration avec des organisations internationales, les entités régionales et multilatérales accréditées et les entités de mise en œuvre des différents fonds. A ce sujet, la collaboration en cours entre l’UICN et le Gouvernement pour la mobilisation d’uneRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 trentaine de millions de USD auprès du FVC constitue un exemple pouvant faire tache d’huile.', 'A ce sujet, la collaboration en cours entre l’UICN et le Gouvernement pour la mobilisation d’uneRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 trentaine de millions de USD auprès du FVC constitue un exemple pouvant faire tache d’huile. En termes de la formation permanente, il est envisagé de susciter en lien avec le Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, la mise en place des curricula nouveaux en mesure d’adresser les besoins de capacités émanant du secteur de la finance climatique et du verdissement de l’économie.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexes Annexe 1 : Liste des Projets d’Adaptation \uf0d8 Programme 01 : Mettre à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités ; \uf0d8 Programme 02 : Actualisation des plans de contingence national, régionaux et départementaux, accroissement et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence ; \uf0d8 Programme 03 : Développement des programmes Risques climatiques et Plan d’Affectation des Terres ; \uf0d8 Programme 04 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des CC et sur les mesures à prendre ; \uf0d8 Programme 05 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques ; \uf0d8 Programme 06 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur les CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 07 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 08 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 09 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatiques \uf0d8 Programme 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 11 : CC et gestion intégrée de déchets ménagers, collecte et valorisation \uf0d8 Programme 12 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique dans un contexte de changement climatique ; \uf0d8 Programme 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique \uf0d8 Programme 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale, face aux CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 15 : Prise des CC dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanalesRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 \uf0d8 Programme 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques ; \uf0d8 Programme 18 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique ; \uf0d8 Programme 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun ; \uf0d8 Programme 20 : Prise en compte du CC dans le développement des industries au Cameroun ;République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 2 : Coût d’investissement par secteur aux horizons 2025 Secteur Coûts sans adaptation en 2020 en million de Franc CFA Coût d’investissement en 2025 en million de Franc CFA Coûts d’adaptation en 2025 en million de Franc CFA Coût d’investissement en 2030 en million de Franc CFA Coûts d’adaptation en 2030 en million de Franc CFA Développement urbain Infrastructure et transport Ministère de la justiceRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 3 : Planification budgétaire des actions d’atténuation (en millions de dollars) Agriculture Foresterie Energie Déchets TotauxRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 4 : Liste des mesures d’Atténuation \uf0d8 Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois de feu non renouvelables ; \uf0d8 Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles ; \uf0d8 Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux ; \uf0d8 Combustibles issus de déchets municipaux solides ; \uf0d8 Compostage des déchets solides municipaux \uf0d8 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluo compactes : \uf0d8 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec LED ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluo compactes ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes ; \uf0d8 Éclairage public efficace ; \uf0d8 Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie ; \uf0d8 Efficacité énergétique de service ; \uf0d8 Gestion durable et Régénération assistée des forêts ; \uf0d8 Lampadaires solaires.', 'En termes de la formation permanente, il est envisagé de susciter en lien avec le Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, la mise en place des curricula nouveaux en mesure d’adresser les besoins de capacités émanant du secteur de la finance climatique et du verdissement de l’économie.République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexes Annexe 1 : Liste des Projets d’Adaptation \uf0d8 Programme 01 : Mettre à niveau les systèmes nationaux de collecte de données hydro météorologiques, d’analyse, de prévision, d information, d’alerte précoce, et renforcement des capacités ; \uf0d8 Programme 02 : Actualisation des plans de contingence national, régionaux et départementaux, accroissement et opérationnalisation du fonds d’urgence ; \uf0d8 Programme 03 : Développement des programmes Risques climatiques et Plan d’Affectation des Terres ; \uf0d8 Programme 04 : Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des CC et sur les mesures à prendre ; \uf0d8 Programme 05 : Protection et aménagement du littoral contre les effets des changements climatiques ; \uf0d8 Programme 06 : Éducation, formation professionnelle et renforcement des capacités sur les CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 07 : Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 08 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations urbaines aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 09 : Amélioration de la gouvernance foncière locale en réponse aux changements climatiques \uf0d8 Programme 10 : Adaptation de la politique nationale genre et réduction de leur vulnérabilité au CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 11 : CC et gestion intégrée de déchets ménagers, collecte et valorisation \uf0d8 Programme 12 : Diversification de l’offre énergétique dans un contexte de changement climatique ; \uf0d8 Programme 13 : Renforcement et sécurisation de l’accès aux ressources en eau et aux services d’assainissement dans un contexte de changement climatique \uf0d8 Programme 14 : Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation du système de santé nationale, face aux CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 15 : Prise des CC dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanalesRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 \uf0d8 Programme 16 : Développement d’une agriculture intégrée et résiliente face aux effets des CC ; \uf0d8 Programme 17 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’élevage aux effets des changements climatiques ; \uf0d8 Programme 18 : Réduction des effets des changements climatiques sur le secteur halieutique ; \uf0d8 Programme 19 : Réduction de la vulnérabilité des forêts aux changements climatiques au Cameroun ; \uf0d8 Programme 20 : Prise en compte du CC dans le développement des industries au Cameroun ;République du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 2 : Coût d’investissement par secteur aux horizons 2025 Secteur Coûts sans adaptation en 2020 en million de Franc CFA Coût d’investissement en 2025 en million de Franc CFA Coûts d’adaptation en 2025 en million de Franc CFA Coût d’investissement en 2030 en million de Franc CFA Coûts d’adaptation en 2030 en million de Franc CFA Développement urbain Infrastructure et transport Ministère de la justiceRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 3 : Planification budgétaire des actions d’atténuation (en millions de dollars) Agriculture Foresterie Energie Déchets TotauxRépublique du Cameroun CDN Révisée 2021 Annexe 4 : Liste des mesures d’Atténuation \uf0d8 Biogaz dans les fermes rurales substituant le bois de feu non renouvelables ; \uf0d8 Biogaz émanant des eaux usées industrielles ; \uf0d8 Biogaz issu des déchets solides municipaux ; \uf0d8 Combustibles issus de déchets municipaux solides ; \uf0d8 Compostage des déchets solides municipaux \uf0d8 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluo compactes : \uf0d8 Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec LED ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluo compactes ; \uf0d8 Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluo compactes ; \uf0d8 Éclairage public efficace ; \uf0d8 Efficacité énergétique dans l industrie ; \uf0d8 Efficacité énergétique de service ; \uf0d8 Gestion durable et Régénération assistée des forêts ; \uf0d8 Lampadaires solaires. \uf0d8 Le biogaz dans les grandes fermes ; \uf0d8 Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau ; \uf0d8 PV solaire grand réseau ; \uf0d8 PV solaire petit réseau isolé 100% solaire ; \uf0d8 Reboisement ; \uf0d8 Recyclage des plastiques ; \uf0d8 Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz ; \uf0d8 Réseaux électrique efficaces ; \uf0d8 Services d’autobus Express \uf0d8 Supplémentation en matières grasses dans l alimentation des ruminants (% de matières grasses DM ajoutées)']

fr-FR

CAN

Canada

1st NDC

2017-05-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20-%20Canada%20-%20English.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Northern America

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/c9417d12d65485b88e487c010138592c92473a9968dfc1e333726f759eed757f.pdf

['CANADA’S INDC SUBMISSION TO THE UNFCCC Canada is pleased to communicate our intended nationally determined contribution, as well as information to facilitate the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the contribution. As a vast Northern nation, Canada faces unique challenges in addressing climate change: a growing population, extreme temperatures, a large landmass, and a diversified growing economy with significant natural resources are some of the circumstances influencing Canadian greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these challenges, Canada has one of the cleanest electricity systems among G-7 and G-20 nations and one of the cleanest in the world, with almost 80% of our electricity supply already emitting no greenhouse gases.', 'Despite these challenges, Canada has one of the cleanest electricity systems among G-7 and G-20 nations and one of the cleanest in the world, with almost 80% of our electricity supply already emitting no greenhouse gases. Since 2011, Canada’s per capita greenhouse gas emissions have been at their lowest levels since tracking began in 1990 while the economy has continued to grow. Although Canada represents only 1.6% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, Canada remains committed to doing our part to address climate change. As part of our contribution to a new global climate change agreement, Canada intends to achieve an economy-wide target to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. This target is ambitious but achievable.', 'This target is ambitious but achievable. It represents a substantial reduction from Canada’s business-as-usual emissions. Canada has already undertaken decisive actions domestically to reduce our emissions, and is committed to doing more in concert with all major emitters. Reaching this ambitious target will require new policies in additional sectors and coordinated continental action in integrated sectors. Canada may also use international mechanisms to achieve the target, subject to robust systems that deliver real and verified emissions reductions. Canadian Emissions under 2030 TargetCanada is making progress in reducing our emissions – from 2005 to 2013, Canadian greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 3.1% while the economy grew by 12.9%.', 'Canadian Emissions under 2030 TargetCanada is making progress in reducing our emissions – from 2005 to 2013, Canadian greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 3.1% while the economy grew by 12.9%. The Government of Canada is implementing a responsible sector-by-sector regulatory approach to reduce emissions, aligned with Canada’s major economic partners, like the United States, recognizing the importance of cooperative action in an integrated North American marketplace. Through this approach Canada has already taken steps to reduce emissions from two of the largest emitting sectors of the Canadian economy – transportation and electricity.', 'Through this approach Canada has already taken steps to reduce emissions from two of the largest emitting sectors of the Canadian economy – transportation and electricity. Building on the strong base of clean electricity generation, Canada has established stringent coal- fired electricity standards that ban the construction of traditional coal-fired electricity generation units, and will accelerate the phase-out of existing coal-fired electricity generation units. Canada has also taken action in the transportation sector, which is responsible for approximately 25% of Canada’s emissions, by working closely with the United States towards common North American greenhouse gas standards for vehicles. The Government of Canada has put in place progressively more stringent greenhouse gas emission standards for passenger automobiles and light trucks as well as regulations for heavy-duty vehicles.', 'The Government of Canada has put in place progressively more stringent greenhouse gas emission standards for passenger automobiles and light trucks as well as regulations for heavy-duty vehicles. As a result of these regulations, greenhouse gas emissions from new passenger vehicles, light trucks and heavy-duty vehicles are steadily declining. For example, 2025 model year passenger vehicles and light trucks will emit about half as many greenhouse gases as 2008 models. Canada is continuing to develop and implement measures to reduce emissions from other key greenhouse gas sources. For example, in December 2014 the Government of Canada announced our intent to regulate hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), the fastest growing greenhouse gases globally.', 'For example, in December 2014 the Government of Canada announced our intent to regulate hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), the fastest growing greenhouse gases globally. Canada intends to develop regulations to address methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas fired electricity, chemicals and nitrogen fertilizers through our responsible sector-by-sector regulatory approach that ensures Canada’s economic competitiveness is protected. Canada will continue to take cooperative action with our continental trading partners, particularly the United States, and will work towards further action in integrated sectors of the economy, including energy and transportation. Canada’s regulatory approach is coupled with significant investments in clean energy technologies in order to drive a steady transition to a low carbon economy.', 'Canada’s regulatory approach is coupled with significant investments in clean energy technologies in order to drive a steady transition to a low carbon economy. Since 2006, the Government of Canada has invested more than $10 billion in green infrastructure, energy efficiency, clean energy technologies, cleaner fuels and smarter grids. Examples include: • Investments towards the development and demonstration of clean technology products such as electrical vehicle charging stations and wind hybrid power plants. • Investments to encourage the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind, low-impact hydro, biomass, photovoltaic and geothermal energy. Canada is a leader in clean energy technologies, and has made multiple investments in such technologies to promote further innovation.', 'Canada is a leader in clean energy technologies, and has made multiple investments in such technologies to promote further innovation. Examples include the world’s first large scale power sector carbon capture and storage project in Saskatchewan, as well as the first carbon capture and storage project at an oil sands operation. As a result, Canada is making meaningful progress to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in key sectors. For example, emerging technologies and federal regulatory action has limited emissions in the transportation sector, despite growth in vehicle fleets while emissions are falling in the electricity sector due to coal phase out, switching to natural gas and growth in non-emitting generation.', 'For example, emerging technologies and federal regulatory action has limited emissions in the transportation sector, despite growth in vehicle fleets while emissions are falling in the electricity sector due to coal phase out, switching to natural gas and growth in non-emitting generation. To build on this success, Canada will focus climate-related investments in innovative production technologies to continue to drive further improvements in environmental performance in the oil sands and other growing sectors. In Canada, climate change is a shared responsibility that requires action from all levels of government. Canadian provinces and territories have jurisdictional authorities over the fields of natural resources, energy, and many aspects of the environment. Each has its own legal framework, policies and measures in place to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Each has its own legal framework, policies and measures in place to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, a federal/provincial/territorial intergovernmental forum, has agreed that climate change will be on its agenda on an ongoing basis. Canada believes that every country must do its part to address climate change. Canada will work with international partners to advance collective efforts. Canada’s aim is a durable and inclusive global agreement that will put in place a long-term framework for collaborative action. With this contribution Canada is affirming our continued commitment to developing an internationalclimate change agreement that is fair, effective and includes meaningful and transparent commitments from all major emitters.', 'With this contribution Canada is affirming our continued commitment to developing an internationalclimate change agreement that is fair, effective and includes meaningful and transparent commitments from all major emitters. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Canada intends to achieve an economy-wide target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. Clarifying Information Base year 2005 End year 2030 Type Absolute reduction from base-year emissions Coverage Economy wide – 100% of Canadian GHG inventory Gases covered o carbon dioxide (CO2 ) o methane (CH4 ) o nitrous oxide (N2 O) o sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) o perfluorocarbons (PFCs) o hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) o nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Sectors All IPCC sectors Implementation The Government of Canada has in place legislative instruments to address climate change. The federal government’s primary statute is the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which includes authorities to regulate GHG emissions.', 'The federal government’s primary statute is the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which includes authorities to regulate GHG emissions. Emissions reductions can also be achieved through policy actions. Since 2006, the federal government has taken the following regulatory action under its responsible sector-by-sector regulatory approach: • transportation sector regulations establish progressively more stringent GHG emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles (model years 2014-2018) and for passenger automobiles and light trucks • electricity sector regulations make Canada the first major coal user to ban the construction of traditional coal-fired electricity generating units. These regulations will also lead to the phase-out of existing coal-fired electricity units without carbon capture and storage; • renewable fuels regulations require that gasoline contain an average 5% renewable fuel content and that most diesel fuel contain an average 2% content.', 'These regulations will also lead to the phase-out of existing coal-fired electricity units without carbon capture and storage; • renewable fuels regulations require that gasoline contain an average 5% renewable fuel content and that most diesel fuel contain an average 2% content. The federal government is also taking action to address transportation emissions from the rail, marine, and aviation subsectors.', 'The federal government is also taking action to address transportation emissions from the rail, marine, and aviation subsectors. The federal government is currently developing additional regulatory measures that will: • establish more stringent standards in the transportation sector for heavy-duty vehicles of post-2018 model years; • gradually phase down HFCs, which will limit potent GHG emissions that are expected to increase substantially in the next 10 to 15 years; • reduce GHG emissions from natural gas-fired electricity, as well as from chemicals and nitrogen fertilizers; • reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector. Canada’s regulatory approach is aligned with that of the United States, where appropriate, recognizing the importance of cooperative action in an integrated North American marketplace.', 'Canada’s regulatory approach is aligned with that of the United States, where appropriate, recognizing the importance of cooperative action in an integrated North American marketplace. Canada will continue takecooperative action with its continental trading partners, particularly the United States, and will work towards further action in integrated sectors of the economy, including energy and transportation. Canadian provinces and territories have significant authorities over the fields of natural resources, energy, and the environment. Each has its own legal framework and each has its own policies and measures that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Mechanisms exist for the federal government to engage with Canadian provinces and territories, as well as other key partners and stakeholders, on climate change.', 'Mechanisms exist for the federal government to engage with Canadian provinces and territories, as well as other key partners and stakeholders, on climate change. In particular, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, a minister-led intergovernmental forum, will be addressing climate change on an ongoing basis. Key assumptions Metric applied 100-year Global Warming Potential values from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Methodologies for estimating emissions IPCC Guidelines 2006 Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry, and other land uses Canada intends to account for the land sector using a net-net approach, and to use a “production approach” to account for harvested wood products. Canada will exclude emissions from natural disturbances. Contribution of international mechanisms Canada may use international mechanisms to achieve its 2030 target, subject to robust systems that deliver real and verified emissions reductions.']

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Canada

Updated NDC

2021-07-12 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Canada's%20Mid-Century%20Long-Term%20Low-GHG%20Strategy.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Northern America

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['CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY COPCat. No. : 978-0-660-06577-9 Unless otherwise specified, you may not reproduce materials in this publication, in whole or in part, for the purposes of commercial redistribution without prior written permission from Environment and Climate Change Canada’s copyright administrator. To obtain permission to reproduce Government of Canada materials for commercial purposes, apply for Crown Copyright Clearance by contacting: Environment and Climate Change Canada Public Inquiries Centre 7th Floor, Fontaine Building 200 Sacré-Coeur Boulevard Toll Free: 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) Email: ec.enviroinfo.ec@canada.ca Photos: © Environment and Climate Change Canada and © Thinkstockphotos.ca © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, 2016 Aussi disponible en françaisCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY iii Contents Foreword .', 'To obtain permission to reproduce Government of Canada materials for commercial purposes, apply for Crown Copyright Clearance by contacting: Environment and Climate Change Canada Public Inquiries Centre 7th Floor, Fontaine Building 200 Sacré-Coeur Boulevard Toll Free: 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) Email: ec.enviroinfo.ec@canada.ca Photos: © Environment and Climate Change Canada and © Thinkstockphotos.ca © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, 2016 Aussi disponible en françaisCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY iii Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 Context.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Existing Analyses on Decarbonisation .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Existing Analyses on Decarbonisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Decarbonisation and Expansion of Canada’s Electricity System . . . . . . 28 4 Energy Consumption in End Use Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5 Non-Carbon Dioxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6 Forests .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Decarbonisation and Expansion of Canada’s Electricity System . . . . . . 28 4 Energy Consumption in End Use Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5 Non-Carbon Dioxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6 Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7 Agriculture.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 8 Waste .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 8 Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9 Clean Technology Sector.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9 Clean Technology Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 10 Achieving a Low-Carbon Future through Infrastructure Investments. . . . 74 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Reference List .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 10 Achieving a Low-Carbon Future through Infrastructure Investments. . . . 74 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Annex 1: Detailed Modelling Results from 2050 Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . 83CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1 Foreword Canada views this initial Mid-Century Strategy report as an opportunity to begin the conversation about what a long-term low-greenhouse gas emission society would entail.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Annex 1: Detailed Modelling Results from 2050 Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . 83CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1 Foreword Canada views this initial Mid-Century Strategy report as an opportunity to begin the conversation about what a long-term low-greenhouse gas emission society would entail. The report provides a basic framework regarding what challenges and opportunities have currently been identified in academic literature and expert based analyses regarding deep emissions reductions in the mid to long-term.', 'The report provides a basic framework regarding what challenges and opportunities have currently been identified in academic literature and expert based analyses regarding deep emissions reductions in the mid to long-term. Canada submits this strategy to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the premise that the content of the report will continue to be updated and adjusted as Canada advances on the implementation of its low-carbon development pathway. As such, Canada’s position is that the Mid-Century Strategies should be submitted in an iterative or cyclical process, where Parties provide regular updates as low-GHG technologies and national circumstances continue to evolve.', 'As such, Canada’s position is that the Mid-Century Strategies should be submitted in an iterative or cyclical process, where Parties provide regular updates as low-GHG technologies and national circumstances continue to evolve. This iterative process will allow the Canadian public, experts, and stakeholder communities, to provide substance to this framework as Canada moves towards a common global objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 3 Executive Summary Canada is committed to creating a cleaner, more innovative economy that reduces emissions and protects the environment, while creating well-paying jobs and promoting robust economic growth.', 'This iterative process will allow the Canadian public, experts, and stakeholder communities, to provide substance to this framework as Canada moves towards a common global objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 3 Executive Summary Canada is committed to creating a cleaner, more innovative economy that reduces emissions and protects the environment, while creating well-paying jobs and promoting robust economic growth. A low-greenhouse gas future represents an opportunity to increase prosperity and the well-being of Canadians, to improve the livability of the built environment, modernise transportation, and enhance the natural environment. Canada’s actions on climate change will help communities in Canada in tangible and meaningful ways, since clean growth is not just good for the planet — it’s also good for the economy.', 'Canada’s actions on climate change will help communities in Canada in tangible and meaningful ways, since clean growth is not just good for the planet — it’s also good for the economy. The benefits include: reducing air pollution and congestion, modernising infrastructure to provide more inclusive and sustainable cities, creating cleaner and more modern communities, growing Canada’s clean technology sector, increasing economic productivity and efficiency, saving energy and reducing energy costs, and enhancing resilience to the impacts of climate change. Addressing climate change paves the way towards innovation and jobs in the clean energy and technology sectors. This represents an opportunity to adopt innovations that can enhance quality of life.', 'This represents an opportunity to adopt innovations that can enhance quality of life. Canada is investing in a cleaner future for our children and grandchildren, and creating the right conditions for communities everywhere to create good jobs in a modern, clean global economy. For the purpose of the Mid-Century Strategy, Canada examines an emissions abatement pathway consistent with net emissions falling by 80% in 2050 from 2005 levels. This is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 2°C to 1.5°C temperature goal. The Paris Agreement, adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents the first time in history that virtually all of the world’s nations agreed to pursue their highest possible ambition to combat climate change under a common framework.', 'The Paris Agreement, adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents the first time in history that virtually all of the world’s nations agreed to pursue their highest possible ambition to combat climate change under a common framework. Through the Paris Agreement over 195 countries representing 97% of global GHG emissions agreed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, including by holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'Through the Paris Agreement over 195 countries representing 97% of global GHG emissions agreed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, including by holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Building on analyses from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) states that GHG emission reductions in the order of 70 to 95% below 2010 levels would be required by 2050 to remain on a pathway consistent with a >50% likelihood of limiting average global temperature rise to 1.5°C. Achieving this temperature goal is only possible through actions on carbon dioxide and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) together.', 'Achieving this temperature goal is only possible through actions on carbon dioxide and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) together. For the purpose of the Mid-Century Strategy, Canada examines an emissions abatement pathway consistent with net emissions falling by 80% from 2005 levels. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to levels consistent with the reasonable probability of maintaining this temperature goal will not be easy. It will require substantial effort on the part of all Canadians, with a fundamental restructuring of multiple sectors of the economy. Cost-effective abatement opportunities will need to be realised from virtually every greenhouse gas emissions source and activity. In the energy sector, this will include enhanced energy efficiency and conservation, finding cleaner ways to produce and store electricity, and switching towards non-emitting electricity or other low-GHG alternatives.', 'In the energy sector, this will include enhanced energy efficiency and conservation, finding cleaner ways to produce and store electricity, and switching towards non-emitting electricity or other low-GHG alternatives. Although this will require thoughtful and significant effort on the part of all Canadians (including robust government policy such as carbon pricing, regulatory measures, and support for technology development), the cost of inaction poses a dire risk that cannot be ignored. This risk is threefold: • Ongoing emissions of anthropogenic GHGs will cause atmospheric concentrations to continue to rise, leading to higher global average temperatures and a cascade of related impacts, including increases in severe weather, and rising sea level. • Failure to act now means that costs will likely rise in the future as the required pace of decarbonisation increases.', '• Failure to act now means that costs will likely rise in the future as the required pace of decarbonisation increases. This raises the probability of misallocation of investment and infrastructure, as well as stranded assets. • As the world moves to address climate change, Canada should not be left behind in the emerging global markets for clean energy and related goods and services.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY A global clean growth economy offers considerable economic opportunities and co-benefits such as growing Canada’s clean technology sector, using more efficient technology globally, mitigating other types of pollutants, improving health and air quality, and increasing productivity through more efficient life cycle production.', '• As the world moves to address climate change, Canada should not be left behind in the emerging global markets for clean energy and related goods and services.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY A global clean growth economy offers considerable economic opportunities and co-benefits such as growing Canada’s clean technology sector, using more efficient technology globally, mitigating other types of pollutants, improving health and air quality, and increasing productivity through more efficient life cycle production. Responding to climate change presents an opportunity for Canada to discover and adopt new and innovative ways to enhance our quality of life, while ensuring that this prosperity is sustainable given finite natural resources and environmental concerns. For example, designing low-carbon buildings can save on energy requirements and heating, cooling, and electricity costs, while increasing natural light and airflow.', 'For example, designing low-carbon buildings can save on energy requirements and heating, cooling, and electricity costs, while increasing natural light and airflow. As another example, reducing traffic congestion through more sustainable movement of people and goods would reduce GHG emissions as well as air and noise pollution, save travel time, and lead to healthier and more productive cities. Often through analysing supply chains, or life-cycle assessments of final products, solutions can be found that are environmentally, socially, as well as economically preferable. Finding low-GHG solutions will also provide Canada with opportunities to help other countries that are also pursuing low-GHG objectives. Canada’s clean technology sector has grown substantially over the last few years, and there continues to be considerable prospects for continued growth in the sector.', 'Canada’s clean technology sector has grown substantially over the last few years, and there continues to be considerable prospects for continued growth in the sector. Further investments in research, development and deployment (RD&D) of clean technology, will support Canada’s competitiveness in the short and long term, both in emerging and traditional market, creating higher paying jobs, and stimulating exports. Through “Mission Innovation”, Canada along with 20 governments and the European Union, have agreed to double their respective investments in transformative, clean energy research and development over five years, encourage private sector investment in clean energy technology, and increase collaboration among participating countries. Canada is making key investments in clean energy and emissions-reducing technology to accelerate domestic adoption and to deploy our energy know-how and technology to markets around the world.', 'Canada is making key investments in clean energy and emissions-reducing technology to accelerate domestic adoption and to deploy our energy know-how and technology to markets around the world. Adopting innovative technologies in the natural resources sectors (energy, mining, forestry, agriculture, and fisheries) will promote Canada’s international leadership in sustainable resource development, providing prosperity to Canadians. While today’s technologies and knowledge can significantly reduce emissions, the transition to a low-carbon economy can be eased through innovation, a scale up of RD&D investment, and private sector investment. Most international and Canadian greenhouse gas mid-century abatement analyses note that deep cuts in emissions are possible with today’s technology, although mitigation costs remain high in certain areas.', 'Most international and Canadian greenhouse gas mid-century abatement analyses note that deep cuts in emissions are possible with today’s technology, although mitigation costs remain high in certain areas. For example, an assessment from the Council of Canadian Academies published in 2015, suggests that Canada can significantly reduce GHG emissions by using commercially available technologies in key sectors of the economy. Studies consistently point to currently deployed technologies as being essential components to the climate change solution, such as expanding the use of non- emitting electricity across end-use sectors, increasing the use of alternative fuels, and improving energy conservation and efficiency. Many studies also note that new and emerging technologies can help to smooth our transition to a low GHG economy.', 'Many studies also note that new and emerging technologies can help to smooth our transition to a low GHG economy. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) demonstrates that a sustainable energy transition is possible with currently deployed or near-commercial technologies, but that the long-term transition will be eased (in terms of investment requirements and timing) with the near- term acceleration of deployment of clean energy options, or the development of more innovative technologies. The IEA highlights that current global RD&D investments are well below what is required to achieve our international climate goals. Likewise, substantial financial investments are needed from the private sector to move towards a low-GHG future, and related risks and opportunities associated with these investments should be identified early.', 'Likewise, substantial financial investments are needed from the private sector to move towards a low-GHG future, and related risks and opportunities associated with these investments should be identified early. Carbon pricing can provide the market signal required for private sector investment and innovation. Technology developers and users are best positioned to bring forward new technologies that will ultimately succeed. Innovation in clean technologies, whether it is a breakthrough technology or one that improves the efficiency of an existing process, can lead to significant GHG abatement internationally as the new technology becomes utilised globally.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 5 Canada’s mid-century and long-term objectives will be ultimately realized though short-term concrete action. Canada’s Mid-Century Strategy is not a blueprint for action, and it is not policy prescriptive.', 'Canada’s Mid-Century Strategy is not a blueprint for action, and it is not policy prescriptive. Rather, the report is meant to inform the conversation about how Canada can achieve a low-carbon economy. This includes describing modelling analyses that illustrate various scenarios towards deep emissions reductions. Canada’s Mid-Century Strategy outlines potential GHG abatement opportunities, emerging key technologies, and identifies areas where emissions reductions will be more challenging and require policy focus in the context of a low carbon economy by 2050. To deliver on Canada’s short term action, the Government of Canada is working closely with provinces and territories, and with National Indigenous Organizations to finalize a pan-Canadian framework for clean growth and climate change, which will include actions to reduce emissions, build resilience, and spur innovation and create jobs.', 'To deliver on Canada’s short term action, the Government of Canada is working closely with provinces and territories, and with National Indigenous Organizations to finalize a pan-Canadian framework for clean growth and climate change, which will include actions to reduce emissions, build resilience, and spur innovation and create jobs. This will develop Canada’s plan for meeting the 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions to 30% below 2005 levels, and also includes a carbon pricing framework. The pan-Canadian framework will pave the way towards innovation and jobs in the clean energy sector, and help Canadians manage the effects of climate change, by building capacity for adaptation and strengthening resilience.', 'The pan-Canadian framework will pave the way towards innovation and jobs in the clean energy sector, and help Canadians manage the effects of climate change, by building capacity for adaptation and strengthening resilience. On March 3, 2016, Canada’s First Ministers and Indigenous Leaders met in Vancouver and committed to developing a concrete plan to achieve Canada’s international greenhouse gas reduction commitments through a pan-Canadian framework for clean growth and climate change. Canada’s First Ministers released the Vancouver Declaration in which they agreed to build on commitments and actions already taken by provinces and territories in order to meet or exceed Canada’s GHG emissions targets. They highlighted the need to foster investment to promote clean economic growth and create jobs that support the transition to a low-carbon economy, while benefitting individual Canadians and addressing competitiveness impacts on businesses.', 'They highlighted the need to foster investment to promote clean economic growth and create jobs that support the transition to a low-carbon economy, while benefitting individual Canadians and addressing competitiveness impacts on businesses. They committed to deliver mitigation actions by adopting a broad range of domestic measures, including carbon pricing mechanisms, adapted to each jurisdiction’s specific circumstances. Commitments were also made to develop and implement strong, complementary adaptation policies and action on climate resilience to address climate risks facing our populations, infrastructure, economies and ecosystems, and Canada’s northern regions in particular.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The Mid-Century Strategy will help inform the pan- Canadian framework, while long term planning is essential to infrastructure and energy investments, setting the course for a low-carbon future.', 'Commitments were also made to develop and implement strong, complementary adaptation policies and action on climate resilience to address climate risks facing our populations, infrastructure, economies and ecosystems, and Canada’s northern regions in particular.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The Mid-Century Strategy will help inform the pan- Canadian framework, while long term planning is essential to infrastructure and energy investments, setting the course for a low-carbon future. The development of a Mid-Century Strategy is an essential step to set the course towards a low-carbon economy as it will inform longer term planning and investment. Long-term planning is fundamental for creating and managing robust energy systems, and careful and far-sighted policy making is essential to combat climate change in an economically efficient, socially acceptable, and effective manner.', 'Long-term planning is fundamental for creating and managing robust energy systems, and careful and far-sighted policy making is essential to combat climate change in an economically efficient, socially acceptable, and effective manner. Because of the long-lived nature of some energy supply and demand equipment, investments and policy decisions made today will affect the level of greenhouse gases in 2050. For example, many of the buildings and electricity generating facilities built today will continue to be operational in 2050. Once these assets are locked-in, replacing them with cleaner alternatives will impose additional costs and complexity. Likewise, government policies should be designed with both a shorter term as well as longer- term focus, ensuring that greenhouse gas emissions will continue to decline towards a low-GHG future.', 'Likewise, government policies should be designed with both a shorter term as well as longer- term focus, ensuring that greenhouse gas emissions will continue to decline towards a low-GHG future. By aligning its goals to the UNFCCC temperature goals, Canada now has an opportunity to integrate climate change objectives into its long term planning processes. Although this report does not propose specific policies, it identifies key options for Canada’s low-GHG development. For example, the anticipation of significant growth in Canadian electricity demand should underpin mid-century investment and planning. Planners should keep in mind that this increased demand will stem from both Canadian applications as they switch away from more carbon intensive energy sources, as well as potentially supplying clean electricity to our continental neighbours.', 'Planners should keep in mind that this increased demand will stem from both Canadian applications as they switch away from more carbon intensive energy sources, as well as potentially supplying clean electricity to our continental neighbours. As another example, planners should note that regional differences will be a key consideration due to the variation in electricity generating portfolios, and technical capacities from one jurisdiction to another. Carbon dioxide removal is fundamental to limiting the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2oC. Forests play a key role in carbon sequestration. This can be enhanced through forest management activities, increased use of long-lived harvested wood products, and increased utilization of waste wood biomass.', 'This can be enhanced through forest management activities, increased use of long-lived harvested wood products, and increased utilization of waste wood biomass. In order to increase the likelihood of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C, net “negative” carbon dioxide emissions (i.e., more emissions sequestered through anthropogenic means than are released to the atmosphere) will be required this century. Negative carbon dioxide emissions may be achieved with large-scale afforestation, or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), the latter being a key feature in the great majority of 1.5°C and 2.0°C scenarios in the current literature. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies offer one avenue for preventing emissions to the atmosphere. For example, the oil and gas sector can take advantage of its proximity to geological reservoirs to store carbon emissions captured on site.', 'For example, the oil and gas sector can take advantage of its proximity to geological reservoirs to store carbon emissions captured on site. The iron and steel, pulp and paper, chemical, and cement sectors also have potential for emissions reduction through CCS. Negative carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved when carbon capture and storage technologies are combined with the use of energy from biomass (BECCS). In this case, the carbon that is removed from the atmosphere, and sequestered through vegetation growth, is captured and stored when the plant material is used to generate energy. If BECCS were to be deployed at sufficient scale, there is the potential to achieve net negative global carbon dioxide emissions, although the feasibility of large scale deployment of negative emissions technologies is still unknown.', 'If BECCS were to be deployed at sufficient scale, there is the potential to achieve net negative global carbon dioxide emissions, although the feasibility of large scale deployment of negative emissions technologies is still unknown. A number of other options are also being investigated globally that have the potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and contribute to the achievement of global net negative emissions (e.g. conversion of carbon dioxide into algal biomass). These options are at various stages of research, development and deployment. Much more investment and innovation is needed to fully assess the potential of these measures to contribute to achieving global temperature goals and sustainable development objectives. All regions and sectors must act to reduce emissions, but specific abatement pathways could differ from one jurisdiction to another.', 'All regions and sectors must act to reduce emissions, but specific abatement pathways could differ from one jurisdiction to another. Regional cooperation will be key to our success. The Strategy that we present constitutes a growing consensus over possible avenues for low-carbon development informed by independent expert analysis.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 7 This Strategy identifies key objectives and building blocks that could underlie our transition to a low- GHG economy. These building blocks frame the foundation of Canada’s long term climate change mitigation strategy: • Electrification has been identified as an essential step in all deep GHG mitigation analyses. The electrification of end use applications that are currently using fossil fuels is fundamental, for example, using electricity to power certain cars, trucks, building appliances and heating systems, and energy requirements for some industries.', 'The electrification of end use applications that are currently using fossil fuels is fundamental, for example, using electricity to power certain cars, trucks, building appliances and heating systems, and energy requirements for some industries. • Concurrent trends towards decarbonisation of the electricity generating sector are needed. Electricity generation in Canada is already more than 80% non-emitting, with a trend towards non-emitting generation expected to continue, including through increased government action. • The significant increase in electricity demand resulting from electrification policies (e.g., doubling or more by 2050), and electricity exports, should be satisfied through low-carbon sources. • Canada, and North America’s, electricity future will be shaped by interprovincial and intercontinental cooperation.', '• Canada, and North America’s, electricity future will be shaped by interprovincial and intercontinental cooperation. Enhanced interjurisdictional electricity transmission interties could allow areas with hydropower, or other forms of non-emitting generation, to sell electricity to other provinces or U.S. States that rely on fossil fuels. • Energy efficiency and demand side management are key to achieving deep GHG reductions. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that 38% of the required global emissions reductions associated with a 2°C pathway could be met through energy efficiency improvements. Efficiency gains are also key enablers of electrification technologies and consumer savings. • Some sectors such as heavy industries, marine transportation, some heavy freight transportation, and aviation could move to lower or low-carbon fuels such as second generation biofuels or hydrogen.', '• Some sectors such as heavy industries, marine transportation, some heavy freight transportation, and aviation could move to lower or low-carbon fuels such as second generation biofuels or hydrogen. Alternatively, new and emerging technologies in synthetic hydrocarbons or energy storage would be needed. • Abatement of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, such as methane and hydrofluorocarbons, is a priority given their high global warming potentials. Reductions of these pollutants can often help slow the rate of near-term warming and contribute to achievement of the global temperature goal. Although black carbon is not classified as a greenhouse gas, it has strong global warming effects that must also be addressed. • Behavioural changes will also contribute to a low-GHG economy.', '• Behavioural changes will also contribute to a low-GHG economy. For example, innovative approaches to moving people and freight are likely to become more widely adopted over the next 35 years, as well as changes in the way people live, work, and consume. • Cities are home to 70% of the world’s energy- related carbon dioxide emissions. Canadian cities host 80% of the national population, compared to 62% sixty years ago. With a continuing trend in urbanization for the upcoming decades, cities across Canada cannot afford to wait to increase climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. • Canada’s forests and lands will continue to play an important role in sequestering substantial amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This sequestration can be augmented through policies and measures that better manage our forests and forest products.', 'This sequestration can be augmented through policies and measures that better manage our forests and forest products. Without consideration of the global land sector, the 1.5 to 2°C temperature goal will be very hard to achieve. • Innovation will also be crucial. A sustainable energy transition is possible with currently deployed or near-commercial technologies, but the long-term transition will be eased with the near-term accelerated deployment of clean energy options, or the development of more innovative technologies. The private sector has an important role to play in this respect including spurring investment and innovation towards low GHG alternatives. Carbon pricing will be an important element to achieving this objective.', 'Carbon pricing will be an important element to achieving this objective. • Collaboration with provinces and territories, Indigenous peoples, municipalities, business and other stakeholders will be essential to Canada’s long-term success in enabling clean growth, reducing emissions and seizing the opportunities of the low-carbon global economy.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KEY MESSAGES: • Most Canadians recognise the need to mitigate climate change and limit the increase in the global average temperature, but the magnitude of the challenge is less well understood, with a requirement for very deep emissions cuts from every sector by mid-century. • Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to avoid the increasing threat presented by climate change. Benefits of action to reduce climate risk will outweigh costs and the international community is moving towards low-greenhouse gas economies.', 'Benefits of action to reduce climate risk will outweigh costs and the international community is moving towards low-greenhouse gas economies. A particular focus on short-lived climate pollutants is also required if we are to stay below the 1.5°C - 2°C temperature goal. • Canada has worked closely with the United States and Mexico in the development of this report. Our continental partners have also described ambitious mitigation action by 2050 in their respective strategies. • Encouraging international efforts, including reducing emissions in other countries will be key to the global response. • Working collaboratively with Indigenous peoples by supporting their on- going implementation of climate change initiatives will be key. Consultations with Indigenous communities must respect the constitutional, legal, and international obligations that Canada has for its Indigenous peoples.', 'Consultations with Indigenous communities must respect the constitutional, legal, and international obligations that Canada has for its Indigenous peoples. • The Mid-Century Strategy will help inform the pan-Canadian framework (PCF) for clean growth and climate change. 1.1 Most Canadians recognise the need to mitigate climate change and limit the increase in the global average temperature, but the magnitude of the challenge is less well understood, with a requirement for very deep emissions cuts from every sector by mid-century. Canada played a leadership role in advancing the adoption of the Paris Agreement and supporting the global temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'Canada played a leadership role in advancing the adoption of the Paris Agreement and supporting the global temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Ensuring that the global temperature remains well below 2°C will require global greenhouse gas emissions to peak as soon as possible with a rapid decline in emissions thereafter. It will also require fast concurrent actions on short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) (see chapter 5). The latest assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) relied on a range of models to examine feasible scenarios for global emissions trajectories consistent with limiting global warming to less than 2°C.', 'The latest assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) relied on a range of models to examine feasible scenarios for global emissions trajectories consistent with limiting global warming to less than 2°C. Building from this analysis, a recent study from the United Nations Environment Programme (2015)1 found that scenarios consistent with limiting warming to 2°C, with a >66% chance, reach net zero global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions by about 2070, while those consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C with a > 50% chance reach net zero carbon dioxide emissions by about 2050.', 'Building from this analysis, a recent study from the United Nations Environment Programme (2015)1 found that scenarios consistent with limiting warming to 2°C, with a >66% chance, reach net zero global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions by about 2070, while those consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C with a > 50% chance reach net zero carbon dioxide emissions by about 2050. 1 United Nations Environment Programme, Emissions Gap Report 2015.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 9 Net “negative” carbon dioxide emissions (i.e., more emissions are sequestered through anthropogenic means than released to the atmosphere) would then be required later in the century to meet the temperature goal. Negative carbon dioxide emissions may be achieved, for example, with large- scale afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.', 'Negative carbon dioxide emissions may be achieved, for example, with large- scale afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Negative CO emissions are required in these scenarios to offset hard-to-mitigate non-CO emissions (e.g., methane and nitrous oxide emissions associated with food production), in order to achieve net zero global anthropogenic GHG emissions.', 'Negative CO emissions are required in these scenarios to offset hard-to-mitigate non-CO emissions (e.g., methane and nitrous oxide emissions associated with food production), in order to achieve net zero global anthropogenic GHG emissions. In terms of total greenhouse gas emissions, according to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report, a limited number of studies provide scenarios that are more likely than not to limit warming to 1.5°C by 2100; these scenarios are characterized by GHG concentrations below 430 ppm CO -eq by 2100 and 2050 emission In this context, the United States noted that its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution target is consistent with a straight line emission reduction pathway from 2020 to deep, economy-wide emission reductions of 80% or more by 2050. Other jurisdictions such as Japan and the EU have adopted similar goals.', 'Other jurisdictions such as Japan and the EU have adopted similar goals. For the purpose of the Mid-Century Strategy, Canada examines an emissions abatement pathway consistent with net emissions falling by 80% from 2005 levels. 1.2 Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to avoid the increasing threat presented by climate change. Benefits of action to reduce climate risk will outweigh costs and the international community is moving towards low-greenhouse gas economies. A particular focus on short- lived climate pollutants is also required if we are to stay below the 1.5°C - 2°C temperature goal. The consequences of inaction to reach the temperature goals are severe, and will have an impact on the global environment, health, and quality of life.', 'The consequences of inaction to reach the temperature goals are severe, and will have an impact on the global environment, health, and quality of life. The global average temperature is projected to continue to increase well beyond 2°C over the 21st century if no further action is taken. With some regions of the world experiencing severe effects earlier than others, including in some of the most vulnerable areas. The IPCC concluded that global climate change risks are high to very high with global mean temperature 2 IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymaker increases of 4°C or more above preindustrial levels, consistent with expected levels by 2100 under a business-as-usual scenario.', 'Summary for Policymaker increases of 4°C or more above preindustrial levels, consistent with expected levels by 2100 under a business-as-usual scenario. These risks include substantial species extinction, large risks to global and regional food security, and compromised normal human activities such as growing food or working outdoors due to the combination of high temperature and humidity. These risks are reduced substantially under scenarios which limit global warming to 2°C or lower.3 Several studies have shown that the cost to address climate change decreases if early action is taken.', 'These risks are reduced substantially under scenarios which limit global warming to 2°C or lower.3 Several studies have shown that the cost to address climate change decreases if early action is taken. For example, in 2014, the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers published a report stating that for the same level of temperature stabilisation, each decade of delayed mitigation effort leads to a 40% increase in net mitigation costs.4 A 2012 Navius Research report, which considered the implications of policy delay in the context of an aggressive 2050 target, suggested that a delay in domestic GHG policy action from 2012 to 2020 could cost Canada an additional $87 billion over the 2020 to 2050 period, which represents an increase of about 27% in the cost In addition, several studies suggest that the benefits of mitigation action can often outweigh the cost over the long run in terms of energy and fuel savings though resource efficiency gains.', 'For example, in 2014, the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers published a report stating that for the same level of temperature stabilisation, each decade of delayed mitigation effort leads to a 40% increase in net mitigation costs.4 A 2012 Navius Research report, which considered the implications of policy delay in the context of an aggressive 2050 target, suggested that a delay in domestic GHG policy action from 2012 to 2020 could cost Canada an additional $87 billion over the 2020 to 2050 period, which represents an increase of about 27% in the cost In addition, several studies suggest that the benefits of mitigation action can often outweigh the cost over the long run in terms of energy and fuel savings though resource efficiency gains. For example, a recent New Climate Economy Report shows that cities globally could save $16.6 trillion over the 2015- 2050 period through investments in projects such as mass transit and energy efficient buildings.6 Although there is inherent uncertainty around predicting far into the future, the agreement in the literature reinforces the point that early action on climate change is crucial to reducing the overall cost of climate change over time.', 'For example, a recent New Climate Economy Report shows that cities globally could save $16.6 trillion over the 2015- 2050 period through investments in projects such as mass transit and energy efficient buildings.6 Although there is inherent uncertainty around predicting far into the future, the agreement in the literature reinforces the point that early action on climate change is crucial to reducing the overall cost of climate change over time. 1.3 Canada has worked closely with the United States and Mexico in the development of this report. Our continental partners have also described ambitious mitigation action by 2050 in their respective strategies. As described in the Leaders’ Statement on a North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014; Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability.', 'As described in the Leaders’ Statement on a North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014; Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability. 4 Executive Office of the President of the United States, The Cost of Delaying Action to Stem Climate Change. 5 Navius Research Inc., Investment and Lock-In Analysis for Canada: Low Carbon Scenarios to 2050. 6 Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, The Sustainable Infrastructure Imperative: Financing for Better Growth and Development.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Partnership, North America has the capacity, resources, and the moral imperative to show strong leadership building on the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016.', '6 Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, The Sustainable Infrastructure Imperative: Financing for Better Growth and Development.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Partnership, North America has the capacity, resources, and the moral imperative to show strong leadership building on the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016. We recognize that our highly integrated economies and energy systems afford a tremendous opportunity to harness growth in our continuing transition to a clean energy economy. Our actions to align climate and energy policies will protect human health and help level the playing field for our businesses, households, and workers. In recognition of our close ties and shared vision, Canada has worked closely with the U.S. and Mexico in the development of this report, including sharing analyses and key insights.', 'In recognition of our close ties and shared vision, Canada has worked closely with the U.S. and Mexico in the development of this report, including sharing analyses and key insights. Our partners’ respective Mid-Century Low-GHG Emissions Development Strategies outline ambitious mitigation action by 2050. 1.4 Encouraging international efforts, including reducing emissions in other countries will be key to the global response. The Paris Agreement recognises that addressing climate change through adaptation, technology, and capacity building will require significant international cooperation and finance, especially in the context of sustainable development. International collaboration is also fundamental to building an innovation and knowledge based economy. Collaboration on technology innovation will underpin successful global efforts. The Carbon Trust, a global leading think tank on GHG emissions and energy technologies, was commissioned by the United Kingdom to analyse the benefits of energy technology innovation.', 'The Carbon Trust, a global leading think tank on GHG emissions and energy technologies, was commissioned by the United Kingdom to analyse the benefits of energy technology innovation. Their paper United Innovations concludes that through collaborative energy technology innovation, “the world could save US$550 billion on the cost of deploying clean energy technologies over the next decade”. International cooperation to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions will be fundamental to limiting temperature rise. This is because GHG abatement costs differ substantially from sector to sector and jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but the environmental benefits of reducing a given amount of emissions are always the same.', 'This is because GHG abatement costs differ substantially from sector to sector and jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but the environmental benefits of reducing a given amount of emissions are always the same. Cooperating to mitigate emissions in the most cost effective areas will ensure that financial resources are used in the most efficient way, resulting in larger reductions in emissions per unit of capital investment.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 11 Article 6 of the Paris Agreement recognises that countries may choose to use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, including emissions trading, to help access more cost effective abatement opportunities, as well as to help other countries mitigate emissions and promote sustainable development. International market- based approaches to reduce emissions (e.g., linked cap-and-trade programs; bilateral cooperative approaches; etc.) can stimulate cost effective and economically efficient greenhouse gas mitigation.', 'can stimulate cost effective and economically efficient greenhouse gas mitigation. Some regions of the world, including subnational governments, are already working cooperatively, or link carbon markets. These “bottom-up” type approaches could continue to develop and grow moving forward. For example, the province of Quebec has linked its emission trading system to California’s through the Western Climate Initiative, with other subnational regions planning or considering doing the same. By 2050, it is hoped that there will be an international emissions trading system in place that would ensure robust environmental integrity and transparency at a global level. In Canada, there are challenges to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from emissions-intensive heavy industry, primary extraction, and certain applications in the transportation sector.', 'In Canada, there are challenges to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from emissions-intensive heavy industry, primary extraction, and certain applications in the transportation sector. In the short- to-medium term, there may be more cost effective GHG reduction opportunities in other sectors or regions, where abatement technologies are more effective or lower-GHG alternatives exist. Emissions trading, or accessing internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, can provide a lower cost method of reducing GHG emissions, allowing more time for GHG intensive capital stock to turn over and allow low-carbon alternatives to be introduced without stranding assets. Canada recognises that sustainable development is a key principle pertinent to this type of cooperation. Canada will consider internationally transferred mitigation outcomes as a short-to-medium term complement to reducing emissions at home.', 'Canada will consider internationally transferred mitigation outcomes as a short-to-medium term complement to reducing emissions at home. Likewise, Canada intends to take into account internationally transferred mitigation outcomes arising from cross-border subnational emission trading as part of its international contribution to addressing climate change. 1.5 Working collaboratively with Indigenous peoples by supporting their on-going implementation of climate change initiatives will be key. Consultations with Indigenous communities must respect the constitutional, legal, and international obligations that Canada has for its Indigenous peoples. There are a number of statements and agreements7 that highlight Canada’s commitment to consult, collaborate, and engage Indigenous peoples. Work to address climate change and related interactions with Indigenous peoples, must be consistent with Canada’s approach to implementing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples, in accordance with Canada’s constitution.', 'Work to address climate change and related interactions with Indigenous peoples, must be consistent with Canada’s approach to implementing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples, in accordance with Canada’s constitution. This is especially relevant given the disproportionate challenges that First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities face because of climate change. Despite the changes that are facing both traditional resources and the land, indigenous citizens and communities alike are taking tangible steps to become active drivers of change. For them, building resilience in the face of climate change is fundamentally about food, water, and energy independence, where Indigenous communities are self-sufficient.', 'For them, building resilience in the face of climate change is fundamentally about food, water, and energy independence, where Indigenous communities are self-sufficient. Indigenous peoples, communities, and organisations across Canada are implementing a range of climate change initiatives.8 Above and beyond renewable energy projects, Indigenous peoples are implementing ground-breaking initiatives on sustainable land use management, food security, and education informed by traditional values. Advancing cross-cultural learning on climate change mitigation and adaptation is one step in the journey towards reconciliation in Canada. In order to move forward, Canada will encourage the development of green infrastructure in northern and remote Indigenous communities. It is also important for municipalities, provinces and territories to promote energy security for Indigenous peoples.', 'It is also important for municipalities, provinces and territories to promote energy security for Indigenous peoples. For example, through its Feed-in Tariff program, Ontario has been able to set aside 10% for community and Indigenous engagement in renewable energy projects, with many Indigenous communities as partners or owners in renewable energy systems as a result.9 7 For example: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Paris Agreement; the Vancouver Declaration; the Leader’s Statement on a North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership. 8 Scurr, C., and Beaudry, J., Gap Analysis First Nations Climate Change Adaptation South of 60 Degrees Latitude.', '8 Scurr, C., and Beaudry, J., Gap Analysis First Nations Climate Change Adaptation South of 60 Degrees Latitude. 9 Indigenous Economic Development Indigenous Affairs Working Group, Ontario Aboriginal Energy Partnerships Program.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1.6 The Mid-Century Strategy will help inform the pan-Canadian framework (PCF) for clean growth and climate change. On March 3, 2016, Canada’s First Ministers and Indigenous Leaders met in Vancouver and committed to developing a concrete plan to achieve Canada’s international greenhouse gas reduction commitments through a pan-Canadian framework for clean growth and climate change. Canada’s First Ministers released the Vancouver Declaration in which they agreed to build on commitments and actions already taken by provinces and territories in order to meet or exceed Canada’s GHG emissions target for 2030.', 'Canada’s First Ministers released the Vancouver Declaration in which they agreed to build on commitments and actions already taken by provinces and territories in order to meet or exceed Canada’s GHG emissions target for 2030. They highlighted the need to foster investment to promote clean economic growth and create jobs that support the transition to a low-carbon economy, while benefitting individual Canadians and addressing competitiveness impacts on businesses. They committed to deliver mitigation actions by adopting a broad range of domestic measures, including carbon pricing mechanisms, adapted to each jurisdiction’s specific circumstances. Commitments were also made to develop and implement strong, complementary adaptation policies and action on climate resilience to address climate risks facing our populations, infrastructure, economies and ecosystems, and Canada’s northern regions in particular.', 'Commitments were also made to develop and implement strong, complementary adaptation policies and action on climate resilience to address climate risks facing our populations, infrastructure, economies and ecosystems, and Canada’s northern regions in particular. Canada’s Mid-Century Strategy will help inform the pan-Canadian framework for Clean Growth and Climate Change, but does not outline any further specific policies. Instead, Canada’s Mid- Century Strategy outlines potential GHG abatement opportunities, emerging key technologies, and identifies areas where emissions reductions will be more challenging and require policy focus – in the context of achieving very low greenhouse gas objectives by 2050.', 'Instead, Canada’s Mid- Century Strategy outlines potential GHG abatement opportunities, emerging key technologies, and identifies areas where emissions reductions will be more challenging and require policy focus – in the context of achieving very low greenhouse gas objectives by 2050. The strategy also outlines the importance of addressing other pollutants, such as black carbon, that are significant climate warmers.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 13 2 Existing Analyses on Decarbonisation The study and analysis of what low-carbon futures might look like and the pathways for how we might achieve them is relatively recent. There is, however, a rapidly growing body of international research on low-carbon futures, including a few analyses that have focused on Canada.', 'There is, however, a rapidly growing body of international research on low-carbon futures, including a few analyses that have focused on Canada. From this work, a number of common themes and conclusions have emerged that inform the development of this report. This work involves examining various pathways that Canada can take to achieve a low-carbon economy in 2050 and identifying associated opportunities and challenges. The studies also highlight Canada’s achievements in decreasing GHG emissions to-date, provide wide- ranging insights on potential transformational low-emitting GHG technologies, and point to policies and measures that could be implemented to achieve deep reductions in GHG emissions and the necessary innovation required to ease this transition.', 'The studies also highlight Canada’s achievements in decreasing GHG emissions to-date, provide wide- ranging insights on potential transformational low-emitting GHG technologies, and point to policies and measures that could be implemented to achieve deep reductions in GHG emissions and the necessary innovation required to ease this transition. This literature review aims to highlight the principle themes and key messages from relevant research in order to inform the development of Canada’s Mid-Century Low GHG Strategy. The review focuses on Canada-wide approaches and does not consider provincial-level pathway assessments. KEY MESSAGES: • Substantial decarbonisation by mid-century is possible with current technologies. • Decarbonisation presents opportunities to improve social welfare and economic productivity. • Challenging areas for abatement require increased policy focus, research and development, and investment.', '• Challenging areas for abatement require increased policy focus, research and development, and investment. • Decarbonisation objectives should underlie long-term, coordinated planning in key areas such as investments towards new infrastructure and clean technologies. 2.1 Substantial decarbonisation by mid-century is possible with current technologies. Canada has already started to decarbonise and can do even more with currently available technologies. In its Canada 2015 review, the International Energy Agency (IEA) mentions that Canada has achieved important reductions to date through federal and provincial/territorial initiatives. The report underlines that in 2013, more than 75% of Canada’s current electricity generation mix is non-emitting due to significant production from hydro and nuclear and that, over the past decade, Canada has decreased its energy intensity by 20%.', 'The report underlines that in 2013, more than 75% of Canada’s current electricity generation mix is non-emitting due to significant production from hydro and nuclear and that, over the past decade, Canada has decreased its energy intensity by 20%. It also mentions the progress made in the industrial sector with four carbon and capture storage projects, including the Boundary Dam CCS project, which is the world’s first commercial application of CCS to a coal-fired power plant.10 An assessment from the Council of Canadian Academies published in 2015 suggests that Canada can significantly reduce GHG emissions by using commercially available technologies in key sectors of the economy.11 The assessment identifies many existing 10 International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Canada 2015 Review, p. 10.', 'It also mentions the progress made in the industrial sector with four carbon and capture storage projects, including the Boundary Dam CCS project, which is the world’s first commercial application of CCS to a coal-fired power plant.10 An assessment from the Council of Canadian Academies published in 2015 suggests that Canada can significantly reduce GHG emissions by using commercially available technologies in key sectors of the economy.11 The assessment identifies many existing 10 International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Canada 2015 Review, p. 10. 11 Council of Canadian Academies, Technology and Policy Options for a Low-Emission Energy System in Canada.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY technologies that are able to achieve further energy efficiency improvements and increase production of non-emitting electricity.', '11 Council of Canadian Academies, Technology and Policy Options for a Low-Emission Energy System in Canada.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY technologies that are able to achieve further energy efficiency improvements and increase production of non-emitting electricity. These technologies are commercially available, can deepen current energy efficiency improvements, and further decarbonise the electricity generation sector. The report also highlights the opportunity to stimulate the low carbon transition at the time of infrastructure renewal. The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project12 is a global initiative of 16 countries covering 74% of energy emissions that aims at providing country specific pathways to meet a mitigation goal consistent with limiting global temperatures to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The project suggests that current and developing technologies can achieve decarbonisation if sufficiently broad, wide, and nationally appropriate climate policy is imposed.', 'The project suggests that current and developing technologies can achieve decarbonisation if sufficiently broad, wide, and nationally appropriate climate policy is imposed. The Canadian study published in 2015 provides six decarbonisation pathways, several of which rely on pushing deployment of currently available technologies. The results suggest that Canada can make significant progress through the decarbonisation of the electricity grid using mainly renewable energy sources (e.g., hydro, wind, solar), some fossil fuels with CCS, and replacement of combustion-based energy sources with electricity in many sectors (including the transportation, buildings, manufacturing, and heavy industry sectors). The study employed a highly detailed, behaviourally realistic technology stock turnover model (CIMS) to capture changes in energy, process an fugitive emissions, linked to regionally and sectorally disaggregated macroeconomic model (RGEEM) to capture changes in GDP, economic structure, employment and trade.', 'The study employed a highly detailed, behaviourally realistic technology stock turnover model (CIMS) to capture changes in energy, process an fugitive emissions, linked to regionally and sectorally disaggregated macroeconomic model (RGEEM) to capture changes in GDP, economic structure, employment and trade. Emissions reductions in both models were driven by a policy package of performance based technology regulations and hybrid (i.e., general tax and cap and trade) carbon pricing. The Trottier Energy Futures Project looks at 11 different scenarios for Canada to achieve different levels of GHG reductions by 2050 using one optimisation model and one simulation model that integrate energy and economic systems with different sets of strategies to achieve reductions at a minimum cost.', 'The Trottier Energy Futures Project looks at 11 different scenarios for Canada to achieve different levels of GHG reductions by 2050 using one optimisation model and one simulation model that integrate energy and economic systems with different sets of strategies to achieve reductions at a minimum cost. The projections presented in the report provide detailed information on Canada’s sectoral energy consumption and production for each scenario and take into account specific regional circumstances. The report states that “for most scenarios, the approach was based on currently deployed technologies with plausible extrapolations for future 12 Bataille, C. et al., Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in Canada. improvements and cost reductions”.13 These include expanding the use of non-emitting electricity across end-use sectors, increasing the use of biofuels in the transportation sector, and improving energy conservation and efficiency.', 'improvements and cost reductions”.13 These include expanding the use of non-emitting electricity across end-use sectors, increasing the use of biofuels in the transportation sector, and improving energy conservation and efficiency. The report also noted that further research is needed on ways to achieve net-negative GHG emissions, including through bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), increased use of wood products for carbon retention in buildings, and carbon sequestration through afforestation and reforestation. The Canadian study Acting on Climate Change: Solutions from Canadian Scholars also provides an insight into how current technologies and appropriate policy options are sufficient to decarbonise the Canadian economy.', 'The Canadian study Acting on Climate Change: Solutions from Canadian Scholars also provides an insight into how current technologies and appropriate policy options are sufficient to decarbonise the Canadian economy. A concerted effort of sixty Canadian scholars, the report suggests that Canada can rely 100% on low-carbon electricity production by 2035, due to the availability of renewable energy sources in the country, making it possible to achieve an 80% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050. In addition, an evolving smart urban design, drastic changes in the transportation sector and a broader sustainability agenda are all fundamental factors that will help change energy consumption in Canada. To this end the authors suggest numerous policies, such as east-west interprovincial electricity trade, and emphasise the benefit of a carbon pricing policy. 2.2 Decarbonisation presents opportunities to improve social welfare and economic productivity.', '2.2 Decarbonisation presents opportunities to improve social welfare and economic productivity. The Smart Prosperity roadmap, New thinking, provides a vision of Canada’s potential low-carbon future with healthy, vibrant, and green communities. The Canadian think tank proposes a future Canadian society in which smart cities and towns provide sustainable means of living in communities with hyper-efficient insulated buildings with roof tiles made of solar panels, plenty of public parks and community gardens, and streets and sidewalks filled with electric plug-in stations for next-generation electric cars. In this green economy, clean innovation would provide many job opportunities using human ingenuity to efficiently produce goods and services while continuously seeking new ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'In this green economy, clean innovation would provide many job opportunities using human ingenuity to efficiently produce goods and services while continuously seeking new ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Smart grid systems endowed with advanced technologies would allow home appliances, such as water heaters, to act as electric batteries and transportation modes 13 Trottier Energy Futures Project, Canada’s Challenge & Opportunity, p. 6.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 15 to recharge and start their duties at inexpensive, low-peak load times. Under this vision, connected communities could become more efficient by sharing resources and knowledge.', 'Under this vision, connected communities could become more efficient by sharing resources and knowledge. The roadmap states that Canada’s future prosperity depends on the investment choices we make today and that the development of clean infrastructures will “offer substantial economic opportunities for Canadian companies, many of which are already among the leaders in energy technology, water infrastructure, and transportation innovation”.14 A transition to a low-carbon economy could present significant benefits beyond GHG abatement that could improve Canadian’s well-being by producing jobs in the clean technology industry and improving productivity in other sectors.', 'The roadmap states that Canada’s future prosperity depends on the investment choices we make today and that the development of clean infrastructures will “offer substantial economic opportunities for Canadian companies, many of which are already among the leaders in energy technology, water infrastructure, and transportation innovation”.14 A transition to a low-carbon economy could present significant benefits beyond GHG abatement that could improve Canadian’s well-being by producing jobs in the clean technology industry and improving productivity in other sectors. The International Energy Agency (IEA) report Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) 2016 underscores Canadian success stories.15 For example, in Alberta, the Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) integrates solar thermal energy to its district system to store significant amount energy underground during the summer so it can be used in the winter for space heating.', 'The International Energy Agency (IEA) report Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) 2016 underscores Canadian success stories.15 For example, in Alberta, the Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) integrates solar thermal energy to its district system to store significant amount energy underground during the summer so it can be used in the winter for space heating. According to the DLSC, each of the single family homes reduces about 5 tonnes of GHG per year and is 30% more efficient than conventionally built homes.16 Another success story relates to the use of applications for traffic signals (e.g., communications systems, adaptive control systems, traffic-responsible, real-time data collection and analysis, maintenance management systems) in British Columbia to allow motorists to turn off their engines while they wait at the Peace Arch Border Crossing.', 'According to the DLSC, each of the single family homes reduces about 5 tonnes of GHG per year and is 30% more efficient than conventionally built homes.16 Another success story relates to the use of applications for traffic signals (e.g., communications systems, adaptive control systems, traffic-responsible, real-time data collection and analysis, maintenance management systems) in British Columbia to allow motorists to turn off their engines while they wait at the Peace Arch Border Crossing. The system reduces GHG emissions 14 Smart Prosperity, New Thinking-Canada’s Roadmap to Smart Prosperity, p. 50. 15 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives, p. 199, p. 231 & p. 326. 16 Drake Landing Solar Community, Welcome to Drake Landing Solar Community. by 45% while decreasing levels of air pollution which result in improvements in human health.', 'by 45% while decreasing levels of air pollution which result in improvements in human health. Vehicle users also incur fuel savings.17 Data analysed in the 2016 Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report, published by Analytica Advisors, suggests that the Canadian clean technology sector has grown considerably over the last decade and that a pathway toward decarbonisation would further stimulate the sector by increasing domestic demand for clean technologies, thereby developing domestic knowledge and innovation. The report mentions that the Canadian clean technology sector delivers “high-skill, high- wage, knowledge-based jobs”18 and that it continues to out-perform other industries on that aspect. Clean technologies can also increase the productivity and efficiency of other sectors of the economy, including traditional industries, and make them more competitive.', 'Clean technologies can also increase the productivity and efficiency of other sectors of the economy, including traditional industries, and make them more competitive. Nevertheless, the report also highlights that these same Canadian companies are losing market share world-wide, and that moving swiftly towards decarbonisation could provide significant opportunities to the sector. The Trottier Energy Futures Project also points to other kind of economic opportunities, such as taking advantage of potential mutual benefits from a greater integration of the electricity network and trade between the U.S. and Canada. More specifically, Quebec could increase exports of zero-emitting electricity to the U.S. North East region, and Manitoba could do the same with the U.S. Mid-West region.', 'More specifically, Quebec could increase exports of zero-emitting electricity to the U.S. North East region, and Manitoba could do the same with the U.S. Mid-West region. The benefits include higher electricity sale revenues for Quebec and Manitoba and lower cost electricity supply for American States, opportunities for optimal integrated system dispatch 17 Government of British Colombia, Greening the Border. 18 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016, p. XXII.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY which could generate revenue through trading of energy, minimised overall cost of system supply (complementing Canadian hydro production with U.S. low cost nuclear and thermal baseload), the sharing of emergency reserve, and a more stable system.', '18 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016, p. XXII.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY which could generate revenue through trading of energy, minimised overall cost of system supply (complementing Canadian hydro production with U.S. low cost nuclear and thermal baseload), the sharing of emergency reserve, and a more stable system. The report also mentions that there may be further opportunities for reducing overall electricity costs since the peak demands in Canada and the U.S. occur at different periods of the year (most of Canadian provinces’ peak periods are in the winter, while U.S. peak period is in the summer), and for complementing the baseload with more 2.3 Challenging areas for abatement require increased policy focus, research and development, and investment. Decarbonisation pathways also present challenges which require effective and flexible policies that encourage innovation.', 'Decarbonisation pathways also present challenges which require effective and flexible policies that encourage innovation. The academic literature stresses the need for Canada to capitalise on its vast knowledge and expertise to spur innovation and develop clean technologies to cost-effectively reduce emissions in some areas, particularly industrial process emissions and freight transportation. In order to succeed in making major scientific breakthroughs and ensuring clean reliable energy systems, the literature emphasises the need for private and public actors to strengthen research, development and deployment (RD&D) in all sectors of the economy, and continuously engage with the international community. In their 2015 report, the Council of Canadian Academies provides an overview of the key challenges faced by industries.', 'In their 2015 report, the Council of Canadian Academies provides an overview of the key challenges faced by industries. These are mainly associated with the lack of cost-effective, low emission-intensive ways to produce high levels of heat, and that energy-related emissions are scattered across many different processes and applications. The report points to R&D, technological development, and flexible policies as key solutions to reduce the costs and encourage commercialisation of low-emitting technologies. The National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) provided their recommendations in a report titled Getting to 2050: Canada’s Transition to a Low-emission Future. The report established many “enabling conditions” which would guide Canada in formulating a long- term strategy to achieve its long-term GHG emission and air pollution targets.', 'The report established many “enabling conditions” which would guide Canada in formulating a long- term strategy to achieve its long-term GHG emission and air pollution targets. The report pointed out that long term policy certainty is central to provide 19 Trottier Energy Futures Project, Canada’s Challenge & Opportunity, pp. 217-224. predictability to attract new durable investments in clean technology and innovation. The report proposed to establish an economy wide price signal, through a market-based policy. The NRTEE also highlights the need to create a level playing field for energy investments with the goal of enhancing Canadian firms’ access to fast-growing low-carbon markets and mobilising investments in low-carbon infrastructure and technology. Mark Jacobson from Stanford University and other researchers have also looked at energy roadmaps to convert 139 countries to 100% clean and renewable energy use.', 'Mark Jacobson from Stanford University and other researchers have also looked at energy roadmaps to convert 139 countries to 100% clean and renewable energy use. The roadmaps represent pathways for converting the energy systems of these countries to ones powered by wind, water, and sunlight (WWS). The roadmaps are based on IEA energy consumption data projected to a 2050 BAU scenario. They rely on existing WWS electricity generation technologies and exclude nuclear, CCS, biofuels or natural gas, and do not include the construction of new hydropower dams. In the wake of the COP21 Conference, the Royal Dutch Shell company published the report A Healthy Planet: Pathways to Net-Zero Emissions: A New Lens Scenarios Supplement. The report highlights current societal challenges in achieving a net zero GHG world.', 'The report highlights current societal challenges in achieving a net zero GHG world. The report recognises the important role of renewable energy in decarbonising the energy system but points out other challenges that many industrial sectors are facing (e.g., iron and steel, cement manufacturing, heavy freight and air transportation, chemical and fertilizers). To make progress on reducing these emission sources, the report suggests mass deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies combined with sustainable biomass use. The report also recommends policies to accelerate the world’s transition to a low- carbon economy including economy-wide carbon pricing and financial investment for research and development in low-carbon technologies.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 17 2.4 Decarbonisation objectives should underlie long-term, coordinated planning in key areas such as investments towards new infrastructure and clean technologies.', 'The report also recommends policies to accelerate the world’s transition to a low- carbon economy including economy-wide carbon pricing and financial investment for research and development in low-carbon technologies.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 17 2.4 Decarbonisation objectives should underlie long-term, coordinated planning in key areas such as investments towards new infrastructure and clean technologies. Smart Prosperity’s roadmap stresses the importance of building smart infrastructure to facilitate the penetration of clean transportation modes and non- emitting energy. The roadmap also points to municipal governments having a key role in planning zoning and permitting in order to favour clean development of cities. This vision will require strong coordination from federal and provincial governments, National Indigenous Organisations across the country, municipalities, and the public.', 'This vision will require strong coordination from federal and provincial governments, National Indigenous Organisations across the country, municipalities, and the public. As cities are becoming the heart of economic development and strategic centres for innovation in clean technologies, they offer significant opportunities to contribute to reducing GHG emissions. IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) 2016 presents an extensive modelling exercise including projections of three pathways using four interlinked models of the energy supply, and the buildings, industry, and transport sectors. The results present the structural changes required to shift the world toward clean energy and transform cities into innovation powerhouses. The report also highlights the role cities play in driving energy demand and the solutions they may offer to lower the carbon content of the world’s energy systems.', 'The report also highlights the role cities play in driving energy demand and the solutions they may offer to lower the carbon content of the world’s energy systems. According to the report, increasing energy demand from urban economic and population growth will need to go hand in hand with innovation and massive deployment of clean technologies and significant behavioral changes. It also emphasises the role of cities in supporting higher efficiency transport and buildings, with dense urban development being a structural prerequisite. Increased demands in space heating and cooling could be decoupled by connecting households to district energy networks. Sustainable land-use planning, the implementation and electrification of transportation modes, and the installation of rooftop solar photovoltaics present attractive solutions to propel cities toward a low- carbon pathway.', 'Sustainable land-use planning, the implementation and electrification of transportation modes, and the installation of rooftop solar photovoltaics present attractive solutions to propel cities toward a low- carbon pathway. All of these solutions will require careful planning of today’s investments in infrastructure by all levels of government. The report from the Council of Canadian Academies also mentions that many investment decisions such as transmission and distribution systems and strategic planning of urban, land-use and infrastructure developments will allow for a better integration of low- emitting electricity use.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 3 Decarbonisation and Expansion of Canada’s Electricity System KEY MESSAGES: • Canada’s electricity generating portfolio is already more than 80% non-GHG emitting, with the trend towards cleaner generation expected to continue.', 'The report from the Council of Canadian Academies also mentions that many investment decisions such as transmission and distribution systems and strategic planning of urban, land-use and infrastructure developments will allow for a better integration of low- emitting electricity use.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 3 Decarbonisation and Expansion of Canada’s Electricity System KEY MESSAGES: • Canada’s electricity generating portfolio is already more than 80% non-GHG emitting, with the trend towards cleaner generation expected to continue. This provides Canada with an international comparative advantage relative to countries seeking to decarbonise their fossil fuel dominated portfolios. • A low carbon electricity system will allow for GHG emissions reductions in other sectors (e.g., transportation, buildings, industrial processes) through electrification. The anticipation of significant growth in electricity demand should underpin long term investment and planning.', 'The anticipation of significant growth in electricity demand should underpin long term investment and planning. • Further decarbonisation of the electricity sector will facilitate the transition to a low-GHG future. Non-emitting sources will need to be considered for all new and existing needs, but generating portfolios will differ from one jurisdiction to another. Regional differences will need to be a key consideration for electricity climate change policies. • Interprovincial, interjurisidictional, and intercontinental cooperation will enhance integration of clean electricity generation to satisfy growing demand. Canada’s contribution towards global GHG abatement could include providing clean power to our continental neighbours, as well as clean power services to the international community. • Energy conservation and energy efficiency measures should increase and be implemented alongside efforts to reduce emissions from electricity generation.', '• Energy conservation and energy efficiency measures should increase and be implemented alongside efforts to reduce emissions from electricity generation. Electricity savings should underlie decarbonisation pathways: demand side management and reducing equipment and transmission losses makes electrification far more effective and feasible 3.1 Canada’s electricity generating portfolio is already more than 80% non- GHG emitting, with the trend towards cleaner generation expected to continue. This provides Canada with an international comparative advantage relative to countries seeking to decarbonise their fossil fuel based portfolios Canada already has one of the cleanest electricity systems in the world, with more than 80% of electricity generated from sources that do not produce greenhouse gas emissions such as hydro, wind, solar, and nuclear power.', 'This provides Canada with an international comparative advantage relative to countries seeking to decarbonise their fossil fuel based portfolios Canada already has one of the cleanest electricity systems in the world, with more than 80% of electricity generated from sources that do not produce greenhouse gas emissions such as hydro, wind, solar, and nuclear power. Canadian rivers provide immense hydroelectric generating capability, and Canada is second largest producer of hydroelectricity globally. In 2014, Canada produced 379 terawatt hours (TWh) of hydroelectricity, representing 9.8% of global production20 with further capacity remaining untapped. There is also significant potential for the development of other renewable energy sources across Canada.', 'There is also significant potential for the development of other renewable energy sources across Canada. 20 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 19 In 2014, nuclear power provided 18% of Canada’s electricity generation from electric utilities (63% of Ontario’s generation and 34% of New Brunswick’s generation). Canada is the world’s second-largest producer and exporter of uranium—representing over 20% of world production—and ranks fourth globally in identified resources of uranium. There are 4 operating nuclear power stations in Canada—3 in Ontario and 1 in New Brunswick, with a combined total of 19 reactors. In Ontario, planned investments of $25 billion over the next 15 years will extend the life of 10 nuclear reactors for another 25 to 30 years.', 'In Ontario, planned investments of $25 billion over the next 15 years will extend the life of 10 nuclear reactors for another 25 to 30 years. Electricity-related emissions have been declining in Canada due to a return to service of a number of nuclear units, fuel switching from coal to natural gas, and government policies to phase out coal- fired electricity. This trend is expected to continue as hydropower generation and electricity generation from renewables, such as wind and solar, are expected to increase throughout Canada. Although electricity generation is already moving in a positive direction with respect to a low-GHG future, government policy and long-term planning can help accelerate this trend.', 'Although electricity generation is already moving in a positive direction with respect to a low-GHG future, government policy and long-term planning can help accelerate this trend. For example, as Canadian provinces continue to move away from coal-fired electricity, they will face decisions regarding what type of fuel should replace and augment generating capacity. Natural gas might provide a lower-GHG option than coal in the short run, but its place in a decarbonised system is less clear over a longer-term horizon. As the global community moves to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries will face challenges with regard to the decarbonisation of their electricity generating sectors. In this respect, Canada is already ahead of many of its peers.', 'In this respect, Canada is already ahead of many of its peers. Currently, Canada is the second largest producer of hydropower after China, fourth globally for generation from a combination of hydro, wind, solar and biomass,21 and sixth for generation from nuclear energy.22 Given this comparative advantage, Canada has the opportunity to increase its clean electricity exports, as well as leverage its expertise in current and emerging technologies (e.g., electrification technologies; smart grids for intermittent sources) that could help other countries reduce their emissions. 3.2 A low-carbon electricity system will allow for GHG emissions reductions in other sectors (e.g., transportation, buildings, and industrial processes) through electrification.', '3.2 A low-carbon electricity system will allow for GHG emissions reductions in other sectors (e.g., transportation, buildings, and industrial processes) through electrification. The anticipation of significant growth in electricity demand should underpin long term investment and planning Although electricity generation only accounted for 11% of Canada’s emissions in 2014, continuing to move towards a non-emitting electricity generating sector would help decarbonise other sectors, such as, transportation and buildings. Increasing the share of non-emitting electricity generation is fundamental to Canada’s low-carbon future. A near decarbonisation of the electricity sector is underscored in most of the deep-decarbonisation literature, both nationally and internationally. For example, in the IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2016, the global electricity power sector is almost completely decarbonised by 2050 under a scenario consistent with the global 2°C temperature goal.', 'For example, in the IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2016, the global electricity power sector is almost completely decarbonised by 2050 under a scenario consistent with the global 2°C temperature goal. Domestically, virtually all of the academic and expert analysis on deep decarbonisation in Canada point to non-emitting electricity and the electrification of buildings and passenger vehicles as fundamental aspects to a low-carbon future given current technologies. For example, the Trottier Energy Futures Project shows that one of the lowest cost options to decarbonise Canada is to move the electricity generation sector toward a zero-emitting transition by expanding renewables, especially hydro, and other non-emitting sources. 21 International Energy Association, IEA’s Electricity Information Report. 22 Nuclear Energy Institute, Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries.', '22 Nuclear Energy Institute, Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries. Figure 1: Canadian Utility by Source (2014)CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The near term focus on mitigation in this sector also reflects the technological availability of abatement options including the ability to tackle large point sources of emissions over a shorter time period. From an investment perspective, Canada is at a point in time where its traditional coal-fired generating sources are facing closures or refurbishments with carbon capture and storage, primarily due to government policies; therefore, there is an opportunity to transition to a decarbonised system at more limited incremental cost. Meanwhile, the price of renewable electricity such as wind and solar continues to decline dramatically, making these options increasingly economically attractive.', 'Meanwhile, the price of renewable electricity such as wind and solar continues to decline dramatically, making these options increasingly economically attractive. Recent Bloomberg New Energy Finance analysis projects the levelised cost of electricity for onshore wind and photovoltaics solar to decrease by 41% and 59%, respectively, from 2016 to 2040.23 The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is an economic assessment of the average total cost to build and operate a power-generating asset over its lifetime divided by the total energy output of the asset over that lifetime. It can also be regarded as the minimum cost at which electricity must be sold in order to break-even over the lifetime of the project.', 'It can also be regarded as the minimum cost at which electricity must be sold in order to break-even over the lifetime of the project. The U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) describes the average levelised costs for plants entering service in 2022 and 2040 in the U.S. (see Table 1). The EIA notes that some renewables such as wind power are expected to be cheaper than fossil-fuel based forms of generation within the U.S by 2022. These costs take into account building and operating a plant over its lifetime, fuel costs (where appropriate) and the federal tax burden, but do not include regional factors or utilisation rates.', 'These costs take into account building and operating a plant over its lifetime, fuel costs (where appropriate) and the federal tax burden, but do not include regional factors or utilisation rates. Government subsidies are not included in the estimates but would decrease the costs even further.24 It should be emphasized that these are future costs in the United States and cannot be directly compared to Canada. In Canada, the Canadian Council on Renewable Electricity (CanCORE)25 states that hydropower and wind are already cost-competitive. Solar energy is quickly catching up and is on track to be the least-cost generation technology in most countries around the world by 2030. 23 Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Coal and Gas to Stay Cheap, but Renewables Still Win Race on Costs.', '23 Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Coal and Gas to Stay Cheap, but Renewables Still Win Race on Costs. 24 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Ressources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2016. 25 Canadian Council on Renewable Electricity, Powering Prosperity Climate Report. Table 1: Average Levelised Costs of Electricity (2015 $/MWh) for Plants Entering Service in 2022 & 2040; Natural Gas-fired Conventional Combined Cycle Advanced Nuclear Solar Photovoltaics Coal with CCS 139.5 125.8 3.3 Further decarbonisation of the electricity sector will facilitate the transition to a low GHG future. Non-emitting sources will need to be considered for all new and existing needs, but generating portfolios will differ from one jurisdiction to another. Regional differences will need to be a key consideration for electricity climate change policies.', 'Regional differences will need to be a key consideration for electricity climate change policies. Modeling analyses that examine deep aggregate cuts to GHG emissions in Canada by mid-century indicate that Canada’s future non-emitting electricity portfolio could take various forms, and different non-emitting options exist for each Canadian jurisdiction. The following section outlines the various scenarios developed around non- emitting electricity generation scenarios for Canada and explains the modelling results of each scenario.', 'The following section outlines the various scenarios developed around non- emitting electricity generation scenarios for Canada and explains the modelling results of each scenario. 26 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Ressources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2016.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 21 MODEL AND SCENARIO DESCRIPTION Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project – High Ambition (DDPP): Ambition: The DDPP modelled its scenarios in line with achieving 89% GHG emission reductions from overall emission levels projected for 2050, excluding agriculture, which corresponds to an emissions reduction e). Model Description: The DDPP uses an energy and economic model to forecast demand for GHG-intensive goods and services, energy balances, technology and ultimately emissions (CIMS model).', 'Model Description: The DDPP uses an energy and economic model to forecast demand for GHG-intensive goods and services, energy balances, technology and ultimately emissions (CIMS model). CIMS is a bottom- up technology-focused model that competes and selects technology market shares based on firm and household responses to the DDPP policy package, including carbon pricing and technology regulations. To forecast GDP, employment, economic structure and trade, a macroeconomic regionally and sectorally disaggregated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model called GEEM, is used. Scenario Description: • This modelling work assumes GDP growth ranging from 2% to 2.2% per year from 2015 to 2050. • The scenario discussed here is based on oil prices of $80 ($US2014) per barrel in 2050.', '• The scenario discussed here is based on oil prices of $80 ($US2014) per barrel in 2050. Trottier Energy Futures Project: Ambition: The Trottier Energy Futures Project modelled its scenarios based on achieving a 60% GHG emission reduction target from the 1990 levels in combustion emissions. This corresponds to a 65% reduction from 2015 combustion emission levels. This analysis excludes process emissions. Scenarios 3 (Current Tech Trottier) and 8 (New Tech Trottier) of the report are shown in this section. Model Description: The Trottier Energy Futures Project uses two models to develop its scenarios, the North American TIMES Energy Model (NATEM) and CanESS models. Both models include separate representations of the sectors in Canada’s economy, split for all provinces and territories.', 'Both models include separate representations of the sectors in Canada’s economy, split for all provinces and territories. Scenario Description: • Scenarios 3 (Current Tech Trottier) and 8 (New Tech Trottier) of the report are shown, both of which aim to achieve a 60% GHG emission reduction target from the 1990 levels in the energy sector. • This work relies on the National Energy Board’s GDP per capita growth rate from 2010 to 2035, which is 1.9%, with somewhat slower growth after 2035. • This modelling exercise assumes an oil price of about $135 ($2011) per barrel in 2050.', '• This modelling exercise assumes an oil price of about $135 ($2011) per barrel in 2050. Environment and Climate Change Canada: Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) – High Non-Emitting:CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Ambition: This modelling work was based on a net 80% GHG emission reduction from 2005 levels. This is modelled as a combination of full reductions achieved in the combustion and non-combustion sectors, as well as the addition of scenarios representing a 65% reduction in Canadian economy emissions, with a 15% achievement through Internationally Transferable Mitigation Outcomes and Land sector credits. Model Description: GCAM is a dynamic-recursive model with technology-rich representations of the economy, energy sector, land use and water linked to a climate model.', 'Model Description: GCAM is a dynamic-recursive model with technology-rich representations of the economy, energy sector, land use and water linked to a climate model. GCAM is a Representative Concentration Pathway class model that can be used to simulate scenarios, policies, and emission targets from various sources. Scenario Description: The first scenario (High Nuclear) is heavily dependent on nuclear electricity production, while the second scenario (High Hydro) relies on a mix of hydro and wind to produce a majority of its electricity generation. • This modelling work was based on a 65% and net 80% GHG emission reduction from 2005 levels.', '• This modelling work was based on a 65% and net 80% GHG emission reduction from 2005 levels. Environment and Climate Change Canada: Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) – High Demand Response: Ambition: • This modelling work was based on a net 80% GHG emission reduction from 2005 levels. This is modelled as a combination of full reductions achieved in the combustion and non-combustion sectors, as well as the addition of scenarios representing a 65% reduction in Canadian economy emissions, with a 15% achievement through with the addition of scenarios including Internationally Transferable Mitigation Outcomes and Land sector credits. Model Description: • This is a multi-sector, multi-regional open-economy recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the global economy.', 'Model Description: • This is a multi-sector, multi-regional open-economy recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the global economy. The model captures characteristics of country- specific or regional production and consumption patterns through a detailed input-output table and links countries/regions via bilateral trade. The model incorporates rich detail in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions related to the combustion of fossil fuels and tracks non-energy related greenhouse gas emissions. Economic activities in regions involve 28 industrial sectors, final consumption by the household, the governments and investment.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 23 In the figure below, results from these scenarios are presented with respect to electricity generation. Comparing results across models, or across modelled scenarios, provides us with overarching high- level messages and key takeaways for Canada’s decarbonised electricity sector.', 'Comparing results across models, or across modelled scenarios, provides us with overarching high- level messages and key takeaways for Canada’s decarbonised electricity sector. The graph depicts various electricity generating portfolios in the year 2050 from the four different models, and compares these to the current generating mix (2014), labelled as “Historical” in the graph. In all of the scenarios, Canadian electricity generation will increase substantially to fulfill end-use electrification requirements. Essentially, additional electricity is required to power cars, light trucks, buildings, and industrial production processes that are switching away from fossil fuel generation to electricity to power their needs. In the ECCC analyses, total electricity generation increases by 113 to 189% between 2013 and 2050, whereas it increases by 184 to 295% in the Trottier analyses and by 160% in the DDPP analyses.', 'In the ECCC analyses, total electricity generation increases by 113 to 189% between 2013 and 2050, whereas it increases by 184 to 295% in the Trottier analyses and by 160% in the DDPP analyses. Depending on the modelling scenario, there is a huge variation in potential electricity demand growth. This is dependent on the level of energy efficiency/consumption changes emerging from the modelling results. However, in all of the low GHG economy modelling analyses, non-emitting sources such as hydro, nuclear, wind, and solar replace fossil fuel generation well before mid-century. All scenarios demonstrate growth in hydropower electricity generation between 2013 and 2050. The ECCC High Hydro scenario illustrates a 172% increase in hydropower generation. In the DDPP analyses, hydro increases by 120%, whereas in the Trottier analyses it increases by 134% in both scenarios.', 'In the DDPP analyses, hydro increases by 120%, whereas in the Trottier analyses it increases by 134% in both scenarios. Figure 2: Scenarios of Canada’s Non-Emitting Electricity Generating SupplyCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The different scenarios correspond to different levels of additional hydro capacity that needs to be built by 2050 to reach the greenhouse gas mitigation objectives. The DDPP scenario requires about 101,500 MW of additional capacity, while the Trottier scenarios require about 111,000 MW of additional capacity. ECCC’s High Nuclear scenario would require 36,000 MW of capacity to be built, while the High Hydro scenario would require 130,000 MW to be built. Finally, ECCC’s High Demand Response modelling run indicates that 108,000 MW of additional capacity would need to be built.', 'Finally, ECCC’s High Demand Response modelling run indicates that 108,000 MW of additional capacity would need to be built. Although this is a significant increase in hydropower capacity, a study conducted for the Canadian Hydropower Association shows that in 2006 Canada had 160 GW of hydro potential, a large portion of which is economically viable. Canadian rivers provide close to 7% of the world’s renewable water supply and this resource provides tremendous hydroelectric generating capability.27 Currently, over 10 GW of hydro capacity have been proposed or planned in Canada, tapping the Churchill, Nelson, Slave, Athabasca, and Peace river systems. Over 3500 MW of this capacity is already under construction in Canada. 28 Figure 3 depicts the theoretical technical potential for hydro power generation by province.', '28 Figure 3 depicts the theoretical technical potential for hydro power generation by province. The above scenarios are all below the technical potential of 27 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040 28 International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: 2015 Canadian Review. hydro power capacity, indicating that this type of generation could be possible. The DDPP modelling exercise is 29% below technical potential, whereas both Trottier scenarios are 25% under this threshold. The High Nuclear scenario is 52% under technical potential, while the High Hydro scenario is closer, at 13%. Finally, ECCC’s high Demand Response scenario is 22% below the technical potential of hydro power. Hydro power also provides a good “coupling” to intermittent sources generated by renewables such as wind and solar power.', 'Hydro power also provides a good “coupling” to intermittent sources generated by renewables such as wind and solar power. Since renewable electricity is generated at intervals when the wind is blowing or the sun is shining, a high degree of coverage of electricity demand by wind or solar is possible only with access to energy storage or an adequate complementary form of electricity that can be ramped-up during periods of low generation. Fortunately, hydroelectric plants are well suited for this in Canada, and can store water in hydroelectric reservoirs that could be used when solar or wind generation is not available. Hydro power may have negative implications, mainly based on the impact of dams on fisheries and water flows since dam reservoirs have an impact on flows, temperatures, and silt loads of rivers and streams.', 'Hydro power may have negative implications, mainly based on the impact of dams on fisheries and water flows since dam reservoirs have an impact on flows, temperatures, and silt loads of rivers and streams. There have been examples of large dams blocking migrating fish from reaching their spawning grounds. For these reasons, the construction of future large hydro projects will require careful consultation processes. Figure 3: Canada’s installed hydro power capacity against theoretical technical potential (MW), and installed wind power: by province and territory in 2014; Source: International Energy Agency28CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 25 Generally, further innovation will be required if hydro power is to increase substantially in Canada.29 However, much of this increase in hydropower generation can be accomplished without building new dams.', 'Figure 3: Canada’s installed hydro power capacity against theoretical technical potential (MW), and installed wind power: by province and territory in 2014; Source: International Energy Agency28CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 25 Generally, further innovation will be required if hydro power is to increase substantially in Canada.29 However, much of this increase in hydropower generation can be accomplished without building new dams. Many technologies allow for an increase in electricity generation from existing hydro dams, such as through increased efficiency turbines, at a relatively low cost. While hydro power increases in all scenarios, nuclear energy varies depending on the modelling assumptions. The ECCC High Hydro scenario, assumes that nuclear power generation is maintained at today’s levels, with the addition of expected refurbishments.', 'The ECCC High Hydro scenario, assumes that nuclear power generation is maintained at today’s levels, with the addition of expected refurbishments. The DDPP assumes that existing nuclear power is maintained, but no new capacity is added out to 2050. In comparison, under the Trottier analyses as well as the second ECCC GCAM analyses (High Nuclear) the model chooses a 29 Potvin, C. et al., Acting on Climate Change: Extending the Dialogue Among Canadians: Some reflections on Climate Change Response Policy. significant increase in nuclear power between now and 2050. Scenarios from the Trottier analyses show nuclear growing to about the same level as ECCC’s High Nuclear scenario, although it grows slightly less for the New Technologies scenario, which assumes less electricity generation needs based on energy efficiency technologies.', 'Scenarios from the Trottier analyses show nuclear growing to about the same level as ECCC’s High Nuclear scenario, although it grows slightly less for the New Technologies scenario, which assumes less electricity generation needs based on energy efficiency technologies. The amount of nuclear capacity from the ECCC High Nuclear scenario, as well as the Current Tech Trottier scenario, corresponds to 797 TWh of generation per year in 2050, which is much higher than the current share of nuclear in the electricity mix, which corresponds to about 98 TWh of generation. There are significant challenges to building sizeable infrastructure projects like these, mainly because of high capital costs, delays in construction, and other potential issues. However, benefits to nuclear power include emissions free generations, reliable baseload capabilities, and a lower levelised cost of electricity.', 'However, benefits to nuclear power include emissions free generations, reliable baseload capabilities, and a lower levelised cost of electricity. As such, new and emerging nuclear technologies could become an increasingly attractive option for a POTENTIAL INNOVATIVE NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES In the short term, Canadian Deuterium-Uranium (CANDU) reactors enable the use of alternative fuels in current nuclear generation. Canadian industry is currently working with China to run CANDU reactors on depleted uranium by-products and spent fuel recycled from other reactors. Canadian and international developers are working on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which are compact nuclear reactors that can be scaled to generate power to communities ranging from several hundred people up to 300,000 homes.', 'Canadian and international developers are working on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which are compact nuclear reactors that can be scaled to generate power to communities ranging from several hundred people up to 300,000 homes. Compared with conventional nuclear power plants, SMRs require lower capital investment and offer scalability, siting flexibility, and enhanced safety features—including passive features that could prevent meltdowns even in the absence of power. SMRs are seen as a potential replacement for coal-fired power plants, or as a complement to intermittent renewables in transitioning remote communities off of diesel generation. A transition from uranium to thorium-based fuels is possible over the longer term. Thorium is three to four times as abundant as uranium, and thorium-based fuels could reduce the amount of nuclear waste produced by reactors.', 'Thorium is three to four times as abundant as uranium, and thorium-based fuels could reduce the amount of nuclear waste produced by reactors. Advanced nuclear reactors, including those using thorium-based fuels, could also achieve higher efficiencies than existing nuclear plants. China is investing heavily into thorium technologies, including the potential for CANDU reactors—which can support thorium fuel cycles more readily than other currently-available reactor types—and development of an advanced thorium reactor it hopes to demonstrate within the next decade. Nuclear fusion represents a potentially game-changing technology for clean energy. Fusion differs widely from fission, the process used in conventional nuclear power generation.', 'Fusion differs widely from fission, the process used in conventional nuclear power generation. A Canadian company is developing a novel fusion reactor that could unlock large amounts of energy from hydrogen, a near- infinitely abundant resource on earth, in a process that would not generate any long-lived radioactive waste and entails no risk of a meltdown. For these reasons, nuclear fusion is a potentially transformative technology. While it still has hurdles to pass before making it to market, if it were to succeed, it would alter the landscape of clean energy permanently.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY GHG-constrained energy system by 2050 (see feature box on Potential Innovative Nuclear Technologies). Both ECCC High Non-Emitting scenarios point to a higher penetration of wind energy.', 'Both ECCC High Non-Emitting scenarios point to a higher penetration of wind energy. Wind energy generation in 2050 represents 154 TWh, 9% of total generation, in Scenario 1, and 228 TWh, 14% of total generation, in Scenario 2. In comparison, wind energy increases to 17% of the generating mix in the DDPP analysis, whereas it increases to 24% in the Current Tech Trottier scenario and 8% in the New Tech Trottier scenario. Although these scenarios represent sizeable figures, a Pan-Canadian Wind Integration study30 has demonstrated that Canada can reliably and cost- effectively integrate enough wind energy to meet 35% of Canada’s electricity demand. In both High Non-Emitting scenarios, solar power generation increases significantly reaching levels of 18 TWh, 1% of total generation, and 99 TWh, 6% of total generation in 2050.', 'In both High Non-Emitting scenarios, solar power generation increases significantly reaching levels of 18 TWh, 1% of total generation, and 99 TWh, 6% of total generation in 2050. In comparison, solar energy increases to 5% of the generating mix in the DDPP analysis, and is only part of the solution for Alberta and Saskatchewan in select Trottier scenarios. The Trottier project notes that when deriving minimum cost solutions for electricity generation in Canada, solar did not compete well with wind. However, the National Energy Board notes that Canada has a strong solar photovoltaic (PV) potential that is largely unexploited and that certain prairie cities including Regina, Calgary and Winnipeg have well above-average solar potential.', 'However, the National Energy Board notes that Canada has a strong solar photovoltaic (PV) potential that is largely unexploited and that certain prairie cities including Regina, Calgary and Winnipeg have well above-average solar potential. Furthermore, it noted that in much of Canada, solar potential is higher than in Germany, the country with the most installed solar PV capacity in the world In order to fully exploit Canada’s solar potential, solar PV generation must reach competitive delivery costs to stimulate the large scale investments needed for significant deployment. Incentive programs such as Ontario’s Feed-in-Tariff and microFIT programs may determine the pace of growth of solar generation across Canada in the near term.', 'Incentive programs such as Ontario’s Feed-in-Tariff and microFIT programs may determine the pace of growth of solar generation across Canada in the near term. Household production of solar electricity through rooftop solar panels can also be beneficial and could provide more electricity than the household uses, providing an opportunity to sell electricity back to the grid. Fully realising the potential of distributed PV will likely require utility investments to upgrade existing distribution networks to handle two-way power flow. The NEB also highlights potential technological breakthroughs, such as utility-scale electricity storage 30 GE Consulting Group, Pan-Canadian Wind Integration Study. 31 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Futures 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040. options, which could provide a boost to the solar industry in Canada (see box on energy storage).', '31 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Futures 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040. options, which could provide a boost to the solar industry in Canada (see box on energy storage). In the Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project analyses, natural gas and coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is apparent throughout the projection period. In Saskatchewan, CCS was retrofitted to the Boundary Dam coal-fired electricity- generation plant in 2014 and is expected to generate reductions of up to 1 megatonne CO per year. The project, implemented by SaskPower, shows that generating reliable, low-emitting electricity using coal is feasible. The project is key to better understanding the technical, economic, and environmental performance of CCS technology and could produce worldwide spillover effects if other countries choose to implement similar projects.', 'The project is key to better understanding the technical, economic, and environmental performance of CCS technology and could produce worldwide spillover effects if other countries choose to implement similar projects. The DDPP analysis also features natural gas generation with CCS as a significant proportion of electricity generation in 2050. Although no large scale demonstration projects have gone forward with this technology, it has the benefit of allowing CCS technology developed for coal electricity generation plants to extend to natural gas generation, which provides more flexibility to utilities in reducing emissions from their generation.', 'Although no large scale demonstration projects have gone forward with this technology, it has the benefit of allowing CCS technology developed for coal electricity generation plants to extend to natural gas generation, which provides more flexibility to utilities in reducing emissions from their generation. Furthermore natural gas with CCS is estimated to be generally cheaper than using coal with CCS because of the lower capital cost of natural gas plants and their lower Current Tech Trottier (in figure 2) models Canada’s electricity generation with current technologies, a better interconnection between provinces, and allows the use of lowest cost electricity technologies available anywhere in Canada. In comparison, New Tech Trottier models the same GHG reduction target with a set of new technologies reaching market, including CCS and energy efficiency technologies.', 'In comparison, New Tech Trottier models the same GHG reduction target with a set of new technologies reaching market, including CCS and energy efficiency technologies. This technology application results in energy efficiency measures in end-use applications, reducing required electricity demand from 2,257 to 1,622 TWh between the two scenarios. Other renewable energies offer potential in the mid- to-long term. For example, generating zero-emitting electricity with geothermal power is possible using hot subsurface water or steam coming from underneath the earth’s surface. Standard well drilling technology can provide access to high temperature sources and power to turbines that offer reliable electricity. Tidal energy is a type of renewable energy produced from ocean currents. Since tides are predictable, the generation potential of tidal energy is more 32 Bataille, C. et.', 'Since tides are predictable, the generation potential of tidal energy is more 32 Bataille, C. et. al., Policy Uncertainty and Diffusion of Carbon Capture and Storage in an Optimal Region.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 27 predictable than that of wind and solar sources. These water flows can turn underwater turbines without the use of dams or reservoirs. Similarly, wave energy is generated by harnessing the motion of waves. Canada has significant tidal and wave energy resources, which can, in the future, contribute to emission free electricity generation. These technologies are currently at the demonstration stage and it is therefore too early to consider modelling their potential contribution to Canada’s energy mix.', 'These technologies are currently at the demonstration stage and it is therefore too early to consider modelling their potential contribution to Canada’s energy mix. Additionally, as an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass can be used to generate renewable and sustainable 33 Assembly of First Nations, Gap Analysis First Nations Climate Change Adaptation South of 60 Degrees Latitude. 34 Sustainable Canadian Dialogues, Acting on Climate Change: Indigenous Innovation. 35 First Nations Power Authority; About First Nations Power Authority. energy. While trees and other plants grow, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere. Over time, the carbon dioxide sequestration from growing trees and plants will offset the short-term carbon dioxide emission from bioenergy, and could deliver substantial carbon savings when compared to fossil fuel use over time (see more on biomass in Chapter 6).', 'Over time, the carbon dioxide sequestration from growing trees and plants will offset the short-term carbon dioxide emission from bioenergy, and could deliver substantial carbon savings when compared to fossil fuel use over time (see more on biomass in Chapter 6). INDIGENOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES Indigenous peoples, communities and organisations across Canada are implementing a range of climate change initiatives.33 A database compiling Indigenous climate change initiatives has so far identified 79 renewable energy initiatives with a web-based presence, 16 of which are presented on the Nations’ or communities’ websites.34 Renewable energy initiatives can yield multiple benefits, such as protection of the land, air and water, while creating much-needed employment. The T’Sou-ke Nation of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, dubbed Canada’s first Aboriginal Solar Community, developed three community-owned solar demonstration projects.', 'The T’Sou-ke Nation of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, dubbed Canada’s first Aboriginal Solar Community, developed three community-owned solar demonstration projects. These include a stand- alone system with battery storage on a community office building, a grid-connected solar PV system that can be used as a backup power source, which that can sell surplus power back to the grid for communities that wish to have net-zero energy use, and a kilowatt grid-connected, net-metered solar PV system on the community canoe shed, which powers its administration buildings. Surplus energy created in summer is sold to the grid and bought back in winter.', 'Surplus energy created in summer is sold to the grid and bought back in winter. Additionally, the T’Sou-ke have installed solar hot water on 42 of the 86 private residences in the community, begun a comprehensive energy conservation program for all houses, and installed two solar-powered electric car charging points. The Government of Canada has just announced funding for a partnership between T’Sou-ke Nation and Schneider Electric to develop energy storage for a worldwide market. In Quebec, the First Nation’s political and administrative organisations of Mashteuiatsh, Pekuakamiulnuatsh Takuhikan, and the Regional County Municipalities of Maria- Chapdelaine and Domaine-du-Roy in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean have formed a non-profit 100% regional partnership to identify and develop renewable energy projects using a sustainable development approach.', 'In Quebec, the First Nation’s political and administrative organisations of Mashteuiatsh, Pekuakamiulnuatsh Takuhikan, and the Regional County Municipalities of Maria- Chapdelaine and Domaine-du-Roy in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean have formed a non-profit 100% regional partnership to identify and develop renewable energy projects using a sustainable development approach. Since its creation, the partnership has contributed to the development of two mini hydro projects. Company profits are transferred to the communities. Many power project developments occur in the traditional territories of Indigenous Peoples and many in remote areas. By proactively partnering in power developments, Indigenous Peoples can create long-term sustainable value for their members through investment, employment, infrastructure and new business opportunities.', 'By proactively partnering in power developments, Indigenous Peoples can create long-term sustainable value for their members through investment, employment, infrastructure and new business opportunities. By working with the power developers at the earliest stages of project planning, indigenous communities have input into the design to meet local needs which include reducing environmental impacts. For example, “First Nations Power Authority” was mandated to facilitate the development of First Nations-led power projects and promote indigenous participation in procurement opportunities with the crown utility in Saskatchewan, SaskPower.35CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY As mentioned, wind, solar, and run of river (or low-head hydro) only produce electricity when their resource is available (e.g., when the wind is blowing).', 'For example, “First Nations Power Authority” was mandated to facilitate the development of First Nations-led power projects and promote indigenous participation in procurement opportunities with the crown utility in Saskatchewan, SaskPower.35CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY As mentioned, wind, solar, and run of river (or low-head hydro) only produce electricity when their resource is available (e.g., when the wind is blowing). For this reason, it is necessary to pair these technologies with hydro or other firm power sources, or with grid interties or management operations (see box on energy storage).', 'For this reason, it is necessary to pair these technologies with hydro or other firm power sources, or with grid interties or management operations (see box on energy storage). Energy storage, grid interconnects, and smart grids could improve grid- stabilisation and buffer peak electricity demands, which could in-turn, support a larger share of renewables in the electricity grid.36 Storage technologies and smart grids may also be particularly useful in incorporating renewable technologies in remote and off-grid communities, since they have the potential to reduce or eliminate transmission costs. Between today and 2050, it is likely that significant developments will occur in storage technology with the potential to transform the energy system. 36 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040.', '36 National Energy Board, Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040. 37 International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries, 2015 Canada Review. 3.4 Interprovincial, interjurisidictional, and intercontinental cooperation will enhance integration of clean electricity generation to satisfy growing demand. Canada’s contribution towards global GHG abatement could include providing clean power to our continental neighbours, as well as clean power services to the international community. Canada, and North America’s, electricity future will be shaped by interprovincial, interjurisdictional, and intracontinental cooperation. Since Canadian provinces and territories have purview over energy decisions within their jurisdictions, they have traditionally designed electricity infrastructure with consideration towards meeting their own energy demands. However, interprovincial electricity trade is becoming an important component of many provinces’ supply and demand considerations.', 'However, interprovincial electricity trade is becoming an important component of many provinces’ supply and demand considerations. This type of cooperation becomes more important when considering climate change objectives, including maximising use of non-emitting sources (e.g., hydro), as well as when increasing the amount of intermittent electricity sources in the grid (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, wave). The recent Ontario-Quebec Trade and Cooperation Agreement provides a good example of interprovincial electricity trade. Figure 4: Electricity exports and imports between Canada and the U.S., by province, 201438CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 29 Expansion of electricity grid interties could allow more areas with surplus hydropower, or other forms of non-emitting generation, to sell electricity to other provinces or U.S. States that rely on fossil fuels.', 'Figure 4: Electricity exports and imports between Canada and the U.S., by province, 201438CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 29 Expansion of electricity grid interties could allow more areas with surplus hydropower, or other forms of non-emitting generation, to sell electricity to other provinces or U.S. States that rely on fossil fuels. The integration of electricity markets between Canada and the U.S. includes 35 physical interconnections crossing the border and over $2.3 billion in Canada- U.S. electricity trade revenue.38 In August 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released the final version of the Clean Power Plan which could reduce GHG emissions from the U.S. power sector by 32% from 2005 levels. Under certain conditions, U.S. states can help meet their emissions reductions targets through imported clean electricity from Canada.', 'Under certain conditions, U.S. states can help meet their emissions reductions targets through imported clean electricity from Canada. 38 National Energy Board, Electricity Exports and Imports Summary. This is expected to create a significant new market opportunity for Canadian electricity exports and increase the profitability of various clean electricity projects, such as large hydroelectric facilities. It will be important to maximise the benefits from this trade from both an economic as well as a global greenhouse gas standpoint. Under the North American Leaders’ Statement on Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership, leaders announced a goal for North America to strive to achieve 50% clean power generation by 2025, which will require further cross-border transmission projects, including for renewable energy. 39 Natural Resources Canada, Remote Communities Database.', '39 Natural Resources Canada, Remote Communities Database. 40 Carleton School of Public Policy and Administration, Report of the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic. 41 Government of Canada, Status of Remote/Off-Grid Communities in Canada. REDUCING CANADIAN NORTHERN, REMOTE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES’ RELIANCE ON FOSSIL-FUEL GENERATED ENERGY According to the Remote Communities Energy Database, there are 288 remote and off-grid communities in Canada, 190 of which rely on diesel fuel for their electricity needs, either completely or partially.39 Most of these communities also rely on diesel fuel for home heating.40 In addition to remote communities, a number of governmental and private buildings also rely on diesel fuel for electricity and heating. Sixty percent of Canada’s remote and off-grid communities are First Nations, Inuit, or Métis communities.', 'Sixty percent of Canada’s remote and off-grid communities are First Nations, Inuit, or Métis communities. In many cases the diesel must be flown in at great expense. There are various environmental and human health concerns associated with the transportation, storage and combustion of diesel fuel. Further, high fuel costs associated with diesel generation and power plants already operating at capacity represent barriers to improving living conditions and facilitating economic development.', 'Further, high fuel costs associated with diesel generation and power plants already operating at capacity represent barriers to improving living conditions and facilitating economic development. The cost of producing off-grid electricity from diesel generators in Canada’s northern and remote communities can be up to 10 times higher than electricity generated on the main grid, and can significantly add to the cost of living for northern and remote communities.41 Circumstances of specific communities will affect the costs and viability of options to increase the share of non-emitting electricity generation. While connecting small and distant communities to existing grid infrastructure is not economically feasible, in some cases, hybrid wind/solar-diesel generation systems could be deployed in communities to decrease reliance on diesel fuel.', 'While connecting small and distant communities to existing grid infrastructure is not economically feasible, in some cases, hybrid wind/solar-diesel generation systems could be deployed in communities to decrease reliance on diesel fuel. Other potential non-emitting energy alternatives to diesel generation include hydro, tidal, geothermal, small modular nuclear reactors, and biomass. Diesel is also used to provide home heating in northern and remote communities. There may be opportunities to further displace diesel with lower emitting technologies. A number of renewable energy projects have already been deployed to displace diesel in northern and remote communities. In many circumstances, diesel infrastructure is reaching the end of its life providing an opportunity to shift to cleaner technologies.', 'In many circumstances, diesel infrastructure is reaching the end of its life providing an opportunity to shift to cleaner technologies. Although the upfront capital costs to building non- emitting supply are high, these may be partially offset by lower operating/fuel costs. Long-term planning and investment is pertinent to the success of this transition.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Moreover, non-emitting electricity infrastructure investments can help address issues of energy security for Indigenous communities and help set the conditions required for stable, and favorable policy climates for establishing mini and micro grids for rural and remote electrification, including those that are First Nation community or family owned. Currently, the electricity sector requires major investments in new infrastructure, as many facilities are about to be retired or refurbished.', 'Currently, the electricity sector requires major investments in new infrastructure, as many facilities are about to be retired or refurbished. The majority of investments in the sector will be in electricity generation; however, transmission and distribution will also see significant investments. There are estimated investment requirements of as much as $350 billion in electricity infrastructure in Canada between now and 2030.42 The Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project estimates that $16 billion in additional annual investments will be necessary to achieve Canada’s low-carbon future, of which 87% ($13.5B) will be required in the electricity sector.43 As conventional new sources of low-carbon electricity become less viable, or available (e.g., hydro), new investments in emerging technologies will become increasingly targeted.', 'There are estimated investment requirements of as much as $350 billion in electricity infrastructure in Canada between now and 2030.42 The Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project estimates that $16 billion in additional annual investments will be necessary to achieve Canada’s low-carbon future, of which 87% ($13.5B) will be required in the electricity sector.43 As conventional new sources of low-carbon electricity become less viable, or available (e.g., hydro), new investments in emerging technologies will become increasingly targeted. Given the long-term nature of electricity related infrastructure, planning and investment decisions will need to be made in the near term to have the desired effect on the 2050 time horizon. For example, infrastructure spending, loan guarantees, and low- interest loans could potentially help fund new hydro projects and transmission lines to facilitate clean electricity projects.', 'For example, infrastructure spending, loan guarantees, and low- interest loans could potentially help fund new hydro projects and transmission lines to facilitate clean electricity projects. 3.5 Energy conservation and energy efficiency measures should increase and be implemented alongside efforts to reduce emissions from electricity generation. Electricity savings should underlie decarbonisation pathways: demand side management and reducing equipment and transmission losses makes electrification far more effective and feasible. Improvements in energy efficiency and demand side management are core elements of a long- term low-GHG strategy and present economic opportunities. In many cases, energy efficiency is a cost-effective way to reduce GHG emissions as it 42 Conference Board of Canada, Canada’s Electricity Infrastructure: Building a Case for Investment. 43 Bataille C., Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in Canada.', '43 Bataille C., Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in Canada. provides substantial monetary savings for residential consumers and businesses through lower electricity bills, as well as other benefits such as reduced maintenance and improved durability. In addition, several commercialisation opportunities exist; for example the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the global energy efficiency market at $221 billion in 2015. The IEA also notes that efficiency investments helped drive a global energy intensity improvement of 1.8% in 2015 however “the intensity improvement needs to immediately step up to 2.6% per year from now until 2030 to get on a 2°C The IEA argues that energy efficiency is key to reaching global emissions levels consistent with the 2°C temperature goals. They estimate that electricity savings, through efficiency measures, could avoid 5,100 GW of new capacity by 2050.', 'They estimate that electricity savings, through efficiency measures, could avoid 5,100 GW of new capacity by 2050. Likewise, Torrie Smith Associates notes that low-carbon future analysis typically include per capita levels of fuel and electricity use that are about half the current Canadian average, and energy productivity (GDP/ energy) four times higher than current Canadian levels.45 Energy efficiency trends are already positive in Canada as energy efficiency improved from 1990 to 2013 by 24%.46 The National Energy Board projects that total end-use energy demand will increase at an average annual rate of 0.7% from 2014 to 2040, almost half the rate of increase from 1990 to 2013. Higher electricity efficiency can be achieved with targeted demand-side management measures and technological improvements.', 'Higher electricity efficiency can be achieved with targeted demand-side management measures and technological improvements. Changes in behaviours such as consuming electricity during low-demand periods could reduce peak power demand which could contribute to reduce GHG emissions from load generation.47 Energy efficiency can also defer transportation and distribution investments, reduce line losses and avoid capacity reserve requirements. As technology develops, further electricity productivity gains should be realised with devices like smart meters helping to reduce and optimise end- use. 44 International Energy Agency, Energy Efficiency Market Report. 45 Torrie, R., Acting on Climate Change: Extending the Dialogue Among Canadians; Some Reflections On Climate Change Response Policy. 46 Natural Resources Canada, Improving energy efficiency in Canada.', '46 Natural Resources Canada, Improving energy efficiency in Canada. 47 Energy efficiency can also defer transport and distribution (T&D) investments, reduce line losses and avoid capacity reserve requirements (IEA 2016)CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 31 ENERGY STORAGE The principal challenge with variable renewable energy such as wind or solar is that they are intermittent, meaning that power is not available when the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining. As such, improvements in energy storage would make these intermittent sources much more attractive to grid operators, ensuring that power is available to meet demand cycles.', 'As such, improvements in energy storage would make these intermittent sources much more attractive to grid operators, ensuring that power is available to meet demand cycles. Additionally, increase in energy density and charging rates for battery energy storage technologies can provide the improvements in the transport sector that will be required for a widespread adoption of electric means of transportation. Incorporating intermittent power flows to existing grids requires added flexibility elsewhere on the grid, which can increase system costs. However, such costs could be offset by the adoption of technologies that can store excess power for weather conditions that are unfavorable to power generation and support the grid during peak demand time.', 'However, such costs could be offset by the adoption of technologies that can store excess power for weather conditions that are unfavorable to power generation and support the grid during peak demand time. Storage technologies could also allow households to rely on their own energy production, thus increasing the growth of local energy production, potential of smart grid systems, and energy availability for remote communities. Figure 5 : Technology Roadmap : Energy Storage Source: International Energy Agency, 2014. Technology Roadmap: Energy Storage Modernizing the electricity grid could also contribute to improved electricity efficiency by reducing losses when electricity is generated and transmitted.', 'Technology Roadmap: Energy Storage Modernizing the electricity grid could also contribute to improved electricity efficiency by reducing losses when electricity is generated and transmitted. Grids generally follow north-south orientations since most of Canada’s population live in southern jurisdictions along the international border with the United States, while the largest hydroelectric projects are located in scarcely inhabited areas to the north. Since the Canadian transmission networks extend over 160,000 km, losses are significant between generation and end-use sources. However, by 2050, it is highly probable that distributed generation will play a bigger role, reducing the requirement for electricity to travel long distances from point of generation to end use.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The private sector has been a major leader in energy storage research.', 'However, by 2050, it is highly probable that distributed generation will play a bigger role, reducing the requirement for electricity to travel long distances from point of generation to end use.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The private sector has been a major leader in energy storage research. Specifically, battery storage technologies for cellphones, computers and electric vehicles, have seen tremendous growth in recent years. Already, the costs of lithium ion batteries are being significantly reduced by the production of electric transportation companies, such as Tesla Motors. Moreover, other cheaper and more efficient options are being developed, with possibilities for the entire energy sector. For example, sulfur-based and graphene-based battery technologies offer tremendous potential for cheaper and more powerful battery storage.', 'For example, sulfur-based and graphene-based battery technologies offer tremendous potential for cheaper and more powerful battery storage. Other energy storage options are available, with some of them already adopted by Canadian electricity providers. Recently, the Toronto Hydro Company’s compressed air energy storage pilot project was deployed in Lake Ontario and now provides 1 MW of storage capacity that can be sent to the city grid during peak demand times. Thermal energy storage is also being used in the community of Okotoks, Alberta. Nevertheless, the most promising option for some Canadian provinces is likely to be pumped storage hydropower (PSH). The technology is readily available, has low operation and maintenance costs, and is not limited by cycling degradation.', 'The technology is readily available, has low operation and maintenance costs, and is not limited by cycling degradation. Although recent improvements achieved by the private sector are encouraging, much more innovation is needed to allow for widespread renewable energy production by 2050. Consequently, due to the essential role of energy storage technologies in the electrification of numerous processes, including transportation, it is fundamental that energy storage technologies continue to improve over time.', 'Consequently, due to the essential role of energy storage technologies in the electrification of numerous processes, including transportation, it is fundamental that energy storage technologies continue to improve over time. In order to accomplish this, governments and private actors have a shared responsibility to scale up investments throughout the innovation chain in order to allow breakthrough technologies as well as incremental improvements to be brought to market.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 33 4 Energy Consumption in End Use Applications Under a low-carbon future, Canada’s electricity demand is expected to increase substantially by 2050, partly as a result of traditional pressures such as population and industrial growth, but also because of the electrification of end use applications that currently use other forms of energy.', 'In order to accomplish this, governments and private actors have a shared responsibility to scale up investments throughout the innovation chain in order to allow breakthrough technologies as well as incremental improvements to be brought to market.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 33 4 Energy Consumption in End Use Applications Under a low-carbon future, Canada’s electricity demand is expected to increase substantially by 2050, partly as a result of traditional pressures such as population and industrial growth, but also because of the electrification of end use applications that currently use other forms of energy. Many applications (e.g., cars, trucks, boilers, heaters) can use clean electricity to fulfil their power requirements, reducing emissions by switching away from refined petroleum products, natural gas, and other fossil fuels.', 'Many applications (e.g., cars, trucks, boilers, heaters) can use clean electricity to fulfil their power requirements, reducing emissions by switching away from refined petroleum products, natural gas, and other fossil fuels. This greater use of electric power is often accompanied by important efficiency gains, especially in the transportation sector, leading to an expected reduction in overall energy demand under low GHG scenarios. Maximising the abatement potential from electrification requires the simultaneous near decarbonisation of existing electricity generation and the large expansion of new zero or low emissions electricity sources, as discussed in the previous chapter. All academic and expert analyses that pertain to low-GHG pathways show an increase in electricity supply and greater proportion of electricity in total energy demand.', 'All academic and expert analyses that pertain to low-GHG pathways show an increase in electricity supply and greater proportion of electricity in total energy demand. For example, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project shows electricity rising to 43% of total energy by 2050 compared to 25% currently, more than doubling the current supply between now and 2050. Moreover, the Trottier Energy Futures Project shows electricity generation more than tripling between now and 2050. Given Canada’s relatively cheap and clean electricity generating portfolio, implicit carbon costs for electric power are lower than in many other countries. This means that clean electricity is a comparative advantage for Canada.', 'This means that clean electricity is a comparative advantage for Canada. It will be important to examine any change or rise in electricity costs associated with the new demand requirements, and ensure that Canada continues to have access to affordable and reliable electricity going forward. Apart from electrification technologies, renewable and low carbon fuels are low or non-emitting options to fulfil many of Canada’s energy requirements. These fuels will be particularly important in areas where electrification is not currently possible or too costly, such as aviation and marine transport, some heavy freight transportation, and many industrial activities. Likewise, renewable or low carbon fuels can often be used in existing cars and trucks or building furnaces in higher blends, without affecting equipment performance, safety or warranties.', 'Likewise, renewable or low carbon fuels can often be used in existing cars and trucks or building furnaces in higher blends, without affecting equipment performance, safety or warranties. Share of Total Energy All other fuel Electricity Figure 6: Electricity as a share of National energy consumption Source: Bataille, C. et al. Pathways to deep decarbonization in Canada.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY It is important to recognize that all energy related emissions reduction activities work best when paired with increasing energy efficiency. For example, increasing the number of homes heated by clean electricity will be much more viable when building envelopes are designed to minimise heat loss.', 'For example, increasing the number of homes heated by clean electricity will be much more viable when building envelopes are designed to minimise heat loss. Importantly, a reduction in demand through energy efficiency, conservation, and demand side savings will partially offset the increased Canadian electricity requirements from the electrification of end use applications. Figure 7 presents several analyses of total energy use in Canada by 2050 under low-GHG scenarios. The current energy use (2014) is presented, as well as DDPP and Trottier Institute 2050 results. While there is population and economic growth during the period, even stronger energy efficiency gains allow for decreases in total energy consumption in most analyses. For example, total energy consumption (ECCC GCAM scenario, labelled “High Non-Emitting”) or even 7 251 PJ in 2050 (New Tech Trottier).', 'For example, total energy consumption (ECCC GCAM scenario, labelled “High Non-Emitting”) or even 7 251 PJ in 2050 (New Tech Trottier). The central role of energy efficiency gains in the projections is consistent with Chapter 2 that depicted energy conservation as the “first fuel”, the foremost criteria to meet the 2050 GHG emissions reduction levels. Apart from a reduction in total energy consumption, the switch from fossil fuels use to electricity and renewable fuels alternatives is another cross cutting theme of all scenarios presented. Clean electricity production across the country, achieved before 2050 in all scenarios, allows for deep GHG emission reductions from the electrification of end uses and industrial processes. Electricity use in 2050 is predicted to reach between 40 to 72% of total energy consumption, up from 16% in 2014.', 'Electricity use in 2050 is predicted to reach between 40 to 72% of total energy consumption, up from 16% in 2014. Renewable fuels provide the last alternative in most scenarios to decarbonise the intensive GHG sectors of the economy. In key sectors, notably in heavy industry and freight transport, renewable fuels replace conventional petroleum and natural gas usage. Those alternative fuels are essential to attain deep GHG emissions reductions, since it is not likely that technological advances will allow electrification of all sectors of the economy by 2050. Specifically, ECCC presents two scenarios where electricity generates either 33% (High Demand Response) or 57% (High Non-Emitting) and renewable fuels supply either 45% (High Demand Response) or 6% (High Non-Emitting) of total energy consumption in Canada by 2050.', 'Specifically, ECCC presents two scenarios where electricity generates either 33% (High Demand Response) or 57% (High Non-Emitting) and renewable fuels supply either 45% (High Demand Response) or 6% (High Non-Emitting) of total energy consumption in Canada by 2050. ECCC’s High Non-Emitting projection estimate refined petroleum products will still account for around 20% of total energy consumption by 2050, with natural gas generating 13%. ECCC’s High Demand Response scenario projects a use of natural gas falling to 21% of total energy consumption by 2050, and no future use of refined petroleum products. In contrast, the DDPP estimates that electricity will generate 48% of total energy consumption in Canada by 2050, with 17% supplied by renewable fuels, 17% by natural gas (with Carbon Capture Storage Technologies [CCS]), 2% by coal (with CCS) and 13% by refined petroleum products.', 'In contrast, the DDPP estimates that electricity will generate 48% of total energy consumption in Canada by 2050, with 17% supplied by renewable fuels, 17% by natural gas (with Carbon Capture Storage Technologies [CCS]), 2% by coal (with CCS) and 13% by refined petroleum products. Trottier estimates electricity to take between 59-66% of total energy consumption in Canada, with renewable fuels supplying either 9 and 17%, refined petroleum products supplying between 14-16%, natural gas 6-7%, coal 2-3% (retrofitted with CCS).', 'Trottier estimates electricity to take between 59-66% of total energy consumption in Canada, with renewable fuels supplying either 9 and 17%, refined petroleum products supplying between 14-16%, natural gas 6-7%, coal 2-3% (retrofitted with CCS). Figure 7: 2050 Projections of Total Energy Consumption by End Use Fuel Historical 2014 High Non-Emitting High Demand Response High Ambition (DDPP) Current Tech (Trottier) New Tech (Trottier) (PJ) Natural Gas with CCS Coal With CCS Others Renewable Fuels Electricity Refined Petroleum Products Coal Natural GasCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 35 KEY MESSAGES: • Electrification of the transportation sector presents the potential for significant emission reductions; for personal vehicles, electric vehicle technology is commercially available and continues to improve.', 'Figure 7: 2050 Projections of Total Energy Consumption by End Use Fuel Historical 2014 High Non-Emitting High Demand Response High Ambition (DDPP) Current Tech (Trottier) New Tech (Trottier) (PJ) Natural Gas with CCS Coal With CCS Others Renewable Fuels Electricity Refined Petroleum Products Coal Natural GasCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 35 KEY MESSAGES: • Electrification of the transportation sector presents the potential for significant emission reductions; for personal vehicles, electric vehicle technology is commercially available and continues to improve. • Greater uptake and broad use of electric vehicles will require more widespread acceptance of the technology supported by information and understanding around: cost of ownership and performance, charging availability and times, and range expectations. All of which are expected to improved significantly over the coming years. • Low-carbon and renewable fuels are consistent with low-GHG scenarios, particularly in areas that face challenges with electrification.', '• Low-carbon and renewable fuels are consistent with low-GHG scenarios, particularly in areas that face challenges with electrification. • Freight transport is a challenging sector, but there are a number of solutions that show potential towards deeper emissions reductions. • Emerging technologies such as energy storage or advanced lightweight materials will increase energy efficiency and decrease emissions; innovative approaches to moving people and freight are likely to become more widely adopted by mid-century. • Modal shifts, such as moving passengers and freight to less GHG intensive modes, could offer notable emissions reductions, which would be further strengthened through clean technology deployment, such as electrified passenger rail. • 62% of Canada’s black carbon emissions arise from the Transportation sector. In addition to being linked to climate warming, black carbon emissions are also a public health concern.', 'In addition to being linked to climate warming, black carbon emissions are also a public health concern. Canada continues to take complementary action to reduce black carbon emissions. 4.1.1 Electrification of the transportation sector presents the potential for significant emission reductions; for personal vehicles, electric vehicle technology is commercially available and continues to improve. The transportation sector plays a vital role in the lives of Canadians and in the Canadian economy. Almost 82% of Canadians live in urban areas and 80% of commuters drive to work in their own vehicles. Canada’s transportation system moved over $1 trillion worth of goods to international markets and employed 896,000 Canadians (5% of total employment) in 2014. Compared to other countries, Canada depends heavily on cars for urban mobility, and has a relatively high share of large cars.', 'Compared to other countries, Canada depends heavily on cars for urban mobility, and has a relatively high share of large cars. Canada has large distances between its cities, increasing intercity travel emissions. Currently, the transportation sector is a major contributor to Canadian GHG emissions. Roughly one quarter (28%) of Canada’s GHG emissions come from the transportation sector, such as from cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles and recreational vehicles.48 About 57% of these emissions come from passenger transport, while heavier freight transport accounts for 37% of transport emissions.49 However, given increasing efficiency improvements in passenger vehicles (mainly driven by federal regulations) and challenges in achieving efficiency improvements in freight, the share (and net amount) of GHG emissions from freight transportation is expected to increase into the future.', 'Roughly one quarter (28%) of Canada’s GHG emissions come from the transportation sector, such as from cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles and recreational vehicles.48 About 57% of these emissions come from passenger transport, while heavier freight transport accounts for 37% of transport emissions.49 However, given increasing efficiency improvements in passenger vehicles (mainly driven by federal regulations) and challenges in achieving efficiency improvements in freight, the share (and net amount) of GHG emissions from freight transportation is expected to increase into the future. Road transportation activity can be broken down into two components: how people and freight travel (mode choice) and how far they travel (activity level).50 Emissions reductions could result from a greater market penetration of alternative vehicle technologies and modal shifts (e.g., away from single-occupancy vehicles).', 'Road transportation activity can be broken down into two components: how people and freight travel (mode choice) and how far they travel (activity level).50 Emissions reductions could result from a greater market penetration of alternative vehicle technologies and modal shifts (e.g., away from single-occupancy vehicles). Activity level changes could be achieved through consumption patterns shifting with technological advances (e.g., teleworking) or urban densification. Canada will continue to encourage cities to improve public transit and bike lanes, and design urban spaces that reduce the need for vehicle transportation. Battery electric vehicles provide the opportunity to emit zero GHG emissions when renewable or 48 Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Inventory Report 1990-2014: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. 49 Based on Canada’s Emission Trends Report 2014.', '49 Based on Canada’s Emission Trends Report 2014. 50 Conference Board of Canada, A Long, Hard Road: Reducing GHG Emissions in Canada’s Road Transportation Sector by 2050.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY clean electricity is used. In addition, electric vehicles reduce local air pollutant emissions. Electric vehicle technology is well known, proven, and available for purchase in Canada with increasing variation and choice: in total, there are 22 different plug-in models on the road in Canada, made by 12 different manufacturers.51 Alternatively, plug-in hybrid vehicles offer increased driving range by switching to fossil fuels when the electric battery charge diminishes. While these vehicles still use fuel, most of them are used in a way that relies solely on electricity about 90% of the time.', 'While these vehicles still use fuel, most of them are used in a way that relies solely on electricity about 90% of the time. 52 4.1.2 Greater uptake and broad use of electric vehicles will require more widespread acceptance of the technology supported by information and understanding around: cost of ownership and performance, charging availability and times, and range expectations. All of which are expected to improved significantly over the coming years. 51 CAA, Electric Vehicles: What You Need to Know. 52 EVObsession, Best Electric Car for the Average American. In spite of Canada’s ambitious mitigation objectives and clean electricity portfolio, we lag behind many of our peer countries with respect to electric vehicle penetration.', 'In spite of Canada’s ambitious mitigation objectives and clean electricity portfolio, we lag behind many of our peer countries with respect to electric vehicle penetration. For example, Norway reached annual sales of almost 40,000 fully electric vehicles in 2015, reaching a market share of 23% of passenger vehicles sold. China has grown its electric vehicle fleet by 207,000 passenger vehicles in 2015, with an additional 123,700 electric buses and commercial trucks on the road.53 Meanwhile, there are now more than 40,000 electric vehicle charging stations in Japan, including in personal homes and commercial buildings.', 'China has grown its electric vehicle fleet by 207,000 passenger vehicles in 2015, with an additional 123,700 electric buses and commercial trucks on the road.53 Meanwhile, there are now more than 40,000 electric vehicle charging stations in Japan, including in personal homes and commercial buildings. Charging stations are now more common than the roughly 35,000 gas stations in the country.54 Although only about 24,000 plug-in vehicles have been sold in Canada thus far, sales increased by 32% between 2014 and 2015, and are projected to continue to increase as prices converge with those of conventional vehicles, charging infrastructure is built out, and more vehicle selection becomes available.55 For example, out of the roughly 400,000 reservations 53 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016. 54 Coulter, T., Japan Has More Car Chargers Than Gas Stations.', '54 Coulter, T., Japan Has More Car Chargers Than Gas Stations. 55 Fleet Carma, Electric Vehicle Sales in Canada: 2015 Final Numbers. Figure 8: 2050 Transportation Sector Energy Use Projections (PJ) Historical 2014 High Non- Emitting High Demand Response High Ambition (DDPP) Current Tech (Trottier) New Tech (Trottier) (PJ) Natural gas Hydrogen Refined petroleum products Renewable Fuels ElectricityCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 37 of the upcoming Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle, an estimated 36,000 have been made in Canada.56 While the production costs of electric vehicles remain higher than traditional gasoline vehicles, a more significant challenge limiting electric vehicle adoption is consumer concerns regarding the range of the battery charge. Charging speeds and battery range currently do not allow for comparable refueling times when benchmarked against traditional gasoline vehicles. In some circumstances, cold weather can also reduce electric vehicle driving range.', 'In some circumstances, cold weather can also reduce electric vehicle driving range. However, studies have found that the current battery range for electric vehicles is sufficient to satisfy close to 90% of personal vehicle use. For example, a study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used GPS data to estimate the energy requirements of personal vehicles across the United States, determining that 87% of requirements could be met with current electric vehicles.57 In addition, there are significant efforts put in place to increase fast charging infrastructure in some Canadian jurisdictions, which can allow the average electric car to charge 80% of its battery capacity in 30 minutes.', 'For example, a study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used GPS data to estimate the energy requirements of personal vehicles across the United States, determining that 87% of requirements could be met with current electric vehicles.57 In addition, there are significant efforts put in place to increase fast charging infrastructure in some Canadian jurisdictions, which can allow the average electric car to charge 80% of its battery capacity in 30 minutes. Although needs for infrastructure investments will be important in the coming years, it is important to note that chargers will not need to be as abundant as fuel dispensers are today, as more than 95% of charging is done at home, and public charging stations generally only need to be used when motorists travel long distances.', 'Although needs for infrastructure investments will be important in the coming years, it is important to note that chargers will not need to be as abundant as fuel dispensers are today, as more than 95% of charging is done at home, and public charging stations generally only need to be used when motorists travel long distances. 4.1.3 Low-carbon and renewable fuels are consistent with low-GHG scenarios, particularly in areas that face challenges with electrification. Low-carbon, renewable fuels, and hydrogen are of particular importance for areas that are hard to electrify. A number of renewable fuels are already commercially available such as ethanol, biodiesel or biofuels. Fuel blends contain varying renewable content, and environmental benefits expand when second-generation biofuels are used. Unlike other modes of transportation, the aviation industry has few options available for reducing GHG emissions.', 'Unlike other modes of transportation, the aviation industry has few options available for reducing GHG emissions. Improved technological and operational measures will have their role, but only low-carbon alternative fuels (biojet) have the potential to offer significant life-cycle GHG emission reductions. Renewable natural gas offers the potential to achieve considerably greater emissions reductions 56 Model 3 Tracker, Known Sport of Model 3 Vehicles by Status. 57 Needell, Z., Potential for Widespread Electrification of Personal Vehicle for Travel in the United States. than natural gas. Biogas, generated from biomass from landfill sites, agriculture, wastewater, or other sources is upgraded to natural gas quality. It can then be directed to the grid for use in buildings or transportation applications in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG).', 'It can then be directed to the grid for use in buildings or transportation applications in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas vehicles are used in several fleets around the world. Up to a 25% reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions can be achieved on a well-to-wheel basis when replacing gasoline with compressed natural gas in light-duty vehicles. Natural gas can be an effective solution for transportation that is harder to electrify such as on-road freight, marine shipping and rail, featuring relatively quick refueling times and long ranges. As such, it has been a key area for research and development for these modes. Natural gas also has the advantage of significantly improving air quality and reducing noise when compared to diesel.', 'Natural gas also has the advantage of significantly improving air quality and reducing noise when compared to diesel. Hydrogen fuel cell technology can also help decarbonise the transportation sector. The process of producing electricity with a fuel cell involves hydrogen and oxygen as inputs, and produces water vapor and heat at the tailpipe, therefore emitting no GHG emissions. However, hydrogen production currently either requires significant amounts of electricity to be produced through electrolysis, or can be produced with methane reforming, which is an emitting process. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles provide the benefit of having similar refueling times when compared with internal combustion engine vehicles, but they also face important barriers such as the cost of fuel cells, cost and energy intensity of hydrogen production, and the need for new infrastructure for hydrogen refueling stations.', 'Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles provide the benefit of having similar refueling times when compared with internal combustion engine vehicles, but they also face important barriers such as the cost of fuel cells, cost and energy intensity of hydrogen production, and the need for new infrastructure for hydrogen refueling stations. Nonetheless, hydrogen is a key component of several modelling exercises including the IEA and Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project. For example, the IEA has modelled different levels of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle adoption. So far, Toyota and Hyundai have commercialised fuel cell electric vehicles in Europe, South Korea, California, Vancouver and Japan and further investments could help to accelerate infrastructure deployment. For example, there are already several hydrogen stations and buses in Whistler, British Columbia.', 'For example, there are already several hydrogen stations and buses in Whistler, British Columbia. Hydrogen is used widely in industry for ammonia production and refining, and can be used for storing the energy in excess renewable electricity. Canada is well placed in the development of hydrogen and alternative fuels with companies such as Westport innovations and Ballard, developing and exporting these low carbon technologies.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Modelling results from very low greenhouse gas scenarios for 2050 point to various avenues to power Canada’s transportation sector (see description of models and scenarios in Modelling and Scenario Box in Chapter 2). Currently, refined petroleum products (e.g., gasoline, diesel) power over 90% of Canada’s transportation energy requirements.', 'Currently, refined petroleum products (e.g., gasoline, diesel) power over 90% of Canada’s transportation energy requirements. Under scenarios where aggregate Canadian emissions decline dramatically in 2050, the energy portfolio of the transportation sector shifts considerably (see Figure 8). Under ECCC’s first High Non-Emitting scenario, electricity powers 41% of transportation energy requirements in 2050, whereas renewable low-carbon fuels account for 8%. The remaining requirements are met with hydrogen (16%) and natural gas (1%), although refined petroleum products continue to power 33% of the vehicle fleets including air and marine transportation. In comparison, ECCC’s High Demand Response model points to renewable and low-carbon fuels dominating the transportation energy portfolio (78%). In this modelling scenario, electric vehicles do not penetrate the market. The Deep Decarbonization Pathway Project also points to a high penetration of renewable and low-carbon fuel powered vehicles (55%).', 'The Deep Decarbonization Pathway Project also points to a high penetration of renewable and low-carbon fuel powered vehicles (55%). Electricity makes up 26% of the power requirements from the transportation sector, whereas hydrogen accounts for 14%. Under the Trottier analyses scenarios, renewable or alternative fuels power 10-18% of the transportation requirements in 2050. Electricity powers 18-21% and hydrogen powers 3-32%. Refined petroleum products continue to power 36-43% of the sectors energy requirements. 4.1.4 Freight transport is a challenging sector, but there are a number of solutions that show potential towards deeper emissions reductions. Freight transportation, such as heavy duty on road vehicles, aviation and marine is a challenging area for GHG mitigation. Improving the fuel efficiency of freight transportation is essential to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this subsector.', 'Improving the fuel efficiency of freight transportation is essential to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this subsector. Moreover, alternatives to conventional internal combustion engines exist including vehicles that run on fuels such as biofuel blends, liquefied petroleum gases, or natural gas. The use of these fuels can reduce the GHG intensity of road transportation, sometimes significantly. Electrification of freight transport is currently limited due to technological constraints such as insufficient range for long-haul shipping, long charging times for delivery requirements, as well as the significant energy requirements and engine sizes required to transport heavy loads. However, some companies have revealed plans to develop electric freight transport in the coming years.', 'However, some companies have revealed plans to develop electric freight transport in the coming years. For example, last July CANADIAN BUSINESSES ADOPTING LIGHT FREIGHT ELECTRIFICATION A number of Canadian companies, and companies operating in Canada, have opted to green their fleet through the use of hybrid-electric vehicles or fully electric vehicles. For couriers and other shipping companies, fleet management and fuel use has a major impact on operating costs, and is constantly being reviewed to minimise costs and increase performance. Some companies have opted for electric vehicle technology for both economic and environmental benefits. As a few examples, Canada Post, Purolator, the United Postal Service, Fedex, and Novex have moved towards more sustainable transportation solutions for shipping.', 'As a few examples, Canada Post, Purolator, the United Postal Service, Fedex, and Novex have moved towards more sustainable transportation solutions for shipping. Other initiatives, such as a fully electrified taxi company, have been developed, for example in Montréal by Téo Taxi. Although information gaps appear to be an important barrier to adoption of electric vehicles by small and medium enterprises, several companies are providing support services to demonstrate the business case for greening vehicle fleets. This involves procedures such as calculating expenditure impacts, renting out vehicles to allow for trials, and providing technical support for charging infrastructure management. Another company, Communauto, North America’s oldest and largest car-sharing company, has recently announced its purchase of 600 hybrid-electric or fully electric vehicles.', 'Another company, Communauto, North America’s oldest and largest car-sharing company, has recently announced its purchase of 600 hybrid-electric or fully electric vehicles. Among these vehicles, 515 are destined to the Québec market, while the remainder will be distributed to Communauto’s European market. Ride-sharing services also displace a significant amount of personal vehicle requirements, thereby reducing GHG emissions further.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 39 Mercedes-Benz unveiled its latest electric prototype, the Urban eTruck, conceived for dense urban areas. The fully electric vehicle has two electric motors, can hold 3 batteries, and will be able to support up to 26 tons.', 'The fully electric vehicle has two electric motors, can hold 3 batteries, and will be able to support up to 26 tons. Conceived for short distances (200 kilometers) and use in heavy traffic, Mercedes-Benz expects to commercialise the vehicle by 2020.58 Despite continuous progress, there are some challenges associated with reducing emissions from freight transportation. Finding economical means of producing biofuels and alternative means of transporting merchandise will be key. Figure 9: An Urban eTruck59 A large deployment of heavy electric trucks may take longer than cars since the turnover rate of heavy trucks is significantly lower than for cars (30 years for trucks compared to 20 years for cars). Emissions from aviation, marine, and rail transport are also challenging to reduce due to the high energy density of fuel required with these modes.', 'Emissions from aviation, marine, and rail transport are also challenging to reduce due to the high energy density of fuel required with these modes. Despite these challenges, the energy intensity of the freight transportation sector decreased from 1.38 MJ/Tkm in 2011 to 1.30 MJ/Tkm in 2013. A recent report from the Conference Board of Canada suggests that much greater performance and efficiency improvements will be needed to help bring Canada to deep decarbonisation in the transportation sector.60 In 2013, new federal regulations imposing GHG emission standards for new on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines were implemented to align with U.S. national standards and move the Canadian heavy truck fleet toward more fuel efficient vehicles.', 'A recent report from the Conference Board of Canada suggests that much greater performance and efficiency improvements will be needed to help bring Canada to deep decarbonisation in the transportation sector.60 In 2013, new federal regulations imposing GHG emission standards for new on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines were implemented to align with U.S. national standards and move the Canadian heavy truck fleet toward more fuel efficient vehicles. In the marine and rail sectors, where fuel represents a significant share of overall costs, operators are actively seeking improvements in fuel efficiency 58 Mercedes-Benz, Electric Truck for the City. 59 Mercedes-Benz, Urban eTruck.', 'In the marine and rail sectors, where fuel represents a significant share of overall costs, operators are actively seeking improvements in fuel efficiency 58 Mercedes-Benz, Electric Truck for the City. 59 Mercedes-Benz, Urban eTruck. 60 Conference Board of Canada, A Long Hard Road: Drastically Reducing GHG Emissions in Canada’s Road Transportation Sector by 2050. and GHG performance through new technologies, designs and system efficiencies, and are exploring a shift to low-carbon fuels. For marine shipping, mandatory technical and operational emissions reduction measures established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) are also driving efficiency improvements. However, significant emissions reductions will take time as the existing stock of ships and locomotives turn over. Electric and alternative fuel solutions can also achieve meaningful reductions from port and cargo handling equipment at transportation hubs.', 'Electric and alternative fuel solutions can also achieve meaningful reductions from port and cargo handling equipment at transportation hubs. 4.1.5 Emerging technologies such as energy storage or advanced lightweight materials will increase energy efficiency and decrease emissions; innovative approaches to moving people and freight are likely to become more widely adopted by mid-century. Looking forward, improvements in energy storage technology will facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles. The most anticipated technological development related to battery storage is the use of graphene in batteries, which would allow for a significantly higher energy density (battery capacity per unit of weight), significantly faster recharging times, and lower costs. Graphene is abundantly available and the emergence of graphene batteries could be a tipping point where electric vehicles will become more affordable and convenient, broadening adoption.', 'Graphene is abundantly available and the emergence of graphene batteries could be a tipping point where electric vehicles will become more affordable and convenient, broadening adoption. Connected and automated vehicles, combined with smart infrastructure, are expected to be increasingly deployed by automakers, and have the potential to not only make driving more convenient, but considerably safer, and more efficient, which can lead to improved environmental outcomes. While not as significant as the impact of electrifying transportation, efficiency improvements from autonomous driving could be important. With quicker reaction times than humans, connected and autonomous vehicles can circulate with less distance between cars, allowing for much more efficient traffic movement (e.g., reduced idling, smoother acceleration), and perfectly safe slipstreaming (i.e., cars avoiding wind resistance by following others closely), resulting in less energy wasted.', 'With quicker reaction times than humans, connected and autonomous vehicles can circulate with less distance between cars, allowing for much more efficient traffic movement (e.g., reduced idling, smoother acceleration), and perfectly safe slipstreaming (i.e., cars avoiding wind resistance by following others closely), resulting in less energy wasted. The expected safety improvements and reduced congestion could add up to large fuel savings, with significant co- benefits for the economy and the environment. Finally, advanced lightweight materials and manufacturing methods will need to be integratedCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY across all modes of transportation to increase efficiency, from on-road electric vehicles to aviation. Other considerations to reduce transportation emissions include: retrofit of heavy-duty vehicles including tractors with GHG-reducing technologies (aerodynamics, auxiliary power units) and the scrappage of less efficient vehicles.', 'Other considerations to reduce transportation emissions include: retrofit of heavy-duty vehicles including tractors with GHG-reducing technologies (aerodynamics, auxiliary power units) and the scrappage of less efficient vehicles. 61 Electricity, The electric bus – quiet, exhaust emission-free and passenger-friendly. 62 Canadian Press, Electric bus pilot project to hit Montreal streets in 2015. 63 Urban Transportation Task Force, The High Cost of Congestion in Canadian Cities. 64 City of Edmonton, On the Front Edge of Smart Vehicle Technology. 4.1.6 Modal shifts, such as moving passengers and freight to less GHG intensive modes, could offer notable emissions reductions, which would be further strengthened through clean technology deployment, such as electrified passenger rail.', '4.1.6 Modal shifts, such as moving passengers and freight to less GHG intensive modes, could offer notable emissions reductions, which would be further strengthened through clean technology deployment, such as electrified passenger rail. Given the emissions profile and current limitations in electrifying freight transportation, a shift towards rail transit for a majority of freight could reduce the amount of energy needed to move goods around the country. Although rail transportation entails issues such as longer shipping times, and less flexibility in terms of routing of goods, it has the potential to reduce emissions per unit of goods moved by about 75% compared with on-road vehicles for the same distance travelled.65 As for passenger transportation, 65 Association of American Railroads, Freight Railroads Help Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions.', 'Although rail transportation entails issues such as longer shipping times, and less flexibility in terms of routing of goods, it has the potential to reduce emissions per unit of goods moved by about 75% compared with on-road vehicles for the same distance travelled.65 As for passenger transportation, 65 Association of American Railroads, Freight Railroads Help Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ELECTRIFIED PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SMART URBAN PLANNING In the transition to a low-carbon economy, public transportation provides significant GHG emission reductions as compared with personal vehicles, but diesel buses still emit a sizeable amount. More recently, advances in the development of batteries for electric vehicles have spilled over to city buses.', 'More recently, advances in the development of batteries for electric vehicles have spilled over to city buses. For example, the city of Gothenburg has been using three electric buses on one line of its public transport service, and has been using seven hybrid electric buses. Although the buses are significantly more expensive than diesel buses upon purchase, the fuel savings rapidly compensate this difference.', 'Although the buses are significantly more expensive than diesel buses upon purchase, the fuel savings rapidly compensate this difference. The buses are charged for six minutes between trips, allowing for more than enough range for the route they serve, while providing outlets to charge phones and providing Wi-Fi to users inside the buses.61 Similar projects are under way in Montreal, starting with hybrid-electric buses.62 Another important consideration in transitioning to a low carbon economy is how to plan and design cities in order to support low-emission technologies and lifestyles, and correct for the traffic congestion levels that are seen in large Canadian cities.', 'The buses are charged for six minutes between trips, allowing for more than enough range for the route they serve, while providing outlets to charge phones and providing Wi-Fi to users inside the buses.61 Similar projects are under way in Montreal, starting with hybrid-electric buses.62 Another important consideration in transitioning to a low carbon economy is how to plan and design cities in order to support low-emission technologies and lifestyles, and correct for the traffic congestion levels that are seen in large Canadian cities. Congestion is an important cost to the economy, evaluated in 2008 as costing the regional economy of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, directly and indirectly, $6 billion annually.63 This kind of structural change will take time to realise, but governments can start building momentum in the short-term by deciding to take a holistic approach to development through integrating land use, transportation, energy production and community planning.', 'Congestion is an important cost to the economy, evaluated in 2008 as costing the regional economy of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, directly and indirectly, $6 billion annually.63 This kind of structural change will take time to realise, but governments can start building momentum in the short-term by deciding to take a holistic approach to development through integrating land use, transportation, energy production and community planning. More and more, cities are looking into innovative solutions to reduce congestion on their roadways.', 'More and more, cities are looking into innovative solutions to reduce congestion on their roadways. For example, the city of Edmonton is one of two Canadian cities taking part in a North American program aimed at developing Connected Vehicle Technology.64 This technology can improve many elements of transportation in cities, by preventing collisions between cars, by guiding drivers through detours when there is a slowdown or an accident on the road, and even adjusting traffic lights along the detour routes to minimise congestion. Other technological advances are leading to autonomous vehicles and greater use of vehicle sharing, which stand to have important impacts of the future movement of people within cities.', 'Other technological advances are leading to autonomous vehicles and greater use of vehicle sharing, which stand to have important impacts of the future movement of people within cities. Technological advances also help pave the way for new management approach by cities and governments, such as the use of efficient pricing of tolling mechanisms. For example, High Occupancy Tolls Lanes allow for both vehicles with enough passengers and permit holders to drive in these lanes, allowing for reduced congestion and revenues that can be invested into public transit.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 41 rail offers another potential avenue for intercity travel, which could reduce emissions compared to personal vehicles or bus transportation. Other benefits to shifts toward rail transportation include reduced wear and tear on roads and reduced road congestion.', 'Other benefits to shifts toward rail transportation include reduced wear and tear on roads and reduced road congestion. In addition to being less GHG-intensive than on- road modes of transportation, there may be an opportunity to reduce emissions even further through electrification of Canada’s passenger rail systems moving on dedicated tracks. Heavily populated corridors, such as the Windsor-Quebec axis, represent prime areas for such a system.', 'Heavily populated corridors, such as the Windsor-Quebec axis, represent prime areas for such a system. Although this type of project requires significant capital expenditures, important savings can be realised through reduced energy costs, increased performance allowing better optimisation (e.g., allowing more units to be attached to the same locomotive), and reduced maintenance costs.66 Electrification of trains also provides other benefits in the form of smoother rides, reduced power load at higher altitudes compared with diesel, and service to underground locations (which is not possible for diesel given emissions of pollutants).', 'Although this type of project requires significant capital expenditures, important savings can be realised through reduced energy costs, increased performance allowing better optimisation (e.g., allowing more units to be attached to the same locomotive), and reduced maintenance costs.66 Electrification of trains also provides other benefits in the form of smoother rides, reduced power load at higher altitudes compared with diesel, and service to underground locations (which is not possible for diesel given emissions of pollutants). Electric light-rail trains represent an interesting mode of transportation for public transit, as it is up to 10 times cheaper than underground metro systems for the same distance covered.67 At this cheaper cost per kilometer, light-rail trains become particularly appealing for bringing commuters from suburban areas into cities faster, while reducing the amount of vehicles in downtown areas.', 'Electric light-rail trains represent an interesting mode of transportation for public transit, as it is up to 10 times cheaper than underground metro systems for the same distance covered.67 At this cheaper cost per kilometer, light-rail trains become particularly appealing for bringing commuters from suburban areas into cities faster, while reducing the amount of vehicles in downtown areas. Light-rail trains are also easier to electrify than buses, which makes it a less GHG-intensive transit option than buses, while also reducing the cost of electrification. 4.1.7 62% of Canada’s black carbon emissions arise from the Transportation sector. In addition to being linked to climate warming, black carbon emissions are also a public health concern. Canada continues to take complementary action to reduce black carbon emissions.', 'Canada continues to take complementary action to reduce black carbon emissions. The transportation sector emits significant amounts of black carbon mostly through diesel engines and vehicles. Canada continues to take regulatory action to address air pollutant emissions from transportation, which also reduces black carbon, including regulations for on- and off-road diesel vehicles and engines manufactured or imported for sale in Canada. Regulations to implement the North American Emissions Control Area to reduce emissions from shipping also reduce black carbon emissions. 66 Professional Engineers Ontario, Towards a clean train policy: diesel versus electric. 67 Condon P., Don’t Waste Billions on Bad Transit Projects. In addition to being linked to climate warming, black carbon emissions are also a public health concern.', 'In addition to being linked to climate warming, black carbon emissions are also a public health concern. As a component of PM , black carbon particles are small enough to be inhaled and absorbed into the lungs and bloodstream. Reductions in black carbon emissions from the transportation sector have important co-benefits for the health of Canadians. KEY MESSAGES: • Over one third of Canadian homes are already heated and cooled with clean electricity; emerging technologies will make this option increasingly economically attractive. • Natural gas continues to play an important role in heating and power requirements. Renewable Natural Gas is a small but growing part of the supply mix meeting those energy needs. • The electrification of the building sector should be matched with a scale-up of energy efficiency measures.', '• The electrification of the building sector should be matched with a scale-up of energy efficiency measures. • District heating for residential and commercial buildings could help lower GHG emissions since heat is generated in a centralised location with non-emitting fuel options. • Life cycle assessment quantifies holistic environmental impacts of buildings, enabling optimal decisions in sustainable design. • Retrofitting existing buildings will be necessary to address the inefficient building stock that could otherwise stand well beyond mid-century. • Smarter, more sustainable cities are key to a prosperous future.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 4.2.1 Over one third of Canadian homes are already heated and cooled with clean electricity; emerging technologies will make this option increasingly economically attractive. Emissions from the buildings sector arise from residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, as well as the equipment in them.', 'Emissions from the buildings sector arise from residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, as well as the equipment in them. The building sector is currently one of the most GHG-intensive in Canada and is the third largest emitting sector representing 12% of Canada’s emissions - with emissions currently projected to grow through 2030. However, a number of measures can help to achieve reductions in the sector including fuel-switching and energy efficiency. Some Canadian homes and commercial buildings already rely on clean electricity to power their heating, cooling, lighting and appliances. Current technology such as electric boilers, electric baseboards, space heaters, and heat pumps can be used instead of fossil fuels, resulting in zero greenhouse gas emissions when combined with a non-emitting electricity portfolio. In 2011, 39% of Canadians households used electricity for their heating equipment.', 'In 2011, 39% of Canadians households used electricity for their heating equipment. Electricity was the predominant energy sources for heating in Quebec (66%), Newfoundland and Labrador (56%) and Current technologies that may become more cost effective in the future include electrically driven geothermal and air source heat pumps, and increased use of ambient solar heating. Air-source heat pumps can draw heat from the air and transfer warm air inside during the winter or outside during the summer.69 Ground-source heat pumps, also called earth-energy systems, can use energy from the ground to produce heating and cooling and are being increasingly used across Canada. Due to their high efficiency, ground-source heat pumps can yield energy savings of up to 40% higher than an air-source pump but require higher up-front installation costs.', 'Due to their high efficiency, ground-source heat pumps can yield energy savings of up to 40% higher than an air-source pump but require higher up-front installation costs. Solar energy for homes also offers many advantages and helps lower grid-related energy requirements. New technologies are emerging to better generate photovoltaic energy for homes such as: solar roadways, solar shingles, solar panels installed on the sides of buildings, and thin solar films that can be applied to any metal roofing.', 'New technologies are emerging to better generate photovoltaic energy for homes such as: solar roadways, solar shingles, solar panels installed on the sides of buildings, and thin solar films that can be applied to any metal roofing. 68 Statistics Canada, Households and the Environment: Energy Use (11-526-S) 69 Natural Resources Canada, Coming to Terms with Heat Pumps Figure 10: 2050 Building Sector Energy Use Projections Historical 2014 High Non-Emitting High Demand Response High Ambition (DDPP) Current Tech (Trottier) New Tech (Trottier) (PJ) Others Renewable Fuels Coal Electricity Refined Petroleum Products Natural GasCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 43 Figure 10 illustrates the current use of energy in the building sector as comprising of natural gas (45%), electricity (36%), renewable fuels (10%) and refined petroleum products (6%).', '68 Statistics Canada, Households and the Environment: Energy Use (11-526-S) 69 Natural Resources Canada, Coming to Terms with Heat Pumps Figure 10: 2050 Building Sector Energy Use Projections Historical 2014 High Non-Emitting High Demand Response High Ambition (DDPP) Current Tech (Trottier) New Tech (Trottier) (PJ) Others Renewable Fuels Coal Electricity Refined Petroleum Products Natural GasCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 43 Figure 10 illustrates the current use of energy in the building sector as comprising of natural gas (45%), electricity (36%), renewable fuels (10%) and refined petroleum products (6%). Modelling projections for a low GHG economy in 2050 take into account a variety of factors such as potential provincial energy codes amendments, regulations on new buildings requirements and technological costs. Note that the projections do not take into account a potential increase in the use of clean district heating systems in Canada.', 'Note that the projections do not take into account a potential increase in the use of clean district heating systems in Canada. In all of the low-GHG analyses, the share of energy met through clean electricity increases from today’s levels. The first ECCC low-GHG analyses (High Non- Emitting) illustrates electricity at 70% of the energy use of the building sector by 2050, while the second projection (High Demand Response) estimates electricity to be 50% of energy use in the sector (renewable fuels represent 22%). The DDPP scenario demonstrates that electricity increases to fulfill 99% of the building sector’s energy requirements in 2050 (with 1% remaining for natural gas).', 'The DDPP scenario demonstrates that electricity increases to fulfill 99% of the building sector’s energy requirements in 2050 (with 1% remaining for natural gas). The Trottier Institute, demonstrates two scenarios where the share of electricity increases to 86-89% of total energy use in the sector by 2050, where the remaining requirement is fulfilled through natural gas (4-5%), renewable fuels (4-5%) and refined petroleum products (2-5%). 4.2.2 Natural gas continues to play an important role in heating and power requirements. Renewable Natural Gas is a small but growing part of the supply mix meeting those energy needs. Across most scenarios, natural gas, a relatively lower emitting fossil fuel, continues to power some heating and other requirements in the building sector.', 'Across most scenarios, natural gas, a relatively lower emitting fossil fuel, continues to power some heating and other requirements in the building sector. Natural gas can also be substituted for Renewable Natural Gas where desirable, without replacing capital or infrastructure, such as natural gas home furnaces. Generally, Renewable Natural Gas is fully interchangeable with conventional natural gas. Methane that is released from sources such as landfills, agricultural residues, livestock production, sewage treatment plants, and forestry waste can be recovered, cleaned, and can be directly substituted for conventional natural gas. 4.2.3 The electrification of the building sector should be matched with a scale-up of energy efficiency measures. Increasing energy efficiency is particularly important in the Canadian building sector, as Canadian households consume an average of 11,000 KWh of electricity per year (2010).', 'Increasing energy efficiency is particularly important in the Canadian building sector, as Canadian households consume an average of 11,000 KWh of electricity per year (2010). By comparison, this is just under the U.S. average (12,960 KWh), and well above Australia (7,350 KWh) and EU countries’ average such as France (5,760 KWh), the United Kingdom (4,510 KWh) or Germany (3,515 KWh).70 This is generally attributable to Canada’s cold climate and relatively large sizing in residential housing. Energy efficiency improvements can be realised either through the design of a building’s system, including air sealing, better construction materials, passive heating, insulation, white roofs, triple pane windows; or more energy efficient equipment and appliances including heat pumps, condensing boilers, high efficiency cooling, energy-efficient lighting and appliances, and energy management control systems.', 'Energy efficiency improvements can be realised either through the design of a building’s system, including air sealing, better construction materials, passive heating, insulation, white roofs, triple pane windows; or more energy efficient equipment and appliances including heat pumps, condensing boilers, high efficiency cooling, energy-efficient lighting and appliances, and energy management control systems. Development of highly efficient heating and cooling technologies, such as energy management systems and smart thermostats, can reduce costs and improve performance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. In Canada, provincial and municipal building energy codes and federal energy-efficiency standards are important tools for driving energy productivity improvements. Future policies will need to ensure that energy efficiency programs and energy supply fuel- switching both correspond to low-GHG objectives.', 'Future policies will need to ensure that energy efficiency programs and energy supply fuel- switching both correspond to low-GHG objectives. Energy efficiency in the buildings sector has numerous co-benefits such as infrastructure resilience and lower operating and maintenance costs, as well as positive effects on national income and employment. Moreover, several studies have pointed to increased health benefits from better designed buildings in terms of lower risks of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, rheumatism, arthritis or allergies. Lastly, energy efficiency savings can be beneficial for lower income Canadians. 4.2.4 District heating for residential and commercial buildings could help lower GHG emissions since heat is generated in a centralised location with non-emitting fuel options.', '4.2.4 District heating for residential and commercial buildings could help lower GHG emissions since heat is generated in a centralised location with non-emitting fuel options. District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat 70 World Energy Council Indicators, Average electricity consumption per electrified household,CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY generated in a centralised location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. These systems have the potential to help reduce GHG emissions, by utilising low-carbon fuel options such as waste heat or biofuel. District heating is the dominant heating system in Nordic countries (except for Norway). In those countries, biomass, natural gas, and municipal solid waste biogas are commonly used as energy sources for district heating.', 'In those countries, biomass, natural gas, and municipal solid waste biogas are commonly used as energy sources for district heating. Specifically, biomass is used as fuel for 60% of district heating system in the Swedish building sector, 40% in Denmark, and 70% in Finland. Canada has similar geographical and climatic conditions and has thus a vast and untapped potential for extensive district heating systems.71 4.2.5 Life cycle assessment quantifies holistic environmental impacts of buildings, enabling optimal decisions in sustainable design. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for measuring the environmental footprint of materials, products and services over their entire lifetime. Applied to a building, LCA measures environmental impacts like energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions at every stage of a building’s life.', 'Applied to a building, LCA measures environmental impacts like energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions at every stage of a building’s life. It includes raw resource extraction, product manufacturing and transportation, building construction, operation and repair, and demolition. LCA helps building designers consider the total environmental impact of material choices and other design decisions. Designers use LCA to examine trade-offs and alternatives, for the lowest possible lifetime environmental footprint of the building. This data-driven process allows building designers to test and validate their sustainability decisions.72 4.2.6 Retrofitting existing buildings will be necessary to address the inefficient building stock that could otherwise stand well beyond mid-century.', 'This data-driven process allows building designers to test and validate their sustainability decisions.72 4.2.6 Retrofitting existing buildings will be necessary to address the inefficient building stock that could otherwise stand well beyond mid-century. According to the Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation, Canadian residential construction has grown at an average rate of 1.5% in the past five years.73 At this rate, the built residential environment 71 International Energy Association, Canada Review 2015. 72 O’Connor, J., and Bowick, M., Advancing Sustainable Design with Life Cycle Assessment. 73 Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Canada. Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Total Housing Starts, Canada, Provinces and Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2015 (units). would double in Canada in approximately 50 years from today, well past mid-century.', 'would double in Canada in approximately 50 years from today, well past mid-century. New construction has been addressed in the previous sections, but the dominating remaining building stock could mostly remain standing in 2050. According to the IEA, close to 75% of the OECD countries building stock from 2010 will still be standing in 2050. Therefore, new building energy code regulations on their own will not be enough to achieve significant GHG emissions reductions from by 2050 and additional efforts will be needed to address existing buildings. The same is true in the industrial and commercial building subsectors. Making existing buildings more energy-efficient through retrofitting is an important step towards reducing GHG emissions reductions in Canada. Retrofitting requires investments, especially in the case of deep retrofits where significant parts of the building must be refurbished.', 'Retrofitting requires investments, especially in the case of deep retrofits where significant parts of the building must be refurbished. Different retrofit rates are found around the world depending on type of buildings, climate and costs. For example, EU member countries have an energy savings retrofit target rate of 3%/year for government owned buildings.74 Similarly, Germany has a target of thermal retrofitting 2% of total residential buildings per year.75 Energy management practices, including energy benchmarking, audits, and on-going building optimisation can help generate better understanding of buildings energy usage and costs, identify areas of opportunities, and make improvements where and when necessary.', 'For example, EU member countries have an energy savings retrofit target rate of 3%/year for government owned buildings.74 Similarly, Germany has a target of thermal retrofitting 2% of total residential buildings per year.75 Energy management practices, including energy benchmarking, audits, and on-going building optimisation can help generate better understanding of buildings energy usage and costs, identify areas of opportunities, and make improvements where and when necessary. They can also provide green solutions for systems that are embedded in the building and may be harder or more costly 4.2.7 Smarter, more sustainable cities are key to a prosperous future Urban planning and design will be key to making building sites and designs work together to enable lower GHG solutions.', 'They can also provide green solutions for systems that are embedded in the building and may be harder or more costly 4.2.7 Smarter, more sustainable cities are key to a prosperous future Urban planning and design will be key to making building sites and designs work together to enable lower GHG solutions. In a low-GHG economy, for example, communities should be making effective use of local energy sources ranging from on-site renewable energy to waste heat and organic waste, allowing optimal use of clean energy grids. District energy networks will distribute thermal energy for 74 Official Journal of the European Union, Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency Amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and Repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC.', 'District energy networks will distribute thermal energy for 74 Official Journal of the European Union, Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency Amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and Repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC. 75 Germany Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Germany’s New Energy Policy Heading Towards 2050 with Secure, Affordable and Environmentally Sound Energy. 76 Natural Resources Canada. Commissioning Guide for New Buildings.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 45 heating and cooling, while smart electrical grids manage local energy supply and demand. Energy storage systems could help to balance variations in supply and demand for heating, cooling and power while local industrial, commercial, and agricultural enterprises approach energy in an integrated way.', 'Energy storage systems could help to balance variations in supply and demand for heating, cooling and power while local industrial, commercial, and agricultural enterprises approach energy in an integrated way. Finally, businesses could take advantage of waste heat, use renewable fuels, and capitalise on opportunities as energy producers.777879 77 Government of Canada, Shrinking the Environmental Footprint – Beginning With Government. 78 The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Green Value. 79 Financial Post, How the Pentagon is Waging America’s Wars Using Renewable Energy. LOW EMISSIONS OPERATIONS AND GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT Governments have an important leadership role to play in the transition to a low-carbon economy given the size of their operations. By implementing ambitious policies, federal, provincial and territorial governments can lead by example on many aspects of the low-carbon transition.', 'By implementing ambitious policies, federal, provincial and territorial governments can lead by example on many aspects of the low-carbon transition. Canada’s Federal Sustainable Development Strategy has developed objectives for greening government operations.77 The federal government has adopted a target to reduce emissions by 40% from 2005 levels by 2030, with the aspiration to achieve it earlier, potentially by 2025. Furthermore, the government has committed for all operations run by Public Services and Procurement Canada to use 100% of their electricity purchased from clean power, and to significantly increase the energy efficiency of federal buildings, with the goal of cutting emissions almost in half. Several provinces, such as British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario, have also adopted targets to reduce emissions or to achieve carbon neutral operations.', 'Several provinces, such as British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario, have also adopted targets to reduce emissions or to achieve carbon neutral operations. Governments can lead the way in many areas, such as green procurement, green buildings, energy efficiency measures, and other green investments. New government buildings could require a certain type of environmental certification, as green buildings are generally recognised to have a positive effect on the asset value.78 For older buildings, the use of deep retrofits would help to substantially reduce energy costs and GHG emissions. The use of energy performance measurement could help to better understand and improve energy use. Governments could also encourage the use of public and active transportation as well as flexible working arrangements such as telework.', 'Governments could also encourage the use of public and active transportation as well as flexible working arrangements such as telework. Green procurement is one way in which the government can reduce its environmental footprint and increase domestic demand for clean technologies and other environmentally preferable goods and services. For example, the federal government’s Policy on Green Procurement targets specific environmental outcomes where procurement can effectively be used to mitigate the impact of environmental issues, such as climate change. Allowing climate considerations to be streamlined into the procurement process, such as the disclosure of climate performance, could more accurately benchmark and compare different product and services. The purchasing power of governments could also be used to support the development of green technologies.', 'The purchasing power of governments could also be used to support the development of green technologies. Governments could also help to accelerate the adoption of certain green products such as electric vehicles with charging stations at work locations. In some sectors, there are opportunities to take a more important role in greening their operations. The defense sector is increasingly recognising the strategic importance of having alternative sources of power and the potential cost savings. The Pentagon has become the second largest purchaser of long-term renewable electricity contracts in the U.S., according to Bloomberg data.79 Low-carbon opportunities exist for Department of National Defense and other government departments that have large fleets. It is important that governments explore best practices on greening government operations by learning from other jurisdictions.', 'It is important that governments explore best practices on greening government operations by learning from other jurisdictions. This is important for developing knowledge and raising ambition over time in order to be innovative and creative in finding solutions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KEY MESSAGES: • National circumstances represent challenges for the decarbonisation of Canadian industrial sectors. • Electrification of industrial operations offers emissions reduction potential. • Cogeneration reduces waste heat and generates thermal and electric energy, thereby producing environmental and economic benefits. • Other improvements in energy efficiency through innovative ways of optimising energy production and consumption will be essential. • Carbon capture and storage, fuel switching to non-emitting fuels, and recycling can also reduce emissions. These technologies continue to improve.', '• Carbon capture and storage, fuel switching to non-emitting fuels, and recycling can also reduce emissions. These technologies continue to improve. • Nevertheless, there remain challenges in reducing emissions from some sectors, for which innovation and research and development will be necessary. 4.3.1 National circumstances challenge the decarbonisation of Canadian industrial sectors Historically, Canada has benefited from an internationally competitive economy based on low- cost natural resources and accompanying industrial activities. These activities face significant challenges to decarbonisation: • Canada’s energy sector is an important driver of the Canadian economy. Canada’s exports of energy, extracted resources, and agricultural commodities are significant contributors to the gross domestic product. Also, Canada is a net energy exporter. It is the world’s fourth largest exporter of crude oil and fifth largest exporter of natural gas.', 'It is the world’s fourth largest exporter of crude oil and fifth largest exporter of natural gas. • Canada’s oil and gas sector is GHG intensive due to the energy required in the primary extraction of fossil fuel and other natural resources. • Industries are concentrated in particular areas of the country, making distributional impacts of abatement policies a particular concern. Regional cooperation and progressive mitigation policies will be key to ensure that decarbonisation efforts do not disproportionally affect certain regions. • Over 75% of Canada’s total industrial energy use is consumed in the mining, pulp and paper, iron and steel, cement, smelting and refining, 80 National Research Council Canada, Revolutionizing Canada’s Mining Industry with Electric Vehicles. AN ELECTRIFICATION SUCCESS STORY Mining vehicles typically require energy-dense fuels to move and lift heavy loads.', 'AN ELECTRIFICATION SUCCESS STORY Mining vehicles typically require energy-dense fuels to move and lift heavy loads. However, in 2008, SBC Case Industries, PapaBravo’s parent company, initiated an R&D project to develop electric vehicles for use in potash mines. Later, PapaBravo developed a business plan based on R&D technology with the support of the National Research Council’s Industrial Research Assistance Program. The company was able to develop many vehicles such as the Marmot-EV and a second- generation truck able to function in environments other than potash mines. The vehicles have a range of about 120 kilometres and can recharge in less than an hour.', 'The vehicles have a range of about 120 kilometres and can recharge in less than an hour. The Saskatoon firm PM&P which acquired PapaBravo in 2015 is now a global competitor in electric mining vehicles and is doing business in Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.80CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 47 chemicals, and petroleum refining sectors. The greatest portion of energy (about 70%) is used for heating purposes such as thermal treatment (mainly in heaters and furnaces), drying, and steam generation. These emissions are more challenging to reduce than in other sectors due to the high heat requirements of certain processes. Technology solutions exist, often with deep GHG reduction potential, however market barriers to adoption are such that significant investments may be required to achieve large- scale commercial uptake.', 'Technology solutions exist, often with deep GHG reduction potential, however market barriers to adoption are such that significant investments may be required to achieve large- scale commercial uptake. 4.3.2 Electrification of industrial operations offers emissions reduction potential Many Canadian industries are already electrifying their operations or discovering other innovative ways to lower GHG emissions. For example, motor systems such as pumps, fans, conveyers, and compressors are almost entirely powered by electricity in some sectors. Electrified operations can be set for production during off-peak electricity periods to benefit from lower electricity prices. Specific sub- sectors, such as the aluminium industry, where smelting processes are highly energy intensive, are already relying on non-emitting electricity to fulfil their power demands. The energy intensity of aluminium plants has also decreased over time, leading to reduced electricity demand per unit of output.', 'The energy intensity of aluminium plants has also decreased over time, leading to reduced electricity demand per unit of output. In the iron and steel sector, some Canadian plants operate with electric arc furnaces that produce steel from recycled metal and require significantly less energy compared to conventional processes using ore. In the glass industry, electric glass melting tanks can be used, while in the pulp and paper industry, electricity can be used for mechanical pulping. In the mining sector, hybrid diesel-electric equipment could be used in underground mines and fully electric vehicles could further reduce emissions and diminish needs for ventilation. In Canada’s oil sands, extracting and upgrading bitumen is an energy-intensive process where large amounts of thermal energy and electricity are used.', 'In Canada’s oil sands, extracting and upgrading bitumen is an energy-intensive process where large amounts of thermal energy and electricity are used. Further electrification of processes, including the electrification of heat (for example electro-thermal or radio frequency electromagnetic heating), provides an avenue to decarbonisation, but requires a clean electricity source. The adoption of electric steam generators to replace natural-gas fired steam generators could reduce direct emissions. Electric steam generators use electric resistance elements to produce steam and heat, and the conversion of electricity into thermal energy is very efficient. It is technically possible for the separation of bitumen, hydrogen production for upgrading, and refining and pipelining operations to use electricity instead of natural gas.', 'It is technically possible for the separation of bitumen, hydrogen production for upgrading, and refining and pipelining operations to use electricity instead of natural gas. A study by the Canadian Energy Research Institute has looked at scenarios for the electrification of oil sands production using hydropower and increased electricity transmission capacity. Overall, the study finds that the use of hydropower could potentially reduce the GHG emissions of oil sands operations by 13-16%. Reductions are possible from a range of technologies that could require significant investment in infrastructure as well as the application of new technologies. The potential for reductions could be even higher with the development of in-situ extraction using electricity for heating purposes, but many of these technologies are still under development.', 'The potential for reductions could be even higher with the development of in-situ extraction using electricity for heating purposes, but many of these technologies are still under development. In general, several options exist to decarbonise heavy industry, but significant R&D, piloting, and commercialisation support are required to allow their penetration. 4.3.3 Cogeneration reduces waste heat and generates thermal and electric energy, thereby producing environmental and economic benefits. Cogeneration, also called combined heat and power (CHP), produces electrical and thermal energy simultaneously by using a single fuel for heating or cooling applications. Cogeneration allows for gains in energy efficiency as it can use waste from one process as an energy input into another. The main types of cogeneration systems include steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, microturbines, combined cycle gas turbines and organic rankine cycles.', 'The main types of cogeneration systems include steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, microturbines, combined cycle gas turbines and organic rankine cycles. Cogeneration requires maximizing electricity production, while matching thermal load requirements to the extent possible in terms of quantity and energy quality.81 The energy savings from cogeneration relative to standalone generation range from 5% to 35%. In Canada, about 7% of electricity generation is produced from cogeneration. Most energy generated from cogeneration (both electric and thermal) is from the utility, paper and wood products, and oil and gas extraction sectors. Growth in cogeneration occurred during two periods. In the 81 Canadian Industrial Energy End-Use Data and Analysis Centre, Cogeneration Facilities in Canada 2014, p. 7.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1970s cogeneration capacity increased in response to a significant increase in energy prices.', 'In the 81 Canadian Industrial Energy End-Use Data and Analysis Centre, Cogeneration Facilities in Canada 2014, p. 7.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1970s cogeneration capacity increased in response to a significant increase in energy prices. The second period of growth occurred in the 1990s as a response to many socio-economic factors including increasing cost-effectiveness and full retail access to the electricity grid in Alberta. Cogeneration has the potential to achieve significant energy savings, particularly in the oil sands sector, as the extraction and upgrading processes require large amounts of heat and steam.', 'Cogeneration has the potential to achieve significant energy savings, particularly in the oil sands sector, as the extraction and upgrading processes require large amounts of heat and steam. In order to fully maximise the potential of cogeneration to reduce GHG emissions, the adoption of certain technologies may be necessary, including those that optimise load matching, improve operations in harsh environments, and allow for biomass gasification, advanced power cycles, and high-penetration of renewables into fossil thermal cycles (e.g., solar thermal pre-heating of the inlet air to gas turbines). 4.3.4 Other improvements in energy efficiency through innovative ways of optimising energy production and consumption will be essential Energy efficiency measures that improve processes and reduce heat loss can be implemented across sectors using current best available technologies. Heat management practices can improve heat production and heat transfer to and within process users.', 'Heat management practices can improve heat production and heat transfer to and within process users. Innovative waste heat recovery technologies can help reduce energy consumption, production costs, and emissions in industrial facilities. Energy efficiency measures include process optimisation; operation and control improvement; waste heat recovery and upgrading for heat, cold, or power production; and new technology and process development. Examples of process optimisation include adopting proper motor sizes to optimise power use, and using adjustable-speed drives. Frequent and proper maintenance and repair can also improve energy efficiency of equipment. In some industries, there are potential solutions which involve entirely changing production processes to reduce energy requirements.', 'In some industries, there are potential solutions which involve entirely changing production processes to reduce energy requirements. For example, the pulp and paper industry can use chemical additives to reduce the heat required to dry paper.82 For the oil and gas sector, energy efficiency and energy use optimisation can amplify the emissions abatement potential of electrification and other options. For example, deploying energy management systems to oil and gas facilities and 82 Energy Economics, Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Conventional Multi-Cylinder Dryers in the Paper Industry, p.35. improving energy efficiency through programs and standards could help drive significant reductions in the demand for energy. Although electrification is key, the recovery and use of waste heat should be pursued across subsectors concurrently.', 'Although electrification is key, the recovery and use of waste heat should be pursued across subsectors concurrently. Other innovative ideas that could support energy use optimisation include the development of industrial eco-parks which facilitate the exchange of excess energy and industrial by-products, and minimise transportation requirements between facilities. In oil sands operations, the adoption of innovative low-carbon extraction processes offers potential GHG emission reductions. Advanced technologies, such as solvent and electrothermal-based extraction methods for in situ, or direct contact steam generation, are at a stage of development whereby they offer a substantial opportunity to reduce emissions. These innovations could offer up to 50% GHG emissions reductions per barrel produced and could prove pivotal in delivering economically and environmentally competitive fossil fuel supplies to a decarbonising global market.', 'These innovations could offer up to 50% GHG emissions reductions per barrel produced and could prove pivotal in delivering economically and environmentally competitive fossil fuel supplies to a decarbonising global market. Vacuum-insulated tubes can also be used to save heat in the process of moving the steam down the well and could accelerate the pre-heating process of the well significantly.83 Further, some of these innovative extraction techniques leave the heavier contents of the bitumen in the reservoir, meaning less diluent is needed in pipelines. Not having to store these heavier contents, for which there are fewer markets, also reduces operating costs and GHG emissions. In the mining industry, ventilation-on-demand can be adopted to reduce the energy consumption required to ventilate underground metal mines.', 'In the mining industry, ventilation-on-demand can be adopted to reduce the energy consumption required to ventilate underground metal mines. For example, a medium-size nickel mine with diesel equipment and 10 operating levels emits about 10,000 tonnes of CO annually. Estimated energy cost savings from the adoption of ventilation on demand technology can reach 50% depending on the size of the mine. 4.3.5 Carbon capture and storage, fuel switching to non-emitting fuels, and recycling can also reduce emissions. These technologies continue to improve Beyond the electricity sector, carbon capture and storage (CCS) also has potential in the oil and gas, iron and steel, pulp and paper, chemical, and cement sectors. CCS is currently being used to capture emissions from steam methane reformers.', 'CCS is currently being used to capture emissions from steam methane reformers. The Shell Quest Project, which has been in operation since November 2015, captures and 83 Council of Canadian Academies, Technology and Policy Options for a Low-Emission Energy System in Canada, p. 92.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 49 sequesters 1 million tonnes of CO per year from the Shell Scotford steam methane reformers. The Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (ACTL), a project under development, is a 240 km pipeline that will capture and use CO emissions for enhanced oil recovery from the facilities in the Alberta Industrial Heartland. The initial industrial facilities that will capture and supply CO are Agrium Inc. and the Sturgeon Refinery. The ACTL will have the capacity to permanently store about 14.6 million tonnes of CO annually as of 2017.', 'The ACTL will have the capacity to permanently store about 14.6 million tonnes of CO annually as of 2017. Some barriers for deployment of CCS technology in these sectors remain, such as lack of economic capture technology and infrastructure to connect carbon source with sequestration formations. This will require significant investments and pipeline network construction. In the upstream oil and gas sector, relevant carbon capture technology for in-situ boilers and cogeneration units could be available within a 10 to 15 year timeframe. However, 84 Natural Resources Canada, Low Carbon Fuel Demonstration Pilot Plant. more technological advances would be required to make CCS economic. With the knowledge and technological advancements spurred from projects currently underway, the cost of CCS could go down in the future and be applied in other industrial sectors.', 'With the knowledge and technological advancements spurred from projects currently underway, the cost of CCS could go down in the future and be applied in other industrial sectors. Fuel-switching options are also available to industrial sectors. As mentioned previously, the oil and gas sector can use solvents instead of natural gas in SAGD applications, despite being relatively expensive at the moment. Using electricity instead of fossil fuels is also a possibility. Finally, biomass waste can be used by many sectors, including oil and gas and cement, to replace more carbon intensive energies. The recycling of materials in many industrial sectors is another option to reduce GHG emissions as it reduces needs for energy, raw materials, and landfill space.', 'The recycling of materials in many industrial sectors is another option to reduce GHG emissions as it reduces needs for energy, raw materials, and landfill space. For example, in the pulp and paper sector, recovered paper can be recycled through chemical pulping instead of producing paper from new feedstocks. THE USE OF BIOMASS FOR CEMENT MANUFACTURING Bioenergy as a replacement for fossil fuels in cement making is currently at the commercial demonstration phase in Canada. For example, the Lafarge plant in Bath, Ontario, was funded under the ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative to demonstrate a 10% coal-to-biomass fuel switching project. This includes processing the raw materials into a useful form, developing and installing an injection system, running fuel trials, and compiling the results of the carbon savings resulting from this process.', 'This includes processing the raw materials into a useful form, developing and installing an injection system, running fuel trials, and compiling the results of the carbon savings resulting from this process. The results of these trials will inform the permanent use of low-carbon fuels at the Bath plant and could be used by other companies in the cement industry.84CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Another example is the reuse of recycled plastic in the chemical and petrochemical sector as a substitute to polymer based inputs. Plastic waste that cannot be recycled can be used as an energy input - In the iron and steel sector it can be burned as a replacement for coal or coke – or as a feedstock in other sectors.', 'Plastic waste that cannot be recycled can be used as an energy input - In the iron and steel sector it can be burned as a replacement for coal or coke – or as a feedstock in other sectors. The use of recycled scrap metal materials to produce iron and steel can also lead to emission reductions as producing iron and steel from iron ore requires more energy than from scrap.85 Figure 11 (below) illustrates the world GHG reduction potential estimated by the IEA from four types of industrial GHG emissions reductions technologies for IEA’s low-demand and high-demand scenarios. According to the IEA, energy efficiency improvements, switching to low-carbon fuels, increased recycling, and new innovative processes such as CCS will all be needed to decarbonise large industrial emitters.', 'According to the IEA, energy efficiency improvements, switching to low-carbon fuels, increased recycling, and new innovative processes such as CCS will all be needed to decarbonise large industrial emitters. 4.3.6 Nevertheless, there remain challenges in reducing emissions from some sectors, for which innovation and research and development will be necessary Emissions-intensive industrial sectors often face challenges in reducing GHG emissions as many of their emission sources are difficult to address through cost-effective electrification, energy efficiency, or fuel- switching. These challenges are compounded as many industries also face competitive pressures due to their exposure to international trade competition, and their 85 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Transitions for Industry. low profit margins.', 'These challenges are compounded as many industries also face competitive pressures due to their exposure to international trade competition, and their 85 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Transitions for Industry. low profit margins. Bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, the threat of substitutes and new entrants, and the level of rivalry between competitors are some of the factors that determine how competitive industries are in global markets. Many companies face global prices for their outputs, meaning that they must contain their production costs in order to remain competitive. Canadian oil producers operate in a global market and they are essentially price takers for their outputs, which requires them to look at ways of reducing their production and transportation costs in order to remain competitive.', 'Canadian oil producers operate in a global market and they are essentially price takers for their outputs, which requires them to look at ways of reducing their production and transportation costs in order to remain competitive. Moreover, these companies may face additional challenges associated with decreasing global demand for their goods in the future as governments act to mitigate GHG emissions. Canadian natural gas producers are currently competing in a continental market. In the future, with additional liquefied natural gas plants expected to come online, the global natural gas market is expected to be increasingly integrated. Innovation in these sectors is likely to yield significant benefits to companies that can improve processes and technologies to reduce emissions.', 'Innovation in these sectors is likely to yield significant benefits to companies that can improve processes and technologies to reduce emissions. Government and private sector funding will be required for further research and development to promote technology innovations in many strategic areas pertaining to industrial emissions. These include CCS technologies to reduce costs and improve efficiency, industrial efficiency improvements, fuel switching to bioenergy and the conversion of biomass into bio-based products and bioenergy, technologies to address process emissions, and enhanced recycling capabilities. Figure 11: World reduction potential from existing technologies for large industrial emitters Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2015CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 51 5 Non-Carbon Dioxide Emissions KEY MESSAGES: • Non-carbon dioxide climate warming emissions include short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and nitrous oxide, a long-lived GHG.', 'Figure 11: World reduction potential from existing technologies for large industrial emitters Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2015CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 51 5 Non-Carbon Dioxide Emissions KEY MESSAGES: • Non-carbon dioxide climate warming emissions include short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and nitrous oxide, a long-lived GHG. Non- carbon dioxide emissions have significantly greater warming effects per tonne than carbon dioxide. • The only way to meet the 1.5 to 2°C temperature goal encompassed in the Paris Agreement is to take early global action on carbon dioxide and short-lived non-carbon dioxide emissions together. • Reducing short lived climate pollutants has considerable benefits beyond those that are climate related, such as improving air quality, human health, and environmental and ecosystem outcomes.', '• Reducing short lived climate pollutants has considerable benefits beyond those that are climate related, such as improving air quality, human health, and environmental and ecosystem outcomes. • Current technology and know-how has the potential to significantly reduce non-carbon dioxide emissions, often helping to slow the rate of near-term warming. 5.1 Non-carbon dioxide climate warming emissions include emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and nitrous oxide, a long-lived GHG. Non-carbon dioxide emissions have significantly greater warming effects per tonne than carbon dioxide. Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants. They have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes compared to longer-lived GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO ), and have a warming impact on the climate.', 'They have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes compared to longer-lived GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO ), and have a warming impact on the climate. SLCPs include methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and ground-level ozone, as well as black carbon, a component of particulate matter. Black carbon is also an air pollutant, resulting from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Ground-level ozone is also an air pollutant and key contributor to smog, which is associated with adverse impacts on human and ecosystem health. Nitrous oxide is a long-lived GHG. Figure 12 below illustrates Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO equivalency where non- CO emissions account for around 21% of total emissions.', 'Figure 12 below illustrates Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO equivalency where non- CO emissions account for around 21% of total emissions. Methane and nitrous oxide are the two main non-CO GHGs emitted and originate mostly from fossil fuel related activities, livestock farming, and industrial processes. Although HFC emissions are not currently a significant contributor to total GHG emissions in Canada, in the absence of the recent phase-down amendment to the Montreal Protocol, they were projected to more than triple between 2013 and 2030. Methane emissions, which account for 15% of total GHG emissions in Canada,86 are significant contributors to climate impacts. In addition, methane contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone.', 'In addition, methane contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone. The oil and gas sector accounted for 44% of Canada’s methane emissions in 2014, largely from oil and natural gas fugitive sources, including venting . The remainder of Canada’s methane emissions arises largely from agriculture and solid waste disposal. 86 The GHG estimate of 108 Mt for methane (15% of total Canadian GHG emissions) uses a global warming potential of 25 consistent with the IPCC fourth assessment report.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Nitrous oxide emissions account for 5% of total Canadian GHG emissions. The burning of fossil fuels results in the oxidization of the nitrogen contained in the fuel and the air creates nitrous oxide emissions.', 'The burning of fossil fuels results in the oxidization of the nitrogen contained in the fuel and the air creates nitrous oxide emissions. These emissions come mainly from coal-fired power plants as well as cars and trucks. Industrial processes, particularly those involved in the production of nitric and adipic acid, also cause nitrous oxide emissions through the oxidization of nitrogen compounds. Over 70% of total nitrous oxide emissions emitted in Canada are from the agricultural sector, mainly from crop and animal production. In crop production, nitrous oxide emissions arise mostly from the use of synthetic fertilizers where the addition of nitrogen to soils helps the nutrient absorption of plants and allows bacteria contained in the soil to produce extra energy to grow. Microbial processes involved in these activities then produce releases of nitrous oxide emissions.', 'Microbial processes involved in these activities then produce releases of nitrous oxide emissions. HFCs are synthesized chemicals used as replacements for ozone-depleting substances. Internationally, atmospheric observations show that the volume of HFCs in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly, about 10 to 15% per year. To address concerns regarding an estimated increase in HFC emissions to 10% or more of total CO equivalent emissions by 2050, the 197 Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed to an amendment to phase-down the use and production of HFCs on October 15th, 2016. The “Kigali Amendment” could help to avoid almost 0.5oC of global warming by the end of the century.', 'The “Kigali Amendment” could help to avoid almost 0.5oC of global warming by the end of the century. Canada was a strong supporter of the HFC Amendment and will continue to play a leadership role in implementing the Montreal Protocol, including the HFC amendment, notably by hosting the 29th Meeting of the Parties in 2017, which marks the Montreal Protocol’s 30th anniversary. The potency of HFCs varies by species and ranges from <1 to 10,800 times that of CO over a 20- year period, and <1 to 12,400 that of CO over a 100-year period.87 HFCs are used in the same applications which ozone-depleting substances have been used.', 'The potency of HFCs varies by species and ranges from <1 to 10,800 times that of CO over a 20- year period, and <1 to 12,400 that of CO over a 100-year period.87 HFCs are used in the same applications which ozone-depleting substances have been used. In Canada, HFC use is mainly confined to the following sectors: insulating foam products (50%), refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment in buildings and industrial operations (30%), air-conditioning in vehicles (13%), and aerosols (7%). Since HFCs are being used as replacements for ozone depleting substances, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are still in the process of being eliminated, their use and emissions are increasing as HCFCs are being phased out.', 'Since HFCs are being used as replacements for ozone depleting substances, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are still in the process of being eliminated, their use and emissions are increasing as HCFCs are being phased out. In addition, in the absence of the recent phase-down amendment to the Montreal Protocol, HFC emissions would be expected to increase because of greater demand for refrigeration and air conditioning throughout the economy. According to Canada’s black carbon emissions inventory, 43 kt of black carbon were emitted = in 2014. Black carbon emissions are estimated to be the third largest contributor to current global warming, after CO and methane. Black carbon 87 Myrhe et al., Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing.', 'Black carbon 87 Myrhe et al., Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. Figure 12: Canada’s Emissions Breakdown by Greenhouse Gas (2014) Source: National Inventory Report 1990-2014: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada – Executive Summary, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2016.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 53 influences the climate in multiple ways: by directly heating surrounding air when suspended in the atmosphere; by reducing the reflectivity of the earth’s surface when deposited, an effect particularly strong over snow and ice; and through additional indirect effects related to interaction with clouds. Black carbon is estimated to be 3,200 (270 to 6,200) times more potent a warming agent than CO over a 20-year period.88 Reducing uncertainties related to quantifying the overall warming effects of black carbon represents an active area of scientific research internationally.', 'Black carbon is estimated to be 3,200 (270 to 6,200) times more potent a warming agent than CO over a 20-year period.88 Reducing uncertainties related to quantifying the overall warming effects of black carbon represents an active area of scientific research internationally. Black carbon also has significant effects on human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular effects, as well as premature death. The transportation sector accounts for 62% of Canada’s black carbon emissions, followed by residential wood-burning, accounting for about 27% of national emissions. Ozone is not directly emitted, but forms in the atmosphere as a product of precursor gases including nitrogen oxides (NO X ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - including methane - and carbon monoxide (CO). Ground-level ozone is a powerful GHG, a significant contributor to current warming, and a key component of smog.', 'Ground-level ozone is a powerful GHG, a significant contributor to current warming, and a key component of smog. It has 88 GWP20 from Bond et al. (2013). Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. The use of the GWP here is to help communicate the potential contribution of black carbon mitigation to reducing near-term warming. Given the very different ways black carbon and CO influence climate and their vastly different lifetimes in the atmosphere, there is not yet scientific consensus on a metric to quantify black carbon relative to CO . Further research to reduce uncertainties and develop more appropriate metrics is needed. deleterious effects on human health, damages plants, and affects agricultural crop production.', 'deleterious effects on human health, damages plants, and affects agricultural crop production. In Canada, the transportation and oil and gas sectors are key sources of ozone precursors. Residential wood combustion is also a significant source of CO emissions. 5.2 The only way to meet the 1.5 to 2°C temperature goal encompassed in the Paris Agreement is to take early global action on carbon dioxide and non-carbon dioxide emissions together. Recent scientific studies indicate that the only way to meet temperature commitments in the Paris Agreement is to take early global action on CO and SLCPs, together. The United Nations Environmental Program’s (UNEP) Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone concludes that reducing black carbon and tropospheric ozone now will slow the rate of climate change within the first half of this century.', 'The United Nations Environmental Program’s (UNEP) Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone concludes that reducing black carbon and tropospheric ozone now will slow the rate of climate change within the first half of this century. The UNEP assessment notes that deep and immediate CO reductions are required to limit long-term warming, and this cannot be achieved by addressing short-lived climate forcers alone.', 'The UNEP assessment notes that deep and immediate CO reductions are required to limit long-term warming, and this cannot be achieved by addressing short-lived climate forcers alone. However, it goes on to note that implementation of measures on black carbon and methane globally by 2030 could reduce future global warming by 0.5˚C by 2050 and by as much as 0.7˚C in the Arctic by 2040, and together with early action on CO , this is the only Figure 13: Global Temperature Projections Relative to 1890-1910 averages Source: UNEP Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, Summary for Policy Makers Note: Bars on the right show estimated ranges for 2070.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY way to limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2˚C (Figure 13).', 'However, it goes on to note that implementation of measures on black carbon and methane globally by 2030 could reduce future global warming by 0.5˚C by 2050 and by as much as 0.7˚C in the Arctic by 2040, and together with early action on CO , this is the only Figure 13: Global Temperature Projections Relative to 1890-1910 averages Source: UNEP Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, Summary for Policy Makers Note: Bars on the right show estimated ranges for 2070.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY way to limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2˚C (Figure 13). The expected climate benefits of such an approach are particularly relevant for Canada as an Arctic nation.', 'The expected climate benefits of such an approach are particularly relevant for Canada as an Arctic nation. In Canada, the Arctic warmed by 2.2°C between 1948 and 2013 resulting in significant impacts to local populations and sensitive ecosystems. Black carbon is of particular significance in the Arctic due to its additional warming effect when deposited onto snow or ice, which accelerates melting. 5.3 Reducing short lived climate pollutants has considerable benefits beyond those that are climate related, improving air quality and human and ecosystem health. Given that many SLCPs are also air pollutants, reducing emissions also provides a key opportunity to also improve air quality, generating local health benefits for Canadians and reducing impacts to ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Ground-level ozone, a potent GHG, has several other deleterious environmental effects.', 'Ground-level ozone, a potent GHG, has several other deleterious environmental effects. As a key component of smog, ozone leads to significant human health impacts such as respiratory and cardiac problems. These health problems result in significant losses to Canada’s economy through hospital visits and lost productivity. Ground-level ozone also influences crop yield by interfering with the ability of sensitive plants to produce and store food, subsequently increasing their vulnerability to certain diseases, insects, harsh weather, and other pollutants. These negative impacts may translate into reduced crop yields and, consequently, lower sales revenue for crop producers. In addition, ground-level ozone may increase the risk of illness or premature death within sensitive wildlife or livestock populations, potentially resulting in significant treatment costs or economic losses for the agri-food industry.', 'In addition, ground-level ozone may increase the risk of illness or premature death within sensitive wildlife or livestock populations, potentially resulting in significant treatment costs or economic losses for the agri-food industry. Thus, reducing emissions of ozone precursors, namely methane, VOCs, CO and NO X , can reduce mortality and morbidity rates in the Canadian population, improve quality of life, as well as increase economic productivity. Short-term and long-term exposure to PM , of which black carbon is a component, is also associated with a broad range of human health impacts, including respiratory and cardiovascular effects as well as premature death.', 'Short-term and long-term exposure to PM , of which black carbon is a component, is also associated with a broad range of human health impacts, including respiratory and cardiovascular effects as well as premature death. In its 2012 assessment of the health effects of black carbon, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that black carbon is a “carrier” of other pollutants, delivering them deep into the respiratory system, and further that a reduction in exposure to PM containing black carbon should lead to a reduction in the health effects associated with PM . 5.4 Current technology and know-how has the potential to significantly reduce non- carbon dioxide emissions, often helping to slow the rate of near-term warming. Many solutions exist to reduce important sources of non-CO emissions.', 'Many solutions exist to reduce important sources of non-CO emissions. In general, measures that help promote the transition towards cleaner energy sources will reduce both CO and SLCP emissions over the long term by reducing the use of fossil fuels. However, slowing the rate of near-term warming requires more targeted SLCP emissions reductions strategies, as many are emitted from a large number of small sources. Canada has made a number of recent significant commitments to advance SLCP mitigation priorities together with continental partners, under the Leaders’ Statement on a North American Climate, Clean Energy and Environment Partnership (NALS Statement), including the commitment to develop and implement a national methane strategy that will consider how to address methane from key sources. Most methane emissions from the oil and gas sector come from venting and fugitive emissions.', 'Most methane emissions from the oil and gas sector come from venting and fugitive emissions. These include venting from wells and batteries, fugitive equipment leaks, storage tanks, pneumatic devices, well completions, and compressors. Cost-effective technologies are readily available and tackling methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is one of the lowest cost reduction opportunities to achieve significant GHG reductions. Canada has committed to reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 40 to 45% below 2012 levels by 2025. To implement this commitment, Canada intends to publish proposed regulations to reduce venting and fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas sources by early 2017. Canada has also endorsed the World Bank’s Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative, which will support reductions in black carbon emissions resulting from routine flaring at oil production facilities.', 'Canada has also endorsed the World Bank’s Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative, which will support reductions in black carbon emissions resulting from routine flaring at oil production facilities. Canada has been consulting with provinces, territories, industry, non-governmental organizations and Indigenous peoples on the development of the federal regulatory approach.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 55 Accurately quantifying non-CO emissions is challenging, particularly fugitive emissions. This can be explained by the fact that methane leaks are often only detected and repaired sometime after they start. Another source of uncertainty relates to fugitives arising from the hydraulic fracturing process required to extract shale gas, a growing source of natural gas supply in Canada. As a result, current inventory techniques are likely underestimating fugitive emissions.', 'As a result, current inventory techniques are likely underestimating fugitive emissions. In response to this issue, many scientific initiatives have been initiated to better estimate these sources including research and development to estimate emissions such as undertaking atmospheric measurement campaigns, and new measurement technology such as infrared imagery.89 The use of both top-down and bottom- up estimates will support improved understanding of methane from oil and gas sources. Canada has committed to working with continental partners to enhance the effectiveness of emission inventories for methane emissions from the oil and gas sector. The March 10, 2016, Canada-U.S. Joint Statement recognizes the importance of improving the quantification of emissions. Canada is committed to working with continental partners to improve emission inventories of methane emissions from the oil and gas sector.', 'Canada is committed to working with continental partners to improve emission inventories of methane emissions from the oil and gas sector. In the waste sector, technology for landfill gas recovery and utilization is well established and readily available for both new and existing landfills. Depending on landfill age and access to infrastructure, landfill gas recovery and utilization can also be highly cost-effective. Under the NALS Statement, Canada has committed to take action to reduce emissions from landfills, and to implement voluntary measures to reduce and recover food waste. Technologies to reduce black carbon emissions from the transportation sector are also proven. Canada’s low sulphur content in fuel regulations enable the use and effective operation of vehicle and engine exhaust after-treatment systems, such as diesel particulate filters, which can nearly eliminate black carbon emissions.', 'Canada’s low sulphur content in fuel regulations enable the use and effective operation of vehicle and engine exhaust after-treatment systems, such as diesel particulate filters, which can nearly eliminate black carbon emissions. Transportation sector air pollutant regulations for on- and off-road vehicles and engines are helping to drive down black carbon emissions from this sector. 89 Glancy, R., Quantifying Fugitive Emission Factors from Unconventional Natural Gas Production Using IPCC Methodologies. Further reducing emissions from Canada’s largest sources of black carbon emissions, existing diesel vehicles and engines, and wood-burning appliances, will require targeted actions to address barriers related to long vehicle, engine and appliance lifetimes, and influencing the consumers that own many of these small, distributed sources to retrofit or replace them with cleaner technologies.', 'Further reducing emissions from Canada’s largest sources of black carbon emissions, existing diesel vehicles and engines, and wood-burning appliances, will require targeted actions to address barriers related to long vehicle, engine and appliance lifetimes, and influencing the consumers that own many of these small, distributed sources to retrofit or replace them with cleaner technologies. Measures to address ozone precursors are often part of air quality policies, driven primarily by human health concerns. Measures to reduce ozone precursors in the transportation sector also often reduce black carbon as a co-benefit. Ozone precursors from industrial sources should also be addressed. Adjusting fertilizer rates with plant needs, placing fertilizer near plant roots, applying fertilizer more frequently instead of only once, and using slow- release forms can limit nitrogen in soils and reduce nitrous oxide emission.', 'Adjusting fertilizer rates with plant needs, placing fertilizer near plant roots, applying fertilizer more frequently instead of only once, and using slow- release forms can limit nitrogen in soils and reduce nitrous oxide emission. In the same fashion, using manure more efficiently can also reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Other practices such as increased use of legumes as a nitrogen source, use of cover crops to remove excess available nitrogen, less use of summer fallow, and adjusting tillage intensity can also contribute to reducing emissions in the agriculture sector.90 These options can yield co- benefits such as reducing the cost of production (as less fertilizer is used), saving on the use of fossil fuels needed to produce fertilizers, and reducing the pollution resulting from nitrates, ammonia, and other nitrogen substances released in the environment.', 'Other practices such as increased use of legumes as a nitrogen source, use of cover crops to remove excess available nitrogen, less use of summer fallow, and adjusting tillage intensity can also contribute to reducing emissions in the agriculture sector.90 These options can yield co- benefits such as reducing the cost of production (as less fertilizer is used), saving on the use of fossil fuels needed to produce fertilizers, and reducing the pollution resulting from nitrates, ammonia, and other nitrogen substances released in the environment. In the industrial sector, adipic acid plants can use proven and commercially available technology using catalytic and thermal destruction techniques with reduction efficiencies ranging between 90% and 99%.', 'In the industrial sector, adipic acid plants can use proven and commercially available technology using catalytic and thermal destruction techniques with reduction efficiencies ranging between 90% and 99%. In nitric acid plants, the use of non-selective catalytic reduction and selective catalytic reduction is possible to reduce nitrous oxide emissions by as much as 90%.91 90 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Nitrous Oxide. 91 International Energy Agency. Abatement of other Greenhouse Gases – Nitrous Oxide.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Several Canadian companies and end users have developed and implemented innovative technologies to transition from current HFC technologies, and have an opportunity to take a lead role in the transition to non-HFC technologies.', 'Abatement of other Greenhouse Gases – Nitrous Oxide.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Several Canadian companies and end users have developed and implemented innovative technologies to transition from current HFC technologies, and have an opportunity to take a lead role in the transition to non-HFC technologies. For instance, some Canadian supermarkets are converting their refrigeration systems to enable the use of refrigerants with very low global warming potentials, that are more energy efficient, and yield significant cost savings. For example, Sobeys has converted over 70 of its stores to climate-friendly, home-grown innovative technologies and plans to extend such conversions to its 1,300 stores across the country. Meanwhile, major automobile manufacturers operating in Canada have started to manufacture new models with air conditioners using climate- friendly alternatives instead of HFCs.', 'Meanwhile, major automobile manufacturers operating in Canada have started to manufacture new models with air conditioners using climate- friendly alternatives instead of HFCs. Those actions are also helping to increase energy efficiency. For example, for some applications, replacing HFCs with climate-friendly refrigerants and technologies can improve energy efficiency by up to 50%. The Government of Canada plans to publish proposed regulatory measures to phase down HFCs in Canada, including prohibitions on the manufacture and import of products and equipment containing or designing to contain HFCs by the end of 2016.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 57 KEY MESSAGES: • The Paris Agreement highlights the critical role that forests play in achieving the global net-zero emissions objective in the second half of the century.', 'The Government of Canada plans to publish proposed regulatory measures to phase down HFCs in Canada, including prohibitions on the manufacture and import of products and equipment containing or designing to contain HFCs by the end of 2016.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 57 KEY MESSAGES: • The Paris Agreement highlights the critical role that forests play in achieving the global net-zero emissions objective in the second half of the century. With its vast managed forest land, Canada has significant potential for long-term forest-based GHG mitigation. • Choices about mitigation strategies will be influenced by the slow-growing nature and high rate of natural disturbances in Canada’s forests. • Forest-related mitigation can involve either reducing or avoiding emissions, or enhancing carbon sequestration.', '• Forest-related mitigation can involve either reducing or avoiding emissions, or enhancing carbon sequestration. The potential becomes even clearer when impacts are assessed on a life-cycle basis. • A substantial reduction in emissions and increase in removals by 2050 is possible through measures such as changes in how forests are managed, greater domestic use of long-lived wood products, greater use of bioenergy from waste wood, and afforestation. • There are a number of emerging opportunities in which the forestry sector could contribute to mitigation outcomes that require further consideration. 6.1 The Paris Agreement highlights the critical role that forests play in achieving the global net-zero emissions objective in the second half of the century. With its vast forest land, Canada has significant potential for long-term forest-based GHG mitigation.', 'With its vast forest land, Canada has significant potential for long-term forest-based GHG mitigation. Forests play an important role in the carbon cycle by sequestering a significant amount of carbon, thereby reducing net CO emissions to the atmosphere. It is estimated that globally, forests offset the equivalent of about 24% of anthropogenic emissions from the atmosphere.92 As noted in the Paris Agreement, a balance between emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century is needed to ensure that global warming is limited to well below two degrees Celsius.93 It is therefore important to recognise that without actions to protect, conserve, and sustainably manage forests globally, it will not be possible to achieve the net-zero emissions required to reach this objective.', 'It is estimated that globally, forests offset the equivalent of about 24% of anthropogenic emissions from the atmosphere.92 As noted in the Paris Agreement, a balance between emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century is needed to ensure that global warming is limited to well below two degrees Celsius.93 It is therefore important to recognise that without actions to protect, conserve, and sustainably manage forests globally, it will not be possible to achieve the net-zero emissions required to reach this objective. Considering the vast size and economic impact of its forest, Canada has a responsibility to carefully consider the mitigation potential of its forest sector.', 'Considering the vast size and economic impact of its forest, Canada has a responsibility to carefully consider the mitigation potential of its forest sector. Canada’s forest is the third largest in the world, at 347.6 million hectares,94 and Canada’s forest industry contributes significantly to the economy as a major employer nationwide, with nominal GDP of $22.1 billion in 2015.95 By value, Canada is the world’s leading exporter of softwood lumber, newsprint and chemical wood pulp.96 Canada’s forward-looking forest-related mitigation actions can thus have a significant impact. Given their traditional relationship with forests, Indigenous peoples have an important role to play in planning and managing forest resources. In 2011, 70% of Indigenous 92 Smyth et al., Quantifying the biophysical climate change mitigation potential of Canada’s forest sector.', 'In 2011, 70% of Indigenous 92 Smyth et al., Quantifying the biophysical climate change mitigation potential of Canada’s forest sector. 93 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, Art. 4. 94 Canada’s National Forest Inventory Resources, Statistical Summaries for Canada: Forest Area. 95 Natural Resources Canada’s calculations based on Statistics Canada’s CANSIM table 379-0031. 96 Natural resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY communities were located in forested areas.97 Indigenous peoples account for 4.8% of the total forest sector workforce in Canada, compared to 3% of the total workforce.98 The participation of Indigenous people in land-use decisions and sustainable forest management will be a key component of the long-term contribution of Canada’s forests to climate change mitigation.', '96 Natural resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY communities were located in forested areas.97 Indigenous peoples account for 4.8% of the total forest sector workforce in Canada, compared to 3% of the total workforce.98 The participation of Indigenous people in land-use decisions and sustainable forest management will be a key component of the long-term contribution of Canada’s forests to climate change mitigation. 6.2 Choices about mitigation strategies will be influenced by the slow-growing nature and high rate of natural disturbances in Canada’s forests. A large proportion of Canada’s forests are old and slow-growing. When harvested, much of the biomass is converted to wood products that can store the carbon for a long period of time, depending on the product.', 'When harvested, much of the biomass is converted to wood products that can store the carbon for a long period of time, depending on the product. Harvest residues left in the forest decompose over time or may be burned to reduce the risk of wildfire. All forests harvested on public land must be regenerated according to policies and legislation on sustainable forest management,99 but it takes time for trees to grow in Canada’s cold, 97 Government of Canada, Indigenous Peoples and Forestry in Canada. 98 Natural Resources Canada, Aboriginal Participation in the Forest Sector. 99 Ibid, p.26. All areas of provincial Crown land that are harvested for timber are required to be regenerated using natural or artificial means (i.e., planting and seeding), or a mix of the two.', 'All areas of provincial Crown land that are harvested for timber are required to be regenerated using natural or artificial means (i.e., planting and seeding), or a mix of the two. Standards and regulations for achieving successful regeneration vary by province. northern conditions. Mitigation strategies that rely on forest growth to sequester carbon must therefore be implemented soon in order for significant mitigation benefits to be realised by 2050. The factors described above, as well as considerations related to natural disturbances such as forest fires and the impact of climate change on the forest, will influence the development of forest- related mitigation. Sustainable forest management already balances multiple objectives but now must also increasingly tackle the twin challenges of mitigation and adaptation.', 'Sustainable forest management already balances multiple objectives but now must also increasingly tackle the twin challenges of mitigation and adaptation. This underscores the importance of developing a long-term strategy that will build on actions planned in the short- to medium- term and ensure that forest-related mitigation can make a substantial contribution to the mid-century target. 6.3 Forest-related mitigation can involve either reducing or avoiding emissions, or enhancing carbon sequestration. The potential for forest-based mitigation becomes even clearer when impacts are assessed on a life-cycle basis.', 'The potential for forest-based mitigation becomes even clearer when impacts are assessed on a life-cycle basis. As noted in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, it is important to examine total mitigation effects across the forest and forest products system on a life-cycle basis, taking into account emissions and removals in the forest, storage of carbon in harvested woodCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 59 products (HWP), land-use changes, and avoided emissions in other sectors from the substitution of HWP or bioenergy for other more emissions-intensive products and fossil fuels.100 Assessment of mitigation strategies must take into consideration biophysical, technical and economic factors.', 'As noted in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, it is important to examine total mitigation effects across the forest and forest products system on a life-cycle basis, taking into account emissions and removals in the forest, storage of carbon in harvested woodCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 59 products (HWP), land-use changes, and avoided emissions in other sectors from the substitution of HWP or bioenergy for other more emissions-intensive products and fossil fuels.100 Assessment of mitigation strategies must take into consideration biophysical, technical and economic factors. The biophysical mitigation potential sets the boundaries around what is physically possible to achieve in the forest, while the technical and economic costs determine what is feasible to accomplish.101 6.4 Analyses show that a substantial reduction in emissions and increase in removals by 2050 is possible through measures such as changes in how we manage forests, greater domestic use of long-lived wood products, greater use of bioenergy from waste wood, and afforestation.', 'The biophysical mitigation potential sets the boundaries around what is physically possible to achieve in the forest, while the technical and economic costs determine what is feasible to accomplish.101 6.4 Analyses show that a substantial reduction in emissions and increase in removals by 2050 is possible through measures such as changes in how we manage forests, greater domestic use of long-lived wood products, greater use of bioenergy from waste wood, and afforestation. Realising forest-related GHG mitigation potential will require a focus on actions that help reduce emissions and increase the carbon stored in trees, soils, and forest products. In general, in the short- to medium-term, options that avoid emissions and maintain forest and HWP stocks may offer the largest mitigation results.', 'In general, in the short- to medium-term, options that avoid emissions and maintain forest and HWP stocks may offer the largest mitigation results. In the longer-term, significant mitigation can result from options that increase harvesting over time and substitute forest biomass for more emissions-intensive products and energy sources. In order to achieve longer-term mitigation, however, action is required in the near-term, even if mitigation benefits are not immediately visible. Moreover, in some cases, options that provide the greatest short-term results may not always provide the greatest mitigation in the long term. Therefore, when assessing forest-related mitigation options, it is important to consider the potential for a longer-term contribution to a low-carbon economy and not just the potential in the short and medium term.', 'Therefore, when assessing forest-related mitigation options, it is important to consider the potential for a longer-term contribution to a low-carbon economy and not just the potential in the short and medium term. Analyses show that the mitigation actions with the greatest potential for medium and long-term emissions reductions by mid-century in Canada include an integrated approach to changes in forest management practices, increased afforestation, increased use of harvested wood for long-lived products, and increased use of waste wood for bioenergy in place of fossil fuels. These findings are in line with the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC that indicate that sustainable 100 Nabuurs et al., Forestry: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.', 'These findings are in line with the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC that indicate that sustainable 100 Nabuurs et al., Forestry: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 101 Smyth et al., Quantifying the Biophysical Climate Change Mitigation Potential of Canada’s Forest Sector. forest management that produces harvested wood products annually while maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit in the long run.102 6.4.1 Change in Forest Management Practices Given that close to 90% of forests in Canada are owned by provinces and territories,103 these jurisdictions will need to identify and implement changes in forest management practices most relevant to their region.', 'forest management that produces harvested wood products annually while maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit in the long run.102 6.4.1 Change in Forest Management Practices Given that close to 90% of forests in Canada are owned by provinces and territories,103 these jurisdictions will need to identify and implement changes in forest management practices most relevant to their region. Mitigation actions must be balanced with other sustainable forest management priorities, but could include higher utilisation of residual and harvested wood, reduced burning of harvest residues in the forests, increased planting to rehabilitate forests after natural disturbances, and increased planting intensity to improve forest growth after harvest.', 'Mitigation actions must be balanced with other sustainable forest management priorities, but could include higher utilisation of residual and harvested wood, reduced burning of harvest residues in the forests, increased planting to rehabilitate forests after natural disturbances, and increased planting intensity to improve forest growth after harvest. In addition to their substantial long-term mitigation potential, changes in forest management practices could create co-benefits, including increased employment in the forest sector, reductions in black carbon emissions (where there is a reduction in slash burning), and increased adaptation efforts to improve the resilience of forests. A future vision for Canada could include an expanded forest area, however this would need to be achieved without negatively affecting food production. There has historically been relatively little afforestation in Canada,104 but this could provide substantial carbon sequestration in the long-term.', 'There has historically been relatively little afforestation in Canada,104 but this could provide substantial carbon sequestration in the long-term. Various levels of afforestation using mixes of fast-growing species and slower-growing species could be used. Because of the time it takes for trees to grow in Canada it would take time for afforestation activities to begin to show substantial carbon reductions. Investments in afforestation could lead to co-benefits such as the diversification of rural economies, reduced forest fragmentation and enhanced forest habitat for wildlife, improved soil quality and watershed protection. Plantations generate revenue over the long term through harvesting and re-growth which act as an incentive to long-term management by landowners.', 'Plantations generate revenue over the long term through harvesting and re-growth which act as an incentive to long-term management by landowners. Challenges in achieving large-scale afforestation include the need to ensure a sufficient 102 Nabuurs et al., Forestry: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 103 Natural Resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015, p. 50. 104 Natural Resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015, p. 23.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY supply of seedlings and to engage the interest of a sufficient number of landowners, as well as concerns about the resilience of some tree species to changes in climate and natural disturbances.', '104 Natural Resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015, p. 23.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY supply of seedlings and to engage the interest of a sufficient number of landowners, as well as concerns about the resilience of some tree species to changes in climate and natural disturbances. 6.4.3 Increased use of residual and harvested wood products for long-lived products Life cycle research demonstrates that increased use of sustainably produced wood products could lead to avoided GHG emissions in other sectors. In particular, the substitution of wood-based materials for more emissions-intensive materials (such as concrete and steel) for construction and for fossil fuel in heating and energy applications provides some of the highest mitigation opportunities.', 'In particular, the substitution of wood-based materials for more emissions-intensive materials (such as concrete and steel) for construction and for fossil fuel in heating and energy applications provides some of the highest mitigation opportunities. Canada can further invest in projects and activities that increase the use of harvested wood products in domestic construction such as tall and mid-rise residential buildings, commercial and industrial buildings, and bridges. The expansion of wood end-uses could also contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the Canadian forest sector by diversifying market opportunities and helping to maintain or create jobs. While the technologies to implement this option are already demonstrated, commercialised, and widely used in other countries, Canada will need to analyse its National Building Code to ensure that it promotes the use of wood products in building design.', 'While the technologies to implement this option are already demonstrated, commercialised, and widely used in other countries, Canada will need to analyse its National Building Code to ensure that it promotes the use of wood products in building design. 6.4.4 Increased use of harvested wood products for bioenergy, advanced bio- material, and bio-chemicals There are potential mitigation benefits from adopting waste wood biomass as a fuel source for electricity or commercial, residential, and industrial heating in place of fossil fuels or as a feedstock in the manufacturing of advanced bio-material and bio- chemicals.', '6.4.4 Increased use of harvested wood products for bioenergy, advanced bio- material, and bio-chemicals There are potential mitigation benefits from adopting waste wood biomass as a fuel source for electricity or commercial, residential, and industrial heating in place of fossil fuels or as a feedstock in the manufacturing of advanced bio-material and bio- chemicals. Mitigation benefits come from using local sustainably-sourced wood for bioenergy, with priority given to harvest residues and waste wood, which have lower emissions on a life-cycle basis compared to the use of fossil fuels.105 Positive mitigation benefits from bioenergy-related harvesting could occur in remote communities where local electricity is produced from fossil fuels (e.g., diesel) that have been transported over long distances.', 'Mitigation benefits come from using local sustainably-sourced wood for bioenergy, with priority given to harvest residues and waste wood, which have lower emissions on a life-cycle basis compared to the use of fossil fuels.105 Positive mitigation benefits from bioenergy-related harvesting could occur in remote communities where local electricity is produced from fossil fuels (e.g., diesel) that have been transported over long distances. The co-benefits of using biofuels include diversification of market opportunities, leading to increased growth and competitiveness of the 105 Nabuurs et al., Forestry: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Canadian forest sector. In addition, there are direct and indirect benefits for rural forest-based communities including energy autonomy, regional investment, and employment opportunities.', 'In addition, there are direct and indirect benefits for rural forest-based communities including energy autonomy, regional investment, and employment opportunities. Technology to support this option includes modern wood heating systems such as biomass-fueled boilers and stoves and furnaces that use sustainable wood-based feedstock. While this technology is commercially available, a bioenergy heating initiative would depend on securing additional energy infrastructure investments as up-front costs would be high, particularly where the infrastructure in not in place. Bio-based materials and chemicals are likely to gain importance over the long term. There is a general consensus that the mid-century will bring a larger, more urban population and along with this comes the need for primary resources to sustain urban growth.', 'There is a general consensus that the mid-century will bring a larger, more urban population and along with this comes the need for primary resources to sustain urban growth. This, in turn, highlights the potential of forest- based cellulosic material to replace not only a vast array of other materials used in building and energy, as noted above, but also to replace materials and chemicals used in the manufacturing sector at large. The mitigation potential of cellulose-based products, their renewable nature, and their potential to further be recycled or to biodegrade is likely to spur increasing demand for these high value products. For example, natural fibers have already become crucial in technical composite applications due to the demand for recyclable and biodegradable raw materials.', 'For example, natural fibers have already become crucial in technical composite applications due to the demand for recyclable and biodegradable raw materials. The mitigation potential of cellulose-based products is highly dependent on their life cycle and end uses as well as the uptake of bio-based material as substitutes for traditional alternative feedstock and cannot be clearly ascertained yet. As a country advantaged with significant biomass resources and forest and agriculture sectors poised for transformation, the bioeconomy represents a substantial opportunity to generate wealth and jobs for Canadians. 6.5 There are a number of emerging opportunities in which the forestry sector could contribute to mitigation outcomes that require further consideration. 6.5.1 Reducing deforestation Unlike tropical countries where deforestation is a major driver of emissions, deforestation (permanent forest loss) in Canada is relatively low.', '6.5.1 Reducing deforestation Unlike tropical countries where deforestation is a major driver of emissions, deforestation (permanent forest loss) in Canada is relatively low. Of the approximately 0.01% of Canada’s forest land that is lost annually, most is driven by agriculture and theCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 61 expansion of the oil and gas industry.106 Given that the main drivers of deforestation vary across the country – and that the drivers of deforestation are usually outside of the forest sector – there has been limited ability within the forest sector to influence these emissions to date.', 'Of the approximately 0.01% of Canada’s forest land that is lost annually, most is driven by agriculture and theCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 61 expansion of the oil and gas industry.106 Given that the main drivers of deforestation vary across the country – and that the drivers of deforestation are usually outside of the forest sector – there has been limited ability within the forest sector to influence these emissions to date. Nonetheless, reducing deforestation and its associated emissions is an area that Canada can explore, especially considering the role Canada plays in supporting reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and that Canada is a signatory to the New York Declaration on Forests, which aims to end global net deforestation by 2030.', 'Nonetheless, reducing deforestation and its associated emissions is an area that Canada can explore, especially considering the role Canada plays in supporting reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and that Canada is a signatory to the New York Declaration on Forests, which aims to end global net deforestation by 2030. Collaboration with provinces and territories is required given the need to consider how to address deforestation across jurisdictions and diverse sectors. 6.5.2 Research and Development in Advanced Bio-materials, Bio-chemicals, Bioenergy and Biofuels The mitigation potential of using harvested wood products for bioenergy and biofuels can be further explored. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has received considerable global attention because it can generate negative emissions.', 'Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has received considerable global attention because it can generate negative emissions. A longer-term option for bioenergy could focus on reducing costs along the supply chain and increasing investments in research and development of second-generation biofuel production, advanced materials, and new platform chemicals, for example, converting cellulosic biomass into bio-crude and refining it into other biofuel products (e.g., biodiesel, bio-kerosene and bio-chemicals), as well as gasifying or liquefying biomass for power production. Further investment in research, development and deployment of such technologies could identify new areas with mitigation potential. 6.5.3 Urban Forestry Urban forests provide a number of co-benefits in addition to sequestering GHG emissions, such as energy conservation through cooling and shade, provision of wildlife habitat, noise buffering and improved aesthetics and increased property values.', '6.5.3 Urban Forestry Urban forests provide a number of co-benefits in addition to sequestering GHG emissions, such as energy conservation through cooling and shade, provision of wildlife habitat, noise buffering and improved aesthetics and increased property values. Future research and analysis in improved monitoring and research to capture mitigation potential and enhance resiliency of urban forests is an option for Canada to explore. 106 Natural Resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2015, p. 23.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KEY MESSAGES: • The potential for greenhouse gas mitigation exists across the entire food system. There are opportunities and for consumers, farmers, food processors and municipalities to reduce and recycle energy and nutrients. • Agricultural emissions result mostly from biological processes rather than from energy use.', '• Agricultural emissions result mostly from biological processes rather than from energy use. • Technological innovations and sustainable land management practices will ensure that agricultural soils remain a net carbon sink in Canada over the long-term. • Promoting the adoption of existing and emerging technologies and management practices could increase efficiency and reduce emissions from crop and livestock systems. • The Agriculture sector has the potential to provide renewable energy solutions and bio-products to help reduce emissions in other sectors. In evaluating these options, consideration should be given to the full life- cycle environmental costs and benefits. 7.1 The potential for greenhouse gas mitigation exists across the entire food system. There are opportunities for consumers, farmers, food processors and municipalities to reduce and recycle energy and nutrients.', 'There are opportunities for consumers, farmers, food processors and municipalities to reduce and recycle energy and nutrients. Addressing GHG emissions from agriculture requires the examination of the entire food system’s life cycle from fertilizer manufacturing through to on-farm activities, food processing, distribution, and consumption. Moreover, the ultimate fate of food products, either as food waste, compost, or wastewater, needs to be taken into account. This holistic approach seeks to improve the efficiency of the overall food system from “cradle to grave to cradle”, and can often draw out synergies between the environmental and health impacts of food choices. In this respect, more can be done to foster positive societal engagement and cooperation to help lower GHG emissions.', 'In this respect, more can be done to foster positive societal engagement and cooperation to help lower GHG emissions. There are increasingly higher expectations for transparency and product environmental attributes, including the relative amount of GHGs embodied in different food choices. In the context of a global and growing demand for food products, alternative approaches like local food movements, organic and/or urban agriculture or family farmers networks can play an important role in shaping the future of agriculture.107 Any approach that helps to minimise waste (see Chapter 8) and helps to conserve energy and water will decrease emissions in other sectors indirectly related to agriculture, for example, during fertilizer manufacturing, or by removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.', 'In the context of a global and growing demand for food products, alternative approaches like local food movements, organic and/or urban agriculture or family farmers networks can play an important role in shaping the future of agriculture.107 Any approach that helps to minimise waste (see Chapter 8) and helps to conserve energy and water will decrease emissions in other sectors indirectly related to agriculture, for example, during fertilizer manufacturing, or by removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. 107 Equiterre, Family Farmers Network.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 63 7.2 Agricultural emissions result mostly from biological processes rather than from energy use.', '107 Equiterre, Family Farmers Network.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 63 7.2 Agricultural emissions result mostly from biological processes rather than from energy use. Primary agriculture is at the heart of a complex and integrated agri-food system which provides one in eight jobs and accounted for more than 6% of GDP in 2014.108 The agriculture sector contributes to making Canada one of very few countries currently in a position to produce more food than it consumes, and Canada is the fifth largest exporter of agriculture and agri-food products internationally.109 Efficiency gains, sustainable land management, and innovation will enable Canadian agriculture to reduce emissions, store carbon, and meet a growing global food demand.', 'Primary agriculture is at the heart of a complex and integrated agri-food system which provides one in eight jobs and accounted for more than 6% of GDP in 2014.108 The agriculture sector contributes to making Canada one of very few countries currently in a position to produce more food than it consumes, and Canada is the fifth largest exporter of agriculture and agri-food products internationally.109 Efficiency gains, sustainable land management, and innovation will enable Canadian agriculture to reduce emissions, store carbon, and meet a growing global food demand. Most agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are not driven by energy use but rather take the form of methane and nitrous oxide resulting predominantly from biological processes inherent to animal and crop production.', 'Most agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are not driven by energy use but rather take the form of methane and nitrous oxide resulting predominantly from biological processes inherent to animal and crop production. Nitrous oxide emissions can originate from field-applied fertilizers, crop residue decomposition, cultivation of organic soils, and from the storage of manure. Methane emissions are mainly a result of enteric fermentation in ruminant animals and decomposition of stored manure. 108 Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, An Overview of the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food System 2016. 109 Ibid.', '108 Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, An Overview of the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food System 2016. 109 Ibid. Total emissions from agriculture have been relatively stable since the year 2000 and are not projected to significantly increase toward 2030.110 In 2014, non- energy emissions accounted for 59 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO eq) – approximately 8% of Canada’s total GHG emissions – while GHG emissions from on-farm fuel use generated 14 Mt CO eq.111 The two main sources of non-combustion agricultural emissions are enteric fermentation and fertilizer application. 7.3 Technological innovations and sustainable land management practices will ensure that agricultural soils remain a net carbon sink in Canada over the long-term.', '7.3 Technological innovations and sustainable land management practices will ensure that agricultural soils remain a net carbon sink in Canada over the long-term. For over twenty years, Canadian farmers in the Prairie provinces have been able to increasingly substitute conventional tillage with no-till or conservation tillage seeding techniques due to innovations such as improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and changes in machinery and farm equipment, including the evolution of technologies such as global positioning systems. Increased crop rotation 110 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada’s Second Biennial Report on Climate Change. 111 Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Inventory Report 1990-2014: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. REDUCING METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION Enteric fermentation is a natural process that occurs in the digestion of feed by livestock.', 'REDUCING METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION Enteric fermentation is a natural process that occurs in the digestion of feed by livestock. The digestion process is not 100% efficient and releases methane as a by-product. In Canada, GHG emissions from enteric fermentation were 25 Mt CO e in 2014 down from 31 Mt in 2005. Dairy and beef cattle produce around 95% of these emissions while others ruminants such as buffalo, goats, horses, sheep and swine, make up the rest of the emissions. There are a number of options to reduce methane emissions from enteric fermentation but many of these are still in the research phase. Since the demand for meat and milk is expected to increase in the future, decreasing methane output per unit or animal is important.', 'Since the demand for meat and milk is expected to increase in the future, decreasing methane output per unit or animal is important. For example, it is possible to select lower-methane producing animals through consideration of genetic characteristics. In addition, research into methane vaccines and inhibitors is ongoing in some jurisdictions. High quality feed could lead to more efficient digestion and reduce emissions. For example, research has shown that mixing seaweed in cattle feed could reduce methane emissions. In this respect, a company from Prince Edward Island, North Atlantic Organics Ltd., is proposing organic seaweed products that can be used by dairy cattle.112 The use of seaweed for animal feed is in fact a traditional method that has been used by coastal farmers in the past.', 'In this respect, a company from Prince Edward Island, North Atlantic Organics Ltd., is proposing organic seaweed products that can be used by dairy cattle.112 The use of seaweed for animal feed is in fact a traditional method that has been used by coastal farmers in the past. 112 NAO organics. MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY options have also allowed reduced reliance on summer fallow (the practice of allowing land to lie idle during the growing season). As a result, agricultural soils in Canada have been a net sink of carbon since 2000 and will remain so over the long-term, although the rate at which carbon will be sequestered is projected to slowly diminish.', 'As a result, agricultural soils in Canada have been a net sink of carbon since 2000 and will remain so over the long-term, although the rate at which carbon will be sequestered is projected to slowly diminish. Greater use of cover crops, biochar application and the use of precision agriculture to avoid disturbance of more fragile soils, among other sustainable land management practices, will help maintain the agricultural carbon sink in the future. 7.4 Promoting the adoption of existing and emerging technologies and management practices could increase efficiency and reduce emissions from crop and livestock systems. On-farm GHG emissions are closely tied to management practices and technologies such as fertilizer types and application methods, manure storage and spreading methods, land management and tillage regimes, feeding and nutrition, as well as crop and animal genetics.', 'On-farm GHG emissions are closely tied to management practices and technologies such as fertilizer types and application methods, manure storage and spreading methods, land management and tillage regimes, feeding and nutrition, as well as crop and animal genetics. Mitigation options aimed at enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and reducing methane emissions from livestock are promising as innovative technologies such as methane inhibitor feeding additives, livestock genetics, smart-fertilizers, and precision agriculture approaches are being developed.', 'Mitigation options aimed at enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and reducing methane emissions from livestock are promising as innovative technologies such as methane inhibitor feeding additives, livestock genetics, smart-fertilizers, and precision agriculture approaches are being developed. Encouraging the continued adoption of nutrient management practices, such as soil nutrient testing, optimisation of the timing of fertilizer application, incorporation of solid and liquid manure and fertilizer, and increased manure storage capacity, will continue to increase performance while minimising emissions in the sector.113 For example, in the beef cattle sector, Canadian farmers have made significant improvements in feeding and breeding practices, and as a result, cattle reach slaughter weight sooner, and spend fewer days eating, ruminating, producing methane, and In the livestock sector, upcoming methods to reduce methane emissions are showing significant potential. 113 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Farm Environmental Management Survey 2011.', '113 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Farm Environmental Management Survey 2011. 114 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Environmental Sustainability of Canadian Agriculture: Agri-Environmental Indicator Report Series – Report #4. Figure 14: Agricultural GHG emissions in Canada in 2011 The arrow length is proportional to the magnitude of the emissions; arrow direction upwards indicates a source and downwards indicates a sink. Source: Environmental Sustainability of Canadian Agriculture: Agri-Environmental Indicator Report Series – Report #4CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 65 These include switching to lower-methane producing ruminants, methane inhibitors and feed supplements, or even vaccines to reduce methane production in the rumen. Technology will also continue to make a profound impact on agricultural production. Bioengineering, precision agriculture, sensors, robotics, and automated data capture and transfer, all hold promise for further agriculture GHG emission reductions.', 'Bioengineering, precision agriculture, sensors, robotics, and automated data capture and transfer, all hold promise for further agriculture GHG emission reductions. Although additional scientific validation work is still needed, preliminary, partial results point to substantial reductions in nitrous oxide emissions when an optimised nutrient management approach is adopted. Continuing to seek improvements in efficiencies can yield further emission reductions but this will depend on the development and deployment of transformative technologies (e.g., methane inhibitors and smart-fertilizers), some expected to be ready for commercial deployment over the short-term (i.e., 5 years) while others could possibly be made available over the medium-term (i.e., 10-15 years).', 'Continuing to seek improvements in efficiencies can yield further emission reductions but this will depend on the development and deployment of transformative technologies (e.g., methane inhibitors and smart-fertilizers), some expected to be ready for commercial deployment over the short-term (i.e., 5 years) while others could possibly be made available over the medium-term (i.e., 10-15 years). On the farm inputs side, deeper penetration of precision agriculture practices, technologies and equipment should translate into lower consumption of production factors such as fertilizers and fuels, with a corresponding decrease in the GHG emissions associated with the use of these inputs. More efficient and precise production decisions should also lessen the pressure on natural resources like land and water.', 'More efficient and precise production decisions should also lessen the pressure on natural resources like land and water. As a more specific example, the province of Saskatchewan highlights the underdeveloped use of pulse crops to mitigate the use of fertilizers, as well as the potential associated with seeding marginal land for carbon sequestration, through permanent covers like legumes, or by converting them into forest stands. The province is also hopeful that advances in beef genetic selection, genomics and food additives will significantly lower the rate in which the agriculture sector emits GHG emissions. The province notes that the role of innovation and increased research in mitigation options for the agriculture sector is critical due to the challenge represented by a global population growth and the subsequent pressure on global food demand and production.', 'The province notes that the role of innovation and increased research in mitigation options for the agriculture sector is critical due to the challenge represented by a global population growth and the subsequent pressure on global food demand and production. 7.5 The Agriculture sector has the potential to provide renewable energy solutions and bio-products to help reduce emissions in other sectors. In evaluating these options, consideration should be given to the full life-cycle environmental costs and benefits. From a life cycle perspective, the agriculture sector could also contribute to long-term mitigation by helping to reduce emissions in other sectors through displacement of more emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels with biomass-based energy and products.', 'From a life cycle perspective, the agriculture sector could also contribute to long-term mitigation by helping to reduce emissions in other sectors through displacement of more emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels with biomass-based energy and products. There is an opportunity to convert growing agricultural waste, as well as agricultural by- and co- products into eco-efficient, bio-based products with direct benefits for the environment, the economy, and consumers, for example, sustainable bio-energy, bio-fertilizers and bio-chemicals. Both feedstock and technology exists to convert more wastes, agriculture and forest biomass into high quality, low GHG- emitting biofuels, for use in road transportation to air travel. In evaluating these options, consideration should be given to net GHG savings along the full life cycle, as well as to other environmental impacts, that could result from the intensification of agricultural production.', 'In evaluating these options, consideration should be given to net GHG savings along the full life cycle, as well as to other environmental impacts, that could result from the intensification of agricultural production. CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KEY MESSAGES: • The waste sector directly accounts for 3% of Canada’s GHG emissions; however from a life cycle perspective, waste related activities are responsible for significant indirect GHG emissions from various sectors of the economy not typically associate with waste. • Currently, the relatively low cost of waste disposal at landfills in many parts of Canada provides a disincentive for waste prevention and diversion activities. • Effective management strategies, focusing on waste prevention and diversion, can bring deep cuts in direct and indirect waste-related GHG emissions.', '• Effective management strategies, focusing on waste prevention and diversion, can bring deep cuts in direct and indirect waste-related GHG emissions. • New policies could instigate behavioral change away from wasteful consumption patterns, as well as shift the responsibility for end-of-life management of products from consumers to producers. • Co-benefits of waste prevention, diversion, and landfill gas capture include: greater food security, increased supply of renewable natural gas and electricity, creation of a soil amendment (i.e., compost); and a reduction in volatile organic compounds emissions, smog formation and unpleasant odours. • In the future, progress in landfill gas capture and flaring technologies could further reduce any remaining direct landfill emissions. Canada has performed poorly in terms of quantity of waste generated per capita compared to its OECD peers.', 'Canada has performed poorly in terms of quantity of waste generated per capita compared to its OECD peers. At 777 kg of municipal waste generated per capita in 2008, the average Canadian city generated more waste than any other OECD country, twice as much as an average Japanese city, and slightly more waste than an average American city (722 kg).115 While substantial efforts have been taken by municipalities and provinces/territories across the country, for example Nova Scotia has reduced waste generation to 386 kg per capita as of 2012, much more needs to be done.116 8.1 The waste sector directly accounts for 3% of Canada’s GHG emissions, however from a life cycle perspective; waste related activities are responsible for significant indirect GHG emissions from various sectors of the economy not typically associate with waste.', 'At 777 kg of municipal waste generated per capita in 2008, the average Canadian city generated more waste than any other OECD country, twice as much as an average Japanese city, and slightly more waste than an average American city (722 kg).115 While substantial efforts have been taken by municipalities and provinces/territories across the country, for example Nova Scotia has reduced waste generation to 386 kg per capita as of 2012, much more needs to be done.116 8.1 The waste sector directly accounts for 3% of Canada’s GHG emissions, however from a life cycle perspective; waste related activities are responsible for significant indirect GHG emissions from various sectors of the economy not typically associate with waste. The waste sector officially accounts for 3% of total GHG emissions and 22% of Canada’s total methane emissions.', 'The waste sector officially accounts for 3% of total GHG emissions and 22% of Canada’s total methane emissions. This includes emissions from municipal solid waste landfills, wood waste landfills, wastewater treatment, as well as waste discharge, incineration, and open burning. 115 Conference Board of Canada, Municipal Waste Generation. Note: For comparison purposes, construction, renovation and demolition waste were not included in the OECD definition. 116 Conference Board of Canada, Waste Generation: Provincial and Territorial Ranking. Readers should note that municipal waste generation per capita and waste generation per capita differs slightly, the latter being slightly more important.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 67 As the IPCC’s fourth assessment report indicates, a life cycle approach is required to evaluate the emissions reductions potential for waste prevention and diversion.', 'Readers should note that municipal waste generation per capita and waste generation per capita differs slightly, the latter being slightly more important.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 67 As the IPCC’s fourth assessment report indicates, a life cycle approach is required to evaluate the emissions reductions potential for waste prevention and diversion. As such, waste management activities will affect GHG emissions accounted for under sectors such as transportation, forestry, energy and industrial processes. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 42% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the energy used to produce, process, transport, and dispose of commodities and food.117 Waste prevention and diversion strategies would therefore reduce emissions in other sectors.', 'For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 42% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the energy used to produce, process, transport, and dispose of commodities and food.117 Waste prevention and diversion strategies would therefore reduce emissions in other sectors. 8.2 Currently, the relatively low cost of waste disposal at landfills in many parts of Canada provides a disincentive for waste prevention and diversion activities. Waste disposal is relatively inexpensive in Canada compared to many peer countries. Available land for waste disposal is not in short supply in Canada, relative to many European countries. Canadian jurisdictions are using a variety of policy approaches to counter the low cost of landfill disposal.', 'Canadian jurisdictions are using a variety of policy approaches to counter the low cost of landfill disposal. For example, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island have implemented material disposal bans from landfills (e.g., organic waste and in some instances recyclables). Quebec and Manitoba have also instituted landfill levies to provide an incentive for greater waste diversion and to support municipal recycling programs.118 In 2014, the City of Edmonton opened its new Waste-to-Biofuels and Chemicals 117 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices. 118 Giroux Environmental Consulting, State of Waste Management in Canada.', '118 Giroux Environmental Consulting, State of Waste Management in Canada. Facility, the first industrial scale waste to biofuels facility of its kind, that will help the city divert up to 90% of residential waste from landfills, as well as produce up to 38 million litres of ethanol each year.119 8.3 Effective management strategies, focusing on waste prevention and diversion, can bring deep cuts in direct and indirect waste-related GHG emissions. The greatest untapped potential for GHG emissions reductions rests with waste prevention and diversion activities (e.g., composting or anaerobic digestion). Reducing avoidable food waste and increasing diversion of other organic material and recyclable materials from landfills could procure most significant emissions reductions for the sector. In Canada, avoidable food waste is valued at $31 billion per year.', 'In Canada, avoidable food waste is valued at $31 billion per year. Moreover, the national organics diversion rate stands as a low 7% of the total waste stream, with the recyclable materials diversion rates standing at 16%. In total, Canada’s overall diversion rate stand at 25%, lower than other peers countries such as Germany or the US.120 Nevertheless, it is important to remember that some Canadian municipalities are leading the way for diversion strategies, with Halifax, Hamilton, and Sherbrooke achieving total diversion rates between 40 and 60%.121 An enforced target, such as the EU’s 50% diversion rate by 2020, could prove useful to engage the different Canadian authorities in a concerted waste management effort. 122 119 City of Edmonton, Waste to Biofuels and Chemicals Facility. 120 Statistic Canada, Waste Management Industry Survey: Business and Government Sectors.', '120 Statistic Canada, Waste Management Industry Survey: Business and Government Sectors. 121 Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Waste Diversion Success Stories from Canadian Municipalities. 122 Ontario Waste Management Association, Rethink Waste: Evolution Towards a Circular Economy. Figure 15 - Location of Waste Prevention and Reduction in the Waste Management Hierarchy. Source: Giroux Environment Consulting. 2014.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 8.4 New policies could instigate behavioral change away from wasteful consumption patterns, as well as shift the responsibility for end-of-life management of products from consumers to producers. Effective policies can help increase waste diversion through source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, and anaerobic digestion.', 'Effective policies can help increase waste diversion through source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, and anaerobic digestion. For example, information and incentive programs can help shift public behavior to less wasteful practices by helping to close information gaps (e.g., public education programs), or providing financial incentives such as advance disposal fees policies. Another example can be found in the Swedish initiative to introduce a tax break for repairing activities, such as repairs of bicycles or appliances. Such policies are instrumental in shifting consumption behaviors towards waste prevention. The true cost of landfill disposal also needs to be adequately reflected in tipping fees to account for loss of arable land and the creation of environmental liabilities. Regulatory or market-based policies could include disposal bans, higher landfill tipping fees, and differential tipping fees for unsorted waste.', 'Regulatory or market-based policies could include disposal bans, higher landfill tipping fees, and differential tipping fees for unsorted waste. Practices such as keeping products for longer, reusing products, or repairing items and spare parts that can be re-used, are amongst the many ways that need to be promoted and rewarded by municipalities and provinces/ territories. There are innovative solutions to reducing food waste by connecting consumers and producers in the food industry, such as industry and non- governmental organisation-led initiatives to encourage the sale and purchase of imperfect produce. A significant step towards increasing diversion, and in turn reducing emissions associated with waste, is to shift the responsibility for end-of-life management of products from consumers and municipalities to producers.', 'A significant step towards increasing diversion, and in turn reducing emissions associated with waste, is to shift the responsibility for end-of-life management of products from consumers and municipalities to producers. Over the past 20 years, significant progress on extended producer responsibility programs has been made in Canada on a wide variety of products and materials. The next phase will be to implement diversion programs for complex product categories such as construction, renovation, demolition materials, furniture, textiles and carpets.123 123 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Progress Report on the Canada-wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility. WASTE DIVERSION IN NOVA SCOTIA The province of Nova Scotia is a North American leader in waste diversion, creating significant environmental benefit and economic advantage. Its disposal rate is 50% lower than the Canadian average and continues to decrease.', 'Its disposal rate is 50% lower than the Canadian average and continues to decrease. Starting in 1996 the Province implemented a strategy that included disposal bans on food and yard waste, some paper, plastic, metal and electronic items.', 'Starting in 1996 the Province implemented a strategy that included disposal bans on food and yard waste, some paper, plastic, metal and electronic items. Some other highlights of Nova Scotia’s successful and ongoing ‘circular economy approach’ to solid waste include: • Financial incentives to municipalities based upon diversion performance • A strong partnership with municipalities through a regional (solid waste) chairs committee • Effective and sustained education, enforcement, and innovation programs • Stewardship programs for beverage containers, tires, mercury containing products, and dairy containers • Extended producer responsibility programs for electronics, paint, and cell phones • Municipal commitments to implementing clear bag programs for garbage that decrease waste disposal by 15 to 30% As a result, tonnes of materials that used to be wasted now contribute to Nova Scotia’s economy, creating jobs and reducing GHG emissions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 69 Regulations and support for producers to minimise material inputs, optimise reuse and recovery of products, and develop markets for recycled materials will be essential.124 Extended producer responsibility programs and performance-based regulations are two policies put forward to pursue that shift.125 Improved systems for generators to manage certain materials on-site instead of relying on costly centralised infrastructure could also be further explored (e.g., plastic to oil conversion, renewable natural gas recovery from organics).', 'Some other highlights of Nova Scotia’s successful and ongoing ‘circular economy approach’ to solid waste include: • Financial incentives to municipalities based upon diversion performance • A strong partnership with municipalities through a regional (solid waste) chairs committee • Effective and sustained education, enforcement, and innovation programs • Stewardship programs for beverage containers, tires, mercury containing products, and dairy containers • Extended producer responsibility programs for electronics, paint, and cell phones • Municipal commitments to implementing clear bag programs for garbage that decrease waste disposal by 15 to 30% As a result, tonnes of materials that used to be wasted now contribute to Nova Scotia’s economy, creating jobs and reducing GHG emissions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 69 Regulations and support for producers to minimise material inputs, optimise reuse and recovery of products, and develop markets for recycled materials will be essential.124 Extended producer responsibility programs and performance-based regulations are two policies put forward to pursue that shift.125 Improved systems for generators to manage certain materials on-site instead of relying on costly centralised infrastructure could also be further explored (e.g., plastic to oil conversion, renewable natural gas recovery from organics). 8.5 Co-benefits of waste prevention, diversion, and landfill gas capture include: Greater food security, increased supply of renewable natural gas and electricity, creation of a soil amendment (i.e., compost); and a reduction in volatile organic compounds emissions, smog formation and unpleasant odours.', '8.5 Co-benefits of waste prevention, diversion, and landfill gas capture include: Greater food security, increased supply of renewable natural gas and electricity, creation of a soil amendment (i.e., compost); and a reduction in volatile organic compounds emissions, smog formation and unpleasant odours. There are many co-benefits to improve waste management strategies apart from reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in particular methane. Waste prevention increases food security and organic waste diversion can produce renewable biogas and/or a soil amendment. Recycling can save resources and energy, while limiting the amount of plastic discharged in the oceans. Landfill gas capture can also provide energy and electricity to municipalities and industries.', 'Landfill gas capture can also provide energy and electricity to municipalities and industries. In addition, cement manufacturers across the country have shown interest in using a variety of waste products (solid waste, carpets, wood waste, asphalt, non-recyclable plastics) as an alternative energy source.126 Finally, the reduction of volatile emissions, smog formation, and unpleasant odours, will provide health and lifestyle benefits to landfill-adjacent neighborhoods and communities. 8.6 In the future, progress in landfill gas capture and flaring technologies could further reduce any remaining direct landfill emissions. Even with waste prevention and diversion efforts, it is likely that landfill disposal will still be a practice in some parts of Canada in 2050 and that not all sources of GHGs will be diverted.', 'Even with waste prevention and diversion efforts, it is likely that landfill disposal will still be a practice in some parts of Canada in 2050 and that not all sources of GHGs will be diverted. In addition, there is a lag in the decomposition of organic waste in a landfill such that the organic waste disposed today, will be the source of emissions for decades to come 124 Giroux Environmental Consulting, State of Waste Management in Canada. 125 Ibid. 126 Ibid. if not mitigated. Currently, only 36% of total methane gases generated by landfills are captured, partly due to current stringency and performance standards on gas capture regulations across the country.', 'Currently, only 36% of total methane gases generated by landfills are captured, partly due to current stringency and performance standards on gas capture regulations across the country. Nevertheless, landfill gas capture technologies are widely available and expected development in flaring, gas capture and gas utilisation technologies could easily increase the ongoing reduction in landfill GHG emissions and produce more heat and electricity. In the future, thermal treatment facilities with energy recovery, small-landfill gas capture technologies or even waste mining, could become proven and commercially viable options in Canada. CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 9 Clean Technology Sector As our society moves to address its environmental challenges, the clean technology sector has seen an increase in demand for its products and processes.', 'CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 9 Clean Technology Sector As our society moves to address its environmental challenges, the clean technology sector has seen an increase in demand for its products and processes. Clean technologies are products or processes that significantly reduce environmental impacts of a given economic activity. This subset of the economy makes a compelling case for itself as it provides economic development while improving the environmental performance of the economy. As the world moves to deep decarbonisation, the clean technology sector is faced with a tremendous opportunity to produce further economic and social co-benefits for all Canadians. KEY MESSAGES: • The clean technology sector is growing very quickly both domestically and globally.', 'KEY MESSAGES: • The clean technology sector is growing very quickly both domestically and globally. • Utilities, equipment suppliers, and policymakers should work together to identify strategies for reducing deployment costs of critical clean technologies and barriers to adoption. • Further investments in RD&D and innovation in clean technology, combined with market pull mechanisms such as carbon pricing, will support Canada’s competitiveness, creating high paying jobs and increased exports. • Innovation will result in economic and environmental spill-over effects, thereby increasing resource efficiency and productivity in other sectors and reducing other types of pollution. • Providing a clear and predictable signal for long-term investments and disclosing climate-related information will allow the market to better anticipate the transition to a low-carbon future.', '• Providing a clear and predictable signal for long-term investments and disclosing climate-related information will allow the market to better anticipate the transition to a low-carbon future. • Canada has confirmed its commitment to clean energy innovation by joining the Mission Innovation international commitment, which aims to accelerate innovation by doubling investments in clean energy RD&D across the world. 9.1 The clean technology sector is growing very quickly, both domestically and globally. Recent historical performance of the clean technology sector in Canada has been very strong, despite a leveling off between 2013 and 2014.', 'Recent historical performance of the clean technology sector in Canada has been very strong, despite a leveling off between 2013 and 2014. The sector grew at a pace of 8% annually between 2011 and 2013, which represents more than three times the overall economic growth in Canada.127 Over the same time period, global clean technology revenues increased by 10% annually. Employment in the clean technology sector in Canada has increased from 41,000 in 2012 to 55,600 in 2014, an increase of more than 16% per year. Solutions from clean technology producers can help address challenges in high- emitting sectors, providing positive economic and environmental outcomes. Investment opportunities in clean technology are increasing at a rapid pace.', 'Investment opportunities in clean technology are increasing at a rapid pace. For example, the 127 Analytica Advisors, Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 71 IEA estimates that around $1 trillion per year of incremental investment are required in renewable energy and energy efficiency investments to keep the global average temperature to well below 2°C in 2050.128 This represents a significant opportunity for Canadian clean technology companies to tap into this growing market. Exports accounted for 50% of the clean technology sector’s revenues in 2014, meaning Canadian firms are positioned to benefit from comprehensive efforts to export unique technologies and expertise to new and growing markets. 9.2 Utilities, equipment suppliers and policymakers should work together to identify strategies for reducing deployment costs of critical clean technologies and barriers to adoption.', '9.2 Utilities, equipment suppliers and policymakers should work together to identify strategies for reducing deployment costs of critical clean technologies and barriers to adoption. To advance the deployment of clean technologies in Canada, it will be critical to coordinate between actors, in order to reduce the cost of achieving emission reductions and mitigate barriers to adoption. Important actors in the economy, such as Governments and utilities can play a key role in accelerating the development and adoption of clean technologies. Given their financial capacity, these actors can use their purchasing power to demonstrate clean technologies and provide a visibility that will encourage broader adoption. Canada has a strong financial sector, which it can use as a powerful lever to encourage further low-carbon development both domestically and abroad.', 'Canada has a strong financial sector, which it can use as a powerful lever to encourage further low-carbon development both domestically and abroad. Although there are many significant low- cost GHG reduction opportunities in developing countries, barriers to investment such as higher perceived risk and imperfect information prevent these opportunities from being realised by Canadian companies. Through its $2.65 billion climate finance commitment, Canada will contribute to making these investments more accessible to Canadian companies, allowing for Canadian low-carbon technologies to help reduce emissions at a lower cost, while leading to significant export opportunities. Private sector participation is of utmost importance at all stages of technology development. Technology developers and users are best positioned to bring forward new technologies that will ultimately succeed.', 'Technology developers and users are best positioned to bring forward new technologies that will ultimately succeed. Governments also need to play a role in providing the appropriate incentive framework for this to happen, as the private sector typically underinvests in R&D. For this to happen, there must be a good alignment of policies to allow for technology 128 Hamilton T., The $36-Trillion Question. developers to most effectively advance their goals. Finally, sufficient investment is paramount to allowing good technology solutions to reach the market. 9.3 Further investments in RD&D and innovation in clean technology, combined with market pull mechanisms such as carbon pricing, will support Canada’s competitiveness, creating high paying jobs and increased exports. Clean technology is a sector that defines itself in the improvement of environmental outcomes related to economic activities in a broad sense.', 'Clean technology is a sector that defines itself in the improvement of environmental outcomes related to economic activities in a broad sense. As such, it is a sector where innovation is of utmost importance, and therefore is very RD&D-intensive. RD&D can help solve environmental problems with current technologies, but it can also contribute to developing new clean technologies that will make it easier to reduce emissions in the future. However, for technologies to actually make a difference, successful commercialisation has to take place. For this to happen, market demand has to be there. The right policies and frameworks can work to promote a low-carbon economy by helping to address the double market failure traditionally faced by the clean technology sector.', 'The right policies and frameworks can work to promote a low-carbon economy by helping to address the double market failure traditionally faced by the clean technology sector. As with innovation spending more broadly, there is a tendency for the private sector to underinvest in RD&D given that the benefits may not be fully captured by the investing firms. As well, there is the issue of businesses not accounting for environmental externalities in their decision-making. Existing and potential government policies can help address these market failures. For example, carbon pricing allows for the consideration of GHG emissions in the final price of a product, which provides a market value to the environmental benefits of clean technologies. Other types of approaches, such as government procurement of clean technologies and regulations, could also increase demand for Canadian clean technologies.', 'Other types of approaches, such as government procurement of clean technologies and regulations, could also increase demand for Canadian clean technologies. Governments will have to display leadership in providing broad support for clean technologies, coordinating innovation efforts and catalyzing private-sector involvement, particularly for early-stage R&D. These initiatives would address an important barrier for Canada, which has historically struggled with demonstration and commercialisation of its clean technologies, increasing the challenge for companies to export untested products. Given the important growth of clean technology globally, this would position Canada favorably in termsCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY of competitiveness in this market. Canada’s competitiveness in the clean technology market would bring significant benefits to Canada, such as high paying jobs and significant increases in exports.', 'Canada’s competitiveness in the clean technology market would bring significant benefits to Canada, such as high paying jobs and significant increases in exports. 9.4 Innovation will result in economic and environmental spill-over effects, thereby increasing resource efficiency and productivity in other sectors and reducing other types of pollution. Innovation in clean technologies, whether it is a breakthrough technology or one that drastically improves the efficiency of an existing process, can bring significant benefits to the economy as well as spill-over effects. Economic benefits of clean technologies can take different forms, depending on the nature of the technology. If a technology provides an efficiency improvement, benefits will be seen as reduced input costs, while they can take different forms in the case of a breakthrough technology.', 'If a technology provides an efficiency improvement, benefits will be seen as reduced input costs, while they can take different forms in the case of a breakthrough technology. The internalisation of environmental externalities with the help of tools such as carbon pricing will ensure that technologies that reduce emissions have tangible economic benefits. Another dimension where spill-over effects are tangible is the potential to reduce production costs and pollution through industrial ecology. Industrial ecology is a concept that could potentially transform the industrial sector into a highly efficient integrated ecosystem.', 'Industrial ecology is a concept that could potentially transform the industrial sector into a highly efficient integrated ecosystem. Industrial ecology “seeks to emulate mature ecological systems in order to reduce environmental impacts through maximised efficiency of energy resource inputs and the minimisation of unutilized waste”.129 This concept promotes more interconnections between industrial sectors to optimise the flows of inputs and outputs from each industry such that all industrial processes together minimise energy use and disposal of waste products to improve resource efficiency and economic competitiveness. In other words, industrial ecology allows for output perceived as non-valuable (waste heat, wood residues, etc.) to be used as inputs by other companies within an industrial park, allowing for improved competitiveness and environmental outcomes.', 'to be used as inputs by other companies within an industrial park, allowing for improved competitiveness and environmental outcomes. 9.5 Providing a clear and predictable signal for long-term investments and disclosing climate-related information will allow the market to better anticipate the transition to a low-carbon future. 129 McKinley A., Industrial Ecology: A Review with Examples from the Canadian Mining Industry, Canadian Journal of Regional Science. The financing of climate-related initiatives is a crucial dimension of the climate change challenge with both a domestic and international component. Significant investments, most notably in adaptation measures, need to be made in order to deal with the costs of climate change, some of which may materialise over a long-term horizon. There are risks and opportunities associated with these investments that many businesses and political actors are taking steps to address.', 'There are risks and opportunities associated with these investments that many businesses and political actors are taking steps to address. For example, the insurance sector has already been significantly exposed to climate change risks.130 Those risks could be physical risks, where investments can be affected by major events like floods or disruption of global supply chains and could have important impacts for insurers and re- insurers. Liability risks could also arise as investors may be subject to lawsuits for carbon damages. Finally, transition risks may occur as structural change in the economy drive re-pricing of assets and values of companies. Another key aspect of tackling climate change risks and opportunities is to provide investors with reliable and detailed information of climate change activities.', 'Another key aspect of tackling climate change risks and opportunities is to provide investors with reliable and detailed information of climate change activities. Many companies, including 822 investors with US $95 trillion in assets, have chosen to disclose information on their action on climate change through the Carbon Disclosure Project or the Montréal Carbon Pledge. The Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures is working to develop voluntary, consistent climate-related financial risk disclosures for use by companies in providing information to investors, lenders, insurers, and other stakeholders. Such initiatives will allow a better understanding of the link between decarbonisation and the financial performance of firms. Further development of similar initiatives could create a virtuous circle where action is encouraged and best practices are shared.', 'Further development of similar initiatives could create a virtuous circle where action is encouraged and best practices are shared. This would, in turn, provide a clear and predictable 130 Bank of England, Breaking the Tragedy of The Horizon - Climate Change and Financial Stability - Speech by Mark Carney. “Green investment represents a major opportunity for both long-term investors and macroeconomic policymakers seeking to jump-start growth.” - Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England and Chairman of the G20’s Financial Stability BoardCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 73 signal for investments, allowing the market to better anticipate the transition. 131 Finally, pricing carbon will give Canadian businesses, investors, and consumers a clear, predictable basis for decision making.', '131 Finally, pricing carbon will give Canadian businesses, investors, and consumers a clear, predictable basis for decision making. Confidence that carbon pricing in Canada will continue to increase over time will encourage businesses and consumers to invest in cleaner appliances, vehicles, and technology. It will also encourage firms to invest in research into low-carbon technology, which will better position Canadian firms to compete in the rapidly-growing, low-carbon economy. 9.6 Canada has confirmed its commitment to clean energy innovation by joining the Mission Innovation international commitment, which aims to accelerate innovation by doubling investments in clean energy across the world. On November 30, 2015, Canada announced its participation in the Mission Innovation international commitment, along with 20 other countries.', 'On November 30, 2015, Canada announced its participation in the Mission Innovation international commitment, along with 20 other countries. This commitment is to double clean energy innovation 131 “[R]isks to financial stability will be minimised if the transition begins early and follows a predictable path, thereby helping the market anticipate the transition to a 2 degree world”. (Bank of England, Breaking the Tragedy of the Horizon - Climate Change and Financial Stability - Speech by Mark Carney.) investments from governments over the next five years, while encouraging greater levels of private- sector investment.', 'investments from governments over the next five years, while encouraging greater levels of private- sector investment. This commitment also entails working with the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, an independent initiative that features 28 influential investors from 10 countries that commit to providing patient, early-stage capital (as opposed to venture capital, which seeks returns on investment on a much shorter time horizon) to advance clean energy technology innovation. As part of this initiative, it is recognised that clean technology innovation often faces a so-called “valley of death”, which typically appears at the pre-commercialisation stage, where the conversion of a proven concept into a compelling product will determine whether a company will survive or not.', 'As part of this initiative, it is recognised that clean technology innovation often faces a so-called “valley of death”, which typically appears at the pre-commercialisation stage, where the conversion of a proven concept into a compelling product will determine whether a company will survive or not. This commitment aims to bridge that gap with increased government funding to enable more basic research, as well as more patient private capital, which will allow good concepts the time required to make it to market commercialisation.', 'This commitment aims to bridge that gap with increased government funding to enable more basic research, as well as more patient private capital, which will allow good concepts the time required to make it to market commercialisation. Given Canada’s particular challenges in commercialisation, this initiative could fill an important need for Canadian companies to succeed in clean energy innovation that can significantly reduce GHG emissions.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 10 Achieving a Low-Carbon Future through Infrastructure Investments Infrastructure investments are key to supporting Canada’s deep decarbonisation efforts over the longer term and will help reshape the economy consistent with low-carbon pathways. Investing in infrastructure today will provide Canadians with increased employment opportunities, and cleaner, more modern communities, while also addressing climate change and air pollution.', 'Investing in infrastructure today will provide Canadians with increased employment opportunities, and cleaner, more modern communities, while also addressing climate change and air pollution. Investing in public transit, green infrastructure, social infrastructure, Canada’s trade and transportation corridors, as well as rural and northern communities, will provide a strong foundation for more inclusive and sustainable cities, and can also help to both address greenhouse gas emissions and enhance resilience to the impacts of climate change. For instance, Canadian communities building new urban transit networks and service extensions will transform the way that Canadians live, move and work.', 'For instance, Canadian communities building new urban transit networks and service extensions will transform the way that Canadians live, move and work. In addition to committing significant resources (over $186 billion through to 2027-28), Canada is also establishing a new Infrastructure Bank, an arm’s-length organization dedicated to increasing investment in growth-oriented infrastructure, transforming the way infrastructure is planned, funded and delivered across the country. Considering the magnitude of investments required to develop key infrastructure projects, key linkages between infrastructure decision-making and long-term decarbonisation include: • Investments are influential in setting long-term greenhouse gas pathways as the lifespan of infrastructure assets are long-lived, often ranging from 25 to 60 years.', 'Considering the magnitude of investments required to develop key infrastructure projects, key linkages between infrastructure decision-making and long-term decarbonisation include: • Investments are influential in setting long-term greenhouse gas pathways as the lifespan of infrastructure assets are long-lived, often ranging from 25 to 60 years. • Once infrastructure investments are made, the behaviours and carbon emissions associated with infrastructure investments are more or less ‘locked-in’ and the shift to a new pathway can become very costly. • Deploying infrastructure investments strategically can attract low-carbon infrastructure investments, creating a critical mass of funding for low-carbon solutions or the ability to ‘anchor’ future low-carbon investments. For example, making strategic investments in alternative fuel or electric vehicle infrastructure would underpin further investments in low-carbon vehicles.', 'For example, making strategic investments in alternative fuel or electric vehicle infrastructure would underpin further investments in low-carbon vehicles. • The transformative nature of infrastructure projects plays a complementary and enabling role to support the transition to a low-carbon economy. For instance, infrastructure that is designed to withstand the projected impacts of climate change can lead to cost savings over the longer term by avoiding maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Canada is committed to working closely with all stakeholders, including provinces, territories and Indigenous peoples, to develop and implement an infrastructure plan that delivers investments across the country. As part of this plan, investments in green infrastructure and other streams, such as social and transportation, will reduce GHG emissions and support the resilience of infrastructure assets.', 'As part of this plan, investments in green infrastructure and other streams, such as social and transportation, will reduce GHG emissions and support the resilience of infrastructure assets. Examples may include supporting further electrification of sectors currently reliant on fossil fuels, improving electricity transmission systems through inter-provincial transmission lines and the expansion of smart grids. Investments in sustainable infrastructure will enable greater climate change adaptation and resilience; ensure that more communities can provide clean air and safe drinking water for their citizens; and support the transition toward more sustainable economic growth. Canada will ensure that our mid-century climate change objectives inform our infrastructure development going forward.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 75 Conclusion Dealing with climate change will ultimately require net-zero anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions over the course of this century.', 'Canada will ensure that our mid-century climate change objectives inform our infrastructure development going forward.CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 75 Conclusion Dealing with climate change will ultimately require net-zero anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions over the course of this century. Canada will need to fundamentally transform all economic sectors, especially patterns of energy production and consumption. Over time, this requires major structural changes to the economy and the way people live, work, and consume. A low-greenhouse gas future also represents a massive opportunity to increase prosperity and the well-being of Canadians, to improve the livability of the built environment, modernise transportation, and enhance the natural environment.', 'A low-greenhouse gas future also represents a massive opportunity to increase prosperity and the well-being of Canadians, to improve the livability of the built environment, modernise transportation, and enhance the natural environment. The benefits include: reducing air pollution and congestion, modernising infrastructure to provide more inclusive and sustainable cities, creating cleaner and more modern communities, growing Canada’s clean technology sector, increasing economic productivity and efficiency, saving energy and reducing energy costs, and enhancing resilience to the impacts of climate change. Much of the transformation can be achieved with existing technology, but innovation, such as through the Mission Innovation initiative, and significant investments in research, development, demonstration & deployment, and related infrastructure, will be fundamental to the transition.', 'Much of the transformation can be achieved with existing technology, but innovation, such as through the Mission Innovation initiative, and significant investments in research, development, demonstration & deployment, and related infrastructure, will be fundamental to the transition. Additional collaboration across industry leaders to identify common innovation priorities will be needed to seize opportunities to integrate innovation into business strategies. Funding environments, intellectual property regimes, research agendas, and communication strategies will need to be shaped to stimulate innovation investments. Decarbonisation will require a sustained societal effort that will take many years to accomplish. This will require a technological ramp up of low greenhouse gas alternatives, and also societal engagement and action by all Canadians. Working collaboratively with Indigenous peoples by supporting their on-going implementation of climate change initiatives will be key.', 'Working collaboratively with Indigenous peoples by supporting their on-going implementation of climate change initiatives will be key. Likewise, all levels of government will need to implement a vast array of the various policy options that are available to them. In this respect, Canada will continue to work collaboratively with provinces and territories including through the pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change. 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(2015).', '40 CFR 60. 2010. Retrieved UNFCCC. (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Dec. 12, 2015, UNTS, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 Speeches: Bank of England (2015). Breaking the Tragedy of the Horizon - Climate Change and Financial Stability. Bank of England Publications. Retrieved fromCANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 83 Annex 1: Detailed Modelling Results from 2050 Scenarios This annex provides modelling results for the aggregate energy economy or total economy of Canada under the described low greenhouse gas modelling analyses (see model and scenario descriptions in Chapter 3). The tables are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be interpreted as optimal pathways. Moreover, the sectoral aggregation may differ from one model to another.', 'Moreover, the sectoral aggregation may differ from one model to another. The table below illustrates results from ECCC’s modelling, where a 2050 target of 80% below 2005 levels is achieved by reductions in emissions from the energy sector, industrial processes, agriculture and waste. The reductions are influenced by a common price on greenhouse gas emissions. As illustrated by the table, the greatest emissions reductions are projected to come from energy-related emissions (89% below the 2005 level), followed by emissions from waste (55% below the 2005 level), industrial process emission (50% below the 2005 level) and agriculture (36% below the 2005 level). As there are currently relatively few moderate cost reduction opportunities for industrial process sector, a project reduction in output drives the decline in emissions.', 'As there are currently relatively few moderate cost reduction opportunities for industrial process sector, a project reduction in output drives the decline in emissions. Table A1: Environment and Climate Change Canada - Gross Emissions (2050) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Mt CO e) Greenhouse Gas Categories 1990 2005 2050 % Change Relative to 2005 CO Capture, Transport and Storage - 0 -23 Production and Consumption of Halocarbons, SF and NF Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5 12 2 Other Product Manufacture and Use 0 1 0 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0 0 0 Liming, Urea Application and Other Carbon-containing Fertilizers Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 1 1 1 Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 1 0CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The table below illustrates results from ECCC’s modelling of a scenario in which a 2050 target of 80% below 2005 levels is achieved by a 65% reduction in the combined emissions of the energy sector, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste, plus an assumed contribution from credits due to improved land sector sequestration and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes.', 'Table A1: Environment and Climate Change Canada - Gross Emissions (2050) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Mt CO e) Greenhouse Gas Categories 1990 2005 2050 % Change Relative to 2005 CO Capture, Transport and Storage - 0 -23 Production and Consumption of Halocarbons, SF and NF Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5 12 2 Other Product Manufacture and Use 0 1 0 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0 0 0 Liming, Urea Application and Other Carbon-containing Fertilizers Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 1 1 1 Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 1 0CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The table below illustrates results from ECCC’s modelling of a scenario in which a 2050 target of 80% below 2005 levels is achieved by a 65% reduction in the combined emissions of the energy sector, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste, plus an assumed contribution from credits due to improved land sector sequestration and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. As depicted in the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from energy-related emissions (74% below the 2005 level), followed by emissions from waste (55% below the 2005 level), industrial process emission (28% below the 2005 level) and agriculture (15% below the 2005 level).', 'As depicted in the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from energy-related emissions (74% below the 2005 level), followed by emissions from waste (55% below the 2005 level), industrial process emission (28% below the 2005 level) and agriculture (15% below the 2005 level). Table A2: Environment and Climate Change Canada-Net Emissions (2050) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Mt CO e) Greenhouse Gas Categories 1990 2005 2050 % Change Relative to 2005 CO Capture, Transport and Storage - 0 -17 Production and Consumption of Halocarbons, SF and NF Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5 12 4 Other Product Manufacture and Use 0 1 0 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0 0 0 Liming, Urea Application and Other Carbon- containing Fertilizers Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 1 1 1 Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 1 0CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 85 The table below illustrates modelling results from Trottier Energy Futures Project, where a 2050 target of 60% below the 1990 levels is achieved by reductions in emissions from the energy sector, industrial processes, agriculture and wastes.', 'Table A2: Environment and Climate Change Canada-Net Emissions (2050) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Mt CO e) Greenhouse Gas Categories 1990 2005 2050 % Change Relative to 2005 CO Capture, Transport and Storage - 0 -17 Production and Consumption of Halocarbons, SF and NF Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5 12 4 Other Product Manufacture and Use 0 1 0 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0 0 0 Liming, Urea Application and Other Carbon- containing Fertilizers Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 1 1 1 Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 1 0CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 85 The table below illustrates modelling results from Trottier Energy Futures Project, where a 2050 target of 60% below the 1990 levels is achieved by reductions in emissions from the energy sector, industrial processes, agriculture and wastes. The table below illustrated the reductions when current technologies are available, with the addition of interprovincial interconnections to the electricity grid.', 'The table below illustrated the reductions when current technologies are available, with the addition of interprovincial interconnections to the electricity grid. As illustrated by the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from electricity emissions (99% below the 2015 level), followed by emissions from the residential sector (87% below the 2015 level), commercial emissions (76% below the 2015 level), transportation (71% below the 2015 level) and agriculture (64% below the 2005 level). Table A3: Trottier Energy Futures Project (Current Technology Scenario) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Trottier) Mt CO e Greenhouse Gas Categories 2015 2050 % Change Relative to 2015 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY SCENARIO: INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE 53 35 -34%CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The table below is also from the Trottier Energy Futures Project.', 'Table A3: Trottier Energy Futures Project (Current Technology Scenario) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Trottier) Mt CO e Greenhouse Gas Categories 2015 2050 % Change Relative to 2015 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY SCENARIO: INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE 53 35 -34%CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The table below is also from the Trottier Energy Futures Project. It illustrates the reductions when other new technologies are available to reduce GHG emission reduction costs. The contribution of new technologies increases the reduction from agriculture, commercial, residential and supply-combustion.', 'The contribution of new technologies increases the reduction from agriculture, commercial, residential and supply-combustion. As illustrated by the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from electricity emissions (99% below the 2015 level), followed by emissions from the residential sector (89% below the 2015 level), commercial emissions (88% below the 2015 level), agriculture (66% below the 2015 level) and supply process emissions (56% below the 2005 level).', 'As illustrated by the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from electricity emissions (99% below the 2015 level), followed by emissions from the residential sector (89% below the 2015 level), commercial emissions (88% below the 2015 level), agriculture (66% below the 2015 level) and supply process emissions (56% below the 2005 level). Table A4: Trottier Energy Futures Project (New Technology Scenario) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Trottier) Mt CO e Greenhouse Gas Categories 2015 2050 % Change Relative to 2015 NEW TECHNOLOGY SCENARIO: INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE 51 35 -32%CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 87 The table below illustrates modelling results from DDPP Study, where a 2050 target of 88% below the 2015 levels is achieved by reductions in emissions from all sectors of the economy except for agriculture, which was not included as part of this modelling work.', 'Table A4: Trottier Energy Futures Project (New Technology Scenario) Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (Trottier) Mt CO e Greenhouse Gas Categories 2015 2050 % Change Relative to 2015 NEW TECHNOLOGY SCENARIO: INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE 51 35 -32%CANADA’S MID-CENTURY LONG-TERM LOW-GREENHOUSE GAS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 87 The table below illustrates modelling results from DDPP Study, where a 2050 target of 88% below the 2015 levels is achieved by reductions in emissions from all sectors of the economy except for agriculture, which was not included as part of this modelling work. As illustrated by the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from residential and commercial buildings emissions (99% below the 2015 level), followed by emissions from the personal transportation sector (97% below the 2015 level), freight transportation emissions (95% below the 2015 level), industrial minerals (93% below the 2015 level) and chemical products (75% below the 2005 level).', 'As illustrated by the table, the greatest reductions are projected to come from residential and commercial buildings emissions (99% below the 2015 level), followed by emissions from the personal transportation sector (97% below the 2015 level), freight transportation emissions (95% below the 2015 level), industrial minerals (93% below the 2015 level) and chemical products (75% below the 2005 level). Table A5: Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project Canada’s 1990−2050 GHG Emissions by Sector (DDPP) Mt CO e Greenhouse Gas Categories 2015 2050 % Change Relative to 2015 Industrial Minerals (Cement & Lime) 16 1 -93%']

en-US

CAF

Central African Republic

1st NDC

2016-10-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_R%C3%A9publique%20Centrafricaine_EN.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/ec46b3166ebb6e13460dd9bd5cec1d774c9530da63821604c16795426847a046.pdf

['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 1 Central African Republic Unity - Dignity - Work INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION (INDC)Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 2 Summary National vision To become, between now and 2030, an emerging country built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 1 Central African Republic Unity - Dignity - Work INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION (INDC)Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 2 Summary National vision To become, between now and 2030, an emerging country built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation. Methodology Review of the literature Consultation of the stakeholders IGES tool: Tier 1 Method (manual inventory of GHG 1996, revised version and 2006) Reference year: 2010 Reference data: Second National Communication of 2013 Assumptions: Economic rate of growth: 5-10%; demographic rate of Areas of application and coverage of the contributions Geographic scope: The national territory Included sectors: Land use, land use change and forestry and industrial processes and use of solvents (2010 data).', 'Methodology Review of the literature Consultation of the stakeholders IGES tool: Tier 1 Method (manual inventory of GHG 1996, revised version and 2006) Reference year: 2010 Reference data: Second National Communication of 2013 Assumptions: Economic rate of growth: 5-10%; demographic rate of Areas of application and coverage of the contributions Geographic scope: The national territory Included sectors: Land use, land use change and forestry and industrial processes and use of solvents (2010 data). Included GHG: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide O), representing more than 75% of the national anthropogenic emissions. Emissions for the reference year Type of contribution Contributions focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development using an approach combining conditional and unconditional activities: “Action-Results”. Level of contribution Reduce emissions by 5% compared to the BaU reference level (i.e.', 'Level of contribution Reduce emissions by 5% compared to the BaU reference level (i.e. of avoided emissions) at the 2030 horizon and 25% ) at the 2050 horizon, within the framework of conditional implementation Adaptation Objectives: Agriculture1 and food security, health, basic infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources, with the aim of maintaining an annual rate of growth of agricultural activities of 6% and stabilisation of the rate of food insecurity at 15%. Vulnerability profile: Extreme hazards (torrential rains, floods and drought), most vulnerable areas (south, north and northeast) and most vulnerable populations (women, children, indigenous peoples and the aged, i.e. around 75%). Sectors of priority activities: Agriculture and food security, forestry, energy, public health, water resources and land-use planning.', 'Sectors of priority activities: Agriculture and food security, forestry, energy, public health, water resources and land-use planning. Adaptation options: Adjustment of the policy framework, improved knowledge of resilience to climate change, sustainable management of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems, land-use 1 Agriculture in the broad sense, including the sub-sectors of animal husbandry, fishing, forestry and other sub- sectors associated with the management of renewable natural resources.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 3 planning, improvement and development of basic infrastructures, guarantee of energy security, improvement of public health systems, improvement of waste management and sustainable management of water resources. Financing needs over the period of commitment Mitigation: US $2.248 billion over the period of commitment, US $2.022 billion of which is conditional.', 'Financing needs over the period of commitment Mitigation: US $2.248 billion over the period of commitment, US $2.022 billion of which is conditional. A contribution of 10% is envisaged, representing the national counterpart of the projects. Adaptation: US $1.554 billion over the period of commitment, US $1.441 of which is conditional. A contribution of 10% is envisaged, representing the national counterpart for the projects. Ambitious and fair character A double approach (results and actions) optimising the Central African Republic’s approach to the objective of limiting the increase in the global temperature to 2°C. The Central African Republic is among the poorest countries in the world (lowest GDP/person in 2013 according to the IMF) and as a non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, does not have a mitigation obligation.', 'The Central African Republic is among the poorest countries in the world (lowest GDP/person in 2013 according to the IMF) and as a non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, does not have a mitigation obligation. Nevertheless, the Central African Republic intends to participate in the efforts of the international community and thus set an example. Its emissions were 116 MtCO2 e in 2010 and thus represented less than 0.002% of world emissions, or 26 tons eq-CO2/capita. Despite the need to vigorously develop its economy, the Central African Republic wishes to limit its emissions per inhabitant to 20 in 2050.', 'Despite the need to vigorously develop its economy, the Central African Republic wishes to limit its emissions per inhabitant to 20 in 2050. Implementation procedure Adjustment of national development strategies and policies to include climate change Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework Capacity building at all levels Transfer of technology, cooperation-research: climatology and meteorology, agriculture and agroecology, energy, land use change and forestry, industrial wastes and processes and use of solvents. Establishment of an appropriate national monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 4 INTRODUCTION The Central African Republic is a landlocked African country with an area of around 623,000 km2.', 'Establishment of an appropriate national monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 4 INTRODUCTION The Central African Republic is a landlocked African country with an area of around 623,000 km2. The terrain consists of a vast peneplain dominated by two mountain ranges at its eastern and western ends joined by a central spine that separates the two principal drainages, the Chari-Longue basin in the north and the Congo basin in the south. The climate is hot and humid equatorial, characterised by two seasons: a dry season and a rainy season.', 'The climate is hot and humid equatorial, characterised by two seasons: a dry season and a rainy season. The rainfall varies between 800 mm in the north and 1600 mm in the south and the average annual temperature varies between 15 °C in the south and 38 °C in the north. The future scenario indicates an increase in temperature on the order of 1.4 to 2.2°C, assuming low greenhouse gas emissions, and 1.8 to 2.7°C, assuming high greenhouse gas emissions. The forecasts regarding change in precipitation are less clear. Some forecasts predict a slight increase in annual precipitation, while others project irregular variations in precipitation. The extreme climate hazards, the probability of which could increase with climate change, are torrential rains followed by floods and droughts.', 'The extreme climate hazards, the probability of which could increase with climate change, are torrential rains followed by floods and droughts. From south to north, the biological diversity is composed of five large phytogeographic zones, each with a specific fauna: the Guinean forest zone of dense humid forests; the Sudano-Ubangian zone, sheltering dense semi-humid, open and dry forests; the Sudano-Guinean and Sudano-Sahelian zones, composed of various types of savannahs; and the Sahelian zone, consisting of steppes. The population of the Central African Republic is estimated at 5 million, with a demographic growth on the order of 2.5%/year. It is predominantly rural (62.1%), female (50.2%) and young (49.4% less than 18 years of age). The country is sparsely and unevenly populated.', 'The country is sparsely and unevenly populated. The average population density is 7.2 inhabitants per Km2. Decades of military and political crises have destroyed the nascent development and the last conflict of 2012-2013 spread insecurity throughout the population, destroyed the productive fabric and dismantled the administrative machinery. The Central African Republic is among the poorest countries on the planet, with a human development index estimated at 0.341 in 2013. Poverty affects more than half the population, with the corollaries of food insecurity and a lack of basic social services. The Central African economy still relies on a primary agricultural sector with low value added and intensive use of poorly qualified and essentially rural manpower.', 'The Central African economy still relies on a primary agricultural sector with low value added and intensive use of poorly qualified and essentially rural manpower. To the various internal constraints to the country’s development, including the low level of industrialisation and the land-locked nature of the country, are added the ongoing changes in the climate, which are reflected in different impacts: slow and gradual changes in the environment, variation in the seasons and on occasions extreme climate events (floods, droughts, tropical storms etc.) that may result in natural disasters. The annual emissions of the Central African Republic, estimated at 116,285.49 kt eq-CO2 in 2010, or /person, represent less than 0.002% of global emissions.', 'The annual emissions of the Central African Republic, estimated at 116,285.49 kt eq-CO2 in 2010, or /person, represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite its low rate of GHG emissions, the Central African Republic reaffirms its adherence to the principle of collective but differentiated responsibility and, in accordance with Decision 1CP/19, is taking the present ambitious measures to respond to this challenge without impeding its economic, social and environmental development. However, the vulnerability to changes in the climate and a lack of ability to adapt to their adverse impacts represent serious threats to the management of ecosystems and other agricultural and renewable natural resources, social cohesion, stability and sustainable development.', 'However, the vulnerability to changes in the climate and a lack of ability to adapt to their adverse impacts represent serious threats to the management of ecosystems and other agricultural and renewable natural resources, social cohesion, stability and sustainable development. Thus, the Central African Republic is obliged to take into account the adaptation of its land, its communities and its socioeconomic activities in this effort to contribute to the mitigation of climate change. TheIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 5 incorporation of an adaptation component in the INDC is thus a strategic choice that is vital to the country.', 'TheIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 5 incorporation of an adaptation component in the INDC is thus a strategic choice that is vital to the country. Moreover, not only do most of the adaptation measures, particularly those that help deal with land use change and reduce the fundamentally non-remunerative nature of agriculture, also contribute to mitigation. However, the adaptation component, which concerns the poorest, most exposed and most vulnerable populations, is an occasion to promote throughout the national territory socioeconomic development on a fair and sustainable basis that can meet the challenges of improving access to the country and preventing inter-regional conflicts.', 'However, the adaptation component, which concerns the poorest, most exposed and most vulnerable populations, is an occasion to promote throughout the national territory socioeconomic development on a fair and sustainable basis that can meet the challenges of improving access to the country and preventing inter-regional conflicts. The Central African Republic’s vision is “to become an emerging country, built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation.” The general objectives of the Central African Republic’s INDC are focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development and growing resilience of the sectors of agriculture and food security, health, management of natural resources and infrastructure against the adverse effects of climate change.', 'The Central African Republic’s vision is “to become an emerging country, built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation.” The general objectives of the Central African Republic’s INDC are focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development and growing resilience of the sectors of agriculture and food security, health, management of natural resources and infrastructure against the adverse effects of climate change. The process of developing the INDC is based on a review of the literature, consultation of the stakeholders and the directives for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).', 'The process of developing the INDC is based on a review of the literature, consultation of the stakeholders and the directives for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). At the institutional level, a Technical Group of Multi-Sectoral National Experts responsible for developing the INDC has been established.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 6 Section 1. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions General objectives The Central African Republic aspires to reduce its emissions by 5% and 25%, respectively, in the 2030 and 2050 horizons in comparison to its reference BaU emissions and to increase its sequestration potential. With international support, it will emit around 33,076.1 kt eq-CO2 less in 2050 than the annual reference emissions.', 'With international support, it will emit around 33,076.1 kt eq-CO2 less in 2050 than the annual reference emissions. The Central African Republic also aspires to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP), which science has shown have a significant short-term climate-warming potential and harmful effects on health, agriculture and ecosystems. Reference data Figure 1: Inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 (Ministry of Environment, Ecology and Sustainable Key (left to right): INDC emissions; INDC sequestration; Agriculture; Other energy; Wood energy; Waste; Industrial processes The reference data show the inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 as published in the Second Communication of the Central African Republic.', 'Reference data Figure 1: Inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 (Ministry of Environment, Ecology and Sustainable Key (left to right): INDC emissions; INDC sequestration; Agriculture; Other energy; Wood energy; Waste; Industrial processes The reference data show the inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 as published in the Second Communication of the Central African Republic. Greenhouse gas emissions total 116,285.49 kt eq- with sectoral contributions of 89.46% for land use change and forestry; 5.26% for agriculture; 5.19% for energy (of which 4.91% is wood energy); 0.09% for waste and marginal amounts for industrial processes and use of solvents. In addition, the sequestration potential is evaluated at , 62% for land abandoned after use and 38% for biomass.', 'In addition, the sequestration potential is evaluated at , 62% for land abandoned after use and 38% for biomass. Reference scenario The assumptions of the reference scenario are based on: • The success of the Emergency Programme for Sustainable Recovery (PURD), the principle objectives of which are return to constitutional order, consolidation of the peace and security, as well as restructuring of public finances and the primary sector. • The resumption of sustained economic growth for the diversification and intensification of economic activities, including increase of the energy supply and updating of theIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 7 National Agricultural Investment and Food Security and Nutrition Programme (PNIASAN) and the National Industrialisation Programme. • Development of individual, institutional and systemic capacities.', '• Development of individual, institutional and systemic capacities. In 2050, the Central African Republic will emit around 189,271.8 ± 94,635.4 kt eq-CO2 , i.e. 62.7% more than in 2010, with sectoral contributions of 68.4% for land use change and forestry; 13.4% for energy (10.7% of which is for wood energy); 13.4% for agriculture; 3.2% for water; and finally 1.6% for industrial processes and use of solvents.', '62.7% more than in 2010, with sectoral contributions of 68.4% for land use change and forestry; 13.4% for energy (10.7% of which is for wood energy); 13.4% for agriculture; 3.2% for water; and finally 1.6% for industrial processes and use of solvents. Figure 2: Change in greenhouse gas emissions in the Central African Republic (kt eqCO2 ) Key: Light blue: Industrial processes-use of solvents (IP-US); Purple: Waste; Olive: Energy; Oragne: Agriculture; Green: Land use change and forestry (LUCF) Taking into consideration the net rate of deforestation, which is 0.155% (EDF 2013), the country’s potential for sequestration will be 310,146.43 ± 155,073.222 kt eq-CO2 in 2050, while it was 330,000 kt in 2010, a reduction of 6.02%.', 'Figure 2: Change in greenhouse gas emissions in the Central African Republic (kt eqCO2 ) Key: Light blue: Industrial processes-use of solvents (IP-US); Purple: Waste; Olive: Energy; Oragne: Agriculture; Green: Land use change and forestry (LUCF) Taking into consideration the net rate of deforestation, which is 0.155% (EDF 2013), the country’s potential for sequestration will be 310,146.43 ± 155,073.222 kt eq-CO2 in 2050, while it was 330,000 kt in 2010, a reduction of 6.02%. However, it should be noted that the Central African Republic’s climate forecasts, which show an increase in rainfall and insolation, are favourable for the appearance of forest re-growth throughout the country. This phenomenon will increase the sequestration capacity of the forests.', 'This phenomenon will increase the sequestration capacity of the forests. Greenhouse gas mitigation measures The national contributions consist of:: • Unconditional measures within the ongoing national initiatives, namely the development of industrial forestry sites and the national reforestation initiated since 1980, the outreach programme to gradually abandon slash-and-burn agriculture and burning of agricultural waste and the promotion of low-energy light bulbs initiated by the national power company Energie Centrafricaine (ENERCA) within the framework of the energy conservation policy, and the promotion of improved cook stoves. 2 Uncertainties that are foreseen in the quality of the data on the activities of the land use change and forestry sector and the use of emission factors conform by default to the 2006 IPCC guidelines.', '2 Uncertainties that are foreseen in the quality of the data on the activities of the land use change and forestry sector and the use of emission factors conform by default to the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Emission total en 2050 Emission total en 2010Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 8 • Conditional measures, which will be implemented thanks to international support in the sectors of land use change and forestry (LUCF), energy, agriculture, industrial processes and waste (table 1).', 'Emission total en 2050 Emission total en 2010Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 8 • Conditional measures, which will be implemented thanks to international support in the sectors of land use change and forestry (LUCF), energy, agriculture, industrial processes and waste (table 1). Table 1 : Conditional mitigation measures Description of Project Emissions avoided (Kt CO2/year avoided) Sectors impacted Quantities avoided National programme for advanced conversion of wood LUCF/Energy 500 National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas Energy/Agriculture/LUCF Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui Energy/IP-US Development of 180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric plant (integration project) Energy/IP-US ≥ 1500 /country Development of 72 MW Lobaye hydroelectric plant Energy/IP-US ≥ 1500 /country Development of 60 KW La Kotto hydroelectric plant Energy/IP-US 1000 Development of Mobaye hydroelectric plant (integration project) Energy/IP-US National Rural Electrification Programme Energy 250 Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga Energy/LUCF Improved cook stoves programme Energy/LUCF/Waste 500 National Biofuels Programme Energy/LUCF/Agriculture Waste Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants Energy/Waste/ Transportation/ Agriculture/Health/IP-US Promotion of energy saving light bulbs Energy/IP-US 10 The implementation of the unconditional mitigation measures will make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 4,062 kt eq-CO2 , respectively, in 2030 and 2050.', 'Table 1 : Conditional mitigation measures Description of Project Emissions avoided (Kt CO2/year avoided) Sectors impacted Quantities avoided National programme for advanced conversion of wood LUCF/Energy 500 National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas Energy/Agriculture/LUCF Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui Energy/IP-US Development of 180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric plant (integration project) Energy/IP-US ≥ 1500 /country Development of 72 MW Lobaye hydroelectric plant Energy/IP-US ≥ 1500 /country Development of 60 KW La Kotto hydroelectric plant Energy/IP-US 1000 Development of Mobaye hydroelectric plant (integration project) Energy/IP-US National Rural Electrification Programme Energy 250 Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga Energy/LUCF Improved cook stoves programme Energy/LUCF/Waste 500 National Biofuels Programme Energy/LUCF/Agriculture Waste Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants Energy/Waste/ Transportation/ Agriculture/Health/IP-US Promotion of energy saving light bulbs Energy/IP-US 10 The implementation of the unconditional mitigation measures will make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 4,062 kt eq-CO2 , respectively, in 2030 and 2050. With the support of the international community, the Central African Republic will reduce 5,500 kt , respectively, in 2030 and 2050.', 'With the support of the international community, the Central African Republic will reduce 5,500 kt , respectively, in 2030 and 2050. Figure 3: Expected changes in greenhouse gas emissionsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 9 Section 2. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change The Central African Republic is at the same time in a post-conflict situation and in political transition, which exposes it to a considerable level of socioeconomic vulnerability. Moreover, the entire national territory is exposed to extreme climate hazards represented by drought and torrential rains followed by floods. The torrential rains and floods affect principally the southern part of the country, while drought is more present in the north and northeast.', 'The torrential rains and floods affect principally the southern part of the country, while drought is more present in the north and northeast. The rural populations that are the poorest are the ones that are most exposed. Thus, climate changes affect 75% of the Central African population. In this regard, the INDC, by enhancing resilience to climate change in the key sectors, an essential element of sustainable development, can contribute to national cohesion, stabilisation of the country, restoration of authority and of government actions. In addition, it will facilitate a programmatic approach to increasing the adaptation capabilities of communities, ecosystems and the activity sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry, forests, health and other sectors vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'In addition, it will facilitate a programmatic approach to increasing the adaptation capabilities of communities, ecosystems and the activity sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry, forests, health and other sectors vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Adaptation options and objectives Eight adaptation options have been identified from the 27 objectives derived from the national priorities. Five ongoing initiatives that enjoy the support of international development partners and 15 prospective adaptation measures are presented below as preconditions for developing a National Adaptation Plan that defines a group of measures to be taken at various decision-making levels (region, prefecture etc.). Adaptation option 1: Adjustment of the policy framework Objective 1. Integrate climate change adaptation measures into the policies and programmes for the development of the most vulnerable priority sectors3; Objective 2.', 'Integrate climate change adaptation measures into the policies and programmes for the development of the most vulnerable priority sectors3; Objective 2. Improve awareness, education and communication regarding adaptation and the risks associated with climate change. Adaptation option 2: Improve knowledge about resilience to climate change Objective 3. Enhance capabilities for handling climate change data at the national, regional and local levels. Objective 4. Study the resilience mechanisms of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems. Objective 5. Establish an early warning system.', 'Establish an early warning system. 3 The priority sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change in the Central African Republic are agriculture (including animal husbandry, fishing and forests), food security, health, basic infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 10 Adaptation option 3: Sustainable management of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems Objective 6. Introduce varieties that are adapted to climate extremes Objective 7. Diversify agricultural systems by including several types of crops and diversifying varieties. Objective 8. Diversify means of livelihood and systems of production (fishing, aquaculture, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting and forests). Objective 9. Establish a seed bank (animal and plant). Objective 10. Promote agricultural and forestry systems and sustainable soil management. Objective 11.', 'Promote agricultural and forestry systems and sustainable soil management. Objective 11. Promote urban, suburban and community forestry. Objective 12. Restore degraded forest landscapes. Objective 13. Sustainably manage transhumance corridors and conflicts between agriculturalists and pastoralists. Adaptation option 4: Land-use planning Objective 14. Establish land-use plans by type of use (road infrastructure, mines/petroleum, agriculture, animal husbandry, forests, protected areas or wildlife reserves, urban spaces etc.). Adaptation option 5: Improvement and development of basic infrastructure Objective 15. Improve the standards for infrastructure construction. Objective 16. Develop structures adapted to climate change. Adaptation option 6: Guarantee energy security Objective 17. Diversity energy sources. Objective 18. Develop hydroelectric installations (including micro-dams). Objective 19. Promote the use of wood waste as fuel for forestry companies. Objective 20.', 'Promote the use of wood waste as fuel for forestry companies. Objective 20. Promote the use of improved cook stoves. Adaptation option 7: Improve public health systems Objective 21. Develop a system for monitoring, preventing and effectively responding to the human diseases associated with climate change. Objective 22. Establish a waste management plan. Objective 23. Develop waste management units. Objective 24. Find uses for wastes. Adaptation option 8: Sustainable management of water resources Objective 25. Improve the supply of potable water. Objective 26. Establish a system for monitoring water quality. Objective 27.', 'Establish a system for monitoring water quality. Objective 27. Develop a system for monitoring underground and surface water resources.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 11 Adaptation measures Ongoing adaptation measures − Resilience and food security project in the city of Bangui and its Ombella-Mpoko suburbs. − Southwest Region Development Project (PDRSO). − Enhancement of agroecological systems in the Lake Chad basin (PRESIBALT/ PRODEBALT). − Sustainable management of fauna and bush meat in central Africa (GCP/RAF/455/GFF). Prospective adaptation measures − Programme to integrate climate change into development plans and strategies. − Development of a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. − Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer.', '− Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer. − Prepare eligibility for the Green Climate Fund. − National early warning programme. − Flood management programme in the Central African Republic. − Ubangi riverbank development project. − Drought management programme in the Central African Republic. − National investment programme for agriculture, food security and resilience to climate change. − National transhumance management programme. − Multi-landscape management of biodiversity resources through non-ligneous forest products. − Promotion of urban and suburban forestry in the large cities of the Central African Republic. − Implementation and monitoring of forest management plans.', '− Implementation and monitoring of forest management plans. − Enhancing climatic resilience and the transition to low carbon emission development in the Central African Republic through sustainable management of forests by means of better land-use planning. − Prevention of waterborne diseases and other seasonal pathologies. − Planning of drinking water supply systems in the Central African Republic. Probability of co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation measures We note that all the measures relating to the agriculture and forestry sector can generate mitigation co-benefits. For example, the objective of the National Programme for Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (PNIASAN) is to attain and maintain an annual agricultural GDP rate of 6% and a food insecurity rate of 15%.', 'For example, the objective of the National Programme for Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (PNIASAN) is to attain and maintain an annual agricultural GDP rate of 6% and a food insecurity rate of 15%. It envisages the mobilisation of 70% of the population to initially enhance 661,826 ha of land, with a planned expansion of 28.6%, reaching 851,750 ha in five years.', 'It envisages the mobilisation of 70% of the population to initially enhance 661,826 ha of land, with a planned expansion of 28.6%, reaching 851,750 ha in five years. The inclusion of climate-sensitive agroecological approaches (smart agriculture) in the PNIASAN with a view to increasing productivity and yield may make it possible to keep each farmer on the same original parcel of land for five years, which will make it possible to minimise or complete avoid increases in area and thus capitalise the deforestation (28%) avoided over the four years following the start-up of the project.', 'The inclusion of climate-sensitive agroecological approaches (smart agriculture) in the PNIASAN with a view to increasing productivity and yield may make it possible to keep each farmer on the same original parcel of land for five years, which will make it possible to minimise or complete avoid increases in area and thus capitalise the deforestation (28%) avoided over the four years following the start-up of the project. To do this, it is necessary to revise the PNIASAN and consequently increase its budget through the contribution of the expected conditional funds, particularly from the Green Climate Fund.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 12 Section 3.', 'To do this, it is necessary to revise the PNIASAN and consequently increase its budget through the contribution of the expected conditional funds, particularly from the Green Climate Fund.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 12 Section 3. Implementation The Central African Republic envisages a holistic approach, integrating adjustment of national policies and strategies, improvement of the legislative and regulatory frameworks, and capacity development and transfer of technology in certain priority areas.', 'Implementation The Central African Republic envisages a holistic approach, integrating adjustment of national policies and strategies, improvement of the legislative and regulatory frameworks, and capacity development and transfer of technology in certain priority areas. Need for technology transfer and capacity development The target sectors and technologies are summarised in the following table: Table 3 : Target areas and technologies Sectors Target technologies Energy − Hydroelectric micro-dams − Solar heat and solar photovoltaic energy − Methanisation processes for organic matter − Improved carbonisation Industrial processes and use of solvents − Particle and gas sensors Agriculture and animal husbandry − Soil analysis − Production, inspection and certification of high quality seeds − Integrated management of plant diseases − Monitoring prevention and control of animal diseases of a trans-national character impacting human health and ecosystems.', 'Need for technology transfer and capacity development The target sectors and technologies are summarised in the following table: Table 3 : Target areas and technologies Sectors Target technologies Energy − Hydroelectric micro-dams − Solar heat and solar photovoltaic energy − Methanisation processes for organic matter − Improved carbonisation Industrial processes and use of solvents − Particle and gas sensors Agriculture and animal husbandry − Soil analysis − Production, inspection and certification of high quality seeds − Integrated management of plant diseases − Monitoring prevention and control of animal diseases of a trans-national character impacting human health and ecosystems. − Agroecology Land Use Change and Forestry − Advanced conversion of wood − Land and forestry monitoring system Waste − Waste recycling − Treatment of industrial effluents − Waste reclamation System observatory − Climatological and meteorological observation system − Research Technology transfer will include a capacity development programme to be adopted at various levels, both institutional and local.', '− Agroecology Land Use Change and Forestry − Advanced conversion of wood − Land and forestry monitoring system Waste − Waste recycling − Treatment of industrial effluents − Waste reclamation System observatory − Climatological and meteorological observation system − Research Technology transfer will include a capacity development programme to be adopted at various levels, both institutional and local. Need for financing The needed financing totals US $3.802 billion over the commitment period, i.e. US $2.248 billion to implement the mitigation measures and US $1.554 billion for the development of resilience to climate change. Underestimation of the cost of investments needed for adaptation may keep in place the development gap caused by climate hazards.', 'Underestimation of the cost of investments needed for adaptation may keep in place the development gap caused by climate hazards. The approach taken by the FUND model, which will be supported by the preparatory work of the National Adaptation Plan, estimates the country’s needs for adaptation to climate change at an average of around US $34,500,000 per year up to 2030 and an average of US $57,500,000 per year up to the year 2050. Moreover, the Central African Republic, a non-Annex 1 country, supports the inclusion of international market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism, in a post-2020 climate agreement.', 'Moreover, the Central African Republic, a non-Annex 1 country, supports the inclusion of international market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism, in a post-2020 climate agreement. Such an instrument may be used to help finance certain investments in low-carbon infrastructure that is resilient to climate change.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 13 The Central African Republic considers that certain low-carbon development options and supplementary actions could be entirely or partially financed by the international transfer of carbon assets, taking into consideration environmental integrity and transparency factors. It is important to provide resources for the studies leading up to the mitigation, adaptation and technology transfer activities. Table: Financial resources for implementation A.', 'Table: Financial resources for implementation A. ADAPTATION Sectors Unconditional Conditional Studies for conditional measures US $ US $ US $ Ongoing adaptation measures Resilience and food security project in the city of Bangui and its Ombella-Mpoko suburbs PREVES Southwest Region Development Project (PDRSO) Enhancement of agroecological systems in the Lake Chad basin (PRESIBALT/ PRODEBALT) Sustainable management of fauna and bush meat in central Prospective adaptation measures Programme to integrate climate change into development plans and strategies Development of a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 72,000 600,000 , 60,000 Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer Enhancement of climate resilience and transition toward low carbon emission development in the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo through sustainable management of forests by means of better land use planning.', 'ADAPTATION Sectors Unconditional Conditional Studies for conditional measures US $ US $ US $ Ongoing adaptation measures Resilience and food security project in the city of Bangui and its Ombella-Mpoko suburbs PREVES Southwest Region Development Project (PDRSO) Enhancement of agroecological systems in the Lake Chad basin (PRESIBALT/ PRODEBALT) Sustainable management of fauna and bush meat in central Prospective adaptation measures Programme to integrate climate change into development plans and strategies Development of a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 72,000 600,000 , 60,000 Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer Enhancement of climate resilience and transition toward low carbon emission development in the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo through sustainable management of forests by means of better land use planning. Preparation of eligibility for the Green Climate Fund 24,000 200,000 20,000 Flood management programme in the Central African Republic 80,000,000 8,000,000 Ubangi riverbank development project 15,000,000 1,500,000 Drought management programme in the Central African Republic 80,000,000 8,000,000 National early warning programme 40,000,000 4,000,000 National investment programme for agriculture, food security and resilience to climate change National transhumance management programme 100,000,000 10,000,000 Programme of multi-landscape management of biodiversity resources and monitoring of forest management plans Promotion of urban and suburban forestry in the large cities of the Central African Republic Implementation of the management plan and business plan of the Mbaéré-Bodingué National Park Prevention of waterborne diseases and other seasonal pathologies Planning of drinking water supply systems in the Central African RepublicIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 14 GRAND TOTAL - ADAPTATION 1,553,994,700 B. MITIGATION Unconditional measures Conditional measures Studies for conditional measures US $ US $ US $ National programme for the advanced conversion of wood 12,500,000 1,250,000 National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui 100,000,000 10,000,000 Awareness programme for the cessation of slash-and-burn agriculture Promotion of energy saving light bulbs 1,000,000 100,000 180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric development (integration project) 60 MW La Kotto hydroelectric development 453,750,000 45,375,000 Mobaye hydroelectric development (integration project) 50,000,000 5,000,000 National Rural Electrification Programme 400,000,000 40,000,000 Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga 500,000,000 50,000,000 Improved cook stoves programme 5,000,000 500,000 National biofuels programme 25,000,000 2,500,000 Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants GRAND TOTAL - MITIGATION 2,247,725,000 Obstacles to be overcome For the financial effort expected from the Central African Republic’s international partners to be fully effective, the funds must be effectively used.', 'Preparation of eligibility for the Green Climate Fund 24,000 200,000 20,000 Flood management programme in the Central African Republic 80,000,000 8,000,000 Ubangi riverbank development project 15,000,000 1,500,000 Drought management programme in the Central African Republic 80,000,000 8,000,000 National early warning programme 40,000,000 4,000,000 National investment programme for agriculture, food security and resilience to climate change National transhumance management programme 100,000,000 10,000,000 Programme of multi-landscape management of biodiversity resources and monitoring of forest management plans Promotion of urban and suburban forestry in the large cities of the Central African Republic Implementation of the management plan and business plan of the Mbaéré-Bodingué National Park Prevention of waterborne diseases and other seasonal pathologies Planning of drinking water supply systems in the Central African RepublicIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 14 GRAND TOTAL - ADAPTATION 1,553,994,700 B. MITIGATION Unconditional measures Conditional measures Studies for conditional measures US $ US $ US $ National programme for the advanced conversion of wood 12,500,000 1,250,000 National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui 100,000,000 10,000,000 Awareness programme for the cessation of slash-and-burn agriculture Promotion of energy saving light bulbs 1,000,000 100,000 180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric development (integration project) 60 MW La Kotto hydroelectric development 453,750,000 45,375,000 Mobaye hydroelectric development (integration project) 50,000,000 5,000,000 National Rural Electrification Programme 400,000,000 40,000,000 Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga 500,000,000 50,000,000 Improved cook stoves programme 5,000,000 500,000 National biofuels programme 25,000,000 2,500,000 Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants GRAND TOTAL - MITIGATION 2,247,725,000 Obstacles to be overcome For the financial effort expected from the Central African Republic’s international partners to be fully effective, the funds must be effectively used. Moreover, the following difficulties also have to be surmounted: • Military and political crises: for the past several decades these have contributed to weakening of all of the country’s institutions, political instability, insecurity and extreme poverty.', 'Moreover, the following difficulties also have to be surmounted: • Military and political crises: for the past several decades these have contributed to weakening of all of the country’s institutions, political instability, insecurity and extreme poverty. The ongoing programme to develop social cohesion and bring the country together should make it possible to stabilise the situation. • The lack of synergy between sectoral policies and institutions: this leads to jurisdictional conflicts and underperformance and affects the efficiency of the government. It can delay the achievement of the INDC’s objectives. The ongoing improvement in inter-ministerial coordination should respond to this concern.', 'The ongoing improvement in inter-ministerial coordination should respond to this concern. • The illiteracy rate (estimated at 67% in 2008): this limits access to information and to opportunities, the acquisition of skills and, as a consequence, the level of the citizen’s contribution to carrying out public policies and meeting the government’sIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Central African Republic -INDC 15 international commitments. Educational programmes are ongoing and basic literacy should be improved. • The absence of interregional socioeconomic equality leads to frustration and social tensions. The government will implement a decentralisation programme that will permit decentralised entities to play a full role. • The government’s insufficient capacity for investment does not permit it to cover by itself the costs of implementing the INDC.', '• The government’s insufficient capacity for investment does not permit it to cover by itself the costs of implementing the INDC. The actions and support of the development partners and the improvement of the business climate are necessary to carry out the Central African Republic’s INDC. • Poor ability to absorb funds and deal with the lenders’ procedures will affect the smooth implementation of the programmes. The enhancement of individual and institutional capabilities will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the programmes. • Extreme poverty: when joined to the other factors listed above, this has been a breeding ground for violence for several decades. The implementation of the antipoverty strategy is a specific priority for significantly reducing extreme poverty.', 'The implementation of the antipoverty strategy is a specific priority for significantly reducing extreme poverty. Monitoring and notification of progress The Central African Republic’s INDC is a development policy with low carbon emissions and low emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. In this regard, the Central African Republic will put in place an appropriate national measurement, notification and verification system. Moreover, the government will organise regular consultations with the stakeholders at the national, regional and local level to both update the actions and make sure that they are carried out.']

en-US

CAF

Central African Republic

Updated NDC

2022-01-24 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20Revis%C3%A9e%20RCA.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a3fa9aa500cf5e140afb57a122bf0f385dd8cfc258626f43dd11f5aedfb83ce8.pdf

['Page | 1 -- REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE Unité - Dignité – Travail MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE COORDINATION NATIONALE CLIMAT CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN) VERSION REVISEEPage | 2 TABLE DES MATIERES RESUME 2. CONTEXTE NATIONAL __________________________________________________________ 8 3. ATTENUATION des émissions DE gaz à effet de serre et DES polluants climatiques _________ 13 4. ADAPTATION AUX EFFETS DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES _________________________ 23 5. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE ___________________________________________________ 31 6. MECANISME de MESURE, NOTIFICATION, et VERIFICATION (mnv) ______________________ 33 7.', 'MECANISME de MESURE, NOTIFICATION, et VERIFICATION (mnv) ______________________ 33 7. Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension ________________ 34Page | 3 RESUME La révision de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) s’inscrit dans la continuité des objectifs poursuivis par le Gouvernement de la République Centrafricaine dans le cadre du Plan National de Relèvement et de Consolidation de la Paix (RCPCA), principal instrument de planification stratégique du pays. Elle consolide les acquis de la première génération de CDN et l’améliore significativement du point de vue méthodologique.', 'Elle consolide les acquis de la première génération de CDN et l’améliore significativement du point de vue méthodologique. Elle se fonde sur les conséquences probables des variations et changements climatiques projetés à l’horizon 2030, l’évolution à date des émissions et absorptions de gaz à effet de serre, les impacts et vulnérabilités existantes et potentielles, pour : · Décrire un scenario tendanciel (ou Scenario Business as Usual-BAU) des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur le cycle 2010-2030 dans les secteurs les plus émetteurs : Energie ; Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Procédés industriels ; Déchets ; · Proposer des mesures d’atténuation susceptibles d’infléchir la courbe tendancielle selon un scenario inconditionnel (investissements consentis par l’Etat) et un scenario conditionnel (besoins d’investissement additionnels requis de la communauté internationale) · Identifier, selon un scenario conditionnel et un scenario inconditionnel, les mesures d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables (Agriculture, Energie, Foresterie, Ressources en Eau, Santé, Aménagement du territoire, Infrastructures et habitat), en cohérence avec les objectifs poursuivis par la planification sectorielle.', 'Elle se fonde sur les conséquences probables des variations et changements climatiques projetés à l’horizon 2030, l’évolution à date des émissions et absorptions de gaz à effet de serre, les impacts et vulnérabilités existantes et potentielles, pour : · Décrire un scenario tendanciel (ou Scenario Business as Usual-BAU) des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur le cycle 2010-2030 dans les secteurs les plus émetteurs : Energie ; Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Procédés industriels ; Déchets ; · Proposer des mesures d’atténuation susceptibles d’infléchir la courbe tendancielle selon un scenario inconditionnel (investissements consentis par l’Etat) et un scenario conditionnel (besoins d’investissement additionnels requis de la communauté internationale) · Identifier, selon un scenario conditionnel et un scenario inconditionnel, les mesures d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables (Agriculture, Energie, Foresterie, Ressources en Eau, Santé, Aménagement du territoire, Infrastructures et habitat), en cohérence avec les objectifs poursuivis par la planification sectorielle. Il apparait ainsi, selon le scenario tendanciel, une évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de séquestration sur les mêmes horizons est respectivement de 730 714 GgCO2 et 733 607 GgCO2.', 'Il apparait ainsi, selon le scenario tendanciel, une évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de séquestration sur les mêmes horizons est respectivement de 730 714 GgCO2 et 733 607 GgCO2. Les mesures d’atténuation prises généreront, selon le scenario inconditionnel, une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre respectivement de 9,03% et 11,82% aux horizons 2025 et 2030 par rapport à la situation de référence ; et selon le scenario conditionnel 14,64% et 24,28% aux horizons 2025 et 2030 par rapport à la situation de référence. La CDN de la RCA s’appuie sur l’inventaire existant des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCVD), pour élargir le spectre des gaz couverts, en plus des gaz à effet de serre.', 'La CDN de la RCA s’appuie sur l’inventaire existant des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCVD), pour élargir le spectre des gaz couverts, en plus des gaz à effet de serre. Les émissions du carbone organique qui (CO) représentent 61,9% des émissions totales de PCCVD, connaitraient sous l’effet des mesures d’atténuation proposées, un infléchissement significatif en même temps que les autres PCCVD (13,67% à -55,31% selon le type de polluant à l’horizon 2030). Au titre des mesures d’adaptation, les actions ciblées proposées dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables, devraient permettre, à l’horizon 2030, un repli des impacts et une réduction des vulnérabilités générées par les changements climatiques actuels et futurs.', 'Au titre des mesures d’adaptation, les actions ciblées proposées dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables, devraient permettre, à l’horizon 2030, un repli des impacts et une réduction des vulnérabilités générées par les changements climatiques actuels et futurs. Les besoins financiers associés à la mise en œuvre de l’ensemble des actions ainsi décrites, sont estimés à 1,764 milliard$ dont : · 1,32 milliard $ pour l’atténuation : 236 millions$ en inconditionnel et 1,08 Milliard$ en conditionnel ; · 443,87 millions de dollars pour l’adaptation : 44,38 millions$ en inconditionnel et 399,48 millions$ en conditionnel.', 'Les besoins financiers associés à la mise en œuvre de l’ensemble des actions ainsi décrites, sont estimés à 1,764 milliard$ dont : · 1,32 milliard $ pour l’atténuation : 236 millions$ en inconditionnel et 1,08 Milliard$ en conditionnel ; · 443,87 millions de dollars pour l’adaptation : 44,38 millions$ en inconditionnel et 399,48 millions$ en conditionnel. Le suivi de la mise œuvre des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation et du soutien reçu en technologie, en renforcement de capacités et en financement, est assuré grâce à un dispositif de mesure, de notification et de vérification qui s’appuie sur le dispositif national de suivi des ODD.', 'Le suivi de la mise œuvre des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation et du soutien reçu en technologie, en renforcement de capacités et en financement, est assuré grâce à un dispositif de mesure, de notification et de vérification qui s’appuie sur le dispositif national de suivi des ODD. Ce dispositif MNV facilite, entre autres, la mise à jour des inventaires et le rapportage périodique des progrès réalisés par la RCA à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).Page | 4 TABLEAUX ET FIGURES Figure 1: Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) ____________________________ 8 Figure 2: Pluies moyennes annuelles observées en RCA: 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) _________________ 8 Figure 3: Risque d’inondation fluviale, urbaine et de sécheresse en RCA (source : ThinkHazard, 2021)________ 9 Figure 4: Impact économique du changement climatique sur la République centrafricaine (Source : Stanford, Figure 5: Répartition des émissions de GES par secteur (Source : Troisième Communication Nationale) _____ 11 Figure 6: % d émission des PCCVD par source ___________________________________________________ 12 Figure 7: Emissions de GES du scenario BAU (2010-2030) _________________________________________ 13 Figure 8: Emission des PCCVD-Scenario tendanciel (2010-2030) ____________________________________ 14 Figure 9: Emissions secteur Energie-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 16 Figure 10: Emissions secteur AFAT-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 18 Figure 11: Emissions secteur PIUP-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ________ 20 Figure 12: Emissions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ___________ 21 Figure 13: Absorptions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _________ 22 Figure 14: Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels __________________________________________________ 23 Figure 15: Dispositif MNV-Atténuation _____________________________________ Erreur !', 'Ce dispositif MNV facilite, entre autres, la mise à jour des inventaires et le rapportage périodique des progrès réalisés par la RCA à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).Page | 4 TABLEAUX ET FIGURES Figure 1: Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) ____________________________ 8 Figure 2: Pluies moyennes annuelles observées en RCA: 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) _________________ 8 Figure 3: Risque d’inondation fluviale, urbaine et de sécheresse en RCA (source : ThinkHazard, 2021)________ 9 Figure 4: Impact économique du changement climatique sur la République centrafricaine (Source : Stanford, Figure 5: Répartition des émissions de GES par secteur (Source : Troisième Communication Nationale) _____ 11 Figure 6: % d émission des PCCVD par source ___________________________________________________ 12 Figure 7: Emissions de GES du scenario BAU (2010-2030) _________________________________________ 13 Figure 8: Emission des PCCVD-Scenario tendanciel (2010-2030) ____________________________________ 14 Figure 9: Emissions secteur Energie-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 16 Figure 10: Emissions secteur AFAT-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 18 Figure 11: Emissions secteur PIUP-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ________ 20 Figure 12: Emissions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ___________ 21 Figure 13: Absorptions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _________ 22 Figure 14: Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels __________________________________________________ 23 Figure 15: Dispositif MNV-Atténuation _____________________________________ Erreur ! Signet non défini.', 'Ce dispositif MNV facilite, entre autres, la mise à jour des inventaires et le rapportage périodique des progrès réalisés par la RCA à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).Page | 4 TABLEAUX ET FIGURES Figure 1: Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) ____________________________ 8 Figure 2: Pluies moyennes annuelles observées en RCA: 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) _________________ 8 Figure 3: Risque d’inondation fluviale, urbaine et de sécheresse en RCA (source : ThinkHazard, 2021)________ 9 Figure 4: Impact économique du changement climatique sur la République centrafricaine (Source : Stanford, Figure 5: Répartition des émissions de GES par secteur (Source : Troisième Communication Nationale) _____ 11 Figure 6: % d émission des PCCVD par source ___________________________________________________ 12 Figure 7: Emissions de GES du scenario BAU (2010-2030) _________________________________________ 13 Figure 8: Emission des PCCVD-Scenario tendanciel (2010-2030) ____________________________________ 14 Figure 9: Emissions secteur Energie-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 16 Figure 10: Emissions secteur AFAT-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _______ 18 Figure 11: Emissions secteur PIUP-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ________ 20 Figure 12: Emissions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ___________ 21 Figure 13: Absorptions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle _________ 22 Figure 14: Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels __________________________________________________ 23 Figure 15: Dispositif MNV-Atténuation _____________________________________ Erreur ! Signet non défini. Figure 16: Dispositif MNV-Adaptation _____________________________________ Erreur !', 'Figure 16: Dispositif MNV-Adaptation _____________________________________ Erreur ! Signet non défini.', 'Figure 16: Dispositif MNV-Adaptation _____________________________________ Erreur ! Signet non défini. Tableau 1: Changements projetés (Source : CCKP-2021 & GERICS-2015) _______________________________ 9 Tableau 2: Evolution du taux de croissance du PIB de la RCA sur la période quinquennale 2017-2021 (Source : Tableau 3: Synthèse des émissions de la troisième communication nationale (Gg CO2e) _________________ 11 Tableau 4: Répartition des émissions de PCCDV par source ________________________________________ 12 Tableau 5: Réduction des émissions de PCCDV en scenario inconditionnel et conditionnel ________________ 22 Tableau 6: : Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels _________________________________________________ 24 Tableau 7 : Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension ___________________ 36Page | 5 SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AEP : Alimentation en eau potable AFAT : Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres AR6 : Sixième rapport d évaluation (RE6) du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) ATPC : Assainissement Total Piloté par les Communautés BAU : Business As Usual CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CO : Carbone organique CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone ou gaz carbonique COVNM : Composés organiques volatils non méthaniques CH4 : Méthane DGEP : Direction Générale des Etudes et de la Planification DGEPC : Direction Générale des Etudes, de la Programmation et du Contrôle DGPC : Direction générale de la protection civile DPEN : Document de Politique Energétique Nationale HFC : hydrofluorocarbures ICASESS : Institut Centrafricain des Statistiques et des Etudes Economiques et Sociales ICRA : Institut Centrafricain de la Recherche Agronomique GES : Gaz à effet de serre IDH : Indice de Développement Humain GPL : Gaz de Pétrole Liquéfiés MDERH : Ministère du Développement de l’Energie et des Ressources Hydrologiques MNV : Mesure, Notification, Vérification MTPER : Ministère des Travaux Publics et de l’Entretien Routier MURFVH : Ministère de l’Urbanisme, de la Réforme Foncière, de la Ville et de l’Habitat NOx : Oxydes d azote N2O : Protoxyde d azote ou oxyde nitreux ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PCCDV : Polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie PM10 ; PM 2.5: Particules en suspension PNIASAN : Programme National d’Investissement Agricole de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PFNL : Produits forestiers non ligneux SODECA : Société de distribution d eau de Centrafrique RCPCA : Plan National de Relèvement et de Consolidation de la Paix SDRASA : Stratégie de Développement Rural, de l’Agriculture et de la Sécurité Alimentaire SNAT : Schéma National d’Aménagement du TerritoirePage | 6 La révision de la CDN de la RCA répond à l’urgence d’une action ambitieuse face à la crise climatique mondiale et à l’augmentation de la température mondiale.', 'Tableau 1: Changements projetés (Source : CCKP-2021 & GERICS-2015) _______________________________ 9 Tableau 2: Evolution du taux de croissance du PIB de la RCA sur la période quinquennale 2017-2021 (Source : Tableau 3: Synthèse des émissions de la troisième communication nationale (Gg CO2e) _________________ 11 Tableau 4: Répartition des émissions de PCCDV par source ________________________________________ 12 Tableau 5: Réduction des émissions de PCCDV en scenario inconditionnel et conditionnel ________________ 22 Tableau 6: : Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels _________________________________________________ 24 Tableau 7 : Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension ___________________ 36Page | 5 SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AEP : Alimentation en eau potable AFAT : Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres AR6 : Sixième rapport d évaluation (RE6) du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) ATPC : Assainissement Total Piloté par les Communautés BAU : Business As Usual CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CO : Carbone organique CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone ou gaz carbonique COVNM : Composés organiques volatils non méthaniques CH4 : Méthane DGEP : Direction Générale des Etudes et de la Planification DGEPC : Direction Générale des Etudes, de la Programmation et du Contrôle DGPC : Direction générale de la protection civile DPEN : Document de Politique Energétique Nationale HFC : hydrofluorocarbures ICASESS : Institut Centrafricain des Statistiques et des Etudes Economiques et Sociales ICRA : Institut Centrafricain de la Recherche Agronomique GES : Gaz à effet de serre IDH : Indice de Développement Humain GPL : Gaz de Pétrole Liquéfiés MDERH : Ministère du Développement de l’Energie et des Ressources Hydrologiques MNV : Mesure, Notification, Vérification MTPER : Ministère des Travaux Publics et de l’Entretien Routier MURFVH : Ministère de l’Urbanisme, de la Réforme Foncière, de la Ville et de l’Habitat NOx : Oxydes d azote N2O : Protoxyde d azote ou oxyde nitreux ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits PCCDV : Polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie PM10 ; PM 2.5: Particules en suspension PNIASAN : Programme National d’Investissement Agricole de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PFNL : Produits forestiers non ligneux SODECA : Société de distribution d eau de Centrafrique RCPCA : Plan National de Relèvement et de Consolidation de la Paix SDRASA : Stratégie de Développement Rural, de l’Agriculture et de la Sécurité Alimentaire SNAT : Schéma National d’Aménagement du TerritoirePage | 6 La révision de la CDN de la RCA répond à l’urgence d’une action ambitieuse face à la crise climatique mondiale et à l’augmentation de la température mondiale. En cohérence avec la première CDN de 2016 et les dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1 et 9/CMA.1 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), la CDN révisée confirme l’aspiration du pays à contribuer significativement aux efforts mondiaux de lutte contre les changements climatiques.', 'En cohérence avec la première CDN de 2016 et les dispositions pertinentes des décisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1 et 9/CMA.1 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), la CDN révisée confirme l’aspiration du pays à contribuer significativement aux efforts mondiaux de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Cette deuxième génération présente des avancées importantes par rapport à la première : 1. Le processus de formulation a été mené de façon inclusive, en mettant à contribution les différents acteurs regroupés autour d’un Comité multi acteurs assurant le pilotage stratégique et la validation des résultats, et des groupes de travail sectoriels (six au total), chargés de proposer et/ou d’amender les contribuions proposées, au titre de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation.', 'Le processus de formulation a été mené de façon inclusive, en mettant à contribution les différents acteurs regroupés autour d’un Comité multi acteurs assurant le pilotage stratégique et la validation des résultats, et des groupes de travail sectoriels (six au total), chargés de proposer et/ou d’amender les contribuions proposées, au titre de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation. Ainsi, les données collectées auprès des fournisseurs primaires sont de meilleure qualité. Le traitement et l’analyse se sont appuyés sur l’expertise des organes officiels en charge des statistiques sectoriels. 2. Elle couvre davantage de secteurs et de gaz : a. Les secteurs et sous-secteurs couverts incluent, outre ceux de la première génération, le transport, les mines, l’aménagement du territoire et l’habitat, conformément aux recommandations du rapport d’évaluation de la première CDN. b.', 'Elle couvre davantage de secteurs et de gaz : a. Les secteurs et sous-secteurs couverts incluent, outre ceux de la première génération, le transport, les mines, l’aménagement du territoire et l’habitat, conformément aux recommandations du rapport d’évaluation de la première CDN. b. La couverture des gaz à effet de serre a été étendue aux hydrofluorocarbures (HFC), en plus du gaz carbonique (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et de l’oxyde nitreux (N2O). Mieux, les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV) ont été pris en compte, en raison de leur rôle potentiel dans la réduction du réchauffement global. 3.', 'Mieux, les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV) ont été pris en compte, en raison de leur rôle potentiel dans la réduction du réchauffement global. 3. La CDN révisée s appuie sur une base de données améliorée et plus robuste pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions du scénario de référence : la série temporelle utilisée est présentée avec des données annuelles, contrairement à la première CDN, où les résultats sommés sur la série temporelle 2003-2010, présentent des surestimations, en particulier dans le secteur Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT). Aussi, le scenario tendanciel ou scénario BAU est-il plus réaliste et plus crédible, car construit sur davantage de données désagrégées et de qualité, et couvrant plus de secteurs. 4.', 'Aussi, le scenario tendanciel ou scénario BAU est-il plus réaliste et plus crédible, car construit sur davantage de données désagrégées et de qualité, et couvrant plus de secteurs. 4. Les implications des corrections indiquées supra sont une révision des émissions du scénario tendanciel par rapport à la première CDN. Elles sont de 10 040 GgeCO2 en 2010 et de 17 643 GgeCO2 à l’horizon 2030. 5. Les ambitions de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la CDN révisée sont, en valeur relative, plus importantes par rapport à la précédente (24,28% d’ici 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel, contre 5% pour la première CDN).', 'Les ambitions de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la CDN révisée sont, en valeur relative, plus importantes par rapport à la précédente (24,28% d’ici 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel, contre 5% pour la première CDN). En valeur absolue, cette réduction est moins importante : elle est de 4 284,42 GgeCO2 contre 5 500 GgeCO2 pour la première CDN. 6. Les mesures de mitigation proposées intègrent les mesures les plus réalistes de la première CDN et les consolident par de nouvelles mesures. 7. La planification de l adaptation est rendue plus robuste par des mesures fondées sur des objectifs ciblés, en cohérence avec les objectifs sectoriels. 8.', 'La planification de l adaptation est rendue plus robuste par des mesures fondées sur des objectifs ciblés, en cohérence avec les objectifs sectoriels. 8. Un dispositif de mesure, de notification et de vérification est proposé.Page | 7 Au regard des améliorations que le processus de révision a rendu possible, la RCA dispose sur le moyen terme (horizon 2030) d’un outil efficace de pilotage des actions publiques qui tiennent compte des effets projetés des changements climatiques, et des moyens de mitiger ces effets.Page | 8 2. CONTEXTE NATIONAL CLIMAT ACTUEL ET FUTUR DE LA RCA Le climat en République Centrafrique se caractérise par une évolution tendancielle à la hausse de la température annuelle moyenne d environ 0,3°C par décennie, amorcée à partir des années 701.', 'CONTEXTE NATIONAL CLIMAT ACTUEL ET FUTUR DE LA RCA Le climat en République Centrafrique se caractérise par une évolution tendancielle à la hausse de la température annuelle moyenne d environ 0,3°C par décennie, amorcée à partir des années 701. Cette variation différenciée selon les zones climatiques, augmente plus rapidement à partir des années 50 surtout dans les zones du sud-ouest. Sur les trente dernières années, les précipitations annuelles présentent une légère tendance à la hausse estimée à 8%2. Cette augmentation relative s’accompagne d’une évolution à la hausse des évènements extrêmes matérialisés par la hausse du nombre de jours de pluie avec 10 mm de précipitations sur la même période.', 'Cette augmentation relative s’accompagne d’une évolution à la hausse des évènements extrêmes matérialisés par la hausse du nombre de jours de pluie avec 10 mm de précipitations sur la même période. Les aléas climatiques les plus marqués durant ces dernières années sont les tempêtes, les inondations (zones du Sud-Ouest 3 ), et les sécheresses (au Nord). Les conditions climatiques demeurent favorables aux épidémies liées aux maladies bactériennes et virales. La probabilité d’occurrence d’épidémies annuelles de méningite à méningocoques pendant la saison sèche, demeure très forte dans la partie Nord qui se trouve dans la ceinture méningitique. Figure 1: Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) Figure 2: Pluies moyennes annuelles observées en RCA: 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) WB Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP, 2021).', 'Figure 1: Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) Figure 2: Pluies moyennes annuelles observées en RCA: 1951-2020 (Source : CCKP, 2021) WB Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP, 2021). Central African Republic URL: republic/climate-data-historical 2 GERICS (2015). Climate-Fact-Sheet, Central African Republic 3 Celles de 2009 autour des zones urbaines de la capitale, Bangui, ont coûté 6 millions de dollars, et causé des pertes estimées à 2,6 millions de dollars.', 'Climate-Fact-Sheet, Central African Republic 3 Celles de 2009 autour des zones urbaines de la capitale, Bangui, ont coûté 6 millions de dollars, et causé des pertes estimées à 2,6 millions de dollars. Température moyenne annuelle Année Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 Pluie annuelle (mm) Année Pluies annuelles observées en RCA 1951-2020Page | 9 Cmip5 Projections selon un scenario RCP 8.54 Observations Anomalie de température annuelle (°C) +0,35 °C par décennie Anomalie de précipitation annuelle (mm) Périodes de sécheresse (jours) Tableau 1: Changements projetés (Source : CCKP-2021 & GERICS-2015) Les projections de température montrent une augmentation entre 0.7 et 1.5°C d ici 2030 pour le scénario RCP 8.5, et une hausse de 1.4 à 2.7°C d ici le milieu du 21e siècle5 par rapport à la période de référence 1986-2005.', 'Température moyenne annuelle Année Températures observées en RCA 1951-2020 Pluie annuelle (mm) Année Pluies annuelles observées en RCA 1951-2020Page | 9 Cmip5 Projections selon un scenario RCP 8.54 Observations Anomalie de température annuelle (°C) +0,35 °C par décennie Anomalie de précipitation annuelle (mm) Périodes de sécheresse (jours) Tableau 1: Changements projetés (Source : CCKP-2021 & GERICS-2015) Les projections de température montrent une augmentation entre 0.7 et 1.5°C d ici 2030 pour le scénario RCP 8.5, et une hausse de 1.4 à 2.7°C d ici le milieu du 21e siècle5 par rapport à la période de référence 1986-2005. Les projections pour les précipitations annuelles indiquent une légère tendance à l augmentation des précipitations totales annuelles6.', 'Les projections pour les précipitations annuelles indiquent une légère tendance à l augmentation des précipitations totales annuelles6. Il est attendu une hausse probable de la variabilité pluviométrique marquée par l’augmentation de la fréquence (forte tendance) et de l’intensité (légère tendance) des événements extrêmes7 susceptibles de conduire à des occurrences d’inondation fluviale (voir figure 3) sur une grande partie du pays, et d’inondation urbaine dans les régions d’Ombelle Mpoko (Bangui) et Haute Kotto (Bria). En ce qui concerne les périodes sèches, les risques les plus élevés sont localisés dans les régions de Vakaga et Haute Kotto. 4 La valeur en gras correspond à la plage (10e-90e centile) et les valeurs entre parenthèses indiquent la médiane (ou 50e centile).', '4 La valeur en gras correspond à la plage (10e-90e centile) et les valeurs entre parenthèses indiquent la médiane (ou 50e centile). Pour les fortes pluies et les périodes de sécheresse, las valeurs correspondent aux 5ième et 95ième percentile (90% au centre). 5Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Confirmé par le 7ièe rapport du GIEC. Cf: IPCC, 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Regional fact sheet – Africa.', 'Regional fact sheet – Africa. Figure 3: Risque d’inondation fluviale, urbaine et de sécheresse en RCA (source : ThinkHazard, 2021)Page | 10 Au niveau macro-économique, ces changements projetés présentent d’autant plus de risques sur les perspectives de développement économique, que la phase de relance amorcée en 2017 a connu des infléchissements en 2018 et en 2020, en termes de taux de croissance du PIB. Ce taux qui devrait connaitre un effet rebond, avec l’achèvement des projets énergétiques et la reprise des activités agricoles et minières, ne pourra se maintenir que si l’impact de la variabilité et des changements climatiques ne compromettent pas, entre autres facteurs, les ambitions nationales.', 'Ce taux qui devrait connaitre un effet rebond, avec l’achèvement des projets énergétiques et la reprise des activités agricoles et minières, ne pourra se maintenir que si l’impact de la variabilité et des changements climatiques ne compromettent pas, entre autres facteurs, les ambitions nationales. En effet, en Afrique Centrale un réchauffement de 1°C au-dessus de la moyenne historique est associé à une diminution d environ 0,7 point de pourcentage de la croissance du PIB, allant de -1,3 à -0,038. Le tableau 2 présente les prévisions de croissance du PIB, et la figure 4 l’effet potentiel du changement climatique sur le PIB projeté de la RCA9.', 'Le tableau 2 présente les prévisions de croissance du PIB, et la figure 4 l’effet potentiel du changement climatique sur le PIB projeté de la RCA9. Taux de croissance du PIB (%) Tableau 2: Evolution du taux de croissance du PIB de la RCA sur la période quinquennale 2017-2021 (Source : MEPC, 2020) Figure 4: Impact économique du changement climatique sur la République centrafricaine (Source : Stanford, 2021) 8 AfdB. Climate Change Impacts on Africa’s Economic Growth. 2019. 9 Cet effet se manifeste surtout lors des années sèches, en particulier sur le PIB agricole, et par ricochet le PIB national : Sonwa, D. et al. (2014).', '9 Cet effet se manifeste surtout lors des années sèches, en particulier sur le PIB agricole, et par ricochet le PIB national : Sonwa, D. et al. (2014). Probabilité que le changement climatique réduise le PIB par habitant de la République centrafricaine de : · Plus de 10 % : 100 % · Plus de 20 % : 100 % · Plus de 50 % : 99 %Page | 11 EVOLUTION DES EMISSIONS ET ABSORPTIONS DES GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE ET POLLUANTS CLIMATIQUES DE COURTE DUREE DE VIE (PPCDV) Série : 2010-2016 Année de référence : 2010 Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) Émissions globales (hors absorptions de la foresterie) Tableau 3: Synthèse des émissions de la troisième communication nationale (Gg CO2e) Le tableau ci-dessus présente le profil des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (C02 0, HFC) dans les secteurs ci-après : Energie ; Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Procédés industriels ; Déchets.', 'Probabilité que le changement climatique réduise le PIB par habitant de la République centrafricaine de : · Plus de 10 % : 100 % · Plus de 20 % : 100 % · Plus de 50 % : 99 %Page | 11 EVOLUTION DES EMISSIONS ET ABSORPTIONS DES GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE ET POLLUANTS CLIMATIQUES DE COURTE DUREE DE VIE (PPCDV) Série : 2010-2016 Année de référence : 2010 Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) Émissions globales (hors absorptions de la foresterie) Tableau 3: Synthèse des émissions de la troisième communication nationale (Gg CO2e) Le tableau ci-dessus présente le profil des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (C02 0, HFC) dans les secteurs ci-après : Energie ; Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Procédés industriels ; Déchets. Les émissions les plus significatives interviennent dans les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’AFAT qui représentent près de 94% des volumes totaux (voir figure ci-dessous).', 'Les émissions les plus significatives interviennent dans les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’AFAT qui représentent près de 94% des volumes totaux (voir figure ci-dessous). Figure 5: Répartition des émissions de GES par secteur (Source : Troisième Communication Nationale) Il faut toutefois noter que malgré ses importantes émissions, les écosystèmes forestiers et de prairies de la RCA demeurent un important puits de carbone, totalisant une capacité de séquestration estimée à 728 896 GgeCO2. EMISSIONS PAR SECTEUR DES GES (%) Energie AFAT PIUP DechetsPage | 12 Sur le même registre, et en se fondant sur l’hypothèse d’une réduction potentielle du réchauffement global à court terme de 0,4-0,5°C d’ici 205010 par les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV)11, leur inventaire a été réalisé12.', 'EMISSIONS PAR SECTEUR DES GES (%) Energie AFAT PIUP DechetsPage | 12 Sur le même registre, et en se fondant sur l’hypothèse d’une réduction potentielle du réchauffement global à court terme de 0,4-0,5°C d’ici 205010 par les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV)11, leur inventaire a été réalisé12. Aussi, en plus des gaz à effet de serre (C02 0, HFC), les principales sources d’émissions en ce qui concerne les PCCDV demeurent les secteurs AFAT et Energie. Les gaz les plus émetteurs sont par ordre d’importance : le carbone organique (CO), les particules en suspension (PM10), et dans une moindre mesure les oxydes d azote (NOx), les PM 2.5, les composés organiques volatils non méthaniques (COVNM).', 'Les gaz les plus émetteurs sont par ordre d’importance : le carbone organique (CO), les particules en suspension (PM10), et dans une moindre mesure les oxydes d azote (NOx), les PM 2.5, les composés organiques volatils non méthaniques (COVNM). NOx CO COVNM SO2 PM10 PM2,5 BC OC NH3 TOTAL Emissions (t) % Tableau 4: Répartition des émissions de PCCDV par source Figure 6: % d émission des PCCVD par source UNEP & WMO (2011) Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNON/publishing Services Section/Nairobi, ISO 14001:2014 11 Il s’agit des matières particulaires (PM2,5 et PM10), du carbone noir (CN), du carbone organique (CO), des oxydes d azote (NOx), du dioxyde de soufre (SO2), de l’ammoniac (NH3), et des composés organiques volatils non méthaniques (COVNM).', 'UNON/publishing Services Section/Nairobi, ISO 14001:2014 11 Il s’agit des matières particulaires (PM2,5 et PM10), du carbone noir (CN), du carbone organique (CO), des oxydes d azote (NOx), du dioxyde de soufre (SO2), de l’ammoniac (NH3), et des composés organiques volatils non méthaniques (COVNM). 12 MEDD (2020) Inventaire intégré des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie, des polluants atmosphériques et des gaz à effet de serre de la République Centrafricaine EMISSIONS DE PCCVD PAR SOURCE (%)Page | 13 3.', '12 MEDD (2020) Inventaire intégré des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie, des polluants atmosphériques et des gaz à effet de serre de la République Centrafricaine EMISSIONS DE PCCVD PAR SOURCE (%)Page | 13 3. ATTENUATION des émissions DE gaz à effet de serre et DES polluants climatiques VISION ET OBJECTIFS La vision de la RCA en matière d’atténuation est la promotion d’un développement à faible émission de carbone, par la réduction d’ici 2030 des émissions de 10% à 25% (scénario inconditionnel et conditionnel) par rapport au scénario tendanciel. Elle se décline en plusieurs objectifs : (i) la valorisation des ressources énergétiques renouvelables et l’économie d’énergie ; (ii) la promotion de l’agroécologie ; (iv) l’exploitation durable des ressources naturelles ; et (v) l’amélioration du cadre de vie.', 'Elle se décline en plusieurs objectifs : (i) la valorisation des ressources énergétiques renouvelables et l’économie d’énergie ; (ii) la promotion de l’agroécologie ; (iv) l’exploitation durable des ressources naturelles ; et (v) l’amélioration du cadre de vie. SCENARIO BAU OU SCENARIO TENDANCIEL (2010-2030) Le scénario tendanciel ou scenario Business as Usual (BAU) des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (C02 , 0, HFC) sur le cycle 2010-2030 est représenté ci-dessous pour les secteurs : Energie ; Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Procédés industriels ; Déchets. Les émissions aux capacité de séquestration sur les mêmes horizons demeure élevée. Elle est respectivement de 730 714 GgCO2 et 733 607 GgCO2.', 'Elle est respectivement de 730 714 GgCO2 et 733 607 GgCO2. En ce qui concerne les PCCV, le carbone organique (CO) devrait représenter 71% des émissions de polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie. Figure 7: Emissions de GES du scenario BAU (2010-2030) Emission en GgeCO2 Année Emissions de GES du Scenario BAU (2010-2030) Emissions totales Energie AFAT Dechets PIUPPage | 14 Figure 8: Emission des PCCVD-Scenario tendanciel (2010-2030) Au niveau sectoriel, les mesures d’atténuation déclinées ci-dessous couvrent les activités pour lesquelles des investissements sont prévus pour être consentis par l’Etat (CDN inconditionnelle), et les activités pour lesquelles des besoins d’investissement additionnels sont requis (CDN conditionnelle).', 'Figure 7: Emissions de GES du scenario BAU (2010-2030) Emission en GgeCO2 Année Emissions de GES du Scenario BAU (2010-2030) Emissions totales Energie AFAT Dechets PIUPPage | 14 Figure 8: Emission des PCCVD-Scenario tendanciel (2010-2030) Au niveau sectoriel, les mesures d’atténuation déclinées ci-dessous couvrent les activités pour lesquelles des investissements sont prévus pour être consentis par l’Etat (CDN inconditionnelle), et les activités pour lesquelles des besoins d’investissement additionnels sont requis (CDN conditionnelle). Pour l’ensemble des activités indiquées infra, la CDN s’assurera d’un accès équitable aux opportunités économiques entre genre et ciblera en particulier les jeunes et les peuples autochtones dans les zones où ils sont présents.', 'Pour l’ensemble des activités indiquées infra, la CDN s’assurera d’un accès équitable aux opportunités économiques entre genre et ciblera en particulier les jeunes et les peuples autochtones dans les zones où ils sont présents. SECTEUR ENERGIE Le Document de Politique Energétique Nationale (DPEN) soutient un objectif de contribution à la croissance économique, à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie dans le respect de l’environnement par l’augmentation du taux d’accès à l’électricité de 4 à 20% d’ici 2025 et la sécurisation de l’approvisionnement en énergie. Cette ambition est déclinée pour chaque sous-secteur : énergies traditionnelles, électricité, énergies nouvelles et renouvelables, hydrocarbures, maitrise et économie d’énergie. En cohérence avec ces ambitions, la CDN de la RCA structure son intervention dans le domaine de l’énergie, selon les actions et objectifs ci-dessous.', 'En cohérence avec ces ambitions, la CDN de la RCA structure son intervention dans le domaine de l’énergie, selon les actions et objectifs ci-dessous. Sous-secteur énergies traditionnelles Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois de 10% Augmenter la part du charbon dans la Promotion des techniques de carbonisation améliorée : Formation ; Valorisation des déchets de transformation industrielle Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages, de 5% en 2025 et 10% en Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’utilisation du bois- énergie par l’usage des foyers 13 En remplacement du bois de chauffe - Emission (tonne) Année Scenario BAU : Emission par PCCDV (tonne) 2010-2030 NOx t CO COVNM SO2 PM10 PM2,5 BC OC NH3Page | 15 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) améliorés : Elaboration de prototypes ; Production et diffusion Ménages équipés en 2025 et 2030 : Eclairage solaire : 5% et 50% Cuiseurs solaires : 5% en 2025 GPL : 10% en 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Modernisation de l’énergie domestique : Etude filière ; Implémentation phase pilote CDN conditionnel Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois de 10% Augmenter la part du charbon dans la consommation finale de 8% en 2025 et Cf.', 'Sous-secteur énergies traditionnelles Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois de 10% Augmenter la part du charbon dans la Promotion des techniques de carbonisation améliorée : Formation ; Valorisation des déchets de transformation industrielle Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages, de 5% en 2025 et 10% en Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’utilisation du bois- énergie par l’usage des foyers 13 En remplacement du bois de chauffe - Emission (tonne) Année Scenario BAU : Emission par PCCDV (tonne) 2010-2030 NOx t CO COVNM SO2 PM10 PM2,5 BC OC NH3Page | 15 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) améliorés : Elaboration de prototypes ; Production et diffusion Ménages équipés en 2025 et 2030 : Eclairage solaire : 5% et 50% Cuiseurs solaires : 5% en 2025 GPL : 10% en 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Modernisation de l’énergie domestique : Etude filière ; Implémentation phase pilote CDN conditionnel Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois de 10% Augmenter la part du charbon dans la consommation finale de 8% en 2025 et Cf. CDN inconditionnel Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages de 25% en 2025 et 50% en Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnel Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages de 25% en 2025 et 50% en Cf. CDN inconditionnel 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Réduire l’impact des déchets sur les écosystèmes par la promotion des bio digesteurs (% de valorisation des déchets organiques) Ménages équipés en 2025 et 2030 : Eclairage solaire : 20% et 50% Cuiseurs solaires : 5% et 10% GPL : 25% en 2030 Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnel 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Réduire l’impact des déchets sur les écosystèmes par la promotion des bio digesteurs (% de valorisation des déchets organiques) Ménages équipés en 2025 et 2030 : Eclairage solaire : 20% et 50% Cuiseurs solaires : 5% et 10% GPL : 25% en 2030 Cf. CDN inconditionnel Sous-secteur Electricité Objectifs Actions prévues CDN conditionnel 10 MW en 2030 Construction de microcentrales hydroélectriques : études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance 60 MW en 2030 Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de la Lobaye ; études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance 40 MWc en 2030 Construction de centrales solaires : études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance Sous-secteur Maitrise et économie d’énergie Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel 80% de taux de pénétration en 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Promouvoir l’économie d’énergie dans les ménages par la vulgarisation des lampes à basse consommation : Etude filière ; Implémentation phase pilote L’ensemble des mesures ainsi prises permettront à la RCA d’infléchir le scénario de référence (ou scénario tendanciel ou « Business as Usual-BAU ») dans le secteur de l’énergie, respectivement de - 14 Ces pourcentages incluent la part d’inconditionnelPage | 16 2,02% et -6,53% en 2025, et -6,34 et -19,89% en 2030, sous scénario inconditionnel et conditionnel (voir figure et tableau ci-dessous).', 'CDN inconditionnel Sous-secteur Electricité Objectifs Actions prévues CDN conditionnel 10 MW en 2030 Construction de microcentrales hydroélectriques : études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance 60 MW en 2030 Construction de la centrale hydroélectrique de la Lobaye ; études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance 40 MWc en 2030 Construction de centrales solaires : études de préfaisabilité et faisabilité, mise en opération, Gestion et maintenance Sous-secteur Maitrise et économie d’énergie Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel 80% de taux de pénétration en 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Promouvoir l’économie d’énergie dans les ménages par la vulgarisation des lampes à basse consommation : Etude filière ; Implémentation phase pilote L’ensemble des mesures ainsi prises permettront à la RCA d’infléchir le scénario de référence (ou scénario tendanciel ou « Business as Usual-BAU ») dans le secteur de l’énergie, respectivement de - 14 Ces pourcentages incluent la part d’inconditionnelPage | 16 2,02% et -6,53% en 2025, et -6,34 et -19,89% en 2030, sous scénario inconditionnel et conditionnel (voir figure et tableau ci-dessous). Figure 9: Emissions secteur Energie-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ENERGIE Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel SECTEUR AGRICULTURE, FORESTERIE ET AUTRES AFFECTATIONS DES TERRES (AFAT) La Stratégie de Développement Rural, de l’Agriculture et de la Sécurité Alimentaire (SDRASA) est structurée autour d’une vision à l’horizon 2025 d’une agriculture centrafricaine, « productive, rentable, respectueuse de l‘environnement, s’appuyant sur les initiatives locales et le concept genre, créateur de richesse, et des conditions d‘émergence d’un secteur privé agricole dynamique ».', 'Figure 9: Emissions secteur Energie-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle ENERGIE Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel SECTEUR AGRICULTURE, FORESTERIE ET AUTRES AFFECTATIONS DES TERRES (AFAT) La Stratégie de Développement Rural, de l’Agriculture et de la Sécurité Alimentaire (SDRASA) est structurée autour d’une vision à l’horizon 2025 d’une agriculture centrafricaine, « productive, rentable, respectueuse de l‘environnement, s’appuyant sur les initiatives locales et le concept genre, créateur de richesse, et des conditions d‘émergence d’un secteur privé agricole dynamique ». Elle inclut dans sa programmation l’appui à la gestion des ressources naturelles et la mise au point et la diffusion des pratiques d’agriculture durable, comme axes majeurs de sa politique.', 'Elle inclut dans sa programmation l’appui à la gestion des ressources naturelles et la mise au point et la diffusion des pratiques d’agriculture durable, comme axes majeurs de sa politique. La SDRASA est complétée par le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (PNIASAN) qui focalise, entre autres, sur la relance des filières vivrières et le développement des filières d’exportation (coton, café, palmier à huile). Dans le domaine de la foresterie, la RCA nourrit l’ambition qu’à « l’horizon 2035, les écosystèmes forestiers et les ressources qui leur sont associées, soient cogérés pour les biens et services nécessaires à la paix, à un développement durable et harmonieux, pour la conservation de la diversité biologique et pour la sauvegarde de l’environnement mondial ».', 'Dans le domaine de la foresterie, la RCA nourrit l’ambition qu’à « l’horizon 2035, les écosystèmes forestiers et les ressources qui leur sont associées, soient cogérés pour les biens et services nécessaires à la paix, à un développement durable et harmonieux, pour la conservation de la diversité biologique et pour la sauvegarde de l’environnement mondial ». Cette vision se reflète dans le Cadre National d’Investissement REDD+ 2020-2025 qui vise à appuyer le pays dans le développement économique et social du secteur AFAT tout en s’assurant d’éviter, de minimiser et de compenser les impacts sur les écosystèmes forestiers. Année Energie-Emissions BAU vs Emissions CDN cond. et CDN inc. SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN cond.', 'SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN cond. GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. GgeCO2Page | 17 Dans ces domaines, les objectifs et les mesures d’atténuation se présentent, comme suit : Sous-secteur Agriculture Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 15% en 2025 Encourager l’agriculture durable par la promotion de l’agroécologie : Diagnostics locaux, Mise en place de nouveaux référentiels techniques et de nouvelles expérimentations l’agroforesterie ; incluant le maintien du patrimoine agroforestier des populations autochtones Augmenter la capacité de séquestration de carbone des écosystèmes par la promotion des vergers et palmeraies familiales durables plantation caféière, 5 000 ha cacao), basés sur l’agroforesterie (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Augmenter la capacité de séquestration de carbone des systèmes agricoles par la relance d’une caféiculture-cacaoculture agroforestière sans déforestation, performante sur le plan agronomique, économique et environnemental CDN conditionnel Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 60% en 2030 Cf.', 'GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. GgeCO2Page | 17 Dans ces domaines, les objectifs et les mesures d’atténuation se présentent, comme suit : Sous-secteur Agriculture Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 15% en 2025 Encourager l’agriculture durable par la promotion de l’agroécologie : Diagnostics locaux, Mise en place de nouveaux référentiels techniques et de nouvelles expérimentations l’agroforesterie ; incluant le maintien du patrimoine agroforestier des populations autochtones Augmenter la capacité de séquestration de carbone des écosystèmes par la promotion des vergers et palmeraies familiales durables plantation caféière, 5 000 ha cacao), basés sur l’agroforesterie (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Augmenter la capacité de séquestration de carbone des systèmes agricoles par la relance d’une caféiculture-cacaoculture agroforestière sans déforestation, performante sur le plan agronomique, économique et environnemental CDN conditionnel Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 60% en 2030 Cf. CDN inconditionnel 100 000 ha en 2030, , basés sur l’agroforesterie Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnel 100 000 ha en 2030, , basés sur l’agroforesterie Cf. CDN inconditionnel plantation caféière, 5 000 ha cacao), basés sur l’agroforesterie Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnel plantation caféière, 5 000 ha cacao), basés sur l’agroforesterie Cf. CDN inconditionnel Sous-secteur Foresterie et Utilisation des terres Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel 12,5% des ménages urbains ayant planté au moins 3 arbres dans leur parcelle d’ici 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Soutien au développement de la foresterie urbaine et péri urbaine (FUPU) Rendre renouvelable 12,5% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe en Développement d’une agroforesterie associant bois énergie et production agricole ; Mise en place de plantations forestières et agroforestières dans les zones adaptées Réduire les feux incontrôlés de 6,25% Mise en place et maintenance de pare feux Restaurer 25% des sites post exploitation minière annuellement en Réduire l’impact de l’exploitation minière sur les écosystèmes forestiers nationaux par la promotion des bonnes pratiques minières Préserver 20% des capacités de séquestration des APDS et PNMB en Capitaliser le potentiel carbone des aires protégées de Dzangha-Sangha (APDS) et du Parc National Mbaéré Bodingué (PNMB) CDN conditionnel 50% des ménages urbains ayant planté au moins 3 arbres dans leur parcelle Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnel Sous-secteur Foresterie et Utilisation des terres Objectifs Actions prévues CDN inconditionnel 12,5% des ménages urbains ayant planté au moins 3 arbres dans leur parcelle d’ici 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage) Soutien au développement de la foresterie urbaine et péri urbaine (FUPU) Rendre renouvelable 12,5% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe en Développement d’une agroforesterie associant bois énergie et production agricole ; Mise en place de plantations forestières et agroforestières dans les zones adaptées Réduire les feux incontrôlés de 6,25% Mise en place et maintenance de pare feux Restaurer 25% des sites post exploitation minière annuellement en Réduire l’impact de l’exploitation minière sur les écosystèmes forestiers nationaux par la promotion des bonnes pratiques minières Préserver 20% des capacités de séquestration des APDS et PNMB en Capitaliser le potentiel carbone des aires protégées de Dzangha-Sangha (APDS) et du Parc National Mbaéré Bodingué (PNMB) CDN conditionnel 50% des ménages urbains ayant planté au moins 3 arbres dans leur parcelle Cf. CDN inconditionnelPage | 18 Rendre renouvelable 25% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe en Cf.', 'CDN inconditionnelPage | 18 Rendre renouvelable 25% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe en Cf. CDN inconditionnel Réduire les feux incontrôlés de 25% en Cf. CDN inconditionnel Restaurer 50% des sites post exploitation minière annuellement en Cf. CDN inconditionnel Préserver 80% des capacités de séquestration des APDS et PNMB en Cf. CDN inconditionnel Les actions ainsi prises, conformément aux orientations prioritaires définies dans les instruments de planification et de programmation sectoriels de la RCA dans les domaines de l’agriculture, la foresterie et l’utilisation des terres, permettraient de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre selon le scénario inconditionnel de -2,76% et -4, 33% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 ; et selon le scénario conditionnel de -11,03% et -17,30% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel (voir figure et tableau ci-dessous).', 'CDN inconditionnel Les actions ainsi prises, conformément aux orientations prioritaires définies dans les instruments de planification et de programmation sectoriels de la RCA dans les domaines de l’agriculture, la foresterie et l’utilisation des terres, permettraient de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre selon le scénario inconditionnel de -2,76% et -4, 33% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 ; et selon le scénario conditionnel de -11,03% et -17,30% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel (voir figure et tableau ci-dessous). Figure 10: Emissions secteur AFAT-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle AFAT/Emissions Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel Année AFAT-Emissions BAU vs Emissions CDN inc. et CDN SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc.', 'Figure 10: Emissions secteur AFAT-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle AFAT/Emissions Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel Année AFAT-Emissions BAU vs Emissions CDN inc. et CDN SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. SCENARIO CDN cond.Page | 19 SECTEUR DECHETS Le document de stratégies nationales en matière d’eau et d’assainissement poursuit, au niveau du sous-secteur de l’assainissement, plusieurs sous-objectifs dont l’amélioration du cadre de vie et de la santé des populations ; le développement de stratégies d’action en matière d’hygiène et de déchets solides15, liquides, d’excréta en milieu rural et urbain. Cette ambition se poursuit dans le cadre de la Politique nationale de l´eau (2020-2030) qui a inscrit dans ses axes stratégiques « l’accès de tous à l’eau et à l’assainissement à l’horizon 2030 ».', 'Cette ambition se poursuit dans le cadre de la Politique nationale de l´eau (2020-2030) qui a inscrit dans ses axes stratégiques « l’accès de tous à l’eau et à l’assainissement à l’horizon 2030 ». Dans la continuité d’une telle démarche, la gestion rationnelle et durable des déchets demeure un enjeu de taille pour les municipalités en général, et urbaines en particulier, dans un contexte d’amplification de la population urbaine estimée à 41,4 % de la population, et prévue pour atteindre respectivement 48 % et 60 % d ici 2030 et 2050. Dans ce domaine, les objectifs et les mesures d’atténuation portent sur le traitement et la revalorisation des déchets municipaux.', 'Dans ce domaine, les objectifs et les mesures d’atténuation portent sur le traitement et la revalorisation des déchets municipaux. L’examen, le traitement et l’analyse des mesures de mitigation proposées, montrent que dans le contexte de la RCA, elles sont (i) soit susceptibles de générer des émissions de méthane qui s’ajoutent aux émissions du scénario tendanciel, (ii) soit le pourcentage de réduction demeure marginal (inférieur à 1%) comparativement aux couts induits par l’action. Ainsi, aucune mesure n’est proposée, au titre de cette composante. SECTEUR PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATION DES PRODUITS (PIUP) Le cadre juridique de l’action climatique nationale s’appuie principalement sur la Loi N° 07/018 du 28 décembre 2007 portant Code de l Environnement qui consacre la protection de l’air, au titre de ses interventions prioritaires.', 'SECTEUR PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATION DES PRODUITS (PIUP) Le cadre juridique de l’action climatique nationale s’appuie principalement sur la Loi N° 07/018 du 28 décembre 2007 portant Code de l Environnement qui consacre la protection de l’air, au titre de ses interventions prioritaires. Le pays a également ratifié la Convention de Vienne pour la protection de la couche d’ozone et le Protocole de Montréal qui vise la réduction et l’élimination complète des substances qui réduisent la couche d ozone.', 'Le pays a également ratifié la Convention de Vienne pour la protection de la couche d’ozone et le Protocole de Montréal qui vise la réduction et l’élimination complète des substances qui réduisent la couche d ozone. Au regard des engagements pris par le pays dans ce domaine, les mesures d’atténuation de la CDN dans ce domaine se présentent, comme suit : Sous-secteur Ozone Objectifs Actions prévues CDN Réduire l’utilisation des appareils à gaz fluorés de 6,25% en 2025 et 12,5% en Réduire les émissions de gaz fluorés CDN conditionnel Réduire l’utilisation des appareils à gaz fluorés de 25% en 2025 et 50% en Réduire les émissions de gaz fluorés La mise en œuvre des actions à l’horizon 2025 et 2030 permettra à la RCA de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en particulier les hydrofluorocarbures (HFC), selon le scénario inconditionnel de - 3,91% et -6,04% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 ; et selon le scénario conditionnel de -15,65% et - 15 La gestion des déchets solides relève de la compétence des municipalitésPage | 20 24,16% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel (voir figure et tableau ci- dessous).', 'Au regard des engagements pris par le pays dans ce domaine, les mesures d’atténuation de la CDN dans ce domaine se présentent, comme suit : Sous-secteur Ozone Objectifs Actions prévues CDN Réduire l’utilisation des appareils à gaz fluorés de 6,25% en 2025 et 12,5% en Réduire les émissions de gaz fluorés CDN conditionnel Réduire l’utilisation des appareils à gaz fluorés de 25% en 2025 et 50% en Réduire les émissions de gaz fluorés La mise en œuvre des actions à l’horizon 2025 et 2030 permettra à la RCA de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en particulier les hydrofluorocarbures (HFC), selon le scénario inconditionnel de - 3,91% et -6,04% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 ; et selon le scénario conditionnel de -15,65% et - 15 La gestion des déchets solides relève de la compétence des municipalitésPage | 20 24,16% respectivement en 2025 et 2030 par rapport au scénario tendanciel (voir figure et tableau ci- dessous). Figure 11: Emissions secteur PIUP-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle PIUP Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel EMISSSIONS ET ABSORPTIONS GLOBALES AUX HORIZONS 2025 ET 2030 : SCENARIO TENDANCIEL, CDN INCONDITIONNEL ET CDN CONDITIONNEL L’ensemble des mesures agrégées conduisent la RCA à un niveau de réduction des gaz à effet de serre sous scénario inconditionnel de -9,03% et -11,82 respectivement en 2025 et 2030.', 'Figure 11: Emissions secteur PIUP-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle PIUP Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel EMISSSIONS ET ABSORPTIONS GLOBALES AUX HORIZONS 2025 ET 2030 : SCENARIO TENDANCIEL, CDN INCONDITIONNEL ET CDN CONDITIONNEL L’ensemble des mesures agrégées conduisent la RCA à un niveau de réduction des gaz à effet de serre sous scénario inconditionnel de -9,03% et -11,82 respectivement en 2025 et 2030. Sous l’hypothèse d’un appui de la communauté internationale, ces réductions atteindront respectivement -14, 64% et - 24,28 en 2025 et 2030. Année PIUP-Emissions BAU vs Emissions CDN et CDN + (2010-2030) SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN cond.', 'Année PIUP-Emissions BAU vs Emissions CDN et CDN + (2010-2030) SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN cond. GgeCO2Page | 21 Figure 12: Emissions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle Emissions Emissions Scénario tendanciel Emissions CDN inconditionnel % réduction CDN inconditionnel Emissions CDN conditionnel % réduction CDN conditionnel Les mesures ainsi prises ont à la fois une inférence sur le repli des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, mais aussi sur l’amélioration du niveau de séquestration du carbone par la biomasse et les sols. Cette scenario inconditionnel et sous scenario conditionnel. séquestré Scénario tendanciel CDN inconditionnel % hausse CDN inconditionnel séquestré CDN conditionnel % hausse CDN conditionnel Année Emissions de GES du Scenario BAU/CDN inc./CDN cond. Emissions BAU (GgeCO2) Emission CDN inc. (-11,82%) Emission CDN cond.', 'Emissions BAU (GgeCO2) Emission CDN inc. (-11,82%) Emission CDN cond. (-24,28%)Page | 22 Figure 13: Absorptions globales-Scénario tendanciel, CDN inconditionnelle et CDN conditionnelle En ce qui concerne les PCCVD, les réductions d’émission par gaz se présentent, ainsi qu’il suit. Emissions cumulées (tonne) CDN % CDN+ % Emissions cumulées (tonne) CDN % CDN+ % Tableau 5: Réduction des émissions de PCCDV en scenario inconditionnel et conditionnel Année CO2 sequestré- BAU vs CO2 sequestré CDN inc. et CDN SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. (+0,21%) SCENARIO CDN cond. (+0,75%)Page | 23 4.', 'Emissions cumulées (tonne) CDN % CDN+ % Emissions cumulées (tonne) CDN % CDN+ % Tableau 5: Réduction des émissions de PCCDV en scenario inconditionnel et conditionnel Année CO2 sequestré- BAU vs CO2 sequestré CDN inc. et CDN SCENARIO BAU GgeCO2 SCENARIO CDN inc. (+0,21%) SCENARIO CDN cond. (+0,75%)Page | 23 4. ADAPTATION AUX EFFETS DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES VISION ET OBJECTIF La vision nationale de la RCA sur les changements climatiques est que « à l´horizon 2030, la République Centrafricaine s´insère dans une dynamique de développement socioéconomique soutenu, équitable et durable, car intégrant les défis des changements climatiques dans l´ensemble des secteurs sociaux et productifs ce qui permettra une amélioration du bien-être général de sa population ».', 'ADAPTATION AUX EFFETS DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES VISION ET OBJECTIF La vision nationale de la RCA sur les changements climatiques est que « à l´horizon 2030, la République Centrafricaine s´insère dans une dynamique de développement socioéconomique soutenu, équitable et durable, car intégrant les défis des changements climatiques dans l´ensemble des secteurs sociaux et productifs ce qui permettra une amélioration du bien-être général de sa population ». Dans la continuité d’une telle vision, et en cohérence avec les objectifs d’adaptation de l’Accord de Paris, les ODD et les orientations prioritaires définies par le Gouvernement, l’objectif visé en matière d’adaptation est « d´améliorer d’ici 2030 la résilience des communautés et des écosystèmes dans les secteurs socio-économiques les plus vulnérables aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques ».', 'Dans la continuité d’une telle vision, et en cohérence avec les objectifs d’adaptation de l’Accord de Paris, les ODD et les orientations prioritaires définies par le Gouvernement, l’objectif visé en matière d’adaptation est « d´améliorer d’ici 2030 la résilience des communautés et des écosystèmes dans les secteurs socio-économiques les plus vulnérables aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques ». IMPACTS ET MESURES D’ADAPTATION Au niveau national, la vulnérabilité est davantage marquée dans des domaines inscrits dans le Plan National de Relèvement et de Consolidation de la Paix 2017-2021 (RCPCA) au titre des priorités du Gouvernement. Il s’agit de : l’Agriculture, l’Energie, la Foresterie, les Ressources en Eau, la Santé, l’aménagement du territoire, les Infrastructures et l’habitat.', 'Il s’agit de : l’Agriculture, l’Energie, la Foresterie, les Ressources en Eau, la Santé, l’aménagement du territoire, les Infrastructures et l’habitat. Elle est exacerbée par l insécurité politique et les inégalités, dans un contexte marqué par une amplification de l inégalité entre sexes, dont l’indice est considéré comme l un des plus élevés au monde. Le pays est en effet classé 159ième sur 162 pays selon l indice des inégalités de genre (GII) 2019 des Nations Unies. Cette inégalité s’est accrue durant les dernières décennies en raison des crises successives, avec un index qui est passé de 0,743 en 1995 à 0,680 en 2019. Le tableau ci-dessous présente en détail les impacts et vulnérabilités sectoriels, en rapport avec les effets attendus du changement climatique.', 'Le tableau ci-dessous présente en détail les impacts et vulnérabilités sectoriels, en rapport avec les effets attendus du changement climatique. Variation température (°C) Anomalie de précipitation (mm) Economie nationale Régression du PIB de -2,6% à -3,4% en 203017 . Aggravation de l’incidence de la pauvreté. Agriculture et sécurité alimentaire · Augmentation de la dégradation des terres à des niveaux > à 1,3% du territoire national/an18, en raison de l’exposition des sols ferralitiques (75%) peu profonds et vulnérables à l’érosion et aux pratiques culturales · Baisse de la productivité (jusqu’à-20%) du sésame, du sorgho, de l’arachide et du mil en projection sèche, 16 Le mode de présentation proposé ne signifie pas qu’il y’a une correspondance entre la valeur de la température et celle de la précipitation sur le même axe 17 AfdB.', 'Agriculture et sécurité alimentaire · Augmentation de la dégradation des terres à des niveaux > à 1,3% du territoire national/an18, en raison de l’exposition des sols ferralitiques (75%) peu profonds et vulnérables à l’érosion et aux pratiques culturales · Baisse de la productivité (jusqu’à-20%) du sésame, du sorgho, de l’arachide et du mil en projection sèche, 16 Le mode de présentation proposé ne signifie pas qu’il y’a une correspondance entre la valeur de la température et celle de la précipitation sur le même axe 17 AfdB. Climate Change Impacts on Africa’s Economic Growth. 2019.', 'Climate Change Impacts on Africa’s Economic Growth. 2019. Scenarios RCP 2.6 et RCP 8.5 18 Taux de dégradation entre 2000 et 2010Page | 24 Augmentation de la productivité du manioc sous une projection humide, d’ici 2025, · Hausse de la population en situation d’insécurité alimentaire sévère à des niveaux > au taux de 30 à 50% de la population19.', 'Scenarios RCP 2.6 et RCP 8.5 18 Taux de dégradation entre 2000 et 2010Page | 24 Augmentation de la productivité du manioc sous une projection humide, d’ici 2025, · Hausse de la population en situation d’insécurité alimentaire sévère à des niveaux > au taux de 30 à 50% de la population19. Foresterie · Hausse de la perte de superficie forestière > 0,1% par an Contraction de 15% de la surface forestière Sous hypothèse d’une augmentation de 4°C Ressources en Eau · Etiage de barrages alimentant les centrales hydroélectriques (Exemple : Boali) · Augmentation du taux de ménages sans accès aux services de base d’eau (>62,5%), du fait de la réduction de la fiabilité des sources d eau souterraine et de surface pendant les phases sèches prolongées.', 'Foresterie · Hausse de la perte de superficie forestière > 0,1% par an Contraction de 15% de la surface forestière Sous hypothèse d’une augmentation de 4°C Ressources en Eau · Etiage de barrages alimentant les centrales hydroélectriques (Exemple : Boali) · Augmentation du taux de ménages sans accès aux services de base d’eau (>62,5%), du fait de la réduction de la fiabilité des sources d eau souterraine et de surface pendant les phases sèches prolongées. Augmentation de la variabilité des débits, Intensification des forts débits et Diminution des faibles débits. Bénéfices hydro-électriques Energie · Augmentation de la fréquence et de l intensité des fortes pluies susceptibles d impacter sur les infrastructure électriques.', 'Bénéfices hydro-électriques Energie · Augmentation de la fréquence et de l intensité des fortes pluies susceptibles d impacter sur les infrastructure électriques. Santé · Augmentation des conditions favorables aux maladies (typhoïde, infections respiratoires, méningite, maladies diarrhéiques, paludisme) et transfert dans de nouvelles zones Infrastructures et l’habitat/ Aménagement du territoire · Impact négatif des dommages et pertes annuels provoquées par les inondations récurrentes sur le PIB : Dommages et pertes annuels moyens estimées à XAF 3, 1 milliards20 (USD 7 millions). Tableau 6: : Impacts et Vulnérabilités sectoriels OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES ET MESURES D’ADAPTATION Pour atteindre l’objectif général visé en matière d’adaptation, des objectifs intermédiaires et mesures ont été identifiées. Ils sont alignés aux ODD, au RCPCA, au Plan National d’Adaptation, et à la troisième communication nationale du pays.', 'Ils sont alignés aux ODD, au RCPCA, au Plan National d’Adaptation, et à la troisième communication nationale du pays. OBJECTIF 1 : GARANTIR LA SECURITE DES SYSTEMES AGRO-SYLVO-PASTORAUX ET DES RESSOURCES EN EAU, PAR LA CAPTURE DES OPPORTUNITES ASSOCIEES AUX VARIATIONS CLIMATIQUES PROJETEES Alignement au PNA : Programme national d´investissement agricole, sécurité alimentaire et résilience au changement climatique Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Agriculture et Elevage Développement d’une agriculture durable, intensive et diversifiée, et promotion d’actions de gestion · Amélioration et diffusion d’itinéraires techniques de production des filières vivrières, Vulgariser les paquets techniques culturaux performants susceptibles d’induire une amélioration durable de 19 Moyennes de l’IPC entre 2016 et 2021.', 'OBJECTIF 1 : GARANTIR LA SECURITE DES SYSTEMES AGRO-SYLVO-PASTORAUX ET DES RESSOURCES EN EAU, PAR LA CAPTURE DES OPPORTUNITES ASSOCIEES AUX VARIATIONS CLIMATIQUES PROJETEES Alignement au PNA : Programme national d´investissement agricole, sécurité alimentaire et résilience au changement climatique Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Agriculture et Elevage Développement d’une agriculture durable, intensive et diversifiée, et promotion d’actions de gestion · Amélioration et diffusion d’itinéraires techniques de production des filières vivrières, Vulgariser les paquets techniques culturaux performants susceptibles d’induire une amélioration durable de 19 Moyennes de l’IPC entre 2016 et 2021. 20 Rapport de l’évaluation conjointe des besoins (Septembre 2009) sur les inondations urbaines à BanguiPage | 25 durable des terres intégrant les jeunes, les femmes et les peuples autochtones tenant compte des projections climatiques (5 d’ici 2030 : Manioc Sésame (+23%).', '20 Rapport de l’évaluation conjointe des besoins (Septembre 2009) sur les inondations urbaines à BanguiPage | 25 durable des terres intégrant les jeunes, les femmes et les peuples autochtones tenant compte des projections climatiques (5 d’ici 2030 : Manioc Sésame (+23%). la productivité et la préservation de l environnement dans un contexte de changements climatiques (variétés résistantes) · D’ici 2030, réduire de 50 % la perte de la productivité des terres (cibles : 50% de femmes propriétaires) Intégrer la neutralité de la dégradation des terres(NDT) dans les priorités nationales ; assurer l’intégration agriculture-élevage dans les espaces culturaux dégradés ; promouvoir les systèmes agro- forestiers de gestion durable des sols ; Assurer le reboisement des surfaces dégradées par les cultures fourragères dans les espaces pastoraux dégradés. · Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 60% en 2030 Cf.', '· Réduire les pratiques culturales d abattis-brûlis de 60% en 2030 Cf. Atténuation-AFAT Développement d’une recherche agricole adaptative aux changements climatiques · Développer d’ici 2030 des variétés de cultures vivrières adaptées au stress hydrique et /ou à la température dans les régions Centre et Nord de la RCA, en faveur des communautés les plus vulnérables : Manioc ; arachide ; maïs ; riz ; sésame (au moins 10 variétés) Renforcement des capacités techniques (développement variétal, utilisation des modèles d’impact pour la simulation de la productivité et de la production par scénario) ; Renforcement des capacités matérielles de l’ICRA (modèles de simulation , laboratoires, centres de multiplication de semences) Prévention et Gestion des effets des occurrences climatiques exceptionnelles sur le système agro-sylvo-pastoral · Mettre en place et rendre fonctionnel d’ici 2030 un système de prévention des crises alimentaires associé à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques (système d’alerte précoce incluant un système d’information Existence d’un dispositif fonctionnel de prévisions hydro-météorologiques et saisonnières Amélioration de la résilience climatique des communautés et des systèmes pastoraux traditionnels · D’ici 2030, sept nouveaux plans d’occupation des terres (pour les sept régions de le RCA) redéfinissent, entre autres, les zones d’élevage et les couloirs de transhumance, en cohérence avec la variabilité et les changements climatiques actuels et projetés Elaboration d’un zonage des ressources naturelles adapté au zonage climatique actuel et projeté, Réhabiliter, construire des retenues d’eau dans certaines zones d’élevage · D’ici 2030, améliorer le niveau de sédentarisation des transhumants et réduire les risques liés à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques, par l’augmentation des superficies de cultures fourragères dans les zones forestières et assurer un suivi zootechnique et vétérinaire adapté Installation des parcelles de cultures fourragères, points d’eau améliorés et entretenus ; Assurer le cadre d’approvisionnement des Organisations pastorales en vaccins et médicaments vétérinaires ; Appui aux ménages vulnérables pour le développement d’AGRPage | 26 Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Foresterie Restauration des paysages déforestés, par le reboisement d’espèces à multisages pour réduire la sensibilité et l’exposition des forêts aux aléas climatiques · D’ici 2030, restaurer et des paysages forestiers dégradés dans les zones d’exploitation minière Assurer le reboisement des surfaces dégradées par la foresterie urbaine, périurbaine et communautaire ; Réduire la pression sur l’utilisation du bois comme source d’énergie par la Modernisation de l’énergie domestique (cf.', 'Atténuation-AFAT Développement d’une recherche agricole adaptative aux changements climatiques · Développer d’ici 2030 des variétés de cultures vivrières adaptées au stress hydrique et /ou à la température dans les régions Centre et Nord de la RCA, en faveur des communautés les plus vulnérables : Manioc ; arachide ; maïs ; riz ; sésame (au moins 10 variétés) Renforcement des capacités techniques (développement variétal, utilisation des modèles d’impact pour la simulation de la productivité et de la production par scénario) ; Renforcement des capacités matérielles de l’ICRA (modèles de simulation , laboratoires, centres de multiplication de semences) Prévention et Gestion des effets des occurrences climatiques exceptionnelles sur le système agro-sylvo-pastoral · Mettre en place et rendre fonctionnel d’ici 2030 un système de prévention des crises alimentaires associé à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques (système d’alerte précoce incluant un système d’information Existence d’un dispositif fonctionnel de prévisions hydro-météorologiques et saisonnières Amélioration de la résilience climatique des communautés et des systèmes pastoraux traditionnels · D’ici 2030, sept nouveaux plans d’occupation des terres (pour les sept régions de le RCA) redéfinissent, entre autres, les zones d’élevage et les couloirs de transhumance, en cohérence avec la variabilité et les changements climatiques actuels et projetés Elaboration d’un zonage des ressources naturelles adapté au zonage climatique actuel et projeté, Réhabiliter, construire des retenues d’eau dans certaines zones d’élevage · D’ici 2030, améliorer le niveau de sédentarisation des transhumants et réduire les risques liés à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques, par l’augmentation des superficies de cultures fourragères dans les zones forestières et assurer un suivi zootechnique et vétérinaire adapté Installation des parcelles de cultures fourragères, points d’eau améliorés et entretenus ; Assurer le cadre d’approvisionnement des Organisations pastorales en vaccins et médicaments vétérinaires ; Appui aux ménages vulnérables pour le développement d’AGRPage | 26 Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Foresterie Restauration des paysages déforestés, par le reboisement d’espèces à multisages pour réduire la sensibilité et l’exposition des forêts aux aléas climatiques · D’ici 2030, restaurer et des paysages forestiers dégradés dans les zones d’exploitation minière Assurer le reboisement des surfaces dégradées par la foresterie urbaine, périurbaine et communautaire ; Réduire la pression sur l’utilisation du bois comme source d’énergie par la Modernisation de l’énergie domestique (cf. atténuation) Réglementation de l’exploitation artisanale du bois d’œuvre et du bois énergie et mesures de réduction de la pression sur les ressources · Un schéma directeur d’exploitation durable d’approvisionnement en bois- énergie de Bangui est défini, et les textes d’applications élaborés · Rendre renouvelable 25% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe · Identification des bassins d’approvisionnement en bois- énergie de Bangui · Appui à la gestion durable des bassins d’approvisionnement existant cf.', 'atténuation) Réglementation de l’exploitation artisanale du bois d’œuvre et du bois énergie et mesures de réduction de la pression sur les ressources · Un schéma directeur d’exploitation durable d’approvisionnement en bois- énergie de Bangui est défini, et les textes d’applications élaborés · Rendre renouvelable 25% de prélèvement de bois de chauffe · Identification des bassins d’approvisionnement en bois- énergie de Bangui · Appui à la gestion durable des bassins d’approvisionnement existant cf. Atténuation AFAT) · Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages de 25% en · Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois · GPL : 10% en 2030 · Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’utilisation du bois énergie (cf.', 'Atténuation AFAT) · Pénétration de foyers améliorés dans les ménages de 25% en · Augmenter le rendement de production de charbon de bois · GPL : 10% en 2030 · Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de l’utilisation du bois énergie (cf. Atténuation Energie) · Promotion des énergies de substitution au bois énergie par le GPL Promotion de l’agroforesterie pour réduire les risques climatiques et diversifier les options économiques · Plantation de 100 00 ha d’ici 20 000 ha de palmeraies familiales, 30 000 ha de plantes rustiques (dattier, karité, tamarinier) Cf. Atténuation-AFAT Renforcement des capacités techniques et matérielles des parties prenantes sur l’agroforesterie ; Etablir des incitations : semences de qualité, pépinières, matériels de formation et de vulgarisation, identification des marchés de produits.', 'Atténuation-AFAT Renforcement des capacités techniques et matérielles des parties prenantes sur l’agroforesterie ; Etablir des incitations : semences de qualité, pépinières, matériels de formation et de vulgarisation, identification des marchés de produits. Soutien et formalisation de la filière et du circuit des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) pour diversifier les sources d’approvisionnement en denrées alimentaires, en situation de crise climatique · Augmenter la production des PFNL alimentaires (karité, poivre sauvage, Gnetum africanum, Dorstenia sp, chenilles, champignons) de 30% d’ici 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage Information, formation, Installation des pépinières de multiplication et des unités de transformation ; mise en place de dépôts de collecte et de stockage ; Organisation du circuit de commercialisation des PFNL Alignement au PNA : Intégration de l adaptation au changement climatique dans la gestion nationale et régionale des ressources en eau ; Renforcement de la résilience des zones rurales et urbaines au changement climatique à travers une meilleure gestion des ressources en eau des communautés Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Ressources en Eau, Services d’eau et d’assainissementPage | 27 Amélioration du cadre de gouvernance du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement, en cohérence avec la vulnérabilité actuelle et future des ressources en eau aux changements climatique · Se doter d’ici 2025 des outils stratégiques de pilotage de la Politique Nationale de l’Eau, tenant compte des projections climatiques : le schéma directeur d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux, le schéma directeur d’assainissement des eaux usées et excrétas, le système national de l’information sur l’eau, le plan d’action GIRE actualisé · Analyses de vulnérabilité approfondie des ressources en eau par bassin ; développement des outils basés sur l’analyse de vulnérabilité Mise en place d’un système de suivi et de surveillance pour assurer la sécurité de l’eau21 et des usages en contexte de variabilité et de changements climatiques · D’ici 2025, développer un système de suivi des ressources en eau souterraine et de surface et établir un système de surveillance de la qualité de l eau (SQE) · Maintenance et renouvellement des outils de suivi des ressources en eau (stations hydrométriques, piézomètres, · Etablissement des protocoles d’évaluation de la qualité des eaux · Outils de traitement et d analyse des données par les services publics Renforcement des capacités institutionnelle des municipalités dans la collecte, la gestion et le recyclage des déchets solides · D’ici 2025, former 30% des communes (cadres techniques) dans la collecte, la gestion et le recyclage des déchets solides et les doter des équipements nécessaires Bencharmarking ; développement de modules de formation sur la collecte, la valorisation, ; implémentation de la formation, acquisitions des équipements nécessaires Aménagement des systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau potable, associé à la promotion de l’efficience de l’usage de l’eau · Améliorer la proportion des populations utilisant des services d’alimentation en eau potable à 75% des populations rurales et urbaines (Bangui et centres secondaires) face aux risques de sècheresse Renforcement des installations de la SODECA ; Extension du réseau dans les grandes villes ; Mise en place des systèmes AEP, forages OBJECTIF 2 : ADAPTER LE TERRITOIRE ET LES SYSTEMES ENERGETIQUES AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ACTUELS ET FUTURS Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Aménagement du Territoire Conformation des usages des terres et des ressources naturelles, par un dispositif juridique et réglementaire qui intègre le climat actuel et futur · 1 Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT) et 20 Plans d’aménagement locaux spatialisés pilote, intégrant les enjeux environnementaux réalisés d’ici 2025 Cartographie participative des usages et droits d’usages ; Etudes techniques sur le potentiel et l’affectation des terres ; Base des données géo référencées des risques et des ressources spécifiques 21 Disponibilité de la ressource en quantité et qualité suffisantes pour garantir le développement socio-économique, les moyens de subsistance, la santé et les écosystèmesPage | 28 · Le code foncier et le code foncier agro-pastoral sont finalisés et adoptés d’ici 2025 · Révision et harmonisation du cadre juridique portant code foncier ; Rendre les textes plus adaptés et applicables dans le contexte des CC Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Energie Promotion de la carbonisation améliorée des déchets de bois issus de l’exploitation forestière · Cf.', 'Soutien et formalisation de la filière et du circuit des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) pour diversifier les sources d’approvisionnement en denrées alimentaires, en situation de crise climatique · Augmenter la production des PFNL alimentaires (karité, poivre sauvage, Gnetum africanum, Dorstenia sp, chenilles, champignons) de 30% d’ici 2030 (cibles : 50% de femmes chefs de ménage Information, formation, Installation des pépinières de multiplication et des unités de transformation ; mise en place de dépôts de collecte et de stockage ; Organisation du circuit de commercialisation des PFNL Alignement au PNA : Intégration de l adaptation au changement climatique dans la gestion nationale et régionale des ressources en eau ; Renforcement de la résilience des zones rurales et urbaines au changement climatique à travers une meilleure gestion des ressources en eau des communautés Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Ressources en Eau, Services d’eau et d’assainissementPage | 27 Amélioration du cadre de gouvernance du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement, en cohérence avec la vulnérabilité actuelle et future des ressources en eau aux changements climatique · Se doter d’ici 2025 des outils stratégiques de pilotage de la Politique Nationale de l’Eau, tenant compte des projections climatiques : le schéma directeur d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux, le schéma directeur d’assainissement des eaux usées et excrétas, le système national de l’information sur l’eau, le plan d’action GIRE actualisé · Analyses de vulnérabilité approfondie des ressources en eau par bassin ; développement des outils basés sur l’analyse de vulnérabilité Mise en place d’un système de suivi et de surveillance pour assurer la sécurité de l’eau21 et des usages en contexte de variabilité et de changements climatiques · D’ici 2025, développer un système de suivi des ressources en eau souterraine et de surface et établir un système de surveillance de la qualité de l eau (SQE) · Maintenance et renouvellement des outils de suivi des ressources en eau (stations hydrométriques, piézomètres, · Etablissement des protocoles d’évaluation de la qualité des eaux · Outils de traitement et d analyse des données par les services publics Renforcement des capacités institutionnelle des municipalités dans la collecte, la gestion et le recyclage des déchets solides · D’ici 2025, former 30% des communes (cadres techniques) dans la collecte, la gestion et le recyclage des déchets solides et les doter des équipements nécessaires Bencharmarking ; développement de modules de formation sur la collecte, la valorisation, ; implémentation de la formation, acquisitions des équipements nécessaires Aménagement des systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau potable, associé à la promotion de l’efficience de l’usage de l’eau · Améliorer la proportion des populations utilisant des services d’alimentation en eau potable à 75% des populations rurales et urbaines (Bangui et centres secondaires) face aux risques de sècheresse Renforcement des installations de la SODECA ; Extension du réseau dans les grandes villes ; Mise en place des systèmes AEP, forages OBJECTIF 2 : ADAPTER LE TERRITOIRE ET LES SYSTEMES ENERGETIQUES AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ACTUELS ET FUTURS Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Aménagement du Territoire Conformation des usages des terres et des ressources naturelles, par un dispositif juridique et réglementaire qui intègre le climat actuel et futur · 1 Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT) et 20 Plans d’aménagement locaux spatialisés pilote, intégrant les enjeux environnementaux réalisés d’ici 2025 Cartographie participative des usages et droits d’usages ; Etudes techniques sur le potentiel et l’affectation des terres ; Base des données géo référencées des risques et des ressources spécifiques 21 Disponibilité de la ressource en quantité et qualité suffisantes pour garantir le développement socio-économique, les moyens de subsistance, la santé et les écosystèmesPage | 28 · Le code foncier et le code foncier agro-pastoral sont finalisés et adoptés d’ici 2025 · Révision et harmonisation du cadre juridique portant code foncier ; Rendre les textes plus adaptés et applicables dans le contexte des CC Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Energie Promotion de la carbonisation améliorée des déchets de bois issus de l’exploitation forestière · Cf. atténuation Sous-secteur énergies traditionnelles Electrification rurale · Cf.', 'atténuation Sous-secteur énergies traditionnelles Electrification rurale · Cf. atténuation Sous-secteur Electricité Réglementation et lutte contre l’exploitation artisanale du bois d’œuvre et du bois énergie · Cf. Adaptation Sous-secteur Foresterie Promouvoir la reforestation des zones dégradées par les plantes à croissance rapide pour une utilisation comme bois énergie · Cf.', 'Adaptation Sous-secteur Foresterie Promouvoir la reforestation des zones dégradées par les plantes à croissance rapide pour une utilisation comme bois énergie · Cf. Adaptation Sous-secteur Foresterie OBJECTIF 3 : INFORMER ET PREPARER LES INFRASTRUCTURES ET HABITATS, LES SYSTEMES DE SANTE, AUX RISQUES CLIMATIQUES, PAR L’AMELIORATION ET LA PRODUCTION D’EVIDENCES DANS CES DOMAINES Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Habitat et Infrastructures Améliorer les connaissances sur la vulnérabilité de l’habitat et des infrastructures et l’identification des options d’adaptation · D’ici 2025, les évaluations de vulnérabilité approfondies sont menées et capitalisées dans la planification sectorielle · D’ici 2025, un plan d’action participatif des secteurs habitat et infrastructures dans la planification de l’adaptation au niveau national est élaboré et opérationnalisé Modélisation du changement climatique ; évaluation des risques, impacts et vulnérabilités, et des options d’adaptation ; intégration dans la planification sectorielle Promotion d’un modèle de construction d’habitat durable, en lien avec la sédentarisation des populations autochtones AKA dans un contexte de changements climatiques · Construction des habitats pilotes Réalisation du Consentement Libre, Préalable et Eclairé auprès des Autochtones sur la sédentarisation et les habitats durables Améliorer les systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales pour anticiper sur les effets des inondations récurrentes dans les villes les plus vulnérables · D’ici 2030, améliorer le réseau Infrastructures de drainages, restructuration, relocalisation.Page | 29 Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Santé publique Améliorer les connaissances sur la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé aux changements climatiques et l’identification des options d’adaptation · D’ici 2025, les évaluations de vulnérabilité approfondies sont menées et capitalisées dans la planification sectorielle · Modélisation du changement climatique ; évaluation des risques, impacts et vulnérabilités, et des options d’adaptation ; intégration dans la planification sectorielle Promotion de l’Hygiène et assainissement de base · D’ici 2030, mise en place de l’Assainissement Total Piloté par les Communautés (ATPC) dans Renforcement des capacités des acteurs et harmonisations de l’approche ATPC Développement d’un système de veille pour la prévention et la lutte contre les épidémies et maladies sensibles au climat (paludisme, cholera, méningite, etc.)', 'Adaptation Sous-secteur Foresterie OBJECTIF 3 : INFORMER ET PREPARER LES INFRASTRUCTURES ET HABITATS, LES SYSTEMES DE SANTE, AUX RISQUES CLIMATIQUES, PAR L’AMELIORATION ET LA PRODUCTION D’EVIDENCES DANS CES DOMAINES Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Habitat et Infrastructures Améliorer les connaissances sur la vulnérabilité de l’habitat et des infrastructures et l’identification des options d’adaptation · D’ici 2025, les évaluations de vulnérabilité approfondies sont menées et capitalisées dans la planification sectorielle · D’ici 2025, un plan d’action participatif des secteurs habitat et infrastructures dans la planification de l’adaptation au niveau national est élaboré et opérationnalisé Modélisation du changement climatique ; évaluation des risques, impacts et vulnérabilités, et des options d’adaptation ; intégration dans la planification sectorielle Promotion d’un modèle de construction d’habitat durable, en lien avec la sédentarisation des populations autochtones AKA dans un contexte de changements climatiques · Construction des habitats pilotes Réalisation du Consentement Libre, Préalable et Eclairé auprès des Autochtones sur la sédentarisation et les habitats durables Améliorer les systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales pour anticiper sur les effets des inondations récurrentes dans les villes les plus vulnérables · D’ici 2030, améliorer le réseau Infrastructures de drainages, restructuration, relocalisation.Page | 29 Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Santé publique Améliorer les connaissances sur la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé aux changements climatiques et l’identification des options d’adaptation · D’ici 2025, les évaluations de vulnérabilité approfondies sont menées et capitalisées dans la planification sectorielle · Modélisation du changement climatique ; évaluation des risques, impacts et vulnérabilités, et des options d’adaptation ; intégration dans la planification sectorielle Promotion de l’Hygiène et assainissement de base · D’ici 2030, mise en place de l’Assainissement Total Piloté par les Communautés (ATPC) dans Renforcement des capacités des acteurs et harmonisations de l’approche ATPC Développement d’un système de veille pour la prévention et la lutte contre les épidémies et maladies sensibles au climat (paludisme, cholera, méningite, etc.) · D’ici 2030, établir un système d’information et d’alerte sur les maladies sensibles au climat et épidémies Identifier les zones les plus vulnérables ; Mettre en place les outils de traitement et d’analyse des données sur les risques environnementaux et les tendances épidémiologiques ; Identifier ou Etablir le système de diffusion des informations MESURES TRANSVERSALES Alignement au PNA : Mise en place d’un système intégré d alerte précoce Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Mesures transversales Modélisation du changement climatique et des scénarios d’évolution pour la RCA · D’ici 2025, les projections climatiques détaillées basées sur les informations les plus récentes (AR6) sont réalisés pour la RCA Appui institutionnel à l’instrumentation et à la production des informations climatiques Suivi des risques de catastrophes, d’évaluation rapide des besoins post catastrophe (PDNA), et de gestion des opérations · D’ici 2030, un système d’alerte précoce multirisque (feux de brousse, inondations, sécheresse) est mis en place et est opérationnel · D’ici 2030, un dispositif multisectoriel de gestion des opérations de catastrophes est en place, sous la coordination de la DGPC Renforcements des capacités techniques et matérielles de la DGPC (formations et équipements) ; Mise en place d’une plateforme intersectorielle de gestion des risques Programme spécial d’adaptation pour les peuples autochtones · D’ici 2030, 50% des communautés autochtones ciblées initialement ont vu leurs capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques renforcés Evaluations spécifiques des besoins et CLIP, renforcement des pratiques agricoles résilientes aux CC, système AEP, construction des habitats durables, exploitation durable des PFNL.Page | 30 Education au Climat · D’ici 2025, assurer l’intégration dans le programme de l’enseignement Primaire et Secondaire, des notions élémentaires de changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités des enseignants-chercheurs, Développement de curricula, Validation, Test, Mise en opération Mobilisation des ressources · D’ici 2030, mobiliser le financement domestique nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN et le financement extérieur conditionnel Formulation d’un plan d’investissement et de mobilisation de ressources, Renforcement des capacités sur la finance climatPage | 31 5.', '· D’ici 2030, établir un système d’information et d’alerte sur les maladies sensibles au climat et épidémies Identifier les zones les plus vulnérables ; Mettre en place les outils de traitement et d’analyse des données sur les risques environnementaux et les tendances épidémiologiques ; Identifier ou Etablir le système de diffusion des informations MESURES TRANSVERSALES Alignement au PNA : Mise en place d’un système intégré d alerte précoce Option Cibles/Année de référence : Actions et mesures pour atteindre les cibles Mesures transversales Modélisation du changement climatique et des scénarios d’évolution pour la RCA · D’ici 2025, les projections climatiques détaillées basées sur les informations les plus récentes (AR6) sont réalisés pour la RCA Appui institutionnel à l’instrumentation et à la production des informations climatiques Suivi des risques de catastrophes, d’évaluation rapide des besoins post catastrophe (PDNA), et de gestion des opérations · D’ici 2030, un système d’alerte précoce multirisque (feux de brousse, inondations, sécheresse) est mis en place et est opérationnel · D’ici 2030, un dispositif multisectoriel de gestion des opérations de catastrophes est en place, sous la coordination de la DGPC Renforcements des capacités techniques et matérielles de la DGPC (formations et équipements) ; Mise en place d’une plateforme intersectorielle de gestion des risques Programme spécial d’adaptation pour les peuples autochtones · D’ici 2030, 50% des communautés autochtones ciblées initialement ont vu leurs capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques renforcés Evaluations spécifiques des besoins et CLIP, renforcement des pratiques agricoles résilientes aux CC, système AEP, construction des habitats durables, exploitation durable des PFNL.Page | 30 Education au Climat · D’ici 2025, assurer l’intégration dans le programme de l’enseignement Primaire et Secondaire, des notions élémentaires de changements climatiques Renforcement des capacités des enseignants-chercheurs, Développement de curricula, Validation, Test, Mise en opération Mobilisation des ressources · D’ici 2030, mobiliser le financement domestique nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de la CDN et le financement extérieur conditionnel Formulation d’un plan d’investissement et de mobilisation de ressources, Renforcement des capacités sur la finance climatPage | 31 5. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT Les besoins en financement de la CDN sur la décennie 2021-2030 sont estimés à 1,764 milliard$ dont 1,321 milliard $ pour l’atténuation et 443,872 millions de dollars pour l’adaptation.', 'MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT Les besoins en financement de la CDN sur la décennie 2021-2030 sont estimés à 1,764 milliard$ dont 1,321 milliard $ pour l’atténuation et 443,872 millions de dollars pour l’adaptation. La contribution de la RCA, à partir de ses ressources domestiques est de 280,44 millions$ (soit 16%). La contribution attendue des partenaires internationaux est de 1,483 Milliards $ (soit 84%). ATTENUATION Secteur Cout Inconditionnel (Millions $) Cout Conditionnel (Millions $) Cout Total (Millions $) ADAPTATION Secteur Cout Inconditionnel (Millions $) Cout Conditionnel (Millions $) Cout Total (Millions $) Ressources en Eau, services d’eau et d’assainissement Aménagement du Territoire Energie Cf Atténuation Cf Atténuation Cf Atténuation Habitat et Infrastructures Mesures transversales y compris la communicationPage | 32 BESOINS EN TECHNOLOGIE ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES La mise en œuvre de certaines actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation exige un recours à des technologies.', 'ATTENUATION Secteur Cout Inconditionnel (Millions $) Cout Conditionnel (Millions $) Cout Total (Millions $) ADAPTATION Secteur Cout Inconditionnel (Millions $) Cout Conditionnel (Millions $) Cout Total (Millions $) Ressources en Eau, services d’eau et d’assainissement Aménagement du Territoire Energie Cf Atténuation Cf Atténuation Cf Atténuation Habitat et Infrastructures Mesures transversales y compris la communicationPage | 32 BESOINS EN TECHNOLOGIE ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES La mise en œuvre de certaines actions d’adaptation et d’atténuation exige un recours à des technologies. Le transfert de technologies dans ce domaine comprendra aussi bien le renforcement des capacités que la mise en place d’équipements.', 'Le transfert de technologies dans ce domaine comprendra aussi bien le renforcement des capacités que la mise en place d’équipements. Composante Besoin en Technologie Besoin en renforcement des capacités Atténuation · Technologie de cogénération (Biogaz, Bois et dérivés Utilisation des technologies géo spatiales pour le suivi des écosystèmes Labour de conservation Agroécologie Gestion des polluants organiques persistants (POPs) Gestion des normes industrielles Définition complète de la ligne de base (baseline) des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation · Technologie de bio méthanisation · Technologie solaire photovoltaïque · Champ solaire raccordé au réseau Domestique ; · Technologie hydroélectrique · Grande centrale · Amélioration du rendement énergétique des équipements de service (pompes, groupes électrogènes, etc.)', 'Composante Besoin en Technologie Besoin en renforcement des capacités Atténuation · Technologie de cogénération (Biogaz, Bois et dérivés Utilisation des technologies géo spatiales pour le suivi des écosystèmes Labour de conservation Agroécologie Gestion des polluants organiques persistants (POPs) Gestion des normes industrielles Définition complète de la ligne de base (baseline) des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation · Technologie de bio méthanisation · Technologie solaire photovoltaïque · Champ solaire raccordé au réseau Domestique ; · Technologie hydroélectrique · Grande centrale · Amélioration du rendement énergétique des équipements de service (pompes, groupes électrogènes, etc.) et valorisation de l’énergie produite non consommée · Mini et micro centrales · Technologie de carbonisation basée sur les fours améliorée MAGE · Ingénierie métallique (Foyer amélioré, Cuiseur solaire) Adaptation Produits Forestiers non Ligneux (PFNL) : technologie de transformation et conservation du poivre sauvage Agroforesterie Scénarisation et projection climatique Conduite des évaluations de vulnérabilité Développement de curricula intégrant les changements climatiques au niveau primaire et secondaire Dispositifs d’instrumentation météorologique Technologie non labour simplifiées ou Techniques Culturales Simplifiée (TCS) Cultures résistantes à la sécheresse Matériels et outils pour le suivi des alertes de feu de brousse par la télédétectionPage | 33 6.', 'et valorisation de l’énergie produite non consommée · Mini et micro centrales · Technologie de carbonisation basée sur les fours améliorée MAGE · Ingénierie métallique (Foyer amélioré, Cuiseur solaire) Adaptation Produits Forestiers non Ligneux (PFNL) : technologie de transformation et conservation du poivre sauvage Agroforesterie Scénarisation et projection climatique Conduite des évaluations de vulnérabilité Développement de curricula intégrant les changements climatiques au niveau primaire et secondaire Dispositifs d’instrumentation météorologique Technologie non labour simplifiées ou Techniques Culturales Simplifiée (TCS) Cultures résistantes à la sécheresse Matériels et outils pour le suivi des alertes de feu de brousse par la télédétectionPage | 33 6. MECANISME DE MESURE, NOTIFICATION, ET VERIFICATION (MNV) Le système MNV proposé couvre les composantes atténuation, adaptation, et finances.', 'MECANISME DE MESURE, NOTIFICATION, ET VERIFICATION (MNV) Le système MNV proposé couvre les composantes atténuation, adaptation, et finances. Il intègre de façon transversale les ODD (la RCA a retenu six ODD prioritaires à suivre : 4, 8, 10, 13, 16 et 17), le transfert de technologies et le renforcement des capacités.Page | 34 7. Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension22 1.', 'Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension22 1. Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base) (a) Année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ Année de référence pour les projections d émissions : 2010 Année de référence pour l objectif d émission BAU : 2030 (b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de la ou des années de référence, des années de référence, des périodes de référence ou d autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l année cible Le niveau d émission projeté en 2030 est de 17 643 GgeCO2.', 'Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base) (a) Année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ Année de référence pour les projections d émissions : 2010 Année de référence pour l objectif d émission BAU : 2030 (b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de la ou des années de référence, des années de référence, des périodes de référence ou d autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l année cible Le niveau d émission projeté en 2030 est de 17 643 GgeCO2. (d) Cible relative à l indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou montant de la réduction La réduction des émissions de GES est de 24,28% par rapport au niveau de référence (BAU) en 2030.', '(d) Cible relative à l indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou montant de la réduction La réduction des émissions de GES est de 24,28% par rapport au niveau de référence (BAU) en 2030. (e) Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le(s) point(s) de référence La troisième communication nationale de la RCA a été utilisée pour quantifier le niveau de référence des GES L’inventaire intégré des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie de la RCA a été utilisé pour quantifier le niveau de référence des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV) (f) Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles le pays Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence Le scénario BAU a été mis à jour sur la base des données finales des derniers inventaires disponibles (GES et PCCVD).', '(e) Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le(s) point(s) de référence La troisième communication nationale de la RCA a été utilisée pour quantifier le niveau de référence des GES L’inventaire intégré des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie de la RCA a été utilisé pour quantifier le niveau de référence des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (PCCDV) (f) Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles le pays Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence Le scénario BAU a été mis à jour sur la base des données finales des derniers inventaires disponibles (GES et PCCVD). La RCA prévoit de mettre à jour l inventaire des GES lors du premier rapport biennal prévue en l’an 2024.', 'La RCA prévoit de mettre à jour l inventaire des GES lors du premier rapport biennal prévue en l’an 2024. Un outil de mesure, de notification et de vérification (MNV) des émissions sera développé et servira à mettre à jour l inventaire. Les indicateurs de référence peuvent changer à la suite de la mise à jour. 2. Délais et/ou périodes de mise en œuvre (a) Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties siégeant en tant que réunion des Parties à l Accord de Paris (CMA) (b) Qu il s agisse d un objectif sur une année ou sur plusieurs années, selon le cas Objectif sur une année (2030). 3.', 'Délais et/ou périodes de mise en œuvre (a) Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties siégeant en tant que réunion des Parties à l Accord de Paris (CMA) (b) Qu il s agisse d un objectif sur une année ou sur plusieurs années, selon le cas Objectif sur une année (2030). 3. Portée et couverture (a) Description générale de la cible Les mesures d atténuation proposées permettront à la RCA de réduire ses émissions de GES par rapport au scénario tendanciel. Le niveau de réduction des GES en 2030 est en valeur absolue de 4284,42 GgeCO2, et en valeur relative de 24,28%.', 'Le niveau de réduction des GES en 2030 est en valeur absolue de 4284,42 GgeCO2, et en valeur relative de 24,28%. 22 Selon la Décision -/CMA.1 : Autres orientations concernant la section relative à l atténuation de la décision 1/CP.21Page | 35 Le niveau de réduction des PCCVD varie de -13,67% à -55,31% selon le type de polluant à l’horizon 2030.', '22 Selon la Décision -/CMA.1 : Autres orientations concernant la section relative à l atténuation de la décision 1/CP.21Page | 35 Le niveau de réduction des PCCVD varie de -13,67% à -55,31% selon le type de polluant à l’horizon 2030. (b) Secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) Gaz à effet de serre : CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC Polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie : PM2,5, PM10, CN, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, COVNM (c) Comment le pays Partie a pris en considération les paragraphes 31(c) et (d) de la décision 1/CP.2123 La CDN révisée inclut toutes les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions pertinentes, en cohérence avec les Lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006.', '(b) Secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) Gaz à effet de serre : CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC Polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie : PM2,5, PM10, CN, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, COVNM (c) Comment le pays Partie a pris en considération les paragraphes 31(c) et (d) de la décision 1/CP.2123 La CDN révisée inclut toutes les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions pertinentes, en cohérence avec les Lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006. Par rapport à la première CDN, la couverture de la CDN révisée est étendue aux PCCVD.', 'Par rapport à la première CDN, la couverture de la CDN révisée est étendue aux PCCVD. (d) Co-bénéfices d atténuation résultant des actions d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description de projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des actions d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties Des co-bénéfices d atténuation peuvent être attendus de la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation suivantes : Restauration par le reboisement d’espèces à multi usages des paysages déforestés,; Réglementation de l’exploitation artisanale du bois d’œuvre et du bois énergie et mesures de réduction de la pression sur les ressources ; Promotion de l’agroforesterie pour la réduction des risques climatiques et la diversification des options économiques. 4.', '(d) Co-bénéfices d atténuation résultant des actions d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description de projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des actions d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties Des co-bénéfices d atténuation peuvent être attendus de la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation suivantes : Restauration par le reboisement d’espèces à multi usages des paysages déforestés,; Réglementation de l’exploitation artisanale du bois d’œuvre et du bois énergie et mesures de réduction de la pression sur les ressources ; Promotion de l’agroforesterie pour la réduction des risques climatiques et la diversification des options économiques. 4. Processus de planification (a) a) Des informations sur les processus de planification que le pays Partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, si disponible, sur les plans de mise en œuvre Le processus a été conduit par la Coordination Nationale Climat, avec l’appui de l’initiative Promesse climatique du PNUD.', 'Processus de planification (a) a) Des informations sur les processus de planification que le pays Partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, si disponible, sur les plans de mise en œuvre Le processus a été conduit par la Coordination Nationale Climat, avec l’appui de l’initiative Promesse climatique du PNUD. Un Comité de Pilotage (CoPIL) représentatif de toutes les parties (incluant les représentants des organisations de femmes, de jeunes et des peuples autochtones), crée par arrêté ministériel, a fait office de Groupe de Travail Technique Intersectoriel chargé d’accompagner le processus de formulation et de validation des livrables aux différentes étapes. La prise en compte des PCCVD, en plus des gaz à effet de serre est une bonne pratique sur laquelle d’autres pays Parties pourraient s’inspirer.', 'La prise en compte des PCCVD, en plus des gaz à effet de serre est une bonne pratique sur laquelle d’autres pays Parties pourraient s’inspirer. (c) Comment la préparation par le pays Partie de sa CDN a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 9, de l Accord de Paris La première CDN de la RCA é été soumise en 2016. Conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 9, de l Accord de Paris, cette deuxième CDN est élaborée cinq ans à la suite de la première. Le bilan mondial étant prévu en 2023, la révision de la CDN s’est inspirée du rapport de synthèse de Septembre 2021 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). 5.', 'Le bilan mondial étant prévu en 2023, la révision de la CDN s’est inspirée du rapport de synthèse de Septembre 2021 de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). 5. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles pour estimer et comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions (a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la CDN du pays Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la Réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris (CMA) Les émissions et absorptions sont rendues conformément aux directives du GIEC.', 'Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles pour estimer et comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions (a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la CDN du pays Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la Réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris (CMA) Les émissions et absorptions sont rendues conformément aux directives du GIEC. Il existe une cohérence méthodologique entre en ce qui concerne le niveau de référence, entre la 3ième communication nationale et la CDN La RCA a l intention de rapporter sur l’inventaire de GES conformément à la décision 18/CMA.1.', 'Il existe une cohérence méthodologique entre en ce qui concerne le niveau de référence, entre la 3ième communication nationale et la CDN La RCA a l intention de rapporter sur l’inventaire de GES conformément à la décision 18/CMA.1. Elle rendra compte des progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN d’ici le 31 décembre 2024.', 'Elle rendra compte des progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN d’ici le 31 décembre 2024. 23 Les Parties s’efforcent d’inclure toutes les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions dans leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national et, dès lors qu’une source, un puits ou une activité est pris en compte, continuent de l’inclurePage | 36 (d) Méthodologies et métriques du GIEC utilisées pour estimer les émissions et absorptions de gaz à effet de serre; Outil d’IGES : Méthode de Niveau Tier 1 (Manuel d’inventaire des GES 1996, version révisée et 2006) ; Outil d inventaire des émissions de pollution atmosphérique EMEP / /CORINAIR Année de référence : 2010 Données de référence : Troisième Communication Nationale (i) Comment sont construits les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence Le rapport d inventaire national de la troisième communication nationale a été utilisé pour construire le scénario de référence.', '23 Les Parties s’efforcent d’inclure toutes les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions dans leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national et, dès lors qu’une source, un puits ou une activité est pris en compte, continuent de l’inclurePage | 36 (d) Méthodologies et métriques du GIEC utilisées pour estimer les émissions et absorptions de gaz à effet de serre; Outil d’IGES : Méthode de Niveau Tier 1 (Manuel d’inventaire des GES 1996, version révisée et 2006) ; Outil d inventaire des émissions de pollution atmosphérique EMEP / /CORINAIR Année de référence : 2010 Données de référence : Troisième Communication Nationale (i) Comment sont construits les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence Le rapport d inventaire national de la troisième communication nationale a été utilisé pour construire le scénario de référence. Il est combiné à une méthode statistique top-down d’extrapolation à partir du taux d’évolution annuel moyen, et des scénarios de croissance déclinés dans les instruments de politique sectoriels.', 'Il est combiné à une méthode statistique top-down d’extrapolation à partir du taux d’évolution annuel moyen, et des scénarios de croissance déclinés dans les instruments de politique sectoriels. Ils peuvent être améliorés et ou révisés dans les processus à venir par la mise à disposition davantage de données et la confirmation ou la correction des taux d’accroissement annuels moyens 6.', 'Ils peuvent être améliorés et ou révisés dans les processus à venir par la mise à disposition davantage de données et la confirmation ou la correction des taux d’accroissement annuels moyens 6. Comment le pays Partie considère que sa CDN est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale (a) Comment le pays Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale ; Malgré la situation socio-économique du pays (188ième pays sur 189 à l’IDH), la RCA ambitionne de contribuer à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre au niveau mondial, selon le principe de la responsabilité commune mais différenciée. La CDN révisée couvre davantage de secteurs et de gaz.', 'La CDN révisée couvre davantage de secteurs et de gaz. Elle présente, en valeur relative, des ambitions plus importantes par rapport à la précédente (24,28% pour la CDN révisée et 5% pour la première CDN), et moins importante en la première CDN. Cette différence est due à la révision du scenario BAU qui est plus réaliste, car construit sur davantage de données et de secteurs. Le pays est un important puits de carbone (728 896 GgeCO2), qu’il ambitionne de protéger et de faire avancer à travers les mesures de séquestration proposées. Mieux, il introduit du point de vue conceptuel une nouvelle démarche qui pourrait présenter un intérêt pour les autres pays vers le développement sobre en carbone.', 'Mieux, il introduit du point de vue conceptuel une nouvelle démarche qui pourrait présenter un intérêt pour les autres pays vers le développement sobre en carbone. (b) Des considérations d équité, y compris une réflexion sur l équité Voir 6 (a) (c) Comment le pays Partie a traité l article Voir 4 (c). Idem pour 6 (c) et 6 (d) 7. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son (a) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2 Voir 4 (c). (b) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à l article 2, paragraphe 1, point a), et à l article 4, paragraphe 1, de l Accord de Paris Voir 4 (c).', '(b) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à l article 2, paragraphe 1, point a), et à l article 4, paragraphe 1, de l Accord de Paris Voir 4 (c). La CDN révisée de la RCA s appuie sur une base de données améliorée et plus robuste pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions du scénario de référence et les réductions induites par les mesures de mitigation Tableau 7 : Informations pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension 24 La CDN suivante de chaque Partie représentera une progression par rapport à la CDN antérieure et correspondra à son niveau d’ambition le plus élevé possible, compte tenu de ses responsabilités communes mais différenciées et de ses capacités respectives, eu égard aux contextes nationaux différents']

fr-FR

TCD

Chad

1st NDC

2017-01-12 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Chad_Official%20version_English.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/6b117506f5a642ded00b59950ab62db9b79c3af2680780d9659116ca254ccf8b.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF CHAD UNITY – WORK – PROGRESS Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of ChadINDC Chad Page i Table of Contents Section 1. Summary . 1 Section 2. National circumstances . 2 Section 3. Adaptation . 4 Impacts and vulnerability. 4 National priorities in terms of adaptation to climate change . 4 Current and planned initiatives to support adaptation 5 Gaps and barriers . 6 Summary of adaptation needs 6 Needs for reinforcement of human and institutional capacity: 6 Technical needs, transfer of technology and financial needs . 7 Section 4.', 'Adaptation . 4 Impacts and vulnerability. 4 National priorities in terms of adaptation to climate change . 4 Current and planned initiatives to support adaptation 5 Gaps and barriers . 6 Summary of adaptation needs 6 Needs for reinforcement of human and institutional capacity: 6 Technical needs, transfer of technology and financial needs . 7 Section 4. Mitigation . 8 Reference scenario and emission reduction objectives 8 Mitigation objectives by 2030 9 Assumptions and methodology . 10 Methodology 10 Carbon offsets . 10 Accounting / verification system 11 Institutional arrangements for implementation 11 Ambitious and fair nature of the intended contribution 11 Section 5. Summary of projects to be implemented under the INDC 12 Section 6.', 'Summary of projects to be implemented under the INDC 12 Section 6. Appendices . 13 Annexe 1: INDC implementation plan . 13INDC Chad Page ii Abréviations et acronymes utilisés ADB Asian Development Bank ADF African Development Fund AGIR-PRP Alliance Globale pour l’Initiative Résilience-Priorités Résilience Pays (Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative) ASAP Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme BaU Business as Usual CDM Clean Development Mechanism CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States EVI Economic Vulnerability Index EU European Union FAOSTAT Statistic software of the Food and Agriculture Organization FCFA Franc Communauté Financière Afrique FSE Fonds Spécial pour l’Environnement (Special Fund for the Environment) GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Gigagramme GHG GreenHouse Gas GTR Groupe de Travail Restreint (Core Working Group) GWh GigaWatt hour GWP Global Warming Potential IDB Islamic Development Bank IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INSEED Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques et Démographiques (National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies) INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LDC Least Developed Countries MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification system NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action N2O Nitrous Oxide P2RS Nutrition and food insecurity resilience reinforcement programme in the Sahel PAIBLT Projet d Appui à l Initiative du Bassin du Lac Tchad PARSAT Projet pour Améliorer la Résilience des Systèmes d’Agriculture au Tchad (Project to Improve the Resilience of Agricultural Systems in Chad) PLCBA Prévention et Lutte Contre les Bio-Agresseurs (Prevention and fight against bio-aggressors) PNISR Plan National d’Investissement pour le Secteur Rural (National Investment Plan for the Rural Sector) PREDAS Programme Régional de promotion des Energies Domestiques et Alternatives au Sahel (Regional Programme for the Promotion of Household and Alternative Energies in the Sahel) PRODEBALT Programme de Développement Durable du Lac Tchad (Lake Chad basin sustainable development programme) RPCA Réseau de Prévention de la Crise Alimentaire (Food Crisis Prevention Network) PRP Priorités Résilience Pays (Country Resilience Priorities) REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationINDC Chad Page iii SCPM Suivi du Climat et Prévision Météorologique (Climate and meteorological forecast monitoring) SNE Société Nationale d’Electricité (National Electricity Company) STI/HIV/AIDS Sexually Transmitted Infections /Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome tCO2e Tonne of carbon dioxyde equivalent UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States DollarINDC Chad 1 | P a g e Section 1.', 'Appendices . 13 Annexe 1: INDC implementation plan . 13INDC Chad Page ii Abréviations et acronymes utilisés ADB Asian Development Bank ADF African Development Fund AGIR-PRP Alliance Globale pour l’Initiative Résilience-Priorités Résilience Pays (Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative) ASAP Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme BaU Business as Usual CDM Clean Development Mechanism CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States EVI Economic Vulnerability Index EU European Union FAOSTAT Statistic software of the Food and Agriculture Organization FCFA Franc Communauté Financière Afrique FSE Fonds Spécial pour l’Environnement (Special Fund for the Environment) GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Gigagramme GHG GreenHouse Gas GTR Groupe de Travail Restreint (Core Working Group) GWh GigaWatt hour GWP Global Warming Potential IDB Islamic Development Bank IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INSEED Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques et Démographiques (National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies) INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LDC Least Developed Countries MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification system NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action N2O Nitrous Oxide P2RS Nutrition and food insecurity resilience reinforcement programme in the Sahel PAIBLT Projet d Appui à l Initiative du Bassin du Lac Tchad PARSAT Projet pour Améliorer la Résilience des Systèmes d’Agriculture au Tchad (Project to Improve the Resilience of Agricultural Systems in Chad) PLCBA Prévention et Lutte Contre les Bio-Agresseurs (Prevention and fight against bio-aggressors) PNISR Plan National d’Investissement pour le Secteur Rural (National Investment Plan for the Rural Sector) PREDAS Programme Régional de promotion des Energies Domestiques et Alternatives au Sahel (Regional Programme for the Promotion of Household and Alternative Energies in the Sahel) PRODEBALT Programme de Développement Durable du Lac Tchad (Lake Chad basin sustainable development programme) RPCA Réseau de Prévention de la Crise Alimentaire (Food Crisis Prevention Network) PRP Priorités Résilience Pays (Country Resilience Priorities) REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationINDC Chad Page iii SCPM Suivi du Climat et Prévision Météorologique (Climate and meteorological forecast monitoring) SNE Société Nationale d’Electricité (National Electricity Company) STI/HIV/AIDS Sexually Transmitted Infections /Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome tCO2e Tonne of carbon dioxyde equivalent UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States DollarINDC Chad 1 | P a g e Section 1. Summary Contribution > Contribution based on a mixed approach, (Results and Actions, both conditional and unconditional) > Results-based Approach: percentage of emission reduction by 2030.', 'Summary Contribution > Contribution based on a mixed approach, (Results and Actions, both conditional and unconditional) > Results-based Approach: percentage of emission reduction by 2030. Data obtained through projections based on the latest GHG inventories presented in the 2nd National Communication, and on the data and national and regional strategy and policy documents > Action-based Approach: relating to the implementation of current policies, awareness of good practice, in particular in the field of agriculture National Objectives > Chad’s vision by 2030: an emerging country with a middle-income economy, generated by diverse and sustainable growth sources and value adding activities Emissions for the Cumulative reduction of emissions for the period > Unconditional reduction of 18.2% of the country’s emissions compared to the reference scenario by 2030, approx.', 'Data obtained through projections based on the latest GHG inventories presented in the 2nd National Communication, and on the data and national and regional strategy and policy documents > Action-based Approach: relating to the implementation of current policies, awareness of good practice, in particular in the field of agriculture National Objectives > Chad’s vision by 2030: an emerging country with a middle-income economy, generated by diverse and sustainable growth sources and value adding activities Emissions for the Cumulative reduction of emissions for the period > Unconditional reduction of 18.2% of the country’s emissions compared to the reference scenario by 2030, approx. 41,700 Gg CO2e > Conditional reduction of 71% of the country’s emissions by 2030, cumulative reduction of 162,000 Gg CO2e Coverage and scope of the contribution > 100% of the country is covered by the stipulated contributions > Energy, Agriculture/Livestock, Land use and forestry, Waste Implementation process > Reinforcement of human, institutional and technological capacities, as well as financial support and technology transfers Assumptions and methodology > IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories.', '41,700 Gg CO2e > Conditional reduction of 71% of the country’s emissions by 2030, cumulative reduction of 162,000 Gg CO2e Coverage and scope of the contribution > 100% of the country is covered by the stipulated contributions > Energy, Agriculture/Livestock, Land use and forestry, Waste Implementation process > Reinforcement of human, institutional and technological capacities, as well as financial support and technology transfers Assumptions and methodology > IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. > The reference scenario is established taking into consideration the assumptions stated in the vision and strategy documents in place in Chad Adaptation > Priority sectors: water, agriculture/agroforestry, livestock and fishing > Priority target zones: Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Guéra, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Funding needs > Adaptation: 14.170 billion USD in total for the period, of which 11.380 will be used to achieve the conditional objective > Mitigation: 7.063 billion USD in total for the period, of which 6.540 will be used to reach the conditional objective > Total implementation cost of the INDC: 21.233 billion USD, of which 17.920 will be used to achieve the conditional objectives Environmental and fair character > Chad does not have a historical responsibility, although it is already experiencing the impacts of climate change.', '> The reference scenario is established taking into consideration the assumptions stated in the vision and strategy documents in place in Chad Adaptation > Priority sectors: water, agriculture/agroforestry, livestock and fishing > Priority target zones: Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Guéra, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Funding needs > Adaptation: 14.170 billion USD in total for the period, of which 11.380 will be used to achieve the conditional objective > Mitigation: 7.063 billion USD in total for the period, of which 6.540 will be used to reach the conditional objective > Total implementation cost of the INDC: 21.233 billion USD, of which 17.920 will be used to achieve the conditional objectives Environmental and fair character > Chad does not have a historical responsibility, although it is already experiencing the impacts of climate change. It is characterised by a structural vulnerability, with an Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) of 52.8 in 2012, which is greater than that of the majority of less developed countries, which have an average EVI of 45.7 > A dual approach (results and actions) optimising Chad’s contribution towards reducing the impacts of climate change on a global scale: Chad aims to halve its emissions per inhabitant, reducing them from 0.736 tCO2e in 2010 to 0.334 tCO2e in 2030, under the conditional scenario, whilst using its available resources in a diverse and sustainable manner 1 NAPA Chad (2009), and working groups “adaptation of workshops, dated 15 June and 24 to the 25 August 2015”INDC Chad Section 2.', 'It is characterised by a structural vulnerability, with an Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) of 52.8 in 2012, which is greater than that of the majority of less developed countries, which have an average EVI of 45.7 > A dual approach (results and actions) optimising Chad’s contribution towards reducing the impacts of climate change on a global scale: Chad aims to halve its emissions per inhabitant, reducing them from 0.736 tCO2e in 2010 to 0.334 tCO2e in 2030, under the conditional scenario, whilst using its available resources in a diverse and sustainable manner 1 NAPA Chad (2009), and working groups “adaptation of workshops, dated 15 June and 24 to the 25 August 2015”INDC Chad Section 2. National circumstances Chad, a landlocked sub-Saharan country, lacking a coastline, covers a surface area of 1,284,000 km2, the majority of which is desert.', 'National circumstances Chad, a landlocked sub-Saharan country, lacking a coastline, covers a surface area of 1,284,000 km2, the majority of which is desert. The country’s main economic activities are those associated with the primary sector, such as subsistence agriculture, livestock rearing and fishing. Despite the oil industry being relative new, with exports only having started in 2004, it is already booming. An oil refinery, which opened in 2011, meets domestic demand for oil products. Table 1.Key data for 2010 (reference year) Climate Three climate zones: Saharan, Sahelian and Sudanian Population 11,679,974 inhabitants (2nd National Census, 2009 including refugees), of which 21.9% live in urban areas and 46.4% are of working age.', 'Table 1.Key data for 2010 (reference year) Climate Three climate zones: Saharan, Sahelian and Sudanian Population 11,679,974 inhabitants (2nd National Census, 2009 including refugees), of which 21.9% live in urban areas and 46.4% are of working age. The natural rate of growth is 3.6% per year GDP 5,249.6 billion FCFA GDP structure Oil: 37%; Agriculture: 21%; Trade: 13%; Other sectors: 29% Rate of access to electricity 3.9% Proven oil reserves 1.5 billion barrels Oil production 122,500 barrels/day on average Rate of access to sanitation facilities 23% in urban areas, 4% in rural areas Rate of access to drinking water 43% on a national level. Over the last ten years, Chad’s Saharan and Sahelian zones have spread 150 km south.', 'Over the last ten years, Chad’s Saharan and Sahelian zones have spread 150 km south. This has resulted in reduced farming and pasture areas, which, in turn, has lead livestock rearers and farmers to move to more suitable areas to work, leading, in general, to a reinforcement of existing inequality and discrimination amongst certain populations. Likewise, Lake Chad has reduced in size from 25,000 km² in 1960 to 2,500 km² today. This reduction has considerably impacted upon crop and fish production, and forced inhabitants to move to wetter areas. With the increase in oil exploitation, exporters of agro-pastoral products have lost ground to oil exporters, with oil representing 88% of exports in 2010, against 6% for livestock, 2% for cotton fibre and 4% for other products.', 'With the increase in oil exploitation, exporters of agro-pastoral products have lost ground to oil exporters, with oil representing 88% of exports in 2010, against 6% for livestock, 2% for cotton fibre and 4% for other products. The state of the National Electricity Company’s (SNE), production facilities exclusively thermal, explains the high cost of electricity production, which represents an obstacle to the competitiveness in the Chadian economy, in particular in terms of industrial and commercial activity. The absence of an interconnected national grid makes economical pooling of the energy generated impossible, instead favouring the proliferation of isolated and onerous production facilities to supply the different cities across the country, which makes electricity expensive.', 'The absence of an interconnected national grid makes economical pooling of the energy generated impossible, instead favouring the proliferation of isolated and onerous production facilities to supply the different cities across the country, which makes electricity expensive. In line with its Government policy guidelines for development, Chad aspires to become an emerging country by 2030. In this regard, the Government intends, amongst other things, to reinforce environmental protection, GHG emissions mitigation measures and adaptation actions in respect of climate change.INDC Chad The issue of environment protection is enshrined in articles 47 and 52 of the Constitution of Chad, and Act N°014/PR/1998 defines the general principles for protecting the environment.', 'In this regard, the Government intends, amongst other things, to reinforce environmental protection, GHG emissions mitigation measures and adaptation actions in respect of climate change.INDC Chad The issue of environment protection is enshrined in articles 47 and 52 of the Constitution of Chad, and Act N°014/PR/1998 defines the general principles for protecting the environment. In 1992, Chad signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was ratified on 30 April 1993. Since then, the country has produced the Initial and Second National Communications relating to climate change, in accordance with the relevant UNFCCC provisions.', 'Since then, the country has produced the Initial and Second National Communications relating to climate change, in accordance with the relevant UNFCCC provisions. This demonstrates Chad’s desire to make an effective contribution to the global effort to combat global warming, to which the country is highly vulnerable given the fragility of its ecosystems and its economy, which is highly dependent on sectors that are sensitive to climate change. In the face of development challenges, Chad is ready to fight against climate change and adapt to its impacts by making efforts to protect the environment, in particular through activities such as planting thousands of trees each year and implementing the national programme for the development of green belts around Chadian cities.', 'In the face of development challenges, Chad is ready to fight against climate change and adapt to its impacts by making efforts to protect the environment, in particular through activities such as planting thousands of trees each year and implementing the national programme for the development of green belts around Chadian cities. In addition to these green belts, ten million trees are being planted as part of the African Great Green Wall initiative, and National Tree Week has been officially launched. Chad has also established a Special Fund for the Environment (FSE) in 2013, in order to mobilise its own resources through the establishment of specific taxes.', 'Chad has also established a Special Fund for the Environment (FSE) in 2013, in order to mobilise its own resources through the establishment of specific taxes. Under this INDC, Chad intends to reaffirm its determination to contribute to the global effort to reduce GHG emissions and reinforce its resilience to climate change, implementing coherent programmes which will enable it to become an emerging country by 2030, whilst favouring low-carbon development, as far as possible with the means available. The largest challenge to overcome is the move, between now and 2030, from a development model based on oil revenue, to a model based on a more diversified economy with sustainable utilisation of resources and an energy transition.', 'The largest challenge to overcome is the move, between now and 2030, from a development model based on oil revenue, to a model based on a more diversified economy with sustainable utilisation of resources and an energy transition. Chad supports the Lima summit’s call for action on climate change, as cited in the decision 1/CP.20, which called for each Party country to establish a nationally determined contribution in order to achieve the Convention’s objective. Chad’s contribution is based on measures and results.INDC Chad Section 3. Adaptation Impacts and vulnerability The impacts of climate change are significant on the large hydrographic systems of the basins of Lakes Chad and Niger: natural, agro-silvo-pastoral, fishery and human systems.', 'Adaptation Impacts and vulnerability The impacts of climate change are significant on the large hydrographic systems of the basins of Lakes Chad and Niger: natural, agro-silvo-pastoral, fishery and human systems. They include changes to the agricultural seasons, disturbances in the biological cycles of crops and a reduction in cereal crop production. Depending on the geographic zone, climate change exposes certain sectors and social groups to a medium to high level of vulnerability (1 = very high, 6 = lower), according to the NAPA and consultations carried out during the workshop launching the INDC preparation process.', 'Depending on the geographic zone, climate change exposes certain sectors and social groups to a medium to high level of vulnerability (1 = very high, 6 = lower), according to the NAPA and consultations carried out during the workshop launching the INDC preparation process. • Saharan Zone - Sectors: 1) livestock, 2) agriculture, 3) trade, 4) natural resources, 5) water - Groups: 1) The sick, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) women and children, 4) disabled heads of family, 5) displaced persons • Sahelian Zone forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) the sick, 4) displaced persons and refugees, 5) returning persons • Sudanian Zone - Sectors: 1) water resources, 2) agriculture, 3) livestock, 4) fishing, 5) fishery resources, 6) forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) displaced persons, 4) refugees, 5) rural populations, 6) returning persons2 National priorities in terms of adaptation to climate change Whilst the actions are applicable to all of Chad, it appears that the priority target zones (Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Guéra, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Ennedi Ouest) are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change and, in part, to the arrival of displaced populations.', '• Saharan Zone - Sectors: 1) livestock, 2) agriculture, 3) trade, 4) natural resources, 5) water - Groups: 1) The sick, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) women and children, 4) disabled heads of family, 5) displaced persons • Sahelian Zone forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) the sick, 4) displaced persons and refugees, 5) returning persons • Sudanian Zone - Sectors: 1) water resources, 2) agriculture, 3) livestock, 4) fishing, 5) fishery resources, 6) forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) displaced persons, 4) refugees, 5) rural populations, 6) returning persons2 National priorities in terms of adaptation to climate change Whilst the actions are applicable to all of Chad, it appears that the priority target zones (Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Guéra, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Ennedi Ouest) are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change and, in part, to the arrival of displaced populations. There are approx.', '• Saharan Zone - Sectors: 1) livestock, 2) agriculture, 3) trade, 4) natural resources, 5) water - Groups: 1) The sick, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) women and children, 4) disabled heads of family, 5) displaced persons • Sahelian Zone forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) the sick, 4) displaced persons and refugees, 5) returning persons • Sudanian Zone - Sectors: 1) water resources, 2) agriculture, 3) livestock, 4) fishing, 5) fishery resources, 6) forestry - Groups: 1) women and children, 2) isolated elderly people, 3) displaced persons, 4) refugees, 5) rural populations, 6) returning persons2 National priorities in terms of adaptation to climate change Whilst the actions are applicable to all of Chad, it appears that the priority target zones (Kanem, Barh El Ghazal, Batha, Guéra, Hadjer Lamis, Wadi Fira; Ouaddai, Dar Sila, Lac, Moyen-Chari, Borkou, Tibesti, Ennedi Est, Ennedi Ouest) are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change and, in part, to the arrival of displaced populations. There are approx. 700,000 displaced people in Chad, including refugees and Chadians returning from Sudan, the Central African Republic, Nigeria and Libya (OCHA, 2015).', '700,000 displaced people in Chad, including refugees and Chadians returning from Sudan, the Central African Republic, Nigeria and Libya (OCHA, 2015). • Cross-cutting priorities: - Reinforce the capacities of the stakeholders (farmers, fishermen and livestock rearers) and their revenue-generating activities; - Improve production techniques by developing water infrastructure, access to improved and adapted inputs(food crop and fodder seeds, animal gene banks, manure management, compost management, etc. ), develop storage and conservation units to limit high post-harvest losses; - Inform, educate and communicate information relating to climate risk,(improve the observatory used to forecast meteorological events and develop the population’s ability to react in the event of a catastrophe); - Create an observatory for policies for adapting to climate change; - Improve the seasonal forecast of precipitation and surface runoff; - Manage climate risks.', '), develop storage and conservation units to limit high post-harvest losses; - Inform, educate and communicate information relating to climate risk,(improve the observatory used to forecast meteorological events and develop the population’s ability to react in the event of a catastrophe); - Create an observatory for policies for adapting to climate change; - Improve the seasonal forecast of precipitation and surface runoff; - Manage climate risks. • Priorities by sector (NAPA, 2009 and June 2015 Workshop): - Water: manage water through the creation and development of agricultural irrigation structures including retention ponds, irrigated perimeters, artificial lakes, and the application of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Governance 2 A = supplements indicated during working groups “adaptation launch workshop, 15 June 2015”INDC Chad - Agriculture: develop intensive and diverse cultivation, using improved inputs, (organic fertilisers including composts, adapted plant varieties), agroforestry, land and water conservation, (implementation of soil restoration works) and preparation and distribution of new cropping calendars - Livestock: securing pastoralism and transhumance through common grazing zones, as well as creating and popularising fodder banks and crossbreeding of animal species - Fish: development of enclosed fish farming areas The cost of national priorities, in terms of adaptation to climate change, are met on the one hand by the National Investment Plan for the Rural Sector (PNISR), covering the period 2014 – 2020 and validated in 2014, and on the other by the meeting held by the Food Crisis Prevention Network (RPCA) in March 2015, which put forward the Country Resilience Priorities (PRP) AGIR CHAD for implementation by 2020, which would help approx.', '• Priorities by sector (NAPA, 2009 and June 2015 Workshop): - Water: manage water through the creation and development of agricultural irrigation structures including retention ponds, irrigated perimeters, artificial lakes, and the application of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Governance 2 A = supplements indicated during working groups “adaptation launch workshop, 15 June 2015”INDC Chad - Agriculture: develop intensive and diverse cultivation, using improved inputs, (organic fertilisers including composts, adapted plant varieties), agroforestry, land and water conservation, (implementation of soil restoration works) and preparation and distribution of new cropping calendars - Livestock: securing pastoralism and transhumance through common grazing zones, as well as creating and popularising fodder banks and crossbreeding of animal species - Fish: development of enclosed fish farming areas The cost of national priorities, in terms of adaptation to climate change, are met on the one hand by the National Investment Plan for the Rural Sector (PNISR), covering the period 2014 – 2020 and validated in 2014, and on the other by the meeting held by the Food Crisis Prevention Network (RPCA) in March 2015, which put forward the Country Resilience Priorities (PRP) AGIR CHAD for implementation by 2020, which would help approx. 6.5 million people escape food and nutritional insecurity.', '6.5 million people escape food and nutritional insecurity. The PNISR, using an initial amount of 2,301.7 billion CFA francs for the period 2014-2020, estimate that, by 2030, by applying an annual population growth rate of 3.6% and an annual inflation rate of 2.9%3, this amount will be 4,321 billion CFA francs. The overall cost of the AGIR CHAD PRP will be 775 billion CFA francs for a period of 5 years until 2020. By 2030, the total necessary funding to implement the INDC adaptation component would be 14.170 billion USD, in order to establish development resilient to climate change.', 'By 2030, the total necessary funding to implement the INDC adaptation component would be 14.170 billion USD, in order to establish development resilient to climate change. Current and planned initiatives to support adaptation On the national level, the initiatives to support adaptation have just started within the National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA adopted in2009), in particular with financing by the EU (~5.26 billion CFA francs or 8 million Euros through the AMCC –Global Climate Change Alliance project-) for the following priority projects: • Development of intensive and diversified crops that are adapted to extreme climate risks • Soil restoration and defence against degradation caused by climate change • Improvement of intercommunity grassland areas, in order to reduce migratory movements due to climate change • National Agency for the Great Green Wall In addition to these, adaptation will be supported by the 11th European Development Fund for the period 2014-2020.', 'Current and planned initiatives to support adaptation On the national level, the initiatives to support adaptation have just started within the National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA adopted in2009), in particular with financing by the EU (~5.26 billion CFA francs or 8 million Euros through the AMCC –Global Climate Change Alliance project-) for the following priority projects: • Development of intensive and diversified crops that are adapted to extreme climate risks • Soil restoration and defence against degradation caused by climate change • Improvement of intercommunity grassland areas, in order to reduce migratory movements due to climate change • National Agency for the Great Green Wall In addition to these, adaptation will be supported by the 11th European Development Fund for the period 2014-2020. This foresees the provision of 297 million euros for “rural development, nutrition and food safety”, and an amount of 53 million euros for “sustainable management of natural resources”.', 'This foresees the provision of 297 million euros for “rural development, nutrition and food safety”, and an amount of 53 million euros for “sustainable management of natural resources”. Finally, adaptation is supported by the Project to Improve the Resilience of Agricultural Systems in Chad (PARSAT). The PARSAT with total funding of 36.2 million USD, co-funded by IFAD, GEF, ASAP and the Chadian government was put in place in 2015, for a period of 7 years.', 'The PARSAT with total funding of 36.2 million USD, co-funded by IFAD, GEF, ASAP and the Chadian government was put in place in 2015, for a period of 7 years. At a regional level, there are: • The Lake Chad basin sustainable development programme (PRODEBALT with funding from ADB) • The nutrition and food insecurity resilience reinforcement programme in the Sahel (P2RS, based on African Development Funds amounting to 15 million USD) • The Project in Support of the Lake Chad Basin initiative to reduce vulnerability and the risks associated with STIs/HIV/AIDS (PAIBLT, ADB) • The regional “Adaptation to climate change in the Lake Chad Basin” project (German Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation/Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation cooperation) covering the period 2013-2018 • The Lake Chad preservation project: contribution to the Lake development strategy (GEF-ADF)INDC Chad • Pan-African Great Green Wall agency • The Programme for integrated management of cross-border basins in African – example: Lake Chad (EU) • The regional programme to reinforce the resilience of countries in the Sahel (26 million US, IDB) Gaps and barriers Gaps: • Poor understanding of the concept of climate change by the vast majority of society • Illiteracy • Lack of involvement from women Barriers: • Poor integration of policies relating to climate change into national and sectoral policies • Besides the Directorate-General of Meteorology and the Directorate leading the Fight Against Climate Change, there is no other climate governance structure • Poor livelihood capacity, (physical, national, social, institutional, etc.)', 'At a regional level, there are: • The Lake Chad basin sustainable development programme (PRODEBALT with funding from ADB) • The nutrition and food insecurity resilience reinforcement programme in the Sahel (P2RS, based on African Development Funds amounting to 15 million USD) • The Project in Support of the Lake Chad Basin initiative to reduce vulnerability and the risks associated with STIs/HIV/AIDS (PAIBLT, ADB) • The regional “Adaptation to climate change in the Lake Chad Basin” project (German Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation/Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation cooperation) covering the period 2013-2018 • The Lake Chad preservation project: contribution to the Lake development strategy (GEF-ADF)INDC Chad • Pan-African Great Green Wall agency • The Programme for integrated management of cross-border basins in African – example: Lake Chad (EU) • The regional programme to reinforce the resilience of countries in the Sahel (26 million US, IDB) Gaps and barriers Gaps: • Poor understanding of the concept of climate change by the vast majority of society • Illiteracy • Lack of involvement from women Barriers: • Poor integration of policies relating to climate change into national and sectoral policies • Besides the Directorate-General of Meteorology and the Directorate leading the Fight Against Climate Change, there is no other climate governance structure • Poor livelihood capacity, (physical, national, social, institutional, etc.) of communities • Slow implementation of measures • Failure to consider climate change in the general State budget • Insufficient international funding Summary of adaptation needs In order to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience, adaptation needs include the reinforcement of human, institutional and technical capacities, as well as financial support and technology transfer.', 'of communities • Slow implementation of measures • Failure to consider climate change in the general State budget • Insufficient international funding Summary of adaptation needs In order to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience, adaptation needs include the reinforcement of human, institutional and technical capacities, as well as financial support and technology transfer. Needs for reinforcement of human and institutional capacity: • Inform, educate and communicate information regarding climate risks and adaptation technologies (develop the population’s ability to react) • Reinforce stakeholder attitudes, (in particular in relation to women and farmers), with regards to new techniques in terms of intensive and sustainable methods of production • Support research and encourage the transfer of technology between research bodies and agro-silvo- pastoral stakeholders • Support institutions in defining adaptation priorities, for each socio-economic sector, based on the needs of the population and favouring coherence between sectors, in particular during the preparation of the National Adaptation PlanINDC Chad Technical needs, transfer of technology and financial needs Table 2.Technical needs, technology transfers and funds4 Needs Objectives and Description Control and management of water resources > Develop, renovate and manage hydro-agricultural facilities, retention basins and artificial lakes > Adapt arrangements for rain fed and flood-recession crops and livestock watering > Develop small and medium-sized irrigation systems and improve their capacity to limit water consumption > Prepare channels to enable the transportation and supply the perimeter of polders on Lake Chad > Carry out work to create a drinking water supply > Create, renovate and manage water sources according to human needs and protection of the environmental eco-system Intensification and diversification of agrarian production > Intensify and diversify agrarian production whilst facilitating access to inputs(organic fertilizers, seed for food crops and fodder resistant to drought and certified and approved phytosanitary products) and agrarian equipment > Develop an agro-ecological approach (soil fertility management practices, addition of manure and compost, agroforestry development, water and soil conservation) Secure migration of livestock and support the combining agriculture and livestock raising > Secure herd mobility, based on traditional transhumance routes and preserve natural resources > Enable the diversification of activities (livestock of multiple animal species, combining of agriculture and livestock, sale of harvest transportation services, fodder crops, etc.)', 'Needs for reinforcement of human and institutional capacity: • Inform, educate and communicate information regarding climate risks and adaptation technologies (develop the population’s ability to react) • Reinforce stakeholder attitudes, (in particular in relation to women and farmers), with regards to new techniques in terms of intensive and sustainable methods of production • Support research and encourage the transfer of technology between research bodies and agro-silvo- pastoral stakeholders • Support institutions in defining adaptation priorities, for each socio-economic sector, based on the needs of the population and favouring coherence between sectors, in particular during the preparation of the National Adaptation PlanINDC Chad Technical needs, transfer of technology and financial needs Table 2.Technical needs, technology transfers and funds4 Needs Objectives and Description Control and management of water resources > Develop, renovate and manage hydro-agricultural facilities, retention basins and artificial lakes > Adapt arrangements for rain fed and flood-recession crops and livestock watering > Develop small and medium-sized irrigation systems and improve their capacity to limit water consumption > Prepare channels to enable the transportation and supply the perimeter of polders on Lake Chad > Carry out work to create a drinking water supply > Create, renovate and manage water sources according to human needs and protection of the environmental eco-system Intensification and diversification of agrarian production > Intensify and diversify agrarian production whilst facilitating access to inputs(organic fertilizers, seed for food crops and fodder resistant to drought and certified and approved phytosanitary products) and agrarian equipment > Develop an agro-ecological approach (soil fertility management practices, addition of manure and compost, agroforestry development, water and soil conservation) Secure migration of livestock and support the combining agriculture and livestock raising > Secure herd mobility, based on traditional transhumance routes and preserve natural resources > Enable the diversification of activities (livestock of multiple animal species, combining of agriculture and livestock, sale of harvest transportation services, fodder crops, etc.) > Encourage genetic diversity of various animals > Support social agreements between the various groups of livestock rearers and farmers in areas of transhumance Support the use of water resources > Develop use of water resources whilst preserving these Resources, (stocking of water, development of rainfed fish production and implementation of restricted access) Improve population wellbeing > Improve agricultural production and livestock rearing activities (drainage, dry storage, cold chain) using renewable energy sources (hydroelectricity, solar, wind) Knowledge of spacio- temporal changes to the environment > Climate and meteorological forecast monitoring (SCPM) > Prevention and fight against bio-aggressors (PLCBA) > Information networks providing access to information on areas hit by disease, as well as those where water and grazing resources are significant > Develop and renovate the hydrometeorology network with a view to improving knowledge of spacio-temporal changes to the environment Support initiatives > Environmental protection projects to support adaptation 4 The costs are included in the table 7 summary.INDC Chad Section 4.', '> Encourage genetic diversity of various animals > Support social agreements between the various groups of livestock rearers and farmers in areas of transhumance Support the use of water resources > Develop use of water resources whilst preserving these Resources, (stocking of water, development of rainfed fish production and implementation of restricted access) Improve population wellbeing > Improve agricultural production and livestock rearing activities (drainage, dry storage, cold chain) using renewable energy sources (hydroelectricity, solar, wind) Knowledge of spacio- temporal changes to the environment > Climate and meteorological forecast monitoring (SCPM) > Prevention and fight against bio-aggressors (PLCBA) > Information networks providing access to information on areas hit by disease, as well as those where water and grazing resources are significant > Develop and renovate the hydrometeorology network with a view to improving knowledge of spacio-temporal changes to the environment Support initiatives > Environmental protection projects to support adaptation 4 The costs are included in the table 7 summary.INDC Chad Section 4. Mitigation Table 3.', '> Encourage genetic diversity of various animals > Support social agreements between the various groups of livestock rearers and farmers in areas of transhumance Support the use of water resources > Develop use of water resources whilst preserving these Resources, (stocking of water, development of rainfed fish production and implementation of restricted access) Improve population wellbeing > Improve agricultural production and livestock rearing activities (drainage, dry storage, cold chain) using renewable energy sources (hydroelectricity, solar, wind) Knowledge of spacio- temporal changes to the environment > Climate and meteorological forecast monitoring (SCPM) > Prevention and fight against bio-aggressors (PLCBA) > Information networks providing access to information on areas hit by disease, as well as those where water and grazing resources are significant > Develop and renovate the hydrometeorology network with a view to improving knowledge of spacio-temporal changes to the environment Support initiatives > Environmental protection projects to support adaptation 4 The costs are included in the table 7 summary.INDC Chad Section 4. Mitigation Table 3. Base information relating to mitigation contributions Discounted reduction rate Type of contribution Unconditional contribution > Reduction of 18.2% of GHG emissions in comparison with reference scenario (BaU) by 2030 Conditional contribution > Reduction of 71% of GHG emissions, between 2016 and 2030 in comparison with reference scenario Reference year > 2010 Target year > 2030 Cumulative reduction of emissions by 2030 > 41,700 GgCO2e for the unconditional objective and 162,000 GgCO2e for the conditional objective Reference scenario and emission reduction objectives The table below shows the emissions from the reference year and the reference scenario (BaU), emissions for the unconditional objective as well as emissions for the conditional objective, the implementation of which will be dependent on the financial support received from the international community.', 'Base information relating to mitigation contributions Discounted reduction rate Type of contribution Unconditional contribution > Reduction of 18.2% of GHG emissions in comparison with reference scenario (BaU) by 2030 Conditional contribution > Reduction of 71% of GHG emissions, between 2016 and 2030 in comparison with reference scenario Reference year > 2010 Target year > 2030 Cumulative reduction of emissions by 2030 > 41,700 GgCO2e for the unconditional objective and 162,000 GgCO2e for the conditional objective Reference scenario and emission reduction objectives The table below shows the emissions from the reference year and the reference scenario (BaU), emissions for the unconditional objective as well as emissions for the conditional objective, the implementation of which will be dependent on the financial support received from the international community. Table 4.Emissions for the reference scenario and mitigation objectives Sector Emissions (Gg CO2e) 2010 Survey Reference Unconditional Conditional Agriculture and Livestock Land use and forestryINDC Chad Mitigation objectives by 2030 Figure 1 Emissions of the reference scenario and mitigation objectives Table 5.', 'Table 4.Emissions for the reference scenario and mitigation objectives Sector Emissions (Gg CO2e) 2010 Survey Reference Unconditional Conditional Agriculture and Livestock Land use and forestryINDC Chad Mitigation objectives by 2030 Figure 1 Emissions of the reference scenario and mitigation objectives Table 5. Scope and field of contributions Sector Gas Sub-sectors Geographic scope Fuel combustion activities, fugitive emissions from fuels. National and Enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soil, controlled burning of the savannah, burning of agricultural waste. National Land use and forestry CO2 Forest lands, cultivated land, grassland. National Elimination of solid waste, Treatment of used water. National 18.INDC Chad Assumptions and methodology Methodology The accounting method for GHG inventory in each sector is the same as that used in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines on national GHG inventories.', 'National 18.INDC Chad Assumptions and methodology Methodology The accounting method for GHG inventory in each sector is the same as that used in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines on national GHG inventories. The values used, with regards to the Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the different greenhouse gases, are those published in Appendix 3 of Decision 24, adopted by the Conference of the Parties during their 19th meeting between the 11th and 23rd November 2013. Energy demand projections for 2030 are based on the Blueprint for Chad’s energy sector. For the waste sector, the projections reflect the demographic and migratory forecasts published by the National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED).', 'For the waste sector, the projections reflect the demographic and migratory forecasts published by the National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED). In the calculations of GHG gases for the agriculture, livestock, land use and forestry sectors, in the absence of national data, the values published by the statistical division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT) are used. The reference scenario was built considering the assumptions cited in the vision and strategy documents in place in Chad, in particular: • “Vision 2030, The Chad we want” • ECCAS 2025 strategic vision on the environment • ECCAS General Environment and Natural Resources Management Policy • Order No.', 'The reference scenario was built considering the assumptions cited in the vision and strategy documents in place in Chad, in particular: • “Vision 2030, The Chad we want” • ECCAS 2025 strategic vision on the environment • ECCAS General Environment and Natural Resources Management Policy • Order No. 89 PR/PM/MAE/SG/DGE/2015 relating to the establishment of a Core Working Group (GTR) responsible for preparing Chad for the COP 21 • Chad Energy Sector Blueprint • Five-year Agricultural Development Plan for Chad (2013-2018) • National Development Plan 2013-2015 • National Livestock Development Plan (2009-2016) • Food Security Profile • National Poverty Reduction Strategy document • The Niamey declaration on Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) for the agricultural, livestock and forestry sectors in April 2015 • Project to Improve the Resilience of Agricultural Systems in Chad (PARSAT), launched in 2015 • Regional Programme for the Promotion of Household and Alternative Energies in the Sahel (PREDAS) • National Food and Nutrition Policies 2014-2025 Carbon offsets As a Non-Annex I Party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Least Developed Countries (LDC), the Republic of Chad does not intend to appeal to the international carbon markets in order to compensate for its own emissions.', '89 PR/PM/MAE/SG/DGE/2015 relating to the establishment of a Core Working Group (GTR) responsible for preparing Chad for the COP 21 • Chad Energy Sector Blueprint • Five-year Agricultural Development Plan for Chad (2013-2018) • National Development Plan 2013-2015 • National Livestock Development Plan (2009-2016) • Food Security Profile • National Poverty Reduction Strategy document • The Niamey declaration on Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) for the agricultural, livestock and forestry sectors in April 2015 • Project to Improve the Resilience of Agricultural Systems in Chad (PARSAT), launched in 2015 • Regional Programme for the Promotion of Household and Alternative Energies in the Sahel (PREDAS) • National Food and Nutrition Policies 2014-2025 Carbon offsets As a Non-Annex I Party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Least Developed Countries (LDC), the Republic of Chad does not intend to appeal to the international carbon markets in order to compensate for its own emissions. The country hopes, by contrast, to encourage investment in mitigation projects on its own territory, notably by means of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ programme.', 'The country hopes, by contrast, to encourage investment in mitigation projects on its own territory, notably by means of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ programme. These initiatives must particularly focus on sharing benefits with the local population, for example in terms of: (i) access to sustainable energy for all (ii) generation of local jobs, (iii) reducing impact on health and on the environment, (iv) reducing inequalities, including gender-based inequality and (v) respecting human rights.INDC Chad Accounting / verification system The monitoring and assessment system will entail quantifying GHG emissions on a national level, as well as their evolution over time, with the aim of periodically providing robust data reflecting the country’s progress with regards to mitigation and sustainable development.', 'These initiatives must particularly focus on sharing benefits with the local population, for example in terms of: (i) access to sustainable energy for all (ii) generation of local jobs, (iii) reducing impact on health and on the environment, (iv) reducing inequalities, including gender-based inequality and (v) respecting human rights.INDC Chad Accounting / verification system The monitoring and assessment system will entail quantifying GHG emissions on a national level, as well as their evolution over time, with the aim of periodically providing robust data reflecting the country’s progress with regards to mitigation and sustainable development. A measurement, reporting and verification system (MRV) must be drawn up, with the aim of being precise but also simple.', 'A measurement, reporting and verification system (MRV) must be drawn up, with the aim of being precise but also simple. In order to reduce inherent institutional, technical, political and financial risks, it will be necessary to reinforce technical capacity, as well as research and stakeholder coordination, in order to carry out this activity. Chad encourages the Parties cited in Annex I of the Convention to technically and financially support the establishment of follow-up and assessment initiatives in Chad. Institutional arrangements for implementation Implementing mitigation actions and reaching the GHG emission limitation objectives set out in Chad’s INDC include aspects which are conditional on the availability of international support in terms of funding, technology transfer and reinforcement of capacity.', 'Institutional arrangements for implementation Implementing mitigation actions and reaching the GHG emission limitation objectives set out in Chad’s INDC include aspects which are conditional on the availability of international support in terms of funding, technology transfer and reinforcement of capacity. To prepare and implement mitigation projects, the country intends to request international aid from different available sources, in particular from agencies for development assistance, bilateral and multilateral financial institutions, UNFCCC financial mechanisms (Green Fund for the climate, adaptation funds, GEF etc.) and the private sector. Funding needs have been estimated at approx. 21.233 billion US$. Implementation of Chad’s INDC will place particular emphasis on better taking account of human rights and equality between the sexes.', 'Implementation of Chad’s INDC will place particular emphasis on better taking account of human rights and equality between the sexes. Ambitious and fair nature of the intended contribution Limiting the growth of GHG emissions represents, in itself, a great challenge for Chad, considering national circumstances. In economic terms, Chad is classed amongst the Least Developed Countries (LDC), having a GDP per inhabitant of 676 USD. Chad suffers significant structural vulnerabilities, due in particular to the country’s isolation and its exposure to natural and climatic hazards. According to statistics from the United Nations, Chad has an Economic Vulnerability Index of 52.8, compared to an average of 45.7 in 2012 among all of least developed countries.', 'According to statistics from the United Nations, Chad has an Economic Vulnerability Index of 52.8, compared to an average of 45.7 in 2012 among all of least developed countries. In the face of these developmental challenges, the contribution from the Republic of Chad is ambitious, as it establishes an allowance of 2314.66 GgCO2e, on average, per year for 15 years, for the unconditional scenario. This objective will be achieved by various means, including increasing the renewable electricity supply from 0 to 750 GWh/year in 15 years, i.e. to a level equivalent to double the current total national production for all sectors included and introducing/reinforcing sustainable practices in the waste management, agriculture, livestock, land use and forestry sectors.', 'to a level equivalent to double the current total national production for all sectors included and introducing/reinforcing sustainable practices in the waste management, agriculture, livestock, land use and forestry sectors. The established contribution is also fair as GHG emissions per inhabitant in Chad are around 0.732 tCO2e, placing them amongst the lowest in the world. In line with the unconditional objective, emissions per inhabitant in 2030 will be 1.028 tCO2e, whereas they would be just 0.364 tCO2e if means are acquired to enable the country to reach the conditional objective of a 71% reduction. Chad intends to achieve this established contribution whilst pursuing its development objectives and using its available resources in a sustainable manner.INDC Chad Section 5.', 'Chad intends to achieve this established contribution whilst pursuing its development objectives and using its available resources in a sustainable manner.INDC Chad Section 5. Summary of projects to be implemented under the INDC The table below provides a summary, with figures, of the opportunities to achieve the INDC objectives. It will only be possible to achieve the conditional objectives with contributions from the international community amounting to 17,919,837,663 USD. Table 6. Opportunities and necessary financial means to implement the INDC5 A.', 'Opportunities and necessary financial means to implement the INDC5 A. Adaptation Programmes Unconditional Conditional USD USD Develop access to water whilst ensuring it is used to its full potential 1,176,350,000 950,959,000 Promote water-efficient and intensive agriculture 1,247,400,000 8,316,000,000 Secure animal and fishery production and promote associations 118,792,000 1,000,000,000 Support development of fishing resources 14,616,000 24,795,400 Develop of renewable energies for the agriculture and pastoral sectors 2,890,146 19,267,642 Reinforce cloud-seeding operations to compensate for the rainfall deficit in agriculture Strengthen meteorological and climate networks and improve weather and climate forecasting tools Communication relating to climate risks and adaptation scenarios 1,000,000 22.584,300 Maintain initiatives in favour of the environment (FSE) 39,421,800 400,000,000 Improve access to agriculture production and livestock zones 179,419,372 598,064,572 Interconnection of Chad-Cameroon power grids to supply Chad with hydro-generated energy of 500 GWh Production of solar energy increased to 200 GWh/year, i.e.', 'Adaptation Programmes Unconditional Conditional USD USD Develop access to water whilst ensuring it is used to its full potential 1,176,350,000 950,959,000 Promote water-efficient and intensive agriculture 1,247,400,000 8,316,000,000 Secure animal and fishery production and promote associations 118,792,000 1,000,000,000 Support development of fishing resources 14,616,000 24,795,400 Develop of renewable energies for the agriculture and pastoral sectors 2,890,146 19,267,642 Reinforce cloud-seeding operations to compensate for the rainfall deficit in agriculture Strengthen meteorological and climate networks and improve weather and climate forecasting tools Communication relating to climate risks and adaptation scenarios 1,000,000 22.584,300 Maintain initiatives in favour of the environment (FSE) 39,421,800 400,000,000 Improve access to agriculture production and livestock zones 179,419,372 598,064,572 Interconnection of Chad-Cameroon power grids to supply Chad with hydro-generated energy of 500 GWh Production of solar energy increased to 200 GWh/year, i.e. : 140 MW/year Production of wind energy up to 50 GWh/year 12,582,052 125,820,515 Construction of a national 225 kv line to interconnect all cities 70,500,000 550,000,000 Cross-country power grid (between adjacent cities) 40,695,402 406,954,023 Use of butane gas and promotion of efficient domestic energy 57,758,620 180,000,000 Development of the agro-silvo-pastoral and fishery sectors 9,827,586 825,141,380 Programme of environmental protection and sustainable management of natural resources CHAD REDD R-PP Project 750,000 45,796,400 Great Green Wall project 15,517,240 144,259,000 National programme for the development of green belts surrounding large urban cities Environmental risk management 7,782,000 77,820,000 Waste processing plants in large urban centres 6,649,985 44,333,231 5Main sources: PNISR, master energy blueprint, PNSA, Agriculture transformation plan, NAPA, R-PP.', ': 140 MW/year Production of wind energy up to 50 GWh/year 12,582,052 125,820,515 Construction of a national 225 kv line to interconnect all cities 70,500,000 550,000,000 Cross-country power grid (between adjacent cities) 40,695,402 406,954,023 Use of butane gas and promotion of efficient domestic energy 57,758,620 180,000,000 Development of the agro-silvo-pastoral and fishery sectors 9,827,586 825,141,380 Programme of environmental protection and sustainable management of natural resources CHAD REDD R-PP Project 750,000 45,796,400 Great Green Wall project 15,517,240 144,259,000 National programme for the development of green belts surrounding large urban cities Environmental risk management 7,782,000 77,820,000 Waste processing plants in large urban centres 6,649,985 44,333,231 5Main sources: PNISR, master energy blueprint, PNSA, Agriculture transformation plan, NAPA, R-PP. 6The 7 latest programmes of the “Mitigation” component are going to contribute greatly to carbon sequestering.INDC Chad Section 6.', '6The 7 latest programmes of the “Mitigation” component are going to contribute greatly to carbon sequestering.INDC Chad Section 6. Appendices Annexe 1: INDC implementation plan Table 7.Flowchart of activities for the INDC project Products / Activities 1. Establishment of an institutional, legal and regulatory framework for the implementation of the INDC 2. INDC launch workshop 3. Communication strategy 4. Reinforcement of national and sectoral capacities 5. Setting up of a MRV system 6. Sectoral workshops 7. Finalisation of plans for priority projects 8. Call to the International Community and the mobilisation of funds 9. Mobilisation of climate funding 10. Pilot phase of the INDC 11. Acquisition of adaptation and/or mitigation technologies 12. Implementation of the first priority adaptation and/or mitigation projects 13. Evaluations of the first INDC reductions 16. Preparation the implementation report 17. Assessment workshop']

en-US

TCD

Chad

Updated NDC

2021-10-19 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20ACTUALISEE%20DU%20TCHAD.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/0e7a51a1d23319a42288e9147634e77aeb8ce4828865795627ed118f8a32b033.pdf

['CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Tables des matières 2 CONTEXTE DE LA CDN DU TCHAD 9 2.1 NOUVEAUX ELEMENTS CONTRIBUANT A L’ACTUALISATION . 10 2.2 PROCESSUS DE L’ACTUALISATION DE LA CDN 11 2.3 VISION DE LA CDN DU TCHAD . 12 3 CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES . 12 3.1 CHANGEMENTS ET VARIABILITES CLIMATIQUES AU TCHAD 13 3.1.1 VARIATION ANNUELLE DES PRECIPITATIONS AU SAHEL 14 3.1.2 PROFIL CLIMATIQUE AU TCHAD 14 3.1.3 LA PLUVIOMETRIE 15 3.1.5 ÉVENEMENTS METEOROLOGIQUES EXTREMES OBSERVES 16 3.1.6 PROJECTIONS CLIMATIQUES . 16 3.2 POLITIQUES, STRATEGIES ET CADRES INSTITUTIONNELS 16 4 LA CONTRIBUTION ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ATTENUATION 17 4.1 SITUATION DE REFERENCE 17 4.1.1 COUVERTURE DE LA CDN 17 4.1.2 INVENTAIRE DES EMISSIONS DE GES . 18 4.1.1 LE SCENARIO DE REFERENCE. 19 4.2 OBJECTIFS D’ATTENUATION 21 5 LA CONTRIBUTION ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION 23 5.1 STATUT DE L’ADAPTATION AU TCHAD . 24 5.2 RISQUES CLIMATIQUES, ET SECTEURS VULNERABLES 25 5.3 DOMAINES D’INTERVENTION PRIORITAIRES POUR L ADAPTATION . 27 6 ENJEUX ET PRIORITES TRANSVERSALES ADAPTATION-ATTENUATION 33 6.1 LA DYNAMIQUE GENRE . 33 6.2 L AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE 34 6.3 MESURES GENERANT DES CO-BENEFICES 34 6.4 CONTRIBUTIONS AUX CONVENTIONS DE RIO ET ODD . 35 7 MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE . 36 7.1 SUIVI DES ACTIONS ET BESOINS EN TERMES DE SUPPORT 36CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 7.1.1 SUIVI DES ACTIONS D’ATTENUATION . 36 7.1.2 BESOINS EN TERMES D’INVESTISSEMENT 36 7.2 BESOINS DE FINANCEMENT DES MESURES D’ADAPTATION 36 7.3 RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE . 39 7.4 MECANISMES POLITIQUES ET DISPOSITIFS INSTITUTIONNELS 41 7.5 RECOURS A LA COOPERATION VOLONTAIRE PREVUE PAR L’ARTICLE 6 DE L’ACCORD DE PARIS 42 Liste des figures Figure 1.', 'CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Tables des matières 2 CONTEXTE DE LA CDN DU TCHAD 9 2.1 NOUVEAUX ELEMENTS CONTRIBUANT A L’ACTUALISATION . 10 2.2 PROCESSUS DE L’ACTUALISATION DE LA CDN 11 2.3 VISION DE LA CDN DU TCHAD . 12 3 CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES . 12 3.1 CHANGEMENTS ET VARIABILITES CLIMATIQUES AU TCHAD 13 3.1.1 VARIATION ANNUELLE DES PRECIPITATIONS AU SAHEL 14 3.1.2 PROFIL CLIMATIQUE AU TCHAD 14 3.1.3 LA PLUVIOMETRIE 15 3.1.5 ÉVENEMENTS METEOROLOGIQUES EXTREMES OBSERVES 16 3.1.6 PROJECTIONS CLIMATIQUES . 16 3.2 POLITIQUES, STRATEGIES ET CADRES INSTITUTIONNELS 16 4 LA CONTRIBUTION ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ATTENUATION 17 4.1 SITUATION DE REFERENCE 17 4.1.1 COUVERTURE DE LA CDN 17 4.1.2 INVENTAIRE DES EMISSIONS DE GES . 18 4.1.1 LE SCENARIO DE REFERENCE. 19 4.2 OBJECTIFS D’ATTENUATION 21 5 LA CONTRIBUTION ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION 23 5.1 STATUT DE L’ADAPTATION AU TCHAD . 24 5.2 RISQUES CLIMATIQUES, ET SECTEURS VULNERABLES 25 5.3 DOMAINES D’INTERVENTION PRIORITAIRES POUR L ADAPTATION . 27 6 ENJEUX ET PRIORITES TRANSVERSALES ADAPTATION-ATTENUATION 33 6.1 LA DYNAMIQUE GENRE . 33 6.2 L AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE 34 6.3 MESURES GENERANT DES CO-BENEFICES 34 6.4 CONTRIBUTIONS AUX CONVENTIONS DE RIO ET ODD . 35 7 MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE . 36 7.1 SUIVI DES ACTIONS ET BESOINS EN TERMES DE SUPPORT 36CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 7.1.1 SUIVI DES ACTIONS D’ATTENUATION . 36 7.1.2 BESOINS EN TERMES D’INVESTISSEMENT 36 7.2 BESOINS DE FINANCEMENT DES MESURES D’ADAPTATION 36 7.3 RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE . 39 7.4 MECANISMES POLITIQUES ET DISPOSITIFS INSTITUTIONNELS 41 7.5 RECOURS A LA COOPERATION VOLONTAIRE PREVUE PAR L’ARTICLE 6 DE L’ACCORD DE PARIS 42 Liste des figures Figure 1. Indice de variation annuelle des précipitations au Sahel entre 1900 et 2010.', 'Indice de variation annuelle des précipitations au Sahel entre 1900 et 2010. ____________________ 14 Figure 2. Trois grandes zones bioclimatiques du Tchad _____________________________________________ 15 Figure 3. Émissions de GES (kt CO2e – puits inclus) ________________________________________________ 18 Figure 4. Part des émissions (hors UTCATF) en 2018 _______________________________________________ 18 Figure 5.', 'Part des émissions (hors UTCATF) en 2018 _______________________________________________ 18 Figure 5. Émissions de GES du Tchad selon les scenarios inconditionnel et conditionnel du Tchad sur la période Liste des tableaux Tableau 1 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) selon le scénario de référence sur la période 2018-2030____________ 19 Tableau 2 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) et impacts des différents scénarios sur la période 2018-2030 _______ 22 Tableau 3 Priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la SNLCC et le programme pays FVC ___________ 24 Tableau 4 Principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad ________________________________________ 25 Tableau 5 Zones bioclimatiques du Tchad, aléas et secteurs prioritaires _______________________________ 26 Tableau 6 Investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN _____________ 36 Tableau 7 Récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation (approche top-down) ________________ 37CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Liste d’abréviations et acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, de la foresterie et des autres utilisations des terres AGIR : Alliance globale pour la résilience AMCC : Alliance Mondiale Contre le Changement Climatique BAD : Banque Africaine de Développement BaU : scenario de référence ou « business-as-usual » BET : Borkou-Tibesti-Ennedi CC : Changement Climatique CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau Nationale CEDEF : Convention pour l’Élimination de toutes les formes de Discrimination à l’Égard des Femmes CH4 : Émissions de méthane CILSS : Comité Inter-États de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel CNA : Cours normal des affaires CNCC : Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques CNS : Conférence Nationale Souveraine COP : Conférence des Parties : Dioxyde de carbone (gaz carbonique) CPDN : : Contribution prévue déterminée national DEELCC : Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture 11ème FED : Fonds Européen de Développement FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnent Mondial FEM-AFD : Projet de préservation du Lac Tchad : contribution à la stratégie de développement du Lac FIDA : Fonds International de Développent Agricole FPMA : Fonds pour les pays les moins avancés FVC : Fonds Vert pour le Climat GACMO : Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre Gg : Gigagramme GHI : Index de la Faim dans le monde GIEC : Groupe Inter-gouvernemental sur l’Évolution du Climat HCNE : Haut Comité National pour l’Environnement IDH : Indice de développement humain INSEED : Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques LEAP : Logiciel de calcul des Gaz à effet de serre MDP : Mécanisme de Développement Propre MRV/MNV : Mesurage, Rapportage et Vérification/ Mesure, Notification et Vérification MW : Méga Watt N2O : Oxyde nitreux ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG : Organisations non gouvernementaleCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD PACNSC : Plan d Action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre National pour les Services Climatiques du Tchad PANA : Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PAN-LCD : Programme d’Action National de lutte contre la désertification PARSAT : Projet d’Amélioration de la Résilience des Systèmes Agricoles au Tchad PIB : Produit intérieur brut PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PND : Plan National de Développement PNE : Politique Nationale de l’Environnement PNISRT : Plan National d Investissement du Secteur Rural du Tchad PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l environnement PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PRESAO : Prévisions Saisonnières en Afrique de l’Ouest au Cameroun et au Tchad PRG : Potentiel de Réchauffement Global PRODEBALT : Programme de développement durable du bassin du lac Tchad P2RS : Projet de Renforcement de la Résilience à l’Insécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle au Sahel PRRRPS : Programme régional pour le renforcement de la résilience des pays du Sahel PTF : Partenaires Techniques et Financiers RCA : République Centre Africaine REDD+ : Réduction des Émissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière SBN : Solutions basées sur la nature SDDER : Schéma Directeur pour le développement des Énergies Renouvelables au Tchad SNLCC : Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad UE : Union Européenne UA : Union Africaine UNSD : Division de la statistique des Nations UniesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Résumé Exécutif Conformément aux articles 4.1, 4.2 et 4.3 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord, le Tchad présente la mise à jour de sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN).', 'Émissions de GES du Tchad selon les scenarios inconditionnel et conditionnel du Tchad sur la période Liste des tableaux Tableau 1 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) selon le scénario de référence sur la période 2018-2030____________ 19 Tableau 2 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) et impacts des différents scénarios sur la période 2018-2030 _______ 22 Tableau 3 Priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la SNLCC et le programme pays FVC ___________ 24 Tableau 4 Principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad ________________________________________ 25 Tableau 5 Zones bioclimatiques du Tchad, aléas et secteurs prioritaires _______________________________ 26 Tableau 6 Investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN _____________ 36 Tableau 7 Récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation (approche top-down) ________________ 37CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Liste d’abréviations et acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, de la foresterie et des autres utilisations des terres AGIR : Alliance globale pour la résilience AMCC : Alliance Mondiale Contre le Changement Climatique BAD : Banque Africaine de Développement BaU : scenario de référence ou « business-as-usual » BET : Borkou-Tibesti-Ennedi CC : Changement Climatique CCNUCC : Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau Nationale CEDEF : Convention pour l’Élimination de toutes les formes de Discrimination à l’Égard des Femmes CH4 : Émissions de méthane CILSS : Comité Inter-États de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel CNA : Cours normal des affaires CNCC : Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques CNS : Conférence Nationale Souveraine COP : Conférence des Parties : Dioxyde de carbone (gaz carbonique) CPDN : : Contribution prévue déterminée national DEELCC : Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture 11ème FED : Fonds Européen de Développement FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnent Mondial FEM-AFD : Projet de préservation du Lac Tchad : contribution à la stratégie de développement du Lac FIDA : Fonds International de Développent Agricole FPMA : Fonds pour les pays les moins avancés FVC : Fonds Vert pour le Climat GACMO : Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre Gg : Gigagramme GHI : Index de la Faim dans le monde GIEC : Groupe Inter-gouvernemental sur l’Évolution du Climat HCNE : Haut Comité National pour l’Environnement IDH : Indice de développement humain INSEED : Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques LEAP : Logiciel de calcul des Gaz à effet de serre MDP : Mécanisme de Développement Propre MRV/MNV : Mesurage, Rapportage et Vérification/ Mesure, Notification et Vérification MW : Méga Watt N2O : Oxyde nitreux ODD : Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG : Organisations non gouvernementaleCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD PACNSC : Plan d Action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre National pour les Services Climatiques du Tchad PANA : Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PAN-LCD : Programme d’Action National de lutte contre la désertification PARSAT : Projet d’Amélioration de la Résilience des Systèmes Agricoles au Tchad PIB : Produit intérieur brut PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation PND : Plan National de Développement PNE : Politique Nationale de l’Environnement PNISRT : Plan National d Investissement du Secteur Rural du Tchad PNUE : Programme des Nations Unies pour l environnement PNUD : Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PRESAO : Prévisions Saisonnières en Afrique de l’Ouest au Cameroun et au Tchad PRG : Potentiel de Réchauffement Global PRODEBALT : Programme de développement durable du bassin du lac Tchad P2RS : Projet de Renforcement de la Résilience à l’Insécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle au Sahel PRRRPS : Programme régional pour le renforcement de la résilience des pays du Sahel PTF : Partenaires Techniques et Financiers RCA : République Centre Africaine REDD+ : Réduction des Émissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière SBN : Solutions basées sur la nature SDDER : Schéma Directeur pour le développement des Énergies Renouvelables au Tchad SNLCC : Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad UE : Union Européenne UA : Union Africaine UNSD : Division de la statistique des Nations UniesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Résumé Exécutif Conformément aux articles 4.1, 4.2 et 4.3 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord, le Tchad présente la mise à jour de sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN). Elle se décline en deux grands axes en vue de confirmer sa participation à l’ambition collective qui vise à maintenir l’augmentation de la température moyenne mondiale à moins de 2°C, idéalement à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels, ainsi qu’à l’objectif global de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation, la résilience et réduire les vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques des populations.', 'Elle se décline en deux grands axes en vue de confirmer sa participation à l’ambition collective qui vise à maintenir l’augmentation de la température moyenne mondiale à moins de 2°C, idéalement à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels, ainsi qu’à l’objectif global de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation, la résilience et réduire les vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques des populations. Cette CDN combine la vision d un Tchad émergent avec une voie de développement résiliente au climat et à faible émission de carbone, axée sur les secteurs de l eau, de l agriculture/agroforesterie, de l élevage et de la pêche ainsi que axes transversaux (renforcement de capacités, technologies, prévisions de précipitation, gestion de risques, etc.).', 'Cette CDN combine la vision d un Tchad émergent avec une voie de développement résiliente au climat et à faible émission de carbone, axée sur les secteurs de l eau, de l agriculture/agroforesterie, de l élevage et de la pêche ainsi que axes transversaux (renforcement de capacités, technologies, prévisions de précipitation, gestion de risques, etc.). Il ressort de ce document stratégique que les ambitions du Tchad sont revues à la hausse et cela en attente des appuis des différents partenaires techniques et financiers dans les secteurs prioritaires tant pour l atténuation que pour l adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Il ressort de ce document stratégique que les ambitions du Tchad sont revues à la hausse et cela en attente des appuis des différents partenaires techniques et financiers dans les secteurs prioritaires tant pour l atténuation que pour l adaptation au changement climatique. Ce document stratégique est également aligné à la vision 2030 du Tchad sur l objectif principal de son axe 4, qui est d améliorer les conditions de vie de la population et de réduire les inégalités sociales tout en assurant la préservation des ressources naturelles et l adaptation au changement climatique. La présente CDN prévoit la réduction cumulée des émissions des GES d’ici à 2030 à 88 350 kt CO2 eq (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) avec un objectif d’atténuation global de 19,3 % par rapport au scénario de référence.', 'La présente CDN prévoit la réduction cumulée des émissions des GES d’ici à 2030 à 88 350 kt CO2 eq (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) avec un objectif d’atténuation global de 19,3 % par rapport au scénario de référence. L’investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN est estimé à 6 700,2 M USD. Ainsi, les besoins en financement pour répondre au niveau élevé des risques climatiques attendus au Tchad pourraient s’élever à plus de 375 millions d’USD dès 2021 (soit sur la base d’estimation de 3% du Produit intérieur brut) pour atteindre le coût annuel de 645 millions d’USD à l’horizon 2030. Sur cette base, les projections pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 5 002 milliards d’USD.', 'Sur cette base, les projections pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 5 002 milliards d’USD. Sans négliger l’importance des sources de financement domestiques et privées, les apports financiers internationaux des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers devront jouer un rôle très significatif. Les apports prioritaires internationaux pour l’adaptation sont estimés de l’ordre de 75 % des besoins en financement, et devraient s’élever à plus de 281 millions USD / an dès 2021 pour atteindre plus de 483 millions USD / an dès 2030. Il est à noter que le Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat a un budget estimé de 2 280 milliards US$ pour onze (11) projets d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030, et que le programme n’adresse qu’une partie des secteurs prioritaires identifiée par cette CDN actualisée.', 'Il est à noter que le Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat a un budget estimé de 2 280 milliards US$ pour onze (11) projets d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030, et que le programme n’adresse qu’une partie des secteurs prioritaires identifiée par cette CDN actualisée. Pour faciliter le renforcement la gouvernance climatique au sein du gouvernement du Tchad, la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre d un Fonds Climatique Tchadien (FCT) est à explorer sur la base des expériences nationales et internationales qui pourrait être chargé de mobiliser des opportunités de financement pour la mise en œuvre des activités de la CDN et des autres activités en relation avec l’atténuation et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques à long terme.', 'Pour faciliter le renforcement la gouvernance climatique au sein du gouvernement du Tchad, la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre d un Fonds Climatique Tchadien (FCT) est à explorer sur la base des expériences nationales et internationales qui pourrait être chargé de mobiliser des opportunités de financement pour la mise en œuvre des activités de la CDN et des autres activités en relation avec l’atténuation et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques à long terme. Par ailleurs, la pandémie du Covid-19 a eu un impact économique important dans le pays et a contribué à retarder la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation prévues.', 'Par ailleurs, la pandémie du Covid-19 a eu un impact économique important dans le pays et a contribué à retarder la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation prévues. Cette pandémie a également amplifié les vulnérabilités des communautés rurales aux changements climatiques, en particulier celles des personnes les plus exposées et marginalisées dont les femmes.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le Gouvernement du Tchad présente ici une actualisation de sa CDN de 2015 pour la période 2120- 2030, conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.1 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord.', 'Cette pandémie a également amplifié les vulnérabilités des communautés rurales aux changements climatiques, en particulier celles des personnes les plus exposées et marginalisées dont les femmes.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le Gouvernement du Tchad présente ici une actualisation de sa CDN de 2015 pour la période 2120- 2030, conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.1 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. Pour respecter ses engagements internationaux en matière du climat, le Tchad, par cette mise à jour sa CDN confirme sa participation à l’ambition collective qui vise à maintenir l’augmentation de la température moyenne mondiale à moins de 2°C, idéalement à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels, ainsi qu’à l’objectif global de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation, de renforcer la résilience et réduire les vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques.', 'Pour respecter ses engagements internationaux en matière du climat, le Tchad, par cette mise à jour sa CDN confirme sa participation à l’ambition collective qui vise à maintenir l’augmentation de la température moyenne mondiale à moins de 2°C, idéalement à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels, ainsi qu’à l’objectif global de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation, de renforcer la résilience et réduire les vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques. La CDN, les Communications Nationales aussi bien que le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) sont les principaux moyens de communication que le Gouvernement utilise pour informer la communauté internationale des actions qu il entend mener pour faire face aux changements climatiques. La préparation du premier PNA a été réalisée conjointement et a contribué au processus de mise à jour de cette CDN.', 'La préparation du premier PNA a été réalisée conjointement et a contribué au processus de mise à jour de cette CDN. La contribution en matière d adaptation intègre les données collectées lors des consultations nationales et provinciales et les études d’analyse de la vulnérabilité́ aux changements climatiques dans les secteurs prioritaires sensibles qui ont identifié les principaux risques et impacts climatiques, les groupes vulnérables, les secteurs affectés et les propositions de mesures d adaptation. Elle reflète également les co-bénéfices des interventions d adaptation, ainsi que les potentielles synergies avec les conventions de Rio et objectifs de développement durable (ODD)/ Agenda 2030 du développement.', 'Elle reflète également les co-bénéfices des interventions d adaptation, ainsi que les potentielles synergies avec les conventions de Rio et objectifs de développement durable (ODD)/ Agenda 2030 du développement. Cette CDN a été conçue pour intégrer l égalité des genres dans sa planification, en soutenant l inclusion de mesures d adaptation et d atténuation sensibles au genre qui ont été recommandées lors de consultations aux niveaux national et régional et qui contribueront à une action climatique plus efficace. Elle s appuie également sur l analyse de la convergence des priorités du Fonds vert pour le climat (FVC) et du Tchad pour développer le programme pays en termes d interventions dans les secteurs prioritaires tant pour l atténuation que pour l adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Elle s appuie également sur l analyse de la convergence des priorités du Fonds vert pour le climat (FVC) et du Tchad pour développer le programme pays en termes d interventions dans les secteurs prioritaires tant pour l atténuation que pour l adaptation au changement climatique. Les conclusions et recommandations de cette CDN reflètent les apports de toutes les parties prenantes concernées au niveau national et régional qui ont permis de faire le point sur les différents risques climatiques auxquels sont confrontées les communautés des différentes régions du pays lesquelles ont exprimé leurs préoccupations et ont fourni des options pour améliorer leur bien-être et leurs activités génératrices de revenus afin d accroître leur résilience aux impacts du changement climatique.', 'Les conclusions et recommandations de cette CDN reflètent les apports de toutes les parties prenantes concernées au niveau national et régional qui ont permis de faire le point sur les différents risques climatiques auxquels sont confrontées les communautés des différentes régions du pays lesquelles ont exprimé leurs préoccupations et ont fourni des options pour améliorer leur bien-être et leurs activités génératrices de revenus afin d accroître leur résilience aux impacts du changement climatique. 2 Contexte de la CDN du Tchad Le Tchad est l’un des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) du monde. Environ ¾ de son territoire est désertique. Il est aussi reconnu comme étant l’un des pays le plus chaud et est compté parmi les pays les plus vulnérables face à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques.', 'Il est aussi reconnu comme étant l’un des pays le plus chaud et est compté parmi les pays les plus vulnérables face à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques. Cet état de fait est dû au fait que le Tchad est particulièrement touché par les faibles rendements et la baisse des récoltes, qui sont exacerbés par la faiblesse des prévisions, de la préparation, de la réponse et de l adaptation. Le pays a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1993 et le protocole de Kyoto en 2009.', 'Le pays a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1993 et le protocole de Kyoto en 2009. Dans le cadre des engagements pris vis-à-vis de la CCNUCC, le pays a élaboré deux Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques respectivement en 2001 et 2012, son Programme d’Action Nationale d’Adaptation (PANA) en 2010, et a soumis sa première CDN en 2015.', 'Dans le cadre des engagements pris vis-à-vis de la CCNUCC, le pays a élaboré deux Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques respectivement en 2001 et 2012, son Programme d’Action Nationale d’Adaptation (PANA) en 2010, et a soumis sa première CDN en 2015. A travers sa CDN, et la ratification de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat en 2016, le Tchad s’est engagé dans le cadre de la nouvelle dynamique de coopération internationale sur lesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD changements climatiques, à contribuer à l’effort mondial de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de renforcement de la résilience au changement climatique.', 'A travers sa CDN, et la ratification de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat en 2016, le Tchad s’est engagé dans le cadre de la nouvelle dynamique de coopération internationale sur lesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD changements climatiques, à contribuer à l’effort mondial de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de renforcement de la résilience au changement climatique. La première CDN de 2015 combinait la vision d un Tchad émergent à l horizon 2030 avec une voie de développement résiliente au climat et à faible émission de carbone, axée sur les secteurs de l eau, de l agriculture/agroforesterie, de l élevage et de la pêche.', 'La première CDN de 2015 combinait la vision d un Tchad émergent à l horizon 2030 avec une voie de développement résiliente au climat et à faible émission de carbone, axée sur les secteurs de l eau, de l agriculture/agroforesterie, de l élevage et de la pêche. La CDN indiquait également les principales priorités en matière d adaptation, tant les priorités sectorielles (Eau, Agriculture, Élevage et Pêche) que transversales (renforcement de capacités, technologies, prévisions de précipitation, gestion de risques, etc.). La CDN anticipait la mise en œuvre d une dizaine de programmes dans le domaine de l adaptation et d une douzaine de programmes prioritaires dans le secteur de l atténuation.', 'La CDN anticipait la mise en œuvre d une dizaine de programmes dans le domaine de l adaptation et d une douzaine de programmes prioritaires dans le secteur de l atténuation. Les possibilités estimées pour atteindre les objectifs de la CDN comprenaient : (i) Adaptation : 14,17 milliards USD au total sur la période d engagement 2030, dont 11,38 milliards USD pour atteindre l objectif conditionnel (avec les contributions de la communauté internationale), (ii) Atténuation : 7,063 milliards USD au total sur la période d engagement, dont 6,54 milliards USD pour atteindre l objectif conditionnel. Le coût total de la mise en œuvre de la CDN s est élevé à 21,23 milliards USD, dont 17,92 milliards USD pour atteindre les objectifs conditionnels.', 'Le coût total de la mise en œuvre de la CDN s est élevé à 21,23 milliards USD, dont 17,92 milliards USD pour atteindre les objectifs conditionnels. A moyen et long terme, le Fonds vert pour le climat fournira une part substantielle du financement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN du Tchad. A partir des études réalisées dans le cadre du Programme d´Action National d´Adaptation (PANA), la CDN de 2015 définissait les priorités d´adaptation transversales et sectorielles. La présente CDN vise à actualiser ces priorités.', 'La présente CDN vise à actualiser ces priorités. En matière d’adaptation, l’actualisation devait s´appuyer sur les travaux réalisés dans le cadre du processus PNA puisque ce dernier fournirait un mécanisme pour améliorer la capacité et l appropriation en ce qui concerne la planification, la budgétisation, la mise en œuvre et le suivi de l adaptation. Le processus PNA améliorera également les capacités individuelles et institutionnelles à fournir des services climatiques pour la planification de l adaptation dans les secteurs prioritaires. Conformément aux orientations de la politique du Gouvernement du Tchad en matière de développement, le Tchad aspire à devenir un pays émergent à l’horizon 2030. A cet égard, le Gouvernement entend, entre autres, renforcer la protection de l’environnement, l’atténuation des émissions de GES et l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques.', 'A cet égard, le Gouvernement entend, entre autres, renforcer la protection de l’environnement, l’atténuation des émissions de GES et l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques. La Covid-19 a eu un impact économique important dans le pays et a contribué à retarder la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation. Cette pandémie a également amplifié les vulnérabilités des communautés rurales aux changements climatiques, en particulier celles des personnes les plus exposées et marginalisées. 2.1 Nouveaux éléments contribuant à l’actualisation Selon les orientations de la politique du Gouvernement du Tchad susmentionnées, les engagements nationaux en matière de changements climatiques sont inscrits dans les documents de politique et de stratégie élaborées définissant les axes stratégiques devant guider l’action du gouvernement dans ce domaine.', '2.1 Nouveaux éléments contribuant à l’actualisation Selon les orientations de la politique du Gouvernement du Tchad susmentionnées, les engagements nationaux en matière de changements climatiques sont inscrits dans les documents de politique et de stratégie élaborées définissant les axes stratégiques devant guider l’action du gouvernement dans ce domaine. Depuis la publication de la CDN, des politiques et stratégies importantes ont été adoptées pour soutenir les efforts du pays dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, telles que la « Vision 2030, le Tchad que nous voulons ». De cette Vision, découle le PND 2017- 2021 qui constitue un modèle d’intégration de la dimension “changements climatiques” dans une politique de développement.', 'De cette Vision, découle le PND 2017- 2021 qui constitue un modèle d’intégration de la dimension “changements climatiques” dans une politique de développement. Le Plan national d investissement pour le secteur rural du Tchad (2016 - 2022), la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre le changement climatique (2017), la Politique Nationale de l’Environnement (2017) en cours de validation, le Plan d action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre national des services climatiques au Tchad (2016-2020) et le Schéma Directeur pour le développement des Énergies Renouvelables au Tchad (2018) sont autant d’autres cadres pour la mise en œuvre de cette vision.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD En outre, suite à l’adoption du nouveau cadre d’action à Sendai, un Plan d’Action National de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes, la Préparation et la Réponse aux Urgences (2015-2020) a été élaboré par le Ministère de l’Administration du Territoire et le Ministère de l’Économie et de la Planification du Développement avec l’appui technique du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD).', 'Le Plan national d investissement pour le secteur rural du Tchad (2016 - 2022), la Stratégie nationale de lutte contre le changement climatique (2017), la Politique Nationale de l’Environnement (2017) en cours de validation, le Plan d action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre national des services climatiques au Tchad (2016-2020) et le Schéma Directeur pour le développement des Énergies Renouvelables au Tchad (2018) sont autant d’autres cadres pour la mise en œuvre de cette vision.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD En outre, suite à l’adoption du nouveau cadre d’action à Sendai, un Plan d’Action National de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes, la Préparation et la Réponse aux Urgences (2015-2020) a été élaboré par le Ministère de l’Administration du Territoire et le Ministère de l’Économie et de la Planification du Développement avec l’appui technique du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD). Il recommande d’établir une Stratégie nationale spécifique pour la préparation à la gestion des catastrophes qui clarifie les rôles et responsabilités des structures existantes en cas d’opération d’urgence Le processus de la mise à jour de la CDN offrait ainsi une opportunité d évaluer, d ajuster et de renforcer les stratégies nationales et de les aligner sur les priorités nationales.', 'Il recommande d’établir une Stratégie nationale spécifique pour la préparation à la gestion des catastrophes qui clarifie les rôles et responsabilités des structures existantes en cas d’opération d’urgence Le processus de la mise à jour de la CDN offrait ainsi une opportunité d évaluer, d ajuster et de renforcer les stratégies nationales et de les aligner sur les priorités nationales. Il s’agissait également d’une opportunité de mieux intégrer les questions climatiques dans la planification du développement national et de réévaluer les options d atténuation et d adaptation en vue des années 2020-2030 tout en renforçant la participation des parties prenantes. En parallèle, le PNA avait été initié par le gouvernement du Tchad en octobre 2019 et couvrira à terme 19 provinces réparties dans les zones sahélienne et soudanienne.', 'En parallèle, le PNA avait été initié par le gouvernement du Tchad en octobre 2019 et couvrira à terme 19 provinces réparties dans les zones sahélienne et soudanienne. Cette initiative permettra de faire face aux risques liés aux changements climatiques à court, moyen et long-termes, d´établir des efforts de renforcement des politiques et de renforcement des capacités, d´intégrer les changements climatiques dans les processus de planification, de budgétisation du développement et de catalyser les investissements pour l adaptation aux changements climatiques.', 'Cette initiative permettra de faire face aux risques liés aux changements climatiques à court, moyen et long-termes, d´établir des efforts de renforcement des politiques et de renforcement des capacités, d´intégrer les changements climatiques dans les processus de planification, de budgétisation du développement et de catalyser les investissements pour l adaptation aux changements climatiques. 2.2 Processus de l’actualisation de la CDN Le Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Pêche et du Développement Durable à travers la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques, qui a la responsabilité de l élaboration de la CDN, a organisé des consultations nationales et régionales pour préparer la CDN 2021, en utilisant des approches participatives et interactives avec les parties prenantes.', '2.2 Processus de l’actualisation de la CDN Le Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Pêche et du Développement Durable à travers la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques, qui a la responsabilité de l élaboration de la CDN, a organisé des consultations nationales et régionales pour préparer la CDN 2021, en utilisant des approches participatives et interactives avec les parties prenantes. Celles-ci comprennent différentes institutions publiques et privées, des régions, des chefs traditionnels et communautés locales, des services techniques des ministères sectoriels déconcentrés, de l enseignement supérieur, des responsables d organisations de la société civile, des représentants du secteur privé, des responsables d organes de presse, des associations d organisations de producteurs, des organisations de femmes, des jeunes et des autorités communales, des partenaires techniques et financiers.', 'Celles-ci comprennent différentes institutions publiques et privées, des régions, des chefs traditionnels et communautés locales, des services techniques des ministères sectoriels déconcentrés, de l enseignement supérieur, des responsables d organisations de la société civile, des représentants du secteur privé, des responsables d organes de presse, des associations d organisations de producteurs, des organisations de femmes, des jeunes et des autorités communales, des partenaires techniques et financiers. L objectif de ces consultations était d informer et de consulter les parties prenantes sur les deux processus en cours liés aux changements climatiques. Ces consultations ont été conçues pour valider l analyse de la situation des changement climatiques au Tchad, recueillir des informations supplémentaires, et discuter et convenir des priorités stratégiques pour l adaptation et l atténuation.', 'Ces consultations ont été conçues pour valider l analyse de la situation des changement climatiques au Tchad, recueillir des informations supplémentaires, et discuter et convenir des priorités stratégiques pour l adaptation et l atténuation. Les ateliers régionaux ont eu lieu dans la Province du Logone Occidental (Moundou), Logone Orientale (Doba), de la Tandjilé Est (Lai), du Mayo kebbi Est (Pala) et du Moyen-Chari (Sarh), la Province de Hadjer-Lamis (Massakory), du Kanem (Mao), du Bahr el Gazal (Moussoro) et du Lac (Bol), la Province du Guerra (Mongo), du Batha (Ati), de l’Ouaddaï (Abéché) et du Biltine (Biltine).', 'Les ateliers régionaux ont eu lieu dans la Province du Logone Occidental (Moundou), Logone Orientale (Doba), de la Tandjilé Est (Lai), du Mayo kebbi Est (Pala) et du Moyen-Chari (Sarh), la Province de Hadjer-Lamis (Massakory), du Kanem (Mao), du Bahr el Gazal (Moussoro) et du Lac (Bol), la Province du Guerra (Mongo), du Batha (Ati), de l’Ouaddaï (Abéché) et du Biltine (Biltine). Ces ateliers étaient très importants non seulement pour sensibiliser et faire participer les autorités et les communautés locales au processus, mais aussi pour recueillir des informations supplémentaires sur l atténuation et l adaptation auprès des parties prenantes dans les régions.', 'Ces ateliers étaient très importants non seulement pour sensibiliser et faire participer les autorités et les communautés locales au processus, mais aussi pour recueillir des informations supplémentaires sur l atténuation et l adaptation auprès des parties prenantes dans les régions. Le processus a été complété par un atelier national de pré-validation, qui a permis aux parties prenantes nationales et régionales de valider et compléter les données utilisées dans les analyses et les actions prioritaires de la CDN en matière d’adaptation et atténuation. Le développement de la CDN a aussi contribué à la formation et renforcement des capacités techniques en termes d apprentissage de l utilisation d un outil de modélisation des trajectoires des GES (LEAP).', 'Le développement de la CDN a aussi contribué à la formation et renforcement des capacités techniques en termes d apprentissage de l utilisation d un outil de modélisation des trajectoires des GES (LEAP). Les scénarios de la CDN et impacts des mesures d’atténuation considérées ont été développés sur la base de l’inventaire national de GES mis à jour en 2021 sur la période 2010-2018 et de l’outil GACMO (Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD L actualisation de cette CDN a pris en considération les priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, et les analyses de la vulnérabilité des secteurs sensibles au climat.', 'Les scénarios de la CDN et impacts des mesures d’atténuation considérées ont été développés sur la base de l’inventaire national de GES mis à jour en 2021 sur la période 2010-2018 et de l’outil GACMO (Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD L actualisation de cette CDN a pris en considération les priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, et les analyses de la vulnérabilité des secteurs sensibles au climat. En plus, une analyse a été effectuée sur la base des études, rapports, stratégies et plans nationaux, afin d intégrer les informations les plus récentes en termes de risques climatiques et de vulnérabilités et principaux secteurs vulnérables.', 'En plus, une analyse a été effectuée sur la base des études, rapports, stratégies et plans nationaux, afin d intégrer les informations les plus récentes en termes de risques climatiques et de vulnérabilités et principaux secteurs vulnérables. A ce titre, la stratégie nationale de lutte contre le changement climatique de 2017 est importante dans le contexte de la CDN révisée car elle élabore les principaux secteurs clés impactés par le changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, le programme pays du Fonds vert pour le climat Tchad 2019, est également important car il fournit des évaluations de la vulnérabilité et des impacts de la vulnérabilité par secteur.', 'Dans ce contexte, le programme pays du Fonds vert pour le climat Tchad 2019, est également important car il fournit des évaluations de la vulnérabilité et des impacts de la vulnérabilité par secteur. Une analyse des études récentes sur le genre et le changement climatique et sur l intégration du genre a été effectuée et a montré la faible compréhension du concept de genre par les différents acteurs et des liens avec les changements climatiques. Il est aussi important de noter le rôle des femmes dans la gestion écologique et les inégalités dans l accès et le contrôle des ressources qui exacerbent leur vulnérabilité restent peu reconnus.', 'Il est aussi important de noter le rôle des femmes dans la gestion écologique et les inégalités dans l accès et le contrôle des ressources qui exacerbent leur vulnérabilité restent peu reconnus. Cette actualisation a principalement bénéficié de l’appui de l’Initiative pour la Transparence de l’Action Climatique (ICAT), du PNUD (Projet FEM-PNA, Promesse Climat et Programme d’Appui Global au PNA, PAG-PNA), du Réseau Mondial sur le PNA (NAP Global Network) et l’Union Européenne, et de la coordination du NDC Partnership.', 'Cette actualisation a principalement bénéficié de l’appui de l’Initiative pour la Transparence de l’Action Climatique (ICAT), du PNUD (Projet FEM-PNA, Promesse Climat et Programme d’Appui Global au PNA, PAG-PNA), du Réseau Mondial sur le PNA (NAP Global Network) et l’Union Européenne, et de la coordination du NDC Partnership. 2.3 Vision de la CDN du Tchad Toujours soucieux de contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques en vertu de l’Accord de Paris, le Tchad reste fermement attaché à l’augmentation de ses ambitions comparativement à ses engagements antérieurs, ce qui s est reflété dans la vision de cette CDN actualisée pour l atténuation et l adaptation et s’exprime en ces termes : « Soutenir d’ici à 2030, une économie diversifiée et résiliente aux changements climatiques s’inscrivant dans une trajectoire de développement moins émettrice des Gaz à Effet de Serre pour le bien-être de la population Tchadienne, tout en protégeant des écosystèmes et une économie résiliente aux changements climatiques, capables d anticiper, de gérer et de réduire les risques et phénomènes extrêmes environnementaux et climatiques, tout en réduisant les inégalités sociales et assurant la préservation des ressources naturelles.» Cette vision est en conformité avec la Vision 2030 du Tchad ‘‘un pays émergent à revenu intermédiaire, porté par des sources de croissance et de valeur ajoutée diversifiées et durables‘‘.', '2.3 Vision de la CDN du Tchad Toujours soucieux de contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques en vertu de l’Accord de Paris, le Tchad reste fermement attaché à l’augmentation de ses ambitions comparativement à ses engagements antérieurs, ce qui s est reflété dans la vision de cette CDN actualisée pour l atténuation et l adaptation et s’exprime en ces termes : « Soutenir d’ici à 2030, une économie diversifiée et résiliente aux changements climatiques s’inscrivant dans une trajectoire de développement moins émettrice des Gaz à Effet de Serre pour le bien-être de la population Tchadienne, tout en protégeant des écosystèmes et une économie résiliente aux changements climatiques, capables d anticiper, de gérer et de réduire les risques et phénomènes extrêmes environnementaux et climatiques, tout en réduisant les inégalités sociales et assurant la préservation des ressources naturelles.» Cette vision est en conformité avec la Vision 2030 du Tchad ‘‘un pays émergent à revenu intermédiaire, porté par des sources de croissance et de valeur ajoutée diversifiées et durables‘‘. Il est également aligné sur l objectif principal de son axe 4, qui est d améliorer les conditions de vie de la population et de réduire les inégalités sociales tout en assurant la préservation des ressources naturelles et l adaptation au changement climatique (Vision 2030).', 'Il est également aligné sur l objectif principal de son axe 4, qui est d améliorer les conditions de vie de la population et de réduire les inégalités sociales tout en assurant la préservation des ressources naturelles et l adaptation au changement climatique (Vision 2030). Dans ce contexte, il est important d’orienter et de faire converger des initiatives politiques institutionnelles, techniques, scientifiques et financières pour faire face au changement climatique. Plus spécifiquement, promouvoir l efficacité énergétique et les énergies renouvelables, notamment l énergie solaire, éolienne et le biogaz, dans tous les secteurs. Encourager la gestion durable des terres et des forêts afin de réduire les émissions dues à la dégradation et à la déforestation.', 'Encourager la gestion durable des terres et des forêts afin de réduire les émissions dues à la dégradation et à la déforestation. Ainsi qu à intégrer la dynamique de genre tout au long du processus d élaboration et de mise en œuvre des CDN. 3 Circonstances nationales Le Tchad, cinquième plus grand pays d Afrique, est un pays enclavé d Afrique centrale qui comprend la zone saharienne, sahélienne et soudanaise. Le relief est varié et contrasté. Il est constitué principalement d’une vaste cuvette bordée par des massifs montagneux.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le domaine hydrographique reste dominé par les cours d’eau et les lacs dont les permanents sont le Chari et le Logone.', 'Il est constitué principalement d’une vaste cuvette bordée par des massifs montagneux.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le domaine hydrographique reste dominé par les cours d’eau et les lacs dont les permanents sont le Chari et le Logone. Ces cours d’eau forment le système Chari-Logone avec une superficie de leur bassin versant de 600 000 km².1 Le Lac Tchad, fraction d’une vaste mer intérieure, constitue le plan d’eau libre le plus vaste du Tchad. Le climat tropical du Tchad est réparti dans les grandes zones bioclimatiques, saharien au Nord, sahélien au Centre, Soudanien au Sud.', 'Le climat tropical du Tchad est réparti dans les grandes zones bioclimatiques, saharien au Nord, sahélien au Centre, Soudanien au Sud. En ce qui concerne la biodiversité, les principales formations végétales du Nord au Sud sont les suivantes : (i) steppes arbustives à épineux et herbacées annuelles ; (ii) steppes arborées et arbustives à épineux et non épineux et herbacées annuelles ; (iii) savanes arborées et arbustives à combrétacées avec herbacées annuelles et herbacées pérennes et (iv) savanes boisées et forêts claires dominant une strate herbacée vivace.', 'En ce qui concerne la biodiversité, les principales formations végétales du Nord au Sud sont les suivantes : (i) steppes arbustives à épineux et herbacées annuelles ; (ii) steppes arborées et arbustives à épineux et non épineux et herbacées annuelles ; (iii) savanes arborées et arbustives à combrétacées avec herbacées annuelles et herbacées pérennes et (iv) savanes boisées et forêts claires dominant une strate herbacée vivace. Le Tchad partage ses biomes avec ses pays voisins : (a) biomes désertiques du Sahara avec la Lybie, le Soudan et le Niger ; (b) biomes Sahéliens avec le Soudan, le Niger et le Nigéria ;(c) savanes sèches avec le Soudan, la République Centre Africaine (RCA), le Cameroun et le Nigéria et (d) savanes humides avec la RCA et le Cameroun.', 'Le Tchad partage ses biomes avec ses pays voisins : (a) biomes désertiques du Sahara avec la Lybie, le Soudan et le Niger ; (b) biomes Sahéliens avec le Soudan, le Niger et le Nigéria ;(c) savanes sèches avec le Soudan, la République Centre Africaine (RCA), le Cameroun et le Nigéria et (d) savanes humides avec la RCA et le Cameroun. La structure de l’économie du pays, qui reste très peu diversifiée, est fortement dominée par le secteur primaire (pétrole, agriculture, élevage et mines). Le secteur agricole qui se limite aux cultures vivrières, notamment les céréales, et des cultures de rente, notamment le coton, la canne à sucre et la gomme arabique, est très vulnérable aux aléas climatiques.', 'Le secteur agricole qui se limite aux cultures vivrières, notamment les céréales, et des cultures de rente, notamment le coton, la canne à sucre et la gomme arabique, est très vulnérable aux aléas climatiques. Le secteur privé n est constitué que de petites et moyennes entreprises opérant pour la plupart dans l économie informelle. Les effets de la vulnérabilité dans le secteur de l agriculture, de la foresterie et de l utilisation des terres se manifesteront par des réductions significatives des rendements et de la production (-10 à -25%) des cultures vivrières (mil, sorgho, maïs) en raison des déficits hydriques causés par des sécheresses successives, des températures élevées, des débuts tardifs de la saison des pluies et/ou des arrêts précoces.', 'Les effets de la vulnérabilité dans le secteur de l agriculture, de la foresterie et de l utilisation des terres se manifesteront par des réductions significatives des rendements et de la production (-10 à -25%) des cultures vivrières (mil, sorgho, maïs) en raison des déficits hydriques causés par des sécheresses successives, des températures élevées, des débuts tardifs de la saison des pluies et/ou des arrêts précoces. En outre, la vulnérabilité due à une faible irrigation, à la désertification et à la dégradation des terres et des forêts a des effets importants sur l ensemble de la chaîne alimentaire de la population tchadienne.2 Les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes tels que les sécheresses, les inondations et les vagues de chaleur, ont un impact sévère sur les ressources naturelles dont la population tchadienne, majoritairement rurale, tire ses moyens de subsistance.', 'En outre, la vulnérabilité due à une faible irrigation, à la désertification et à la dégradation des terres et des forêts a des effets importants sur l ensemble de la chaîne alimentaire de la population tchadienne.2 Les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes tels que les sécheresses, les inondations et les vagues de chaleur, ont un impact sévère sur les ressources naturelles dont la population tchadienne, majoritairement rurale, tire ses moyens de subsistance. Le Tchad abrite une population estimée à près de 15 millions d’habitants en 2018. Elle est composée de 50,6% de femmes, de 78,1% de ruraux et de 50,6% de jeunes de moins de 15 ans.', 'Elle est composée de 50,6% de femmes, de 78,1% de ruraux et de 50,6% de jeunes de moins de 15 ans. Les femmes et les jeunes filles au Tchad ont un accès inégal aux ressources (éducation, foncier) dans un contexte général de contraintes socioculturelles : coutumes, normes et traditions pèsent sur les femmes et freinent l’application effective de leurs droits3.', 'Les femmes et les jeunes filles au Tchad ont un accès inégal aux ressources (éducation, foncier) dans un contexte général de contraintes socioculturelles : coutumes, normes et traditions pèsent sur les femmes et freinent l’application effective de leurs droits3. En outre, les femmes ne sont pas dans la même position que les hommes pour faire face aux impacts négatifs associés au changement climatique et n ont pas les mêmes capacités et possibilités pour y faire face, ce qui fait qu elles sont plus exposées ou vulnérables.4 3.1 Changements et variabilités climatiques au Tchad L’évolution du climat du Tchad à l’instar d’autres pays de l’espace sahélien a connu au cours de ces dernières décennies des ruptures marquant des phases bien distinctes.', 'En outre, les femmes ne sont pas dans la même position que les hommes pour faire face aux impacts négatifs associés au changement climatique et n ont pas les mêmes capacités et possibilités pour y faire face, ce qui fait qu elles sont plus exposées ou vulnérables.4 3.1 Changements et variabilités climatiques au Tchad L’évolution du climat du Tchad à l’instar d’autres pays de l’espace sahélien a connu au cours de ces dernières décennies des ruptures marquant des phases bien distinctes. Cette évolution se mesure par rapport au profil climatique qui mettra en exergue principaux aléas climatiques observés et futurs, les groupes et secteurs vulnérables, les impacts et les capacités d’adaptation qui sont les composantes de la vulnérabilité. 1 Atlas du Tchad, août 2013.', '1 Atlas du Tchad, août 2013. 2 Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat, 2019 3 Étude sur l intégration du genre dans le processus du PNA au Tchad, 2021. 4 Étude sur l intégration du genre dans le processus du PNA au Tchad, 2021.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 3.1.1 Variation annuelle des précipitations au Sahel Avant les années 70, la région a traversé une succession d’années humides, puis a été sévèrement affecté par deux décennies de sécheresse (1970-80). À partir des années 1990, la pluviométrie s’est globalement améliorée mais elle est caractérisée par de fortes irrégularités (figure 1). Figure 1. Indice de variation annuelle des précipitations au Sahel entre 1900 et 2010. Source : Washington University , NOAA, NCDC.', 'Source : Washington University , NOAA, NCDC. Global Historical Climatology National Data (2012) 3.1.2 Profil climatique au Tchad Le climat du Tchad de type tropical sec situé entre les isohyètes 0 et 1 200 mm dans trois grandes zones bioclimatiques (figure 2) est fortement contrastées : La zone saharienne ou désertique au nord qui couvre le septentrional constitué des provinces du Borkou-Tibesti-Ennedi (BET) et les parties nord des provinces du Kanem et du Batha, soit 47% du territoire national. Avec une pluviométrie inférieure à 100 mm/an, seuls l’agriculture oasienne et l’élevage camelin et de petits ruminants peuvent y être pratiqués. La saison qui dure de deux mois dans le Nord (quasi nulle à l’extrême Nord). La zone sahélienne au centre du pays couvre 43% du territoire national.', 'La zone sahélienne au centre du pays couvre 43% du territoire national. Avec une pluviométrie comprise entre 100 et 800 mm/an, elle présente d’importants contrastes entre la partie nord aride (climat saharo-sahélien avec des pluies annuelles comprises entre 100 et 200 mm) et la zone sahélo-soudanienne au sud caractérisé par une pluviométrie comprise entre 600 et 800 mm/an. La zone soudanienne au sud du pays, comprise entre les isohyètes 800 et 1 200 mm, ne représente que 10% du territoire national. Elle concentre toutefois près de la moitié de la population tchadienne.', 'Elle concentre toutefois près de la moitié de la population tchadienne. Le climat de type tropical subhumide - la pluviométrie dans la zone soudano-guinéenne à l’extrême sud du pays est supérieure à 1 200 mm – permet la pratique d’une large variété de productions agricoles et l’élevage de nombreuses espèces (bovins, caprins, ovins, porcins, volaille).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Figure 2. Trois grandes zones bioclimatiques du Tchad Source : PANA, Ministère de l’Environnement et de l’Eau, 2009.', 'Trois grandes zones bioclimatiques du Tchad Source : PANA, Ministère de l’Environnement et de l’Eau, 2009. 3.1.3 La pluviométrie Il est à constater qu’après des années humides de 1950 et 1960, la baisse des précipitations s’est amorcée vers la fin des années 1960, en phase avec ce qui a été observé dans le Sahel, et s’est intensifiée au cours des années 1970 et 1980 avant de connaître une légère rémission à partir des années 1990 et 2000. L’évolution de l’indice national de la pluviométrie montre une forte variabilité à partir de 1965 avec une tendance à la baisse avec des répercussions sur les systèmes naturels et humains.', 'L’évolution de l’indice national de la pluviométrie montre une forte variabilité à partir de 1965 avec une tendance à la baisse avec des répercussions sur les systèmes naturels et humains. La longueur de la saison agricole est également sujette à d’importantes variabilités interannuelles, avec une tendance marquée vers des saisons plus courtes. Une autre tendance est la fréquence accrue de périodes sèches prolongées en cours de saison des pluies Au Tchad, l’évolution interannuelle de 1950 à 2019 de l’indice des températures montre une hausse continue de la température depuis le début des années 80 jusqu’à nos jours. A l’image du globe, les années 1990 et 2000 ont été les plus chaudes depuis le début des enregistrements météorologiques au Tchad.', 'A l’image du globe, les années 1990 et 2000 ont été les plus chaudes depuis le début des enregistrements météorologiques au Tchad. Les températures maximales ont augmenté en moyenne de 1,1 °C sur l’ensemble du pays. Les températures minimales auraient augmenté de 2°C sur la période 1951-2010 et les températures maximales de 1°C, avec des valeurs élevées entre 2002-2010 (Mbaiguedem, 2012).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 3.1.5 Évènements météorologiques extrêmes observés Au Tchad, la recrudescence des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes (sécheresses, inondations, vagues de chaleur, vents violents, etc.) est un des faits marquants des changements climatiques enregistrés au cours de ces dernières décennies au Tchad (PANA, 2010).', 'est un des faits marquants des changements climatiques enregistrés au cours de ces dernières décennies au Tchad (PANA, 2010). Les épisodes de sécheresses des années 70, 80, ont causé de chute de production agricole et animale, de pertes en vies humaines et de la biodiversité, de dégradation du couvert végétal, migration de la population et du bétail et d’insécurité alimentaire (PANA, 2010). La sécheresse qui a prévalu au cours de la campagne 2009/2010, a affecté près de 2 millions de personnes, avec une diminution de la récolte céréalière d’environ 31% par rapport à la moyenne quinquennale et de plus de 50 % dans la zone sahélienne (FAO, 2011).', 'La sécheresse qui a prévalu au cours de la campagne 2009/2010, a affecté près de 2 millions de personnes, avec une diminution de la récolte céréalière d’environ 31% par rapport à la moyenne quinquennale et de plus de 50 % dans la zone sahélienne (FAO, 2011). Les impacts du climat sont importants sur les grands systèmes hydrographiques que sont les bassins du lac Tchad et du Niger, les systèmes naturels, agro-sylvo-pastoraux, halieutiques et humains. Ils impliquent des dysfonctionnements des saisons agricoles, des perturbations des cycles biologiques des cultures et une baisse des productions céréalières.', 'Ils impliquent des dysfonctionnements des saisons agricoles, des perturbations des cycles biologiques des cultures et une baisse des productions céréalières. 3.1.6 Projections climatiques Les modèles climatiques montrent qu’il est très probable que les températures en Afrique augmenteront au cours du 21ème siècle de 3 à 4 °C en moyenne, soit 1,5 fois plus que la moyenne globale.', '3.1.6 Projections climatiques Les modèles climatiques montrent qu’il est très probable que les températures en Afrique augmenteront au cours du 21ème siècle de 3 à 4 °C en moyenne, soit 1,5 fois plus que la moyenne globale. Cette augmentation de température sera plus importante dans les régions continentales arides.5 Les résultats sur les projections des changements de précipitations et de température sur la base de 29 modelés globaux de l’expérience CMIP6 à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scenario le plus optimiste (RCP4.5 ou profil représentatif d’évolution des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre) et le scénario pessimiste ou RCP8.5, indiquent une hausse significative des températures de surface relativement à la période 1981 à 2010.', 'Cette augmentation de température sera plus importante dans les régions continentales arides.5 Les résultats sur les projections des changements de précipitations et de température sur la base de 29 modelés globaux de l’expérience CMIP6 à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scenario le plus optimiste (RCP4.5 ou profil représentatif d’évolution des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre) et le scénario pessimiste ou RCP8.5, indiquent une hausse significative des températures de surface relativement à la période 1981 à 2010. Selon ces RCP, la température moyenne au Tchad augmenterait en moyenne de + 1 °C pour le scénario optimiste notamment dans partie Nord du Sahel et toute la zone saharienne. Pour le RCP8.5 (scénario pessimiste), cette hausse avoisinerait + 1,5 °C à l’horizon 2030 dans l’extrême Nord du pays.', 'Pour le RCP8.5 (scénario pessimiste), cette hausse avoisinerait + 1,5 °C à l’horizon 2030 dans l’extrême Nord du pays. Concernant les précipitations, les projections indiquent des hausses généralisées sur l’ensemble du pays. Cette hausse qui varie de 10 à 20 % sera plus importante dans les parties septentrionales du A la station de N’Djamena, l’évolution temporelle des températures de 1950 à 2100 relativement par rapport à la référence climatologique de 1981-2010 montre un accroissement des températures autour de + 1 °C en 2030 et à + 2 °C en 2100.7 Toutefois, ces projections climatiques, en particulier celle relatives aux précipitations, présentent de nombreuses incertitudes (AGRHYMET, 2015).', 'Cette hausse qui varie de 10 à 20 % sera plus importante dans les parties septentrionales du A la station de N’Djamena, l’évolution temporelle des températures de 1950 à 2100 relativement par rapport à la référence climatologique de 1981-2010 montre un accroissement des températures autour de + 1 °C en 2030 et à + 2 °C en 2100.7 Toutefois, ces projections climatiques, en particulier celle relatives aux précipitations, présentent de nombreuses incertitudes (AGRHYMET, 2015). Entre facteurs globaux, dynamiques régionales et continentales, le climat de l’Afrique sahélienne est soumis à de fortes incertitudes.8 3.2 Politiques, stratégies et cadres institutionnels Au regard de la politique du Gouvernement en matière de développement, le Tchad qui aspire à devenir un pays émergent à l’horizon 2030 entend, entre autres, renforcer la protection de l’environnement, l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques et réduire considérablement les émissions de gaz à 5 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017.', 'Entre facteurs globaux, dynamiques régionales et continentales, le climat de l’Afrique sahélienne est soumis à de fortes incertitudes.8 3.2 Politiques, stratégies et cadres institutionnels Au regard de la politique du Gouvernement en matière de développement, le Tchad qui aspire à devenir un pays émergent à l’horizon 2030 entend, entre autres, renforcer la protection de l’environnement, l’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques et réduire considérablement les émissions de gaz à 5 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017. 6 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017. 7 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017. 8 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD effet de serre.', '8 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique au Tchad, 2017.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD effet de serre. Cependant, compte tenu de la forte exposition du pays aux effets des changements climatiques, la République du Tchad a ratifié plusieurs accords internationaux sur les changements climatiques et a développé aussi plusieurs politiques, stratégies et initiatives visant à lutter efficacement contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques. La protection de l’environnement est inscrite dans la Constitution tchadienne (Articles 47 et 52 et Loi N°014/PR/1998.', 'La protection de l’environnement est inscrite dans la Constitution tchadienne (Articles 47 et 52 et Loi N°014/PR/1998. La politique nationale en matière du climat est confiée au Ministère en charge de l’environnement - dont la dénomination est à l’heure actuelle Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Pêche et du Développement Durable - à travers la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte Contre les Changements climatiques (DEELCC).', 'La politique nationale en matière du climat est confiée au Ministère en charge de l’environnement - dont la dénomination est à l’heure actuelle Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Pêche et du Développement Durable - à travers la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte Contre les Changements climatiques (DEELCC). Le Gouvernement Tchadien, en signant et ratifiant respectivement en 1992 et 1993 la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et en ratifiant son Protocole de Kyoto en 2009 et l’Accord de Paris sur le climat en 2015, s’est engagé à apporter les changements à moyen et long termes nécessaires pour atténuer les émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) et à s’adapter aux effets néfastes de ces changements climatiques à travers le développement des stratégies plus résilientes et adaptées.', 'Le Gouvernement Tchadien, en signant et ratifiant respectivement en 1992 et 1993 la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et en ratifiant son Protocole de Kyoto en 2009 et l’Accord de Paris sur le climat en 2015, s’est engagé à apporter les changements à moyen et long termes nécessaires pour atténuer les émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) et à s’adapter aux effets néfastes de ces changements climatiques à travers le développement des stratégies plus résilientes et adaptées. Dans ce cadre et conformément aux engagements, le Tchad a élaboré et mis en œuvre des politiques, stratégies et plans qui abordent les impacts du changement climatique : (i) La 1ère Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques en 2001 et la 2ème en 20129 ; (ii) Programme d’Action National de lutte contre la désertification (PAN-LCD) adopté en 2000 dont les quatre objectifs prioritaires sont : le développement durable des filières, la sauvegarde des écosystèmes menacés, la lutte contre la désertification et la gestion des risques ; (iii) Programme d’Action National pour l’Adaptation (PANA) présenté en 2009 ; (iv) Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) devenue CDN après l’entrée en vigueur de la ratification de l’Accord de Paris le 12 janvier 2017 ; (v) Plan National d Investissement du Secteur Rural du Tchad (2016 - 2022) ; (vi) Plan d Action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre National pour les Services Climatiques du Tchad (vii) Plan National de Développement (PND 2017-2021) ; (viii) Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique (SNLCC) au Tchad e 2017 ; (ix) Politique Nationale de l’Environnement (PNE), 2017 en cours de validation ; (x) Vision 2030, le Tchad que nous voulons (2017) ; (xi) Le Plan National d Adaptation est en cours d élaboration ; (xii) Mise à jour de la CDN.', 'Dans ce cadre et conformément aux engagements, le Tchad a élaboré et mis en œuvre des politiques, stratégies et plans qui abordent les impacts du changement climatique : (i) La 1ère Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques en 2001 et la 2ème en 20129 ; (ii) Programme d’Action National de lutte contre la désertification (PAN-LCD) adopté en 2000 dont les quatre objectifs prioritaires sont : le développement durable des filières, la sauvegarde des écosystèmes menacés, la lutte contre la désertification et la gestion des risques ; (iii) Programme d’Action National pour l’Adaptation (PANA) présenté en 2009 ; (iv) Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) devenue CDN après l’entrée en vigueur de la ratification de l’Accord de Paris le 12 janvier 2017 ; (v) Plan National d Investissement du Secteur Rural du Tchad (2016 - 2022) ; (vi) Plan d Action pour la mise en œuvre du Cadre National pour les Services Climatiques du Tchad (vii) Plan National de Développement (PND 2017-2021) ; (viii) Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatique (SNLCC) au Tchad e 2017 ; (ix) Politique Nationale de l’Environnement (PNE), 2017 en cours de validation ; (x) Vision 2030, le Tchad que nous voulons (2017) ; (xi) Le Plan National d Adaptation est en cours d élaboration ; (xii) Mise à jour de la CDN. 4 La contribution actualisée en matière d’atténuation La CDN actualisée du Tchad se base sur des éléments mis à jour, notamment un inventaire des émissions de GES couvrant la période 2010 à 2018, année choisie comme année de référence.', '4 La contribution actualisée en matière d’atténuation La CDN actualisée du Tchad se base sur des éléments mis à jour, notamment un inventaire des émissions de GES couvrant la période 2010 à 2018, année choisie comme année de référence. L’objectif fixé dans le scénario conditionnel est de réduire les émissions de GES de 19,3%, en 2030, par rapport à un scénario de référence. Cet objectif conditionnel, le Tchad entend le réaliser tout en poursuivant les efforts de développement et en valorisant de manière durable ses ressources disponibles. 4.1 Situation de référence 4.1.1 Couverture de la CDN La CDN couvre les émissions de GES du territoire national pour les secteurs de l’énergie, l’agriculture, la forêt et l’affectation des terres ainsi que des déchets.', '4.1 Situation de référence 4.1.1 Couverture de la CDN La CDN couvre les émissions de GES du territoire national pour les secteurs de l’énergie, l’agriculture, la forêt et l’affectation des terres ainsi que des déchets. Les émissions liées au procédés industriels n’ont pas été comptabilisées faute de données. Néanmoins, elles sont considérées comme faibles étant donné 9 La Troisième Communication Nationale a été soumise au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC en septembre 2021 mais est en cours d’officialisation à la date de soumission de la CDN.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD qu’aucun procédé émetteur n’a été recensé omis pour les usages non énergétiques de combustibles et les appareils de froid.', 'Néanmoins, elles sont considérées comme faibles étant donné 9 La Troisième Communication Nationale a été soumise au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC en septembre 2021 mais est en cours d’officialisation à la date de soumission de la CDN.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD qu’aucun procédé émetteur n’a été recensé omis pour les usages non énergétiques de combustibles et les appareils de froid. La révision de la CDN du Tchad a permis de revoir l’inventaire des émissions de GES sur la série temporelle 2010-2018 en appliquant les dernières lignes directrices du GIEC sur la base des statistiques disponibles. Les émissions de nouveaux secteurs, telles que les émissions fugitives, les émissions de O liées à la combustion du bois, les émissions du traitement des eaux usées, etc. ont été incluses.', 'Les émissions de nouveaux secteurs, telles que les émissions fugitives, les émissions de O liées à la combustion du bois, les émissions du traitement des eaux usées, etc. ont été incluses. Les GES couverts sont le CO2 , le CH4 et le N2 O. Les PRG appliqués sont ceux de l’AR4 du GIEC. Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC sont appliquées à l’ensemble des secteurs couverts.', 'Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC sont appliquées à l’ensemble des secteurs couverts. 4.1.2 Inventaire des émissions de GES L’inventaire des émissions de GES mis à jour porte sur la période 2010 à 2018 et couvre les secteurs de : - L’énergie : production d’électricité, industrie, transport, habitat, émissions fugitives liées à l’extraction de pétrole et de gaz et à la production de charbon de bois, - L’agriculture, - L’utilisation des terres, changement d affectation des terres et foresterie, - Le traitement des déchets solides et liquides. Figure 3. Émissions de GES (kt CO2e – puits inclus) Selon les résultats d’inventaire, les émissions de GES incluant les puits ont augmenté de 49 320 kt eq entre 2010 et 2018 soit une augmentation de 50%. Figure 4.', 'Émissions de GES (kt CO2e – puits inclus) Selon les résultats d’inventaire, les émissions de GES incluant les puits ont augmenté de 49 320 kt eq entre 2010 et 2018 soit une augmentation de 50%. Figure 4. Part des émissions (hors UTCATF) en 2018 Emissions de GES (kt CO2 e - puits inclus) Energie Agriculture Déchets Part des émissions (hors UTCATF) en 2018CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD L’agriculture est le principal secteur émetteur de GES au Tchad et représente environ 95% des émissions de GES. 4.1.1 Le scénario de référence Selon ce scénario de référence, les émissions de GES augmenteraient de 74 090 à 84 960 kt CO2 e entre 2018 et 2030.', '4.1.1 Le scénario de référence Selon ce scénario de référence, les émissions de GES augmenteraient de 74 090 à 84 960 kt CO2 e entre 2018 et 2030. Cette projection a été élaborée à l’aide de l’outil GACMO en prenant en compte les secteurs suivants : Tableau 1 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) selon le scénario de référence sur la période 2018-2030 Procédés industriels NE NE NE NE Le secteur de l’énergie Le secteur de l’énergie porte sur les secteurs de la production et transformation d’énergie ainsi que sur les usages dans les différents secteurs. Les bilans énergétiques de la division des statistiques des Nations Unies (UNSD) qui sont cohérents sur la période 2010 à 2018 ont été utilisés afin d’estimer les émissions de GES de ce secteur.', 'Les bilans énergétiques de la division des statistiques des Nations Unies (UNSD) qui sont cohérents sur la période 2010 à 2018 ont été utilisés afin d’estimer les émissions de GES de ce secteur. Pour la consommation de biomasse, seules les émissions de CH4 et de N2 O sont considérées dans ce secteur, conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC. En effet, les émissions de liées à la consommation de biomasse sont comptabilisées dans le secteur UTCATF. L’économie tchadienne est largement dépendante de la production de pétrole (20 % du PIB et plus de 80 % des exportations de biens en 2019) qui a débuté en 2003 et a permis au pays de connaître une période de croissance rapide jusqu’en 2014 (taux de croissance annuel moyen de 13,7 %).', 'L’économie tchadienne est largement dépendante de la production de pétrole (20 % du PIB et plus de 80 % des exportations de biens en 2019) qui a débuté en 2003 et a permis au pays de connaître une période de croissance rapide jusqu’en 2014 (taux de croissance annuel moyen de 13,7 %). Les émissions fugitives liées à l’extraction de pétrole sont estimées et représentent environ 30% des émissions de l’énergie en 2018. Cette industrie étant récente et moderne, les facteurs d’émission des pays développés ont été appliqués. D’autre part, des émissions fugitives liées à la production de charbon de bois sont également estimées sur la base du raffinement 2019 des lignes directrices du GIEC et représentent 18% des émissions de l’énergie.', 'D’autre part, des émissions fugitives liées à la production de charbon de bois sont également estimées sur la base du raffinement 2019 des lignes directrices du GIEC et représentent 18% des émissions de l’énergie. Pour la production d’électricité, le taux d’accès à l’électricité était de l’ordre de 11% en 2020, concentré essentiellement à N’Djamena et dans certaines zones urbaines. Selon le Plan d’urgence d’accès à l’électricité 2021-2023, l’objectif à l’horizon 2030 est d’atteindre un taux d’accès à l’électricité de 53% sur l’ensemble du territoire. L’activité et les émissions associées liées à la production d’électricité augmentent donc rapidement dans le scénario de référence. Dans la consommation finale, le secteur des transports est le principal secteur consommant des produits pétroliers.', 'Dans la consommation finale, le secteur des transports est le principal secteur consommant des produits pétroliers. Les secteur résidentiel/tertiaires consomment essentiellement du bois et du charbon de bois. L’industrie manufacturière est peu développée et consomme essentiellement de la biomasse et de l’électricité. Faute de projections officielles, des taux de croissance annuels entre 4 et 6% sont appliqués selon les secteurs, sur la base des évolutions estimées du PIB et de la population sur la période. Pour la production d’électricité, les taux de croissance suivent les objectifs de raccordement d’électricité de la population.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Les procédés industriels L’industrie manufacturière occupe une place marginale et repose essentiellement sur la production de bière et boissons gazeuses, la production de sucre, et l’égrenage du coton.', 'Pour la production d’électricité, les taux de croissance suivent les objectifs de raccordement d’électricité de la population.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Les procédés industriels L’industrie manufacturière occupe une place marginale et repose essentiellement sur la production de bière et boissons gazeuses, la production de sucre, et l’égrenage du coton. Seules les émissions liées aux consommations énergétiques sont comptabilisées pour ce secteur. Les émissions liées aux usages non énergétiques de combustibles et aux fuites de gaz fluorés ne sont pas estimées et sont considérées comme négligeables. L’agriculture Les émissions de GES du Tchad dans le secteur agriculture sont principalement liées aux activités d’élevage (79% des émissions du secteur dont 50% dus à la fermentation entérique et 29% aux déjections) et du brulage des savanes (13%).', 'L’agriculture Les émissions de GES du Tchad dans le secteur agriculture sont principalement liées aux activités d’élevage (79% des émissions du secteur dont 50% dus à la fermentation entérique et 29% aux déjections) et du brulage des savanes (13%). Elles proviennent également des activités de riziculture (2%), de l’usage d’engrais et du brulage des résidus agricoles (3%). Les émissions dues à l’élevage ont été estimées à partir des statistiques fournies par le Bureau Central de Recensement Général de l Elevage disponibles sur la période 2010 à 2020 avec une méthode de niveau 1 et les facteurs d’émission par défaut du GIEC.', 'Les émissions dues à l’élevage ont été estimées à partir des statistiques fournies par le Bureau Central de Recensement Général de l Elevage disponibles sur la période 2010 à 2020 avec une méthode de niveau 1 et les facteurs d’émission par défaut du GIEC. Les émissions liées à la production agricole (riziculture, brulage des résidus de récolte et les émissions directes et indirectes de N2 O des sols cultivés) ont aussi été estimées avec les données de surfaces, de productions et de consommations d’engrais fournies par les services statistiques du Tchad.', 'Les émissions liées à la production agricole (riziculture, brulage des résidus de récolte et les émissions directes et indirectes de N2 O des sols cultivés) ont aussi été estimées avec les données de surfaces, de productions et de consommations d’engrais fournies par les services statistiques du Tchad. Les hypothèses sur le brûlage des résidus sur le coton et les céréales ont été inspirées par des références sur les pratiques au Mali, la riziculture a été supposée de type pluvial avec une durée de croissance de 183 jours de mai à octobre. Les émissions sont ensuite calculées en appliquant les méthodes de niveau 1 des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'Les émissions sont ensuite calculées en appliquant les méthodes de niveau 1 des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. Quant aux émissions de GES liées au brûlage des savanes, les données de surfaces et de biomasse brulées sont directement récupérées sur le site de la FAO auxquelles les méthodologies des lignes directrices 2006 ont été appliquées. La Forêt et l’Affectation des Terres Le Tchad est subdivisé en deux zones bien distinctes : la zone désertique au nord avec une couverture végétale presque inexistante et la zone soudano-sahélienne qui dispose d’une couverture végétale d’environ 128 400 000 ha. Les émissions/absorptions liées au secteur de l’Utilisation des terres, changement d’affectation des terres et Foresterie (UTCATF) ont été estimées sur la base des lignes directrices du GIEC 2006.', 'Les émissions/absorptions liées au secteur de l’Utilisation des terres, changement d’affectation des terres et Foresterie (UTCATF) ont été estimées sur la base des lignes directrices du GIEC 2006. Les changements d’occupation des terres ont été estimés à partir des cartes produites par le centre U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (USGS EROS) qui présente une évolution des terres sur la période 1975-2015. La caractérisation des différents types d’affectation des terres (forêts, savanes, etc.) en termes de productivité est basée sur la base des données recueillies de la base de Données de l’Occupation du Sol (BDOCS) de P-SIDRAT. Les estimations sur la consommation de bois sont également issues des travaux réalisés dans le cadre du programme SIDRAT.', 'Les estimations sur la consommation de bois sont également issues des travaux réalisés dans le cadre du programme SIDRAT. Le puits du secteur UTCATF estimé à – 5 144 kt CO2 eq en 2010 s’est réduit jusqu’à – 641 kt CO2 eq en 2018 du fait d’un fort taux de déboisement et de déforestation. Les Déchets Les quantités de déchets produites en 2030 sont estimées sur la base d’une moyenne historique par habitant d’environ 88 kg/habitant/an (données Banque Mondiale). Ce taux de production de déchets est considérée stable jusqu’à 2030.', 'Ce taux de production de déchets est considérée stable jusqu’à 2030. Le scénario de référence prévoit le prolongement des mêmes pratiques de gestion des déchets observées actuellement : environ 86% des quantités de déchets vont en décharges ouvertes considérées comme des décharges non gérées peu profondes et le reste est traité par feux ouvert.', 'Le scénario de référence prévoit le prolongement des mêmes pratiques de gestion des déchets observées actuellement : environ 86% des quantités de déchets vont en décharges ouvertes considérées comme des décharges non gérées peu profondes et le reste est traité par feux ouvert. Dans ces conditions, les émissions associées au traitement des déchets solides, calculées en appliquant les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, augmenteraient de 326 kt CO2 eq en 2018 à environ 546 kt CO2 eq en 2030, soit une progression moyenne de 5% par an sur la période.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Pour les eaux usées, les quantités de DBO (demande biochimique en oxygène) produite sont estimées à presque 293 kt par an en 2030 comparées à près de 222 kt en 2020.', 'Dans ces conditions, les émissions associées au traitement des déchets solides, calculées en appliquant les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, augmenteraient de 326 kt CO2 eq en 2018 à environ 546 kt CO2 eq en 2030, soit une progression moyenne de 5% par an sur la période.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Pour les eaux usées, les quantités de DBO (demande biochimique en oxygène) produite sont estimées à presque 293 kt par an en 2030 comparées à près de 222 kt en 2020. Le prolongement des pratiques de gestion actuelles conduit à des émissions de GES de 814 kt CO2 eq en 2018. Les émissions cumulées des trois sous-secteurs (feux ouverts, stockage et traitement des eaux) sont ainsi eq en 2018, soit une augmentation annuelle moyenne de 4,3% par an.', 'Les émissions cumulées des trois sous-secteurs (feux ouverts, stockage et traitement des eaux) sont ainsi eq en 2018, soit une augmentation annuelle moyenne de 4,3% par an. 4.2 Objectifs d’atténuation Le Tchad présente des objectifs d’atténuation en termes de réduction par rapport au scénario de référence, à l’horizon 2030. L’impact des actions considérées, en termes de réduction des émissions de GES, est estimé à partir de l’outil GACMO. Les actions couvrent essentiellement les secteurs de la production d’électricité, de l’industrie, du résidentiel, de la pêche et de la foresterie. Deux scénarios sont considérés pour les projections d’émissions : un scénario inconditionnel (où seules les actions financées au niveau national sont mises en œuvre) et un scénario conditionnel (avec des actions d’atténuation supplémentaires couvertes par des appuis internationaux).', 'Deux scénarios sont considérés pour les projections d’émissions : un scénario inconditionnel (où seules les actions financées au niveau national sont mises en œuvre) et un scénario conditionnel (avec des actions d’atténuation supplémentaires couvertes par des appuis internationaux). Le scénario inconditionnel entraine une réduction minime de 0,5% en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. La plupart des actions ont été comptabilisées dans le scénario conditionnel qui permet quant à lui d’atteindre une réduction de 19,3% des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030 eq d’émissions évitées en 2030 et 88 350 kt CO2 eq d’émissions évitées de manière cumulée entre 2018 et 2030.', 'La plupart des actions ont été comptabilisées dans le scénario conditionnel qui permet quant à lui d’atteindre une réduction de 19,3% des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030 eq d’émissions évitées en 2030 et 88 350 kt CO2 eq d’émissions évitées de manière cumulée entre 2018 et 2030. Ce scénario est très ambitieux étant donné que la baisse des émissions repose uniquement sur les secteurs de l’énergie (production d’électricité et efficacité énergétique), sur l’augmentation du puits de carbone et très légèrement sur le secteur des déchets. Figure 5. Émissions de GES du Tchad selon les scenarios inconditionnel et conditionnel du Tchad sur la période 2010-20130 Emissions de GES (kt CO2 e) y.c.', 'Émissions de GES du Tchad selon les scenarios inconditionnel et conditionnel du Tchad sur la période 2010-20130 Emissions de GES (kt CO2 e) y.c. UTCATF Scénario de référence Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnelCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Tableau 2 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) et impacts des différents scénarios sur la période 2018-2030 eq Scénario de référence Inconditionnel Conditionnel Procédés industriels NE NE NE NE % de réduction 0,5 19,3 Les actions considérées sont décrites ci-dessous : Le secteur de l’énergie Les projets considérés d’ici 2030 dans les scénarios sont pour le secteur de la production d’électricité : Scénario inconditionnel : - La construction d’une centrale à turbine fonctionnant au gaz de 210 MW implantée à N’Gouri dans la Province des Lac ; - La prise en compte de 2,2 MW d’éoliennes ; - La mise en place de fours de séchage améliorés pour le secteur de la pêche (150 fours de type chokor et 200 claies de séchage améliorées) permettant des gains de 30 à 40% de la consommation de bois par rapport à un four traditionnel pour le fumage du poisson.', 'UTCATF Scénario de référence Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnelCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Tableau 2 Émissions de GES (kt CO2eq) et impacts des différents scénarios sur la période 2018-2030 eq Scénario de référence Inconditionnel Conditionnel Procédés industriels NE NE NE NE % de réduction 0,5 19,3 Les actions considérées sont décrites ci-dessous : Le secteur de l’énergie Les projets considérés d’ici 2030 dans les scénarios sont pour le secteur de la production d’électricité : Scénario inconditionnel : - La construction d’une centrale à turbine fonctionnant au gaz de 210 MW implantée à N’Gouri dans la Province des Lac ; - La prise en compte de 2,2 MW d’éoliennes ; - La mise en place de fours de séchage améliorés pour le secteur de la pêche (150 fours de type chokor et 200 claies de séchage améliorées) permettant des gains de 30 à 40% de la consommation de bois par rapport à un four traditionnel pour le fumage du poisson. Scénario conditionnel (actions supplémentaires) : - La construction de deux centrales (2x15 MW chacune) alimentées à la biomasse à Moundou et Sarh ; - Le mise en œuvre du projet d’interconnexion du réseau électrique entre le Tchad et le Cameroun qui permettrait d’utiliser l’énergie d’origine hydraulique (40 MW) ; - La construction de plusieurs centrales photovoltaïques de grande envergure pour un total de 240 MW à très court terme (2025) et de 400 MW à l’horizon 2030 ; - La construction de centrales hybrides solaire-diesel pour un total de 60 MW (plusieurs projets sont à l’étude à Sarh, Moundou et Pala) ; - La construction d’une centrale solaire avec stockage d’une capacité de 65 MW dans la ville de N’Djamena ; - La construction de centrales éoliennes, pour un total de 100 MW, à Bol, Mao, Amdjarass, Faya, Biltine, Fada, Guéréfa, Iriba, Kalaite et Arada ; - L’extension de l’usage des fours et claies de séchage améliorés pour le secteur de la pêche (1500 fours de type chokor et 2000 claies de séchage améliorées) permettant la réduction de la consommation de bois pour cette activité.', 'Scénario conditionnel (actions supplémentaires) : - La construction de deux centrales (2x15 MW chacune) alimentées à la biomasse à Moundou et Sarh ; - Le mise en œuvre du projet d’interconnexion du réseau électrique entre le Tchad et le Cameroun qui permettrait d’utiliser l’énergie d’origine hydraulique (40 MW) ; - La construction de plusieurs centrales photovoltaïques de grande envergure pour un total de 240 MW à très court terme (2025) et de 400 MW à l’horizon 2030 ; - La construction de centrales hybrides solaire-diesel pour un total de 60 MW (plusieurs projets sont à l’étude à Sarh, Moundou et Pala) ; - La construction d’une centrale solaire avec stockage d’une capacité de 65 MW dans la ville de N’Djamena ; - La construction de centrales éoliennes, pour un total de 100 MW, à Bol, Mao, Amdjarass, Faya, Biltine, Fada, Guéréfa, Iriba, Kalaite et Arada ; - L’extension de l’usage des fours et claies de séchage améliorés pour le secteur de la pêche (1500 fours de type chokor et 2000 claies de séchage améliorées) permettant la réduction de la consommation de bois pour cette activité. - En termes d’efficacité énergétiques les actions sont : o La distribution de 3 000 000 lampes LED à basse consommation d’énergie auprès des foyers ainsi que 100 000 ampoules LED de bureaux ; o Un plan ambitieux de distribution de 3 000 0000 foyers améliorés au bois et 1 500 000 au charbon de bois ; o La production efficace de 300 000 tonnes de charbon de bois permettant d’améliorer le rendement de production et donc de réduire les consommations de bois et les émissions .', '- En termes d’efficacité énergétiques les actions sont : o La distribution de 3 000 000 lampes LED à basse consommation d’énergie auprès des foyers ainsi que 100 000 ampoules LED de bureaux ; o Un plan ambitieux de distribution de 3 000 0000 foyers améliorés au bois et 1 500 000 au charbon de bois ; o La production efficace de 300 000 tonnes de charbon de bois permettant d’améliorer le rendement de production et donc de réduire les consommations de bois et les émissions . - Enfin, l’évitement de CH4 via la mise en place de 10 000 digesteurs dans les fermes permettant de réduire les consommations de combustible fossile est considéré dans le scénario conditionnel.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD La mise en place de ces actions d’ici 2030 permettra d’éviter l’émission de 6 900 kt CO2 eq par rapport au scénario de référence dont 1 979 kt CO2 eq sont comptabilisées dans le secteur de l’énergie, 4 909 kt eq sont comptabilisés en foresterie (du fait de la baisse de la consommation de bois dans le résidentiel et dans l’industrie) et enfin 12 kt CO2 eq avec l’évitement d’émissions de CH4 .', '- Enfin, l’évitement de CH4 via la mise en place de 10 000 digesteurs dans les fermes permettant de réduire les consommations de combustible fossile est considéré dans le scénario conditionnel.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD La mise en place de ces actions d’ici 2030 permettra d’éviter l’émission de 6 900 kt CO2 eq par rapport au scénario de référence dont 1 979 kt CO2 eq sont comptabilisées dans le secteur de l’énergie, 4 909 kt eq sont comptabilisés en foresterie (du fait de la baisse de la consommation de bois dans le résidentiel et dans l’industrie) et enfin 12 kt CO2 eq avec l’évitement d’émissions de CH4 . Cet engagement pourrait être renforcé à l’avenir par la mise en place d’actions d’atténuation dans le secteur du transport notamment via la construction de lignes de chemin de fer, le développement des transports en commun dans les villes et l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique du parc roulant, notamment via l’interdiction d’importation des véhicules trop anciens.', 'Cet engagement pourrait être renforcé à l’avenir par la mise en place d’actions d’atténuation dans le secteur du transport notamment via la construction de lignes de chemin de fer, le développement des transports en commun dans les villes et l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique du parc roulant, notamment via l’interdiction d’importation des véhicules trop anciens. Ce secteur n’a pas été considéré dans les actions, faute de données précises sur le parc roulant et les consommations au niveau national. Un inventaire plus précis de ce secteur devrait être réalisés afin de pouvoir évaluer les actions à mettre en œuvre ainsi que leur impact en termes d’atténuation. L’agriculture L’agriculture est le secteur le plus émetteur au Tchad.', 'L’agriculture L’agriculture est le secteur le plus émetteur au Tchad. Néanmoins, aucune action prévue (hormis la mise en place de digesteurs dans les fermes, comptabilisée en énergie) ne vise directement une réduction des émissions agricoles, les principaux objectifs étant liés à la sécurité alimentaire du pays et au développement de la productivité agricole. La priorité pour ce secteur devra donc porter sur l’affinement des données d’activité et des pratiques qui permettront d’affiner l’inventaire des émissions de GES et ainsi pouvoir établir un plan d’actions détaillés selon les priorités définies au niveau national. La Forêt et l’Affectation des Terres Des actions de reboisement et de reforestation sont en cours ou/prévues pour améliorer le puits du carbone d’ici 2030.', 'La Forêt et l’Affectation des Terres Des actions de reboisement et de reforestation sont en cours ou/prévues pour améliorer le puits du carbone d’ici 2030. Dans le cadre du Défi de Bonn, le Tchad s’est engagé à reboiser un total de 5 millions d’hectares d’ici 2030, notamment des savanes arbustives dans la zone sahélienne (3,5 Mha) et arborée dans la zone soudanaise (1,5 Mha). Des actions de protection permettant d’éviter la déforestation (877 000 ha) et de restauration sont aussi prévues (50 000 ha) dans le plan d’actions à l’horizon 2030. L’impact de ces actions est estimé à des absorptions supplémentaires de 9 400 kt CO2 eq en 2030 eq d’émissions évitées liées aux actions d’efficacité énergétique.', 'L’impact de ces actions est estimé à des absorptions supplémentaires de 9 400 kt CO2 eq en 2030 eq d’émissions évitées liées aux actions d’efficacité énergétique. Les Déchets La mise en place d’une politique nationale de gestion des déchets est cruciale en termes de santé publique et de développement du pays. Le scénario conditionnel prend en compte la mise en place d’usines de traitement des déchets dans les grands centres urbains avec un impact de réduction estimé à environ 10% des émissions liées à la gestion des déchets solides. La priorité est encore d’améliorer la connaissance du secteur et de mettre en place des actions efficaces de collecte et traitement des déchets tels que la valorisation du méthane généré dans des décharges gérées.', 'La priorité est encore d’améliorer la connaissance du secteur et de mettre en place des actions efficaces de collecte et traitement des déchets tels que la valorisation du méthane généré dans des décharges gérées. Le traitement de eaux usées (notamment en zone urbaine) et la mise en place du compostage des déchets sont aussi à étudier. 5 La contribution actualisée en matière d’adaptation L’adaptation est un élément primordial dans la CDN du Tchad, vu sa vulnérabilité extrême aux changement climatiques, résultant de la combinaison d une grande pauvreté de la majorité de la population, de risques élevés de sécheresse et d inondations qui s’ajoutent à de conflits fréquents. Le Tchad est considéré par la communauté scientifique internationale comme l’un des « hotspot » du changement climatique dans le monde.', 'Le Tchad est considéré par la communauté scientifique internationale comme l’un des « hotspot » du changement climatique dans le monde. En effet, Le Tchad a été classifié comme le pays le plus en péril, parmi les 186 pays évalués, dans le cadre d une étude sur la vulnérabilité climatique. 10 10 Indice de vulnérabilité au changement climatique 2017. Verisk Maplecroft 2016CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Conscient de ces défis, le Gouvernement du Tchad a clairement mis l’accent sur la nécessité de l’adaptation dans sa première CDN qui a défini plusieurs secteurs et mesures prioritaires. Depuis, le gouvernement du Tchad a élaboré un nombre de stratégies et plans d’actions qui renforces les actions visant à asseoir une économie et une société plus résiliente aux changements climatiques.', 'Depuis, le gouvernement du Tchad a élaboré un nombre de stratégies et plans d’actions qui renforces les actions visant à asseoir une économie et une société plus résiliente aux changements climatiques. Celles-ci incluent, « la Vision 2030, le Tchad que nous voulons » et le Plan National de Développement 2017 – 2021, la Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques et la Politique Nationale de l’Environnement (2017). 5.1 Statut de l’adaptation au Tchad Les secteurs prioritaires d’intervention et les groupes vulnérables aux changements climatiques décrits dans la première CDN réalisées par le PANA ont été repris et légèrement mis à jour lors de la deuxième communication nationale et du Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat.', '5.1 Statut de l’adaptation au Tchad Les secteurs prioritaires d’intervention et les groupes vulnérables aux changements climatiques décrits dans la première CDN réalisées par le PANA ont été repris et légèrement mis à jour lors de la deuxième communication nationale et du Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat. Il est à noter que le Tchad ne dispose pas d’études complètes et détaillées de vulnérabilités de la population et des secteurs socio- économiques. Cette tache a été identifiée comme priorité dans le projet PNUD financé par le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM) « Plan National d’Adaptation du Tchad (PNA) » La mise à jour de cette CDN, en termes d’actions pour l’adaptation, s’est déroulée en parallèle et en étroite collaboration avec l’élaboration du premier PNA.', 'Cette tache a été identifiée comme priorité dans le projet PNUD financé par le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM) « Plan National d’Adaptation du Tchad (PNA) » La mise à jour de cette CDN, en termes d’actions pour l’adaptation, s’est déroulée en parallèle et en étroite collaboration avec l’élaboration du premier PNA. Ceci a permis de faire des consultations a échelle nationale et régionale et de mettre à jour la liste des principaux aléas climatiques, secteurs vulnérables et priorités stratégiques en matière d’adaptation, en tenant compte comme point de départ les priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la stratégie nationale de lutte contre les changements climatiques et le programme pays FVC, qui sont résumées dans le tableau ci-dessous.', 'Ceci a permis de faire des consultations a échelle nationale et régionale et de mettre à jour la liste des principaux aléas climatiques, secteurs vulnérables et priorités stratégiques en matière d’adaptation, en tenant compte comme point de départ les priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la stratégie nationale de lutte contre les changements climatiques et le programme pays FVC, qui sont résumées dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau 3 Priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la SNLCC et le programme pays FVC PANA-2009 CDN - 2015 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les CC - 2017 Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat - 2019 Eau Eau Systèmes de production agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieutiques Améliorer la résilience des systèmes de production agricoles et des systèmes urbains Production agricole Agriculture Pâturage Élevage - Pêche - Gestion de Risques Gestion de Risques Gestion de risques de phénomènes extrêmes Prévenir les risques et gérer des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes L importance de l adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques nationales et sectorielles se manifeste par l intégration dans les plans et stratégies nationaux des aspects liés à gestion durable des ressources naturelles, la coordination et la convergence efficaces des initiatives en matière de changement climatique, l intégration de l adaptation dans la planification nationale et dans les politiques et stratégies aux niveaux central, régional et local.', 'Tableau 3 Priorités définies dans le PANA, la première CDN, la SNLCC et le programme pays FVC PANA-2009 CDN - 2015 Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les CC - 2017 Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat - 2019 Eau Eau Systèmes de production agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieutiques Améliorer la résilience des systèmes de production agricoles et des systèmes urbains Production agricole Agriculture Pâturage Élevage - Pêche - Gestion de Risques Gestion de Risques Gestion de risques de phénomènes extrêmes Prévenir les risques et gérer des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes L importance de l adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques nationales et sectorielles se manifeste par l intégration dans les plans et stratégies nationaux des aspects liés à gestion durable des ressources naturelles, la coordination et la convergence efficaces des initiatives en matière de changement climatique, l intégration de l adaptation dans la planification nationale et dans les politiques et stratégies aux niveaux central, régional et local. Ainsi que l’application effective de services et d’informations météorologiques et climatologiques pertinentes et facilement compréhensibles.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 5.2 Risques climatiques, et secteurs vulnérables Selon les consultations nationales et provinciales entreprises lors de l élaboration de la CDN 2021 et les études PNA-FEM, les principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad sont les suivants : Tableau 4 Principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad Principaux aléas climatiques Secteurs Prioritaires Facteurs aggravants la vulnérabilité Principaux impacts • Sécheresses • Élevage • Agriculture • Eau et assainissement • Santé/Nutrition, Environnement • Pêche • Social • Éducation, Commerce • Réduction de la biodiversité et dégradation des écosystèmes productifs et forestiers • Dégradation de la qualité des ressources en eau, et fragilisation des écosystèmes aquatiques • Diminution des réserves d’eau potable • Perte de potentialité pour l’agriculture et l’élevage, et revenus associés (Perte des cultures, bétail) • Perte de potentialité halieutique et revenus associés • Malnutrition • Perte de vies humaines • Perte d’habitats naturels pour la faune et l’avifaune • Érosion • Hausse de températures • Élevage • Agriculture, Santé/Nutrition, Environnement, Éducation • Social • Eau et assainissement • Commerce • Urbanisation • Dégradation des systèmes agro- forestiers • Dégradation de la qualité des ressources en eau, et fragilisation des écosystèmes aquatiques • Diminution des réserves d’eau potable • Perte de potentialité pour l’agriculture et l’élevage, et revenus associés (Perte des cultures, bétail) • Perte de potentialité halieutique et revenus associés • Malnutrition, • Perte de vies humaines • Accentuation des agressions par les ravageurs et insectes nuisiblesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Impacts sur la biodiversité et dégradation d’écosystèmes • Inondations • Eau et Assainissement • Élevage • Agriculture Santé/Nutrition Environnement • Pêche • Social • Commerce, Infrastructure et habitations • Transport • Tourisme • Érosion • Déchets solides et liquides • Non planification territoriale • Réseaux d’assainissement inadéquats • Extension et multiplication des zones inondables • Destruction et perte de territoires, habitats, ressources communautaires et revenus associés • Perturbation de certains écosystèmes naturels et productifs, et revenus associés • Perte de pâturage • Pertes des cultures • Perte d’infrastructures publiques et privées • Maladies • Perte de vies humaines • Vents violents • Élevage • Agriculture • Santé/Nutrition • Environnement • Pêche • Social • Eau et assainissement, Commerce • Infrastructures et habitations • Transport • Tourisme • Dégradation du couvert forestier et végétal • Infrastructure inadéquate • Destruction et dégradation des infrastructures • Perte du bétail • Ensablements des puits et mares, • Maladies oculaires, • Érosions éoliennes Il est à noter que ces aléas et impacts ont des importances et priorités différentes selon les zones bioclimatiques du Tchad.', 'Ainsi que l’application effective de services et d’informations météorologiques et climatologiques pertinentes et facilement compréhensibles.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 5.2 Risques climatiques, et secteurs vulnérables Selon les consultations nationales et provinciales entreprises lors de l élaboration de la CDN 2021 et les études PNA-FEM, les principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad sont les suivants : Tableau 4 Principaux aléas, et impacts climatiques au Tchad Principaux aléas climatiques Secteurs Prioritaires Facteurs aggravants la vulnérabilité Principaux impacts • Sécheresses • Élevage • Agriculture • Eau et assainissement • Santé/Nutrition, Environnement • Pêche • Social • Éducation, Commerce • Réduction de la biodiversité et dégradation des écosystèmes productifs et forestiers • Dégradation de la qualité des ressources en eau, et fragilisation des écosystèmes aquatiques • Diminution des réserves d’eau potable • Perte de potentialité pour l’agriculture et l’élevage, et revenus associés (Perte des cultures, bétail) • Perte de potentialité halieutique et revenus associés • Malnutrition • Perte de vies humaines • Perte d’habitats naturels pour la faune et l’avifaune • Érosion • Hausse de températures • Élevage • Agriculture, Santé/Nutrition, Environnement, Éducation • Social • Eau et assainissement • Commerce • Urbanisation • Dégradation des systèmes agro- forestiers • Dégradation de la qualité des ressources en eau, et fragilisation des écosystèmes aquatiques • Diminution des réserves d’eau potable • Perte de potentialité pour l’agriculture et l’élevage, et revenus associés (Perte des cultures, bétail) • Perte de potentialité halieutique et revenus associés • Malnutrition, • Perte de vies humaines • Accentuation des agressions par les ravageurs et insectes nuisiblesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Impacts sur la biodiversité et dégradation d’écosystèmes • Inondations • Eau et Assainissement • Élevage • Agriculture Santé/Nutrition Environnement • Pêche • Social • Commerce, Infrastructure et habitations • Transport • Tourisme • Érosion • Déchets solides et liquides • Non planification territoriale • Réseaux d’assainissement inadéquats • Extension et multiplication des zones inondables • Destruction et perte de territoires, habitats, ressources communautaires et revenus associés • Perturbation de certains écosystèmes naturels et productifs, et revenus associés • Perte de pâturage • Pertes des cultures • Perte d’infrastructures publiques et privées • Maladies • Perte de vies humaines • Vents violents • Élevage • Agriculture • Santé/Nutrition • Environnement • Pêche • Social • Eau et assainissement, Commerce • Infrastructures et habitations • Transport • Tourisme • Dégradation du couvert forestier et végétal • Infrastructure inadéquate • Destruction et dégradation des infrastructures • Perte du bétail • Ensablements des puits et mares, • Maladies oculaires, • Érosions éoliennes Il est à noter que ces aléas et impacts ont des importances et priorités différentes selon les zones bioclimatiques du Tchad. Tableau 5 Zones bioclimatiques du Tchad, aléas et secteurs prioritaires Zone bioclimatique Aléas importants Secteurs prioritaires Saharienne • Crise de canicule • Élevage • AgricultureCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Froid intense • Tempête de sable • Sécheresse aiguë • Commerce • Steppes • Artisanat • Ressources en eau Sahélienne • Sécheresse saisonnière • Tempête de sable • Pluies intenses • Ressources en eau • Agriculture • Élevage • Artisanat • Pêche • Forêts • Énergie Soudanienne • Pluies intenses • Sécheresse saisonnière • Inondations fluviales • Ressources en eau • Agriculture • Élevage • Pêche • Forêts • Énergie • Commerce 5.3 Domaines d’intervention prioritaires pour l adaptation Les options d adaptation prioritaires ont été identifiées pour chaque domaine d intervention sur la base des priorités nationales, de consultations avec les parties prenantes au niveau nationale et régional, ainsi qu’une consultation dans les régions avec les communautés et les responsables régionaux et l analyse de la vulnérabilité des secteurs sensibles au climat du Tchad.', 'Tableau 5 Zones bioclimatiques du Tchad, aléas et secteurs prioritaires Zone bioclimatique Aléas importants Secteurs prioritaires Saharienne • Crise de canicule • Élevage • AgricultureCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Froid intense • Tempête de sable • Sécheresse aiguë • Commerce • Steppes • Artisanat • Ressources en eau Sahélienne • Sécheresse saisonnière • Tempête de sable • Pluies intenses • Ressources en eau • Agriculture • Élevage • Artisanat • Pêche • Forêts • Énergie Soudanienne • Pluies intenses • Sécheresse saisonnière • Inondations fluviales • Ressources en eau • Agriculture • Élevage • Pêche • Forêts • Énergie • Commerce 5.3 Domaines d’intervention prioritaires pour l adaptation Les options d adaptation prioritaires ont été identifiées pour chaque domaine d intervention sur la base des priorités nationales, de consultations avec les parties prenantes au niveau nationale et régional, ainsi qu’une consultation dans les régions avec les communautés et les responsables régionaux et l analyse de la vulnérabilité des secteurs sensibles au climat du Tchad. Les études ont utilisé une combinaison de revue de la littérature, de discussions de groupe et d entretiens individuels.', 'Les études ont utilisé une combinaison de revue de la littérature, de discussions de groupe et d entretiens individuels. Les graphes suivants résument les mesures prioritaires pour chaque domaine d intervention, classé selon un score compilant les évaluations de l’efficacité, faisabilité, rapport coûts/bénéfices ainsi que l’acceptabilité de chaque mesure. Les domaines d intervention suivants ont été classés selon les résultats des consultations avec les parties prenantes : Agriculture et Élevage, Environnement et forêts ; Eau et Assainissement ; Énergies Renouvelables ; Genre et protection sociale ; Éducation et communication ; Gestion de risque, Infrastructure et Aménagement du Territoire ; et Ressources halieutiques et aquaculture. Il convient de noter que le nombre et l’ordre des domaines d intervention prioritaires a changé en comparaison avec la première CDN.', 'Il convient de noter que le nombre et l’ordre des domaines d intervention prioritaires a changé en comparaison avec la première CDN. Les parties prenantes ont par ailleurs identifiés un nombre additionnel de domaines d intervention prioritaires, à savoir, les domaines d intervention de l’environnement, le genre et la protection sociale et éducation.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention agriculture et élevage : Étant un pays enclavé, son économie repose essentiellement sur l’agriculture et l’élevage qui sont des secteurs très sensibles aux changements climatiques. Le secteur de l’agriculture qui est tributaire des conditions climatiques est fortement affecté par les changements climatiques (baisse des récoltes, rétrécissement des espaces culturaux, sècheresse…). Les capacités limitées des populations locales à s adapter aux risques climatiques constituent également un obstacle majeur pour bâtir leur résilience.', 'Les capacités limitées des populations locales à s adapter aux risques climatiques constituent également un obstacle majeur pour bâtir leur résilience. Les options d adaptation prioritaires envisagées, représentent un certain nombre de mesures visant pour devenir plus résilient. Elles s’articulent autour de la diminution des menaces en intervenant sur les aléas notamment, entre autres, par la promotion des variétés améliorées des cultures, qui offrent des rendements plus élevés et plus stables et une meilleure résistance au climat.', 'Elles s’articulent autour de la diminution des menaces en intervenant sur les aléas notamment, entre autres, par la promotion des variétés améliorées des cultures, qui offrent des rendements plus élevés et plus stables et une meilleure résistance au climat. Autres options prioritaires en matière d agriculture et élevage comprennent également, développement de l’agroforesterie et le développement de l’approche par filière des filières agro-pastorales, l’amélioration de l’efficacité globale de l’élevage, l’investissement dans l’amélioration de la gestion des pâturages, règlementation de la mobilité pastorale et la diversification des techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols.', 'Autres options prioritaires en matière d agriculture et élevage comprennent également, développement de l’agroforesterie et le développement de l’approche par filière des filières agro-pastorales, l’amélioration de l’efficacité globale de l’élevage, l’investissement dans l’amélioration de la gestion des pâturages, règlementation de la mobilité pastorale et la diversification des techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols. Délimitation et aménagement des zones à vocation pastorale Développement des cultures fourragères Reglémenation de la mobilité pastorale Aménagements et Création des points d’eau pastoraux Diversification des techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols (CES) Amélioration de la race animale adaptée Maitrise de l’eau pour cultures irriguées Développement de l’approche par filière des filières agro- pastorales et agriculture biologique Développement de l’Agroforesterie (RNA) Promotion des variétés améliorées des cultures Agriculture et Elevage Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention environnement et forêts : La hausse des températures et la recrudescence des épisodes de sécheresse pourraient influencer le renouvellement des systèmes forestiers et pouvant conduire à des déforestations irréversibles.', 'Délimitation et aménagement des zones à vocation pastorale Développement des cultures fourragères Reglémenation de la mobilité pastorale Aménagements et Création des points d’eau pastoraux Diversification des techniques de conservation de l’eau et des sols (CES) Amélioration de la race animale adaptée Maitrise de l’eau pour cultures irriguées Développement de l’approche par filière des filières agro- pastorales et agriculture biologique Développement de l’Agroforesterie (RNA) Promotion des variétés améliorées des cultures Agriculture et Elevage Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention environnement et forêts : La hausse des températures et la recrudescence des épisodes de sécheresse pourraient influencer le renouvellement des systèmes forestiers et pouvant conduire à des déforestations irréversibles. Les aires protégées couvrent 12% du territoire mais sont soumises à de fortes pressions : pression pastorale, braconnage, pêche, pression démographique, surexploitation des ressources naturelles, feux de brousse et agriculture.', 'Les aires protégées couvrent 12% du territoire mais sont soumises à de fortes pressions : pression pastorale, braconnage, pêche, pression démographique, surexploitation des ressources naturelles, feux de brousse et agriculture. Au Tchad, il y a un manque important de données environnementales, ce qui limite la possibilité d’évaluer les impacts. Les mesures d adaptation identifiées soutiendront la restauration des forêts et la gestion durable des forêts, par exemple, à travers la promotion des produits forestiers non ligneux, ce qui profitera à la conservation de la biodiversité et réduira la déforestation, ainsi que l impact des inondations, et contribuera au développement d activités génératrices de revenus pour les communautés Domaines d intervention eau et assainissement.', 'Les mesures d adaptation identifiées soutiendront la restauration des forêts et la gestion durable des forêts, par exemple, à travers la promotion des produits forestiers non ligneux, ce qui profitera à la conservation de la biodiversité et réduira la déforestation, ainsi que l impact des inondations, et contribuera au développement d activités génératrices de revenus pour les communautés Domaines d intervention eau et assainissement. Les projections actuelles de la disponibilité de l eau au Tchad présentent une grande incertitude dans les deux scénarios d émissions de GES. Les effets combinés de la réduction des précipitations et des températures élevées conduisent dans certains cas à l assèchement de certains cours d eau et installations d eau potable.', 'Les effets combinés de la réduction des précipitations et des températures élevées conduisent dans certains cas à l assèchement de certains cours d eau et installations d eau potable. Lorsque des inondations se Gestion de feux de brousses et de forêts* Promotion des techniques de Mise en défens Protection et Conservation Biodiversité et des aires protegées Mise en place et/ou gestion effective des forêts communautaires* Mise en valeur des saveurs-faire et connaissances autochtones Promotion et valorisation des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL) Environnement et Forêts Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices Acceptabilité Sytèmes de collecte et traitement des eaux usées des eaux de pluies Promotion des mesures de base en assainissement (e.g.', 'Lorsque des inondations se Gestion de feux de brousses et de forêts* Promotion des techniques de Mise en défens Protection et Conservation Biodiversité et des aires protegées Mise en place et/ou gestion effective des forêts communautaires* Mise en valeur des saveurs-faire et connaissances autochtones Promotion et valorisation des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL) Environnement et Forêts Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices Acceptabilité Sytèmes de collecte et traitement des eaux usées des eaux de pluies Promotion des mesures de base en assainissement (e.g. assainissement total Piloté par la Communauté et l’assainissement écologique) Amélioration des Connaissances sur les Ressources en Eau de surface et souterraine Aménagements des mares et barrages adaptés Construction de puits modernes et forages Eau et assainissement Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD produisent, elles augmentent la pollution des eaux de surface et souterraines.', 'assainissement total Piloté par la Communauté et l’assainissement écologique) Amélioration des Connaissances sur les Ressources en Eau de surface et souterraine Aménagements des mares et barrages adaptés Construction de puits modernes et forages Eau et assainissement Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD produisent, elles augmentent la pollution des eaux de surface et souterraines. D’autre part, les inondations provoquent la pollution des eaux souterraines à travers des ouvrages de captage mal protégés. Dans les milieux urbains, la plupart des populations font leur besoin dans des latrines pas ou peu étanches et creusées à des profondeurs dépassant le niveau de la nappe phréatique.', 'Dans les milieux urbains, la plupart des populations font leur besoin dans des latrines pas ou peu étanches et creusées à des profondeurs dépassant le niveau de la nappe phréatique. L’accès (ou le manque d’accès) à l’eau, à l’assainissement et à l’hygiène contribue fortement à la vulnérabilité structurelle du Tchad et affecte la situation sanitaire et nutritionnelle du pays. En matière d’éducation, les carences en eau, assainissement et hygiène pénalisent aussi le développement du capital humain. Les options proposées en matière d eau, d assainissement et d hygiène amélioreront la santé et contribueront aux avantages économiques des communautés. Ces mesures amélioreront l accès des communautés à l eau et à l assainissement de base et soutiendront les infrastructures d eau et d assainissement résilientes au climat.', 'Ces mesures amélioreront l accès des communautés à l eau et à l assainissement de base et soutiendront les infrastructures d eau et d assainissement résilientes au climat. De même que l utilisation durable, la protection et la gestion des ressources en eaux de surface et souterraines, et la gestion résiliente des déchets solides et liquides. Domaines d intervention énergies renouvelables.', 'De même que l utilisation durable, la protection et la gestion des ressources en eaux de surface et souterraines, et la gestion résiliente des déchets solides et liquides. Domaines d intervention énergies renouvelables. La consommation nationale d’énergie est dominée à 96,5% par la consommation de combustibles ligneux dont la productivité reste fortement dépendante du climat et ses variations.11 Cette surexploitation des ressources en bois pour les usages ménagers combinés au changement climatique ont conduit une déforestation supérieure à 90% du patrimoine national et une extinction de certaines espèces végétales de 1970 à nos jours.12 Comme la principale source d’énergie pour la cuisine est le bois ou le charbon de bois, la vulnérabilité du bois-énergie peut avoir un impact considérable sur les ménages qui en sont dépendant, surtout la population la plus Les options prioritaires identifiées comprennent des mesures qui favoriseront et soutiendront l utilisation d énergies renouvelables, telles que le biogaz et l énergie solaire, qui contribueront à réduire la dépendance des communautés vis-à-vis du bois de chauffage.', 'La consommation nationale d’énergie est dominée à 96,5% par la consommation de combustibles ligneux dont la productivité reste fortement dépendante du climat et ses variations.11 Cette surexploitation des ressources en bois pour les usages ménagers combinés au changement climatique ont conduit une déforestation supérieure à 90% du patrimoine national et une extinction de certaines espèces végétales de 1970 à nos jours.12 Comme la principale source d’énergie pour la cuisine est le bois ou le charbon de bois, la vulnérabilité du bois-énergie peut avoir un impact considérable sur les ménages qui en sont dépendant, surtout la population la plus Les options prioritaires identifiées comprennent des mesures qui favoriseront et soutiendront l utilisation d énergies renouvelables, telles que le biogaz et l énergie solaire, qui contribueront à réduire la dépendance des communautés vis-à-vis du bois de chauffage. Cela contribuera à réduire la déforestation et la dégradation de la couverture terrestre, et aura des retombées positives sur l économie, la santé publique, la santé et l environnement.', 'Cela contribuera à réduire la déforestation et la dégradation de la couverture terrestre, et aura des retombées positives sur l économie, la santé publique, la santé et l environnement. 11 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 12 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 13 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 Développement du bio gaz Promotion des énergies éolienne Vulgarisation du gaz butane Promotion des énergies solaires Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés Energies renouvelables Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention genre et protection sociale.', '11 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 12 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 13 Programme-pays pour le Fond Vert pour le Climat du Tchad, 2019 Développement du bio gaz Promotion des énergies éolienne Vulgarisation du gaz butane Promotion des énergies solaires Vulgarisation des foyers améliorés Energies renouvelables Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention genre et protection sociale. Une éducation limitée, des barrières culturelles, les inégalités des responsabilités sociales et la faible participation des femmes dans les prises de décisions sont à la base de leur vulnérabilité et entravent leur capacité à s’adapter aux changements climatiques14 .', 'Une éducation limitée, des barrières culturelles, les inégalités des responsabilités sociales et la faible participation des femmes dans les prises de décisions sont à la base de leur vulnérabilité et entravent leur capacité à s’adapter aux changements climatiques14 . Les femmes ne se trouvent pas dans les mêmes conditions que les hommes pour affronter les impacts négatifs associes aux changements climatiques et n’ont pas les mêmes capacités et possibilités pour y faire face, ce qui les expose ou les rend plus vulnérables. Les options prioritaires identifiées pour faire face à ces questions comprennent entre autres, la facilitation à l’accès à la terre aux femmes, le développement des filets sociaux ou le développement d’une base nationales de données désagrégée.', 'Les options prioritaires identifiées pour faire face à ces questions comprennent entre autres, la facilitation à l’accès à la terre aux femmes, le développement des filets sociaux ou le développement d’une base nationales de données désagrégée. Domaines d intervention gestion de risques, infrastructure et aménagement du territoire. Le changement climatique aura des impacts importants sur les établissements humains et sur les sites de production économique, particulièrement dans les zones urbaines à forte densité́ de population comme N’Djamena, Moundou ou Sarh. Les centres urbains sont déjà confrontés à des épisodes d’inondations lors de fortes pluies ou de crues des fleuves. Le Tchad, dépend fortement du transport routier, mais la densité routière du pays s’échelonne entre 6 et 40,5 km pour 1 000 km2 et de nombreuses routes non 14 IISD.', 'Le Tchad, dépend fortement du transport routier, mais la densité routière du pays s’échelonne entre 6 et 40,5 km pour 1 000 km2 et de nombreuses routes non 14 IISD. MEP. 2021. Integration du genre dans le processus PNA au Tchad.', 'Integration du genre dans le processus PNA au Tchad. Développement de la base de données désagrégée Développement les filets sociaux Lutte contre les normes sociales négatives Facilitation à l’accès à la Terre aux femmes et jeunes Promotion de l’entreprenariat vert de la femme et des jeunes Genre et protection sociale Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices Acceptabilité Développement l’assurance climatique Développement des systèmes de vigilance et de d’alerte précoce Promotion des instruments tels que le zonage, les codes de construction et le réaménagement* Mettre en œuvre un aménagement du territoire sensible aux risques et participatif * Gestion des nouvelles catastrophes naturelles liées au climat sur la base de cartes de zones à risque* Mise en place des Plan de Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes Climatiques à échelle nationale et locale Sensibilisation des communautés sur la prévention et gestion des risques climatiques Gestion de risque, Infrastructure et Aménagement du Territoire Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD bitumées deviennent impraticables pendant la saison des pluies, de nombreux villages et communautés rurales se retrouvant alors isolés.', 'Développement de la base de données désagrégée Développement les filets sociaux Lutte contre les normes sociales négatives Facilitation à l’accès à la Terre aux femmes et jeunes Promotion de l’entreprenariat vert de la femme et des jeunes Genre et protection sociale Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices Acceptabilité Développement l’assurance climatique Développement des systèmes de vigilance et de d’alerte précoce Promotion des instruments tels que le zonage, les codes de construction et le réaménagement* Mettre en œuvre un aménagement du territoire sensible aux risques et participatif * Gestion des nouvelles catastrophes naturelles liées au climat sur la base de cartes de zones à risque* Mise en place des Plan de Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes Climatiques à échelle nationale et locale Sensibilisation des communautés sur la prévention et gestion des risques climatiques Gestion de risque, Infrastructure et Aménagement du Territoire Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD bitumées deviennent impraticables pendant la saison des pluies, de nombreux villages et communautés rurales se retrouvant alors isolés. Les options prioritaires amélioreront la préparation des communautés et incluront l intégration de mesures de réduction des risques telles que des mécanismes d alerte précoce pour les inondations et les sécheresses.', 'Les options prioritaires amélioreront la préparation des communautés et incluront l intégration de mesures de réduction des risques telles que des mécanismes d alerte précoce pour les inondations et les sécheresses. Les mesures d adaptation profiteront aux établissements urbains en réduisant leur vulnérabilité aux effets des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes grâce à la cartographie des risques, aux codes de construction résistants au climat et à la réhabilitation des infrastructures. Domaines d intervention éducation et communication. Le secteur de l’éducation est un secteur primordial pour avancer tous les objectifs de développement du Tchad. Il est impacté directement et indirectement par le changement climatique, particulièrement suite aux phénomènes extrêmes (inondations, vagues de chaleurs, etc) qui peuvent engendrer des mortalités des enfants scolarisés, et enseignants ou avoir un impact sur les infrastructures scolaires.', 'Il est impacté directement et indirectement par le changement climatique, particulièrement suite aux phénomènes extrêmes (inondations, vagues de chaleurs, etc) qui peuvent engendrer des mortalités des enfants scolarisés, et enseignants ou avoir un impact sur les infrastructures scolaires. Selon l’Indice des risques climatiques pour les enfants (IRCE) de l’UNICEF, le Tchad est le deuxième pays au monde ou les enfants sont le plus à risque des changements climatique.15 Par conséquent, et à travers les priorités identifiées pour ce domaine d intervention, le résultat attendu est que les adultes, les jeunes et les enfants améliorent leurs connaissances et leurs informations tout en les encourageant à participer à des activités scolaires axées sur l adaptation au climat et la résilience afin de contribuer aux solutions au changement climatique. 15 UNICEF. 2021. Unicef.', 'Selon l’Indice des risques climatiques pour les enfants (IRCE) de l’UNICEF, le Tchad est le deuxième pays au monde ou les enfants sont le plus à risque des changements climatique.15 Par conséquent, et à travers les priorités identifiées pour ce domaine d intervention, le résultat attendu est que les adultes, les jeunes et les enfants améliorent leurs connaissances et leurs informations tout en les encourageant à participer à des activités scolaires axées sur l adaptation au climat et la résilience afin de contribuer aux solutions au changement climatique. 15 UNICEF. 2021. Unicef. 2021. La crise climatique est une crise des droits de l’enfant.', 'La crise climatique est une crise des droits de l’enfant. Vulgarisation des livres et des guides des formations Adaptation des calendriers scolaires aux changements climatiques Intégration de l’adaptation dans le curricula de l’éducation et dans les modules d’enseignement … Promotion de l’alphabétisation à fonction écologique pour les adultes Finaliser et mettre en oeuvre la strategie de communication du PNA* Promotion des clubs environnementaux dans les établissements scoloaires et universitaires Education et Communication Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Domaines d intervention ressources halieutiques et aquaculture : La variation des régimes pluviométriques et l utilisation de l eau ont un impact sur les activités de pêche en eau douce. La variabilité climatique agit davantage sur les activités de la pêche et de production de spiruline artisanale.', 'La variabilité climatique agit davantage sur les activités de la pêche et de production de spiruline artisanale. Par conséquent, une irrégularité des pluies entraine une faible productivité des pêcheries et des ouadis producteurs de spiruline. Le secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture est essentiellement artisanal et est confrontée aux sécheresses récurrentes, le colmatage des cours d’eau et des lacs du fait de l’érosion dans les bassins versants conséquences de la déforestation accélérée. L’intégration de changements climatiques dans ce secteur est très faible en raison de l’insuffisance de qualité des analyses économiques et des évaluations approfondies des risques et de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la pêche.', 'L’intégration de changements climatiques dans ce secteur est très faible en raison de l’insuffisance de qualité des analyses économiques et des évaluations approfondies des risques et de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la pêche. Les options prioritaires identifiées comprennent des mesures qui contribueront à une meilleure adaptation des communautés aux impacts climatiques et, en même temps, à l amélioration de leurs moyens de subsistance, comme la pratique de la pêche amplifiée ou l empoissonnement des barrages et des bassins de rétention.', 'Les options prioritaires identifiées comprennent des mesures qui contribueront à une meilleure adaptation des communautés aux impacts climatiques et, en même temps, à l amélioration de leurs moyens de subsistance, comme la pratique de la pêche amplifiée ou l empoissonnement des barrages et des bassins de rétention. 6 Enjeux et priorités transversales adaptation-atténuation 6.1 La dynamique Genre Deux études ont été réalisées récemment, la première portant sur le genre et le changement climatique au Tchad16, la deuxième sur l’intégration du genre dans le processus PNA17, et ont souligné l’importance d’intégrer la composante genre dans les programmes relatifs aux changement climatiques au Tchad.', '6 Enjeux et priorités transversales adaptation-atténuation 6.1 La dynamique Genre Deux études ont été réalisées récemment, la première portant sur le genre et le changement climatique au Tchad16, la deuxième sur l’intégration du genre dans le processus PNA17, et ont souligné l’importance d’intégrer la composante genre dans les programmes relatifs aux changement climatiques au Tchad. Les deux études ont aussi souligné la faible compréhension du concept de genre par les différents acteurs (décideurs nationaux, et certaines femmes elles-mêmes) et des liens avec les changements climatiques. Ce déficit s explique en partie par un manque de formation sur les approches de développement inclusif mais aussi le manque d’initiatives de développement qui reposent sur la collecte systématique de données désagrégées par sexe et par âge.', 'Ce déficit s explique en partie par un manque de formation sur les approches de développement inclusif mais aussi le manque d’initiatives de développement qui reposent sur la collecte systématique de données désagrégées par sexe et par âge. Le rôle de femmes dans la gestion écologique et les inégalités d accès et de contrôle des ressources qui aggravent leur vulnérabilité demeure par exemple peu reconnu. Les deux études ont mis l’accent sur trois priorités transversales qui seront importantes à avancer dans les deux volets de la CDN, adaptation et atténuation : 16 Sarr et Djoula. 2020. Tchad - analyse genre et changements climatiques. Projet de renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales face a l’impact des changement climatiques au Tchad. Fond National de l’Eau.', 'Projet de renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales face a l’impact des changement climatiques au Tchad. Fond National de l’Eau. 17 Réseau mondial de Plan National d’Adaptation et Ministère de l Environnement, de l Eau de la Pêche. 2021.', '17 Réseau mondial de Plan National d’Adaptation et Ministère de l Environnement, de l Eau de la Pêche. 2021. Promotion de l aquaculture de la spiruline Promotion de la pisciculture Empoissonnement des barrages et des bassins de rétention Utilisation des engins et matériels de pêche adaptés Pratique de la Pêche amplifiée Ressources halieutiques et Aquaculture Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Renforcer les capacités du Ministère en charge du genre et des autres ministères impliqués dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques à exercer leur rôle catalyseur à l’intégration du genre dans les systèmes de formulation, de budgétisation et de planification de l’adaptation sensible au genre, • Systématiser la mise en œuvre de l’approche genre dans l’élaboration des politiques climatiques, des stratégies, plans, programmes et projets de développement durable, • Garantir l’accès des femmes aux sphères de prise de décisions à travers un accompagnement qui assure l’éducation, l’information et l’autonomisation économique.', 'Promotion de l aquaculture de la spiruline Promotion de la pisciculture Empoissonnement des barrages et des bassins de rétention Utilisation des engins et matériels de pêche adaptés Pratique de la Pêche amplifiée Ressources halieutiques et Aquaculture Efficacité Faisabilité coûts/benefices AcceptabilitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • Renforcer les capacités du Ministère en charge du genre et des autres ministères impliqués dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques à exercer leur rôle catalyseur à l’intégration du genre dans les systèmes de formulation, de budgétisation et de planification de l’adaptation sensible au genre, • Systématiser la mise en œuvre de l’approche genre dans l’élaboration des politiques climatiques, des stratégies, plans, programmes et projets de développement durable, • Garantir l’accès des femmes aux sphères de prise de décisions à travers un accompagnement qui assure l’éducation, l’information et l’autonomisation économique. 6.2 L aménagement du territoire L aménagement du territoire est ressorti comme un élément transversal important pour la planification et l’efficacités des priorités d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CDN.', '6.2 L aménagement du territoire L aménagement du territoire est ressorti comme un élément transversal important pour la planification et l’efficacités des priorités d’atténuation et d’adaptation de la CDN. Un aménagement du territoire efficace est un élément important d une réponse réussie au changement climatique, car il peut à la fois influencer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et représenter une stratégie d adaptation rentable à l échelle nationale, régionale ou locale. Les choix en matière d aménagement du territoire influencent de manière significative les impacts finaux du changement climatique et peuvent accroître la résilience à l impact du changement climatique grâce à l emplacement, la combinaison et la conception du développement.', 'Les choix en matière d aménagement du territoire influencent de manière significative les impacts finaux du changement climatique et peuvent accroître la résilience à l impact du changement climatique grâce à l emplacement, la combinaison et la conception du développement. Actuellement, de plus en plus de pays intègrent la prise en compte des risques climatiques dans les décisions de planification sensibles aux risques, en particulier dans les zones urbaines. En effet, les décisions relatives à l utilisation des terres et aux infrastructures peuvent soit diminuer, soit augmenter les risques de manière significative, en particulier dans les villes.', 'En effet, les décisions relatives à l utilisation des terres et aux infrastructures peuvent soit diminuer, soit augmenter les risques de manière significative, en particulier dans les villes. Si des investissements dans des infrastructures, des logements et d autres installations ont été réalisés dans des endroits dangereux, le risque est bloqué pour des décennies et il serait beaucoup plus coûteux de le corriger que d éviter sa création. Il sera important pour intégrer davantage les mesures de réduction des risques qui tiennent compte des effets de la variabilité et du changement climatiques, avec l aide de mécanismes d alerte précoce en cas d inondation et de sécheresse pour améliorer la préparation des communautés.', 'Il sera important pour intégrer davantage les mesures de réduction des risques qui tiennent compte des effets de la variabilité et du changement climatiques, avec l aide de mécanismes d alerte précoce en cas d inondation et de sécheresse pour améliorer la préparation des communautés. Les actions d adaptation bénéficieront aux établissements urbains en réduisant leur vulnérabilité aux impacts des événements climatiques extrêmes grâce à la cartographie des risques, aux codes de construction résistants au climat et à la modernisation des infrastructures. Les mesures comprendront également des améliorations en termes d efficacité énergétique des bâtiments, d espaces verts et de parcs qui auront des effets bénéfiques sur l atténuation.', 'Les mesures comprendront également des améliorations en termes d efficacité énergétique des bâtiments, d espaces verts et de parcs qui auront des effets bénéfiques sur l atténuation. 6.3 Mesures générant des co-bénéfices L’un des éléments importants qui est ressortit des consultations au Tchad est l’importance de mettre l’accent et de prioriser les actions qui créent des synergies et co-bénéfices d’adaptation et d’atténuation. En effet, d ici 2030, le Tchad mettra en œuvre plusieurs mesures d adaptation au changement climatique qui se traduiront par des avantages en termes d atténuation, spécialement les solutions basées sur la nature (SBN) qui auront l’avantage de renforcer la résilience aux changements climatiques, contribuer à la capture de GES et aussi permettre d atteindre d’autres ODD.', 'En effet, d ici 2030, le Tchad mettra en œuvre plusieurs mesures d adaptation au changement climatique qui se traduiront par des avantages en termes d atténuation, spécialement les solutions basées sur la nature (SBN) qui auront l’avantage de renforcer la résilience aux changements climatiques, contribuer à la capture de GES et aussi permettre d atteindre d’autres ODD. Ces actions auront également des effets bénéfiques sur la biodiversité, la santé et le bien-être socio-économique des communautés.', 'Ces actions auront également des effets bénéfiques sur la biodiversité, la santé et le bien-être socio-économique des communautés. À ce titre et compte tenu de la vulnérabilité de l agriculture aux changements des régimes de précipitations dans le pays, la promotion et le soutien de SBN relatives à l agriculture durable et intelligente face au climat ainsi que l’agroforesterie qui comme la gestion des nutriments des terres cultivées, la plantation d’arbres dans les terres cultivées et l agriculture de conservation offrent un retour important quant à l’atténuation doublé d’un nombre considérables de bénéfices d’adaptation avec des avantages environnementaux et socio-économiques en termes d amélioration de la biodiversité et des services des écosystèmes ainsi que d augmentation de la production agricole, d amélioration des moyens de subsistance, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD La gestion du bétail et des pratiques durables de pâturage et d alimentation peuvent avoir des avantages en termes d amélioration de la fertilité des sols, de la couverture végétale et des écosystèmes des prairies, ce qui aura des avantages connexes d adaptation au climat et de séquestration du carbone.', 'À ce titre et compte tenu de la vulnérabilité de l agriculture aux changements des régimes de précipitations dans le pays, la promotion et le soutien de SBN relatives à l agriculture durable et intelligente face au climat ainsi que l’agroforesterie qui comme la gestion des nutriments des terres cultivées, la plantation d’arbres dans les terres cultivées et l agriculture de conservation offrent un retour important quant à l’atténuation doublé d’un nombre considérables de bénéfices d’adaptation avec des avantages environnementaux et socio-économiques en termes d amélioration de la biodiversité et des services des écosystèmes ainsi que d augmentation de la production agricole, d amélioration des moyens de subsistance, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD La gestion du bétail et des pratiques durables de pâturage et d alimentation peuvent avoir des avantages en termes d amélioration de la fertilité des sols, de la couverture végétale et des écosystèmes des prairies, ce qui aura des avantages connexes d adaptation au climat et de séquestration du carbone. Ces actions seront également associées aux pratiques de gestion du fumier et au compostage, qui auront des effets d atténuation en réduisant les émissions de méthane (CH4) et d oxyde nitreux (N2 O).', 'Ces actions seront également associées aux pratiques de gestion du fumier et au compostage, qui auront des effets d atténuation en réduisant les émissions de méthane (CH4) et d oxyde nitreux (N2 O). D autres mesures d adaptation présentant des avantages en termes d atténuation soutiendront la restauration des forêts et la gestion durable des forêts, qui bénéficieront à la conservation de la biodiversité et réduiront la déforestation, et l’impact des inondations, ce qui contribuera à la séquestration du carbone et aidera les communautés à mettre en place des activités génératrices de revenus alternatives. L intégration de l adaptation et de l atténuation dans l accès à l eau, à l assainissement et à l hygiène améliorera la santé et contribuera aux avantages économiques des communautés.', 'L intégration de l adaptation et de l atténuation dans l accès à l eau, à l assainissement et à l hygiène améliorera la santé et contribuera aux avantages économiques des communautés. Les mesures d adaptation amélioreront l accès des communautés à l eau et à l hygiène de base et soutiendront les infrastructures d eau et d assainissement résistantes au climat. Des mesures d atténuation seront également intégrées en termes de traitement des eaux usées et d utilisation de l énergie solaire pour extraire l eau, ce qui peut réduire les émissions.', 'Des mesures d atténuation seront également intégrées en termes de traitement des eaux usées et d utilisation de l énergie solaire pour extraire l eau, ce qui peut réduire les émissions. Il est aussi important de noter que les parties prenantes ont identifié le domaines d intervention des énergies renouvelables comme étant important pour l’adaptation vu que la promotion et le soutien de l utilisation d énergies renouvelables, telles que le biogaz et l énergie solaire, généreront des co-bénéfices en réduisant les émissions de méthane (CH4) et d oxyde nitreux (N2 O) provenant du fumier et réduiront la dépendance des communautés vis-à-vis du bois de chauffage, ce qui contribuera à diminuer la déforestation et la dégradation du couvert végétal, ce qui, en plus d’augmenter la séquestration du carbone est un élément important pour réduire la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques et aura des avantages économiques, de santé publique, sanitaires et environnementaux.', 'Il est aussi important de noter que les parties prenantes ont identifié le domaines d intervention des énergies renouvelables comme étant important pour l’adaptation vu que la promotion et le soutien de l utilisation d énergies renouvelables, telles que le biogaz et l énergie solaire, généreront des co-bénéfices en réduisant les émissions de méthane (CH4) et d oxyde nitreux (N2 O) provenant du fumier et réduiront la dépendance des communautés vis-à-vis du bois de chauffage, ce qui contribuera à diminuer la déforestation et la dégradation du couvert végétal, ce qui, en plus d’augmenter la séquestration du carbone est un élément important pour réduire la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques et aura des avantages économiques, de santé publique, sanitaires et environnementaux. 6.4 Contributions aux Conventions de Rio et ODD La majorité des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation de cette CDN sont en parfaite synergie avec les engagements du Tchad dans les trois conventions de Rio sur la biodiversité, le changement climatique et la désertification, ainsi qu avec les Objectifs de développement durable et ses engagements dans le cadre du Défi de Bonn visant à restaurer 5 millions d hectares de terres dégradées et déboisées d ici 2030.', '6.4 Contributions aux Conventions de Rio et ODD La majorité des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation de cette CDN sont en parfaite synergie avec les engagements du Tchad dans les trois conventions de Rio sur la biodiversité, le changement climatique et la désertification, ainsi qu avec les Objectifs de développement durable et ses engagements dans le cadre du Défi de Bonn visant à restaurer 5 millions d hectares de terres dégradées et déboisées d ici 2030. Dans ce contexte, les mesures d adaptation prioritaires identifiées ainsi que les actions d atténuation promues par cette CDN soutiendront la restauration des forêts et des terres, s attaquer aux causes de la perte de biodiversité, à la dégradation des terres et à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Dans ce contexte, les mesures d adaptation prioritaires identifiées ainsi que les actions d atténuation promues par cette CDN soutiendront la restauration des forêts et des terres, s attaquer aux causes de la perte de biodiversité, à la dégradation des terres et à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ainsi, et à travers des solutions fondées sur la nature, ces actions contribueront aux objectifs de neutralité de la dégradation des terres d’ici 2030.', 'Ainsi, et à travers des solutions fondées sur la nature, ces actions contribueront aux objectifs de neutralité de la dégradation des terres d’ici 2030. En même temps qu elles favoriseront la conservation, gestion et restauration de plusieurs écosystèmes, ainsi que des interventions qui appellent à la protection et à la conservation de la biodiversité et la restauration des écosystèmes et de leurs services, qui font partie des objectifs du plans stratégique de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique. Certaines des mesures de réponse généreront également des synergies et co-bénéfices, notamment en termes d atténuation, d activités générant des réductions d émissions de gaz à effet de serre, qui seront menées dans les secteurs de l agriculture, de la foresterie et des autres utilisations des terres (AFAT).', 'Certaines des mesures de réponse généreront également des synergies et co-bénéfices, notamment en termes d atténuation, d activités générant des réductions d émissions de gaz à effet de serre, qui seront menées dans les secteurs de l agriculture, de la foresterie et des autres utilisations des terres (AFAT). La CDN génère également des synergies qui peuvent également générer des co-bénéfices pour plusieurs ODD, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les activités qui sont liées à des thèmes tels que l eau potable et l assainissement, l agriculture, la résilience, les infrastructures, l utilisation et la gestion des terres, les forêts, les écosystèmes, l’environnent, la réduction des risques de catastrophe, la sensibilisation,CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD l emploi, le bien-être, l efficacité des ressources et la capacité d adaptation, qui sont liés aux ODD 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13 et 15.', 'La CDN génère également des synergies qui peuvent également générer des co-bénéfices pour plusieurs ODD, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les activités qui sont liées à des thèmes tels que l eau potable et l assainissement, l agriculture, la résilience, les infrastructures, l utilisation et la gestion des terres, les forêts, les écosystèmes, l’environnent, la réduction des risques de catastrophe, la sensibilisation,CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD l emploi, le bien-être, l efficacité des ressources et la capacité d adaptation, qui sont liés aux ODD 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13 et 15. 7 Moyens de mise en œuvre 7.1 Suivi des actions et besoins en termes de support 7.1.1 Suivi des actions d’atténuation Les actions d’atténuation considérées dans les scénarios sont clairement identifiées ce qui permettra de suivre efficacement leur mise en place et leur impact réel en termes de réduction des émissions de GES ainsi que les supports reçus.', '7 Moyens de mise en œuvre 7.1 Suivi des actions et besoins en termes de support 7.1.1 Suivi des actions d’atténuation Les actions d’atténuation considérées dans les scénarios sont clairement identifiées ce qui permettra de suivre efficacement leur mise en place et leur impact réel en termes de réduction des émissions de GES ainsi que les supports reçus. Des indicateurs de suivi ainsi que les entités responsables de ce suivi seront définis dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN, pour chacune des actions.', 'Des indicateurs de suivi ainsi que les entités responsables de ce suivi seront définis dans le plan de mise en œuvre de la CDN, pour chacune des actions. 7.1.2 Besoins en termes d’investissement L’investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN est estimé ci- dessous : Tableau 6 Investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN Secteur Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TOTAL Energie Agriculture - Digesteur - 2,5 2,5 La mise en œuvre des actions couvertes par le scénario conditionnel nécessite l’appui financier international à hauteur de 6,285,385,669 USD soit 94% des investissements nécessaires à l’atteinte de l’objectif national.', '7.1.2 Besoins en termes d’investissement L’investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN est estimé ci- dessous : Tableau 6 Investissement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation de la CDN Secteur Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel TOTAL Energie Agriculture - Digesteur - 2,5 2,5 La mise en œuvre des actions couvertes par le scénario conditionnel nécessite l’appui financier international à hauteur de 6,285,385,669 USD soit 94% des investissements nécessaires à l’atteinte de l’objectif national. 7.2 Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation Le bilan des réalisations de la 1ere CDN révèle que les financements de l adaptation engagés durant la période 2016-2020 sont insuffisants par rapport aux besoins. La CDN révisée a aussi considéré un nombre plus important de secteurs et mesures prioritaires.', 'La CDN révisée a aussi considéré un nombre plus important de secteurs et mesures prioritaires. Compte tenu du manque d études et de données quantifiées pour déterminer les impacts socio- économiques du changement climatique sur les différents secteurs au Tchad, il était difficile d estimer le coût des interventions d adaptation. Ainsi, les besoins de financement de cette CDN ont été estimés en fourchette. Le montant minimum correspond est estimé suivant une approche “top-down” qui estime les besoins d’adaptation à un pourcentage du PIB.', 'Le montant minimum correspond est estimé suivant une approche “top-down” qui estime les besoins d’adaptation à un pourcentage du PIB. Celle-ci se base sur des simulations globales des besoins en adaptation développées par le PNUE (approche top down tirée de l’Adaptation Gap Report), ainsi que plusieurs rapports et études qui ont évalué que les couts d’adaptation pourraient être équivalent à uneCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD perte annuelle entre 1.5 et 3% du PIB en Afrique à l’horizon de 2030.18 Le Tchad étant l’un des pays les plus vulnérables au monde, l’estimation de 3% du PIB a été choisie.', 'Celle-ci se base sur des simulations globales des besoins en adaptation développées par le PNUE (approche top down tirée de l’Adaptation Gap Report), ainsi que plusieurs rapports et études qui ont évalué que les couts d’adaptation pourraient être équivalent à uneCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD perte annuelle entre 1.5 et 3% du PIB en Afrique à l’horizon de 2030.18 Le Tchad étant l’un des pays les plus vulnérables au monde, l’estimation de 3% du PIB a été choisie. Selon cette approche, les besoins en financement pour répondre au niveau élevé de risques climatiques attendus au Tchad pourraient s’élever à plus de 375 millions d’USD dès 2021 (soit sur la base d’estimation de 3% du Produit intérieur brut) pour atteindre le coût annuel de 645 millions d’USD à l’horizon 2030 (tableau 7).', 'Selon cette approche, les besoins en financement pour répondre au niveau élevé de risques climatiques attendus au Tchad pourraient s’élever à plus de 375 millions d’USD dès 2021 (soit sur la base d’estimation de 3% du Produit intérieur brut) pour atteindre le coût annuel de 645 millions d’USD à l’horizon 2030 (tableau 7). En se basant sur ces simulations annuelles, les besoins en financement pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 5, 002 milliards d’USD.', 'En se basant sur ces simulations annuelles, les besoins en financement pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 5, 002 milliards d’USD. Tableau 7 Récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation (approche top-down) (En millions USD durant la période 2021-2030) PIB Besoins de financement à 3% PIB (Millions USD) Croissance annuelle (Milliard USD) Les besoins de financement proposés de 5,002 milliards d’USD pour la CDN révisée sont plus prudents par rapport aux besoins de financement de l adaptation inclus dans la CDN 2015 et qui représentaient un total de 14,169 milliards d’USD. Cette valeur est gardée comme la valeur maximale des couts d’adaptation pour la période allant à 2030.', 'Cette valeur est gardée comme la valeur maximale des couts d’adaptation pour la période allant à 2030. Elle découle de l’extrapolation des couts de deux programmes nationaux du Tchad axés sur la résilience : le Programme Résilience Pays du Tchad dans le cadre de l’Alliance globale pour la résilience (AGIR) (PRP_AGIR) et du Plan National d’Investissement du Secteur Rural (PNISR) couvrant la période. L’extrapolation des couts de ces deux programmes a été faite en appliquant un taux annuel de croissance pour la population de 3,5% et un taux annuel d’inflation de 2,9%10 pour arriver au montant de 14,169 milliards d’USD.', 'L’extrapolation des couts de ces deux programmes a été faite en appliquant un taux annuel de croissance pour la population de 3,5% et un taux annuel d’inflation de 2,9%10 pour arriver au montant de 14,169 milliards d’USD. Le PNISR, d’un montant total de 2 301,7 milliards de FCFA, s’appuie sur cinq programmes à savoir : • Gestion durable des ressources naturelles et adaptation aux changements climatiques (243,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des infrastructures et des équipements du secteur rural (1 277,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des filières agro-sylvo-pastorales et halieutiques (360,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, genre et renforcement de la résilience des ménages ruraux (94,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • recherche, adoption et diffusion des technologies, renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles (326,3 milliards de FCFA).', 'Le PNISR, d’un montant total de 2 301,7 milliards de FCFA, s’appuie sur cinq programmes à savoir : • Gestion durable des ressources naturelles et adaptation aux changements climatiques (243,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des infrastructures et des équipements du secteur rural (1 277,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des filières agro-sylvo-pastorales et halieutiques (360,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, genre et renforcement de la résilience des ménages ruraux (94,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • recherche, adoption et diffusion des technologies, renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles (326,3 milliards de FCFA). 18 Watkiss, P. 2010.', 'Le PNISR, d’un montant total de 2 301,7 milliards de FCFA, s’appuie sur cinq programmes à savoir : • Gestion durable des ressources naturelles et adaptation aux changements climatiques (243,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des infrastructures et des équipements du secteur rural (1 277,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • développement des filières agro-sylvo-pastorales et halieutiques (360,1 milliards de FCFA) ; • sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, genre et renforcement de la résilience des ménages ruraux (94,6 milliards de FCFA) ; • recherche, adoption et diffusion des technologies, renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles (326,3 milliards de FCFA). 18 Watkiss, P. 2010. The economics of climate change.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le coût global du PRP s’élève à 1 241 milliards de FCFA pour une période de 5 ans jusqu’en 2020 et ses priorités s’appuient sur les 4 piliers suivants : • Pilier 1 : améliorer la protection sociale des communautés et ménages les plus vulnérables pour une sécurisation de leurs moyens d’existence (415,7 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 2 : renforcer la nutrition des ménages vulnérables (249 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 3 : améliorer durablement la productivité agricole et alimentaire, les revenus des plus vulnérables et leurs accès aux aliments (564 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 4 : renforcer la gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (12 milliards de FCFA).', 'The economics of climate change.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Le coût global du PRP s’élève à 1 241 milliards de FCFA pour une période de 5 ans jusqu’en 2020 et ses priorités s’appuient sur les 4 piliers suivants : • Pilier 1 : améliorer la protection sociale des communautés et ménages les plus vulnérables pour une sécurisation de leurs moyens d’existence (415,7 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 2 : renforcer la nutrition des ménages vulnérables (249 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 3 : améliorer durablement la productivité agricole et alimentaire, les revenus des plus vulnérables et leurs accès aux aliments (564 milliards de FCFA) ; • Pilier 4 : renforcer la gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (12 milliards de FCFA). Les chiffres réels des couts d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 se situeraient dans une fourchette entre 5 et 14 milliards de Dollars Américains.', 'Les chiffres réels des couts d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 se situeraient dans une fourchette entre 5 et 14 milliards de Dollars Américains. Des études plus détaillées d’estimations de couts des besoins en adaptation seront élaborées par le PNA-FEM. Appui international prioritaire requis Sans négliger l’importance des sources de financement domestiques et privées, les apports financiers internationaux des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers devront jouer un rôle très significatif. Vu que le Tchad est parmi les pays les moins avancés, les apports prioritaires internationaux sont estimés de l’ordre de 75 % des besoins en financement, et devraient s’élever à plus de 281 millions d’USD / an dès 2021 pour atteindre plus de 483 millions d’USD / an dès 2030.', 'Vu que le Tchad est parmi les pays les moins avancés, les apports prioritaires internationaux sont estimés de l’ordre de 75 % des besoins en financement, et devraient s’élever à plus de 281 millions d’USD / an dès 2021 pour atteindre plus de 483 millions d’USD / an dès 2030. Il est à noter que le Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat a un budget estimé de 2,280 milliards d’USD pour onze (11) projets d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030, et que le programme n’adresse qu’une partie des secteurs prioritaires identifiée par cette CDN actualisée.', 'Il est à noter que le Programme Pays Fonds Vert Climat a un budget estimé de 2,280 milliards d’USD pour onze (11) projets d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030, et que le programme n’adresse qu’une partie des secteurs prioritaires identifiée par cette CDN actualisée. Plan d investissement climatique Étant donné que les besoins de financement prévus nécessitent un investissement à grande échelle, et que le gouvernement du Tchad ne peut rendre disponible seul, une approche spécifique est nécessaire en termes d accès aux ressources financières pour atteindre les objectifs de la CDN de ce pays. Un plan d investissement définira les priorités et le programme de financement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des différentes mesures.', 'Un plan d investissement définira les priorités et le programme de financement nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des différentes mesures. Ainsi, une liste de concepts de projets sera élaborée avec des propositions de financement qui seront soumises aux sources de financement. Dans ce contexte, le Tchad aura besoin d une combinaison d allocations budgétaires nationales, de sources de financement externes et de financement du secteur privé. Entre autres, le plan d investissement climatique estimera les besoins en ressources et proposera des mécanismes et instruments financiers complémentaires nécessaires au financement de la CDN. Ainsi que des mécanismes pour encourager ou mobiliser le secteur privé afin de promouvoir la mobilisation de ressources.', 'Ainsi que des mécanismes pour encourager ou mobiliser le secteur privé afin de promouvoir la mobilisation de ressources. Elle contribuera aussi à proposer un mécanisme de suivi des investissements réalisés pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN et à proposer un cadre pour le rapport annuel des fonds mobilisés et des investissements réalisés pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN révisée.', 'Elle contribuera aussi à proposer un mécanisme de suivi des investissements réalisés pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN et à proposer un cadre pour le rapport annuel des fonds mobilisés et des investissements réalisés pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN révisée. Par ailleurs et afin de renforcer la gouvernance climatique au sein du gouvernement du Tchad, la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre d un Fonds Climatique Tchadien sera explorée sur la base des expériences nationales et internationales qui pourrait être chargé de mobiliser des opportunités de financement pour la mise en œuvre des activités de la CDN et des autres activités en relation avec l’atténuation et l’adaptation des changements climatiques à long terme.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 7.3 Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie Atténuation Afin de réduire les risques institutionnels, techniques, politiques et financiers inhérents, cette activité doit faire l’objet d’un renforcement des capacités techniques, de recherche et de coordination des parties prenantes.', 'Par ailleurs et afin de renforcer la gouvernance climatique au sein du gouvernement du Tchad, la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre d un Fonds Climatique Tchadien sera explorée sur la base des expériences nationales et internationales qui pourrait être chargé de mobiliser des opportunités de financement pour la mise en œuvre des activités de la CDN et des autres activités en relation avec l’atténuation et l’adaptation des changements climatiques à long terme.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 7.3 Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie Atténuation Afin de réduire les risques institutionnels, techniques, politiques et financiers inhérents, cette activité doit faire l’objet d’un renforcement des capacités techniques, de recherche et de coordination des parties prenantes. Le Tchad encourage les Parties inscrites à l’Annexe 1 de la Convention à soutenir techniquement et financièrement la mise en place d’initiatives de suivi et évaluation de la CDN au Tchad.', 'Le Tchad encourage les Parties inscrites à l’Annexe 1 de la Convention à soutenir techniquement et financièrement la mise en place d’initiatives de suivi et évaluation de la CDN au Tchad. Notamment, l’appui à la mise en place de l’Agence nationale sur le MRV impliquant les différents secteurs permettront la mise en place d’un système national de transparence portant sur la mise à jour régulière des inventaires de GES, la définition et le rapportage des indicateurs de suivi des actions d’atténuation et des supports nécessaires et reçus. Le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des statistiques nationales et de la définition des actions d’atténuation au niveau sectoriel.', 'Le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des statistiques nationales et de la définition des actions d’atténuation au niveau sectoriel. C’est notamment le cas dans le cadre de la transition énergétique (comptabilité énergétique, prospective, programmation des actions de maitrise de l’énergie, suivi et évaluation des actions mises en œuvre, la définition de nouveau plans d’actions sectoriels,…) mais aussi des autres secteurs tels que l’agriculture, l’UTCF (avec la mise en place d’un inventaire forestier et le suivi dans le temps de l’impact des actions) et le traitement des déchets. Le renforcement de capacités des parties prenantes dans la mise en œuvre des mécanismes de marché carbone prévus dans l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris ainsi que des transferts de technologies.', 'Le renforcement de capacités des parties prenantes dans la mise en œuvre des mécanismes de marché carbone prévus dans l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris ainsi que des transferts de technologies. Le besoin du Tchad est élevé en renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologie en plus des risques, fonciers, sécuritaires et climatiques et du risque financier. Aussi l attractivité du pays pour le secteur privé est très faible en raison de multiples et complexes éléments socio-économiques et géopolitiques. Les capacités locales dans la chaîne de valeur des projets d énergie durable sont insuffisantes et les données statistiques sur les ressources énergétiques sont limitées.', 'Les capacités locales dans la chaîne de valeur des projets d énergie durable sont insuffisantes et les données statistiques sur les ressources énergétiques sont limitées. Compte tenu des priorités du gouvernement en matière d énergies renouvelables, d électrification rurale et d efficacité énergétique (« La lettre de politique énergétique (LPE) (2018 - 2030), du niveau de développement du secteur de l énergie durable au Tchad mais aussi de l’urgence à intervenir sur le secteur électrique, les actions suivantes présentent un besoin urgent en renforcement des capacités et transfert des technologies : ► Renforcement du secteur de l’électricité : - Amélioration du cadre légal et réglementaire nécessaire au bon fonctionnement du secteur ; - Restructuration de la SNE et révision de ses fondamentaux (politique de tarification, politique de recouvrement) ; - Réduction du coût de production du kWh ; - Développement et améliorer les réseaux de distribution et de transport de l’électricité à travers le pays ; - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles pour permettre l’existence d’un marché de l’énergie efficient ; ► Augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie de l’ensemble des populations ; - Développement de l’électrification dans les villes principales et secondaires ; - Développement de l’électrification dans le monde rural par des solutions décentralisées de type mini-réseaux ou kits solaires ; - Développer des solutions alternatives au bois de feu pour la cuisson ; ► Promotion de la part des ENRs dans le bilan énergétique du Tchad ; - Augmentation de la contribution des EnRs sur le réseau électrique ; - Promotion des solutions des ENRs pour l’électrification rurale ; - Promotion des projets d’électrification par EnR de caractère social ; - Renforcement des compétences techniques locales sur les EnR et amélioration des procédures de contrôles du marché ;CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD ► Appui des actions relatives aux technologies et innovation dans le domaine de l’Efficacité Énergétique : - Renforcement des procédures de soutien et développement du marché de l’EE, domestique et industriel ; - Promotion des Foyers Améliorés et la cuisson propre ; - Promotion des compétences techniques locales sur l’EE et amélioration des procédures de contrôles du marché ; Le coût nécessaire aux actions de renforcement des capacités est estimé entre 20 et 30 millions USD, avec l’appui international.', 'Compte tenu des priorités du gouvernement en matière d énergies renouvelables, d électrification rurale et d efficacité énergétique (« La lettre de politique énergétique (LPE) (2018 - 2030), du niveau de développement du secteur de l énergie durable au Tchad mais aussi de l’urgence à intervenir sur le secteur électrique, les actions suivantes présentent un besoin urgent en renforcement des capacités et transfert des technologies : ► Renforcement du secteur de l’électricité : - Amélioration du cadre légal et réglementaire nécessaire au bon fonctionnement du secteur ; - Restructuration de la SNE et révision de ses fondamentaux (politique de tarification, politique de recouvrement) ; - Réduction du coût de production du kWh ; - Développement et améliorer les réseaux de distribution et de transport de l’électricité à travers le pays ; - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles pour permettre l’existence d’un marché de l’énergie efficient ; ► Augmentation de l’accès à l’énergie de l’ensemble des populations ; - Développement de l’électrification dans les villes principales et secondaires ; - Développement de l’électrification dans le monde rural par des solutions décentralisées de type mini-réseaux ou kits solaires ; - Développer des solutions alternatives au bois de feu pour la cuisson ; ► Promotion de la part des ENRs dans le bilan énergétique du Tchad ; - Augmentation de la contribution des EnRs sur le réseau électrique ; - Promotion des solutions des ENRs pour l’électrification rurale ; - Promotion des projets d’électrification par EnR de caractère social ; - Renforcement des compétences techniques locales sur les EnR et amélioration des procédures de contrôles du marché ;CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD ► Appui des actions relatives aux technologies et innovation dans le domaine de l’Efficacité Énergétique : - Renforcement des procédures de soutien et développement du marché de l’EE, domestique et industriel ; - Promotion des Foyers Améliorés et la cuisson propre ; - Promotion des compétences techniques locales sur l’EE et amélioration des procédures de contrôles du marché ; Le coût nécessaire aux actions de renforcement des capacités est estimé entre 20 et 30 millions USD, avec l’appui international. Adaptation Afin de réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience, les besoins d’adaptation touchent le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, l’appui financier et le transfert des technologies.', 'Adaptation Afin de réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience, les besoins d’adaptation touchent le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, l’appui financier et le transfert des technologies. Besoins en renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles : Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques et les technologies d’adaptation (développement des capacités des populations à réagir) ; Renforcer les aptitudes des acteurs (surtout femmes et agriculteurs) sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre de modes de production intensifiés et durables ; Appuyer la recherche et encourager les transferts de technologie entre les organismes de recherche et les acteurs agro-sylvo-pastoraux ; Soutenir les institutions à définir des priorités en matière d’adaptation selon les secteurs socio- économiques en fonction des besoins de la population et favoriser la cohérence intersectorielle, notamment lors de l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation.', 'Besoins en renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles : Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques et les technologies d’adaptation (développement des capacités des populations à réagir) ; Renforcer les aptitudes des acteurs (surtout femmes et agriculteurs) sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre de modes de production intensifiés et durables ; Appuyer la recherche et encourager les transferts de technologie entre les organismes de recherche et les acteurs agro-sylvo-pastoraux ; Soutenir les institutions à définir des priorités en matière d’adaptation selon les secteurs socio- économiques en fonction des besoins de la population et favoriser la cohérence intersectorielle, notamment lors de l’élaboration du Plan National d’Adaptation. Besoins en renforcement des capacités organisationnelles : Les organisations de la société civile et les collectivités locales du pays ont besoin d’être renforcés en termes de : Définition d’une vision et stratégie qui permettent une meilleure prise en charge des préoccupations des couches défavorisée et/ou vulnérables ; Définition des structures organisationnelles appropriées ; Mise en place des mécanismes de recherche de financement et systèmes de gestion des ressources (financières et humaines.', 'Besoins en renforcement des capacités organisationnelles : Les organisations de la société civile et les collectivités locales du pays ont besoin d’être renforcés en termes de : Définition d’une vision et stratégie qui permettent une meilleure prise en charge des préoccupations des couches défavorisée et/ou vulnérables ; Définition des structures organisationnelles appropriées ; Mise en place des mécanismes de recherche de financement et systèmes de gestion des ressources (financières et humaines. Besoins en renforcement des capacités organisationnelles techniques : Les collectivités territoriales ont besoin des capacités en formulation participative et mise en œuvre des stratégies, programmes et projets en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques qui soient intégrés dans des plans communaux de développement durable ; Les acteurs ont besoin de connaissances et savoir-faire en matière de : Construction d’ouvrages de protection contre les impacts des changements climatiques ; Conception et opérationnalisation des modes de production et de consommation plus écologiques ; Identification des espèces vulnérables ; Conception et développement des dispositifs d’alerte et de prévention des catastrophes qui résultent des changements climatiques ; Connaissances et savoir-faire sur les méthodes actives de recherche participative (administrations déconcentrées), associations, ONG, chercheurs et autres acteurs de développement - ces formationsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD devront avoir pour focus l’adaptation des groupes vulnérables aux impacts des changements climatiques.', 'Besoins en renforcement des capacités organisationnelles techniques : Les collectivités territoriales ont besoin des capacités en formulation participative et mise en œuvre des stratégies, programmes et projets en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques qui soient intégrés dans des plans communaux de développement durable ; Les acteurs ont besoin de connaissances et savoir-faire en matière de : Construction d’ouvrages de protection contre les impacts des changements climatiques ; Conception et opérationnalisation des modes de production et de consommation plus écologiques ; Identification des espèces vulnérables ; Conception et développement des dispositifs d’alerte et de prévention des catastrophes qui résultent des changements climatiques ; Connaissances et savoir-faire sur les méthodes actives de recherche participative (administrations déconcentrées), associations, ONG, chercheurs et autres acteurs de développement - ces formationsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD devront avoir pour focus l’adaptation des groupes vulnérables aux impacts des changements climatiques. Besoins en renforcement des capacités d’accès à l’information et aux connaissances : Elaboration et mise en œuvre dans chacun des pays d’une stratégie de communication entre l’administration coordinatrice du volet changements climatiques et les autres acteurs de développent ; Développement d’un programme national de sensibilisation, information et formation sur les changements climatiques ou appui aux programmes existants ; Appui à donner à tous les acteurs pertinents pour participer aux fora mondiaux, régionaux et sous régionaux en rapport avec les changements climatiques ; Nécessité d’informer et former les dirigeants et animateurs des fora provinciaux, locaux et communautaires sur les thématiques en rapport avec l’adaptation des groupes vulnérables aux changements climatiques.', 'Besoins en renforcement des capacités d’accès à l’information et aux connaissances : Elaboration et mise en œuvre dans chacun des pays d’une stratégie de communication entre l’administration coordinatrice du volet changements climatiques et les autres acteurs de développent ; Développement d’un programme national de sensibilisation, information et formation sur les changements climatiques ou appui aux programmes existants ; Appui à donner à tous les acteurs pertinents pour participer aux fora mondiaux, régionaux et sous régionaux en rapport avec les changements climatiques ; Nécessité d’informer et former les dirigeants et animateurs des fora provinciaux, locaux et communautaires sur les thématiques en rapport avec l’adaptation des groupes vulnérables aux changements climatiques. Besoins en renforcement des capacités de la recherche-développement : Appuis permettant d’identifier et de développer des projets de recherche-action dans le domaine des politiques et de la règlementation pour accroître le savoir-faire nécessaire dans le commerce volontaire du carbone, la mobilisation des financements qui en découlent et les mécanismes transparents et équitables de partage des bénéfices.', 'Besoins en renforcement des capacités de la recherche-développement : Appuis permettant d’identifier et de développer des projets de recherche-action dans le domaine des politiques et de la règlementation pour accroître le savoir-faire nécessaire dans le commerce volontaire du carbone, la mobilisation des financements qui en découlent et les mécanismes transparents et équitables de partage des bénéfices. 7.4 Mécanismes politiques et dispositifs institutionnels L’adaptation et l’atténuation nécessitent la participation active de différents acteurs et des réponses à des niveaux multiples. Les conséquences du changement climatique se font ressentir au niveau local etc, par conséquent, rendent la participation active des parties prenantes aux niveaux local, national et régional essentielle pour promouvoir les décisions d’adaptation qui sont prises lors des négociations de la CCNUCC.', 'Les conséquences du changement climatique se font ressentir au niveau local etc, par conséquent, rendent la participation active des parties prenantes aux niveaux local, national et régional essentielle pour promouvoir les décisions d’adaptation qui sont prises lors des négociations de la CCNUCC. Le Tchad dispose déjà d’un certain nombre de structures et d’un cadre institutionnel pour mettre en œuvre l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le Tchad dispose déjà d’un certain nombre de structures et d’un cadre institutionnel pour mettre en œuvre l’Accord de Paris. Notamment, au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement, la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques (DEELCC) est désignée comme le point focal national de l’Accord de Paris, et assure une fonction de coordination de l’action climatique avec tous les acteurs publics et privés, spécialement avec tous les ministères sectoriels (Ministère en charge de l’agriculture, Ministère en charge de l’élevage, Ministère de la santé publique, Ministère en charge des mines, de l’énergie et du pétrole, Ministère en charge des infrastructures et des transports, Ministère en charge de l’aménagement du territoire, Ministère en charge du commerce et de l’industrie, Ministère de l’éducation nationale, Ministère en charge de l’enseignement supérieur, Ministère en charge de l’information et de la communication, Ministère en charge de la femme et des affaires sociales, Ministère en charge de la défense nationale).', 'Notamment, au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement, la Direction de l’Éducation Environnementale et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques (DEELCC) est désignée comme le point focal national de l’Accord de Paris, et assure une fonction de coordination de l’action climatique avec tous les acteurs publics et privés, spécialement avec tous les ministères sectoriels (Ministère en charge de l’agriculture, Ministère en charge de l’élevage, Ministère de la santé publique, Ministère en charge des mines, de l’énergie et du pétrole, Ministère en charge des infrastructures et des transports, Ministère en charge de l’aménagement du territoire, Ministère en charge du commerce et de l’industrie, Ministère de l’éducation nationale, Ministère en charge de l’enseignement supérieur, Ministère en charge de l’information et de la communication, Ministère en charge de la femme et des affaires sociales, Ministère en charge de la défense nationale). Le Haut Comité National pour l’Environnement (HCNE) créé par le Décret N°822/PR/MET/95 du 20 octobre 1995, est un autre organe important dans ce dispositif institutionnel, puisqu’il veille à la mise en application effective des articles de la Constitution relatifs à la protection de l’environnement ; à l’intégration effective de l’environnement et le développement ; et à la mise en œuvre concrète des politiques de Développement Durable.', 'Le Haut Comité National pour l’Environnement (HCNE) créé par le Décret N°822/PR/MET/95 du 20 octobre 1995, est un autre organe important dans ce dispositif institutionnel, puisqu’il veille à la mise en application effective des articles de la Constitution relatifs à la protection de l’environnement ; à l’intégration effective de l’environnement et le développement ; et à la mise en œuvre concrète des politiques de Développement Durable. Le HCNE a aussi une fonction d’arbitrage en cas d’options contradictoires entre priorité de développement et de protection de l’environnement. Lors des consultations pour la mise à jour de la CDN, il est constaté une nécessité urgente d’améliorer et surtout d’opérationnaliser et assurer une stabilité du cadre institutionnel et des points focaux pour éviter une dispersion d’énergie dans la gouvernance climatique.', 'Lors des consultations pour la mise à jour de la CDN, il est constaté une nécessité urgente d’améliorer et surtout d’opérationnaliser et assurer une stabilité du cadre institutionnel et des points focaux pour éviter une dispersion d’énergie dans la gouvernance climatique. Cette action est primordiale pour garantir la durabilité de la mise en œuvre des actions et projets climatiquesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Ces actions de renforcement du cadre institutionnel doivent renforcer aussi le rôle des acteurs non étatiques et des communautés locales dans la formulation et la mise en œuvre des politiques et processus décisionnel. Une étude plus approfondie du cadre institutionnel en vue de recommander des structures pratiques s’impose.', 'Une étude plus approfondie du cadre institutionnel en vue de recommander des structures pratiques s’impose. 7.5 Recours à la coopération volontaire prévue par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris Pour la préparation et la mise en place de projets d’atténuation, le pays entend solliciter l’aide internationale auprès des diverses sources disponibles notamment les agences d’aide au développement, les institutions financières bilatérales et multilatérales, les mécanismes financiers de la CCNUCC ainsi que le recours aux mécanismes basé sur le marché pour un développement durable de l’article 6.4 mais aussi des démarches non fondées sur le marché qui sont prévues par l’article 6.8 de l’Accord de Paris.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Information nécessaire à faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension (ICTC) 1.', '7.5 Recours à la coopération volontaire prévue par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris Pour la préparation et la mise en place de projets d’atténuation, le pays entend solliciter l’aide internationale auprès des diverses sources disponibles notamment les agences d’aide au développement, les institutions financières bilatérales et multilatérales, les mécanismes financiers de la CCNUCC ainsi que le recours aux mécanismes basé sur le marché pour un développement durable de l’article 6.4 mais aussi des démarches non fondées sur le marché qui sont prévues par l’article 6.8 de l’Accord de Paris.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD Information nécessaire à faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension (ICTC) 1. Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, selon qu’il convient, une année de référence) a.', 'Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, selon qu’il convient, une année de référence) a. La ou les année(s) de référence, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ L’année 2018 est l’année de référence pour les projections des émissions à l’horizon 2030 b. Des informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de l’année ou des années de référence, de la période ou des périodes de référence ou d’autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l’année cible Pour l’année de référence 2018 le total des émissions, y compris, le secteur UTCATF, est de 74 090 kt CO2 eq.', 'Des informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs au cours de l’année ou des années de référence, de la période ou des périodes de référence ou d’autres points de départ et, le cas échéant, de l’année cible Pour l’année de référence 2018 le total des émissions, y compris, le secteur UTCATF, est de 74 090 kt CO2 eq. L’objectif national est exprimé en pourcentage de réduction des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030. c. Pour ce qui est des stratégies, des plans et des mesures visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ou des politiques et mesures faisant partie des contributions déterminées au niveau national, lorsque l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 ci-dessus ne s’applique pas, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes Non applicable d. Une cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction La cible vise une baisse des émissions de GES de 19,3% en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence.', 'L’objectif national est exprimé en pourcentage de réduction des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030. c. Pour ce qui est des stratégies, des plans et des mesures visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, ou des politiques et mesures faisant partie des contributions déterminées au niveau national, lorsque l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 ci-dessus ne s’applique pas, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes Non applicable d. Une cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction La cible vise une baisse des émissions de GES de 19,3% en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. Le scénario inconditionnel se basant sur les moyens propres du pays conduira à une baisse des émissions de 0,5% par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030.', 'Le scénario inconditionnel se basant sur les moyens propres du pays conduira à une baisse des émissions de 0,5% par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2030. La mise en œuvre du scénario conditionnel, basé sur l’appui international, permettrait une baisse totale des émissions de 19,3%. e. Des informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le(s) point(s) de référence Les émissions de GES de l’année de référence sont quantifiées selon les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour tous les secteurs. Les PRG appliqués sont ceux de l’AR4. f. Des informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence L’inventaire national des émissions de GES pour la période 2010 à 2018 a été mis à jour en 2021.', 'f. Des informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence L’inventaire national des émissions de GES pour la période 2010 à 2018 a été mis à jour en 2021. Il pourra être amélioré et complété notamment en estimant les émissions des procédés industriels et en s’appuyant sur des statistiques nationales plutôt que sur les bases de données internationales, notamment en ce qui concerne le bilan énergétique et le traitement des déchets. 2. Horizon temporel et/ou période de mise en oeuvre a.', 'Horizon temporel et/ou période de mise en oeuvre a. Le calendrier et/ou la période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris (CMA) b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas L’objectif est défini pour l’année 2030 3. Portée et champ d’application a. Une description générale de la cible Un objectif de réduction inconditionnel de 0,5% en 2030 par rapport à un scénario de référence (- 389 kt eq de réduction).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD a.', 'Portée et champ d’application a. Une description générale de la cible Un objectif de réduction inconditionnel de 0,5% en 2030 par rapport à un scénario de référence (- 389 kt eq de réduction).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD a. Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivis pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur : Cet objectif est porté à 19,3% au total dans le cadre eq de réduction) avec un appui international.', 'Des informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a suivis pour élaborer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, si elles sont disponibles, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant sur : Cet objectif est porté à 19,3% au total dans le cadre eq de réduction) avec un appui international. b. Les secteurs, gaz, catégories et réservoirs visés par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) La CDN couvre : - L’ensemble du territoire national ; - Tous les secteurs conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC (énergie, agriculture, UTCAFT, déchets), hormis les procédés Industriels dont les émissions sont considérées comme négligeables ; - Les GES suivants ; CO2 O ; Les PRG de l’AR4 sont appliqués.', 'b. Les secteurs, gaz, catégories et réservoirs visés par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) La CDN couvre : - L’ensemble du territoire national ; - Tous les secteurs conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC (énergie, agriculture, UTCAFT, déchets), hormis les procédés Industriels dont les émissions sont considérées comme négligeables ; - Les GES suivants ; CO2 O ; Les PRG de l’AR4 sont appliqués. c. La façon dont la Partie a pris en considération les alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision La CDN du Tchad inclut tous les postes d’émissions et d’absorptions anthropiques couverts par les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC exceptés les procédées industriels dont les émissions sont considérées comme négligeables.', 'c. La façon dont la Partie a pris en considération les alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision La CDN du Tchad inclut tous les postes d’émissions et d’absorptions anthropiques couverts par les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC exceptés les procédées industriels dont les émissions sont considérées comme négligeables. d. Les retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, actions et initiatives ayant trait en particulier aux mesures d’adaptation et/ou aux plans de diversification économique des Parties La république du Tchad a identifié plusieurs avantages en matière d atténuation découlant des mesures d adaptation, notamment dans les domaines de l’agriculture, secteur très vulnérable, les techniques d’adaptation devraient permettre de réduire les émissions dans ce secteur, notamment l’agriculture intelligente.', 'd. Les retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, actions et initiatives ayant trait en particulier aux mesures d’adaptation et/ou aux plans de diversification économique des Parties La république du Tchad a identifié plusieurs avantages en matière d atténuation découlant des mesures d adaptation, notamment dans les domaines de l’agriculture, secteur très vulnérable, les techniques d’adaptation devraient permettre de réduire les émissions dans ce secteur, notamment l’agriculture intelligente. La mise en œuvre des projets agricoles climato- résilients va induire des co-bénéfices atténuation adaptation.', 'La mise en œuvre des projets agricoles climato- résilients va induire des co-bénéfices atténuation adaptation. D’autres programmes ci-dessous : -Gouvernance locale pour l’accès à la terre et la sécurisation foncière pour les groupes les plus vulnérables dans la Province du Lac - Promotion du système d’exhaure solaire pour la mobilisation de l’eau, d’énergie et de diversification agricole dans la Province du Lac - Promotion de l’utilisation du compostage a travers des sites pilotes - Construction de mares dotées de forages solaires et d’un dispositif antiérosif pour l’accès à l’eau (potable et abreuvement du bétail) dans la plaine vulnérable - Appui à la gouvernance climatique, à la production agricole adaptée au changement climatique et à l’autonomisation des femmes et jeunes dans la province du Lac - Dynamisation des pratiques innovantes d’agriculture intelligente et résiliente aux changements climatiques dans les régions vulnérables -Promotion des pratiques d’élevage intelligentes et adaptées aux chocs climatiques par la transformation, la conservation et la commercialisation des produits d’origine animal 4.', 'D’autres programmes ci-dessous : -Gouvernance locale pour l’accès à la terre et la sécurisation foncière pour les groupes les plus vulnérables dans la Province du Lac - Promotion du système d’exhaure solaire pour la mobilisation de l’eau, d’énergie et de diversification agricole dans la Province du Lac - Promotion de l’utilisation du compostage a travers des sites pilotes - Construction de mares dotées de forages solaires et d’un dispositif antiérosif pour l’accès à l’eau (potable et abreuvement du bétail) dans la plaine vulnérable - Appui à la gouvernance climatique, à la production agricole adaptée au changement climatique et à l’autonomisation des femmes et jeunes dans la province du Lac - Dynamisation des pratiques innovantes d’agriculture intelligente et résiliente aux changements climatiques dans les régions vulnérables -Promotion des pratiques d’élevage intelligentes et adaptées aux chocs climatiques par la transformation, la conservation et la commercialisation des produits d’origine animal 4. Processus de planification i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Cette CDN a été conçue pour intégrer l égalité des sexes dans sa planification, en soutenant l inclusion de mesures d adaptation et d atténuation sensibles au genre qui ont été recommandées lors de consultationsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD aux niveaux national et régional et qui contribueront à une action climatique plus efficace.', 'Processus de planification i. Les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux, la participation du public et la collaboration avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, en tenant compte des questions de genre ; Cette CDN a été conçue pour intégrer l égalité des sexes dans sa planification, en soutenant l inclusion de mesures d adaptation et d atténuation sensibles au genre qui ont été recommandées lors de consultationsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD aux niveaux national et régional et qui contribueront à une action climatique plus efficace. ii. Les questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, selon le cas : a.', 'Les questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, selon le cas : a. La situation nationale, notamment la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté Pays enclavé, le Tchad couvre une superficie de 1 284 000 km² et est situé entre les 7e et 24e degrés de latitude Nord et les 13e et 24e degrés de longitude Est. Il est limité au Nord par la Libye, au Sud par la République Centrafricaine, à l’Est par le Soudan et à l’Ouest par le Niger, le Nigeria et le Cameroun. L’évolution des indicateurs démographiques montre que la population du Tchad recensée en 2009 qui était de 11,1 millions habitants (densité : 8,6 habitants/km²) atteindrait 15,1 millions habitants en 2018.', 'L’évolution des indicateurs démographiques montre que la population du Tchad recensée en 2009 qui était de 11,1 millions habitants (densité : 8,6 habitants/km²) atteindrait 15,1 millions habitants en 2018. D’après les résultats définitifs du RGPH2, les femmes et les jeunes de moins de 15 ans restent majoritaires avec une proportion de 50,6%, le taux d’accroissement annuel moyen intercensitaire est évalué à 3,6% (y compris les réfugiés). Sur le plan social, la proportion de la population tchadienne vivant en dessous du seuil de pauvreté monétaire est INSEED, 2014). L Indice du Développement Humain (IDH) au cours des cinq dernières années, (0,392 en 2015) est en hausse de 5,9% par rapport à 2012. En 2015, le Tchad s’est engagé à réaliser les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD, 2016-2030) sous l’égide de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.', 'En 2015, le Tchad s’est engagé à réaliser les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD, 2016-2030) sous l’égide de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Le pays est divisé en 23 régions, 63 départements et 250 communes. Le climat du Tchad est de type saharien au Nord, sahélien au Centre, Soudano - sahélien au Sud et Soudanien à sub humide dans l’extrême Sud. On distingue six (6) zones climatiques (DREM, Service météorologie ; 2009) : la zone Saharienne (< 100 mm) ; la zone Saharo-sahélienne (100 à 200 mm) ; la zone Sahélienne (200 à 600 mm) ; la zone Sahélo - Soudanienne (600 à 800 mm) ; la zone Soudanienne (800 à 1200 mm) et la zone Sub guinéenne (>1200 mm).', 'On distingue six (6) zones climatiques (DREM, Service météorologie ; 2009) : la zone Saharienne (< 100 mm) ; la zone Saharo-sahélienne (100 à 200 mm) ; la zone Sahélienne (200 à 600 mm) ; la zone Sahélo - Soudanienne (600 à 800 mm) ; la zone Soudanienne (800 à 1200 mm) et la zone Sub guinéenne (>1200 mm). La durée de la saison des pluies est de deux mois au Nord et à plus de six mois dans l’extrême Sud du pays. Sur l’ensemble du territoire, les températures moyennes minimales et maximales sont comprises respectivement entre 19 à 21°C et 34 à + 37 °C.', 'Sur l’ensemble du territoire, les températures moyennes minimales et maximales sont comprises respectivement entre 19 à 21°C et 34 à + 37 °C. b. Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national La CDN révisée du Tchad a bénéficié d’une architecture très solide sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et du changement climatique.', 'b. Les meilleures pratiques et l’expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national La CDN révisée du Tchad a bénéficié d’une architecture très solide sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et du changement climatique. Celle-ci a facilité : • la réalisation de la collecte des données ; • l’organisation des consultations avec les parties prenantes (secteur public, secteur privé, société civil), les PTF ; • les missions de terrain ; • L’organisation des focus groupes dans les départements du pays au niveau régional,CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • L’organisation des ateliers de sensibilisation et de formation sur l’application des logiciels de scénarios des émissions (LEAP et GACMO) c. D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La république du Tchad aspire avec ses ressources pétrolières autosuffisantes, à être un pays émergent d’ici 2025 et prône un développement suivant les ODD, mais aussi l’agenda 63 de l’union africaine.', 'Celle-ci a facilité : • la réalisation de la collecte des données ; • l’organisation des consultations avec les parties prenantes (secteur public, secteur privé, société civil), les PTF ; • les missions de terrain ; • L’organisation des focus groupes dans les départements du pays au niveau régional,CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD • L’organisation des ateliers de sensibilisation et de formation sur l’application des logiciels de scénarios des émissions (LEAP et GACMO) c. D’autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris La république du Tchad aspire avec ses ressources pétrolières autosuffisantes, à être un pays émergent d’ici 2025 et prône un développement suivant les ODD, mais aussi l’agenda 63 de l’union africaine. Les priorités sont : 1- Atténuation stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone ; 2- Dans le domaine de L’adaptation ; • L’élaboration du plan national d’adaptation ; 3- Les financements ; • Mise en place des mécanismes financiers sur les changements climatiques ; 4- Le renforcement des capacités et éducation ; Stratégie de renforcement des capacités 5- Le transfert de technologie ; Évaluation des besoins en technologie 6- La sécurité alimentaire ; 7- L’égalité des sexes (genre) ; 8- Les actions en faveur de la jeunesse ; 9- Les objectifs de développement durable (ODD).', 'Les priorités sont : 1- Atténuation stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone ; 2- Dans le domaine de L’adaptation ; • L’élaboration du plan national d’adaptation ; 3- Les financements ; • Mise en place des mécanismes financiers sur les changements climatiques ; 4- Le renforcement des capacités et éducation ; Stratégie de renforcement des capacités 5- Le transfert de technologie ; Évaluation des besoins en technologie 6- La sécurité alimentaire ; 7- L’égalité des sexes (genre) ; 8- Les actions en faveur de la jeunesse ; 9- Les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). d. Des informations particulières applicables aux Parties, y compris aux organisations régionales d’intégration économique et à leurs États membres, qui se sont mises d’accord pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment les Parties qui ont décidé d’agir conjointement, et les termes de l’accord pertinent, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Lors du sommet de l’ONU sur le climat, tenu à Washington en 2019, la République du Tchad a réaffirmé sa ferme volonté d’augmenter son ambition de contribuer aux efforts sur les changements climatiques, et d’inclure de nouveaux secteurs qui n’ont pas été considérées dans la CDN du Tchad publiée en 2015.', 'd. Des informations particulières applicables aux Parties, y compris aux organisations régionales d’intégration économique et à leurs États membres, qui se sont mises d’accord pour agir conjointement en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment les Parties qui ont décidé d’agir conjointement, et les termes de l’accord pertinent, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Lors du sommet de l’ONU sur le climat, tenu à Washington en 2019, la République du Tchad a réaffirmé sa ferme volonté d’augmenter son ambition de contribuer aux efforts sur les changements climatiques, et d’inclure de nouveaux secteurs qui n’ont pas été considérées dans la CDN du Tchad publiée en 2015. Les parties prenantes ont été sensibilisées lors des ateliers sectoriels du contenu de l’accord de Paris, du rapport spécial du GIEC sur le degré 1,5, de la lettre d’engagement CAFI pour les forêts de l’Afrique Centrale.', 'Les parties prenantes ont été sensibilisées lors des ateliers sectoriels du contenu de l’accord de Paris, du rapport spécial du GIEC sur le degré 1,5, de la lettre d’engagement CAFI pour les forêts de l’Afrique Centrale. Ces documents ont permis aux différentes parties prenantes de comprendre les enjeux liés la révision de la CDN pour rehausser l’ambition du Tchad. Le pays précise que son ambition a été revue à la hausse, en comparaison à la CDN de 2015 et aux conclusions de la dernière COP qui réclame plus d’ambition de réduction de la part des pays.', 'Le pays précise que son ambition a été revue à la hausse, en comparaison à la CDN de 2015 et aux conclusions de la dernière COP qui réclame plus d’ambition de réduction de la part des pays. e. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Chaque Partie communique une contribution déterminée au niveau national tous les cinq ans conformément à la décision 1/CP.21 et à toutes les décisions pertinentes de la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties au présent Accord de Paris et en tenant compte des résultats du bilan mondial prévu à l article 14.', 'e. La façon dont l’élaboration par la Partie de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Chaque Partie communique une contribution déterminée au niveau national tous les cinq ans conformément à la décision 1/CP.21 et à toutes les décisions pertinentes de la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties au présent Accord de Paris et en tenant compte des résultats du bilan mondial prévu à l article 14. La République du Tchad doit clairement exprimer, ses mesures prévues dans sa CDN en matière d’adaptation et comment cela à des co-bénéfices pour l’atténuation. Les principaux secteurs socio-économiques identifiés comme les plus vulnérables aux impacts du changement climatique sont : l’agriculture, la foresterie, ressources naturelles et affectation des terres, l’élevage.', 'Les principaux secteurs socio-économiques identifiés comme les plus vulnérables aux impacts du changement climatique sont : l’agriculture, la foresterie, ressources naturelles et affectation des terres, l’élevage. La plupart de ces actions sectoriellesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 5.', 'La plupart de ces actions sectoriellesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD 5. Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques : a. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution de la Partie déterminée au niveau national, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux directives pour la comptabilisation adoptée par la CMA Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de GES sont basées sur les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques : a. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution de la Partie déterminée au niveau national, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux directives pour la comptabilisation adoptée par la CMA Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de GES sont basées sur les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. b. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les émissions à l’horizon 2030 sont basées sur les projections et le calcul de l’impact des mesures d’atténuation considérées dans les différents scénarios ont été élaborées à l’aide du modèle GACMO (Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model).', 'b. Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les émissions à l’horizon 2030 sont basées sur les projections et le calcul de l’impact des mesures d’atténuation considérées dans les différents scénarios ont été élaborées à l’aide du modèle GACMO (Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model). c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la façon dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et directives en vigueur au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au La collecte des données sur l inventaire des GES a été réalisée selon les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC en prenant en compte les principes de base de la compilation des inventaires d’émission de GES qui sont la transparence, l’exactitude, l’exhaustivité, la comparabilité et la cohérence des données.', 'c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la façon dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et directives en vigueur au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au La collecte des données sur l inventaire des GES a été réalisée selon les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC en prenant en compte les principes de base de la compilation des inventaires d’émission de GES qui sont la transparence, l’exactitude, l’exhaustivité, la comparabilité et la cohérence des données. d adaptation ont de fortes synergies et co-bénéfices avec l’atténuation.', 'd adaptation ont de fortes synergies et co-bénéfices avec l’atténuation. Ces co-bénéfices sont : - Réduction des émissions ; - Promotion des énergies propres et renouvelables - Initiation de la population avec les nouvelles technologies de l’efficacité énergétique, réduction de la déforestation et promotion des produits forestiers non ligneux - Elimination des maladies ; - Amélioration de la valeur ajoutée des cultures vivrières et création de l’emploi pour les jeunes.', 'Ces co-bénéfices sont : - Réduction des émissions ; - Promotion des énergies propres et renouvelables - Initiation de la population avec les nouvelles technologies de l’efficacité énergétique, réduction de la déforestation et promotion des produits forestiers non ligneux - Elimination des maladies ; - Amélioration de la valeur ajoutée des cultures vivrières et création de l’emploi pour les jeunes. f. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, Le Paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’accord de Paris souligne que les retombées bénéfiques, dans le domaine de l atténuation, des mesures d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties peuvent contribuer aux résultats d atténuation en application du présent article.', 'f. Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique à l’origine de retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation conformément au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, Le Paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’accord de Paris souligne que les retombées bénéfiques, dans le domaine de l atténuation, des mesures d adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties peuvent contribuer aux résultats d atténuation en application du présent article. Le Tchad est un pays qui produits ses besoins en hydro carburants et privilégie des mesures d’adaptation et de diversification économique pour atteindre les Objectifs de Développement Durable.', 'Le Tchad est un pays qui produits ses besoins en hydro carburants et privilégie des mesures d’adaptation et de diversification économique pour atteindre les Objectifs de Développement Durable. On note notamment une faible sensibilisation et communication sur le processus de la mise en œuvre et du suivi des ODD, et une faible mobilisation de ressources pour le suivi et la mise en œuvre des ODD. Ces mesures prises sont souvent sous les menaces et risques de fluctuations des cours des matières premières, de l’évolution des conflits régionaux, des effets néfastes du changement climatiques et des flux migratoires incontrôlés ainsi que de la longueur des frontières et leur porosité. Les informations sont contenues dans la CDN (liste des projets et Co bénéfices au plan social et économique des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation).', 'Les informations sont contenues dans la CDN (liste des projets et Co bénéfices au plan social et économique des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation). La CDN actualisée du Tchad de 2021, présente aussi comment elle contribue aux atteintes des ODD.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, selon qu’il convient d. Les méthodes et paramètres de mesure du GIEC qui servent à estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. PRG appliqués : les PRG sont ceux de l’AR4 du GIEC : O = 298 e. Les hypothèses, méthodes et démarches propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, conformes aux lignes directrices du GIEC, selon qu’il convient, y compris, le cas échéant : i.', 'PRG appliqués : les PRG sont ceux de l’AR4 du GIEC : O = 298 e. Les hypothèses, méthodes et démarches propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, conformes aux lignes directrices du GIEC, selon qu’il convient, y compris, le cas échéant : i. La démarche suivie pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions ultérieures des perturbations naturelles sur les terres exploitées Non applicable ii. La démarche suivie pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Les émissions et abosrptions du compartiement des Produits Ligneux Récoltés ne sont pas encore estimées. L’approche par défaut de l’oxydation instantanée est donc appliquée. iii.', 'L’approche par défaut de l’oxydation instantanée est donc appliquée. iii. La démarche suivie pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts Non applicable f. Les autres hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et les absorptions correspondantes, notamment : i. La façon dont les indicateurs de référence, le(s) niveau(x) de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les principaux paramètres, hypothèses, définitions, méthodes, sources de données et modèles utilisés Les méthodologies appliquées pour le calcul des émissions de GES de 2010 à 2018 suivent les méthodes du GIEC avec l’application des facteurs d’émission Tier 1 par secteur.', 'La façon dont les indicateurs de référence, le(s) niveau(x) de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les principaux paramètres, hypothèses, définitions, méthodes, sources de données et modèles utilisés Les méthodologies appliquées pour le calcul des émissions de GES de 2010 à 2018 suivent les méthodes du GIEC avec l’application des facteurs d’émission Tier 1 par secteur. Le scénario de référence s’appuie sur les taux de croissance différenciés par secteur renseignés dans GACMO, appliqués sur la période 2018 à 2030. ii.', 'Le scénario de référence s’appuie sur les taux de croissance différenciés par secteur renseignés dans GACMO, appliqués sur la période 2018 à 2030. ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que des gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les démarches méthodologiques utilisées en rapport avec ces éléments, selon que de besoin Non applicable iii. Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national qui ne sont pas visés par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont ces facteurs sont estimés Non applicable iv.', 'Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national qui ne sont pas visés par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont ces facteurs sont estimés Non applicable iv. D’autres informations techniques, selon que de besoin Non applicable g. L’intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Cet article prévoit un système d’échange de droits d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre entre des pays qui en émettent trop, et des pays qui en émettent moins. Concrètement, les réductions d’émissions réalisées par un État pourraient être rachetées par un autre. Le Tchad est considéré parmi les pays les moins avancés, et entend recourir à la coopération volontaire. 6.', 'Le Tchad est considéré parmi les pays les moins avancés, et entend recourir à la coopération volontaire. 6. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale a. La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale Prenant en considération sa situation socioéconomique, la république du Tchad considère que sa CDN actualisée est équitable et suffisamment ambitieuse pour contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques d ici 2030.', 'La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale Prenant en considération sa situation socioéconomique, la république du Tchad considère que sa CDN actualisée est équitable et suffisamment ambitieuse pour contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques d ici 2030. Le Tchad contribue faiblement aux émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, mais il tient à garder le cap duCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD développement de son économie tout en utilisant les outils et les technologies propre à faible émission de carbone.', 'Le Tchad contribue faiblement aux émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, mais il tient à garder le cap duCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD développement de son économie tout en utilisant les outils et les technologies propre à faible émission de carbone. La CND actualisée du Tchad est animée par : - la volonté de lutter contre la pauvreté (ODD1), d atteindre une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, de parvenir à un développement durable en allant vers la transition énergétique et l’utilisation des énergies vertes, notamment en relation avec la responsabilité dans les émissions passées et futures, et la capacité à investir dans les politiques d’atténuation. b.', 'La CND actualisée du Tchad est animée par : - la volonté de lutter contre la pauvreté (ODD1), d atteindre une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, de parvenir à un développement durable en allant vers la transition énergétique et l’utilisation des énergies vertes, notamment en relation avec la responsabilité dans les émissions passées et futures, et la capacité à investir dans les politiques d’atténuation. b. Des considérations d’équité Depuis le début du 21 siècle, le Tchad fait de réels progrès dans le cadre de la gouvernance forestière et de la mise en œuvre effective d’action de terrain en matière énergétique et de conservation et de gestion forestière durable. Les efforts que le Tchad déploie en matière de conservation et gestion durable des écosystèmes du Lac Tchad sont énormes.', 'Les efforts que le Tchad déploie en matière de conservation et gestion durable des écosystèmes du Lac Tchad sont énormes. Les parties prenantes au niveau national considère que ces efforts sont importants mais insuffisants et invitent la communauté internationale à reconnaitre non seulement ses efforts, mais aussi à récompenser les efforts du pays. c. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris19 La CDN actualisée du Tchad représente une progression par rapport à sa contribution déterminée au niveau national communiquée en 2015. Il s’agit d’un élargissement du champ des secteurs visés par l atténuation. • La contribution déterminée au niveau national a bénéficié d’une grande participation des parties prenantes (ONG, Ministères clés, experts des différents secteurs).', '• La contribution déterminée au niveau national a bénéficié d’une grande participation des parties prenantes (ONG, Ministères clés, experts des différents secteurs). • La CDN actualisée intègre aussi les questions de genre, de la participation des femmes dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques. • La CDN actualisée a bénéficié de l’expertise des consultants nationaux dans sa préparation et sa rédaction. d. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Dans ce contexte, le Tchad s’appuie sur la stratégie REDD+ qui propose des activités de développement sobre en carbone pour le long terme. e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris21 Non applicable 7.', 'e. La manière dont la Partie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris21 Non applicable 7. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 a.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 a. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son Il est à rappeler que l’objectif ultime de la CCNUCC et tous instruments juridiques connexes que la Conférence des Parties de cette convention pourrait adopter (y compris les Accords de Paris sur les changements climatiques) est de stabiliser, conformément aux dispositions pertinentes de cette Convention, les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système 19 Comment le CND représente-t-il une progression au-delà du CND précédent de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possible 20 Pays en développement : Informations sur la manière dont ils continuent à renforcer leurs efforts d atténuation, et comment ils ont l intention d évoluer au fil du temps vers l Objectif de réduction ou de limitation des émissions à l échelle de l économie (Economy wide emission reduction or limitation target EWERLT) à la lumière des différentes circonstances nationales.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son Il est à rappeler que l’objectif ultime de la CCNUCC et tous instruments juridiques connexes que la Conférence des Parties de cette convention pourrait adopter (y compris les Accords de Paris sur les changements climatiques) est de stabiliser, conformément aux dispositions pertinentes de cette Convention, les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système 19 Comment le CND représente-t-il une progression au-delà du CND précédent de la Partie et reflète sa plus grande ambition possible 20 Pays en développement : Informations sur la manière dont ils continuent à renforcer leurs efforts d atténuation, et comment ils ont l intention d évoluer au fil du temps vers l Objectif de réduction ou de limitation des émissions à l échelle de l économie (Economy wide emission reduction or limitation target EWERLT) à la lumière des différentes circonstances nationales. 21 Les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires en développement peuvent établir et communiquer des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à leur situation particulière.', '21 Les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires en développement peuvent établir et communiquer des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à leur situation particulière. 22 L article 2 de la CCNUCC énonce l objectif ultime de "la stabilisation des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse dangereuse du système climatique" (CCNUCC 1992). La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD climatique.', 'La deuxième phrase précise que cette stabilisation doit être réalisée "dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, pour que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et pour que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD climatique. Il conviendra d’atteindre ce niveau dans un délai suffisant pour que les Ecosystèmes puissent s’adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre d’une manière durable. Dans le cas du Tchad, la dégradation des écosystèmes terrestres du Lac Tchad et de la production alimentaire est largement significative. Les menaces risquent d’être irréversibles.', 'Dans le cas du Tchad, la dégradation des écosystèmes terrestres du Lac Tchad et de la production alimentaire est largement significative. Les menaces risquent d’être irréversibles. La présente CDN révisée concourt à contribuer à la réalisation de l’article 2 de la Convention en termes de préservation des écosystèmes du pays et la promotion de la production alimentaire. Cette contribution se base sur une volonté politique grandissante œuvrant pour le renforcement de la contribution non-conditionnelle et l’intégration des changements climatique dans les priorités sectorielles de la politique du Gouvernement. Les mesures proposées sont basées sur les politiques mesures, stratégies, et plans en vigueur en république du Tchad. Les mesures proposées dans la CDN révisée ne devraient pas mettre en danger le développement socioéconomique du pays.', 'Les mesures proposées dans la CDN révisée ne devraient pas mettre en danger le développement socioéconomique du pays. Ce qui ne devrait pas mettre en danger les écosystèmes naturels, la production alimentaire. b.', 'Ce qui ne devrait pas mettre en danger les écosystèmes naturels, la production alimentaire. b. La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris23 Il est à rappeler les Accords de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques souligne : - En alinéa 1 du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 que contenant l élévation de la température moyenne de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et en poursuivant l action menée pour limiter l élévation de la température à 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, étant entendu que cela réduirait sensiblement les risques et les effets des changements climatiques.', 'La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris23 Il est à rappeler les Accords de Paris sur les Changements Climatiques souligne : - En alinéa 1 du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 que contenant l élévation de la température moyenne de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et en poursuivant l action menée pour limiter l élévation de la température à 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, étant entendu que cela réduirait sensiblement les risques et les effets des changements climatiques. - En vue d atteindre l objectif de température à long terme énoncé à l article 2, les Parties cherchent à parvenir au plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les meilleurs délais, étant entendu que le plafonnement prendra davantage de temps pour les pays en développement Parties, et à opérer des réductions rapidement par la suite conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles de façon à parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les absorptions anthropiques par les puits de GES au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle, sur la base de l équité, et dans le contexte du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté.', '- En vue d atteindre l objectif de température à long terme énoncé à l article 2, les Parties cherchent à parvenir au plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les meilleurs délais, étant entendu que le plafonnement prendra davantage de temps pour les pays en développement Parties, et à opérer des réductions rapidement par la suite conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles de façon à parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les absorptions anthropiques par les puits de GES au cours de la deuxième moitié du siècle, sur la base de l équité, et dans le contexte du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Dans le cas du Tchad, le pays enregistre des émissions de GES insignifiantes.', 'Dans le cas du Tchad, le pays enregistre des émissions de GES insignifiantes. Néanmoins, la présente CDN révisée concourt à contribuer à la réalisation de l’article 2 et de l’article 4 des Accords de Paris de la CCNUCC, notamment par le renforcement des activités et projets des 23 L article 2.1(a) de l Accord de Paris comprend deux objectifs de température globale - "bien en dessous de 2 degrés" et “1,5 degré”. L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions.', 'L article 4.1 les qualifie en déclarant que "les Parties visent à atteindre le plafonnement mondial des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès que possible, en reconnaissant que ce plafonnement prendra plus de temps pour les pays en développement parties, et d entreprendre des réductions rapides de ces émissions. et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècleCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétiques à travers tout le pays.', 'et à entreprendre par la suite des réductions rapides conformément aux meilleures données scientifiques disponibles.", et que les Parties s efforceront également de "parvenir à un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques par les sources et les émissions par les puits" dans la seconde moitié du siècleCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONALE - TCHAD énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétiques à travers tout le pays. Les efforts du Tchad dans sa CDN visent à contribuer à l’atteinte de l’objectif global de ne pas atteindre les 2 degrés Celsius.']

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CHL

Chile

LTS

2021-11-03 00:00:00

uploaded

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/CHL_LTS_2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

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../data/downloaded_documents/29d3ba99cf852b3b292a129282d7cbb08a64a8c0cb772e83970dc40377bb7f13.pdf

['ESTRATEGIA CLIMÁTICA DE LARGO PLAZO DE CHILE CAMINO A LA CARBONO NEUTRALIDAD Y RESILIENCIA A MÁS TARDAR AL 2050 EL consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad en su sesión del 21 de Octubre del 2021, acordó pronunciarse favorablemente sobre los contenidos de esta Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo. La cual fue aprobada por el Presidente de la República y posteriormente presentada durante la COP26 a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático.El cambio climático es el mayor desafío que enfrentamos como humanidad. Enfrentarlo con voluntad, urgencia y responsabilidad es la gran misión de nuestra generación.', 'Enfrentarlo con voluntad, urgencia y responsabilidad es la gran misión de nuestra generación. La ciencia nos ha hablado fuerte y claro y nos ha demostrado, una y otra vez, que la única forma de evitar que la temperatura aumente más de 1,5° es aumentar exponencialmente nuestros esfuerzos para disminuir nuestras emi- siones, y nuestra vulnerabilidad frente al Cambio Climático, esto exige una trans- formación multisectorial que nos abra el camino hacia un desarrollo sustentable, neutro en emisiones y resiliente al clima, a más tardar al año 2050, y para lograrlo debemos cambiar el rumbo, recuperar el tiempo perdido y acelerar el paso hoy.', 'La ciencia nos ha hablado fuerte y claro y nos ha demostrado, una y otra vez, que la única forma de evitar que la temperatura aumente más de 1,5° es aumentar exponencialmente nuestros esfuerzos para disminuir nuestras emi- siones, y nuestra vulnerabilidad frente al Cambio Climático, esto exige una trans- formación multisectorial que nos abra el camino hacia un desarrollo sustentable, neutro en emisiones y resiliente al clima, a más tardar al año 2050, y para lograrlo debemos cambiar el rumbo, recuperar el tiempo perdido y acelerar el paso hoy. Así lo hemos entendido en Chile, estableciendo la meta de la carbono neutrali- dad de manera vinculante en nuestro Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, recientemente aprobado por, prácticamente, la unanimidad del Senado y ahora se encuentra en Segundo Trámite Constitucional.', 'Así lo hemos entendido en Chile, estableciendo la meta de la carbono neutrali- dad de manera vinculante en nuestro Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, recientemente aprobado por, prácticamente, la unanimidad del Senado y ahora se encuentra en Segundo Trámite Constitucional. Aún en el difícil contexto en que nos encontramos producto de la pandemia del COVID19, nuestro país ha seguido avanzando con fuerza y convicción para cum- plir sus compromisos, y tal como establece el Acuerdo de Paris de abril del 2020, presentamos a la UNFCCC, nuestra NDC actualizada con mayor ambición, esta- bleciendo que nuestro presupuesto de carbono para el periodo 2020 – 2030 será de 1.100 millones de toneladas de CO , es decir, establecimos un límite máximo de emisiones a nivel nacional y, además, se definimos que nuestro peak de emi- siones ocurrirá a más tardar el año 2025, asegurando así nuestro camino hacia la carbono neutralidad.', 'Aún en el difícil contexto en que nos encontramos producto de la pandemia del COVID19, nuestro país ha seguido avanzando con fuerza y convicción para cum- plir sus compromisos, y tal como establece el Acuerdo de Paris de abril del 2020, presentamos a la UNFCCC, nuestra NDC actualizada con mayor ambición, esta- bleciendo que nuestro presupuesto de carbono para el periodo 2020 – 2030 será de 1.100 millones de toneladas de CO , es decir, establecimos un límite máximo de emisiones a nivel nacional y, además, se definimos que nuestro peak de emi- siones ocurrirá a más tardar el año 2025, asegurando así nuestro camino hacia la carbono neutralidad. Hoy estamos cumpliendo un nuevo y gran compromiso requerido por el Acuerdo de Paris, presentar la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo (ECLP) de Chile, que defi- ne la hoja de ruta que deberemos seguir durante las próximas décadas para lograr la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática.', 'Hoy estamos cumpliendo un nuevo y gran compromiso requerido por el Acuerdo de Paris, presentar la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo (ECLP) de Chile, que defi- ne la hoja de ruta que deberemos seguir durante las próximas décadas para lograr la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática. La ciencia nos ha demostrado que no solo el puerto de destino, sino también el camino para lograr las metas es importante. No basta con ponernos metas ambi- ciosas. También es necesario definir cómo vamos a cumplir.', 'También es necesario definir cómo vamos a cumplir. Para ello la ECLP define límites sectoriales de emisiones de CO a partir del límite de emisiones estable- cido en nuestra NDC y establece más de 400 metas de transición, que incluyen a todos los sectores de la sociedad de manera integrada, lo que permitirá avanzar en la acción climática a nivel regional y comunal de acuerdo a la planificación y estrategias de desarrollo regional que establece para cada territorio. Las metas están basadas en la ciencia, establecen acciones y medidas exigentes y ambiciosas para lograr la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática. Se trata Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050de un nuevo compromiso inédito en Chile.', 'Se trata Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050de un nuevo compromiso inédito en Chile. Es la primera vez que en nuestro país establecemos límites sectoriales de emisiones de carbono al 2030, que serán obli- gatorios y vinculantes con la aprobación del proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, iniciativa legal que establece por ley la meta de carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050. Para poder implementar las acciones y medidas los distintos sectores debe- rán desarrollar planes de mitigación y adaptación basados en los 5 fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP. En primer lugar, Gobernanza Climática robusta y trans- parente, lo que facilitará la adecuada coordinación intersectorial con miras a una meta común.', 'En primer lugar, Gobernanza Climática robusta y trans- parente, lo que facilitará la adecuada coordinación intersectorial con miras a una meta común. En segundo lugar, la costo- efectividad como instrumento para priori- zar la implementación de acciones y medidas. En tercer lugar, priorizar Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza, como clave para implementar acciones que aportan tanto a la mitigación como la adaptación. En cuarto lugar, respetar el Pilar Social de la NDC, lo que significa poner a las personas como centro. Por último, avanzar de manera permanente en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sos- tenible (ODS), tomando como base la ciencia como requerimiento esencial para la toma de decisiones. Para lograr implementar este camino se requerimos un trabajo coordinado, integral y transversal, con una amplia participación y consenso.', 'Para lograr implementar este camino se requerimos un trabajo coordinado, integral y transversal, con una amplia participación y consenso. Es por ello que, pese a las dificultades de la pandemia, la ECLP la elaboramos con la participación de más de 4.000 personas en más de 100 talleres a lo largo de todo Chile, con pre- sencia en todas las regiones y más de 700 observaciones formales. Esta partici- pación nos permitió robustecer fuertemente la ECLP con medidas que permiten asegurar el cumplimiento de las metas planteadas. Así, el compromiso, entusiasmo y participación de toda la ciudadanía fue un elemento clave para la preparación de la ECLP.', 'Así, el compromiso, entusiasmo y participación de toda la ciudadanía fue un elemento clave para la preparación de la ECLP. Además, durante todo el proceso de elaboración contamos con el apoyo y ase- soría del Comité Científico mediante su Informe de Soluciones Basadas en la Na- turaleza y el Informe Previo de la Propuesta de ECLP, y el aporte del Comité Asesor para la acción climática, liderado por la Ministra de Medio Ambiente, con la parti- cipación de los Ministros de Hacienda, Energía y Ciencia y de representantes de la sociedad civil, sector privado, academia, sector financiero, gobiernos locales, jóvenes voluntarios y comunidades Agradezco su colaboración, consejo y compromiso para la elaboración y futura implementación de esta política pública tan necesaria para avanzar con nuestros compromisos y lograr un desarrollo integral, sustentable, inclusivo, carbono neutral y resiliente al clima.', 'Además, durante todo el proceso de elaboración contamos con el apoyo y ase- soría del Comité Científico mediante su Informe de Soluciones Basadas en la Na- turaleza y el Informe Previo de la Propuesta de ECLP, y el aporte del Comité Asesor para la acción climática, liderado por la Ministra de Medio Ambiente, con la parti- cipación de los Ministros de Hacienda, Energía y Ciencia y de representantes de la sociedad civil, sector privado, academia, sector financiero, gobiernos locales, jóvenes voluntarios y comunidades Agradezco su colaboración, consejo y compromiso para la elaboración y futura implementación de esta política pública tan necesaria para avanzar con nuestros compromisos y lograr un desarrollo integral, sustentable, inclusivo, carbono neutral y resiliente al clima. Cada generación enfrenta sus propios desafíos y misiones.', 'Cada generación enfrenta sus propios desafíos y misiones. El desafío de nuestra generación es enfrentar y superar la crisis climática con voluntad, coraje y urgencia. La misión de nuestra generación es asegurar la sobrevivencia de la humanidad en el planeta tierra. La ciencia ha hablado en forma fuerte y clara, y nos advierte de un apocalipsis ambiental. La ciudadanía nos exige, como un imperativo moral, cambiar el equi- vocado curso en el que nos encontramos, recuperar el tiempo perdido y actuar ahora. La tecnología nos entrega los instrumentos para poder enfrentar con éxito los desafíos climáticos. Solo el egoísmo, la ceguera o la cobardía pueden desviarnos de alcanzar la car- bono neutralidad y salvar nuestra sobrevivencia en el planeta Tierra.', 'Solo el egoísmo, la ceguera o la cobardía pueden desviarnos de alcanzar la car- bono neutralidad y salvar nuestra sobrevivencia en el planeta Tierra. Se terminó el tiempo de las palabras y las dudas. Llegó el tiempo de la acción y la voluntad. Nuestra nueva ECLP constituye una clara y efectiva respuesta a este desafío, que constituye la gran misión de nuestra generación, por la cual seremos juzgados por nuestros hijos, nietos y los que vendrán. Todos ellos nos preguntarán qué hici- mos cuando aún estábamos a tiempo para proteger y salvar la vida humana en el planeta Tierra. ¡A ellos no podemos fallarles!', '¡A ellos no podemos fallarles! Sebastian Piñera E. Presidente de Chile Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 20501.1 Acuerdo de París y Estrategias de Largo Plazo 14 1.2 Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático 14 1.3 Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 15 1.4 Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y tendencia en Chile 16 1.5 Chile, país vulnerable frente al cambio climático 20 1.6 La humanidad en una encrucijada y el papel de la sociedad civil 26 1.7 Elaboración participativa de la ECLP 28 Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050 34 2.1 Chile, Carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050 36 2.2 Chile, resiliente al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050 36 2.3 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP 38 Mitigación: Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 56 3.1 Contexto de los presupuestos de emisiones o meta de emisiones acumuladas 57 3.2 Asignación de presupuestos de emisiones y esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel sectorial 59 3.3 Implementación de la asignación de presupuestos sectoriales 76 3.4 Presupuestos sectoriales y territorialidad 78 3.5 Componente Carbono Negro 81 Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática 88 4.1 Marco conceptual de vulnerabilidad y adaptación 88 4.2 Lineamientos de la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y comunal 92 4.3 Indicadores para el Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación 100 ÍNDICEContribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración 106 5.4 Pesca y acuicultura 125 5.5 Residuos y Economía circular 130 5.6 Edificación y ciudades 133 Una cuestión territorial e intersectorial 179 6.1 Coordinación nacional, regional y local de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático 185 6.2 Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gestión regional y comunal del cambio climático 186 6.3 Articulación de mecanismos de financiamiento para acción climática regional y local 187 6.4 Metas para implementar la gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local 188 Costo efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) 193 7.1 Costos Indirectos de la Inacción en cambio climático 194 7.2 Costo Efectividad de la Carbono Neutralidad 200 Medios de implementación y seguimiento de la ECLP 205 8.1 Medios de implementación 206 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP 237 ÍNDICEFotografía de Bryan Contreras 02 VISIÓN A LARGO PLAZO DE CHILE Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 15 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de gobernanza, instrumentos de gestión y sistemas de información y partici- pación adecuados, que permitan transitar hacia un desarrollo neutro en emi- siones de gases de efecto invernadero, reducir la vulnerabilidad, aumentar la resiliencia y garantizar el cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado de Chile para hacer frente a los desafíos que impone el Cambio Climático.', 'Sebastian Piñera E. Presidente de Chile Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 20501.1 Acuerdo de París y Estrategias de Largo Plazo 14 1.2 Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático 14 1.3 Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 15 1.4 Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y tendencia en Chile 16 1.5 Chile, país vulnerable frente al cambio climático 20 1.6 La humanidad en una encrucijada y el papel de la sociedad civil 26 1.7 Elaboración participativa de la ECLP 28 Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050 34 2.1 Chile, Carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050 36 2.2 Chile, resiliente al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050 36 2.3 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP 38 Mitigación: Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 56 3.1 Contexto de los presupuestos de emisiones o meta de emisiones acumuladas 57 3.2 Asignación de presupuestos de emisiones y esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel sectorial 59 3.3 Implementación de la asignación de presupuestos sectoriales 76 3.4 Presupuestos sectoriales y territorialidad 78 3.5 Componente Carbono Negro 81 Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática 88 4.1 Marco conceptual de vulnerabilidad y adaptación 88 4.2 Lineamientos de la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y comunal 92 4.3 Indicadores para el Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación 100 ÍNDICEContribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración 106 5.4 Pesca y acuicultura 125 5.5 Residuos y Economía circular 130 5.6 Edificación y ciudades 133 Una cuestión territorial e intersectorial 179 6.1 Coordinación nacional, regional y local de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático 185 6.2 Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gestión regional y comunal del cambio climático 186 6.3 Articulación de mecanismos de financiamiento para acción climática regional y local 187 6.4 Metas para implementar la gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local 188 Costo efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) 193 7.1 Costos Indirectos de la Inacción en cambio climático 194 7.2 Costo Efectividad de la Carbono Neutralidad 200 Medios de implementación y seguimiento de la ECLP 205 8.1 Medios de implementación 206 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP 237 ÍNDICEFotografía de Bryan Contreras 02 VISIÓN A LARGO PLAZO DE CHILE Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 15 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de gobernanza, instrumentos de gestión y sistemas de información y partici- pación adecuados, que permitan transitar hacia un desarrollo neutro en emi- siones de gases de efecto invernadero, reducir la vulnerabilidad, aumentar la resiliencia y garantizar el cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado de Chile para hacer frente a los desafíos que impone el Cambio Climático. Este proyecto de ley fue aprobado en general por la sala del Senado en agosto del 2020, y al momento de presentar esta ECLP se encuentra en su segundo trámite constitucional ante el Congreso Nacional.', 'Este proyecto de ley fue aprobado en general por la sala del Senado en agosto del 2020, y al momento de presentar esta ECLP se encuentra en su segundo trámite constitucional ante el Congreso Nacional. El proyecto de ley se constituye como la principal política de Estado climática del país, el cual destaca por su transversalidad, habiendo sido firmado por 17 ministerios4 |.', 'El proyecto de ley se constituye como la principal política de Estado climática del país, el cual destaca por su transversalidad, habiendo sido firmado por 17 ministerios4 |. Uno de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático establecidos en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, corresponde a la Estrategia Cli- mática de Largo Plazo, instrumento que define los lineamientos generales de largo plazo que seguirá el país de manera transversal e integrada, estable- ciendo cómo Chile logrará el cumplimiento del objeto de este proyecto de ley, siendo la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) la meta intermedia en este camino. La Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, se actualizará cada 10 años, a través de un proceso participativo multisectorial y multiactoral.', 'La Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, se actualizará cada 10 años, a través de un proceso participativo multisectorial y multiactoral. 1.3 Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible El 9 de abril de 2020, en medio de la pandemia por el COVID19 y man- teniendo su compromiso para enfrentar el cambio climático, Chile presentó la Actualización de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nazcional (NDC),5 | la cual fue construida a través de un proceso que involucró a actores del sector público, privado, la academia y la sociedad civil, tanto a nivel nacional, como subnacional.', '1.3 Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible El 9 de abril de 2020, en medio de la pandemia por el COVID19 y man- teniendo su compromiso para enfrentar el cambio climático, Chile presentó la Actualización de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nazcional (NDC),5 | la cual fue construida a través de un proceso que involucró a actores del sector público, privado, la academia y la sociedad civil, tanto a nivel nacional, como subnacional. La nueva NDC incorpora diversas metas al año 2030 en materia de mitiga- ción de GEI y de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (en adelante forzantes climáticos), de adaptación y resiliencia relevando la seguridad hídrica, océanos, economía circular, bosques, turberas y ecosistemas; todo ello para avanzar hacia una visión integrada y sinérgica en el diseño e implementación de la ac- ción climática de Chile.', 'La nueva NDC incorpora diversas metas al año 2030 en materia de mitiga- ción de GEI y de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (en adelante forzantes climáticos), de adaptación y resiliencia relevando la seguridad hídrica, océanos, economía circular, bosques, turberas y ecosistemas; todo ello para avanzar hacia una visión integrada y sinérgica en el diseño e implementación de la ac- ción climática de Chile. La diversidad de compromisos que asumió Chile en su NDC, corresponden a metas intermedias hacia la meta de carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 ya ha definido el país con base en la ciencia.', 'La diversidad de compromisos que asumió Chile en su NDC, corresponden a metas intermedias hacia la meta de carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 ya ha definido el país con base en la ciencia. Para transitar como país hacia aquella meta, la NDC incorporó un inédito pilar social sobre transición justa y desarrollo sostenible, que establece como prioridad maximizar las sinergias entre los compromisos climáticos con la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sos- 4 | Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública; Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores; Ministerio de Defensa Nacional; Ministerio de Hacienda; Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo; Ministerio de Educa- ción, Ministerio de Obras Públicas; Ministerio de Salud; Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo; Ministerio de Agricultura; Ministerio de Minería; Ministerio de Transportes y Teleco- municaciones; Ministerio de Energía; Ministerio del Medio Ambiente; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación; Minis- terio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Ministerio de la Mujer y Equidad de Género.', 'Para transitar como país hacia aquella meta, la NDC incorporó un inédito pilar social sobre transición justa y desarrollo sostenible, que establece como prioridad maximizar las sinergias entre los compromisos climáticos con la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sos- 4 | Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública; Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores; Ministerio de Defensa Nacional; Ministerio de Hacienda; Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo; Ministerio de Educa- ción, Ministerio de Obras Públicas; Ministerio de Salud; Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo; Ministerio de Agricultura; Ministerio de Minería; Ministerio de Transportes y Teleco- municaciones; Ministerio de Energía; Ministerio del Medio Ambiente; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación; Minis- terio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Ministerio de la Mujer y Equidad de Género. (mma.gob.cl) 1.1 Acuerdo de París y Estrategias de Largo Plazo Chile ha enfrentado el cambio climático como una Política de Estado, man- teniendo una posición proactiva en la agenda y negociaciones internacionales de cambio climático, con un incremento sostenido de su importancia en la política pública y también en la ambición de los compromisos que el país ha adquirido.', '(mma.gob.cl) 1.1 Acuerdo de París y Estrategias de Largo Plazo Chile ha enfrentado el cambio climático como una Política de Estado, man- teniendo una posición proactiva en la agenda y negociaciones internacionales de cambio climático, con un incremento sostenido de su importancia en la política pública y también en la ambición de los compromisos que el país ha adquirido. Es por ello que Chile presenta en la COP26 su Estrategia Climática de Lar- go Plazo (ECLP) de manera de consolidar la visión de Estado para enfrentar el cambio climático y cumplir con lo establecido en el Artículo 4(19) del Acuer- do de París que señala que las partes deberían formular sus ECLP tomando en cuenta el objetivo de temperatura establecido en dicho acuerdo y «tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus ca- pacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales» 1 |.', 'Es por ello que Chile presenta en la COP26 su Estrategia Climática de Lar- go Plazo (ECLP) de manera de consolidar la visión de Estado para enfrentar el cambio climático y cumplir con lo establecido en el Artículo 4(19) del Acuer- do de París que señala que las partes deberían formular sus ECLP tomando en cuenta el objetivo de temperatura establecido en dicho acuerdo y «tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus ca- pacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales» 1 |. Si bien el Acuerdo de París no define en detalle el formato ni contenido de las ECLP, los esfuerzos colectivos de los países (33 de los cuales han en- tregado estrategias hasta la fecha2 |), instituciones internacionales y otras per- sonas expertas han establecido algunos principios fundamentales y mejores prácticas.', 'Si bien el Acuerdo de París no define en detalle el formato ni contenido de las ECLP, los esfuerzos colectivos de los países (33 de los cuales han en- tregado estrategias hasta la fecha2 |), instituciones internacionales y otras per- sonas expertas han establecido algunos principios fundamentales y mejores prácticas. A partir de esta experiencia y considerando la realidad nacional, Chile ha establecido en su Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático los principa- les contenidos de la ECLP, siendo éste el instrumento de largo plazo, que per- mitirá definir cómo se logrará la meta de la neutralidad de GEI y aumento de resiliencia a más tardar al 2050.', 'A partir de esta experiencia y considerando la realidad nacional, Chile ha establecido en su Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático los principa- les contenidos de la ECLP, siendo éste el instrumento de largo plazo, que per- mitirá definir cómo se logrará la meta de la neutralidad de GEI y aumento de resiliencia a más tardar al 2050. 1.2 Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Considerando la importancia que ha alcanzado la problemática del cambio climático a nivel nacional y la vulnerabilidad del país a sus impactos, el Mi- nisterio del Medio Ambiente, a través de la Oficina de Cambio Climático y la División Jurídica, lideró a partir de julio de 2018, un proceso participativo amplio, multisectorial y multiactoral para elaborar el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático3 |, basado en la visión y experiencia de sus representantes en la sociedad.', '1.2 Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Considerando la importancia que ha alcanzado la problemática del cambio climático a nivel nacional y la vulnerabilidad del país a sus impactos, el Mi- nisterio del Medio Ambiente, a través de la Oficina de Cambio Climático y la División Jurídica, lideró a partir de julio de 2018, un proceso participativo amplio, multisectorial y multiactoral para elaborar el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático3 |, basado en la visión y experiencia de sus representantes en la sociedad. El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, ingresado con suma urgen- cia, al Congreso Nacional el 13 de enero de 2020, establece como objetivo el lograr y mantener la carbono neutralidad y avanzar a la resiliencia al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050.', 'El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, ingresado con suma urgen- cia, al Congreso Nacional el 13 de enero de 2020, establece como objetivo el lograr y mantener la carbono neutralidad y avanzar a la resiliencia al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050. Junto con ello establece principios, sistema 1 | ris_agreement_spanish_.pdf 2 | ris-agreement/long-term-strategies 3 | Senado - Tramitación de proyectosCAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 17 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 mineral y gas natural para la generación eléctrica; y de combustibles líquidos para el transporte terrestre. El sector UTCUTS, único que absorbe GEI en el país, es un sector capturador neto y corresponde al sector forestal y se mantiene como sumidero durante toda la serie temporal.', 'El sector UTCUTS, único que absorbe GEI en el país, es un sector capturador neto y corresponde al sector forestal y se mantiene como sumidero durante toda la serie temporal. En el 2018, las capturas netas de GEI contabilizaron -63.992 kt CO debido principalmente al incremento de la biomasa forestal y a los productos madereros. Se destaca un máximo de emisiones del sector en 2017 cuando fueron afectadas 570.000 ha por incendios en Tierras fores- tales, Tierras de cultivo y Pastizales. Con esto el balance entre emisiones y absorciones de GEI de Chile (es decir, incluyendo UTCUTS) alcanzó los 48.321 kt CO . Los principales causantes de esta tendencia son la quema de combustibles fósiles y las Tierras foresta- les.', 'Con esto el balance entre emisiones y absorciones de GEI de Chile (es decir, incluyendo UTCUTS) alcanzó los 48.321 kt CO . Los principales causantes de esta tendencia son la quema de combustibles fósiles y las Tierras foresta- les. Los valores que escapan de la tendencia en el balance (Tabla 1 y Figura 1) son consecuencia, principalmente, de los incendios forestales contabilizados en el sector UTCUTS. Tabla 1 INGEI de Chile: balance y emisiones totales de GEI (kt CO ) por sector, serie 1990-2018. industriales y uso de pro- ductos (IPPU) Fuente: 4to Informe Bienal de actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático. 7 | El término «balance de GEI» se refiere a la sumatoria de las emisio- nes y absorciones de GEI, expresadas en dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO ). Este término incluye al sector UTCUTS en su totalidad.', 'Este término incluye al sector UTCUTS en su totalidad. 8 | El término «emisiones de GEI totales» refiere solo a la sumatoria de las emisiones de GEI nacionales, expresadas en dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO ). Este término excluye las fuentes de emisiones y sumideros de absorción del sector UTCUTS. tenible (ODS), que, a través de sus 17 objetivos y 169 metas, busca lograr un desarrollo equilibrado e integrado en las dimensiones económica, social y ambiental. A través de la Presidencia de la COP25, Chile ha sido un prominente de- fensor del Acuerdo de París a nivel internacional, contemplando a la ciencia como base para la toma de decisiones y llamando a todas las partes a entregar NDC ambiciosas y ECLP antes de la COP26.', 'A través de la Presidencia de la COP25, Chile ha sido un prominente de- fensor del Acuerdo de París a nivel internacional, contemplando a la ciencia como base para la toma de decisiones y llamando a todas las partes a entregar NDC ambiciosas y ECLP antes de la COP26. 1.4 Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y tendencia en Chile6 | Desde el año 2012 Chile cuenta con el Sistema Nacional de Inventario de emisiones de GEI (SNI) liderado por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente.', '1.4 Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y tendencia en Chile6 | Desde el año 2012 Chile cuenta con el Sistema Nacional de Inventario de emisiones de GEI (SNI) liderado por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. El Inventario de Emisiones de GEI (INGEI) de Chile se actualiza cada 2 años tal como establecen las reglas de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Uni- das para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y se reporta en los Informes Bienales de Actualización (futuros Informes Bienales de Transparencia).', 'El Inventario de Emisiones de GEI (INGEI) de Chile se actualiza cada 2 años tal como establecen las reglas de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Uni- das para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y se reporta en los Informes Bienales de Actualización (futuros Informes Bienales de Transparencia). Chile es un pe- queño emisor, que históricamente aporta aproximadamente un 0,25% de las emisiones a nivel mundial, sin embargo, es un actor activo y ambicioso en sus compromisos de mitigación de las emisiones como ha quedado demostrado con la meta de carbono neutralidad y la actualización de la NDC con una meta ambiciosa al año 2030 y basada en la ciencia.', 'Chile es un pe- queño emisor, que históricamente aporta aproximadamente un 0,25% de las emisiones a nivel mundial, sin embargo, es un actor activo y ambicioso en sus compromisos de mitigación de las emisiones como ha quedado demostrado con la meta de carbono neutralidad y la actualización de la NDC con una meta ambiciosa al año 2030 y basada en la ciencia. La última actualización del INGEI fue presentada en el año 2020 a la Con- vención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y contiene el Inventario de Emisiones de GEI para el periodo comprendido entre los años 1990 a 2018.', 'La última actualización del INGEI fue presentada en el año 2020 a la Con- vención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y contiene el Inventario de Emisiones de GEI para el periodo comprendido entre los años 1990 a 2018. Cabe mencionar que el inventario se elabora siguiendo Direc- trices del IPCC de 2006 para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, abarca todo el territorio nacional e incluye las emisiones y ab- sorciones de dióxido de carbono (CO ) y las emisiones de metano (CH ), óxido nitroso (N O), hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoru- ro de azufre (SF ).', 'Cabe mencionar que el inventario se elabora siguiendo Direc- trices del IPCC de 2006 para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, abarca todo el territorio nacional e incluye las emisiones y ab- sorciones de dióxido de carbono (CO ) y las emisiones de metano (CH ), óxido nitroso (N O), hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoru- ro de azufre (SF ). En particular para el año 2018, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero totales del país (excluyendo el sector Uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura (UTCUTS)) fueron de 112.313 kt CO , incrementándose en un 128% desde 1990 y en un 2% desde 2016. El principal GEI (Gas Efecto Invernadero) emitido fue el CO (78%), seguido del CH N O (6%), y los Gases fluorados (3%).', 'El principal GEI (Gas Efecto Invernadero) emitido fue el CO (78%), seguido del CH N O (6%), y los Gases fluorados (3%). El sector Energía (consumo de combustible fósil con fines energéticos) es el principal emisor de GEI representando el 77% de las emisiones totales en 2018, mayoritariamente por las emisiones producto de la quema de carbón 6 | Los sectores referidos en esta sección corresponden a los definidos en el Informe del Inventario Nacio- nal de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) de Chile, serie 1990-2018. Las definiciones además están en línea con las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 para la elaboración de INGEI.', 'Las definiciones además están en línea con las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 para la elaboración de INGEI. El sector Energía incluye todas las emisiones por quema de combus- tibles fósiles y emisiones fugitivas relacionadas con el procesamiento y distribución de los mismos; el sector Procesos industriales y uso de productos (IPPU) que considera las emisiones por las transformaciones fisicoquímica durante la producción y el uso de productos; el sector Agricultura que incluye emisiones por fermentación entérica, manejo del estiércol y uso de fertilizantes; el sector UTCUTS corresponde a todas las emisiones referidas al uso de la tierra y sus cambios; y el sector Residuos incluye las emisiones por los procesos de metanogénesis de los componentes orgánicos de los residuos sólidos y líquidos.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 19 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 cidad) con el 39% de participación, seguida de un 33% de Transporte, 18% de Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción y 9% de Otros sectores.', 'El sector Energía incluye todas las emisiones por quema de combus- tibles fósiles y emisiones fugitivas relacionadas con el procesamiento y distribución de los mismos; el sector Procesos industriales y uso de productos (IPPU) que considera las emisiones por las transformaciones fisicoquímica durante la producción y el uso de productos; el sector Agricultura que incluye emisiones por fermentación entérica, manejo del estiércol y uso de fertilizantes; el sector UTCUTS corresponde a todas las emisiones referidas al uso de la tierra y sus cambios; y el sector Residuos incluye las emisiones por los procesos de metanogénesis de los componentes orgánicos de los residuos sólidos y líquidos.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 19 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 cidad) con el 39% de participación, seguida de un 33% de Transporte, 18% de Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción y 9% de Otros sectores. El 1% restante corresponde a la categoría Emisiones fugitivas de combustible10 |.', 'El 1% restante corresponde a la categoría Emisiones fugitivas de combustible10 |. El sector Procesos industriales y uso de productos (IPPU por sus siglas en inglés), corresponde a 6% del total de emisiones en 2018, se incrementó en un 197% desde 1990 y en un 11% desde 2016. Esto se explica debido prin- cipalmente al aumento del uso de los hidrofluorocarburos (HFC) en la refri- geración, sumado al crecimiento sostenido, aunque irregular, de las emisiones de las industrias del cemento, cal y el vidrio.', 'Esto se explica debido prin- cipalmente al aumento del uso de los hidrofluorocarburos (HFC) en la refri- geración, sumado al crecimiento sostenido, aunque irregular, de las emisiones de las industrias del cemento, cal y el vidrio. En 2018 el 58% de las emisiones de GEI del sector IPPU corresponden a la categoría Uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono, seguido de un 23% de Indus- tria de los minerales, 8% Industria de los metales, 8% Industria química, 2% Productos no energéticos de combustibles y uso de solventes y un 1% de Ma- nufactura y utilización de otros productos.', 'En 2018 el 58% de las emisiones de GEI del sector IPPU corresponden a la categoría Uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono, seguido de un 23% de Indus- tria de los minerales, 8% Industria de los metales, 8% Industria química, 2% Productos no energéticos de combustibles y uso de solventes y un 1% de Ma- nufactura y utilización de otros productos. El sector Agricultura representó el 11% de las emisiones de GEI totales en 2018, disminuyendo en un 0,4% desde 1990 y en un 0,8% desde 2016, de- bido mayormente a la baja de la población del ganado bovino y ovino que se ha registrado durante la última década.', 'El sector Agricultura representó el 11% de las emisiones de GEI totales en 2018, disminuyendo en un 0,4% desde 1990 y en un 0,8% desde 2016, de- bido mayormente a la baja de la población del ganado bovino y ovino que se ha registrado durante la última década. Respecto a las categorías, el 42% de las emisiones de GEI corresponden a Fermentación Entérica, le siguen con 40% de Suelos Agrícolas y 13% por Gestión del Estiércol. Las categorías minorita- rias corresponden a 3,1% por Aplicación de Urea, 1,3% de Cultivo de Arroz, 0,6% por Encalado y 0,3% correspondiente a Quema de residuos agrícolas en el campo.', 'Las categorías minorita- rias corresponden a 3,1% por Aplicación de Urea, 1,3% de Cultivo de Arroz, 0,6% por Encalado y 0,3% correspondiente a Quema de residuos agrícolas en el campo. El sector Residuos representó el 6% de las emisiones de GEI totales en 2018, incrementándose en un 358% desde 1990 y en un 14% desde 2016, debido al aumento de la población y sus residuos generados y al aumento de residuos industriales. El 67% de sus emisiones corresponden a la categoría Disposición de residuos sólidos seguido del Tratamiento y descarga de aguas residuales con un 30%. Luego un 1,4% y un 1,1% corresponden a Incineración y quema abierta de residuos y a Tratamiento biológico de residuos sólidos respectivamente.', 'Luego un 1,4% y un 1,1% corresponden a Incineración y quema abierta de residuos y a Tratamiento biológico de residuos sólidos respectivamente. El sector UTCUTS es el único que consistentemente absorbe CO en el país, convirtiéndose en uno de los más relevantes por su potencial de mitigación. Al 2018 aumentó su condición de sumidero en un 6% desde 1990 y disminuyó en un 14% desde 2016. Las categorías de Tierras forestales y los Productos de madera recolectada son las más importantes del sector en términos abso- lutos entre emisiones y absorciones del sector con un 83% y un 10% respec- tivamente. Le siguen 4,5 % de Pastizales, 1,3 % de Tierras de cultivo, 0,4% de Asentamientos, 0,4% de Otras tierras, y, finalmente, 0,005% correspondiente a Humedales.', 'Le siguen 4,5 % de Pastizales, 1,3 % de Tierras de cultivo, 0,4% de Asentamientos, 0,4% de Otras tierras, y, finalmente, 0,005% correspondiente a Humedales. Los incendios forestales tienen un efecto importante en la tendencia de las emisiones y absorciones de GEI debido a que son capaces de alterar las tendencias, habiendo generado máximas de emisiones en 1998, 1999, 2002, 2015 y 2017. 10 | Corresponden a todas las emi- siones intencionales o no inten- cionales de GEI liberadas durante la extracción, el procesamiento, almacenamiento y la distribución de combustibles fósiles. Figura 1: INGEI de Chile: balance de GEI (kt CO ) por sector, serie 1990-2018. Fuente: 4to Informe Bienal de Actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático.', 'Fuente: 4to Informe Bienal de Actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático. Cabe mencionar que, en conformidad con los requerimientos de la Con- vención y de las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, las emisiones de GEI generadas por el consumo de combustibles fósiles para el transporte internacional aéreo y marítimo, son cuantificadas y reportadas pero no se incluyen en el balance de emisiones y absorciones de GEI del país de manera de poder hacer compa- rables los inventarios de todos los países. 1.4.1 Emisiones de GEI y tendencia, sectorial9 | El sector Energía, corresponde al consumo de combustibles fósiles a nivel nacional, alcanza un 77% del total nacional de emisiones, habiendo incre- mentado sus emisiones al 2018 en 159% desde 1990 y en 1% desde el 2016, respectivamente.', '1.4.1 Emisiones de GEI y tendencia, sectorial9 | El sector Energía, corresponde al consumo de combustibles fósiles a nivel nacional, alcanza un 77% del total nacional de emisiones, habiendo incre- mentado sus emisiones al 2018 en 159% desde 1990 y en 1% desde el 2016, respectivamente. Estos datos corresponden al comportamiento del consumo energético del país, incluyendo el consumo de combustible fósil (carbón mi- neral, diesel y gas natural) principalmente para la generación eléctrica y el consumo de combustible fósil líquido (mayormente diésel y gasolina) para transporte terrestre. Desde 2016 se observa una estabilización en las emisiones de este sector por la entrada de plantas de gas natural, que desde 2010 son responsables de aproximadamente un 25% de la generación eléctrica.', 'Desde 2016 se observa una estabilización en las emisiones de este sector por la entrada de plantas de gas natural, que desde 2010 son responsables de aproximadamente un 25% de la generación eléctrica. Se suma además la entrada de nuevas fuentes de energía renovables (destacándose la partici- pación de la energía eólica y solar, que crecieron en conjunto un 73% desde 2016 alcanzando los 31.685 TJ al 2018, con lo que se generó el 17,8% de la electricidad) que han reemplazado la generación eléctrica en base a carbón. Esta disminución se ve contrarrestada por el crecimiento del consumo de ben- cinas y diésel en el transporte terrestre.', 'Esta disminución se ve contrarrestada por el crecimiento del consumo de ben- cinas y diésel en el transporte terrestre. Las principales subcategorías del sec- tor energía son: Industrias de la energía (principalmente generación electri- 9 | Para un mayor detalle de las emisiones y la metodología para la estimación, se sugiere revisar el Informe del Inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero de Chile, serie 1990-2018, recurso en línea: 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 21 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 2 Cambio en la Temperatura Media Anual, Cambio en Frecuencia de Sequías, Cambio en las Precipitaciones Anua- les Acumuladas y Cambio en Nieve Acumulada (2035-2065) 1.5 Chile, país vulnerable frente al cambio climático Chile es considerado un país altamente vulnerable al cambio climático de acuerdo a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC, 1992), pues presenta siete de las nueve características definidas por este organismo: zonas costeras bajas; zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas con cobertura forestal y zonas expuestas al deterioro forestal; zonas propensas a los desastres socionaturales; zonas expuestas a la sequía y a la desertificación; zonas de alta contaminación atmosférica urbana y zonas de ecosistemas frágiles, incluidos los ecosistemas montañosos.', 'Las principales subcategorías del sec- tor energía son: Industrias de la energía (principalmente generación electri- 9 | Para un mayor detalle de las emisiones y la metodología para la estimación, se sugiere revisar el Informe del Inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero de Chile, serie 1990-2018, recurso en línea: 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 21 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 2 Cambio en la Temperatura Media Anual, Cambio en Frecuencia de Sequías, Cambio en las Precipitaciones Anua- les Acumuladas y Cambio en Nieve Acumulada (2035-2065) 1.5 Chile, país vulnerable frente al cambio climático Chile es considerado un país altamente vulnerable al cambio climático de acuerdo a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC, 1992), pues presenta siete de las nueve características definidas por este organismo: zonas costeras bajas; zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas con cobertura forestal y zonas expuestas al deterioro forestal; zonas propensas a los desastres socionaturales; zonas expuestas a la sequía y a la desertificación; zonas de alta contaminación atmosférica urbana y zonas de ecosistemas frágiles, incluidos los ecosistemas montañosos. Los impactos derivados del cambio climático afectan el hábitat natural y a la sociedad a lo largo del territorio, y de manera transversal a diversos sectores fundamentales del quehacer nacional.', 'Los impactos derivados del cambio climático afectan el hábitat natural y a la sociedad a lo largo del territorio, y de manera transversal a diversos sectores fundamentales del quehacer nacional. Por ello el país ha ido desarrollando herramientas para evaluar y monitorear las amenazas climáticas, los riesgos asociados y la vulnerabilidad de los diversos territorios y sectores, entre los que destaca la Plataforma de Adaptación «Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos (ARClim)» con información para todo el país a escala a nivel comunal, recientemente lanzada en noviembre del 2020. Esta plataforma contiene proyecciones climá- ticas presentadas a través del Explorador de Amenazas Climáticas y los Mapas de Riesgo Climáticos, con información que sirve de base para planificar medi- das de adaptación que permitan enfrentar los riesgos climáticos que afectan al territorio nacional.', 'Esta plataforma contiene proyecciones climá- ticas presentadas a través del Explorador de Amenazas Climáticas y los Mapas de Riesgo Climáticos, con información que sirve de base para planificar medi- das de adaptación que permitan enfrentar los riesgos climáticos que afectan al territorio nacional. De acuerdo al Explorador de Amenazas Climáticas, se proyecta una con- tinuación en la tendencia al alza de las temperaturas en el periodo 2035- 2065, con aumentos de los 1,15°C a los 2°C con respecto al periodo histórico 1980-2010. Esta alza se refleja también en un aumento en las temperaturas extremas, tendencia que se mantiene en las proyecciones.', 'Esta alza se refleja también en un aumento en las temperaturas extremas, tendencia que se mantiene en las proyecciones. Lo anterior tiene sus efectos en la altura de la isoterma 0°C, quedando de manifiesto en las pro- yecciones de ARClim para la acumulación de nieve entre el promedio histórico y el futuro medio: se espera que la nieve acumulada en la cordillera de los Andes pudiese llegar a disminuir un 100% en zonas de la precordillera y fior- dos del extremo sur. En cuanto a las precipitaciones, el déficit hídrico de Chile se mantiene por 14 años consecutivos secos. Las precipitaciones acumuladas en la zona de Chile central disminuirán en promedio 15% en el futuro medio con respecto a los valores históricos.', 'Las precipitaciones acumuladas en la zona de Chile central disminuirán en promedio 15% en el futuro medio con respecto a los valores históricos. Adicionalmente se proyecta que la fre- cuencia de sequías aumente en un 10% -23% entre las regiones de Coquimbo y Los Lagos en el futuro medio.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 23 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 3: Riesgos relativos climáticos Confort térmico, Islas de Calor Urbana, Heladas y Efecto Olas de Calor en Salud Humana (futuro) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim.', 'Adicionalmente se proyecta que la fre- cuencia de sequías aumente en un 10% -23% entre las regiones de Coquimbo y Los Lagos en el futuro medio.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 23 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 3: Riesgos relativos climáticos Confort térmico, Islas de Calor Urbana, Heladas y Efecto Olas de Calor en Salud Humana (futuro) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim. Más información dispo- nible en: Respecto a los riesgos para la Biodiversidad, se analiza la pérdida de flora y fauna por cambios en las precipitaciones y las temperaturas, y se evalúa el impacto específico en la distribución geográfica de ciertas especies, ana- lizando su movimiento espacial a futuro, esperado a partir de la distribución actual y de la proyección de las variables climáticas.', 'Más información dispo- nible en: Respecto a los riesgos para la Biodiversidad, se analiza la pérdida de flora y fauna por cambios en las precipitaciones y las temperaturas, y se evalúa el impacto específico en la distribución geográfica de ciertas especies, ana- lizando su movimiento espacial a futuro, esperado a partir de la distribución actual y de la proyección de las variables climáticas. Los resultados indican que el riesgo más alto está concentrado entre la Región del Ñuble y la Región de Los Ríos. La zona centro sur de Chile continental se identifica como la zona con un mayor riesgo relativo al cambio climático, el cual se interpreta como una menor capacidad de las especies de flora y fauna para persistir en las zo- nas de su actual distribución.', 'La zona centro sur de Chile continental se identifica como la zona con un mayor riesgo relativo al cambio climático, el cual se interpreta como una menor capacidad de las especies de flora y fauna para persistir en las zo- nas de su actual distribución. Así, las especies que actualmente se encuentran en la zona centro sur serían las más afectadas. Esto plantea la oportunidad de agilizar la preservación de ecosistemas y de evitar mayores presiones an- trópicas sobre los mismos. Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim.', 'Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim. Más in- formación en: Respecto a los Mapas de Riesgos Climáticos a nivel comunal, se presen- tan los impactos y riesgos proyectados para todo el territorio nacional para Asentamientos humanos, Salud, Ciudades, Zonas Costeras, Acuicultura y Pesca costera, Hidrología, Recursos hídricos, Biodiversidad, Bosques y Plantaciones, Agricultura, Generación y Transmisión Eléctrica, Minería y Turismo. Dentro de los principales resultados, se tiene que, de un total de 345 comunas a lo largo del país11 |, el 84% de ellas presentan uno o más riesgos climáticos altos. Respecto a los sistemas que concentran más comunas con niveles de riesgos altos, se encuentran los asociados a Salud y asentamientos humanos, Biodi- versidad, Agricultura, Bosques y Recursos hídricos.', 'Respecto a los sistemas que concentran más comunas con niveles de riesgos altos, se encuentran los asociados a Salud y asentamientos humanos, Biodi- versidad, Agricultura, Bosques y Recursos hídricos. El análisis de los riesgos climáticos para las Ciudades y Asentamientos hu- manos obtenidos a través de ARClim permite entender los efectos del cambio climático en el componente humano, dejando en evidencia la gran variedad de amenazas y la heterogeneidad del efecto sobre el riesgo en las distintas zonas geográficas de Chile.', 'El análisis de los riesgos climáticos para las Ciudades y Asentamientos hu- manos obtenidos a través de ARClim permite entender los efectos del cambio climático en el componente humano, dejando en evidencia la gran variedad de amenazas y la heterogeneidad del efecto sobre el riesgo en las distintas zonas geográficas de Chile. 11 | ARClim considera 345, se busca- rá incorporar la comuna de la Antár- tica que se encuentra pendiente.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 25 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 5: Riesgos relativos en la productividad de cultivos anuales (cambio) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim. Más información disponible en: Los riesgos climáticos para los Recursos hídricos consideran como princi- pales factores las amenazas por las precipitaciones extremas y la sequía.', 'Más información disponible en: Los riesgos climáticos para los Recursos hídricos consideran como princi- pales factores las amenazas por las precipitaciones extremas y la sequía. En el caso de inundaciones, entre la región de Atacama y Valparaíso se ven los mayo- res niveles de riesgo relativo, debido a la precariedad y falta de infraestructura crítica para mitigar efectos de crecidas. Entre la región del Maule y Biobío los niveles altos de riesgo se deben principalmente a las magnitudes de las crecidas. La magnitud de eventos de precipitación extrema aumentará en el futuro, y los sectores con mayor riesgo serán aquellos que poseen una precaria o nula infraestructura capacitada para portar el agua a los cauces recepto- res o mitigar los efectos.', 'La magnitud de eventos de precipitación extrema aumentará en el futuro, y los sectores con mayor riesgo serán aquellos que poseen una precaria o nula infraestructura capacitada para portar el agua a los cauces recepto- res o mitigar los efectos. De los resultados obtenidos en sequía hidrológica, se observa que la zona centro-norte del país es la que presenta mayor riesgo, con proyecciones de aumento tanto en la frecuencia como en severidad. Figura 4: Riesgos relativos climáticos para Fauna y Flora por cambios en precipita- ciones y temperatura (cambio) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim.', 'Figura 4: Riesgos relativos climáticos para Fauna y Flora por cambios en precipita- ciones y temperatura (cambio) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim. Más información dispo- nible en: Para la Agricultura del país, se analiza el riesgo en la productividad de cul- tivos anuales representativos del sistema productivo nacional (Trigo, Maíz, Po- roto, Papa), Frutales (Almendro, Nogal, Cerezo, Manzano) y Praderas naturales y capacidad de carga animal, dada la variación climática de la temperatura, precipitación, radiación, humedad relativa y velocidad del viento. Los resultados obtenidos varían entre un subsistema y otro. Para cultivos anuales se estima que todos presentarán riesgos.', 'Para cultivos anuales se estima que todos presentarán riesgos. En general, si el cultivo se produce bajo riego, el mayor riesgo relativo se ve en zonas costeras y del centro-norte del país, mientras que, si es en secano, el mayor riesgo relativo se encuentra en el sec- tor cordillerano de la zona sur. Con respecto a praderas y capacidad de carga animal, se estima que la productividad a causa del cambio climático aumente en las zonas estudiadas.', 'Con respecto a praderas y capacidad de carga animal, se estima que la productividad a causa del cambio climático aumente en las zonas estudiadas. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados de frutales, se estima que la tendencia posiciona la zona costera y la depresión intermedia entre las regiones de Coquimbo y el Biobío como las áreas de mayor riesgo relativo a consecuencia del cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 27 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 En este sentido tanto la comunidad científica como las comunidades loca- les plantean, cada vez con más urgencia: la necesidad de avanzar en transfor- maciones centradas en la resiliencia, la adaptación y la atención a las necesi- dades de las personas.', 'Finalmente, a partir de los resultados de frutales, se estima que la tendencia posiciona la zona costera y la depresión intermedia entre las regiones de Coquimbo y el Biobío como las áreas de mayor riesgo relativo a consecuencia del cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 27 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 En este sentido tanto la comunidad científica como las comunidades loca- les plantean, cada vez con más urgencia: la necesidad de avanzar en transfor- maciones centradas en la resiliencia, la adaptación y la atención a las necesi- dades de las personas. Estas inaplazables transiciones tienen como condición necesaria, pero no suficiente, el impulso de los gobiernos.', 'Estas inaplazables transiciones tienen como condición necesaria, pero no suficiente, el impulso de los gobiernos. Es preciso conformar una gran alianza que comprometa al conjunto de la sociedad y todas las per- sonas en forma individual.', 'Es preciso conformar una gran alianza que comprometa al conjunto de la sociedad y todas las per- sonas en forma individual. La convicción a nivel internacional y nacional, sobre la necesidad e impor- tancia de involucrar a la sociedad completa en la acción climática para lograr superar la crisis, se manifiesta ya en 1992 dentro de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) a través del artículo 6 sobre educación, formación y sensibilización del público; que luego se refuer- za con el Programa de Trabajo de Doha (2012-2020) reafirmando la necesidad de promover cambios en los estilos de vida y consumo sustentable, actitudes y comportamiento para fomentar el desarrollo sostenible, así como preparar la adaptación a los impactos del cambio climático y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y sectoriales.', 'La convicción a nivel internacional y nacional, sobre la necesidad e impor- tancia de involucrar a la sociedad completa en la acción climática para lograr superar la crisis, se manifiesta ya en 1992 dentro de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) a través del artículo 6 sobre educación, formación y sensibilización del público; que luego se refuer- za con el Programa de Trabajo de Doha (2012-2020) reafirmando la necesidad de promover cambios en los estilos de vida y consumo sustentable, actitudes y comportamiento para fomentar el desarrollo sostenible, así como preparar la adaptación a los impactos del cambio climático y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y sectoriales. Asimismo, en la Agenda 2030 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles, se incorporan estos elementos a través del ODS 4.', 'Asimismo, en la Agenda 2030 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles, se incorporan estos elementos a través del ODS 4. Educación de Calidad, 5: Lograr la igualdad entre los géneros y empoderar a todas las mujeres y las niñas, 8. Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico, 11. Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles, 13. Acción por el Clima, 16. Paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas y 17. Alianzas para lograr los objetivos. Desde el Acuerdo de París (2015) en adelante se ha buscado acelerar la ac- tuación de gobiernos, sector privado y la sociedad civil, en vista de lograr avan- ces concretos para limitar el aumento de temperatura no más allá de 1,5°C al 2100.', 'Desde el Acuerdo de París (2015) en adelante se ha buscado acelerar la ac- tuación de gobiernos, sector privado y la sociedad civil, en vista de lograr avan- ces concretos para limitar el aumento de temperatura no más allá de 1,5°C al 2100. En este sentido, el artículo 12 del Acuerdo de París estableció que: las Partes deberán cooperar en la adopción de las medidas que correspon- dan para mejorar la educación, la formación, la sensibilización y participación del público y el acceso público a la información sobre el cambio climático, teniendo presente la importancia de estas medidas para mejorar la acción en el marco del presente Acuerdo.', 'En este sentido, el artículo 12 del Acuerdo de París estableció que: las Partes deberán cooperar en la adopción de las medidas que correspon- dan para mejorar la educación, la formación, la sensibilización y participación del público y el acceso público a la información sobre el cambio climático, teniendo presente la importancia de estas medidas para mejorar la acción en el marco del presente Acuerdo. En la Cumbre sobre los ODS de septiembre de 2019, se reconocía que los avances hasta ese momento han sido insuficientes y se hacía un: llamado para que todos los sectores de la sociedad se movilicen en favor de una década de acción en tres niveles: acción a nivel mundial para garan- tizar un mayor liderazgo, más recursos y soluciones más inteligentes con res- pecto a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible; acción a nivel local que incluya las transiciones necesarias en las políticas, los presupuestos, las instituciones y los marcos reguladores de los gobiernos, las ciudades y las autoridades locales; y acción por parte de las personas, incluidos la juventud, la sociedad civil, los medios de comunicación, el sector privado, los sindicatos, los círculos académicos y otras partes interesadas, para generar un movimiento imparable que impulse las transformaciones necesarias.', 'En la Cumbre sobre los ODS de septiembre de 2019, se reconocía que los avances hasta ese momento han sido insuficientes y se hacía un: llamado para que todos los sectores de la sociedad se movilicen en favor de una década de acción en tres niveles: acción a nivel mundial para garan- tizar un mayor liderazgo, más recursos y soluciones más inteligentes con res- pecto a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible; acción a nivel local que incluya las transiciones necesarias en las políticas, los presupuestos, las instituciones y los marcos reguladores de los gobiernos, las ciudades y las autoridades locales; y acción por parte de las personas, incluidos la juventud, la sociedad civil, los medios de comunicación, el sector privado, los sindicatos, los círculos académicos y otras partes interesadas, para generar un movimiento imparable que impulse las transformaciones necesarias. Involucrar a todas las personas en los desafíos climáticos constituye hoy, por tanto, una tarea crítica e ineludible.', 'Involucrar a todas las personas en los desafíos climáticos constituye hoy, por tanto, una tarea crítica e ineludible. Los cambios a realizar comprometen y afectan a los estilos de vida, los pa- trones de consumo y producción sustentable, así como los imaginarios y la Figura 6: Riesgos relativos de sequías hidrológicas (cambio), inundaciones urbanas (futuro) y desbordes de río (futuro) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim 1.6 La humanidad en una encrucijada y el papel de la sociedad civil La humanidad ha iniciado el año 2021 sumida en una crisis multidimensio- nal y global que pone en riesgo el sostenimiento de los ecosistemas que po- sibilitan la vida, y amenaza la garantía de los derechos humanos para amplios sectores de la población.', 'Los cambios a realizar comprometen y afectan a los estilos de vida, los pa- trones de consumo y producción sustentable, así como los imaginarios y la Figura 6: Riesgos relativos de sequías hidrológicas (cambio), inundaciones urbanas (futuro) y desbordes de río (futuro) Fuente: Plataforma Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos ARClim 1.6 La humanidad en una encrucijada y el papel de la sociedad civil La humanidad ha iniciado el año 2021 sumida en una crisis multidimensio- nal y global que pone en riesgo el sostenimiento de los ecosistemas que po- sibilitan la vida, y amenaza la garantía de los derechos humanos para amplios sectores de la población. La pandemia por COVID19 ha agravado los problemas sociales y económicos y se instala como una nueva llamada de atención sobre la urgente transformación a un desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo.', 'La pandemia por COVID19 ha agravado los problemas sociales y económicos y se instala como una nueva llamada de atención sobre la urgente transformación a un desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo. De los problemas que enfrenta la humanidad, el cambio climático es el desafío más relevante, que traspasa sectores económicos, fronteras, ideologías y personas.', 'De los problemas que enfrenta la humanidad, el cambio climático es el desafío más relevante, que traspasa sectores económicos, fronteras, ideologías y personas. Este fenómeno global afecta a todas las comunidades y ecosiste- mas, no solo en el futuro, sino también el presente, por lo que resulta urgente e inmediata su atención.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 29 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El siguiente diagrama presenta las 3 principales etapas que constituyeron el proceso participativo de la ECLP y las instancias transversales que acompa- ñaron todo el proceso; y posteriormente se describe cada una de éstas. Figura 7: Proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Figura 7: Proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP Fuente: Elaboración propia. 1) Participación temprana: Consistió en un proceso de participación mul- tiactoral para desarrollar la propuesta de ECLP, la cual contó con 71 ins- tancias participativas online, abarcando a 2.176 asistentes, de los cuales 52% fueron mujeres y 48% hombres. Este proceso permitió identificar visiones, objetivos e instrumentos para la gestión climática de largo plazo a nivel sectorial e intersectorial; analizar la robustez de la ECLP, fortale- ciendo la evaluación de medidas hacia la carbono neutralidad y la meto- dología para definición de indicadores de seguridad hídrica para la adap- tación; e identificar oportunidades y desafíos para incorporar y relacionar la visión, realidad y objetivos de acción climática subnacional (regional y comunal) con la nacional.', 'Este proceso permitió identificar visiones, objetivos e instrumentos para la gestión climática de largo plazo a nivel sectorial e intersectorial; analizar la robustez de la ECLP, fortale- ciendo la evaluación de medidas hacia la carbono neutralidad y la meto- dología para definición de indicadores de seguridad hídrica para la adap- tación; e identificar oportunidades y desafíos para incorporar y relacionar la visión, realidad y objetivos de acción climática subnacional (regional y comunal) con la nacional. forma en la que los pueblos y las sociedades conciben la vida en común y para que se puedan dar, es necesaria la conformación de comunidades y ciudadanías conscientes de la magnitud e importancia de la tarea, y corresponsables con su impulso.', 'forma en la que los pueblos y las sociedades conciben la vida en común y para que se puedan dar, es necesaria la conformación de comunidades y ciudadanías conscientes de la magnitud e importancia de la tarea, y corresponsables con su impulso. A este esfuerzo a realizar se le ha denominado Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE, por sus siglas en inglés). A nivel nacional desde el primer Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climá- tico (PANCC) 2008 -2012 se integró un eje de creación y fomento de capacidades, que incluía líneas de acción para el fortalecimiento institucional, la educación y la sensibilización y la cooperación internacional, la generación de información cientí- fica entre otros aspectos.', 'A nivel nacional desde el primer Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climá- tico (PANCC) 2008 -2012 se integró un eje de creación y fomento de capacidades, que incluía líneas de acción para el fortalecimiento institucional, la educación y la sensibilización y la cooperación internacional, la generación de información cientí- fica entre otros aspectos. Este eje se ha ido reforzando a lo largo de los años y se consolida con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático que establece que la ECLP debe dar los lineamientos y objetivos para el desarrollo de capacidades y la acción climática (ver Capítulo 8.1.', 'Este eje se ha ido reforzando a lo largo de los años y se consolida con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático que establece que la ECLP debe dar los lineamientos y objetivos para el desarrollo de capacidades y la acción climática (ver Capítulo 8.1. Medios de implementación), el proyecto establece además la obligación de desarrollar participación ciudadana transparente para todos los instrumentos de gestión climática elaborados por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y por los Ministerios sectoriales correspondientes.', 'Medios de implementación), el proyecto establece además la obligación de desarrollar participación ciudadana transparente para todos los instrumentos de gestión climática elaborados por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y por los Ministerios sectoriales correspondientes. 1.7 Elaboración participativa de la ECLP El proceso de diseño y construcción de la ECLP contempló un proceso de participa- ción multiactoral, multinivel, transversal y transparente a través de diversas instancias participativas, buscando construir una visión inclusiva y representativa, contemplando diferentes instancias de coordinación, diálogo, análisis, discusión e involucramiento del sector público, autoridades locales, sociedad civil, organizaciones sociales, jóvenes, pueblos indígenas, gremios, sector privado y academia; quienes dialogaron y debatieron en torno a la construcción de una visión de Chile para «Transitar hacia un desarrollo bajo en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, hasta alcanzar y mantener la neu- tralidad; reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia a los efectos adversos del cambio climático a más tardar al 2050».', '1.7 Elaboración participativa de la ECLP El proceso de diseño y construcción de la ECLP contempló un proceso de participa- ción multiactoral, multinivel, transversal y transparente a través de diversas instancias participativas, buscando construir una visión inclusiva y representativa, contemplando diferentes instancias de coordinación, diálogo, análisis, discusión e involucramiento del sector público, autoridades locales, sociedad civil, organizaciones sociales, jóvenes, pueblos indígenas, gremios, sector privado y academia; quienes dialogaron y debatieron en torno a la construcción de una visión de Chile para «Transitar hacia un desarrollo bajo en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, hasta alcanzar y mantener la neu- tralidad; reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia a los efectos adversos del cambio climático a más tardar al 2050». La multiplicidad de instancias participa- tivas llevadas a cabo para elaborar la ECLP, se enmarcan en los siguientes principios: Principios de la participación ciudadana en la gestión del cambio climático • Fomentar la participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la elaboración, revisión y actua- lización de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático.', 'La multiplicidad de instancias participa- tivas llevadas a cabo para elaborar la ECLP, se enmarcan en los siguientes principios: Principios de la participación ciudadana en la gestión del cambio climático • Fomentar la participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la elaboración, revisión y actua- lización de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. • Facilitar las instancias de participación ciudadana, de manera transparente e inclusiva, teniendo especial consideración con los sectores y comunidades vulnerables, aplicando un enfoque multicultural y de género. • Facilitar el acceso oportuno y adecuado a la información sobre cambio climático, fomentando la difusión y sensibilización en la materia y reduciendo las asimetrías de información.', '• Facilitar el acceso oportuno y adecuado a la información sobre cambio climático, fomentando la difusión y sensibilización en la materia y reduciendo las asimetrías de información. • Articular una adecuada coordinación entre las distintas instituciones y representantes vinculados a los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 31 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 vigente, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y la última evi- dencia científica disponible, para proponer mejoras a incorporar en el instrumento.', '• Articular una adecuada coordinación entre las distintas instituciones y representantes vinculados a los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 31 CAPÍTULO 1/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 vigente, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y la última evi- dencia científica disponible, para proponer mejoras a incorporar en el instrumento. • Consejo Consultivo Nacional del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente16 | Órgano colegiado conformado por representantes de sectores de la sociedad civil, que entre sus funciones considera emitir opinión respecto de materias ambientales de relevancia e interés general, y en dicho marco, este consejo analizó y se pronunció sobre la propuesta de la ECLP con el objeto de enriquecer esta estrategia mediante la consideración de las visiones y persperctivas dela diversidad de representantes de la sociedad civil.', '• Consejo Consultivo Nacional del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente16 | Órgano colegiado conformado por representantes de sectores de la sociedad civil, que entre sus funciones considera emitir opinión respecto de materias ambientales de relevancia e interés general, y en dicho marco, este consejo analizó y se pronunció sobre la propuesta de la ECLP con el objeto de enriquecer esta estrategia mediante la consideración de las visiones y persperctivas dela diversidad de representantes de la sociedad civil. • Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC): Organismo que apoya al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en la elaboración, implementación y seguimiento de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, está conformado por los representantes de las instituciones competentes en materia de cambio climático.', '• Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC): Organismo que apoya al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en la elaboración, implementación y seguimiento de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, está conformado por los representantes de las instituciones competentes en materia de cambio climático. Además de los 3 talleres realizados con el ETICC en el marco de la participación temprana, a lo largo de todo el proceso se ha contado con la participación a través de instancias informativas, de trabajo y de coordinación de los diferentes componentes del proceso.', 'Además de los 3 talleres realizados con el ETICC en el marco de la participación temprana, a lo largo de todo el proceso se ha contado con la participación a través de instancias informativas, de trabajo y de coordinación de los diferentes componentes del proceso. • Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático: Instancia de carácter multisectorial que agrupa a más de 25 instituciones públicas con la función es aseso- rar las políticas e instrumentos para la incorporación efectiva de género, forma parte de las acciones que el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente desa- rrolla en su rol de secretaría técnica del Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC).', '• Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático: Instancia de carácter multisectorial que agrupa a más de 25 instituciones públicas con la función es aseso- rar las políticas e instrumentos para la incorporación efectiva de género, forma parte de las acciones que el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente desa- rrolla en su rol de secretaría técnica del Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC). En esta mesa se realizaron 2 talleres sobre la ECLP, donde se aplicó la «Lista de chequeo para integrar el enfoque de género en los instrumentos de gestión de cambio climático»17 | y se revisaron de manera transversal los objetivos y metas de los 14 sectores involucrados en la estrategia. Finalmente, desde esta mesa se generó una propuesta de integración de enfoque de género para el instrumento.', 'Finalmente, desde esta mesa se generó una propuesta de integración de enfoque de género para el instrumento. El detalle de todas las instancias que contempló el proceso de elaboración participativa (fechas, presentaciones, listas de asistentes, reportes, etc.) se en- cuentra disponible en Anexo 1: Profundizando en la elaboración participativa ECLP donde se presentan todas las instancias participativas, fechas, objetivos y participantes, entre otros. 16 | Se transforma en el Consejo Nacional para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático con el proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', '16 | Se transforma en el Consejo Nacional para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático con el proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. 17 | 2) Participación ciudadana formal: La propuesta de ECLP fue sometida a Consulta Pública durante 9 semanas para darla a conocer a diversos actores del país, recoger sus opiniones y sugerencias para mejorar la propuesta, considerando talleres ciudadanos en todas las regiones del país, talleres con foco en los conocimientos ancestrales para la acción climática y talleres con todos los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático. Este proceso contó con 44 instancias participativas online en todas las regiones del país, abarcando a 1.570 asistentes con paridad de género (50% mujeres, 50% hombres).', 'Este proceso contó con 44 instancias participativas online en todas las regiones del país, abarcando a 1.570 asistentes con paridad de género (50% mujeres, 50% hombres). Durante este periodo se habilitó la plataforma de participación ciudadana del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA)12 | a través de la cual se recibieron 777 observaciones de personas naturales, organizaciones, centros de estudio, agrupaciones gremiales, ONGs y sector privado, las cuales fueron analizadas y ponderadas por equipos técnicos, identificando su pertinencia para ser incorporadas al documento definitivo.', 'Durante este periodo se habilitó la plataforma de participación ciudadana del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA)12 | a través de la cual se recibieron 777 observaciones de personas naturales, organizaciones, centros de estudio, agrupaciones gremiales, ONGs y sector privado, las cuales fueron analizadas y ponderadas por equipos técnicos, identificando su pertinencia para ser incorporadas al documento definitivo. 3) Participación para el robustecimiento de la propuesta: Luego de contar con la propuesta de ECLP, se desarrollaron una serie de talleres de carácter técnico, con el objetivo de contar con instancias que permitieran profundizar aspectos específicos del instrumento, entre los que se encuentran los Talleres de Indicadores de Adaptación al cambio climático, Taller Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva de GEI y Talleres Subnacionales Avanzando a la carbono neutralidad; realizados en todas las regiones del país para municipalidades, empresas y ciudadanía.', '3) Participación para el robustecimiento de la propuesta: Luego de contar con la propuesta de ECLP, se desarrollaron una serie de talleres de carácter técnico, con el objetivo de contar con instancias que permitieran profundizar aspectos específicos del instrumento, entre los que se encuentran los Talleres de Indicadores de Adaptación al cambio climático, Taller Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva de GEI y Talleres Subnacionales Avanzando a la carbono neutralidad; realizados en todas las regiones del país para municipalidades, empresas y ciudadanía. Estas 44 instancias online permitieron robustecer la propuesta y generaron espacios de capacitación que sumaron un total de 926 asistentes, de las cuales el 51% fueron mujeres y el 49% fueron hombres.', 'Estas 44 instancias online permitieron robustecer la propuesta y generaron espacios de capacitación que sumaron un total de 926 asistentes, de las cuales el 51% fueron mujeres y el 49% fueron hombres. A lo largo de todo el periodo de elaboración de la ECLP, se contó con una página web13 | y un expediente electrónico14 | para difundir el instrumento, re- gistrar todas las actividades realizadas y dar transparencia al proceso.', 'A lo largo de todo el periodo de elaboración de la ECLP, se contó con una página web13 | y un expediente electrónico14 | para difundir el instrumento, re- gistrar todas las actividades realizadas y dar transparencia al proceso. Además de todas las instancias diseñadas en las 3 etapas descritas del proceso de ela- boración participativa, se contó con la participación transversal de grupos de personas expertas, entre los que se encuentran: • Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática: Comité con una visión transversal, multiactoral y multinivel que asesora al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP.', 'Además de todas las instancias diseñadas en las 3 etapas descritas del proceso de ela- boración participativa, se contó con la participación transversal de grupos de personas expertas, entre los que se encuentran: • Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática: Comité con una visión transversal, multiactoral y multinivel que asesora al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP. Está constituido por 32 represen- tantes, donde se encuentran autoridades del Estado, autoridades a nivel local, academia, sector privado, organizaciones no gubernamentales, jó- venes, indígenas y el high level champion de la COP25. • Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico sobre Cambio Climático15 |: Comité asesor en los aspectos científicos que se requieran para la elaboración, diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio cli- mático.', '• Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico sobre Cambio Climático15 |: Comité asesor en los aspectos científicos que se requieran para la elaboración, diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio cli- mático. Este Comité desarrolló un informe de recomendaciones sobre in- corporación de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza y elaboró un Informe Previo de la propuesta de ECLP, considerando la normativa ambiental 12 | Disponible en: tasciudadanas.mma.gob.cl/portal/ 13 | gob.cl/estrategia-climatica-de-lar- trumento 14 |', 'Este Comité desarrolló un informe de recomendaciones sobre in- corporación de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza y elaboró un Informe Previo de la propuesta de ECLP, considerando la normativa ambiental 12 | Disponible en: tasciudadanas.mma.gob.cl/portal/ 13 | gob.cl/estrategia-climatica-de-lar- trumento 14 | gob.cl/estrategia-climatica-de-lar- nico-del-proceso/ 15 | de Daniela Gormaz 02 visión a largo plazo de chile Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 35 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tes planes sectoriales de adaptación:18 | Biodiversidad, Recursos Hídricos, Infraestructura, Salud, Minería, Energía, Silvoagropecuario, Pesca y Acui- cultura, Ciudades, Turismo y Borde Costero.', 'gob.cl/estrategia-climatica-de-lar- nico-del-proceso/ 15 | de Daniela Gormaz 02 visión a largo plazo de chile Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 35 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tes planes sectoriales de adaptación:18 | Biodiversidad, Recursos Hídricos, Infraestructura, Salud, Minería, Energía, Silvoagropecuario, Pesca y Acui- cultura, Ciudades, Turismo y Borde Costero. • Planes de Acción Regional y Comunal de Cambio Climático: Elaborados por los Comités Regionales para el Cambio Climático (CORECC) y las Muni- cipalidades, respectivamente, tendrán por finalidad consolidar las acciones de los Planes Sectoriales que se implementarán en el territorio y asimis- mo, definir las acciones adicionales que se desarrollen desde la misma región y que cuenten con financiamiento regional.', '• Planes de Acción Regional y Comunal de Cambio Climático: Elaborados por los Comités Regionales para el Cambio Climático (CORECC) y las Muni- cipalidades, respectivamente, tendrán por finalidad consolidar las acciones de los Planes Sectoriales que se implementarán en el territorio y asimis- mo, definir las acciones adicionales que se desarrollen desde la misma región y que cuenten con financiamiento regional. Los Planes de Acción Regional deberán ajustarse y ser coherentes con las directrices de la Es- trategia Climática de Largo Plazo, los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y Adaptación y con los planes comunales de mitigación y adaptación, cuando existan.', 'Los Planes de Acción Regional deberán ajustarse y ser coherentes con las directrices de la Es- trategia Climática de Largo Plazo, los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y Adaptación y con los planes comunales de mitigación y adaptación, cuando existan. 2.1 Chile, Carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050 En 2019 el gobierno de Chile anunció que el país se convertirá en car- bono neutral a más tardar el 2050 siguiendo con las recomendaciones de la ciencia y en línea con el Acuerdo de París.', '2.1 Chile, Carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050 En 2019 el gobierno de Chile anunció que el país se convertirá en car- bono neutral a más tardar el 2050 siguiendo con las recomendaciones de la ciencia y en línea con el Acuerdo de París. Este anuncio se materializó en la meta establecida en el artículo 4 del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático presentado ante el Congreso Nacional para su tramitación legislativa, con el objetivo desarrollar un sistema legal robusto para fortalecer la política climática como una política de Estado, estableciendo la meta de la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 como vinculante y la obligación de revisarla cada 10 años para adelantarla.', 'Este anuncio se materializó en la meta establecida en el artículo 4 del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático presentado ante el Congreso Nacional para su tramitación legislativa, con el objetivo desarrollar un sistema legal robusto para fortalecer la política climática como una política de Estado, estableciendo la meta de la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 como vinculante y la obligación de revisarla cada 10 años para adelantarla. Una meta de neutralidad de emisiones no sólo significa un importante compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible del país, también confirmar el com- promiso de Chile de unirse firmemente a los acuerdos globales por mantener controlado el aumento de temperatura, siguiendo además las recomendacio- nes hechas por el panel de expertos sobre cambio climático (IPCC) en su in- forme sobre la meta de 1.5°C (SR1.5) y el Sexto reporte de evaluación (AR6).', 'Una meta de neutralidad de emisiones no sólo significa un importante compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible del país, también confirmar el com- promiso de Chile de unirse firmemente a los acuerdos globales por mantener controlado el aumento de temperatura, siguiendo además las recomendacio- nes hechas por el panel de expertos sobre cambio climático (IPCC) en su in- forme sobre la meta de 1.5°C (SR1.5) y el Sexto reporte de evaluación (AR6). Es así como este compromiso se transforma no sólo en la meta más impor- tante de Chile en materia de mitigación, sino que además es parte de la visión climática a largo plazo, que orienta no solo las políticas ambientales del país, sino que también las económicas y sociales buscando una economía que res- peta los límites ecosistémicos de su territorio.', 'Es así como este compromiso se transforma no sólo en la meta más impor- tante de Chile en materia de mitigación, sino que además es parte de la visión climática a largo plazo, que orienta no solo las políticas ambientales del país, sino que también las económicas y sociales buscando una economía que res- peta los límites ecosistémicos de su territorio. Esto se vincula principalmente con las políticas e instrumentos para el control de los contaminantes locales dado que muchas acciones para reducir la concentración de dichos contami- nantes también tienen un efecto positivo en la reducción de GEI y de otros contaminantes climáticos de vida corta.', 'Esto se vincula principalmente con las políticas e instrumentos para el control de los contaminantes locales dado que muchas acciones para reducir la concentración de dichos contami- nantes también tienen un efecto positivo en la reducción de GEI y de otros contaminantes climáticos de vida corta. 18 | Los Ministerios responsables de los planes sectoriales de adaptación son: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (Biodiversidad), Ministerio de Obras Publicas (Recursos Hídricos) , Minis- terio de Obras Publicas (Infraestruc- tura), Ministerio de Salud (Salud), Ministerio de Minería (Minería), Mi- nisterio de Energía (Energía), Minis- terio de Agricultura (Silvoagropecua- rio), Ministerio de Economía (Pesca y Acuicultura), Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (Ciudades), Ministerio de Economía (Tursimo) y Ministerio de Defensa (Borde Costero).', '18 | Los Ministerios responsables de los planes sectoriales de adaptación son: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (Biodiversidad), Ministerio de Obras Publicas (Recursos Hídricos) , Minis- terio de Obras Publicas (Infraestruc- tura), Ministerio de Salud (Salud), Ministerio de Minería (Minería), Mi- nisterio de Energía (Energía), Minis- terio de Agricultura (Silvoagropecua- rio), Ministerio de Economía (Pesca y Acuicultura), Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (Ciudades), Ministerio de Economía (Tursimo) y Ministerio de Defensa (Borde Costero). Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050 La ECLP será el instrumento orientador de la política climática para ali- nearla con la visión y meta de largo plazo definida para Chile y propuesta en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, que establece donde se debe llegar hacia mediados de siglo para ser coherentes con los esfuerzos mundiales de evitar el aumento de temperatura global tal como establece el Acuerdo de Paris.', 'Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transición al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a más tardar al 2050 La ECLP será el instrumento orientador de la política climática para ali- nearla con la visión y meta de largo plazo definida para Chile y propuesta en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, que establece donde se debe llegar hacia mediados de siglo para ser coherentes con los esfuerzos mundiales de evitar el aumento de temperatura global tal como establece el Acuerdo de Paris. Chile se ha comprometido a alcanzar la neutralidad de emisiones de GEI y aumentar su resiliencia a más tardar al 2050, lo que requiere de un esfuerzo de coordinación y sinergia sin precedente en materia de política am- biental en el país.', 'Chile se ha comprometido a alcanzar la neutralidad de emisiones de GEI y aumentar su resiliencia a más tardar al 2050, lo que requiere de un esfuerzo de coordinación y sinergia sin precedente en materia de política am- biental en el país. Esta estrategia, junto con la NDC, corresponden a los instrumentos de ges- tión del cambio climático de mayor jerarquía a nivel nacional, estableciendo objetivos, metas y lineamientos de mediano y largo plazo en materia de cambio climático a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional.', 'Esta estrategia, junto con la NDC, corresponden a los instrumentos de ges- tión del cambio climático de mayor jerarquía a nivel nacional, estableciendo objetivos, metas y lineamientos de mediano y largo plazo en materia de cambio climático a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional. La ECLP busca que todos los territorios y sectores de la economía nacional incorporen el cambio climático en su gestión diaria y en su planificación en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, en virtud de las bases legales que propone el Pro- yecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, para una gestión eficaz del cambio climático.', 'La ECLP busca que todos los territorios y sectores de la economía nacional incorporen el cambio climático en su gestión diaria y en su planificación en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, en virtud de las bases legales que propone el Pro- yecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, para una gestión eficaz del cambio climático. En este sentido, los lineamientos, objetivos y metas de largo plazo en ma- teria de cambio climático de la ECLP posteriormente se alcanzarán a través de diversos instrumentos de ejecución, que contendrán acciones y medidas concretas sobre mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y relativas a los medios de implementación, tales como: • Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación: establecerán el conjunto de acciones y medidas para reducir o absorber GEI y no sobrepasar el presupuesto sec- torial de emisiones, y asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas planteados por cada sector.', 'En este sentido, los lineamientos, objetivos y metas de largo plazo en ma- teria de cambio climático de la ECLP posteriormente se alcanzarán a través de diversos instrumentos de ejecución, que contendrán acciones y medidas concretas sobre mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y relativas a los medios de implementación, tales como: • Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación: establecerán el conjunto de acciones y medidas para reducir o absorber GEI y no sobrepasar el presupuesto sec- torial de emisiones, y asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas planteados por cada sector. Los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación debe- rán ser elaborados por las siguientes autoridades sectoriales: Ministerio de Energía, Transporte y Telecomunicaciones, Minería, Salud, Agricultura, Obras Públicas, y Vivienda y Urbanismo.', 'Los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación debe- rán ser elaborados por las siguientes autoridades sectoriales: Ministerio de Energía, Transporte y Telecomunicaciones, Minería, Salud, Agricultura, Obras Públicas, y Vivienda y Urbanismo. • Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación: establecerán el conjunto de accio- nes y medidas que permitan asegurar la implementación de los objetivos y metas planteados por cada sector, para lograr adaptar al cambio climáti- co aquellos sectores con mayor vulnerabilidad.', '• Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación: establecerán el conjunto de accio- nes y medidas que permitan asegurar la implementación de los objetivos y metas planteados por cada sector, para lograr adaptar al cambio climáti- co aquellos sectores con mayor vulnerabilidad. Se elaborarán los siguien-CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 37 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tulo «Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática», se reconoce la estrecha relación con el Marco de Sendai de la ONU conforme a lo establecido en la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres19 | de Chile y las Metas AICHI del Convenio sobre la Biodiversidad Biológica.', 'Se elaborarán los siguien-CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 37 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tulo «Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática», se reconoce la estrecha relación con el Marco de Sendai de la ONU conforme a lo establecido en la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres19 | de Chile y las Metas AICHI del Convenio sobre la Biodiversidad Biológica. La complejidad de la adaptación en el contexto de nuestro país nos enfrenta a la necesidad de cumplir una serie de condiciones, entre las que se destacan poder con- tar con: • Una sólida base científica de escenarios climáticos y proyecciones de im- pacto, de la sensibilidad de los sistemas afectados por el cambio climático y de opciones de adaptación en los diversos sectores, dispuestos en pla- taformas de uso público que apoye la toma de decisiones.', 'La complejidad de la adaptación en el contexto de nuestro país nos enfrenta a la necesidad de cumplir una serie de condiciones, entre las que se destacan poder con- tar con: • Una sólida base científica de escenarios climáticos y proyecciones de im- pacto, de la sensibilidad de los sistemas afectados por el cambio climático y de opciones de adaptación en los diversos sectores, dispuestos en pla- taformas de uso público que apoye la toma de decisiones. • Una gobernanza climática amplia y representativa de los diferentes actores sociales, que permita una capacidad de respuesta dinámica y flexi- ble, que considere la incertidumbre y la velocidad de los cambios.', '• Una gobernanza climática amplia y representativa de los diferentes actores sociales, que permita una capacidad de respuesta dinámica y flexi- ble, que considere la incertidumbre y la velocidad de los cambios. • Procesos participativos inclusivos y transparentes, de manera que atien- dan a las necesidades específicas de los territorios frente a los impactos del cambio climático, considerando sus características sociales, culturales y expectativas de desarrollo. • Generación de alianzas entre el sector público y privado para optimizar el diseño e implementación de acciones de adaptación. • Sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y adaptación que canalice el aprendizaje y ajustes permanente en base a los nuevos conocimientos y experiencias, y que además permita el reporte oportuno de los resultados y experiencias.', '• Sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y adaptación que canalice el aprendizaje y ajustes permanente en base a los nuevos conocimientos y experiencias, y que además permita el reporte oportuno de los resultados y experiencias. • Reconocimiento de la transversalidad e intersectorialidad de la adap- tación, su amplitud en los grupos de interés y ámbitos de acción, la cual debe permear la política pública nacional, en ámbitos tan diversos como el ordenamiento territorial, la evaluación ambiental de proyectos, la ges- tión de riesgos de desastres, entre otros.', '• Reconocimiento de la transversalidad e intersectorialidad de la adap- tación, su amplitud en los grupos de interés y ámbitos de acción, la cual debe permear la política pública nacional, en ámbitos tan diversos como el ordenamiento territorial, la evaluación ambiental de proyectos, la ges- tión de riesgos de desastres, entre otros. Con lo anterior la visión de largo plazo en términos de adaptación y resi- liencia es que Chile, alineado con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París, logre dis- minuir los riesgos producto de los impactos del cambio climático, aumentando la capacidad de adaptación y disminuyendo su vulnerabilidad, avanzando hacia la seguridad hídrica y alimentaria, buscando el bienestar social y la protección, conservación y restauración de la biodiversidad, avanzando hacia el desarrollo sustentable del país.', 'Con lo anterior la visión de largo plazo en términos de adaptación y resi- liencia es que Chile, alineado con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París, logre dis- minuir los riesgos producto de los impactos del cambio climático, aumentando la capacidad de adaptación y disminuyendo su vulnerabilidad, avanzando hacia la seguridad hídrica y alimentaria, buscando el bienestar social y la protección, conservación y restauración de la biodiversidad, avanzando hacia el desarrollo sustentable del país. 19 | En la NDC de Chile existe un compromiso específico en esta materia, donde se indica que a 2030, se habrá completado la implemen- tación de la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2019-2030, la que estará armoniza- da con el marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, el Acuerdo de París y a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.', '19 | En la NDC de Chile existe un compromiso específico en esta materia, donde se indica que a 2030, se habrá completado la implemen- tación de la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2019-2030, la que estará armoniza- da con el marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, el Acuerdo de París y a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Alcanzar esta meta implica un trabajo sostenido para Chile en dos líneas de acción igualmente relevantes: i) conseguir una disminución sostenida de emisiones de GEI; y ii) aumentar y mantener los sumideros de carbono.', 'Alcanzar esta meta implica un trabajo sostenido para Chile en dos líneas de acción igualmente relevantes: i) conseguir una disminución sostenida de emisiones de GEI; y ii) aumentar y mantener los sumideros de carbono. Para conseguir esto, la ECLP establece metas e hitos sectoriales al 2030 a partir de la meta nacional definida en la NDC e identifica instrumentos de gestión a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile) que de- berán usarse y mejorarse para lograr estas metas en línea con los establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Es preciso reconocer el considerable esfuerzo que deberá realizarse a nivel multisectorial y territorial para conseguir que se implementen las políticas y medidas necesarias para poder conseguir una reducción sostenida de las emisiones de GEI, lo que implicará una descarbonización progresiva de la ma- triz eléctrica y de procesos productivos, y a la vez un cambio en los patrones de consumo relevando la importancia de la economía circular.', 'Para conseguir esto, la ECLP establece metas e hitos sectoriales al 2030 a partir de la meta nacional definida en la NDC e identifica instrumentos de gestión a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile) que de- berán usarse y mejorarse para lograr estas metas en línea con los establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Es preciso reconocer el considerable esfuerzo que deberá realizarse a nivel multisectorial y territorial para conseguir que se implementen las políticas y medidas necesarias para poder conseguir una reducción sostenida de las emisiones de GEI, lo que implicará una descarbonización progresiva de la ma- triz eléctrica y de procesos productivos, y a la vez un cambio en los patrones de consumo relevando la importancia de la economía circular. En relación a las capturas, se deberá trabajar en instrumentos que permitan mantener e incre- mentar los sumideros naturales de carbono, considerando además los múl- tiples servicios ecosistémicos que proveen (conservación y protección de la biodiversidad, de recursos hídricos, de ecosistemas, disminución de impactos por desastres, entre otros).', 'En relación a las capturas, se deberá trabajar en instrumentos que permitan mantener e incre- mentar los sumideros naturales de carbono, considerando además los múl- tiples servicios ecosistémicos que proveen (conservación y protección de la biodiversidad, de recursos hídricos, de ecosistemas, disminución de impactos por desastres, entre otros). 2.2 Chile, resiliente al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050 La resiliencia del país, entendida como la capacidad de los sistemas socia- les, económicos y ecológicos interconectados de afrontar un evento, tendencia o perturbación peligrosa respondiendo o reorganizándose de modo que man- tengan su función esencial, su identidad y su estructura, conservando al mismo tiempo la capacidad de adaptación, aprendizaje y/o transformación, es una de las metas fundamentales de esta estrategia.', '2.2 Chile, resiliente al cambio climático a más tardar al 2050 La resiliencia del país, entendida como la capacidad de los sistemas socia- les, económicos y ecológicos interconectados de afrontar un evento, tendencia o perturbación peligrosa respondiendo o reorganizándose de modo que man- tengan su función esencial, su identidad y su estructura, conservando al mismo tiempo la capacidad de adaptación, aprendizaje y/o transformación, es una de las metas fundamentales de esta estrategia. El aumento en la resiliencia se alcanzará a través de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático, y de todas aquellas acciones habilitantes que permitan enfrentarnos a este fenómeno minimizando los riesgos y evitando daños, y al mismo tiempo, aprovechando las oportunidades que se presenten en los territorios.', 'El aumento en la resiliencia se alcanzará a través de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático, y de todas aquellas acciones habilitantes que permitan enfrentarnos a este fenómeno minimizando los riesgos y evitando daños, y al mismo tiempo, aprovechando las oportunidades que se presenten en los territorios. Para avanzar hacia la construcción de un país resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, la ECLP establece objetivos y metas de adaptación de mediano y largo plazo, avanzando sobre la base de la NDC que establece metas intermedias basadas en el desarrollo de planes de adaptación secto- riales y regionales, la generación de información de riesgos a escala comunal, el desarrollo de indicadores para su monitoreo, evaluación y reporte, así como también en la definición de áreas de mayor urgencia para avanzar en la capa- cidad de respuesta frente a eventos climáticos extremos y en la meta de segu- ridad hídrica.', 'Para avanzar hacia la construcción de un país resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, la ECLP establece objetivos y metas de adaptación de mediano y largo plazo, avanzando sobre la base de la NDC que establece metas intermedias basadas en el desarrollo de planes de adaptación secto- riales y regionales, la generación de información de riesgos a escala comunal, el desarrollo de indicadores para su monitoreo, evaluación y reporte, así como también en la definición de áreas de mayor urgencia para avanzar en la capa- cidad de respuesta frente a eventos climáticos extremos y en la meta de segu- ridad hídrica. Además, en los lineamientos para la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile), contenidos en el Capí-CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 39 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 2.3.1 Base en la ciencia La visión de la ECLP está construida en base a la ciencia.', 'Además, en los lineamientos para la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile), contenidos en el Capí-CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 39 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 2.3.1 Base en la ciencia La visión de la ECLP está construida en base a la ciencia. El último reporte de evaluación del IPCC (AR6) es claro en concluir que el efecto observado del cambio climático es debido a las emisiones antropogénicas de GEI. Di- cho reporte es un código o alerta roja para la humanidad, según las palabras del Secretario General de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, por lo que la acción climá- tica debe ser ambiciosa y tomar en cuenta los mensajes entregados por el IPCC.', 'Di- cho reporte es un código o alerta roja para la humanidad, según las palabras del Secretario General de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, por lo que la acción climá- tica debe ser ambiciosa y tomar en cuenta los mensajes entregados por el IPCC. En este contexto, Chile cuenta con el Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico sobre Cambio Climático, creado para asesorar en temas relacionados con las materias del cambio climático, y para analizar y contextualizar la evidencia disponible a nivel nacional e internacional y así proveer información relevan- te que contribuya a la elaboración, diseño, implementación y actualización de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. Este comité se incorpora oficialmente a la institucionalidad climática de Chile con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio climático.', 'Este comité se incorpora oficialmente a la institucionalidad climática de Chile con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio climático. Debido a la extensión del territorio de Chile, existen diversos climas y por lo tanto distintos riesgos y características de vulnerabilidad. El estudio e inves- tigación de los impactos del cambio climático en el territorio nacional se ha vuelto primordial a la hora de elaborar políticas climáticas. Por esta razón, Chile a través del Ministerio de Ciencia creará un Observatorio de Cambio Climático, que cumplirá con la función de poner a disposición de la ciudadanía y los expertos datos de cambio climático, bajo estándares de interoperabilidad, con objeto de aprovechar la información existente en el país.', 'Por esta razón, Chile a través del Ministerio de Ciencia creará un Observatorio de Cambio Climático, que cumplirá con la función de poner a disposición de la ciudadanía y los expertos datos de cambio climático, bajo estándares de interoperabilidad, con objeto de aprovechar la información existente en el país. Contar con un observatorio de datos climáticos favorecerá la modelación predictiva y estadística de procesos asociados al cambio climático, facilitará la elaboración de estudios de mitigación de efectos económicos y sociales entre otros beneficios de la información científica. Para esto el Observatorio contará con 3 componentes: I) Una Red Integrada de Sensores y Datos a lo largo del territorio nacional, que incluirá inicialmente los instrumentos ya existentes que monitorean nuestro territorio y sus datos, comenzando por océanos y criósfera.', 'Para esto el Observatorio contará con 3 componentes: I) Una Red Integrada de Sensores y Datos a lo largo del territorio nacional, que incluirá inicialmente los instrumentos ya existentes que monitorean nuestro territorio y sus datos, comenzando por océanos y criósfera. II) Una Plataforma de Acceso a Datos, que de manera virtual y descen- tralizada integrará los datos de observación de la Tierra, conectada a las diversas fuentes de dicha información (e.g. servicios públicos y centros de investigación). III) Gobernanza del alto nivel y Equipo Técnico.', 'III) Gobernanza del alto nivel y Equipo Técnico. 2.3 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP Para avanzar hacia la visión climática de largo plazo descrita, esta estra- tegia se construye sobre la base de 5 fundamentos principales que orientan los compromisos con la visión de largo plazo, dichos fundamentos se definie- ron considerando los 4 pilares de la sostenibilidad (económica, social, insti- tucional y medioambiental) con una base clara en la información científica tal como lo muestra la siguiente figura.', '2.3 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP Para avanzar hacia la visión climática de largo plazo descrita, esta estra- tegia se construye sobre la base de 5 fundamentos principales que orientan los compromisos con la visión de largo plazo, dichos fundamentos se definie- ron considerando los 4 pilares de la sostenibilidad (económica, social, insti- tucional y medioambiental) con una base clara en la información científica tal como lo muestra la siguiente figura. Figura 8 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 41 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A nivel central, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) tiene un rol central puesto que además de colaborar con el Presidente de la República en el diseño y aplicación de políticas, planes y programas en materia ambiental se encarga de coordinar el trabajo de los ministerios e instituciones en materia de cam- bio climático, por medio de la Oficina de Cambio Climático.', 'Figura 8 Fundamentos de construcción de la ECLP Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 41 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A nivel central, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) tiene un rol central puesto que además de colaborar con el Presidente de la República en el diseño y aplicación de políticas, planes y programas en materia ambiental se encarga de coordinar el trabajo de los ministerios e instituciones en materia de cam- bio climático, por medio de la Oficina de Cambio Climático. Para ello, el MMA preside el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático, que tiene por objetivo impulsar políticas y regulaciones de carácter ambien- tal, proponiendo su aprobación al Presidente de la República.', 'Para ello, el MMA preside el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático, que tiene por objetivo impulsar políticas y regulaciones de carácter ambien- tal, proponiendo su aprobación al Presidente de la República. Cabe destacar que una vez se dicte el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, el Minis- terio de Educación y el Ministerio de Ciencia pasarán a ser parte del Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad. A su vez, la Oficina de Cambio Climático lidera el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), instancia de coordinación interministerial cuyos integrantes son puntos focales de los ministerios competentes en materia de Cambio Climático.', 'A su vez, la Oficina de Cambio Climático lidera el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), instancia de coordinación interministerial cuyos integrantes son puntos focales de los ministerios competentes en materia de Cambio Climático. El trabajo de las instituciones gubernamentales a nivel central es apoyado por la comunidad científica a través del Comité Asesor Ministerial Científi- co sobre Cambio Climático que aporta con información científica relevante para la toma de decisiones según lo establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. También es apoyado por agentes no estatales que con- templan representantes de los gremios, organizaciones no gubernamentales, y ciudadanía en general a partir del Consejo Nacional para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático.', 'También es apoyado por agentes no estatales que con- templan representantes de los gremios, organizaciones no gubernamentales, y ciudadanía en general a partir del Consejo Nacional para la Sustentabilidad y el Cambio Climático. A nivel de cada región administrativa, los Consejos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC) son los encargados de coordinar la gestión del cambio cli- mático a nivel regional, a través de la elaboración de los instrumentos de ges- tión del cambio climático a nivel regional promoviendo la sinergia con las po- líticas nacionales y sectoriales.', 'A nivel de cada región administrativa, los Consejos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC) son los encargados de coordinar la gestión del cambio cli- mático a nivel regional, a través de la elaboración de los instrumentos de ges- tión del cambio climático a nivel regional promoviendo la sinergia con las po- líticas nacionales y sectoriales. Actualmente, los CORECC son presididos por el delegado presidencial, situación que se modificará con la entrada en vigencia de la Ley Marco de Cambio climático pasando a ser presididos por el Goberna- dor regional, además participan las autoridades regionales, municipales y la ciudadanía a través de los Consejos Consultivos Regionales, permitiéndoles manifestar su liderazgo en materia climática.', 'Actualmente, los CORECC son presididos por el delegado presidencial, situación que se modificará con la entrada en vigencia de la Ley Marco de Cambio climático pasando a ser presididos por el Goberna- dor regional, además participan las autoridades regionales, municipales y la ciudadanía a través de los Consejos Consultivos Regionales, permitiéndoles manifestar su liderazgo en materia climática. • Negociación Internacional Chile es parte de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cam- bio Climático desde 1994 y el ratificó el Acuerdo de París el año 2017. Como parte de estos acuerdos, Chile es reconocido por su activo compro- miso, cumplimiento, transparencia y ambición de sus metas; y participa activamente en las diferentes áreas de negociación internacional que se generan anualmente en este marco.', 'Como parte de estos acuerdos, Chile es reconocido por su activo compro- miso, cumplimiento, transparencia y ambición de sus metas; y participa activamente en las diferentes áreas de negociación internacional que se generan anualmente en este marco. La participación en estas instancias requiere de una delegación de profesionales provenientes de distintos ministerios que aseguren la necesaria ambición climática y el relevo de los intereses del país en las distintas temáticas de negociación con una visión de Estado que transciende los Gobiernos de turno.', 'La participación en estas instancias requiere de una delegación de profesionales provenientes de distintos ministerios que aseguren la necesaria ambición climática y el relevo de los intereses del país en las distintas temáticas de negociación con una visión de Estado que transciende los Gobiernos de turno. 2.3.2 Gobernanza climática (multinivel y multiactor) Las metas y objetivos considerarán la nueva y robustecida gobernanza propuesta en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático que contempla una estructura vertical (nacional y regional) y horizontal incorporando las ins- tituciones estatales y también la participación de agentes no estatales, rele- vando la importancia de la ciencia.', '2.3.2 Gobernanza climática (multinivel y multiactor) Las metas y objetivos considerarán la nueva y robustecida gobernanza propuesta en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático que contempla una estructura vertical (nacional y regional) y horizontal incorporando las ins- tituciones estatales y también la participación de agentes no estatales, rele- vando la importancia de la ciencia. Esta estructura institucional establecida en el Proyecto de Ley y profundizada también a lo largo de la ECLP, corresponde a una arquitectura de Estado, es decir se mantiene funcionando de manera per- manente, en cada período de Gobierno que vaya transcurriendo en el tiempo, teniéndose siempre como objetivo principal, fomentar la coordinación multi- nivel e interinstitucional, evitando la duplicidad y potenciando las sinergias y colaboración permanente, en la gestión del cambio climático en Chile.', 'Esta estructura institucional establecida en el Proyecto de Ley y profundizada también a lo largo de la ECLP, corresponde a una arquitectura de Estado, es decir se mantiene funcionando de manera per- manente, en cada período de Gobierno que vaya transcurriendo en el tiempo, teniéndose siempre como objetivo principal, fomentar la coordinación multi- nivel e interinstitucional, evitando la duplicidad y potenciando las sinergias y colaboración permanente, en la gestión del cambio climático en Chile. A nivel nacional se reconocen diferentes roles y responsabilidades para en- frentar el cambio climático, respondiendo tanto a los requerimientos interna- cionales, como a las características propias del país y sus regiones. La siguiente figura, muestra la composición de la gobernanza climática, así como los prin- cipales vínculos entre ellos.', 'La siguiente figura, muestra la composición de la gobernanza climática, así como los prin- cipales vínculos entre ellos. Destaca una amplia representación de agentes: personas del sector público o estatalesestatal (tanto centrales como regionales y locales; personas técnicas y personas tomadoras de decisión); No estatales (academia y ciudadanía, es decir la sociedad civil en su conjunto, organizacio- nes no-gubernamentales y el sector privado). Figura 9 Gobernanza climática Fuente: Elaboración propia, en base a gobernanza establecida en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 43 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Por otro lado, en este contexto de la negociación internacional Chile ha bus- cado poder integrar jóvenes al proceso de la negociación.', 'Figura 9 Gobernanza climática Fuente: Elaboración propia, en base a gobernanza establecida en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 43 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Por otro lado, en este contexto de la negociación internacional Chile ha bus- cado poder integrar jóvenes al proceso de la negociación. Durante la COP25 en Madrid, por primera vez, Chile tuvo dos jóvenes en su equipo de negocia- dores y, desde entonces, se comprometió a mantener esa figura, en efecto para la COP26 por medio del Curso Internacional de Jóvenes Negociadores para las negociaciones de cambio climático de las Naciones Unidas, se han seleccionado a dos nuevas personas jóvenes que postularon para participar del proceso en Glasgow en conjunto con la delegación nacional.', 'Durante la COP25 en Madrid, por primera vez, Chile tuvo dos jóvenes en su equipo de negocia- dores y, desde entonces, se comprometió a mantener esa figura, en efecto para la COP26 por medio del Curso Internacional de Jóvenes Negociadores para las negociaciones de cambio climático de las Naciones Unidas, se han seleccionado a dos nuevas personas jóvenes que postularon para participar del proceso en Glasgow en conjunto con la delegación nacional. 2.3.3. Pilar social La NDC de Chile establece de manera inédita un pilar social, que contem- pla la sinergia de cada compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sosteni- ble (ODS), e incorpora criterios y compromisos específicos respecto a Equidad e Igualdad de género, Transición justa, Participación activa, Conocimientos an- cestrales y Seguridad Hídrica.', 'Pilar social La NDC de Chile establece de manera inédita un pilar social, que contem- pla la sinergia de cada compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sosteni- ble (ODS), e incorpora criterios y compromisos específicos respecto a Equidad e Igualdad de género, Transición justa, Participación activa, Conocimientos an- cestrales y Seguridad Hídrica. El compromiso del Pilar Social es parte también de esta Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, y se puede ver reflejado y reforza- do en los siguientes capítulos. A su vez, la ECLP, tal como la NDC, reconoce la necesidad de maximizar las sinergias entre esta política de estado y la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.', 'A su vez, la ECLP, tal como la NDC, reconoce la necesidad de maximizar las sinergias entre esta política de estado y la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Es por esta razón que se identifica a que ODS aporta cada objetivo y meta de la estrategia, de manera que se puedan incluir como parte de los avances de Chile respecto a la Agenda 2030, asegurando una visión integrada y transversal de desarrollo sustentable en Chile.', 'Es por esta razón que se identifica a que ODS aporta cada objetivo y meta de la estrategia, de manera que se puedan incluir como parte de los avances de Chile respecto a la Agenda 2030, asegurando una visión integrada y transversal de desarrollo sustentable en Chile. • Equidad e Igualdad de Género Como se ha evidenciado, el cambio climático es un fenómeno global que afecta a todas las esferas de la sociedad, sus impactos tienen efectos so- bre los distintos sectores productivos y sobre el suministro de servicios básicos como el agua, la energía, el transporte, entre otros. Sin embargo, no afecta a todas las personas de la misma manera, hay ciertos efectos diferenciados que se producen en base a condiciones de vulnerabilidad social preexistentes que el cambio climático intensifica.', 'Sin embargo, no afecta a todas las personas de la misma manera, hay ciertos efectos diferenciados que se producen en base a condiciones de vulnerabilidad social preexistentes que el cambio climático intensifica. Las desigualdades e inequidades de género son una de esas condiciones, las brechas de género de base, como el menor acceso de mujeres a la participación, a la toma de decisiones, a la propiedad y uso de los recursos naturales (agua, tierra, mar y energía de buena calidad), a un salario equitativo, a la educación, al trabajo formal y acceso a créditos, a la información, capacitación y uso de tecnologías, así como otras brechas estruc- turales y roles de género, hacen de las mujeres un grupo de mayor vulnerabi- lidad climática, a lo que se le suman también brechas respecto de información disponible sobre los impactos del cambio climático desagregados por sexo que sirva para la toma de decisiones.', 'Las desigualdades e inequidades de género son una de esas condiciones, las brechas de género de base, como el menor acceso de mujeres a la participación, a la toma de decisiones, a la propiedad y uso de los recursos naturales (agua, tierra, mar y energía de buena calidad), a un salario equitativo, a la educación, al trabajo formal y acceso a créditos, a la información, capacitación y uso de tecnologías, así como otras brechas estruc- turales y roles de género, hacen de las mujeres un grupo de mayor vulnerabi- lidad climática, a lo que se le suman también brechas respecto de información disponible sobre los impactos del cambio climático desagregados por sexo que sirva para la toma de decisiones. El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático aborda esta problemática estableciendo que en la elaboración de los Planes Sectoriales, las Autoridades Sectoriales deberán colaborar con los orga- nismos competentes, especialmente con el Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad En este sentido, la coordinación de los ministerios es clave para identificar y generar estrategias necesarias que permitan vincular más de un tema de negociación, así como promover las prioridades y necesidades de Chile en el contexto de esta problemática mundial.', 'El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático aborda esta problemática estableciendo que en la elaboración de los Planes Sectoriales, las Autoridades Sectoriales deberán colaborar con los orga- nismos competentes, especialmente con el Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad En este sentido, la coordinación de los ministerios es clave para identificar y generar estrategias necesarias que permitan vincular más de un tema de negociación, así como promover las prioridades y necesidades de Chile en el contexto de esta problemática mundial. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, a través de su Dirección de Medio Ambiente y Asuntos Oceá- nicos, lidera y coordina el equipo negociador de Chile, donde personas expertas realizan el seguimiento específico de los temas de negociación de interés para el país, y está compuesto por profesionales de los siguien- tes ministerios: Tabla 2 Equipo negociador de Chile.', 'El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, a través de su Dirección de Medio Ambiente y Asuntos Oceá- nicos, lidera y coordina el equipo negociador de Chile, donde personas expertas realizan el seguimiento específico de los temas de negociación de interés para el país, y está compuesto por profesionales de los siguien- tes ministerios: Tabla 2 Equipo negociador de Chile. Área de negociación Ministerio responsable Adaptación (Art. 7) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente Agricultura y Bosques Ministerio de Agricultura Ciencia Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimien- to e Innovación Coordinación general Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Finanzas Ministerio de Hacienda Género y Derechos Humanos Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Ministe- rio del Medio Ambiente Medidas de Respuesta Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (SUBREI) Mercado y No-Mercado (Art. 6) Ministerio de Energía Pérdidas y Daños (Art. 8) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente Transparencia (Art.', '8) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente Transparencia (Art. 13) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente Fuente: Elaboración propia. Cabe destacar que, los ministerios responsables tienen el rol de coordina- ción de áreas de negociación específicas, estos ministerios también se vinculan entre sí y con otras instituciones del Estado toda vez que existen implicancias, relaciones o temas comunes que deben ser atendidos por más de un ministerio.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 45 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Tabla 3 Objetivo y metas de mediano y largo plazo en materia de equidad e igualdad de género.', 'Cabe destacar que, los ministerios responsables tienen el rol de coordina- ción de áreas de negociación específicas, estos ministerios también se vinculan entre sí y con otras instituciones del Estado toda vez que existen implicancias, relaciones o temas comunes que deben ser atendidos por más de un ministerio.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 45 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Tabla 3 Objetivo y metas de mediano y largo plazo en materia de equidad e igualdad de género. Objetivo Reducir las brechas de género identificadas en los diferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional y subnacional, para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres al cambio climático y así garantizar la igualdad de las mujeres, su autonomía y la equidad de género Metas 1) Todos los sectores integrados en la ECLP contarán con un análisis que permita identificar brechas de gé- nero específicas para el diseño de los planes secto- riales de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climá- tico (Autoridades Sectoriales Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático).', 'Objetivo Reducir las brechas de género identificadas en los diferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional y subnacional, para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres al cambio climático y así garantizar la igualdad de las mujeres, su autonomía y la equidad de género Metas 1) Todos los sectores integrados en la ECLP contarán con un análisis que permita identificar brechas de gé- nero específicas para el diseño de los planes secto- riales de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climá- tico (Autoridades Sectoriales Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático). 2) Al menos un 50% de los Planes de Acción Regiona- les de Cambio Climático (PARCC) vigentes, habrán in- tegrado un análisis que identifique brechas de género específicas, que sean consideradas en el diseño de me- didas de mitigación y/o adaptación (Gobierno Regional (Gore) -Seremis Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) - Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género).', '2) Al menos un 50% de los Planes de Acción Regiona- les de Cambio Climático (PARCC) vigentes, habrán in- tegrado un análisis que identifique brechas de género específicas, que sean consideradas en el diseño de me- didas de mitigación y/o adaptación (Gobierno Regional (Gore) -Seremis Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) - Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género). 3) A partir del 2025 se reportará como se ha avanzado en el fomento de una participación equitativa de mu- jeres y hombres en todas las instancias instituciona- les y de gobernanza nacionales, regionales y locales relacionadas a la gestión del cambio climático (MMA).', '3) A partir del 2025 se reportará como se ha avanzado en el fomento de una participación equitativa de mu- jeres y hombres en todas las instancias instituciona- les y de gobernanza nacionales, regionales y locales relacionadas a la gestión del cambio climático (MMA). 4) Todos los Planes de Acción Regio- nal de Cambio Climático (PARCC) vi- gentes, habrán integrado un análisis que identifique brechas de género es- pecíficas, que sean consideradas en el diseño de medidas de mitigación y/o adaptación (Gore). 5) Se sistematizará al menos una ex- periencia por región sobre la incorpo- ración del enfoque de género en accio- nes para enfrentar el cambio climático (MMA). 6) Todos los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional y subnacional integrarán acciones gé- nero responsivas y/o transformadoras (autoridades sectoriales / Gore).', '6) Todos los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional y subnacional integrarán acciones gé- nero responsivas y/o transformadoras (autoridades sectoriales / Gore). 7) Se habrán re- ducido las brechas de género identifica- das en los diferentes instrumentos de ges- tión del cambio cli- mático a nivel na- cional y subnacional (MMA). Fuente: Elaboración propia. de Género y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, con el objeto incor- porar el enfoque de género y los grupos vulnerables.', 'de Género y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, con el objeto incor- porar el enfoque de género y los grupos vulnerables. Por esa razón, la implementación de las metas y acciones que permitirán alcanzar los objetivos de largo plazo de esta estrategia, deben incorporar con- sideraciones de género de manera transversal y los sectores deben generar sus propios análisis de género que permitan identificar sus brechas y desafíos específicos para una toma de decisiones informada respecto de este enfo- que o perspectiva y proponer acciones concretas que permitan avanzar hacia la equidad de género20 |, en colaboración con el Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género; para ello se plantea el siguiente objetivo y metas concre- tas, para cumplir dicho objetivo.', 'Por esa razón, la implementación de las metas y acciones que permitirán alcanzar los objetivos de largo plazo de esta estrategia, deben incorporar con- sideraciones de género de manera transversal y los sectores deben generar sus propios análisis de género que permitan identificar sus brechas y desafíos específicos para una toma de decisiones informada respecto de este enfo- que o perspectiva y proponer acciones concretas que permitan avanzar hacia la equidad de género20 |, en colaboración con el Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género; para ello se plantea el siguiente objetivo y metas concre- tas, para cumplir dicho objetivo. 20 | En línea con las metas de Dere- chos Colectivos y Ambienta les del Cuarto Plan Nacional de Igualdad entre Mujeres y Hombres 2018 – 2030, que tiene como objetivo garantizar el acceso de las mujeres, especialmente campesinas, rurales e indígenas, a la tierra, a disponi- bilidad de agua, gestión sostenible de recursos naturales, adoptando medidas urgentes para enfrentar el cambio climático y sus efectos, por medio de obras de mitigación que reduzcan impactos negativos sobre su desarrollo (Objetivo específico 6.1) y reconocer el aporte de las mujeres como sujetas en la preser- vación de la biodiversidad, propi- ciando su incorporación a la toma de decisiones sobre las estrategias, políticas y programas de desarrollo sostenible preservando la diversi- dad de formas de producción local (Objetivo específico 6.2).CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 47 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 y economía circular, que permitan la reactivación económica de las comu- nidades y sectores involucrados en el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón.', '20 | En línea con las metas de Dere- chos Colectivos y Ambienta les del Cuarto Plan Nacional de Igualdad entre Mujeres y Hombres 2018 – 2030, que tiene como objetivo garantizar el acceso de las mujeres, especialmente campesinas, rurales e indígenas, a la tierra, a disponi- bilidad de agua, gestión sostenible de recursos naturales, adoptando medidas urgentes para enfrentar el cambio climático y sus efectos, por medio de obras de mitigación que reduzcan impactos negativos sobre su desarrollo (Objetivo específico 6.1) y reconocer el aporte de las mujeres como sujetas en la preser- vación de la biodiversidad, propi- ciando su incorporación a la toma de decisiones sobre las estrategias, políticas y programas de desarrollo sostenible preservando la diversi- dad de formas de producción local (Objetivo específico 6.2).CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 47 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 y economía circular, que permitan la reactivación económica de las comu- nidades y sectores involucrados en el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón. • Desarrollo ambiental y enfoque territorial: se promoverá que el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón genere impactos ambientales y sociales positivos, evitando impactos negativos, gestionando acciones coherentes con la visión de desarrollo local y territorial.', '• Desarrollo ambiental y enfoque territorial: se promoverá que el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón genere impactos ambientales y sociales positivos, evitando impactos negativos, gestionando acciones coherentes con la visión de desarrollo local y territorial. • Gobernanza participativa y articulación público -privada: los desafíos de la Transición Energética requieren trabajar de forma colectiva, estableciendo un modelo de gobernanza local, que sea informada y construida a través de procesos participativos de diálogo social y que acompañe todo el proceso de cierre de las centrales a carbón.', '• Gobernanza participativa y articulación público -privada: los desafíos de la Transición Energética requieren trabajar de forma colectiva, estableciendo un modelo de gobernanza local, que sea informada y construida a través de procesos participativos de diálogo social y que acompañe todo el proceso de cierre de las centrales a carbón. Esta gobernanza tiene que estar en coordinación con las Gobernaciones Regionales, de acuerdo a sus nuevas atribuciones establecidas en la ley 20.074 y con los municipios respectivos, por lo que se avanzará en desarrollar e implementar a través de procesos participativos, acciones locales coordinadas y articuladas con las estrategias, políticas sectoriales e iniciativas privadas existentes, impulsando una transición hacia energías limpias en los territorios involucrados en el cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón.', 'Esta gobernanza tiene que estar en coordinación con las Gobernaciones Regionales, de acuerdo a sus nuevas atribuciones establecidas en la ley 20.074 y con los municipios respectivos, por lo que se avanzará en desarrollar e implementar a través de procesos participativos, acciones locales coordinadas y articuladas con las estrategias, políticas sectoriales e iniciativas privadas existentes, impulsando una transición hacia energías limpias en los territorios involucrados en el cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón. • Participación activa: La carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia al clima no es posible sin el involucramiento de la ciudadanía La Acción por el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE), reconoce que las políti- cas y estrategias de mitigación y adaptación ante el cambio climático u otras problemáticas requieren de un importante consenso ciudadano y participación de todos los grupos de interés de la sociedad civil en todos sus niveles y ám- bitos de acción.', '• Participación activa: La carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia al clima no es posible sin el involucramiento de la ciudadanía La Acción por el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE), reconoce que las políti- cas y estrategias de mitigación y adaptación ante el cambio climático u otras problemáticas requieren de un importante consenso ciudadano y participación de todos los grupos de interés de la sociedad civil en todos sus niveles y ám- bitos de acción. La generación de alianzas entre la sociedad civil, el sector público y privado es la piedra angular para el diseño e implementación de las políticas y acciones de cambio climático, de modo que estas consideren los li- neamientos y transversalidad de ACE.', 'La generación de alianzas entre la sociedad civil, el sector público y privado es la piedra angular para el diseño e implementación de las políticas y acciones de cambio climático, de modo que estas consideren los li- neamientos y transversalidad de ACE. Cada sector ofrece distintas posibilidades a través de instrumentos, recursos, habilidades, conocimientos y experiencias, así como también oportunidades de asumir responsabilidades, que son fun- damentales para cumplir con los compromisos globales establecidos por el Acuerdo de París y nacionales que hemos establecido en nuestra NDC y ECLP. El sector privado, por ejemplo, ofrece recursos, experiencia y la capacidad de innovar en búsqueda de soluciones; y la sociedad civil tiene un profundo conocimiento empírico de sus territorios, ecosistemas y capacidad de acción a nivel local22 |.', 'El sector privado, por ejemplo, ofrece recursos, experiencia y la capacidad de innovar en búsqueda de soluciones; y la sociedad civil tiene un profundo conocimiento empírico de sus territorios, ecosistemas y capacidad de acción a nivel local22 |. Muchas de las acciones de gestión del cambio climático quedarán en la más pura irrelevancia si mujeres, hombres, niñas y niños, en sus vidas coti- dianas y en sus prácticas individuales y colectivas no se corresponsabilizan con ellas.', 'Muchas de las acciones de gestión del cambio climático quedarán en la más pura irrelevancia si mujeres, hombres, niñas y niños, en sus vidas coti- dianas y en sus prácticas individuales y colectivas no se corresponsabilizan con ellas. ACE va más allá de la educación formal y no formal, o de la sensibi- lización de la población, en realidad, este concepto se sitúa en la generación 22 | Action_for_climate_empower- ment_guidelines.pdf (unfccc.int) • Transición Justa Una transición hacia una economía social y ambientalmente sostenible y justa puede ser un importante motor para la creación de empleo decente, justicia social y erradicación de la pobreza. Metas de gran importancia en el entendimiento de que el cambio climático es un potenciador de las desigual- dades existentes, y que particularmente ocurren en nuestro país.', 'Metas de gran importancia en el entendimiento de que el cambio climático es un potenciador de las desigual- dades existentes, y que particularmente ocurren en nuestro país. Contar con una Estrategia de Transición Justa permite potenciar la sinergia entre los compromisos climáticos de Chile y la agenda nacional, basado en el estrecho vínculo que existe entre las dimensiones climática y socio-ambien- tales. La NDC 2020 de Chile, en su pilar social, comprometió elaborar al 2021 una Estrategia de Transición Justa que resguarde los derechos de los más vul- nerables en el proceso de descarbonización de la matriz energética y que cuente con participación ciudadana activa en su diseño e implementación.', 'La NDC 2020 de Chile, en su pilar social, comprometió elaborar al 2021 una Estrategia de Transición Justa que resguarde los derechos de los más vul- nerables en el proceso de descarbonización de la matriz energética y que cuente con participación ciudadana activa en su diseño e implementación. Este compromiso está ad-portas de ser cumplido, ya que la Estrategia de Transición Justa ha culminado su proceso de consulta ciudadana21 | el 16 de septiembre; por lo que actualmente se están analizando los comentarios recibidos y haciendo ajustes al documento, para poder publicar su versión fi- nal durante el presente año.', 'Este compromiso está ad-portas de ser cumplido, ya que la Estrategia de Transición Justa ha culminado su proceso de consulta ciudadana21 | el 16 de septiembre; por lo que actualmente se están analizando los comentarios recibidos y haciendo ajustes al documento, para poder publicar su versión fi- nal durante el presente año. El documento que se publicó durante la consulta pública, detalló los principios, pilares y compromisos que esta Estrategia debe cumplir para tener a las personas en el centro y velar porque la transición energética hacia la carbono neutralidad de Chile incorpore un desarrollo social y ambiental justo y equitativo, promoviendo la creación de empleos que mejoren la calidad de vida de las personas, y mejorar las condiciones medio ambientales en los territorios donde se emplaza la infraestructura del sector energía.', 'El documento que se publicó durante la consulta pública, detalló los principios, pilares y compromisos que esta Estrategia debe cumplir para tener a las personas en el centro y velar porque la transición energética hacia la carbono neutralidad de Chile incorpore un desarrollo social y ambiental justo y equitativo, promoviendo la creación de empleos que mejoren la calidad de vida de las personas, y mejorar las condiciones medio ambientales en los territorios donde se emplaza la infraestructura del sector energía. La Estrategia de Transición Justa busca tener un marco de trabajo para enfrentar la transición energética en los territorios, por lo que es clave la integración de la mirada local para avanzar hacia procesos participativos y que permitan dar cumplimientos a las acciones propuestas en la estrategia.', 'La Estrategia de Transición Justa busca tener un marco de trabajo para enfrentar la transición energética en los territorios, por lo que es clave la integración de la mirada local para avanzar hacia procesos participativos y que permitan dar cumplimientos a las acciones propuestas en la estrategia. La Estrategia de Transición Justa propone una serie de compromisos que aseguran el cumplimiento del objetivo descrito anteriormente, en base a cuatro pilares: • Transición con foco en las personas: se deberán diseñar y ejecutar accio- nes de manera participativa durante el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón.', 'La Estrategia de Transición Justa propone una serie de compromisos que aseguran el cumplimiento del objetivo descrito anteriormente, en base a cuatro pilares: • Transición con foco en las personas: se deberán diseñar y ejecutar accio- nes de manera participativa durante el proceso de cierre y/o nuevos usos de los espacios e infraestructura de las centrales a carbón. Se avanzará en impulsar una transición energética justa en el ámbito social y laboral que promueva la formación de competencias laborales y reconversión hacia empleos de calidad que permitan fomentar el desarrollo local de las comunidades y bienestar de las personas.', 'Se avanzará en impulsar una transición energética justa en el ámbito social y laboral que promueva la formación de competencias laborales y reconversión hacia empleos de calidad que permitan fomentar el desarrollo local de las comunidades y bienestar de las personas. • Desarrollo económico y fomento productivo: se avanzará en facilitar las condiciones para la promoción de nuevas inversiones e implementa- ción de nuevas tecnologías y oportunidades productivas (bienes y servi- cios) asociadas a un desarrollo sustentable en los territorios y vinculados a su vocación productiva, a través de instrumentos de fomento, innovación 21 | tio/estrategia-de-transicion-jus- ta-en-energiaCAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 49 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Al 2023, se creará una plataforma para visibilizar y difundir buenas prác- ticas y conocimientos ancestrales de comunidades locales y pueblos in- dígenas sobre protección de la biodiversidad, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, la cual se actualizará periódicamente, cada dos años, con el objetivo de mejorar continuamente y complementar la información basada en la evidencia científica con el conocimiento empírico de comu- nidades locales y pueblos ancestrales.', '• Desarrollo económico y fomento productivo: se avanzará en facilitar las condiciones para la promoción de nuevas inversiones e implementa- ción de nuevas tecnologías y oportunidades productivas (bienes y servi- cios) asociadas a un desarrollo sustentable en los territorios y vinculados a su vocación productiva, a través de instrumentos de fomento, innovación 21 | tio/estrategia-de-transicion-jus- ta-en-energiaCAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 49 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Al 2023, se creará una plataforma para visibilizar y difundir buenas prác- ticas y conocimientos ancestrales de comunidades locales y pueblos in- dígenas sobre protección de la biodiversidad, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, la cual se actualizará periódicamente, cada dos años, con el objetivo de mejorar continuamente y complementar la información basada en la evidencia científica con el conocimiento empírico de comu- nidades locales y pueblos ancestrales. Esta plataforma pondrá a disposición pública estos saberes y experiencias para promover su incorporación en el diseño e implementación de los di- ferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático del sector público, a nivel sectorial, regional y comunal.', 'Esta plataforma pondrá a disposición pública estos saberes y experiencias para promover su incorporación en el diseño e implementación de los di- ferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático del sector público, a nivel sectorial, regional y comunal. Adicionalmente, podrá servir para fomentar que otras comunidades o miembros de la sociedad civil a lo largo del país repliquen dichas prácticas a lo largo del país, las cuales es- tán arraigadas en una profunda conexión y comprensión de la naturaleza. De manera transversal se fomentará la participación de las comunidades locales y pueblos indígenas en la elaboración e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y comunal, dado su conocimiento local, sabiduría ancestral y comprensión del te- rritorio.', 'De manera transversal se fomentará la participación de las comunidades locales y pueblos indígenas en la elaboración e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y comunal, dado su conocimiento local, sabiduría ancestral y comprensión del te- rritorio. Estos procesos de participación alimentarán la plataforma, cada vez que se identifiquen buenas prácticas y conocimientos que puedan ser replicados. b) Evaluar la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades locales y pueblos ori- ginarios frente al cambio climático considerando posibles soluciones de adaptación propias de su cultura y sociedad, con el objetivo de incor- porar soluciones de adaptación que atiendan a sus necesidades específicas y les permita aumentar su resiliencia frente a los riesgos climáticos a los que están expuestos.', 'b) Evaluar la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades locales y pueblos ori- ginarios frente al cambio climático considerando posibles soluciones de adaptación propias de su cultura y sociedad, con el objetivo de incor- porar soluciones de adaptación que atiendan a sus necesidades específicas y les permita aumentar su resiliencia frente a los riesgos climáticos a los que están expuestos. Se espera que este compromiso se materialice al año 2023, en el marco de la actualización del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, donde se abordará la evaluación de vulnerabilidad comunidades locales y pueblos originarios frente al cambio climático y soluciones de adaptación.', 'Se espera que este compromiso se materialice al año 2023, en el marco de la actualización del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, donde se abordará la evaluación de vulnerabilidad comunidades locales y pueblos originarios frente al cambio climático y soluciones de adaptación. Dicha evaluación en el Plan Nacional de Adaptación se desarrollará a tra- vés de un proceso participativo, mediante diálogos indígenas consideran- do el apoyo técnico y financiero del Fondo Verde del Clima. Las medidas identificadas serán evaluadas para ser consideradas en los instrumentos de adaptación del país a nivel sectorial, regional y local, e incluirán indi- cadores de reducción de la vulnerabilidad e incremento de la capacidad adaptativa de los pueblos indígenas.', 'Las medidas identificadas serán evaluadas para ser consideradas en los instrumentos de adaptación del país a nivel sectorial, regional y local, e incluirán indi- cadores de reducción de la vulnerabilidad e incremento de la capacidad adaptativa de los pueblos indígenas. de capacidades para actuar, incidir y transformar, se apoya en la educación, la formación, la sensibilización, la participación pública, el acceso a la infor- mación y la cooperación interna de los países y a nivel internacional, que com- ponen los seis elementos de ACE.', 'de capacidades para actuar, incidir y transformar, se apoya en la educación, la formación, la sensibilización, la participación pública, el acceso a la infor- mación y la cooperación interna de los países y a nivel internacional, que com- ponen los seis elementos de ACE. La Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático de Chile se convierte, de esta forma, en un medio de implementación de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo que tiene el objetivo de “fortalecer las ca- pacidades nacionales, regionales y locales, de las personas y organizaciones tanto públicas como privadas, de la academia y la sociedad civil, que permitan alcanzar las metas de mitigación y adaptación del país”, considerando los ele- mentos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático mencionados en el artículo 6 de la CMNUCC y 12 del Acuerdo de París, donde se propone abordar cinco componentes, a) Información y participación para el fortalecimiento de la acción climática; b) Fomento de la generación de capacidades; c) Investigación y Ciencia para la Acción Climática; d) Sensibilización y Educación para la Acción Climática y e) Cooperación e Intercambio de Experiencias.', 'La Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático de Chile se convierte, de esta forma, en un medio de implementación de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo que tiene el objetivo de “fortalecer las ca- pacidades nacionales, regionales y locales, de las personas y organizaciones tanto públicas como privadas, de la academia y la sociedad civil, que permitan alcanzar las metas de mitigación y adaptación del país”, considerando los ele- mentos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático mencionados en el artículo 6 de la CMNUCC y 12 del Acuerdo de París, donde se propone abordar cinco componentes, a) Información y participación para el fortalecimiento de la acción climática; b) Fomento de la generación de capacidades; c) Investigación y Ciencia para la Acción Climática; d) Sensibilización y Educación para la Acción Climática y e) Cooperación e Intercambio de Experiencias. Estos componen- tes, detallados en el Capítulo 8, buscan orientar a los diferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y sus metas de largo y mediano plazo, a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y local.', 'Estos componen- tes, detallados en el Capítulo 8, buscan orientar a los diferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y sus metas de largo y mediano plazo, a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y local. Así como otros instrumentos de política pública, u otros generados por el sector privado y la sociedad civil, respecto al cómo abordar el desarrollo de las capacidades requeridas y el empodera- miento de la ciudadanía para implementar las acciones que permitan enfrentar el cambio climático y alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al clima a más tardar al 2050, y contribuir así a los objetivos globales del cambio climático.', 'Así como otros instrumentos de política pública, u otros generados por el sector privado y la sociedad civil, respecto al cómo abordar el desarrollo de las capacidades requeridas y el empodera- miento de la ciudadanía para implementar las acciones que permitan enfrentar el cambio climático y alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al clima a más tardar al 2050, y contribuir así a los objetivos globales del cambio climático. • Buenas prácticas y Conocimientos ancestrales Respecto a las buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas, la ECLP de Chile busca permear el proceso de desarrollo sustentable e in- clusivo a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile) considerando el rol de las comunidades en la gestión del cambio climático.', '• Buenas prácticas y Conocimientos ancestrales Respecto a las buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas, la ECLP de Chile busca permear el proceso de desarrollo sustentable e in- clusivo a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile) considerando el rol de las comunidades en la gestión del cambio climático. En este contexto tenemos a las comunidades locales y los pueblos originarios que habitan territorios ricos en biodiversidad y cuentan con conocimientos an- cestrales y buenas prácticas basadas en la naturaleza que son un aporte en su conservación, la mitigación y adaptación del cambio climático. Por otra parte, la presión del cambio climático sobre los ecosistemas que habitan los hace especialmente vulnerables frente a estas amenazas.', 'Por otra parte, la presión del cambio climático sobre los ecosistemas que habitan los hace especialmente vulnerables frente a estas amenazas. Considerando lo anterior y siguiendo las directrices del Acuerdo de París y los avances de la Plataforma de Comunidades Locales y Pueblos Indígenas (LCIPP), la ECLP establece 2 compromisos en este ámbito: a) Visibilizar buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas, junto con sus conocimientos ancestrales, para promover su incorpo- ración en la elaboración de instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 51 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 cionales y su apropiación subnacional para lograr el cumplimiento de metas costo efectivas en la gestión climática.', 'Considerando lo anterior y siguiendo las directrices del Acuerdo de París y los avances de la Plataforma de Comunidades Locales y Pueblos Indígenas (LCIPP), la ECLP establece 2 compromisos en este ámbito: a) Visibilizar buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas, junto con sus conocimientos ancestrales, para promover su incorpo- ración en la elaboración de instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional, sectorial y subnacional.CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 51 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 cionales y su apropiación subnacional para lograr el cumplimiento de metas costo efectivas en la gestión climática. La ECLP considera que la eficacia de la mitigación y la adaptación requiere reconocer los diferentes impactos del cambio climático en los territorios, y de soluciones diferenciadas para cumplir con los objetivos de largo plazo esta- blecidos para el país.', 'La ECLP considera que la eficacia de la mitigación y la adaptación requiere reconocer los diferentes impactos del cambio climático en los territorios, y de soluciones diferenciadas para cumplir con los objetivos de largo plazo esta- blecidos para el país. Lo anterior es clave pues fortalece la visión de una inte- gración subnacional y regional, que contará con la habilitación de instrumen- tos climáticos de planificación estratégica regional y local (Planes de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático - PARCC y Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático - PACCC) que permitan a los actores en los territorios aportar en la construcción de compromisos relevantes a sus comunidades y circunstancias. 2.3.5.', 'Lo anterior es clave pues fortalece la visión de una inte- gración subnacional y regional, que contará con la habilitación de instrumen- tos climáticos de planificación estratégica regional y local (Planes de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático - PARCC y Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático - PACCC) que permitan a los actores en los territorios aportar en la construcción de compromisos relevantes a sus comunidades y circunstancias. 2.3.5. Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza Considerando la literatura internacional, particularmente la Unión Interna- cional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), se definen las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) como: acciones para proteger, gestionar de manera sostenible y restaurar eco- sistemas naturales o modificados, que abordan desafíos de la sociedad como el cambio climático, la seguridad alimentaria e hídrica o el riesgo de desastres, de manera eficaz y adaptativa, al mismo tiempo que contribuyen al desarro- llo sustentable entregando bienestar a los seres humanos y beneficios a la biodiversidad.', 'Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza Considerando la literatura internacional, particularmente la Unión Interna- cional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), se definen las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) como: acciones para proteger, gestionar de manera sostenible y restaurar eco- sistemas naturales o modificados, que abordan desafíos de la sociedad como el cambio climático, la seguridad alimentaria e hídrica o el riesgo de desastres, de manera eficaz y adaptativa, al mismo tiempo que contribuyen al desarro- llo sustentable entregando bienestar a los seres humanos y beneficios a la biodiversidad. El país privilegiará su incorporación en las medidas de mitigación y adap- tación al cambio climático que se implementen en el país, a través de su inclusión en las políticas, planes y programas de gestión del cambio climático a nivel sectorial, regional y local, por ser alternativas que, tal como se establece en la NDC, permiten transversal e integradamente reducir emisiones, potenciar la captura y secuestro de carbono, promover la adaptación al cambio climático, generar cobeneficios para la biodiversidad, proveer servicios ecosistémicos y bienestar social.', 'El país privilegiará su incorporación en las medidas de mitigación y adap- tación al cambio climático que se implementen en el país, a través de su inclusión en las políticas, planes y programas de gestión del cambio climático a nivel sectorial, regional y local, por ser alternativas que, tal como se establece en la NDC, permiten transversal e integradamente reducir emisiones, potenciar la captura y secuestro de carbono, promover la adaptación al cambio climático, generar cobeneficios para la biodiversidad, proveer servicios ecosistémicos y bienestar social. Estas constituyen opciones costo-efectivas para proteger, restaurar y gestionar de manera sostenible los sistemas, al mismo tiempo que contribuyen a alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y aumentar la resiliencia del país al año 2050 de manera integrada.', 'Estas constituyen opciones costo-efectivas para proteger, restaurar y gestionar de manera sostenible los sistemas, al mismo tiempo que contribuyen a alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y aumentar la resiliencia del país al año 2050 de manera integrada. Aquellos lineamientos transversales para que las medidas de mitigación y adaptación consideren SbN incluyen: • Incorporar las SbN en los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. • Mejorar marcos normativos y regulatorios en la planificación territorial, para promover la incorporación de Infraestructura Ecológica y aplicación de SbN. • Realizar un manejo integrado de los territorios para incrementar la re- siliencia, incorporando actores multisectoriales y comunidades locales.', '• Realizar un manejo integrado de los territorios para incrementar la re- siliencia, incorporando actores multisectoriales y comunidades locales. • Seguridad Hídrica La seguridad hídrica, es una prioridad para la adaptación tal como se es- tablece en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y se define como: la posibilidad de acceso al agua en un nivel de cantidad y calidad adecua- da, considerando las particularidades naturales de cada cuenca, para su sus- tento y aprovechamiento en el tiempo para la salud, subsistencia, desarrollo socioeconómico, conservación y preservación de los ecosistemas, promoviendo la resiliencia frente a amenazas asociadas a sequías y crecidas y la prevención de la contaminación.', '• Seguridad Hídrica La seguridad hídrica, es una prioridad para la adaptación tal como se es- tablece en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y se define como: la posibilidad de acceso al agua en un nivel de cantidad y calidad adecua- da, considerando las particularidades naturales de cada cuenca, para su sus- tento y aprovechamiento en el tiempo para la salud, subsistencia, desarrollo socioeconómico, conservación y preservación de los ecosistemas, promoviendo la resiliencia frente a amenazas asociadas a sequías y crecidas y la prevención de la contaminación. Frente al agudizamiento de la crisis hídrica, el Gobierno ha diseñado un Plan de Emergencia que busca aumentar la disponibilidad de agua y mejo- rar la eficiencia en su uso, con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento para el consumo humano y la producción de alimentos, denominado Plan contra la Sequía.23 | Dicho plan se focaliza en cuatro ejes o medidas clave: el uso de agua salada, la tecnificación de riego para la producción de alimentos, am- pliación de la cobertura del programa de agua potable rural, y el uso eficiente del agua en ciudades.', 'Frente al agudizamiento de la crisis hídrica, el Gobierno ha diseñado un Plan de Emergencia que busca aumentar la disponibilidad de agua y mejo- rar la eficiencia en su uso, con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento para el consumo humano y la producción de alimentos, denominado Plan contra la Sequía.23 | Dicho plan se focaliza en cuatro ejes o medidas clave: el uso de agua salada, la tecnificación de riego para la producción de alimentos, am- pliación de la cobertura del programa de agua potable rural, y el uso eficiente del agua en ciudades. En la actualización de la NDC de Chile al 2020, también fueron incorpora- dos compromisos en materia de seguridad hídrica, enfocados en el desarrollo de indicadores que permitan establecer metas de seguridad hídrica, a nivel te- rritorial y organizacional; la gestión del agua a escala de cuencas; y el aumento de la resiliencia del sector de servicios sanitarios.', 'En la actualización de la NDC de Chile al 2020, también fueron incorpora- dos compromisos en materia de seguridad hídrica, enfocados en el desarrollo de indicadores que permitan establecer metas de seguridad hídrica, a nivel te- rritorial y organizacional; la gestión del agua a escala de cuencas; y el aumento de la resiliencia del sector de servicios sanitarios. Ello, con el fin de avanzar en aquellos ámbitos donde se ha detectado mayor urgencia, lo que permitirá enfocar la acción con miras a un país resiliente.', 'Ello, con el fin de avanzar en aquellos ámbitos donde se ha detectado mayor urgencia, lo que permitirá enfocar la acción con miras a un país resiliente. Asimismo, en la presente Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, se incorpora un capítulo de Recursos Hídricos (Ver Capítulo 5: Contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración - Recursos hídricos) que presenta instrumentos de gestión, objetivos y metas concretas, los cuales, en complemento con los compromisos establecidos por otros sectores (Silvoagropecuario, Infraestructu- ra, Biodiversidad, etc. ), permitirán avanzar hacia el abordaje de los principales desafíos país en materia hídrica, como asegurar el abastecimiento de agua para el consumo humano, asegurar la calidad del agua, proteger los ecosistemas, y modernizar el marco legal e institucional en torno al recurso hídrico. 2.3.4.', '), permitirán avanzar hacia el abordaje de los principales desafíos país en materia hídrica, como asegurar el abastecimiento de agua para el consumo humano, asegurar la calidad del agua, proteger los ecosistemas, y modernizar el marco legal e institucional en torno al recurso hídrico. 2.3.4. Costo Efectividad para la mitigación y adaptación La gestión del cambio climático priorizará aquellas medidas que, siendo eficaces para la mitigación y adaptación, sean las que representen menores costos económicos, ambientales y sociales, considerando los costos indirectos de la inacción para la adaptación; en el corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'Costo Efectividad para la mitigación y adaptación La gestión del cambio climático priorizará aquellas medidas que, siendo eficaces para la mitigación y adaptación, sean las que representen menores costos económicos, ambientales y sociales, considerando los costos indirectos de la inacción para la adaptación; en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Dimensio- nar los beneficios de invertir en adaptación al cambio climático para fortalecer la resiliencia en los territorios, así como identificar y valorizar los cobeneficios percibidos localmente por la implementación de políticas climáticas globales, dan cuenta de la importancia de la coherencia en el diseño de políticas na- 23 | Gob.cl - Plan Sequía (www.gob.cl)CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 53 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 nejo de aguas incorporando ecosistemas acuáticos en ambientes urbanos y periurbanos y restauración de cerros isla urbanos.', 'Dimensio- nar los beneficios de invertir en adaptación al cambio climático para fortalecer la resiliencia en los territorios, así como identificar y valorizar los cobeneficios percibidos localmente por la implementación de políticas climáticas globales, dan cuenta de la importancia de la coherencia en el diseño de políticas na- 23 | Gob.cl - Plan Sequía (www.gob.cl)CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 53 CAPÍTULO 2/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 nejo de aguas incorporando ecosistemas acuáticos en ambientes urbanos y periurbanos y restauración de cerros isla urbanos. • Criósfera andina: Se recomienda impedir la intervención directa en gla- ciares y minimizar posibles impactos indirectos de actividades humanas en glaciares, dada su importancia para proteger su rol en la provisión de varios servicios ecosistémicos, incluido el suministro de agua.', '• Criósfera andina: Se recomienda impedir la intervención directa en gla- ciares y minimizar posibles impactos indirectos de actividades humanas en glaciares, dada su importancia para proteger su rol en la provisión de varios servicios ecosistémicos, incluido el suministro de agua. Se re- comienda potenciar los sistemas de monitoreo, por ejemplo, el sistema de monitoreo glacial y el sistema de alerta de riesgos hidro-geológicos de origen glaciar, avanzar en la creación de nuevos sistemas de monitoreo y estudios para determinar la cantidad y características del permafrost y de las áreas periglaciares en el país.', 'Se re- comienda potenciar los sistemas de monitoreo, por ejemplo, el sistema de monitoreo glacial y el sistema de alerta de riesgos hidro-geológicos de origen glaciar, avanzar en la creación de nuevos sistemas de monitoreo y estudios para determinar la cantidad y características del permafrost y de las áreas periglaciares en el país. • Movilidad: Las SbN destacan como opciones para abordar infrareestruc- tura de movilidad asociadas a los modos sostenibles, especialmente en- tornos peatonales e infrestructura ciclística, donde los corredores verdes son alternativas para generar de ejes de desplazamiento en modos activos propiciando espacios amables y habitables.', '• Movilidad: Las SbN destacan como opciones para abordar infrareestruc- tura de movilidad asociadas a los modos sostenibles, especialmente en- tornos peatonales e infrestructura ciclística, donde los corredores verdes son alternativas para generar de ejes de desplazamiento en modos activos propiciando espacios amables y habitables. Las bajadas sectoriales a estas recomendaciones son abordadas a través de los objetivos de largo plazo y metas comprometidas en el Capítulo 5: Con- tribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración, entre los sectores de Mi- nería, Silvoagropecuario, Edificación y Ciudades, Infraestructura, Biodiversidad, Recursos hídricos, Océano, Pesca y Acuicultura y Borde costero25 |.', 'Las bajadas sectoriales a estas recomendaciones son abordadas a través de los objetivos de largo plazo y metas comprometidas en el Capítulo 5: Con- tribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración, entre los sectores de Mi- nería, Silvoagropecuario, Edificación y Ciudades, Infraestructura, Biodiversidad, Recursos hídricos, Océano, Pesca y Acuicultura y Borde costero25 |. Por su parte, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente actuará como contraparte técnica en la elaboración y actualización de los planes sectoriales de mitiga- ción y adaptación, guiando a los sectores y aportando a la creación de condi- ciones habilitantes para la incorporación de SbN en dichos planes.', 'Por su parte, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente actuará como contraparte técnica en la elaboración y actualización de los planes sectoriales de mitiga- ción y adaptación, guiando a los sectores y aportando a la creación de condi- ciones habilitantes para la incorporación de SbN en dichos planes. Específica- mente, el sector de Biodiversidad a cargo de dicho ministerio, en su Objetivo Nº5, se compromete a: Fortalecer la incorporación de objetivos de biodiversidad y uso de solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) en políticas, planes y programas de los sectores públicos y privados, incluyendo los instrumentos de gestión y plani- ficación territorial como un trabajo transversal.', 'Específica- mente, el sector de Biodiversidad a cargo de dicho ministerio, en su Objetivo Nº5, se compromete a: Fortalecer la incorporación de objetivos de biodiversidad y uso de solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) en políticas, planes y programas de los sectores públicos y privados, incluyendo los instrumentos de gestión y plani- ficación territorial como un trabajo transversal. 25 | Cabe mencionar que duran- tela tramitación del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio de Cambio se ha introducido el concepto de Zona Costera, una vez concluido el proceso de tramitación y dictada la ley se determinará la nomenclatura a utilizar. • Mejorar el manejo de áreas protegidas y servicios ecosistémicos. • Realizar una gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y bosques nativos a nivel de cuencas.', '• Realizar una gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y bosques nativos a nivel de cuencas. • Recopilar saberes locales, conocimientos ancestrales de pueblos indíge- nas e información científica para la toma de decisiones en estas materias. • Fomentar la educación ambiental e investigación en SbN y servicios ecosistémicos. El Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico sobre Cambio Climático contribuyó en esta materia a través del informe «Documento de alcances: Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza» (2021), aportando evidencia científica que guiará su incorporación en la acción climática del país, con recomendaciones en 6 ámbitos, enfatizando aquellas SbN con mayor potencial de mitigación y adap- tación para el país. • Bosques: SbN para evitar incendios forestales, recomendaciones para la prevención de incendios, junto con la implementación de reforestación y restauración de bosques.', '• Bosques: SbN para evitar incendios forestales, recomendaciones para la prevención de incendios, junto con la implementación de reforestación y restauración de bosques. • Agricultura: A través del manejo sustentable de la tierra, entre los que destaca la generación y adición en los suelos de biocarbón derivado de re- siduos de la actividad agrícola asociada a cultivos, manejo de nutrien- tes y reducción del uso de fertilizantes, integración de árboles en tierras de cultivo y mejora del carbono en suelos de pastoreo.', '• Agricultura: A través del manejo sustentable de la tierra, entre los que destaca la generación y adición en los suelos de biocarbón derivado de re- siduos de la actividad agrícola asociada a cultivos, manejo de nutrien- tes y reducción del uso de fertilizantes, integración de árboles en tierras de cultivo y mejora del carbono en suelos de pastoreo. • Humedales: Para preservar y aumentar la multitud de servicios que pro- veen, se propone una serie de SbN, entre las que destacan la reducción de la degradación y transformación de humedales, restauración de hume- dales y la incorporación de humedales artificiales, dada su importancia para el secuestro de carbono y sus múltiples funciones ecosistémicas.', '• Humedales: Para preservar y aumentar la multitud de servicios que pro- veen, se propone una serie de SbN, entre las que destacan la reducción de la degradación y transformación de humedales, restauración de hume- dales y la incorporación de humedales artificiales, dada su importancia para el secuestro de carbono y sus múltiples funciones ecosistémicas. • Ecosistemas marinos: Dada la importancia de estos ecosistemas en el almacenamiento de carbono, se propone la inclusión de los hábitats y eco- sistemas marinos (carbono azul)24 | en los presupuestos nacionales de GEI, la protección y restauración de bosques de algas pardas, y la creación de refugios climáticos con especial énfasis en la Patagonia Chilena.', '• Ecosistemas marinos: Dada la importancia de estos ecosistemas en el almacenamiento de carbono, se propone la inclusión de los hábitats y eco- sistemas marinos (carbono azul)24 | en los presupuestos nacionales de GEI, la protección y restauración de bosques de algas pardas, y la creación de refugios climáticos con especial énfasis en la Patagonia Chilena. • Soluciones para ciudades basadas en la naturaleza: Se destacan como alternativas para abordar una variedad de problemas urbanos, sobre todo los ligados al proceso de adaptación, como son el drenaje de aguas llu- vias, su potencial para lograr ciudades vibrantes, saludables, resilientes y sostenibles, incorporando en el diseño y planificación de las ciudades los corredores verdes, techos verdes, reforestación de zonas urbanas, ma- 24 | Mas información sobre carbono azul en Virtual Blue COP | An Ini- tiative of Future Earth (virtualblue- cop25.org); La Blue COP comienza a materializarse en Madrid – COP25 (mma.gob.cl)Fotografía de Bryan Contreras Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 57 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Mitigación: Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 Chile ha establecido su meta de carbono neutralidad a más tardar a 2050 en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, esta meta contempla una ambiciosa reducción de emisiones al año 2050 pasando de 130 millones tonCO (en el escenario de referencia) a 65 millones tonCO en el escena- rio de carbono neutralidad que considera que al año 2050 estas emisiones se neutralizan a partir de las capturas de nuestro sector forestal (figura 10).', '• Soluciones para ciudades basadas en la naturaleza: Se destacan como alternativas para abordar una variedad de problemas urbanos, sobre todo los ligados al proceso de adaptación, como son el drenaje de aguas llu- vias, su potencial para lograr ciudades vibrantes, saludables, resilientes y sostenibles, incorporando en el diseño y planificación de las ciudades los corredores verdes, techos verdes, reforestación de zonas urbanas, ma- 24 | Mas información sobre carbono azul en Virtual Blue COP | An Ini- tiative of Future Earth (virtualblue- cop25.org); La Blue COP comienza a materializarse en Madrid – COP25 (mma.gob.cl)Fotografía de Bryan Contreras Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 57 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Mitigación: Camino a la Carbono Neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 Chile ha establecido su meta de carbono neutralidad a más tardar a 2050 en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, esta meta contempla una ambiciosa reducción de emisiones al año 2050 pasando de 130 millones tonCO (en el escenario de referencia) a 65 millones tonCO en el escena- rio de carbono neutralidad que considera que al año 2050 estas emisiones se neutralizan a partir de las capturas de nuestro sector forestal (figura 10). En el camino a la carbono neutralidad la nueva NDC establece las metas inter- medias al año 2030 con la finalidad de asegurar la ruta establecida para lograr el camino a la carbono neutralidad, para ello define metas específicas en su componente de integración para el sector forestal (detalladas en la siguiente sección) y en su componente de mitigación, para los sectores emisores de GEI define que el peak de emisiones se va a alcanzar a más tardar al año 2025, que se tendrá un presupuesto nacional de 1.100 millones tonCO y 2030, y que llegará a un nivel de emisión máximo de 95 millones tonCO al 2030.', 'En el camino a la carbono neutralidad la nueva NDC establece las metas inter- medias al año 2030 con la finalidad de asegurar la ruta establecida para lograr el camino a la carbono neutralidad, para ello define metas específicas en su componente de integración para el sector forestal (detalladas en la siguiente sección) y en su componente de mitigación, para los sectores emisores de GEI define que el peak de emisiones se va a alcanzar a más tardar al año 2025, que se tendrá un presupuesto nacional de 1.100 millones tonCO y 2030, y que llegará a un nivel de emisión máximo de 95 millones tonCO al 2030. Para el periodo correspondiente entre los años 2020 y 2050 se esti- ma que el presupuesto nacional indicativo será de 2.600 millones tonCO .', 'Para el periodo correspondiente entre los años 2020 y 2050 se esti- ma que el presupuesto nacional indicativo será de 2.600 millones tonCO . La evaluación económica de este ejercicio mostraba los beneficios para Chile de tomar el camino hacia la neutralidad (ver capitulo 7). Cabe mencionar que, la meta de emisiones de Chile contempla todos los GEI26 |, que son estimados en el INGEI de Chile bienalmente y reportados en los informes sobre cambio climático de Chile como se mencionó en el Capitulo 1.', 'Cabe mencionar que, la meta de emisiones de Chile contempla todos los GEI26 |, que son estimados en el INGEI de Chile bienalmente y reportados en los informes sobre cambio climático de Chile como se mencionó en el Capitulo 1. De acuerdo a los lineamientos del IPCC, Chile cuantifica y estima las emisiones por transporte internacional aéreo y marítimo, y pese a que no están incluidas en el compromiso de mitigación de la NDC, esta estrategia contempla acciones especificas para contribuir en su reducción, de manera coherente con los esfuerzos de mitigación internacional y la participación de Chile en las instancias correspondientes para conseguir acuerdos globales en la reducción de dichas emisiones (ver capítulo 5).', 'De acuerdo a los lineamientos del IPCC, Chile cuantifica y estima las emisiones por transporte internacional aéreo y marítimo, y pese a que no están incluidas en el compromiso de mitigación de la NDC, esta estrategia contempla acciones especificas para contribuir en su reducción, de manera coherente con los esfuerzos de mitigación internacional y la participación de Chile en las instancias correspondientes para conseguir acuerdos globales en la reducción de dichas emisiones (ver capítulo 5). Es importante destacar que después del 6to reporte de evaluación del IPCC (AR6) se insta a los países a hacer esfuerzos adicionales por reducir forzantes climáticos de vida corta el metano (CH ), que en el caso de Chile representa 13,1% de las emisiones totales del país.', 'Es importante destacar que después del 6to reporte de evaluación del IPCC (AR6) se insta a los países a hacer esfuerzos adicionales por reducir forzantes climáticos de vida corta el metano (CH ), que en el caso de Chile representa 13,1% de las emisiones totales del país. La meta transversal de presupuesto de emisiones busca incentivar la elaboración de medidas y políticas públicas que permitan una reducción de este gas que en Chile se emite principalmente por la crianza de ganado y el tratamiento de los residuos. Respecto a las capturas del sector forestal requeridas para alcanzar la meta de carbono neutralidad, es importante mencionar que Chile deberá aumentar y mantener los sumideros de carbono, considerando además los múltiples ser- vicios ecosistémicos que proveen.', 'Respecto a las capturas del sector forestal requeridas para alcanzar la meta de carbono neutralidad, es importante mencionar que Chile deberá aumentar y mantener los sumideros de carbono, considerando además los múltiples ser- vicios ecosistémicos que proveen. De acuerdo a las proyecciones desarrolladas para el compromiso de la Carbono Neutralidad (figura 10), será necesario tener y mantener un nivel de captura de carbono de aproximadamente 65 MtonCO , Para lograrlo se deben considerar acciones que permitan aumentar la bioma- 26 | Los GEI considerados son el Anexo A del protocolo de Kioto: Dióxido de carbono (CO ), Metano (CH ), Óxido nitroso (N O), Hidrofluo- rocarbonos (HFC), Perfluorocarbonos (PFC), Hexafluoruro de azufre (SF ) y Trifluoruro de nitrógeno (NF ) (este último incluido desde la enmienda de Doha en 2012) sa forestal y reducir la incertidumbre de dichas capturas tal y como lo indica la NDC en el numeral 6.2 de los componentes de integración.', 'De acuerdo a las proyecciones desarrolladas para el compromiso de la Carbono Neutralidad (figura 10), será necesario tener y mantener un nivel de captura de carbono de aproximadamente 65 MtonCO , Para lograrlo se deben considerar acciones que permitan aumentar la bioma- 26 | Los GEI considerados son el Anexo A del protocolo de Kioto: Dióxido de carbono (CO ), Metano (CH ), Óxido nitroso (N O), Hidrofluo- rocarbonos (HFC), Perfluorocarbonos (PFC), Hexafluoruro de azufre (SF ) y Trifluoruro de nitrógeno (NF ) (este último incluido desde la enmienda de Doha en 2012) sa forestal y reducir la incertidumbre de dichas capturas tal y como lo indica la NDC en el numeral 6.2 de los componentes de integración. La NDC especifica además el compromiso del sector forestal para el año 2030 en el camino a la carbono neutralidad, siendo una meta ambiciosa que requiere un trabajo coor- dinado de varios organismos del Estado.', 'La NDC especifica además el compromiso del sector forestal para el año 2030 en el camino a la carbono neutralidad, siendo una meta ambiciosa que requiere un trabajo coor- dinado de varios organismos del Estado. La carbono neutralidad depende en un 50% de lograr mantener las capturas de carbono de nuestros bosques en 65 MtonCO al año 2050, para lograrlo el sector forestal contempla objetivos y metas que buscan disminuir factores de incertidumbre como son: Incendios Forestales, Bajo rendimiento/crecimiento de los bosques Alta frecuencia de co- secha forestal; entre otros.', 'La carbono neutralidad depende en un 50% de lograr mantener las capturas de carbono de nuestros bosques en 65 MtonCO al año 2050, para lograrlo el sector forestal contempla objetivos y metas que buscan disminuir factores de incertidumbre como son: Incendios Forestales, Bajo rendimiento/crecimiento de los bosques Alta frecuencia de co- secha forestal; entre otros. En el desarrollo de estas acciones y medidas, se ob- servarán los criterios generales establecidos en el Pilar Social de Transición Justa y Desarrollo Sostenible de la NDC actualizada al 2020, como los criterios específicos considerados para los compromisos de integración presentados para el sector UTCUTS.', 'En el desarrollo de estas acciones y medidas, se ob- servarán los criterios generales establecidos en el Pilar Social de Transición Justa y Desarrollo Sostenible de la NDC actualizada al 2020, como los criterios específicos considerados para los compromisos de integración presentados para el sector UTCUTS. Con respecto al uso de certificados de reducción y la participación en es- quemas de transacciones a través de cooperación internacional, Chile reconoce que el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París es un mecanismo que puede permitir a los países implementar acciones de mitigación de manera costo-efectiva, así como adelantar la implementación de nuevas tecnologías, a través de la colaboración voluntaria con otras partes.', 'Con respecto al uso de certificados de reducción y la participación en es- quemas de transacciones a través de cooperación internacional, Chile reconoce que el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París es un mecanismo que puede permitir a los países implementar acciones de mitigación de manera costo-efectiva, así como adelantar la implementación de nuevas tecnologías, a través de la colaboración voluntaria con otras partes. Esta colaboración debe velar por la integridad ambiental , la transparencia y evitar la doble contabilidad de acuer- do a las reglas (ver Capítulo 8).', 'Esta colaboración debe velar por la integridad ambiental , la transparencia y evitar la doble contabilidad de acuer- do a las reglas (ver Capítulo 8). 3.1 Contexto de los presupuestos de emisiones o meta de emisiones acumuladas Los últimos informes del IPCC confirman muy claramente que el aumento de temperatura está directamente relacionado con las emisiones acumuladas de CO y no con el nivel de dichas emisiones en un determinado año. La can- tidad de emisiones acumuladas de CO que resultan en un determinado au- mento de temperatura; se conoce como presupuesto global de carbono (PGC).', 'La can- tidad de emisiones acumuladas de CO que resultan en un determinado au- mento de temperatura; se conoce como presupuesto global de carbono (PGC). En otras palabras, el IPCC determina el PGC para identificar cuánta es la masa total de CO que se puede emitir a la atmósfera con tal de no sobrepasar un es- cenario de 1.5°C de aumento de temperatura media atmosférica. Este enfoque de presupuestos de carbono ha sido adoptado por diversos países en el mundo, Chile lo incorporó en su compromiso establecido en la última actualización de su NDC contemplando los sectores emisores.', 'Este enfoque de presupuestos de carbono ha sido adoptado por diversos países en el mundo, Chile lo incorporó en su compromiso establecido en la última actualización de su NDC contemplando los sectores emisores. Es importante aclarar que el compromiso de carbono neutralidad, se al- canza no sólo gracias a los esfuerzos de mitigación de los sectores emisores de GEI, sino que también con las capturas asociadas al sector forestal, tal comoCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 59 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 se observa en la siguiente figura.', 'Es importante aclarar que el compromiso de carbono neutralidad, se al- canza no sólo gracias a los esfuerzos de mitigación de los sectores emisores de GEI, sino que también con las capturas asociadas al sector forestal, tal comoCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 59 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 se observa en la siguiente figura. En este sentido, en la NDC se estableció que al 2030 el sector forestal se compromete al manejo sustentable de 200.000 hec- táreas que representarán capturas del orden de 0,9 a 1,2 MtCO y a forestar de manera sustentable 200.000 hectáreas, que representarán capturas de entre ; ambos compromisos contemplan claras condiciones que se deben cumplir para relevar los beneficios de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'En este sentido, en la NDC se estableció que al 2030 el sector forestal se compromete al manejo sustentable de 200.000 hec- táreas que representarán capturas del orden de 0,9 a 1,2 MtCO y a forestar de manera sustentable 200.000 hectáreas, que representarán capturas de entre ; ambos compromisos contemplan claras condiciones que se deben cumplir para relevar los beneficios de adaptación al cambio climático. Asimismo, se compromete reducir las emisiones del sector forestal por de- gradación y deforestación del bosque nativo en un 25% al 2030, establecien- do acciones como el potenciamiento de modelos de gestión en prevención de incendios forestales y restauración de áreas quemadas, junto con modelos de gestión de sustentabilidad del uso de recursos naturales, entre otras.', 'Asimismo, se compromete reducir las emisiones del sector forestal por de- gradación y deforestación del bosque nativo en un 25% al 2030, establecien- do acciones como el potenciamiento de modelos de gestión en prevención de incendios forestales y restauración de áreas quemadas, junto con modelos de gestión de sustentabilidad del uso de recursos naturales, entre otras. Figura 10: Escenario de referencia y de carbono neutralidad, junto con el presupuesto de emisiones definido en la NDC (Capítulo 8 de Transparencia) Fuente: Elaboración propia. El área gris representada en la figura anterior corresponde al área bajo la trayectoria de GEI neutralidad estimada en la NDC de Chile, es decir las emi- siones acumuladas y por ende al presupuesto de GEI contemplado para el res- pectivo período de tiempo.', 'El área gris representada en la figura anterior corresponde al área bajo la trayectoria de GEI neutralidad estimada en la NDC de Chile, es decir las emi- siones acumuladas y por ende al presupuesto de GEI contemplado para el res- pectivo período de tiempo. De acuerdo con lo establecido en la NDC, el pre- supuesto de GEI nacional contempla a los sectores emisores del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero, en el caso de Chile el sector forestal es un cap- turador neto por lo cual no está considerado dentro del presupuesto de emi- siones definido en la NDC, en efecto la NDC define metas específicas para este sector (como se detalló en el párrafo anterior).', 'De acuerdo con lo establecido en la NDC, el pre- supuesto de GEI nacional contempla a los sectores emisores del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero, en el caso de Chile el sector forestal es un cap- turador neto por lo cual no está considerado dentro del presupuesto de emi- siones definido en la NDC, en efecto la NDC define metas específicas para este sector (como se detalló en el párrafo anterior). Cabe destacar que el compromiso de Chile de trabajar con presupuestos de carbono queda establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático, que especifica que la ECLP debe definir los presupuestos de carbono sectoriales a partir del presupuesto nacional definido en la NDC.', 'Cabe destacar que el compromiso de Chile de trabajar con presupuestos de carbono queda establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Cli- mático, que especifica que la ECLP debe definir los presupuestos de carbono sectoriales a partir del presupuesto nacional definido en la NDC. Cabe mencionar además que el Proyecto de ley contempla que los presu- puestos de carbono sectoriales podrán ser actualizados según los compromisos asumidos en la nueva Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional. Para lo an- terior. de acuerdo a lo establecido en el proyecto de ley, se iniciará un procedi- miento abreviado para modificar la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, incor- porando los presupuestos, objetivos y metas actualizados, según corresponda.', 'de acuerdo a lo establecido en el proyecto de ley, se iniciará un procedi- miento abreviado para modificar la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, incor- porando los presupuestos, objetivos y metas actualizados, según corresponda. La presente ECLP constituye el primer esfuerzo que realiza Chile por asig- nar presupuestos sectoriales a partir de la NDC, por lo tanto, se constituye en una base que podrá ser mejorada y complementada considerando las futu- ras actualizaciones y definiciones que contengan las nuevas NDC, en particular considerando por ejemplo el evaluar incluir las capturas del sector forestal en la metodología de los presupuestos al 2025.', 'La presente ECLP constituye el primer esfuerzo que realiza Chile por asig- nar presupuestos sectoriales a partir de la NDC, por lo tanto, se constituye en una base que podrá ser mejorada y complementada considerando las futu- ras actualizaciones y definiciones que contengan las nuevas NDC, en particular considerando por ejemplo el evaluar incluir las capturas del sector forestal en la metodología de los presupuestos al 2025. 3.2 Asignación de presupuestos de emisiones y esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel sectorial El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone dos criterios fun- damentales bajo los cuales se debe realizar la asignación de presupuestos de carbono sectoriales: costo-efectividad y equidad de las cargas.', '3.2 Asignación de presupuestos de emisiones y esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel sectorial El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone dos criterios fun- damentales bajo los cuales se debe realizar la asignación de presupuestos de carbono sectoriales: costo-efectividad y equidad de las cargas. Asimismo, se señala que las reducciones de emisiones para cumplir con los presupuestos sectoriales que se asignen deberán cumplirse a través de las medidas con- sideradas en los respectivos Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación que se dicten al efecto. Estos lineamientos han sido considerados para la asignación de pre- supuestos realizada a través de la presente ECLP.', 'Estos lineamientos han sido considerados para la asignación de pre- supuestos realizada a través de la presente ECLP. El principio de costo-efectividad tiene relación con que la gestión del cam- bio climático priorizará aquellas medidas que, siendo eficaces para la miti- gación y la adaptación, sean las que representen menores costos económi- cos, ambientales y sociales. Es decir, este criterio corresponde al potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI y costo de implementación de las medidas de mitigación que se definan.', 'Es decir, este criterio corresponde al potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI y costo de implementación de las medidas de mitigación que se definan. Así mismo, el principio de equidad está asociado a que es deber del Estado procurar una justa asignación de cargas, costos y beneficios, resguardando la capacidad de las generaciones futuras de satisfacer sus propias necesidades, con enfoque de género y especial énfasis en sectores, territorios, comunida- des y ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático.', 'Así mismo, el principio de equidad está asociado a que es deber del Estado procurar una justa asignación de cargas, costos y beneficios, resguardando la capacidad de las generaciones futuras de satisfacer sus propias necesidades, con enfoque de género y especial énfasis en sectores, territorios, comunida- des y ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático. Es así como este criterio da cuenta de que es necesario ampliar la mirada más allá de la costo efectivi- dad, con tal de garantizar una asignación justa de los presupuestos de carbono relacionada con la oportunidad y factibilidad que tienen los sectores y territo- rios respecto de implementar las medidas de mitigación, contemplando las ne- cesidades de desarrollo del sector, ya que algunos podrían necesitar un mayor avance para contribuir de manera óptima al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a nivel nacional o subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile).CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 61 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Ambos conceptos corresponden a los principios rectores bajo los cuales se debe realizar la asignación de responsabilidades sectoriales, en línea con la capacidad de mitigación del sector.', 'Es así como este criterio da cuenta de que es necesario ampliar la mirada más allá de la costo efectivi- dad, con tal de garantizar una asignación justa de los presupuestos de carbono relacionada con la oportunidad y factibilidad que tienen los sectores y territo- rios respecto de implementar las medidas de mitigación, contemplando las ne- cesidades de desarrollo del sector, ya que algunos podrían necesitar un mayor avance para contribuir de manera óptima al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo a nivel nacional o subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile).CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 61 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Ambos conceptos corresponden a los principios rectores bajo los cuales se debe realizar la asignación de responsabilidades sectoriales, en línea con la capacidad de mitigación del sector. El proceso de asignación considera el po- tencial de reducción total y su respectiva costo-efectividad, la que puede atri- buirse a los sectores directamente por medio de las medidas de mitigación que lleven a cabo según sus facultades respectivas.', 'El proceso de asignación considera el po- tencial de reducción total y su respectiva costo-efectividad, la que puede atri- buirse a los sectores directamente por medio de las medidas de mitigación que lleven a cabo según sus facultades respectivas. La ECLP presenta el primer ejercicio de asignación de presupuestos de car- bono sectoriales a partir del presupuesto de carbono nacional de la NDC entre 2020 a 2030, en base a una metodología que se desarrolló tomando en cuenta tanto la experiencia internacional como la realidad nacional. La metodología usada fue diseñada a través de 2 pasos principales: Paso 1: La evaluación de la información y preparación de las metas sec- toriales.', 'La metodología usada fue diseñada a través de 2 pasos principales: Paso 1: La evaluación de la información y preparación de las metas sec- toriales. Esto se hizo a través de apoyo de personas expertas internacionales que consideraron experiencias de otros países, considerando las capacidades existentes en el país; la mejor información disponible sobre emisiones y ni- veles de actividad; y los procesos y roles en el levantamiento y uso de dicha información Paso 2: La sociabilización y confirmación de parte de las autoridades sec- toriales, esto a través de distintas reuniones y talleres informativos donde se trabajó la metodología. También recibiendo feedback que permitió ajustar dicha metodología durante la consulta pública y otras instancias como el co- mité asesor por la acción climática .', 'También recibiendo feedback que permitió ajustar dicha metodología durante la consulta pública y otras instancias como el co- mité asesor por la acción climática . Figura 11: Proceso de asignación de presupuestos sectoriales. Fuente: Elaboración propia. A partir de este proceso en 2 pasos se determinó la metodología para asignar los presupuestos de carbono que contempla 4 etapas: 1) Se asignan las categorías de emisiones del INGEI a cada autoridad sectorial establecida en el Proyecto de Ley, según responsabilidad y ca- pacidad de acción. 2) En base a tal asignación, se reparten las emisiones del escenario de re- ferencia de la NDC para el período 2020-2030.', '2) En base a tal asignación, se reparten las emisiones del escenario de re- ferencia de la NDC para el período 2020-2030. 3) A tal asignación, se le restan los esfuerzos de mitigación que deben realizar las distintas autoridades sectoriales, en el período 2020-2030, con tal de que el país alcance la trayectoria de carbono neutralidad ex- puesta en la NDC. 4) Con esto, para cada autoridad sectorial, es posible obtener la respecti- va asignación del presupuesto de emisiones para el período 2020-2030, lo que se puede resumir en la siguiente ecuación. Ecuación 1: Cálculo del presupuesto sectorial de emisiones de GEI Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Ecuación 1: Cálculo del presupuesto sectorial de emisiones de GEI Fuente: Elaboración propia. El anterior, corresponde a un enfoque directo y relativamente simple para la asignación sectorial de los presupuestos de emisiones, lo cual asegura el po- der cumplir con el presupuesto nacional del período 2020-2030, ya que esta surge de la misma forma que la trayectoria de carbono neutralidad, es decir el escenario de referencia de emisiones menos el esfuerzo de mitigación re- querido. Y por otro lado tiene la ventaja de que considera en su construcción los criterios de costo efectividad y equidad de cargas que establece el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, como base para la asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones.', 'Y por otro lado tiene la ventaja de que considera en su construcción los criterios de costo efectividad y equidad de cargas que establece el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, como base para la asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones. A continuación, se aborda cada etapa en detalle, con cada una de sus con- sideraciones técnicas y criterios de decisión adoptados, especificando como se consideran los criterios de costo efectividad y equidad de cargas.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 63 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Etapa 1: Asignación de responsabilidades en las categorías INGEI El Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, permite contar con una desagregación de las emisiones nacionales en distintas categorías, correspondientes a sectores de actividad.', 'A continuación, se aborda cada etapa en detalle, con cada una de sus con- sideraciones técnicas y criterios de decisión adoptados, especificando como se consideran los criterios de costo efectividad y equidad de cargas.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 63 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Etapa 1: Asignación de responsabilidades en las categorías INGEI El Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, permite contar con una desagregación de las emisiones nacionales en distintas categorías, correspondientes a sectores de actividad. Lo an- terior, presenta inmediatamente un desafío para la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones, dado que estas últimas no se reportan desagregadas por cada autoridad sectorial o Ministerio.', 'Lo an- terior, presenta inmediatamente un desafío para la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones, dado que estas últimas no se reportan desagregadas por cada autoridad sectorial o Ministerio. Teniendo en cuenta aquel desafío, es que se realizó una asignación directa de cada categoría del INGEI a las diversas autoridades sectoriales contempladas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cam- bio Climático, tomando en consideración sus competencias y grado de injerencia en tales emisiones. A continuación, se expone la correspondencia entre cada categoría del INGEI y tales autoridades. Tabla 4: Asignación de categorías INGEI a las distintas autoridades sectoriales Autoridad Sectorial Categoría INGEI Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo 2.F.2. Agentes espumantes 1.A.1.a.i. Generación de electricidad* (Consumo Residencial) Autoridad Sectorial Categoría INGEI Ministerio de Energía 1.A.1.b. Refinación del petróleo 1.A.1.c.', 'Generación de electricidad* (Consumo Residencial) Autoridad Sectorial Categoría INGEI Ministerio de Energía 1.A.1.b. Refinación del petróleo 1.A.1.c. Manufactura de combustibles sólidos y otras industrias de la energía 1.A.2.c. Sustancias químicas 1.A.2.d. Pulpa, papel e imprenta 1.A.2.m. Industria no especificada 1.B. Emisiones fugitivas de combustibles 2.B.8. Producción petroquímica y de negro de humo 2.G.1 Equipos eléctricos 1.A.4.a. Comercial / Institucional** 1.A.2.a. Hierro y acero 1.A.2.f. Minerales no metálicos 2.F.1.c. Refrigeración industrial 2.F.1.a. Refrigeración comercial 2.F.1.b. Refrigeración doméstica 2.F.1.e. Aire acondicionado fijo 1.A.1.a.i. Generación de electricidad* (Consumo Comercial, Industrial, Público y Propio) Ministerio de Agricultura 1.A.2.e. Procesamiento de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco 1.A.4.c. Agricultura / Silvicultura / Pesca / PiscifactoríasCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 65 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Autoridad Sectorial Categoría INGEI Ministerio Transporte y Telecomunicaciones 1.A.3.a. Aviación civil 1.A.3.b. Transporte terrestre 1.A.3.d. Navegación marítima y fluvial 1.A.3.e. Otro tipo de transporte 1.A.5.b.i.', 'Navegación marítima y fluvial 1.A.3.e. Otro tipo de transporte 1.A.5.b.i. Móvil (componente aviación) 2.F.1.f. Aire acondicionado móvil 2.D. Productos no energéticos de combustibles y uso de solventes 2.F.1.d. Transporte refrigerado 1.A.1.a.i. Generación de electricidad* (Consumo Transporte) Ministerio de Minería 1.A.2.i. Minería (con excepción de combustibles) y cantería 2.A.2. Producción de cal 2.B.2. Producción de ácido nítrico 1.A.1.a.i. Generación de electricidad* (Consumo Minería) Ministerio de Obras Públicas 1.A.4.a. Comercial / Institucional** 2.A.1. Producción de cemento 2.A.3. Producción de vidrio 2.C. Industria de los metales 5.D. Tratamiento y descarga de aguas residuales Autoridad Sectorial Categoría INGEI Ministerio de Salud 5.A. Disposición de residuos sólidos 5.B. Tratamiento biológico de residuos sólidos 5.C. Incineración y quema abierta de residuos 2.F.3. Protección contra incendios O de usos de productos Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Protección contra incendios O de usos de productos Fuente: Elaboración propia. En esta asignación es importante mencionar dos puntos clave: 1) Las emisiones asociadas a la generación eléctrica se reparten en los distintos Ministerios que tienen incidencia en el respectivo consumo eléc- trico total de acuerdo a lo especificado en la Tabla 4, excepto aquellos que por falta de información desagregada no ha podido ajustarse dicha asignación (Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministerio de Obras Públicas).', 'En esta asignación es importante mencionar dos puntos clave: 1) Las emisiones asociadas a la generación eléctrica se reparten en los distintos Ministerios que tienen incidencia en el respectivo consumo eléc- trico total de acuerdo a lo especificado en la Tabla 4, excepto aquellos que por falta de información desagregada no ha podido ajustarse dicha asignación (Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministerio de Obras Públicas). 2) Las emisiones asociadas a Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU) y a los Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), se asignaron a los respectivos Ministerios relacionados con los sectores correspondientes, y al Ministerio de Energía en el caso de los consumos energéticos que no son asignados a un Ministerio sectorial en particular.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 67 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Etapa 2: Estimación de emisiones en escenario de referencia NDC La asignación realizada en el paso anterior permite estimar las emisiones acumuladas desde escenario de referencia haciendo una bajada a cada auto- ridad sectorial considerada en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', '2) Las emisiones asociadas a Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU) y a los Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), se asignaron a los respectivos Ministerios relacionados con los sectores correspondientes, y al Ministerio de Energía en el caso de los consumos energéticos que no son asignados a un Ministerio sectorial en particular.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 67 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Etapa 2: Estimación de emisiones en escenario de referencia NDC La asignación realizada en el paso anterior permite estimar las emisiones acumuladas desde escenario de referencia haciendo una bajada a cada auto- ridad sectorial considerada en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. En otras palabras, el escenario de referencia NDC para el período 2020-2030 se desagrega para cada Ministerio, según la siguiente ecuación: Ecuación 2: Cálculo de las emisiones acumuladas del escenario de referencia por cada autoridad sectorial.', 'En otras palabras, el escenario de referencia NDC para el período 2020-2030 se desagrega para cada Ministerio, según la siguiente ecuación: Ecuación 2: Cálculo de las emisiones acumuladas del escenario de referencia por cada autoridad sectorial. Fuente: Elaboración propia. Etapa 3: Esfuerzos de mitigación La identificación de los esfuerzos de mitigación contempla la base del aná- lisis de la capacidad de mitigación del sector. Este tiene directa relación con las medidas de mitigación potenciales contempladas en el escenario de carbono neutralidad expuesto en la NDC de Chile, las que representan la oportunidad del país para alcanzar tal objetivo y por ende las 1.100 MTCO de presupuesto nacional de emisiones para el período 2020-2030.', 'Este tiene directa relación con las medidas de mitigación potenciales contempladas en el escenario de carbono neutralidad expuesto en la NDC de Chile, las que representan la oportunidad del país para alcanzar tal objetivo y por ende las 1.100 MTCO de presupuesto nacional de emisiones para el período 2020-2030. Esta información es indica- tiva en cuanto a las medidas, pero al ser definida mediante una curva de costo abatimiento cumple con los criterios definidos anteriormente para determinar la capacidad de mitigación de cada sector y por ende estar alineado con el principio de costo efectividad al que hace referencia el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', 'Esta información es indica- tiva en cuanto a las medidas, pero al ser definida mediante una curva de costo abatimiento cumple con los criterios definidos anteriormente para determinar la capacidad de mitigación de cada sector y por ende estar alineado con el principio de costo efectividad al que hace referencia el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Una curva de abatimiento o curva MAC (por sus siglas en inglés) contiene la información de las reducciones (ancho de la barra) y costo-efectividad (al- tura de la barra) de un conjunto de medidas de mitigación. La siguiente figura corresponde a la curva MAC presentada en la NDC. Figura 12: Curva de costos marginales de mitigación (MAC) de la NDC de Chile Fuente: Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) de Chile.', 'Figura 12: Curva de costos marginales de mitigación (MAC) de la NDC de Chile Fuente: Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) de Chile. Actualización 2020.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 69 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A partir de esta curva MAC se tiene información respecto a la costo efec- tividad del potencial de mitigación requerido al 2030 para cumplir con el compromiso de carbono neutralidad y por ende con el presupuesto nacional de emisiones para el período 2020-2030. Complementariamente, se desarrolló el estudio llamado «Opciones para lograr la carbono-neutralidad: una evaluación bajo incertidumbre»27 | en el que se analizaron múltiples escenarios para robustecer las medidas potencia- les de mitigación para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad.', 'Complementariamente, se desarrolló el estudio llamado «Opciones para lograr la carbono-neutralidad: una evaluación bajo incertidumbre»27 | en el que se analizaron múltiples escenarios para robustecer las medidas potencia- les de mitigación para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad. El estudio demostró la robustez de la meta del país aunque evidenció que existen ciertos factores de incertidumbre por lo que es necesario considerar un margen de seguridad para asegurar el cumplimiento de la NDC. Este margen de seguridad se ali- nea también con el principio de equidad a las futuras generaciones buscando robustecer los presupuestos de carbono para el periodo 2020 a 2030 y dis- minuir con ello las incertidumbres asociadas al cumplimiento de la NDC que resultarían en una mayor carga para las futuras generaciones.', 'Este margen de seguridad se ali- nea también con el principio de equidad a las futuras generaciones buscando robustecer los presupuestos de carbono para el periodo 2020 a 2030 y dis- minuir con ello las incertidumbres asociadas al cumplimiento de la NDC que resultarían en una mayor carga para las futuras generaciones. Específicamente se consideró un 90% de margen de seguridad, con lo que el potencial de miti- gación de cada medida se reduce en un 10% en los cálculos de la asignación. A partir de lo anterior se realizó una asignación de cada medida de mitiga- ción potencial considerada en la preparación de la NDC de Chile a las distintas categorías del Inventario Nacional de GEI.', 'A partir de lo anterior se realizó una asignación de cada medida de mitiga- ción potencial considerada en la preparación de la NDC de Chile a las distintas categorías del Inventario Nacional de GEI. Este ejercicio, en comparación con el expuesto en la subsección previa para el escenario de referencia de la NDC, resulta ser mucho más directo y sencillo, en cuanto a que cada medida de mi- tigación cuenta con un ámbito de acción claro en cuanto a sus reducciones.', 'Este ejercicio, en comparación con el expuesto en la subsección previa para el escenario de referencia de la NDC, resulta ser mucho más directo y sencillo, en cuanto a que cada medida de mi- tigación cuenta con un ámbito de acción claro en cuanto a sus reducciones. Además, de imputar una categoría del INGEI a cada medida, se procede a realizar una asignación de estas a las 7 autoridades sectoriales propuestas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, lo que permitió conocer en qué ámbitos tienen impacto, si son líderes en su ejecución y determinar si las instituciones con los que están directamente involucradas ven algún resultado de su acción.', 'Además, de imputar una categoría del INGEI a cada medida, se procede a realizar una asignación de estas a las 7 autoridades sectoriales propuestas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, lo que permitió conocer en qué ámbitos tienen impacto, si son líderes en su ejecución y determinar si las instituciones con los que están directamente involucradas ven algún resultado de su acción. Las medidas consideradas en la NDC y en este ejercicio, son indicativas del nivel de esfuerzo que puede realizar cada institución, es decir se utilizan como base de cálculo, pero en ningún momento en esta ECLP se impone la eje- cución de estas medidas a las autoridades sectoriales, ya que son ellas las que deben elaborar sus Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación, donde deben especificar las medidas a desarrollar e implementar para lograr los esfuerzos de miti- gación establecidos en la ECLP.', 'Las medidas consideradas en la NDC y en este ejercicio, son indicativas del nivel de esfuerzo que puede realizar cada institución, es decir se utilizan como base de cálculo, pero en ningún momento en esta ECLP se impone la eje- cución de estas medidas a las autoridades sectoriales, ya que son ellas las que deben elaborar sus Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación, donde deben especificar las medidas a desarrollar e implementar para lograr los esfuerzos de miti- gación establecidos en la ECLP. Lo anterior, no obsta a que los presupuestos sectoriales asignados sean mandatorios para las autoridades sectoriales iden- tificadas en la presente ECLP. La siguiente tabla da cuenta de la asignación de las medidas de mitigación.', 'La siguiente tabla da cuenta de la asignación de las medidas de mitigación. Esta asignación permite identificar a las autoridades sectoriales que cuentan con un liderazgo dadas sus atribuciones ministeriales y considerando su rol implementador. Este grado de responsabilidad, entre paréntesis en la tabla, se cuantifica entre 1 a 4, siendo 4 un valor para institución líder y de 1 a 3 para instituciones involucradas, donde 1 es el menor grado de involucramiento. 27 | Estudio desarrollado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, junto a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y la Universidad de Chile utilizando la metodología Robust Decision Making (RDM). Disponible en :', '27 | Estudio desarrollado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, junto a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y la Universidad de Chile utilizando la metodología Robust Decision Making (RDM). Disponible en : iadb.org/es/opciones-para-lo- grar-la-carbono-neutralidad-en-chi- le-una-evaluacion-bajo-incertidum- Tabla 5 Tabla de asignaciones de medidas NDC Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Generación distribuida Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Involu- Cambio modal transporte Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- Involu- Sistemas de Ges- tión de Energía Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Taxis eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Involucra- Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-res- to minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Fomento a reno- vación energéti- ca de viviendas Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-industria Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Vehículos comerciales eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado MEPS Motores Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- cradoCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 71 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Usos motrices en industria y minería – Hidrógeno Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Transporte de carga – Hidrógeno Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado Calefacción eléctrica público comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Sistemas Solares Térmicos - Resi- dencial y Público Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado SST Industria y Minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-mine- ría cobre Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Transporte público – RM Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Bombas Geotér- micas de calor Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Usos lodos plan- tas tratamiento aguas servidas, bioestabiliza- dor forestal Residuos Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Generación biogás Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Asistencia técnica al uso eficiente de fer- tilizantes Agricultura Líder Energías renova- bles en reempla- zo de centrales térmicas Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Biodigestores de purines porcinos Agricultura Involucrado Líder Electrifica- ción térmica Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado RT viviendas vulnerables Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial LíderCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 73 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Captura o uso de biogás de re- llenos sanitarios Residuos Involucrado Líder Transporte pú- blico – Regiones Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Uso térmico vía gasoductos – Hidrógeno Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Calefacción distrital Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado MEPS nuevos Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Vehículos particulares eléctricos Energía*, Transporte Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado * Energía como sector en el Inventario de GEI; corresponde a todas las actividades que contemplan consumo y producción de combustibles fósiles, tal como está definido por las guías de la Convención Marco de Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para desarrollar inventario de GEI.', 'iadb.org/es/opciones-para-lo- grar-la-carbono-neutralidad-en-chi- le-una-evaluacion-bajo-incertidum- Tabla 5 Tabla de asignaciones de medidas NDC Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Generación distribuida Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Involu- Cambio modal transporte Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- Involu- Sistemas de Ges- tión de Energía Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Taxis eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Involucra- Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-res- to minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Fomento a reno- vación energéti- ca de viviendas Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-industria Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Vehículos comerciales eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado MEPS Motores Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- cradoCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 71 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Usos motrices en industria y minería – Hidrógeno Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Transporte de carga – Hidrógeno Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado Calefacción eléctrica público comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Sistemas Solares Térmicos - Resi- dencial y Público Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado SST Industria y Minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-mine- ría cobre Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Transporte público – RM Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Bombas Geotér- micas de calor Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Usos lodos plan- tas tratamiento aguas servidas, bioestabiliza- dor forestal Residuos Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Generación biogás Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Asistencia técnica al uso eficiente de fer- tilizantes Agricultura Líder Energías renova- bles en reempla- zo de centrales térmicas Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Biodigestores de purines porcinos Agricultura Involucrado Líder Electrifica- ción térmica Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado RT viviendas vulnerables Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial LíderCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 73 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Captura o uso de biogás de re- llenos sanitarios Residuos Involucrado Líder Transporte pú- blico – Regiones Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Uso térmico vía gasoductos – Hidrógeno Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Calefacción distrital Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado MEPS nuevos Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Vehículos particulares eléctricos Energía*, Transporte Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado * Energía como sector en el Inventario de GEI; corresponde a todas las actividades que contemplan consumo y producción de combustibles fósiles, tal como está definido por las guías de la Convención Marco de Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para desarrollar inventario de GEI. Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'iadb.org/es/opciones-para-lo- grar-la-carbono-neutralidad-en-chi- le-una-evaluacion-bajo-incertidum- Tabla 5 Tabla de asignaciones de medidas NDC Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Generación distribuida Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Involu- Cambio modal transporte Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- Involu- Sistemas de Ges- tión de Energía Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Taxis eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Involucra- Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-res- to minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- Fomento a reno- vación energéti- ca de viviendas Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- Electrificación motriz-industria Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Vehículos comerciales eléctricos Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado MEPS Motores Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- cradoCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 71 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Usos motrices en industria y minería – Hidrógeno Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Transporte de carga – Hidrógeno Energía* - Transporte Líder Involu- crado Calefacción eléctrica público comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Sistemas Solares Térmicos - Resi- dencial y Público Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado SST Industria y Minería Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-mine- ría cobre Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado Electrificación motriz-comercial Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Transporte público – RM Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Bombas Geotér- micas de calor Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Usos lodos plan- tas tratamiento aguas servidas, bioestabiliza- dor forestal Residuos Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado Generación biogás Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Asistencia técnica al uso eficiente de fer- tilizantes Agricultura Líder Energías renova- bles en reempla- zo de centrales térmicas Energía* - Gene- ración eléctrica Líder Biodigestores de purines porcinos Agricultura Involucrado Líder Electrifica- ción térmica Energía* - Indus- tria y Minería Líder Involu- crado RT viviendas vulnerables Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial LíderCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 73 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medida NDC Sector Inven- tario emi- siones GEI Ministerio Energía MTT Minis- terio Minería MINSAL MINAGRI MOP MINVU Captura o uso de biogás de re- llenos sanitarios Residuos Involucrado Líder Transporte pú- blico – Regiones Energía* - Transporte Involucrado Líder Uso térmico vía gasoductos – Hidrógeno Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Calefacción distrital Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado Involu- crado MEPS nuevos Energía* - Co- mercial, Público y Residencial Líder Vehículos particulares eléctricos Energía*, Transporte Líder Involu- crado Involu- crado * Energía como sector en el Inventario de GEI; corresponde a todas las actividades que contemplan consumo y producción de combustibles fósiles, tal como está definido por las guías de la Convención Marco de Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para desarrollar inventario de GEI. Fuente: Elaboración propia. Por medio de tal asignación de roles por medida indicativa de la NDC, se establecieron las bases para la determinación de esfuerzos de mitigación para cada autoridad sectorial, derivando en el correspondiente cálculo de los porcentajes de responsabilidad para cada autoridad.', 'Por medio de tal asignación de roles por medida indicativa de la NDC, se establecieron las bases para la determinación de esfuerzos de mitigación para cada autoridad sectorial, derivando en el correspondiente cálculo de los porcentajes de responsabilidad para cada autoridad. Estos porcentajes fueron calculados como la proporción total del grado de involucramiento de una institución versus el total de puntaje de la medida. Esta asignación se basa en el principio de equidad de carga ya que se sustenta a partir de la asignación directa de emisiones a cada autoridad sectorial, dependiendo de su involucra- miento con la actividad causante de las respectivas emisiones (ej.', 'Esta asignación se basa en el principio de equidad de carga ya que se sustenta a partir de la asignación directa de emisiones a cada autoridad sectorial, dependiendo de su involucra- miento con la actividad causante de las respectivas emisiones (ej. emisiones de GEI de la actividad minera, del transporte, etc), y además las potencialidades en la reducción de emisiones de cada autoridad sectorial considerando si están involucradas o pueden liderar la ejecución de las distintas medidas identifi- cadas. Esto por medio de las competencias legales que las autoridades tienen y no yendo más allá de lo que es posible para ellas implementar en la práctica.', 'Esto por medio de las competencias legales que las autoridades tienen y no yendo más allá de lo que es posible para ellas implementar en la práctica. Luego de esto aplicando el principio de costo-efectividad, se realiza un ran- king de las medidas según su costo de abatimiento, ordenándolas de menor a mayor. A partir de tal ranking, se seleccionan las medidas hasta completar las reducciones necesarias para alcanzar el presupuesto de carbono nacional del período 2020-2030 establecido en la NDC.', 'A partir de tal ranking, se seleccionan las medidas hasta completar las reducciones necesarias para alcanzar el presupuesto de carbono nacional del período 2020-2030 establecido en la NDC. Con ello, y considerando el criterio de equidad y costo efectividad, cada institución tiene asignada una proporción de las reducciones estimadas para cada medida, con lo que es posible obtener el total de reducciones asignadas para cada una de las 7 autoridades sectoriales contempladas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, considerando además el margen de segu- ridad señalado previamente. A partir de este análisis de las medidas costo efectivas, se determina el es- fuerzo de mitigación con respecto al escenario de referencia que debe realizar cada autoridad sectorial, en base a sus competencias y ámbito de acción.', 'A partir de este análisis de las medidas costo efectivas, se determina el es- fuerzo de mitigación con respecto al escenario de referencia que debe realizar cada autoridad sectorial, en base a sus competencias y ámbito de acción. Estos esfuerzos de mitigación son claves para el paso a la acción e implementación de los presupuestos de carbono ya que permitirá a las autoridades sectoriales avanzar en la elaboración del respectivo Plan Sectorial de Mitigación. Los es- fuerzos de mitigación indicativos para el período 2020-2030 son clave para la asignación de presupuestos de carbono sectoriales del mismo periodo, pero también es relevante exponer, en base a la información disponible actualmen- te, como serán los futuros esfuerzos de mitigación (2031-2040 y 2041-2050).', 'Los es- fuerzos de mitigación indicativos para el período 2020-2030 son clave para la asignación de presupuestos de carbono sectoriales del mismo periodo, pero también es relevante exponer, en base a la información disponible actualmen- te, como serán los futuros esfuerzos de mitigación (2031-2040 y 2041-2050). Tabla 6 Esfuerzos de mitigación indicativos por autoridad sec- torial en el presupuesto sectorial de emisiones Autoridad Sectorial Esfuerzo de mitigación indicativos (Mt CO ) (Mt CO ) (Mt CO )CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 75 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Tabla 6 Esfuerzos de mitigación indicativos por autoridad sec- torial en el presupuesto sectorial de emisiones Autoridad Sectorial Esfuerzo de mitigación indicativos (Mt CO ) (Mt CO ) (Mt CO )CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 75 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Fuente: Elaboración propia. Considerando lo anterior, se tiene que en Chile, para lograr la meta de la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 como nos pide la ciencia, las autori- dades sectoriales deben considerar que en los siguientes períodos el esfuerzo que deberán realizar será cada vez más exigente, y considerando el principio de equidad y costo efectividad algunas autoridades deberán tomar un ma- yor protagonismo en sus esfuerzos de mitigación con respecto a su rol en la asignación 2020-2030.', 'Considerando lo anterior, se tiene que en Chile, para lograr la meta de la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050 como nos pide la ciencia, las autori- dades sectoriales deben considerar que en los siguientes períodos el esfuerzo que deberán realizar será cada vez más exigente, y considerando el principio de equidad y costo efectividad algunas autoridades deberán tomar un ma- yor protagonismo en sus esfuerzos de mitigación con respecto a su rol en la asignación 2020-2030. Esto confirma la relevancia de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones para lograr una adecuada planificación y acción climática que permita cumplir con la meta de la NDC al 2030 y la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050.', 'Esto confirma la relevancia de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones para lograr una adecuada planificación y acción climática que permita cumplir con la meta de la NDC al 2030 y la carbono neutralidad a más tardar al 2050. Etapa 4: Cálculo de la asignación de presupuestos En base a la metodología planteada previamente y con los esfuerzos de mi- tigación para cada autoridad sectorial contemplada en el Proyecto de Ley Mar- co de Cambio Climático, es posible obtener la asignación sectorial de presu- puestos de emisiones para el período 2020-2030.', 'Etapa 4: Cálculo de la asignación de presupuestos En base a la metodología planteada previamente y con los esfuerzos de mi- tigación para cada autoridad sectorial contemplada en el Proyecto de Ley Mar- co de Cambio Climático, es posible obtener la asignación sectorial de presu- puestos de emisiones para el período 2020-2030. Al respecto, tal como se abordó previamente, la asignación del presupuesto nacional de emisiones de 1,100 MtCO para el período 2020-2030, se calcula a partir de las emisiones asignadas a cada autoridad sectorial del escenario referencia de la NDC menos los respectivos esfuerzos de mitigación.', 'Al respecto, tal como se abordó previamente, la asignación del presupuesto nacional de emisiones de 1,100 MtCO para el período 2020-2030, se calcula a partir de las emisiones asignadas a cada autoridad sectorial del escenario referencia de la NDC menos los respectivos esfuerzos de mitigación. Es por ello, que una vez aplicada la ecuación 1, a partir de los cálculos expuestos anterior- mente, es posible obtener la asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones de GEI, la cual obedece al total de emisiones de CO que como máximo puede tener en el período 2020-2030 para que el país cumpla su compromiso ad- quirido en la NDC de 1.100 MtCO .', 'Es por ello, que una vez aplicada la ecuación 1, a partir de los cálculos expuestos anterior- mente, es posible obtener la asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones de GEI, la cual obedece al total de emisiones de CO que como máximo puede tener en el período 2020-2030 para que el país cumpla su compromiso ad- quirido en la NDC de 1.100 MtCO . Esto establece una responsabilidad país, en sus diversos sectores económicos e instituciones, para el cumplimiento de tal compromiso, sentando así las bases para el objetivo de largo plazo que representa la carbono neutralidad al 2050. Con lo que la asignación pro- puesta se muestra a continuación.', 'Con lo que la asignación pro- puesta se muestra a continuación. Tabla 7: Asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones del período 2020-2030 Autoridad Sectorial Escenario referencia (MtCO ) Esfuerzo indicati- vo de Mitigación CO ) Presupuesto de Emisiones (MtCO ) Ministerio de Transporte y Telecomunica- ciones Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo 100,1 4,8 95,3 TOTAL (Meta NDC) 1.100 Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 77 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de la asignación de presupuestos sectoriales Para el cumplimiento de los presupuestos de emisiones asignados a las autoridades sectoriales, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone que cada una de ellas deberá elaborar el respectivo Plan Sectorial de Mitiga- ción (PSM) en donde deberán establecer el conjunto de acciones y medidas para reducir gases de efecto invernadero, de manera de no sobrepasar el pre- supuesto sectorial de emisiones asignado en la ECLP.', 'Tabla 7: Asignación sectorial del presupuesto de emisiones del período 2020-2030 Autoridad Sectorial Escenario referencia (MtCO ) Esfuerzo indicati- vo de Mitigación CO ) Presupuesto de Emisiones (MtCO ) Ministerio de Transporte y Telecomunica- ciones Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo 100,1 4,8 95,3 TOTAL (Meta NDC) 1.100 Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 77 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de la asignación de presupuestos sectoriales Para el cumplimiento de los presupuestos de emisiones asignados a las autoridades sectoriales, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone que cada una de ellas deberá elaborar el respectivo Plan Sectorial de Mitiga- ción (PSM) en donde deberán establecer el conjunto de acciones y medidas para reducir gases de efecto invernadero, de manera de no sobrepasar el pre- supuesto sectorial de emisiones asignado en la ECLP. Estos lineamientos tam- bién se introducen en la presente Estrategia, de tal forma que las autoridades sectoriales previamente identificadas, deberán elaborar sus respetivos Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación, con el objeto de no sobrepasar el presupuesto sec- torial asignado.', 'Estos lineamientos tam- bién se introducen en la presente Estrategia, de tal forma que las autoridades sectoriales previamente identificadas, deberán elaborar sus respetivos Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación, con el objeto de no sobrepasar el presupuesto sec- torial asignado. Además, cabe señalar que estos planes sectoriales requieren para su implementación de una coordinación transversal y multinivel de las autoridades sectoriales y los demás órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencia en la materia. Desde el punto de vista de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones, las autoridades sectoriales deberán indicar en sus PSM el nivel de involucramiento y responsabilidad de las otras autoridades relacionadas con la ejecución de las medidas de mitigación dispuestas.', 'Desde el punto de vista de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de emisiones, las autoridades sectoriales deberán indicar en sus PSM el nivel de involucramiento y responsabilidad de las otras autoridades relacionadas con la ejecución de las medidas de mitigación dispuestas. De la misma manera, se espera que las autoridades sectoriales indiquen en su plan el grado de involucramiento que tendrán en las medidas consideradas en los otros PSM, con tal de conducir hacia un esquema de colaboración entre ellas. La ECLP propone identificar al menos tres niveles de acción que incluyen a las autoridades sectoriales establecidas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, así como a agencias implementadoras y autoridades locales.', 'La ECLP propone identificar al menos tres niveles de acción que incluyen a las autoridades sectoriales establecidas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, así como a agencias implementadoras y autoridades locales. Estos dos niveles de acción corresponden a organismos relevantes para apoyar la implementación de las acciones de mitigación en los territorios, sin perjuicio de que puedan participar otros de acuerdo a los objetivos y metas establecidos en la presente Estrategia, como también atendida a la naturaleza de las medidas consideradas en los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación, pudiendo ser necesaria la intervención de diversos órganos de la Administración del Estado para la implementación de las mismas. Figura 13 Coordinación del sector público respecto a la imple- mentación de las acciones de mitigación Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Figura 13 Coordinación del sector público respecto a la imple- mentación de las acciones de mitigación Fuente: Elaboración propia. Por otra parte, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y el Ministerio de Ha- cienda son contraparte técnica en el diseño y evaluación de los presupuestos de carbono. Estos Ministerios, si bien no tienen asignadas responsabilidades directas respecto a los presupuestos de emisiones sectoriales, juegan un rol fundamental en los mismos, además de apoyar en la implementación de ac- ciones y medidas respectivamente mediante la coordinación intersectorial, el desarrollo de normas de emisión de GEI, y mediante el desarrollo y fomento de instrumentos de financiamiento a nivel nacional e internacional.', 'Estos Ministerios, si bien no tienen asignadas responsabilidades directas respecto a los presupuestos de emisiones sectoriales, juegan un rol fundamental en los mismos, además de apoyar en la implementación de ac- ciones y medidas respectivamente mediante la coordinación intersectorial, el desarrollo de normas de emisión de GEI, y mediante el desarrollo y fomento de instrumentos de financiamiento a nivel nacional e internacional. De manera complementaria, para apoyar a las autoridades sectoriales, se identifican agen- cias implementadoras del Estado (como lo es CORFO, enfocada a la innovación y el desarrollo del sector privado), y autoridades regionales y locales, como aquellas que apoyan y fomentan la implementación de la acción climática en los territorios, aprovechando las oportunidades y sinergias que la acción climática presenta para ellos.', 'De manera complementaria, para apoyar a las autoridades sectoriales, se identifican agen- cias implementadoras del Estado (como lo es CORFO, enfocada a la innovación y el desarrollo del sector privado), y autoridades regionales y locales, como aquellas que apoyan y fomentan la implementación de la acción climática en los territorios, aprovechando las oportunidades y sinergias que la acción climática presenta para ellos. La futura implementación de los presupuestos de emisiones presenta desa- fíos en su contabilidad, dada la importancia de realizar un correcto monitoreo del avance del país y las autoridades sectoriales en cuanto a sus compromisos. En este sentido, es relevante: • La relación entre los procesos de prospectiva de emisiones y consumo energético.', 'En este sentido, es relevante: • La relación entre los procesos de prospectiva de emisiones y consumo energético. Específicamente, el futuro Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva de Emisiones28 |, deberá trabajar de forma mancomunada con el proceso de Planificación Energética de Largo Plazo (PELP) del Ministerio de Ener- gía. Este último tiene por objetivo el modelamiento y desarrollo de esce- narios energéticos que incluyen proyecciones de largo plazo, junto con el 28 | El Sistema Nacional de Pros- pectiva (SNP), nace en el marco del proyecto Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency – CBIT (Proyecto financiado por GEF y ejecutado por UNEP), con el objetivo de coordinar y normalizar las actualizaciones de proyecciones nacionales de emi- siones de gases de efecto inver- nadero (GEI) de vida larga y corta, considerando además sus impactos socioeconómicos.', 'Este último tiene por objetivo el modelamiento y desarrollo de esce- narios energéticos que incluyen proyecciones de largo plazo, junto con el 28 | El Sistema Nacional de Pros- pectiva (SNP), nace en el marco del proyecto Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency – CBIT (Proyecto financiado por GEF y ejecutado por UNEP), con el objetivo de coordinar y normalizar las actualizaciones de proyecciones nacionales de emi- siones de gases de efecto inver- nadero (GEI) de vida larga y corta, considerando además sus impactos socioeconómicos. El SNP permitirá facilitar y agilizar la evaluación de escenarios prospectivos y medidas de mitigación de GEI, instalando para ello las capacidades necesarias en el Ministerio del Medio Am- biente y estableciendo un sistema de coordinación y transferencia de información entre los organismos pertinentes.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 79 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 comportamiento del consumo y la oferta energética futura del país, en los términos que establece la Ley General de Servicios Eléctricos.', 'El SNP permitirá facilitar y agilizar la evaluación de escenarios prospectivos y medidas de mitigación de GEI, instalando para ello las capacidades necesarias en el Ministerio del Medio Am- biente y estableciendo un sistema de coordinación y transferencia de información entre los organismos pertinentes.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 79 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 comportamiento del consumo y la oferta energética futura del país, en los términos que establece la Ley General de Servicios Eléctricos. Ambos instrumentos, serán de gran relevancia en la actualización de las trayectorias de emisiones y consumo energético futuro, permitiendo, entre otros temas, estimar el cumplimiento futuro de los presupuestos de emi- siones sectoriales y proveer de información clave para la actualización de los compromisos del país en la materia.', 'Ambos instrumentos, serán de gran relevancia en la actualización de las trayectorias de emisiones y consumo energético futuro, permitiendo, entre otros temas, estimar el cumplimiento futuro de los presupuestos de emi- siones sectoriales y proveer de información clave para la actualización de los compromisos del país en la materia. • La contabilidad del presupuesto de emisiones a partir del Inventario Na- cional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', '• La contabilidad del presupuesto de emisiones a partir del Inventario Na- cional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. El SNI Chile proporciona la conta- bilidad de emisiones bienalmente de las categorías de cada sector según la metodología IPCC, será necesario además y según la asignación deter- minada en esta estrategia que a partir de dichas estimaciones se pueda dar cuenta del avance en cuanto al presupuesto de cada autoridad sec- torial, • La medición, monitoreo y verificación de las medidas de mitigación pro- puestas en los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación. Los PSM, corresponden al «cómo» cada autoridad sectorial cumplirá con sus compromisos derivados de la asignación de presupuestos de emisiones, por medio de las distintas medidas de mitigación incluidas.', 'Los PSM, corresponden al «cómo» cada autoridad sectorial cumplirá con sus compromisos derivados de la asignación de presupuestos de emisiones, por medio de las distintas medidas de mitigación incluidas. Para ello, se debe considerar el desarro- llo de un sistema de monitoreo, medición y verificación (MRV) de políticas y acciones, que permita estimar la efectividad de las medidas mitigación establecidas y así chequear el avance de los respectivos compromisos. En el Capítulo 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP, se propor- cionan detalles del sistema de MRV de políticas y acciones de mitigación.', 'En el Capítulo 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP, se propor- cionan detalles del sistema de MRV de políticas y acciones de mitigación. 3.4 Presupuestos sectoriales y territorialidad De acuerdo a lo propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climá- tico, el Plan Sectorial de Mitigación debe contemplar la territorialidad a nivel de macrozona, región o comuna respecto de donde se implementarán o foca- lizarán las medidas detalladas en este. Esto juega un rol fundamental, dado que la concreción de las distintas acciones tiene un impacto no solamente en el cumplimiento de las metas a nivel país, si no que sus efectos se ven en el territorio, con sus respectivos beneficios.', 'Esto juega un rol fundamental, dado que la concreción de las distintas acciones tiene un impacto no solamente en el cumplimiento de las metas a nivel país, si no que sus efectos se ven en el territorio, con sus respectivos beneficios. Es por ello que en la definición de las acciones y medidas a considerar en los planes de mitigación, las autoridades sectoriales deben considerar la factibilidad de implementación territorial y los planes de acción regional que se encuentren vigentes y que especifiquen posibles medidas o acciones relacionadas. Al respecto, de forma de ilustrar de mejor manera los desafíos territoriales de la implementación del esquema de presupuestos de emisiones sectoriales, se entregan los siguientes ejemplos: • Transporte: ejemplo, Reconversión de flotas de taxis por alternativas eléc- tricas.', 'Al respecto, de forma de ilustrar de mejor manera los desafíos territoriales de la implementación del esquema de presupuestos de emisiones sectoriales, se entregan los siguientes ejemplos: • Transporte: ejemplo, Reconversión de flotas de taxis por alternativas eléc- tricas. El transporte de pasajeros mediante taxis corresponde a una modalidad que se encuentra presente generalmente en todas las regiones del país, prin- cipalmente concentrado en las capitales regionales o provinciales. Esta me- dida contempla la reconversión de las flotas de taxi que operan actualmente con motores de combustión (gasolina, diésel o gas natural) hacia alternativas eléctricas, lo cual representará una reducción de las emisiones.', 'Esta me- dida contempla la reconversión de las flotas de taxi que operan actualmente con motores de combustión (gasolina, diésel o gas natural) hacia alternativas eléctricas, lo cual representará una reducción de las emisiones. La evaluación de la reconversión buscará identificar que la reconversión de taxis ocurrirá en distintos periodos en distintas capitales regionales y provinciales, dando claros lineamientos a los territorios respecto a lo que se espera implementar y donde zonas geográficas específicas, conociendo donde se efectuarán las re- ducciones de emisiones de GEI. • Minería: ejemplo, Introducción de camiones mineros en base a hidrógeno verde en la minería del cobre.', '• Minería: ejemplo, Introducción de camiones mineros en base a hidrógeno verde en la minería del cobre. La minería del cobre cuenta con diferentes fuentes directas de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, una de las cuales corresponde a la operación de los camiones mineros de explotación de alto tonelaje (CAEX), los cuales son operados con diésel. Una medida asociada a estos podría ser su reemplazo por alternativas que operen en base a hidrógeno verde, llevando a cero a las emisiones de GEI relativas a su funcionamiento en faenas mineras.', 'Una medida asociada a estos podría ser su reemplazo por alternativas que operen en base a hidrógeno verde, llevando a cero a las emisiones de GEI relativas a su funcionamiento en faenas mineras. Dado que la minería del cobre, principalmente se encuentra concentrada en la macrozona norte del país, el impacto territorial de las reducciones de GEI asociadas a esta medida sería mayoritariamente en aquella zona geográfica, teniendo una me- nor incidencia en otras zonas del país, como por ejemplo las del centro-sur. • Energía: ejemplo, aumento en la penetración de sistemas fotovoltaicos en te- chos de edificaciones comerciales y públicas.', '• Energía: ejemplo, aumento en la penetración de sistemas fotovoltaicos en te- chos de edificaciones comerciales y públicas. La generación distribuida cuenta con un gran potencial de penetración a nivel de techos de edificaciones comerciales y públicas, con tal de que estas puedan abastecerse de su propia electricidad e inyectar los respectivos exce- dentes. La introducción de este tipo de sistemas permite reducir las emisio- nes indirectas de gases de efecto invernadero del consumo eléctrico, en caso de que su suministro no provenga de fuentes renovables. Dado que a lo largo del territorio nacional existen edificaciones de estos tipos, es posible conside- rar que el impacto estaría distribuido en gran parte del territorio.', 'Dado que a lo largo del territorio nacional existen edificaciones de estos tipos, es posible conside- rar que el impacto estaría distribuido en gran parte del territorio. No obstante, la implementación de esta medida en el corto plazo puede contemplar que el potencial de generación solar es más alto en las macrozonas norte y centro.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 81 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Vivienda: ejemplo, mejoramiento en exigencias de envolvente térmica en vi- viendas nuevas. La aislación de las viviendas representa una oportunidad importante para la reducción del consumo energético por efectos de calefacción y así disminuir el consumo de energía en tal uso.', 'La aislación de las viviendas representa una oportunidad importante para la reducción del consumo energético por efectos de calefacción y así disminuir el consumo de energía en tal uso. Mediante la reducción del consumo ener- gético, dependiendo de qué tipo de combustible se utiliza para calefacción, es posible obtener una reducción de los gases de efecto invernadero asociados al sector residencial. En vista de lo anterior, el impacto territorial que tendría una medida de este tipo estaría localizado en zonas del país donde las vi- viendas se calefaccionan (gran parte del territorio), pero su mayor relevancia la tendría en las macrozonas centro y sur, dado el alto consumo de calefacción en meses de invierno y se presentan considerables problemas de contamina- ción atmosférica.', 'En vista de lo anterior, el impacto territorial que tendría una medida de este tipo estaría localizado en zonas del país donde las vi- viendas se calefaccionan (gran parte del territorio), pero su mayor relevancia la tendría en las macrozonas centro y sur, dado el alto consumo de calefacción en meses de invierno y se presentan considerables problemas de contamina- ción atmosférica. • Residuos: ejemplo, captura y uso de biogás en rellenos sanitarios. Producto de la operación de un relleno sanitario, en cuanto a la descompo- sición de residuos sólidos orgánicos, se originan, entre otras, emisiones de me- tano y dióxido de carbono, los que corresponden a Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Producto de la operación de un relleno sanitario, en cuanto a la descompo- sición de residuos sólidos orgánicos, se originan, entre otras, emisiones de me- tano y dióxido de carbono, los que corresponden a Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Estos si son capturados antes de su emisión a la atmósfera, pueden ser utili- zados como biogás para diversos fines, como por ejemplo para la generación eléctrica. El potencial de mitigación que presenta una medida como esta depende fuertemente de las distintas características que presentan los rellenos sani- tarios dependiendo de la ubicación en el territorio nacional que estos tienen, en cuanto a la composición de los residuos orgánicos en ellos y las condiciones climáticas a las que están expuestos.', 'El potencial de mitigación que presenta una medida como esta depende fuertemente de las distintas características que presentan los rellenos sani- tarios dependiendo de la ubicación en el territorio nacional que estos tienen, en cuanto a la composición de los residuos orgánicos en ellos y las condiciones climáticas a las que están expuestos. Lo anterior, podría gatillar en distintos ni- veles de generación de biogás y por ende en las reducciones asociadas a cada relleno sanitario que implemente una acción de este tipo. • Agricultura: ejemplo, implementación de biodigestores de purines porcinos. El ganado porcino, dado su proceso digestivo natural y dependiente de la alimentación proporcionada, genera purines, en cuanto corresponden a una mezcla entre sus excrementos sólidos y líquidos.', 'El ganado porcino, dado su proceso digestivo natural y dependiente de la alimentación proporcionada, genera purines, en cuanto corresponden a una mezcla entre sus excrementos sólidos y líquidos. Estos purines, si no son co- rrectamente manejados, emiten gases de efecto invernadero como metano u óxido nitroso. Una oportunidad para mitigar tales emisiones corresponde a la implemen- tación de biodigestores que permiten capturar los gases emanados por los purines, permitiendo así poder emplearlo como biogás. Este biogás, median- te plantas cogeneradoras puede ser el insumo para la generación, a su vez, de energía eléctrica y de calor. Tal electricidad y calor pueden ser aprovechados por las respectivas industrias ganaderas, con tal de sustituir fuentes energéti- cas emisoras de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Tal electricidad y calor pueden ser aprovechados por las respectivas industrias ganaderas, con tal de sustituir fuentes energéti- cas emisoras de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Este tipo de medidas aplicadas al sector agrícola, en caso de incluirse en el respectivo Plan de Sectorial de Mitigación, debiesen considerar la ubicación en el territorio nacional del ganado porcino, en cuanto a que los respectivos esfuerzos de mitigación tendrán un impacto comunal y regional dependiendo de donde fueron implementados proyectos de este tipo, así como también donde existe una mayor actividad ganadera. • Infraestructura: ejemplo, Análisis de Ciclo de Vida de los proyectos.', '• Infraestructura: ejemplo, Análisis de Ciclo de Vida de los proyectos. El desarrollo de infraestructura pública y edificaciones debe considerar el análisis del ciclo de vida de los proyectos de forma de minimizar su car- bono estructural y operacional, soluciones como las energías renovables y la eficiencia energética deben ser pilares profundamente enraizados en el diseño de las edificaciones. En este sentido, cada territorio ofrece distintas soluciones en función de sus recursos energéticos renovables locales o posibles solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza que sean aplicables dada las condiciones hidrometeorológicas de un territorio Estos ejemplos ponen en evidencia la importancia de que los respectivos Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación sean construidos estableciendo la incidencia territorial de estas medidas o acciones.', 'En este sentido, cada territorio ofrece distintas soluciones en función de sus recursos energéticos renovables locales o posibles solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza que sean aplicables dada las condiciones hidrometeorológicas de un territorio Estos ejemplos ponen en evidencia la importancia de que los respectivos Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación sean construidos estableciendo la incidencia territorial de estas medidas o acciones. Es importante recalcar que las autori- dades sectoriales deben abordar el impacto de sus acciones en los territorios considerando lo establecido anteriormente, así como también lo determina- do por las mismas regiones y comunas en sus planes de acción respectivos, los cuales se establecen como instrumento de gestión del cambio climático a nivel subnacional en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', 'Es importante recalcar que las autori- dades sectoriales deben abordar el impacto de sus acciones en los territorios considerando lo establecido anteriormente, así como también lo determina- do por las mismas regiones y comunas en sus planes de acción respectivos, los cuales se establecen como instrumento de gestión del cambio climático a nivel subnacional en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. 3.5 Componente Carbono Negro La mitigación de forzantes climáticos es esencial para cumplir las me- tas y compromisos para enfrentar el cambio climático. El carbono negro (CN) es un forzante climático, que forma parte del material particulado fino (MP ) principal contaminante atmosférico en Chile.', 'El carbono negro (CN) es un forzante climático, que forma parte del material particulado fino (MP ) principal contaminante atmosférico en Chile. El CN tiene una gran capacidad de absorber la radiación y emitirla en forma de calor, resultando en un calen- tamiento de la atmósfera, además, al ser parte del MP2,5 también es dañino para la salud de las personas. Considerando ambos efectos, el CN es de interés tanto para el cambio climático como para la calidad del aire. Por tanto, su mi- tigación es importante y ha sido considerada como una meta nacional en la NDC, comprometiendo al 2030, una reducción de al menos un 25% respecto del 2016.', 'Por tanto, su mi- tigación es importante y ha sido considerada como una meta nacional en la NDC, comprometiendo al 2030, una reducción de al menos un 25% respecto del 2016. En línea con este objetivo, a nivel nacional existen un conjunto de políticas de mitigación de contaminantes locales que permitirán contribuir a la reducción del carbono negro.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 83 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El Carbono Negro en una mirada de largo plazo Como mirada a largo plazo de las emisiones de carbono negro se tienen diferentes escenarios de mitigación de emisiones para la quema de combus- tibles, esto debido a que considera más del 90% de las emisiones de carbono negro de Chile.', 'En línea con este objetivo, a nivel nacional existen un conjunto de políticas de mitigación de contaminantes locales que permitirán contribuir a la reducción del carbono negro.CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 83 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El Carbono Negro en una mirada de largo plazo Como mirada a largo plazo de las emisiones de carbono negro se tienen diferentes escenarios de mitigación de emisiones para la quema de combus- tibles, esto debido a que considera más del 90% de las emisiones de carbono negro de Chile. Los escenarios considerados en la visión a largo plazo son tres, tal como se observa en la siguiente figura, siendo el primero un Escenario Base que con- sidera todas las medidas de mitigación en implementación al 2018, el segundo corresponde a un escenario con medidas de mitigación focalizadas en GEI y que tiene por fin alcanzar la Carbono Neutralidad en Chile, y el tercer esce- nario considera las medidas anteriores más medidas adicionales de mitigación focalizadas en carbono negro, el que se denomina Carbono Neutralidad +.', 'Los escenarios considerados en la visión a largo plazo son tres, tal como se observa en la siguiente figura, siendo el primero un Escenario Base que con- sidera todas las medidas de mitigación en implementación al 2018, el segundo corresponde a un escenario con medidas de mitigación focalizadas en GEI y que tiene por fin alcanzar la Carbono Neutralidad en Chile, y el tercer esce- nario considera las medidas anteriores más medidas adicionales de mitigación focalizadas en carbono negro, el que se denomina Carbono Neutralidad +. Figura 14: Trayectorias de las emisiones de CN según los esce- narios considerados en la actualización de la NDC Fuente: Adaptado de (Gallardo et al., 2020).', 'Figura 14: Trayectorias de las emisiones de CN según los esce- narios considerados en la actualización de la NDC Fuente: Adaptado de (Gallardo et al., 2020). Considerando los escenarios previstos para las emisiones de carbono negro, se tiene una visión sectorial al 2030 de las reducciones esperadas de carbono negro, en la tabla siguiente se muestran las medidas asociadas a cada sector y una reducción porcentual esperada de dichas medidas, planteando así un escenario de reducciones esperadas. Particularmente, las medidas de Intensifi- cación de calefacción distrital y Nueva normativa, corresponden a las medidas añadidas en el escenario Carbono neutralidad +, por lo tanto, las reducciones expuestas corresponden a dicho escenario. Tabla 8: Reducción de emisiones de carbono negro esperadas por sector.', 'Tabla 8: Reducción de emisiones de carbono negro esperadas por sector. Ámbito de reducción Comercial, Público y Residencial (CPR), Ministerio de Vivienda y Mi- nisterio Obras Pú- blicas (Dirección de Arquitectura) Edificación sostenible Intensificación de cale- facción distrital Las reducciones de carbono negro del sector CPR provienen, en su mayoría, del cambio en el uso de energéticos, intensificando el uso de elec- tricidad en las viviendas. Además, se contempla una reducción de demanda producto de la mejo- ra de las viviendas. Generación, Minis- terio Energía Retiro de centrales 40 - 52% La descarbonización de la matriz energética y la intensificación del uso de energías renovables reduce las emisiones de carbono negro. Maquinaria fuera de ruta, Ministe- rio Obras Públicas (Dirección de via- bilidad) Hidrógeno en usos mo- trices Nueva normativa Las reducciones provienen de la consideración de cero emisiones en el uso de hidrógeno.', 'Maquinaria fuera de ruta, Ministe- rio Obras Públicas (Dirección de via- bilidad) Hidrógeno en usos mo- trices Nueva normativa Las reducciones provienen de la consideración de cero emisiones en el uso de hidrógeno. Minería, Ministerio de Minería Hidrógeno en usos mo- trices 10 - 17% El uso de hidrógeno y la intensificación en el uso de electricidad disminuyen las emisiones de carbono negro. Transporte, Minis- terio de Transposte Electromovilidad Hidrógeno en transpor- te de carga Se considera que el uso de vehículos eléctricos no ge- nera emisiones. El aumento en el consumo eléctrico es considerado dentro del sector Generación. Meta NDC 25% Esta meta contempla al menos un 25% de reducción al 2030 con base al 2016. Fuente: Elaboración propia.', 'Meta NDC 25% Esta meta contempla al menos un 25% de reducción al 2030 con base al 2016. Fuente: Elaboración propia. 29 | Medidas consideradas en la actualización de la NDC de Chile alCAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 85 CAPÍTULO 3/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Gestión del Carbono Negro en Chile Chile cuenta con una importante batería de instrumentos de gestión am- biental para el control y reducción de contaminantes atmosféricos locales como el MP , que contribuyen de manera importante a reducir los niveles de carbono negro. Dentro de dichos instrumentos destacan normas de calidad del aire, normas de emisión, y planes de descontaminación atmosférica30 |.', 'Dentro de dichos instrumentos destacan normas de calidad del aire, normas de emisión, y planes de descontaminación atmosférica30 |. Respecto de las normas de emisión31 |, Chile es uno de los primeros países de Latinoamérica en adoptar la normativa Euro 6 para vehículos livianos, me- dianos y pesados. Este avance normativo significa una mejora sustancial en las emisiones de carbono negro producto del transporte. Sumado a esto, el de- sarrollo de normativas más estrictas para maquinarias fuera de ruta y grupos electrógenos también significará un avance en la reducción de carbono negro y otros contaminantes locales. Los Planes de Descontaminación Atmosférica (PDA)32 |, por su parte, buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas me- jorando la calidad del aire de las ciudades saturadas por MP2,5.', 'Los Planes de Descontaminación Atmosférica (PDA)32 |, por su parte, buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas me- jorando la calidad del aire de las ciudades saturadas por MP2,5. Las medidas incluidas en los planes tienen directo impacto en las emisiones de carbono negro, siendo uno de los instrumentos que ayuda tanto a mejorar la calidad del aire en distintas ciudades, como a mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. La mayoría de las medidas incluidas en los planes contempla la disminu- ción de las emisiones producto de la quema de leña, pero también se incluyen medidas con el recambio de buses y filtros para maquinarias fuera de ruta.', 'La mayoría de las medidas incluidas en los planes contempla la disminu- ción de las emisiones producto de la quema de leña, pero también se incluyen medidas con el recambio de buses y filtros para maquinarias fuera de ruta. En relación con los instrumentos de medición y seguimiento de las emisio- nes de carbono negro (CN), Chile cuenta con dos herramientas: I) El Inventario Nacional de Carbono Negro, que permite conocer y reportar las emisiones de CN de tal manera de verificar el avance en la reducción y el cumplimiento de los compromisos de reducción de CN, este inventario es parte del sistema nacional de inventario inventario de GEI.33 | II) El Sistema de Monitoreo de Calidad del Aire,34 | el cual monitorea las concentraciones de MP y otros contaminantes a lo largo de todo Chile.', 'En relación con los instrumentos de medición y seguimiento de las emisio- nes de carbono negro (CN), Chile cuenta con dos herramientas: I) El Inventario Nacional de Carbono Negro, que permite conocer y reportar las emisiones de CN de tal manera de verificar el avance en la reducción y el cumplimiento de los compromisos de reducción de CN, este inventario es parte del sistema nacional de inventario inventario de GEI.33 | II) El Sistema de Monitoreo de Calidad del Aire,34 | el cual monitorea las concentraciones de MP y otros contaminantes a lo largo de todo Chile. Adicionalmente, se cuenta con equipos de medición de concentra- ciones de CN que permiten mejorar el entendimiento local del carbono negro generando series de tiempo consistentes para constatar.', 'Adicionalmente, se cuenta con equipos de medición de concentra- ciones de CN que permiten mejorar el entendimiento local del carbono negro generando series de tiempo consistentes para constatar. Desafíos para robustecer la gestión del Carbono Negro al 2030 La ECLP fortalece la visión de largo plazo en la gestión del carbono negro, y con miras al cumplimiento de la meta de reducción comprometida en la NDC, plantea los siguientes objetivos en cuanto al control y verificación de las emisiones de carbono negro. 30 | 31 | Programa de Regulación Ambiental 2020-2021: Publicación diario oficial de Programa de Regu- lación Ambiental 2020-2021 (mma.', '30 | 31 | Programa de Regulación Ambiental 2020-2021: Publicación diario oficial de Programa de Regu- lación Ambiental 2020-2021 (mma. gob.cl) 32 | PPDA – Planes de prevención y/o descontaminación atmosférica (mma.gob.cl) 33 | cipales-resultados/inventario-nacio- nal-de-carbono-negro/ 34 | I) Sistema de información y reporte Carbono Negro, nacional y regional, a) Actualización bianual del Inventario de Carbono Negro de acuerdo con los reportes a la CMNUCC. El inventario será actualizado acorde a la realidad del país, considerando información actualizada de todos los sectores. b) Regionalización de Emisiones de Carbono Negro. Se presentará el in- ventario regionalizado en conjunto con los inventarios regionalizados de gases de efecto invernadero. c) Sistema de Proyección de emisiones de Carbono Negro.', 'c) Sistema de Proyección de emisiones de Carbono Negro. Se desarrolla- rá en línea con la implementación del Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva, que busca coordinar y estandarizar la capacidad prospectiva de emisio- nes de GEI y de carbono negro de Chile. El sistema tendrá un alcance nacional, desagregado a escala regional , y será parte del Sistema Na- cional de Prospectiva. II) Generación de conocimiento a) Actualización de elementos de decisión. Levantamiento y actualiza- ción de factores de emisión locales de carbono negro y otros contami- nantes, deterioro de tecnología, etc. b) Impactos en la salud y ecosistemas para Chile. c) Inclusión de análisis de carbono negro en los Planes de Acción Re- gional de Cambio Climático y otras herramientas a fin.', 'c) Inclusión de análisis de carbono negro en los Planes de Acción Re- gional de Cambio Climático y otras herramientas a fin. III) Mediciones de carbono negro Se buscará colaboración internacional para publicación en línea de me- diciones de carbono negro y la extensión de la red de medición a re- giones.Fotografía de Bryan Contreras 05 contribuciones sectoriales 06 gestión de cambio climático Camino a la resiliencia climática Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 89 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática Considerando la vulnerabilidad del país frente al cambio climático, se hace relevante contar con planes de adaptación nacionales, regionales y comunales para anticipar y hacer frente a los impactos actuales y futuros del cambio cli- mático.', 'III) Mediciones de carbono negro Se buscará colaboración internacional para publicación en línea de me- diciones de carbono negro y la extensión de la red de medición a re- giones.Fotografía de Bryan Contreras 05 contribuciones sectoriales 06 gestión de cambio climático Camino a la resiliencia climática Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 89 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Adaptación: Camino a la resiliencia climática Considerando la vulnerabilidad del país frente al cambio climático, se hace relevante contar con planes de adaptación nacionales, regionales y comunales para anticipar y hacer frente a los impactos actuales y futuros del cambio cli- mático. El objetivo mundial de adaptación establecido en el Acuerdo de París (Art.', 'El objetivo mundial de adaptación establecido en el Acuerdo de París (Art. 7) considera el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia a través del aumento de la capacidad de adaptación y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático, reconociendo la importancia de evitar, o reducir al mínimo, las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con los efectos adversos del cambio climático (Art. 8). El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, propone como parte de su objetivo central el reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia del país frente a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, estableciendo instrumentos de gestión a nivel regional, comunal y sectorial, y los organismos responsables de su elaboración, actualización e implementación.', 'El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, propone como parte de su objetivo central el reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia del país frente a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, estableciendo instrumentos de gestión a nivel regional, comunal y sectorial, y los organismos responsables de su elaboración, actualización e implementación. Adicionalmente, queda establecido dentro del Proyecto de Ley que, a través de la ECLP, se establecen los principales lineamientos, objetivos y metas para avanzar hacia la resiliencia climática al 2050.', 'Adicionalmente, queda establecido dentro del Proyecto de Ley que, a través de la ECLP, se establecen los principales lineamientos, objetivos y metas para avanzar hacia la resiliencia climática al 2050. Este capítulo contiene los lineamientos para el proceso de adaptación y la definición de indicadores, el Capítulo 5 detalla los lineamientos, objetivos y metas de adaptación y mitigación que compromete el país en diversos sectores y componentes de integración, y el Capítulo 6 detalla los lineamientos, objetivos y metas para avanzar en acción regional y local desde los territorios.', 'Este capítulo contiene los lineamientos para el proceso de adaptación y la definición de indicadores, el Capítulo 5 detalla los lineamientos, objetivos y metas de adaptación y mitigación que compromete el país en diversos sectores y componentes de integración, y el Capítulo 6 detalla los lineamientos, objetivos y metas para avanzar en acción regional y local desde los territorios. 4.1 Marco conceptual de vulnerabilidad y adaptación La adaptación es un proceso de planificación del desarrollo a nivel de país, región y comuna para hacer frente a los impactos y riesgos climáticos, con el objeto de reducir la vulnerabilidad, aumentar la resiliencia a los efectos adver- sos del cambio climático.', '4.1 Marco conceptual de vulnerabilidad y adaptación La adaptación es un proceso de planificación del desarrollo a nivel de país, región y comuna para hacer frente a los impactos y riesgos climáticos, con el objeto de reducir la vulnerabilidad, aumentar la resiliencia a los efectos adver- sos del cambio climático. Este proceso se inicia con la identificación y evalua- ción de los riesgos climáticos presentes y futuros que afectan los territorios, sistemas naturales, humanos y productivos. Contando con esta base de infor- mación, se inicia una fase de identificación y diseño de medidas de adaptación, cuyo objetivo es enfrentar y minimizar los riesgos identificados.', 'Contando con esta base de infor- mación, se inicia una fase de identificación y diseño de medidas de adaptación, cuyo objetivo es enfrentar y minimizar los riesgos identificados. La implemen- tación de estas medidas puede abocarse a reducir los grados de exposición frente a las amenazas, o a disminuir la vulnerabilidad frente a ellas o aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, de acuerdo con lo que resulte como solución más adecuada y costo efectiva. Posteriormente, la fase de monitoreo y eva- luación busca hacer el seguimiento, medir la efectividad de estas medidas e incorporar los aprendizajes, en un ciclo continuo que nos permita aumentar la resiliencia del país, tal como se representa en la siguiente figura.', 'Posteriormente, la fase de monitoreo y eva- luación busca hacer el seguimiento, medir la efectividad de estas medidas e incorporar los aprendizajes, en un ciclo continuo que nos permita aumentar la resiliencia del país, tal como se representa en la siguiente figura. Figura 15: Proceso de adaptación al cambio climático, imple- mentado a través de distintos instrumentos y escalas. Fuente: Elaboración propia. El marco conceptual de riesgo climático35 | que consideramos corresponde al último marco disponible del IPCC en su Quinto Informe de Evaluación (2014).', 'El marco conceptual de riesgo climático35 | que consideramos corresponde al último marco disponible del IPCC en su Quinto Informe de Evaluación (2014). Dentro de este marco, se entiende por riesgo climático la probabilidad de ocu- rrencia de impactos sobre un territorio, y los sistemas sociales y naturales que lo habitan, producto de eventos o tendencias climáticas, así como de las acciones de respuesta humanas ante las mismas.', 'Dentro de este marco, se entiende por riesgo climático la probabilidad de ocu- rrencia de impactos sobre un territorio, y los sistemas sociales y naturales que lo habitan, producto de eventos o tendencias climáticas, así como de las acciones de respuesta humanas ante las mismas. Los factores que lo determi- nan y que deben estar presentes simultáneamente para que este se produzca son la amenaza, exposición y vulnerabilidad, los cuales se definen a continua- ción y cuyas relaciones son esquematizadas más adelante: 36 | 35 | Materia abordada también en el punto 4.2, sobre «Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres», y en el punto 4.3, sobre «Evaluación de los Riesgos Climáticos – Plataforma de Adaptación: Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos (ARClim)» de la presente Estrategia.', 'Los factores que lo determi- nan y que deben estar presentes simultáneamente para que este se produzca son la amenaza, exposición y vulnerabilidad, los cuales se definen a continua- ción y cuyas relaciones son esquematizadas más adelante: 36 | 35 | Materia abordada también en el punto 4.2, sobre «Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres», y en el punto 4.3, sobre «Evaluación de los Riesgos Climáticos – Plataforma de Adaptación: Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos (ARClim)» de la presente Estrategia. 36 | ARClim, 2020; en base a GIZ Eurac, 2017 e IPCC, 2014CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 91 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Amenaza: Condición climática cuya potencial ocurrencia puede resultar en pérdida de vidas, accidentes y otros impactos en salud, como también en pérdidas de propiedad, infraestructura, medios de subsistencia, provi- sión de servicios, ecosistemas y recursos medio ambientales.', '36 | ARClim, 2020; en base a GIZ Eurac, 2017 e IPCC, 2014CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 91 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Amenaza: Condición climática cuya potencial ocurrencia puede resultar en pérdida de vidas, accidentes y otros impactos en salud, como también en pérdidas de propiedad, infraestructura, medios de subsistencia, provi- sión de servicios, ecosistemas y recursos medio ambientales. • Exposición: La presencia de personas, medios de subsistencia, servicios y recursos ambientales, infraestructura, o activos económicos, sociales o culturales, en lugares y momentos que podrían verse afectados nega- tivamente. • Vulnerabilidad: La propensión o predisposición a verse afectado nega- tivamente.', '• Vulnerabilidad: La propensión o predisposición a verse afectado nega- tivamente. A su vez, ésta se compone por la Sensibilidad, determinada por todos los factores no climáticos que afectan directamente las con- secuencias de un evento climático (lo que incluye atributos físicos, so- ciales, económicos y culturales del sector o sub-sector), y la Capacidad Adaptativa, entendida como la capacidad de las personas, instituciones, organizaciones y sectores para enfrentar, gestionar y superar condiciones adversas en el corto y mediano plazo, utilizando las habilidades, valores, creencias, recursos y oportunidades disponibles. De esta forma, la Sensibilidad, la Capacidad Adaptativa y la Exposición son los elementos que pueden modificarse a través de las medidas de adapta- ción, buscando reducir el riesgo climático.', 'De esta forma, la Sensibilidad, la Capacidad Adaptativa y la Exposición son los elementos que pueden modificarse a través de las medidas de adapta- ción, buscando reducir el riesgo climático. Es importante considerar que cada uno de estos factores tiene incertidumbre, en particular la amenaza, que para su estimación involucra proyecciones sobre el futuro, que contemplan incerti- dumbres inherentes a la modelación y a los impactos en los diversos sistemas. Estas incertidumbres o faltas de certeza científica no deben utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas para evitar dichos riesgos o peli- gros o impedir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, considerando el prin- cipio de costo efectividad.', 'Estas incertidumbres o faltas de certeza científica no deben utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas para evitar dichos riesgos o peli- gros o impedir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, considerando el prin- cipio de costo efectividad. Es recomendable integrar el análisis del riesgo climático en cada una de las fases de desarrollo de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y de Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, especialmente en las etapas de elaboración, actualización, implementación y seguimiento.', 'Es recomendable integrar el análisis del riesgo climático en cada una de las fases de desarrollo de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y de Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, especialmente en las etapas de elaboración, actualización, implementación y seguimiento. Figura 16: Conceptualización de Vulnerabilidad del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC Fuente: IPCC (2014, p.3).CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 93 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y comunal El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (NAP)37 | ha sido hasta ahora el instrumento referente para la implementación de la adaptación a ni- vel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile).', 'Figura 16: Conceptualización de Vulnerabilidad del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC Fuente: IPCC (2014, p.3).CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 93 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de la adaptación a nivel nacional, sectorial, regional y comunal El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (NAP)37 | ha sido hasta ahora el instrumento referente para la implementación de la adaptación a ni- vel nacional, sectorial y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile). De acuerdo a lo propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y consideran- do los sectores más vulnerables se establece que el país debe contar con 11 Planes Sectoriales de adaptación en los sectores Silvoagropecuario, Biodiver- sidad, Pesca y Acuicultura, Salud, Infraestructura, Energía, Ciudades, Turismo, Recursos hídricos, Minería y Borde costero; estos planes son políticas públicas mandatorias del gobierno central, que buscan recoger los lineamientos contenidos en esta Estrategia e incorporar el cambio climático en el quehacer de cada sector, de manera de minimizar los efectos negativos y aprovechar oportunidades que se pueden generar.', 'De acuerdo a lo propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y consideran- do los sectores más vulnerables se establece que el país debe contar con 11 Planes Sectoriales de adaptación en los sectores Silvoagropecuario, Biodiver- sidad, Pesca y Acuicultura, Salud, Infraestructura, Energía, Ciudades, Turismo, Recursos hídricos, Minería y Borde costero; estos planes son políticas públicas mandatorias del gobierno central, que buscan recoger los lineamientos contenidos en esta Estrategia e incorporar el cambio climático en el quehacer de cada sector, de manera de minimizar los efectos negativos y aprovechar oportunidades que se pueden generar. Estos planes de adaptación son responsabilidad de las autoridades sectoriales competentes, quienes coordinan su diseño e implementación en conjunto con el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y otros actores relevantes.', 'Estos planes de adaptación son responsabilidad de las autoridades sectoriales competentes, quienes coordinan su diseño e implementación en conjunto con el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y otros actores relevantes. Luego de 5 años de implementación, deben contar con una evaluación final externa y ser actualizados para un siguiente periodo, incorporando los aprendizajes a la fecha. Chile ha avanzado en el desarrollo e implementación de estos planes generando capacidades en las instituciones, incorporando el cambio climático en sus programas, políticas, visiones, y en su estructura.', 'Chile ha avanzado en el desarrollo e implementación de estos planes generando capacidades en las instituciones, incorporando el cambio climático en sus programas, políticas, visiones, y en su estructura. Por otra parte, a través del NAP se han generado instancias de coordinación intersectorial a distintas escalas, que son reconocidas como parte de la institucionalidad formal en materia de cambio climático y fortalecidas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, como son el ETICC y el CORECC. Si bien el desarrollo de capacidades y la adaptación a nivel sectorial es necesaria, se debe agregar que la planificación de la adaptación a nivel subnacional es fundamental para avanzar hacia una sociedad resiliente al clima.', 'Si bien el desarrollo de capacidades y la adaptación a nivel sectorial es necesaria, se debe agregar que la planificación de la adaptación a nivel subnacional es fundamental para avanzar hacia una sociedad resiliente al clima. La necesidad de contar con instrumentos para enfrentar el cambio climático de manera territorial es reconocida en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático mediante la obligación de desarrollar e implementar Planes de Acción Regional de Cambio Climáticos (PARCC) y Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático (PACCC), los que deben ser elaborados y aprobados por los CORECC y Municipios, respectivamente. Todos estos planes orientarán sus medidas de adaptación buscando cubrir una amplia gama de requerimientos y necesidades específicas, en concordancia con los objetivos y metas de largo plazo comprometidos en esta estrategia.', 'Todos estos planes orientarán sus medidas de adaptación buscando cubrir una amplia gama de requerimientos y necesidades específicas, en concordancia con los objetivos y metas de largo plazo comprometidos en esta estrategia. 37 | Plan elaborado en el marco del Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático 2008-2012 y aprobado por el Consejo de Ministros para la Sus- tentabilidad y el Cambio Climático el 1 de diciembre de 2014, disponible en: nal-Adaptacion-Cambio-Climati- co-version-final.pdf Lineamientos para la adaptación a nivel sectorial Los sectores priorizados para la Adaptación a nivel nacional cuentan en su conjunto con 46 objetivos de largo plazo en esta Estrategia, las cuales son pre- sentadas sectorialmente junto a los objetivos de Mitigación e Integración en el Capítulo 5: Contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración.', '37 | Plan elaborado en el marco del Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático 2008-2012 y aprobado por el Consejo de Ministros para la Sus- tentabilidad y el Cambio Climático el 1 de diciembre de 2014, disponible en: nal-Adaptacion-Cambio-Climati- co-version-final.pdf Lineamientos para la adaptación a nivel sectorial Los sectores priorizados para la Adaptación a nivel nacional cuentan en su conjunto con 46 objetivos de largo plazo en esta Estrategia, las cuales son pre- sentadas sectorialmente junto a los objetivos de Mitigación e Integración en el Capítulo 5: Contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración. Los obje- tivos planteados para los distintos sectores reflejan necesidades de respuestas similares, con especificidades que pueden resumirse de la manera siguiente: • Fortalecer la gobernanza sectorial a diferentes escalas del territorio, instalando capacidades en las instituciones públicas y en la diversidad de partes interesadas de cada sector, y profundizando la participación ciudadana en el desarrollo de las políticas de cambio climático sectoriales.', 'Los obje- tivos planteados para los distintos sectores reflejan necesidades de respuestas similares, con especificidades que pueden resumirse de la manera siguiente: • Fortalecer la gobernanza sectorial a diferentes escalas del territorio, instalando capacidades en las instituciones públicas y en la diversidad de partes interesadas de cada sector, y profundizando la participación ciudadana en el desarrollo de las políticas de cambio climático sectoriales. • Profundizar y ampliar el conocimiento científico, el desarrollo tecnológi- co en los distintos sectores, así como en la interacciones y sinergias entre ellos, para respaldar la toma de decisiones.', '• Profundizar y ampliar el conocimiento científico, el desarrollo tecnológi- co en los distintos sectores, así como en la interacciones y sinergias entre ellos, para respaldar la toma de decisiones. • Reducir del riesgo frente a los impactos del cambio climático, a través de un enfoque integrado en las políticas e instrumentos, que reduzcan la vulnerabilidad, la exposición y aumente la capacidad de adaptación, monitoreando la evolución del riesgo en función de las amenazas climá- ticas cambiantes. • Integrar del cambio climático en los instrumentos de política sectorial a escala del territorio, reconociendo la diversidad de impactos y de rea- lidades locales. • Implementar acciones privilegiando las Soluciones basadas en la na- turaleza.', '• Implementar acciones privilegiando las Soluciones basadas en la na- turaleza. • Proteger, restaurar, evitar y reducir la degradación de los ecosistemas mediante la promoción del uso, producción y consumo sustentable de los recursos naturales. • Fomentar competencias productivas sustentables en el sector pesque- ro y acuícola, agrícola, pecuario y forestal, considerando la adaptación al cambio climático de manera de contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y a la sustentabilidad de los recursos naturales. • Promover la seguridad hídrica para consumo humano y saneamiento, y provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y las actividades productivas, contribuyendo al uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos en los territorios.', '• Promover la seguridad hídrica para consumo humano y saneamiento, y provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y las actividades productivas, contribuyendo al uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos en los territorios. Este lineamiento es transversal y se observará en el cumplimiento de los demás objetivos, metas, lineamientos y directrices de la presente Estra- tegia.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 95 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Lineamientos transversales para la adaptación en los territorios Para el diseño e implementación de las medidas de adaptación resulta fundamental la articulación de los diversos sectores y de los distintos niveles administrativos en el territorio, de manera de dar coherencia a los distintos ins- trumentos de política, dar cuenta de la transversalidad de la adaptación, crear sinergias y evitar la mal adaptación.', 'Este lineamiento es transversal y se observará en el cumplimiento de los demás objetivos, metas, lineamientos y directrices de la presente Estra- tegia.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 95 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Lineamientos transversales para la adaptación en los territorios Para el diseño e implementación de las medidas de adaptación resulta fundamental la articulación de los diversos sectores y de los distintos niveles administrativos en el territorio, de manera de dar coherencia a los distintos ins- trumentos de política, dar cuenta de la transversalidad de la adaptación, crear sinergias y evitar la mal adaptación. Esta coordinación está en manos de dis- tintas instancias dependiendo de la etapa en que se encuentren los instru- mentos, desde el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentablidad (CMS), el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), los Consejos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) y sus Secretarías Regionales Ministeriales (SEREMIs).', 'Esta coordinación está en manos de dis- tintas instancias dependiendo de la etapa en que se encuentren los instru- mentos, desde el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentablidad (CMS), el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), los Consejos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) y sus Secretarías Regionales Ministeriales (SEREMIs). En este sentido, el CMS reúne a los principales sectores que presentan una mayor contribución a las emisio- nes de GEI y, los más vulnerables a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, los que se encuentran habilitados para poder someter sus políticas, planes, programas, e instrumentos sectoriales que tengan incidencia en la gestión del cambio climático, con el objeto de que se pueda contar con un análisis multisectorial que permita introducir criterios de mitigación y, o adaptación al cambio climático en la regulación propuesta.', 'En este sentido, el CMS reúne a los principales sectores que presentan una mayor contribución a las emisio- nes de GEI y, los más vulnerables a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, los que se encuentran habilitados para poder someter sus políticas, planes, programas, e instrumentos sectoriales que tengan incidencia en la gestión del cambio climático, con el objeto de que se pueda contar con un análisis multisectorial que permita introducir criterios de mitigación y, o adaptación al cambio climático en la regulación propuesta. Por otra parte, el ETICC reu- ne a las contrapartes técnicas de los diversos órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencia relacionadas a la temática del cambio climático, y en dicha instancia, se puede realizar un análisis eminentemente técnico sobre los instrumentos que se sometan al conocimiento de este órgano.', 'Por otra parte, el ETICC reu- ne a las contrapartes técnicas de los diversos órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencia relacionadas a la temática del cambio climático, y en dicha instancia, se puede realizar un análisis eminentemente técnico sobre los instrumentos que se sometan al conocimiento de este órgano. Asimismo, las diversas autoridades sectoriales se encuentren representadas en el plano regional en los CORECC a través de sus respectivas Secretarías Regionales Ministeriales, y en el seno de dicho organismo se vinculan con las autoridades regionales y locales para generar sinergias entre sus respectivos instrumentos.', 'Asimismo, las diversas autoridades sectoriales se encuentren representadas en el plano regional en los CORECC a través de sus respectivas Secretarías Regionales Ministeriales, y en el seno de dicho organismo se vinculan con las autoridades regionales y locales para generar sinergias entre sus respectivos instrumentos. A lo anterior, se puede agregar que el MMA actúa como contraparte técni- ca en la elaboración y actualización de los diversos instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, y asimismo, se encuentra habilitado para apoyar a los or- ganismos sectoriales en la integración de criterios de cambio climático en sus políticas, planes y programas sectoriales. Finalmente, las SEREMIs del MMA integran los CORECC y sirven como secretaría técnica a dichos organismos, proveyendo soporte administrativo y técnico en el funcionamiento de de los mismos.', 'Finalmente, las SEREMIs del MMA integran los CORECC y sirven como secretaría técnica a dichos organismos, proveyendo soporte administrativo y técnico en el funcionamiento de de los mismos. Por otra parte, se establecerán mecanismos de integración y coor- dinación a través de los reglamentos respectivos que regulen la elaboración y actualización de los diversos instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, tanto de los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación, como de los Planes de Acción Regionales, a fin de garantizar la coordinación entre sectores y a nivel nacio- nal, regional y comunal.', 'Por otra parte, se establecerán mecanismos de integración y coor- dinación a través de los reglamentos respectivos que regulen la elaboración y actualización de los diversos instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, tanto de los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación, como de los Planes de Acción Regionales, a fin de garantizar la coordinación entre sectores y a nivel nacio- nal, regional y comunal. También será prioritario considerar aquellas medidas que generen sinergias entre adaptación y mitigación, optimicen los recursos, promuevan la utilización de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, consideren acciones que permitan enfrentar el riesgo ante los eventos climáticos extre- mos, incluyan enfoque de género, consideren los conocimientos ancestrales de las comunidades locales y los pueblos originarios de nuestro país y pro- muevan el involucramiento del sector privado en el proceso de adaptación del país.', 'También será prioritario considerar aquellas medidas que generen sinergias entre adaptación y mitigación, optimicen los recursos, promuevan la utilización de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, consideren acciones que permitan enfrentar el riesgo ante los eventos climáticos extre- mos, incluyan enfoque de género, consideren los conocimientos ancestrales de las comunidades locales y los pueblos originarios de nuestro país y pro- muevan el involucramiento del sector privado en el proceso de adaptación del país. Además, deberán considerarse factores externos que podrían aumen- tar la vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático, y que se relacionan con otros problemas ambientales, como, por ejemplo, la contaminación atmosférica y la pérdida de biodiversidad y de sus servicios ecosistémicos, debido al cambio de uso de suelo, entre otros.', 'Además, deberán considerarse factores externos que podrían aumen- tar la vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático, y que se relacionan con otros problemas ambientales, como, por ejemplo, la contaminación atmosférica y la pérdida de biodiversidad y de sus servicios ecosistémicos, debido al cambio de uso de suelo, entre otros. Esto implica relacionar las políticas de adaptación con otras políticas, como son los planes de descontaminación o prevención diseñados para salir de una zona saturada o latente de contaminación del aire, de manera de hacer sinergias entre ambos tipos de instrumentos.', 'Esto implica relacionar las políticas de adaptación con otras políticas, como son los planes de descontaminación o prevención diseñados para salir de una zona saturada o latente de contaminación del aire, de manera de hacer sinergias entre ambos tipos de instrumentos. • Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (RRD) Los desastres asociados al cambio climático afectan al país de manera más intensa y frecuente cada vez, siendo prioritario evitar, minimizar y abor- dar las pérdidas y daños que estos puedan ocasionar, a través de soluciones de adaptación planificadas de forma temprana. La construcción de soluciones de adaptación que apunten a la reducción del riesgo de desastres debe considerar el Manejo Integrado de Riesgos, abor- dando peligros de variada naturaleza.', 'La construcción de soluciones de adaptación que apunten a la reducción del riesgo de desastres debe considerar el Manejo Integrado de Riesgos, abor- dando peligros de variada naturaleza. En el caso de las amenazas climáticas, es preciso considerar los eventos extremos y aquellos de desarrollo lento. En línea con lo anterior, se recomienda adoptar un enfoque ecosistémico en la RDD que considere la utilización de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para aumentar la resiliencia ante emergencias y desastres38 |. También es de interés trabajar en lo que respecta a pérdidas no económicas (vidas humanas, sa- lud y bienestar, aspectos sociales, ambientales, culturales y espirituales, entre otros) y la movilidad humana en el contexto del cambio climático.', 'También es de interés trabajar en lo que respecta a pérdidas no económicas (vidas humanas, sa- lud y bienestar, aspectos sociales, ambientales, culturales y espirituales, entre otros) y la movilidad humana en el contexto del cambio climático. La Oficina Nacional de Emergencias (ONEMI) del Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública es la institución responsable de la implementación en el país del Marco de Sendai, y lidera la Plataforma Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre (PNRRD)39 |, órgano asesor de ONEMI de carácter multisectorial y transversal, cuya función principal es promover la reducción del riesgo de desastres como estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible en el país.', 'La Oficina Nacional de Emergencias (ONEMI) del Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública es la institución responsable de la implementación en el país del Marco de Sendai, y lidera la Plataforma Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre (PNRRD)39 |, órgano asesor de ONEMI de carácter multisectorial y transversal, cuya función principal es promover la reducción del riesgo de desastres como estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible en el país. En 2020 ONEMI creó la Mesa sobre Movilidad Humana, Cambio Climático y Desastres, instancia integrada por representantes del sector público, la academia y la sociedad civil.', 'En 2020 ONEMI creó la Mesa sobre Movilidad Humana, Cambio Climático y Desastres, instancia integrada por representantes del sector público, la academia y la sociedad civil. La mesa se encuentra elaborando lineamientos sobre las dinámicas de movilidad humana, cambio climático y desastres en Chile, con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento sobre la expresión de este fenómeno en nuestro país; orientar la generación de políticas públicas en la materia y la formulación y/o adaptación de instrumentos afines, a nivel nacional y subnacional. De este modo, se busca integrar esta temática en un esquema común, que ayude a la toma de decisiones informada, coordinada y sinérgica y al avance en la construcción de comunidades y territorios más resilientes y sostenibles.', 'De este modo, se busca integrar esta temática en un esquema común, que ayude a la toma de decisiones informada, coordinada y sinérgica y al avance en la construcción de comunidades y territorios más resilientes y sostenibles. A través del trabajo de esta instancia, se ha constatado que el fenómeno en Chile se encuentra en un estado incipiente de estudio, por lo que uno de los desafíos de la mesa será generar acciones que permitan avanzar hacia una agenda de investigación para la obtención de datos que orienten futuras políticas públicas. El cumplimiento de las metas de adaptación de la presente estrategia, con una mirada de reducción del riesgo de desastres, permitirá reducir las pérdidas y daños.', 'El cumplimiento de las metas de adaptación de la presente estrategia, con una mirada de reducción del riesgo de desastres, permitirá reducir las pérdidas y daños. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, con su Plan Estratégico Nacional 2020-2030, y sus futuras actualizaciones, 38 | El Marco de Sendai 2015 – 2030 releva la importancia de aplicar este enfoque, puntos 28 d) y 30) n. Docu- mento disponible en:', 'El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, la Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, con su Plan Estratégico Nacional 2020-2030, y sus futuras actualizaciones, 38 | El Marco de Sendai 2015 – 2030 releva la importancia de aplicar este enfoque, puntos 28 d) y 30) n. Docu- mento disponible en: daiframeworkfordisasterri.pdf 39 | plataforma-de-reduccion-de-ries- gos-de-desastres/CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 97 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 son instrumentos clave, a través de los cuales se integrarán soluciones de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastre, lo que permitirá dar sostenibilidad al cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de largo plazo.', 'daiframeworkfordisasterri.pdf 39 | plataforma-de-reduccion-de-ries- gos-de-desastres/CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 97 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 son instrumentos clave, a través de los cuales se integrarán soluciones de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastre, lo que permitirá dar sostenibilidad al cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de largo plazo. Asimismo, la vinculación de criterios de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático con la RDD resulta fundamental en el proceso de planificación y ordenamiento del territorio que realicen los diversos órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencias en la materia, tales como el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, los Gobiernos Regionales y las Municipalidades.', 'Asimismo, la vinculación de criterios de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático con la RDD resulta fundamental en el proceso de planificación y ordenamiento del territorio que realicen los diversos órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencias en la materia, tales como el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, los Gobiernos Regionales y las Municipalidades. Compromisos: • Al 2023, se habrán incorporado aspectos transversales de gestión del riesgo de desastres (GRD) o reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en los planes de trabajo de los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC)- (ONEMI, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente).', 'Compromisos: • Al 2023, se habrán incorporado aspectos transversales de gestión del riesgo de desastres (GRD) o reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en los planes de trabajo de los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC)- (ONEMI, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente). • Al 2025, se contará con un programa de sensibilización respecto de la vinculación de la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre y el Cambio Climático en temáticas afines (ej: movilidad humana) - (ONEMI, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente). Necesidades de adaptación de los grupos más vulnerables al cambio climático El cambio climático afectará especialmente a los grupos más vulnerables, agravando condiciones de vulnerabilidad preexistentes.', 'Necesidades de adaptación de los grupos más vulnerables al cambio climático El cambio climático afectará especialmente a los grupos más vulnerables, agravando condiciones de vulnerabilidad preexistentes. Es por ello que el di- seño de instrumentos y medidas de adaptación deberán priorizar estos gru- pos, incorporando enfoques e indicadores diferenciados que permitan evaluar su vulnerabilidad, con el objetivo de identificar sus necesidades específicas de adaptación. Asimismo, para la elaboración, actualización e implementación de los diversos instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático resulta funda- mental el desarrollo de mecanismos participativos que aborden las necesi- dades de los grupos vulnerables y permita su involucramiento en la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Asimismo, para la elaboración, actualización e implementación de los diversos instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático resulta funda- mental el desarrollo de mecanismos participativos que aborden las necesi- dades de los grupos vulnerables y permita su involucramiento en la gestión del cambio climático. Los pueblos indígenas tienen una especial vulnerabilidad debido a la re- lación y dependencia con los recursos naturales que están siendo afectados por el cambio climático, mientras que al mismo tiempo se reconoce que sus saberes ancestrales pueden constituir soluciones y aportes a la adaptación, tal como se especificó en el Capítulo 2: Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transi- ción al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo al 2050.', 'Los pueblos indígenas tienen una especial vulnerabilidad debido a la re- lación y dependencia con los recursos naturales que están siendo afectados por el cambio climático, mientras que al mismo tiempo se reconoce que sus saberes ancestrales pueden constituir soluciones y aportes a la adaptación, tal como se especificó en el Capítulo 2: Visión de largo plazo de Chile: Transi- ción al desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo al 2050. De manera complementaria, mediante el diseño e implementación de las medidas de adaptación, se buscará disminuir las brechas de género, compren- diendo de mejor forma el impacto diferenciado del cambio climático sobre hombres y mujeres, promoviendo la participación cualitativa y cuantitativa de las mujeres.', 'De manera complementaria, mediante el diseño e implementación de las medidas de adaptación, se buscará disminuir las brechas de género, compren- diendo de mejor forma el impacto diferenciado del cambio climático sobre hombres y mujeres, promoviendo la participación cualitativa y cuantitativa de las mujeres. Durante el proceso de elaboración de esta estrategia se iden- tificaron las brechas de género asociados a los diversos sectores, entre los que se destacan la desigualdad de género en el acceso a la participación y toma de decisiones; a la propiedad y uso de los recursos naturales (agua, tierra, mar y energía de buena calidad); a salario equitativo, trabajo formal y acceso a créditos; y a la información, capacitación, tecnologías y uso de tecnologías; así como también brechas de información de los impactos del cambio climáti- co desagregados por sexo que sirva para la toma de decisiones; falencias en el uso del lenguaje y en el reconocimiento de los saberes locales y ancestrales.', 'Durante el proceso de elaboración de esta estrategia se iden- tificaron las brechas de género asociados a los diversos sectores, entre los que se destacan la desigualdad de género en el acceso a la participación y toma de decisiones; a la propiedad y uso de los recursos naturales (agua, tierra, mar y energía de buena calidad); a salario equitativo, trabajo formal y acceso a créditos; y a la información, capacitación, tecnologías y uso de tecnologías; así como también brechas de información de los impactos del cambio climáti- co desagregados por sexo que sirva para la toma de decisiones; falencias en el uso del lenguaje y en el reconocimiento de los saberes locales y ancestrales. Facilitación de la participación del sector privado en la adaptación al cambio climático Así como se ha avanzado en el desarrollo de la adaptación en el sector público, a nivel nacional, regional y comunal, se torna cada vez más relevante que las empresas privadas participen en la planificación, implementación, se- guimiento y evaluación de la adaptación del país.', 'Facilitación de la participación del sector privado en la adaptación al cambio climático Así como se ha avanzado en el desarrollo de la adaptación en el sector público, a nivel nacional, regional y comunal, se torna cada vez más relevante que las empresas privadas participen en la planificación, implementación, se- guimiento y evaluación de la adaptación del país. Dependiendo de su actividad y el sector al cual pertenecen, pueden verse fuertemente afectadas por impactos directos o indirectos sobre sus propias operaciones o sobre otros componentes de su cadena de valor, afectando a sus clientes, proveedores, a su entorno territorial y las comunidades en donde desarrollan sus actividades o debido a cambios normativos o los patrones de consumo de sus productos40 |.', 'Dependiendo de su actividad y el sector al cual pertenecen, pueden verse fuertemente afectadas por impactos directos o indirectos sobre sus propias operaciones o sobre otros componentes de su cadena de valor, afectando a sus clientes, proveedores, a su entorno territorial y las comunidades en donde desarrollan sus actividades o debido a cambios normativos o los patrones de consumo de sus productos40 |. Asimismo, las empresas se encuentran en una excelente posición respecto a visualizar y capitalizar los potenciales beneficios de la adaptación. Contar con una estrategia de largo plazo que fije lineamien- tos y prioridades de adaptación entrega una señal de claridad para el sector privado, evitando inversiones inconsistentes con un desarrollo resiliente y sus- tentable.', 'Contar con una estrategia de largo plazo que fije lineamien- tos y prioridades de adaptación entrega una señal de claridad para el sector privado, evitando inversiones inconsistentes con un desarrollo resiliente y sus- tentable. A la fecha se han desarrollado diversas instancias de intercambio y cola- boración entre el sector público y el privado en esta materia, pero se requiere avanzar en su inclusión a lo largo de todo el proceso de adaptación41 |. A través de los diversos instrumentos de adaptación se buscará promover la participa- ción y colaboración de las empresas y actividades privadas en el diseño, finan- ciamiento e implementación de las medidas de adaptación para contribuir a la resiliencia climática del país.', 'A través de los diversos instrumentos de adaptación se buscará promover la participa- ción y colaboración de las empresas y actividades privadas en el diseño, finan- ciamiento e implementación de las medidas de adaptación para contribuir a la resiliencia climática del país. Por su parte, los órganos de la Administración del Estado de fomento al sector privado priorizarán los proyectos e iniciativas que presenten sinergias en adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, integren soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, aquellos con foco en el ámbito local y,o comunidades vul- nerables, así como también aquellos que consideren una participación activa de la sociedad civil.', 'Por su parte, los órganos de la Administración del Estado de fomento al sector privado priorizarán los proyectos e iniciativas que presenten sinergias en adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, integren soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, aquellos con foco en el ámbito local y,o comunidades vul- nerables, así como también aquellos que consideren una participación activa de la sociedad civil. Asimismo, se espera que en el desarrollo de proyectos que cuenten con apo- yo estatal, se promueva el levantamiento de información respecto a los riesgos e impactos asociados al cambio climático. 40 | Acción Empresas, 2018. 41 | IISD, 2019.', '40 | Acción Empresas, 2018. 41 | IISD, 2019. Extraído de napglo- balnetwork.orgCAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 99 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza Se ha planteado como un objetivo fundamental, tanto en la NDC de Chile, como en esta ECLP, considerar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, tanto para la adaptación como para la mitigación, preocupación que también se debe abordar desde el plano subnacional. Para ello se tomará en cuenta el informe elaborado por el Comité Asesor Ministerial Científico sobre Cambio Climático que hace una propuesta inicial sobre el tipo de soluciones a considerar para los diversos sectores. En el Capítulo 5. Contribuciones sectoriales y compo- nentes de integración se incorporan objetivos que las consideran.', 'Contribuciones sectoriales y compo- nentes de integración se incorporan objetivos que las consideran. Además, en el proceso de elaboración y actualización de los Planes de Adaptación Sectoriales que han iniciado su proceso a través de la solicitud al Fondo Verde del Clima, se establece explícitamente la inclusión de este tipo de medidas, y se han planificado estudios que faciliten a los sectores incluirlas, tales como la evaluación de co-beneficios, vinculaciones con sectores productivos, evalua- ción económica, entre otros aspectos.', 'Además, en el proceso de elaboración y actualización de los Planes de Adaptación Sectoriales que han iniciado su proceso a través de la solicitud al Fondo Verde del Clima, se establece explícitamente la inclusión de este tipo de medidas, y se han planificado estudios que faciliten a los sectores incluirlas, tales como la evaluación de co-beneficios, vinculaciones con sectores productivos, evalua- ción económica, entre otros aspectos. Debido a la incertidumbre y dinamismo de los impactos del cambio cli- mático, la implementación de soluciones de adaptación debe ir acompañada de una evaluación periódica de la vulnerabilidad, que permita medir la efecti- vidad de las medidas e identificar los factores que lo facilitan u obstaculizan, de modo de realizar adecuaciones para su mejora continua.', 'Debido a la incertidumbre y dinamismo de los impactos del cambio cli- mático, la implementación de soluciones de adaptación debe ir acompañada de una evaluación periódica de la vulnerabilidad, que permita medir la efecti- vidad de las medidas e identificar los factores que lo facilitan u obstaculizan, de modo de realizar adecuaciones para su mejora continua. Considerando la diversidad del territorio nacional, donde existen impor- tantes diferencias en términos de riesgo y vulnerabilidad entre sectores, eco- sistemas, grupos y territorios, es fundamental contar con información sobre los impactos del cambio climático para la toma de decisiones.', 'Considerando la diversidad del territorio nacional, donde existen impor- tantes diferencias en términos de riesgo y vulnerabilidad entre sectores, eco- sistemas, grupos y territorios, es fundamental contar con información sobre los impactos del cambio climático para la toma de decisiones. Con este pro- pósito se creó el Atlas de Riesgos Climáticos (ARClim)42 |, una herramienta viva en forma de plataforma web integrada y dinámica con cobertura para todo el territorio nacional y resolución comunal, que presenta el riesgo rela- tivo frente al cambio climático, considerando proyecciones bajo el escenario de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero RCP8.5 del IPCC (AR5). Esta herramienta utiliza el marco conceptual de riesgo climático previa- mente presentado y permite ser utilizada con el objetivo de mejorar el diseño e implementación de políticas y medidas de adaptación.', 'Esta herramienta utiliza el marco conceptual de riesgo climático previa- mente presentado y permite ser utilizada con el objetivo de mejorar el diseño e implementación de políticas y medidas de adaptación. Desde la perspecti- va del usuario, la plataforma cuenta con 2 secciones principales: los Mapas de Riesgo y el Explorador de Amenazas. Respecto a los Mapas de Riesgos, la plataforma contiene índices de riesgo formulados en base a 52 cadenas de impacto para bosques nativos, plantaciones forestales, minería, agricultura, infraestructura costera, recursos hídricos, turismo, pesca artesanal, acuicultura, biodiversidad, energía eléctrica, y salud y bienestar humano (salud, asenta- mientos humanos, ciudades y costas). El explorador de Amenazas climáticas es una herramienta cuyo objetivo es facilitar el acceso, visualización, análisis y descarga de índices climáticos.', 'El explorador de Amenazas climáticas es una herramienta cuyo objetivo es facilitar el acceso, visualización, análisis y descarga de índices climáticos. Esto permite el análisis de nuevas cadenas de impacto por parte de los diferentes usuarios/as. La metodología de cadenas de impacto con la que fue construida permite evaluar el incremento del riesgo producto del impacto climático, comparando los riesgos para el período actual (1990-2010) y futuro (2035-2065). Los indi- cadores de riesgo pueden usarse a nivel desagregado por comunas o agregarse por región, lo cual permite orientar el diseño de las medidas de adaptación a diferentes escalas territoriales. Además, permite hacerlo de manera sectorial, asociado a los diversos sistemas evaluados.', 'Además, permite hacerlo de manera sectorial, asociado a los diversos sistemas evaluados. Esta información deberá ser considerada por los encargados de planifica- ción nacional, regional y comunal, tanto públicos como privados, para la iden- tificación de zonas que requieren mayor atención de acuerdo al riesgo relativo que presentan. La diversidad de amenazas y de sistemas analizados permiten instalar en diversos actores la capacidad de anticipar las afectaciones que po- drían ocurrir en su territorio y planificar adecuadamente las medidas de adap- tación más pertinentes. La plataforma ARClim será mantenida, actualizada y ampliada en sus aná- lisis, profundizando la valoración de riesgos por cada sector, e incorporan- do la dimensión intersectorial entre otros aspectos, dentro de un concepto de mejoramiento continuo.', 'La plataforma ARClim será mantenida, actualizada y ampliada en sus aná- lisis, profundizando la valoración de riesgos por cada sector, e incorporan- do la dimensión intersectorial entre otros aspectos, dentro de un concepto de mejoramiento continuo. El sistema se alimentará además con la información que se genere a través de los estudios de vulnerabilidad que se realicen para la elaboración y actualización de los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación y de los Planes de Acción Regionales de cambio climático.', 'El sistema se alimentará además con la información que se genere a través de los estudios de vulnerabilidad que se realicen para la elaboración y actualización de los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación y de los Planes de Acción Regionales de cambio climático. La plataforma ARClim irá de la mano con el sistema de indicadores de adaptación, para lo cual se es- tablecerá una hoja de ruta con los actores relevantes, que incluirá también el rol de la plataforma en este objetivo.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 101 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 4.3 Indicadores para el Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo El MRV y la evaluación es parte esencial del proceso de adaptación, pues permite identificar las necesidades de adaptación, medir avances en el pro- greso de la implementación de las medidas, la eficacia de estas, e incorporar los aprendizajes obtenidos en la evaluación, en un proceso de mejoramiento continuo que busca incrementar la resiliencia del país.', 'La plataforma ARClim irá de la mano con el sistema de indicadores de adaptación, para lo cual se es- tablecerá una hoja de ruta con los actores relevantes, que incluirá también el rol de la plataforma en este objetivo.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 101 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 4.3 Indicadores para el Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo El MRV y la evaluación es parte esencial del proceso de adaptación, pues permite identificar las necesidades de adaptación, medir avances en el pro- greso de la implementación de las medidas, la eficacia de estas, e incorporar los aprendizajes obtenidos en la evaluación, en un proceso de mejoramiento continuo que busca incrementar la resiliencia del país. Como se ve, los siste- mas de indicadores de adaptación cumplen múltiples propósitos (IPCC, 2014), y en el contexto de una estrategia de largo plazo donde existen condiciones de incertidumbre, estos requieren una revisión permanente de su pertinencia, relevancia y trayectoria.', 'Como se ve, los siste- mas de indicadores de adaptación cumplen múltiples propósitos (IPCC, 2014), y en el contexto de una estrategia de largo plazo donde existen condiciones de incertidumbre, estos requieren una revisión permanente de su pertinencia, relevancia y trayectoria. Al ser sistemas dinámicos, son perfectibles y modi- ficables a medida que se cuenta con mayor disponibilidad de información y cambian las necesidades. Durante los últimos años se han realizado esfuerzos para avanzar en el monitoreo de la implementación de los planes de adaptación, lo cual se re- fleja en los reportes nacionales que son presentados anualmente al Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad.', 'Durante los últimos años se han realizado esfuerzos para avanzar en el monitoreo de la implementación de los planes de adaptación, lo cual se re- fleja en los reportes nacionales que son presentados anualmente al Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad. Además, se ha avanzado en el monitoreo de las amenazas climáticas, de sus impactos en los diversos sistemas de interés, y del riesgo climático, tanto actuales como proyectados, lo que se refleja en los resultados de ARClim, que arroja indicadores que permitirán determinar qué factores son relevantes a modificar a través de la adaptación, constituyendo una base sólida para la toma de decisiones.', 'Además, se ha avanzado en el monitoreo de las amenazas climáticas, de sus impactos en los diversos sistemas de interés, y del riesgo climático, tanto actuales como proyectados, lo que se refleja en los resultados de ARClim, que arroja indicadores que permitirán determinar qué factores son relevantes a modificar a través de la adaptación, constituyendo una base sólida para la toma de decisiones. El trabajo desarrollado y el aprendizaje obtenido a la fecha permite avan- zar hacia un sistema de indicadores que integre el monitoreo del proceso de implementación de instrumentos con indicadores que nos permitan evaluar el cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados y los resultados en el proceso de la adaptación.', 'El trabajo desarrollado y el aprendizaje obtenido a la fecha permite avan- zar hacia un sistema de indicadores que integre el monitoreo del proceso de implementación de instrumentos con indicadores que nos permitan evaluar el cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados y los resultados en el proceso de la adaptación. Un desafío por abordar será cruzar estos tipos de indicadores para medir la eficacia de los instrumentos de adaptación en el proceso de reducción de la vulnerabilidad, aumento de la capacidad de adaptación y la resiliencia. De ahí que el país ha comprometido, a través de la NDC (2020), fortalecer el sistema de evaluación y monitoreo vigente, mediante la integración de indicadores de proceso (implementación) e indicadores de resultado (progreso y eficacia) para todos los instrumentos de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'De ahí que el país ha comprometido, a través de la NDC (2020), fortalecer el sistema de evaluación y monitoreo vigente, mediante la integración de indicadores de proceso (implementación) e indicadores de resultado (progreso y eficacia) para todos los instrumentos de adaptación al cambio climático. Indicadores de proceso: Medición de la implementación de Instrumentos de política de adaptación A través de los indiciadores de proceso se mide el nivel de cumplimiento de las medidas de adaptación implementadas, y la integración de la adaptación en la institucionalidad pública y privada en distintos niveles de gobernanza.', 'Indicadores de proceso: Medición de la implementación de Instrumentos de política de adaptación A través de los indiciadores de proceso se mide el nivel de cumplimiento de las medidas de adaptación implementadas, y la integración de la adaptación en la institucionalidad pública y privada en distintos niveles de gobernanza. Mediante este tipo de indicadores el país ha estado midiendo los avances en la ejecución de los instrumentos de cambio climático desde el año 2015, con- siderando los objetivos y medidas establecidas por los planes de adaptación, y midiendo los avances hacia el cumplimiento de estos.', 'Mediante este tipo de indicadores el país ha estado midiendo los avances en la ejecución de los instrumentos de cambio climático desde el año 2015, con- siderando los objetivos y medidas establecidas por los planes de adaptación, y midiendo los avances hacia el cumplimiento de estos. • Compromiso: Al 2023, en el marco del NAP se iniciará la implementación del Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación de indicadores de pro- ceso para la adaptación al cambio climático del país, el que incluirá me- didas de adaptación a nivel nacional y de los planes sectoriales. El diseño de MRV&E considerará estandarizar procesos e indicadores y establecer criterios comunes que los hagan comparables y confiables, como también dar transparencia al proceso de monitoreo y evaluación.', 'El diseño de MRV&E considerará estandarizar procesos e indicadores y establecer criterios comunes que los hagan comparables y confiables, como también dar transparencia al proceso de monitoreo y evaluación. El MRV&E será una herramienta viva, que se actualizará de forma permanente, incorpo- rando los resultados de la implementación de los planes señalados y sus actualizaciones correspondientes. Será de acceso público y permitirá me- jorar el reporte del progreso en adaptación a nivel nacional y territorial a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, mediante los Informes Bienales de Transparencia, las Comunicaciones Nacionales y la Comunicación de Adaptación.', 'Será de acceso público y permitirá me- jorar el reporte del progreso en adaptación a nivel nacional y territorial a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, mediante los Informes Bienales de Transparencia, las Comunicaciones Nacionales y la Comunicación de Adaptación. Indicadores de resultado (progreso y eficacia): Evaluación de los riesgos climáticos Para la construcción de un monitoreo y evaluación robusto de la vulnera- bilidad del país frente al cambio climático y del proceso de adaptación, se uti- lizará como base los indicadores de ARClim, que será alimentados con nueva información sobre Amenazas, Sensibilidad, Capacidad Adaptativa, Exposición y Riesgos para diversos sistemas según las necesidades que emerjan del pro- ceso continuo de Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación (M&E) de la adaptación.', 'Indicadores de resultado (progreso y eficacia): Evaluación de los riesgos climáticos Para la construcción de un monitoreo y evaluación robusto de la vulnera- bilidad del país frente al cambio climático y del proceso de adaptación, se uti- lizará como base los indicadores de ARClim, que será alimentados con nueva información sobre Amenazas, Sensibilidad, Capacidad Adaptativa, Exposición y Riesgos para diversos sistemas según las necesidades que emerjan del pro- ceso continuo de Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación (M&E) de la adaptación. Estos indicadores nos permitirán evaluar indirectamente el resul- tado del conjunto, de los planes de adaptación y otras políticas que integren la variable de cambio climático. Se establecerá un mecanismo de mejora conti- nua para integrar el monitoreo de los instrumentos en el sistema de monitoreo de resultados.', 'Se establecerá un mecanismo de mejora conti- nua para integrar el monitoreo de los instrumentos en el sistema de monitoreo de resultados. Este tipo de indicadores se clasifican en: • Indicadores de progreso, están referidos al efecto de las medidas de adap- tación sobre la reducción de la sensibilidad al cambio climático (vulnerabili- dad), la reducción de la exposición o el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 103 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Indicadores de eficacia, no están referidos necesariamente a una medida de adaptación específica, sino que señalan como cambia el riesgo climático producto del proceso de adaptación.', 'Este tipo de indicadores se clasifican en: • Indicadores de progreso, están referidos al efecto de las medidas de adap- tación sobre la reducción de la sensibilidad al cambio climático (vulnerabili- dad), la reducción de la exposición o el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 103 CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Indicadores de eficacia, no están referidos necesariamente a una medida de adaptación específica, sino que señalan como cambia el riesgo climático producto del proceso de adaptación. Actualmente hay un trabajo en progreso para avanzar en la definición de in- dicadores de resultados, tanto sectoriales como intersectoriales, que busca evaluar, a partir de los indicadores ya existentes, las necesidades y brechas aún por cubrir.', 'Actualmente hay un trabajo en progreso para avanzar en la definición de in- dicadores de resultados, tanto sectoriales como intersectoriales, que busca evaluar, a partir de los indicadores ya existentes, las necesidades y brechas aún por cubrir. Además en función de los principales desafíos y vulnerabilida- des, definidos a través de procesos participativos de los distintos actores, tanto privados, como públicos, academia y ONGs, para los 11 sectores priorizados para la adaptación, además de un análisis experto y de una revisión del es- tado del arte internacional; se busca complementar con nuevos indicadores, que conformen este primer set de indicadores que serán parte del sistema de monitoreo de la vulnerabilidad y adaptación del país.', 'Además en función de los principales desafíos y vulnerabilida- des, definidos a través de procesos participativos de los distintos actores, tanto privados, como públicos, academia y ONGs, para los 11 sectores priorizados para la adaptación, además de un análisis experto y de una revisión del es- tado del arte internacional; se busca complementar con nuevos indicadores, que conformen este primer set de indicadores que serán parte del sistema de monitoreo de la vulnerabilidad y adaptación del país. ARClim cuenta con indicadores para 52 cadenas de impacto evaluadas, constituyéndose en una primera línea base a nivel nacional, sobre la cual se podrán construir nuevas cadenas de impactos que complementen la infor- mación disponible.', 'ARClim cuenta con indicadores para 52 cadenas de impacto evaluadas, constituyéndose en una primera línea base a nivel nacional, sobre la cual se podrán construir nuevas cadenas de impactos que complementen la infor- mación disponible. Si bien esta información es reciente y no fue parte de cons- trucción de los planes de adaptación sectoriales existentes servirá de base para la actualización de estos y el desarrollo de los próximo que se elaboren, como también de los Planes de Acción Regionales y los Planes de Acción Comunales de Cambio Climático.', 'Si bien esta información es reciente y no fue parte de cons- trucción de los planes de adaptación sectoriales existentes servirá de base para la actualización de estos y el desarrollo de los próximo que se elaboren, como también de los Planes de Acción Regionales y los Planes de Acción Comunales de Cambio Climático. Para el desarrollo de este tipo de indicadores, se pondrá un foco espe- cial en la disponibilidad futura de agua como uno de los mayores desafíos pendientes en Chile, que considere métricas para una revisión intersectorial de recursos comunes a los sectores como agua y suelos, donde prácticas «sin arrepentimiento» (no regrets) como las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) y la Gestión de Recursos Hídricos (GRH), entre otras, se asumen como claves en una mirada de largo plazo.', 'Para el desarrollo de este tipo de indicadores, se pondrá un foco espe- cial en la disponibilidad futura de agua como uno de los mayores desafíos pendientes en Chile, que considere métricas para una revisión intersectorial de recursos comunes a los sectores como agua y suelos, donde prácticas «sin arrepentimiento» (no regrets) como las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) y la Gestión de Recursos Hídricos (GRH), entre otras, se asumen como claves en una mirada de largo plazo. También se avanzará en el desarrollo de indicadores que den cuenta de la relación de género y cambio climático, los cuales serán integrados en la plataforma de Mapas de Riesgos Climáticos de ARClim.', 'También se avanzará en el desarrollo de indicadores que den cuenta de la relación de género y cambio climático, los cuales serán integrados en la plataforma de Mapas de Riesgos Climáticos de ARClim. Compromisos: • Al 2022, Chile se contará al menos, con un indicador de resultados (pro- greso y eficacia) por cada uno de los 11 sectores priorizados en materia de adaptación, avanzando hacia la evaluación de la eficacia de la adap- tación.', 'Compromisos: • Al 2022, Chile se contará al menos, con un indicador de resultados (pro- greso y eficacia) por cada uno de los 11 sectores priorizados en materia de adaptación, avanzando hacia la evaluación de la eficacia de la adap- tación. • Al 2022, se habrá definido un marco de gobernanza y una hoja de ruta de largo plazo para la construcción de un sistema de indicadores de vul- nerabilidad y adaptación, que permita consensuar un trabajo permanente y sostenido en el tiempo, con criterios comunes y con una participación amplia y multiactoral, tanto de la academia, del sector privado y ONGs, de manera de disponer de un sistema de monitoreo, reporte y evaluación robusto, legitimado y transparente de la adaptación43 |.', '• Al 2022, se habrá definido un marco de gobernanza y una hoja de ruta de largo plazo para la construcción de un sistema de indicadores de vul- nerabilidad y adaptación, que permita consensuar un trabajo permanente y sostenido en el tiempo, con criterios comunes y con una participación amplia y multiactoral, tanto de la academia, del sector privado y ONGs, de manera de disponer de un sistema de monitoreo, reporte y evaluación robusto, legitimado y transparente de la adaptación43 |. • Al 2025, se contará con un sistema de indicadores de vulnerabilidad y adaptación, a través de indicadores de progreso y de resultado para to- 43 | Este trabajo, en ejecución du- rante 2020-2021, está enmarcado en Capacity Building Initiative for Trans- parency (CBIT), proyecto financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente.', '• Al 2025, se contará con un sistema de indicadores de vulnerabilidad y adaptación, a través de indicadores de progreso y de resultado para to- 43 | Este trabajo, en ejecución du- rante 2020-2021, está enmarcado en Capacity Building Initiative for Trans- parency (CBIT), proyecto financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. dos los instrumentos de adaptación al cambio climático. Esto se traducirá en una herramienta viva, de acceso público y con actualización permanen- te, que permitirá mejorar el reporte de la eficacia en adaptación a nivel nacional y territorial.', 'Esto se traducirá en una herramienta viva, de acceso público y con actualización permanen- te, que permitirá mejorar el reporte de la eficacia en adaptación a nivel nacional y territorial. Costos de la Inacción y Pérdidas y daños por Límites de la Adaptación Se ha avanzado significativamente en los últimos años en la evaluación de los costos de inacción, es decir en cuánto le cuesta al país no adaptarse al cambio climático, lo que respalda la toma de decisiones respecto a las inversiones necesarias a realizar en adaptación. Sin embargo, evidencias re- cientes muestran que los países y comunidades están sufriendo daños y pér- didas importantes, que no es posible evitar con la adaptación.', 'Sin embargo, evidencias re- cientes muestran que los países y comunidades están sufriendo daños y pér- didas importantes, que no es posible evitar con la adaptación. Como lo indica el Sexto Reporte de Evaluación del IPCC (2021), muchos cambios son irre- versibles en los próximos siglos a milenios, especialmente los cambios en el océano, las capas de hielo y el nivel global del mar; se espera que aumente la frecuencia e intensidad de olas de calor y las precipitaciones extremas, se- quías agrícolas y ecológicas, entre otros, y de no reducir de manera profunda las emisiones, se superará el calentamiento global de 1,5° C y 2° C durante el siglo XXI, haciendo los impactos más agudos y poniendo en riesgo aún más la efectividad de la adaptación.', 'Como lo indica el Sexto Reporte de Evaluación del IPCC (2021), muchos cambios son irre- versibles en los próximos siglos a milenios, especialmente los cambios en el océano, las capas de hielo y el nivel global del mar; se espera que aumente la frecuencia e intensidad de olas de calor y las precipitaciones extremas, se- quías agrícolas y ecológicas, entre otros, y de no reducir de manera profunda las emisiones, se superará el calentamiento global de 1,5° C y 2° C durante el siglo XXI, haciendo los impactos más agudos y poniendo en riesgo aún más la efectividad de la adaptación. La adaptación tendrá entonces en algunos casos límites, cuando no hay opciones de adaptación que se puedan implementar en un horizonte de tiempo dado para lograr uno o más objetivos de manejo, mantener niveles de desarro- llo actuales o sostener sistemas naturales.', 'La adaptación tendrá entonces en algunos casos límites, cuando no hay opciones de adaptación que se puedan implementar en un horizonte de tiempo dado para lograr uno o más objetivos de manejo, mantener niveles de desarro- llo actuales o sostener sistemas naturales. Esto implica que ciertos objetivos, prácticas o medios de vida, así como los sistemas naturales, pueden no ser sostenibles en un clima cambiante. Esto implica que se producirán transfor- maciones, ya sean deliberadas o involuntarias. Es necesario estar preparados y prever cuales son esos límites a la adaptación, estimando los daños y pérdi- das asociadas, de manera de buscar los caminos de transformación que resul- ten más aceptados, sustentables y costo- efectivos para los ecosistemas y las comunidades.', 'Es necesario estar preparados y prever cuales son esos límites a la adaptación, estimando los daños y pérdi- das asociadas, de manera de buscar los caminos de transformación que resul- ten más aceptados, sustentables y costo- efectivos para los ecosistemas y las comunidades. Para ello se incluirá como línea de trabajo en la evaluación de los costos de la inacción, distinguir cuánto de esos costos corresponden a pérdidas inevitables debido a los límites de la adaptación, y en los pla- nes de adaptación futuros, así como en los PARCC, el identificar esos límites, y proponer las transformaciones necesarias para compensar dichas pérdidas. Esto debería sumarse a las estimaciones periódicas de costos de la inacción, insumos relevantes para la toma de decisiones en adaptación.', 'Esto debería sumarse a las estimaciones periódicas de costos de la inacción, insumos relevantes para la toma de decisiones en adaptación. • Compromiso: Al 2025 se hará la primera identificación de las pérdidas y daños del país en la evaluación de los costos de la inacción, y al 2030 se contará con una metodología consensuada para que sea incorporada en todos los planes sectoriales de adaptación y en el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático.Fotografía de Daniel Pineda 06 gestión del cambio climático 07 costo efectividad Sectoriales y componentes de integración Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 107 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración La transición de Chile hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia al cam- bio climático durante las tres próximas décadas será el resultado de una se- rie de transformaciones sociales, institucionales y sectoriales, implementadas a través de medidas de mitigación y adaptación en organizaciones, industrias, infraestructura y ecosistemas clave.', '• Compromiso: Al 2025 se hará la primera identificación de las pérdidas y daños del país en la evaluación de los costos de la inacción, y al 2030 se contará con una metodología consensuada para que sea incorporada en todos los planes sectoriales de adaptación y en el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático.Fotografía de Daniel Pineda 06 gestión del cambio climático 07 costo efectividad Sectoriales y componentes de integración Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 107 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de integración La transición de Chile hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia al cam- bio climático durante las tres próximas décadas será el resultado de una se- rie de transformaciones sociales, institucionales y sectoriales, implementadas a través de medidas de mitigación y adaptación en organizaciones, industrias, infraestructura y ecosistemas clave. El presente capítulo presenta las visiones de largo plazo concebidas para dichas transformaciones, especificando los ob- jetivos y metas de mediano y largo plazo que comprometen para el proceso de transición nacional y describiendo los principales instrumentos e institu- ciones involucradas.', 'El presente capítulo presenta las visiones de largo plazo concebidas para dichas transformaciones, especificando los ob- jetivos y metas de mediano y largo plazo que comprometen para el proceso de transición nacional y describiendo los principales instrumentos e institu- ciones involucradas. Aquellas transformaciones deberán hacerse de manera integrada, buscando generar sinergias entre ellas y en atención a las múltiples interrelaciones entre instituciones y sectores que son parte de la transición del país, en conexión con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS). De esta forma, durante todo el proceso de elaboración de la estrategia, se trabajó en torno a los siguientes temas transversales: Figura 17: Esquema de los temas transversales abarcados Fuente: Elaboración propia • Transición de los sectores productivos.', 'De esta forma, durante todo el proceso de elaboración de la estrategia, se trabajó en torno a los siguientes temas transversales: Figura 17: Esquema de los temas transversales abarcados Fuente: Elaboración propia • Transición de los sectores productivos. Alcanzando la carbono neutra- lidad y resiliencia para enfrentar los desafíos climáticos: Gremios, indus- trias, actividades y sectores productivos del país tienen el desafío de tran- sitar hacia un desarrollo sustentable basado en la ciencia, en armonía con el medio ambiente y las comunidades locales, que fomente las buenas prácticas en el uso sustentable de recursos, avanzando transversalmente hacia una economía innovadora y circular, baja en emisiones de GEI y con actores e instituciones fortalecidos en capacidades y atribuciones para enfrentar las amenazas climáticas que se presenten. • Asentamientos humanos y vida en comunidades.', '• Asentamientos humanos y vida en comunidades. Personas, infraestructu- ras, salud y territorios en el contexto del cambio climático: Las ciudades, asentamientos y los servicios centrados en personas y comunidades tienen el desafío de contribuir a la formación de una sociedad equitativa, inclu- siva y resiliente, que integre los ecosistemas, la identidad y conocimiento local para el desarrollo de cada territorio, considerando sus vulnerabilida- des y oportunidades frente al cambio climático. Esto requiere de la coor- dinación intersectorial, participación efectiva multiactoral, planificación integrada y gestión efectiva para reducir las emisiones de GEI y adaptarse a los impactos del cambio climático. • Funciones ecosistémicas y Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza.', '• Funciones ecosistémicas y Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza. La im- portancia de los ecosistemas y SbN ante el cambio climático: Nuestro país tiene el desafío de reconocer, poner en valor y proteger la biodiversidad y los múltiples servicios ecosistémicos que provee la naturaleza para con- tribuir al desarrollo sustentable y la gestión climática. Así mismo, se debe mantener y aumentar la captura y los sumideros de carbono, avanzar en el uso sostenible y la conservación de los recursos hídricos y promover el uso de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza en los diversos ámbitos del que- hacer nacional.', 'Así mismo, se debe mantener y aumentar la captura y los sumideros de carbono, avanzar en el uso sostenible y la conservación de los recursos hídricos y promover el uso de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza en los diversos ámbitos del que- hacer nacional. Si bien esta transición se materializará de manera transversal e integrada, la descripción de visiones, objetivos y metas en la ECLP corresponden, en su mayoría, a la clasificación sectorial establecida en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, permitiendo de este modo contar con un organismo de la Administración del Estado líder para la ejecución, seguimiento y reporte. Dicho organismo corresponde al que posee mayores atribuciones para la im- plementación y coordinación de políticas públicas asociadas.', 'Dicho organismo corresponde al que posee mayores atribuciones para la im- plementación y coordinación de políticas públicas asociadas. No obstante, es importante considerar que la implementación de las acciones requeridas para el cumplimiento de metas y objetivos demanda corresponsabilidades y coordinación entre distintas instituciones del Estado. Por ejemplo, si bien el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente tiene un rol central en la definición y desarrollo de las políticas públicas de adaptación y resi- liencia a nivel nacional, en la práctica éstas son el producto de una estrecha colaboración entre múltiples organismos estatales, responsables de promover las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, regular la infraestructura nacional, y estudiar la vulnerabilidad climática de distintos ecosistemas y sectores pro- ductivos, entre otras competencias cruciales.', 'Por ejemplo, si bien el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente tiene un rol central en la definición y desarrollo de las políticas públicas de adaptación y resi- liencia a nivel nacional, en la práctica éstas son el producto de una estrecha colaboración entre múltiples organismos estatales, responsables de promover las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, regular la infraestructura nacional, y estudiar la vulnerabilidad climática de distintos ecosistemas y sectores pro- ductivos, entre otras competencias cruciales. A su vez, acciones de mitigaciónCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 109 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 relacionadas con el consumo de combustibles son lideradas principalmente desde el ámbito de Energía, pero también están estrechamente relacionadas con otros ámbitos, como transporte, minería y ciudades.', 'A su vez, acciones de mitigaciónCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 109 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 relacionadas con el consumo de combustibles son lideradas principalmente desde el ámbito de Energía, pero también están estrechamente relacionadas con otros ámbitos, como transporte, minería y ciudades. Lo mismo ocurre en el ámbito de residuos/economía circular, el cual vincula temas que se relacionan estrechamente con ciertas atribuciones en salud en materia de transporte y disposición final de residuos. Este tipo de medidas serán abordadas de forma conjunta con los distintos organismos involucrados.', 'Este tipo de medidas serán abordadas de forma conjunta con los distintos organismos involucrados. En consideración a los anterior, a continuación se presentan las diferen- tes visiones, objetivos climáticos de largo plazo y metas establecidos por los sectores de Energía, Minería, Silvoagropecuario, Pesca y Acuicultura, Residuos y Economía Circular, Edificación y Ciudades, Infraestructura, Transportes, Salud, Turismo, Borde costero, Biodiversidad, Recursos hídricos y Océanos. La energía se presenta como un elemento base y fundamental para al- canzar la carbono neutralidad de Chile al 2050, siendo el sector con mayor emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en el país, responsable del 77% de las emisiones totales en el año 2018, pero a su vez, teniendo el mayor potencial de mitigación de emisiones.', 'La energía se presenta como un elemento base y fundamental para al- canzar la carbono neutralidad de Chile al 2050, siendo el sector con mayor emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en el país, responsable del 77% de las emisiones totales en el año 2018, pero a su vez, teniendo el mayor potencial de mitigación de emisiones. La transición energética que vive el país con- templa la incorporación masiva de energías renovables, el retiro voluntario de centrales termoeléctricas a carbón, la eficiencia energética, la electromovi- lidad, la incorporación de hidrógeno verde y la gestión del litio, como piedras angulares. El Ministerio de Energía tiene la mayor participación en el diseño e imple- mentación medidas de mitigación para lograr la carbono neutralidad.', 'El Ministerio de Energía tiene la mayor participación en el diseño e imple- mentación medidas de mitigación para lograr la carbono neutralidad. La in- tegración y articulación de estas medidas se lleva a cabo a través del es- tablecimiento de instrumentos de política pública de largo plazo liderados por el Ministerio de Energía, como son la Política Energética Nacional, que ha contemplado la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE),44 | y los mecanismos regulatorios de Planificación Energética de Largo Plazo (PELP), nutridos tanto por las estrategias de desarrollo definidas para el hidrógeno verde, la electro- movilidad, la transición energética de usos a nivel residencial, y aquellas leyes y programas con impacto directo en el cumplimiento de las metas de carbono neutralidad como es la Ley de Eficiencia Energética, entre otros.', 'La in- tegración y articulación de estas medidas se lleva a cabo a través del es- tablecimiento de instrumentos de política pública de largo plazo liderados por el Ministerio de Energía, como son la Política Energética Nacional, que ha contemplado la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE),44 | y los mecanismos regulatorios de Planificación Energética de Largo Plazo (PELP), nutridos tanto por las estrategias de desarrollo definidas para el hidrógeno verde, la electro- movilidad, la transición energética de usos a nivel residencial, y aquellas leyes y programas con impacto directo en el cumplimiento de las metas de carbono neutralidad como es la Ley de Eficiencia Energética, entre otros. Dado el dinamismo y enorme potencial en el desarrollo de energías reno- vables en Chile, se realizan esfuerzos permanentes para la innovación e inte- gración de nuevas tecnologías.', 'Dado el dinamismo y enorme potencial en el desarrollo de energías reno- vables en Chile, se realizan esfuerzos permanentes para la innovación e inte- gración de nuevas tecnologías. Se reconoce una institucionalidad regulatoria sólida que ha logrado materializar una importante cantidad de iniciativas, incluyendo leyes, estrategias, programas y proyectos que aportan sustancial- mente a la mitigación directa de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.45 | En el contexto de adaptación, de acuerdo al Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático en el Sector Energía (Ministerio de Energía, 2018), la experiencia nacional e internacional demuestra que el cambio climático tendrá impac- tos considerables, afectando la disponibilidad de recursos energéticos, la in- fraestructura de generación y el transporte de energía tanto eléctrica como de combustibles y su uso final, incluyendo por ejemplo mayor variabilidad en la 44 | La Evaluación Ambiental Estra- tégica (EAE) es el procedimiento rea- lizado por el órgano de la Adminis- tración del Estado respectivo, para que se incorporen las consideracio- nes ambientales del Desarrollo Sus- tentable, al proceso de formulación de las políticas y planes de carácter normativo general, que tengan impacto sobre el medio ambiente o la sustentabilidad, de manera que ellas sean integradas en la dictación de la respectiva política y plan, y sus modificaciones sustanciales.', 'Se reconoce una institucionalidad regulatoria sólida que ha logrado materializar una importante cantidad de iniciativas, incluyendo leyes, estrategias, programas y proyectos que aportan sustancial- mente a la mitigación directa de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.45 | En el contexto de adaptación, de acuerdo al Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático en el Sector Energía (Ministerio de Energía, 2018), la experiencia nacional e internacional demuestra que el cambio climático tendrá impac- tos considerables, afectando la disponibilidad de recursos energéticos, la in- fraestructura de generación y el transporte de energía tanto eléctrica como de combustibles y su uso final, incluyendo por ejemplo mayor variabilidad en la 44 | La Evaluación Ambiental Estra- tégica (EAE) es el procedimiento rea- lizado por el órgano de la Adminis- tración del Estado respectivo, para que se incorporen las consideracio- nes ambientales del Desarrollo Sus- tentable, al proceso de formulación de las políticas y planes de carácter normativo general, que tengan impacto sobre el medio ambiente o la sustentabilidad, de manera que ellas sean integradas en la dictación de la respectiva política y plan, y sus modificaciones sustanciales. 45 | Ver detalles de las medidas en el capítulo III del 4to Informe Bienal de actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático.', '45 | Ver detalles de las medidas en el capítulo III del 4to Informe Bienal de actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático. Disponible en: sionsStaging/NationalReports/Docu- disponibilidad de agua para generación hidroeléctrica, efectos en las líneas de transmisión y de los sistemas logísticos de combustibles por fenómenos como marejadas, inundaciones e incendios, entre otros. En el cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación de la NDC, la energía tiene un rol importante, específicamente en las metas de reducción de emi- siones de GEI y del carbono negro al año 2030 a nivel nacional. También hace un aporte significativo en el avance del Pilar Social de la NDC, con la Estrategia de Transición Justa, liderada por el Ministerio de Energía.', 'También hace un aporte significativo en el avance del Pilar Social de la NDC, con la Estrategia de Transición Justa, liderada por el Ministerio de Energía. Dentro de las con- sideraciones de justicia y ambición a la luz de las circunstancias nacionales, se reconoce la importancia de la entrada en funcionamiento de nuevas líneas de transmisión eléctrica, cuya regulación se aborda en los procesos de Pla- nificación Energética de Largo Plazo (PELP) del Ministerio de Energía y de la expansión de la transmisión de la Comisión Nacional de Energía. En su com- ponente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adap- tación al cambio climático para el sector de Energía al año 2023.', 'En su com- ponente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adap- tación al cambio climático para el sector de Energía al año 2023. Este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: Sector Energía ODS Objetivo 1: Alcanzar una matriz energética baja en carbono al 2050. Meta 1.1: Al 2030, reducción de un 25% de emisiones de GEI del sector energía (de acuerdo con el INGEI) en relación al 2018.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2030, reducción de un 25% de emisiones de GEI del sector energía (de acuerdo con el INGEI) en relación al 2018. Meta 1.2: Al 2040, reducción de un 20% de las emisiones directas de GEI provenientes del uso de combustibles en el sector transporte (incluido el transporte terrestre, marítimo y aéreo) con respecto al 2018. Meta 1.3: Al 2050, reducción de un 40% de las emisiones directas de GEI provenientes del uso de combustibles en el sector transporte (incluido el transporte terrestre, marítimo y aéreo) con respecto al 2018. Meta 1.4: Al 2050, reducción de al menos 60% de emisiones de GEI del sec- tor energía (de acuerdo con el INGEI) en relación al 2018.', 'Meta 1.4: Al 2050, reducción de al menos 60% de emisiones de GEI del sec- tor energía (de acuerdo con el INGEI) en relación al 2018. Meta 1.5: Al 2050, reducción de un 70% de las emisiones directas de GEI provenientes del uso de combustibles en Industria y Minería, con respecto al 2018.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 111 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Establecer la eficiencia energética como pilar de desarrollo en sectores industrial, residen- cial, entre otros. Eficiencia energética como acción habilitadora fundamental para la descarbonización. Meta 2.1: Al 2030, 10% de reducción de intensidad energética del país, con respecto al año 2019.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2030, 10% de reducción de intensidad energética del país, con respecto al año 2019. Meta 2.2: Al 2030, desarrollar y actualizar Estándares Mínimos de Rendi- miento Energético (MEPS, por sus siglas en inglés) asociados a equipos de aire acondicionado y refrigeración en el sector residencial, así como para otros artefactos residenciales como televisores, secadoras de ropa, lavavajilla, entre otros que tengan un potencial de mejora de eficiencia energética. Avanzar en la elaboración de métricas para establecer requisi- tos de desempeño y buenas prácticas en la instalación de equipos del sec- tor comercial y público. Meta 2.3: Al 2050, 35% de reducción de intensidad energética del país con respecto al año 2019.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2050, 35% de reducción de intensidad energética del país con respecto al año 2019. Meta 2.4: Al 2050, se establecen estándares mínimos de eficiencia energé- tica (MEPS) para todos los equipos y sistemas de refrigeración, aire acon- dicionado y climatización en los sectores comercial, público y residencial. Meta 2.5: Al 2050, se ha alcanzado una cantidad de 500.000 usuarios/as conectados a redes de energía distrital, contribuyendo a la descontamina- ción de las ciudades de la zona centro sur del país. Objetivo 3: Incrementar el uso de tecnologías y energéticos bajos en emisiones, como por ejemplo el uso de hidrógeno verde, en todos los sectores de la economía.', 'Objetivo 3: Incrementar el uso de tecnologías y energéticos bajos en emisiones, como por ejemplo el uso de hidrógeno verde, en todos los sectores de la economía. Meta 3.1: Meta 3.1: Al 2035, 100% de las ventas de vehículos nuevos te- rrestres, de categoría livianos y medianos, son cero emisiones; y el 100% de las nuevas incorporaciones en el transporte público urbano (buses, taxis y colectivos) son cero emisiones. Meta 3.2: Al 2030, se alcanza un 15% de combustibles cero emisiones (tales como hidrógeno verde y sus derivados, y combustibles sintéticos) en los usos energéticos finales no eléctricos.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2030, se alcanza un 15% de combustibles cero emisiones (tales como hidrógeno verde y sus derivados, y combustibles sintéticos) en los usos energéticos finales no eléctricos. Meta 3.3: Al 2040, el 100% del parque de buses de transporte urbano público y privado, taxis, y logística urbana son vehículos cero emisión, ase- gurando contar con la infraestructura necesaria Meta 3.4: Al 2045, el 100% de las ventas de transporte de carga y buses interurbanos serán cero emisiones. Meta 3.5: Al 2050, alcanzar al menos 60% de participación de vehículos cero emisiones en el parque de uso particular y comercial, asegurando contar con la infraestructura necesaria.', 'Meta 3.5: Al 2050, alcanzar al menos 60% de participación de vehículos cero emisiones en el parque de uso particular y comercial, asegurando contar con la infraestructura necesaria. Meta 3.6: Al 2050, se alcanza un al menos un 70% de combustibles cero emisiones (tales como hidrógeno verde y sus derivados, y combustibles sintéticos) en los usos energéticos finales no eléctricos. Objetivo 4: Lograr el acceso equitativo a servicios energéticos de calidad que permitan satisfacer las necesidades energéticas de las personas y contribuir al desarrollo humano. Meta 4.1: Al 2030, 100% de los hogares con acceso a electricidad de forma permanente respecto al total de hogares existentes.', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2030, 100% de los hogares con acceso a electricidad de forma permanente respecto al total de hogares existentes. Meta 4.2: Al 2050, 100% de hogares acceden a energía para satisfacer necesidades de calefacción, agua caliente sanitaria y cocción de alimentos a partir de fuentes de energía limpia de bajas emisiones*. Meta 4.3: Al 2050, 100% de hogares tienen un gasto asequible en ener- gía en relación a sus ingresos, eliminando la pobreza energética en la dimensión de asequibilidad, es decir, las personas pueden costear los ser- vicios energéticos (energía + artefactos) sin sacrificar las otras necesidades del hogar, considerando las características habitacionales, socioeconómi- cas y geográficas.', 'Meta 4.3: Al 2050, 100% de hogares tienen un gasto asequible en ener- gía en relación a sus ingresos, eliminando la pobreza energética en la dimensión de asequibilidad, es decir, las personas pueden costear los ser- vicios energéticos (energía + artefactos) sin sacrificar las otras necesidades del hogar, considerando las características habitacionales, socioeconómi- cas y geográficas. (*) Por energías limpias de bajas emisiones nos referimos a electricidad, fuentes renovables, biocombustibles sólidos certificados, y también algunas fuentes fósiles de bajas emisiones como gas natural, siempre que su uso (energético + aparatos o tecnologías) no tengan efectos adversos en la salud de las personas en su uso intradomiciliario.', '(*) Por energías limpias de bajas emisiones nos referimos a electricidad, fuentes renovables, biocombustibles sólidos certificados, y también algunas fuentes fósiles de bajas emisiones como gas natural, siempre que su uso (energético + aparatos o tecnologías) no tengan efectos adversos en la salud de las personas en su uso intradomiciliario. Objetivo 5: Descentralización y diversificación de los recursos energéticos para un sector energético más resiliente y bajo en emisiones, incluyendo tanto el autoconsumo de energía como las tecnologías renovables de gran escala. Meta 5.1: Al 2025, se habrá retirado y/o reconvertido el 65% de las unida- des generadoras termoeléctricas a carbón del sistema eléctrico nacional.', 'Meta 5.1: Al 2025, se habrá retirado y/o reconvertido el 65% de las unida- des generadoras termoeléctricas a carbón del sistema eléctrico nacional. Meta 5.2: Al 2030, el 80% de la energía producida para la generación eléc- trica del país proviene de generación de energías renovables, enfatizando que los sistemas eléctricos deberán estar preparados para lograrlo. Meta 5.3: Trabajaremos para generar los espacios que permitan retirar y/o reconvertir totalmente las centrales a carbón del sistema eléctrico nacional en los primeros años de la próxima década.', 'Meta 5.3: Trabajaremos para generar los espacios que permitan retirar y/o reconvertir totalmente las centrales a carbón del sistema eléctrico nacional en los primeros años de la próxima década. Meta 5.4: Al 2050, el 100% de la energía producida para la generación eléctrica del país proviene de fuentes de energía cero emisiones.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 113 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 6: Reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y facilitar su integración en el desarrollo y gestión del sector energía. Meta 6.1: Al 2030, la regulación, la planificación y la normativa energé- tica, incluyendo los sectores de electricidad y combustibles, incorporan explícitamente la resiliencia y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 6.1: Al 2030, la regulación, la planificación y la normativa energé- tica, incluyendo los sectores de electricidad y combustibles, incorporan explícitamente la resiliencia y adaptación al cambio climático. Para ello, se deberán adoptar herramientas tales como el análisis de escenarios e ín- dices de riesgo frente a amenazas del cambio climático, así como facilitar la introducción de soluciones tecnológicas, digitales y de otros tipos (por ejemplo, sistemas de almacenamiento) para reducir los tiempos de repo- sición de los servicios energéticos ante emergencias. Meta 6.2: Al 2040, el país cuenta con altos estándares a nivel mundial en confiabilidad y resiliencia del sistema energético (eléctrico y en sector combustibles), siendo un modelo de integración de energías renovables a seguir por otros países.', 'Meta 6.2: Al 2040, el país cuenta con altos estándares a nivel mundial en confiabilidad y resiliencia del sistema energético (eléctrico y en sector combustibles), siendo un modelo de integración de energías renovables a seguir por otros países. Meta 6.3: Al 2050, el 100% de las comunas y regiones del país disponen de planes implementados de reducción de riesgos y emergencias del sec- tor energético. Objetivo 7: Diseñar y promover el uso de instrumentos económicos, incorporando mejoras en los existentes, para acelerar la transición energética en línea con los objetivos climáticos y lo que man- data la ciencia. Meta 7.1: Entre 2025 y 2030, el país ha definido una trayectoria de aumen- to del precio al carbono hacia el año 2050.', 'Meta 7.1: Entre 2025 y 2030, el país ha definido una trayectoria de aumen- to del precio al carbono hacia el año 2050. Meta 7.2: Al 2030, Chile cuenta con un sistema integral y eficiente de ins- trumentos de precio al carbono y otras externalidades, que podría incluir impuestos a emisiones y usos de combustibles fósiles, complementados con mecanismos de mercado u otros instrumentos que se evalúen como eficientes en esa fecha, que permitan dar señales económicas coherentes y predecibles. Meta 7.3: Al 2050, toda generación eléctrica con atributo renovable se en- cuentra certificada por esquemas reconocidos por el Ministerio de Energía.', 'Meta 7.3: Al 2050, toda generación eléctrica con atributo renovable se en- cuentra certificada por esquemas reconocidos por el Ministerio de Energía. La minería, siendo un motor clave de la actividad económica en Chile y una industria intensiva en el uso de energía y agua, representa un ámbito crítico para la carbono neutralidad y la construcción de resiliencia climática en el país. El cambio climático impacta a la industria minera dada una mayor vulnerabi- lidad frente a las sequías, desastres naturales y conflictos socioambientales. La producción y reservas de nuestros minerales están altamente concentradas en zonas de riesgo climático y estrés hídrico.', 'La producción y reservas de nuestros minerales están altamente concentradas en zonas de riesgo climático y estrés hídrico. Por esto, se reducirán sustan- cialmente sus emisiones en las distintas etapas del proceso minero durante las próximas décadas, implementando gradualmente cambios en el suministro eléctrico y el uso de combustibles menos contaminantes, así como tecnolo- gías y medidas innovadoras que permitan aumentar su eficiencia y, al mismo tiempo, adaptarse a las condiciones climáticas futuras, en particular la de la pequeña y mediana minería. Al poseer las mayores reservas mundiales de cobre y litio, Chile tiene el po- tencial de convertirse en un actor fundamental en soluciones al calentamiento global, aumentando la demanda de minerales indispensables para la elec- trificación a nivel mundial, la implementación de energías renovables y la electromovilidad.', 'Al poseer las mayores reservas mundiales de cobre y litio, Chile tiene el po- tencial de convertirse en un actor fundamental en soluciones al calentamiento global, aumentando la demanda de minerales indispensables para la elec- trificación a nivel mundial, la implementación de energías renovables y la electromovilidad. Debido al crecimiento sostenido de la extracción del cobre en las últimas décadas, la contribución de la minería y cantería a las emisiones de GEI a nivel nacional ha venido en aumento, alcanzando para el 2018, un 7% del total na- cional, correspondiente a 7.981 kt CO , producto de emisiones directas y un 10% del total nacional producto de emisiones indirectas asociadas al consumo de energía eléctrica. De esta forma, representa un gran potencial para avan- zar hacia la neutralidad al 2050.', 'De esta forma, representa un gran potencial para avan- zar hacia la neutralidad al 2050. Adicionalmente, en la minería se deberán focalizar esfuerzos en enfrentar una de sus principales amenazas climáticas: los cambios en las precipitaciones por aumento en la ocurrencia de fenó- menos climáticos extremos como aluviones o sequías prolongadas. Las altas precipitaciones a menudo provocan inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra que causan daños a la infraestructura y las redes de suministro, paralización de las faenas mineras y contaminación ambiental, generando un riesgo para la salud y seguridad de las y los trabajadores. Por otro lado, bajas precipita- ciones, o sequía, impactan el suministro de agua, lo que resulta en pérdida de productividad minera.', 'Por otro lado, bajas precipita- ciones, o sequía, impactan el suministro de agua, lo que resulta en pérdida de productividad minera. Ante estas amenazas, la minería está comprometida en el desarrollo de soluciones que integren tanto la dimensión económica, como la sociocultural y ambiental a través de instrumentos de política, estra- tegias y planes de acción climática sectorial. El Ministerio de Minería lidera el sector y tiene el mayor interés en avanzar en materias relacionadas al cambio climático. Así lo demuestra la elabora- ción de la primera Política Nacional Minera al 2050, que fue publicada el 31 de Agosto del 2021 y, que ha contemplado la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) para asegurar la coherencia de su diseño con las metas ambientales y climáticas, como procesos de participación ciudadana.', 'Así lo demuestra la elabora- ción de la primera Política Nacional Minera al 2050, que fue publicada el 31 de Agosto del 2021 y, que ha contemplado la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) para asegurar la coherencia de su diseño con las metas ambientales y climáticas, como procesos de participación ciudadana. Esta política se pro- yecta como un impulsor de desarrollo sustentable y de generación de empleo en Chile, que vela por un impacto neto positivo del sector, y que ha logrado consensuar el compromiso país con un nuevo modelo de desarrollo mine-CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 115 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ro que tendrá el desafío de mantener el nivel de producción de minerales como el cobre y litio sin perder competitividad, respetando el medioambiente, con plena vinculación a las comunidades y con una sólida institucionalidad.', 'Esta política se pro- yecta como un impulsor de desarrollo sustentable y de generación de empleo en Chile, que vela por un impacto neto positivo del sector, y que ha logrado consensuar el compromiso país con un nuevo modelo de desarrollo mine-CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 115 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ro que tendrá el desafío de mantener el nivel de producción de minerales como el cobre y litio sin perder competitividad, respetando el medioambiente, con plena vinculación a las comunidades y con una sólida institucionalidad. Adicionalmente, existe el compromiso de desarrollar un Plan de Adap- tación al Cambio Climático para el Sector Minería el año 2022 de acuerdo con la NDC actualizada al 2020 y un Plan de Mitigación para el sector Minería de acuerdo con lo propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', 'Adicionalmente, existe el compromiso de desarrollar un Plan de Adap- tación al Cambio Climático para el Sector Minería el año 2022 de acuerdo con la NDC actualizada al 2020 y un Plan de Mitigación para el sector Minería de acuerdo con lo propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Estos planes establecerán las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan los objetivos sectoriales de largo plazo del sector minería: Sector Minería ODS Objetivo 1: Desarrollar estrategias y/o proyectos de manera colaborativa, fomentando la participación directa de comunidades aledañas y pueblos indígenas.', 'A continuación, se presentan los objetivos sectoriales de largo plazo del sector minería: Sector Minería ODS Objetivo 1: Desarrollar estrategias y/o proyectos de manera colaborativa, fomentando la participación directa de comunidades aledañas y pueblos indígenas. Meta 1.1: Realiza un proceso de participación con todos los pueblos in- dígenas de acuerdo al convenio 169 de la OIT generando un capítulo in- dígena que identifique los principales desafíos y establezca propuestas concretas de la minería con los pueblos indígenas. Objetivo 2: Minimizar los efectos ambientales armonizando el desarrollo de la actividad minera con el medio ambiente, impulsando proyectos para reducir el uso de agua dulce fresca en las operaciones mineras y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para adaptarse al cambio climático.', 'Objetivo 2: Minimizar los efectos ambientales armonizando el desarrollo de la actividad minera con el medio ambiente, impulsando proyectos para reducir el uso de agua dulce fresca en las operaciones mineras y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para adaptarse al cambio climático. Meta 2.1: Al 2022, protege de manera directa a los glaciares, sea cual sea su forma, prohibiendo todo tipo de actividad que implique su remoción, traslado o cubrimiento con material de desmontes y/o escombros. Meta 2.2: Proporciona y facilita información respecto a los proyectos mi- neros, determinando su relación con el ambiente glaciológico, a fin de pro- teger glaciares al 2025. - 2.2.1: Al 2022, se realiza un levantamiento de información de buenas prác- ticas para el desarrollo de proyectos mineros en ambientes glaciológicos.', '- 2.2.1: Al 2022, se realiza un levantamiento de información de buenas prác- ticas para el desarrollo de proyectos mineros en ambientes glaciológicos. - 2.2.2: Al 2025, se tendrá implementado los mecanismos de colaboración necesarios entre Sernagiomin y la Unidad de Glaciología de la DGA, en con- junto con el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, para facilitar la información respecto de proyectos mineros y su relación con el ambiente glaciológico. Meta 2.3: Al 2025, promueve la publicación de guías para entender el mar- co jurídico, normativa y permisos necesarios para el desarrollo de plantas desaladoras de agua de mar.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2025, promueve la publicación de guías para entender el mar- co jurídico, normativa y permisos necesarios para el desarrollo de plantas desaladoras de agua de mar. Meta 2.4: Disminuir el porcentaje de agua continental para la industria minera, donde no supere el 10% al 2030 de las aguas totales utilizadas, promoviendo otras fuentes que no compitan con el consumo humano. Meta 2.5: Generan un impacto neto positivo en biodiversidad al 2050 to- dos los proyectos mineros de la gran y mediana minería desarrollados, a partir de 2021. Meta 2.6: Disminuye el porcentaje de agua continental para la industria minera, donde no supere el 5% al 2050 de las aguas totales utilizadas, promoviendo otras fuentes que no compitan con el consumo humano.', 'Meta 2.6: Disminuye el porcentaje de agua continental para la industria minera, donde no supere el 5% al 2050 de las aguas totales utilizadas, promoviendo otras fuentes que no compitan con el consumo humano. Objetivo 3: Minimizar, abordar y gestionar los impactos generados por los relaves activos, abandona- dos y críticos de la actividad minera. Meta 3.1: No cuenta con relaves críticos para la población al 2030. Meta 3.2: Contar con programas de monitoreo integrado e información actualizada de los depósitos activos con enfoque de riesgos. - 3.2.1: Al año 2030, el 100% de los relaves operativos de la gran y mediana minería cuentan con un Plan de Monitoreo Integral y que reportará infor- mación a SERNAGEOMIN relativa a la estabilidad física y química.', '- 3.2.1: Al año 2030, el 100% de los relaves operativos de la gran y mediana minería cuentan con un Plan de Monitoreo Integral y que reportará infor- mación a SERNAGEOMIN relativa a la estabilidad física y química. - 3.2.2: Al año 2030 el 100% de los relaves activos de la gran minería, con- tarán con un Sistema de Gestión de la Construcción, Operación y Monitoreo Integral (SGCOM). Meta 3.3: Reducir la generación de relaves convencionales, fomentando otras formas de depositación, como filtrados, espesados o en pastas esta- bleciendo un porcentaje de reducción al año 2022 y dando cumplimiento al 2030.', 'Meta 3.3: Reducir la generación de relaves convencionales, fomentando otras formas de depositación, como filtrados, espesados o en pastas esta- bleciendo un porcentaje de reducción al año 2022 y dando cumplimiento al 2030. Meta 3.4: No cuenta con relaves en situación de abandono al 2050.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 117 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 6: Liderar el modelo de economía circular con un foco en el desarrollo de soluciones locales, reutilización de residuos e infraestructura y uso eficiente de recursos. Meta 6.1: Al 2022, promover la generación de indicadores de circularidad en línea con los compromisos de la NDC. Al año 2025, se cuenta con Mesa de trabajo multisectorial; estudio de circularidad; e indicadores de circu- laridad.', 'Al año 2025, se cuenta con Mesa de trabajo multisectorial; estudio de circularidad; e indicadores de circu- laridad. * Meta 6.2: Al 2030, fomentar la inclusión en la Ley REP de otros residuos no mineros, fuera de los siete residuos prioritarios. Meta 6.3: Al 2030, impulsar la economía circular a través de minería se- cundaria. Para ello, al año 2025 se identificarán las oportunidades de im- plementación para generar valor a partir de los residuos mineros. (*) Está orientado a proveedores, Cochilco hará estudio de diagnóstico en el 2021.', '(*) Está orientado a proveedores, Cochilco hará estudio de diagnóstico en el 2021. Objetivo 4: Estar a la vanguardia en la mitigación al cambio climático impulsando el suministro basado en fuentes de energías renovables, y promoviendo la investigación, desarrollo tecnológico e innova- ción (I+D+i) para el uso de tecnologías bajas o neutras en emisiones. Meta 4.1: Generar planes de flota cero emisión al 2025 para la gran mine- ría e inicia implementación flota cero emisión al 2030. - 4.1.1: Al 2025, todas las operaciones de la gran minería cuentan con pla- nes de flotas cero emisión tanto para vehículos livianos como de carga. - 4.4.2: Al 2030, el 100% de la gran minería inició implementación flota cero emisión.', '- 4.4.2: Al 2030, el 100% de la gran minería inició implementación flota cero emisión. Meta 4.2: Al 2030, las operaciones de la gran minería reduce al menos un 50% las emisiones de CO . Meta 4.3: Al 2030, el 90% de los contratos de energía eléctrica del sector minero proviene de fuentes renovables, alcanzando el 100% al 2050. Meta 4.4: Establecer metas de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de alcance 1, 2 y 3, dando cumplimiento al 2030, y su posterior mo- nitoreo y actualización. - 4.4.1: Al 2030, metas establecidas, monitoreadas y bajo cumplimiento. - 4.4.2: Al 2050, cumplimiento de las Metas establecidas. Meta 4.5: Al 2050, el 100% de las empresas cuenta con sistema de gestión y de auditorías para la eficiencia energética.', 'Meta 4.5: Al 2050, el 100% de las empresas cuenta con sistema de gestión y de auditorías para la eficiencia energética. Objetivo 5: Incorporar criterios de adaptación y riesgo al cambio climático en el diseño y operación de las faenas mineras con un foco multidisciplinario y local (considerando toda la infraestructura necesaria: faenas de alta montaña y en borde costero). Meta 5.1: Al 2022, contar con un Plan de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cam- bio Climático del Sector Minero en línea con el Acuerdo de París y PANCC, y su posterior monitoreo y actualización cada 5 años.', 'Meta 5.1: Al 2022, contar con un Plan de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cam- bio Climático del Sector Minero en línea con el Acuerdo de París y PANCC, y su posterior monitoreo y actualización cada 5 años. Meta 5.2: Al 2025, priorizar la elaboración de un plan de acción tecnoló- gico del sector minero, en el marco de la estrategia de desarrollo y trans- ferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 119 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El sector silvoagropecuario tiene como visión al 2050, contribuir al desarro- llo sustentable de las actuales y futuras generaciones, promoviendo un modelo agroalimentario resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático y bajo en emisio- nes de GEI haciendo un uso eficiente y sustentable de los recursos naturales que asegure la producción de alimentos, contribuya a la seguridad alimentaria en sus 5 pilares46 | y que incorpore una visión conjunta de la adaptación y mi- tigación en el territorio y de los sistemas productivos.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2025, priorizar la elaboración de un plan de acción tecnoló- gico del sector minero, en el marco de la estrategia de desarrollo y trans- ferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 119 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El sector silvoagropecuario tiene como visión al 2050, contribuir al desarro- llo sustentable de las actuales y futuras generaciones, promoviendo un modelo agroalimentario resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático y bajo en emisio- nes de GEI haciendo un uso eficiente y sustentable de los recursos naturales que asegure la producción de alimentos, contribuya a la seguridad alimentaria en sus 5 pilares46 | y que incorpore una visión conjunta de la adaptación y mi- tigación en el territorio y de los sistemas productivos. El sector deberá ser ca- paz de adaptarse a las condiciones climáticas futuras, tales como la sequía y los eventos extremos, y en particular aumentar la capacidad de adaptación de las y los agricultores más vulnerables.', 'El sector deberá ser ca- paz de adaptarse a las condiciones climáticas futuras, tales como la sequía y los eventos extremos, y en particular aumentar la capacidad de adaptación de las y los agricultores más vulnerables. En el ámbito forestal, se mantendrá y aumentará el rol capturador neto de GEI del sector, así como sus funciones adaptativas y resilientes, promoviendo políticas y acciones integrales que con- tribuyan tanto a la mitigación como a la adaptación, considerando las diferen- tes características del territorio, la flora y la fauna, las comunidades y grupos vulnerables. Es importante y necesario avanzar en instrumentos financieros que permitan avanzar en los desafíos agropecuarios, incentivar la forestación, restauración y manejo sustentable de bosques, de manera generar las condi- ciones para alcanzar los compromisos adquiridos.', 'Es importante y necesario avanzar en instrumentos financieros que permitan avanzar en los desafíos agropecuarios, incentivar la forestación, restauración y manejo sustentable de bosques, de manera generar las condi- ciones para alcanzar los compromisos adquiridos. Las emisiones de GEI para la agricultura corresponden en su mayoría (55%) a la fermentación entérica y a la gestión de estiércol, y en un 40% a los sue- los agrícolas.47 | Por su parte, los ecosistemas boscosos tienen la capacidad de capturar y secuestrar grandes cantidades de CO a través de la acumula- ción de biomasa aérea y subterránea, y el depósito de materia orgánica acu- mulada en el suelo.', 'Las emisiones de GEI para la agricultura corresponden en su mayoría (55%) a la fermentación entérica y a la gestión de estiércol, y en un 40% a los sue- los agrícolas.47 | Por su parte, los ecosistemas boscosos tienen la capacidad de capturar y secuestrar grandes cantidades de CO a través de la acumula- ción de biomasa aérea y subterránea, y el depósito de materia orgánica acu- mulada en el suelo. En este sentido, el uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura (UTCUTS) es el único sector del Inventario Nacional de GEI que se mantiene como sumidero neto para la serie 1990-2018.', 'En este sentido, el uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura (UTCUTS) es el único sector del Inventario Nacional de GEI que se mantiene como sumidero neto para la serie 1990-2018. En este último año alcanza las -63.992 kt CO , principalmente debido al incremento de la biomasa en renovales de bosque nativo y en plantaciones forestales. Esta ca- pacidad del sector UTCUTS, donde el sector forestal representa más de un 80% en términos absolutos, es fundamental para alcanzar la carbono-neutralidad del país al 2050. Una de las principales amenazas climáticas que afecta al sector es la dis- minución de la precipitación y el aumento de las temperaturas medias, lo que hace al sector altamente vulnerable al cambio climático.', 'Una de las principales amenazas climáticas que afecta al sector es la dis- minución de la precipitación y el aumento de las temperaturas medias, lo que hace al sector altamente vulnerable al cambio climático. Esto, junto a eventos extremos más intensos y frecuentes, se han experimentado en las zonas centro y norte del país desde el año 2007, provocando severos impactos, tales como el aumento de la degradación de suelos, el estrés del ganado, aparición de nue- vas plagas y enfermedades, y el aumento del riesgo de incendios forestales. En este contexto, el sector juega un rol clave en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y en la gestión sostenible del suelo agrícola y forestal para la regulación de caudales y la seguridad hídrica.', 'En este contexto, el sector juega un rol clave en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y en la gestión sostenible del suelo agrícola y forestal para la regulación de caudales y la seguridad hídrica. El principal responsable en materia silvoagropecuaria es el Ministerio de Agricultura (MINAGRI), que cuenta con diversos instrumentos y políticas relevantes para los objetivos de esta estrategia.', 'El principal responsable en materia silvoagropecuaria es el Ministerio de Agricultura (MINAGRI), que cuenta con diversos instrumentos y políticas relevantes para los objetivos de esta estrategia. Entre estos se destaca la Polí- tica Nacional de Desarrollo Rural desde el 5 de mayo del 2020, cuyo objetivo es mejorar la calidad de vida y aumentar las oportunidades de la población 46 | Disponibilidad (1), accesibilidad (2), consumo de alimentos (3), utili- zación biológica de los alimentos (4) y estabilidad (5) 47 | Información INGEI, 2020. que habita en territorios rurales, generando las condiciones adecuadas para su desarrollo integral, a través de la adopción gradual, planificada y sostenida de un paradigma que concibe un accionar público con enfoque territorial e in- tegrado en distintos niveles, y que propicia sinergias entre iniciativas públicas, privadas y de la sociedad civil.', 'Entre estos se destaca la Polí- tica Nacional de Desarrollo Rural desde el 5 de mayo del 2020, cuyo objetivo es mejorar la calidad de vida y aumentar las oportunidades de la población 46 | Disponibilidad (1), accesibilidad (2), consumo de alimentos (3), utili- zación biológica de los alimentos (4) y estabilidad (5) 47 | Información INGEI, 2020. que habita en territorios rurales, generando las condiciones adecuadas para su desarrollo integral, a través de la adopción gradual, planificada y sostenida de un paradigma que concibe un accionar público con enfoque territorial e in- tegrado en distintos niveles, y que propicia sinergias entre iniciativas públicas, privadas y de la sociedad civil. De esta forma, se espera contribuir a lograr un mayor equilibrio territorial en el país, potenciando particularmente el desa- rrollo sostenible de sus asentamientos poblados de menor tamaño.', 'De esta forma, se espera contribuir a lograr un mayor equilibrio territorial en el país, potenciando particularmente el desa- rrollo sostenible de sus asentamientos poblados de menor tamaño. Adicional- mente, MINAGRI cuenta con una Estrategia de Sustentabilidad Agroalimentaria, que considera un ámbito de Cambio Climático, y se encuentra actualizando el Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático del sector Silvoagropecuario, que se finalizará en el año 2022. Por su parte, la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), dependiente de MI- NAGRI, administra la política forestal de Chile.', 'Por su parte, la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), dependiente de MI- NAGRI, administra la política forestal de Chile. CONAF ha trabajado desde 2013 en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV), que busca mediante una adecuada gestión de los recursos vegeta- cionales, evitar o disminuir las tasas históricas de deforestación, de vegetación y degradación de bosques nativos, formaciones xerofíticas y otros recursos vegetacionales; así como también fomentar la recuperación, forestación, reve- getación y manejo sustentable de estos recursos nativos de Chile. Se contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación fores- tales de la NDC, específicamente sus metas de reducción de emisiones y de aumento de absorciones de GEI al año 2030.', 'Se contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación fores- tales de la NDC, específicamente sus metas de reducción de emisiones y de aumento de absorciones de GEI al año 2030. En su componente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se actualizará el plan de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector silvoagropecuario. Este plan establecerá las acciones que el sector deberá cumplir, en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo esta- blecidos en la ECLP. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR SILVOAGROPECUARIO ODS Objetivo 1: Crear y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y en los territorios en el sector silvoa- gropecuario, en particular a productores y productoras más vulnerables, para enfrentar los desafíos del cambio climático.', 'A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR SILVOAGROPECUARIO ODS Objetivo 1: Crear y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y en los territorios en el sector silvoa- gropecuario, en particular a productores y productoras más vulnerables, para enfrentar los desafíos del cambio climático. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, elaborar y ejecutar un plan de capacitaciones para las instituciones del MINAGRI y los Comités técnicos regionales de cam- bio climático del sector silvoagropecuario.48 | 48 | Para el desarrollo del plan, se deberá primero realizar un diagnós- tico de las brechas de capacidades.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 121 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 1.2: Al 2025, establecer un programa de desarrollo de capacidades en adaptación al cambio climático para productores y productoras, técnicos y profesionales del sector, que contemple talleres de adaptación al cambio climático para pequeños agricultores en todas las regiones del país.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2025, elaborar y ejecutar un plan de capacitaciones para las instituciones del MINAGRI y los Comités técnicos regionales de cam- bio climático del sector silvoagropecuario.48 | 48 | Para el desarrollo del plan, se deberá primero realizar un diagnós- tico de las brechas de capacidades.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 121 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 1.2: Al 2025, establecer un programa de desarrollo de capacidades en adaptación al cambio climático para productores y productoras, técnicos y profesionales del sector, que contemple talleres de adaptación al cambio climático para pequeños agricultores en todas las regiones del país. 49| Meta 1.3: Al 2025, definir una hoja de ruta para el desarrollo de capacida- des en mitigación del cambio climático en el sector.', '49| Meta 1.3: Al 2025, definir una hoja de ruta para el desarrollo de capacida- des en mitigación del cambio climático en el sector. Meta 1.4: Al 2030, actualizar el plan de capacitaciones, considerando al menos 4 capacitaciones anuales, donde una de ellas sea sobre aspectos de género y cambio climático y se incorpore el conocimiento tradicional y cambio climático. Meta 1.5: Al 2030, actualizar los programas de desarrollo de capacidades en adaptación del cambio climático. Meta 1.6: Al 2030, contar un programa de desarrollo de capacidades para productores y productoras en mitigación de emisiones del sector. Meta 1.7: Al 2050, contar con al menos 1.000 pequeños productores/as que son usuarios de MINAGRI, capacitados al año en materias de cambio climático, a partir del año 2025.', 'Meta 1.7: Al 2050, contar con al menos 1.000 pequeños productores/as que son usuarios de MINAGRI, capacitados al año en materias de cambio climático, a partir del año 2025. Meta 1.8: Al 2050, actualizar el plan de capacitaciones para las institucio- nes del MINAGRI y los Comités técnicos regionales de cambio climático del sector Silvoagropecuario. Objetivo 2: Fomentar I+D+i y extensión rural que aporten a la acción climática para desarrollar un sector silvoagropecuario resiliente y bajo en emisiones Meta 2.1: Al 2025, elaborar un plan de I+D+i del MINAGRI para la acción climática alineado con la Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnoló- gica para el Cambio Climático del Ministerio de Ciencia.', 'Objetivo 2: Fomentar I+D+i y extensión rural que aporten a la acción climática para desarrollar un sector silvoagropecuario resiliente y bajo en emisiones Meta 2.1: Al 2025, elaborar un plan de I+D+i del MINAGRI para la acción climática alineado con la Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnoló- gica para el Cambio Climático del Ministerio de Ciencia. Meta 2.2: Al 2025, contar con un diagnóstico sobre la extensión rural del MINAGRI en materia de cambio climático. Meta 2.3: Al 2025, mantener la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2025, mantener la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la adaptación al cambio climático. Meta 2.4: Al 2025, contar con una propuesta para la incorporación de la in- novación para la acción climática en fondo de Fomento a la Productividad, FOMPRO de la transferencia de MINAGRI a CORFO. Meta 2.5: Al 2030, actualizar el plan de I+D+i para la acción climática del MINAGRI. Meta 2.6: Al 2030, elaborar un plan de extensión rural en cambio climático. Meta 2.7: Al 2030, focalizar la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la acción climática, abordando tanto la adaptación y como la mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.7: Al 2030, focalizar la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la acción climática, abordando tanto la adaptación y como la mitigación al cambio climático. Meta 2.8: Al 2050, actualizar el plan de I+D+i para la acción climática del MINAGRI. Meta 2.9: Al 2050, actualizar el plan de extensión rural en cambio climático. Meta 2.10: Al 2050, actualizar la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la acción climática.', 'Meta 2.10: Al 2050, actualizar la línea de fondos concursables de FIA en in- novación para la acción climática. 49 | Este programa incluirá las siguientes actividades: Programa de capacitación y transferencia en medidas de adaptación al cambio climático vinculada de recursos hídricos a pequeños productores (entre las regiones de Tarapacá y Los Lagos) – CNR; 4 Programas que tienen como fin la capacitación y/o fortalecimiento de OUA, regantes y extensionistas – CNR; y Capa- citación en materias de cambio climático en agricultura – INIA. En colaboración con el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Objetivo 3: Fomentar sistemas agroalimentarios bajos en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), que a través del uso eficiente y sustentable de los recursos naturales asegure la producción de alimentos de origen agropecuario.', 'Objetivo 3: Fomentar sistemas agroalimentarios bajos en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), que a través del uso eficiente y sustentable de los recursos naturales asegure la producción de alimentos de origen agropecuario. Meta 3.1: Al 2025, consolidar el Sistema de Inventarios y Prospectivas del Sector Silvoagropecuario incorporando nuevos coeficientes de emisión para el sector. En colaboración con el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Meta 3.2: Al 2025, elaborar un plan nacional de uso eficiente de fertili- zantes nitrogenados, que considere a lo menos los cultivos priorizados por el ministerio. Meta 3.3: Al 2025, contar con un 75% de los purines de cerdos con trata- mientos de abatimiento para emisiones de GEI (Planta de lodos activados, biodigestores y/o biofiltros).', 'Meta 3.3: Al 2025, contar con un 75% de los purines de cerdos con trata- mientos de abatimiento para emisiones de GEI (Planta de lodos activados, biodigestores y/o biofiltros). Meta 3.4: Al 2025, contar con estándares de sustentabilidad para los secto- res avícola, porcino y lechero, que incorporen requerimientos relacionados a la acción climática. Y contar con una propuesta de 3 nuevos subsectores para elaborar sus estándares. En colaboración con el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Meta 3.5: Al 2025, incorporar prácticas que aporten a mitigar los impactos del cambio climático en programas para el mejoramiento agroambiental de los suelos. Meta 3.6: Al 2025, contar con un plan de prevención y reducción de las Pérdidas y Desperdicios de Alimentos (PDA), que considere medidas para la reducción de emisiones.', 'Meta 3.6: Al 2025, contar con un plan de prevención y reducción de las Pérdidas y Desperdicios de Alimentos (PDA), que considere medidas para la reducción de emisiones. Meta 3.7: Al 2025, evaluar distintas estrategias productivas enfocadas en la mitigación del cambio climático, como la agricultura regenerativa, orgánica, biodinámica, agroforestería, agroecología, entre otras. Meta 3.8: Al 2025, elaborar una hoja de ruta para la carbono neutralidad en la ganadería bovina. Meta 3.9: Al 2030, actualizar y perfeccionar el sistema de inventarios y prospecciones del Sector Silvoagropecuario. Meta 3.10: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación del Plan de uso eficiente de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Meta 3.11: Al 2030, aumentar en al menos un 30% la cantidad de biodi- gestores instalados en el sector porcino respecto del 2021.', 'Meta 3.11: Al 2030, aumentar en al menos un 30% la cantidad de biodi- gestores instalados en el sector porcino respecto del 2021. * Meta 3.12: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación los es- tándares de sustentabilidad en los primeros 3 subsectores, y desarrollar estándares en 3 subsectores adicionales.', '* Meta 3.12: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación los es- tándares de sustentabilidad en los primeros 3 subsectores, y desarrollar estándares en 3 subsectores adicionales. Meta 3.13: Al 2030, evaluar la implementación de las prácticas de mitiga- ción en los programas de mejoramiento agroambiental del suelo, y evaluar la incorporación de nuevas prácticas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 123 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 3.14: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación del plan de prevención y reducción de las PDA Meta 3.15: Al 2030, incorporar a través de las políticas y programas del MI- NAGRI, los manejos productivos que mejor se adapten y mitiguen el cam- bio climático.', 'Meta 3.13: Al 2030, evaluar la implementación de las prácticas de mitiga- ción en los programas de mejoramiento agroambiental del suelo, y evaluar la incorporación de nuevas prácticas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 123 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 3.14: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación del plan de prevención y reducción de las PDA Meta 3.15: Al 2030, incorporar a través de las políticas y programas del MI- NAGRI, los manejos productivos que mejor se adapten y mitiguen el cam- bio climático. Meta 3.16: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación de la hoja de ruta para la carbono neutralidad en la ganadería bovina.', 'Meta 3.16: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación de la hoja de ruta para la carbono neutralidad en la ganadería bovina. Meta 3.17: Al 2050, mejora continua de la información del inventario (*) Esta meta considera a las empresas medianas y grandes del sector. Objetivo 4: Disminuir la vulnerabilidad y generar resiliencia en el sector silvoagropecuario, po- tenciando la implementación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, para contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria. Meta 4.1: Implementar el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático del sec- tor silvoagropecuario 2023-2027 Meta 4.2: Al 2025, elaborar y monitorear indicadores para la adaptación del Sector Silvoagropecuario.', 'Meta 4.1: Implementar el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático del sec- tor silvoagropecuario 2023-2027 Meta 4.2: Al 2025, elaborar y monitorear indicadores para la adaptación del Sector Silvoagropecuario. Meta 4.3: Al 2025, diseñar el Plan de acción de recursos hídricos de los servicios MINAGRI que considere un enfoque en cambio climático en coor- dinación con el Ministerio de Obras Publicas y el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. * Meta 4.4: Al 2025, contar con conservación ex situ de varieda- des vegetales claves para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. Meta 4.5: Al 2025, desarrollar 3 pilotos de mercados campesinos locales con consideraciones de acción climática.', 'Meta 4.5: Al 2025, desarrollar 3 pilotos de mercados campesinos locales con consideraciones de acción climática. Meta 4.6: Al 2030, realizar evaluación de impacto de Plan de adaptación Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector Silvoagropecuario (PANCC SAP 2023-2027), y elaborar el nuevo plan de adaptación sectorial de ca- rácter público-privado. Meta 4.7: Al 2030, evaluar los indicadores de adaptación del sector Sil- voagropecuario. Meta 4.8: Al 2030, evaluar los resultados de la implementación para la ac- tualización del plan de acción de recursos hídricos del MINAGRI. Meta 4.9: Al 2030, contar con a lo menos 1 mercado campesino local por región con consideraciones de acción climática. Meta 4.10: Al 2050, actualizar el plan de acción de recursos hídricos del MINAGRI.', 'Meta 4.10: Al 2050, actualizar el plan de acción de recursos hídricos del MINAGRI. (*) El plan estará alineado con la NDC, la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, el Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático para el sector Recursos Hídricos y con los Planes Estratégicos de Recursos Hídricos en Cuencas, y considerará las siguientes medidas: Estudios integrales de riego para zonas de expansión del secano (Regiones de O´Higgins, Maule y Ñuble) y el sur (Regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos); y Desarrollar paquetes tecnológicos para aumentar la eficiencia del riego Objetivo 5: Fortalecer la institucionalidad en cambio climático del Ministerio de agricultura.', '(*) El plan estará alineado con la NDC, la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, el Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático para el sector Recursos Hídricos y con los Planes Estratégicos de Recursos Hídricos en Cuencas, y considerará las siguientes medidas: Estudios integrales de riego para zonas de expansión del secano (Regiones de O´Higgins, Maule y Ñuble) y el sur (Regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos); y Desarrollar paquetes tecnológicos para aumentar la eficiencia del riego Objetivo 5: Fortalecer la institucionalidad en cambio climático del Ministerio de agricultura. Meta 5.1: Al 2025, contar con 16 Comités Técnicos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CTRCC) del Ministerio de Agricultura formalizados y operativos, articulados con los Comités regionales de Cambio Climático.', 'Meta 5.1: Al 2025, contar con 16 Comités Técnicos Regionales de Cambio Climático (CTRCC) del Ministerio de Agricultura formalizados y operativos, articulados con los Comités regionales de Cambio Climático. Meta 5.2: Al 2025, asegurar la continuidad de la Mesa Asesora Silvoagro- pecuaria en cambio climático operativa. Meta 5.3: Al 2025, ampliar la unidad de cambio climático de Odepa. Meta 5.4: Al 2025, contar con una institucionalidad forestal pública, acorde a la importancia estratégica del sector, desarrollando las funciones de coor- dinación política y técnica interinstitucional, así como el diseño, ejecución y evaluación de políticas públicas sectoriales. Meta 5.5: Al 2030, el Ministerio de Agricultura, con el apoyo de los 16 co- mités técnicos regionales de cambio climáticos del MINAGRI operativos, elaboran políticas sectoriales regional.', 'Meta 5.5: Al 2030, el Ministerio de Agricultura, con el apoyo de los 16 co- mités técnicos regionales de cambio climáticos del MINAGRI operativos, elaboran políticas sectoriales regional. Meta 5.6: Al 2030, dar continuidad a la Mesa Asesora Silvoagropecuaria en cambio climático. Meta 5.7: Al 2030, crear unidades de cambio climático en al menos 6 de los 12 servicios del MINAGRI, según roles, funciones y mandatos estable- cidos. Meta 5.8: Al 2050, promover la toma de decisiones técnicas, políticas y fi- nancieras que permitan posicionar el rol de los recursos vegetacionales en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, la lucha contra la deser- tificación, la degradación de las tierras y la sequía, como ejes prioritarios en las políticas de desarrollo sectoriales.', 'Meta 5.8: Al 2050, promover la toma de decisiones técnicas, políticas y fi- nancieras que permitan posicionar el rol de los recursos vegetacionales en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, la lucha contra la deser- tificación, la degradación de las tierras y la sequía, como ejes prioritarios en las políticas de desarrollo sectoriales. Objetivo 6: Fomentar iniciativas enfocadas a evitar y/o disminuir la deforestación y la degrada- ción de los recursos vegetacionales , aportando en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, reduciendo la ocurrencia y riesgo de incendios forestales para alcanzar un armónico crecimiento económico, social y ambiental. Meta 6.1: Al 2030, reducir las emisiones del sector forestal por degradación y deforestación del bosque nativo en un 25%, considerando las emisiones promedio entre el periodo 2001- 2013.', 'Meta 6.1: Al 2030, reducir las emisiones del sector forestal por degradación y deforestación del bosque nativo en un 25%, considerando las emisiones promedio entre el periodo 2001- 2013. Meta 6.2: Al 2030, realizar un Análisis de Severidad para incendios de mag- nitud (mayores a 200 hectáreas), hasta incorporar incendios mayores a 50 ha al 2030 a fin de genera el conocimiento para establecer futuras estrate- gias de prevención y mitigación, así como de preparación para la respuesta y respuesta ante incendios forestales. Meta 6.3: Al 2030, realizar un Análisis del Daño Evitado en Incendios Fo- restales de Magnitud (mayores a 200 hectáreas).', 'Meta 6.3: Al 2030, realizar un Análisis del Daño Evitado en Incendios Fo- restales de Magnitud (mayores a 200 hectáreas). *CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 125 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 6.4: Al 2050, mantener el porcentaje de reducción de emisiones del sector forestal por degradación y deforestación del bosque nativo al- canzado al año 2030. (*) Daño Evitado: Análisis de la gestión en labores de prevención y mitigación, preparación para la respuesta y la respuesta (control y extinción) ante incen- dios forestales, diferencia entre el perímetro a la extinción del incendio versus el potencial del incendio en libre propagación.', '(*) Daño Evitado: Análisis de la gestión en labores de prevención y mitigación, preparación para la respuesta y la respuesta (control y extinción) ante incen- dios forestales, diferencia entre el perímetro a la extinción del incendio versus el potencial del incendio en libre propagación. Objetivo 7: Fomentar el manejo y conservación de los recursos vegetacionales nativos (bosques y formaciones xerofíticas) y humedales,50 | orientándolo hacia la producción de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, conservación de la naturaleza y las necesidades de las comunidades locales. Meta 7.1: Al 2030, se habrá recuperado y manejado sustentablemente 200.000 hectáreas de bosques nativos. Meta 7.2: Al 2050, se habrán manejado sustentablemente y recuperado las superficies necesarias de bosques nativos, para lograr la carbono neu- tralidad comprometida en la NDC.', 'Meta 7.2: Al 2050, se habrán manejado sustentablemente y recuperado las superficies necesarias de bosques nativos, para lograr la carbono neu- tralidad comprometida en la NDC. Objetivo 8: Potenciar iniciativas que aumenten la creación de bosques y la cobertura permanente de recursos vegetacionales en zonas prioritarias de restauración a escala de paisajes, aumentando la resiliencia y disminuyendo la vulnerabilidad de comunidades y territorios. Meta 8.1: Al 2021, contar con Plan Nacional de Restauración a Escala de Paisajes, que considerará la incorporación, a procesos de restaura- ción, de 1.000.000 hectáreas de paisajes al 2030, priorizando en aquellos con mayor vulnerabilidad social, económica y ambiental.', 'Meta 8.1: Al 2021, contar con Plan Nacional de Restauración a Escala de Paisajes, que considerará la incorporación, a procesos de restaura- ción, de 1.000.000 hectáreas de paisajes al 2030, priorizando en aquellos con mayor vulnerabilidad social, económica y ambiental. Meta 8.2: Al 2030, forestar 200.000 hectáreas, de las cuales al menos 100.000 hectáreas corresponden a cubierta forestal permanente, con al menos 70.000 hectáreas con especies nativas. La recuperación y forestación se realizará en suelos de aptitud preferentemente forestal y/o en áreas prioritarias de conservación, y en general, observando los criterios estable- cidos en la NDC de Chile actualizada al 2020, Contribución en Integración – UTCUTS – Bosques (I5).', 'La recuperación y forestación se realizará en suelos de aptitud preferentemente forestal y/o en áreas prioritarias de conservación, y en general, observando los criterios estable- cidos en la NDC de Chile actualizada al 2020, Contribución en Integración – UTCUTS – Bosques (I5). Meta 8.3: Al 2050, se habrán forestado las superficies necesarias por el sector forestal para lograr la carbono neutralidad al 2050 comprometida en la NDC. 50 | Para efecto de la aplicación de este objetivo, así como la imple- mentación de sus metas el ámbito de acción del sector forestal está definido por las atribuciones legales en esta materia.', '50 | Para efecto de la aplicación de este objetivo, así como la imple- mentación de sus metas el ámbito de acción del sector forestal está definido por las atribuciones legales en esta materia. Se entenderá Humedales como «Ecosistemas aso- ciados a sustratos saturados de agua en forma temporal o permanente, en los que existe y se desarrolla biota acuática y, han sido declarados Sitios Prioritarios de Conservación, por La Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente, o sitios Ramsar, según lo establecido en el Decreto Supremo N°82, de 2010, del Ministerio de Agricultura. Ley N°20.283. Objetivo 9: Promover la participación en el diseño de las acciones y políticas con enfoque de géne- ro y con énfasis en las comunidades locales y pueblos originarios, considerando el respeto por los derechos de las personas y su acervo cultural.', 'Objetivo 9: Promover la participación en el diseño de las acciones y políticas con enfoque de géne- ro y con énfasis en las comunidades locales y pueblos originarios, considerando el respeto por los derechos de las personas y su acervo cultural. Meta 9.1: Al 2030, las metas de mitigación del sector forestal consideran la integración del enfoque de género, permitiendo el desarrollo de ini- ciativas más transparentes, inclusivas y dirigidas a disminuir y/o erradicar las brechas de género existentes. Lo anterior, por medio de que en el 100% de los proyectos e iniciativas relativas a la ENCCRV, se abordará el enfoque de género.', 'Lo anterior, por medio de que en el 100% de los proyectos e iniciativas relativas a la ENCCRV, se abordará el enfoque de género. Metas 9.2: Al 2050, el desarrollo forestal en Chile es efectivamente inclusi- vo y todos los actores y agentes sectoriales se han sentido parte integrante del proceso. El Estado, el sector productivo forestal y las comunidades in- dígenas y campesinas, se relacionan formalmente, utilizando mecanismos institucionalizados y aceptados por todos. Lo anterior por medio de que en el 100% de los proyectos e iniciativas relativas a la ENCCRV, se aborda- rán las salvaguardas ambientales y sociales.', 'Lo anterior por medio de que en el 100% de los proyectos e iniciativas relativas a la ENCCRV, se aborda- rán las salvaguardas ambientales y sociales. 5.4 Pesca y acuicultura Para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia del sector al cam- bio climático, es vital la conservación y el uso sustentable de los recursos hidrobiológicos mediante la aplicación del enfoque precautorio, la aplicación del enfoque ecosistémico en la gestión pesquera y acuícola, y la salvaguarda de los ecosistemas marinos en que existen esos recursos.', '5.4 Pesca y acuicultura Para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia del sector al cam- bio climático, es vital la conservación y el uso sustentable de los recursos hidrobiológicos mediante la aplicación del enfoque precautorio, la aplicación del enfoque ecosistémico en la gestión pesquera y acuícola, y la salvaguarda de los ecosistemas marinos en que existen esos recursos. Se requiere fortalecer la adopción de medidas de conservación y admi- nistración para una pesca y acuicultura , considerando objetivos biológicos y socio-económicos, tomando en cuenta la seguridad alimentaria y los bene- ficios para las comunidades que tienen la extracción o cultivos, de recursos hidrobiológicos, de pequeña escala como su principal medio de subsistencia, a través de una efectiva participación de agentes estratégicos del sector, y de la generación permanente de conocimiento tradicional y científico, que consi- dere los impactos del cambio climático y que permita la reducción de riesgos y la gestión exitosa para la adaptación y resiliencia del sector.', 'Se requiere fortalecer la adopción de medidas de conservación y admi- nistración para una pesca y acuicultura , considerando objetivos biológicos y socio-económicos, tomando en cuenta la seguridad alimentaria y los bene- ficios para las comunidades que tienen la extracción o cultivos, de recursos hidrobiológicos, de pequeña escala como su principal medio de subsistencia, a través de una efectiva participación de agentes estratégicos del sector, y de la generación permanente de conocimiento tradicional y científico, que consi- dere los impactos del cambio climático y que permita la reducción de riesgos y la gestión exitosa para la adaptación y resiliencia del sector. Las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas que determinan la producti- vidad, desarrollo, alimentación, reproducción, abundancia y distribución de las especies marinas se verán afectadas por el cambio climático.', 'Las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas que determinan la producti- vidad, desarrollo, alimentación, reproducción, abundancia y distribución de las especies marinas se verán afectadas por el cambio climático. En el caso de la pesca, el cambio climático puede afectar la distribución de los recursos, por el aumento de la temperatura de los océanos y por los consecuentes cambios en el ecosistema marino; los cambios en la temperatura del mar afectarán directamente los límites fisiológicos de las especies, sus alimentos o sus há- bitats; y la reducción de precipitaciones, afectará los ingresos de agua dul- ce hacia las zonas costeras y estuarinas, como consecuencia existe un riesgo de reducción de la abundancia disponible para ser capturada a nivel local.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 127 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 La pesca artesanal también se verá afectada por los impactos de eventos hi- drometeorológicos extremos en las costas, los que se traducen en pérdidas de días de operación y de la infraestructura costera de apoyo para la actividad extractiva.', 'En el caso de la pesca, el cambio climático puede afectar la distribución de los recursos, por el aumento de la temperatura de los océanos y por los consecuentes cambios en el ecosistema marino; los cambios en la temperatura del mar afectarán directamente los límites fisiológicos de las especies, sus alimentos o sus há- bitats; y la reducción de precipitaciones, afectará los ingresos de agua dul- ce hacia las zonas costeras y estuarinas, como consecuencia existe un riesgo de reducción de la abundancia disponible para ser capturada a nivel local.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 127 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 La pesca artesanal también se verá afectada por los impactos de eventos hi- drometeorológicos extremos en las costas, los que se traducen en pérdidas de días de operación y de la infraestructura costera de apoyo para la actividad extractiva. Respecto a la acuicultura, las principales amenazas climáticas son el aumento de los riesgos de pérdida de biomasa/producción, por reducción de la provisión de agua dulce, debido a disminución de las precipitaciones; pérdidas por incremento de enfermedades y parasitismo y por mayor frecuencia/mag- nitud de eventos FAN (floraciones algales nocivas), dada la mayor disponibi- lidad de luz para el fitoplancton; pérdidas por destrucción de infraestructura por aumento de la frecuencia y magnitud de eventos extremos.', 'Respecto a la acuicultura, las principales amenazas climáticas son el aumento de los riesgos de pérdida de biomasa/producción, por reducción de la provisión de agua dulce, debido a disminución de las precipitaciones; pérdidas por incremento de enfermedades y parasitismo y por mayor frecuencia/mag- nitud de eventos FAN (floraciones algales nocivas), dada la mayor disponibi- lidad de luz para el fitoplancton; pérdidas por destrucción de infraestructura por aumento de la frecuencia y magnitud de eventos extremos. La acidificación del océano se considera también una amenaza para las especies cultivadas, en particular moluscos y crustáceos. Adicionalmente, la sobreexplotación de los recursos, la contaminación y la pérdida de hábitats son factores agravantes que aumentan el riesgo para el sector de verse afectado por los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Adicionalmente, la sobreexplotación de los recursos, la contaminación y la pérdida de hábitats son factores agravantes que aumentan el riesgo para el sector de verse afectado por los impactos del cambio climático. Junto con establecer las bases científicas del impacto del cambio climá- tico en la pesca y acuicultura y contribuir así a la sustentabilidad del sector, se deben considerar aspectos de gobernanza como las instancias de toma de decisiones, asesoras e instrumentos que la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicul- tura contiene (Consejo Nacional de Pesca, Consejos Zonales de Pesca, Comi- sión Nacional de Acuicultura, Comités de Manejo, Comités Científico Técnicos de Pesca y Acuicultura, Planes de Manejo); la integración del enfoque de géne- ro, para ampliar la participación de la mujer en la toma de decisiones del sec- tor; la integración de los pueblos originarios; la creación y el fortalecimiento de espacios para la participación amplia y efectiva de las comunidades locales, pesqueras y acuícolas; la coordinación sectorial e intersectorial a distintos niveles, así como adecuar la normativa y regulación de la pesca y acuicultura y mejorar la fiscalización.', 'Junto con establecer las bases científicas del impacto del cambio climá- tico en la pesca y acuicultura y contribuir así a la sustentabilidad del sector, se deben considerar aspectos de gobernanza como las instancias de toma de decisiones, asesoras e instrumentos que la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicul- tura contiene (Consejo Nacional de Pesca, Consejos Zonales de Pesca, Comi- sión Nacional de Acuicultura, Comités de Manejo, Comités Científico Técnicos de Pesca y Acuicultura, Planes de Manejo); la integración del enfoque de géne- ro, para ampliar la participación de la mujer en la toma de decisiones del sec- tor; la integración de los pueblos originarios; la creación y el fortalecimiento de espacios para la participación amplia y efectiva de las comunidades locales, pesqueras y acuícolas; la coordinación sectorial e intersectorial a distintos niveles, así como adecuar la normativa y regulación de la pesca y acuicultura y mejorar la fiscalización. Respecto de la coordinación intersectorial, es indispensable fortalecer y mantener una articulación adecuada y efectiva con otros sectores relaciona- dos, tales como borde(zona) costero(a), biodiversidad, turismo, infraestructura, recursos hídricos y océano, siendo de gran relevancia para el sector los avances en temas de conservación y uso sostenible de los ecosistemas y el ordenamien- to territorial, entre otros.', 'Respecto de la coordinación intersectorial, es indispensable fortalecer y mantener una articulación adecuada y efectiva con otros sectores relaciona- dos, tales como borde(zona) costero(a), biodiversidad, turismo, infraestructura, recursos hídricos y océano, siendo de gran relevancia para el sector los avances en temas de conservación y uso sostenible de los ecosistemas y el ordenamien- to territorial, entre otros. Es particularmente relevante que las medidas que se diseñen para cumplir las metas y objetivos propuestos se enfoquen hacia las comunidades locales y se tomen en cuenta aspectos socioculturales y otros aspectos como el desa- rrollo de la mejor información científica posible para la construcción de líneas base, el monitoreo y seguimiento; la integración de la información de las zonas marino-costeras; y la educación, capacitación y difusión a la población.', 'Es particularmente relevante que las medidas que se diseñen para cumplir las metas y objetivos propuestos se enfoquen hacia las comunidades locales y se tomen en cuenta aspectos socioculturales y otros aspectos como el desa- rrollo de la mejor información científica posible para la construcción de líneas base, el monitoreo y seguimiento; la integración de la información de las zonas marino-costeras; y la educación, capacitación y difusión a la población. La Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura, del Ministerio de Economía, Fo- mento y Turismo está a cargo de la materia y cuenta con un Plan de adaptación al cambio climático en pesca y acuicultura, aprobado en 2015, el que se en- cuentra en proceso de actualización.', 'La Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura, del Ministerio de Economía, Fo- mento y Turismo está a cargo de la materia y cuenta con un Plan de adaptación al cambio climático en pesca y acuicultura, aprobado en 2015, el que se en- cuentra en proceso de actualización. Otros instrumentos de gestión de rele- vancia son: • Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura y sus Reglamentos. • Ley de Caletas. • Política Nacional de Acuicultura (Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turis- mo, 2003). La NDC establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climá- tico para el sector Pesca y Acuicultura en 2022.', 'La NDC establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climá- tico para el sector Pesca y Acuicultura en 2022. Este plan y sus futuras actuali- zaciones establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR PESCA Y ACUICULTURA ODS Objetivo 1: Generar y disponer de conocimiento e información científica para la adaptación al cam- bio climático e incremento de la sustentabilidad de la pesca y la acuicultura, incorporando el cono- cimiento local, y los mecanismos de acceso a dicha información para la sociedad y los tomadores de decisión.', 'A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR PESCA Y ACUICULTURA ODS Objetivo 1: Generar y disponer de conocimiento e información científica para la adaptación al cam- bio climático e incremento de la sustentabilidad de la pesca y la acuicultura, incorporando el cono- cimiento local, y los mecanismos de acceso a dicha información para la sociedad y los tomadores de decisión. Meta 1.1: Proponer y desarrollar anualmente investigación en aspectos claves para la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en el sector, a través de los respectivos programas de fondos sectoriales permanentes, tales como el programa de Asesoría Integral para la Pesca y Acuicultura (ASIPA), Fondo de Investigación Pesquera y Acuícola (FIPA), glosa Subtítulo 22, fondos del Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Pesca Artesanal y de la Acuicultura de Pequeña Escala (INDESPA).', 'Meta 1.1: Proponer y desarrollar anualmente investigación en aspectos claves para la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en el sector, a través de los respectivos programas de fondos sectoriales permanentes, tales como el programa de Asesoría Integral para la Pesca y Acuicultura (ASIPA), Fondo de Investigación Pesquera y Acuícola (FIPA), glosa Subtítulo 22, fondos del Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Pesca Artesanal y de la Acuicultura de Pequeña Escala (INDESPA). Meta 1.2: Al 2025, disponer de un sistema de información integrado e in- teroperable, con datos levantados desde plataformas públicas como pri- vadas, de variables ambientales, biológicas, ecológicas, económicas y so- ciales, de acceso público, a una escala de comunas, que permite atribuir los impactos del cambio climático e identificar indicadores para la toma de decisiones en adaptación al cambio climático y sostenibilidad de la pesca y acuicultura.', 'Meta 1.2: Al 2025, disponer de un sistema de información integrado e in- teroperable, con datos levantados desde plataformas públicas como pri- vadas, de variables ambientales, biológicas, ecológicas, económicas y so- ciales, de acceso público, a una escala de comunas, que permite atribuir los impactos del cambio climático e identificar indicadores para la toma de decisiones en adaptación al cambio climático y sostenibilidad de la pesca y acuicultura. Los datos son inter operables tecnológicamente para y con el Observatorio de Cambio Climático (OCC) y el Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno (SIOOC).CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 129 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Fortalecer la gobernanza para la adaptación y la resiliencia de la pesca y la acuicultura al cambio climático a nivel nacional, regional y local, junto con el conocimiento y la sensibilización con enfoque de género, en los agentes del sector y en las comunidades pesqueras y acuícolas.', 'Los datos son inter operables tecnológicamente para y con el Observatorio de Cambio Climático (OCC) y el Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno (SIOOC).CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 129 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Fortalecer la gobernanza para la adaptación y la resiliencia de la pesca y la acuicultura al cambio climático a nivel nacional, regional y local, junto con el conocimiento y la sensibilización con enfoque de género, en los agentes del sector y en las comunidades pesqueras y acuícolas. Meta 2.1: Al 2030 se fortalecen las capacidades de adaptación al cambio climático en el 70% de los comités científico- técnicos y de los comités de manejo de las pesquerías y acuicultura nacional Meta 2.2: Al 2030 se promueve, facilita e incentiva la capacitación de un 50% de representantes de los principales gremios de la industria pesquera y acuícola en materias de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2030 se fortalecen las capacidades de adaptación al cambio climático en el 70% de los comités científico- técnicos y de los comités de manejo de las pesquerías y acuicultura nacional Meta 2.2: Al 2030 se promueve, facilita e incentiva la capacitación de un 50% de representantes de los principales gremios de la industria pesquera y acuícola en materias de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Meta 2.3: Al 2030, se identifican las instancias público-privadas, y se rea- lizan acciones, para hacer efectiva la participación de la mujer en la pesca y acuicultura, a diferentes escalas geográficas, según la normativa sectorial vigente.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2030, se identifican las instancias público-privadas, y se rea- lizan acciones, para hacer efectiva la participación de la mujer en la pesca y acuicultura, a diferentes escalas geográficas, según la normativa sectorial vigente. Meta 2.4: Al 2030, se fortalecen las capacidades en relación con la adap- tación al cambio climático de la pesca y la acuicultura en autoridades regionales, municipales y locales que tienen injerencia sobre el sector. Objetivo 3: Desarrollar soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y fortalecer la aplicación del enfoque ecosistémico en la pesca y acuicultura. Meta 3.1: Al 2025, se cuenta con una estrategia nacional para la protección y manejo sustentable de ecosistemas de macroalgas pardas.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2025, se cuenta con una estrategia nacional para la protección y manejo sustentable de ecosistemas de macroalgas pardas. Meta 3.2: Al 2030, las pesquerías y la acuicultura nacional incorporan el enfoque ecosistémico, considerando los riesgos climáticos y el papel de la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos, para el bienestar económico y social y el incremento de la resiliencia del sector. Meta 3.3: Al 2050 se identifican y se incorporan en el 100% de los Pla- nes Generales de Administración de las áreas marinas protegidas acciones relacionadas con los cobeneficios en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 3.3: Al 2050 se identifican y se incorporan en el 100% de los Pla- nes Generales de Administración de las áreas marinas protegidas acciones relacionadas con los cobeneficios en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Objetivo 4: Diseñar y aplicar un enfoque integrado de riesgos en las políticas e instrumentos, que contemplen e integren en el sector pesquero y acuícola otras amenazas e impactos distintas a las climáticas. Meta 4.1: Al 2030, desarrollar un programa de investigación del riesgo en zonas costeras, que considere todos los aspectos de estas localidades (económicos, sociales, ecológicos, de conectividad, portuarios u otros rele- vantes para la calidad de vida de las comunidades costeras dependientes de la actividad pesquera de manera directa o complementaria).', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2030, desarrollar un programa de investigación del riesgo en zonas costeras, que considere todos los aspectos de estas localidades (económicos, sociales, ecológicos, de conectividad, portuarios u otros rele- vantes para la calidad de vida de las comunidades costeras dependientes de la actividad pesquera de manera directa o complementaria). Meta 4.2: Se capacita y se informa al sector pesca y acuicultura sobre los riesgos asociados al cambio climático acordes con la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos bajo el enfoque ecosistémico y precautorio. Meta 4.3: Se incorporan los riesgos frente al cambio climático en el di- seño e implementación de los planes de manejo pesqueros con enfoque ecosistémico.', 'Meta 4.3: Se incorporan los riesgos frente al cambio climático en el di- seño e implementación de los planes de manejo pesqueros con enfoque ecosistémico. Meta 4.4: Proporcionar anualmente, o en los plazos que se requieran, in- formación sectorial para la actualización del Atlas de Riesgo Climático. Meta 4.5: Al 2030, se revisa la planificación espacial de la acuicultura y las áreas aptas para acuicultura considerando riesgos frente al cambio climá- tico bajo el marco de un enfoque ecosistémico de la acuicultura. Objetivo 5: Promover la diversificación de los medios de vida y las prácticas productivas sustenta- bles de las comunidades dependientes de la pesca y la acuicultura, considerando su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.', 'Objetivo 5: Promover la diversificación de los medios de vida y las prácticas productivas sustenta- bles de las comunidades dependientes de la pesca y la acuicultura, considerando su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Meta 5.1: De forma anual, y a partir del 2025, existe apoyo técnico y finan- ciero para apoyar la diversificación de los medios de vida y las prácticas productivas sustentables de las comunidades vulnerables dependientes de la pesca y acuicultura. Meta 5.2: Al 2030, pescadores/as artesanales y acuicultores/as de pequeña escala del 30% de las caletas más vulnerables se capacitan en cambio climático, incorporando soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, buenas prác- ticas y diversificación productiva como medidas de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2030, pescadores/as artesanales y acuicultores/as de pequeña escala del 30% de las caletas más vulnerables se capacitan en cambio climático, incorporando soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, buenas prác- ticas y diversificación productiva como medidas de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. Objetivo 6: Contribuir a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y a las metas nacionales de carbono neutralidad y resiliencia. Meta 6.1: Al 2030, con la colaboración del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, se cuenta con estimaciones sobre la huella de carbono de la actividad pesquera y de acuicultura nacional. Meta 6.2: Al 2030, se fomentan innovaciones tecnológicas (I+D+i) y se crean capacidades que permiten disminuir las emisiones de CO y otros gases de efecto invernadero en el sector de la pesca y acuicultura.', 'Meta 6.2: Al 2030, se fomentan innovaciones tecnológicas (I+D+i) y se crean capacidades que permiten disminuir las emisiones de CO y otros gases de efecto invernadero en el sector de la pesca y acuicultura. Meta 6.3. Al 2030, se promueve la eficiencia energética en las actividades pesqueras y actividades relacionadas con la acuicultura.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 131 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 5.5 Residuos y Economía circular Chile enfrenta actualmente el desafío de transitar hacia un modelo econó- mico más sostenible y eficiente, para lo cual se deberán abordar importantes brechas, entre las que se encuentra fomentar la prevención de la generación de residuos.', 'Al 2030, se promueve la eficiencia energética en las actividades pesqueras y actividades relacionadas con la acuicultura.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 131 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 5.5 Residuos y Economía circular Chile enfrenta actualmente el desafío de transitar hacia un modelo econó- mico más sostenible y eficiente, para lo cual se deberán abordar importantes brechas, entre las que se encuentra fomentar la prevención de la generación de residuos. Entre el año 2000 y 2017, el país aumentó su generación de resi- duos municipales per cápita en un 49%51 | .', 'Entre el año 2000 y 2017, el país aumentó su generación de resi- duos municipales per cápita en un 49%51 | . Dichos residuos son escasamente valorizados, terminando en su mayoría en sitios de disposición final, y apor- tando un 4,2% al total de emisiones de GEI a nivel nacional, las que se han incrementado en más de 5 veces desde 1990 y un 23% entre el 2016 y 2018.52 | A esto se suma la existencia de numerosos microbasurales y vertederos ilega- les que generan graves problemas para el medioambiente y la calidad de vida de las personas. Los sectores construcción y manufactura industrial son grandes genera- dores de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Los sectores construcción y manufactura industrial son grandes genera- dores de gases de efecto invernadero. En cuanto a la productividad material, Chile presenta el menor valor de los países OCDE.53 | Sumando a esto, el país presenta una baja tasa de valorización de residuos orgánicos domiciliarios, más del 99% de los cuales terminan en sitios de disposición final generando emisiones de metano a la atmósfera, en vez de ser aprovechados para usos alternativos como la generación de fertilizantes naturales, capaces de reem- plazar a los sintéticos que hoy en día predominan. Esto evidencia el potencial de adaptación y mitigación de cambio climático en materia de economía cir- cular.', 'Esto evidencia el potencial de adaptación y mitigación de cambio climático en materia de economía cir- cular. Estrategias de regeneración de los sistemas naturales que se promueven para el ciclo biológico, como el desarrollo de infraestructura verde, pueden mejorar la resiliencia de nuestros ecosistemas, recuperar suelos degradados, y promover la biodiversidad. La economía circular surge como solución a este esquema lineal, que se basa en la lógica de extraer, producir, usar y desechar. Los tres principios de la economía circular son: (1) eliminar los residuos y la contaminación desde el di- seño; (2) mantener productos y materiales en uso por el mayor tiempo posible; y (3) regenerar los sistemas naturales.', 'Los tres principios de la economía circular son: (1) eliminar los residuos y la contaminación desde el di- seño; (2) mantener productos y materiales en uso por el mayor tiempo posible; y (3) regenerar los sistemas naturales. La economía circular es un paso crítico para abordar el 45% del total de emisiones mundiales de GEI asociadas con la producción de bienes y materiales.54 | Para avanzar hacia este modelo, durante los últimos años, en conjunto con otras iniciativas, se han elaborado dos instrumentos de planificación es- tratégica: • Hoja de Ruta Nacional a la Economía Circular 2020-2040: El Ministe- rio de Medio Ambiente (MMA), en conjunto con el Ministerio de Econo- mía, la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (CORFO) y la Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), han generado una de Hoja de Ruta que sirve como base para impulsar una transición hacia el «Chile Circular» del futuro a través de 4 ejes: Innovación, regulación, cultura y territorios.', 'La economía circular es un paso crítico para abordar el 45% del total de emisiones mundiales de GEI asociadas con la producción de bienes y materiales.54 | Para avanzar hacia este modelo, durante los últimos años, en conjunto con otras iniciativas, se han elaborado dos instrumentos de planificación es- tratégica: • Hoja de Ruta Nacional a la Economía Circular 2020-2040: El Ministe- rio de Medio Ambiente (MMA), en conjunto con el Ministerio de Econo- mía, la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (CORFO) y la Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), han generado una de Hoja de Ruta que sirve como base para impulsar una transición hacia el «Chile Circular» del futuro a través de 4 ejes: Innovación, regulación, cultura y territorios. Esta ha sido elaborada a través de un proceso participati- vo con representantes de la sociedad civil, sector público, sector privado y academia.', 'Esta ha sido elaborada a través de un proceso participati- vo con representantes de la sociedad civil, sector público, sector privado y academia. 51 | OCDE (2021) Data municipal waste. 52 | MMA (2020) Cuarto Informe Bie- nal de actualización de Chile sobre Cambio Climático 53 | OCDE (2021) Material produc- tivity (indicator). Disponible en: terial-productivity.htm 54 | EMF (2019) Climate change – How the circular economy tackles climate change • Estrategia Nacional de Residuos Orgánicos: El Ministerio del Medio Ambiente impulsó mediante un proceso participativo para la elaboración de este instrumento que propone como meta, pasar de un 1% a un 66% de valorización de los residuos orgánicos generados a nivel municipal al 2040.', 'Disponible en: terial-productivity.htm 54 | EMF (2019) Climate change – How the circular economy tackles climate change • Estrategia Nacional de Residuos Orgánicos: El Ministerio del Medio Ambiente impulsó mediante un proceso participativo para la elaboración de este instrumento que propone como meta, pasar de un 1% a un 66% de valorización de los residuos orgánicos generados a nivel municipal al 2040. En concreto, busca que la ciudadanía genere menos residuos or- gánicos y separe en origen aquellos que no logran evitar, en sus hogares, oficinas, establecimientos educacionales, parques, mercados y ferias libres, además de contar con infraestructura, equipamiento y sistemas logísticos que permitan que los residuos orgánicos sean utilizados como recurso en la producción de mejoradores de suelo o de energía eléctrica o térmica, aprovechando los nutrientes, el agua y la energía que contienen.', 'En concreto, busca que la ciudadanía genere menos residuos or- gánicos y separe en origen aquellos que no logran evitar, en sus hogares, oficinas, establecimientos educacionales, parques, mercados y ferias libres, además de contar con infraestructura, equipamiento y sistemas logísticos que permitan que los residuos orgánicos sean utilizados como recurso en la producción de mejoradores de suelo o de energía eléctrica o térmica, aprovechando los nutrientes, el agua y la energía que contienen. La Economía Circular contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación de la NDC, específicamente se incorpora en su componente de Integración como elemento que contribuye de forma integral tanto a las causas como los efectos e impactos del cambio climático, donde se plantea ge- nerar e implementar, al año 2022, métricas e indicadores de circularidad, para monitorear los avances del país en materia de economía circular e identificar su contribución a la mitigación y adaptación del cambio climático.', 'La Economía Circular contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación de la NDC, específicamente se incorpora en su componente de Integración como elemento que contribuye de forma integral tanto a las causas como los efectos e impactos del cambio climático, donde se plantea ge- nerar e implementar, al año 2022, métricas e indicadores de circularidad, para monitorear los avances del país en materia de economía circular e identificar su contribución a la mitigación y adaptación del cambio climático. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: RESIDUOS Y ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR ODS Objetivo 1: Eliminar la basura y la contaminación desde el diseño. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, tener implementado un etiquetado obligatorio de reci- clabilidad.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2025, tener implementado un etiquetado obligatorio de reci- clabilidad. Meta 1.2: Al 2030, la generación de residuos sólidos municipales per cápita se ha reducido en un 10% con respecto al 2020. Meta 1.3: Al 2030, la generación de residuos por unidad de producto interno bruto se ha reducido en un 15% con respecto al 2020. Meta 1.4: Al 2030, tener implementado un sistema integrado de ecoeti- quetado. Meta 1.5: Al 2040, la generación de residuos sólidos municipales per cápita se ha reducido en un 25% con respecto al 2020.', 'Meta 1.5: Al 2040, la generación de residuos sólidos municipales per cápita se ha reducido en un 25% con respecto al 2020. Meta 1.6: Al 2040, la generación de residuos por unidad de producto in- terno bruto se ha reducido en un 30% con respecto al 2020.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 133 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Mantener productos y materiales en uso por el mayor tiempo posible. Meta 2.1: Al 2025, tener implementada la regulación de responsabilidad extendida del productor para textiles. Meta 2.2: Al 2030, la tasa de reciclaje de residuos sólidos municipales ha alcanzado un 30%. Meta 2.3: Al 2030, la tasa general de reciclaje ha alcanzado el 40%.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2030, la tasa general de reciclaje ha alcanzado el 40%. Meta 2.4: Al 2040, la tasa de reciclaje de residuos sólidos municipales ha alcanzado un 65%. Meta 2.5: Al 2040, la tasa general de reciclaje ha alcanzado el 75%. Objetivo 3: Aumentar significativamente la tasa de valorización de los residuos orgánicos gestio- nados a nivel municipal (domicilios, ferias libres y parques y jardines), regenerando los sistemas naturales. Meta 3.1: Al 2025, contar con 200.000 familias que utilicen composteras y/o vermicomposteras en sus viviendas. Meta 3.2: Al 2040, aumentar significativamente la tasa de valorización de los residuos orgánicos gestionados a nivel municipal (domicilios, ferias libres, parques y jardines), alcanzando un 66% de valorización. Objetivo 4: Recuperar sitios afectados por la disposición ilegal de residuos.', 'Objetivo 4: Recuperar sitios afectados por la disposición ilegal de residuos. Meta 4.1: Al 2030, se haya recuperado el 50% de la superficie ocupada por sitios afectados por la disposición ilegal de residuos. Meta 4.2: Al año 2040, se haya recuperado el 90% de la superficie ocupada por sitios afectados por la disposición ilegal de residuos. 5.6 Edificación y ciudades Las ciudades son responsables de emisiones de GEI por consumo de elec- tricidad, transporte terrestre, uso de combustibles para calefacción y cocina, uso de aire acondicionado y refrigeración, y generación de residuos. Además, para la construcción se utiliza energía y grandes cantidades de materiales cuya producción y transporte generan emisiones GEI.', 'Además, para la construcción se utiliza energía y grandes cantidades de materiales cuya producción y transporte generan emisiones GEI. A nivel global se estima que generan el 70% de las emisiones GEI 55 |y la industria de la construcción es responsable de un 38%.56 | Al mismo tiempo, el cambio climático presenta una serie de nuevos desafíos a la seguridad física de los asentamientos hu- manos y el bienestar de sus habitantes.', 'A nivel global se estima que generan el 70% de las emisiones GEI 55 |y la industria de la construcción es responsable de un 38%.56 | Al mismo tiempo, el cambio climático presenta una serie de nuevos desafíos a la seguridad física de los asentamientos hu- manos y el bienestar de sus habitantes. En este contexto, Chile tiene como visión para los próximos 30 años planificar un desarrollo urbano inclusivo, resiliente al clima y bajo en emisiones a lo lar- go del ciclo de vida de las ciudades, considerando el diseño y la construcción sustentable, la gestión eficiente de la energía y residuos, y la armonía con los recursos naturales del territorio, en concordancia con la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano de Chile 57 | (PNDU).', 'En este contexto, Chile tiene como visión para los próximos 30 años planificar un desarrollo urbano inclusivo, resiliente al clima y bajo en emisiones a lo lar- go del ciclo de vida de las ciudades, considerando el diseño y la construcción sustentable, la gestión eficiente de la energía y residuos, y la armonía con los recursos naturales del territorio, en concordancia con la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano de Chile 57 | (PNDU). Alrededor del 90% de la población del país58 | vive en áreas urbanas, y estas están cada vez más presionadas por la alteración del clima, de allí la nece- sidad de que la planificación territorial sea una herramienta para reducir las vulnerabilidades a las que se exponen sus habitantes y armonizar su re- lación con las áreas de valor ambiental y territorios rurales que las circundan.', 'Alrededor del 90% de la población del país58 | vive en áreas urbanas, y estas están cada vez más presionadas por la alteración del clima, de allí la nece- sidad de que la planificación territorial sea una herramienta para reducir las vulnerabilidades a las que se exponen sus habitantes y armonizar su re- lación con las áreas de valor ambiental y territorios rurales que las circundan. En ellas están expuestos a una serie de riesgos climáticos tales como las olas de calor, efecto islas de calor urbano, que provocan disconfort térmico am- biental, efectos de las heladas en ciudades, pobreza energética, inundaciones y anegamiento de asentamientos costeros, sequías hidrológicas e inseguridad hídrica doméstica, junto con incendios forestales que afectan asentamientos humanos, entre otros, efectos que generan mortalidad prematura en la ciuda- danía a causa del cambio climático en las ciudades.', 'En ellas están expuestos a una serie de riesgos climáticos tales como las olas de calor, efecto islas de calor urbano, que provocan disconfort térmico am- biental, efectos de las heladas en ciudades, pobreza energética, inundaciones y anegamiento de asentamientos costeros, sequías hidrológicas e inseguridad hídrica doméstica, junto con incendios forestales que afectan asentamientos humanos, entre otros, efectos que generan mortalidad prematura en la ciuda- danía a causa del cambio climático en las ciudades. Además, la contaminación del aire y la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles emergentes y ree- mergentes son otros factores que afectan la calidad de vida urbana.', 'Además, la contaminación del aire y la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles emergentes y ree- mergentes son otros factores que afectan la calidad de vida urbana. La integración de la visión de largo plazo sobre los cobeneficios de miti- gación y adaptación al cambio climático es fundamental en los procesos de planificación territorial a nivel comunal, regional y nacional para avanzar hacia un desarrollo sustentable. Por ejemplo, el uso del suelo destinado para asentamientos humanos influye directamente en el consumo recursos natu- rales, consumo de energía, la exposición al riesgo y la capacidad de adapta- ción, entre otros, por lo que una planificación con consideraciones de cambio climático al mediano y largo plazo puede contribuir a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia conjuntamente.', 'Por ejemplo, el uso del suelo destinado para asentamientos humanos influye directamente en el consumo recursos natu- rales, consumo de energía, la exposición al riesgo y la capacidad de adapta- ción, entre otros, por lo que una planificación con consideraciones de cambio climático al mediano y largo plazo puede contribuir a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia conjuntamente. En materia de Edificación y Ciudades, el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, asume el liderazgo y cuenta con instrumentos de gestión que aportan a re- ducir los efectos del cambio climático: • Política Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial (2021), orienta las accio- nes para el desarrollo de un territorio armónico, integrado, seguro e in- clusivo en su diversa y amplia geografía, y además, impulsar un proceso 55 | Muñoz, J. C., J. Barton, D. Frías, A. Godoy, W. Bustamante, S. Cortés, M. Munizaga, C. Rojas y E. Wagemann (2019) Ciudades y cambioclimático en Chile: Recomendaciones desde la evidencia científica.', 'En materia de Edificación y Ciudades, el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, asume el liderazgo y cuenta con instrumentos de gestión que aportan a re- ducir los efectos del cambio climático: • Política Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial (2021), orienta las accio- nes para el desarrollo de un territorio armónico, integrado, seguro e in- clusivo en su diversa y amplia geografía, y además, impulsar un proceso 55 | Muñoz, J. C., J. Barton, D. Frías, A. Godoy, W. Bustamante, S. Cortés, M. Munizaga, C. Rojas y E. Wagemann (2019) Ciudades y cambioclimático en Chile: Recomendaciones desde la evidencia científica. Santiago: Comité Científico COP25; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación. 56 | Cámara Chilena de la Construc- ción (2019).', '56 | Cámara Chilena de la Construc- ción (2019). El Sector de la Cons- trucción ante el Desafío Climático Global 57 | nal-Urbana.pdf 58 | Organización de las Naciones Unidas, «Objetivo del Desarrollo Sostenible 11: Ciudades.» [Online]. disponible: sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/. Global ABC, IEA, and UNEP, 2019 glo- bal status report for buildings and construction: Towards a zero-emis- sion, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. 2019.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 135 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de desarrollo sustentable con identidad territorial. Se trata de un instru- mento clave para las transferencias de competencias hacia los Gobiernos Regionales, junto con la metodología y reglamento para la elaboración de los Planes Regionales de Ordenamiento Territorial (PROT).', 'Se trata de un instru- mento clave para las transferencias de competencias hacia los Gobiernos Regionales, junto con la metodología y reglamento para la elaboración de los Planes Regionales de Ordenamiento Territorial (PROT). • Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático para ciudades (2018-2022), cuyo objetivo es proponer lineamientos de adaptación para las ciudades frente al cambio climático, fortaleciendo, con una mirada prospectiva, la capaci- dad de respuesta frente a los diferentes impactos. Formula desde el sector público acciones en cinco ejes estratégicos que impulsan avances signi- ficativos59 | para definir un camino en materia de adaptación al cambio climático, considerando las sinergias con el ámbito de la mitigación.', 'Formula desde el sector público acciones en cinco ejes estratégicos que impulsan avances signi- ficativos59 | para definir un camino en materia de adaptación al cambio climático, considerando las sinergias con el ámbito de la mitigación. • Política Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano (2014), liderada por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano y por el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanis- mo, abarca las áreas urbanas y los asentamientos humanos en el país, proponiendo un crecimiento sustentable de las ciudades de Chile. Plantea, además, reformas profundas en la legislación e institucionalidad que afec- ta a las ciudades y, por lo tanto, es una política de Estado que trasciende a los gobiernos. La implementación de esta Política está liderada por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano y por el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo.', 'La implementación de esta Política está liderada por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano y por el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. • Estrategia Nacional de Construcción Sustentable (2013), que entrega lineamientos a la Agenda de Construcción Sustentable, basada en un tra- bajo Interministerial por medio de la Mesa Interministerial de Construc- ción Sustentable (MICS)60 | ha impulsado fuertemente la incorporación de sustentabilidad en el sector de Construcción de País. Esta Estrategia se encuentra en actualización por medio del desarrollo del Plan Nacio- nal de Construcción Sustentable al 2050 (en elaboración), la cual estará alineada con la ECLP.', 'Esta Estrategia se encuentra en actualización por medio del desarrollo del Plan Nacio- nal de Construcción Sustentable al 2050 (en elaboración), la cual estará alineada con la ECLP. Una de las líneas de trabajo más importantes de la MICS en los últimos años ha sido impulsar una agenda de trabajo Intersectorial para fomen- tar la Gestión de Huella de Carbono del sector, por medio de un Comi- té público-privado. Este comité tiene como objetivo identificar y validar metodologías de trabajo, levantar y disponibilizar datos e información de huella e implementar un Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo reporte y ve- rificación de Huella de Carbono del Sector.', 'Este comité tiene como objetivo identificar y validar metodologías de trabajo, levantar y disponibilizar datos e información de huella e implementar un Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo reporte y ve- rificación de Huella de Carbono del Sector. En la actualidad este comité está desarrollando la Estrategia Nacional de Huella de Carbono del Sector Construcción (EHCSC 2050) que estará publicada en noviembre del 2021, la cual estará alineada con la ECLP. Por otra parte, el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo ha desarrollado una Po- lítica de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático al 2050, que busca establecer una estrategia ministerial de largo plazo para asegurar la integración de las políticas de ciudad y habitacionales con las políticas y compromisos de Chile en el marco del cambio climático, entre otros.', 'Por otra parte, el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo ha desarrollado una Po- lítica de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático al 2050, que busca establecer una estrategia ministerial de largo plazo para asegurar la integración de las políticas de ciudad y habitacionales con las políticas y compromisos de Chile en el marco del cambio climático, entre otros. Esta política será lanzada a fi- nes de octubre del 2021. 59 | INE (2018). Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017. Santiago, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas 60 | Convenio Marco de colaboración sobre Construcción Sustentable entre Ministerio de Vivienda y Urba- nismo, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Ministerio de Energía, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Ministerio de De- sarrollo Social y Familia, y Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo.', 'Santiago, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas 60 | Convenio Marco de colaboración sobre Construcción Sustentable entre Ministerio de Vivienda y Urba- nismo, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Ministerio de Energía, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Ministerio de De- sarrollo Social y Familia, y Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. En su componente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático para Ciudades al año 2023. Este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento.', 'Este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR EDIFICACIÓN Y CIUDADES ODS Objetivo 1: Reducir las emisiones de GEI y contaminantes locales en las ciudades y a lo largo del ciclo de vida de la construcción y gestión de ciudades. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, contar con información y definición de línea base na- cional de carbono incorporado y carbono operacional de edificaciones re- sidenciales nuevas y existentes. Meta 1.2: Al 2025, el 100% de las edificaciones nuevas que cuenten con certificación y calificación de sustentabilidad o eficiencia energética deberán reportar públicamente su huella de carbono operacional.', 'Meta 1.2: Al 2025, el 100% de las edificaciones nuevas que cuenten con certificación y calificación de sustentabilidad o eficiencia energética deberán reportar públicamente su huella de carbono operacional. Meta 1.3: Al 2030, el 100% de las edificaciones nuevas residenciales, de- berán reportar públicamente su huella de carbono (carbono incorporado y carbono operacional). Meta 1.4: Al 2030, las edificaciones nuevas residenciales deberán reducir al menos un 10% su huella operacional con respecto a la línea base defi- nida del año 2025. Meta 1.5: Al 2050, todos los nuevos edificios residenciales y no residencia- les deberán alcanzar emisiones netas cero. Meta 1.6: Al 2050, lograr una reducción de 50% en emisiones de GEI de la edificación residencial nueva con respecto a la línea base 2020.', 'Meta 1.6: Al 2050, lograr una reducción de 50% en emisiones de GEI de la edificación residencial nueva con respecto a la línea base 2020. Objetivo 2: Lograr edificaciones nuevas eficientes y reacondicionar las edificaciones existentes para aumentar su eficiencia energética. Meta 2.1: Al 2025, contar con la Cuarta versión de Reglamentación Térmica en desarrollo con enfoque «energía neta cero». Meta 2.2: Al 2025, contar con definición de líneas base de consumo de ener- gía del sector residencial en su ciclo completo y definición de metas. Meta 2.3: Al 2025, todos los nuevos edificios residenciales deberán con- templar las canalizaciones correspondientes para permitir la posterior ins- talación de puntos de carga para vehículos eléctricos.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2025, todos los nuevos edificios residenciales deberán con- templar las canalizaciones correspondientes para permitir la posterior ins- talación de puntos de carga para vehículos eléctricos. Meta 2.4: Al 2030, la Cuarta versión de Reglamentación Térmica que tiende al estándar Net cero energía está implementada. Meta 2.5: Al 2030, se acondicionan al menos 36.000 viviendas anualmente. Meta 2.6: Al 2050, el 100% de edificaciones nuevas residenciales y no re- sidenciales, son «energía neta cero». Meta 2.7: Al 2050, se acondicionan al menos 50.000 viviendas anualmente.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 137 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 3: Desarrollar ciudades compactas y/o policéntricas, con Integración social, inclusivas y con equidad de acceso a servicios y equipamiento.', 'Meta 2.7: Al 2050, se acondicionan al menos 50.000 viviendas anualmente.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 137 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 3: Desarrollar ciudades compactas y/o policéntricas, con Integración social, inclusivas y con equidad de acceso a servicios y equipamiento. Meta 3.1: Al 2025, contar con un diagnóstico nacional de cobertura comu- nal de centros comunitarios. Meta 3.2: Al 2030, contar con una política de suelo e integración social, con enfoque de inclusión, que consagre una gestión eficiente del espacio, recursos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos, considerando que el suelo es un recurso escaso, y que señale expresamente qué entenderemos por suelo no urbanizable para su protección, implemen- tada en 50% de regiones.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2030, contar con una política de suelo e integración social, con enfoque de inclusión, que consagre una gestión eficiente del espacio, recursos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos, considerando que el suelo es un recurso escaso, y que señale expresamente qué entenderemos por suelo no urbanizable para su protección, implemen- tada en 50% de regiones. Meta 3.3: Al 2030, fortalecer el ordenamiento territorial en áreas rurales, por medio de modificaciones legales, jurídicas y normativas que restrinjan los asentamientos al margen de la planificación urbana y de los estándares urbanos mínimos que consideren los riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos.', 'Meta 3.3: Al 2030, fortalecer el ordenamiento territorial en áreas rurales, por medio de modificaciones legales, jurídicas y normativas que restrinjan los asentamientos al margen de la planificación urbana y de los estándares urbanos mínimos que consideren los riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos. Meta 3.4: Al 2030, establecer por Ley el desarrollo e implementación de Instrumentos de nivel Intercomunal y comunal (PRI, PRM y PRC) con es- tándares urbanos mínimos que consideren los riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos y que velen por la calidad de vida urbana en el tiempo.', 'Meta 3.4: Al 2030, establecer por Ley el desarrollo e implementación de Instrumentos de nivel Intercomunal y comunal (PRI, PRM y PRC) con es- tándares urbanos mínimos que consideren los riesgos y vulnerabilidades climáticas en la definición de usos y que velen por la calidad de vida urbana en el tiempo. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, el 75% de las inversiones sectoriales en infraestructura urbana MINVU, son priorizadas en base a las brechas establecidas por el Sistema de Indicadores y Estándares del Desarrollo Urbano (SIEDU). Meta 3.6: Al 2030, todas las comunas de Chile cuentan con centros comu- nitarios.', 'Meta 3.6: Al 2030, todas las comunas de Chile cuentan con centros comu- nitarios. Meta 3.7: Al 2050, el 100% de las regiones cuenta con una política y un plan estratégico de suelo e integración social implementada, con enfoque de inclusión, cambio climático y Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres. Meta 3.8: Al 2050, el 100% de las inversiones sectoriales en infraestructura urbana MINVU son priorizadas en base a las brechas establecidas por el Sistema de Indicadores y Estándares del Desarrollo Urbano (SIEDU). Meta 3.9: Al 2050, existe cobertura nacional de centros comunitarios a es- cala barrio, según diagnóstico del año 2025. Objetivo 4: Impulsar planificación integrada de las ciudades, que incorpore a distintas instituciones, una gobernanza urbana y mecanismos de integración de planes.', 'Objetivo 4: Impulsar planificación integrada de las ciudades, que incorpore a distintas instituciones, una gobernanza urbana y mecanismos de integración de planes. Meta 4.1: Al 2030, los IPT de nivel intercomunal (PRI y PRM), incluirán la definición de criterios y condiciones para el desarrollo sostenible y cri- terios de adaptación y mitigación en coordinación con el marco estratégico definido en los PROT. Meta 4.2: Al 2040, el 100% de los IPT (PRI, PRM y PRC) cuentan con criterios de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 4.2: Al 2040, el 100% de los IPT (PRI, PRM y PRC) cuentan con criterios de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. Meta 4.3: Al 2050, contar con el sistema de planificación territorial con- solidado, esto significa que las principales políticas con incidencia territo- rial estén actualizadas e implementadas (PNOT, PNDU, PNDR), que todos los planes reguladores de nivel intercomunal y comunal, se hayan actuali- zado conforme a los lineamientos entregados por los PROT y que conside- ren las variables de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. (*) Los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial a escala Regional y de Borde costero (PROT y ZBC) son abarcados en el Capítulo 6 del documento.', '(*) Los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial a escala Regional y de Borde costero (PROT y ZBC) son abarcados en el Capítulo 6 del documento. Objetivo 5: Integrar consideraciones ambientales en la inversión en las diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida de edificación, minimizando impactos negativos sobre los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y el uso de recursos. Meta 5.1: Al 2025, contar con normas, bases de datos y sellos que promue- van etiquetas o sellos con información ambiental de productos y servicios del sector construcción. Meta 5.2: Al 2025, al menos el 80% del volumen de los RCD de las Obras MINVU, que generan más de 12 toneladas al año, cuentan con trazabilidad de su gestión, manejo y tratamientos a través de plataformas tecnológicas.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2025, al menos el 80% del volumen de los RCD de las Obras MINVU, que generan más de 12 toneladas al año, cuentan con trazabilidad de su gestión, manejo y tratamientos a través de plataformas tecnológicas. Meta 5.3: Al 2025, al menos el 30% del volumen de los RCD de obras de pa- vimentos MINVU se valoriza: reutilización y reciclaje. Meta 5.4: Al 2025, contar con definición de líneas base de información ambiental de productos de construcción. Meta 5.5: Al 2025, contar con levantamiento y línea base de materiales nacionales de construcción con porcentaje de contenido reciclado de otros procesos productivos.', 'Meta 5.5: Al 2025, contar con levantamiento y línea base de materiales nacionales de construcción con porcentaje de contenido reciclado de otros procesos productivos. Meta 5.6: Al 2025, contar con un set de normas técnicas que defina condi- ciones de calidad para el uso de áridos reciclados de diferentes categorías, en elementos y piezas constructivas no estructurales, bases y subbases de pavimentos, mobiliario urbano y ripios confinados.', 'Meta 5.6: Al 2025, contar con un set de normas técnicas que defina condi- ciones de calidad para el uso de áridos reciclados de diferentes categorías, en elementos y piezas constructivas no estructurales, bases y subbases de pavimentos, mobiliario urbano y ripios confinados. Meta 5.7: Al 2025, contar con información de los efectos ambientales y costos (sociales y privados) derivado de distintas alternativas de manejo de RCD considerando distintos tipos de residuos y obras; la disposición a pagar de las empresas del sector por dicho manejo; y las oportunidades e impacto a empresas de menor tamaño de hacer obligatoria la separación en origen y valorización de estos residuos.', 'Meta 5.7: Al 2025, contar con información de los efectos ambientales y costos (sociales y privados) derivado de distintas alternativas de manejo de RCD considerando distintos tipos de residuos y obras; la disposición a pagar de las empresas del sector por dicho manejo; y las oportunidades e impacto a empresas de menor tamaño de hacer obligatoria la separación en origen y valorización de estos residuos. Meta 5.8: Al 2030, la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (OGUC) incorpora requerimiento de etiquetas con información ambiental para productos de construcción. Meta 5.9: Al 2025, contar con información pública de efectos ambientales de los procesos y productos del sector construcción en su ciclo completo y la valorización económica de estos.', 'Meta 5.9: Al 2025, contar con información pública de efectos ambientales de los procesos y productos del sector construcción en su ciclo completo y la valorización económica de estos. Meta 5.10: Al 2030, la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (OGUC) incorpora requerimiento de etiquetas con información ambiental para productos de construcción.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 139 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 5.11: Al 2030, al menos el 50% del volumen de los RCD se valoriza: reutilización y reciclaje para la fabricación de nuevos productos.', 'Meta 5.10: Al 2030, la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (OGUC) incorpora requerimiento de etiquetas con información ambiental para productos de construcción.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 139 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 5.11: Al 2030, al menos el 50% del volumen de los RCD se valoriza: reutilización y reciclaje para la fabricación de nuevos productos. Meta 5.12: Al 2030, se cuenta con el 100% de trazabilidad de residuos de Construcción y Demolición de las obras del MINVU (vivienda y obras urbanas), además de los proyectos de la Certificación de Vivienda Susten- table (CVS). Meta 5.13: Al 2030, el 30% de materiales de construcción cuentan con con- tenido reciclado de otros procesos, en relación a la línea base 2025.', 'Meta 5.13: Al 2030, el 30% de materiales de construcción cuentan con con- tenido reciclado de otros procesos, en relación a la línea base 2025. Meta 5.14: Al 2050, todos los productos y sistemas de construcción cuen- tan con información ambiental y de economía circular y demuestran 30% de reducción de impactos con respecto al 2030. Meta 5.15: Al 2050, los costos de competencia de la industria consideran los costos ambientales y sociales, con lo que se premiarían los proyectos ambientalmente responsables. Meta 5.16: Al 2050, las construcciones nuevas certifican cero residuo en sus procesos. Meta 5.17: Al 2050, el 100% de trazabilidad de residuos de Construcción y Demolición a nivel nacional.', 'Meta 5.17: Al 2050, el 100% de trazabilidad de residuos de Construcción y Demolición a nivel nacional. Objetivo 6: Fortalecer la gobernanza multinivel de las ciudades, la cooperación público-privada y la participación ciudadana inclusiva, en los procesos de desarrollo de los territorios. Meta 6.1: Al 2030, contar con una orgánica en funcionamiento continuo y con validación intersectorial de coordinación entre Comicivyt, Corecivyt, los Gores y Alcaldes, en la planificación y gestión de las ciudades. Meta 6.2: Al 2030, contar con una política de participación ciudadana tem- prana, constante e inclusiva para la planificación y el ordenamiento terri- torial.', 'Meta 6.2: Al 2030, contar con una política de participación ciudadana tem- prana, constante e inclusiva para la planificación y el ordenamiento terri- torial. Meta 6.3: Al 2030, contar con un plan multisectorial -con participación y financiamiento público-privado- de Infraestructura y Gestión del Suelo Público para la Equidad y Regeneración Urbana, que incorpore el enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático para las regiones metropo- litanas de Valparaíso, Metropolitana y Concepción. Meta 6.4: Al 2050, contar con un plan multisectorial -con participación y financiamiento público-privado- de Infraestructura y Gestión del Suelo Público para la Equidad y Regeneración Urbana con enfoque de Cambio Climático, para el 100% de las regiones.', 'Meta 6.4: Al 2050, contar con un plan multisectorial -con participación y financiamiento público-privado- de Infraestructura y Gestión del Suelo Público para la Equidad y Regeneración Urbana con enfoque de Cambio Climático, para el 100% de las regiones. Objetivo 7: Reducir el riesgo para las personas provocado por el aumento y magnitud de los eventos climáticos extremos en las edificaciones y ciudades. Meta 7.1: Al 2030, el 30% de los IPT vigentes al 2021 se han actualizado incorporando todas las amenazas presentes y futuras en el territorio, in- corporándolas al respectivo análisis de riesgo climático utilizando proyec- ciones climáticas y plataforma ARClim (el alcance es aprox. 100 comunas de 331 que hoy cuentan con algún IPT vigente).', '100 comunas de 331 que hoy cuentan con algún IPT vigente). Meta 7.2: Al 2030, oficializar normativa obligatoria para elementos de cons- trucción que cumplan la función de prevención y mitigación ante la ocu- rrencia de desastres, como elementos antisísmicos, materiales abatibles, etc. Meta 7.3: Al 2050, el 100% de los IPT se diseñan incorporando todas las amenazas presentes y futuras en el territorio, incorporándolas al res- pectivo análisis de riesgo climático y propuesta de medidas estructurales y no estructurales para la gestión del riesgo. Meta 7.4: Al 2050, todas las construcciones nuevas deben utilizar elemen- tos adecuados a su situación geográfica, que contenga elementos antisís- micos, materiales abatibles, aislantes sísmicos, termopaneles, etc.', 'Meta 7.4: Al 2050, todas las construcciones nuevas deben utilizar elemen- tos adecuados a su situación geográfica, que contenga elementos antisís- micos, materiales abatibles, aislantes sísmicos, termopaneles, etc. Objetivo 8: Incentivar el uso de infraestructura ecológica urbana en las ciudades y promover la uti- lización de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza en atención a los servicios ecosistémicos para mitigar y aportar a la resiliencia urbana frente a los riesgos ambientales y climáticos que puedan afectar a las comunidades. Meta 8.1: Al 2030, todas las ciudades y comunas con más de 100.000 ha- bitantes cuentan con un Plan de Infraestructura Ecológica implementado, que estén vinculados a los IPT´S, normas, planes y programas de desarrollo urbano y comunal e intercomunal.', 'Meta 8.1: Al 2030, todas las ciudades y comunas con más de 100.000 ha- bitantes cuentan con un Plan de Infraestructura Ecológica implementado, que estén vinculados a los IPT´S, normas, planes y programas de desarrollo urbano y comunal e intercomunal. Estos Planes promoverán la utilización de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza y la conectividad ecológica entre diferentes áreas verdes y de valor ambiental, tales como humedales urba- nos. Meta 8.2: Al 2050, todas las ciudades y comunas con más de 50.000 ha- bitantes cuentan con un Plan de Infraestructura Ecológica elaborado, que esté vinculado a los IPT´S, normas, planes y programas de desarrollo urbano y comunal. Estos Planes promoverán la utilización de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza y la conectividad ecológica entre diferentes áreas verdes y de valor ambiental.', 'Estos Planes promoverán la utilización de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza y la conectividad ecológica entre diferentes áreas verdes y de valor ambiental. Meta 8.3: Al 2050, todos los IPT y planes de ordenamiento territorial in- corporan y reconocen las estrategias de infraestructura Ecológica y solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza como medida de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 141 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 9: Movilidad Urbana sostenible por medio de priorizar y considerar las necesidades de los diversos tipos de peatones/as y modos de transporte no motorizados en la planificación de ciudades más inclusivas.', 'Meta 8.3: Al 2050, todos los IPT y planes de ordenamiento territorial in- corporan y reconocen las estrategias de infraestructura Ecológica y solu- ciones basadas en la naturaleza como medida de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 141 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 9: Movilidad Urbana sostenible por medio de priorizar y considerar las necesidades de los diversos tipos de peatones/as y modos de transporte no motorizados en la planificación de ciudades más inclusivas. Meta 9.1: Al 2030, todas las ciudades o sistemas de ciudades funcionales de más de 50.000 habitantes cuentan con Planes Maestros de Infraestruc- tura Ciclo-inclusiva y han iniciado su implementación.', 'Meta 9.1: Al 2030, todas las ciudades o sistemas de ciudades funcionales de más de 50.000 habitantes cuentan con Planes Maestros de Infraestruc- tura Ciclo-inclusiva y han iniciado su implementación. Meta 9.2: Al 2030, todas las ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes dis- pondrán de Planes de Movilidad que contemplen disposiciones para la re- ducción de emisiones, de contaminantes atmosféricos locales y globales, derivadas de sus fuentes móviles. Meta 9.3: Al 2050, todas las ciudades o sistemas de ciudades funcionales de Chile cuentan con Planes Maestros de Infraestructura Ciclo-inclusiva. (ciclovías viales, ciclovías en parques o vías verdes, zonas de tránsito cal- mado de uso compartido, peatonalización, biciestacionamientos y bicies- tacionamientos intermodales).', '(ciclovías viales, ciclovías en parques o vías verdes, zonas de tránsito cal- mado de uso compartido, peatonalización, biciestacionamientos y bicies- tacionamientos intermodales). Meta 9.4: Al 2050, lograr una reducción de emisiones de GEI de las fuentes móviles urbanas de 30% (inferior al año base 2018) derivada de la imple- mentación de Planes de Movilidad mencionados en la meta 9.2 en colabo- ración con MINVU, MTT y MINERGÍA. En Chile la infraestructura pública es ejecutada por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas, secretaría de Estado encargada del planeamiento, estudio, proyección, construcción, ampliación, reparación, conservación y explotación de las obras públicas fiscales y el organismo coordinador de los planes de ejecución de las obras que realicen los Servicios que lo constituyen.', 'En Chile la infraestructura pública es ejecutada por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas, secretaría de Estado encargada del planeamiento, estudio, proyección, construcción, ampliación, reparación, conservación y explotación de las obras públicas fiscales y el organismo coordinador de los planes de ejecución de las obras que realicen los Servicios que lo constituyen. 61 | Para dicho objeto, el MOP tiene la misión de « Recuperar, fortalecer y avan- zar en la provisión y gestión de obras y servicios de infraestructura para la co- nectividad, la protección del territorio y las personas, la edificación pública y el aprovechamiento óptimo de los recursos hídricos; asegurando la provi- sión y cuidado de los recursos hídricos y del medio ambiente, para contribuir en el desarrollo económico, social y cultural, promoviendo la equidad, calidad de vida e igualdad de oportunidades de las personas» 62 |.', '61 | Para dicho objeto, el MOP tiene la misión de « Recuperar, fortalecer y avan- zar en la provisión y gestión de obras y servicios de infraestructura para la co- nectividad, la protección del territorio y las personas, la edificación pública y el aprovechamiento óptimo de los recursos hídricos; asegurando la provi- sión y cuidado de los recursos hídricos y del medio ambiente, para contribuir en el desarrollo económico, social y cultural, promoviendo la equidad, calidad de vida e igualdad de oportunidades de las personas» 62 |. A fin de cumplir con su misión, plantea cuatro ejes estratégicos, siendo éstos: 1. Impulsar el desarrollo económico del país a través de la infraestruc- tura con visión territorial integradora. 2.', 'Impulsar el desarrollo económico del país a través de la infraestruc- tura con visión territorial integradora. 2. Impulsar el desarrollo social y cultural a través de la infraestructura, mejorando la calidad de vida de las personas. 3. Contribuir a la gestión sustentable del medioambiente, del recurso hídrico y de los ecosistemas. 61 | Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 850 de 1960, del Ministerio de Obras Públicas, que fija el Texto Refundido, Coordinado y Sistematizado de la Ley 18,840, de 1960 y del DFL 206 de 1960. 62 | mop/Paginas/ValoresMisionyVision. aspx 4. Alcanzar el nivel de eficiencia definido en el uso de los recursos.', 'Alcanzar el nivel de eficiencia definido en el uso de los recursos. El mandato del MOP, así como sus ejes estratégicos, se ven fuertemente amenazados debido al cambio climático, por tanto, para enfrentar y manejar los desafíos que el cambio climático impone a la infraestructura, será necesario una transformación sin precedentes del sector, compatible con la carbono neu- tralidad a nivel nacional y la resiliencia a los fenómenos extremos climáticos. Esto se deberá desarrollar en un marco amplio de sustentabilidad, contribu- yendo a la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático a lo largo del ciclo de vida de los proyectos de infraestructura pública del país.', 'Esto se deberá desarrollar en un marco amplio de sustentabilidad, contribu- yendo a la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático a lo largo del ciclo de vida de los proyectos de infraestructura pública del país. Las principales amenazas climáticas frente a las cuales la infraestructura queda expuesta son los cambios en el patrón de precipitaciones y aumento en intensidad y frecuencia de sequías, aumento en intensidad en inundacio- nes fluviales y aumento en intensidad en inundaciones costeras (MOP, 2017). Sumado a esto se encuentra el incremento de días de calor y olas de calor, aluviones y aumento de la velocidad media de los vientos (trombas marinas).', 'Sumado a esto se encuentra el incremento de días de calor y olas de calor, aluviones y aumento de la velocidad media de los vientos (trombas marinas). Estos eventos tendrán impacto directo en la infraestructura del país afectando a las obras viales, aeroportuarias, hidráulicas y de agua potable rural, obras de drenaje de aguas lluvia, infraestructura portuaria, y colectores de aguas lluvias, entre otras. Especial relevancia adquiere en este contexto la definición e implementación de la infraestructura crítica para el suministro de bienes y servicios esenciales del país, la que debe estar preparada frente a estos eventos para asegurar stock apropiados y evitar quiebres de suministro.', 'Especial relevancia adquiere en este contexto la definición e implementación de la infraestructura crítica para el suministro de bienes y servicios esenciales del país, la que debe estar preparada frente a estos eventos para asegurar stock apropiados y evitar quiebres de suministro. Este sector cuenta con los siguientes instrumentos de gestión en materia de cambio climático: • Plan de Adaptación y Mitigación de los Servicios de Infraestructu- ra al Cambio Climático (2017-2022), constituye un marco de referencia que sienta las directrices en materia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático para las Direcciones que constituyen parte del MOP, con el fin de adaptarse al cambio climático en un marco de resiliencia y sustentabili- dad, además de contribuir a reducir la generación de GEI en las distintas fases del ciclo de vida de los proyectos.', 'Este sector cuenta con los siguientes instrumentos de gestión en materia de cambio climático: • Plan de Adaptación y Mitigación de los Servicios de Infraestructu- ra al Cambio Climático (2017-2022), constituye un marco de referencia que sienta las directrices en materia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático para las Direcciones que constituyen parte del MOP, con el fin de adaptarse al cambio climático en un marco de resiliencia y sustentabili- dad, además de contribuir a reducir la generación de GEI en las distintas fases del ciclo de vida de los proyectos. • Plan Nacional de Infraestructura para la Movilidad 2050 (2020), tiene como objetivo adecuar la infraestructura del país para los desafíos de los próximos 30 años.', '• Plan Nacional de Infraestructura para la Movilidad 2050 (2020), tiene como objetivo adecuar la infraestructura del país para los desafíos de los próximos 30 años. • Hoja de Ruta para un Chile Circular al 2040 (2021), liderado por el Mi- nisterio del Medio Ambiente en conjunto con otras instituciones públicas, busca guiar y evaluar el nivel de avance en la transición hacia una Eco- nomía Circular, a través de un conjunto de metas de largo plazo al 2040, de las cuales MOP es un actor clave. En materia de infraestructura los compromisos del Ministerio de Obras Públicas abordados en los presupuestos de carbono atienden a las áreas en las cuales hoy el Ministerio puede avanzar en materia de mitigación al cambio cli- mático.', 'En materia de infraestructura los compromisos del Ministerio de Obras Públicas abordados en los presupuestos de carbono atienden a las áreas en las cuales hoy el Ministerio puede avanzar en materia de mitigación al cambio cli- mático. Es posible asumir el compromiso de contar con stock de carbono paraCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 143 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 el sector al 2050 y avanzar en las reducciones propuestas en la medida que se cuente con una línea de base, para lo cual el Ministerio de Obras Públicas con el apoyo del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente avanzará en la definición de la línea base de la construcción que permitan definir las acciones de reducción de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero para su futuro plan de mitigación y el cumplimiento de las metas de reducción sectoriales.', 'Es posible asumir el compromiso de contar con stock de carbono paraCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 143 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 el sector al 2050 y avanzar en las reducciones propuestas en la medida que se cuente con una línea de base, para lo cual el Ministerio de Obras Públicas con el apoyo del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente avanzará en la definición de la línea base de la construcción que permitan definir las acciones de reducción de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero para su futuro plan de mitigación y el cumplimiento de las metas de reducción sectoriales. En su componente de Adaptación, se establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de Infraestructura al año 2023, este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento.', 'En su componente de Adaptación, se establece que se actualizará el Plan de Adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de Infraestructura al año 2023, este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. Adicionalmente, la NDC establece que, al 2030, cada proyecto de infraestructu- ra pública para aguas contemplará, en su evaluación, la condición de proteger a la población y territorio (mediante obras fluviales) y/o atender en forma prioritaria las demandas asociadas al consumo humano urbano y rural, en su área de influencia.', 'Adicionalmente, la NDC establece que, al 2030, cada proyecto de infraestructu- ra pública para aguas contemplará, en su evaluación, la condición de proteger a la población y territorio (mediante obras fluviales) y/o atender en forma prioritaria las demandas asociadas al consumo humano urbano y rural, en su área de influencia. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR INFRAESTRUCTURA ODS Objetivo 1: Promover la integración y participación de grupos vulnerables (enfoque de género, co- munidades indígenas, entre otros) en los procesos de planificación de servicios de Infraestructura. Meta 1.1: Al 2030, generar/actualizar procedimientos para la inclusión de grupos vulnerables en procesos de planificación de infraestructura y edi- ficación*.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2030, generar/actualizar procedimientos para la inclusión de grupos vulnerables en procesos de planificación de infraestructura y edi- ficación*. Meta 1.2: Al 2030, contar con al menos 20% de inclusión de grupos vul- nerables en procesos participativos. Meta 1.3: Al 2050, contar con un 40% de procesos de planificación con- sideran análisis de grupos vulnerables, si procede en el área de estudio**. (*)Se medirá la inclusión anual, acorde al año presupuestario. (**)La medición se efectuará anualmente desde el 2024 en adelante, posterior a contar con el marco conceptual.', '(**)La medición se efectuará anualmente desde el 2024 en adelante, posterior a contar con el marco conceptual. Objetivo 2: Avanzar en un enfoque de economía circular en la edificación e infraestructura, utili- zando el Análisis del Ciclo de Vida, para favorecer el uso eficiente de los recursos, su reutilización y priorizar la utilización de materiales reciclados, siempre que no afecte los estándares de calidad técnica exigidos para las obras. Meta 2.1: Identificar los criterios de Circularidad para edificación e infraes- tructura pública, considerando el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) en los proyectos de infraestructura. Meta 2.2: Al 2030, contar con un 20% de las iniciativas de infraestructura y edificación pública con criterios de Circularidad.', 'Meta 2.2: Al 2030, contar con un 20% de las iniciativas de infraestructura y edificación pública con criterios de Circularidad. Meta 2.3: Al 2030, el 60% de las licitaciones públicas de edificación e in- fraestructura implementa planes de gestión sustentable de los residuos de construcción y demolición. Meta 2.4: Al 2050, implementar los criterios economía circular con enfoque de ACV en el 50% de las iniciativas de infraestructura al 2050. Meta 2.5: Al 2050, el 80% de las licitaciones públicas de edificación e in- fraestructura realiza una gestión sustentable de los Residuos de Construc- ción y demolición. Objetivo 3: Fomentar el desarrollo de infraestructura y edificaciones bajas en carbono a través de la incorporación de energías renovables, la eficiencia energética y el confort ambiental.', 'Objetivo 3: Fomentar el desarrollo de infraestructura y edificaciones bajas en carbono a través de la incorporación de energías renovables, la eficiencia energética y el confort ambiental. Meta 3.1: Al 2030, elaboración de criterios de desarrollo de infraestructura y edificaciones baja en carbono (con enfoque de ACV) y gestión de hue- lla de carbono en al menos el 20% de las iniciativas de infraestructura y edificaciones.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2030, elaboración de criterios de desarrollo de infraestructura y edificaciones baja en carbono (con enfoque de ACV) y gestión de hue- lla de carbono en al menos el 20% de las iniciativas de infraestructura y edificaciones. Meta 3.2: Al 2050, implementar los criterios de infraestructura y edificacio- nes baja en carbono en al menos un 40% de los proyectos MOP.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 145 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 4: Avanzar en el desarrollo de un sistema de planificación multisectorial de infraestructura sostenible que incorpore las condicionantes del territorio con una gobernanza adecuada, contando con una articulación público-privada, a fin de fomentar que los servicios que presta la infraestruc- tura del país (conectividad multimodal (terrestre, marítima y aérea), de protección del territorio, de provisión de agua potable, entre otras) sean sustentables, baja en carbono y resilientes al clima actual y futuro, y que puedan generar beneficios sociales, ambientales y territoriales por medio de la misma integración multisectorial (ciudades, energía, recursos hídricos y otros).', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2050, implementar los criterios de infraestructura y edificacio- nes baja en carbono en al menos un 40% de los proyectos MOP.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 145 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 4: Avanzar en el desarrollo de un sistema de planificación multisectorial de infraestructura sostenible que incorpore las condicionantes del territorio con una gobernanza adecuada, contando con una articulación público-privada, a fin de fomentar que los servicios que presta la infraestruc- tura del país (conectividad multimodal (terrestre, marítima y aérea), de protección del territorio, de provisión de agua potable, entre otras) sean sustentables, baja en carbono y resilientes al clima actual y futuro, y que puedan generar beneficios sociales, ambientales y territoriales por medio de la misma integración multisectorial (ciudades, energía, recursos hídricos y otros). Meta 4.1: Al 2030, elaborar en los procesos de planificación ministerial un mecanismo de gobernanza que permita articular a las partes relaciona- dos con la provisión de infraestructura y edificación pública que requiere el país para hacer frente al cambio climático, tanto en materia de adapta- ción como mitigación (academia, sociedad civil, otros sectores del Estado, entre otros).', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2030, elaborar en los procesos de planificación ministerial un mecanismo de gobernanza que permita articular a las partes relaciona- dos con la provisión de infraestructura y edificación pública que requiere el país para hacer frente al cambio climático, tanto en materia de adapta- ción como mitigación (academia, sociedad civil, otros sectores del Estado, entre otros). Meta 4.2: Al 2050, aplicación de al menos en un 40%, del marco de gober- nanza climática multisectorial en los procesos de planificación de infraes- tructura y edificación pública ministerial. Objetivo 5: Avanzar en el desarrollo de un sistema de monitoreo de riesgos, bajo un enfoque de re- siliencia. Es decir, identificando vulnerabilidad, exposición y sensibilidad de esta.', 'Es decir, identificando vulnerabilidad, exposición y sensibilidad de esta. Meta 5.1: Al 2030, generar/adecuar un sistema de monitoreo de la infraes- tructura, a través del enfoque de riesgo climático. Meta 5.2: Al 2050, contar con al menos el 50% de monitoreo de la infraes- tructura y edificaciones construidas, en función de los riegos climáticos del país. Objetivo 6: Promover el desarrollo de edificaciones e infraestructura sustentables, que consideren aspectos territoriales y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (verde e híbrida) como alternativa o complemento a la infraestructura gris. Meta 6.1: Al 2030, generar criterios de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza por tipología de obra e Implementar, de ser factible, al menos 20% con pro- yecto que integren dichas soluciones.', 'Meta 6.1: Al 2030, generar criterios de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza por tipología de obra e Implementar, de ser factible, al menos 20% con pro- yecto que integren dichas soluciones. Meta 6.2: Al 2050, implementar al menos 50% de proyectos de infraestruc- tura y edificaciones públicas con soluciones basadas en la naturaleza.63 | 63 | El anexo del Oficio N. 281 del 27 de octubre de 2021, del Ministerio de Obras Públicas detalla las metas por Dirección comprometidas para cada objetivo del Sector Infraestructura en ECLP 2050. La transición hacia la carbono neutralidad comprometida en la NDC de Chile (2020) y el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible,implican transformaciones profundas en la esfera de la movilidad y en los sistemas de transporte.', 'La transición hacia la carbono neutralidad comprometida en la NDC de Chile (2020) y el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible,implican transformaciones profundas en la esfera de la movilidad y en los sistemas de transporte. El uso y masificación de tecnologías limpias, la promoción de la movilidad activa y segura, la adopción de innovaciones asociadas al modelo de «movilidad inteligente», así como el desarrollo de un ordenamiento territorial que origine patrones de viajes más eficientes y sinérgicos, a escala nacional, regional y comunal, diseñando los instrumentos técnicos y financieros habili- tantes, constituyen componentes clave para avanzar progresivamente en un desarrollo más sostenible, menos dependiente del uso de vehículos privados y de combustibles fósiles.', 'El uso y masificación de tecnologías limpias, la promoción de la movilidad activa y segura, la adopción de innovaciones asociadas al modelo de «movilidad inteligente», así como el desarrollo de un ordenamiento territorial que origine patrones de viajes más eficientes y sinérgicos, a escala nacional, regional y comunal, diseñando los instrumentos técnicos y financieros habili- tantes, constituyen componentes clave para avanzar progresivamente en un desarrollo más sostenible, menos dependiente del uso de vehículos privados y de combustibles fósiles. En la visión del sector, la movilidad debe estar orientada al desarrollo in- tegral del ser humano, colaborando en alcanzar el bienestar social y econó- mico, sin comprometer las posibilidades de atención de necesidades de las generaciones futuras.', 'En la visión del sector, la movilidad debe estar orientada al desarrollo in- tegral del ser humano, colaborando en alcanzar el bienestar social y econó- mico, sin comprometer las posibilidades de atención de necesidades de las generaciones futuras. Para alcanzar este fin, los sistemas de transporte deben contribuir de manera continua a la reducción de la contaminación ambiental, a la mitigación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y reducir los contaminantes locales, a la par de promover la adaptación a un contexto climatológico cambiante.', 'Para alcanzar este fin, los sistemas de transporte deben contribuir de manera continua a la reducción de la contaminación ambiental, a la mitigación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y reducir los contaminantes locales, a la par de promover la adaptación a un contexto climatológico cambiante. La movilidad debe ser económicamente sostenible, facilitando el acceso de las personas a sus lugares de destino y el abasteci- miento de bienes y servicios, mejorando el desempeño de las cadenas logísti- cas, fortaleciendo la integración económica y territorial, promoviendo la inno- vación, adopción y cobertura de nuevas tecnologías de comunicaciones.', 'La movilidad debe ser económicamente sostenible, facilitando el acceso de las personas a sus lugares de destino y el abasteci- miento de bienes y servicios, mejorando el desempeño de las cadenas logísti- cas, fortaleciendo la integración económica y territorial, promoviendo la inno- vación, adopción y cobertura de nuevas tecnologías de comunicaciones. Estos principios deben considerar además enfoques de inclusión y género, equidad y participación, los que se alcanzan potenciando sistemas de transporte sos- tenibles, integradores, limpios, eficientes y seguros, que amplifiquen el acceso a las oportunidades, especialmente de los grupos más vulnerables. Las emisiones de GEI del sector se generan por la quema de combustibles fósiles en la operación de los medios de transporte aéreos, terrestres, ferrovia- rios, marítimos y fluviales.', 'Las emisiones de GEI del sector se generan por la quema de combustibles fósiles en la operación de los medios de transporte aéreos, terrestres, ferrovia- rios, marítimos y fluviales. En 2018, las emisiones de GEI contabilizaron 28.615 kt CO , incrementándose en un 215% desde 1990 y en un 8% desde 2016, debido fundamentalmente al crecimiento del parque automotriz nacional, in- ducido por la expansión urbana y demográfica, una mayor actividad económica, el mayor poder adquisitivo, así como el mejoramiento de la infraestructura vial en el país. Adicionalmente, el sector tiene responsabilidad en las emisio- nes de contaminantes atmosféricos locales (material particulado y gases pre- cursores) que impactan directamente la salud de los habitantes.', 'Adicionalmente, el sector tiene responsabilidad en las emisio- nes de contaminantes atmosféricos locales (material particulado y gases pre- cursores) que impactan directamente la salud de los habitantes. Para reducir las emisiones de GEI provenientes de fuentes moviles, a fin de enmarcarse dentro del presupuesto sectorial 2020-2030, así como lograr las reducciones absolutas comprometidas en las NDC, se deberá sostener una trayectoria con- tinua y progresiva de reducción de emisiones hasta alcanzar un tasa de 0,79 Ton CO /per cápita el año 2050, lo que es equivalente a reducir un 40% las emisiones directas de GEI con respecto a las reportadas al año 2018 (INGEI) provenientes del uso de combustibles en el sector transporte.', 'Para reducir las emisiones de GEI provenientes de fuentes moviles, a fin de enmarcarse dentro del presupuesto sectorial 2020-2030, así como lograr las reducciones absolutas comprometidas en las NDC, se deberá sostener una trayectoria con- tinua y progresiva de reducción de emisiones hasta alcanzar un tasa de 0,79 Ton CO /per cápita el año 2050, lo que es equivalente a reducir un 40% las emisiones directas de GEI con respecto a las reportadas al año 2018 (INGEI) provenientes del uso de combustibles en el sector transporte. Este porcentaje estará supeditado al perfeccionamiento de las proyecciones (SNP) y al desa- rrollo de metas particulares para cada región y ciudad.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 147 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Las estrategias de mitigación del cambio climático para el sector depen- den de una gestión, multisectorial y multinivel, entre las que se destacan: la: optimización de los patrones de usos de suelo y ordenamiento la ocu- pación del territorio, regulados por la normativa urbana (MINVU); el avance en la investigación, fomento y uso de nuevos combustibles y nuevas fuentes de energía; el desarrollo de redes de infraestructura eléctrica habilitantes para el modelo de electromovilidad (MINENERGIA), así como provisión de es- pacios destinados a los centros de carga y electro-terminales; el desarrollo de incentivos y la promoción de nuevas tecnologías (MINECON), el desarrollo de vialidad e infraestructura interurbana como carreteras, vías férreas, puertos, plataformas logísticas (MOP) concebidas desde un enfoque de sostenibilidad; la ejecución de infraestructura vial urbana (MINVU- SERVIU), entre otras com- petencias radicadas en diferentes órganos del Estado y múltiples niveles de la administración de gobierno (nacional, regional y comunal).', 'Este porcentaje estará supeditado al perfeccionamiento de las proyecciones (SNP) y al desa- rrollo de metas particulares para cada región y ciudad.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 147 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Las estrategias de mitigación del cambio climático para el sector depen- den de una gestión, multisectorial y multinivel, entre las que se destacan: la: optimización de los patrones de usos de suelo y ordenamiento la ocu- pación del territorio, regulados por la normativa urbana (MINVU); el avance en la investigación, fomento y uso de nuevos combustibles y nuevas fuentes de energía; el desarrollo de redes de infraestructura eléctrica habilitantes para el modelo de electromovilidad (MINENERGIA), así como provisión de es- pacios destinados a los centros de carga y electro-terminales; el desarrollo de incentivos y la promoción de nuevas tecnologías (MINECON), el desarrollo de vialidad e infraestructura interurbana como carreteras, vías férreas, puertos, plataformas logísticas (MOP) concebidas desde un enfoque de sostenibilidad; la ejecución de infraestructura vial urbana (MINVU- SERVIU), entre otras com- petencias radicadas en diferentes órganos del Estado y múltiples niveles de la administración de gobierno (nacional, regional y comunal). Entre estas institu- ciones destaca el rol del Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones (MTT), cuyas facultades le permiten actuar en materias de planificación y políticas públicas, supervisión de las empresas públicas y privadas que operan medios de transporte, el desarrollo, gestión y planificación de la infraestructura vial, la promoción de mejoras del transporte público, además de velar por los as- pectos operacionales del sector.', 'Entre estas institu- ciones destaca el rol del Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones (MTT), cuyas facultades le permiten actuar en materias de planificación y políticas públicas, supervisión de las empresas públicas y privadas que operan medios de transporte, el desarrollo, gestión y planificación de la infraestructura vial, la promoción de mejoras del transporte público, además de velar por los as- pectos operacionales del sector. Aproximadamente la mitad de las emisiones de fuentes móviles provie- nen de desplazamientos que ocurren en el ámbito urbano, en donde la de- manda de viajes se explica principalmente por la localización de los hogares, los centros de empleo, servicios y equipamiento, centros productivos y centros de distribución logística.', 'Aproximadamente la mitad de las emisiones de fuentes móviles provie- nen de desplazamientos que ocurren en el ámbito urbano, en donde la de- manda de viajes se explica principalmente por la localización de los hogares, los centros de empleo, servicios y equipamiento, centros productivos y centros de distribución logística. La otra mitad de las emisiones proviene de los des- plazamientos que se generan en el ámbito interurbano, ya sea producto de la interacción de las ciudades con sus áreas de influencia, de la conectividad interprovincial e interregional y de los desplazamientos de carga, mercancías, materias primas y transporte de residuos, que abastecen tanto el mercado interno (ciudades), como el mercado externo (puertos, aeropuertos y pasos fronterizos).', 'La otra mitad de las emisiones proviene de los des- plazamientos que se generan en el ámbito interurbano, ya sea producto de la interacción de las ciudades con sus áreas de influencia, de la conectividad interprovincial e interregional y de los desplazamientos de carga, mercancías, materias primas y transporte de residuos, que abastecen tanto el mercado interno (ciudades), como el mercado externo (puertos, aeropuertos y pasos fronterizos). Para avanzar hacia una movilidad sostenible se requiere de estrategias que permitan seguir otorgando conectividad y acceso a personas y bienes, pero con un esfuerzo importante en disminuir el uso y dependencia del uso de combustibles fósiles.', 'Para avanzar hacia una movilidad sostenible se requiere de estrategias que permitan seguir otorgando conectividad y acceso a personas y bienes, pero con un esfuerzo importante en disminuir el uso y dependencia del uso de combustibles fósiles. En el ámbito urbano, enfatizar en políticas y medidas que aumenten el uso de las alternativas modales con eficiencia energética y menor emisión de GEI por persona o bien transportado, cómo es la movilidad activa: transporte no motorizado, movilidad a energía humana o movilidad cero emisión. 64 | En el ámbito interurbano, el cambio tecnológico hacia motores y energías más limpias, así como los sistemas de transporte masivo, son funda- mentales dadas las grandes distancias que los caracterizan y los movimientos de personas entre las áreas funcionales de las ciudades y sus centros urbanos.', '64 | En el ámbito interurbano, el cambio tecnológico hacia motores y energías más limpias, así como los sistemas de transporte masivo, son funda- mentales dadas las grandes distancias que los caracterizan y los movimientos de personas entre las áreas funcionales de las ciudades y sus centros urbanos. Respecto a la carga, la articulación de estrategias planificación y de cambio tecnológico con estrategias de transferencia intermodal, permiten generar ma- yor eficiencia en el traslado de bienes.', 'Respecto a la carga, la articulación de estrategias planificación y de cambio tecnológico con estrategias de transferencia intermodal, permiten generar ma- yor eficiencia en el traslado de bienes. Dentro del ámbito institucional, el MTT se encuentra desarrollando dos ins- trumentos clave que orientarán el actuar sectorial en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, los cuales se encontrarán totalmente desa- rrollados al 2022: 64 | Para el objeto de este documen- to se utilizará el concepto de movili- dad activa, enfatizando la existencia de co-beneficios en el ámbito de la salud. • Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Sostenible, orientará las decisiones y acciones en movilidad sostenible y permitirá fortalecer la gobernanza sectorial, en concordancia con los compromisos establecidos en materia climática en la NDC y la ECLP.', '• Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Sostenible, orientará las decisiones y acciones en movilidad sostenible y permitirá fortalecer la gobernanza sectorial, en concordancia con los compromisos establecidos en materia climática en la NDC y la ECLP. • Programa Nacional de Movilidad Urbana para la Adaptación y Mitiga- ción al Cambio Climático, instrumento técnico-financiero que permitirá sistematizar, organizar, dimensionar, focalizar y financiar iniciativas de mo- vilidad sostenible, para que las regiones del país puedan diseñar, imple- mentar y monitorear sus Planes de Movilidad Sostenible.', '• Programa Nacional de Movilidad Urbana para la Adaptación y Mitiga- ción al Cambio Climático, instrumento técnico-financiero que permitirá sistematizar, organizar, dimensionar, focalizar y financiar iniciativas de mo- vilidad sostenible, para que las regiones del país puedan diseñar, imple- mentar y monitorear sus Planes de Movilidad Sostenible. De modo complementario, el MTT cuenta con una serie de instrumentos que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible y que se orientan a cumplir objetivos climáticos de largo plazo, entre los que se encuentran: los Planes Maestros de Movilidad (o Planes Maestros de Transporte, de acuerdo a su anterior de- nominación) y los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura de Transporte Público (PMITP); los Planes de Accesibilidad Peatonal, los Planes Maestros de Infraes- tructura Ciclo-inclusiva y los Planes de Gestión de Tránsito, los que se com- plementan con los Planes de Inversión en Infraestructura de Movilidad y Es- pacio Público que se desarrollan a nivel municipal y en alianza con MINVU; el Programa de Fomento a la Electromovilidad; el Programa de Renovación de Flota, y las Metodologías de Estimación y Evaluación Económica de Emi- siones de Fuentes Móviles (MODEM y MODEC).', 'De modo complementario, el MTT cuenta con una serie de instrumentos que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible y que se orientan a cumplir objetivos climáticos de largo plazo, entre los que se encuentran: los Planes Maestros de Movilidad (o Planes Maestros de Transporte, de acuerdo a su anterior de- nominación) y los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura de Transporte Público (PMITP); los Planes de Accesibilidad Peatonal, los Planes Maestros de Infraes- tructura Ciclo-inclusiva y los Planes de Gestión de Tránsito, los que se com- plementan con los Planes de Inversión en Infraestructura de Movilidad y Es- pacio Público que se desarrollan a nivel municipal y en alianza con MINVU; el Programa de Fomento a la Electromovilidad; el Programa de Renovación de Flota, y las Metodologías de Estimación y Evaluación Económica de Emi- siones de Fuentes Móviles (MODEM y MODEC). Todos ellos se conciben como un conjunto de recursos técnicos e instrumentos para alcanzar un desempeño integral de la movilidad.', 'Todos ellos se conciben como un conjunto de recursos técnicos e instrumentos para alcanzar un desempeño integral de la movilidad. El transporte como variable dependiente de los sistemas de actividades, requiere diseñar y aplicar aproximaciones holísticas y multisectoriales que per- mitan abordar la solución considerando tres estrategias fundamentales: (1) Evitar (reducir viajes y gestionar la demanda), (2) Cambiar (utilizar modos más sostenibles), y (3) Mejorar (introducir mejoras progresivas en tecnologías limpias).', 'El transporte como variable dependiente de los sistemas de actividades, requiere diseñar y aplicar aproximaciones holísticas y multisectoriales que per- mitan abordar la solución considerando tres estrategias fundamentales: (1) Evitar (reducir viajes y gestionar la demanda), (2) Cambiar (utilizar modos más sostenibles), y (3) Mejorar (introducir mejoras progresivas en tecnologías limpias). El éxito de estas medidas depende de la coordinación y correspon- sabilidad de múltiples actores públicos y privados, que promuevan una cultura de movilidad basada en la educación, la gobernanza, la participación y con- ciencia ambiental.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 149 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR TRANSPORTES ODS Objetivo 1: Orientar las decisiones en materia de movilidad y desarrollo urbano y territorial, a fin de priorizar los modos de desplazamiento más sustentables y eficientes tanto urbanos como interur- banos, utilizando para ello sistemas de movilidad integrados, multimodales y orientados al bien- estar social y la calidad de vida, poniendo en el centro a los usuarios/as y atendiendo la dimensión social de la movilidad.', 'El éxito de estas medidas depende de la coordinación y correspon- sabilidad de múltiples actores públicos y privados, que promuevan una cultura de movilidad basada en la educación, la gobernanza, la participación y con- ciencia ambiental.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 149 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR TRANSPORTES ODS Objetivo 1: Orientar las decisiones en materia de movilidad y desarrollo urbano y territorial, a fin de priorizar los modos de desplazamiento más sustentables y eficientes tanto urbanos como interur- banos, utilizando para ello sistemas de movilidad integrados, multimodales y orientados al bien- estar social y la calidad de vida, poniendo en el centro a los usuarios/as y atendiendo la dimensión social de la movilidad. [Estrategia 1: Evitar] Meta 1.1: Al 2021, contar con una metodología y procesos para medir la Huella de Carbono del Transporte Ferroviario.', '[Estrategia 1: Evitar] Meta 1.1: Al 2021, contar con una metodología y procesos para medir la Huella de Carbono del Transporte Ferroviario. Meta 1.2: Al año 2023, lograr incluir normativa y metodológicamente la di- mensión de movilidad sostenible en la planificación territorial, así como en la formulación de los planes de infraestructura y de ordenamiento te- rritorial. Meta 1.3: Al 2025, construir comunidades de prácticas interinstitucionales y colaborativas para el fomento de la movilidad de baja o nula emisión, entre el gobierno nacional, los gobiernos locales, gobiernos regionales, sociedad civil, academia e instituciones privadas.', 'Meta 1.3: Al 2025, construir comunidades de prácticas interinstitucionales y colaborativas para el fomento de la movilidad de baja o nula emisión, entre el gobierno nacional, los gobiernos locales, gobiernos regionales, sociedad civil, academia e instituciones privadas. Meta 1.4: Al 2025, generar programas de capacitación en movilidad soste- nible dirigido a policías encargados de tránsito, personal municipal de las Direcciones de Tránsito y Planificación, Corporaciones Municipales de Edu- cación, Salud, Deporte, Cultura y Departamentos de Medioambiente, en- tre otros.', 'Meta 1.4: Al 2025, generar programas de capacitación en movilidad soste- nible dirigido a policías encargados de tránsito, personal municipal de las Direcciones de Tránsito y Planificación, Corporaciones Municipales de Edu- cación, Salud, Deporte, Cultura y Departamentos de Medioambiente, en- tre otros. Meta 1.5: Al 2030, lograr que todas las instituciones del Estado que ela- boran Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial y/o desarrollan el planea- miento de obras de infraestructura vial urbanas e interurbanas, incluyan objetivos de movilidad sostenible y promuevan un ordenamiento territo- rial que ayude a mejorar la accesibilidad, reduciendo tiempos y distancias de viaje. Meta 1.6: Al 2030, reducir las tasas de emisiones en Transporte marítimo de manera progresiva, partiendo de un 5% el año 2023 hasta un 11% al año 2026, reducciones estimadas sobre línea base año 2008.', 'Meta 1.6: Al 2030, reducir las tasas de emisiones en Transporte marítimo de manera progresiva, partiendo de un 5% el año 2023 hasta un 11% al año 2026, reducciones estimadas sobre línea base año 2008. Meta 1.7: Al año 2030, en el marco del acuerdo CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) impulsado por la Orga- nización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI), Chile entra al programa de compensación de emisiones mediante la compra y cancelación de las unidades de emisiones por parte de los operadores locales. Meta 1.8: Al 2040, el 100% del consumo eléctrico de Empresa de Ferroca- rriles del Estado será carbono neutral.', 'Meta 1.8: Al 2040, el 100% del consumo eléctrico de Empresa de Ferroca- rriles del Estado será carbono neutral. Objetivo 2: Incorporar en los procesos de formulación de los instrumentos de ordenamiento territo- rial y planificación urbana, objetivos de movilidad sostenible y de cambio climático (ej., planificación integrada considerando componentes de movilidad y transporte, incentivar el desarrollo de ciudades compactas, policéntricas y con mixtura de usos de suelo, y con patrones de viajes más eficientes). [Estrategia 1: Evitar] Meta 2.1: Al 2030, haber incluido normativamente el concepto de movili- dad sostenible en la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica de los IPT y PROT, desarrollados a partir del año 2025, mediante estudios específicos de movi- lidad que apoyen la elaboración de la EAE y que complemente los actuales Estudios de Capacidad Vial.', '[Estrategia 1: Evitar] Meta 2.1: Al 2030, haber incluido normativamente el concepto de movili- dad sostenible en la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica de los IPT y PROT, desarrollados a partir del año 2025, mediante estudios específicos de movi- lidad que apoyen la elaboración de la EAE y que complemente los actuales Estudios de Capacidad Vial. Objetivo 3: Promover iniciativas de fortalecimiento del transporte público y modos de transporte activo, eficientes y sostenibles para su priorización por sobre el uso de vehículos particulares.', 'Objetivo 3: Promover iniciativas de fortalecimiento del transporte público y modos de transporte activo, eficientes y sostenibles para su priorización por sobre el uso de vehículos particulares. [Es- trategia 2: Cambiar] Meta 3.1: Al 2025, haber desarrollado en conjunto con MINVU, en las prin- cipales ciudades del país (sobre 50 mil habitantes) los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura Ciclo-inclusiva y con el MOP redes interurbanas que per- mitan conectar estas ciudades con las localidades cercanas y otras ciudades que pertenecen a su área de influencia funcional.', '[Es- trategia 2: Cambiar] Meta 3.1: Al 2025, haber desarrollado en conjunto con MINVU, en las prin- cipales ciudades del país (sobre 50 mil habitantes) los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura Ciclo-inclusiva y con el MOP redes interurbanas que per- mitan conectar estas ciudades con las localidades cercanas y otras ciudades que pertenecen a su área de influencia funcional. Meta 3.2: Al 2030, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados Planes Maestros de Movilidad en 28 capitales regionales y ciudades intermedias sobre 80.000 habitantes y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Ges- tión de Tránsito en 23 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2030, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados Planes Maestros de Movilidad en 28 capitales regionales y ciudades intermedias sobre 80.000 habitantes y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Ges- tión de Tránsito en 23 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones. Meta 3.3: Al 2030, tener desarrollados los Planes Estratégicos de Estacio- nes de Intercambio Modal, en las Áreas Metropolitanas del Gran Valparaíso y Gran Concepción, Temuco-Padre las Casas y contar con el Plan del Gran Santiago actualizado. Meta 3.4: Al 2030, reducir la partición modal del transporte privado pro- pulsado por combustibles fósiles en todas las regiones, con relación al año base 2017.', 'Meta 3.4: Al 2030, reducir la partición modal del transporte privado pro- pulsado por combustibles fósiles en todas las regiones, con relación al año base 2017. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, haber generado e implementado Planes de Movilidad Peatonal en las ciudades y barrios que presenten las mayores limitantes y barreras al modo peatón.', 'Meta 3.5: Al 2030, haber generado e implementado Planes de Movilidad Peatonal en las ciudades y barrios que presenten las mayores limitantes y barreras al modo peatón. Meta 3.6: Al 2030, lograr que todas las ciudades del país dispongan de una red vial apropiada para el desplazamiento de peatones y ciclos con niveles de seguridad, calidad y confort de acuerdo con estándares normativos, ca- nalizando las iniciativas a través los Planes de Infraestructura de Movilidad y Espacio Público desarrollados a nivel comunal.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 151 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 3.7: Al 2040, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados los Planes Maestros de Movilidad en las 35 ciudades de más de 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específi- cas de reducción de emisiones y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Gestión de Tránsito en 25 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 ha- bitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones.', 'Meta 3.6: Al 2030, lograr que todas las ciudades del país dispongan de una red vial apropiada para el desplazamiento de peatones y ciclos con niveles de seguridad, calidad y confort de acuerdo con estándares normativos, ca- nalizando las iniciativas a través los Planes de Infraestructura de Movilidad y Espacio Público desarrollados a nivel comunal.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 151 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 3.7: Al 2040, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados los Planes Maestros de Movilidad en las 35 ciudades de más de 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específi- cas de reducción de emisiones y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Gestión de Tránsito en 25 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 ha- bitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones. Meta 3.8: Al 2040, tener actualizados Planes Estratégicos de Estaciones de Intercambio Modal, en las Áreas Metropolitanas del Gran Valparaíso (1), Gran Concepción (2), Gran Santiago (3), Temuco-Padre las Casas (4) y ha- ber desarrollados los nuevos Planes en las Áreas Metropolitanas de Iqui- que-Alto Hospicio (5), Coquimbo- la Serena y Rancagua - Machalí (6) y (7), respectivamente.', 'Meta 3.8: Al 2040, tener actualizados Planes Estratégicos de Estaciones de Intercambio Modal, en las Áreas Metropolitanas del Gran Valparaíso (1), Gran Concepción (2), Gran Santiago (3), Temuco-Padre las Casas (4) y ha- ber desarrollados los nuevos Planes en las Áreas Metropolitanas de Iqui- que-Alto Hospicio (5), Coquimbo- la Serena y Rancagua - Machalí (6) y (7), respectivamente. Meta 3.9: Al 2050, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados los Pla- nes Maestros de Movilidad en 38 ciudades de más de 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Gestión de Tránsito en 28 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 ha- bitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones.', 'Meta 3.9: Al 2050, haber desarrollado y mantener actualizados los Pla- nes Maestros de Movilidad en 38 ciudades de más de 80.000 habitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones y haber desarrollado y actualizado Planes de Gestión de Tránsito en 28 ciudades intermedias menores a 80.000 ha- bitantes, concebidos bajo enfoque de movilidad sostenible y con metas específicas de reducción de emisiones. Meta 3.10: Al 2050, tener actualizados los Planes Estratégicos de Estacio- nes de Intercambio Modal en las 9 Áreas Metropolitanas potencialmente promulgadas a la fecha. Objetivo 4: Fortalecer la planificación, gestión y operación de los sistemas de transporte público urbanos, de manera que puedan transformarse en alternativas atractivas, efectivas y eficientes frente al transporte individual.', 'Objetivo 4: Fortalecer la planificación, gestión y operación de los sistemas de transporte público urbanos, de manera que puedan transformarse en alternativas atractivas, efectivas y eficientes frente al transporte individual. [Estrategia 2: Cambiar] Meta 4.1: Al 2030, haber desarrollado los Planes Maestros de Infraestruc- tura de Transporte Público en 6 potenciales Áreas Metropolitanas y dos ciudades mono-comunales (Arica y Valdivia). Meta 4.2: Al 2030, haber consolidado sistemas de bicicletas públicas en to- das las áreas metropolitas potencialmentente existentes a la fecha: Iqui- que - Alto Hospicio, Gran Concepción, Puerto Montt-Puerto Varas; Rancagua Machalí; La Serena Coquimbo; Valparaíso. Meta 4.3: Al 2040, haber desarrollado y actualizado los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura de Transporte Público en 9 Áreas Metropolitanas.', 'Meta 4.3: Al 2040, haber desarrollado y actualizado los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura de Transporte Público en 9 Áreas Metropolitanas. Meta 4.4: Al 2050, haber desarrollado y actualizado los Planes Maestros de Infraestructura de Transporte Público en las 10 Áreas Metropolitanas potencialmente existentes a la fecha y adicionalmente la ciudad de Anto- fagasta. Objetivo 5: Potenciar el uso de innovaciones tecnológicas como aliadas para el desarrollo soste- nible, en pro de una mayor eficiencia, flexibilidad y adaptabilidad de los sistemas de transporte en términos de cobertura, accesibilidad, seguridad, operatividad, monitoreo y planificación.', 'Objetivo 5: Potenciar el uso de innovaciones tecnológicas como aliadas para el desarrollo soste- nible, en pro de una mayor eficiencia, flexibilidad y adaptabilidad de los sistemas de transporte en términos de cobertura, accesibilidad, seguridad, operatividad, monitoreo y planificación. [Estra- tegia 3: Mejorar] Meta 5.1: Al 2030, haber fortalecido los mecanismos de recolección, alma- cenamiento y difusión de información de movilidad, por medios pasivos y digitales, que permitan el tratamiento y analítica de datos masivos, estan- darizados y continuos, así como la generación de información en formatos y plataformas abiertas para todo el ecosistema de movilidad.', '[Estra- tegia 3: Mejorar] Meta 5.1: Al 2030, haber fortalecido los mecanismos de recolección, alma- cenamiento y difusión de información de movilidad, por medios pasivos y digitales, que permitan el tratamiento y analítica de datos masivos, estan- darizados y continuos, así como la generación de información en formatos y plataformas abiertas para todo el ecosistema de movilidad. Meta 5.2: Al 2030, haber mejorado la disponibilidad de información y ana- lítica de movilidad para usuarios y operadores, avanzado hacia la transfor- mación digital de la gestión de la movilidad, a través de la automatización de procesos y mediante la aplicación de sistemas predictivos, gestionados desde Observatorios de Movilidad ya sean público o privados.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2030, haber mejorado la disponibilidad de información y ana- lítica de movilidad para usuarios y operadores, avanzado hacia la transfor- mación digital de la gestión de la movilidad, a través de la automatización de procesos y mediante la aplicación de sistemas predictivos, gestionados desde Observatorios de Movilidad ya sean público o privados. Meta 5.3: Al 2030, haber mejorado los estándares de accesibilidad univer- sal en el espacio público, mediante la adopción de sistemas tecnológicos que faciliten la inclusión y desarrollo de los modos sostenibles, como lo es la extensión de cobertura de intersecciones semaforizadas para personas con discapacidad visual.', 'Meta 5.3: Al 2030, haber mejorado los estándares de accesibilidad univer- sal en el espacio público, mediante la adopción de sistemas tecnológicos que faciliten la inclusión y desarrollo de los modos sostenibles, como lo es la extensión de cobertura de intersecciones semaforizadas para personas con discapacidad visual. Meta 5.4: Al 2030, avanzar progresivamente en la formación de una cul- tura de movilidad basada en la información, concebida como un recurso de integración, seguridad y responsabilidad medioambiental, fortaleciendo los servicios de información a la ciudadanía, ampliando su cobertura y me- jorando sus canales.', 'Meta 5.4: Al 2030, avanzar progresivamente en la formación de una cul- tura de movilidad basada en la información, concebida como un recurso de integración, seguridad y responsabilidad medioambiental, fortaleciendo los servicios de información a la ciudadanía, ampliando su cobertura y me- jorando sus canales. Metas 5.5: Al 2050, haber promovido la conformación de un ecosistema de movilidad basado en la innovación, la adopción de tecnológicas y de- sarrollo de nuevos modelos de gestión bajo el concepto de movilidad como servicio, a través de la exploración y el pilotaje de proyectos, la investiga- ción de nuevos modelos de negocio y el desarrollo de marcos normativos habilitantes.', 'Metas 5.5: Al 2050, haber promovido la conformación de un ecosistema de movilidad basado en la innovación, la adopción de tecnológicas y de- sarrollo de nuevos modelos de gestión bajo el concepto de movilidad como servicio, a través de la exploración y el pilotaje de proyectos, la investiga- ción de nuevos modelos de negocio y el desarrollo de marcos normativos habilitantes. Meta 5.6: Al 2050, haber configurado un ecosistema de movilidad públi- co-privado participativo, robusto e inclusivo y haber promovido, comunida- des de práctica que fomenten la innovación y las soluciones tecnológicas sostenibles y apropiadas a las diferentes realizades territoriales.', 'Meta 5.6: Al 2050, haber configurado un ecosistema de movilidad públi- co-privado participativo, robusto e inclusivo y haber promovido, comunida- des de práctica que fomenten la innovación y las soluciones tecnológicas sostenibles y apropiadas a las diferentes realizades territoriales. Meta 5.7: Al 2050, haber optimizado la operación de las redes viales en las ciudades principales, haber mejorado las condiciones de desplazamiento y la eficiencia de la infraestructura vial, mediante la integración de la red de semáforos a centros de control de tránsito.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 153 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 6: Aumentar el uso de tecnologías limpias (baja o cero emisión de carbono) en el trans- porte público urbano, transporte privado, transporte interurbano de pasajeros y transporte de carga urbano e interurbano.', 'Meta 5.7: Al 2050, haber optimizado la operación de las redes viales en las ciudades principales, haber mejorado las condiciones de desplazamiento y la eficiencia de la infraestructura vial, mediante la integración de la red de semáforos a centros de control de tránsito.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 153 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 6: Aumentar el uso de tecnologías limpias (baja o cero emisión de carbono) en el trans- porte público urbano, transporte privado, transporte interurbano de pasajeros y transporte de carga urbano e interurbano. [Estrategia 3: Mejorar] Meta 6.1: Al 2030, haber dado inicio a un programa de cambio a tecnologías limpias en la Logística Urbana, mediante experiencias piloto en electromo- vilidad e hidrógeno verde, certificación de vehículos, campañas de promo- ción e información, gestión y difusión de datos y coordinación internacional Holanda y H2 /Chile para el Hidrógeno Verde.', '[Estrategia 3: Mejorar] Meta 6.1: Al 2030, haber dado inicio a un programa de cambio a tecnologías limpias en la Logística Urbana, mediante experiencias piloto en electromo- vilidad e hidrógeno verde, certificación de vehículos, campañas de promo- ción e información, gestión y difusión de datos y coordinación internacional Holanda y H2 /Chile para el Hidrógeno Verde. Meta 6.2: Al 2030, tener actualizada la información de la actividad del transporte a nivel urbano (MTT): flujos y velocidades habilitante para el cálculo de estimaciones anuales de emisiones de las fuentes móviles que realiza MMA para las 28 principales ciudades de Chile, a fin de dispo- ner del monitoreo, seguimiento y control de la evolución de las emisiones contaminantes en el ámbito urbano (MRV).', 'Meta 6.2: Al 2030, tener actualizada la información de la actividad del transporte a nivel urbano (MTT): flujos y velocidades habilitante para el cálculo de estimaciones anuales de emisiones de las fuentes móviles que realiza MMA para las 28 principales ciudades de Chile, a fin de dispo- ner del monitoreo, seguimiento y control de la evolución de las emisiones contaminantes en el ámbito urbano (MRV). 65 | Meta 6.3: Al 2030, disponer de normativa habilitante para los procesos de reconversión de vehículos a tecnologías de bajas emisiones, como apoyo a los procesos de reconversión tecnología. Meta 6.4: Al 2040, contar con sistemas de transporte público urbano ba- sados 100% en tecnologías cero emisión, en todas las regiones del país.', 'Meta 6.4: Al 2040, contar con sistemas de transporte público urbano ba- sados 100% en tecnologías cero emisión, en todas las regiones del país. Meta 6.5: Al 2040, alcanzar la reconversión del 100% de los taxis básicos y taxis colectivos a un modelo de cero emisiones. Meta 6.6: Al 2050, alcanzar un avance de la electromovilidad equivalente a un 58% del parque vehicular, tanto de vehículos particulares como co- merciales. Meta 6.7: Al 2050, alcanzar un porcentaje de reconversión de un 71% de los vehículos de carga en base a vehículos cero emisión.', 'Meta 6.7: Al 2050, alcanzar un porcentaje de reconversión de un 71% de los vehículos de carga en base a vehículos cero emisión. Objetivo 7: Incorporar en las decisiones y en la planificación una participación activa y efectiva de la ciudadanía, reforzando las identidades y valores locales, fortaleciendo la descentralización y la articulación multinivel, para avanzar en un desarrollo coherente y sinérgico de nuestro territorio. Meta 7.1: Al 2025, implementar programas y proyectos dirigidos a organi- zaciones sin fines de lucro de la sociedad civil, que faciliten, promuevan y acompañen el cambio modal hacia la movilidad de baja o cero emisiones, incentivando la participación activa y efectiva de la ciudadanía.', 'Meta 7.1: Al 2025, implementar programas y proyectos dirigidos a organi- zaciones sin fines de lucro de la sociedad civil, que faciliten, promuevan y acompañen el cambio modal hacia la movilidad de baja o cero emisiones, incentivando la participación activa y efectiva de la ciudadanía. Meta 7.2: Al 2030, haber implementado procesos participativos amplios y pluriestamentales en la elaboración de todos los instrumentos de plani- ficación de movilidad y transporte, así como en las pre-factibilidades y di- seños definitivos de proyectos y sus procesos de ejecución de obras. Meta 7.3: Al 2030, haber diseñado e implementado una gobernanza multi- nivel para la movilidad sostenible, acorde con los cambios gubernamenta- les de fortalecimiento de la regionalización.', 'Meta 7.3: Al 2030, haber diseñado e implementado una gobernanza multi- nivel para la movilidad sostenible, acorde con los cambios gubernamenta- les de fortalecimiento de la regionalización. Meta 7.4: Al 2050, haber consolidado una gobernanza multinivel y des- centralizada para la movilidad, basada en un modelo participativo, plural y democrático, desarrollado de manera descentralizada e integrada. 65 | MRV: Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) el Cambio Climático es la mayor amenaza para la salud mundial del siglo XXI.', '65 | MRV: Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) el Cambio Climático es la mayor amenaza para la salud mundial del siglo XXI. La salud es y será afectada por los cambios de clima a través de impactos directos tales como: olas de calor, sequías, tormentas fuertes y aumento del nivel del mar; e impactos indirectos tales como las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias, enfermedades emergentes, las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, la in- seguridad alimentaria, la inseguridad en el abastecimiento de agua, la des- nutrición y desplazamientos forzados.', 'La salud es y será afectada por los cambios de clima a través de impactos directos tales como: olas de calor, sequías, tormentas fuertes y aumento del nivel del mar; e impactos indirectos tales como las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias, enfermedades emergentes, las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, la in- seguridad alimentaria, la inseguridad en el abastecimiento de agua, la des- nutrición y desplazamientos forzados. De esta forma, el sector de salud tiene una responsabilidad importante en materia de cambio climático: por un lado, contribuir a los esfuerzos para lograr la carbono neutralidad a nivel nacional y, por otro, aumentar la resiliencia frente a los estreses medioambientales que el país enfrentará, focalizándose sobre todo en las personas más vulnerables.', 'De esta forma, el sector de salud tiene una responsabilidad importante en materia de cambio climático: por un lado, contribuir a los esfuerzos para lograr la carbono neutralidad a nivel nacional y, por otro, aumentar la resiliencia frente a los estreses medioambientales que el país enfrentará, focalizándose sobre todo en las personas más vulnerables. Con este fin, se requerirá de instrumentos que consideren un enfoque sistémico y preventivo, que permita contar con políticas que integren las dimensiones sociales, económicas, culturales y ambientales, en conjunto con la integración de la naturaleza, considerando la definición de salud de acuerdo a la OMS es: «un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la au- sencia de afecciones o enfermedades».66 | Por eso es indispensable que todas las políticas públicas consideren los impactos en la salud y el bienestar físico, mental y social del ser humano debido al cambio climático.', 'Con este fin, se requerirá de instrumentos que consideren un enfoque sistémico y preventivo, que permita contar con políticas que integren las dimensiones sociales, económicas, culturales y ambientales, en conjunto con la integración de la naturaleza, considerando la definición de salud de acuerdo a la OMS es: «un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la au- sencia de afecciones o enfermedades».66 | Por eso es indispensable que todas las políticas públicas consideren los impactos en la salud y el bienestar físico, mental y social del ser humano debido al cambio climático. Las principales amenazas climáticas para el sector son el aumento de la temperatura promedio y de olas de calor, disminución de la precipitación, au- mento de la intensidad de la precipitación, aumento de eventos extremos cli- máticos, lo cual provoca efectos en la salud humana, tales como: aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad por cambios en la temperatura y por eventos extremos climáticos, enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (como por ejemplo el mos- quito del dengue) ), enfermedades asociados al consumo de agua y alimentos, enfermedades alérgicas, enfermedades por episodios de alta contaminación at- mosférica, enfermedades asociadas a una mayor exposición por rayos UV, entre otros.', 'Las principales amenazas climáticas para el sector son el aumento de la temperatura promedio y de olas de calor, disminución de la precipitación, au- mento de la intensidad de la precipitación, aumento de eventos extremos cli- máticos, lo cual provoca efectos en la salud humana, tales como: aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad por cambios en la temperatura y por eventos extremos climáticos, enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (como por ejemplo el mos- quito del dengue) ), enfermedades asociados al consumo de agua y alimentos, enfermedades alérgicas, enfermedades por episodios de alta contaminación at- mosférica, enfermedades asociadas a una mayor exposición por rayos UV, entre otros. También, cabe señalar que la invasión humana a los ecosistemas junto a la crisis climática, ha provocado que cada vez más enfermedades se transmi- ten desde los animales a los seres humanos tales como el COVID-19 o el Ébola.', 'También, cabe señalar que la invasión humana a los ecosistemas junto a la crisis climática, ha provocado que cada vez más enfermedades se transmi- ten desde los animales a los seres humanos tales como el COVID-19 o el Ébola. En cuanto a las emisiones de GEI, el sector salud tiene facultades sobre la reglamentación del control de biogás en los rellenos sanitarios (4,2 % de las emisiones totales a nivel nacional); diseño y operación de establecimientos de salud que son intensivos en el uso energético; y en reglamentación aplica- ble a la generación, almacenamiento, transporte, tratamiento o reciclaje de las sustancias y productos controlados, incluyendo los productos sustitutos de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono, principalmente HFC que represen- tan el 3,4 % de las emisiones totales de GEI a nivel nacional.', 'En cuanto a las emisiones de GEI, el sector salud tiene facultades sobre la reglamentación del control de biogás en los rellenos sanitarios (4,2 % de las emisiones totales a nivel nacional); diseño y operación de establecimientos de salud que son intensivos en el uso energético; y en reglamentación aplica- ble a la generación, almacenamiento, transporte, tratamiento o reciclaje de las sustancias y productos controlados, incluyendo los productos sustitutos de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono, principalmente HFC que represen- tan el 3,4 % de las emisiones totales de GEI a nivel nacional. El principal organismo encargado del sector es el Ministerio de Salud, que liderará el desarrollo de planes de mitigación y adaptación para el sector, de acuerdo con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', 'El principal organismo encargado del sector es el Ministerio de Salud, que liderará el desarrollo de planes de mitigación y adaptación para el sector, de acuerdo con el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Salud contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación de la NDC, específicamente su meta de reducción de emisiones de GEI al año 2030 a nivel nacional.', 'Salud contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compromisos de mitigación de la NDC, específicamente su meta de reducción de emisiones de GEI al año 2030 a nivel nacional. En su componente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se 66 | OMS (1946) Preámbulo de la Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud que fue adop- tada por la Conferencia Sanitaria Internacional, celebrada en Nueva York del 19 de junio al 22 de julio por los representantes de 61 Estados (Official Records of the World Health Organization, Nº 2, p. 100), en vigor desde 7 de abril 1948.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 155 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 actualizará el plan de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de salud al año 2022.', 'En su componente de Adaptación, la NDC establece que se 66 | OMS (1946) Preámbulo de la Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud que fue adop- tada por la Conferencia Sanitaria Internacional, celebrada en Nueva York del 19 de junio al 22 de julio por los representantes de 61 Estados (Official Records of the World Health Organization, Nº 2, p. 100), en vigor desde 7 de abril 1948.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 155 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 actualizará el plan de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de salud al año 2022. Este plan establecerá las acciones que deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento.', 'Este plan establecerá las acciones que deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR SALUD ODS Objetivo 1: Fortalecer el conocimiento y la evidencia de alcance nacional con respecto a las variables ambientales vinculadas al cambio climático y a cómo éstas podrían afectar la salud y el bienestar de las personas. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, contar con indicadores relevantes a vigilar en sus res- pectivas zonas de monitoreo considerando condiciones ambientales locales vinculadas al cambio climático.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2025, contar con indicadores relevantes a vigilar en sus res- pectivas zonas de monitoreo considerando condiciones ambientales locales vinculadas al cambio climático. Meta 1.2: Al 2025, implementar un sistema que permita mantener actuali- zadas las matrices de riesgo regionales considerando los riesgos a la salud asociados al cambio climático mediante la aplicación de una herramienta metodológica especialmente diseñada para este efecto. Meta 1.3: Al 2025, contar con mapas dinámicos (sistema de representación geográfica en tiempo real de la data) de los diferentes grupos de población vulnerable a las Olas de Calor.', 'Meta 1.3: Al 2025, contar con mapas dinámicos (sistema de representación geográfica en tiempo real de la data) de los diferentes grupos de población vulnerable a las Olas de Calor. Objetivo 2: Educar, empoderar y hacer parte a la ciudadanía en las temáticas del cambio climático y sus impactos sobre la salud y bienestar de la población, tanto a nivel nacional como regional, para concientizar a las comunidades y promover medidas de prevención, preparación y respuesta ante los impactos del cambio climático esperados en la salud. Meta 2.1: Al 2024, implementar una estrategia de educación sanitaria para el consumo seguro y responsable de agua en los hogares.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2024, implementar una estrategia de educación sanitaria para el consumo seguro y responsable de agua en los hogares. Meta 2.2: Al 2025, desarrollar el eje de comunicación de riesgo en temáti- cas de agua, zoonosis y enfermedades vectoriales emergentes y reemergen- tes, abordando los impactos sobre la salud de la población concientizando a las comunidades y fomentando medidas de autocuidado, a través de ins- tancias informativas y de educación participativa. Meta 2.3: Al 2030, aumentar a nivel nacional la base de conocimiento en los equipos clave del sector salud, incluyendo la Atención Primaria y los niveles de mayor complejidad, con respecto a los impactos en la salud debido al cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2030, aumentar a nivel nacional la base de conocimiento en los equipos clave del sector salud, incluyendo la Atención Primaria y los niveles de mayor complejidad, con respecto a los impactos en la salud debido al cambio climático. Objetivo 3: Incluir las implicaciones para la salud de las medidas de mitigación y adaptación en las políticas económicas y fiscales (desde su diseño) en los distintos sectores, adoptando el enfoque de «salud» en todas las políticas. Meta 3.1: Al 2024, determinar la Huella de Carbono en el alcance I, II y III, en el 100% de los Establecimientos Hospitalarios de Alta, Media y Baja Complejidad, dependientes de los Servicios de Salud a nivel nacional.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2024, determinar la Huella de Carbono en el alcance I, II y III, en el 100% de los Establecimientos Hospitalarios de Alta, Media y Baja Complejidad, dependientes de los Servicios de Salud a nivel nacional. Meta 3.2: Al 2025, modificar la normativa sanitaria para permitir el consu- mo sanitariamente seguro de agua desde nuevas fuentes como la cosecha de aguas lluvias y los atrapanieblas; y preparar técnicamente a los niveles regionales para el control sanitario de la implementación de tales alter- nativas.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2025, modificar la normativa sanitaria para permitir el consu- mo sanitariamente seguro de agua desde nuevas fuentes como la cosecha de aguas lluvias y los atrapanieblas; y preparar técnicamente a los niveles regionales para el control sanitario de la implementación de tales alter- nativas. Meta 3.3: Al 2025, determinar la brecha en el consumo de energéticos (con- sumo de combustibles fósiles y leña) y tecnologías (equipos), que aumentan la generación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en establecimientos Hospi- talarios de Alta, Media y Baja Complejidad dependientes de los Servicios de Salud, basados en el cálculo de la Huella de Carbono. Meta 3.4: Al 2025, se contará con información y definición de línea base nacional de carbono incorporado y carbono operacional de edificaciones de salud nuevas y existentes.', 'Meta 3.4: Al 2025, se contará con información y definición de línea base nacional de carbono incorporado y carbono operacional de edificaciones de salud nuevas y existentes. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, las edificaciones nuevas de salud, deberán reportar pú- blicamente su huella de carbono (carbono incorporado y carbono opera- cional). Meta 3.6: Al 2030, la totalidad de los rellenos sanitarios que cuenten con autorización sanitaria cumplirá con la reglamentación sobre control de biogás. Meta 3.7: Al 2030, el 90% de la población urbana contará con acceso a rellenos sanitarios para la eliminación de residuos sólidos domiciliarios no valorizados. Meta 3.8: Al 2030, todo nuevo cierre de vertedero se ajustará a la normativa sanitaria sobre manejo de biogás.', 'Meta 3.8: Al 2030, todo nuevo cierre de vertedero se ajustará a la normativa sanitaria sobre manejo de biogás. Meta 3.9: Al 2030, se contará con criterios estandarizados de sostenibilidad para todas las complejidades de edificación de salud y se habrán estable- cido límites en las emisiones de carbono para las edificaciones de salud. Meta 3.10: Al 2030, el 90% de la población urbana contará con acceso a rellenos sanitarios para la eliminación de residuos sólidos domiciliarios no valorizados.', 'Meta 3.10: Al 2030, el 90% de la población urbana contará con acceso a rellenos sanitarios para la eliminación de residuos sólidos domiciliarios no valorizados. Meta 3.11: Al 2040, el 100% de la población urbana contará con acceso a rellenos sanitarios para la eliminación de residuos sólidos domiciliarios no valorizados.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 157 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 4: Vigilar y monitorear los efectos en salud y bienestar de las personas de los eventos cli- máticos extremos. Meta 4.1: Al 2023, determinar la localización y cuantificar la población con riesgo sanitario por disminución en el acceso de agua para consumo humano y gestionar ante la institución competente el subsanar el problema sanitario en la población identificada.', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2023, determinar la localización y cuantificar la población con riesgo sanitario por disminución en el acceso de agua para consumo humano y gestionar ante la institución competente el subsanar el problema sanitario en la población identificada. Meta 4.2: Al 2025, contar con un sistema de Monitoreo y vigilancia perma- nente y actualizado de acuerdo con la identificación de indicadores zonales relevantes asociados al cambio climático. Meta 4.3: Al 2025, implementar un sistema integrado de monitoreo y comu- nicación de hallazgos inusuales, en tiempo y espacio, de vectores y reser- vorios de importancia en salud pública que se asocien al cambio climático.', 'Meta 4.3: Al 2025, implementar un sistema integrado de monitoreo y comu- nicación de hallazgos inusuales, en tiempo y espacio, de vectores y reser- vorios de importancia en salud pública que se asocien al cambio climático. La variación en las temperaturas y precipitación, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la ocurrencia de eventos climáticos extremos, ponen en riesgo la subsistencia del sector, dada la pérdida, o desaparición, de atractivos turísticos naturales, además del aumento del riesgo de los eventos extremos con el correspondien- te riesgo que conllevan. Aquellos impactos tienen una distribución desigual en la industria, siendo particularmente nocivos para el turismo vinculado al pa- trimonio natural y las empresas pequeñas, cuyo modelo de negocio es menos flexible.', 'Aquellos impactos tienen una distribución desigual en la industria, siendo particularmente nocivos para el turismo vinculado al pa- trimonio natural y las empresas pequeñas, cuyo modelo de negocio es menos flexible. Esto pone de manifiesto que la capacidad de adaptación de la indus- tria será fundamental para asegurar la sostenibilidad y crecimiento del sector. Por otra parte, el aumento de temperaturas, la disminución de precipitacio- nes, elevación de la isoterma cero y la disminución de acumulación de nieve afectarán las condiciones para las actividades relacionadas con la nieve en la temporada de invierno. Respecto a los eventos climáticos extremos, el aumento de eventos de marejadas y tempestades afectarán el litoral, provocando ero- sión costera, pérdida de playas, cierre de caletas y puertos.', 'Respecto a los eventos climáticos extremos, el aumento de eventos de marejadas y tempestades afectarán el litoral, provocando ero- sión costera, pérdida de playas, cierre de caletas y puertos. Por último, el au- mento de las condiciones que favorecen la ocurrencia de incendios forestales, como altas temperaturas, sequía y patrones de viento, ponen en riesgo el patri- monio turístico asociado con el paisaje natural y ecosistemas presentes en los distintos territorios, con la consecuente pérdida del atractivo y desmedro de la condición económica del sector. Como desafío se debe avanzar en el análisis del riesgo climático del patrimonio y atractivos turísticos relacionados con la pérdida biodiversidad terrestre, la disminución de la disponibilidad de agua dulce en lagos, lagunas, ríos, saltos y rápidos, y riesgos asociados a los eventos hidroclimáticos extremos.', 'Como desafío se debe avanzar en el análisis del riesgo climático del patrimonio y atractivos turísticos relacionados con la pérdida biodiversidad terrestre, la disminución de la disponibilidad de agua dulce en lagos, lagunas, ríos, saltos y rápidos, y riesgos asociados a los eventos hidroclimáticos extremos. Complementariamente, el sector busca promover la adaptación al cambio climático de empresas, turistas, y destinos turísticos, a la vez que implementa medidas de mitigación de las emisiones de GEI, tal cual insta la Declaración de Davos67 | y lo cual se refleja en sus objetivos de largo plazo. 67 | Foro Económico Mundial (2007). Declaración de Davos, Cambio climá- tico y turismo. Davos, Suiza.', 'Declaración de Davos, Cambio climá- tico y turismo. Davos, Suiza. Decla- racion_de_Davos._Cambio_Climati- co_y_Turismo.pdf (ucipfg.com) En este contexto, el sector de turismo tiene como visión a largo plazo cons- truir nuevas capacidades para adaptarse y enfrentar con resiliencia los efectos del cambio climático, y fortalecer su sostenibilidad para reducir las emisiones de GEI del sector. En materia de Turismo, el Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, a través de la Subsecretaría de Turismo, está a cargo del diseño de políticas públicas y coordinación de las partes que componen el sector, y el Servicio Na- cional de Turismo (Sernatur), tiene la representación regional, y es el organismo público ejecutor de planes y programas basados en la Estrategia Nacional de Turismo, incentivando la sustentabilidad, calidad, competitividad y espe- cialización en la industria.', 'En materia de Turismo, el Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, a través de la Subsecretaría de Turismo, está a cargo del diseño de políticas públicas y coordinación de las partes que componen el sector, y el Servicio Na- cional de Turismo (Sernatur), tiene la representación regional, y es el organismo público ejecutor de planes y programas basados en la Estrategia Nacional de Turismo, incentivando la sustentabilidad, calidad, competitividad y espe- cialización en la industria. En 2019, el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad y el Comité de Mi- nistros del Turismo se pronunciaron favorablemente sobre el Plan Sectorial de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el Sector Turismo, elaborado por la Sub- secretaría de Turismo, Sernatur y el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, el cual cuenta con 21 medidas que buscan instalar capacidades y generar condiciones habilitantes para la implementación de medidas para adaptarse y enfrentar los efectos actuales y futuros del cambio climático, aumentando la resiliencia y sostenibilidad del sector al 2024.', 'En 2019, el Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad y el Comité de Mi- nistros del Turismo se pronunciaron favorablemente sobre el Plan Sectorial de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el Sector Turismo, elaborado por la Sub- secretaría de Turismo, Sernatur y el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, el cual cuenta con 21 medidas que buscan instalar capacidades y generar condiciones habilitantes para la implementación de medidas para adaptarse y enfrentar los efectos actuales y futuros del cambio climático, aumentando la resiliencia y sostenibilidad del sector al 2024. Su actualización establecerá las acciones que el sector deberá cumplir en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en la ECLP.', 'Su actualización establecerá las acciones que el sector deberá cumplir en concordancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en la ECLP. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo, que el sector turismo debe implementar en coordinación con los distintos ór- ganos involucrados,y su contribución a los ODS. SECTOR TURISMO ODS Objetivo 1: Fomentar experiencias turísticas que aporten al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al cam- bio climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas y que pongan en valor el patrimonio cultural y natural de los territorios.', 'SECTOR TURISMO ODS Objetivo 1: Fomentar experiencias turísticas que aporten al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al cam- bio climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas y que pongan en valor el patrimonio cultural y natural de los territorios. Meta 1.1: Al 2030, generar un espacio de articulación público-privada a nivel nacional para el desarrollo de experiencias turísticas priorizadas (naturaleza, rural, astroturismo, enoturismo, turismo indígena, aventura, deportivo y gastronómico) orientadas al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al cambio climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2030, generar un espacio de articulación público-privada a nivel nacional para el desarrollo de experiencias turísticas priorizadas (naturaleza, rural, astroturismo, enoturismo, turismo indígena, aventura, deportivo y gastronómico) orientadas al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al cambio climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas. Meta 1.2: Al 2030, contar con instrumentos de planificación (hoja de ruta o lineamientos estratégicos) en al menos 3 líneas de experiencias priori- zadas (turismo rural, turismo indígena y turismo de naturaleza), que incor- poren componentes de inclusión y sostenibilidad, haciéndose cargo de las temáticas de cambio climático y el reconocimiento de la importancia de las comunidades locales e indígenas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 159 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 1.3: Al 2050, generar espacio de articulación público-privada para el desarrollo de todas las experiencias turísticas (naturaleza, rural, astro- turismo, enoturismo, turismo indígena, aventura y deportivo, gastronómico y otras por definir según prioridades del sector) orientadas al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al Cambio Climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas.', 'Meta 1.2: Al 2030, contar con instrumentos de planificación (hoja de ruta o lineamientos estratégicos) en al menos 3 líneas de experiencias priori- zadas (turismo rural, turismo indígena y turismo de naturaleza), que incor- poren componentes de inclusión y sostenibilidad, haciéndose cargo de las temáticas de cambio climático y el reconocimiento de la importancia de las comunidades locales e indígenas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 159 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 1.3: Al 2050, generar espacio de articulación público-privada para el desarrollo de todas las experiencias turísticas (naturaleza, rural, astro- turismo, enoturismo, turismo indígena, aventura y deportivo, gastronómico y otras por definir según prioridades del sector) orientadas al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente al Cambio Climático de las comunidades locales e indígenas. Meta 1.4: Al 2050, contar con instrumentos de planificación vigentes (hoja de ruta o lineamientos estratégicos) en al menos 7 líneas de experiencias priorizadas (turismo rural, turismo indígena, turismo de naturaleza, astro- turismo, enoturismo, aventura y deportivo, gastronómico y otras por definir según prioridades del sector).', 'Meta 1.4: Al 2050, contar con instrumentos de planificación vigentes (hoja de ruta o lineamientos estratégicos) en al menos 7 líneas de experiencias priorizadas (turismo rural, turismo indígena, turismo de naturaleza, astro- turismo, enoturismo, aventura y deportivo, gastronómico y otras por definir según prioridades del sector). Objetivo 2: Fortalecer la institucionalidad y gobernanza del sector turismo, para abordar los desa- fíos del cambio climático, a través del desarrollo de capacidades a nivel nacional, regional, local y la asociación público-privada. Meta 2.1: Al 2030, coordinar el trabajo conjunto entre Direcciones Regiona- les y Gobiernos Regionales para implementar planes de gestión de destinos turísticos en al menos un 30% de los destinos turísticos priorizados.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2030, coordinar el trabajo conjunto entre Direcciones Regiona- les y Gobiernos Regionales para implementar planes de gestión de destinos turísticos en al menos un 30% de los destinos turísticos priorizados. Meta 2.2: Al 2030, que al menos un 50% de integrantes de las mesas públi- co-privadas de las ZOIT declaradas al 2028, estén capacitados/as en temas de sustentabilidad y cambio climático. Meta 2.3: Al 2050, coordinar el trabajo conjunto entre Direcciones Regiona- les y Gobiernos Regionales para implementar planes de gestión de destinos turísticos en al menos un 60% de los destinos turísticos priorizados.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2050, coordinar el trabajo conjunto entre Direcciones Regiona- les y Gobiernos Regionales para implementar planes de gestión de destinos turísticos en al menos un 60% de los destinos turísticos priorizados. Meta 2.4: Al 2050, que al menos un 70% de los integrantes de las mesas público-privadas de las ZOIT declaradas al 2048, estén capacitados en te- mas de sustentabilidad y cambio climático. Objetivo 3: Impulsar la gestión sustentable y resiliente al cambio climático de los territorios aso- ciados a los destinos turísticos, a través de instrumentos de gestión local, ordenamiento territorial y generación de capacidades locales. Meta 3.1: Al 2030, al menos el 40% de las comunas que son parte de los destinos turísticos cuenten con un Plan de Desarrollo Turístico, vigente y en operación.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2030, al menos el 40% de las comunas que son parte de los destinos turísticos cuenten con un Plan de Desarrollo Turístico, vigente y en operación. Meta 3.2: Al 2030 contar con un mecanismo operativo actualizable para la identificación de los destinos turísticos más vulnerables al cambio cli- mático. Meta 3.3: Al 2030 contar con un sistema para visualizar métricas de Satu- ración de Destinos Turísticos* que apoye la toma de decisiones para la sus- tentabilidad turística del destino. Meta 3.4: Al 2030, el 50% de los destinos turísticos priorizados (consolida- dos) más vulnerables al cambio climático, implementarán el Índice de Satu- ración de Destinos Turísticos (IST) e implementarán acciones que permitan evitar la saturación.', 'Meta 3.4: Al 2030, el 50% de los destinos turísticos priorizados (consolida- dos) más vulnerables al cambio climático, implementarán el Índice de Satu- ración de Destinos Turísticos (IST) e implementarán acciones que permitan evitar la saturación. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, el 50% de las ZOIT más vulnerables al cambio climá- tico, tendrán incorporadas acciones sobre cambio climático en sus planes de acción. Meta 3.6: Al 2050, al menos el 70% de las comunas que son parte de los destinos turísticos cuenten con un Plan de Desarrollo Turístico, vigente y en operación. Meta 3.7: Al 2050, el 90% de los destinos turísticos priorizados (conso- lidados) más vulnerables al cambio climático, implementarán el Índice de Saturación Turística (IST) e implementarán acciones que permitan evitar la saturación.', 'Meta 3.7: Al 2050, el 90% de los destinos turísticos priorizados (conso- lidados) más vulnerables al cambio climático, implementarán el Índice de Saturación Turística (IST) e implementarán acciones que permitan evitar la saturación. Meta 3.8: Al 2050, el 90% de las ZOIT más vulnerables al cambio climá- tico, tendrán incorporadas acciones sobre cambio climático en sus planes de acción. (*) Este sistema entregará métricas que apoyen la toma de decisiones para evitar su saturación en cada una de las dimensiones: infraestructura y medio ambiente, calidad de vida, capacidad turística, y gestión. Objetivo 4: Aumentar la resiliencia de los destinos turísticos frente a los impactos del cambio climá- tico a través de la infraestructura pública.', 'Objetivo 4: Aumentar la resiliencia de los destinos turísticos frente a los impactos del cambio climá- tico a través de la infraestructura pública. Meta 4.1: Al 2030, 30% de proyectos Plan Maestro de Infraestructura para el Turismo deben tener un enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático. Meta 4.2: Al 2050, se habrán ejecutado al menos 80% de los proyectos del Plan Maestro de Infraestructura para el Turismo que tengan un enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático. Objetivo 5: Reducir la huella de carbono del sector, a través de estrategias de economía circular, eficiencia en el consumo de energía y agua y utilización de fuentes de energía renovables, especial- mente en el sector del transporte y alojamiento.', 'Objetivo 5: Reducir la huella de carbono del sector, a través de estrategias de economía circular, eficiencia en el consumo de energía y agua y utilización de fuentes de energía renovables, especial- mente en el sector del transporte y alojamiento. Meta 5.1: Al 2030, medir la huella de carbono del sector. Meta 5.2: Al 2030, generar espacios de articulación público-privada (Minis- terio de Energía, Ministerio de Transportes) para fomentar la electromovili- dad en el transporte turístico.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2030, generar espacios de articulación público-privada (Minis- terio de Energía, Ministerio de Transportes) para fomentar la electromovili- dad en el transporte turístico. Meta 5.3: Al 2050, ser un sector carbono neutral.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 161 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, que permita la resiliencia del borde costero frente al cambio climático, es necesario contar con una plani- ficación estratégica sostenible, que integre las diversas realidades geográficas del territorio nacional, enfocándose en el desarrollo sustentable y un adecuado manejo de los recursos existentes. Todo esto, con una visión de conservación y constante protección del hábitat marítimo, terrestre y aéreo, compatibilizando la multiplicidad de actividades tanto económico-productivas, como también las relacionadas con los asentamientos humanos.', 'Todo esto, con una visión de conservación y constante protección del hábitat marítimo, terrestre y aéreo, compatibilizando la multiplicidad de actividades tanto económico-productivas, como también las relacionadas con los asentamientos humanos. En este punto donde es de vital importancia la aplicación de un enfoque integrado del riesgo, el cual ten- ga la capacidad de tomar en consideración todo tipo de amenazas, donde ade- más sea incluida la generación de conocimientos y la constante capacitación que permita la adaptación a posibles impactos futuros, considerando que el borde costero se ve afectado por las dinámicas estuarinas y de las cuencas con- tinentales que transportan agua dulce y sedimentos, que impactan el hábitat físico y sus ecosistemas, relevando la necesidad de considerar estos elementos de forma coordinada en la planificación.', 'En este punto donde es de vital importancia la aplicación de un enfoque integrado del riesgo, el cual ten- ga la capacidad de tomar en consideración todo tipo de amenazas, donde ade- más sea incluida la generación de conocimientos y la constante capacitación que permita la adaptación a posibles impactos futuros, considerando que el borde costero se ve afectado por las dinámicas estuarinas y de las cuencas con- tinentales que transportan agua dulce y sedimentos, que impactan el hábitat físico y sus ecosistemas, relevando la necesidad de considerar estos elementos de forma coordinada en la planificación. Los ecosistemas, comunidades y actividades económicas presentes en el borde costero se verán amenazadas principalmente por el aumento de la in- tensidad y frecuencia de eventos extremos, tales como sequías, inundaciones fluviales, días y olas de calor, aluviones y aumento de la velocidad media de los vientos (trombas marinas).', 'Los ecosistemas, comunidades y actividades económicas presentes en el borde costero se verán amenazadas principalmente por el aumento de la in- tensidad y frecuencia de eventos extremos, tales como sequías, inundaciones fluviales, días y olas de calor, aluviones y aumento de la velocidad media de los vientos (trombas marinas). Adicionalmente, el sector está expuesto a inunda- ciones costeras, producto de eventos de oleaje extremo (marejadas) asociados a periodos de retorno altos, los que se incrementarán notoriamente a media- dos de siglo, especialmente en la costa central de Chile. Se proyecta un au- mento de la cota de inundación, debido principalmente al aumento del nivel del mar, que como consecuencia aumentará el número de viviendas, pobla- ción, ecosistemas e infraestructura expuestos a sus impactos.', 'Se proyecta un au- mento de la cota de inundación, debido principalmente al aumento del nivel del mar, que como consecuencia aumentará el número de viviendas, pobla- ción, ecosistemas e infraestructura expuestos a sus impactos. En este sentido, hacia mediados de siglo, se observaría un gradiente latitudinal del aumento del nivel del mar, que podría alcanzar valores máximos de 0,14 m en el norte, aunque estos se incrementan hacia fines de siglo.', 'En este sentido, hacia mediados de siglo, se observaría un gradiente latitudinal del aumento del nivel del mar, que podría alcanzar valores máximos de 0,14 m en el norte, aunque estos se incrementan hacia fines de siglo. Por último, se estima que la erosión en las playas ubicadas entre Arica y el Canal de Chacao, se manifes- tará con retrocesos medios de entre 3 y 25 m. Las proyecciones para fines de siglo (2081-2100) indican que el aumento del nivel del mar será del orden de 0,58 ± 0,25 m, generando impactos significativos tales como la inundación de asentamientos costeros, la afección en la operación de puertos y caletas pesqueras, efectos sobre la actividad turística por pérdida de playas, daños sobre la infraestructura, intrusión salina en acuíferos y afectaciones de zonas con patrimonio cultural y natural.', 'Por último, se estima que la erosión en las playas ubicadas entre Arica y el Canal de Chacao, se manifes- tará con retrocesos medios de entre 3 y 25 m. Las proyecciones para fines de siglo (2081-2100) indican que el aumento del nivel del mar será del orden de 0,58 ± 0,25 m, generando impactos significativos tales como la inundación de asentamientos costeros, la afección en la operación de puertos y caletas pesqueras, efectos sobre la actividad turística por pérdida de playas, daños sobre la infraestructura, intrusión salina en acuíferos y afectaciones de zonas con patrimonio cultural y natural. Respecto del aumento del nivel del mar, es relevante considerar que nues- tro país se ve permanentemente afectado por deformaciones verticales aso- ciadas a la actividad tectónica, las que pueden generar cambios, graduales o inmediatos, en las cotas de inundación que podrían ser incluso más im- portantes a aquellos atribuidos al aumento del nivel medio del mar debi- do al cambio climático.', 'Respecto del aumento del nivel del mar, es relevante considerar que nues- tro país se ve permanentemente afectado por deformaciones verticales aso- ciadas a la actividad tectónica, las que pueden generar cambios, graduales o inmediatos, en las cotas de inundación que podrían ser incluso más im- portantes a aquellos atribuidos al aumento del nivel medio del mar debi- do al cambio climático. Como complemento a esta Estrategia es importante el estudio de ambos fenómenos en conjunto, y mejorar la información de la deformación del terreno. 68 | En este documento se utilizará el término «Borde costero» con- forme a las facultades territoriales del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional precisadas en DFL 340 de 1960 y en la Política Nacional de Uso del Bor- de Costero (PNUBC).', '68 | En este documento se utilizará el término «Borde costero» con- forme a las facultades territoriales del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional precisadas en DFL 340 de 1960 y en la Política Nacional de Uso del Bor- de Costero (PNUBC). Sin embargo, se actualizará a «Zona costera», una vez promulgada la Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Los impactos derivados de estos eventos afectan a asentamientos humanos, sistemas naturales, infraestructura urbana y portuaria y actividades económicas que allí se realizan. Estas amenazas se ven intensificadas por aquellas atribui- bles a las actividades humanas que, directa o indirectamente, alteran la compo- sición atmosférica y afectan a los ecosistemas, por ejemplo en lo que se refiere a intervención de humedales costeros y la modificación biológica y química del agua dulce por diversos usos asociados.', 'Estas amenazas se ven intensificadas por aquellas atribui- bles a las actividades humanas que, directa o indirectamente, alteran la compo- sición atmosférica y afectan a los ecosistemas, por ejemplo en lo que se refiere a intervención de humedales costeros y la modificación biológica y química del agua dulce por diversos usos asociados. Por tanto, considerar un enfoque integrado, que incorpore las diferentes vulnerabilidades de los sistemas natu- rales y humanos, es vital para lograr la adaptación del borde costero al cambio climático y su desarrollo sustentable. El cambio climático ya está afectando de manera importante la infraestruc- tura presente en el borde costero.', 'El cambio climático ya está afectando de manera importante la infraestruc- tura presente en el borde costero. En particular, el sistema portuario nacional está sufriendo los efectos de este fenómeno, que se manifiesta a través de los cierres portuarios debido a marejadas y tormentas, con importantes costos para las partes de la cadena logística. Tanto para los puertos, como para otra infraestructura presente es vital adecuar las instalaciones para minimizar so- brepaso y la erosión costera, mejorar las condiciones de abrigo y los sistemas de alerta temprana. Para la implementación de medidas que apunten al cumplimiento de los objetivos de largo plazo y las metas propuestas para el sector borde coste- ro, es relevante fortalecer la coordinación intersectorial para abordar temas de carácter común.', 'Para la implementación de medidas que apunten al cumplimiento de los objetivos de largo plazo y las metas propuestas para el sector borde coste- ro, es relevante fortalecer la coordinación intersectorial para abordar temas de carácter común. En este sentido, el sector tiene importantes interrelaciones con los sectores pesca y acuicultura, biodiversidad, recursos hídricos e infraes- tructura, entre otros y con el componente de integración de océanos.', 'En este sentido, el sector tiene importantes interrelaciones con los sectores pesca y acuicultura, biodiversidad, recursos hídricos e infraes- tructura, entre otros y con el componente de integración de océanos. En el proceso de diseño e implementación de soluciones de adaptación que apunten a cumplir las metas y objetivos de la presente Estrategia, es de relevancia para el sector la generación y mejora de información científica de base; la integración de dicha información y datos de distintas instituciones para el manejo integrado del borde costero; la participación amplia de los Gobiernos Regionales, Municipios y comunidades locales del borde costero, in- cluyendo el sector privado y la sociedad civil organizada; la educación, sensibi- lización y difusión en aspectos relativos al riesgo climático en el borde costero, la protección, conservación y el uso sostenible del mar chileno, la biodiversidad de los sistemas marino costero, y el resguardo de sus servicios ecosistémicos.', 'En el proceso de diseño e implementación de soluciones de adaptación que apunten a cumplir las metas y objetivos de la presente Estrategia, es de relevancia para el sector la generación y mejora de información científica de base; la integración de dicha información y datos de distintas instituciones para el manejo integrado del borde costero; la participación amplia de los Gobiernos Regionales, Municipios y comunidades locales del borde costero, in- cluyendo el sector privado y la sociedad civil organizada; la educación, sensibi- lización y difusión en aspectos relativos al riesgo climático en el borde costero, la protección, conservación y el uso sostenible del mar chileno, la biodiversidad de los sistemas marino costero, y el resguardo de sus servicios ecosistémicos. La administración del borde costero está a cargo del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Subsecretaría para las Fuerzas Armadas, y actualmente se encuen- tra elaborando su plan de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'La administración del borde costero está a cargo del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Subsecretaría para las Fuerzas Armadas, y actualmente se encuen- tra elaborando su plan de adaptación al cambio climático. Para la gestión del Borde costero, se cuenta con los siguientes instrumentos: i) Política Nacio- nal de Uso del Borde Costero del litoral de la República (Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, 1994, en modificación); ii) la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura69 |; iii) Política Oceánica Nacional (MINREL, 2018); iv) Política de Infraestructura Portuaria y Costera al 2020 (MOP, 2009); v) Política Nacional de Áreas Prote- gidas (MMA, 2005) y vi) Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de De- sastres y Plan Estratégico Nacional 2020-2030 (ONEMI, Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública, 2020).', 'Para la gestión del Borde costero, se cuenta con los siguientes instrumentos: i) Política Nacio- nal de Uso del Borde Costero del litoral de la República (Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, 1994, en modificación); ii) la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura69 |; iii) Política Oceánica Nacional (MINREL, 2018); iv) Política de Infraestructura Portuaria y Costera al 2020 (MOP, 2009); v) Política Nacional de Áreas Prote- gidas (MMA, 2005) y vi) Política Nacional para la Reducción del Riesgo de De- sastres y Plan Estratégico Nacional 2020-2030 (ONEMI, Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública, 2020). Para el sector es relevante la coordinación con otros planes sectoriales y sus actualizaciones, como lo son el Plan de adaptación al cambio climá- tico en biodiversidad y el Plan de adaptación y mitigación de los servicios 69 | Decreto Nº 430, de 1991, del Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstrucción, que fija el texto re- fundido, coordinado y sistematizado de la Ley Nº 18.892 y sus modifica- cionesCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 163 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de infraestructura al cambio climático, y con instrumentos que entregan li- neamientos relacionados, como la «Guía para incorporar el cambio climático en instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial», en elaboración por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Subsecretaría de Fuerzas Armadas, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo y Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo.', 'Para el sector es relevante la coordinación con otros planes sectoriales y sus actualizaciones, como lo son el Plan de adaptación al cambio climá- tico en biodiversidad y el Plan de adaptación y mitigación de los servicios 69 | Decreto Nº 430, de 1991, del Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstrucción, que fija el texto re- fundido, coordinado y sistematizado de la Ley Nº 18.892 y sus modifica- cionesCAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 163 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 de infraestructura al cambio climático, y con instrumentos que entregan li- neamientos relacionados, como la «Guía para incorporar el cambio climático en instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial», en elaboración por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Subsecretaría de Fuerzas Armadas, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo y Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo. La NDC de 2020, en su componente de Adaptación, establece que se ela- borará un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para el Borde costero al año 2022.', 'La NDC de 2020, en su componente de Adaptación, establece que se ela- borará un plan de adaptación al cambio climático para el Borde costero al año 2022. Este plan establecerá las acciones con que se deberá cumplir, en concor- dancia con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos en el presente documento. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR BORDE COSTERO ODS Objetivo 1: Incrementar y disponer la información y estudios del borde costero y el desarrollo de tec- nologías del océano.', 'A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: SECTOR BORDE COSTERO ODS Objetivo 1: Incrementar y disponer la información y estudios del borde costero y el desarrollo de tec- nologías del océano. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, contar con una base de datos que contenga los an- tecedentes geográficos y atributos sistematizados de la totalidad de las concesiones marítimas y acuícolas, así como también las otras afectaciones ubicadas en el Borde Costero. Meta 1.2: Al 2025, contar con un Geoportal para la visualización y descarga de la información de concesiones marítimas y de otras afectaciones de libre acceso a la ciudadanía.', 'Meta 1.2: Al 2025, contar con un Geoportal para la visualización y descarga de la información de concesiones marítimas y de otras afectaciones de libre acceso a la ciudadanía. Meta 1.3: Al 2030, cumpliendo las metas 1.1 y 1.2, contar con diversos diag- nósticos que permitan identificar concentración de actividades, vocaciones territoriales y análisis de riesgo para la infraestructura crítica y estratégica* como también, para otras instalaciones esenciales vulnerables del borde costero. Meta 1.4: Integrar las distintas plataformas de datos que existen a nivel nacional en apoyo a estudios relacionados al cambio climático. Meta 1.5: Al 2030, actualizar el Plan Oceanográfico Nacional, que establece en forma sistemática las actividades científicas oceanográficas nacionales.', 'Meta 1.5: Al 2030, actualizar el Plan Oceanográfico Nacional, que establece en forma sistemática las actividades científicas oceanográficas nacionales. Meta 1.6: Al 2050, contribuir con el desarrollo de programas o proyectos de observación sistémica en aspectos de oceanografía, meteorología y gla- ciología. Meta 1.7: Contribuir a las iniciativas que está llevando a cabo el Ministerio de Ciencia, Conocimiento, Tecnología e Innovación, para la creación de un Observatorio de Cambio Climático (OCC) y la implementación del Sistema Integrado de Observación del Océano Chileno (SIOOC) (*) Se incluyen los conceptos de infraestructura crítica y estratégica tal como se describen en la PNOT. Objetivo 2: Promover las instancias de participación inclusiva en el desarrollo de los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial asociadas al borde costero.', 'Objetivo 2: Promover las instancias de participación inclusiva en el desarrollo de los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial asociadas al borde costero. Meta 2.1: Al 2025, establecer programas de información, instrucción y ca- pacitación dirigidos al personal de los organismos que participan en la confección de los Instrumentos de Ordenamiento Territorial, sobre los efec- tos del cambio climático en el borde costero, la importancia del rol de los espacios naturales costeros y de la gestión del riesgo asociado a estos, mediante distintas instancias tales como talleres, seminarios y charlas.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2025, establecer programas de información, instrucción y ca- pacitación dirigidos al personal de los organismos que participan en la confección de los Instrumentos de Ordenamiento Territorial, sobre los efec- tos del cambio climático en el borde costero, la importancia del rol de los espacios naturales costeros y de la gestión del riesgo asociado a estos, mediante distintas instancias tales como talleres, seminarios y charlas. Meta 2.2: Fomentar la participación de los diversos actores de la sociedad civil en las distintas etapas del desarrollo de las futuras Zonificaciones del Borde Costero (ZBC), mediante programas de difusión, educación y con- cientización sobre la importancia del rol de los espacios naturales costeros y de la gestión del riesgo asociado.', 'Meta 2.2: Fomentar la participación de los diversos actores de la sociedad civil en las distintas etapas del desarrollo de las futuras Zonificaciones del Borde Costero (ZBC), mediante programas de difusión, educación y con- cientización sobre la importancia del rol de los espacios naturales costeros y de la gestión del riesgo asociado. Objetivo 3: Contribuir a la gestión de riesgos de desastres y la adaptación al cambio climático a través de la promoción de una ocupación segura y resiliente del Borde costero. Meta 3.1: Al 2025, incluir en la actualización de la Política Nacional de Uso del Borde Costero, en planes u otros instrumentos sectoriales consideracio- nes relacionadas a la gestión del riesgo ante desastres.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2025, incluir en la actualización de la Política Nacional de Uso del Borde Costero, en planes u otros instrumentos sectoriales consideracio- nes relacionadas a la gestión del riesgo ante desastres. Meta 3.2: Al 2025, incorporar en el Reglamento de Concesiones Maríti- mas (CCMM), criterios que permita ponderar positivamente el otrogamien- to de concesiones marítimas que contribuyan a la reducción de riesgo de desastres y adaptación al cambio climático, tales como: infraestructura de protección costera y fluvial, infraestructura verde de resiliencia, etc.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2025, incorporar en el Reglamento de Concesiones Maríti- mas (CCMM), criterios que permita ponderar positivamente el otrogamien- to de concesiones marítimas que contribuyan a la reducción de riesgo de desastres y adaptación al cambio climático, tales como: infraestructura de protección costera y fluvial, infraestructura verde de resiliencia, etc. Estos criterios de ponderación se materializarán en la opción de poder acceder a concesión marina rebajada, y de preferencia en caso de sobrepocisiones con otras solicitudes que no cuenten con criterios de preferencia en cuan- to a la gestión de riesgo de desastres, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en la Ley N°20.249 y su Reglamento.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 165 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 4: Fomentar la resiliencia mediante políticas e instrumentos que promuevan la protección, conservación y el uso sostenible del mar chileno, la biodiversidad de los sistemas marino costero, el resguardo de los servicios ecosistémicos, considerando los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Estos criterios de ponderación se materializarán en la opción de poder acceder a concesión marina rebajada, y de preferencia en caso de sobrepocisiones con otras solicitudes que no cuenten con criterios de preferencia en cuan- to a la gestión de riesgo de desastres, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en la Ley N°20.249 y su Reglamento.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 165 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 4: Fomentar la resiliencia mediante políticas e instrumentos que promuevan la protección, conservación y el uso sostenible del mar chileno, la biodiversidad de los sistemas marino costero, el resguardo de los servicios ecosistémicos, considerando los impactos del cambio climático. Meta 4.1: Al 2025, incluir en la actualización de la Política Nacional de Uso del Borde Costero, en planes u otros instrumentos sectoriales considera- ciones relacionadas al cuidado de áreas bajo protección oficial ubicadas en el borde costero.', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2025, incluir en la actualización de la Política Nacional de Uso del Borde Costero, en planes u otros instrumentos sectoriales considera- ciones relacionadas al cuidado de áreas bajo protección oficial ubicadas en el borde costero. La biodiversidad a nivel nacional es muy variada, destacando por su alto grado de endemismo, singularidad y múltiples tipos de ecosistemas, los cuales entregan un sinnúmero de servicios ecosistémicos que mantienen y mejoran el bienestar de las personas, a través de la provisión de alimentos, agua, ener- gía, materiales, medicinas, recursos genéticos y valores culturales asociados, entre otros.', 'La biodiversidad a nivel nacional es muy variada, destacando por su alto grado de endemismo, singularidad y múltiples tipos de ecosistemas, los cuales entregan un sinnúmero de servicios ecosistémicos que mantienen y mejoran el bienestar de las personas, a través de la provisión de alimentos, agua, ener- gía, materiales, medicinas, recursos genéticos y valores culturales asociados, entre otros. Sin embargo, el cambio climático genera una serie de impactos negativos en la biodiversidad, afectando los patrones y procesos ecológicos que determinan la composición, la abundancia y la distribución geográfica de los ecosistemas y las especies que los componen, que a su vez generan cambios en los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen, pudiendo llegar incluso al colapso de los ecosistemas y a la extinción de algunas especies, con el con- siguiente detrimento en los servicios ecosistémicos.', 'Sin embargo, el cambio climático genera una serie de impactos negativos en la biodiversidad, afectando los patrones y procesos ecológicos que determinan la composición, la abundancia y la distribución geográfica de los ecosistemas y las especies que los componen, que a su vez generan cambios en los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen, pudiendo llegar incluso al colapso de los ecosistemas y a la extinción de algunas especies, con el con- siguiente detrimento en los servicios ecosistémicos. Los análisis de riesgo climático para especies preveen una disminución en las áreas de distribución actual, así como un movimiento ascendente de la costa hacia las montañas y un movimiento hacia los polos, desde los ecosis- temas del norte hacia el sur, en respuesta al aumento de la sequía y la aridi- zación.', 'Los análisis de riesgo climático para especies preveen una disminución en las áreas de distribución actual, así como un movimiento ascendente de la costa hacia las montañas y un movimiento hacia los polos, desde los ecosis- temas del norte hacia el sur, en respuesta al aumento de la sequía y la aridi- zación. La zona centro sur del país es la que presenta el mayor riesgo a las variaciones futuras en el clima, debido a una menor capacidad de las especies de flora y fauna para persistir en las áreas donde actualmente reconocemos su distribución y presencia.', 'La zona centro sur del país es la que presenta el mayor riesgo a las variaciones futuras en el clima, debido a una menor capacidad de las especies de flora y fauna para persistir en las áreas donde actualmente reconocemos su distribución y presencia. Por otra parte, las presiones de origen antrópico, como el cambio en el uso del suelo o disrupción del ciclo del agua, agravan esta situación, eximiendo de esta manera los efectos directos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversi- dad.', 'Por otra parte, las presiones de origen antrópico, como el cambio en el uso del suelo o disrupción del ciclo del agua, agravan esta situación, eximiendo de esta manera los efectos directos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversi- dad. En este contexto, la visión establecida en la Estrategia Nacional de Biodi- versidad 2017 - 2030, señala que: Al 2030, la sociedad chilena comprende, valora, respeta e integra la bio- diversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos del país como fuente de su propio bienestar, deteniendo su pérdida y degradación, restaurándolos, protegién- dolos, usándolos de manera sustentable y distribuyendo los beneficios de la biodiversidad de manera justa y equitativa, manteniendo las posibilidades de satisfacer las necesidades de las generaciones futuras.', 'En este contexto, la visión establecida en la Estrategia Nacional de Biodi- versidad 2017 - 2030, señala que: Al 2030, la sociedad chilena comprende, valora, respeta e integra la bio- diversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos del país como fuente de su propio bienestar, deteniendo su pérdida y degradación, restaurándolos, protegién- dolos, usándolos de manera sustentable y distribuyendo los beneficios de la biodiversidad de manera justa y equitativa, manteniendo las posibilidades de satisfacer las necesidades de las generaciones futuras. A nivel institucional, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, es el encargado de generar las políticas, planes y programas para la protección de la biodiver- sidad, rol que cumple con apoyo de diversas instituciones del Estado.', 'A nivel institucional, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, es el encargado de generar las políticas, planes y programas para la protección de la biodiver- sidad, rol que cumple con apoyo de diversas instituciones del Estado. Otros instrumentos del ámbito biodiversidad que destacan, son los siguientes: • Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático del Sector Biodiversidad (2014), tiene por objetivo fortalecer la capacidad del país para enfrentar los desa- fíos climáticos y la presión que estos ejercen sobre los bienes y servicios de los ecosistemas, implementando medidas para conservar la biodiver- sidad y favorecer su adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Otros instrumentos del ámbito biodiversidad que destacan, son los siguientes: • Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático del Sector Biodiversidad (2014), tiene por objetivo fortalecer la capacidad del país para enfrentar los desa- fíos climáticos y la presión que estos ejercen sobre los bienes y servicios de los ecosistemas, implementando medidas para conservar la biodiver- sidad y favorecer su adaptación al cambio climático. A partir del objeti- vo general se establecen 50 medidas bajo cuatro objetivos específicos que apuntan a la investigación de la biodiversidad y la creación de capa- cidades, la promoción de prácticas productivas sustentables, la conside- ración de los objetivos de biodiversidad en instrumentos de planificación territorial y el fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas mediante la implementación de medidas de adaptación a nivel de ecosis- temas y especies.', 'A partir del objeti- vo general se establecen 50 medidas bajo cuatro objetivos específicos que apuntan a la investigación de la biodiversidad y la creación de capa- cidades, la promoción de prácticas productivas sustentables, la conside- ración de los objetivos de biodiversidad en instrumentos de planificación territorial y el fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas mediante la implementación de medidas de adaptación a nivel de ecosis- temas y especies. Está previsto iniciar la actualización de este Plan en los próximos meses.', 'Está previsto iniciar la actualización de este Plan en los próximos meses. • Ley 21.202 de Protección de Humedales Urbanos (2020), que tiene por objeto regular de manera específica los ecosistemas de humedales dentro de áreas urbanas (humedales total o parcialmente dentro del lími- te urbano) e introducir en la legislación nacional, por primera vez, el con- cepto de humedales urbanos, en virtud de la gran relevancia que estos ecosistemas tienen para las ciudades, como áreas verdes, espacios para la recreación, control de inundaciones, mitigación al cambio climático, entre otros; y las fuertes amenazas bajo las cuales se encuentran.', '• Ley 21.202 de Protección de Humedales Urbanos (2020), que tiene por objeto regular de manera específica los ecosistemas de humedales dentro de áreas urbanas (humedales total o parcialmente dentro del lími- te urbano) e introducir en la legislación nacional, por primera vez, el con- cepto de humedales urbanos, en virtud de la gran relevancia que estos ecosistemas tienen para las ciudades, como áreas verdes, espacios para la recreación, control de inundaciones, mitigación al cambio climático, entre otros; y las fuertes amenazas bajo las cuales se encuentran. En materia de biodiversidad se contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compro- misos en los componentes de adaptación e integración de la NDC, los cuales se establecen como: i) actualización del Plan de Adaptación de Biodiversidad al 2022 y 2027; ii) compromisos en materia de bosques, iv) turberas, v) ecosis- temas y vii) océanos.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 167 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: BIODIVERSIDAD ODS Objetivo 1: Contribuir a la recuperación y conservación de la diversidad de los organismos vivos que forman parte de ecosistemas del país, tanto terrestres como marinos, costeros, de aguas conti- nentales e islas oceánicas.', 'En materia de biodiversidad se contribuirá al cumplimiento de los compro- misos en los componentes de adaptación e integración de la NDC, los cuales se establecen como: i) actualización del Plan de Adaptación de Biodiversidad al 2022 y 2027; ii) compromisos en materia de bosques, iv) turberas, v) ecosis- temas y vii) océanos.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 167 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: BIODIVERSIDAD ODS Objetivo 1: Contribuir a la recuperación y conservación de la diversidad de los organismos vivos que forman parte de ecosistemas del país, tanto terrestres como marinos, costeros, de aguas conti- nentales e islas oceánicas. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, diseñar, con base en evidencia científica, propuestas de modificaciones necesarias a los instrumentos de gestión marítima para la protección de mamíferos marinos en las zonas de relevancia para la con- servación.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2025, diseñar, con base en evidencia científica, propuestas de modificaciones necesarias a los instrumentos de gestión marítima para la protección de mamíferos marinos en las zonas de relevancia para la con- servación. Meta 1.2: Al 2030, entre un 15% y un 30% de las especies clasificadas como amenazadas al 2020 contarán con Planes de Recuperación, Conservación y Gestión de Especies oficializado y en implementación*. Meta 1.3: Al 2030, se habrán implementado al menos entre 10 y 15 planes de control y/o erradicación de Especies Exóticas Invasoras (EEI) terrestres e hidrobiológicas, según lista de EEI priorizadas al año 2022.', 'Meta 1.3: Al 2030, se habrán implementado al menos entre 10 y 15 planes de control y/o erradicación de Especies Exóticas Invasoras (EEI) terrestres e hidrobiológicas, según lista de EEI priorizadas al año 2022. Meta 1.4: Al 2050, se habrán oficializado y se encontrarán en implemen- tación, Planes de Recuperación, Conservación y Gestión de Especies para, al menos, entre un 30% y un 50% de las especies clasificadas como ame- nazadas al 2020*. Meta 1.5: Al 2050, se habrán implementado al menos entre 35 y 40 planes de control y/o erradicación de EEI terrestres e hidrobiológicas, según lista de EEI priorizadas al año 2040.', 'Meta 1.5: Al 2050, se habrán implementado al menos entre 35 y 40 planes de control y/o erradicación de EEI terrestres e hidrobiológicas, según lista de EEI priorizadas al año 2040. Meta 1.6: Al 2050, el 20 % de las especies clasificadas como amenazadas en el año 2020, habrán mejorado su estado de conservación (Las especies clasificadas como amenazadas son las que se encuentran en peligro crítico, en peligro o vulnerables). (*) Metas establecida considerando que Servicio de Biodiversidad y Áreas Pro- tegidas (SBAP) aún no está implementado. Objetivo 2: Promover la protección de los ecosistemas de importancia de biodiversidad para au- mentar su representatividad, a través de figuras de protección y otros mecanismos de conservación y restauración.', 'Objetivo 2: Promover la protección de los ecosistemas de importancia de biodiversidad para au- mentar su representatividad, a través de figuras de protección y otros mecanismos de conservación y restauración. Meta 2.1: Al año 2030, se habrá establecido una red de áreas marinas pro- tegidas (AMP) y otras medidas efectivas de conservación (OMEC) basadas en áreas, sobre al menos el 10% de la superficie de cada una de las eco- rregiones marinas subrepresentadas en la Zóna Económica Exclusiva (ZEE) chilena; establecidas principalmente a lo largo de la costa y en zonas iden- tificadas como refugios climáticos para la biodiversidad. Lo anterior, en un marco basado en ciencia y considerando criterios para enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'Lo anterior, en un marco basado en ciencia y considerando criterios para enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Meta 2.2: Al año 2030,el 100% de las áreas marinas protegidas (AMP) del país creadas contarán con planes de manejo diseñados y en imple- mentación, a través de programas y acciones de monitoreo, fiscalización, vinculación comunitaria y control de amenazas; considerando en su proceso de diseño, criterios y acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.2: Al año 2030,el 100% de las áreas marinas protegidas (AMP) del país creadas contarán con planes de manejo diseñados y en imple- mentación, a través de programas y acciones de monitoreo, fiscalización, vinculación comunitaria y control de amenazas; considerando en su proceso de diseño, criterios y acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático. Meta 2.3: Al año 2030, se habrá ampliado en al menos 1.000.000 há, la ac- tual superficie de protección oficial de ecosistemas terrestres y acuático continentales, en ecoregiones subrepresentadas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Estado, considerando asimismo en zonas identi- ficadas como refugios climáticos para la biodiversidad; a través de áreas protegidas (AP) y de otras medidas eficaces de conservación (OMEC) basa- das en áreas, para así contribuir a la meta global de protección de al menos el 30% de la tierra y océanos del planeta para 2030.', 'Meta 2.3: Al año 2030, se habrá ampliado en al menos 1.000.000 há, la ac- tual superficie de protección oficial de ecosistemas terrestres y acuático continentales, en ecoregiones subrepresentadas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Estado, considerando asimismo en zonas identi- ficadas como refugios climáticos para la biodiversidad; a través de áreas protegidas (AP) y de otras medidas eficaces de conservación (OMEC) basa- das en áreas, para así contribuir a la meta global de protección de al menos el 30% de la tierra y océanos del planeta para 2030. Meta 2.4: Al año 2030 el 100% de las áreas protegidas públicas del Siste- ma Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Estado, terrestres, marinas y acuático continentales, tendrán su plan de manejo actualizado o vigente y en imple- mentación efectiva, incluyendo como parte de ello, medidas de adaptación al cambio climático (sujeta a implementación del SBAP).', 'Meta 2.4: Al año 2030 el 100% de las áreas protegidas públicas del Siste- ma Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Estado, terrestres, marinas y acuático continentales, tendrán su plan de manejo actualizado o vigente y en imple- mentación efectiva, incluyendo como parte de ello, medidas de adaptación al cambio climático (sujeta a implementación del SBAP). * (*) Sujeto a implementación del SBAP.', '* (*) Sujeto a implementación del SBAP. Objetivo 3: Promover la restauración a escala de paisajes a fin de recuperar la biodiversidad nativa, la funcionalidad y estructura de los distintos tipos de ecosistemas (terrestres, marinos-costeros y de aguas continentales, tales como bosques nativos, bosques y praderas de algas, turberas, humedales, entre otros) y la provisión de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, aumentando la resiliencia de los terri- torios y comunidades frente al cambio climático y otros factores de degradación. Meta 3.1: Al 2030, se incorporan 1 millón de hectáreas al proceso de restau- ración, de acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Restauración a Escala de Paisaje. Meta 3.2: Al 2050, se habrán incorporado al menos 1,5 millones de hec- táreas más al proceso de restauración.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2050, se habrán incorporado al menos 1,5 millones de hec- táreas más al proceso de restauración. Con lo que se tendrá al menos 2,5 millones de hectáreas en proceso restauración y se contará con un sistema de monitoreo y reporte del avance de los procesos de restauración (Sujeta a implementación del SBAP). Objetivo 4: Proveer y movilizar recursos financieros para cerrar la brecha en financiamiento de con- servación y restauración de la biodiversidad en el contexto del cambio climático, para así cumplir los compromisos internacionales y nacionales de Chile en la materia, a través de la puesta en marcha de una estrategia para la movilización de recursos económicos que integre distintas fuentes y meca- nismos de financiamiento tanto públicos como privados.', 'Objetivo 4: Proveer y movilizar recursos financieros para cerrar la brecha en financiamiento de con- servación y restauración de la biodiversidad en el contexto del cambio climático, para así cumplir los compromisos internacionales y nacionales de Chile en la materia, a través de la puesta en marcha de una estrategia para la movilización de recursos económicos que integre distintas fuentes y meca- nismos de financiamiento tanto públicos como privados. Meta 4.1: Al 2024, para la conservación y restauración de la biodiversidad en el contexto del cambio climático, con miras a eliminar la brecha de fi- nanciamiento para la biodiversidad al 2050, se elaborará una estrategia nacional para la movilización de financiamiento.', 'Meta 4.1: Al 2024, para la conservación y restauración de la biodiversidad en el contexto del cambio climático, con miras a eliminar la brecha de fi- nanciamiento para la biodiversidad al 2050, se elaborará una estrategia nacional para la movilización de financiamiento. Esta estrategia será ela- borada en conjunto con el ministerio de Hacienda*.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 169 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 4.2: Al 2030, se propenderá a reducir en al menos un 30% la brecha de financiamiento para la biodiversidad establecida en la estrategia nacio- nal para la movilización de financiamiento.', 'Esta estrategia será ela- borada en conjunto con el ministerio de Hacienda*.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 169 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 4.2: Al 2030, se propenderá a reducir en al menos un 30% la brecha de financiamiento para la biodiversidad establecida en la estrategia nacio- nal para la movilización de financiamiento. Meta 4.3: Al 2050, se propenderá a eliminar en un 100% la brecha de finan- ciamiento para la biodiversidad establecida en la estrategia nacional para la movilización de financiamiento. ** (*) Se procurará una reducción progresiva de la brecha. Esta se actualizará cada cinco años. (**) La brecha a ser considerada será la más actualizada, considerando que se realizará un cálculo regular cada 5 años.', '(**) La brecha a ser considerada será la más actualizada, considerando que se realizará un cálculo regular cada 5 años. Objetivo 5: Fortalecer la incorporación de objetivos de biodiversidad y uso de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) en políticas, planes y programas de los sectores públicos y privados, incluyendo los instrumentos de gestión y planificación territorial. Meta 5.1: Al 2022 se habrá definido una metodología estándar y planifica- ción de actualizaciones (cada 5 años) del inventario nacional de humedales y evaluación de cambio de uso de suelo en humedales. Meta 5.2: Al 2025 se habrán levantado las necesidades de información y financiamiento para incluir las emisiones y absorciones de humedales que permanecen como tal en el inventario nacional de GEI.', 'Meta 5.2: Al 2025 se habrán levantado las necesidades de información y financiamiento para incluir las emisiones y absorciones de humedales que permanecen como tal en el inventario nacional de GEI. Y se habrá iden- tificado la fuente de financiamiento para obtener la información requerida. (MINAGRI-MMA). Meta 5.3: Al 2025 Chile contará con una regulación que promueva la con- servación y uso racional de las turberas. Meta 5.4: Al 2025, se habrán reconocido como humedales urbanos protegi- dos entre 10.000 y 15.000 hectáreas de humedales a lo largo del territorio nacional, para su incorporación como infraestructura ecológica en los ins- trumentos de planificación territorial.', 'Meta 5.4: Al 2025, se habrán reconocido como humedales urbanos protegi- dos entre 10.000 y 15.000 hectáreas de humedales a lo largo del territorio nacional, para su incorporación como infraestructura ecológica en los ins- trumentos de planificación territorial. Meta 5.5: Al 2025, se habrá definido un instructivo para la aplicación de so- luciones basadas en la naturaleza en distintos sectores y áreas de integra- ción, de acuerdo con los estándares de la Unión Internacional para la Con- servación de la Naturaleza. Meta 5.6: Al 2025, se contará con un sistema de priorización de la restau- ración y SbN que considere los aspectos socio-ecológicos y el riesgo cli- mático, y se habrá adoptado un estándar de SbN que permita identificarlas y monitorearlas.', 'Meta 5.6: Al 2025, se contará con un sistema de priorización de la restau- ración y SbN que considere los aspectos socio-ecológicos y el riesgo cli- mático, y se habrá adoptado un estándar de SbN que permita identificarlas y monitorearlas. Meta 5.7: Al 2025 proteger al menos 20 humedales costeros como nuevas áreas protegidas. Meta 5.8: Al 2025, se habrán identificado las áreas de turberas, así como otros tipos de humedales, a través de un inventario nacional.', 'Meta 5.8: Al 2025, se habrán identificado las áreas de turberas, así como otros tipos de humedales, a través de un inventario nacional. Meta 5.9: Al 2030 se habrá implementado el instructivo de SbN en al me- nos el 50% de los sectores priorizados al 2025 Meta 5.10: Al 2030, se habrán desarrollado métricas estandarizadas por tipo de humedales, especialmente turberas y humedales costeros, para la eva- luación de la capacidad de adaptación o mitigación al cambio climático de este tipo de ecosistemas. Meta 5.11: Al 2030, se habrán implementado acciones conservación, res- tauración y uso racional de humedales para potenciar los cobeneficios pro- vistos por los humedales, en particular las turberas y humedales costeros, en cinco sitios pilotos en áreas protegidas públicas o privadas del país.', 'Meta 5.11: Al 2030, se habrán implementado acciones conservación, res- tauración y uso racional de humedales para potenciar los cobeneficios pro- vistos por los humedales, en particular las turberas y humedales costeros, en cinco sitios pilotos en áreas protegidas públicas o privadas del país. Meta 5.12: Al 2030, se habrán reconocido como humedales urbanos prote- gidos entre 20.000 y 25.000 hectáreas de humedales a lo largo del territo- rio nacional, para su incorporación como infraestructura ecológica en los instrumentos de planificación territorial. Meta 5.13: Al 2050, se habrán reconocido como humedales urbanos prote- gidos entre 75.000 y 100.000 hectáreas de humedales a lo largo del terri- torio nacional, para su incorporación como infraestructura ecológica en los instrumentos de planificación territorial.', 'Meta 5.13: Al 2050, se habrán reconocido como humedales urbanos prote- gidos entre 75.000 y 100.000 hectáreas de humedales a lo largo del terri- torio nacional, para su incorporación como infraestructura ecológica en los instrumentos de planificación territorial. Meta 5.14: Al 2050 mantener el balance de emisiones de GEI de los hume- dales, especialmente, humedales urbanos y turberas considerando acciones de restauración de superficies de humedales degradados o perdidos. Objetivo 6: Evitar, reducir y revertir la degradación de los ecosistemas mediante la promoción del uso, producción y consumo sustentable de los recursos naturales. Meta 6.1: Al 2022, se contará con una guía de aplicación de criterios míni- mos para la sustentabilidad de humedales urbanos a implementar por los municipios del país.', 'Meta 6.1: Al 2022, se contará con una guía de aplicación de criterios míni- mos para la sustentabilidad de humedales urbanos a implementar por los municipios del país. Meta 6.2: Al 2025, se contará con mecanismos oficiales para fortalecer, promover y asegurar la protección de la biodiversidad en el marco de las compensaciones ambientales. Meta 6.3: Al 2025, se contará con guías de buenas prácticas para la conser- vación y uso racional de humedales para los sectores construcción, turismo, silvoagropecuario y extracción de áridos y minerales. Meta 6.4: Al 2025, un 10% de los humedales urbanos del país contará con planes de gestión de humedales, que promueva la conservación y uso racional de estos ecosistemas.', 'Meta 6.4: Al 2025, un 10% de los humedales urbanos del país contará con planes de gestión de humedales, que promueva la conservación y uso racional de estos ecosistemas. Meta 6.5: Al 2030, entre un 7% y un 20% de las cuencas hidrográficas y entre un 5% y 10% de las bahías del país estarán reguladas por Normas Secundarias de Calidad Ambiental en ecosistemas acuáticos priorizados. Meta 6.6: Al 2030, con el apoyo del GEF se habrá elaborado e implemen- tado un sistema de certificación de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos y un mecanismo de pago por servicios ecosistémicos, los que contribuirán al reconocimiento y promoción de buenas prácticas productivas en los sec- tores con mayor injerencia sobre la biodiversidad.', 'Meta 6.6: Al 2030, con el apoyo del GEF se habrá elaborado e implemen- tado un sistema de certificación de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos y un mecanismo de pago por servicios ecosistémicos, los que contribuirán al reconocimiento y promoción de buenas prácticas productivas en los sec- tores con mayor injerencia sobre la biodiversidad. Meta 6.7: Al 2030 se transitara al estado de plena explotación al menos el 60% de las principales pesquerías chilenas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 171 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 5.13 Recursos hídricos En Chile se reconocen tres desafíos fundamentales para la gestión de los recursos hídricos: la Seguridad Hídrica, la Calidad de las Aguas y Ecosistemas relacionados, y el Marco legal e Institucionalidad del agua.70 | La seguridad hí- drica, integrada en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y la NDC de Chile al 2020, se presenta como una necesidad vital para asegurar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y actividades humanas, siendo por tanto una prioridad para la adaptación del país.', 'Meta 6.7: Al 2030 se transitara al estado de plena explotación al menos el 60% de las principales pesquerías chilenas.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 171 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 5.13 Recursos hídricos En Chile se reconocen tres desafíos fundamentales para la gestión de los recursos hídricos: la Seguridad Hídrica, la Calidad de las Aguas y Ecosistemas relacionados, y el Marco legal e Institucionalidad del agua.70 | La seguridad hí- drica, integrada en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y la NDC de Chile al 2020, se presenta como una necesidad vital para asegurar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y actividades humanas, siendo por tanto una prioridad para la adaptación del país. En consecuencia, es imperativo asegurar tanto el abas- tecimiento de agua para el consumo humano, seguido de la provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y las actividades productivas estratégicas, como la in- fraestructura hídrica y de saneamiento requerida a nivel nacional.', 'En consecuencia, es imperativo asegurar tanto el abas- tecimiento de agua para el consumo humano, seguido de la provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y las actividades productivas estratégicas, como la in- fraestructura hídrica y de saneamiento requerida a nivel nacional. Asimismo, asegurar una planificación estratégica de cuencas para mantener un equilibrio entre la conservación y los demás usos del recurso, en cantidad y calidad ade- cuada para la salud, subsistencia, desarrollo socioeconómico y conservación de los ecosistemas es un desafío país al 2050. En los últimos 30 años, la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos ha disminui- do sostenida y crecientemente, hasta en un 20% en la macrozona sur y en un 50% en las macrozonas norte-centro.', 'En los últimos 30 años, la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos ha disminui- do sostenida y crecientemente, hasta en un 20% en la macrozona sur y en un 50% en las macrozonas norte-centro. Las alzas de temperaturas e isoterma cero producen deshielos prematuros y precipitaciones líquidas sobre la reserva nival, generando mayores escorrentías y disminuyendo las reservas de agua en la cordillera, principalmente de glaciares, que han disminuido en un 8% durante la última década. También se ha detectado que los patrones de preci- pitación siguen estas mismas tendencias, siendo atribuidas a una manifesta- ción temprana del cambio climático en los efectos de una megasequía que ha afectado a parte importante del país.', 'También se ha detectado que los patrones de preci- pitación siguen estas mismas tendencias, siendo atribuidas a una manifesta- ción temprana del cambio climático en los efectos de una megasequía que ha afectado a parte importante del país. Producto del cambio climático existiría una ampliación de la zona hiper árida, tanto latitudinal como longitudinalmen- te, aumentando en promedio aproximadamente 13.000 km2. En tanto, apro- ximadamente el 10% de la superficie continental (70.000 km2) aumentará en su categoría de aridez. En cuanto a los usos del agua, la principal demanda por recursos hídricos corresponde al uso agrícola, seguido por el uso de agua potable urbana y rural, el uso industrial y el uso minero, existiendo importantes diferencias regionales en las demandas relativas de estas actividades.', 'En cuanto a los usos del agua, la principal demanda por recursos hídricos corresponde al uso agrícola, seguido por el uso de agua potable urbana y rural, el uso industrial y el uso minero, existiendo importantes diferencias regionales en las demandas relativas de estas actividades. Ante estos antecedentes, resulta prioritario plantear soluciones en materia de ac- ceso y uso equitativo del recurso, eficiencia en el uso (ahorro y reutilización) y control de su calidad (regulación y monitoreo). La transversalidad inherente a los recursos hídricos permea la gobernanza del agua en Chile. Existen más de 40 organizaciones e instituciones a nivel nacional con diversos grados de injerencia en la gestión del agua.', 'Existen más de 40 organizaciones e instituciones a nivel nacional con diversos grados de injerencia en la gestión del agua. Actualmen- te, en materia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP), a través de la Dirección General de Aguas (DGA) y la Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS), es el principal responsable del sector de recursos hídricos en la ECLP.', 'Actualmen- te, en materia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP), a través de la Dirección General de Aguas (DGA) y la Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS), es el principal responsable del sector de recursos hídricos en la ECLP. El carácter estratégico del MOP en esta materia se traduce en un rol coordinador para la consolidación de una visión conjunta, transversal y multisectorial, que involucre a todas las institu- ciones que poseen atribuciones, necesidades e impactos en la gestión de los recursos hídricos, entre los que se encuentran: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA); Ministerio de Agricultura (MINAGRI); Ministerio de Minería; Ministerio 70 | Primer informe Mesa Nacional del Agua, febrero de 2020. de Energía; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnonología, Conocimiento e Información; Ministerio de Defensa, y Ministerio de Salud.', 'El carácter estratégico del MOP en esta materia se traduce en un rol coordinador para la consolidación de una visión conjunta, transversal y multisectorial, que involucre a todas las institu- ciones que poseen atribuciones, necesidades e impactos en la gestión de los recursos hídricos, entre los que se encuentran: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA); Ministerio de Agricultura (MINAGRI); Ministerio de Minería; Ministerio 70 | Primer informe Mesa Nacional del Agua, febrero de 2020. de Energía; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnonología, Conocimiento e Información; Ministerio de Defensa, y Ministerio de Salud. El desafío planteado requiere una institucionalidad que permita fortale- cer la gobernanza, planificación y manejo de información; y también mejorar la gestión y fiscalización de los recursos hídricos.', 'El desafío planteado requiere una institucionalidad que permita fortale- cer la gobernanza, planificación y manejo de información; y también mejorar la gestión y fiscalización de los recursos hídricos. Esta nueva institucionalidad será clave para hacer frente a situaciones de creciente escasez hídrica en el territorio nacional, generadas tanto por el cambio climático, como por la mayor demanda por agua resultante del crecimiento de la población y la actividad económica, y la falta de prácticas de uso sustentable del recurso, entre otras. Lo anterior requiere de mayores capacidades de priorización y gestión a fin de coordinar las distintas funciones relativas al recurso hídrico de los servicios involucrados.', 'Lo anterior requiere de mayores capacidades de priorización y gestión a fin de coordinar las distintas funciones relativas al recurso hídrico de los servicios involucrados. Asimismo, se requiere la implementación y seguimiento de una Política Nacional Hídrica de largo plazo que integre el análisis y toma de deci- siones respecto a las necesidades y problemáticas de la escasez hídrica, y que robustezca la gobernanza mediante planes de acción que coordinen progra- mas multisectoriales de carácter preventivo y reactivo ante eventos extremos que arriesguen la seguridad hídrica.', 'Asimismo, se requiere la implementación y seguimiento de una Política Nacional Hídrica de largo plazo que integre el análisis y toma de deci- siones respecto a las necesidades y problemáticas de la escasez hídrica, y que robustezca la gobernanza mediante planes de acción que coordinen progra- mas multisectoriales de carácter preventivo y reactivo ante eventos extremos que arriesguen la seguridad hídrica. El Ministerio de Obras Públicas formaliza su compromiso de acción en pro de una gobernanza única, sólida y articulada mediante un «Proyecto de Ley que crea la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos en el Ministerio de Obras Pú- blicas, y una nueva Institucionalidad Nacional de Recursos Hídricos».', 'El Ministerio de Obras Públicas formaliza su compromiso de acción en pro de una gobernanza única, sólida y articulada mediante un «Proyecto de Ley que crea la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos en el Ministerio de Obras Pú- blicas, y una nueva Institucionalidad Nacional de Recursos Hídricos». Este pro- yecto crea el nuevo Ministerio de Obras Públicas y de Recursos Hídricos, que in- cluirá una Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos, un Consejo Nacional de carácter transversal, una Comisión de Ministros para coordinación interministerial y un Panel de Expertos de carácter técnico. Esta decisión abre una oportunidad para avanzar de manera coordinada hacia la seguridad hídrica bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático.', 'Esta decisión abre una oportunidad para avanzar de manera coordinada hacia la seguridad hídrica bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático. La gestión integrada de recursos hídricos, reconocida en la ECLP, incorpora elementos transversales relevantes en las diversas cuencas de Chile, tales como el manejo estratégico de la información de riesgos y vulnerabilidades, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, el desarrollo tecnológico y la participación de las comunidades locales, los pueblos indígenas y otros grupos de interes en los territorios. Entre los principales instrumentos de gestión del sector se encuentran: • Los cambios en el marco legal e institucional propuesto con la creación de la Nueva Institucionalidad pública de los Recursos Hídricos.', 'Entre los principales instrumentos de gestión del sector se encuentran: • Los cambios en el marco legal e institucional propuesto con la creación de la Nueva Institucionalidad pública de los Recursos Hídricos. • Plan contra la sequía (2021),71 | que busca aumentar la disponibilidad de agua y mejorar la eficiencia en su uso, con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento para el consumo humano y la producción de alimen- tos a través de 4 ejes: uso de agua desalada, tecnificación de riego para la producción de alimentos, agua potable rural y uso eficiente en ciudades.', '• Plan contra la sequía (2021),71 | que busca aumentar la disponibilidad de agua y mejorar la eficiencia en su uso, con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento para el consumo humano y la producción de alimen- tos a través de 4 ejes: uso de agua desalada, tecnificación de riego para la producción de alimentos, agua potable rural y uso eficiente en ciudades. • Plan de Adaptación Nacional al Cambio Climático para los Recursos Hídricos (PANCC RH)72 | • Planes Estratégicos de Gestión Hídrica (PEGH) para cada una de las 101 cuencas administrativas definidas en Chile, a cargo del MOP y con partici- 71 | Disponible en:', '• Plan de Adaptación Nacional al Cambio Climático para los Recursos Hídricos (PANCC RH)72 | • Planes Estratégicos de Gestión Hídrica (PEGH) para cada una de las 101 cuencas administrativas definidas en Chile, a cargo del MOP y con partici- 71 | Disponible en: cl/plansequia/ 72 | Iniciará su diseño en 2021 y se publicará en 2022, considerando una actualización al 2027.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 173 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 pación ciudadana, que fomentarán efectivamente la integración nacional y subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile) y la gestión desde los terri- torios. • Programa de Acuerdos de Producción Limpia (APL-Certificado Azul) de la Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), que promueve la gestión de la huella hídrica en empresas.', '• Programa de Acuerdos de Producción Limpia (APL-Certificado Azul) de la Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), que promueve la gestión de la huella hídrica en empresas. • Programa Huella Chile, a cargo del MMA, que crea un sistema de cer- tificación para proyectos que incentiven la mejora de la disponibilidad, acceso, conservación y/o calidad del agua a través de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza o tecnologías innovadoras. • Agenda del Sector Sanitario 2030, correspondiente al plan de largo plazo de la SISS y tiene como objetivo implementar los desafíos del Sector Sanitario en Chile a través de 12 proyectos.', '• Agenda del Sector Sanitario 2030, correspondiente al plan de largo plazo de la SISS y tiene como objetivo implementar los desafíos del Sector Sanitario en Chile a través de 12 proyectos. Para ser consideradas a futuro, también destacan las propuestas de gober- nanza del agua y de un sistema integrado de información del agua emanadas de mesas técnicas en el marco de la Mesa Nacional del Agua (MNA).73 | La NDC establece la seguridad hídrica como uno de ocho criterios clave a considerar en los compromisos climáticos de Chile y presenta compromisos específicos en su Componente de Adaptación, como el diseño del Plan de Adap- tación al Cambio Climático para los Recursos Hídricos y el desarrollo y actua- lización de los planes estratégicos de gestión de cuenca para las 101 cuencas del país.', 'Para ser consideradas a futuro, también destacan las propuestas de gober- nanza del agua y de un sistema integrado de información del agua emanadas de mesas técnicas en el marco de la Mesa Nacional del Agua (MNA).73 | La NDC establece la seguridad hídrica como uno de ocho criterios clave a considerar en los compromisos climáticos de Chile y presenta compromisos específicos en su Componente de Adaptación, como el diseño del Plan de Adap- tación al Cambio Climático para los Recursos Hídricos y el desarrollo y actua- lización de los planes estratégicos de gestión de cuenca para las 101 cuencas del país. También señala que se aumentará la información y los mecanismos de gestión del país respecto de los impactos del cambio climático en recursos hídricos, aumentando su resiliencia con una serie de acciones específicas.74 | Con respecto a los compromisos de forestación presentados en el compo- nente de Integración de la NDC, se establece que se priorizará la forestación en áreas donde se contribuya a la conservación y protección de suelos, hu- medales, cabeceras de cuenca, cursos y cuerpos de aguas.', 'También señala que se aumentará la información y los mecanismos de gestión del país respecto de los impactos del cambio climático en recursos hídricos, aumentando su resiliencia con una serie de acciones específicas.74 | Con respecto a los compromisos de forestación presentados en el compo- nente de Integración de la NDC, se establece que se priorizará la forestación en áreas donde se contribuya a la conservación y protección de suelos, hu- medales, cabeceras de cuenca, cursos y cuerpos de aguas. En relación con el compromiso de la NDC de reducir las emisiones del sector forestal, se señala que se considerará la gestión adaptativa de recursos vegetacionales al cambio climático, desertificación, degradación de las tierras.', 'En relación con el compromiso de la NDC de reducir las emisiones del sector forestal, se señala que se considerará la gestión adaptativa de recursos vegetacionales al cambio climático, desertificación, degradación de las tierras. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: 73 | Disponible en: cl/MesaAgua/index.html 74 | Las acciones específicas se detallan en la sección 5.2.2 Áreas de mayor urgencia en la acción climática en materia de adaptación, Contribución en Adaptación N°7 (A7), pág. 43. NDC_Chile_2020_español-1. pdf (mma.gob.cl) SECTOR RECURSOS HÍDRICOS ODS Objetivo 1: Promover la seguridad hídrica, priorizando el abastecimiento para consumo humano, se- guido de la provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y, luego, las actividades productivas estratégicas.', 'pdf (mma.gob.cl) SECTOR RECURSOS HÍDRICOS ODS Objetivo 1: Promover la seguridad hídrica, priorizando el abastecimiento para consumo humano, se- guido de la provisión de agua para los ecosistemas y, luego, las actividades productivas estratégicas. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, contar con definición de seguridad hídrica para Chile validada y publicada por la Dirección General de Aguas o cualquier institu- cionalidad con las competencias del Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Además, incorpora el concepto validado de seguridad hídrica en los Planes Estraté- gicos de Recursos Hídricos en Cuencas y sus actualizaciones.', 'Además, incorpora el concepto validado de seguridad hídrica en los Planes Estraté- gicos de Recursos Hídricos en Cuencas y sus actualizaciones. Meta 1.2: Revisión y seguimiento de metas para el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6 (ODS6), sobre agua limpia y saneamiento; específicamente, contribuir con reportes e información de forma permanente, para construir los indicadores para el ODS6, junto con mantener comunicación perma- nente con los organismos custodios y aquellos organismos nacionales re- levantes en el proceso. Esto en el marco de las atribuciones y prioridades que tenga la Dirección General de Aguas. Objetivo 2: Incentivar la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas apuntando a la búsqueda de soluciones innovadoras que indaguen prospectivamente la brecha entre la oferta y la demanda de agua.', 'Objetivo 2: Incentivar la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas apuntando a la búsqueda de soluciones innovadoras que indaguen prospectivamente la brecha entre la oferta y la demanda de agua. Meta 2.1: Elaborar, actualizar y hacer seguimiento de los Planes Estratégi- cos de Gestión Hídrica, de manera permanente. Al 2030, todas las cuencas contaran con un Plan Estratégico de Gestión Hídrica. Meta 2.2: Realizar estudios que analicen la implementación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) como alternativa de manejo del agua en las principales cuencas del país.', 'Meta 2.2: Realizar estudios que analicen la implementación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) como alternativa de manejo del agua en las principales cuencas del país. Meta 2.3: Estudiar posibles mejoras en los instrumentos públicos y privados para minimizar los efectos de la extrema sequía, consumo humano y sa- neamiento, tales como acuerdos voluntarios de redistribución de las aguas o los decretos de escasez de la Dirección General de Aguas. Meta 2.4: Al 2030, contar con una batería de proyectos de Soluciones Ba- sadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) aplicables a las cuencas de Chile. Meta 2.5: Al 2050, como parte del proceso de implementación de los PEGH, evaluar la robustez de las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'Meta 2.5: Al 2050, como parte del proceso de implementación de los PEGH, evaluar la robustez de las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Meta 2.6: Al 2050, realizar estudios de diagnóstico del estado de la gober- nanza en todos los procesos de actualización de los PEGH.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 175 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 3: Promover la investigación, desarrollo e innovación de inventarios, sistemas de gene- ración de conocimientos, difusión y educación, monitoreo de la extracción y uso de agua en las cuencas, en materia de recursos hídricos.', 'Meta 2.6: Al 2050, realizar estudios de diagnóstico del estado de la gober- nanza en todos los procesos de actualización de los PEGH.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 175 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 3: Promover la investigación, desarrollo e innovación de inventarios, sistemas de gene- ración de conocimientos, difusión y educación, monitoreo de la extracción y uso de agua en las cuencas, en materia de recursos hídricos. Meta 3.1: Al 2023, la Dirección General de Aguas debe haber dictado todas las resoluciones que ordenan el Monitoreo de Extracciones Efectivas (MEE) de aguas superficiales. Meta 3.2: Al 2025, apoyar la coordinación y generación de información a partir de fuentes público-privadas, la sociedad civil y la academia.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2025, apoyar la coordinación y generación de información a partir de fuentes público-privadas, la sociedad civil y la academia. Adi- cionalmente, formalizar convenios con todas las instituciones públicas que tengan competencias en materia de cambio climático y recursos hí- dricos. Meta 3.3: Ampliar el Inventario Público Glaciológico, la red de estaciones glaciológicas y el monitoreo de glaciares, lagos glaciales y permafrost. - 3.3.1: Al 2030, ampliar el Inventario Público Glaciológico a permafrost y lagos glaciales. - 3.3.2: Al 2030, ampliar el número de glaciares monitoreados para balance de masa de 9 a 18. - 3.3.3: Al 2030, ampliar la red de estaciones glacio-meteorológicas de 30 a 45. - 3.3.4: Al 2030, ampliar la red de estaciones glacio-fluviométricas de 7 a 11.', '- 3.3.4: Al 2030, ampliar la red de estaciones glacio-fluviométricas de 7 a 11. - 3.3.5: Al 2030, ampliar el número de lagos glaciales monitoreados me- diante estaciones in situ de 1 a 3. - 3.3.6: Al año 2030, implementar una red nacional de permafrost con al menos 10 estaciones. Meta 3.4: Al 2030, modernizar el 100% de las estaciones fluviométri- cas y meteorológicas, poniendo a disposición del público la información en línea. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, la Dirección General de Aguas debe haber dictado todas las resoluciones de MEE de aguas subterráneas para todas las comunas del país.', 'Meta 3.5: Al 2030, la Dirección General de Aguas debe haber dictado todas las resoluciones de MEE de aguas subterráneas para todas las comunas del país. Meta 3.6: Al 2030, tener operativa la Plataforma de Sistema Nacional Uni- ficado de Información Hídrica (SNUIH) o similar, cuyo objetivo será brindar acceso a una plataforma información hídrica estandarizada que facilite la toma de decisiones tanto públicas, como privadas. Esta plataforma con- tendrá todos los datos e información hídrica actualizada. Objetivo 4: Facilitar la coordinación entre organismos del Estado pertinentes, así como sus com- petencias técnicas, velando por la capacitación del personal del servicio público, a fin de promover la conexión estratégica en temas relativos a recursos hídricos y cambio climático.', 'Objetivo 4: Facilitar la coordinación entre organismos del Estado pertinentes, así como sus com- petencias técnicas, velando por la capacitación del personal del servicio público, a fin de promover la conexión estratégica en temas relativos a recursos hídricos y cambio climático. Meta 4.1: Apoyar la gestión del ejecutivo para aprobar el proyecto de ley que crea la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos en el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y una nueva institucionalidad nacional de recursos hídricos, y mo- difica los cuerpos legales que indica. Objetivo 5: Promover en el contexto del cambio climático, el fortalecimiento de acciones estratégi- cas necesarias para alcanzar la cobertura y calidad deseable en materia de saneamiento universal y en la adecuada gestión de los residuos líquidos en el territorio nacional.', 'Objetivo 5: Promover en el contexto del cambio climático, el fortalecimiento de acciones estratégi- cas necesarias para alcanzar la cobertura y calidad deseable en materia de saneamiento universal y en la adecuada gestión de los residuos líquidos en el territorio nacional. Las metas de este objetivo serán reportadas por la Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios. Meta 5.1: Al 2030, el 90% de la población tendrá continuidad de servicio en eventos disruptivos. Meta 5.2: Al 2030, el 100% de las concesionarias tendrá implementado un proceso de gestión que cubra el ciclo completo del riesgo. Meta 5.3: Al 2030, se reducirá al menos en un 25% el volumen de aguas no facturadas.', 'Meta 5.3: Al 2030, se reducirá al menos en un 25% el volumen de aguas no facturadas. Meta 5.4: Al 2030, al menos un 30% de las aguas servidas que descargan al mar y un 20% de las aguas servidas tratadas que descargan en cursos superficiales estarán disponibles para su reutilización. Meta 5.5: Al 2030, el 100% de la población urbana tendrá acceso a servicios sanitarios. Meta 5.6: Al 2030, al menos el 50% de las nuevas viviendas se construirán a través de un proceso urbano planificado y coordinado. Meta 5.7: Al 2030, se reducirán en al menos un 75% el número de eventos relacionados a descargas de aguas servidas sin tratar producto del ingreso al sistema de alcantarillado de aguas ajenas a las aguas servidas.', 'Meta 5.7: Al 2030, se reducirán en al menos un 75% el número de eventos relacionados a descargas de aguas servidas sin tratar producto del ingreso al sistema de alcantarillado de aguas ajenas a las aguas servidas. Meta 5.8: Al 2030, cada proyecto de infraestructura pública de recursos hídricos contemplará en su evaluación la consideración de una porción para atender demandas asociadas al consumo humano urbano y/o rural. Meta 5.9: Al 2030, se reducirá huela ambiental del sector sanitario (huella hídrica, huella de residuos y huella de generación de GEI) en al menos un 10% respecto de su línea base. Meta 5.10: Al 2030, se habrá consolidado una red de actores público-priva- do que promuevan el uso responsable del agua a todo nivel.', 'Meta 5.10: Al 2030, se habrá consolidado una red de actores público-priva- do que promuevan el uso responsable del agua a todo nivel. Meta 5.11: Al 2030, se incorporará n el currículum nacional escolar el uso responsable del agua. Meta 5.12: Al 2030, el 100% de las urbanizaciones tendrán un Sello Azul de eficiencia.', 'Meta 5.12: Al 2030, el 100% de las urbanizaciones tendrán un Sello Azul de eficiencia. Meta 5.13: Al 2030, el 100% de los productos que se utilizan en las ins- talaciones domiciliarias serán autorizados por la SISS y contarán con su respectiva certificación de eficiencia.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 177 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El objetivo de Chile en materia oceánica es consolidarse como un país que vela por un océano sano y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, garantizando sus servicios ecosistémicos y evitando que las amenazas que en- frenta actualmente, impacten en la biodiversidad que alberga y en las activida- des humanas que se desarrollan en los territorios costeros e insulares.', 'Meta 5.13: Al 2030, el 100% de los productos que se utilizan en las ins- talaciones domiciliarias serán autorizados por la SISS y contarán con su respectiva certificación de eficiencia.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 177 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 El objetivo de Chile en materia oceánica es consolidarse como un país que vela por un océano sano y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, garantizando sus servicios ecosistémicos y evitando que las amenazas que en- frenta actualmente, impacten en la biodiversidad que alberga y en las activida- des humanas que se desarrollan en los territorios costeros e insulares. La conservación del océano y el uso sostenible de sus recursos es esencial para el desarrollo y sobrevivencia de ecosistemas y de la especie humana.', 'La conservación del océano y el uso sostenible de sus recursos es esencial para el desarrollo y sobrevivencia de ecosistemas y de la especie humana. El océano produce el 55% del oxígeno que respiramos y regula el clima a ni- vel global. En los últimos 20 años, ha capturado entre el 20% al 30% del ex- ceso de carbono como CO de origen antropogénico desde la era industrial. Asimismo, es capaz de absorber 1000 veces más el calor que la atmósfera, y tiene la capacidad de redistribuirlo, por medio de las corrientes y de la in- teracción con la atmósfera y de intercambiarlo, puesto que absorbe más del 90% del calor producido por la acción humana a través del aumento de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI).', 'Asimismo, es capaz de absorber 1000 veces más el calor que la atmósfera, y tiene la capacidad de redistribuirlo, por medio de las corrientes y de la in- teracción con la atmósfera y de intercambiarlo, puesto que absorbe más del 90% del calor producido por la acción humana a través del aumento de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En consecuencia, el océano cumple un papel fundamental en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, el cambio climático afecta a los océanos hasta el punto de alterar sus funciones.', 'En consecuencia, el océano cumple un papel fundamental en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, el cambio climático afecta a los océanos hasta el punto de alterar sus funciones. Algunas de las amenazas a las que está expuesto el océano son: el aumento de temperatura que altera la distribución del calor; el derre- timiento de hielos continentales (glaciares) y el hielo marino (océanos Árti- co y Antártico) y su consecuente aumento del nivel del mar; la acidificación y estratificación del océano; la pérdida de biodiversidad y el aumento de las zonas muertas (sin oxígeno).', 'Algunas de las amenazas a las que está expuesto el océano son: el aumento de temperatura que altera la distribución del calor; el derre- timiento de hielos continentales (glaciares) y el hielo marino (océanos Árti- co y Antártico) y su consecuente aumento del nivel del mar; la acidificación y estratificación del océano; la pérdida de biodiversidad y el aumento de las zonas muertas (sin oxígeno). Estos elementos ponen en peligro muchos de los procesos biogeoquímicos y actividades humanas que dependen de un océano sano; por ejemplo, nuestra alimentación, la seguridad ante eventos extremos, la economía mundial y el turismo.', 'Estos elementos ponen en peligro muchos de los procesos biogeoquímicos y actividades humanas que dependen de un océano sano; por ejemplo, nuestra alimentación, la seguridad ante eventos extremos, la economía mundial y el turismo. Chile posee una línea de costa de 83.850 km, considerando el perímetro de todos sus territorios insulares y oceánicos; el 25% de la población se dis- tribuye en 100 comunas costeras; cuenta con una de las Zonas Económicas Exclusivas (ZEE) más grandes del mundo y es uno de los países con mayor ac- tividad pesquera y acuícola. Lo anterior justifica la vocación oceánica de Chile, reflejada a través de su historia tanto en el ámbito geográfico, como en as- pectos culturales, sociales, económicos y políticos, impactando además en su política exterior.', 'Lo anterior justifica la vocación oceánica de Chile, reflejada a través de su historia tanto en el ámbito geográfico, como en as- pectos culturales, sociales, económicos y políticos, impactando además en su política exterior. En materia de conservación del océano, Chile ha desarrollado una política de declaración de áreas marinas protegidas, lo que ha significado que hoy en día nuestro país posea el 43% de la ZEE bajo algún régimen de protección de Área Marina Protegidas.75 | Chile cuenta con una política de Estado multisectorial en materia de océa- nos: la Política Oceánica Nacional (PON)76 | que establece lineamientos estra- tégicos, además de un conjunto de orientaciones, alcances, prioridades e in- tereses en materia de gestión oceánica y cuya implementación, actualización, seguimiento y cumplimiento se realizará a través del Programa Oceánico Na- cional.', 'En materia de conservación del océano, Chile ha desarrollado una política de declaración de áreas marinas protegidas, lo que ha significado que hoy en día nuestro país posea el 43% de la ZEE bajo algún régimen de protección de Área Marina Protegidas.75 | Chile cuenta con una política de Estado multisectorial en materia de océa- nos: la Política Oceánica Nacional (PON)76 | que establece lineamientos estra- tégicos, además de un conjunto de orientaciones, alcances, prioridades e in- tereses en materia de gestión oceánica y cuya implementación, actualización, seguimiento y cumplimiento se realizará a través del Programa Oceánico Na- cional. La PON reconoce la heterogeneidad de intereses presentes en el océano y la importancia de integrar una gestión participativa basada en soluciones 75 | Convirtiéndonos en el 6° país con mayor cobertura de Áreas Ma- rinas Protegidas, cuadruplicando la Meta AICHI del 10%.', 'La PON reconoce la heterogeneidad de intereses presentes en el océano y la importancia de integrar una gestión participativa basada en soluciones 75 | Convirtiéndonos en el 6° país con mayor cobertura de Áreas Ma- rinas Protegidas, cuadruplicando la Meta AICHI del 10%. 76 | Disponible en: poli__tica_ocea__nica_nacional_de_ innovadoras que deben considerar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para la adaptación al cambio climático. Igualmente, la acción climática reconoce la importancia de las áreas de con- servación, en el diseño y la implementación de Planes de Manejo que contem- plen la protección de objetos de conservación insustituibles para la reducción de CO . Chile ha participado de importantes iniciativas internacionales por forta- lecer el vínculo entre océano y clima, tales como Because the Ocean y Friends of the Ocean and Climate.', 'Igualmente, la acción climática reconoce la importancia de las áreas de con- servación, en el diseño y la implementación de Planes de Manejo que contem- plen la protección de objetos de conservación insustituibles para la reducción de CO . Chile ha participado de importantes iniciativas internacionales por forta- lecer el vínculo entre océano y clima, tales como Because the Ocean y Friends of the Ocean and Climate. Dentro de la materialización de estas iniciativas, se debe relevar el papel de las dos declaraciones impulsadas por Chile y sus- critas por 39 países77 | , las cuales propiciaron la inclusión del océano en las NDC, como vehículo principal de la acción climática.', 'Dentro de la materialización de estas iniciativas, se debe relevar el papel de las dos declaraciones impulsadas por Chile y sus- critas por 39 países77 | , las cuales propiciaron la inclusión del océano en las NDC, como vehículo principal de la acción climática. Al respecto, la NDC incluye un componente oceánico con enfoque de integración, con contribuciones para objetivos de mitigación y adaptación en el océano. Es importante destacar que Chile, en su calidad de presidencia de la COP 25, en 2019, resaltó la vinculación entre cambio climático y océano me- diante la apertura de espacios de discusión, desarrollando lo que se conocería como la Blue COP.', 'Es importante destacar que Chile, en su calidad de presidencia de la COP 25, en 2019, resaltó la vinculación entre cambio climático y océano me- diante la apertura de espacios de discusión, desarrollando lo que se conocería como la Blue COP. En este sentido, la Decisión de Santiago 1/CP.25 reconoció el informe titulado Reporte Especial sobre Océanos y Criósfera del IPCC, refor- zando el vínculo entre ciencia y políticas a nivel nacional. Posteriormente, este importante logro se vio respaldado con el mandato para realizar un Diálogo de Océano y Clima que fortaleciera la adaptación y mitigación del océano al cambio climático.', 'Posteriormente, este importante logro se vio respaldado con el mandato para realizar un Diálogo de Océano y Clima que fortaleciera la adaptación y mitigación del océano al cambio climático. Los resultados de este diálogo se dieron a conocer me- diante un reporte elaborado por el Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Cien- tífico y Tecnológico (SBSTA, por su sigla en inglés), en abril de 2021. El men- cionado informe pretende ser un punto de partida para la elaboración de una hoja de ruta que permita incluir al océano en los diferentes trabajos realizados bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático.', 'El men- cionado informe pretende ser un punto de partida para la elaboración de una hoja de ruta que permita incluir al océano en los diferentes trabajos realizados bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Adicionalmente, la gestión oceánica nacional para la acción climática debe estar articulada con: i) Biodiversidad mediante la promoción de figuras de protección marinas y otros mecanismos de conservación y restauración, la protección de hu- medales costeros y los lineamientos para compensaciones en biodiversi- dad en ecosistemas marinos y costeros continentales; ii) Pesca y Acuicultura, a través de la Incorporación del enfoque ecosis- témico en la gestión acuícola y los planes de manejo pesqueros y la pro- moción de buenas prácticas pesqueras y acuícolas con cobeneficios en la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos; iii) Borde Costero, mediante metas para la ocupación segura y resiliente de los territorios costeros y las políticas e instrumentos de protección, uso sostenible y resguardo de los servicios ecosistémicos.', 'Adicionalmente, la gestión oceánica nacional para la acción climática debe estar articulada con: i) Biodiversidad mediante la promoción de figuras de protección marinas y otros mecanismos de conservación y restauración, la protección de hu- medales costeros y los lineamientos para compensaciones en biodiversi- dad en ecosistemas marinos y costeros continentales; ii) Pesca y Acuicultura, a través de la Incorporación del enfoque ecosis- témico en la gestión acuícola y los planes de manejo pesqueros y la pro- moción de buenas prácticas pesqueras y acuícolas con cobeneficios en la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos; iii) Borde Costero, mediante metas para la ocupación segura y resiliente de los territorios costeros y las políticas e instrumentos de protección, uso sostenible y resguardo de los servicios ecosistémicos. iv) Residuos y Economía Circular, considerando el impulso a la economía circular de la gestión de residuos de artes y aparejos de pesca para la pro- tección del fondo marino, 77 | Información disponible en: second-because-the-ocean-decla- ration/CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 179 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 v) Infraestructura al considerar una gobernanza multisectorial adecuada del territorio para la provisión de infraestructura baja en carbono, resi- liente y sostenible, vi) Recursos Hídricos.', 'iv) Residuos y Economía Circular, considerando el impulso a la economía circular de la gestión de residuos de artes y aparejos de pesca para la pro- tección del fondo marino, 77 | Información disponible en: second-because-the-ocean-decla- ration/CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 179 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 v) Infraestructura al considerar una gobernanza multisectorial adecuada del territorio para la provisión de infraestructura baja en carbono, resi- liente y sostenible, vi) Recursos Hídricos. en el mejoramiento en la gestión de los residuos líquidos que descargan al mar. El compromiso nacional en materia de gestión oceánica en la NDC consi- dera tres contribuciones importantes en relación con las áreas marinas prote- gidas y los ecosistemas marinos.', 'El compromiso nacional en materia de gestión oceánica en la NDC consi- dera tres contribuciones importantes en relación con las áreas marinas prote- gidas y los ecosistemas marinos. Estos compromisos son: i) Se crearán nuevas áreas protegidas en ecorregiones marinas subrepresentadas y se crearán áreas protegidas en ecosistemas costeros sobre humedales, terrenos fiscales y bienes nacionales de uso público que complementen la red marina; ii) Todas las áreas marinas protegidas de Chile creadas hasta antes del 2020 contarán con su plan de manejo o administración y se encontrarán bajo implementación efectiva, contemplando acciones de adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático y, iii) Se evaluarán e implementarán acciones para potenciar los cobeneficios que ofrecen, en cuanto a mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, los dis- tintos ecosistemas marinos en áreas marinas protegidas.', 'Estos compromisos son: i) Se crearán nuevas áreas protegidas en ecorregiones marinas subrepresentadas y se crearán áreas protegidas en ecosistemas costeros sobre humedales, terrenos fiscales y bienes nacionales de uso público que complementen la red marina; ii) Todas las áreas marinas protegidas de Chile creadas hasta antes del 2020 contarán con su plan de manejo o administración y se encontrarán bajo implementación efectiva, contemplando acciones de adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático y, iii) Se evaluarán e implementarán acciones para potenciar los cobeneficios que ofrecen, en cuanto a mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, los dis- tintos ecosistemas marinos en áreas marinas protegidas. A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: OCÉANO ODS Objetivo 1: Fortalecer la institucionalidad nacional relativa a los distintos ámbitos de trabajo en ma- teria oceánica, fomentando la coordinación, desarrollo de capacidades, información y toma de deci- siones para la acción en adaptación y mitigación del océano al cambio climático.', 'A continuación, se presentan objetivos y metas sectoriales de largo plazo y su contribución a los ODS: OCÉANO ODS Objetivo 1: Fortalecer la institucionalidad nacional relativa a los distintos ámbitos de trabajo en ma- teria oceánica, fomentando la coordinación, desarrollo de capacidades, información y toma de deci- siones para la acción en adaptación y mitigación del océano al cambio climático. Meta 1.1: Al 2025, Consolidar al Programa Oceánico Nacional, diseñado por el Consejo de Ministros para el Desarrollo de la Política Oceánica lide- rado por el Ministro o Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores, como el mecanis- mo práctico de implementación del componente Océano en la ECLP y en la NDC, reforzando el compromiso con la gobernanza nacional e internacio- nal de los océanos para reducir los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Meta 1.1: Al 2025, Consolidar al Programa Oceánico Nacional, diseñado por el Consejo de Ministros para el Desarrollo de la Política Oceánica lide- rado por el Ministro o Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores, como el mecanis- mo práctico de implementación del componente Océano en la ECLP y en la NDC, reforzando el compromiso con la gobernanza nacional e internacio- nal de los océanos para reducir los efectos del cambio climático. Meta 1.2: Al 2025, promover la coordinación de las distintas institucio- nes del Estado con competencia en materia oceánica y de territorios cos- teros e insulares para implementación del Programa Oceánico Nacional con la ECLP.', 'Meta 1.2: Al 2025, promover la coordinación de las distintas institucio- nes del Estado con competencia en materia oceánica y de territorios cos- teros e insulares para implementación del Programa Oceánico Nacional con la ECLP. Meta 1.3: Al 2025, Implementar un programa de educación, sensibilización y difusión pública en materias de conservación marina y del valor de la biodiversidad marina, tanto costera como oceánica, especialmente dirigi- do a personas tomadoras de decisiones locales, regionales y nacionales, públicos y privados, cuerpo docente a todo nivel y personal de servicios públicos fiscalizadores. Meta 1.4: Al 2025, generar y financiar líneas de investigación para evaluar los cambios que permitan mantener y fortalecer la biodiversidad y los ser- vicios ecosistémicos de los océanos ante el cambio climático.', 'Meta 1.4: Al 2025, generar y financiar líneas de investigación para evaluar los cambios que permitan mantener y fortalecer la biodiversidad y los ser- vicios ecosistémicos de los océanos ante el cambio climático. Meta 1.5: Al 2025, promover políticas públicas que faciliten la investigación y educación ambiental en relación con el océano y el cambio climático. Objetivo 2: Generar acciones, basadas en la mejor ciencia posible en materia oceánica para la pre- servación del stock y secuestro de carbono en ecosistemas marinos y costeros. Meta 2.1: Al 2023, contar con una Hoja de Ruta para el carbono Azul que considere la búsqueda y obtención de financiamiento para la imple- mentación del Programa Océanico Nacional.', 'Meta 2.1: Al 2023, contar con una Hoja de Ruta para el carbono Azul que considere la búsqueda y obtención de financiamiento para la imple- mentación del Programa Océanico Nacional. Meta 2.2: Al 2025, el Programa Oceánico Nacional promoverá acciones de mitigación y adaptación a través de soluciones basadas en naturaleza en los océanos para reducir impactos en los ecosistemas y fortalecer el rol del mar como aliado en el secuestro de carbono, relevando el concepto de carbono azul. Meta 2.3: Al 2025, tres áreas marinas protegidas de Chile contarán con mé- tricas estandarizadas para la evaluación de sus capacidades de adaptación o mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Meta 2.3: Al 2025, tres áreas marinas protegidas de Chile contarán con mé- tricas estandarizadas para la evaluación de sus capacidades de adaptación o mitigación al cambio climático. Meta 2.4: Al 2025, el 100% de las áreas marinas protegidas creadas hasta antes de 2020 contarán con planes de manejo o de administración que in- cluyan acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático. Meta 2.5: Al 2025, los planes de manejo o de administración de al menos el 40% de las áreas marinas protegidas creadas hasta antes de 2020 serán implementados a través de, al menos, programas de monitoreo, fiscaliza- ción, vinculación comunitaria y control de amenazas.', 'Meta 2.5: Al 2025, los planes de manejo o de administración de al menos el 40% de las áreas marinas protegidas creadas hasta antes de 2020 serán implementados a través de, al menos, programas de monitoreo, fiscaliza- ción, vinculación comunitaria y control de amenazas. Meta 2.6: Al 2025, Promover el establecimiento de una Área Marina Pro- tegida en la Antártida, protegiendo el océano alrededor de la Península Antártica.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 181 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 2.7: Al 2025, Fomentar la creación de la primera Área Marina Protegi- da en alta mar, específicamente en la Dorsal de Nazca, una zona identificada como fabulosamente rica en biodiversidad, abundante en especies endé- micas del fondo y que ha sido designada como una zona de importancia ecológica y biológica en virtud del Convenio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Diversidad Biológica.', 'Meta 2.6: Al 2025, Promover el establecimiento de una Área Marina Pro- tegida en la Antártida, protegiendo el océano alrededor de la Península Antártica.CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 181 CAPÍTULO 5/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Meta 2.7: Al 2025, Fomentar la creación de la primera Área Marina Protegi- da en alta mar, específicamente en la Dorsal de Nazca, una zona identificada como fabulosamente rica en biodiversidad, abundante en especies endé- micas del fondo y que ha sido designada como una zona de importancia ecológica y biológica en virtud del Convenio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Meta 2.8: Al 2025, los planes de manejo de los humedales costeros que se encuentren dentro de áreas protegidas como Santuarios de la Naturaleza y otros, incluirán acciones específicas relacionadas a control de amenazas como la extracción de áridos y otras que afecten esos ecosistemas acuá- ticos.', 'Meta 2.8: Al 2025, los planes de manejo de los humedales costeros que se encuentren dentro de áreas protegidas como Santuarios de la Naturaleza y otros, incluirán acciones específicas relacionadas a control de amenazas como la extracción de áridos y otras que afecten esos ecosistemas acuá- ticos. Meta 2.9: Al 2030, se habrán implementado las métricas desarrolladas para permitir el monitoreo y verificación de capacidades de adaptación o mitiga- ción en al menos 5 áreas marinas protegidas integrando el fortalecimiento de los cobeneficios en sus planes de manejo. Meta 2.10: Al 2030, elaborar planes destinados a la recuperación, con- servación y gestión de 10 especies marinas y costeras clasificadas según estado de conservación de acuerdo con lo estipulado en el Reglamento para la elaboración de planes RECOGE.', 'Meta 2.10: Al 2030, elaborar planes destinados a la recuperación, con- servación y gestión de 10 especies marinas y costeras clasificadas según estado de conservación de acuerdo con lo estipulado en el Reglamento para la elaboración de planes RECOGE. Objetivo 3: Promover el desarrollo de información para la gestión de impactos del cambio climático de las actividades productivas asociadas al Océano. Meta 3.1: Al 2023, evaluar alternativas para implementar la Responsabi- lidad Extendida del Productor (REP), en la actividad pesquera industrial, salmonicultura y la actividad pesquera artesanal según corresponda.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2023, evaluar alternativas para implementar la Responsabi- lidad Extendida del Productor (REP), en la actividad pesquera industrial, salmonicultura y la actividad pesquera artesanal según corresponda. Meta 3.2: Al 2025, el Observatorio de Cambio Climático (OCC) contará con una red integrada de sensores para la observación del planeta en te- rritorio y océano de Chile, que permitirá analizar la evolución de la amenaza del cambio climático aportando en la gestión de la adaptación de comu- nidades en todo el país. Meta 3.3: Al 2030, implementar el plan de acción de la Estrategia Nacio- nal para la Gestión de Residuos Marinos y Microplásticos, a fin de reducir y prevenir en 40% el ingreso de residuos al mar y playas.', 'Meta 3.3: Al 2030, implementar el plan de acción de la Estrategia Nacio- nal para la Gestión de Residuos Marinos y Microplásticos, a fin de reducir y prevenir en 40% el ingreso de residuos al mar y playas. Meta 3.4: Al 2030, contar con la medición de la huella de carbono en el sector acuicultura. Meta 3.5: Al 2030, se habrá fortalecido el sistema de observación que pro- porcione, de forma rutinaria y continua, datos e información integrada de relevancia y calidad sobre el estado actual y futuro de variables rele- vantes para el monitoreo y adaptación al cambio climático. Meta 3.6: Al 2030, el 20% de las iniciativas portuarias gestionan huella de carbono.', 'Meta 3.6: Al 2030, el 20% de las iniciativas portuarias gestionan huella de carbono. Meta 3.7: Al 2050, el 40% de los proyectos portuarios miden y gestionan huella de carbono. Meta 3.8: Al 2030, el 50% de los proyectos portuarios que se ejecuten entre el 2022 y el 2030 contaran con algún sistema para el monitoreo de riesgos climáticos.', 'Meta 3.8: Al 2030, el 50% de los proyectos portuarios que se ejecuten entre el 2022 y el 2030 contaran con algún sistema para el monitoreo de riesgos climáticos. Meta 3.9: Al 2050, el 100% de los proyectos portuarios que se ejecuten entre el 2022 y el 2030 contaran con algún sistema para el monitoreo de riesgos climáticos.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 06 gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local Una cuestión territorial e intersectorial Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Fotografía de Daniel PinedaCAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 185 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 En Chile la acción climática se integrará de manera formal y permanente en la gestión de los gobiernos regionales y locales78 | a través de los instrumen- tos estratégicos de desarrollo y planificación territorial vigentes, y en elabora- ción y actualización, y de los instrumentos de gestión y planificación de cambio climático que se proponen en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático.', 'Meta 3.9: Al 2050, el 100% de los proyectos portuarios que se ejecuten entre el 2022 y el 2030 contaran con algún sistema para el monitoreo de riesgos climáticos.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 06 gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local Una cuestión territorial e intersectorial Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050 Fotografía de Daniel PinedaCAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 185 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 En Chile la acción climática se integrará de manera formal y permanente en la gestión de los gobiernos regionales y locales78 | a través de los instrumen- tos estratégicos de desarrollo y planificación territorial vigentes, y en elabora- ción y actualización, y de los instrumentos de gestión y planificación de cambio climático que se proponen en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. La conformación de los Comité Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), el desarrollo de los primeros cuatro Planes de Acción Regionales de Cambio Climático (PARCC), y los esfuerzos notables de algunas municipalidades para desarrollar Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático (PACCC), evidencian el inicio de un proceso de coordinación multinivel, entre los principales obje- tivos establecidos en las políticas públicas nacionales y en los instrumentos de gestión a escala regional y comunal.', 'La conformación de los Comité Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), el desarrollo de los primeros cuatro Planes de Acción Regionales de Cambio Climático (PARCC), y los esfuerzos notables de algunas municipalidades para desarrollar Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático (PACCC), evidencian el inicio de un proceso de coordinación multinivel, entre los principales obje- tivos establecidos en las políticas públicas nacionales y en los instrumentos de gestión a escala regional y comunal. A escala regional, el CORECC, es la entidad intersectorial en cada región, que coordina los esfuerzos para la integración transversal de los objetivos de largo plazo y lineamientos estratégicos relacionados con la mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático en los diferentes instrumentos regionales.', 'A escala regional, el CORECC, es la entidad intersectorial en cada región, que coordina los esfuerzos para la integración transversal de los objetivos de largo plazo y lineamientos estratégicos relacionados con la mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático en los diferentes instrumentos regionales. A es- cala comunal y en el marco de sus respectivas sus capacidades, las municipali- dades elaborarán los Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático.', 'A es- cala comunal y en el marco de sus respectivas sus capacidades, las municipali- dades elaborarán los Planes de Acción Comunal de Cambio Climático. Será importante la figura de los Comité Ambientales Municipales (CAM) de aquellos municipios que forman parte del Sistema de Certificación Am- biental Municipal (SCAM) del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA), como en- tidades interdepartamentales dentro de los municipios, en la coordinación de los esfuerzos para la integración transversal de los objetivos de largo plazo y lineamientos estratégicos regionales y/o comunales relacionados al cambio climático, en los diferentes instrumentos comunales.', 'Será importante la figura de los Comité Ambientales Municipales (CAM) de aquellos municipios que forman parte del Sistema de Certificación Am- biental Municipal (SCAM) del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA), como en- tidades interdepartamentales dentro de los municipios, en la coordinación de los esfuerzos para la integración transversal de los objetivos de largo plazo y lineamientos estratégicos regionales y/o comunales relacionados al cambio climático, en los diferentes instrumentos comunales. Para estos fines, se pue- den valer de los procesos para el desarrollo y/o actualización de sus PACCC, u otros instrumentos pertinentes como la Estrategia Ambiental Comunal (EAC), para formalizar la transversalización del cambio climático en los instrumentos comunales.', 'Para estos fines, se pue- den valer de los procesos para el desarrollo y/o actualización de sus PACCC, u otros instrumentos pertinentes como la Estrategia Ambiental Comunal (EAC), para formalizar la transversalización del cambio climático en los instrumentos comunales. De esta manera, los CAM participan de la actualización de los ins- trumentos comunales llevados por diferentes departamentos y servicios mu- nicipales, para determinar la factibilidad y la forma de la integración de con- sideraciones de cambio climático. Chile reconoce que todos los territorios deben actuar para reducir sus emi- siones, contribuir a la carbono neutralidad y aumentar su resiliencia frente al cambio climático, alineados con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos para el país al 2050.', 'Chile reconoce que todos los territorios deben actuar para reducir sus emi- siones, contribuir a la carbono neutralidad y aumentar su resiliencia frente al cambio climático, alineados con los objetivos de largo plazo establecidos para el país al 2050. La coordinación y cooperación integrada entre las regio- nes y municipalidades del país será clave para lograr estas metas guardando coherencia con las políticas nacionales; las estrategias y acciones específicas pueden diferir entre diferentes territorios, según sus contextos y realidades.', 'La coordinación y cooperación integrada entre las regio- nes y municipalidades del país será clave para lograr estas metas guardando coherencia con las políticas nacionales; las estrategias y acciones específicas pueden diferir entre diferentes territorios, según sus contextos y realidades. 78 | Los gobiernos regionales y loca- les hacen referencia a los gobiernos y servicios regionales y municipales; son las entidades estatales más cercanas a la población, y cuentan con facultades y responsabilidades en diferentes áreas de suma im- portancia para la gestión climática (energía, planificación territorial, gestión de riesgos, gestión de resi- duos, gestión hídrica, transporte y movilidad, infraestructura, etc.).', '78 | Los gobiernos regionales y loca- les hacen referencia a los gobiernos y servicios regionales y municipales; son las entidades estatales más cercanas a la población, y cuentan con facultades y responsabilidades en diferentes áreas de suma im- portancia para la gestión climática (energía, planificación territorial, gestión de riesgos, gestión de resi- duos, gestión hídrica, transporte y movilidad, infraestructura, etc.). 6.1 Coordinación nacional, regional y local de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático Será clave para la integración efectiva de los objetivos de largo plazo el for- talecimiento de la coherencia entre los instrumentos nacionales, regionales y comunales, así como también, entre los diferentes instrumentos estratégicos, sectoriales, normativos y de financiamiento en las regiones y las municipali- dades.', '6.1 Coordinación nacional, regional y local de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático Será clave para la integración efectiva de los objetivos de largo plazo el for- talecimiento de la coherencia entre los instrumentos nacionales, regionales y comunales, así como también, entre los diferentes instrumentos estratégicos, sectoriales, normativos y de financiamiento en las regiones y las municipali- dades. El MMA, en conjunto con el ETICC y los CORECC, desarrollará las directri- ces metodológicas y generará las instancias de coordinación necesarias para asegurar la coherencia entre los Planes de Acción Regionales y Comunales de Cambio Climático y los instrumentos nacionales, así como con los instru- mentos estratégicos y de planificación territorial regionales y comunales.', 'El MMA, en conjunto con el ETICC y los CORECC, desarrollará las directri- ces metodológicas y generará las instancias de coordinación necesarias para asegurar la coherencia entre los Planes de Acción Regionales y Comunales de Cambio Climático y los instrumentos nacionales, así como con los instru- mentos estratégicos y de planificación territorial regionales y comunales. Dicha coherencia, no va en desmedro de la posibilidad de que en los ins- trumentos de cada territorio integren elementos acordes al contexto y las prioridades propias, por el contrario, con respecto a la adaptación al cam- bio climático, es fundamental que los instrumentos subnacionales conside- ren las particularidades territoriales, políticas, institucionales y económicas de cada región.', 'Dicha coherencia, no va en desmedro de la posibilidad de que en los ins- trumentos de cada territorio integren elementos acordes al contexto y las prioridades propias, por el contrario, con respecto a la adaptación al cam- bio climático, es fundamental que los instrumentos subnacionales conside- ren las particularidades territoriales, políticas, institucionales y económicas de cada región. Asimismo, se espera que los nuevos planes de acción de cambio climático a nivel regional y comunal integren a los diferentes instrumentos territoriales estratégicos, de planificación territorial, normativos y de financiamiento.', 'Asimismo, se espera que los nuevos planes de acción de cambio climático a nivel regional y comunal integren a los diferentes instrumentos territoriales estratégicos, de planificación territorial, normativos y de financiamiento. Desde una perspectiva de largo plazo, es urgente lograr la coordinación entre los instrumentos comunales, regionales y nacionales, para avanzar hacia la resiliencia y carbono neutralidad en los diferentes territorios.CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 187 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 6.2 Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gestión regional y comunal del cambio climático La integración de los objetivos de largo plazo en la gestión de los territo- rios regionales y comunales requiere de un fortalecimiento de las capacidades técnicas de los equipos dentro del servicio público.', 'Desde una perspectiva de largo plazo, es urgente lograr la coordinación entre los instrumentos comunales, regionales y nacionales, para avanzar hacia la resiliencia y carbono neutralidad en los diferentes territorios.CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 187 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 6.2 Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gestión regional y comunal del cambio climático La integración de los objetivos de largo plazo en la gestión de los territo- rios regionales y comunales requiere de un fortalecimiento de las capacidades técnicas de los equipos dentro del servicio público. Los profesionales y funcio- narios de los gobiernos y servicios regionales y comunales deben ser capacita- dos con nuevos conocimientos que permitan una comprensión integrada de la materia de cambio climático, y nuevas habilidades para fortalecer la planifi- cación y gestión estratégica de planes y políticas públicas que aportan a los objetivos de largo plazo a nivel subnacional.', 'Los profesionales y funcio- narios de los gobiernos y servicios regionales y comunales deben ser capacita- dos con nuevos conocimientos que permitan una comprensión integrada de la materia de cambio climático, y nuevas habilidades para fortalecer la planifi- cación y gestión estratégica de planes y políticas públicas que aportan a los objetivos de largo plazo a nivel subnacional. El diseño y la implementación de los Planes de Acción Regionales y Co- munales de Cambio Climático, requiere de nuevas capacidades locales para la incorporación de la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático.', 'El diseño y la implementación de los Planes de Acción Regionales y Co- munales de Cambio Climático, requiere de nuevas capacidades locales para la incorporación de la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático. Los go- biernos regionales y comunales deben ser capaces de coordinar y realizar diag- nósticos de riesgo y vulnerabilidad territorial, medir y mantener los inventarios de emisiones de GEI a nivel territorial y organizacional, manejar metodologías de diálogo y planificación participativa entre grupos de diversos sectores, iden- tificar y priorizar acciones de adaptación y mitigación, desarrollar y mantener sistemas de indicadores e información, formular proyectos viables que integran criterios de cambio climático, e identificar y acceder a fuentes y mecanismos de financiamiento adecuados para la implementación de diferentes medidas, entre otras materias.', 'Los go- biernos regionales y comunales deben ser capaces de coordinar y realizar diag- nósticos de riesgo y vulnerabilidad territorial, medir y mantener los inventarios de emisiones de GEI a nivel territorial y organizacional, manejar metodologías de diálogo y planificación participativa entre grupos de diversos sectores, iden- tificar y priorizar acciones de adaptación y mitigación, desarrollar y mantener sistemas de indicadores e información, formular proyectos viables que integran criterios de cambio climático, e identificar y acceder a fuentes y mecanismos de financiamiento adecuados para la implementación de diferentes medidas, entre otras materias. Para ello, la ECLP, plantea en sus medios de implementa- ción la Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático (ACE, Action for Climate Empowerment), la cual contribuirá al fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales locales.', 'Para ello, la ECLP, plantea en sus medios de implementa- ción la Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático (ACE, Action for Climate Empowerment), la cual contribuirá al fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales locales. Igualmente, Chile cuenta con progra- mas estatales que aportan al fortalecimiento de las capacidades de los gobier- nos regionales y comunales en materias relacionadas al cambio climático79 |. 79 | Existen, por ejemplo, el Sistema de Certificación Ambiental Municipal (SCAM), el Programa Estado Verde y el programa HuellaChile desde el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA); el programa Comuna Energé- tica desde la Agencia de Sostenibi- lidad Energética del Ministerio de Energía, y el Programa Prevención y Mitigación de Riesgos (PREMIR) de SUBDERE, entre otros.', '79 | Existen, por ejemplo, el Sistema de Certificación Ambiental Municipal (SCAM), el Programa Estado Verde y el programa HuellaChile desde el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA); el programa Comuna Energé- tica desde la Agencia de Sostenibi- lidad Energética del Ministerio de Energía, y el Programa Prevención y Mitigación de Riesgos (PREMIR) de SUBDERE, entre otros. Las platafor- mas con ofertas de cursos y progra- mas de educación y capacitación en línea con contenidos relativos al cambio climático, igualmente están disponibles, por ejemplo, la Acade- mia de Capacitación Regional y Mu- nicipal de SUBDERE y la plataforma Adriana Hoffman del MMA. Además, espacios como las Academia de Verano y de Invierno de la Asocia- ción Chilena de Municipalidades, representan instancias oportunas para la capacitación de autoridades, concejales y funcionarios municipa- les en diferentes materias.', 'Además, espacios como las Academia de Verano y de Invierno de la Asocia- ción Chilena de Municipalidades, representan instancias oportunas para la capacitación de autoridades, concejales y funcionarios municipa- les en diferentes materias. 6.3 Articulación de mecanismos de financiamiento para acción climática regional y local Para fomentar la implementación de proyectos y medidas sectoriales en los territorios es fundamental contemplar los fondos nacionales y regionales para incorporar dimensiones ambientales y de cambio climático. En este sentido, adicionalmente a los existentes80 |, se espera que otros fondos regionales des- tinados a otras áreas y sectores, por ejemplo, de desarrollo social y cultural, agricultura, energía, transporte, desarrollo y mejoramiento urbano y territorial, y de gestión hídrica, entre otros, que pueden apoyar la implementación de pro- yectos que contribuyen a enfrentar el cambio climático.', 'En este sentido, adicionalmente a los existentes80 |, se espera que otros fondos regionales des- tinados a otras áreas y sectores, por ejemplo, de desarrollo social y cultural, agricultura, energía, transporte, desarrollo y mejoramiento urbano y territorial, y de gestión hídrica, entre otros, que pueden apoyar la implementación de pro- yectos que contribuyen a enfrentar el cambio climático. Se buscará que di- chos fondos incorporen criterios de cambio climático como parte fundamental de sus requerimientos de postulación. Es importante que los gobiernos regionales y comunales incorporen cri- terios de adaptación y mitigación en proyectos tradicionales, por ejemplo, la construcción o renovación de infraestructura crítica (puentes, caminos, escuelas, hospitales, etc. ), asegurando que estén alineados con los objetivos de largo plazo de Chile para lograr la resiliencia y la carbono neutralidad.', '), asegurando que estén alineados con los objetivos de largo plazo de Chile para lograr la resiliencia y la carbono neutralidad. Fomentar la asociatividad público-privado es importante para potenciar las oportunidades de financiamiento a escala regional y comunal. La genera- ción de alianzas entre empresas privadas, ONGs, organizaciones funcionales, comunitarios y territoriales, universidades y centros de investigación, redes y asociaciones nacionales e internacionales, aumentan las diferentes figuras disponibles para el financiamiento de proyectos a través de diferentes fuentes y mecanismos. El apalancamiento de recursos entre las diferentes entidades aumenta también la posibilidad de acceder a recursos tanto públicos como pri- vados, asistencia técnica desde diferentes entidades, y fondos tanto nacionales como internacionales.', 'El apalancamiento de recursos entre las diferentes entidades aumenta también la posibilidad de acceder a recursos tanto públicos como pri- vados, asistencia técnica desde diferentes entidades, y fondos tanto nacionales como internacionales. En este aspecto, dentro de los proyectos estratégicos multinacionales de Chile en temas de financiamiento climático, existe el Glo- bal Subnational Climate Fund, cuyo objetivo es catalizar la inversión climática a largo plazo a nivel regional y comunal para soluciones de mitigación y adap- tación a través de un modelo de financiamiento transformador (Más detalles en Capítulo 8.1. Medios de implementación).', 'En este aspecto, dentro de los proyectos estratégicos multinacionales de Chile en temas de financiamiento climático, existe el Glo- bal Subnational Climate Fund, cuyo objetivo es catalizar la inversión climática a largo plazo a nivel regional y comunal para soluciones de mitigación y adap- tación a través de un modelo de financiamiento transformador (Más detalles en Capítulo 8.1. Medios de implementación). Igualmente es importante incorporar el cambio climático en las Estrate- gias Regionales de Desarrollo y los anteproyectos Regionales de Inversión, 80 | El Fondo de Protección Am- biental y el Fondo de Reciclaje del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, son dos fondos disponibles para proyec- tos directamente relacionado a las estrategias de cambio climático y de economía circular.CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 189 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 con la finalidad de habilitar el uso de fondos regionales como el Fondo Na- cional de Desarrollo Regional, Fondo de Innovación y Competitividad Regio- nal y Fondo Regional de Inversión Local, para financiar proyectos de cambio climático.', 'Igualmente es importante incorporar el cambio climático en las Estrate- gias Regionales de Desarrollo y los anteproyectos Regionales de Inversión, 80 | El Fondo de Protección Am- biental y el Fondo de Reciclaje del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, son dos fondos disponibles para proyec- tos directamente relacionado a las estrategias de cambio climático y de economía circular.CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 189 CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 con la finalidad de habilitar el uso de fondos regionales como el Fondo Na- cional de Desarrollo Regional, Fondo de Innovación y Competitividad Regio- nal y Fondo Regional de Inversión Local, para financiar proyectos de cambio climático. A nivel municipal, es importante incorporar criterios de economía circular y cambio climático en la compra y contratación de diferentes bienes y servicios aplicando criterios de compras públicas sustentables para materia- les de oficina, flotas vehiculares, y la construcción y/o mantención de inmue- bles municipales, asegurando que los gastos asociados apoyen las acciones de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático81 |.', 'A nivel municipal, es importante incorporar criterios de economía circular y cambio climático en la compra y contratación de diferentes bienes y servicios aplicando criterios de compras públicas sustentables para materia- les de oficina, flotas vehiculares, y la construcción y/o mantención de inmue- bles municipales, asegurando que los gastos asociados apoyen las acciones de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático81 |. La gestión de residuos sólidos, riego de espacio públicos, y servicios de transporte también represen- tan oportunidades para integrar criterios de adaptación y mitigación en los contratos.', 'La gestión de residuos sólidos, riego de espacio públicos, y servicios de transporte también represen- tan oportunidades para integrar criterios de adaptación y mitigación en los contratos. Es fundamental generar información, oportunidades de capacitación y ma- yor innovación en la accesibilidad a diferentes fuentes y mecanismos de finan- ciamiento, para posibilitar la adecuada integración de los objetivos de largo plazo en la gestión territorial y asegurar que los gobiernos subnacionales pue- dan realizar acciones concretas que aportan hacia el cumplimiento de dichos objetivos. En consecuencia, será importante potenciar la participación y la accesibilidad de los gobiernos regionales y municipales a dichos recursos, pro- moviendo el fortalecimiento de sus capacidades para implementar las acciones climáticas y medio ambientales incluidas, o potenciales, en sus respectivos planes de acción regionales y comunales.', 'En consecuencia, será importante potenciar la participación y la accesibilidad de los gobiernos regionales y municipales a dichos recursos, pro- moviendo el fortalecimiento de sus capacidades para implementar las acciones climáticas y medio ambientales incluidas, o potenciales, en sus respectivos planes de acción regionales y comunales. 6.4 Metas para implementar la gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local En virtud del contexto señalado en este capítulo, se han establecido ob- jetivos y metas para potenciar la integración subnacional, en función de los diferentes instrumentos de política pública para la gestión climática al 2050; los cuales se detallan a continuación: 81 | Estado Verde (mma.gob.cl) Ins- tructivo-de-Compras-Públicas-Sus- tentables.pdf (mma.gob.cl).', '6.4 Metas para implementar la gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local En virtud del contexto señalado en este capítulo, se han establecido ob- jetivos y metas para potenciar la integración subnacional, en función de los diferentes instrumentos de política pública para la gestión climática al 2050; los cuales se detallan a continuación: 81 | Estado Verde (mma.gob.cl) Ins- tructivo-de-Compras-Públicas-Sus- tentables.pdf (mma.gob.cl). GESTION DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO A NIVEL REGIONAL Y LOCAL ODS Objetivo 1: Desarrollar Planes de Acción Regionales de Cambio Climático (PARCC) y Planes de Acción Comu- nales de Cambio Climático (PACCC) que consideren las visiones, objetivos y metas de la ECLP al 2050 Meta 1.1: Al 2025, el 50% de los municipios de Chile estará registrado y con acceso a la herramienta de cuantificación de emisiones de GEI a nivel comunal, del Programa HuellaChile.', 'GESTION DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO A NIVEL REGIONAL Y LOCAL ODS Objetivo 1: Desarrollar Planes de Acción Regionales de Cambio Climático (PARCC) y Planes de Acción Comu- nales de Cambio Climático (PACCC) que consideren las visiones, objetivos y metas de la ECLP al 2050 Meta 1.1: Al 2025, el 50% de los municipios de Chile estará registrado y con acceso a la herramienta de cuantificación de emisiones de GEI a nivel comunal, del Programa HuellaChile. Meta 1.2: Al 2030, los CORECC y Gobiernos Regionales habrán desarrollado PARCCs en las 16 regiones del país, integrando los objetivos y metas de la Estrategia Climá- tica de Largo Plazo. Meta 1.3: Al 2030, el 80% de los Municipios SCAM en nivel «Gobernanza Ambien- tal»82 | declaren acciones de mitigación implementadas en la comuna.', 'Meta 1.3: Al 2030, el 80% de los Municipios SCAM en nivel «Gobernanza Ambien- tal»82 | declaren acciones de mitigación implementadas en la comuna. Meta 1.4: Al 2035, 50% de las municipalidades certificadas a través del programa SCAM cuente con un inventario comunal (territorial) auto declarado, a través del pro- grama HuellaChile del MMA u otro estándar reconocido internacionalmente, como el Protocolo Global para Inventarios de Emisión de GEI a Escala Comunitaria (GPC)*. Meta 1.5: Al 2040, se habrán desarrollado PACCC en al menos 100% de las muni- cipalidades de SCAM, integrando los objetivos y metas de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo.', 'Meta 1.5: Al 2040, se habrán desarrollado PACCC en al menos 100% de las muni- cipalidades de SCAM, integrando los objetivos y metas de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo. 82 | La Gobernanza Ambiental (ex AVAC) es un proceso de continuidad y profundización del Sistema de Certificación Ambiental Municipal (SCAM), al cual los municipios que completan el nivel de excelencia sobresaliente pueden optar. La du- ración de este proceso es de 3 años incluyendo las etapas de apresto, implementación y consolidación, de 1 año cada una. Los dos prime- ros años el municipio obtiene una pre-acreditación, en tanto que la acreditación definitiva se obtiene en el tercer año, cuando el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente reconoce que se ha dado cumplimiento a los compro- misos establecidos en la vocación escogida.', 'Los dos prime- ros años el municipio obtiene una pre-acreditación, en tanto que la acreditación definitiva se obtiene en el tercer año, cuando el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente reconoce que se ha dado cumplimiento a los compro- misos establecidos en la vocación escogida. Una vez finalizado el ciclo, el municipio podrá continuar por otros 3 años, profundizando aún más la vocación ambiental escogida o trabajar en una nueva línea. Plazo: 3 años por ciclo de vocación (SCAM (mma.gob.cl)).CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Fomentar la integración de criterios de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático en instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial de la política pública regional y comunal.', 'Plazo: 3 años por ciclo de vocación (SCAM (mma.gob.cl)).CAPÍTULO 6/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Objetivo 2: Fomentar la integración de criterios de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático en instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial de la política pública regional y comunal. Meta 2.1: Al 2030, 60% de las Municipalidades certificadas a través del programa SCAM habrán integrado criterios de cambio climático en sus Planes Reguladores Comunales y en sus Planes Comunales de Desarrollo. Meta 2.2: Al 2030, 80% de los Gobiernos Regionales habrán integrado el cambio climático en las Estrategias Regionales de Desarrollo (ERD).', 'Meta 2.2: Al 2030, 80% de los Gobiernos Regionales habrán integrado el cambio climático en las Estrategias Regionales de Desarrollo (ERD). Meta 2.3: Al 2030, el 100% de Gobiernos Regionales habrán integrado criterios de cambio climático, a través de la evaluación ambiental estratégica, en los Planes Regionales de Ordenamiento Territorial y la Zonificación de Borde Costero. Meta 2.4: Al 2040, el 100% de los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial integrarán criterios de cambio climático, a través de la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica. Objetivo 3: Fomentar la implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación a nivel regional y comunal. Meta 3.1: Al 2030, al menos 60% de las municipalidades del país, estén integradas en al menos dos programas del Estado asociados a cambio climático83 |.', 'Meta 3.1: Al 2030, al menos 60% de las municipalidades del país, estén integradas en al menos dos programas del Estado asociados a cambio climático83 |. Meta 3.2: Al 2050, el 90% de las municipalidades SCAM cuente con certificación máxima de Gobernanza Ambiental-Climática.', 'Meta 3.2: Al 2050, el 90% de las municipalidades SCAM cuente con certificación máxima de Gobernanza Ambiental-Climática. 83 | Por ejemplo, SCAM ( educacion.mma.gob.cl/gestion-local/ sistema-de-certificacion-ambien- tal-municipal/), HuellaChile ( huellachile.mma.gob.cl/), Comuna Energética ( nergetica.cl/), entre otros.Fotografía de Daniel Pineda efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) para la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 195 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Costo efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) para la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 El sentido de urgencia para enfrentar la crisis climática requiere logar avan- ces significativos en el aumento de la resiliencia y la reducción de emisiones de GEI en Chile, estos avances precisan de una focalización de esfuerzos y re- cursos que permitan avanzar con eficacia en la implementación de acciones basadas en la ciencia.', '83 | Por ejemplo, SCAM ( educacion.mma.gob.cl/gestion-local/ sistema-de-certificacion-ambien- tal-municipal/), HuellaChile ( huellachile.mma.gob.cl/), Comuna Energética ( nergetica.cl/), entre otros.Fotografía de Daniel Pineda efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) para la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 195 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Costo efectividad (económica, ambiental y social) para la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050 El sentido de urgencia para enfrentar la crisis climática requiere logar avan- ces significativos en el aumento de la resiliencia y la reducción de emisiones de GEI en Chile, estos avances precisan de una focalización de esfuerzos y re- cursos que permitan avanzar con eficacia en la implementación de acciones basadas en la ciencia. Las visiones, compromisos y metas climáticos abordados en la ECLP, relevan la importancia de priorizar aquellas medidas que, siendo eficaces para la mi- tigación y adaptación, sean las que representen menores costos económicos, ambientales y sociales posibles.', 'Las visiones, compromisos y metas climáticos abordados en la ECLP, relevan la importancia de priorizar aquellas medidas que, siendo eficaces para la mi- tigación y adaptación, sean las que representen menores costos económicos, ambientales y sociales posibles. En este sentido, el establecimiento de me- tas nacionales mensurables y la información asociada a efectos territoriales del cambio climático, determinará las opciones de evaluación económica aso- ciada a las distintas estrategias de implementación en mitigación y adaptación. La evaluación económica de la meta nacional de carbono neutralidad, re- conocerá el costo asociado a la factibilidad de implementación de un conjunto de medidas eficaces para la reducción de emisiones, en un horizonte de tiempo determinado.', 'La evaluación económica de la meta nacional de carbono neutralidad, re- conocerá el costo asociado a la factibilidad de implementación de un conjunto de medidas eficaces para la reducción de emisiones, en un horizonte de tiempo determinado. Adicionalmente, la información existente respecto de efectos en el territorio de los cobeneficios asociados a estas medidas, permitirá robus- tecer la evaluación de la costo efectividad de dicha meta nacional, incorporan- do la dimensión regional y local. La meta nacional para la resiliencia presenta desafíos explícitos en esta estrategia respecto de indicadores y métricas de eficacia, que se constituyen en medidas habilitantes como parte del avance en el cumplimiento de la meta.', 'La meta nacional para la resiliencia presenta desafíos explícitos en esta estrategia respecto de indicadores y métricas de eficacia, que se constituyen en medidas habilitantes como parte del avance en el cumplimiento de la meta. Así, la aproximación a un análisis de costo efectividad no es aún factible, op- tando por reflejar el costo de la inacción frente al cambio climático, como un escenario referencial base para evaluar beneficios económicos de poten- ciales medidas de adaptación. El diseño de futuros planes de adaptación y mitigación, sectoriales y lo- cales, deberán considerar la evaluación de efectos adversos del cambio cli- mático y riesgos actuales y proyectados, incluyendo aquellos asociados a las zonas latentes que se encuentren declaradas al momento de su elaboración.', 'El diseño de futuros planes de adaptación y mitigación, sectoriales y lo- cales, deberán considerar la evaluación de efectos adversos del cambio cli- mático y riesgos actuales y proyectados, incluyendo aquellos asociados a las zonas latentes que se encuentren declaradas al momento de su elaboración. La identificación de mediadas costo efectivas, deberá reconocer el potencial que proporcionan las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, para el cumpli- miento de metas de ambición climática, en comparación con medidas alterna- tivas. Para ello, es clave dimensionar en términos económicos, los beneficios y cobeneficios de los servicios ecosistémicos, teniendo presente que sus cos- tos y beneficios pueden no alcanzarse al mismo tiempo, debiendo considerar los efectos descontados apropiados.', 'Para ello, es clave dimensionar en términos económicos, los beneficios y cobeneficios de los servicios ecosistémicos, teniendo presente que sus cos- tos y beneficios pueden no alcanzarse al mismo tiempo, debiendo considerar los efectos descontados apropiados. La eficacia en la mitigación y adaptación requiere del reconocimiento dife- renciado de los impactos del cambio climático en los territorios, entendiendo que la implementación de objetivos y acciones no es uniforme para el país, sino que depende de la realidad, capacidad y proyecciones climáticas de los territorios. Así, la evaluación de costo efectividad debe buscar apoyar la prio- rización de acciones con la visión de una integración regional y comunal, apo- yando con ello el diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de planifica- ción territorial y los instrumentos de gestión climática.', 'Así, la evaluación de costo efectividad debe buscar apoyar la prio- rización de acciones con la visión de una integración regional y comunal, apo- yando con ello el diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de planifica- ción territorial y los instrumentos de gestión climática. En la presente ECLP se dimensiona como punto de partida, tanto los benefi- cios de invertir en adaptación al Cambio Climático para fortalecer la resiliencia en los territorios, como la identificación y valorización de los cobeneficios percibidos localmente por la implementación de políticas climáticas globales, relevando la coherencia necesaria en el diseño de políticas nacionales y su apropiación regional y comunal para lograr el cumplimiento de metas costo efectivas en la gestión climática.', 'En la presente ECLP se dimensiona como punto de partida, tanto los benefi- cios de invertir en adaptación al Cambio Climático para fortalecer la resiliencia en los territorios, como la identificación y valorización de los cobeneficios percibidos localmente por la implementación de políticas climáticas globales, relevando la coherencia necesaria en el diseño de políticas nacionales y su apropiación regional y comunal para lograr el cumplimiento de metas costo efectivas en la gestión climática. A continuación, se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de los costos de la inacción y de los cobeneficios del cumplimiento de la meta de carbono neutralidad, que permiten contar con información sobre impactos económi- cos, ambientales y sociales; clave para la definición de futuros instrumentos a nivel local.', 'A continuación, se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de los costos de la inacción y de los cobeneficios del cumplimiento de la meta de carbono neutralidad, que permiten contar con información sobre impactos económi- cos, ambientales y sociales; clave para la definición de futuros instrumentos a nivel local. 7.1 Costos Indirectos de la Inacción en cambio climático Si no se logra desviar la trayectoria actual de las emisiones globales de ga- ses de efecto invernadero, los cambios en el clima, hasta ahora evidentes e in- minentes, seguirán generando importantes efectos en el bienestar socioeconó- mico y ambiental de los países, acentuando su vulnerabilidad, al no considerar acciones que nos preparen frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático.', '7.1 Costos Indirectos de la Inacción en cambio climático Si no se logra desviar la trayectoria actual de las emisiones globales de ga- ses de efecto invernadero, los cambios en el clima, hasta ahora evidentes e in- minentes, seguirán generando importantes efectos en el bienestar socioeconó- mico y ambiental de los países, acentuando su vulnerabilidad, al no considerar acciones que nos preparen frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático. Cada vez es más plausible evaluar el costo económico de pérdidas y daños asociados al aumento e intensidad de los eventos extremos de fenómenos climáticos y meteorológicos, permitiendo con ello reconocer el beneficio de la acción climática en la estimación del daño evitado.', 'Cada vez es más plausible evaluar el costo económico de pérdidas y daños asociados al aumento e intensidad de los eventos extremos de fenómenos climáticos y meteorológicos, permitiendo con ello reconocer el beneficio de la acción climática en la estimación del daño evitado. A nivel mundial, entre los años 2000 y 2019, más de 11.000 fenómenos meteorológicos extremos cobraron la vida de más de 475.000 personas, es- timando pérdidas que ascienden a cerca de 2,56 billones de dólares [Global Climate Risk Index, 2021]84 |.', 'A nivel mundial, entre los años 2000 y 2019, más de 11.000 fenómenos meteorológicos extremos cobraron la vida de más de 475.000 personas, es- timando pérdidas que ascienden a cerca de 2,56 billones de dólares [Global Climate Risk Index, 2021]84 |. En Chile, las sequías e inundaciones han sido identificadas como los prin- cipales fenómenos meteorológicos que impactan al país, generando en el pe- riodo 1926-2019, pérdidas por más de USD4 mil millones y USD5 mil millones respectivamente e impactando a más de siete millones de personas.85 | 84 | Ver Germanwatch 85 | Estudio BM amenazas hidrome- tereológicas y sus impactos fiscales y socioeconómicos de Argentina, Chile, México y Perú.', 'En Chile, las sequías e inundaciones han sido identificadas como los prin- cipales fenómenos meteorológicos que impactan al país, generando en el pe- riodo 1926-2019, pérdidas por más de USD4 mil millones y USD5 mil millones respectivamente e impactando a más de siete millones de personas.85 | 84 | Ver Germanwatch 85 | Estudio BM amenazas hidrome- tereológicas y sus impactos fiscales y socioeconómicos de Argentina, Chile, México y Perú. 2020CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 197 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Costos de la Inacción en Chile al 2050 Para evidenciar en términos monetarios los beneficios de acciones y políti- cas de adaptación, es necesario estimar los costos económicos de la inacción86 |.', '2020CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 197 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Costos de la Inacción en Chile al 2050 Para evidenciar en términos monetarios los beneficios de acciones y políti- cas de adaptación, es necesario estimar los costos económicos de la inacción86 |. El Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en conjunto con la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el apoyo de la Unión Europea (UE), realizó recientemente una evaluación de los costos de inacción para Chile frente a un escenario RCP8.5 de cambio climático87 | al 2050, en base a la información de- sarrollada por ARClim, que incluyó los sectores: Agricultura, Pesca y Acuicultura, Puertos y Playas, Biodiversidad y Salud, entre otros.88| El cálculo del valor económico de la inacción consideró que las proyec- ciones climáticas y sus respectivos cambios en los eventos físicos, permiten establecer efectos socioeconómicos en cada sector en estudio, procediendo a evaluar económicamente dichos efectos.', 'El Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en conjunto con la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el apoyo de la Unión Europea (UE), realizó recientemente una evaluación de los costos de inacción para Chile frente a un escenario RCP8.5 de cambio climático87 | al 2050, en base a la información de- sarrollada por ARClim, que incluyó los sectores: Agricultura, Pesca y Acuicultura, Puertos y Playas, Biodiversidad y Salud, entre otros.88| El cálculo del valor económico de la inacción consideró que las proyec- ciones climáticas y sus respectivos cambios en los eventos físicos, permiten establecer efectos socioeconómicos en cada sector en estudio, procediendo a evaluar económicamente dichos efectos. Un esquema simplificado de la me- todología general implementada para estimar el costo de la inacción se pre- senta a continuación.', 'Un esquema simplificado de la me- todología general implementada para estimar el costo de la inacción se pre- senta a continuación. Figura 19: Esquema metodológico general para la estimación del costo de inacción Fuente: Elaboración propia. Entender y cuantificar los efectos del cambio climático es clave para di- señar medidas de adaptación que sean efectivas en reducir los costos de la inacción del cambio climático en Chile y que consideren impactos territoriales diferenciados a nivel nacional. Algunos de los resultados sectoriales y territoriales más relevantes para el análisis de implicancias en el diseño de políticas ambientales se presentan a continuación.89 | 86 | La inacción fue entendida como el contrafactual o la referencia futura sin acciones de mitigación o adaptación planificada, contra la cual se comparan posibles acciones o políticas. The Cost of Inaction.', 'Algunos de los resultados sectoriales y territoriales más relevantes para el análisis de implicancias en el diseño de políticas ambientales se presentan a continuación.89 | 86 | La inacción fue entendida como el contrafactual o la referencia futura sin acciones de mitigación o adaptación planificada, contra la cual se comparan posibles acciones o políticas. The Cost of Inaction. Case studies from Rwanda and Angola. Harvard University Press. Boston. ( (2012); El costo de la inacción en la implementación del protocolo de Nagoya en (México (2014)); Climate Change: The Cost of Inaction and the Cost of Adaptation. EEA Technical Report No. 13/2007, European Envi- ronmental Agency (EEA), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Luxem- bourg, 67 pp.)', '13/2007, European Envi- ronmental Agency (EEA), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Luxem- bourg, 67 pp.) 87 | El escenario RCP8.5 representa uno de los escenarios más extremos en términos de la concentración de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera, correspondiendo a la situación de inacción respecto a la reducción de emisiones. 88 | Estudio: Evaluación de los Cos- tos de la Inacción Frente al Cambio Climático en Chile MMA-CEPAL (2021). 89 | La evaluación de los costos de la inacción considera un rango de efectos y costos a partir de la información disponible; no fueron consideraron todos los sectores susceptibles al cambio climático, ni todos los subsectores dentro de los sectores considerados. En algunos casos no se pudo analizar efectos conocidos a nivel mundial debido a la inexistencia de información cuantificada para Chile.', 'En algunos casos no se pudo analizar efectos conocidos a nivel mundial debido a la inexistencia de información cuantificada para Chile. En varios sectores los principales costos se presentan en la zona central del país en parte debido a la concentración de la población en esa zona. • Agrícola Para el sector agrícola se cuantificó el costo asociado a cambios en los rendimientos de 13 cultivos90 | por aumentos de temperaturas y reducción de precipitaciones, los cuales se traducen en cambios en el ingreso agrícola neto y la mano de obra. Los costos de la inacción estimados para el sector agrícola al 2050 son de USD 428 millones en un año, representando una reducción en el ingreso neto del sector de un 29% al 2050.', 'Los costos de la inacción estimados para el sector agrícola al 2050 son de USD 428 millones en un año, representando una reducción en el ingreso neto del sector de un 29% al 2050. Los mayores impactos económicos se generan en la zona norte y zona central91 |, dentro de los 10 cultivos con mayores im- pactos se tiene: Zona Norte: cereza, durazno, nuez, trigo, poroto, maíz, papa; Zona Centro: maíz, manzana, nuez, durazno, ciruela y poroto El cambio es- perado en la productividad generará cambios desiguales en la zona central, donde las regiones de O’Higgins, Maule y Metropolitana son las más afectadas, sus costos representan más del 10% del Producto interno bruto (PIB) agrícola regional al 2018, y cerca de un 1,6% del PIB regional al 2019 para O’Higgins y Maule, principalmente debido a la pérdida de ingresos de frutales y cultivos como el maíz.', 'Los mayores impactos económicos se generan en la zona norte y zona central91 |, dentro de los 10 cultivos con mayores im- pactos se tiene: Zona Norte: cereza, durazno, nuez, trigo, poroto, maíz, papa; Zona Centro: maíz, manzana, nuez, durazno, ciruela y poroto El cambio es- perado en la productividad generará cambios desiguales en la zona central, donde las regiones de O’Higgins, Maule y Metropolitana son las más afectadas, sus costos representan más del 10% del Producto interno bruto (PIB) agrícola regional al 2018, y cerca de un 1,6% del PIB regional al 2019 para O’Higgins y Maule, principalmente debido a la pérdida de ingresos de frutales y cultivos como el maíz. Por otro lado, la Zona Sur es la que presenta los menores impactos del cam- bio climático, dados los riesgos y oportunidades inferidos del análisis de resul- tados.', 'Por otro lado, la Zona Sur es la que presenta los menores impactos del cam- bio climático, dados los riesgos y oportunidades inferidos del análisis de resul- tados. Aun cuando existirían impactos relevantes en las regiones del Biobío, La Araucanía y Los Ríos, atribuibles a la pérdida de ingresos por frutales y maíz, éstos podrían ser parcialmente compensados por el aumento en ingresos de alfalfa y papas. El impacto sobre los requerimientos de mano de obra del sector agrícola afecta negativamente a las regiones del Maule y Coquimbo y, de manera positiva, a la región de Los Lagos;92 | se evidencia entonces la necesidad de generar opciones laborales en las regiones afectadas, tal vez fuera del sector agrícola, que actúen como medidas de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'El impacto sobre los requerimientos de mano de obra del sector agrícola afecta negativamente a las regiones del Maule y Coquimbo y, de manera positiva, a la región de Los Lagos;92 | se evidencia entonces la necesidad de generar opciones laborales en las regiones afectadas, tal vez fuera del sector agrícola, que actúen como medidas de adaptación al cambio climático. Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de desafíos y oportunidades claras para la implementación de acciones de adaptación en agricultura.', 'Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de desafíos y oportunidades claras para la implementación de acciones de adaptación en agricultura. Para las zonas norte y centro del país, los desafíos apuntan al fortalecimiento de capacidades en adaptación sectorial que consideren la investigación o innovación de variedades de vegetales adaptables a escenarios climáticos, el manejo sustentable de suelos, el acceso a incentivos financieros para innovación en adaptación, desarrollo de mercados locales que apoyen impactos en mano de obra, entre otros. Para la zona sur, los resultados permiten reconocer oportunidades nítidas para la implementación de acciones de manejo sustentable de cultivos como el trigo, la avena y el maíz.93 | 90 | Se consideraron cultivos anuales y praderas: alfalfa, frejol, maíz, avena, papa, arroz, remolacha y trigo; y frutales: manzana, cereza, durazno, ciruela, nueces.', 'Para la zona sur, los resultados permiten reconocer oportunidades nítidas para la implementación de acciones de manejo sustentable de cultivos como el trigo, la avena y el maíz.93 | 90 | Se consideraron cultivos anuales y praderas: alfalfa, frejol, maíz, avena, papa, arroz, remolacha y trigo; y frutales: manzana, cereza, durazno, ciruela, nueces. 91 | Regiones consideradas por zo- nas: Zona Norte (Atacama, Coquim- bo), Zona Centro (Maule, Metropo- litana y O´Higgins), y Zona Sur (Bio Bio, Araucanía, Los Lagos, Los Ríos) 92 | Con variaciones negativas en un rango entre -10,4% (Maule) y -3,5% (Valparaíso). Por otro lado, la única región que incrementará los requerimientos de mano de obras es Los Lagos (2,6%). 93 | Otra consideración respecto de este impacto diferenciado por zonas y regiones sugiere que la frontera agrícola del país podría trasladarse hacia el sur.', '93 | Otra consideración respecto de este impacto diferenciado por zonas y regiones sugiere que la frontera agrícola del país podría trasladarse hacia el sur. Similares resultados con respecto al movimiento de la fron- tera agrícola se reportan en (ODEPA, 2017; Ponce et al., 2014).CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 199 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Pesca Para el sector Pesca, se presenta la evaluación de los costos de la inacción para el subsector pesca artesanal. Se calculó el costo relacionado a la reduc- ción de horas disponibles para realizar la actividad pesquera, debido al cambio en el régimen de olas, considerando el impacto en 302 caletas distribuidas entre la Región de Arica y Parinacota, desde Arica (18ºS) y la Región de los Ríos, hasta Purranque (41ºS).', 'Se calculó el costo relacionado a la reduc- ción de horas disponibles para realizar la actividad pesquera, debido al cambio en el régimen de olas, considerando el impacto en 302 caletas distribuidas entre la Región de Arica y Parinacota, desde Arica (18ºS) y la Región de los Ríos, hasta Purranque (41ºS). El umbral de operación de 1,5 m, para el 2050, presen- ta más de 100 horas extras al año de inoperatividad entre la Región de Arica, comuna de Camarones (19°S) y la Región del Maule, comuna de Constitución (35°S) producto de estas nuevas condiciones.94 | El patrón para el umbral de 2 m cambia, y es entre Huasco (28°S) en la Región de Atacama y Navidad (34°S) en la Región de O´Higgins, dónde hay mayor aumento, superando las 100 horas de inoperatividad.', 'El umbral de operación de 1,5 m, para el 2050, presen- ta más de 100 horas extras al año de inoperatividad entre la Región de Arica, comuna de Camarones (19°S) y la Región del Maule, comuna de Constitución (35°S) producto de estas nuevas condiciones.94 | El patrón para el umbral de 2 m cambia, y es entre Huasco (28°S) en la Región de Atacama y Navidad (34°S) en la Región de O´Higgins, dónde hay mayor aumento, superando las 100 horas de inoperatividad. Considerando las proyecciones de oleaje, se estima que la cantidad de re- cursos afectados, sus magnitudes y su valoración será mayor a mediados que a fines de siglo. Esto implica una mayor urgencia para la adopción de medidas focalizadas de apoyo al sector.', 'Esto implica una mayor urgencia para la adopción de medidas focalizadas de apoyo al sector. Los resultados de las toneladas perdidas para mitad de siglo fluctúan entre 31.300 y 41.700 toneladas. No obstante, dichas pérdidas se encuentran en mayor proporción en ciertas latitudes del país (zona centro-norte) y en mayor grado para ciertos recursos (bentónicos, peces y algas). Los costos, por restricciones a la operación, al año 2050, se estiman en USD 17 millones, considerando perdidas en acceso a algas, recursos bentó- nicos y peces asociado a downtime estimado al año 2050, lo cual representa una reducción de aproximadamente 10% de las ganancias de este subsector.', 'Los costos, por restricciones a la operación, al año 2050, se estiman en USD 17 millones, considerando perdidas en acceso a algas, recursos bentó- nicos y peces asociado a downtime estimado al año 2050, lo cual representa una reducción de aproximadamente 10% de las ganancias de este subsector. Un resultado relevante de la evaluación realizada es que, para el caso de los peces, las caletas de pesca artesanal de la latitud 33°S (Valparaíso) concentran el 73% del total nacional de pérdida del recurso. Estos análisis representan la existencia de distintos efectos de cambio cli- mático que impactan en más de una dimensión al sector de Pesca y Acuicultura con efectos diferenciados.', 'Estos análisis representan la existencia de distintos efectos de cambio cli- mático que impactan en más de una dimensión al sector de Pesca y Acuicultura con efectos diferenciados. La concentración de impactos en la zona central sugiere un lugar prioritario en el cual focalizar medidas orientadas a generar un efecto significativo en los ingresos y estilos de vida de pescadores y pesca- doras artesanales dependientes de sólo un tipo de recurso, impulsando las re- conversiones necesarias tanto en materia de infraestructura en las caletas, como de capacidades técnicas para la adaptación resiliente de la actividad pesquera.', 'La concentración de impactos en la zona central sugiere un lugar prioritario en el cual focalizar medidas orientadas a generar un efecto significativo en los ingresos y estilos de vida de pescadores y pesca- doras artesanales dependientes de sólo un tipo de recurso, impulsando las re- conversiones necesarias tanto en materia de infraestructura en las caletas, como de capacidades técnicas para la adaptación resiliente de la actividad pesquera. • Puertos y Playas La evaluación de los costos de la inacción para Puertos y Playas consideró dos efectos del cambio climático: en el caso de puertos, la reducción del nú- mero de horas de operación por marejadas y tormentas; en el caso de playas, el impacto de las marejadas en la erosión de playas.', '• Puertos y Playas La evaluación de los costos de la inacción para Puertos y Playas consideró dos efectos del cambio climático: en el caso de puertos, la reducción del nú- mero de horas de operación por marejadas y tormentas; en el caso de playas, el impacto de las marejadas en la erosión de playas. En el caso de puertos, se calcularon las diferencias en los ingresos de 8 puertos nacionales95 | generados por cambios en el tiempo disponible para su operación a causa de la acción del oleaje, o downtime operacional, usando 94 | Además, se observa que entre Tocopilla (22°S) y Taltal (25°S), en la Región de Antofagasta, se superan las 200 horas adicionales de downti- me, llegando incluso a 300 horas en los 25°S.', 'En el caso de puertos, se calcularon las diferencias en los ingresos de 8 puertos nacionales95 | generados por cambios en el tiempo disponible para su operación a causa de la acción del oleaje, o downtime operacional, usando 94 | Además, se observa que entre Tocopilla (22°S) y Taltal (25°S), en la Región de Antofagasta, se superan las 200 horas adicionales de downti- me, llegando incluso a 300 horas en los 25°S. 95 | Puertos de Arica, Iquique, Anto- fagasta, Coquimbo, Mejillones, Valpa- raíso, San Antonio y San Vicente. las tarifas de cada puerto asociadas al atraque de buques y el movimiento de carga. Para el caso de playas, se calcularon los costos asociados a la reduc- ción del ancho de playas de uso recreativo en 45 playas nacionales.', 'Para el caso de playas, se calcularon los costos asociados a la reduc- ción del ancho de playas de uso recreativo en 45 playas nacionales. Los resultados para el 2050 reportan que las condiciones operacionales empeorarían para los puertos de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y San Antonio (Zo- nas norte y centro), dado que disminuyen sus tiempos de operación, reflejando costos de USD 2 millones. A su vez, para los puertos de Coquimbo, Mejillones, Valparaíso y de San Vicente (Zonas norte, centro y sur), las condiciones ope- racionales mejorarían, estimando ganancias de USD 17 millones. En relación con este último resultado, podría decirse que el impacto del cambio climático sobre la actividad del sector es positivo.', 'En relación con este último resultado, podría decirse que el impacto del cambio climático sobre la actividad del sector es positivo. No obstante, el aumento en el número de horas sin paralización no significa que las condiciones del puerto permi- tan que se aproveche esta ventaja, pero si visibiliza la oportunidad potencial de realizar acciones de gestión para la adaptación del sector. Del mismo modo los impactos negativos para los puertos de la zona norte y centro señalan de- safíos en materia de infraestructura y fortalecimiento de capacidades locales para la adaptación a potenciales impactos en la actividad portuaria a mediados de siglo.', 'Del mismo modo los impactos negativos para los puertos de la zona norte y centro señalan de- safíos en materia de infraestructura y fortalecimiento de capacidades locales para la adaptación a potenciales impactos en la actividad portuaria a mediados de siglo. El subsector de playas por su parte tiene un costo estimado de USD 5,6 millones por efecto de la erosión96 |, para las playas ubicadas entre las regiones de Tarapacá y Biobío, sin presentar ningún beneficio en las zonas estudiadas. Las playas con los principales costos asociados están en las regiones de Co- quimbo (comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo) y Valparaíso (comunas de Papudo, Puchuncaví, Quintero; y desde Casablanca a Santo Domingo).', 'Las playas con los principales costos asociados están en las regiones de Co- quimbo (comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo) y Valparaíso (comunas de Papudo, Puchuncaví, Quintero; y desde Casablanca a Santo Domingo). Playas como Hor- nitos (Región de Antofagasta), Reñaca, Las Salinas, Los Marineros, Caleta Porta- les y Las Torpederas (Región de Valparaíso) y Bahía de Lebu (Región del Biobío), registrarían retrocesos de la línea de costa para el 2050, respecto del estado actual, de entre 2 [m] en Los Marineros y 12 [m] en Hornitos.', 'Playas como Hor- nitos (Región de Antofagasta), Reñaca, Las Salinas, Los Marineros, Caleta Porta- les y Las Torpederas (Región de Valparaíso) y Bahía de Lebu (Región del Biobío), registrarían retrocesos de la línea de costa para el 2050, respecto del estado actual, de entre 2 [m] en Los Marineros y 12 [m] en Hornitos. Los resultados para playas son una alerta para el diseño de políticas de ordenamiento territorial, borde costero, turismo, infraestructura, ciudades y biodiversidad, reflejando necesidad de una visión integral y multisectorial en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que involucre la gestión de ca- pacidades locales en la transición hacia actividades productivas resilientes, asegurando que se aborden medidas efectivas en el diseño de instrumentos de implementación territorial.', 'Los resultados para playas son una alerta para el diseño de políticas de ordenamiento territorial, borde costero, turismo, infraestructura, ciudades y biodiversidad, reflejando necesidad de una visión integral y multisectorial en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que involucre la gestión de ca- pacidades locales en la transición hacia actividades productivas resilientes, asegurando que se aborden medidas efectivas en el diseño de instrumentos de implementación territorial. • Biodiversidad En materia de Biodiversidad la cuantificación del costo se realiza mediante el cálculo de la pérdida de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos por unidad de área para distintos ecosistemas97 |.', '• Biodiversidad En materia de Biodiversidad la cuantificación del costo se realiza mediante el cálculo de la pérdida de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos por unidad de área para distintos ecosistemas97 |. Para la identificación de los impactos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad, se realizó un análisis del cambio en la distribución geográfica de las especies de flora y fauna representativa a partir de su distribución actual y bajo escenarios climáticos futuros.98 | Los resultados de la distribución de especies de flora y fauna muestran que los ecosistemas considerados registran una reducción de superficie a ni- vel nacional99 |.', 'Para la identificación de los impactos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad, se realizó un análisis del cambio en la distribución geográfica de las especies de flora y fauna representativa a partir de su distribución actual y bajo escenarios climáticos futuros.98 | Los resultados de la distribución de especies de flora y fauna muestran que los ecosistemas considerados registran una reducción de superficie a ni- vel nacional99 |. Los ecosistemas más afectados serán el Bosque Siempreverde, con una pérdida de 18% de la superficie nacional actual, seguido por los Hu- 96 | Calculado mediante metodolo- gía de transferencia de beneficios sobre disposición a pagar por por el cambio en el ancho de playa por via- je de cada hogar, tomado del estudio de Parsons, et al., (2013).', 'Los ecosistemas más afectados serán el Bosque Siempreverde, con una pérdida de 18% de la superficie nacional actual, seguido por los Hu- 96 | Calculado mediante metodolo- gía de transferencia de beneficios sobre disposición a pagar por por el cambio en el ancho de playa por via- je de cada hogar, tomado del estudio de Parsons, et al., (2013). 97 | Los ecosistemas considerados son: Bosques: Laurifolio, Caducifolio, Siempreverde, Esclerófilo, Espinoso, Desierto, Matorral Andino, Estepas Humedales: Salar y Turbera. 98 | Estudio: Evaluación de los Cos- tos de la Inacción Frente al Cambio Climático en Chile MMA-CEPAL (2021). 99 | Exceptuando el Bosque Espino- so que no cambia.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 201 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 medales (Turberas), con una reducción cercana al 12% de su superficie nacio- nal actual.', '99 | Exceptuando el Bosque Espino- so que no cambia.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 201 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 medales (Turberas), con una reducción cercana al 12% de su superficie nacio- nal actual. En consecuencia, cobra relevancia el impulso de instrumentos como el Plan Nacional para la Protección de Humedales y las metas NDC de Contribución en Integración – UTCUTS - Bosques N°5 (I5) y de contribución en integración Integración – UTCUTS - Turberas N°8 (I8) tendiente al desarrollo de métricas para evaluar la capacidad de adaptación o mitigación al cambio climático de humedales (turberas), con resultados de implementación en cinco sitios pilotos en áreas protegidas públicas o privadas del país.', 'En consecuencia, cobra relevancia el impulso de instrumentos como el Plan Nacional para la Protección de Humedales y las metas NDC de Contribución en Integración – UTCUTS - Bosques N°5 (I5) y de contribución en integración Integración – UTCUTS - Turberas N°8 (I8) tendiente al desarrollo de métricas para evaluar la capacidad de adaptación o mitigación al cambio climático de humedales (turberas), con resultados de implementación en cinco sitios pilotos en áreas protegidas públicas o privadas del país. Los Humedales de tipo Salares son los ecosistemas más afectados dentro del territorio del SNASPE, con una reducción del 33% de la superficie actual. En segundo lugar, se encuentran los Bosques Esclerófilos, seguido por las Es- tepas, con pérdidas aproximadas del 21% y 12% de la superficie actual, respec- tivamente.', 'En segundo lugar, se encuentran los Bosques Esclerófilos, seguido por las Es- tepas, con pérdidas aproximadas del 21% y 12% de la superficie actual, respec- tivamente. Por lo tanto, se prevé que las actividades turísticas que se realizan en estos ecosistemas serán las más afectadas en el período 2050. • Salud Se analizó el efecto de la temperatura y olas de calor en la salud, conside- rando el 73% de la población nacional100 | y utilizando curvas dosis-respuesta para caracterizar cambios en el riesgo relativo por cambios en temperatura bajo el escenario RCP 8.5, hasta el año 2100.', '• Salud Se analizó el efecto de la temperatura y olas de calor en la salud, conside- rando el 73% de la población nacional100 | y utilizando curvas dosis-respuesta para caracterizar cambios en el riesgo relativo por cambios en temperatura bajo el escenario RCP 8.5, hasta el año 2100. Los resultados indican que el efecto en la salud como consecuencia de la modificación del patrón de tem- peraturas producto del cambio climático se verá aumentado en el tiempo si se mantienen las condiciones actuales de vulnerabilidad y adaptación. Para 2050 se esperan 2.707 egresos por causas respiratorias y 677 egresos por causas cardiovasculares. El análisis muestra que los efectos serán hete- rogéneos sobre el territorio nacional, con diferentes realidades territoriales y estacionales.', 'El análisis muestra que los efectos serán hete- rogéneos sobre el territorio nacional, con diferentes realidades territoriales y estacionales. Los efectos se observan principalmente en la mortalidad de la población, como en los egresos hospitalarios por causas respiratorias y por causas car- diovasculares en la población sobre 65 años de edad101 |. Un mayor aumento porcentual de afectados por mortalidad y morbilidad se observará en la zona norte durante todo el año y un mayor número de afectados en la zona central del país, como consecuencia de la mayor cantidad de población en la zona.', 'Un mayor aumento porcentual de afectados por mortalidad y morbilidad se observará en la zona norte durante todo el año y un mayor número de afectados en la zona central del país, como consecuencia de la mayor cantidad de población en la zona. En la zona norte-cordillera y austral del país, se tendría un efecto estacional menor en las temporadas cálidas e intermedias, mientras que en la temporada fría tendría como efecto una reducción de las muertes y egresos hospitalarios por menor frío. Esta heterogeneidad de los resultados destaca la importancia del análisis a nivel zonal, la que permite además enfocar los esfuerzos de adap- tación en las zonas que más se verán afectadas por el cambio climático.', 'Esta heterogeneidad de los resultados destaca la importancia del análisis a nivel zonal, la que permite además enfocar los esfuerzos de adap- tación en las zonas que más se verán afectadas por el cambio climático. Los resultados obtenidos constituyen el primer análisis nacional de los efectos del calor en la salud, entregando una cuantificación de los casos es- timados. Como desafío futuro se mantiene la cuantificación de otros efectos, como el de los incendios en la salud respiratoria, enfermedades asociadas al consumo de alimentos y agua, lesiones y defunciones por eventos hidrome- tereológicos extremos, entre otros. Por tanto, es importante que los medios 100 | El análisis se llevó a cabo en co- munas únicas con población mayor a 100.000 habitantes o grupos de comunas que en conjunto superen los 100.000 habitantes.', 'Por tanto, es importante que los medios 100 | El análisis se llevó a cabo en co- munas únicas con población mayor a 100.000 habitantes o grupos de comunas que en conjunto superen los 100.000 habitantes. 101 | La selección de causas permite considerar el potencial efecto de- rivado de un aumento en la con- centración de ozono y de alérgenos (ambos incrementados por efecto de la temperatura) como parte de los resultados proyectados.', '101 | La selección de causas permite considerar el potencial efecto de- rivado de un aumento en la con- centración de ozono y de alérgenos (ambos incrementados por efecto de la temperatura) como parte de los resultados proyectados. de implementación considerados en la ECLP, enfocados en ciencia y financia- miento, potencien esfuerzos para caracterizar mejor la distribución geográ- fica de las amenazas climáticas y las tasas de incidencia de los efectos a la salud asociados, de manera robustecer los diagnósticos para la toma de deci- sión, con un enfoque local y en complementariedad con información nacional de riesgos y vulnerabilidad que insume el diseño de Planes Regionales y Co- munales para la acción climática.', 'de implementación considerados en la ECLP, enfocados en ciencia y financia- miento, potencien esfuerzos para caracterizar mejor la distribución geográ- fica de las amenazas climáticas y las tasas de incidencia de los efectos a la salud asociados, de manera robustecer los diagnósticos para la toma de deci- sión, con un enfoque local y en complementariedad con información nacional de riesgos y vulnerabilidad que insume el diseño de Planes Regionales y Co- munales para la acción climática. En síntesis, la información proporcionada en estos análisis permite mostrar una aproximación de los del costo de la inacción ante el cambio climático, para cada sector y dimensión analizada.', 'En síntesis, la información proporcionada en estos análisis permite mostrar una aproximación de los del costo de la inacción ante el cambio climático, para cada sector y dimensión analizada. Lo anterior revela información importante para el diseño de Planes de Adap- tación Sectorial y Planes de Acción tanto Regionales y Comunales en Cambio Climático, que integren como elementos de evaluación, los impactos acordes y alineados con el contexto y las prioridades locales y nacionales. Este diseño deberá considerar y articular con los medios de implementación propuestos y los instrumentos de desarrollo estratégico territorial existentes, viabilizando la integración de la gestión del cambio climático en las políticas públicas nacionales y regionales al 2050.', 'Este diseño deberá considerar y articular con los medios de implementación propuestos y los instrumentos de desarrollo estratégico territorial existentes, viabilizando la integración de la gestión del cambio climático en las políticas públicas nacionales y regionales al 2050. 7.2 Costo Efectividad de la Carbono Neutralidad La implementación de las medidas de mitigación definidas con el objetivo de lograr la carbono neutralidad al 2050, implican en valor presente neto importantes costos de inversión (CAPEX) del orden de USD 50.000 millones; mientras que los costos asociados a operación y mantención (OPEX) resultan en ahorros debido al menor consumo de energéticos en el escenario carbono neutralidad, del orden de USD80.000 millones, logrando así un beneficio neto del orden de USD30.000 millones al 2050. Por tanto, desde el punto de vista de costo-efectividad, las medidas resultan rentables.', 'Por tanto, desde el punto de vista de costo-efectividad, las medidas resultan rentables. Los cálculos de costeo fueron realizados por el Ministerio de Energía, Ministerio de Hacienda y Minis- terio del Medio Ambiente en el contexto de la definición de la meta de carbono neutralidad al 2050 y la actualización de la NDC, con una tasa de descuento del 6%. Además, en conjunto con el Banco Mundial y el Ministerio de Hacienda, se elaboró una evaluación -macro-económica de la carbono neutralidad 102 | que demostró que el PIB de Chile al año 2050 puede aumentar en un 4,4% respecto del escenario base, lo cual confirma la gran oportunidad que significa para Chile el transformarnos en una economía neutra en emisiones de CO . 102 | Oportunidades-de-Crecimien- to-Verde-para-la-Meta-de-Des- le-Informe-Sobre-los-Efectos-Ma- plementar-Politicas-de-Mitiga- C3%A1tico-en-Chile%281%29.', 'Además, en conjunto con el Banco Mundial y el Ministerio de Hacienda, se elaboró una evaluación -macro-económica de la carbono neutralidad 102 | que demostró que el PIB de Chile al año 2050 puede aumentar en un 4,4% respecto del escenario base, lo cual confirma la gran oportunidad que significa para Chile el transformarnos en una economía neutra en emisiones de CO . 102 | Oportunidades-de-Crecimien- to-Verde-para-la-Meta-de-Des- le-Informe-Sobre-los-Efectos-Ma- plementar-Politicas-de-Mitiga- C3%A1tico-en-Chile%281%29. renovada%20NDC.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 203 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Co beneficios de alcanzar la carbono-neutralidad 2050 Implementar el paquete de medidas de mitigación comprometido por Chile para lograr ser carbono neutrales al 2050, no sólo es rentable y costo efectivo desde el punto de vista de los beneficios netos directos ya mencionados; tam- bién es preciso considerar (i) el beneficio de la disminución de daños por efecto del cambio climático, o costos sociales, así como (ii) los beneficios en salud de la reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'renovada%20NDC.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 203 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Co beneficios de alcanzar la carbono-neutralidad 2050 Implementar el paquete de medidas de mitigación comprometido por Chile para lograr ser carbono neutrales al 2050, no sólo es rentable y costo efectivo desde el punto de vista de los beneficios netos directos ya mencionados; tam- bién es preciso considerar (i) el beneficio de la disminución de daños por efecto del cambio climático, o costos sociales, así como (ii) los beneficios en salud de la reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este último elemento, tiene especial relevancia pues evidencia la comple- mentariedad de la política climática con los demás instrumentos de gestión regulatoria nacional en el control de la contaminación atmosférica.', 'Este último elemento, tiene especial relevancia pues evidencia la comple- mentariedad de la política climática con los demás instrumentos de gestión regulatoria nacional en el control de la contaminación atmosférica. Esta co- herencia en la gestión de contaminantes beneficia la salud de las personas y ecosistemas, promueve la innovación y la inversión en tecnologías limpias y fortalece la transición al cumplimiento de regulaciones nacionales con me- jores estándares ambientales.', 'Esta co- herencia en la gestión de contaminantes beneficia la salud de las personas y ecosistemas, promueve la innovación y la inversión en tecnologías limpias y fortalece la transición al cumplimiento de regulaciones nacionales con me- jores estándares ambientales. Los beneficios estimados por la reducción de GEI utilizan como referencia el «precio social del carbono», el cual se establece como el precio sombra determinado por la función de costos marginales de abatimiento de CO que permitirían el cumplimiento de las metas de mitigación de Chile, en fun- ción de su Contribución Nacional Determinada vigente a la fecha de su pu- blicación (MIDESO, 2017). Los resultados nacionales establecieron un precio social del carbono de 0,823 UF/ton CO (MIDESO, 2017, pág. 5).', 'Los resultados nacionales establecieron un precio social del carbono de 0,823 UF/ton CO (MIDESO, 2017, pág. 5). Los beneficios en salud de la reducción de contaminantes locales respon- den a la cuantificación y valorización de cambios en indicadores tales como el número de casos de mortalidad, admisiones hospitalarias y visitas a sala de emergencia, por causa de enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares vinculadas a la concentración ambiental de MP 2,5. Como resultados se obtienen el número de casos evitados, según tipo de evento, por sector económico en el período 2020-2050.', 'Como resultados se obtienen el número de casos evitados, según tipo de evento, por sector económico en el período 2020-2050. Finalmente, el beneficio se valoriza multiplicando el nú- mero de casos evitados por la valoración unitaria de los efectos cuantifica- dos.104 | Los resultados responden al análisis del grupo de medidas sectoriales de carbono neutralidad incluidas en la estimación de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro y contaminantes locales que se presenta a continuación: 103 | El análisis de los costos marginales de abatimiento para Chile deriva de la mejor información disponible a la fecha, que consiste en los resultados del proyecto MAPS Chile. 104 | Para un mayor detalle meto- dológico ver: Evaluación de cobene- ficios ambientales por reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad al año 2050 de Chile.', '104 | Para un mayor detalle meto- dológico ver: Evaluación de cobene- ficios ambientales por reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad al año 2050 de Chile. MMA, 2021. Tabla 9: Medidas sectoriales de carbono neutralidad incluidas en la estimación de carbono negro y contaminantes locales Medida Políticas previas a la definición de carbono neutralidad Carbono Neutralidad (Ruta proyectada el año 2019) Estrategia de electromovilidad 40% de la flota de vehículos particulares eléctricos al 2050. 60% de la flota de vehículos particulares eléctricos al 2050. 100% de transporte público eléctrico al 2050. 100% de transporte público eléctrico al 2040. Estándares viviendas nuevas Ordenanza General de Urbanis- mo y Construcciones (OGUC). Nuevas normativas de construcción.', 'Estándares viviendas nuevas Ordenanza General de Urbanis- mo y Construcciones (OGUC). Nuevas normativas de construcción. Se espera que las viviendas nuevas consuman un 35% menos al 2040 que las viviendas actuales. Electrificación en calefacción residencial No se consideran nuevas me- didas. Al 2050, el 39% de la calefacción es por medio de electricidad. Sistemas solares térmicos en in- dustrias y minería No se consideran nuevas me- didas. Se incluye la energía solar como energético. Electrificación en usos motrices en industrias y minería No se consideran nuevas me- didas. Inclusión de hidrógeno en usos motrices industriales y mi- neros.', 'Inclusión de hidrógeno en usos motrices industriales y mi- neros. El impacto territorial de la reducción de emisiones de MP asociada a la implementación del paquete de medidas de mitigación contemplado en la NDC de Chile, se aprecia en la siguiente figura.105 | La distribución de reduccio- nes de emisiones acumuladas por contaminante para el periodo 2020-2050, identifica que las mayores reducciones de MP2,5 se distribuyen en la zona centro-sur. Las zonas en color azul intenso representan mayores reducciones de emisiones mientras que los tonos más grises indican menores reduccio- 105 | La definición de la distribución territorial de las emisiones desde el nivel nacional a nivel provincial requirió establecer criterios para cada sector dependiendo de la infor- mación disponible.', 'Las zonas en color azul intenso representan mayores reducciones de emisiones mientras que los tonos más grises indican menores reduccio- 105 | La definición de la distribución territorial de las emisiones desde el nivel nacional a nivel provincial requirió establecer criterios para cada sector dependiendo de la infor- mación disponible. Ver: Evaluación de cobeneficios ambientales por reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad al año 2050 de Chile. MMA, 2021.', 'Ver: Evaluación de cobeneficios ambientales por reducción de contaminantes locales asociados a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad al año 2050 de Chile. MMA, 2021. 106 | Los gráficos no son compara- bles en relación con las toneladas emitidas ya que la escala varía de acuerdo con el orden de magnitud de las emisiones de cada contami- nante y periodo.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 205 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 20: Distribución regional de la reducción de emisiones de MP2,5 en toneladas acumuladas en el periodo 2020-2030 a la izquierda y en el periodo 2020-2050 a la derecha. Fuente: Elaboración propia.', '106 | Los gráficos no son compara- bles en relación con las toneladas emitidas ya que la escala varía de acuerdo con el orden de magnitud de las emisiones de cada contami- nante y periodo.CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 205 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Figura 20: Distribución regional de la reducción de emisiones de MP2,5 en toneladas acumuladas en el periodo 2020-2030 a la izquierda y en el periodo 2020-2050 a la derecha. Fuente: Elaboración propia. En los mapas se aprecia que las mayores reducciones de emisiones de MP , se distribuyen para el periodo 2020-2050 en la zona norte en las regiones de Tarapacá y Antofagasta, principalmente debido a los sectores minería, trans- portes y maquinaria fuera de ruta107 | , y en la zona centro-sur en las regiones Metropolitana, Biobío, Araucanía y Los Lagos, considerando los sectores resi- dencial, transportes, industrias y maquinaria fuera de ruta108 | .', 'En los mapas se aprecia que las mayores reducciones de emisiones de MP , se distribuyen para el periodo 2020-2050 en la zona norte en las regiones de Tarapacá y Antofagasta, principalmente debido a los sectores minería, trans- portes y maquinaria fuera de ruta107 | , y en la zona centro-sur en las regiones Metropolitana, Biobío, Araucanía y Los Lagos, considerando los sectores resi- dencial, transportes, industrias y maquinaria fuera de ruta108 | . La provincia de Santiago evidencia mayor impacto en términos de reduc- ción de emisiones con más del 25% del total de reducciones acumuladas de MP2,5. Además, se evidencia una importante variación en la zona norte, la provincia de Copiapó y en la zona sur las provincias de Osorno y Coyhaique.', 'Además, se evidencia una importante variación en la zona norte, la provincia de Copiapó y en la zona sur las provincias de Osorno y Coyhaique. Las reducciones en concentraciones de MP2,5 estimadas evitan, apro- ximadamente, un total acumulado cercano a los 100.300 casos de muertes prematuras evitadas en personas mayores de 30 años durante el horizonte de evaluación. El mayor número de casos evitados se observa en el efecto de productividad laboral perdida, con una reducción acumulada que bordea los 60.000 casos para personas entre 18 y 64 años. La siguiente tabla presenta los casos totales evitados por causa y su intervalo de confianza.109 | 107 | Dentro de lo que se incluyen la energía solar como energético, elec- tromovilidad y el hidrógeno verde en usos motrices.', 'La siguiente tabla presenta los casos totales evitados por causa y su intervalo de confianza.109 | 107 | Dentro de lo que se incluyen la energía solar como energético, elec- tromovilidad y el hidrógeno verde en usos motrices. 108 | Dentro de lo que se consideran medidas como nuevas normativas de construcción, electromovilidad y nuevos energéticos. 109 | Evaluación de co-beneficios ambientales por reducción de con- taminantes locales asociados a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad al año 2050 de Chile. Tabla 10 Número de casos nivel nacional percentil 50 periodo 2020-2050 [Miles de Casos].', 'Tabla 10 Número de casos nivel nacional percentil 50 periodo 2020-2050 [Miles de Casos]. Efecto Causa Nº de Casos [Miles de Casos] Intervalo de Con- Mortalidad Cardiopulmonar Largo Plazo 100 [155 – 46] Admisiones Hospi- talarias Enfermedad Pulmonar obstructiva crónica 5,9 [8,2 – 3,6] Visita a Emergencia Bronquitis 1000 [1.875 – 126] Productividad Per- dida Días de Actividad Restringida 14.888 [16.964 – 12.812] Fuente: Elaboración propia. Considerando la procedencia de la reducción de emisiones, la implemen- tación de medidas como calefacción eléctrica, generación distribuida y elec- trificación motriz para el sector Comercial; el hidrógeno verde para el sector Maquinaria Fuera de Ruta; y la electromovilidad en transporte liviano público y privado e hidrógeno verde en transporte de carga para el sector Transporte, se cuantifican para el periodo 2020-2050 cerca de 87.000 casos de muerte prematura evitadas.', 'Considerando la procedencia de la reducción de emisiones, la implemen- tación de medidas como calefacción eléctrica, generación distribuida y elec- trificación motriz para el sector Comercial; el hidrógeno verde para el sector Maquinaria Fuera de Ruta; y la electromovilidad en transporte liviano público y privado e hidrógeno verde en transporte de carga para el sector Transporte, se cuantifican para el periodo 2020-2050 cerca de 87.000 casos de muerte prematura evitadas. La distribución de casos evitados de muerte prematura en el territorio ubica a las provincias de Santiago (más de 60.000 casos), Concepción (4.000 casos) y Osorno (2.000 casos) con las mayores reducciones. Santiago lidera el grupo y representa el 60% de los casos totales.', 'Santiago lidera el grupo y representa el 60% de los casos totales. Es importante mencionar que, la magnitud del impacto por ug/m3 de reducción en concentración, varíaCAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 207 CAPÍTULO 7/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 significativamente dependiendo de la provincia donde ocurre, y esto se debe principalmente a la cantidad de población expuesta. Los beneficios sociales por reducción de emisiones de contaminantes loca- les a nivel nacional alcanzan los USD 29.482 millones. Los resultados eviden- cian la relevancia de los casos de muertes prematuras evitadas, que equivalen a USD 28.078 millones y representan el 95% de los beneficios totales.', 'Los resultados eviden- cian la relevancia de los casos de muertes prematuras evitadas, que equivalen a USD 28.078 millones y representan el 95% de los beneficios totales. Por su parte, las admisiones hospitalarias en conjunto representan el 1% y la pro- ductividad perdida el 3,5% del total de beneficios. La siguiente tabla muestra los beneficios según causa y efecto a nivel nacional. Tabla 11: Beneficios por reducción de contaminantes locales a nivel nacional periodo 2020-2050 [MMUSD]. Efecto Causa VP Beneficio [MMUSD] Intervalo de Confianza Porcentaje Admisiones Hospitalarias Enfermedad Pulmonar obstructiva crónica Productividad Perdida Fuente: Elaboración propia. El análisis provincial de beneficios per cápita muestra que las provincias de Santiago, Osorno, Coyhaique y Copiapó son las que experimentan mayores beneficios per cápita para el periodo 2020-2050, superando los USD 3.000 por habitante.', 'El análisis provincial de beneficios per cápita muestra que las provincias de Santiago, Osorno, Coyhaique y Copiapó son las que experimentan mayores beneficios per cápita para el periodo 2020-2050, superando los USD 3.000 por habitante. La valorización directa de las reducciones de GEI según precio social del carbono (MIDESO, 2017), alcanza los USD 9.048 millones valor, y es equi- valente a un 23,5% de los beneficios asociados a la reducción de contaminan- tes locales. De esta manera, los beneficios netos directos asociados a la carbono neu- tralidad al 2050 más que se duplican al considerar los beneficios socio am- bientales, evitando casos de problemas de salud en la población debido a la mala calidad del aire.', 'De esta manera, los beneficios netos directos asociados a la carbono neu- tralidad al 2050 más que se duplican al considerar los beneficios socio am- bientales, evitando casos de problemas de salud en la población debido a la mala calidad del aire. Los resultados obtenidos, confirman el potencial de colaboración en el logro de objetivos de reducción de contaminantes globales y locales. Las me- didas a implementar en los sectores Comercial, Maquinaria Fuera de Ruta y Transporte son las que generan el mayor cobeneficio, por lo que es deseable priorizarlas en el diseño e implementación regional y local, de los futuros planes de mitigación sectoriales, con el objetivo de asegurar un mayor bene- ficio social.', 'Las me- didas a implementar en los sectores Comercial, Maquinaria Fuera de Ruta y Transporte son las que generan el mayor cobeneficio, por lo que es deseable priorizarlas en el diseño e implementación regional y local, de los futuros planes de mitigación sectoriales, con el objetivo de asegurar un mayor bene- ficio social. Entre las medidas evaluadas consideraron la calefacción eléctrica, generación distribuida y electrificación motriz; el hidrógeno verde y la elec- tromovilidad en transporte liviano público y privado. El análisis para sectores como Minería, Industrias, Generación y Residencial, participan del total de co- beneficios con un 18% en conjunto, por lo que es relevante que, en los planes sectoriales de mitigación, se concreten estos esfuerzos de implementación.', 'El análisis para sectores como Minería, Industrias, Generación y Residencial, participan del total de co- beneficios con un 18% en conjunto, por lo que es relevante que, en los planes sectoriales de mitigación, se concreten estos esfuerzos de implementación. Con estos resultados, se avanza en aportes al análisis territorial de la dis- tribución de las emisiones desde el nivel nacional a nivel provincial lo que contribuye tanto al reconocimiento de la realidad local, como a la toma de de- cisión para el fortalecimiento de los procesos regionales de planificación es- tratégica, impulsando la autogestión de los territorios en términos de equidad y justicia en la transición climática y el empoderamiento subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile).', 'Con estos resultados, se avanza en aportes al análisis territorial de la dis- tribución de las emisiones desde el nivel nacional a nivel provincial lo que contribuye tanto al reconocimiento de la realidad local, como a la toma de de- cisión para el fortalecimiento de los procesos regionales de planificación es- tratégica, impulsando la autogestión de los territorios en términos de equidad y justicia en la transición climática y el empoderamiento subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile). Al respecto, se prevé que el Sistema Nacional de Pros- pectiva propenderá a avanzar en este tipo de desarrollos, robusteciendo y es- tandarizando las metodologías para la estimación de proyecciones nacionales y regionales.Fotografía de Bryan Contreras 08 medios de implementación y seguimiento de la eclp Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 211 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medios de implementación y seguimiento de la ECLP 8.1 Medios de implementación El diseño y ejecución de medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático re- quiere contar con una sólida base de conocimientos, nuevas tecnologías, finan- ciamiento y gobiernos capacitados y organizados a distintos niveles, así como también actores sociales y una comunidad preparada.', 'Al respecto, se prevé que el Sistema Nacional de Pros- pectiva propenderá a avanzar en este tipo de desarrollos, robusteciendo y es- tandarizando las metodologías para la estimación de proyecciones nacionales y regionales.Fotografía de Bryan Contreras 08 medios de implementación y seguimiento de la eclp Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 211 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Medios de implementación y seguimiento de la ECLP 8.1 Medios de implementación El diseño y ejecución de medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático re- quiere contar con una sólida base de conocimientos, nuevas tecnologías, finan- ciamiento y gobiernos capacitados y organizados a distintos niveles, así como también actores sociales y una comunidad preparada. Todo esto se denomina a nivel internacional y nacional «Medios de implementación»110 | y se ha deja- do de manifiesto su relevancia, a través de los esfuerzos para impulsar el desa- rrollo de estas condiciones habilitadoras de la acción climática, en el marco del Acuerdo de París.', 'Todo esto se denomina a nivel internacional y nacional «Medios de implementación»110 | y se ha deja- do de manifiesto su relevancia, a través de los esfuerzos para impulsar el desa- rrollo de estas condiciones habilitadoras de la acción climática, en el marco del Acuerdo de París. En coherencia con ello y con la actual NDC de Chile, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone que la ECLP debe contemplar que se desarrollen 3 medios de implementación: el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica; la creación de capacidades y empoderamiento climático, y el financiamiento. Estos medios de implementación, que se describen a continuación, están al servicio de la mitigación y la adaptación, dirigiendo los esfuerzos de manera transversal para los distintos sectores del país, y a distintos niveles administrativos del territorio.', 'Estos medios de implementación, que se describen a continuación, están al servicio de la mitigación y la adaptación, dirigiendo los esfuerzos de manera transversal para los distintos sectores del país, y a distintos niveles administrativos del territorio. Las Autoridades Sectoriales deberán definir e implementar acciones concretas relativas a los medios de implementación presentados en la ECLP, a través de sus Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y Adaptación. Asimismo, los CORECC deberán identificar sinergias con las políticas nacionales, sectoriales y comunales, e incentivar la búsqueda de recursos regionales para el desarrollo de medidas y acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y de los medios de implementación definidos en la ECLP.', 'Asimismo, los CORECC deberán identificar sinergias con las políticas nacionales, sectoriales y comunales, e incentivar la búsqueda de recursos regionales para el desarrollo de medidas y acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y de los medios de implementación definidos en la ECLP. 8.1.1 Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica Para implementar acciones que permitan cumplir tanto con las metas sec- toriales como con las definidas a nivel país, se requiere el desarrollo, fomento y atracción de nueva y mejor tecnología con una visión holística e integral de la problemática climática.', '8.1.1 Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica Para implementar acciones que permitan cumplir tanto con las metas sec- toriales como con las definidas a nivel país, se requiere el desarrollo, fomento y atracción de nueva y mejor tecnología con una visión holística e integral de la problemática climática. Es por eso que, en la actualización de la NDC de Chile, se establece el compromiso de «fomentar y fortalecer el desarrollo y transfe- 110 | El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, define como me- dios de implementación: acción, me- dida o proceso del ámbito institucio- nal o normativo, para el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades y financiamiento, entre otros, que se requieran para la implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Es por eso que, en la actualización de la NDC de Chile, se establece el compromiso de «fomentar y fortalecer el desarrollo y transfe- 110 | El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, define como me- dios de implementación: acción, me- dida o proceso del ámbito institucio- nal o normativo, para el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades y financiamiento, entre otros, que se requieran para la implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. rencia tecnológica111 | apoyando e impulsando las transformaciones culturales, sociales, ambientales y económicas necesarias para lograr un desarrollo soste- nible, resiliente y carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050».', 'rencia tecnológica111 | apoyando e impulsando las transformaciones culturales, sociales, ambientales y económicas necesarias para lograr un desarrollo soste- nible, resiliente y carbono neutral a más tardar al 2050». El Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Climático en Chile, como un medio de implementación de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, se organiza a través de la EDTTCC que se coordina con el marco entregado por la Política Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación. La EDTTCC considera como ejes centrales: • Un diagnóstico del desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cam- bio climático en Chile que releva las limitaciones del ecosistema nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI) para la transferencia de tecnolo- gías climáticas.', 'La EDTTCC considera como ejes centrales: • Un diagnóstico del desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cam- bio climático en Chile que releva las limitaciones del ecosistema nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI) para la transferencia de tecnolo- gías climáticas. Asimismo, se analizan las principales barreras -financiamiento, capacidades, información, infraestructura e institucionales- que inhiben este proceso en el país. • Una identificación y priorización de ámbitos y sectores para el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático en Chile. Este proceso es dinámico, en el entendimiento que en la medida que se elaboren Planes de Acción Tecnológica en cada uno de los sectores, se identificarán y priori- zarán nuevos sectores atendiendo a las necesidades de desarrollo sostenible del país.', 'Este proceso es dinámico, en el entendimiento que en la medida que se elaboren Planes de Acción Tecnológica en cada uno de los sectores, se identificarán y priori- zarán nuevos sectores atendiendo a las necesidades de desarrollo sostenible del país. • La implementación de un marco habilitador para la elaboración de Planes de Acción Tecnológica en cada uno de los sectores priorizados. Estos Planes son elaborados considerando los insumos que entregan Evaluación de Ne- cesidades Tecnológicas, la identificación y priorización de tecnologías y la priorización de barreras para el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica en los sectores priorizados.', 'Estos Planes son elaborados considerando los insumos que entregan Evaluación de Ne- cesidades Tecnológicas, la identificación y priorización de tecnologías y la priorización de barreras para el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica en los sectores priorizados. Los Planes de Acción Tecnológica son los instrumentos que identifican las tecnologías disponibles para ser transferidas, sus proveedo- res y destinatarios, así como también la incorporación de soluciones innovado- ras y nuevas tecnologías para favorecer la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en Chile. • El fortalecimiento de condiciones habilitantes para el despliegue de la Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Cli- mático (EDTTCC) y de los Planes de Acción Tecnológica (PAT) que se ela- boren en este marco.', '• El fortalecimiento de condiciones habilitantes para el despliegue de la Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Cli- mático (EDTTCC) y de los Planes de Acción Tecnológica (PAT) que se ela- boren en este marco. Aun si bien, la Política Nacional de Ciencia, Tecno- logía, Conocimiento e Innovación (CTCI) da un marco para el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías, es imperativo que desde la experiencia de los PAT se eleven recomendaciones para que el contenido de cambio climático sea considerado en las futuras actualizaciones de la Política Nacional CTCI. Este punto es primordial, puesto que -desde la perspectiva del cambio cli- mático- en Chile se identifican a lo menos cinco barreras centrales que inhi- ben el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías -financiamiento, capacidades, información, infraestructura e institucionales.', 'Este punto es primordial, puesto que -desde la perspectiva del cambio cli- mático- en Chile se identifican a lo menos cinco barreras centrales que inhi- ben el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías -financiamiento, capacidades, información, infraestructura e institucionales. De esta forma, la EDTTCC considera el fortalecimiento de la instituciona- lidad, redes público-privadas para la creación de sinergias, el fortalecimiento y vinculación con Centros de I+D+i que acompañen el proceso de transferencia 111 | La Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Climático (EDTTCC), como un primer ejercicio desarrollado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, es una apuesta metodológica para organi- zar la identificación y priorización para el diseño e implementación de Planes de Acción Tecnológica en los sectores priorizados.', 'De esta forma, la EDTTCC considera el fortalecimiento de la instituciona- lidad, redes público-privadas para la creación de sinergias, el fortalecimiento y vinculación con Centros de I+D+i que acompañen el proceso de transferencia 111 | La Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Climático (EDTTCC), como un primer ejercicio desarrollado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, es una apuesta metodológica para organi- zar la identificación y priorización para el diseño e implementación de Planes de Acción Tecnológica en los sectores priorizados. En este contexto la EDTTCC define como (1) Desarrollo Tecnológico: La aplica- ción de conocimiento para la crea- ción de tecnologías, que va desde las etapas de prototipado de una aplicación hasta su demostración en un entorno real.', 'En este contexto la EDTTCC define como (1) Desarrollo Tecnológico: La aplica- ción de conocimiento para la crea- ción de tecnologías, que va desde las etapas de prototipado de una aplicación hasta su demostración en un entorno real. Complementaria- mente, el Manual de Frascati (OECD, 2015), en donde se define desarrollo experimental como los trabajos sistemáticos que aprovechan los conocimientos existentes obtenidos de la investigación y/o la experien- cia práctica y produciendo conoci- miento adicional, y están dirigidos a la producción de nuevos productos o procesos, o a la mejora de productos y procesos existentes. (2)Transferen- cia Tecnológica: Proceso en el que se pone en valor las capacidades de investigación al incorporar sus resultados al quehacer del país fa- cilitando la adopción de tecnología para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad.', '(2)Transferen- cia Tecnológica: Proceso en el que se pone en valor las capacidades de investigación al incorporar sus resultados al quehacer del país fa- cilitando la adopción de tecnología para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad. Esto incluye favorecer la incorporación de tecnología de pun- ta, desarrollada a nivel local o en el extranjero, abriendo nuevas posibi- lidades a las empresas, instituciones públicas y la sociedad en general. En términos conceptuales se entiende como el flujo -tanto formal como informal- de know-how, capacidades, conocimiento técnico, procedimien- tos, métodos, experticia o tecnología desde un entorno organizacional a otro.', 'En términos conceptuales se entiende como el flujo -tanto formal como informal- de know-how, capacidades, conocimiento técnico, procedimien- tos, métodos, experticia o tecnología desde un entorno organizacional a otro. El término abarca tanto la difusión de tecnologías como la cooperación tecnológica en y dentro de los países (IPCC, 2018b).CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 213 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tecnológica, entre otros-, el diseño de observatorios y/o plataformas de infor- mación que integren y permitan visualizar datos de manera rápida, confiable y abierta en los sectores priorizados, con la finalidad de que las autoridades nacionales, regionales y locales cuenten con información más precisa y como insumo para la identificación de lineamientos para la investigación y la obser- vación sistemática relacionados con el clima, así como también la propuesta de mecanismos e instrumentos de política para la adopción de tecnologías existentes a nivel mundial, con referencia en la aplicación de Planes de Acción Tecnológica.', 'El término abarca tanto la difusión de tecnologías como la cooperación tecnológica en y dentro de los países (IPCC, 2018b).CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 213 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 tecnológica, entre otros-, el diseño de observatorios y/o plataformas de infor- mación que integren y permitan visualizar datos de manera rápida, confiable y abierta en los sectores priorizados, con la finalidad de que las autoridades nacionales, regionales y locales cuenten con información más precisa y como insumo para la identificación de lineamientos para la investigación y la obser- vación sistemática relacionados con el clima, así como también la propuesta de mecanismos e instrumentos de política para la adopción de tecnologías existentes a nivel mundial, con referencia en la aplicación de Planes de Acción Tecnológica. La instalación y formalización de un mecanismo de Gobernanza que ase- gure el despliegue de mecanismos de coordinación institucional asociados a los diferentes ámbitos de implementación de la EDTTCC, especialmente en la priorización de ámbitos y sectores, la identificación y priorización de opciones tecnológicas, sus barreras y mecanismos de desarrollo y transferencia, el diseño e implementación de los Planes de Acción Tecnológica y el diseño e implemen- tación de procesos para mejora continua y actualización de la EDTTCC, de ma- nera de responder a los desafíos del país en su senda al desarrollo sostenible.', 'La instalación y formalización de un mecanismo de Gobernanza que ase- gure el despliegue de mecanismos de coordinación institucional asociados a los diferentes ámbitos de implementación de la EDTTCC, especialmente en la priorización de ámbitos y sectores, la identificación y priorización de opciones tecnológicas, sus barreras y mecanismos de desarrollo y transferencia, el diseño e implementación de los Planes de Acción Tecnológica y el diseño e implemen- tación de procesos para mejora continua y actualización de la EDTTCC, de ma- nera de responder a los desafíos del país en su senda al desarrollo sostenible. El marco general en el que se inserta esta iniciativa es la Política Nacio- nal de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación,112 | que busca orientar estratégicamente los esfuerzos del país promoviendo, comprendiendo y utili- zando la investigación en todas las disciplinas, la tecnología y la innovación para contribuir al desarrollo integral y sostenible de Chile.', 'El marco general en el que se inserta esta iniciativa es la Política Nacio- nal de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación,112 | que busca orientar estratégicamente los esfuerzos del país promoviendo, comprendiendo y utili- zando la investigación en todas las disciplinas, la tecnología y la innovación para contribuir al desarrollo integral y sostenible de Chile. De esta forma, tiene su foco en fortalecer y promover la institucionalidad, la profundización y la vinculación de las Ciencia, Tecnologías, Conocimiento e Innovación con la ciu- dadanía, así como de las capacidades de anticipación y respuesta a los desafíos económicos, sociales y ambientales.', 'De esta forma, tiene su foco en fortalecer y promover la institucionalidad, la profundización y la vinculación de las Ciencia, Tecnologías, Conocimiento e Innovación con la ciu- dadanía, así como de las capacidades de anticipación y respuesta a los desafíos económicos, sociales y ambientales. Con este propósito y lineamientos, la Polí- tica Nacional define cuatro ejes de acción, cuyos objetivos son: 1) Vinculación con la Sociedad, a través del fortalecer la apropiación so- cial de la ciencia, tecnología conocimiento e innovación en el país, pro- moviendo su comprensión y valoración y divulgación; 2) Futuro, que busca promover y fortalecer el aporte de la ciencia, tecno- logía, conocimiento e innovación (CTCI) en la identificación y construcción de posibilidades de futuro para el país basados en un desarrollo sosteni- ble y que haga frente a la crisis ambiental y climática.', 'Con este propósito y lineamientos, la Polí- tica Nacional define cuatro ejes de acción, cuyos objetivos son: 1) Vinculación con la Sociedad, a través del fortalecer la apropiación so- cial de la ciencia, tecnología conocimiento e innovación en el país, pro- moviendo su comprensión y valoración y divulgación; 2) Futuro, que busca promover y fortalecer el aporte de la ciencia, tecno- logía, conocimiento e innovación (CTCI) en la identificación y construcción de posibilidades de futuro para el país basados en un desarrollo sosteni- ble y que haga frente a la crisis ambiental y climática. 3) Fortalecimiento del Ecosistema de CTCI, a través de un conjunto de po- líticas, planes y programas que permitan un avance sustancial de la in- vestigación, desarrollo de tecnologías e innovación, con la articulación permanente entre los actores locales y la coordinación con actores inter- nacionales.', '3) Fortalecimiento del Ecosistema de CTCI, a través de un conjunto de po- líticas, planes y programas que permitan un avance sustancial de la in- vestigación, desarrollo de tecnologías e innovación, con la articulación permanente entre los actores locales y la coordinación con actores inter- nacionales. 4) Capacidades institucionales, buscando fortalecer las capacidades del ecosistema público de CTCI y generar las condiciones para aportar al desarrollo sostenible e integral del país. 112 | Política Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innova- ción (minciencia.gob.cl) El vínculo de la Política Nacional de CTCI con el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático parte de la comprensión que son piezas claves y transformadoras para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y la resilien- cia de los territorios.', '112 | Política Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innova- ción (minciencia.gob.cl) El vínculo de la Política Nacional de CTCI con el desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático parte de la comprensión que son piezas claves y transformadoras para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y la resilien- cia de los territorios. Es así que la visión de largo plazo del país en materia de transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático es la siguiente: Visión: El país contará con herramientas y un marco institucional que le permitirá identificar a los sectores que requieren de desarrollo tecnológico en cambio climático y el desarrollo de planes de acción tec- nológica adecuados a estas necesidades, y con las bases de conocimiento y capacidades de investigación e innovación necesarias, así como también de la colaboración público-privada a los distintos niveles.', 'Es así que la visión de largo plazo del país en materia de transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático es la siguiente: Visión: El país contará con herramientas y un marco institucional que le permitirá identificar a los sectores que requieren de desarrollo tecnológico en cambio climático y el desarrollo de planes de acción tec- nológica adecuados a estas necesidades, y con las bases de conocimiento y capacidades de investigación e innovación necesarias, así como también de la colaboración público-privada a los distintos niveles. • Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica La Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Cli- mático (EDTTCC)113 |, fue elaborada por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Co- nocimiento e Innovación (MinCiencia) sobre una propuesta entregada por una comisión que contó con representantes del mundo académico, público, empre- sarial y de la sociedad civil en materia de desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica y en cambio climático, quienes fueron coordinados por la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo Nacional de Innovación para el Desarrollo (CNID) bajo mandato del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, con el apoyo de los Ministerios de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Medio Ambiente, además de CORFO y la Agencia de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC).', '• Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica La Estrategia de Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica para el Cambio Cli- mático (EDTTCC)113 |, fue elaborada por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Co- nocimiento e Innovación (MinCiencia) sobre una propuesta entregada por una comisión que contó con representantes del mundo académico, público, empre- sarial y de la sociedad civil en materia de desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica y en cambio climático, quienes fueron coordinados por la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo Nacional de Innovación para el Desarrollo (CNID) bajo mandato del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, con el apoyo de los Ministerios de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Medio Ambiente, además de CORFO y la Agencia de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC). La EDTTCC, es un primer paso para avanzar en la identificación y priori- zación de tecnologías para enfrentar el cambio climático, que es necesario desarrollar y transferir en Chile.', 'La EDTTCC, es un primer paso para avanzar en la identificación y priori- zación de tecnologías para enfrentar el cambio climático, que es necesario desarrollar y transferir en Chile. De esta forma, en un horizonte de cinco años, establece una apuesta metodológica para organizar la identificación y priori- zación de las acciones necesarias que habiliten la elaboración de planes de ac- ción tecnológica.', 'De esta forma, en un horizonte de cinco años, establece una apuesta metodológica para organizar la identificación y priori- zación de las acciones necesarias que habiliten la elaboración de planes de ac- ción tecnológica. En una primera instancia, la EDTTCC realiza, un diagnóstico del desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático en Chile, identificando la existencia de un ecosistema CTCI como marco institucional que cuenta con representantes de los Ministerios de Ciencia, Tecnología, Cono- cimiento e Innovación; de Economía, Fomento y Turismo; La Agencia Nacional de Innovación y Desarrollo (ANID) y la Corporación de Fomento Productivo (CORFO) con su Agencia de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC).', 'En una primera instancia, la EDTTCC realiza, un diagnóstico del desarrollo y transferencia tecnológica para el cambio climático en Chile, identificando la existencia de un ecosistema CTCI como marco institucional que cuenta con representantes de los Ministerios de Ciencia, Tecnología, Cono- cimiento e Innovación; de Economía, Fomento y Turismo; La Agencia Nacional de Innovación y Desarrollo (ANID) y la Corporación de Fomento Productivo (CORFO) con su Agencia de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC). Esta última cumple el rol de Entidad Nacional Designada del Mecanismo tecnoló- gico de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (END), posición clave en la obtención de financiamiento y guía con estos or- ganismos internacionales para la implementación de estrategias tecnológicas.', 'Esta última cumple el rol de Entidad Nacional Designada del Mecanismo tecnoló- gico de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (END), posición clave en la obtención de financiamiento y guía con estos or- ganismos internacionales para la implementación de estrategias tecnológicas. Por otro lado, también identifican actores relevantes en organismos tecnoló- gicos públicos, Universidades, Centros de Investigación y Desarrollo, Hubs tec- nológicos, Oficinas de Transferencia y Licenciamiento (OTLs), emprendedores e inversionistas, sector privado y sociedad civil en general. 113 |', 'Por otro lado, también identifican actores relevantes en organismos tecnoló- gicos públicos, Universidades, Centros de Investigación y Desarrollo, Hubs tec- nológicos, Oficinas de Transferencia y Licenciamiento (OTLs), emprendedores e inversionistas, sector privado y sociedad civil en general. 113 | cl/areas-de-trabajo/ciencia-y-gobier- no/estrategia-de-desarrollo-y-trans- ferencia-tecnologica-para-el-cam/CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 215 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Adicionalmente, se identifica que la implementación de tecnologías re- lacionadas con cambio climático es acotada y llevada a cabo por sectores limitados; hay asimetría en el nivel de avance en la implementación de tec- nologías y transferencia de capacidades, principalmente por falta de informa- ción, de infraestructura y de coordinación entre academia-industria; específi- camente, a nivel público, faltan organismos coordinadores y liderazgos claros.', 'cl/areas-de-trabajo/ciencia-y-gobier- no/estrategia-de-desarrollo-y-trans- ferencia-tecnologica-para-el-cam/CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 215 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Adicionalmente, se identifica que la implementación de tecnologías re- lacionadas con cambio climático es acotada y llevada a cabo por sectores limitados; hay asimetría en el nivel de avance en la implementación de tec- nologías y transferencia de capacidades, principalmente por falta de informa- ción, de infraestructura y de coordinación entre academia-industria; específi- camente, a nivel público, faltan organismos coordinadores y liderazgos claros. Adicionalmente, existen barreras para la implementación tecnológica, tales como de financiamiento (difícil acceso a recursos); de desarrollo de talentos en disciplinas relevantes (operación y mantención de tecnologías); de informa- ción (no hay un mapeo de iniciativas locales, debilidad de sistemas de acceso abierto de la información), y otras.', 'Adicionalmente, existen barreras para la implementación tecnológica, tales como de financiamiento (difícil acceso a recursos); de desarrollo de talentos en disciplinas relevantes (operación y mantención de tecnologías); de informa- ción (no hay un mapeo de iniciativas locales, debilidad de sistemas de acceso abierto de la información), y otras. El objetivo general de la EDTTCC es fomentar y fortalecer el desarrollo y la transferencia tecnológica a través de la identificación de sectores y de ámbitos fundamentales para impulsar cambios institucionales, sociales, económicos y ambientales, permitiendo el avance hacia una trayectoria de desarrollo sos- tenible, resiliente y carbono neutral al 2050 De esta forma, esta Estrategia entrega un marco metodológico para organizar, en un horizonte de cinco años, la contribución en materia de desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías de la NDC comprometida por Chile en el año 2020.', 'El objetivo general de la EDTTCC es fomentar y fortalecer el desarrollo y la transferencia tecnológica a través de la identificación de sectores y de ámbitos fundamentales para impulsar cambios institucionales, sociales, económicos y ambientales, permitiendo el avance hacia una trayectoria de desarrollo sos- tenible, resiliente y carbono neutral al 2050 De esta forma, esta Estrategia entrega un marco metodológico para organizar, en un horizonte de cinco años, la contribución en materia de desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías de la NDC comprometida por Chile en el año 2020. Los objetivos específicos de la EDTCC, que se integran a la presente ECLP, se presentan a continuación: a) Diseñar y consensuar una metodología para identificar y priorizar ám- bitos y sectores que emiten o capturan GEI o que son impactados por los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Los objetivos específicos de la EDTCC, que se integran a la presente ECLP, se presentan a continuación: a) Diseñar y consensuar una metodología para identificar y priorizar ám- bitos y sectores que emiten o capturan GEI o que son impactados por los efectos del cambio climático. Los criterios de priorización serán coheren- tes con los principios de costo-efectividad, equidad, justicia climática y te- rritorialidad, teniendo un enfoque ecosistémico y utilizando herramientas existentes, como ARCLim. b) Elaborar y establecer un marco habilitador que permita el desarrollo de Planes de Acción Tecnológica (PAT) en los ámbitos y sectores priori- zados. El punto de partida para el establecimiento de esta marco es la elaboración de «Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas» (TNA por sus siglas en inglés), en cada uno de los sectores priorizados.', 'El punto de partida para el establecimiento de esta marco es la elaboración de «Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas» (TNA por sus siglas en inglés), en cada uno de los sectores priorizados. Sobre las TNA se elaboran los PAT en coherencia con el desarrollo de los planes secto- riales de adaptación y mitigación, pasando a formar parte de estos una vez que se publiquen o actualicen. c) Fortalecer la generación de condiciones habilitantes para el desarro- llo y transferencia tecnológica con el propósito de generar más y mejor conocimiento a través de I+D, fortalecer capacidades en tecnología e in- novación, desarrollar talentos, contar con infraestructura y equipamiento adecuados y poder potenciar la I+D+i a nivel regional.', 'c) Fortalecer la generación de condiciones habilitantes para el desarro- llo y transferencia tecnológica con el propósito de generar más y mejor conocimiento a través de I+D, fortalecer capacidades en tecnología e in- novación, desarrollar talentos, contar con infraestructura y equipamiento adecuados y poder potenciar la I+D+i a nivel regional. d) Facilitar la cooperación y coordinación público-privada nacional y con organismos internacionales a través de una gobernanza robusta y coor- dinación institucional. La EDTTCC identifica sectores para enfocar los esfuerzos y recursos iniciales en cuanto a transferencia tecnológica, de acuerdo a los objetivos de media- no y largo plazo de Chile frente al cambio climático, priorizando: Adaptación de Recursos Hídricos (agua potable urbana y rural), Adaptación Silvoagrope- cuaria, Mitigación y Adaptación de Energía (generación eléctrica y transporte).', 'La EDTTCC identifica sectores para enfocar los esfuerzos y recursos iniciales en cuanto a transferencia tecnológica, de acuerdo a los objetivos de media- no y largo plazo de Chile frente al cambio climático, priorizando: Adaptación de Recursos Hídricos (agua potable urbana y rural), Adaptación Silvoagrope- cuaria, Mitigación y Adaptación de Energía (generación eléctrica y transporte). La implementación de los objetivos de la estrategia se realiza a través del desarrollo de un proceso de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (TNA por sus siglas en inglés) para los ámbitos y sectores seleccionados, que permi- ta identificar y priorizar opciones tecnológicas y las barreras existentes para su implementación y así poder ejecutarlas a través de un Plan de Acción Tecno- lógica (PAT), instrumento que detalla, entre otros, la escala en que se pretenden implementar las medidas, el tipo de acciones y actividades y la estimación de recursos y costos asociados.', 'La implementación de los objetivos de la estrategia se realiza a través del desarrollo de un proceso de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (TNA por sus siglas en inglés) para los ámbitos y sectores seleccionados, que permi- ta identificar y priorizar opciones tecnológicas y las barreras existentes para su implementación y así poder ejecutarlas a través de un Plan de Acción Tecno- lógica (PAT), instrumento que detalla, entre otros, la escala en que se pretenden implementar las medidas, el tipo de acciones y actividades y la estimación de recursos y costos asociados. Actualmente está en marcha una iniciativa para elaborar un TNA para los sectores antes mencionados, los que consideran, a su vez, diversos subsec- tores y los principales «desafíos» que se visualizan (Por ejemplo, el subsector de Bosques presenta el desafío de «Manejo de información climática silvoagro- pecuaria a nivel nacional», Energía tiene un subsector de Redes de Generación Eléctrica, que presenta como desafío la «Resiliencia climática de la red eléctri- ca» y el subsector de transporte, que identifica el desafío de «Hidrógeno verde para transporte público y de carga»).', 'Actualmente está en marcha una iniciativa para elaborar un TNA para los sectores antes mencionados, los que consideran, a su vez, diversos subsec- tores y los principales «desafíos» que se visualizan (Por ejemplo, el subsector de Bosques presenta el desafío de «Manejo de información climática silvoagro- pecuaria a nivel nacional», Energía tiene un subsector de Redes de Generación Eléctrica, que presenta como desafío la «Resiliencia climática de la red eléctri- ca» y el subsector de transporte, que identifica el desafío de «Hidrógeno verde para transporte público y de carga»). Este TNA tiene, entre sus líneas de trabajo, un análisis de tecnologías exis- tentes y brechas tecnológicas para los sectores identificados, mapeo de los stakeholders por industria, una evaluación de mercado que considere un aná- lisis de los esquemas financieros, cadenas de valor, riesgos y barreras generales para la implementación y un plan de financiamiento con cronogramas, puntos de referencia e indicadores relevantes.', 'Este TNA tiene, entre sus líneas de trabajo, un análisis de tecnologías exis- tentes y brechas tecnológicas para los sectores identificados, mapeo de los stakeholders por industria, una evaluación de mercado que considere un aná- lisis de los esquemas financieros, cadenas de valor, riesgos y barreras generales para la implementación y un plan de financiamiento con cronogramas, puntos de referencia e indicadores relevantes. En este marco, la EDTTCC releva la importancia de que los procesos TNA consideren, dentro de su metodología, el desarrollo de indicadores para cumplir las metas asociadas, principalmente, al cumplimiento de los compro- misos NDC. El proceso TNA tiene, entre sus productos, el desarrollo de indica- dores específicos para cada grupo de tecnologías levantadas.', 'El proceso TNA tiene, entre sus productos, el desarrollo de indica- dores específicos para cada grupo de tecnologías levantadas. Por último, se considera también que los planes de adaptación y mitigación sectoriales contemplen la realización de un TNA para abordar los desafíos sectoriales identificados en estos con apoyo del Ministerio de Ciencia bajo los criterios de la ETTDCC. En ese mismo marco, el plan de mitigación de Ener- gía y los planes de adaptación de Recursos Hídricos, Silvoagropecuario, Energía y Biodiversidad debe incluir un PAT.', 'En ese mismo marco, el plan de mitigación de Ener- gía y los planes de adaptación de Recursos Hídricos, Silvoagropecuario, Energía y Biodiversidad debe incluir un PAT. Asimismo, se espera que tanto los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y Adap- tación al Cambio Climático, como los Planes de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático, consideren acciones y medidas concretas que contribuyan al cum- plimiento de los objetivos trazados en la ETTDCC.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 217 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Transformación digital La digitalización de procesos, la adopción tecnológica e innovación asocia- da, pueden, por un lado, crear condiciones habilitantes para la acción climática y, por otro, ser iniciativas que apoyen y fomenten la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, cerrando, por ejemplo, brechas en equidad de género e inclusión, fomentando la innovación, la investigación y el emprendimiento y acelerando los cambios culturales necesarios.', 'Asimismo, se espera que tanto los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y Adap- tación al Cambio Climático, como los Planes de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático, consideren acciones y medidas concretas que contribuyan al cum- plimiento de los objetivos trazados en la ETTDCC.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 217 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Transformación digital La digitalización de procesos, la adopción tecnológica e innovación asocia- da, pueden, por un lado, crear condiciones habilitantes para la acción climática y, por otro, ser iniciativas que apoyen y fomenten la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, cerrando, por ejemplo, brechas en equidad de género e inclusión, fomentando la innovación, la investigación y el emprendimiento y acelerando los cambios culturales necesarios. En materia de políticas que avancen la digitalización del País, el trabajo conjunto de los Ministerios Secretaría General de la Presidencia, Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Transporte y Telecomunicaciones y Hacienda, han permi- tido contar con la Agenda Digital 2020114 |, hoja de ruta para avanzar hacia un desarrollo digital del país de manera inclusiva y sostenible, a través de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación.', 'En materia de políticas que avancen la digitalización del País, el trabajo conjunto de los Ministerios Secretaría General de la Presidencia, Economía, Fomento y Turismo, Transporte y Telecomunicaciones y Hacienda, han permi- tido contar con la Agenda Digital 2020114 |, hoja de ruta para avanzar hacia un desarrollo digital del país de manera inclusiva y sostenible, a través de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación. Esta Agen- da se estructura en base a 5 ejes: 1) adecuación del marco normativo en materia de derechos para el desarrollo digital, 2) Conectividad digital del territorio, 3) contar con un gobierno digital para procesos en línea de los habitantes, 4) Fomento de la economía digital y 5) Generación de competencias digitales en la población.', 'Esta Agen- da se estructura en base a 5 ejes: 1) adecuación del marco normativo en materia de derechos para el desarrollo digital, 2) Conectividad digital del territorio, 3) contar con un gobierno digital para procesos en línea de los habitantes, 4) Fomento de la economía digital y 5) Generación de competencias digitales en la población. La Agenda Digital incide la sustentabilidad al reducir uso de materiales físicos como el papel, disminuir número de viajes para realizar trámites y lograr usos más efi- cientes de la energía y la infraestructura del Estado, entre otros.', 'La Agenda Digital incide la sustentabilidad al reducir uso de materiales físicos como el papel, disminuir número de viajes para realizar trámites y lograr usos más efi- cientes de la energía y la infraestructura del Estado, entre otros. Otras iniciativas que, si bien no se enfocan directamente en realizar acción climática o sustentable, pero sí tienen impactos indirectos, son: • Infraestructura Digital, NIC Chile: Proyecto cuyo objetivo central es permitir la conectividad de zonas alejadas del territorio nacional, pero que también posibilita el monitoreo de condiciones climáticas115 |. NIC Chi- le también ha hecho estudios sobre la resiliencia de las redes de co- municaciones nacionales frente a desastres socionaturales, que pueden considerar efectos del cambio climático.116 | • Seguros Paramétricos, CORFO, comisión agroseguros: Es un seguro que toman los gobiernos y cubren determinados riesgos.', 'NIC Chi- le también ha hecho estudios sobre la resiliencia de las redes de co- municaciones nacionales frente a desastres socionaturales, que pueden considerar efectos del cambio climático.116 | • Seguros Paramétricos, CORFO, comisión agroseguros: Es un seguro que toman los gobiernos y cubren determinados riesgos. Por ejemplo, en Agricultura cubren áreas afectadas por sequía o exceso de lluvia. Para el pago de estos seguros se utiliza monitoreo fotográfico (imágenes sate- litales) de las zonas declaradas. • Observatorio de Cambio Climático, Ministerio de Ciencias: Digitalización de información climática, modelos y monitoreo de océanos y criosfera. El Ministerio de Ciencias también se encuentra buscando alternativas para aplicar su política de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) al cambio climático.', 'El Ministerio de Ciencias también se encuentra buscando alternativas para aplicar su política de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) al cambio climático. • ARClim, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente: Plataforma web integrada y di- námica con cobertura para todo el territorio nacional, que presenta el ries- go relativo frente al cambio climático (Más información en el Capítulo 4.3 de esta estrategia). 114 | cl/#/agenda/que#top-page 115 | cios/20210913-red-experimental. html 116 | 8.1.2 Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático La creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades permite construir las bases para la identificación, planificación, toma de decisiones e implementación de las acciones de mitigación y adaptación.', 'html 116 | 8.1.2 Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático La creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades permite construir las bases para la identificación, planificación, toma de decisiones e implementación de las acciones de mitigación y adaptación. Esto debe contemplar una visión multiactoral y multinivel por lo cual engloba también al empoderamiento de la ciudadanía en todos sus niveles, de modo de alcanzar la sensibilización ne- cesaria e involucramiento para que todas las personas y sectores consideren el cambio climático como una prioridad nacional y personal. El proceso de creación de capacidades y empoderamiento climático se lle- vará a cabo a través de una estrategia nacional en línea con las recomenda- ciones internacionales y de la comunidad científica nacional.', 'El proceso de creación de capacidades y empoderamiento climático se lle- vará a cabo a través de una estrategia nacional en línea con las recomenda- ciones internacionales y de la comunidad científica nacional. La elaboración e implementación de una Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empode- ramiento Climático, en adelante Estrategia ACE o Estrategia de Capacidades, fue comprometida por el país en su NDC (2020), y es considerada un medio de implementación de la ECLP, cuyo proceso de diseño se inició el 2020 y fi- nalizarán durante el 2022.', 'La elaboración e implementación de una Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empode- ramiento Climático, en adelante Estrategia ACE o Estrategia de Capacidades, fue comprometida por el país en su NDC (2020), y es considerada un medio de implementación de la ECLP, cuyo proceso de diseño se inició el 2020 y fi- nalizarán durante el 2022. La visión sobre el desarrollo de capacidades y empoderamiento climático de la ciudadanía es: Visión: Chile contará con una gobernanza climática capacitada para responder a los desafíos de cambio climático y ciudadanos informados, sensibilizados y proactivos que contribuirán a la elaboración de políticas públicas y aportarán desde su ámbito personal y organizacional a los cam- bios necesarios para lograr la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia del país a más tardar al 2050.', 'La visión sobre el desarrollo de capacidades y empoderamiento climático de la ciudadanía es: Visión: Chile contará con una gobernanza climática capacitada para responder a los desafíos de cambio climático y ciudadanos informados, sensibilizados y proactivos que contribuirán a la elaboración de políticas públicas y aportarán desde su ámbito personal y organizacional a los cam- bios necesarios para lograr la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia del país a más tardar al 2050. • Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático La Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático, toma los seis elementos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático, pro- poniendo abordarlos a través de cinco componentes: a) Información y participación para el fortalecimiento de la acción climá- tica con enfoque de género b) Fomento de la generación de capacidades c) Investigación y Ciencia para la Acción Climática d) Sensibilización y Educación para la Acción Climática e) Cooperación e Intercambio de ExperienciasCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 219 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Para avanzar en ellos, a continuación, se presentan los objetivos que persi- gue cada componente de la Estrategia ACE, que son el resultado de un proceso participativo amplio, y que todos los sectores y partes involucradas en la ac- ción climática a nivel nacional deberán considerar en el diseño e implementa- ción de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y otros relacionados, con el fin de avanzar en la implementación efectiva de las metas climáticas de largo plazo: 1.', '• Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático La Estrategia de Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático, toma los seis elementos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático, pro- poniendo abordarlos a través de cinco componentes: a) Información y participación para el fortalecimiento de la acción climá- tica con enfoque de género b) Fomento de la generación de capacidades c) Investigación y Ciencia para la Acción Climática d) Sensibilización y Educación para la Acción Climática e) Cooperación e Intercambio de ExperienciasCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 219 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Para avanzar en ellos, a continuación, se presentan los objetivos que persi- gue cada componente de la Estrategia ACE, que son el resultado de un proceso participativo amplio, y que todos los sectores y partes involucradas en la ac- ción climática a nivel nacional deberán considerar en el diseño e implementa- ción de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático y otros relacionados, con el fin de avanzar en la implementación efectiva de las metas climáticas de largo plazo: 1. Promover y fomentar el acceso a la información y la participación ciu- dadana en la institucionalidad y gobernanza climática del país para ase- gurar la eficacia, calidad y legitimidad de las decisiones y acciones para enfrentar el cambio climático en todos los niveles del Estado y sectores de la política pública incorporando el enfoque de género.', 'Promover y fomentar el acceso a la información y la participación ciu- dadana en la institucionalidad y gobernanza climática del país para ase- gurar la eficacia, calidad y legitimidad de las decisiones y acciones para enfrentar el cambio climático en todos los niveles del Estado y sectores de la política pública incorporando el enfoque de género. 1.1 Disponer públicamente información relevante y veraz sobre cambio climático generada por el sector público, privado y/u organizaciones de la sociedad civil, promoviendo la apertura de datos de interés para la acción climática a modo de que sea información accesible, compren- sible y reutilizable que ayude a orientar decisiones y acciones signifi- cativas en los servicios públicos a todo nivel y habilite a la ciudadanía para implementar acciones climáticas locales.', '1.1 Disponer públicamente información relevante y veraz sobre cambio climático generada por el sector público, privado y/u organizaciones de la sociedad civil, promoviendo la apertura de datos de interés para la acción climática a modo de que sea información accesible, compren- sible y reutilizable que ayude a orientar decisiones y acciones signifi- cativas en los servicios públicos a todo nivel y habilite a la ciudadanía para implementar acciones climáticas locales. 1.2 Promover la participación de la ciudadanía en la elaboración, ac- tualización e implementación de políticas, programas, planes y acciones de cambio climático, así como en las instancias públicas de coordinación intersectorial en torno a la temática a nivel nacional y regional, con es- pecial énfasis en la participación de las comunidades más vulnerables a sus efectos y grupos de personas menos representadas aplicando un enfoque intergeneracional.', '1.2 Promover la participación de la ciudadanía en la elaboración, ac- tualización e implementación de políticas, programas, planes y acciones de cambio climático, así como en las instancias públicas de coordinación intersectorial en torno a la temática a nivel nacional y regional, con es- pecial énfasis en la participación de las comunidades más vulnerables a sus efectos y grupos de personas menos representadas aplicando un enfoque intergeneracional. 1.3 Integrar el enfoque de género en todas las políticas, programas, pla- nes y acciones de cambio climático a modo de que tomen en conside- ración los impactos diferenciados del cambio climático, contribuyendo en la disminución de brechas de género y relevando la participación de mujeres como una solución climática. 2.', '1.3 Integrar el enfoque de género en todas las políticas, programas, pla- nes y acciones de cambio climático a modo de que tomen en conside- ración los impactos diferenciados del cambio climático, contribuyendo en la disminución de brechas de género y relevando la participación de mujeres como una solución climática. 2. Generar capacidades y competencias laborales en las personas y organi- zaciones, para avanzar hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia frente a los efectos del cambio climático. 2.1 Desarrollar capacidades y competencias en las y los trabajadores; de los organismos estatales y municipales. 2.2 Desarrollar capacidades y competencias en trabajadores/as del país, del sector privado, microempresas y trabajadores/as independientes. 2.3 Desarrollar capacidades y competencias en las fundaciones y orga- nizaciones sin fines de lucro y sus colaboradores.', '2.3 Desarrollar capacidades y competencias en las fundaciones y orga- nizaciones sin fines de lucro y sus colaboradores. 2.4 Promover el intercambio de capacidades y competencias laborales de Cambio Climático entre el sector público, privado y organizaciones sin fines de lucro. 3. Favorecer la investigación y la ciencia en cambio climático y su inte- racción con la sociedad para que cuente con conocimientos e información crítica que permita a la ciudadanía, al sector productivo y al sector público la toma de decisiones y el desarrollo de acciones que contribuyan a los desafíos climáticos. 3.1 Fomentar la investigación en las áreas de cambio climático y so- cioambientales para aportar a la sociedad con conocimientos y tecnolo- gías que le permitan enfrentar los desafíos del cambio climático.', '3.1 Fomentar la investigación en las áreas de cambio climático y so- cioambientales para aportar a la sociedad con conocimientos y tecnolo- gías que le permitan enfrentar los desafíos del cambio climático. 3.2 Impulsar la vinculación de la ciencia con la toma de decisiones y el desarrollo de políticas públicas, para aumentar las capacidades y el empoderamiento climático de la sociedad. 3.3 Acercar a la ciudadanía la información sobre ciencia y tecnología, que les permita tomar conciencia y actuar frente al cambio climático. 4.', '3.3 Acercar a la ciudadanía la información sobre ciencia y tecnología, que les permita tomar conciencia y actuar frente al cambio climático. 4. Sensibilizar y educar ambientalmente a niñas, niños, jóvenes y adultos, a través de la educación formal en todos sus niveles (parvularia, básica, media y superior), y de la educación no formal e informal, para el empo- deramiento climático sensible al género, que permita estimular la partici- pación de la población en la búsqueda y puesta en marcha de soluciones transformadoras para enfrentar la urgencia climática.', 'Sensibilizar y educar ambientalmente a niñas, niños, jóvenes y adultos, a través de la educación formal en todos sus niveles (parvularia, básica, media y superior), y de la educación no formal e informal, para el empo- deramiento climático sensible al género, que permita estimular la partici- pación de la población en la búsqueda y puesta en marcha de soluciones transformadoras para enfrentar la urgencia climática. 4.1 Fomentar y fortalecer el conocimiento, habilidades, valores, actitu- des y trayectoria educativa de los y las estudiantes, respecto a la com- prensión global y local y el compromiso activo con la crisis y los desafíos ambientales y climáticos con enfoque territorial y de género, en todos los niveles de enseñanza formal: educación parvularia, enseñanza bá- sica y media, mediante los diversos instrumentos propios del sistema educativo, que permitan transversalizar la educación ambiental para la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático.', '4.1 Fomentar y fortalecer el conocimiento, habilidades, valores, actitu- des y trayectoria educativa de los y las estudiantes, respecto a la com- prensión global y local y el compromiso activo con la crisis y los desafíos ambientales y climáticos con enfoque territorial y de género, en todos los niveles de enseñanza formal: educación parvularia, enseñanza bá- sica y media, mediante los diversos instrumentos propios del sistema educativo, que permitan transversalizar la educación ambiental para la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. 4.2 Promover y favorecer el conocimiento, la comprensión y la formación ética ambiental en estudiantes universitarios y de formación técnico profesional, para asegurar el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, la bús- queda de soluciones innovadoras y la creación de liderazgos juveniles sensibles al género en materias de cambio climático.', '4.2 Promover y favorecer el conocimiento, la comprensión y la formación ética ambiental en estudiantes universitarios y de formación técnico profesional, para asegurar el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, la bús- queda de soluciones innovadoras y la creación de liderazgos juveniles sensibles al género en materias de cambio climático. 4.3 Fomentar y generar en la población conocimientos, valores, actitu- des y habilidades para la movilización y participación de las comuni-CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 221 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 dades y agentes locales en la gestión climática, incluyendo a distintos grupos etarios, con un foco especial en la inclusión de pueblos indí- genas, grupos más vulnerables de la sociedad y con la inclusión de la variable de género. 5.', '4.3 Fomentar y generar en la población conocimientos, valores, actitu- des y habilidades para la movilización y participación de las comuni-CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 221 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 dades y agentes locales en la gestión climática, incluyendo a distintos grupos etarios, con un foco especial en la inclusión de pueblos indí- genas, grupos más vulnerables de la sociedad y con la inclusión de la variable de género. 5. Fomentar la colaboración, cooperación e intercambio entre actores con intereses comunes para el desarrollo e implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y específicamente sobre los medios de implementación: capacidades, transferencia de tecnología y financiamiento.', 'Fomentar la colaboración, cooperación e intercambio entre actores con intereses comunes para el desarrollo e implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y específicamente sobre los medios de implementación: capacidades, transferencia de tecnología y financiamiento. 5.1 Generar instancias de cooperación y colaboración entre grupos de actores con intereses comunes para la implementación de la acción climática. 5.2 Fomentar el desarrollo de intercambios de conocimientos y expe- riencias entre pares con un enfoque territorial, para destacar las inicia- tivas locales que buscan enfrentar el cambio climático. 5.3 Fomentar la participación y el desarrollo de redes de intercambio a nivel nacional e internacional, entre partes interesadas. 5.4 Visibilizar las iniciativas nacionales y locales relacionadas con la acción climática.', '5.4 Visibilizar las iniciativas nacionales y locales relacionadas con la acción climática. La Estrategia Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático defi- nirá el sistema de seguimiento y evaluación para la creación y fortalecimiento de las capacidades y empoderamiento relativas al cambio climático, de las personas, organizaciones e instituciones, observando los lineamientos que se establezcan en la ECLP en materia de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación.', 'La Estrategia Desarrollo de Capacidades y Empoderamiento Climático defi- nirá el sistema de seguimiento y evaluación para la creación y fortalecimiento de las capacidades y empoderamiento relativas al cambio climático, de las personas, organizaciones e instituciones, observando los lineamientos que se establezcan en la ECLP en materia de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación. 8.1.3 Lineamientos financieros en la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo La Estrategia Financiera de Cambio Climático debe ser elaborada por el Ministerio de Hacienda con la finalidad de contribuir a la meta de carbono neu- tralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050, a través del uso estratégico de los recursos financieros públicos y privados, que promuevan un modelo integrado de creación de valor en el largo plazo, en el cual se incorporen las dimensiones sociales, ambientales y económicas de manera equilibrada.', '8.1.3 Lineamientos financieros en la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo La Estrategia Financiera de Cambio Climático debe ser elaborada por el Ministerio de Hacienda con la finalidad de contribuir a la meta de carbono neu- tralidad y resiliencia a más tardar al 2050, a través del uso estratégico de los recursos financieros públicos y privados, que promuevan un modelo integrado de creación de valor en el largo plazo, en el cual se incorporen las dimensiones sociales, ambientales y económicas de manera equilibrada. En el año 2019, Chile publicó su primera Estrategia Financiera frente al Cambio Climático117 |, cumpliendo con uno de los compromisos de Chile en materia de cambio climático tras el Acuerdo de París.', 'En el año 2019, Chile publicó su primera Estrategia Financiera frente al Cambio Climático117 |, cumpliendo con uno de los compromisos de Chile en materia de cambio climático tras el Acuerdo de París. Esta estrategia define los objetivos, ejes y medidas que guiarán los esfuerzos en materia de financia- miento climático para impulsar la transición hacia una economía baja en car- 117 | Estrategia-financiera.pdf (mma. gob.cl) bono y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.', 'gob.cl) bono y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático, en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. • De acuerdo con lo definido en la Estrategia Financiera y los compromisos adquiridos por Chile para enfrentar el cambio climático, el Ministerio de Ha- cienda de Chile, con el apoyo técnico del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y otros organismos competentes, ha impulsado definiciones y acciones específicas orientadas a acelerar el flujo de recursos hacia sectores alineados a la NDC de Chile, destacándo las siguientes: Mesa Público-Privada de Finanzas Verdes, conformada en 2019, integrada por los reguladores financieros, al gobierno y a los actores del sector financiero; yque sirve como instancia de coordinación orientada a promover el desarrollo de un mercado financiero verde local y una mayor gestión de riesgos climáticos.', '• De acuerdo con lo definido en la Estrategia Financiera y los compromisos adquiridos por Chile para enfrentar el cambio climático, el Ministerio de Ha- cienda de Chile, con el apoyo técnico del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y otros organismos competentes, ha impulsado definiciones y acciones específicas orientadas a acelerar el flujo de recursos hacia sectores alineados a la NDC de Chile, destacándo las siguientes: Mesa Público-Privada de Finanzas Verdes, conformada en 2019, integrada por los reguladores financieros, al gobierno y a los actores del sector financiero; yque sirve como instancia de coordinación orientada a promover el desarrollo de un mercado financiero verde local y una mayor gestión de riesgos climáticos. Al alero de esta Mesa se suscribió un Acuerdo Verde Voluntario entre sus in- tegrantes, y una Declaración Conjunta sobre el Cambio Climático y el sistema financiero por parte de las Autoridades Financieras Chilenas, a saber, el Mi- nisterio de Hacienda, el Banco Central de Chile, la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero y la Superintendencia de Pensiones, y, a la fecha, la Mesa se encuen- tra trabajando para implementar los compromisos contenidos en el Acuerdo.', 'Al alero de esta Mesa se suscribió un Acuerdo Verde Voluntario entre sus in- tegrantes, y una Declaración Conjunta sobre el Cambio Climático y el sistema financiero por parte de las Autoridades Financieras Chilenas, a saber, el Mi- nisterio de Hacienda, el Banco Central de Chile, la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero y la Superintendencia de Pensiones, y, a la fecha, la Mesa se encuen- tra trabajando para implementar los compromisos contenidos en el Acuerdo. • La emisión de un total de USD 7.727 millones en Bonos Verdes So- beranos, entre 2019 y principios de 2021, los que obtuvieron las tasas de interés más bajas para este tipo de bonos soberanos en la histo- ria de nuestro país, siendo una demostración concreta de que invertir en proyectos verdes es una acción beneficiosa para el medio ambiente, para la sociedad y también para la economía y su sistema financiero.', '• La emisión de un total de USD 7.727 millones en Bonos Verdes So- beranos, entre 2019 y principios de 2021, los que obtuvieron las tasas de interés más bajas para este tipo de bonos soberanos en la histo- ria de nuestro país, siendo una demostración concreta de que invertir en proyectos verdes es una acción beneficiosa para el medio ambiente, para la sociedad y también para la economía y su sistema financiero. El marco para la definición de los proyectos cuenta con el certificado de la CBI (Climate Bond Initiative) y contempla proyectos como: Energía Renovable, Transporte Limpio, Construcción Sustentable.', 'El marco para la definición de los proyectos cuenta con el certificado de la CBI (Climate Bond Initiative) y contempla proyectos como: Energía Renovable, Transporte Limpio, Construcción Sustentable. • La Estrategia de la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero para enfren- tar el cambio climático publicada en 2020, la cual tiene como objetivo impulsar la divulgación de información asociada al cambio climático; facilitar el desarrollo de un mercado financiero verde e integrar los ries- gos climáticos a la supervisión prudencial.', '• La Estrategia de la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero para enfren- tar el cambio climático publicada en 2020, la cual tiene como objetivo impulsar la divulgación de información asociada al cambio climático; facilitar el desarrollo de un mercado financiero verde e integrar los ries- gos climáticos a la supervisión prudencial. • La publicación de la Norma de Carácter General 276 en 2020 por parte de la Superintendencia de Pensiones con el objetivo de que las Admi- nistradoras de Fondos de Pensión incorporen el riesgo climático y los factores denominados Ambientales, Sociales y de Gobierno Corporativo (ASG) en sus políticas de inversión y de gestión de riesgos.', '• La publicación de la Norma de Carácter General 276 en 2020 por parte de la Superintendencia de Pensiones con el objetivo de que las Admi- nistradoras de Fondos de Pensión incorporen el riesgo climático y los factores denominados Ambientales, Sociales y de Gobierno Corporativo (ASG) en sus políticas de inversión y de gestión de riesgos. • La modificación de la ley 21.210 en el año 2020, específicamente res- pecto al impuesto verde, que contempla una mayor base de instalacio- nes grabadas.', '• La modificación de la ley 21.210 en el año 2020, específicamente res- pecto al impuesto verde, que contempla una mayor base de instalacio- nes grabadas. Y además, la posibilidad de implementar el primer sistema de compensaciones nacional en base a offset que tiene por objetivo movilizar la acción climática a nivel nacional.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 223 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • La implementación de créditos verdes por parte del Ministerio de Eco- nomía, en el año 2020, con la finalidad de fomentar proyectos de ener- gías renovables y economía circular en pequeñas y medianas empresas.', 'Y además, la posibilidad de implementar el primer sistema de compensaciones nacional en base a offset que tiene por objetivo movilizar la acción climática a nivel nacional.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 223 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • La implementación de créditos verdes por parte del Ministerio de Eco- nomía, en el año 2020, con la finalidad de fomentar proyectos de ener- gías renovables y economía circular en pequeñas y medianas empresas. En complemento a lo anterior, cabe relevar el rol del Plan de Inversiones Públicas incorporado en el Plan Paso a Paso, Chile se Recupera (2020), el cual busca contribuir a la reactivación económica del país con criterios de susten- tabilidad.', 'En complemento a lo anterior, cabe relevar el rol del Plan de Inversiones Públicas incorporado en el Plan Paso a Paso, Chile se Recupera (2020), el cual busca contribuir a la reactivación económica del país con criterios de susten- tabilidad. Este compromiso establece que al menos un 30% de los proyectos de inversión pública del fondo de emergencia transitorio COVID19, deben con- tribuir a acelerar la transición del país hacia una economía resiliente al clima y baja en emisiones de carbono, en el marco del Acuerdo de París y en línea con la actual NDC. En agosto de 2021 se publicó el primer «Reporte de Sus- tentabilidad, Avance en la asignación de proyectos para el año 2021 del Plan de Obras e Inversiones Sustentables».', 'En agosto de 2021 se publicó el primer «Reporte de Sus- tentabilidad, Avance en la asignación de proyectos para el año 2021 del Plan de Obras e Inversiones Sustentables». Allí se identifican más de USD 2.600 millones en proyectos que contribuyen a acelerar nuestra transición al desa- rrollo sustentable, avanzando decididamente en la incorporación de transporte limpio, infraestructura resiliente al clima, gestión sustentable de los recursos hídricos, conservación de la biodiversidad, edificación sustentable y eficiencia energética, entre otras áreas. Junto con estos importantes avances, es necesario identificar cuáles son los desafíos para escalar un mayor desarrollo de las finanzas verdes en nuestro país, conforme a los objetivos trazados en la presente estrategia.', 'Junto con estos importantes avances, es necesario identificar cuáles son los desafíos para escalar un mayor desarrollo de las finanzas verdes en nuestro país, conforme a los objetivos trazados en la presente estrategia. Sobre la base del diagnóstico realizado por el Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) y la Secretaría Técnica del Fondo Verde del Clima en Chile, compuesta por el Ministerio de Ha- cienda, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exte- riores, se identificaron brechas de naturaleza sistémica, institucional, de capa- cidades y de acceso a financiamiento. A continuación, se presenta un resumen de dichas brechas por nivel: • A nivel sistémico, es importante hacer frente a las limitaciones del sector privado para identificar y gestionar riesgos y oportunidades asociadas al cambio climático.', 'A continuación, se presenta un resumen de dichas brechas por nivel: • A nivel sistémico, es importante hacer frente a las limitaciones del sector privado para identificar y gestionar riesgos y oportunidades asociadas al cambio climático. • A nivel institucional, cabe resaltar la necesidad de articular, a partir de las metas sectoriales definidas en esta estrategia, las consiguientes medidas que se establezcan en los planes de mitigación y adaptación sectoriales, con fuentes de financiamiento público, híbrido/combinado y/o privado de acuerdo con los beneficios y desventajas de cada una. • A nivel del sector financiero, existe una capacidad limitada de evaluar proyectos y modelos de negocio bajos en emisiones y resilientes al clima, resultando a menudo en términos y condiciones prohibitivos para los ins- trumentos financieros ofrecidos.', '• A nivel del sector financiero, existe una capacidad limitada de evaluar proyectos y modelos de negocio bajos en emisiones y resilientes al clima, resultando a menudo en términos y condiciones prohibitivos para los ins- trumentos financieros ofrecidos. • A nivel de ecosistemas financieros, estos aún son incipientes para de- sarrollar carteras de proyectos bancarizables, con limitaciones de acceso a financiamiento asequible por parte de la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa (MiPYME), impidiendo la generación de un flujo de inversiones (deal flow) significativo. Tomando en consideración las brechas descritas, se establece que los conte- nido y lineamientos de la estrategia financiera contemplarán lo comprometido en la NDC.', 'Tomando en consideración las brechas descritas, se establece que los conte- nido y lineamientos de la estrategia financiera contemplarán lo comprometido en la NDC. Cabe mencionar, que el proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, en segundo tramite constitucional en el Congreso Nacional, podría establecer más detalles al respecto, los que serán incluidos una vez se dicte la ley. Por lo tanto, la actualización y/o elaboración de la Estrategia Financiera frente al Cambio a cargo del Ministerio de Hacienda, considerará al menos los siguientes elementos: a) Generar información, datos y análisis para movilizar los flujos de capital bajo un marco institucional de políticas y medidas coherentes con los objetivos climáticos del país, las prioridades de crecimiento económico, la responsabilidad fiscal y el desarrollo sostenible con una visión de largo plazo.', 'Por lo tanto, la actualización y/o elaboración de la Estrategia Financiera frente al Cambio a cargo del Ministerio de Hacienda, considerará al menos los siguientes elementos: a) Generar información, datos y análisis para movilizar los flujos de capital bajo un marco institucional de políticas y medidas coherentes con los objetivos climáticos del país, las prioridades de crecimiento económico, la responsabilidad fiscal y el desarrollo sostenible con una visión de largo plazo. b) Promover el diseño e implementación de instrumentos financieros ver- des y el impulso de mercados para contribuir al desarrollo de sectores económicos resilientes al clima y bajos en emisiones de carbono.', 'b) Promover el diseño e implementación de instrumentos financieros ver- des y el impulso de mercados para contribuir al desarrollo de sectores económicos resilientes al clima y bajos en emisiones de carbono. c) Promover la cooperación público-privada de largo plazo en cuanto a la comprensión y gestión de los riesgos y oportunidades asociados al cambio climático, para la toma de decisiones por parte de los actores del sector financiero. local. d) Establecer un plan de trabajo durante 2020, que permita avanzar en un marco fiscal para la determinación del gasto climático, tanto directo como indirecto, en línea con los esfuerzos por mejorar la eficiencia y calidad del gasto público.', 'd) Establecer un plan de trabajo durante 2020, que permita avanzar en un marco fiscal para la determinación del gasto climático, tanto directo como indirecto, en línea con los esfuerzos por mejorar la eficiencia y calidad del gasto público. La implementación de dicho plan de trabajo estará sujeta a la disponibilidad de recursos conforme a la aprobación de la respectiva Ley de Presupuestos. e) Perfeccionar la institucionalidad de Chile ante el Fondo Verde para el Clima (FVC), incluyendo: • Perfeccionamiento de la metodología de evaluación y priorización de proyectos a presentar al FVC, a la luz de las prioridades actuales y futuras del país. Se procurará que los proyectos priorizados estén ali- neados con la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, y con los objetivos y compromisos de la NDC.', 'Se procurará que los proyectos priorizados estén ali- neados con la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, y con los objetivos y compromisos de la NDC. • Estandarización de las convocatorias para proyectos públicos y pri- vados. Lo anterior, con miras a identificar un portafolio de proyectos que sea compatible con la meta de neutralidad de emisiones de GEI al 2050.', 'Lo anterior, con miras a identificar un portafolio de proyectos que sea compatible con la meta de neutralidad de emisiones de GEI al 2050. Cabe mencionar además que, la Estrategia propenderá a considerar los prin- cipios de Helsinki, que son reconocidos porComité de Ministros de Finanzas Climáticas presidido por el Ministerio de Hacienda de Chile y Finlandia.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 225 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.1.4 Lineamientos e instrumentos complementarios para fomentar la gestión del cambio climático Financiamiento climático y fomento productivo En Chile, el Ministerio de Economía cuenta en su institucionalidad con la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, CORFO, es el organismo ejecutor de las políticas del Gobierno de Chile que tiene como misión mejorar la com- petitividad y la diversificación productiva del país, a través del fomento a la inversión, la innovación y el emprendimiento, fortaleciendo, además, el capital humano y las capacidades tecnológicas para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible y territorialmente equilibrado.', 'Cabe mencionar además que, la Estrategia propenderá a considerar los prin- cipios de Helsinki, que son reconocidos porComité de Ministros de Finanzas Climáticas presidido por el Ministerio de Hacienda de Chile y Finlandia.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 225 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.1.4 Lineamientos e instrumentos complementarios para fomentar la gestión del cambio climático Financiamiento climático y fomento productivo En Chile, el Ministerio de Economía cuenta en su institucionalidad con la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, CORFO, es el organismo ejecutor de las políticas del Gobierno de Chile que tiene como misión mejorar la com- petitividad y la diversificación productiva del país, a través del fomento a la inversión, la innovación y el emprendimiento, fortaleciendo, además, el capital humano y las capacidades tecnológicas para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible y territorialmente equilibrado. El Ministerio de Economía, a través de CORFO, está constantemente con- tribuyendo al crecimiento económico del país a lo largo de todo su territorio, lo que la convierte en un actor clave para el desarrollo productivo de Chile, ya que trabaja de manera articulada y colaborativa, fomentando el desarro- llo y apoyando a los sectores de alto potencial, proyectando a Chile hacia una economía sostenible, socialmente responsable con los recursos naturales y comprometida con la calidad de vida de las personas.', 'El Ministerio de Economía, a través de CORFO, está constantemente con- tribuyendo al crecimiento económico del país a lo largo de todo su territorio, lo que la convierte en un actor clave para el desarrollo productivo de Chile, ya que trabaja de manera articulada y colaborativa, fomentando el desarro- llo y apoyando a los sectores de alto potencial, proyectando a Chile hacia una economía sostenible, socialmente responsable con los recursos naturales y comprometida con la calidad de vida de las personas. Por lo tanto, en el marco de esta estrategia, existe una gran oportuni- dad para transformar la economía nacional, impulsando acciones para reducir las emisiones, combatir el cambio climático, optimizar los recursos y al mismo tiempo, generar nuevas capacidades y empleos, en donde el crecimiento soste- nible es uno de los cuatro ejes estratégicos de CORFO.', 'Por lo tanto, en el marco de esta estrategia, existe una gran oportuni- dad para transformar la economía nacional, impulsando acciones para reducir las emisiones, combatir el cambio climático, optimizar los recursos y al mismo tiempo, generar nuevas capacidades y empleos, en donde el crecimiento soste- nible es uno de los cuatro ejes estratégicos de CORFO. Por esta razón, a través de distintas líneas e instrumentos de fomento, CORFO ha apoyado una serie de iniciativas en esta materia, tales como la economía circular, las energías renovables y la gestión de recursos hídricos entre otras.', 'Por esta razón, a través de distintas líneas e instrumentos de fomento, CORFO ha apoyado una serie de iniciativas en esta materia, tales como la economía circular, las energías renovables y la gestión de recursos hídricos entre otras. A continuación se des- tacan los principales programas en esta línea: • Instrumentos de financiamiento: destacan los instrumentos para proyec- tos enfocados en la reactivación económica sostenible y a la generación de nuevos modelos de negocios circulares, que promuevan el desarrollo y utilización de tecnologías limpias, tales como centros tecnológicos ten- dientes a enfrentar el cambio climático (economía circular, electromovi- lidad, tecnologías limpias y gestión hídrica).', 'A continuación se des- tacan los principales programas en esta línea: • Instrumentos de financiamiento: destacan los instrumentos para proyec- tos enfocados en la reactivación económica sostenible y a la generación de nuevos modelos de negocios circulares, que promuevan el desarrollo y utilización de tecnologías limpias, tales como centros tecnológicos ten- dientes a enfrentar el cambio climático (economía circular, electromovi- lidad, tecnologías limpias y gestión hídrica). Además, se han financiado los Bienes Públicos con Adaptación al Cambio Climático (2019) y de ma- nera regular se entregan subsidios a pymes y empresas que tienen foco específico en temas de sustentabilidad Respecto al acceso a financiamiento, existe el Crédito Verde (2020), pro- grama que busca financiar inversiones destinadas a combatir el cambio climático, incluidos proyectos de autoabastecimiento con energías renova- bles, eficiencia energética y medidas de mejora medio ambiental en pro- cesos productivos.', 'Además, se han financiado los Bienes Públicos con Adaptación al Cambio Climático (2019) y de ma- nera regular se entregan subsidios a pymes y empresas que tienen foco específico en temas de sustentabilidad Respecto al acceso a financiamiento, existe el Crédito Verde (2020), pro- grama que busca financiar inversiones destinadas a combatir el cambio climático, incluidos proyectos de autoabastecimiento con energías renova- bles, eficiencia energética y medidas de mejora medio ambiental en pro- cesos productivos. • Instrumentos de apalancamiento financiero: Un desafío importante hoy en día es contar con recursos financieros adicionales, movilizados desde fuentes públicas y privadas, nacionales e internacionales.', '• Instrumentos de apalancamiento financiero: Un desafío importante hoy en día es contar con recursos financieros adicionales, movilizados desde fuentes públicas y privadas, nacionales e internacionales. Como ejemplos concretos de esta capacidad articuladora de distintos actores del sector privado, está el trabajo que realiza la Agencia de Sustentabi- lidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), comité de CORFO, que ha movilizado la acción climática en el sector privado con financiamiento proveniente de los mismos privados para el cumplimiento de metas y acciones acorda- das en el marco de los Acuerdos de Producción Limpia, política que cuenta con un MRV de mitigación y beneficios de sustentabilidad en su calidad de Acción Nacional Apropiada de Mitigación (NAMA, por sus siglas en in- glés) reconocida por la Convención.', 'Como ejemplos concretos de esta capacidad articuladora de distintos actores del sector privado, está el trabajo que realiza la Agencia de Sustentabi- lidad y Cambio Climático (ASCC), comité de CORFO, que ha movilizado la acción climática en el sector privado con financiamiento proveniente de los mismos privados para el cumplimiento de metas y acciones acorda- das en el marco de los Acuerdos de Producción Limpia, política que cuenta con un MRV de mitigación y beneficios de sustentabilidad en su calidad de Acción Nacional Apropiada de Mitigación (NAMA, por sus siglas en in- glés) reconocida por la Convención. Asimismo, su Comité AGROSEGUROS, desarrolla herramientas de transfe- rencia de riesgos ante eventos climáticos adversos para el sector silvoa- gropecuario mediante un subsidio estatal para fomentar su contratación.', 'Asimismo, su Comité AGROSEGUROS, desarrolla herramientas de transfe- rencia de riesgos ante eventos climáticos adversos para el sector silvoa- gropecuario mediante un subsidio estatal para fomentar su contratación. Finalmente, respecto a lineamientos para las líneas de trabajo proyectados a futuro, se seguirán promoviendo proyectos que contribuyan a la transforma- ción de la matriz energética, tal como el proyecto Cerro Dominador, en el cual CORFO facilitó un crédito que posibilitó el desarrollo de la primera planta termosolar de Chile. En esta línea, se apoyarán iniciativas que sean estratégicas para el país, como, por ejemplo, a través de la ejecución de proyectos que pro- muevan el hidrógeno verde, para lo que se está licitando un fondo de USD $50 millones.', 'En esta línea, se apoyarán iniciativas que sean estratégicas para el país, como, por ejemplo, a través de la ejecución de proyectos que pro- muevan el hidrógeno verde, para lo que se está licitando un fondo de USD $50 millones. De igual forma, CORFO contribuirá en la creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades y la formación de capital humano avanzado, apoyando la for- mación y/o reconversión de trabajadores para que sean parte de las nuevas industrias sustentables, las que deberán ser inclusivas y resguardar la equidad de género.', 'De igual forma, CORFO contribuirá en la creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades y la formación de capital humano avanzado, apoyando la for- mación y/o reconversión de trabajadores para que sean parte de las nuevas industrias sustentables, las que deberán ser inclusivas y resguardar la equidad de género. Acción y financiamiento climático subnacional Un avance importante en cuanto a articulación del sector público para apoyar y fortalecer el desarrollo e implementación de la estrategia financiera, ha sido la generación de las condiciones habilitantes para la acción climática a nivel subnacional, entre ellas el financiamiento y las capacidades comple- mentarias a este.', 'Acción y financiamiento climático subnacional Un avance importante en cuanto a articulación del sector público para apoyar y fortalecer el desarrollo e implementación de la estrategia financiera, ha sido la generación de las condiciones habilitantes para la acción climática a nivel subnacional, entre ellas el financiamiento y las capacidades comple- mentarias a este. Así, durante el año 2021, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y la Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (Subdere) han li- derado un proceso de diálogo entre instituciones nacionales con roles claves para la acción climática, que culminó con la propuesta de conformación del «Grupo de Acción y Financiamiento Climático Comunal y Regional (Subnacio- nal)» (GAFiCoR).', 'Así, durante el año 2021, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y la Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (Subdere) han li- derado un proceso de diálogo entre instituciones nacionales con roles claves para la acción climática, que culminó con la propuesta de conformación del «Grupo de Acción y Financiamiento Climático Comunal y Regional (Subnacio- nal)» (GAFiCoR). El Grupo surge con el propósito de promover la articulación, planificación y orientación del financiamiento climático de fuentes nacionales e internacionales, entre y dentro de los diferentes sectores, en colaboraciónCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 227 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 con el sector privado, la academia y la sociedad civil, con foco en mecanismos y esquemas de financiamiento subnacionales.', 'El Grupo surge con el propósito de promover la articulación, planificación y orientación del financiamiento climático de fuentes nacionales e internacionales, entre y dentro de los diferentes sectores, en colaboraciónCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 227 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 con el sector privado, la academia y la sociedad civil, con foco en mecanismos y esquemas de financiamiento subnacionales. Dada la finalidad de este grupo, es importante algún grado de participación del Ministerio de Hacienda y/o Dipres.', 'Dada la finalidad de este grupo, es importante algún grado de participación del Ministerio de Hacienda y/o Dipres. Producto del trabajo del GAFiCoRy en el marco de la presente estrategia, se proponen los siguientes objetivos: • Fortalecimiento de las capacidades subnacionales, regionales y locales, en materia de cambio climático con foco en la acción climática y el desa- rrollo de proyectos • Elaboración de una hoja de ruta que permita la incorporación de crite- rios de cambio climático en instrumentos de fomento e inversión pública regional, en línea con el fortalecimiento de capacidades • Identificación, articulación, orientación y coordinación de los actores claves para fomentar la acción climática desde un enfoque que comple- mente el financiamiento climático y el fortalecimiento de capacidades a nivel nacional y subnacional.', 'Producto del trabajo del GAFiCoRy en el marco de la presente estrategia, se proponen los siguientes objetivos: • Fortalecimiento de las capacidades subnacionales, regionales y locales, en materia de cambio climático con foco en la acción climática y el desa- rrollo de proyectos • Elaboración de una hoja de ruta que permita la incorporación de crite- rios de cambio climático en instrumentos de fomento e inversión pública regional, en línea con el fortalecimiento de capacidades • Identificación, articulación, orientación y coordinación de los actores claves para fomentar la acción climática desde un enfoque que comple- mente el financiamiento climático y el fortalecimiento de capacidades a nivel nacional y subnacional. • Identificación y visibilización de la oferta de fondos disponibles para la acción climática.', '• Identificación y visibilización de la oferta de fondos disponibles para la acción climática. Para estos efectos, se realizará un catastro de fuentes de financiamiento para la acción climática a nivel nacional e internacional, que permitan la postulación de proyectos, clasificados según el ámbito de financiamiento (mitigación, adaptación o mixto), el tipo de institucio- nes que pueden postular, y los instrumentos de financiamiento que pro- mueven, tanto públicos como privados. Esto permitirá contar con informa- ción para los distintos postulantes, facilitando el conocimiento sobre este tipo de fuentes de financiamiento.', 'Esto permitirá contar con informa- ción para los distintos postulantes, facilitando el conocimiento sobre este tipo de fuentes de financiamiento. • Promoción de la coordinación de las fuentes de financiamiento identi- ficadas de un modo estratégico, desplegando su acción en áreas claves que cubran las necesidades climáticas prioritarias pero que también ayu- den a movilizar financiamiento privado, llegando a los territorios de forma efectiva, desde un enfoque que contemple la innovación en los instru- mentos y tipos de financiamiento y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades complementarias • Promoción del involucramiento del sector privado en la acción climática a través del financiamiento climático y del fortalecimiento de las capaci- dades subnacionales complementarias, con apoyo y participación de la so- ciedad civil, y la academia, promoviendo la transparencia en esta materia.', '• Promoción de la coordinación de las fuentes de financiamiento identi- ficadas de un modo estratégico, desplegando su acción en áreas claves que cubran las necesidades climáticas prioritarias pero que también ayu- den a movilizar financiamiento privado, llegando a los territorios de forma efectiva, desde un enfoque que contemple la innovación en los instru- mentos y tipos de financiamiento y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades complementarias • Promoción del involucramiento del sector privado en la acción climática a través del financiamiento climático y del fortalecimiento de las capaci- dades subnacionales complementarias, con apoyo y participación de la so- ciedad civil, y la academia, promoviendo la transparencia en esta materia. Primer Mercado de Carbono Nacional, sistema de compensaciones del impuesto verde como mecanismo para fortalecer el desarrollo de proyectos público-privados a nivel territorial A partir de la dictación de la Ley 20.780 en septiembre de 2014, a través de su artículo 8°, se estableció un impuesto anual a beneficio fiscal, denomi- nado impuesto verde, que grava las emisiones al aire de material particulado (MP), óxido de nitrógeno (NOx), dióxido de azufre (SO2) y dióxido de carbo- no (CO ), producidas por establecimientos cuyas fuentes fijas, conformadas por calderas o turbinas, individualmente o en su conjunto sumen una potencia mayor o igual a 50 [MWt].', 'Primer Mercado de Carbono Nacional, sistema de compensaciones del impuesto verde como mecanismo para fortalecer el desarrollo de proyectos público-privados a nivel territorial A partir de la dictación de la Ley 20.780 en septiembre de 2014, a través de su artículo 8°, se estableció un impuesto anual a beneficio fiscal, denomi- nado impuesto verde, que grava las emisiones al aire de material particulado (MP), óxido de nitrógeno (NOx), dióxido de azufre (SO2) y dióxido de carbo- no (CO ), producidas por establecimientos cuyas fuentes fijas, conformadas por calderas o turbinas, individualmente o en su conjunto sumen una potencia mayor o igual a 50 [MWt]. Esta ley se comenzó a aplicar desde el año 2017, permitiendo desarrollar los sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, y la fiscalización asociada al pago del impuesto verde.', 'Esta ley se comenzó a aplicar desde el año 2017, permitiendo desarrollar los sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, y la fiscalización asociada al pago del impuesto verde. Posteriormente, mediante la modernización de la legislación tributaria in- troducida a través de la Ley 21.210, en febrero de 2020, se modifica el hecho gravado condicionándolo a que se supere un umbral anual de emisiones (y no por capacidad instalada).', 'Posteriormente, mediante la modernización de la legislación tributaria in- troducida a través de la Ley 21.210, en febrero de 2020, se modifica el hecho gravado condicionándolo a que se supere un umbral anual de emisiones (y no por capacidad instalada). Así, se gravan con impuesto verde todas las emi- siones de material particulado, óxidos de nitrógeno, dióxido de azufre y dió- xido de carbono que se emitan al aire producidas por establecimientos cuyas fuentes emisoras, individualmente o en su conjunto, emitan sobre (a) 100 o más toneladas anuales de material particulado o (b) 25.000 o más toneladas anuales de CO . De igual forma, se introduce una modificación que permite compensar las emisiones, estableciendo que se podrán compensar todo o parte de las emisiones gravadas mediante la implementación de proyectos de reducción de emisiones del contaminante (o cuyos efectos sean equivalentes) dentro del territorio nacional sujeto a que dichas reducciones sean adicionales, medi- bles, verificables y permanentes.', 'Así, se gravan con impuesto verde todas las emi- siones de material particulado, óxidos de nitrógeno, dióxido de azufre y dió- xido de carbono que se emitan al aire producidas por establecimientos cuyas fuentes emisoras, individualmente o en su conjunto, emitan sobre (a) 100 o más toneladas anuales de material particulado o (b) 25.000 o más toneladas anuales de CO . De igual forma, se introduce una modificación que permite compensar las emisiones, estableciendo que se podrán compensar todo o parte de las emisiones gravadas mediante la implementación de proyectos de reducción de emisiones del contaminante (o cuyos efectos sean equivalentes) dentro del territorio nacional sujeto a que dichas reducciones sean adicionales, medi- bles, verificables y permanentes. Esta alternativa, cuyo camino debe elegir el/la contribuyente, entre la opción de pagar los impuestos o compensarlos, ofrece una relevante oportunidad para financiar proyectos de reducción de emisiones a escala subnacional, fomentando el uso de recursos privados en proyectos de mitigación, ofreciendo alternativas diversas que permiten sinergias virtuo- sas (costo-eficientes), y generando un beneficio social y medioambiental en la reducción de emisiones.', 'Esta alternativa, cuyo camino debe elegir el/la contribuyente, entre la opción de pagar los impuestos o compensarlos, ofrece una relevante oportunidad para financiar proyectos de reducción de emisiones a escala subnacional, fomentando el uso de recursos privados en proyectos de mitigación, ofreciendo alternativas diversas que permiten sinergias virtuo- sas (costo-eficientes), y generando un beneficio social y medioambiental en la reducción de emisiones. Esta modificación empezará a operar el año 2023 y es clave para mejorar y complementar el sistema MRV de reducción de emisio- nes a nivel nacional fomentando la acción climática con integridad ambiental y evitando la doble contabilidad.', 'Esta modificación empezará a operar el año 2023 y es clave para mejorar y complementar el sistema MRV de reducción de emisio- nes a nivel nacional fomentando la acción climática con integridad ambiental y evitando la doble contabilidad. El sistema de compensaciones permitirá financiar proyectos de diversa naturaleza, por ejemplo, de reforestación, transporte público limpio, recam- bio de calefactores, entre otros, que no se materializarían si este instrumento no existiera, lo que ayudará al país en la transformación hacia un desarrollo sustentable, inclusivo y resiliente al cambio climático, considerando los cri- terios, lineamientos y directrices establecidos en instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático de mayor jerarquía, y especialmente, los contemplados en nuestra NDC y la ECLP.', 'El sistema de compensaciones permitirá financiar proyectos de diversa naturaleza, por ejemplo, de reforestación, transporte público limpio, recam- bio de calefactores, entre otros, que no se materializarían si este instrumento no existiera, lo que ayudará al país en la transformación hacia un desarrollo sustentable, inclusivo y resiliente al cambio climático, considerando los cri- terios, lineamientos y directrices establecidos en instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático de mayor jerarquía, y especialmente, los contemplados en nuestra NDC y la ECLP. Además, permitirá movilizar proyectos de solucio- nes basadas en la naturaleza, para combatir el cambio climático, beneficiando la biodiversidad nativa de Chile.', 'Además, permitirá movilizar proyectos de solucio- nes basadas en la naturaleza, para combatir el cambio climático, beneficiando la biodiversidad nativa de Chile. Asimismo, se consolidará como un instrumentoCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 229 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 económico-ambiental que contribuye a mejorar la calidad de vida de las perso- nas que viven en las zonas con problemática ambiental o zonas que concentran una alta actividad industrial. Las compensaciones de emisiones contaminantes se alinean con los obje- tivos climáticos de largo plazo de nuestro país, generando así un mecanismo que contribuirá directamente a los territorios afectados por dichas emisiones locales, o a escala nacional cuando se trate de proyectos de emisiones globales (CO ).', 'Las compensaciones de emisiones contaminantes se alinean con los obje- tivos climáticos de largo plazo de nuestro país, generando así un mecanismo que contribuirá directamente a los territorios afectados por dichas emisiones locales, o a escala nacional cuando se trate de proyectos de emisiones globales (CO ). De esta forma este sistema de compensaciones dará origen al primer mer- cado de carbono en territorio nacional en Chile, que tiene por objetivo for- mentar la acción climática para apoyar el cumplimiento de nuestras metas de reducción de emisiones de GEI. En este sentido, los lineamientos quese deben observar en el sistema de compensaciones y para el desarrollo de los proyectos de reducción de emisiones, son los siguientes: • Los Proyectos deben ser Adicionales, Medibles y Verificables. • Las reducciones deben ser permanentes.', '• Las reducciones deben ser permanentes. • Los proyectos deben contar con una línea base realista y creíble. • Los proyectos deben resguardar la integridad ambiental, y prever, revitar y reducir los impactos no deseados • Las reducciones deben contar con trazabilidad a través de una cadena de custodia clara y transparente. • Los proyectos deben describir como se relacionan o aportan a la NDC y la ECLP.', '• Los proyectos deben describir como se relacionan o aportan a la NDC y la ECLP. En cuanto al futuro mercado nacional de carbono a nivel nacional, el pro- yecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático contempla la facultad del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de desarrollar normas de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), estableciendo la cantidad máxima de un GEI y/o un con- taminante de vida corta que podrá emitir un establecimiento, fuente emisora o agrupación de éstas, en función de un estándar de emisiones de referencia por tecnología, sector y/o actividad, con el objeto de cumplir con los objeti- vos de la presente estrategia y de la NDC. Complementariamente, el proyecto de ley propone un sistema de certificados de reducción o absorción de emi- siones de GEI.', 'Complementariamente, el proyecto de ley propone un sistema de certificados de reducción o absorción de emi- siones de GEI. En este se establece que para el cumplimiento de las normas de emisión podrán utilizarse certificados que acrediten la reducción, absorción o excedentes de emisiones de GEI, obtenidas mediante la implementación de proyectos para tal efecto, sujeto a que tales reducciones o absorciones sean adicionales, medibles, verificables, permanentes y cumplan con principios de desarrollo sustentable.', 'En este se establece que para el cumplimiento de las normas de emisión podrán utilizarse certificados que acrediten la reducción, absorción o excedentes de emisiones de GEI, obtenidas mediante la implementación de proyectos para tal efecto, sujeto a que tales reducciones o absorciones sean adicionales, medibles, verificables, permanentes y cumplan con principios de desarrollo sustentable. Lo anterior, nos plantea un importante desafío para la conformación de un mercado de reducción de emisiones de GEI en Chile, que contribuya a potenciar la acción climática, conforme a las definiciones estratégicas y reglas que se acuerden bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, insertando así a nuestro país en el mercado global de reducciones de emisiones.', 'Lo anterior, nos plantea un importante desafío para la conformación de un mercado de reducción de emisiones de GEI en Chile, que contribuya a potenciar la acción climática, conforme a las definiciones estratégicas y reglas que se acuerden bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, insertando así a nuestro país en el mercado global de reducciones de emisiones. • Comité de Capital Natural Para el logro de los objetivos climáticos identificados en esta estrategia, es necesario incorporar la integridad de la biodiversidad y las contribuciones que esta entrega a la sociedad de manera integral, incluyendo un análisis económico, de manera de asegurar que el desarrollo pueda integrar la tarea de cuidado y restauración de la naturaleza, lo que es esencial para el bienestar actual y futuro de nuestra sociedad.', '• Comité de Capital Natural Para el logro de los objetivos climáticos identificados en esta estrategia, es necesario incorporar la integridad de la biodiversidad y las contribuciones que esta entrega a la sociedad de manera integral, incluyendo un análisis económico, de manera de asegurar que el desarrollo pueda integrar la tarea de cuidado y restauración de la naturaleza, lo que es esencial para el bienestar actual y futuro de nuestra sociedad. Esto ha sido explícitamente demostrado por las ciencias (Ipbes 2019), y fue específicamente recomendado por el Pro- fesor Partha Dasgupta en la investigación118 | encargada por el Departamento del Tesoro de Gran Bretaña: «Nuestras economías, nuestros sustentos de vida, y nuestro bienestar dependen de nuestro más preciado activo: la naturale- Para estos efectos, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y el Banco Central, siguiendo las orientaciones de la «Base para la Estrategia Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (CTCI)» del Consejo Nacional de CTCI, conformarán el Comité de Capital Natural.', 'Esto ha sido explícitamente demostrado por las ciencias (Ipbes 2019), y fue específicamente recomendado por el Pro- fesor Partha Dasgupta en la investigación118 | encargada por el Departamento del Tesoro de Gran Bretaña: «Nuestras economías, nuestros sustentos de vida, y nuestro bienestar dependen de nuestro más preciado activo: la naturale- Para estos efectos, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y el Banco Central, siguiendo las orientaciones de la «Base para la Estrategia Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (CTCI)» del Consejo Nacional de CTCI, conformarán el Comité de Capital Natural. Este Comité empezará a delinear sus funciones e integrantes, siguiendo como modelo el Natural Capital Com- mittee británico, que operó entre 2012 y 2020, pero desplegándose contextua- lizado en la realidad nacional.', 'Este Comité empezará a delinear sus funciones e integrantes, siguiendo como modelo el Natural Capital Com- mittee británico, que operó entre 2012 y 2020, pero desplegándose contextua- lizado en la realidad nacional. El objetivo inicial del Comité será contextualizar el proceso de valora- ción de capital natural, sus actores relevantes, y definir intervenciones críticas que puedan activar la incorporación efectiva de este componente en el desa- rrollo de nuestro país.', 'El objetivo inicial del Comité será contextualizar el proceso de valora- ción de capital natural, sus actores relevantes, y definir intervenciones críticas que puedan activar la incorporación efectiva de este componente en el desa- rrollo de nuestro país. Entre ellas se incluye diseñar la futura implementación de un sistema de cuentas nacionales ambientales basada en activos ecosis- témicos, el que incluya la identificación, estimación de extensión y condición de todos los activos de capital natural en el país, con miras a incorporarlo en las cuentas nacionales; identificar y activar los canales de generación de in- formación pertinente a este proceso; el desarrollo de capacidades instituciona- les que permita su incorporación en la toma de decisiones en materia de inver- sión y gasto público, junto con la identificación y diseño de políticas públicas integrales que faciliten y promuevan la incorporación del capital natural en la toma de decisiones de futuro y sustentabilidad de Chile.', 'Entre ellas se incluye diseñar la futura implementación de un sistema de cuentas nacionales ambientales basada en activos ecosis- témicos, el que incluya la identificación, estimación de extensión y condición de todos los activos de capital natural en el país, con miras a incorporarlo en las cuentas nacionales; identificar y activar los canales de generación de in- formación pertinente a este proceso; el desarrollo de capacidades instituciona- les que permita su incorporación en la toma de decisiones en materia de inver- sión y gasto público, junto con la identificación y diseño de políticas públicas integrales que faciliten y promuevan la incorporación del capital natural en la toma de decisiones de futuro y sustentabilidad de Chile. Uno de los objetivos iniciales del Comité será definir una hoja de ruta que pueda delinear el pro- ceso y definir pasos críticos en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, que orientarán los lineamientos de la presente estrategia.', 'Uno de los objetivos iniciales del Comité será definir una hoja de ruta que pueda delinear el pro- ceso y definir pasos críticos en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, que orientarán los lineamientos de la presente estrategia. 118 | Febrero, 2021. The Econo- mics of Biodiversity : The Dasgupta Review. service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/ diversity_The_Dasgupta_Review_ Full_Report.pdf 119 |', 'The Econo- mics of Biodiversity : The Dasgupta Review. service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/ diversity_The_Dasgupta_Review_ Full_Report.pdf 119 | service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/ Headline_Messages.pdfCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 231 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone los contenidos es- pecíficos que debe incluir la Estrategia Climático de Largo Plazo, entre éstos, se encuentran los criterios de monitoreo, reporte y verificación del cumplimien- to de las metas y medidas de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, los planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación, definidos de acuerdo con los requerimientos de los compromisos internacionales de Chile y velando por la transparencia en el seguimiento, calidad y coherencia de los datos reportados.', 'service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/ Headline_Messages.pdfCAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 231 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.2 Monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la ECLP El Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático propone los contenidos es- pecíficos que debe incluir la Estrategia Climático de Largo Plazo, entre éstos, se encuentran los criterios de monitoreo, reporte y verificación del cumplimien- to de las metas y medidas de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, los planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación, definidos de acuerdo con los requerimientos de los compromisos internacionales de Chile y velando por la transparencia en el seguimiento, calidad y coherencia de los datos reportados. Asimismo, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático plantea como par- te de los contenidos que deben incorporar los planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación: indicadores de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, conforme a lo establecido en la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo.', 'Asimismo, el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático plantea como par- te de los contenidos que deben incorporar los planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación: indicadores de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, conforme a lo establecido en la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo. Consecuentemente, serán los ministerios a cargo de elaborar Planes Secto- riales de Mitigación y Adaptación, quienes liderarán desde sus sectores, el se- guimiento de las medidas de gestión de cambio climático; siendo el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA)120 | quien entregue las directrices para ello, brin- dando apoyo y orientación permanente y fomentando la adecuada coordinación intersectorial, y asegurando un correcto seguimiento de los objetivos y metas.', 'Consecuentemente, serán los ministerios a cargo de elaborar Planes Secto- riales de Mitigación y Adaptación, quienes liderarán desde sus sectores, el se- guimiento de las medidas de gestión de cambio climático; siendo el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA)120 | quien entregue las directrices para ello, brin- dando apoyo y orientación permanente y fomentando la adecuada coordinación intersectorial, y asegurando un correcto seguimiento de los objetivos y metas. Adicionalmente, MMA, será quien reporte cada 2 años el estado de avance del país en materia climática, tanto a nivel nacional, como internacional, en el Reporte de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático (RANCC) y en el Informe Bie- nal de Transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en ingles), respectivamente.', 'Adicionalmente, MMA, será quien reporte cada 2 años el estado de avance del país en materia climática, tanto a nivel nacional, como internacional, en el Reporte de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático (RANCC) y en el Informe Bie- nal de Transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en ingles), respectivamente. 8.2.1 Contexto y necesidades El Acuerdo de París (AP) en su Artículo 13121 |, crea el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (ETF, por su sigla en inglés), que tiene por fin mejorar el ac- tual sistema de MRV de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas contra el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC); este ETF define los requerimientos que deben cumplir los países para que, a través de la confianza mutua y la aplicación efectiva, puedan dar cumplimiento a los objetivos del Acuerdo y los compromi- sos determinados a nivel nacional.', '8.2.1 Contexto y necesidades El Acuerdo de París (AP) en su Artículo 13121 |, crea el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (ETF, por su sigla en inglés), que tiene por fin mejorar el ac- tual sistema de MRV de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas contra el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC); este ETF define los requerimientos que deben cumplir los países para que, a través de la confianza mutua y la aplicación efectiva, puedan dar cumplimiento a los objetivos del Acuerdo y los compromi- sos determinados a nivel nacional. Las especificaciones de cómo implementar el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia se encuentran en las Modalidades, Pro- cedimientos y Directrices (MPG, por sus siglas en inglés)122 |, acordadas en el Libro de Reglas del Acuerdo de París durante la COP24.', 'Las especificaciones de cómo implementar el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia se encuentran en las Modalidades, Pro- cedimientos y Directrices (MPG, por sus siglas en inglés)122 |, acordadas en el Libro de Reglas del Acuerdo de París durante la COP24. Las MPG definen los re- querimientos para poder proporcionar periódicamente información relacio- nada con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI), el seguimiento al progreso de la implementación de las Contribuciones Nacio- nales Determinadas (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés), información relacionada al cambio climático y la adaptación concerniente al Artículo 7 del AP e infor- mación sobre el apoyo en forma de financiamiento, desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, fomento de la capacidad, entregado/requerido y movilizado/ recibido (artículos 9, 10 y 11 del AP).', 'Las MPG definen los re- querimientos para poder proporcionar periódicamente información relacio- nada con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI), el seguimiento al progreso de la implementación de las Contribuciones Nacio- nales Determinadas (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés), información relacionada al cambio climático y la adaptación concerniente al Artículo 7 del AP e infor- mación sobre el apoyo en forma de financiamiento, desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, fomento de la capacidad, entregado/requerido y movilizado/ recibido (artículos 9, 10 y 11 del AP). 120 | Ley 19.300, sobre Bases Gene- rales del Medio Ambiente, artículo 70, letra h).', '120 | Ley 19.300, sobre Bases Gene- rales del Medio Ambiente, artículo 70, letra h). 121 | pdf/paris_agreement_spanish_.pdf 122 | La correcta implementación del ETF a nivel nacional permitirá realizar un seguimiento de las distintas políticas e instrumentos climáticos que se asocian al cumplimiento de los compromisos que Chile ha tomado ante la CM- NUCC, como la NDC y la ECLP, que a su vez permitirá tener control y seguimien- to de las políticas y acciones nacionales en el contexto de la acción climática.', '121 | pdf/paris_agreement_spanish_.pdf 122 | La correcta implementación del ETF a nivel nacional permitirá realizar un seguimiento de las distintas políticas e instrumentos climáticos que se asocian al cumplimiento de los compromisos que Chile ha tomado ante la CM- NUCC, como la NDC y la ECLP, que a su vez permitirá tener control y seguimien- to de las políticas y acciones nacionales en el contexto de la acción climática. Por otra parte, a nivel nacional, Chile a través del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático123 | propone distintas acciones y criterios necesarios para poder realizar el MRV del cumplimiento de las metas, planes y medidas de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, velando por la transparencia en el seguimiento, calidad y coherencia de los datos reportados.', 'Por otra parte, a nivel nacional, Chile a través del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático123 | propone distintas acciones y criterios necesarios para poder realizar el MRV del cumplimiento de las metas, planes y medidas de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, velando por la transparencia en el seguimiento, calidad y coherencia de los datos reportados. La implementación de un sistema de MRV que permita dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de la ECLP presenta un desafío importante en cuanto a crea- ción de capacidades y levantamiento de información, es por esto que se debe contar con indicadores de seguimiento, requisitos de reporte, acciones de veri- ficación y, lo más crítico, con una definición de roles y responsabilidades clara en cada etapa del proceso, con atribuciones concretas de las instituciones involucradas.', 'La implementación de un sistema de MRV que permita dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de la ECLP presenta un desafío importante en cuanto a crea- ción de capacidades y levantamiento de información, es por esto que se debe contar con indicadores de seguimiento, requisitos de reporte, acciones de veri- ficación y, lo más crítico, con una definición de roles y responsabilidades clara en cada etapa del proceso, con atribuciones concretas de las instituciones involucradas. De esta forma, el sistema MRV de la ECLP deberá: • Hacer seguimiento a planes y políticas nacionales asociadas al cambio climático, tanto en su efectividad como en el estado de avance de su implementación. • Preparar la información que debe ser presentada a la CMNUCC y a nivel nacional.', '• Preparar la información que debe ser presentada a la CMNUCC y a nivel nacional. • Manejar de forma transparente la información en cuanto a soporte fi- nanciero recibido y necesitado nacional e internacionalmente para su pos- terior reporte. • Otros: Evitar doble conteo de reducciones, priorizar esfuerzos sectoria- les, identificar y remediar falencias metodológicas, identificar necesidad de apoyo tanto técnico como financiero, relevar la importancia y necesidad de contar con información y los recursos necesarios para realizar el segui- miento a las acciones climáticas. Para todo sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, y los indicadores asociados, aplicables a los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, se observarán los criterios y lineamientos establecidos en el presente capítulo.', 'Para todo sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación, y los indicadores asociados, aplicables a los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, se observarán los criterios y lineamientos establecidos en el presente capítulo. Para poder asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de esta Estrategia, se requiere realizar un seguimiento claro de la implementación y de la efectividad de planes, políticas o acciones de mitigación y adaptación 123 | nado/templates/tramitacion/index.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 233 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 al cambio climático, reconocer sus avances, sus necesidades y posibles problemas, para poder dar solución oportuna, enmendar acciones y tener un manejo eficiente de los recursos.', 'Para poder asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de esta Estrategia, se requiere realizar un seguimiento claro de la implementación y de la efectividad de planes, políticas o acciones de mitigación y adaptación 123 | nado/templates/tramitacion/index.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 233 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 al cambio climático, reconocer sus avances, sus necesidades y posibles problemas, para poder dar solución oportuna, enmendar acciones y tener un manejo eficiente de los recursos. Para poder asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de esta Estrategia, se requiere realizar un segui- miento claro de la implementación y de la efectividad de planes, políticas o acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, reconocer sus avances, sus necesidades y posibles problemas, para poder dar solución oportuna, enmendar acciones y tener un manejo eficiente de los recursos.', 'Para poder asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de esta Estrategia, se requiere realizar un segui- miento claro de la implementación y de la efectividad de planes, políticas o acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, reconocer sus avances, sus necesidades y posibles problemas, para poder dar solución oportuna, enmendar acciones y tener un manejo eficiente de los recursos. Para tener un común entendimiento de estos procesos y qué significa cada etapa del monitoreo, reporte y verifi- cación (MRV), se utilizarán las definiciones descritas en la siguiente tabla, las cuales entregan un marco conceptual general en la materia.', 'Para tener un común entendimiento de estos procesos y qué significa cada etapa del monitoreo, reporte y verifi- cación (MRV), se utilizarán las definiciones descritas en la siguiente tabla, las cuales entregan un marco conceptual general en la materia. Tabla 12: Definiciones para procesos de MRV Monitoreo (M) Se refiere al monitoreo o medición de datos e información sobre emisiones/absorciones, riesgo/exposición/sensibilidad/ amenaza, de acciones de mitigación y adaptación, soporte y medios de implementación, u otra acción climática.', 'Tabla 12: Definiciones para procesos de MRV Monitoreo (M) Se refiere al monitoreo o medición de datos e información sobre emisiones/absorciones, riesgo/exposición/sensibilidad/ amenaza, de acciones de mitigación y adaptación, soporte y medios de implementación, u otra acción climática. Para el caso particular de acciones de mitigación puede implicar la medición física directa de las emisiones de GEI, la estimación de las emisiones o las reducciones de emisiones utilizando datos de actividad y factores de emisión, así como el monito- reo de cambios relevantes para el desarrollo sostenible (co-beneficios) y el progreso de la implementación. En términos generales, monitoreo, puede implicar el cálculo, estimación o recopilación de información sobre cambios que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible y los objetivos de las acciones climáticas.', 'En términos generales, monitoreo, puede implicar el cálculo, estimación o recopilación de información sobre cambios que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible y los objetivos de las acciones climáticas. Reporte (R): Consiste en la compilación de la información en formatos estandarizados, como inventarios o reportes periódicos. De ma- nera que esta esté en formatos accesibles a una variedad de usuarios, facilitando la divulgación pública de información. Verificación (V): Se basa en la revisión, análisis o evaluación periódica de la información reportada, de forma independiente, que permita establecer un grado de integridad y confiabilidad. La verificación ayuda a garantizar la precisión y el cumplimiento de los procedimientos establecidos y puede proporcionar una retroalimentación significativa para futuras mejoras.', 'La verificación ayuda a garantizar la precisión y el cumplimiento de los procedimientos establecidos y puede proporcionar una retroalimentación significativa para futuras mejoras. Puede reali- zarse a través de medios de verificación, que permiten acreditar el cumplimiento de compromisos y/o indicadores. Fuente: Elaboración propia en base a WRI ( y UNDP ( tation-undp.org/resources/manual/monitoring-and-evaluation-manual-community-climate-change-adaptation-fund) 8.2.3 Criterios y principios Si bien el MRV que permita dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de la ECLP deberá ser definido a través de re- glamentos, guías y reportes una vez que se apruebe el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y se imple- mente el ETF, en esta estrategia se definirán los criterios y principios rectores que deberán ser considerados en la implementación de cada uno de los instrumentos asociados.', 'Fuente: Elaboración propia en base a WRI ( y UNDP ( tation-undp.org/resources/manual/monitoring-and-evaluation-manual-community-climate-change-adaptation-fund) 8.2.3 Criterios y principios Si bien el MRV que permita dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de la ECLP deberá ser definido a través de re- glamentos, guías y reportes una vez que se apruebe el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y se imple- mente el ETF, en esta estrategia se definirán los criterios y principios rectores que deberán ser considerados en la implementación de cada uno de los instrumentos asociados. Tabla 13: Criterios y principios para el MRV de la ECLP Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Las políticas, planes, programas, normas, acciones y demás instrumentos que se dicten o ejecuten en el marco del Pro- yecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático se inspirarán por los siguientes principios: 124 | • Científico: los instrumentos y las medidas de mitigación o adaptación para enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático, se adoptarán e implementarán sobre la base de la mejor información científica disponible.', 'Tabla 13: Criterios y principios para el MRV de la ECLP Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático Las políticas, planes, programas, normas, acciones y demás instrumentos que se dicten o ejecuten en el marco del Pro- yecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático se inspirarán por los siguientes principios: 124 | • Científico: los instrumentos y las medidas de mitigación o adaptación para enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático, se adoptarán e implementarán sobre la base de la mejor información científica disponible. • Transparencia: es deber del Estado facilitar el acceso oportuno y adecuado a la información sobre cambio climático, fomentando la difusión y sensibilización de la materia y reduciendo la asimetría de información.', '• Transparencia: es deber del Estado facilitar el acceso oportuno y adecuado a la información sobre cambio climático, fomentando la difusión y sensibilización de la materia y reduciendo la asimetría de información. • Participación: es deber del Estado contar con mecanismos que permitan asegurar el derecho de participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la gestión del cambio climático, tanto a nivel nacional como regional y local. • No regresión: las medidas tendientes a enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático, podrán ser modificadas cuando las condiciones tecnológicas, ambientales, económicas o sociales lo requieran, siempre que no se comprometan los objetivos de mitigación y/o adaptación establecidos.', '• No regresión: las medidas tendientes a enfrentar los efectos adversos del cambio climático, podrán ser modificadas cuando las condiciones tecnológicas, ambientales, económicas o sociales lo requieran, siempre que no se comprometan los objetivos de mitigación y/o adaptación establecidos. • Progresividad: las medidas tendientes a combatir el cambio climático deberán avanzar gradualmente con el fin de cumplir con el objeto de esta ley. • Transversalidad: la actuación del Estado para la gestión del cambio climático debe promover la participación coordinada del Gobierno a nivel central, regional y local, así como la participación del sector privado, la academia y la sociedad civil. 124 | nado/templates/tramitacion/index.', '• Transversalidad: la actuación del Estado para la gestión del cambio climático debe promover la participación coordinada del Gobierno a nivel central, regional y local, así como la participación del sector privado, la academia y la sociedad civil. 124 | nado/templates/tramitacion/index. php?#CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 235 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Marco Reforzado de Transparencia del Acuerdo de París En materia de MRV de políticas, acciones y medidas de mitigación, se deberán considerar los principios : • La mejora continua de la presentación de informes y la transparencia a lo largo del tiempo. • Promover la transparencia, la exactitud, la consistencia, la comparabilidad y la exhaustividad (TACCC Principles ).', '• Promover la transparencia, la exactitud, la consistencia, la comparabilidad y la exhaustividad (TACCC Principles ). • Asegurar el mantenimiento de la frecuencia y calidad de los informes en conformidad con sus respectivas obliga- ciones en virtud de la Convención. • Asegurar que se evite la doble contabilización. • Asegurar la integridad ambiental. Particularmente, sobre los TACCC Principles, es importante definir cada uno de los principios: • Transparencia (Transparency): Los supuestos y las metodologías deben explicarse y documentarse claramente para facilitar la replicación y la evaluación. Si no se proporciona documentación, no hay forma de demostrar que se ha cum- plido con los demás principios.', 'Si no se proporciona documentación, no hay forma de demostrar que se ha cum- plido con los demás principios. • Exactitud (Accuracy): En relación a acciones de mitigación, es una medida relativa de la exactitud de las estimaciones de emisiones/absorciones. Las estimaciones no deben estar sistemáticamente por encima ni por debajo de las emisio- nes/absorciones reales, en la medida en que se pueda juzgar de acuerdo con los datos y la información disponibles. Las incertidumbres deben reducirse en la medida de lo posible. Deben utilizarse metodologías adecuadas, de acuerdo con las directrices del IPCC.', 'Deben utilizarse metodologías adecuadas, de acuerdo con las directrices del IPCC. • Consistencia (Consistency): la información debe ser consistente en todos sus elementos con información reportada en años anteriores, es decir, es necesario utilizar las mismas metodologías para el año base y todos los años sub- siguientes. También es necesario utilizar conjuntos de datos consistentes para estimar las emisiones y absorciones de fuentes/sumideros, para el caso de mitigación. • Comparabilidad (Comparability): Las estimaciones y definiciones deben ser comparables entre las Partes. Metodo- logías y formatos acordados por las COP. Asignación de categorías de fuente/sumidero, de acuerdo con las Directrices del IPCC. • Exhaustividad (Completeness): En términos de mitigación, todas las fuentes/sumideros y gases incluidos en las Directrices del IPCC. Otras categorías de fuentes/sumideros específicos existentes.', 'Otras categorías de fuentes/sumideros específicos existentes. Cobertura geográfica completa de fuentes/sumideros de una Parte. En términos de seguimiento de medidas y procesos de adaptación, el Manual técnico para las Partes que son países en desarrollo, en su Tabla 4.F, define que para el «seguimiento y evaluación de las medidas y los procesos de adapta- ción» se debería informar de manera específica los siguientes tipos de información : • Informar sobre el establecimiento o la utilización de sistemas nacionales de seguimiento y evaluación de la aplica- ción de las medidas de adaptación. • Informar sobre los enfoques y sistemas de seguimiento y evaluación, tanto los ya existentes como los que se en- cuentran en fase de desarrollo.', '• Informar sobre los enfoques y sistemas de seguimiento y evaluación, tanto los ya existentes como los que se en- cuentran en fase de desarrollo. • Proporcionar la siguiente información en relación con el seguimiento y la evaluación: (a) Los logros, las repercusiones, la resiliencia, el examen, la eficacia y los resultados; (b) Los enfoques y los sistemas utilizados, y sus productos; (c) La evaluación y los indicadores de los siguientes aspectos: (i) la forma en que la adaptación ha aumentado la resilien- cia y reducido los efectos; (ii) los casos en que la adaptación no es suficiente para evitar los efectos; (iii) la eficacia de las medidas de adaptación adoptadas; (d) La aplicación, en particular respecto de: (i) la transparencia de la pla- nificación y la aplicación; (ii) la manera en que los programas de apoyo responden a las vulnerabilidades específicas y a las necesidades de adaptación; (iii) la influencia de las medidas de adaptación en otros objetivos de desarrollo; (iv) las buenas prácticas, experiencias y lecciones aprendidas que se hayan extraído de los cambios regulatorios y de política, las medidas y los mecanismos de coordinación.', '• Proporcionar la siguiente información en relación con el seguimiento y la evaluación: (a) Los logros, las repercusiones, la resiliencia, el examen, la eficacia y los resultados; (b) Los enfoques y los sistemas utilizados, y sus productos; (c) La evaluación y los indicadores de los siguientes aspectos: (i) la forma en que la adaptación ha aumentado la resilien- cia y reducido los efectos; (ii) los casos en que la adaptación no es suficiente para evitar los efectos; (iii) la eficacia de las medidas de adaptación adoptadas; (d) La aplicación, en particular respecto de: (i) la transparencia de la pla- nificación y la aplicación; (ii) la manera en que los programas de apoyo responden a las vulnerabilidades específicas y a las necesidades de adaptación; (iii) la influencia de las medidas de adaptación en otros objetivos de desarrollo; (iv) las buenas prácticas, experiencias y lecciones aprendidas que se hayan extraído de los cambios regulatorios y de política, las medidas y los mecanismos de coordinación. • Proporcionar información sobre la eficacia y la sostenibilidad de las medidas de adaptación, según proceda, en parti- cular sobre: (a) El sentido de propiedad, la participación de los interesados, la armonización de las medidas de adapta- ción con las políticas nacionales y subnacionales, y la replicabilidad; (b) Los resultados de las medidas de adaptación y la sostenibilidad de dichos resultados.', '• Proporcionar información sobre la eficacia y la sostenibilidad de las medidas de adaptación, según proceda, en parti- cular sobre: (a) El sentido de propiedad, la participación de los interesados, la armonización de las medidas de adapta- ción con las políticas nacionales y subnacionales, y la replicabilidad; (b) Los resultados de las medidas de adaptación y la sostenibilidad de dichos resultados. Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 237 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.2.4 Proceso de MRV de la ECLP En primer lugar, se debe tener claridad que la ECLP no tendrá un sistema de MRV independiente, sino más bien, se realizará a través de un proceso de coordinación que involucra diferentes sistemas y plataformas, ya existentes o en proceso de desarrollo.', 'Fuente: Elaboración propia.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 237 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 8.2.4 Proceso de MRV de la ECLP En primer lugar, se debe tener claridad que la ECLP no tendrá un sistema de MRV independiente, sino más bien, se realizará a través de un proceso de coordinación que involucra diferentes sistemas y plataformas, ya existentes o en proceso de desarrollo. Desde el punto de vista del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, se puede ver que el proceso de MRV asociado a la ECLP, el cual se implementa- rá a través de distintos sistemas, deberá reforzar un marco común que permita cumplir con los criterios definidos, y con ello, poder hacer el mejor uso de los recursos de los distintos sectores para la recopilación, compilación y re- visión de la información.', 'Desde el punto de vista del Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, se puede ver que el proceso de MRV asociado a la ECLP, el cual se implementa- rá a través de distintos sistemas, deberá reforzar un marco común que permita cumplir con los criterios definidos, y con ello, poder hacer el mejor uso de los recursos de los distintos sectores para la recopilación, compilación y re- visión de la información. Para esto, el MMA tiene un papel clave en coordinar todos los sistemas de MRV, de manera tal, que pueda asegurar que cumplan con los criterios, las temporalidades y la eficiencia en el uso de recursos, con tal de poder dar un correcto seguimiento de las distintas metas.', 'Para esto, el MMA tiene un papel clave en coordinar todos los sistemas de MRV, de manera tal, que pueda asegurar que cumplan con los criterios, las temporalidades y la eficiencia en el uso de recursos, con tal de poder dar un correcto seguimiento de las distintas metas. Como se puede ver en la siguiente figura, para asegurar el cumplimiento de la meta de la ECLP se deberá realizar el seguimiento de cada uno de los pre- supuestos y compromisos sectoriales definidos. Esto permitirá a su vez tener un mayor ordenamiento y coordinación entre los sectores, que particularmen- te será de gran utilidad para los compromisos que tengan más de un sector asociado.', 'Esto permitirá a su vez tener un mayor ordenamiento y coordinación entre los sectores, que particularmen- te será de gran utilidad para los compromisos que tengan más de un sector asociado. De esta manera, la Figura 20 presenta ejemplos de procesos de MRV existentes y/o en planificación liderados por la Oficina de Cambio Climático del MMA y que se vinculan al Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, la NDC y la ECLP. Cabe destacar que otros ministerios se encuentran también realizando esfuerzos concretos en la materia, para avanzar hacia el MRV de sus instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, para lo cual se trabaja en estre- cha coordinación entre los ministerios que lideran dichas iniciativas y el MMA.', 'Cabe destacar que otros ministerios se encuentran también realizando esfuerzos concretos en la materia, para avanzar hacia el MRV de sus instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, para lo cual se trabaja en estre- cha coordinación entre los ministerios que lideran dichas iniciativas y el MMA. Parte de estas iniciativas de monitoreo y seguimiento de acciones sectoriales, se presentan en la sección de contribuciones sectoriales y componentes de in- tegración del presente documento. Figura 21: Proceso de MRV de la ECLP Elaboración propia. Monitoreo Para poder monitorear el cumplimiento del objetivo de mitigación de largo plazo, se debe realizar un análisis del progreso, tanto de la meta de neutralidad como del presupuesto definido en la NDC y los presupuestos sectoriales definidos en la ECLP.', 'Monitoreo Para poder monitorear el cumplimiento del objetivo de mitigación de largo plazo, se debe realizar un análisis del progreso, tanto de la meta de neutralidad como del presupuesto definido en la NDC y los presupuestos sectoriales definidos en la ECLP. En este sentido es clave el Sistema Nacional de Inventarios (SNI) ya existente en Chile y en proceso de constante revisión y mejoras basadas en las guías del IPCC.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 239 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Como complemento a este sistema, a través Proyecto Capacity Building Ini- tiative for Transparency (CBIT)125 |, se está diseñando e implementando el Sis- tema Nacional de Prospectiva (SNP), un sistema de análisis que consta de un enfoque ex ante, el cual sentará las bases para el análisis permanente de las emisiones pasadas y proyectadas con fines de seguimiento, planificación y ac- tualización de compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia climática.', 'En este sentido es clave el Sistema Nacional de Inventarios (SNI) ya existente en Chile y en proceso de constante revisión y mejoras basadas en las guías del IPCC.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 239 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Como complemento a este sistema, a través Proyecto Capacity Building Ini- tiative for Transparency (CBIT)125 |, se está diseñando e implementando el Sis- tema Nacional de Prospectiva (SNP), un sistema de análisis que consta de un enfoque ex ante, el cual sentará las bases para el análisis permanente de las emisiones pasadas y proyectadas con fines de seguimiento, planificación y ac- tualización de compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia climática. El principal objetivo del SNP es elaborar una dinámica para la coordinación y normalización de las actualizaciones de proyecciones nacionales de emisio- nes de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de vida larga y corta, considerando además sus impactos socioeconómicos.', 'El principal objetivo del SNP es elaborar una dinámica para la coordinación y normalización de las actualizaciones de proyecciones nacionales de emisio- nes de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de vida larga y corta, considerando además sus impactos socioeconómicos. El futuro SNP propenderá a facilitar y agilizar la evaluación de escenarios prospectivos y medidas de mitigación de GEI, instalando para ello las capacidades necesarias en el Ministerio del Me- dio Ambiente y estableciendo un sistema de coordinación y transferencia de información entre los organismos pertinentes. El sistema complementa- rá los análisis y prospecciones específicas de cada una de las instituciones pertinentes, (i.e. Ministerio de Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura, etc.', 'Ministerio de Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura, etc. ), siendo una herramienta adicional a estas instituciones para sus propios análisis y ca- libraciones, que recoja las visiones de cada uno de estos organismos. Para otorgarle robustez técnica al SNP, es necesario que la información, modelos y datos que use y genere sea de calidad tal que sigan los principios de trans- parencia, exhaustividad, coherencia, comparabilidad y exactitud, los mismos pilares de calidad bajo los que opera el Sistema Nacional de Inventario de Ga- ses de Efecto Invernadero de Chile.', 'Para otorgarle robustez técnica al SNP, es necesario que la información, modelos y datos que use y genere sea de calidad tal que sigan los principios de trans- parencia, exhaustividad, coherencia, comparabilidad y exactitud, los mismos pilares de calidad bajo los que opera el Sistema Nacional de Inventario de Ga- ses de Efecto Invernadero de Chile. Otro sistema en funcionamiento y alojado en el MMA es el programa HuellaChile,126 | iniciativa voluntaria que desde el 2013 reconoce el avance e implementación gradual de la gestión de las emisiones de GEI en las or- ganizaciones públicas y privadas de Chile; cuenta con un sistema MRV de emisiones de GEI, inserto y operativo en los servidores del MMA, integrado a la plataforma web Ventanilla Única del Registro de Emisiones y Transferen- cia de Contaminantes (VU RETC).', 'Otro sistema en funcionamiento y alojado en el MMA es el programa HuellaChile,126 | iniciativa voluntaria que desde el 2013 reconoce el avance e implementación gradual de la gestión de las emisiones de GEI en las or- ganizaciones públicas y privadas de Chile; cuenta con un sistema MRV de emisiones de GEI, inserto y operativo en los servidores del MMA, integrado a la plataforma web Ventanilla Única del Registro de Emisiones y Transferen- cia de Contaminantes (VU RETC). La Plataforma web MRV HuellaChile es de acceso gratuito y se encuentra diseñada para facilitar su uso y navegación a diferentes perfiles de usuarios; cuenta con módulos de cálculo en línea, que incorporan los factores de emisión y potenciales de calentamiento global oficiales, facilitando la cuantificación de la huella de carbono organizacional y de eventos, siguiendo las directrices de la NCh-ISO 14064/1:2019, y la NCh- ISO 14067:2019, respectivamente.', 'La Plataforma web MRV HuellaChile es de acceso gratuito y se encuentra diseñada para facilitar su uso y navegación a diferentes perfiles de usuarios; cuenta con módulos de cálculo en línea, que incorporan los factores de emisión y potenciales de calentamiento global oficiales, facilitando la cuantificación de la huella de carbono organizacional y de eventos, siguiendo las directrices de la NCh-ISO 14064/1:2019, y la NCh- ISO 14067:2019, respectivamente. En complemento, la plataforma web MRV HuellaChile permite reportar y dar seguimiento en forma estandarizada, a las acciones de mitigación implementadas internamente por las organizaciones, que en forma individual o en su conjunto permitan gestionar y reducir las emi- siones de GEI anuales de una organización, siguiendo las directrices de la NCh- ISO 14064/2:2019.', 'En complemento, la plataforma web MRV HuellaChile permite reportar y dar seguimiento en forma estandarizada, a las acciones de mitigación implementadas internamente por las organizaciones, que en forma individual o en su conjunto permitan gestionar y reducir las emi- siones de GEI anuales de una organización, siguiendo las directrices de la NCh- ISO 14064/2:2019. El proceso de verificación de la información es voluntario y recomendado, sin embargo, es un requisito mínimo para todas las organiza- ciones que buscan obtener un sello de reconocimiento del Programa Huella- Chile.', 'El proceso de verificación de la información es voluntario y recomendado, sin embargo, es un requisito mínimo para todas las organiza- ciones que buscan obtener un sello de reconocimiento del Programa Huella- Chile. Con al apoyo de la iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT), el Programa HuellaChile se encuentra desarrollando una herramienta MRV complementaria a su plataforma web, que facilitará la cuantificación y re- portabilidad de la huella de carbono a nivel de gobiernos locales, siguiendo las directrices del Protocolo Global para Inventarios de Emisión de GEI a Escala Comunitaria,127 | se espera dejar en operación a principios del 2022.', 'Con al apoyo de la iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT), el Programa HuellaChile se encuentra desarrollando una herramienta MRV complementaria a su plataforma web, que facilitará la cuantificación y re- portabilidad de la huella de carbono a nivel de gobiernos locales, siguiendo las directrices del Protocolo Global para Inventarios de Emisión de GEI a Escala Comunitaria,127 | se espera dejar en operación a principios del 2022. 125 | Como parte del Acuerdo de París, las Partes de la CMNUCC acordaron crear una Iniciativa para la Creación de Capacidades para la Transparencia (CBIT, por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y técnicas de los países para cumplir con los requisitos de transparencia del Acuerdo de París.', '125 | Como parte del Acuerdo de París, las Partes de la CMNUCC acordaron crear una Iniciativa para la Creación de Capacidades para la Transparencia (CBIT, por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y técnicas de los países para cumplir con los requisitos de transparencia del Acuerdo de París. CBIT Chile es financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministe- rio del Medio Ambiente.', 'CBIT Chile es financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministe- rio del Medio Ambiente. 126 | Huella Chile – Huella Chile (mma.gob.cl) 127 | default/files/standards_supporting/ Por otra parte, y más asociado al seguimiento de medidas de adaptación, se cuenta con el Atlas de Riesgo Climático (ARClim), denominada como «Pla- taforma de Adaptación» en el proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, el cual es una colección de mapas de acceso público, que muestran el ni- vel de riesgo actual y futuro, para un conjunto de sistemas bajo amenazas climáticas organizados en 12 sectores (bosques nativos, plantaciones forestales, minería, agricultura, infraestructura costera, recursos hídricos, turismo, pesca artesanal, acuicultura, biodiversidad, energía eléctrica, y salud y bienestar humano).', '126 | Huella Chile – Huella Chile (mma.gob.cl) 127 | default/files/standards_supporting/ Por otra parte, y más asociado al seguimiento de medidas de adaptación, se cuenta con el Atlas de Riesgo Climático (ARClim), denominada como «Pla- taforma de Adaptación» en el proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, el cual es una colección de mapas de acceso público, que muestran el ni- vel de riesgo actual y futuro, para un conjunto de sistemas bajo amenazas climáticas organizados en 12 sectores (bosques nativos, plantaciones forestales, minería, agricultura, infraestructura costera, recursos hídricos, turismo, pesca artesanal, acuicultura, biodiversidad, energía eléctrica, y salud y bienestar humano). Para cada sistema se despliegan mapas de la amenaza climática (A), exposición (E) y sensibilidad (S) del sistema afectado (ejemplo de aplicación: como la producción de maíz).', 'Para cada sistema se despliegan mapas de la amenaza climática (A), exposición (E) y sensibilidad (S) del sistema afectado (ejemplo de aplicación: como la producción de maíz). Los mapas tienen cobertura nacional y resolución comunal; en algunos casos, se cuenta con resolución de punto geográfico específico para ciertas cadenas. (o puntual en ciertas cadenas). Las tres variables (A, E, S) se combinan para determinar el riesgo debido al cambio climático sobre el sistema en cuestión (más detalles de ARClim se presentan en el Capítulo 4.4. Indicadores para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo).', 'Indicadores para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo). Cabe destacar, que cuando nos referimos al seguimiento de las acciones en materia de adaptación, se utiliza el concepto de Monitoreo, Reporte, Verificación y Evaluación, proceso que permite identificar las necesidades de adaptación, medir avances en el progreso de la implementación de las medidas y su eficacia, e incorporar los aprendizajes en un proceso de mejoramiento continuo que busca incrementar la resiliencia del país (Ver Capítulo 4.4. Indicadores para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo). La Evaluación es una constante valoración de la utilidad de una intervención en un punto especifico en el tiempo, por ejemplo, si una política ha sido efectiva en alcanzar los objetivos establecidos128 |.', 'La Evaluación es una constante valoración de la utilidad de una intervención en un punto especifico en el tiempo, por ejemplo, si una política ha sido efectiva en alcanzar los objetivos establecidos128 |. En particular, se habla de Evaluación del progreso de adaptación en términos del seguimiento (¿qué se está haciendo?) y de los resultados reales (¿qué consecuencias tienen nuestras acciones?). La evaluación es previa a un nuevo ciclo o actualización de un plan o intervención129 |.', 'La evaluación es previa a un nuevo ciclo o actualización de un plan o intervención129 |. Reporte En concordancia con lo anteriormente descrito y considerando los reportes que deben ser entregados a la CMNUCC y el ETF, MMA tiene el rol de coor- dinador en cuanto al seguimiento de los avances de los distintos sectores, siendo clave garantizar la, coordinación y potenciamiento de sinergias entre los reportes internacionales, y aquellos de seguimiento a nivel nacional, para evitar sobrecargas innecesarias en los distintos equipos sectoriales.', 'Reporte En concordancia con lo anteriormente descrito y considerando los reportes que deben ser entregados a la CMNUCC y el ETF, MMA tiene el rol de coor- dinador en cuanto al seguimiento de los avances de los distintos sectores, siendo clave garantizar la, coordinación y potenciamiento de sinergias entre los reportes internacionales, y aquellos de seguimiento a nivel nacional, para evitar sobrecargas innecesarias en los distintos equipos sectoriales. En relación a lo anterior, será necesario que cada una de las instituciones involucradas cuente con un levantamiento periódico de información sobre su progreso sectorial; esto se conseguirá a través de los lineamientos del MMA con objeto de que exista coherencia con los criterios definidos y entre los dis- tintos sistemas e instrumentos, tanto en acciones que den cuenta de la miti- gación como aquellas que aporten a la adaptación.', 'En relación a lo anterior, será necesario que cada una de las instituciones involucradas cuente con un levantamiento periódico de información sobre su progreso sectorial; esto se conseguirá a través de los lineamientos del MMA con objeto de que exista coherencia con los criterios definidos y entre los dis- tintos sistemas e instrumentos, tanto en acciones que den cuenta de la miti- gación como aquellas que aporten a la adaptación. A nivel nacional, el reporte se realizará a través del Reporte de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático – RANCC, considerado por el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático como aquel instrumento que contiene las políticas, 128 | GIZ 2014 «Desarrollo de Sistemas Nacionales de Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación: una Guía» 129 | Christiansen, L., Martinez, G. y Naswa, P. (eds.)', 'A nivel nacional, el reporte se realizará a través del Reporte de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático – RANCC, considerado por el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático como aquel instrumento que contiene las políticas, 128 | GIZ 2014 «Desarrollo de Sistemas Nacionales de Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación: una Guía» 129 | Christiansen, L., Martinez, G. y Naswa, P. (eds.) Sistemas de medición de la adaptación: pers- pectivas sobre cómo medir, agregar y comparar los resultados de la adaptación. Asociación ONU Medio Ambiente-DTU, Copenhague. / Harley, M., Horrocks, L., Hodgson, N. & Van Minnen, J. (2008). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation indicators.', '(2008). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation indicators. Technical Paper 2008/9 of the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, European Environment Agency.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 241 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 planes, programas, normas, acciones y medidas, sea que estén contempladas en instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático o hayan sido propuestas por otros organismos públicos, con el objetivo de monitorear e informar su es- tado de avance en el corto plazo.', 'Technical Paper 2008/9 of the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, European Environment Agency.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 241 CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 planes, programas, normas, acciones y medidas, sea que estén contempladas en instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático o hayan sido propuestas por otros organismos públicos, con el objetivo de monitorear e informar su es- tado de avance en el corto plazo. El RANCC agrupará la información en las siguientes materias: (a) Adaptación: constituido por las medidas contenidas en los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación y los planes, programas, proyectos y demás iniciativas que se desarrollen en el país; (b) Mitigación: constituido por las medidas contenidas en los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y los pla- nes, programas, proyectos y demás iniciativas que se desarrollen en el país; (c) Medios de Implementación: constituido por las acciones tendientes a im- plementar el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, la creación y fortaleci- miento de capacidades y el financiamiento, y (d) Gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local: descripción general de las medidas y acciones a nivel territorial.', 'El RANCC agrupará la información en las siguientes materias: (a) Adaptación: constituido por las medidas contenidas en los Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación y los planes, programas, proyectos y demás iniciativas que se desarrollen en el país; (b) Mitigación: constituido por las medidas contenidas en los Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación y los pla- nes, programas, proyectos y demás iniciativas que se desarrollen en el país; (c) Medios de Implementación: constituido por las acciones tendientes a im- plementar el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, la creación y fortaleci- miento de capacidades y el financiamiento, y (d) Gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y local: descripción general de las medidas y acciones a nivel territorial. A nivel internacional, Chile reporta a la CMNUCC a través de: • Reporte Bienal de Actualización: En diciembre del 2010, en marco de la Conferencia de las Partes 16, Chile se suma a los Acuerdos de Cancún, en donde se señala que los países en desarrollo deberán presentar a la Convención informes bienales de actualización (IBA o BUR, biennial up- date reports) que contengan información actualizada sobre los inven- tarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero y sobre las medidas de mitigación, las necesidades en esa esfera y el apoyo recibido.', 'A nivel internacional, Chile reporta a la CMNUCC a través de: • Reporte Bienal de Actualización: En diciembre del 2010, en marco de la Conferencia de las Partes 16, Chile se suma a los Acuerdos de Cancún, en donde se señala que los países en desarrollo deberán presentar a la Convención informes bienales de actualización (IBA o BUR, biennial up- date reports) que contengan información actualizada sobre los inven- tarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero y sobre las medidas de mitigación, las necesidades en esa esfera y el apoyo recibido. Además, en diciembre del 2011, en el marco de la Conferencia de las Partes 17, Chile se asocia a los Resultados de Durban en donde se señala que el primer informe Bienal de Actualización se deberá presentar ante la Con- vención a más tardar en diciembre de 2014.', 'Además, en diciembre del 2011, en el marco de la Conferencia de las Partes 17, Chile se asocia a los Resultados de Durban en donde se señala que el primer informe Bienal de Actualización se deberá presentar ante la Con- vención a más tardar en diciembre de 2014. El objetivo principal de los Informes Bienales de Actualización es fomentar que los países presen- ten información de manera coherente, transparente, completa, precisa y oportuna; considerando las circunstancias nacionales específicas. Chile ha presentado 4 Informes Bienales de Actualización, en 2014, 2016, 2018 y 2020.', 'Chile ha presentado 4 Informes Bienales de Actualización, en 2014, 2016, 2018 y 2020. A partir de 2024, se comenzará a presentar el Informe Bienal de Transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en ingles), el cual tendrá requisitos adicionales a los Informes Bienales de Actualización, tales como: Infor- me de inventario nacional de emisiones antropogénicas por las fuentes y de absorciones por los sumideros de gases de efecto invernadero, bajo las guías IPCC2006, con serie temporal desde el 1990 (o desde el año base de la NDC y todos los años desde 2020 en adelante) y reporte de los 7 gases principales (CO , N O, CH , HFCs, PFCs, SF y NF ); Información necesaria para hacer un seguimiento de los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación y el cumplimiento de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional en virtud del artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París; Información rela- tiva a las repercusiones del cambio climático y a la labor de adaptación en virtud del artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París; Información sobre el apoyo en forma de financiación, el desarrollo y la transferencia de tecnología y el fomento de la capacidad requerido y recibido en virtud de los artículos 9-11 del Acuerdo de París; entre otros requerimientos.', 'A partir de 2024, se comenzará a presentar el Informe Bienal de Transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en ingles), el cual tendrá requisitos adicionales a los Informes Bienales de Actualización, tales como: Infor- me de inventario nacional de emisiones antropogénicas por las fuentes y de absorciones por los sumideros de gases de efecto invernadero, bajo las guías IPCC2006, con serie temporal desde el 1990 (o desde el año base de la NDC y todos los años desde 2020 en adelante) y reporte de los 7 gases principales (CO , N O, CH , HFCs, PFCs, SF y NF ); Información necesaria para hacer un seguimiento de los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación y el cumplimiento de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional en virtud del artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París; Información rela- tiva a las repercusiones del cambio climático y a la labor de adaptación en virtud del artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París; Información sobre el apoyo en forma de financiación, el desarrollo y la transferencia de tecnología y el fomento de la capacidad requerido y recibido en virtud de los artículos 9-11 del Acuerdo de París; entre otros requerimientos. • Comunicaciones Nacionales: Las Comunicaciones nacionales se pre- sentan cada cuatro años a la CMNUCC y contienen información sobre las circunstancias nacionales, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, la vulnerabilidad del país al cambio climático, las acciones de mitigación, otra información relevante, y las brechas, necesidades y apoyo recibido y entregado en material de cambio climático.', '• Comunicaciones Nacionales: Las Comunicaciones nacionales se pre- sentan cada cuatro años a la CMNUCC y contienen información sobre las circunstancias nacionales, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, la vulnerabilidad del país al cambio climático, las acciones de mitigación, otra información relevante, y las brechas, necesidades y apoyo recibido y entregado en material de cambio climático. Chile ha presentado 4 Co- municaciones Nacionales, en 2002, 2011, 2016 y 2021. Verificación: Tal como se mencionó anteriormente, la verificación corresponde a un pro- ceso de revisión, análisis o evaluación periódica de la información reportada, por un ente independiente, con el objetivo de garantizar la precisión y el cum- plimiento de los procedimientos establecidos y puede proporcionar una retro- alimentación significativa para futuras mejoras.', 'Verificación: Tal como se mencionó anteriormente, la verificación corresponde a un pro- ceso de revisión, análisis o evaluación periódica de la información reportada, por un ente independiente, con el objetivo de garantizar la precisión y el cum- plimiento de los procedimientos establecidos y puede proporcionar una retro- alimentación significativa para futuras mejoras. Este proceso puede realizarse por diferentes entes independientes, que per- miten verificar el cumplimiento de compromisos y/o indicadores.', 'Este proceso puede realizarse por diferentes entes independientes, que per- miten verificar el cumplimiento de compromisos y/o indicadores. Hoy en día, podrían actuar como entes independientes que verifican, a tra- vés de medios de control y evidencias concretas, el cumplimiento de las metas climáticas, la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la Contraloría General de la República, el Congreso Nacional y la ciudadanía mediante la plataforma de información de cambio climático esta- blecida en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Coordinación para el MRV de la ECLP en el sector público Durante la publicación de esta Estrategia se están desarrollando otros ins- trumentos y sistemas en los distintos Ministerios asociados la misma, en di- recta coordinación con el MMA.', 'Coordinación para el MRV de la ECLP en el sector público Durante la publicación de esta Estrategia se están desarrollando otros ins- trumentos y sistemas en los distintos Ministerios asociados la misma, en di- recta coordinación con el MMA. Particularmente, en la Oficina de Cambio Cli- mático del MMA, en su rol coordinador, se están desarrollando los siguientes estudios e instrumentos: Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de políticas y acciones de mitiga- ción impulsadas por el sector público de Chile130 |; este trabajo permitirá definir los lineamientos sobre los cuales se deberá realizar el MRV ex post de políticas y acciones de mitigación que serán presentadas por las autoridades sectoriales en sus Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación (PSM), basado en los criterios definidos en este capítulo.', 'Particularmente, en la Oficina de Cambio Cli- mático del MMA, en su rol coordinador, se están desarrollando los siguientes estudios e instrumentos: Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de políticas y acciones de mitiga- ción impulsadas por el sector público de Chile130 |; este trabajo permitirá definir los lineamientos sobre los cuales se deberá realizar el MRV ex post de políticas y acciones de mitigación que serán presentadas por las autoridades sectoriales en sus Planes Sectoriales de Mitigación (PSM), basado en los criterios definidos en este capítulo. Este sistema se diseñará en concordancia con lo estipulado por los actuales requerimientos internacionales de la CMNUCC, y en concor- dancia con los requerimientos nacionales indicados en el Proyecto de Ley Mar- co de Cambio Climático, específicamente en cuanto al cumplimiento de los esfuerzos de mitigación sectoriales.', 'Este sistema se diseñará en concordancia con lo estipulado por los actuales requerimientos internacionales de la CMNUCC, y en concor- dancia con los requerimientos nacionales indicados en el Proyecto de Ley Mar- co de Cambio Climático, específicamente en cuanto al cumplimiento de los esfuerzos de mitigación sectoriales. De esta manera, los lineamientos del sis- tema serán diseñados en coordinación con el SNP y con el Sistema Nacional de Inventarios de Chile, entre otros sistemas de MRV de mitigación atingentes.', 'De esta manera, los lineamientos del sis- tema serán diseñados en coordinación con el SNP y con el Sistema Nacional de Inventarios de Chile, entre otros sistemas de MRV de mitigación atingentes. 130 | Este desarrollo estará enmar- cado en el Capacity Building Initiati- ve for Transparency (CBIT), proyecto financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministe- rio del Medio Ambiente.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Monitoreo, reporte, verificación y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y la adap- tación al cambio climático, el cual ya ha tenido avances relevantes en los últi- mos años respecto al desarrollo de políticas e instrumentos y a su institucio- nalidad y compromisos internacionales, tal como se detalla en el Capítulo 4.4.', '130 | Este desarrollo estará enmar- cado en el Capacity Building Initiati- ve for Transparency (CBIT), proyecto financiado por el GEF, ejecutado por UNEP e implementado en el Ministe- rio del Medio Ambiente.CAPÍTULO 8/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Monitoreo, reporte, verificación y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y la adap- tación al cambio climático, el cual ya ha tenido avances relevantes en los últi- mos años respecto al desarrollo de políticas e instrumentos y a su institucio- nalidad y compromisos internacionales, tal como se detalla en el Capítulo 4.4. Indicadores para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación en el largo plazo. Este desarrollo reciente implica desafíos técnicos importantes en las métricas e indicadores para el monitoreo, reporte y evaluación de la efectividad de las medidas de adaptación.', 'Este desarrollo reciente implica desafíos técnicos importantes en las métricas e indicadores para el monitoreo, reporte y evaluación de la efectividad de las medidas de adaptación. Desde estos avances, es que durante el 2021 el MMA con apoyo del proyecto Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) se encuentra en un proceso de desarrollo y operacionalización de una Hoja de Ruta para consolidar un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación de la adaptación al cambio climático en Chile, permitiendo el levantamiento de indicadores relevantes y pertinentes para cuantificar el progreso de la adaptación en Chile en los sectores más vulnerables al cambio climático Esto permitirá fortalecer la comprensión del proceso de adaptación, a nivel nacional y subnacional, en línea con la NDC y la ECLP.', 'Desde estos avances, es que durante el 2021 el MMA con apoyo del proyecto Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) se encuentra en un proceso de desarrollo y operacionalización de una Hoja de Ruta para consolidar un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación de la adaptación al cambio climático en Chile, permitiendo el levantamiento de indicadores relevantes y pertinentes para cuantificar el progreso de la adaptación en Chile en los sectores más vulnerables al cambio climático Esto permitirá fortalecer la comprensión del proceso de adaptación, a nivel nacional y subnacional, en línea con la NDC y la ECLP. De manera complementaria, se estará trabajan- do en profundizar la información relativa a indicadores de género y cambio climático, en el marco de los análisis de vulnerabilidad del cambio climático a nivel sectorial y con escala regional y comunal.', 'De manera complementaria, se estará trabajan- do en profundizar la información relativa a indicadores de género y cambio climático, en el marco de los análisis de vulnerabilidad del cambio climático a nivel sectorial y con escala regional y comunal. Plataforma de seguimiento de la ECLP y NDC, la cual busca implementar y operar una base de datos de seguimiento de la NDC 2020, basada en el modelamiento conceptual desarrollado en la Oficina de Cambio Climático, di- señando los indicadores necesarios para el seguimiento y capacitando a los eventuales usuarios del sistema.', 'Plataforma de seguimiento de la ECLP y NDC, la cual busca implementar y operar una base de datos de seguimiento de la NDC 2020, basada en el modelamiento conceptual desarrollado en la Oficina de Cambio Climático, di- señando los indicadores necesarios para el seguimiento y capacitando a los eventuales usuarios del sistema. En paralelo, y también en el marco de la NDC, se está diseñando un mecanismo de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de las necesidades y apoyo recibidos y entregados por Chile en el marco de la CMNUCC, con especial foco en los futuros reportes bianuales de transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en inglés), aplicando las directrices que permitan cumplir con el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia del Acuerdo de París.', 'En paralelo, y también en el marco de la NDC, se está diseñando un mecanismo de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de las necesidades y apoyo recibidos y entregados por Chile en el marco de la CMNUCC, con especial foco en los futuros reportes bianuales de transparencia (BTR por sus siglas en inglés), aplicando las directrices que permitan cumplir con el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia del Acuerdo de París. Como ya se ha mencionado, uno de los componentes clave de la NDC 2020, es el Pilar Social, por tanto, para hacer un correcto seguimiento en esta materia, MMA se encuentra elaborando una propuesta de seguimiento de los compromisos del Pilar Social de la NDC 2020 de Chile, a través de indicadores y medios de verificación para el monitoreo de la componente social.', 'Como ya se ha mencionado, uno de los componentes clave de la NDC 2020, es el Pilar Social, por tanto, para hacer un correcto seguimiento en esta materia, MMA se encuentra elaborando una propuesta de seguimiento de los compromisos del Pilar Social de la NDC 2020 de Chile, a través de indicadores y medios de verificación para el monitoreo de la componente social. En materia de equi- dad e igualdad de género, MMA en conjunto con la Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático, ha desarrollado criterios relevantes para poder monitorear el avan- ce de las metas de género del pilar social de la ECLP y la NDC: (1) Selección y sistematización de experiencias en cada uno de los sectores, donde se ha- yan implementado acciones con enfoque de género.', 'En materia de equi- dad e igualdad de género, MMA en conjunto con la Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático, ha desarrollado criterios relevantes para poder monitorear el avan- ce de las metas de género del pilar social de la ECLP y la NDC: (1) Selección y sistematización de experiencias en cada uno de los sectores, donde se ha- yan implementado acciones con enfoque de género. La sistematización de las experiencias se llevará a cabo al 2030, al 2040 y al 2050, (2) En la medida que se realicen procesos de actualización de metas e indicadores, se realizará una actualización del análisis del potencial de transversalización de género, (3) Se evaluarán y reportarán los avances de todas aquellas metas que cuen- ten con indicadores de género, para sectores específicos como para acciones transversales a los sectores de la ECLP.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Fotografía de Daniel Pineda Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 247 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Anexo 1: Profundizando en la elaboración participativa de la ECLP Un fundamento de diseño y elaboración de la política climática es la par- ticipación ciudadana, por lo que la Estrategia Climática de largo plazo (ECLP) de Chile, liderada por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, se elaboró de manera participativa manteniendo un foco multiactor, multinivel y transversal, lo cual se refleja en todo el documento.', 'La sistematización de las experiencias se llevará a cabo al 2030, al 2040 y al 2050, (2) En la medida que se realicen procesos de actualización de metas e indicadores, se realizará una actualización del análisis del potencial de transversalización de género, (3) Se evaluarán y reportarán los avances de todas aquellas metas que cuen- ten con indicadores de género, para sectores específicos como para acciones transversales a los sectores de la ECLP.CAPÍTULO 4/8 | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Fotografía de Daniel Pineda Camino a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 247 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 Anexo 1: Profundizando en la elaboración participativa de la ECLP Un fundamento de diseño y elaboración de la política climática es la par- ticipación ciudadana, por lo que la Estrategia Climática de largo plazo (ECLP) de Chile, liderada por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, se elaboró de manera participativa manteniendo un foco multiactor, multinivel y transversal, lo cual se refleja en todo el documento. Durante el proceso participativo de construc- ción de este instrumento, se contemplaron diferentes instancias de coordina- ción, análisis, discusión e involucramiento para la formulación de propuestas del sector público, autoridades locales, sociedad civil, organizaciones sociales, jóvenes, pueblos indígenas, gremios, sector privado y academia.', 'Durante el proceso participativo de construc- ción de este instrumento, se contemplaron diferentes instancias de coordina- ción, análisis, discusión e involucramiento para la formulación de propuestas del sector público, autoridades locales, sociedad civil, organizaciones sociales, jóvenes, pueblos indígenas, gremios, sector privado y academia. El proceso de elaboración participativa se inició en mayo del 2020, y se basó en los siguientes principios de participación ciudadana para la gestión del cambio climático: • Fomentar la participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la elaboración, revisión y actualización de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. • Facilitar las instancias de participación ciudadana, de manera transpa- rente e inclusiva, teniendo especial consideración con los sectores y co- munidades vulnerables, aplicando un enfoque multicultural y de género.', '• Facilitar las instancias de participación ciudadana, de manera transpa- rente e inclusiva, teniendo especial consideración con los sectores y co- munidades vulnerables, aplicando un enfoque multicultural y de género. • Facilitar el acceso oportuno y adecuado a la información sobre cambio climático, fomentando la difusión y sensibilización en la materia y redu- ciendo las asimetrías de información. • Articular una adecuada coordinación entre las distintas institucio- nes y representantesactores vinculados a los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. La elaboración participativa contempló tres etapas definidas con la finali- dad de facilitar y fomentar la participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la gestión del cambio climático, tanto a nivel nacional, como regional y local: 1) Participación temprana, para desarrollar la propuesta de ECLP.', 'La elaboración participativa contempló tres etapas definidas con la finali- dad de facilitar y fomentar la participación de toda persona o agrupación de personas en la gestión del cambio climático, tanto a nivel nacional, como regional y local: 1) Participación temprana, para desarrollar la propuesta de ECLP. 2) Participación ciudadana formal a través de la consulta pública de la propuesta de ECLP, para mejorar y complementar la propuesta. 3) Participación para el robustecimiento de la propuesta, considerando instancias para profundizar aspectos técnicos específicos del instrumento y capacitación para generación de capacidades.', '3) Participación para el robustecimiento de la propuesta, considerando instancias para profundizar aspectos técnicos específicos del instrumento y capacitación para generación de capacidades. De manera complementaria y transversal a todo el proceso, se contó con la participación del Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática, del Comité Científico Asesor para el Cambio Climático, del Consejo Consultivo MMA, del Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático y de la Mesa de Género y Cam- bio Climático, que acompañaron todo el proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP. A continuación, se describen en detalle las etapas e instancias antes men- cionadas.', 'A continuación, se describen en detalle las etapas e instancias antes men- cionadas. Cabe relevar que todo el proceso de elaboración participativa se en- cuentra registrado y reportado en el expediente electrónico de la ECLP y en la página de Consultas Ciudadanas del MMA,131 | ficha de consulta de la ECLP. 1. Participación Temprana La participación temprana para la elaboración participativa de la propuesta de la ECLP se desarrolló entre mayo 2022 y abril 2021, contemplando un total de 71 talleres desarrollados de manera virtual debido a la contingencia del CO- VID 19. El esquema de trabajo de las sesiones contempló sesiones con presen- taciones iniciales y luego trabajos en grupos. Participaron un total de 2.176 personas, siendo un 52% mujeres y 48% hombres.', 'Participaron un total de 2.176 personas, siendo un 52% mujeres y 48% hombres. La modalidad virtual per- mitió además fomentar la participación multiactoral proveniente de todo el territorio nacional, promoviendo el diálogo y facilitando la incorporación de miradas transversales mediante el análisis de temáticas sociales, ambien- tales, científicas y culturales requeridas por un instrumento de la envergadura de la ECLP.', 'La modalidad virtual per- mitió además fomentar la participación multiactoral proveniente de todo el territorio nacional, promoviendo el diálogo y facilitando la incorporación de miradas transversales mediante el análisis de temáticas sociales, ambien- tales, científicas y culturales requeridas por un instrumento de la envergadura de la ECLP. Este proceso de participación temprana contempló el desarrollo de talleres y mesas de trabajo con tres focos específicos: i) Identificar visiones, objetivos e instrumentos para la gestión climática de largo plazo a nivel sectorial e intersectorial El propósito de este proceso fue analizar y elaborar participativamente los desafíos a largo plazo sectoriales y transversales, identificando objetivos e instrumentos sectoriales que permitan avanzar hacia la meta de ser un país carbono neutral y resiliente al 2050.', 'Este proceso de participación temprana contempló el desarrollo de talleres y mesas de trabajo con tres focos específicos: i) Identificar visiones, objetivos e instrumentos para la gestión climática de largo plazo a nivel sectorial e intersectorial El propósito de este proceso fue analizar y elaborar participativamente los desafíos a largo plazo sectoriales y transversales, identificando objetivos e instrumentos sectoriales que permitan avanzar hacia la meta de ser un país carbono neutral y resiliente al 2050. Para lo anterior se implementaron tres tipos de talleres: • Talleres Transversales con el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), focalizado en agentes estatales.', 'Para lo anterior se implementaron tres tipos de talleres: • Talleres Transversales con el Equipo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICC), focalizado en agentes estatales. 131 | | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 249 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 • Talleres de visiones transversales, intersectoriales y funcionales, siendo talleres multiactorales y multinivel con presencia de representantes es- tatales y no estatales. • Talleres sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación, siendo talleres mul- tiactorales y multinivel con presencia de representantes estatales y no estatales. El proceso participativo se llevó a cabo entre mayo y octubre del año 2020, ejecutando un total de 39 instancias de trabajo, de las cuales 3 sesiones fueron talleres de trabajo del ETICC, 3 talleres técnicos transversales y 33 talleres técnicos sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación.', 'El proceso participativo se llevó a cabo entre mayo y octubre del año 2020, ejecutando un total de 39 instancias de trabajo, de las cuales 3 sesiones fueron talleres de trabajo del ETICC, 3 talleres técnicos transversales y 33 talleres técnicos sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación. La convocatoria consideró a una gran variedad de representantes del sector público, privado, academia, ONG’s/sociedad civil y organizaciones internacionales, con esfuerzos para tener una distribución equitativa entre las distintas categorías, además se tuvo espe- cial énfasis en lograr una participación equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres, e incorporar en la convocatoria a representantes de distintas regiones del país y representantes de organizaciones de jóvenes y de comunidades indígenas.', 'La convocatoria consideró a una gran variedad de representantes del sector público, privado, academia, ONG’s/sociedad civil y organizaciones internacionales, con esfuerzos para tener una distribución equitativa entre las distintas categorías, además se tuvo espe- cial énfasis en lograr una participación equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres, e incorporar en la convocatoria a representantes de distintas regiones del país y representantes de organizaciones de jóvenes y de comunidades indígenas. Considerando lo anterior se contó con un total de 1.230 participantes, 53% de los cuales fueron mujeres y 47% hombres. El desarrollo de las sesio- nes de manera remota permitió la incorporación de participantes regionales que correspondieron a un 30% de los participantes, y además se contó con pre- sencia de organizaciones de jóvenes y de comunidades indígenas.', 'El desarrollo de las sesio- nes de manera remota permitió la incorporación de participantes regionales que correspondieron a un 30% de los participantes, y además se contó con pre- sencia de organizaciones de jóvenes y de comunidades indígenas. Las sesiones de trabajo con el ETICC tuvieron por objetivo recoger las visio- nes de la diversidad de representantes del sector público, y su aporte en cuanto a contenidos e identificación de insumos técnicos relevantes, complementado y validado los antecedentes presentados en los talleres para la identificación de objetivos y metas concretas en la propuesta de la ECLP.', 'Las sesiones de trabajo con el ETICC tuvieron por objetivo recoger las visio- nes de la diversidad de representantes del sector público, y su aporte en cuanto a contenidos e identificación de insumos técnicos relevantes, complementado y validado los antecedentes presentados en los talleres para la identificación de objetivos y metas concretas en la propuesta de la ECLP. Los principa- les resultados del trabajo desarrollado con el ETICC, permitieron recomendar la importancia de i) relevar la integración nacional, regional y sectorial y dar luces de como alinear la ECLP a los instrumentos existentes y en desarrollo (por ejemplo, a instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial); ii) Incorporar la te- máticas sobre pueblos originarios y género en la estrategia, tanto en su desa- rrollo, como en los productos que se generen; iii) Incorporar transición justa, derechos humanos y desarrollo sostenible como aspectos generales a abordar en la ECLP; iv) Incorporar la gobernanza de la ECLP, incluyendo mecanismos de articulación interinstitucional y vinculación con la ciudadanía; v) Hacer ex- plícito en los contenidos de la ECLP la vinculación con el sector privado y con la academia; vi) Incorporar flexibilidad para capturar nuevos temas, por ejem- plo, las definiciones internacionales en torno al Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París y la recuperación verde y, vi) Incluir sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación.', 'Los principa- les resultados del trabajo desarrollado con el ETICC, permitieron recomendar la importancia de i) relevar la integración nacional, regional y sectorial y dar luces de como alinear la ECLP a los instrumentos existentes y en desarrollo (por ejemplo, a instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial); ii) Incorporar la te- máticas sobre pueblos originarios y género en la estrategia, tanto en su desa- rrollo, como en los productos que se generen; iii) Incorporar transición justa, derechos humanos y desarrollo sostenible como aspectos generales a abordar en la ECLP; iv) Incorporar la gobernanza de la ECLP, incluyendo mecanismos de articulación interinstitucional y vinculación con la ciudadanía; v) Hacer ex- plícito en los contenidos de la ECLP la vinculación con el sector privado y con la academia; vi) Incorporar flexibilidad para capturar nuevos temas, por ejem- plo, las definiciones internacionales en torno al Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París y la recuperación verde y, vi) Incluir sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación. En el caso de las sesiones de los talleres sectoriales, se consideraron los 14 sectores profundizados en la ECLP: Recursos hídricos, Transportes, Biodiver- sidad, Minería, Energía, Turismo, Agricultura, Borde costero, Salud, Residuos, Infraestructura, Edificación y Ciudades, Forestal y Pesca y Acuicultura, los cua- les fueron definidos a partir de los organismos competentes en la gestión del cambio climático definidos en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climá- tico.', 'En el caso de las sesiones de los talleres sectoriales, se consideraron los 14 sectores profundizados en la ECLP: Recursos hídricos, Transportes, Biodiver- sidad, Minería, Energía, Turismo, Agricultura, Borde costero, Salud, Residuos, Infraestructura, Edificación y Ciudades, Forestal y Pesca y Acuicultura, los cua- les fueron definidos a partir de los organismos competentes en la gestión del cambio climático definidos en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climá- tico. Las autoridades sectoriales fueron involucradas de manera temprana en la preparación del proceso, en particular, para complementar y validar el mapeo de partes interesadas a convocar, para identificar insumos técnicos relevantes y para complementar y validar los antecedentes a presentar en las sesiones de trabajo. Estos organismos serán los que deberán elaborar planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación.', 'Estos organismos serán los que deberán elaborar planes sectoriales de mitigación y adaptación. El trabajo con cada sector contempló tres sesiones, en las primeras dos se- siones se analizaron los principales lineamientos, objetivos y desafíos de lar- go plazo en materia de cambio climático de cada sector, dividiéndose en te- mas de mitigación (para 8 sectores) y temas de adaptación (para 11 sectores). En la tercera sesión se abordaron y analizaron conjuntamente para mitigación y adaptación (para los 14 sectores) los principales desafíos y buenas prácticas en materia de instrumentos sectoriales y territoriales, para lograr los objetivos de largo plazo trabajados en las primeras sesiones.', 'En la tercera sesión se abordaron y analizaron conjuntamente para mitigación y adaptación (para los 14 sectores) los principales desafíos y buenas prácticas en materia de instrumentos sectoriales y territoriales, para lograr los objetivos de largo plazo trabajados en las primeras sesiones. Respecto de los talleres Técnicos Sectoriales, el objetivo principal fue tra- bajar la visión transversal de largo plazo en mitigación y adaptación, consi- derando tres talleres transversales para los temas: i) Asentamientos humanos y vida en comunidades, ii) Funciones ecosistémicas y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y iii) Transición de los sectores productivos.', 'Respecto de los talleres Técnicos Sectoriales, el objetivo principal fue tra- bajar la visión transversal de largo plazo en mitigación y adaptación, consi- derando tres talleres transversales para los temas: i) Asentamientos humanos y vida en comunidades, ii) Funciones ecosistémicas y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y iii) Transición de los sectores productivos. Los 39 talleres desarrollados en esta etapa del proceso de elaboración permitieron identificar los objetivos de cada sector para aportar a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia, contemplando además objetivos generales, que van más allá de los aspectos propios del sector, y que cubren temáticas tales como economía circular, educación y sensibilización, eficiencia en el uso de recur- sos, eficiencia energética y tecnologías bajas en emisiones, fortalecimiento de capacidades, fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad y gobernanza, gestión de riesgo de desastres y resiliencia, I+D+i y recursos hídricos.', 'Los 39 talleres desarrollados en esta etapa del proceso de elaboración permitieron identificar los objetivos de cada sector para aportar a la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia, contemplando además objetivos generales, que van más allá de los aspectos propios del sector, y que cubren temáticas tales como economía circular, educación y sensibilización, eficiencia en el uso de recur- sos, eficiencia energética y tecnologías bajas en emisiones, fortalecimiento de capacidades, fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad y gobernanza, gestión de riesgo de desastres y resiliencia, I+D+i y recursos hídricos. Además, respec- to a las visiones transversales se identificaron como temas prioritarios para la ECLP: relevar la integración nacional, regional y sectorial, incorporar trans- versalmente la transición justa y el desarrollo sostenible, así como también los temas de pueblos originarios y género.', 'Además, respec- to a las visiones transversales se identificaron como temas prioritarios para la ECLP: relevar la integración nacional, regional y sectorial, incorporar trans- versalmente la transición justa y el desarrollo sostenible, así como también los temas de pueblos originarios y género. Por otra parte, se enfatizó la impor- tancia de incorporar a todas las partes interesadas de la sociedad, tanto en el diseño de políticas climáticas como en la implementación de acciones.', 'Por otra parte, se enfatizó la impor- tancia de incorporar a todas las partes interesadas de la sociedad, tanto en el diseño de políticas climáticas como en la implementación de acciones. Estos insumos se encuentran detallados en los reportes del expediente del proceso y fueron la base para la definición de objetivos y metas sectoriales, y también para definir la relación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático respecto a su intersectorialidad y aplicación en los territorios, con la finalidad de fortalecerlos y hacerlos efectivos para el cumplimiento de las metas nacionales, sectoriales, regionales y comunales.', 'Estos insumos se encuentran detallados en los reportes del expediente del proceso y fueron la base para la definición de objetivos y metas sectoriales, y también para definir la relación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático respecto a su intersectorialidad y aplicación en los territorios, con la finalidad de fortalecerlos y hacerlos efectivos para el cumplimiento de las metas nacionales, sectoriales, regionales y comunales. ii) Analizar la robustez de la ECLP, fortaleciendo la evaluación de medidas hacia la carbono neutralidad y la metodología para definición de indicadores de seguridad hídrica para la adaptación De forma paralela a lo anterior, se realizó de manera participativa el aná- lisis de robustez de la carbono neutralidad y la adaptación de los recursos hídricos, a través de la metodología de Robust Decision Making-RDM (Toma de Decisión Robusta), con la cual se busca estudiar las distintas considera-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 251 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ciones para una toma de decisión robusta bajo escenarios de incertidumbre, apuntando a tomar las estrategias adecuadas al respecto.', 'ii) Analizar la robustez de la ECLP, fortaleciendo la evaluación de medidas hacia la carbono neutralidad y la metodología para definición de indicadores de seguridad hídrica para la adaptación De forma paralela a lo anterior, se realizó de manera participativa el aná- lisis de robustez de la carbono neutralidad y la adaptación de los recursos hídricos, a través de la metodología de Robust Decision Making-RDM (Toma de Decisión Robusta), con la cual se busca estudiar las distintas considera-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 251 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ciones para una toma de decisión robusta bajo escenarios de incertidumbre, apuntando a tomar las estrategias adecuadas al respecto. El camino hacia la carbono neutralidad al año 2050, contempla una serie de medidas y un análisis de costo efectividad para el mediano y largo plazo que, como es de esperar, tiene incertidumbres y en consecuencia, es de gran importancia e interés para la toma de decisiones en materia de política climá- tica, estudiar elementos que permitan robustecer los análisis relativos a po- tenciales ajustes de diseño para el logro de la meta de neutralidad.', 'El camino hacia la carbono neutralidad al año 2050, contempla una serie de medidas y un análisis de costo efectividad para el mediano y largo plazo que, como es de esperar, tiene incertidumbres y en consecuencia, es de gran importancia e interés para la toma de decisiones en materia de política climá- tica, estudiar elementos que permitan robustecer los análisis relativos a po- tenciales ajustes de diseño para el logro de la meta de neutralidad. En este contexto, la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, la Universidad de Chile y la Corporación RAND, contribuyeron en un estudio, financiado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, en el que se modelaron distintos escenarios para evaluar la robustez del escenario de carbono neutralidad, las diferentes incertidumbres que podría afrontar, basando su análisis en base a la ciencia y a un proceso participativo con personas expertas estatales y no estatales.', 'En este contexto, la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, la Universidad de Chile y la Corporación RAND, contribuyeron en un estudio, financiado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, en el que se modelaron distintos escenarios para evaluar la robustez del escenario de carbono neutralidad, las diferentes incertidumbres que podría afrontar, basando su análisis en base a la ciencia y a un proceso participativo con personas expertas estatales y no estatales. El objetivo central de este análisis, y de su proceso participativo asociado, correspondió a estudiar los escenarios pesimistas de la trayectoria de carbono neutralidad, con la finalidad de robustecer y enriquecer la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo y los compromisos correspondientes. El proceso participativo, buscaba recoger los insumos necesarios para la metodología RDM, realizándose 8 talleres con 260 participantes.', 'El proceso participativo, buscaba recoger los insumos necesarios para la metodología RDM, realizándose 8 talleres con 260 participantes. Específi- camente se consideraron dos instancias de trabajo: la primera consistió en 6 talleres sectoriales realizados durante junio de 2020, cada uno estudió y con- vocó a los 6 sectores presentes en el Inventario de GEI: 1. Energía, 2. Trans- porte y desarrollo urbano, 3. Industrial, Minería e Infraestructura, 4. Forestal y Biodiversidad, 5. Agricultura/Ganadería y 6. Residuos). El objetivo principal de la primera ronda de talleres fue permitir a personas expertas y otras partes interesadas expresar sus visiones acerca de sus prioridades y métricas de éxito, metas de políticas en cada sector que puedan contribuir a la descarboniza- ción, datos y modelos existentes, e incertidumbres que se deberían considerar.', 'El objetivo principal de la primera ronda de talleres fue permitir a personas expertas y otras partes interesadas expresar sus visiones acerca de sus prioridades y métricas de éxito, metas de políticas en cada sector que puedan contribuir a la descarboniza- ción, datos y modelos existentes, e incertidumbres que se deberían considerar. Utilizando la metodología RDM, se obtuvo información sobre métricas de re- sultados, opciones de políticas, datos y modelos, e incertidumbres, para lo cual se utilizaron Matrices DAMI, que representan métricas de Desempeño, Acciones, Modelos e Incertidumbres.', 'Utilizando la metodología RDM, se obtuvo información sobre métricas de re- sultados, opciones de políticas, datos y modelos, e incertidumbres, para lo cual se utilizaron Matrices DAMI, que representan métricas de Desempeño, Acciones, Modelos e Incertidumbres. La segunda ronda de talleres participativos contemplo los mismos sectores y en 2 talleres se presentaron los avances del proyecto para obtener retroalimentación de los expertos locales, con énfasis en sus impresiones sobre el planteamiento de la metodología y los análisis de la primera ronda de talleres, así como también de las consideraciones que se tendrían para las modelaciones respectivas para los mismos sectores de la primera ronda, separados en grupos de discusión.', 'La segunda ronda de talleres participativos contemplo los mismos sectores y en 2 talleres se presentaron los avances del proyecto para obtener retroalimentación de los expertos locales, con énfasis en sus impresiones sobre el planteamiento de la metodología y los análisis de la primera ronda de talleres, así como también de las consideraciones que se tendrían para las modelaciones respectivas para los mismos sectores de la primera ronda, separados en grupos de discusión. El proceso participativo permitió recoger insumos valiosos para los análisis de robustez de la carbono neutralidad al 2050, en base a la metodología RDM.', 'El proceso participativo permitió recoger insumos valiosos para los análisis de robustez de la carbono neutralidad al 2050, en base a la metodología RDM. Específicamente, en tal proceso se levantaron 4 aspectos principales: desempeño (métricas que reflejan las métricas y los objetivos de las políticas), acciones (políticas públicas, medidas o acciones consideradas para alcanzar metas), modelos (modelamiento, datos y relaciones que faciliten el análisis) e incertidumbre (factores inciertos que pueden afectar la capacidad de alcanzar metas), así como elementos de análisis para la ECLP y sus consideraciones en materia de metas sectoriales, presupuestos de carbono, entre otros.', 'Específicamente, en tal proceso se levantaron 4 aspectos principales: desempeño (métricas que reflejan las métricas y los objetivos de las políticas), acciones (políticas públicas, medidas o acciones consideradas para alcanzar metas), modelos (modelamiento, datos y relaciones que faciliten el análisis) e incertidumbre (factores inciertos que pueden afectar la capacidad de alcanzar metas), así como elementos de análisis para la ECLP y sus consideraciones en materia de metas sectoriales, presupuestos de carbono, entre otros. Los principales hallazgos, correspondieron a los escenarios de mitigación que permiten reducir la vulnerabilidad de la trayectoria de carbono neutralidad y el beneficio económico que puede representar para Chile adoptar tal estrategia en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Una mayor profundidad al respecto, se aborda en el capítulo de mitigación del presente documento.', 'Una mayor profundidad al respecto, se aborda en el capítulo de mitigación del presente documento. Por otra parte, de manera paralela el diseño de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector recursos hídricos de la ECLP, requirió del análisis de información y consensos intersectoriales dada la transversalidad propia de la gestión del agua. En este contexto, apoyados en la metodología RDM se logró la consolidación de lineamientos respecto de cómo se debe desarrollar una estrategia de largo plazo en el componente agua. El trabajo interdisciplinario e intersectorial que se realizó consideró una gran participación de expertos en recursos hídricos, divididos en 2 tipos de talleres.', 'El trabajo interdisciplinario e intersectorial que se realizó consideró una gran participación de expertos en recursos hídricos, divididos en 2 tipos de talleres. • Talleres de personas expertas a nivel nacional: Se realizaron dos talleres de expertos, con una participación total de 68 personas, 53% mujeres.', '• Talleres de personas expertas a nivel nacional: Se realizaron dos talleres de expertos, con una participación total de 68 personas, 53% mujeres. El primero tuvo como objetivos dar a conocer la experiencia internacional en el uso de la metodología RDM y discutir las oportunidades y desafíos que se asocian al uso de esta metodología para el diseño de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector recursos hídricos y el se- gundo taller tuvo como objetivo analizar los resultados del primer taller de expertos, así como también de los talleres realizados por macrozonas del país con agentes locales vinculados a la gestión del agua.', 'El primero tuvo como objetivos dar a conocer la experiencia internacional en el uso de la metodología RDM y discutir las oportunidades y desafíos que se asocian al uso de esta metodología para el diseño de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector recursos hídricos y el se- gundo taller tuvo como objetivo analizar los resultados del primer taller de expertos, así como también de los talleres realizados por macrozonas del país con agentes locales vinculados a la gestión del agua. • Talleres macro zonales: Se definieron 6 macrozonas hidrológicas de tra- bajo, cada una cubriendo un mínimo de 2 y máximo 4 regiones administra- tivas del país. Se contó con una participación total de 190 personas, 50% mujeres.', 'Se contó con una participación total de 190 personas, 50% mujeres. En cada una de estas macrozonas se realizó un taller con agentes clave pertenecientes a instituciones públicas, gremios (agrícola, forestal, minero, sanitario y eléctrico), sociedad civil y academia, cuidando especial- mente que los participantes fuesen personas representativas y con cono- cimiento de las condiciones particulares de cada macrozona en cuestión. A partir de los diálogos y análisis desarrollados se obtuvieron propues- tas de objetivos macro que buscan mejorar y preservar la seguridad hídrica respecto de sostener medios de vida, actividades productivas y conservación de ecosistemas. Se reconocen además objetivos transversales que dan cuenta de la necesidad de una calidad de las fuentes de agua y un uso adecuado de los recursos.', 'Se reconocen además objetivos transversales que dan cuenta de la necesidad de una calidad de las fuentes de agua y un uso adecuado de los recursos. Se reconoce también la necesidad de usar modelos o herramientas para poder evaluar el efecto que la incertidumbre y las acciones consideradas tienen sobre el logro de los objetivos en materia de gestión del recurso hídrico.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 253 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 iii) Identificar las oportunidades y desafíos para incorporar y relacionar la visión, realidad y objetivos de acción climática regional y comunal con la nacional La acción subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile), multiactoral y multi- nivel es clave para lograr la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050.', 'Se reconoce también la necesidad de usar modelos o herramientas para poder evaluar el efecto que la incertidumbre y las acciones consideradas tienen sobre el logro de los objetivos en materia de gestión del recurso hídrico.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 253 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 iii) Identificar las oportunidades y desafíos para incorporar y relacionar la visión, realidad y objetivos de acción climática regional y comunal con la nacional La acción subnacional (regiones y comunas de Chile), multiactoral y multi- nivel es clave para lograr la carbono neutralidad y resiliencia al 2050. Durante el proceso de participación temprana se desarrollaron talleres virtuales para las 16 regiones del país convocando a miembros de los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), los Gobiernos Regionales (GORE), las Munici- palidades, y los Consejos Consultivos de Medio Ambiente Regionales.', 'Durante el proceso de participación temprana se desarrollaron talleres virtuales para las 16 regiones del país convocando a miembros de los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC), los Gobiernos Regionales (GORE), las Munici- palidades, y los Consejos Consultivos de Medio Ambiente Regionales. En estos talleres participaron 428 personas a lo largo del país, con una participación de plena paridad de género (50% mujeres, 50% hombres). El 45% de los par- ticipantes fueron funcionarios/as de servicios públicos regionales, mientras que un 31% correspondieron a funcionarios/as municipales pertenecientes a 82 municipios del país. Los participantes restantes concurrieron en repre- sentación de la academia (8%) y de organizaciones y miembros de la sociedad civil (10%).', 'Los participantes restantes concurrieron en repre- sentación de la academia (8%) y de organizaciones y miembros de la sociedad civil (10%). Los principales resultados logrados están relacionados con la identificación de los instrumentos regionales y municipales de política pública más impor- tante para la integración subnacional de la ECLP, junto con las brechas y obstá- culos a la integración de objetivos de largo plazo a nivel regional y municipal. Estos aportes permitieron relevar temas prioritarios para muchas regiones, como aquellos relacionados a los recursos hídricos, la conservación de la bio- diversidad, la gestión integrada de residuos y economía circular, energía y te- mas de borde costero, entre otros.', 'Estos aportes permitieron relevar temas prioritarios para muchas regiones, como aquellos relacionados a los recursos hídricos, la conservación de la bio- diversidad, la gestión integrada de residuos y economía circular, energía y te- mas de borde costero, entre otros. Al mismo tiempo, aportaron directamente a identificar las oportunidades que existen para la integración a nivel regional y comunal de los objetivos de largo plazo propuestos para Chile, siendo base de la propuesta del capítulo sobre Gestión del cambio climático a nivel sub- nacional (regional y comunal).', 'Al mismo tiempo, aportaron directamente a identificar las oportunidades que existen para la integración a nivel regional y comunal de los objetivos de largo plazo propuestos para Chile, siendo base de la propuesta del capítulo sobre Gestión del cambio climático a nivel sub- nacional (regional y comunal). iv) Talleres Por el Clima Entre septiembre de 2020 y enero del 2021 se desarrolló el proyecto Por el Clima; un programa de encuentro ciudadano con el propósito de convertir a las personas en protagonistas de la acción contra el cambio climático, actuando desde lo local para tener un impacto global, a través de aprendizaje, partici- pación y colaboración.', 'iv) Talleres Por el Clima Entre septiembre de 2020 y enero del 2021 se desarrolló el proyecto Por el Clima; un programa de encuentro ciudadano con el propósito de convertir a las personas en protagonistas de la acción contra el cambio climático, actuando desde lo local para tener un impacto global, a través de aprendizaje, partici- pación y colaboración. Este programa, impulsado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente con el apoyo de la Unión Europea, e implementado por el Festival Internacional de Innovación Social (fiiS), contempló una serie de eventos di- gitales, diálogos, capacitaciones y otras instancias desarrolladas a lo largo de todo el país. El objetivo central ha sido involucrar a la ciudadanía con la agenda y las ambiciones climáticas de Chile.', 'El objetivo central ha sido involucrar a la ciudadanía con la agenda y las ambiciones climáticas de Chile. Dentro de los principales resultados del proyecto, destaca el desarrollo y la ejecución de la plataforma digital Reaccionaporelclima,132 | la cual ha servido como un punto de encuentro para la ciudadanía, para informarse, compro- meterse y involucrarse con la acción climática en Chile. A través de dicha plataforma, se logró conectar con 36.226 personas a lo largo del país, quienes 132 | #ReaccionaPorElClima – Re- acciona y súmate por la sustenta- bilidad registraron sus compromisos individuales a través de la página, y con 8.673 personas quienes participaron de una serie de conversaciones y encuestas digitales.', 'A través de dicha plataforma, se logró conectar con 36.226 personas a lo largo del país, quienes 132 | #ReaccionaPorElClima – Re- acciona y súmate por la sustenta- bilidad registraron sus compromisos individuales a través de la página, y con 8.673 personas quienes participaron de una serie de conversaciones y encuestas digitales. Entre diciembre 2020 y enero 2021, se sostuvieron encuentros nacio- nales y regionales enmarcados en el desarrollo de la Estrategia de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE), contando con la participación de 1.058 personas de todo el país. También, se realizaron talleres de educación am- biental, impulsados por nuestros recicladores de base, quienes capacitaron a 500 personas de todo el país en temas relacionados al reciclaje inclusivo y cambio climático.', 'También, se realizaron talleres de educación am- biental, impulsados por nuestros recicladores de base, quienes capacitaron a 500 personas de todo el país en temas relacionados al reciclaje inclusivo y cambio climático. Adicionalmente, se implementaron talleres nacionales para representantes de la academia, sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias y municipales de todo Chile, capacitando a 345 personas en la formulación de proyectos y financiamiento para la acción climática. Junto con la movilización de la participación, conciencia y educación ciu- dadana, a través de la plataforma SumaTuAcción se logró identificar a 1.540 iniciativas concretas de acción climática, registrados por personas de los te- rritorios desde todas las regiones del país, y representando diversos sectores, desde la academia y comunidad científica, empresas privadas y emprendedores, ONG y sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias, y gobiernos locales.', 'Junto con la movilización de la participación, conciencia y educación ciu- dadana, a través de la plataforma SumaTuAcción se logró identificar a 1.540 iniciativas concretas de acción climática, registrados por personas de los te- rritorios desde todas las regiones del país, y representando diversos sectores, desde la academia y comunidad científica, empresas privadas y emprendedores, ONG y sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias, y gobiernos locales. A través de dicha plataforma, se ha movilizado una Red de Acción Climática, que con- siste en los impulsores de las iniciativas identificadas, y cuyas acciones están visibilizadas a través del muro de iniciativas.', 'A través de dicha plataforma, se ha movilizado una Red de Acción Climática, que con- siste en los impulsores de las iniciativas identificadas, y cuyas acciones están visibilizadas a través del muro de iniciativas. Dichas iniciativas se relacionan a la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático, y una diversidad de temas, tales como energía asequible y no-contaminante, protección de los océanos, conservación de la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas, ciudades y comunidades sostenibles, producción y consumo sostenible y economía circular, y agua lim- pia y seguridad hídrica. Este gran esfuerzo representa un hito importante, que identifica, reconoce y visibiliza las acciones ciudadanas que se están implementando a lo lar- go del país.', 'Este gran esfuerzo representa un hito importante, que identifica, reconoce y visibiliza las acciones ciudadanas que se están implementando a lo lar- go del país. El apoyo internacional es clave para la mantención y desarrollo de esta gran comunidad digital, la Red de Acción Climática, y para la posible ampliación a nivel latinoamericano.', 'El apoyo internacional es clave para la mantención y desarrollo de esta gran comunidad digital, la Red de Acción Climática, y para la posible ampliación a nivel latinoamericano. Es por ello que se trabajará para continuar y potenciar la comunidad fomentando la vinculación de los sectores ciudada- nos con la ECLP, creando espacios de diálogo, participación y capacitación, para que organizaciones y personas que tienen una iniciativa, tengan la capacidad de encontrarse entre si, con instituciones y organizaciones de apoyo que con- tribuyan a concretar sus acciones, reconociendo sus aportes a los objetivos de mediano y largo plazo del país.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 255 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 2.', 'Es por ello que se trabajará para continuar y potenciar la comunidad fomentando la vinculación de los sectores ciudada- nos con la ECLP, creando espacios de diálogo, participación y capacitación, para que organizaciones y personas que tienen una iniciativa, tengan la capacidad de encontrarse entre si, con instituciones y organizaciones de apoyo que con- tribuyan a concretar sus acciones, reconociendo sus aportes a los objetivos de mediano y largo plazo del país.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 255 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 2. Participación ciudadana formal Realizada entre el 27 de mayo y el 30 de julio de 2021, su objetivo fue dar a conocer la propuesta de ECLP a toda la diversidad de personas a lo largo del país, recoger sus opiniones y sugerencias, permitiendo contar con aportes ciudadanos para la elaboración del instrumento en su versión definitiva.', 'Participación ciudadana formal Realizada entre el 27 de mayo y el 30 de julio de 2021, su objetivo fue dar a conocer la propuesta de ECLP a toda la diversidad de personas a lo largo del país, recoger sus opiniones y sugerencias, permitiendo contar con aportes ciudadanos para la elaboración del instrumento en su versión definitiva. El proceso contó con el apoyo del Gobierno Alemán a través de la Agencia Alemana GIZ, a través de múltiples sesiones entre las que se contó con un webinar de difusión, talleres ciudadanos, talleres con foco en Conocimientos Ancestrales y talleres de fortalecimiento y desarrollo de capacidades a nivel regional, esto último como complemento a la participación ciudadana y consi- derando que uno de los principales temas levantados en la participación tem- prana es el desarrollo de capacidades y conocimientos a nivel de los territorios.', 'El proceso contó con el apoyo del Gobierno Alemán a través de la Agencia Alemana GIZ, a través de múltiples sesiones entre las que se contó con un webinar de difusión, talleres ciudadanos, talleres con foco en Conocimientos Ancestrales y talleres de fortalecimiento y desarrollo de capacidades a nivel regional, esto último como complemento a la participación ciudadana y consi- derando que uno de los principales temas levantados en la participación tem- prana es el desarrollo de capacidades y conocimientos a nivel de los territorios. Adicionalmente, se realizó un taller sobre la metodología de Presupuestos de Carbono con el apoyo de UNEP DTU.', 'Adicionalmente, se realizó un taller sobre la metodología de Presupuestos de Carbono con el apoyo de UNEP DTU. En total, durante esta etapa se realiza- ron 44 instancias, todas ellas en formato online, movilizando a 1.570 asistentes a lo largo del país con plena paridad de género (50% mujeres, 50% hombres). i) Talleres Ciudadanos Regionales Durante las 9 semanas de consulta pública de la propuesta de ECLP, se rea- lizaron talleres ciudadanos en todas las regiones del país y un taller de alcan- ce nacional, buscando comunicar la propuesta, educar en el uso del Sistema Electrónico para la Participación Ciudadana del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, identificar conceptos relevantes de la ECLP a nivel regional y abrir espacios para aportes, sugerencias, opiniones y propuestas al instrumento desde la vi- sión ciudadana.', 'i) Talleres Ciudadanos Regionales Durante las 9 semanas de consulta pública de la propuesta de ECLP, se rea- lizaron talleres ciudadanos en todas las regiones del país y un taller de alcan- ce nacional, buscando comunicar la propuesta, educar en el uso del Sistema Electrónico para la Participación Ciudadana del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, identificar conceptos relevantes de la ECLP a nivel regional y abrir espacios para aportes, sugerencias, opiniones y propuestas al instrumento desde la vi- sión ciudadana. A estos talleres asistieron un total de 707 asistentes, de los cuales el 53% correspondió a mujeres y un 47% a hombres.', 'A estos talleres asistieron un total de 707 asistentes, de los cuales el 53% correspondió a mujeres y un 47% a hombres. Respecto a la re- presentación regional, las regiones Metropolitana y Valparaíso fueron las que alcanzaron la mayor convocatoria, siguiéndoles la región de Coquimbo, pero con una participación activa a lo largo de todo el país. En cuanto a los con- vocados, los sectores con mayor cantidad de asistentes a los talleres fueron el sector público, representando a un 38% de asistentes, ciudadanía (personas naturales) con un 20% del total de asistentes y las organizaciones de la so- ciedad civil representando un 17% del total. La participación de los pueblos originarios en estos talleres fue del 9% respecto del total de asistentes.', 'La participación de los pueblos originarios en estos talleres fue del 9% respecto del total de asistentes. ii) Talleres con foco en Conocimientos Ancestrales Estos talleres fueron desarrollados con el objetivo particular de dar a co- nocer los compromisos asociados a las comunidades locales y pueblos indí- genas de Chile que fueron incorporados en la propuesta de la ECLP y avanzar en las bases para la co-construcción de una plataforma que permita visibilizar las prácticas ancestrales para su consideración en programas, planes y políti- cas relativas al cambio climático, identificando otras aplicaciones en la misma que sean relevante para las comunidades.', 'ii) Talleres con foco en Conocimientos Ancestrales Estos talleres fueron desarrollados con el objetivo particular de dar a co- nocer los compromisos asociados a las comunidades locales y pueblos indí- genas de Chile que fueron incorporados en la propuesta de la ECLP y avanzar en las bases para la co-construcción de una plataforma que permita visibilizar las prácticas ancestrales para su consideración en programas, planes y políti- cas relativas al cambio climático, identificando otras aplicaciones en la misma que sean relevante para las comunidades. Para profundizar en el compromiso de visibilizar y difundir los conocimien- tos ancestrales y buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas sobre protección de la biodiversidad, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, se realizó un ciclo de 5 talleres, donde se buscó levantar insumos para la construcción de una plataforma web diseñada para ser el repositorio de información sobre estos temas.', 'Para profundizar en el compromiso de visibilizar y difundir los conocimien- tos ancestrales y buenas prácticas de comunidades locales y pueblos indíge- nas sobre protección de la biodiversidad, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, se realizó un ciclo de 5 talleres, donde se buscó levantar insumos para la construcción de una plataforma web diseñada para ser el repositorio de información sobre estos temas. El ciclo de talleres constó de tres etapas: una primera etapa informativa, una segunda etapa participativa, y una tercera etapa de cierre y retroalimentación. Este proceso contó con 103 asistentes, de los cuales el 62% correspondieron a mujeres y un 38% a hombres.', 'Este proceso contó con 103 asistentes, de los cuales el 62% correspondieron a mujeres y un 38% a hombres. A estos talleres asistieron personas que se identificaron con distintos pueblos origina- rios, teniendo la mayor participación los pueblos Mapuche, luego el Rapa Nui y posteriormente el Huilliche, seguido del pueblo Aymara, los pueblos Diaguita y Atacameño, pueblos Alacalufe o Kawésqar, Colla, Pehuenche, Picunche y Se- lknam. En cuanto a las Comunidades o Asociaciones Indígenas presentes a lo largo del ciclo de talleres, se identificó la asistencia de 18 comunidades a lo largo del proceso.', 'En cuanto a las Comunidades o Asociaciones Indígenas presentes a lo largo del ciclo de talleres, se identificó la asistencia de 18 comunidades a lo largo del proceso. iii) Talleres de Fortalecimiento Regional Entre el 9 y 20 de agosto de 2021 se ejecutaron 20 talleres con foco en los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC) en el marco del programa de Fortalecimiento institucional y generación de capacidades a nivel subnacio- nal en el contexto de elaboración de la ECLP.', 'iii) Talleres de Fortalecimiento Regional Entre el 9 y 20 de agosto de 2021 se ejecutaron 20 talleres con foco en los Comités Regionales de Cambio Climático (CORECC) en el marco del programa de Fortalecimiento institucional y generación de capacidades a nivel subnacio- nal en el contexto de elaboración de la ECLP. Se realizaron 16 instancias regio- nales, tres macro zonales y una instancia nacional, con el objetivo de promover un diálogo entre las autoridades convocadas respecto el rol y los desafíos de los gobiernos regionales en el desarrollo de la política pública del cambio climático hacia el 2050, en conexión con autoridades nacionales y locales.', 'Se realizaron 16 instancias regio- nales, tres macro zonales y una instancia nacional, con el objetivo de promover un diálogo entre las autoridades convocadas respecto el rol y los desafíos de los gobiernos regionales en el desarrollo de la política pública del cambio climático hacia el 2050, en conexión con autoridades nacionales y locales. Los objetivos específicos de este proyecto fueron: identificar los principales temas de preocupación de cada región en materia de mitigación y adaptación, identificar las capacidades con las que cuentan, e identificar las principales ba- rreras para cumplir con las tareas encomendadas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático (PLMCC), en particular en la elaboración de cada Plan de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático (PARCC).', 'Los objetivos específicos de este proyecto fueron: identificar los principales temas de preocupación de cada región en materia de mitigación y adaptación, identificar las capacidades con las que cuentan, e identificar las principales ba- rreras para cumplir con las tareas encomendadas en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático (PLMCC), en particular en la elaboración de cada Plan de Acción Regional de Cambio Climático (PARCC). De esta forma, estos talleres permitieron profundizar el desarrollo del capítulo sobre Gestión del cambio climático a nivel regional y comunal. En estos talleres participaron 653 asis- tentes de todas las regiones del país, de los cuales un 45% fueron mujeres y 55% hombres.', 'En estos talleres participaron 653 asis- tentes de todas las regiones del país, de los cuales un 45% fueron mujeres y 55% hombres. iv) Taller de presentación de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de carbono La propuesta de asignación de presupuestos de carbono fue elaborada en base a una metodología desarrollada con apoyo de los consultores Ricardo Energy and Environment y Deuman, encargada por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Chile y financiado por UNEP DTU.', 'iv) Taller de presentación de la asignación sectorial de presupuestos de carbono La propuesta de asignación de presupuestos de carbono fue elaborada en base a una metodología desarrollada con apoyo de los consultores Ricardo Energy and Environment y Deuman, encargada por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Chile y financiado por UNEP DTU. El objetivo general de este taller, realizado el 29 junio del 2021, fue presentar el procedimiento de cálcu-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 257 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 lo de los presupuestos sectoriales y esfuerzos de mitigación y sus resultados para informar a los participantes y recibir retroalimentación, explicando la se- cuencia de análisis y el paso a paso del trabajo para la asignación.', 'El objetivo general de este taller, realizado el 29 junio del 2021, fue presentar el procedimiento de cálcu-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 257 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 lo de los presupuestos sectoriales y esfuerzos de mitigación y sus resultados para informar a los participantes y recibir retroalimentación, explicando la se- cuencia de análisis y el paso a paso del trabajo para la asignación. Esto, a tra- vés de dinámicas participativas en grupos de trabajo. Como resultado se tuvo la identificación por parte de los asistentes de las barreras y oportunidades asociadas a cada una de las medidas de mitigación de los diferentes sectores y los riesgos asociados. En este taller participaron 102 asistentes con plena paridad de género (50 hombres, 50% mujeres). 3.', 'En este taller participaron 102 asistentes con plena paridad de género (50 hombres, 50% mujeres). 3. Participación para el robustecimiento de la propuesta Luego de contar con la propuesta de ECLP, se desarrollaron una serie de ta- lleres de carácter técnico, con el objetivo de contar con instancias que per- mitieran profundizar aspectos específicos del instrumento. Estas actividades se realizaron entre agosto y septiembre de 2021 de manera online, contando con la participación de 926 asistentes, de los cuales un 51% fueron mujeres y un 49% hombres. i) Talleres Indicadores de Adaptación Con fecha 3 de septiembre de 2021 se realizaron 11 talleres sectoriales, en el marco de la consultoría para el desarrollo de indicadores para el moni- toreo y evaluación del progreso de la adaptación al cambio climático a nivel nacional.', 'i) Talleres Indicadores de Adaptación Con fecha 3 de septiembre de 2021 se realizaron 11 talleres sectoriales, en el marco de la consultoría para el desarrollo de indicadores para el moni- toreo y evaluación del progreso de la adaptación al cambio climático a nivel nacional. Esta consultoría es parte del Proyecto Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT), el cual es financiado por GEF, ejecutado por ONU Ambiente e implementado en el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile. Es- tos talleres buscaron robustecer los indicadores de adaptación de la ECLP para los sectores Silvoagropecuario, Biodiversidad, Pesca y Acuicultura, Salud, Infraestructura, Energía, Edificación y Ciudades, Turismo, Recursos hídricos, Mi- nería y Borde costero. En total contaron con 82 asistentes, de los cuales un 60% fueron mujeres y un 40% hombres.', 'En total contaron con 82 asistentes, de los cuales un 60% fueron mujeres y un 40% hombres. ii) Talleres Regionales y Comunales «Avanzando a la Carbono Neutralidad» Estos talleres se desarrollaron en todas las regiones del país entre el 17 de agosto y 10 de septiembre del 2021, siendo un lugar de encuentro entre el sector público, privado y la ciudadanía para aprender cómo aportar a la meta de la carbono neutralidad al 2050 desde la realidad regional y comunal, en el marco de elaboración de la ECLP.', 'ii) Talleres Regionales y Comunales «Avanzando a la Carbono Neutralidad» Estos talleres se desarrollaron en todas las regiones del país entre el 17 de agosto y 10 de septiembre del 2021, siendo un lugar de encuentro entre el sector público, privado y la ciudadanía para aprender cómo aportar a la meta de la carbono neutralidad al 2050 desde la realidad regional y comunal, en el marco de elaboración de la ECLP. Se desarrollaron con aportes entregados por la Unión Europea (UE), a través de su programa EUROCLIMA+ y por la Ini- ciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT) a Chile, en su rol de Presidencia de la 25ª Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático para impulsar la acción climática tanto en Chile como en América Latina y el Caribe.', 'Se desarrollaron con aportes entregados por la Unión Europea (UE), a través de su programa EUROCLIMA+ y por la Ini- ciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT) a Chile, en su rol de Presidencia de la 25ª Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático para impulsar la acción climática tanto en Chile como en América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello, se contó con la realización de dos tipos de talleres en todas las regiones del país: • Talleres “Acciones Prácticas para Neutralizar la Huella de Carbono”: Talleres realizados con gobiernos locales, empresas y ciudadanía, con foco diferenciado en cada grupo: — Gobiernos locales: Conversación entre agentes de gobiernos locales para reducir los impactos en sus municipios.', 'Para ello, se contó con la realización de dos tipos de talleres en todas las regiones del país: • Talleres “Acciones Prácticas para Neutralizar la Huella de Carbono”: Talleres realizados con gobiernos locales, empresas y ciudadanía, con foco diferenciado en cada grupo: — Gobiernos locales: Conversación entre agentes de gobiernos locales para reducir los impactos en sus municipios. Se abordaron el Sistema de Certificación Ambiental Municipal, el Sistema Inicial de Acreditación Ambiental Municipal, fondos de financiamiento disponibles y medidas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático para municipalidades. Para algunas regiones se contó con la participación de un municipio in- vitado que compartió acciones desarrolladas y los desafíos a los que se enfrentaron.', 'Para algunas regiones se contó con la participación de un municipio in- vitado que compartió acciones desarrolladas y los desafíos a los que se enfrentaron. — Empresas y ciudadanía: Discusión de acciones para reducir la huella de carbono en el día a día de las personas y empresas de la región. Se presentaron iniciativas concretas para reducir la huella de carbono en la realidad de cada persona, abordando los principales desafíos para su implementación. Se finalizó con los participantes tomando un com- promiso de acción hacia a la carbono neutralidad.', 'Se finalizó con los participantes tomando un com- promiso de acción hacia a la carbono neutralidad. • Talleres «Huella de Carbono Territorial y su Gestión Colaborativa»: Estos talleres complementarios a los anteriores, fueron realizados por el Programa Huella Chile del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente para el desa- rrollo de un sistema de sellos de reconocimiento para la gestión de GEI a nivel de gobiernos locales, presentando una herramienta para cuanti- ficar la huella de carbono comunal la cual es apoyada por un programa de desarrollo de capacidades. En total se realizaron 32 talleres que contaron con 792 asistentes de los cuales un 52% fueron mujeres y un 48% hombres.', 'En total se realizaron 32 talleres que contaron con 792 asistentes de los cuales un 52% fueron mujeres y un 48% hombres. iii) Taller «Avanzando en el Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva de GEI para Chile, relevancia de los sistemas de aseguramiento y control de calidad» Realizado el 7 de septiembre de 2021, en el marco de la mejora constante de la transparencia en la información Climática de Chile y de la coordina- ción del diseño del futuro Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva (SNP) de emisio-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 259 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 nes de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), sistema clave para el seguimiento del progreso y las próximas actualizaciones de la NDC y ECLP de Chile.', 'iii) Taller «Avanzando en el Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva de GEI para Chile, relevancia de los sistemas de aseguramiento y control de calidad» Realizado el 7 de septiembre de 2021, en el marco de la mejora constante de la transparencia en la información Climática de Chile y de la coordina- ción del diseño del futuro Sistema Nacional de Prospectiva (SNP) de emisio-ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 259 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 nes de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), sistema clave para el seguimiento del progreso y las próximas actualizaciones de la NDC y ECLP de Chile. Organi- zado por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente con la colaboración de UNEP-DTU Partnership de Dinamarca, en el marco del Proyecto Capacity-Building Initia- tive for Transparency (CBIT); su objetivo fue analizar y discutir la aplicación de diversos elementos de aseguramiento y control de calidad (QA/QC) de datos, que permitieran mejorar tanto la calidad de la información con que se pre- pararán las proyecciones de emisiones de GEI como también sus resultados.', 'Organi- zado por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente con la colaboración de UNEP-DTU Partnership de Dinamarca, en el marco del Proyecto Capacity-Building Initia- tive for Transparency (CBIT); su objetivo fue analizar y discutir la aplicación de diversos elementos de aseguramiento y control de calidad (QA/QC) de datos, que permitieran mejorar tanto la calidad de la información con que se pre- pararán las proyecciones de emisiones de GEI como también sus resultados. Esta instancia contó con contrapartes de diferentes ministerios, integrantes del Equipo Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICCC), puntos focales de di- versas regiones del país, académicos, actores provenientes del sector privado y profesionales vinculados a la mitigación de emisiones de GEI otros países de la región, sumando a un total de 52 asistentes con paridad de género. 4.', 'Esta instancia contó con contrapartes de diferentes ministerios, integrantes del Equipo Interministerial de Cambio Climático (ETICCC), puntos focales de di- versas regiones del país, académicos, actores provenientes del sector privado y profesionales vinculados a la mitigación de emisiones de GEI otros países de la región, sumando a un total de 52 asistentes con paridad de género. 4. Instancias de participación transversales i) Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática Todo el proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP contempla el acom- pañamiento de un Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática. Este comité se crea para asesorar al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP.', 'Este comité se crea para asesorar al Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP. El comité está constituido por 32 integrantes, a saber: Carolina Schmidt, ministra del Medio Ambiente; Rodrigo Cerda, ministro de Hacienda, Andrés Couve, ministro de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación; Juan Carlos Jobet, ministro de Energía; Maisa Rojas, presidenta Comité Cientí- fico de Cambio Climático; Gonzalo Muñoz, Champion COP25; Andrea Rudnick, ex Jefa Oficina Cambio Climático del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, directora ejecutiva CR2; Giovanni Calderón, director ejecutivo de la Agencia de Susten- tabilidad y Cambio Climático; Carlos Finat, director ejecutivo ACERA; Claudio Seebach, consejero SOFOFA, presidente Ejecutivo de Generadoras de Chile; Eduardo Bitrán, presidente Club de Innovación, exministro de Obras Públicas, académico; Flavia Liberona, Integrante Mesa Ciudadana de Cambio Climáti- co, directora ejecutiva Fundación Terram; Gonzalo Durán, vocero Red Chilena de Municipios ante el Cambio Climático, alcalde Municipalidad de Independen- cia; Isabella Villanueva, presidenta Congreso Estudiantil Universitario de Sus- tentabilidad (CEUS); Joaquín Cortez, presidente Comisión para el Mercado Fi- nanciero (CMF); Josefa Monge, presidenta Directorio Sistema B Chile; Juan José Ugarte, presidente CORMA; Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, académico, ex economista Jefe de la OCDE, consultor, asesor internacional; Marcelo Mena, Chile Office of the Global Center on Adaptation, exministro Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, director Centro de Acción Climática UCV; Margarita Ducci, directora ejecutiva de Red Pacto Global Chile; Marina Hermosilla, directora ejecutiva de Líderes Empresariales por la Acción Climática (CLG Chile); Maximiliano Bello, experto en política pública oceánica, asesor ejecutivo de Mission Blue, Sylvia Earle Alliance; Valentina Durán, integrante ComunidadMujer; Rayen Cariman, mujer mapuche del Lof Karumanke, Miembro Caucus Indígena de Chile sobre Cambio Climático; Ricardo Bosshard, director WWF Chile; Rodrigo Benítez, exsubsecre- tario del Medio Ambiente, académico; Sara Larraín, Directora Chile Sustentable.', 'El comité está constituido por 32 integrantes, a saber: Carolina Schmidt, ministra del Medio Ambiente; Rodrigo Cerda, ministro de Hacienda, Andrés Couve, ministro de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación; Juan Carlos Jobet, ministro de Energía; Maisa Rojas, presidenta Comité Cientí- fico de Cambio Climático; Gonzalo Muñoz, Champion COP25; Andrea Rudnick, ex Jefa Oficina Cambio Climático del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, directora ejecutiva CR2; Giovanni Calderón, director ejecutivo de la Agencia de Susten- tabilidad y Cambio Climático; Carlos Finat, director ejecutivo ACERA; Claudio Seebach, consejero SOFOFA, presidente Ejecutivo de Generadoras de Chile; Eduardo Bitrán, presidente Club de Innovación, exministro de Obras Públicas, académico; Flavia Liberona, Integrante Mesa Ciudadana de Cambio Climáti- co, directora ejecutiva Fundación Terram; Gonzalo Durán, vocero Red Chilena de Municipios ante el Cambio Climático, alcalde Municipalidad de Independen- cia; Isabella Villanueva, presidenta Congreso Estudiantil Universitario de Sus- tentabilidad (CEUS); Joaquín Cortez, presidente Comisión para el Mercado Fi- nanciero (CMF); Josefa Monge, presidenta Directorio Sistema B Chile; Juan José Ugarte, presidente CORMA; Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, académico, ex economista Jefe de la OCDE, consultor, asesor internacional; Marcelo Mena, Chile Office of the Global Center on Adaptation, exministro Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, director Centro de Acción Climática UCV; Margarita Ducci, directora ejecutiva de Red Pacto Global Chile; Marina Hermosilla, directora ejecutiva de Líderes Empresariales por la Acción Climática (CLG Chile); Maximiliano Bello, experto en política pública oceánica, asesor ejecutivo de Mission Blue, Sylvia Earle Alliance; Valentina Durán, integrante ComunidadMujer; Rayen Cariman, mujer mapuche del Lof Karumanke, Miembro Caucus Indígena de Chile sobre Cambio Climático; Ricardo Bosshard, director WWF Chile; Rodrigo Benítez, exsubsecre- tario del Medio Ambiente, académico; Sara Larraín, Directora Chile Sustentable. Este comité está constituido con una visión transversal, multiactor y multinivel, por autoridades del Estado, autoridades a nivel local, academia, sector privado, organizaciones no gubernamentales, jóvenes, indígenas y el high level cham- pion de la COP25.', 'Este comité está constituido con una visión transversal, multiactor y multinivel, por autoridades del Estado, autoridades a nivel local, academia, sector privado, organizaciones no gubernamentales, jóvenes, indígenas y el high level cham- pion de la COP25. A continuación se presentan los temas y fechas abordados en las sesiones del Comité: Tabla 14 Sesiones Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática Tema Fecha Sesión 1: Proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP 06/10/2020 Sesión 2: El Atlas de Riesgo Climático como herramienta para la Adaptación 05/11/2020 Sesión 3: Rol del Océano en una política climática de largo plazo: Acción Climática Oceánica 16/12/2020 Sesión 4: Propuestas de medidas e indicadores respecto a Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) para enfrentar el Cambio Climático Sesión 5: Propuesta de metodología para determinar los Presupuestos de Carbono sectoriales 21/01/2021 Sesión 6: Avances en la definición de Indicadores de vulnerabilidad y adaptación a nivel nacional 13/03/2021 Sesión 7: Opciones para lograr la carbono neutralidad al 2050 en condiciones de incertidumbre 27/04/2021 Sesión 8: Principales contenidos de la propuesta de ECLP sometida a Consulta Pública 20/05/2021 Sesión 9: Inversión pública que se realiza en el país y que contribuye a avanzar en las metas estable- cidas en la NDC y ruta para la Carbono Neutralidad y Resiliencia.', 'A continuación se presentan los temas y fechas abordados en las sesiones del Comité: Tabla 14 Sesiones Comité Asesor por la Acción Climática Tema Fecha Sesión 1: Proceso de elaboración participativa de la ECLP 06/10/2020 Sesión 2: El Atlas de Riesgo Climático como herramienta para la Adaptación 05/11/2020 Sesión 3: Rol del Océano en una política climática de largo plazo: Acción Climática Oceánica 16/12/2020 Sesión 4: Propuestas de medidas e indicadores respecto a Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) para enfrentar el Cambio Climático Sesión 5: Propuesta de metodología para determinar los Presupuestos de Carbono sectoriales 21/01/2021 Sesión 6: Avances en la definición de Indicadores de vulnerabilidad y adaptación a nivel nacional 13/03/2021 Sesión 7: Opciones para lograr la carbono neutralidad al 2050 en condiciones de incertidumbre 27/04/2021 Sesión 8: Principales contenidos de la propuesta de ECLP sometida a Consulta Pública 20/05/2021 Sesión 9: Inversión pública que se realiza en el país y que contribuye a avanzar en las metas estable- cidas en la NDC y ruta para la Carbono Neutralidad y Resiliencia. Sesión 10: Sistema de compensación del impuesto verde para movilizar acción climática y propuesta de ajuste metodológico de asignación de los presupuestos de carbono sectoriales Sesión 11: Negociación y acción climática camino a Glasgow 10/09/2021 Fuente: Elaboración propia.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 261 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ii) Comité Científico Ministerial Asesor sobre el Cambio Climático El Comité Científico Ministerial Asesor sobre el Cambio Climático (CCACC), tal como establece el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, se consti- tuye como un comité asesor del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en los aspec- tos científicos que se requieran para la elaboración, diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático.', 'Sesión 10: Sistema de compensación del impuesto verde para movilizar acción climática y propuesta de ajuste metodológico de asignación de los presupuestos de carbono sectoriales Sesión 11: Negociación y acción climática camino a Glasgow 10/09/2021 Fuente: Elaboración propia.ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 261 ANEXOS | MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE | 2021 ii) Comité Científico Ministerial Asesor sobre el Cambio Climático El Comité Científico Ministerial Asesor sobre el Cambio Climático (CCACC), tal como establece el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, se consti- tuye como un comité asesor del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente en los aspec- tos científicos que se requieran para la elaboración, diseño e implementación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático. El CCACC se organizó en siete mesas técnicas de trabajo las que son coor- dinadas por Maisa Rojas y lideradas por: Sebastián Vicuña y Paulina Aldunce (Adaptación), Alejandra Stehr (Agua), Humberto González (Ciencia Antártica), Pablo Marquet (Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad), Laura Farías (Océanos), Juan Car- los Muñoz (Ciudades), Rodrigo Palma (Mitigación/Energía).', 'El CCACC se organizó en siete mesas técnicas de trabajo las que son coor- dinadas por Maisa Rojas y lideradas por: Sebastián Vicuña y Paulina Aldunce (Adaptación), Alejandra Stehr (Agua), Humberto González (Ciencia Antártica), Pablo Marquet (Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad), Laura Farías (Océanos), Juan Car- los Muñoz (Ciudades), Rodrigo Palma (Mitigación/Energía). Durante el año 2020, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente le ha solicitado formalmente al CCACC la elaboración de un documento que analice las So- luciones Basadas en la Naturaleza y comente sobre su factibilidad de aplica- ción en la ECLP.', 'Durante el año 2020, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente le ha solicitado formalmente al CCACC la elaboración de un documento que analice las So- luciones Basadas en la Naturaleza y comente sobre su factibilidad de aplica- ción en la ECLP. De esta forma, el CCACC, bajo la coordinación del Dr. Pablo Marquet, elaboró un documento sobre Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza para su incorporación en la ECLP, haciendo recomendaciones en 6 ámbitos, enfatizando aquellas SbN con mayor potencial de mitigación y adaptación para el país: Bosques, Agricultura, Humedales, Ecosistemas marinos, Ciudades y Criósfera Andina.', 'De esta forma, el CCACC, bajo la coordinación del Dr. Pablo Marquet, elaboró un documento sobre Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza para su incorporación en la ECLP, haciendo recomendaciones en 6 ámbitos, enfatizando aquellas SbN con mayor potencial de mitigación y adaptación para el país: Bosques, Agricultura, Humedales, Ecosistemas marinos, Ciudades y Criósfera Andina. Adicionalmente, durante el 2021 el CCACC elaboró un Informe previo respecto a la propuesta de ECLP sometida a consulta pública, considerando la normativa ambiental vigente, lo establecido en el Proyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático y la última evidencia científica disponible. Este informe fue revisado por parte del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y demás ministerios involucrados en la ECLP, para incorporar mejoras al instrumento en su versión definitiva.', 'Este informe fue revisado por parte del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y demás ministerios involucrados en la ECLP, para incorporar mejoras al instrumento en su versión definitiva. Los miembros del CCACC se hicieron cargo de uno o más capítulos para revisar y comentar, de acuerdo a su experiencia y conocimiento, contando con el apoyo de investigadores e investigadoras invitados, entre los que se en- cuentran: Anahí Urquiza (Adaptación y gestión del cambio climático); Sandra Cortés (Salud); Álex Godoy (residuos y economía circular); Waldo Bustamante (Edificación y Ciudades, e Infraestructura); Cecilia Gutiérrez (Turismo); Eleuterio Yáñez y Doris Soto (Pesca y Acuicultura); Patricio Catalán, Rodrigo Cienfuegos, Cristián Escauriaza, Raúl Flores, Alejandra Gubler, Megan Williams, Patricio Winckler (Borde costero); Andrés Pica, Luis Gonzalez, Oscar Melo y Cristian Mardones (Evaluación costo efectividad para la carbono neutralidad).', 'Los miembros del CCACC se hicieron cargo de uno o más capítulos para revisar y comentar, de acuerdo a su experiencia y conocimiento, contando con el apoyo de investigadores e investigadoras invitados, entre los que se en- cuentran: Anahí Urquiza (Adaptación y gestión del cambio climático); Sandra Cortés (Salud); Álex Godoy (residuos y economía circular); Waldo Bustamante (Edificación y Ciudades, e Infraestructura); Cecilia Gutiérrez (Turismo); Eleuterio Yáñez y Doris Soto (Pesca y Acuicultura); Patricio Catalán, Rodrigo Cienfuegos, Cristián Escauriaza, Raúl Flores, Alejandra Gubler, Megan Williams, Patricio Winckler (Borde costero); Andrés Pica, Luis Gonzalez, Oscar Melo y Cristian Mardones (Evaluación costo efectividad para la carbono neutralidad). iii) Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático La Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático fue la instancia que asesoró técnicamente la incorporación el enfoque de género durante el proceso de formulación de la ECLP, cuyo apoyo técnico tuvo como resultado la aplicación de la Lista de Chequeo de Género y cambio climático, la realización de una capacitación sobre enfoque de género a los equipos técnicos a cargo de la ECLP, la realización de dos sesiones de trabajo para analizar la propuesta de metas y objetivos de los 14 sectores y el desarrollo de un conjunto de consideraciones que permitiera asegurar la incorporación del enfoque de género durante la fase de implementación y monitoreo de la ECLP.', 'iii) Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático La Mesa de Género y Cambio Climático fue la instancia que asesoró técnicamente la incorporación el enfoque de género durante el proceso de formulación de la ECLP, cuyo apoyo técnico tuvo como resultado la aplicación de la Lista de Chequeo de Género y cambio climático, la realización de una capacitación sobre enfoque de género a los equipos técnicos a cargo de la ECLP, la realización de dos sesiones de trabajo para analizar la propuesta de metas y objetivos de los 14 sectores y el desarrollo de un conjunto de consideraciones que permitiera asegurar la incorporación del enfoque de género durante la fase de implementación y monitoreo de la ECLP. De manera participativa e intersectorial, las dos sesiones de trabajo trata- ron sobre los siguientes temas: • Sesión 11 de la mesa, realizada en diciembre 2020: El objetivo de la se- sión fue reflexionar en torno a las Oportunidades que presentaba la pro- puesta preliminar de objetivos de los 14 sectores de la ECLP para aplicar el enfoque de género.', 'De manera participativa e intersectorial, las dos sesiones de trabajo trata- ron sobre los siguientes temas: • Sesión 11 de la mesa, realizada en diciembre 2020: El objetivo de la se- sión fue reflexionar en torno a las Oportunidades que presentaba la pro- puesta preliminar de objetivos de los 14 sectores de la ECLP para aplicar el enfoque de género. La reflexión se realizó a través de un taller donde se integrantes de la mesa fueron instados a discutir y proponer un lista- do de brechas de género al interior de los 14 sectores de la ECLP, para entregar insumos a los 14 sectores que les permitiera adicionar a la pro- puesta original objetivos responsivos y transformadores para las brechas de género.', 'La reflexión se realizó a través de un taller donde se integrantes de la mesa fueron instados a discutir y proponer un lista- do de brechas de género al interior de los 14 sectores de la ECLP, para entregar insumos a los 14 sectores que les permitiera adicionar a la pro- puesta original objetivos responsivos y transformadores para las brechas de género. • Sesión 17 de la mesa, realizada en julio 2021: El objetivo de la se- sión fue proponer un conjunto de consideraciones o protocolos para la transversalización del enfoque de género en el cumplimiento de las metas para los 14 sectores de la ECLP.', '• Sesión 17 de la mesa, realizada en julio 2021: El objetivo de la se- sión fue proponer un conjunto de consideraciones o protocolos para la transversalización del enfoque de género en el cumplimiento de las metas para los 14 sectores de la ECLP. Para lograr el objetivo se invita a las personas asistentes a participar con sus contribuciones a través de un archivo en línea formateado con la información de cada una de las tipologías de las metas identificadas.1 Los resultados del trabajo de ta- ller, se tradujeron en la redacción de una matriz con un conjunto de con- sideraciones para incluir enfoque de género en la implementación de las metas y acciones de los 14 sectores participantes en la ECLP.', 'Para lograr el objetivo se invita a las personas asistentes a participar con sus contribuciones a través de un archivo en línea formateado con la información de cada una de las tipologías de las metas identificadas.1 Los resultados del trabajo de ta- ller, se tradujeron en la redacción de una matriz con un conjunto de con- sideraciones para incluir enfoque de género en la implementación de las metas y acciones de los 14 sectores participantes en la ECLP. El total de las instancias participativas del proceso de elaboración de la ECLP, sin considerar las instancias transversales realizadas a lo largo de todo el proceso, movilizó a 4.672 personas a lo largo del país, de los cuales un 51% fueron mujeres y un 49% hombres, a través de un proceso transparente, trans- versal, multiactor y multinivel.Agradecimientos La ECLP contó con el valioso apoyo de los siguientes organismos internacionales:']

es-ES

CHL

Chile

1st NDC

2017-02-10 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Chile%20english%20version.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2a453208e6c90bdb4cb5fe02ddd254a96a1cbc1602633f43b29cb1f5ce6e900c.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015The Committee of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change agreed, in its session on 29 September 2015, to support the content of this National Contribution to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. Chile´s National Contribution was presented for publishing to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on 29 September 2015. Santiago, Chile. September 2015.CONTENTS 2.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Mitigation. 12 2.3. Information reported to the UNFCCC Secretariat for Understanding, and Transparency 13 2.4. Evaluation of compliance with the intensity target and of the LULUCF sector 15 2.5. Mitigation contribution implementation and follow-up processes 16 2.6. Chile’s work on short-lived climate pollutants 17 3.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to 4. CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING 24 4.2.', 'CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING 24 4.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution on Capacity Building 25 5. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER 28 5.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution on Technology Development and Transfer 29 6.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution on Financing 31“Climate change deepens inequalities and multiplies threats. It is our obligation to address this problem before its consequences become irreversible. Future generations will judge us not only for the growth of our economy and its social impacts, but also for our capacity to face the climate change challenge” Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile.Gobierno de Chile gy transfer and development pillars as well as climate finance. Chile undertook the process of preparing its INDC as an opportunity to systematica- lly work on climate management from an inter-ministerial public policy approach.', 'Chile undertook the process of preparing its INDC as an opportunity to systematica- lly work on climate management from an inter-ministerial public policy approach. The INDC draft was first prepared by experts from a group of ministries and then submit- ted to a four month formal public consulta- tion process. Chile´s final INDC was ratified by the Committee of Ministers for Sustaina- bility and Change Climate. This process de- monstrates the true vocation of the Chilean government to work in coordination to ad- dress the climate challenge. Through its INDC, Chile wants to materialize a formal expression of interest not only by contributing to mitigation and adaptation, but also by highlighting contributions in other areas of the international climate ma- nagement agenda.', 'Through its INDC, Chile wants to materialize a formal expression of interest not only by contributing to mitigation and adaptation, but also by highlighting contributions in other areas of the international climate ma- nagement agenda. In particular, we are collaborating in the de- velopment of South-South joint actions to support the building and strengthening of climate capacities for coordinated action by the Convention. We are preparing strategies related to climate technology transfer along with national climate finance. Through the development of these impor- tant tools in the coming years and the adop- tion a long-term approach, we will be better prepared to systematically address the cha- llenges posed by climate change to countries around the world. PROLOGUE Chile has positioned itself in the internatio- nal arena as a country that seeks to support strong climate action.', 'PROLOGUE Chile has positioned itself in the internatio- nal arena as a country that seeks to support strong climate action. We are convinced that strong and consistent signals must be provi- ded in order to secure the necessary agree- ments to address the challenge of climate change. Achieving this position meant taking lea- dership as a country to facilitate – and pio- neer – the operation of international carbon markets. In recent years this has been confir- med through the generation of a portfolio of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), an unprecedented carbon tax that will take effect in 2017, the recently updated Biennial Report presented at the COP20, and the national and sector specific adaptation plans approved by the Chilean Governmen- t´s Committee of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change.', 'In recent years this has been confir- med through the generation of a portfolio of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), an unprecedented carbon tax that will take effect in 2017, the recently updated Biennial Report presented at the COP20, and the national and sector specific adaptation plans approved by the Chilean Governmen- t´s Committee of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change. In this context, Chile faced the challenge of preparing a robust and coherent Inten- ded Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that would consider a comprehensive approach to address the various facets of cli- mate change affecting the country.', 'In this context, Chile faced the challenge of preparing a robust and coherent Inten- ded Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that would consider a comprehensive approach to address the various facets of cli- mate change affecting the country. Chile´s INDC is built on three key areas: “Re- silience to climate change”, including the pillars of Adaptation and Capacity Building; “Control of greenhouse gas emissions”, com- prising the Mitigation pillar; and “cross-su- pport for climate action”, including technolo-NATIONAL CONTEXT Fotografía: Iván NullINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile is highly vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change.', 'Chile´s INDC is built on three key areas: “Re- silience to climate change”, including the pillars of Adaptation and Capacity Building; “Control of greenhouse gas emissions”, com- prising the Mitigation pillar; and “cross-su- pport for climate action”, including technolo-NATIONAL CONTEXT Fotografía: Iván NullINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile is highly vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change. The country’s low coastline, the snow and glacier regime of its rivers, the forests which Chile is trying to protect and restock, its ocean waters -which supply the fishing industry, a key resource for the country- are all encompassed within the 9 criteria set forth by Article 4 of the Uni- ted Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The country’s low coastline, the snow and glacier regime of its rivers, the forests which Chile is trying to protect and restock, its ocean waters -which supply the fishing industry, a key resource for the country- are all encompassed within the 9 criteria set forth by Article 4 of the Uni- ted Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Along the same lines, the 5th Report of the Intergovernmental Pa- nel on Climate Change1 highlights the severe impacts faced by the country’s resources and ecosystems, particularly by its fishing, aqua- culture, forestry, livestock and farming sectors, water resources, and biodiversity, , as well as its temperature and rainfall levels.', 'Along the same lines, the 5th Report of the Intergovernmental Pa- nel on Climate Change1 highlights the severe impacts faced by the country’s resources and ecosystems, particularly by its fishing, aqua- culture, forestry, livestock and farming sectors, water resources, and biodiversity, , as well as its temperature and rainfall levels. These vul- nerabilities and impacts have also been documented in the national communications2 to the UNFCCC Secretariat and are being duly in- corporated to the National Climate Change Action Plan3. In addition, Chile suffers from other non-environmental vulnerabili- ties. In the last decade, mining has averaged 57% of total national ex- ports, with copper accounting for almost all of them.', 'In the last decade, mining has averaged 57% of total national ex- ports, with copper accounting for almost all of them. This shows that Chilean exports are strongly concentrated on primary goods, whose prices, being commodities, are highly dependent on the fluctuations of international markets. Chile’s vulnerability is also heightened by its technological needs, in- cluding those required to mitigate and adapt to Climate Change, as a result of a still partial absorption of technology transfer and the low incentives to Research and Development. Furthermore, the current average cost of electricity for Chileans is one of the highest among OECD countries.', 'Furthermore, the current average cost of electricity for Chileans is one of the highest among OECD countries. On the other hand, our economy is still at the mercy of the interna- tional market, given its high level of economic integration, both in commercial and financial terms, which exposes it to external tur- moil. Despite all of the above, the soundness of public funding and the financial standing of the Government, as well as the credibility CHANGE 2014: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Part B: Regional aspects. Con- tribution of Work Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC ch/pdf/assessment-report/ NAL.pdf 2 Ministry of Environmen- tal Affairs. (2000) and (2011). First and Second National Communication of Chile before the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Santiago. cionales/ 3 Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático 2008- 2012 (PANCC).', 'cionales/ 3 Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático 2008- 2012 (PANCC). mma.gob.cl/plan-de-accion- nacional-de-cambio-climati-INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile attained by the country during the years of application of economic policy based on the Structural Balance Rule, has allowed Chile to stay on the road of sustained growth. Despite Chile’s progress in the 90s in providing coverage in services such as health and education, improving the quality of such services remains an issue. In this regard, reducing the high levels of inequality in the Chilean economy as well as providing security to vulnerable groups with little social protection are still pending tasks.', 'In this regard, reducing the high levels of inequality in the Chilean economy as well as providing security to vulnerable groups with little social protection are still pending tasks. These are important challenges for Chile, which is trying to look to the future and make progress, searching for climate resilient low-carbon grow- th opportunities that will allow it to increase economic growth and the welfare of its population increasing less its greenhouse gas emis- sions. Along these lines, Chile has made major efforts to fight Climate Change. These include the incentive to Non-conventional Renewa- ble Energies (NCRE), which, pursuant to Law 20.698, requires that, by 2025, 20% of the energy under supply contracts subject to said law be generated from non-conventional renewable energies.', 'These include the incentive to Non-conventional Renewa- ble Energies (NCRE), which, pursuant to Law 20.698, requires that, by 2025, 20% of the energy under supply contracts subject to said law be generated from non-conventional renewable energies. The energy agenda run by the current administration considers the active involvement of all sectors of society, including the private sec- tor and the civil community, and seeks to transition to a cleaner ma- trix and raise the barriers faced by NCRE in the country. The goal is for 45% of all the electric generation capacity installed in the country between 2014 and 2025 to be generated from this type of sources.', 'The goal is for 45% of all the electric generation capacity installed in the country between 2014 and 2025 to be generated from this type of sources. In 2014, the installed capacities of non-conventional renewable ener- gies doubled with respect to 2013, and the recent tenders called for electricity supply awarded to this type of technology proves that this sector will continue to expand, driven by the investments made by the private sector. Chile has also pioneered the use of greenhouse gas mitigation tools, by including the first tax over CO2 emissions from fixed sources in a tax reform passed in 2014, thus contributing to counteract envi- ronmental external factors.', 'Chile has also pioneered the use of greenhouse gas mitigation tools, by including the first tax over CO2 emissions from fixed sources in a tax reform passed in 2014, thus contributing to counteract envi- ronmental external factors. Specifically, the country introduces a tax both on global contaminant emissions (CO2) and local contaminant emissions (SOx, NOx, PM).INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile In the case of global contaminants, a US$5 tax is set per ton of CO2. In addition, a tax on new cars was imposed, based on urban perfor- mance and NOx emissions.', 'In addition, a tax on new cars was imposed, based on urban perfor- mance and NOx emissions. All this is encompassed under Law 20.780, which since its enactment on December 28, 2014 has resulted in a re- duction of inefficient and contaminating cars in the last year. The social consequences of Climate Change are crucial for establi- shing goals to face this phenomenon, and require a joint effort by the Government, the private sector and civil society. Environmental degradation, and climate change in particular, takes its deepest toll on the most vulnerable sectors of the population and is, thus, a factor which enhances social inequality.', 'Environmental degradation, and climate change in particular, takes its deepest toll on the most vulnerable sectors of the population and is, thus, a factor which enhances social inequality. Therefore, it is important to adopt perspectives which allow to counteract such effects, including the protection and promotion of all the human rights potentially under- mined by this phenomenon. According to the International Energy Agency, the average global per capita CO2 emissions had reached 4.5 tons per person by 2012. Chile was very close to this global average, and was well below the 9.7 tCO2 per capita average of OECD countries. With respect to Latin Ameri- ca, in 2012 Chile was responsible for 4.7% of the region’s emissions, below Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela. Globally, its contribu- tion was about 0.25% of global emissions.', 'Globally, its contribu- tion was about 0.25% of global emissions. Chile’s intended contribution to the UNFCCC objective is based on the country’s current situation and is based on five basic pillars: i. Mitigation, ii. Adaptation, iii. Capacity Building and Strengthening, iv. Technology Development and Transfer, and v. Financing.MITIGATION Fotografía: MMAINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) on mi- tigation is committed to a quantified reduction of the intensity indi- cator of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for 2030.', 'Technology Development and Transfer, and v. Financing.MITIGATION Fotografía: MMAINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) on mi- tigation is committed to a quantified reduction of the intensity indi- cator of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for 2030. This reduction is based on the sectorial analyses and the mitigation scenarios developed with MAPS Chile (Phase 2)4, the results of the Na- tional Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010)5, and additional infor- mation provided by the Ministries of Environment, Energy, Agricultu- re and Finance, as well as the observations received during the Public Consultation of the Intended National Contribution6.', 'This reduction is based on the sectorial analyses and the mitigation scenarios developed with MAPS Chile (Phase 2)4, the results of the Na- tional Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010)5, and additional infor- mation provided by the Ministries of Environment, Energy, Agricultu- re and Finance, as well as the observations received during the Public Consultation of the Intended National Contribution6. Chile hopes to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions while decreasing poverty and inequality as well as continue advancing toward sustai- nable, competitive, inclusive and low-carbon development. To con- front these challenges successfully, the country should direct all its domestic efforts and international alliances to decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions.', 'To con- front these challenges successfully, the country should direct all its domestic efforts and international alliances to decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. The priority sectors for mitigation in Chile are those identified in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010), namely: - Energy, which includes the generation and transport of elec tricity, transportation, industry, mining, housing, among other fossil fuel consuming sectors - Industrial processes - Use of solvents and other products - Agriculture, including the livestock sector - Use of the land, change of use of the land and forestry (LULUCF) - Waste 4 www.mapschile.cl. The measures analyzed by the MAPS Chile Project do not necessarily represent the mitigation strategy chosen by the Government of this country. 5 cl/primer-informe-bie- nal-de-actualizacion-de-chi- le/ 6 cl/consultacontribucion/INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile 2.2.', 'cl/consultacontribucion/INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile 2.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Mitigation Chile has chosen to report its contribution in the form of emis- sions intensity (tons of CO2 equivalent per Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in million CLP$2011). In terms of methodolo- gy, it was decided to separate the LULUCF sector from the na- tional mitigation commitment, due to the high annual va- riability of the sector’s sequestrations and emissions, and because it is less dependent on the path of economic growth.', 'In terms of methodolo- gy, it was decided to separate the LULUCF sector from the na- tional mitigation commitment, due to the high annual va- riability of the sector’s sequestrations and emissions, and because it is less dependent on the path of economic growth. Along these lines, two types of commitments were defined: - A carbon intensity target, expressed in greenhouse gas emissions per GDP unit, which includes all the sectors quanti- fied in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010), ex- cept for the LULUCF sector. - A target expressed in CO2eq tons from the LULUCF sector.', '- A target expressed in CO2eq tons from the LULUCF sector. Carbon intensity target, not including the LULUCF sector: Specific contributions to the LULUCF sector: a) Chile is committed to reduce its CO2 emissions per GDP unit by 30% below their 2007 levels by 2030, considering a future economic growth which allows to implement adequate measures to reach this commitment7. b) In addition, and subject to the grant of international monetary funds8, the country is committed to reduce its CO2 emission per GDP unit by 2030 until it reaches a 35% to 45% reduction with respect to the 2007 levels, considering, in turn, a future economic growth which allows to implement adequate measures to achieve this commit- ment.', 'b) In addition, and subject to the grant of international monetary funds8, the country is committed to reduce its CO2 emission per GDP unit by 2030 until it reaches a 35% to 45% reduction with respect to the 2007 levels, considering, in turn, a future economic growth which allows to implement adequate measures to achieve this commit- ment. a) Chile has committed to the sustainable development and recovery of 100,000 hectares of forest land, mainly native, which will account for greenhouse gas sequestrations and reductions of an annual equivalent of around 600,000 of CO2 as of 2030. This commitment is subject to the approval of the Native Forest Recovery and Forestry Promotion Law.', 'This commitment is subject to the approval of the Native Forest Recovery and Forestry Promotion Law. 7 This commitment assumes a growth rate for the eco- nomy similar to the growth path the country has expe- rienced in the last decade, except for the most critical years of the international fi- nancial crisis (2008-2009). 8 This commitment assu- mes a growth rate for the economy similar to the growth path the country has experienced in the last deca- de, except for the most criti- cal years of the international financial crisis (2008-2009). In addition, for the purposes of this commitment, an in- ternational monetary grant shall be deemed any grants which allow to implement actions having direct effects on greenhouse gas emis- sions within adequate time frames.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile 2.3.', 'In addition, for the purposes of this commitment, an in- ternational monetary grant shall be deemed any grants which allow to implement actions having direct effects on greenhouse gas emis- sions within adequate time frames.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile 2.3. Information Reported to the Secretariat of the UNFCCC for Understanding and Transparency Carbon intensity target, not including the LULUCF sector: 2.3.3. Carbon intensity per GDP in base year 2007: 1.02 tCO2e/mi- llion CLP$ 2011 2.3.4. Carbon intensity per GDP. Target year 2030: 0.71 tCO2e/mi- llion CLP$ 2011 (subject to economic growth) 2.3.5. Carbon intensity per GDP. Target year 2030: 0.56-0.66 tCO2e/ million CLP$ 2011 (subject to international monetary grants and economic growth). 2.3.6.', 'Target year 2030: 0.56-0.66 tCO2e/ million CLP$ 2011 (subject to international monetary grants and economic growth). 2.3.6. Gases considered for the target: those listed in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010); that is, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and perfluorocarbon (PFC). 2.3.7. Geographic coverage for quantifying emissions: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010); that is, the entire country (continental, island and Antarctic territories). 2.3.8. Methodology for quantifying emissions: 2006 IPCC Guideli- nes for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GL2006) 2.3.9. Global warming potential used in the transformation of non-CO2 gases in CO2 equivalent (CO2eq): those used in the Natio- nal Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010).', 'Global warming potential used in the transformation of non-CO2 gases in CO2 equivalent (CO2eq): those used in the Natio- nal Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1990-2010). These are 1 for CO2, 21 for CH4, 310 for N2O, and they are consistent with the values of the Fourth IPCC Report (AR4)9 for a 100 year time horizon. 2.3.10. Sectors of the national greenhouse gas inventory included in the carbon intensity target: energy, industrial processes, use of solvents and other products, agriculture and waste. It does not inclu- de the LULUCF sector. b) Chile has agreed to reforest 100,000 hectares, mostly with nati- ve species, which shall represent sequestrations of about 900,000 and 1,200,000 annual equivalent tons of CO2 as of 2030.', 'b) Chile has agreed to reforest 100,000 hectares, mostly with nati- ve species, which shall represent sequestrations of about 900,000 and 1,200,000 annual equivalent tons of CO2 as of 2030. This com- mitment is conditioned to the extension of Decree Law 701 and the approval of a new Forestry Promotion Law.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Table 1: Chile’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: Emissions and absorptions of GHG (Gg CO2eq) by sector for 201010 Total (incl. LULUCF) 41.698,5 Total (excl. LULUCF) 91.575,9 2.3.11. Sources of data used for defining the intensity target: 2.3.11.1. Forecast and methodology for forecasting the Gross Domes- tic Product: chapters IV.1.2 and Appendix 2.2. of the Phase 2 Result Re- port of MAPS Chile for October 2014.11 2.3.11.2.', 'Forecast and methodology for forecasting the Gross Domes- tic Product: chapters IV.1.2 and Appendix 2.2. of the Phase 2 Result Re- port of MAPS Chile for October 2014.11 2.3.11.2. Forecast and methodology for forecasting the Gross Domes- tic Product: chapters IV.1.1 and Appendix 2.1. of the Phase 2 Result Re- port of MAPS Chile for October 2014. 2.3.11.3. Assumptions and methodologies for forecasting fuel and Report of Phase 2 Results of MAPS Chile, October 2014. 2.3.11.4. Methodologies for forecasting energy demand, sectorial mo- dels and macroeconomic models. Report of Phase 2 Results of MAPS Chile, October 2014. 2.3.12. As regards markets, Chile does not rule out using internatio- nal GHG emission transaction markets to comply with the com- mitments assumed under its INDC as documented herein.', 'As regards markets, Chile does not rule out using internatio- nal GHG emission transaction markets to comply with the com- mitments assumed under its INDC as documented herein. Target of the LULUCF sector: The contribution related to the first commitment of the sector is ba- sed on sustainable development and recovery of degraded forests, mostly native. For the period 2020-2030, at least 100,000 hectares will be intervened, through recovery-associated activities, for which 10 BA_Chile_Espanol.pdfINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile adequate forestry measures will be taken (such as supplementary planting and exclusion of animals).', 'BA_Chile_Espanol.pdfINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile adequate forestry measures will be taken (such as supplementary planting and exclusion of animals). In addition, measures are being considered aimed at reducing emis- sions to reduce or prevent forest degradation, which will be applied in forests with non-existent or low levels of anthropic origin deterio- ration, but with an apparent risk potential. These activities will con- sider, for instance, preventive forestry against wildfires and compre- hensive biomass sustainable use measures, mainly timber. Wildfires and the illegal harvest of timber are the main precursors of forest degradation in Chile, based on the last updated report by the INGEI.', 'Wildfires and the illegal harvest of timber are the main precursors of forest degradation in Chile, based on the last updated report by the INGEI. In relation to the second commitment of the LULUCF sectors, this could be achieved through plantation (forestation) of degraded lands in an average surface of 100,000 hectares, mainly with native species. 2.4. Assessment of compliance with the intensity target and the LULUCF sector 2.4.1. Greenhouse gas emissions This will be determined using the National Greenhouse Gas Inven- tory submitted by Chile to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, through its national communication and/or biennial update report in 2027, and with the progress of the report for the year 2032, discounting emissions and sequestrations of the LULUCF sector. Units: million CO2 equivalent tons. 2.4.2.', 'Units: million CO2 equivalent tons. 2.4.2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) It shall be determined based on the annual growth rate of the Gross Domestic Product as published in the series of National Accounts of the Central Bank of Chile. The Gross Domestic Product shall be carried to constant 2011 prices. Units: million Chilean pesos by 2011, CLP$ 2011. 2.4.3. Specific contribution to the LULUCF sectorINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile In order to assess compliance with the commitments of the LULUCF sectors, the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) and the Forestry Institute (INFOR) are working on the corresponding Monitoring, Re- porting and Verification (MRV) tools. For complying with these commitments, Chile has a series of tools.', 'For complying with these commitments, Chile has a series of tools. The main one is the Native Forest Recovery and Forest Promotion Law (Law 20.283), which awards credits for activities which favor the regeneration, recovery or protection of native forests. Furthermore, the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) is imple- menting the National Climate Change and Vegetation Resource Stra- tegy. This plan, proposes climate change mitigation and adaptation measures aimed at supporting the recovery and protection of native lands and xerophytes. In addition, it promotes the plantation of vege- tation in apt soils belonging to small and medium-sized producers. A state mechanism will be designed and implemented to facilitate ac- cess by communities and owners to the benefits associated with the environmental services generated by these recovered ecosystems. 2.5.', 'A state mechanism will be designed and implemented to facilitate ac- cess by communities and owners to the benefits associated with the environmental services generated by these recovered ecosystems. 2.5. Mitigation contribution implementation and fo- llow-up processes The processes for the implementation and follow-up of Chile’s con- tributions include the following tools: - Chile’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System, which contains all the institutional, legal and procedural measures set forth for the biennial update of the country’s national inventory. - National Climate Change Action Plan 2016-2021, which is currently being prepared with a cross-sectional integrated approach to mitigation, adaptation and capacity-building, which aims at implementing actions and allocating mitigation respon- sibilities.', '- National Climate Change Action Plan 2016-2021, which is currently being prepared with a cross-sectional integrated approach to mitigation, adaptation and capacity-building, which aims at implementing actions and allocating mitigation respon- sibilities. - National Energy Agenda led by the Ministry of Energy, which includes the following targets: 30% reduction in the marginal costs of electric energy by 2018, 20% of the energetic matrix should beINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile made up of non-conventional renewable energies by 2025, a 20% re- duction in the energy consumption forecast by 2025, and the design of a long-term energy development strategy.', '- National Energy Agenda led by the Ministry of Energy, which includes the following targets: 30% reduction in the marginal costs of electric energy by 2018, 20% of the energetic matrix should beINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile made up of non-conventional renewable energies by 2025, a 20% re- duction in the energy consumption forecast by 2025, and the design of a long-term energy development strategy. - National Sustainable Construction Strategy, led by the Mi- nistry of Housing and Urban Development, which will set forth the guidelines to integrate the concept of sustainable development to the construction sector.', '- National Sustainable Construction Strategy, led by the Mi- nistry of Housing and Urban Development, which will set forth the guidelines to integrate the concept of sustainable development to the construction sector. This strategy seeks to articulate and link effective energy and environmental plans by establishing goals and objectives in the area of energy, water, waste and health for the long, medium and long-term. - Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in all sec- tors of the economy. - CO2 emission tax approved by the Tax Reform, Law 20.780 dated October 2014, which shall become effective on January 1, 2017.', '- CO2 emission tax approved by the Tax Reform, Law 20.780 dated October 2014, which shall become effective on January 1, 2017. The reform establishes an annual tax benefit lien on carbon dioxide, among other gases, produced by facilities whose stationary sources, made up of boilers or turbines, have an aggregate thermal power equal or higher than 50 MWt (thermal megawatts). The tax shall be equivalent to 5 US Dollars for every ton of CO2. - Tax on the initial sale of lightweight vehicles pursuant to Law 20.780, which has been implemented since December 28, 2014 and which taxes CO2 emissions indirectly, by charging a higher tax inver- sely proportional to vehicle performance. 2.6.', '- Tax on the initial sale of lightweight vehicles pursuant to Law 20.780, which has been implemented since December 28, 2014 and which taxes CO2 emissions indirectly, by charging a higher tax inver- sely proportional to vehicle performance. 2.6. Chile’s work on short-lived climate pollutants In the same way as other countries, Chile recognizes that the actions aimed at reducing short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) entail a subs- tantial contribution to the mitigation of the causes of Climate Chan- ge. In addition, these actions have known concomitant benefits, in terms of reducing the levels of local atmospheric pollution in urban centers. Black carbon, which is considered a SLCP, accounts for a substantial part of the particulate (PM2.5) measured in Chilean cities.', 'Black carbon, which is considered a SLCP, accounts for a substantial part of the particulate (PM2.5) measured in Chilean cities. Main sour-INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile ces of black carbon in Chile come from diesel transport, heating and residential wood fired cooking. The 2014-2018 Atmospheric Decon- tamination Strategy of the Chilean Government contemplates the implementation of atmospheric decontamination plans for fine par- ticulate matter.', 'The 2014-2018 Atmospheric Decon- tamination Strategy of the Chilean Government contemplates the implementation of atmospheric decontamination plans for fine par- ticulate matter. Our country considers that the efforts made in reducing black carbon in the regions which have high levels of this substance will make a significant contribution to the sustainability of Chile’s development and various forms of technical cooperation and international finan- cing to support such initiatives will be welcome.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of ChileADAPTATION Fotografía: MMAINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile is highly vulnerable to Climate Change. Forecasts indicate a decrease in rainfall and a temperature rise in most of the country, especially in the mid-northern region.', 'Forecasts indicate a decrease in rainfall and a temperature rise in most of the country, especially in the mid-northern region. As regards rainfall, an impor- tant decrease is anticipated for the central region. An increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, such as droughts and floods, is also expected. All these changes shall have a direct or indirect impact on our cities, our lifestyles, the ecosystems and the country’s productive activities. For this reason, adaptation has been identified as one of the main axis of Chile’s Climate Change strategy, so as to minimize the threats to its social and economic development. Our country currently has a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, approved by the Sustainability Ministers’ Council in December 2014.', 'Our country currently has a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, approved by the Sustainability Ministers’ Council in December 2014. This plan defines the guidelines for adaptation in the country and provides an operational structure for its coordination and im- plementation, both with sectorial and cross-sectional approaches, in different administrative territorial levels. Pursuant to this national plan, two sectorial adaptation plans have been developed and approved (forestry and agriculture, and biodi- versity plans), while other seven plans are scheduled: water resour- ces, fisheries and aquaculture, health, energy, infrastructure, cities and tourism, sectors which jointly represent Chile’s priorities in ter- ms of adaptation. The measures of the two approved sectorial plans are currently undergoing a process of gradual implementation, su- pported with national and international financing.', 'The measures of the two approved sectorial plans are currently undergoing a process of gradual implementation, su- pported with national and international financing. For instance, the forestry and agriculture plan is made up of 21 me- asures which mainly focus around water management, research, in- formation and capacity-building, risk management and agricultural insurance and forestry management.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile The biodiversity plan considers 50 measures which focus around research and development of management capacities, information and environmental awareness at the national and local level, the promotion of sustainable farming practices and the maintenance of environmental services, as well as the consideration of the biodi- versity objectives in territorial planning, and lastly, the implementa- tion of adaptation measures for ecosystems and ground and water ecosystem species, coastline, continental and oceanic island water systems, both in rural and urban areas.', 'For instance, the forestry and agriculture plan is made up of 21 me- asures which mainly focus around water management, research, in- formation and capacity-building, risk management and agricultural insurance and forestry management.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile The biodiversity plan considers 50 measures which focus around research and development of management capacities, information and environmental awareness at the national and local level, the promotion of sustainable farming practices and the maintenance of environmental services, as well as the consideration of the biodi- versity objectives in territorial planning, and lastly, the implementa- tion of adaptation measures for ecosystems and ground and water ecosystem species, coastline, continental and oceanic island water systems, both in rural and urban areas. 3.2.', 'For instance, the forestry and agriculture plan is made up of 21 me- asures which mainly focus around water management, research, in- formation and capacity-building, risk management and agricultural insurance and forestry management.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile The biodiversity plan considers 50 measures which focus around research and development of management capacities, information and environmental awareness at the national and local level, the promotion of sustainable farming practices and the maintenance of environmental services, as well as the consideration of the biodi- versity objectives in territorial planning, and lastly, the implementa- tion of adaptation measures for ecosystems and ground and water ecosystem species, coastline, continental and oceanic island water systems, both in rural and urban areas. 3.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Adaptation In the process of adaptation to Climate Change, it is key for all re- levant players, particularly the sub-national governments and the citizens, to become involved.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Adaptation In the process of adaptation to Climate Change, it is key for all re- levant players, particularly the sub-national governments and the citizens, to become involved. For the implementation of the lines of action described in this document, in addition to the national funds allocated for this effect, Chile will also seek international financing mechanisms. Adaptation actions will be structured around two different cy cles: the first one to be completed in 2021, and the second one to be com- pleted in 2030. 3.2.1.', 'Adaptation actions will be structured around two different cy cles: the first one to be completed in 2021, and the second one to be com- pleted in 2030. 3.2.1. In order to have the necessary tools to face the impacts of Climate Change by 2021, Chile proposes at least the following: - Implementing specific actions aimed at increasing resilience in the country, under the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the sectorial plans, with a decentralized perspective and seeking to integrate efforts among the different decision-making levels (national, regional, and municipal). - Identifying sources of financing to implement said plans, based on the considerations set forth in the financing section of this contribution.', '- Identifying sources of financing to implement said plans, based on the considerations set forth in the financing section of this contribution. - Building synergies with the contemplated mitigation initiatives, and maximizing the benefits that stem from the development and capacity-building pillars, as well as technologyINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile creation and transfer included in this contribution. - Strengthening the institutional background of the adaptation in Chile. - Preparation of metrics and measurement tools of the sectorial plans. 3.2.2. As of 2021, Chile has set the following aims: - Initiating a second cy cle of sectorial plans for Climate Change adaptation, based on the experience gained so far - Having an updated National Adaptation Plan.', 'As of 2021, Chile has set the following aims: - Initiating a second cy cle of sectorial plans for Climate Change adaptation, based on the experience gained so far - Having an updated National Adaptation Plan. - Developing a national assessment practice by 2026, through vulnerability indicators and methodologies aimed at determining the increase of the capacity of adaptation of the individuals, communities and systems impacted by Climate Change.CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING Fotografía: Karina BahamondeINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile requires a defined strategy to strengthen national and interna- tional capacities in the face of Climate Change.', '- Developing a national assessment practice by 2026, through vulnerability indicators and methodologies aimed at determining the increase of the capacity of adaptation of the individuals, communities and systems impacted by Climate Change.CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING Fotografía: Karina BahamondeINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile requires a defined strategy to strengthen national and interna- tional capacities in the face of Climate Change. Although the Minis- try of the Environment, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has implemented south-south-north collaborative projects that allow for national capacity-building and strengthening in rela- tion to Climate Change, the country currently has valuable informa- tion and learning which it can make available to its citizens, parti- cularly the most vulnerable sectors, but which it can also put to the service of its peers under the UNFCCC.', 'Although the Minis- try of the Environment, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has implemented south-south-north collaborative projects that allow for national capacity-building and strengthening in rela- tion to Climate Change, the country currently has valuable informa- tion and learning which it can make available to its citizens, parti- cularly the most vulnerable sectors, but which it can also put to the service of its peers under the UNFCCC. In coordination with the Ministry of Education, Chile has begun to in- troduce the challenges and opportunities of Climate Change in school curriculums. It has also created platforms for the management and distribution of information on Climate Change. These efforts should be continued, increased and spread as part of south-south coopera- tion.', 'These efforts should be continued, increased and spread as part of south-south coopera- tion. The country aspires to have its citizens educated on sustainable, inclusive, resilient and low-carbon development. 4.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Capacity-Building 4.2.1. The creation of forecast models that Chile can share and distri- bute nationally and internationally, both through individual efforts and jointly with other countries determined to take action. 4.2.2. Seminars, organized in conjunction with other countries wi- lling to provide training and coaching support to nations which so require it, through the preparation and reporting of their planned national contributions, greenhouse gas emission inventories, natio- nal communications, biennial update reports, and nationally appro- priate mitigation actions (NAMAs). 4.2.3.', 'Seminars, organized in conjunction with other countries wi- lling to provide training and coaching support to nations which so require it, through the preparation and reporting of their planned national contributions, greenhouse gas emission inventories, natio- nal communications, biennial update reports, and nationally appro- priate mitigation actions (NAMAs). 4.2.3. The preparation of instruments to promote research and capa- city-building at the national and sub-national level, strengtheningINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile the response capacity of the communities and local governments, so as to strengthen national adaptation capacity through institutional development and the capacity-building of the groups and sectors of the country which are most vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of ChileTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER Fotografía: Gobierno de ChileINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile still requires a technology development and transfer strategy in order to face the national challenges related to Climate Change.', 'The preparation of instruments to promote research and capa- city-building at the national and sub-national level, strengtheningINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile the response capacity of the communities and local governments, so as to strengthen national adaptation capacity through institutional development and the capacity-building of the groups and sectors of the country which are most vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of ChileTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER Fotografía: Gobierno de ChileINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile still requires a technology development and transfer strategy in order to face the national challenges related to Climate Change. 5.2.', 'The preparation of instruments to promote research and capa- city-building at the national and sub-national level, strengtheningINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile the response capacity of the communities and local governments, so as to strengthen national adaptation capacity through institutional development and the capacity-building of the groups and sectors of the country which are most vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of ChileTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER Fotografía: Gobierno de ChileINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile still requires a technology development and transfer strategy in order to face the national challenges related to Climate Change. 5.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Technology Development and Transfer In 2018 Chile will have a technology development and transfer strate- gy which will include at least the following: 5.2.1.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Technology Development and Transfer In 2018 Chile will have a technology development and transfer strate- gy which will include at least the following: 5.2.1. A baseline analysis of spending and investment in technology; 5.2.2. Mapping of needs and technological priorities for climate change; 5.2.3. Identification of possible implementation synergies to be used in the technological response to adaptation and mitigation of Clima- te Change.Fotografía: Francisca VillalónINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile Chile currently still requires a cross-sectional financing strategy to face national challenges posed by Climate Change. It is evident that part of the public national expenditure has had a positive impact in terms of resilience and Climate Change mitigation in the country, based on our 2020 commitment.', 'It is evident that part of the public national expenditure has had a positive impact in terms of resilience and Climate Change mitigation in the country, based on our 2020 commitment. Thus, in order to contribute effecti- vely in the context of a post-2020 agreement, Chile needs to conduct a national evaluation of the expenditure on this matter, to make a contribution to the climate arena from its national circumstances and in line with its capacities. 6.2.', 'Thus, in order to contribute effecti- vely in the context of a post-2020 agreement, Chile needs to conduct a national evaluation of the expenditure on this matter, to make a contribution to the climate arena from its national circumstances and in line with its capacities. 6.2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Financing In 2018, Chile will report a cross-sectional National Finance Strategy for Climate Change which will include at least the following: • A periodical Climate Change public spending analysis, both direct and indirect, which will be updated annually after 2020; • Creation of internal institutions which will allow to optimally ma- nage and coordinate the relationship with the Green Climate Fund, which from a multi-sectorial perspective will be in charge of raising and assessing the fundable project portfolio, among other duties; • Design of financial instruments which can be used for purposes such as adaptation and technology transfer.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Financing In 2018, Chile will report a cross-sectional National Finance Strategy for Climate Change which will include at least the following: • A periodical Climate Change public spending analysis, both direct and indirect, which will be updated annually after 2020; • Creation of internal institutions which will allow to optimally ma- nage and coordinate the relationship with the Green Climate Fund, which from a multi-sectorial perspective will be in charge of raising and assessing the fundable project portfolio, among other duties; • Design of financial instruments which can be used for purposes such as adaptation and technology transfer. Thus Chile hopes to have a baseline for financing Climate Change at a national level.', 'Thus Chile hopes to have a baseline for financing Climate Change at a national level. The country would also like to be able to identify and structure the financial flows according to their origin, differentiating between national vs. international and public vs. private spending; and eventually according to its performance. With a sound evaluation of its Climate Change finance, Chile will be in a position to implement a national financing strategy that is appropriate to confront the challenges and opportunities facing the country.', 'With a sound evaluation of its Climate Change finance, Chile will be in a position to implement a national financing strategy that is appropriate to confront the challenges and opportunities facing the country. This evaluation will enable it to determine an optimal finan-INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF CHILE TOWARDS THE CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS 2015 Government of Chile cing portfolio, and eventually obtain a sustainable supply of public and private resources to put together an array of fundable projects based on the priority areas identified in this document.']

en-US

CHL

Chile

Updated NDC

2020-09-04 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Chile's_NDC_2020_english.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

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0

../data/downloaded_documents/3d31659073acc22da02ab02e9e85a8b75e53a3ec29ad42f17ee1396f105a047a.pdf

['Government of Chile During the 17th Session of March 2020, the Council of Ministers for Sustainability agreed on a favorable response to the contents of this National Contribution update to the Paris Climate Agreement 2015. Chile s updated Nationally Determined Contri- bution was approved by the President of the Re- public, and then submitted on 9th April 2020 to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Con- vention on Climate Change.Government of Chile Every generation faces unique challenges, but none has had to face such an urgent and formidable challenge as the one our generation is facing today in the environment: climate change and global warming; that is the mother of all battles, as it is a fight for humankind’s survival. Scientific evidence is absolutely overwhelming and conclusive.', 'Scientific evidence is absolutely overwhelming and conclusive. Even by fulfilling all the commitments of the Paris Agreement now, the temperature would significantly exceed the target established, reaching an increase of almost 3.4 degrees, which is disastrous. We need much more demanding and ambitious commitments and measures to limit temperature rise to 1.5 degrees at most. That is Chile’s position. Thus, the elaboration of this update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) has involved a cross-sectional, broad and multi-sectoral participatory process, focused on addressing different views and visions nationwide, through various spaces for reflection and meetings on climate change.', 'Thus, the elaboration of this update of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) has involved a cross-sectional, broad and multi-sectoral participatory process, focused on addressing different views and visions nationwide, through various spaces for reflection and meetings on climate change. I want to thank the valuable work of so many people from different institutions, both state and non-state, whose contributions allowed us to outline the new and more ambitious international targets and commitments exposed herein.', 'I want to thank the valuable work of so many people from different institutions, both state and non-state, whose contributions allowed us to outline the new and more ambitious international targets and commitments exposed herein. I would especially highlight the work, vision and contribution delivered by the COP25 Presidential Advisory Council, which brings together figures from diverse fields, former Presidents of the Republic, representatives of scientific, public and private sectors, civil society, different branches of the State, the Comptroller General of the Republic and representatives of local governments as well. Likewise, I would like to thank the invaluable collaboration of the COP25 Scientific Committee, which, through seven working groups, contributed the voice and the scrutiny of the national scientific community.', 'Likewise, I would like to thank the invaluable collaboration of the COP25 Scientific Committee, which, through seven working groups, contributed the voice and the scrutiny of the national scientific community. The high stan- dards of their work and the commitment expressed through their proactive vision strengthened and enhanced the contribution of our country, according to the requirements of science at the international level. I also wish to acknowledge the active participation of civil society and the experience of representatives from various non-governmental organizations that made possible the incorporation of a new social pillar in updating our NDC.', 'I also wish to acknowledge the active participation of civil society and the experience of representatives from various non-governmental organizations that made possible the incorporation of a new social pillar in updating our NDC. This pillar became one axis of our commitment, putting people and their communities at the center of our climate action, focusing our efforts on advancing in a just transition and sustainable development. I want to appreciate the contribution of the private sector, through their trade union organizations and different associations, who showed an active participation in the process, expressing their commitment to move towards a low-emission and climate-resilient economy. Their commitment is materializing itself in specific results, such as the closure of coal-fired power generation plants.', 'Their commitment is materializing itself in specific results, such as the closure of coal-fired power generation plants. The process has already started in 3 plants, will continue with 7 more by 2024, and will conclude no later than 2040 with the closure of all coal plants nationwide. I appreciate the collaboration of the different ministries and public services to drive progress in delivering multi-sector agreements and commitments, reflected in this update. We also acknowledge the generous contri- bution of different multilateral organizations and the international cooperation received to develop a broad and participatory process. All of the above has been possible thanks to the commitment, enthusiasm and participation of all citizens with their ideas, proposals and contributions to the update of this Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).', 'All of the above has been possible thanks to the commitment, enthusiasm and participation of all citizens with their ideas, proposals and contributions to the update of this Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Sebastian Piñera E. President of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)2 National Context National Context 15 3 Social Pillar: Just Transition and Sustainable Development in Updating and Implementing CHILE S NDC Updating Chile s NDC in a context of sustainable development and just transition Implementation of the just transition and sustainable development social pillar in Chile s NDC Commitments in the application of the social pillar for updating and implementing the NDC 4 Mitigation Component Context Long-term vision on mitigation: GHG neutrality by 2050 Contribution to Mitigation Chile s work in short-lived pollutants7 Implementation Measures Component International context National context Contribution in capacity building and strengthening Contribution in terms of technology development and transfer Contribution in climate finance 8 Information to Facilitate a Clear and Transparent Understanding about the Nationally Determined Contribution of Chile Information regarding the reference year Time frame and implementation period Scope and coverage Planning process Vision by 2030 and 2050 Working methodology Detailed methodological framework Marginal abatement cost curves Black carbon Considerations of justice and ambition in the light of national circumstances Mtigation 5 Adaptation Component Context Contribution to adaptation Climate change policies, strategies and plans Areas of greatest urgency in climate action to adaptation 6 Integration Component Circular economy Context Contribution to circular economy Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) Context LULUCF contribution Forests Peatlands Cross-cutting to ecosystems Ocean Context Ocean contributionGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Chile, like all the Parties subscribed to the Paris Agreement, must implement the necessary actions to fulfill the commitments agreed in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and move towards inclusive and sustainable development.', 'Sebastian Piñera E. President of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)2 National Context National Context 15 3 Social Pillar: Just Transition and Sustainable Development in Updating and Implementing CHILE S NDC Updating Chile s NDC in a context of sustainable development and just transition Implementation of the just transition and sustainable development social pillar in Chile s NDC Commitments in the application of the social pillar for updating and implementing the NDC 4 Mitigation Component Context Long-term vision on mitigation: GHG neutrality by 2050 Contribution to Mitigation Chile s work in short-lived pollutants7 Implementation Measures Component International context National context Contribution in capacity building and strengthening Contribution in terms of technology development and transfer Contribution in climate finance 8 Information to Facilitate a Clear and Transparent Understanding about the Nationally Determined Contribution of Chile Information regarding the reference year Time frame and implementation period Scope and coverage Planning process Vision by 2030 and 2050 Working methodology Detailed methodological framework Marginal abatement cost curves Black carbon Considerations of justice and ambition in the light of national circumstances Mtigation 5 Adaptation Component Context Contribution to adaptation Climate change policies, strategies and plans Areas of greatest urgency in climate action to adaptation 6 Integration Component Circular economy Context Contribution to circular economy Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) Context LULUCF contribution Forests Peatlands Cross-cutting to ecosystems Ocean Context Ocean contributionGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Chile, like all the Parties subscribed to the Paris Agreement, must implement the necessary actions to fulfill the commitments agreed in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and move towards inclusive and sustainable development. These contribu- tions represent the core instruments guiding climate action to prevent the increase in global average temperature, raise global resilience, and mobilize public and private investments on a sus- tainable development path, balancing the environmental, social and economic variables.', 'These contribu- tions represent the core instruments guiding climate action to prevent the increase in global average temperature, raise global resilience, and mobilize public and private investments on a sus- tainable development path, balancing the environmental, social and economic variables. Chile accepted the challenge of leading and organizing the COP25, fostering countries ambition, expressed through great- er reductions in greenhouse gas emission targets to reduce the emission gap required to keep the global temperatures below 2°C, focusing efforts on a target of 1.5 °C, in line with what the science is telling us. Our country confirms its commitment to climate action by updating its NDC, increasing ambition in all its components, and focusing particularly on transparency, clarity and monitoring of the established goals.', 'Our country confirms its commitment to climate action by updating its NDC, increasing ambition in all its components, and focusing particularly on transparency, clarity and monitoring of the established goals. Thus, the process of updating our NDC was participatory, crosscutting and extensive, collecting important opinions and proposals through public consultation. The current update of the NDC occurred in parallel to the preparation of the Climate Change Framework Bill in Chile. Thus, it was designed to align our international climate commitments with the guidelines and instruments proposed under the bill. This project establishes long-term national climate targets, regulations to guide climate action as well as structures and arrangements in climate governance to advance towards a low-emissions and climate resilient economy.', 'This project establishes long-term national climate targets, regulations to guide climate action as well as structures and arrangements in climate governance to advance towards a low-emissions and climate resilient economy. It is important to mention that Chile, like other countries, is facing a pandemic scenario due to COVID19. This situation may result in a health crisis demanding our attention and management. In this sense, our priority is overcoming that crisis and moving to- wards sustainable development with a pragmatic and crosscutting focus, holding human and territorial wellbeing at its core. The actions we take today, together with a just transition to- wards sustainable development, will define the type of society that we will build in the coming decades.', 'The actions we take today, together with a just transition to- wards sustainable development, will define the type of society that we will build in the coming decades. Special attention has been paid to the afore-mentioned issue, which led to the incor- poration of a specific social pillar focused on a just transition and sustainable development goals. This pillar guides the development and implementation of commitments incorporated in each com- ponent of the updated NDC, noting the heightened vulnerability Photo by Gonzalo IglesiasGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 goals and address areas where greater urgency has been detected, focusing action towards a resilient country.', 'This pillar guides the development and implementation of commitments incorporated in each com- ponent of the updated NDC, noting the heightened vulnerability Photo by Gonzalo IglesiasGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 goals and address areas where greater urgency has been detected, focusing action towards a resilient country. Moreover, this NDC update incorporates a new integration component encompassing the role of oceans, circular economy, forests, peat bogs and ecosystems, as elements that holistically contribute to facing both the causes and the effects and impacts of climate change. This is an effort to advance towards an integrated and synergistic vision in the design and implementation of climate action in Chile.', 'This is an effort to advance towards an integrated and synergistic vision in the design and implementation of climate action in Chile. In terms of the implementation measures, we have searched for coherence with the long-term climate objectives of the coun- try, ensuring that capacity building, development and transfer of technologies, along with climate financing, respond to the prior- ities established as per the objective of emissions neutrality by 2050. In this regard, it is important to note that each of these working areas has established the development of a strategic vi- sion aligned with emissions neutrality and climate resilience as a priority, which will guide and drive the specific commitments of each component. The time for action is now.', 'The time for action is now. We face significant challenges and we have enormous opportunities for sustainable development in Chile. The strong participation of all actors-public, private, civil society, academy, science and citizenship as a whole-is essential for good decision making and implementing our commitments. We will move forward on this path with a long-term vision, taking note of the actions required to address our nation s needs holistically, with particular attention to the most vulnerable sectors of society and our most exposed ecosystems. of those sectors of the population which are most exposed due to their socioeconomic circumstances. The novel incorporation of this social pillar on just transition and Sustainable Development Goals is displayed in the develop- ment of criteria for the update and implementation of the NDC.', 'The novel incorporation of this social pillar on just transition and Sustainable Development Goals is displayed in the develop- ment of criteria for the update and implementation of the NDC. We seek to enhance the synergy between Chile s climate com- mitments and the national agenda, demonstrating the close link between climatic and socio-environmental dimensions in this way. This integrated vision is based on the knowledge obtained by plac- ing people at the center of the design of policies for sustainable development, which is reflected in our national contribution. In terms of mitigation, we have made significant progress ad- dressing the effects of climate change, in line with the demands of the science, incorporating the principle of ambition throughout the update of the NDC.', 'In terms of mitigation, we have made significant progress ad- dressing the effects of climate change, in line with the demands of the science, incorporating the principle of ambition throughout the update of the NDC. This is reflected in the mitigation goal, replacing the previous emission intensity indicator, conditional and unconditional, with unconditional absolute indicators, with a goal of 95 MtCO by 2030, an emissions maximum in 2025, and a GHG emissions budget of no more than 1,100 MtCO in the period 2020-2030. This is an intermediate point on the road to carbon neutrality by 2050, which we have established in the Draft Framework Law on Climate Change that is currently under discussion in the National Congress of Chile.', 'This is an intermediate point on the road to carbon neutrality by 2050, which we have established in the Draft Framework Law on Climate Change that is currently under discussion in the National Congress of Chile. Another relevant element of this update is the integration of policies related to climate and clean air, in order to mitigate short-lived1 climate pollutants, specifically black carbon (BC), which, contributes to global warming and local pollution. There- fore, noting the importance of linking climate objectives with air quality and enabling people to experience benefits in their qual- ity of life, a goal based on black carbon2 reduction, which entails multiple health benefits, by achieving cleaner cities, minimizing local pollution and contributing to climate change mitigation, has been established.', 'There- fore, noting the importance of linking climate objectives with air quality and enabling people to experience benefits in their qual- ity of life, a goal based on black carbon2 reduction, which entails multiple health benefits, by achieving cleaner cities, minimizing local pollution and contributing to climate change mitigation, has been established. In terms of Climate Change Adaptation, important adjust- ments have been made based on work involving various institu- tions, including the establishment of targets in two particularly urgent areas to build a more resilient country: i) water manage- ment and sanitation; and ii) disaster risk management.', 'In terms of Climate Change Adaptation, important adjust- ments have been made based on work involving various institu- tions, including the establishment of targets in two particularly urgent areas to build a more resilient country: i) water manage- ment and sanitation; and ii) disaster risk management. Specifically, in terms of water management, which has become an urgent focus of climate action, the commitment involves the development of indicators to set water security goals, at a regional and organi- zational level; water management at the watershed level; and increasing the resilience of health services. These commitments represent an increase of ambition, as they incorporate measurable 1. See definition of short-lived pollu- tants or IPCC short-lived climate for- cers in: II_FINAL.pdf 2.', 'See definition of short-lived pollu- tants or IPCC short-lived climate for- cers in: II_FINAL.pdf 2. Project: “Black carbon mitigation in the update of Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution”, developed by the Clima- te and Resilience Science Center (CR2) for the Ministry of Environment (MMA), through UN Environment and the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) financing.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NATIONAL CONTEXT Photo by Gonzalo IglesiasGovernment of Chile NATIONAL CONTEXT Since the submission of Chile s first NDC in 2015, the country has substantially advanced in the development of institutionality, policies and capacities related to climate change. The COP25 Pres- idency has brought a strong stimulus to awareness and knowledge of problems related to climate change at all levels, increasing the country s ambition and the urgency of climate action.', 'The COP25 Pres- idency has brought a strong stimulus to awareness and knowledge of problems related to climate change at all levels, increasing the country s ambition and the urgency of climate action. This NDC update incorporates scientific evidence as a solid ba- sis for climate policy and action, noting that human influence on the climate system is unequivocal and increasing, and that its im- pacts are being felt in all of the world s continents and oceans.3 In particular, the “Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C” states that global warming has already reached 1°C, and with the current rate of GHG emissions we would reach 1.5°C by 2030-2052.', 'This NDC update incorporates scientific evidence as a solid ba- sis for climate policy and action, noting that human influence on the climate system is unequivocal and increasing, and that its im- pacts are being felt in all of the world s continents and oceans.3 In particular, the “Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C” states that global warming has already reached 1°C, and with the current rate of GHG emissions we would reach 1.5°C by 2030-2052. The report also highlights the impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being that would result from limiting warming to 1.5°C warming, compared to 2°C over pre-industrial levels, and calls for an urgent increase in ambition.', 'The report also highlights the impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being that would result from limiting warming to 1.5°C warming, compared to 2°C over pre-industrial levels, and calls for an urgent increase in ambition. With this in mind, in order to in- crease Chile s ambition in the NDC, the Scientific Committee cre- ated in the context of COP25 was invited to deliver contributions, and thus incorporate information provided by the Chilean scientific community on climate change. On the other hand, Chile s share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, was approximately 0.25% in 2016.4 In that same year CO emissions per person at a global level were 4.4 tCO , and according to figures issued by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of (NGHGI, 2016), Chile slight- ly exceeded that amount with 4.7 tCO per person.', 'On the other hand, Chile s share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, was approximately 0.25% in 2016.4 In that same year CO emissions per person at a global level were 4.4 tCO , and according to figures issued by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of (NGHGI, 2016), Chile slight- ly exceeded that amount with 4.7 tCO per person. However, it is considerably below the average of OECD countries, which is 9.2 tCO per person (Third Biennial Update Report BUR, 2018). However, it is important to note that the country s emissions have increased by 114.7% since 1990 and by 20.0% since 2007. The main GHG released in 2016 was CO (78.7%), followed by CH O (6%), and fluorinated gases (2.8%).', 'The main GHG released in 2016 was CO (78.7%), followed by CH O (6%), and fluorinated gases (2.8%). The Energy Sector (related to fossil fuels consumption) is re- sponsible for most GHG emissions nationwide, accounting for 78% of total emissions in 2016, primarily due to the use of mineral coal for electricity generation and diesel for terrestrial transportation. The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is the only one absorbing GHG in the country, and has been recorded as a sink in the emissions registry data available since 1990.', 'The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is the only one absorbing GHG in the country, and has been recorded as a sink in the emissions registry data available since 1990. With respect to the observed and projected impacts5 of climate change in Chile, evidence indicates an increase in tem- peratures nationwide, with greater intensity in the northern area (1.5°C‑2.0°C above the historical average) and in mountainous areas of the Andes, compared to coastal zones. With regards to 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter IPCC), 2013, 2014. 4. Third Biennial Update Report (BUR3, MMA2016). nish.pdf 5. Third Biennial Update Report (BUR3, MMA2016).', 'Third Biennial Update Report (BUR3, MMA2016). nish.pdfGovernment of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) rainfall, trends show a decrease between 2031 and 2050, lead- ing to a drier climate compared to the historical average, which affects mostly the regions between Atacama and Los Lagos, the most productive from an agricultural point of view and with the highest population density in the country.6 Current scientific evidence attributes at least 25% of the drought experienced in Chile since 2009-which is the most tem- porally and spatially extensive on record-to the anthropogenic climate change.7 Research is also being conducted on the occur- rence and intensity of extreme events that might be linked to cli- mate change, such as floods, mass wasting, intensification of forest fires and sea swells, and ocean acidification.', 'nish.pdfGovernment of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) rainfall, trends show a decrease between 2031 and 2050, lead- ing to a drier climate compared to the historical average, which affects mostly the regions between Atacama and Los Lagos, the most productive from an agricultural point of view and with the highest population density in the country.6 Current scientific evidence attributes at least 25% of the drought experienced in Chile since 2009-which is the most tem- porally and spatially extensive on record-to the anthropogenic climate change.7 Research is also being conducted on the occur- rence and intensity of extreme events that might be linked to cli- mate change, such as floods, mass wasting, intensification of forest fires and sea swells, and ocean acidification. In this context, Chile s geographical, climatic, economic and socio-cultural characteris- tics are relevant in terms of vulnerability and exposure to climate change impacts.', 'In this context, Chile s geographical, climatic, economic and socio-cultural characteris- tics are relevant in terms of vulnerability and exposure to climate change impacts. Chile is culturally and socially diverse,8 with a population char- acterized by 12.8% indigenous people, a significant increase in mi- senior citizens, 12.7% of people with disabilities and 55.7% wom- en.', 'Chile is culturally and socially diverse,8 with a population char- acterized by 12.8% indigenous people, a significant increase in mi- senior citizens, 12.7% of people with disabilities and 55.7% wom- en. Similarly, biodiversity is rich and diverse, accounting for high endemism, exclusivity and multiple types of habitat with critical functions for the maintenance of key ecosystem services, both for Chile and for the rest of the world.9 The cultural, social and nat- ural diversity of our country is one of its most important assets; consequently, the incorporation of diversity in decision making is crucial to building a resilient country, including where possible the knowledge of our indigenous and local communities, the preser- vation and restoration of our biodiversity and the expansion of nature-based solutions.', 'Similarly, biodiversity is rich and diverse, accounting for high endemism, exclusivity and multiple types of habitat with critical functions for the maintenance of key ecosystem services, both for Chile and for the rest of the world.9 The cultural, social and nat- ural diversity of our country is one of its most important assets; consequently, the incorporation of diversity in decision making is crucial to building a resilient country, including where possible the knowledge of our indigenous and local communities, the preser- vation and restoration of our biodiversity and the expansion of nature-based solutions. Local communities and municipalities are also key, as they will suffer the direct impacts of climate change, and their ability to respond to such impacts is essential to reducing the damage and losses caused by extreme events.', 'Local communities and municipalities are also key, as they will suffer the direct impacts of climate change, and their ability to respond to such impacts is essential to reducing the damage and losses caused by extreme events. Therefore, strengthening the responsiveness of the population and institutions facing the chal- lenges of an uncertain and changing future is a crucial element of the process of adapting to climate change. 6. Third Biennial Update Report (BUR3, MMA2016). 8. INE, 2017 census.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias SOCIAL PILLAR 3 Just Transition and Sustainable Development in Updating and Implementing Chile s NDCGovernment of Chile 3.1 Updating Chile s NDC in a context of sustainable development and just transition Chile has made important progress in its development, which is reflected in international and national indicators.', 'INE, 2017 census.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias SOCIAL PILLAR 3 Just Transition and Sustainable Development in Updating and Implementing Chile s NDCGovernment of Chile 3.1 Updating Chile s NDC in a context of sustainable development and just transition Chile has made important progress in its development, which is reflected in international and national indicators. For example, according to the World Bank, in 2018 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, adjusted by purchasing power, was US$25,222.10 In addition, the country ranks first regionally and 42nd worldwide in the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).11 With re- spect to poverty, the results of the CASEN 2017 survey indicate that the proportion of the population below the poverty line in Chile fell from 29.1% in 2006 to 8.6% in 2017.', 'For example, according to the World Bank, in 2018 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, adjusted by purchasing power, was US$25,222.10 In addition, the country ranks first regionally and 42nd worldwide in the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).11 With re- spect to poverty, the results of the CASEN 2017 survey indicate that the proportion of the population below the poverty line in Chile fell from 29.1% in 2006 to 8.6% in 2017. However, although the percentage of population in poverty is under 10%, the supplementary figure for multidimensional pov- erty stands at 20.7%. This means that despite the progress made, Chile s transition to development faces important challenges that are not apparent from welfare indicators based on income level alone.', 'This means that despite the progress made, Chile s transition to development faces important challenges that are not apparent from welfare indicators based on income level alone. Indeed, the “National Voluntary Review Report”12 issued in 2019 by the National Council for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, recognizes the challenges of inequality, housing, gender, education and health, among others. The update of Chile s NDC complies with the country s ratifica- tion of the Paris Agreement,13 which emphasizes the intrinsic rela- tionship between climate actions, their responses and the impacts on equitable access to sustainable development and poverty erad- ication.', 'The update of Chile s NDC complies with the country s ratifica- tion of the Paris Agreement,13 which emphasizes the intrinsic rela- tionship between climate actions, their responses and the impacts on equitable access to sustainable development and poverty erad- ication. Therefore, this update acknowledges the need to maximize synergies14 between climate commitments, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).15 The SDGs present 17 objectives and 169 targets which seek to achieve a balanced and integrated development across economic, social and environmental dimensions. Chile has adhered to these goals and reports on this to the United Nations16 through the “National Voluntary Review Report”.', 'Chile has adhered to these goals and reports on this to the United Nations16 through the “National Voluntary Review Report”. Given the importance of aligning these agendas, Sustainable Development is recognized, through the SDGs, as a crosscutting approach of the NDC, establishing the way each commitment un- der the NDC contributes to the SDGs. In this context, the NDC uses the following definition of sustainable development provided by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 10. The World Bank, NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=CL 11. United Nations Development Pro- gram (UNDP, 2019). Human Development Report 2019. documentos/informes 14. ground_Paper_WRI_SDGNDC_Syner- 16. Informe-Nacional-Voluntario-Chi-Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and balances social, economic and environmen- tal interests.', 'Informe-Nacional-Voluntario-Chi-Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and balances social, economic and environmen- tal interests. In addition, the incorporation and integration of the concept of just transition appears as an enabling condition for the implemen- tation of an ambitious NDC, aligned with global and national goals. The International Labor Organization (ILO) developed the “Policy guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustain- able economies and societies for all”, which recognizes that a tran- sition towards a socially and environmentally sustainable economy can be an important engine for job creation, social justice and the eradication of poverty.', 'The International Labor Organization (ILO) developed the “Policy guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustain- able economies and societies for all”, which recognizes that a tran- sition towards a socially and environmentally sustainable economy can be an important engine for job creation, social justice and the eradication of poverty. Essentially, the just transition is a future-oriented framework focused on action that identifies opportunities for public and pri- vate investment in both sustainable and inclusive economic de- velopment.17 The just transition is based on global consolidated frameworks on climate change, human rights, labor standards and inclusive growth.', 'Essentially, the just transition is a future-oriented framework focused on action that identifies opportunities for public and pri- vate investment in both sustainable and inclusive economic de- velopment.17 The just transition is based on global consolidated frameworks on climate change, human rights, labor standards and inclusive growth. According to the United Nations Principles for Responsible In- vestment (PRI), the focus of this concept is summarized as follows: It focuses attention on the need to anticipate the social implications of the shift to a low-carbon economy and the increasing physical impacts of climate change.', 'According to the United Nations Principles for Responsible In- vestment (PRI), the focus of this concept is summarized as follows: It focuses attention on the need to anticipate the social implications of the shift to a low-carbon economy and the increasing physical impacts of climate change. The previously defined cross-cutting pillars seek socio-envi- ronmental sustainable development, minimizing potential negative impacts on the most vulnerable in society and ensuring equal op- portunities in the process, without excluding marginal groups that could be negatively affected by policies adopted to fight climate change.', 'The previously defined cross-cutting pillars seek socio-envi- ronmental sustainable development, minimizing potential negative impacts on the most vulnerable in society and ensuring equal op- portunities in the process, without excluding marginal groups that could be negatively affected by policies adopted to fight climate change. This is particularly relevant in our country, where the tran- sition towards carbon neutrality, with a power generation matrix based mainly on non-conventional renewable energies, will imply designing measures that foster a just and equitable transition to manage changes in the labor market of that sector appropriately. 17. “Climate change and the just transition Guide for investor decision-making” 3.2 Implementation of the just transition and sustainable development social pillar in Chile s NDC This NDC is based on the just transition and sustainable de- velopment social pillar.', '“Climate change and the just transition Guide for investor decision-making” 3.2 Implementation of the just transition and sustainable development social pillar in Chile s NDC This NDC is based on the just transition and sustainable de- velopment social pillar. To ensure adequate implementation, the following criteria will be considered in the design, application and monitoring of each commitment: a) Synergy with the Sustainable Development Goals: Each commitment must contribute to the fulfillment of one or more Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda, which will be made explicit in each component and specific contribution, clearly identifying which SDG target it contributes towards.', 'To ensure adequate implementation, the following criteria will be considered in the design, application and monitoring of each commitment: a) Synergy with the Sustainable Development Goals: Each commitment must contribute to the fulfillment of one or more Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda, which will be made explicit in each component and specific contribution, clearly identifying which SDG target it contributes towards. b) Just transition: Focused mainly on the decarboniza- tion of the power generation matrix, the challenges and needs of the most vulnerable shall be analyzed, recogniz- ing, respecting and promoting the obligations related to a just transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient economy.', 'b) Just transition: Focused mainly on the decarboniza- tion of the power generation matrix, the challenges and needs of the most vulnerable shall be analyzed, recogniz- ing, respecting and promoting the obligations related to a just transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient economy. c) Water security: The instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC shall favor water ac- cess in terms of proper quantity and quality, determined according to each basin s characteristics, for its mainte- nance and timely use for health, subsistence, socioeco- nomic development and ecosystem conservation. d) Gender equality and equity: The design and imple- mentation of this NDC must consider a fair allocation of charges, costs and benefits, with a focus on gender and special emphasis on sectors, communities and ecosystems vulnerable to climate change.', 'd) Gender equality and equity: The design and imple- mentation of this NDC must consider a fair allocation of charges, costs and benefits, with a focus on gender and special emphasis on sectors, communities and ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. e) Cost-efficiency: The design and implementation of this NDC will prioritize measures that are effective for climate change mitigation and adaptation and present the lowest economic, environmental and social costs, taking into ac- count short, medium and long term scenarios.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 f) Nature-based solutions (NbS): The instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will favor the application of NbS, understood as actions seeking to protect, sustainably manage and restore natu- ral or modified ecosystems, addressing social challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing benefits for human well-being and biodiversity.18 g) Types of knowledge: The design of instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will be carried out based on the best scientific evidence available, and will analyze traditional knowledge of indige- nous people and local knowledge systems, where available.', 'e) Cost-efficiency: The design and implementation of this NDC will prioritize measures that are effective for climate change mitigation and adaptation and present the lowest economic, environmental and social costs, taking into ac- count short, medium and long term scenarios.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 f) Nature-based solutions (NbS): The instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will favor the application of NbS, understood as actions seeking to protect, sustainably manage and restore natu- ral or modified ecosystems, addressing social challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing benefits for human well-being and biodiversity.18 g) Types of knowledge: The design of instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will be carried out based on the best scientific evidence available, and will analyze traditional knowledge of indige- nous people and local knowledge systems, where available. h) Active Engagement: The design of instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will consider the active engagement of citizens through participation mechanisms established by each State Enti- ty, and in those expressly indicated under Law No.', 'h) Active Engagement: The design of instruments and measures arising from the implementation of this NDC will consider the active engagement of citizens through participation mechanisms established by each State Enti- ty, and in those expressly indicated under Law No. 20,500. There will be additional mechanisms established to deep- en citizens participation. The following table (A) shows the components and structure of this NDC and the just transition and sustainable development social pillar: 18.', 'The following table (A) shows the components and structure of this NDC and the just transition and sustainable development social pillar: 18. IUCN, 2016. Social Pillar of just Transition Sustainable Development Mitigation Adaptation Integration Implementation Measures Capacities Technologies Financing Information for clarity, transparency and understanding Implementation criteria SDG synergy Just Transition Hydric Safety Gender equality and equity Cost-efficiency Nature-based Solutions (NbS) Knowledge Engagement 3.3 Commitments in the application of the social pillar for updating and implementing the NDC Contribution in Just Transition and Sustainable SP1) Ensure the application of the criteria mentioned in Section 3.2 in the processes of update, elaboration and implementation of the NDC. SP2) Establish a mechanism to measure, report and verify the ap- plication of the criteria mentioned in section 3.2.', 'SP2) Establish a mechanism to measure, report and verify the ap- plication of the criteria mentioned in section 3.2. SP3) Develop by 2021 a “Strategy for Just Transition” that protects the rights of the most vulnerable in the process of decarbonizing the energy matrix, ensuring active participation of citizens in its design and implementation. CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias MITIGATION COMPONENTGovernment of Chile In terms of mitigation, the Paris Agreement (PA) sets the fol- lowing long-term objective: “holding the increase in the glob- al average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C” (Article 2.1.a). To address this objective, Article 4.1 of the Agreement requests Parties to achieve the following, with some flexibility for developing countries: 1.', 'To address this objective, Article 4.1 of the Agreement requests Parties to achieve the following, with some flexibility for developing countries: 1. Reach global peak of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions as soon as possible; and 2. Reach balance between anthropogenic emissions by sourc- es and removals by sinks in the second half of this century. To advance these objectives, the Agreement establishes a five-year term for Parties to submit their contributions and mit- igation measures through Nationally Determined Contributions (Articles 4.2 and 4.9). In addition, it states that countries should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (Article 4.19).', 'In addition, it states that countries should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (Article 4.19). The subsequent NDC submissions by each country will repre- sent a progression relative to the current NDC and will reflect the highest possible ambition taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances (Article 4.3).', 'The subsequent NDC submissions by each country will repre- sent a progression relative to the current NDC and will reflect the highest possible ambition taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances (Article 4.3). The Agreement requests countries to update or submit new NDCs in 2020, maintaining the original implementation period of 2025 or 2030, as appropriate (Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 23 and ties underlined their concern about the urgent need to strengthen mitigation commitments considering the large gap highlighted by the IPCC reports between current NDCs and the objective of lim- iting the temperature increase to 1.5° C. They also reiterated the call to update current NDCs with the highest possible ambition, considering common but differentiated responsibilities, in light of the national circumstances.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 4.2 Long-term vision on mitigation: GHG neutrality The quantitative goals presented in this NDC are part of a wider analysis, in which Chile will seek to reach GHG neutrality by 2050,19 as established in the Draft Framework Law on Climate Change that is currently under discussion in the National Congress.', 'The Agreement requests countries to update or submit new NDCs in 2020, maintaining the original implementation period of 2025 or 2030, as appropriate (Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 23 and ties underlined their concern about the urgent need to strengthen mitigation commitments considering the large gap highlighted by the IPCC reports between current NDCs and the objective of lim- iting the temperature increase to 1.5° C. They also reiterated the call to update current NDCs with the highest possible ambition, considering common but differentiated responsibilities, in light of the national circumstances.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 4.2 Long-term vision on mitigation: GHG neutrality The quantitative goals presented in this NDC are part of a wider analysis, in which Chile will seek to reach GHG neutrality by 2050,19 as established in the Draft Framework Law on Climate Change that is currently under discussion in the National Congress. As such, this contribution and its consecutive iterations will be intermediate milestones to achieve the 2050 neutrality goal, conforming in de- sign with the necessary measures to reach this.', 'As such, this contribution and its consecutive iterations will be intermediate milestones to achieve the 2050 neutrality goal, conforming in de- sign with the necessary measures to reach this. Neutrality by 2050 is a country vision and goal, but not only from a climate point of view. It brings economic, social and envi- ronmental implications, requiring efforts by all sectors to achieve these objectives, and thus reduce the impacts of climate change. This long-term vision should be understood as Chile s work in two equally relevant lines of action: i) reaching a sustained de- crease in GHG emissions; and ii) increasing and maintaining natural carbon sinks.', 'This long-term vision should be understood as Chile s work in two equally relevant lines of action: i) reaching a sustained de- crease in GHG emissions; and ii) increasing and maintaining natural carbon sinks. Regarding the reduction of emissions, the application of pol- icies and measures for an effective and permanent reduction of GHG emissions in Chile over time will require a multi-sectoral ef- fort. In terms of removals, the country must develop instruments to protect, maintain and increase natural carbon sinks, considering the multiple ecosystem services they provide (conservation and protection of biodiversity, water resources, ecosystems, and reduc- tion of impacts from natural disasters, among others).', 'In terms of removals, the country must develop instruments to protect, maintain and increase natural carbon sinks, considering the multiple ecosystem services they provide (conservation and protection of biodiversity, water resources, ecosystems, and reduc- tion of impacts from natural disasters, among others). Therefore, this commitment includes, within the integration component, a specific goal for the LULUCF sector that involves its role in achieving carbon neutrality and in the adaptation to the impacts of climate change (see integration component). The evidence presented in the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming 1.5° C highlights the need to advance towards a low-car- bon and climate resilient economy, which requires Parties to re- duce their emissions rapidly during the next decade.', 'The evidence presented in the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming 1.5° C highlights the need to advance towards a low-car- bon and climate resilient economy, which requires Parties to re- duce their emissions rapidly during the next decade. In the case of Chile, according to the National GHG Inventory,20 and the related forecasts, it is estimated that the analyzed actions would deliver a 30% reduction in the GHG balance21 by 2030, as per 2016 figures. In addition, under certain specific conditions (fi- nancial, markets, technological and political) Chile could exceed a 30% reduction, potentially with a reduction of up to 45% in net emissions by 2030, taking into account actions for GHG emissions mitigation and/or capture. 19. “GHG neutrality is achieved when emissions are equal to or less than re- movals”.', '“GHG neutrality is achieved when emissions are equal to or less than re- movals”. Definition described in the Pro- posed Climate Change Framework Law entered the Congress in January 2020. 21. The GHG balance is determined based on the emission mitigation com- mitment, specifically commitment M1) and the emission capture commitment detailed in the integration component, specifically commitments I4), I5) and I6). 4.3 Contribution to Mitigation This update presents an increase in the ambition of Chile s commitment to reach the Paris Agreement objective, in line with a path towards GHG neutrality by 2050. This increase in ambi- tion is consistent with what was promoted and highlighted by the country during COP25, which is reflected in the decision 1/CP.25 by all Parties.', 'This increase in ambi- tion is consistent with what was promoted and highlighted by the country during COP25, which is reflected in the decision 1/CP.25 by all Parties. The following mitigation commitment of emissions, excluding LULUCF sector, considers the requirements of transparency in the presentation of the goals incorporated into the NDCs, established in the Enhanced Transparency Framework and the guidelines raised from the COP24 in Poland, alongside analysis of the current NDC indicator and the review on different types of NDC at international level. Contribución en Mitigación N°1 (M1) M1) Chile commits to a GHG emission budget not exceeding 1,100 MtCO between 2020 and 2030, with a GHG emissions maximum (peak) by 2025, and a GHG emissions level of 95 MtCO by 2030.', 'Contribución en Mitigación N°1 (M1) M1) Chile commits to a GHG emission budget not exceeding 1,100 MtCO between 2020 and 2030, with a GHG emissions maximum (peak) by 2025, and a GHG emissions level of 95 MtCO by 2030. CONTRIBUTION SDG Chile recognizes that Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is a mechanism for countries to implement mitigation actions in a cost-effective manner and to advance in the implementation of new technologies in collaboration with other Parties, through Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs), for ex- ample. It is also the only article that facilitates and/or promotes private sector participation, which is key to increase ambition.', 'It is also the only article that facilitates and/or promotes private sector participation, which is key to increase ambition. Therefore, at the national level, in 2020 we will establish a public-private dialogue roundtable to define specific policy for the use of markets, taking into account clear guidelines that preserve environmental integrity, avoid double-counting and promote sus- tainable development.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4.4 Chile s work in short-lived pollutants Chile recognizes that actions to mitigate short-lived climate pol- lutants also contribute to limit the global average temperature increase. Thus, the work must be consistent with GHG emission reduction efforts.', 'Thus, the work must be consistent with GHG emission reduction efforts. Reducing emissions of black carbon, which is one of the main short-lived pollutants, generates a series of important local co-benefits in terms of improvements in air quality, reduced impacts on people s health (respiratory diseases) and the costs related with these. Black carbon represents a significant portion of particulate mat- ter (MP2.5) measured in Chilean cities. The main sources of black carbon in Chile are the use of diesel for transportation, firewood for heating and residential cooking, and biomass used as an energy source in the industrial sector. Air quality constitutes a nation- al priority for environmental management.', 'Air quality constitutes a nation- al priority for environmental management. Thus, various actions will be implemented, including: new atmospheric decontamina- tion plans; regulations applied to the public and private transport system; work with communities to improve household energy ef- ficiency; and setting emission and quality standards for the main industrial pollutant issuers, among others. En este contexto, Chile se compromete a: Contribution to Mitigation Nº2 (M2) M2) Reduce total black carbon emissions by at least 25% by 2030, with respect to 2016 levels. This commitment will be implemented primarily through national policies focused on air quality. In addi- tion, it will be monitored through permanent and periodic work to improve information available in the black carbon inventory.', 'In addi- tion, it will be monitored through permanent and periodic work to improve information available in the black carbon inventory. CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias ADAPTATION COMPONENTGovernment of Chile One of the targets of the Paris Agreement, specified under Ar- ticle 2, is to increase the capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, promoting climate resilience and low GHG emis- sions development. Furthermore, Article 7, which establishes a global adaptation goal, acknowledges the current need for adaptation and the fact that lower mitigation levels will increase the need for additional efforts in adaptation, which may entail higher costs.', 'Furthermore, Article 7, which establishes a global adaptation goal, acknowledges the current need for adaptation and the fact that lower mitigation levels will increase the need for additional efforts in adaptation, which may entail higher costs. In turn, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed in its Fifth Report (2013, 2014) the undeniable and in- creasing human influence on the climate system, with impacts ob- served in all continents and oceans. In this context, Chile recognizes the importance of adaptation in strengthening domestic resilience to the impacts of climate change. The country is moving forward in planning and implement- ing adaptation actions through different climate change policies and instruments, at a national and subnational level.', 'The country is moving forward in planning and implement- ing adaptation actions through different climate change policies and instruments, at a national and subnational level. These instru- ments include coordinated actions to protect people and their rights, livelihoods and ecosystems, bearing in mind the urgent and immediate needs identified in each sector, at national and sub-na- tional scale. The impacts of climate change are felt foremost at regional and local levels. Accordingly, Chile acknowledges the importance of capacity building and the development of multi-level gover- nance to strengthen resilience in communities and specific lo- calities through the establishment of a multi-level governance system.', 'Accordingly, Chile acknowledges the importance of capacity building and the development of multi-level gover- nance to strengthen resilience in communities and specific lo- calities through the establishment of a multi-level governance system. This system incorporates the development of Regional Cli- mate Change Committees (CORECC), who will plan and implement action to face climate change, in close collaboration with central government, municipalities, and other non-state and sub-national actors. In addition, Chile is moving forward the development of Re- gional Climate Change Action Plans in four administrative regions as a pilot experience. Adaptation is a dynamic process covering essential aspects of development, and, therefore, should consider intersectoral and multidimensional cooperation and coordination to address the complexity of this challenge.', 'Adaptation is a dynamic process covering essential aspects of development, and, therefore, should consider intersectoral and multidimensional cooperation and coordination to address the complexity of this challenge. In accordance with the Social Pillar, established in this NDC, the country recognizes the need to link the economic, social and environmental development of Chile with climate actions.', 'In accordance with the Social Pillar, established in this NDC, the country recognizes the need to link the economic, social and environmental development of Chile with climate actions. From this perspective, the commitments set out below contribute directly to the fulfillment of the Sustainable De- velopment Goals (SDGs).Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 5.2 Contribution to adaptation Chile will contribute to the global target of adaptation, re- ducing vulnerability, strengthening resilience and increasing the country s adaptive capacity (in particular increasing water security and considering nature-based solutions) in order to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the urgent and im- mediate needs of the country, based on the best science available.', 'From this perspective, the commitments set out below contribute directly to the fulfillment of the Sustainable De- velopment Goals (SDGs).Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 5.2 Contribution to adaptation Chile will contribute to the global target of adaptation, re- ducing vulnerability, strengthening resilience and increasing the country s adaptive capacity (in particular increasing water security and considering nature-based solutions) in order to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the urgent and im- mediate needs of the country, based on the best science available. Chile s contribution to adaptation is structured in two areas: i) Climate change policies, strategies and plans, and ii) Areas of greatest urgency in climate adaptation actions.', 'Chile s contribution to adaptation is structured in two areas: i) Climate change policies, strategies and plans, and ii) Areas of greatest urgency in climate adaptation actions. The commitments for each part are detailed as follows: 5.2.1 Climate change policies, strategies and plans Contribution to Adaptation N°1 (A1) A1) By 2021, Chile will define the objective, scope, goals and ele- ments structuring the adaptation component in its Long Term Cli- mate Strategy, based on a participatory process involving different actors at various regional/local scales. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Adaptation N°2 (A2) A2) The coordination of climate action on adaptation at national level will be strengthened through the national adaptation plan, and the adaptation plans for 11 priority sectors, incorporating les- sons learned from the implementation of earlier plans.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Adaptation N°2 (A2) A2) The coordination of climate action on adaptation at national level will be strengthened through the national adaptation plan, and the adaptation plans for 11 priority sectors, incorporating les- sons learned from the implementation of earlier plans. Those doc- uments will be used as inputs for the Adaptation Communication that will be sent to the UNFCCC in 2022 at the latest. CONTRIBUTION SDG The plans will be developed according to the following schedule: a) 2022: The National Adaptation Plan shall be updated and in the first stages of implementation. b) 2022: The first Adaptation Plans on water resources, coastal areas and the mining sector shall be developed and in the first stages of implementation.', 'b) 2022: The first Adaptation Plans on water resources, coastal areas and the mining sector shall be developed and in the first stages of implementation. c) 2021-2028: The Adaptation Plans for sectors in Agri- culture and Forestry (Updates: 2021 and 2026), Biodiversity (Updates: 2022 and 2027), Fisheries and Aquaculture (Up- Facilities (Updates: 2023 and 2028), Energy (Updates: 2023 and 2028) Cities (Updates: 2023 and 2028), Tourism (Up- date: 2026), Water Resources (Update: 2027), Coastal Areas (Update: 2027), and Mining (Update 2027) shall be updated and implemented. Contribution to Adaptation Nº3 (A3) A3) By 2025, Climate Change capacities and institutionality at the subnational level will be strengthened and the implementation of necessary adaptation and mitigation actions will have begun through the delivery of Regional Climate Change Action Plans in 10 administrative regions.', 'Contribution to Adaptation Nº3 (A3) A3) By 2025, Climate Change capacities and institutionality at the subnational level will be strengthened and the implementation of necessary adaptation and mitigation actions will have begun through the delivery of Regional Climate Change Action Plans in 10 administrative regions. By 2030, 16 administrative regions will have their own climate change action plans. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Adaptation Nº4 (A4) A4) During the implementation phase of this NDC, existing stud- ies and analysis on climate vulnerability and risk in Chile will be updated and expanded to address relevant threats, considering gender in the approach. Those studies wills serve as key inputs for the design of adaptation measures.', 'Those studies wills serve as key inputs for the design of adaptation measures. CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Specifically, the following climate actions will be developed: a) By 2021, a climate risk map platform for Chile s conti- nental territory, at a communal level. b) By 2021, an estimation of the costs of inaction on cli- mate change, and by 2025 an estimation of costs asso- ciated with historic by losses and damage as part of this. c) By 2025, assessments of climate change risk to vulnera- ble groups nation-wide, with a special focus on indigenous peoples, poverty and gender.', 'c) By 2025, assessments of climate change risk to vulnera- ble groups nation-wide, with a special focus on indigenous peoples, poverty and gender. Contribution to Adaptation Nº5 (A5) A5) By 2026, the current monitoring and evaluation system will have been strengthened, with indicators on progress and impact for all climate change adaptation instruments to assess the prog- ress and compliance of established goals. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Adaptation Nº6 (A6) A6) During the implementation period of this NDC, the inclusion of non-governmental actors in the planning and implementation of adaptation measures will be strengthened. CONTRIBUTION SDG Specifically, the following climate actions will be developed: a) By 2025, an implemented and updated record of actions on adaptation by non-governmental actors. b) By 2030, public-private cooperation mechanisms for the execution of adaptation actions, at national and local scale.', 'b) By 2030, public-private cooperation mechanisms for the execution of adaptation actions, at national and local scale. 5.2.2 Areas of greatest urgency in climate action to adaptation Contribution to Adaptation Nº7 (A7) A7) Information mechanisms for managing the impacts of climate change on water resources will be enhanced in order to improve resilience. CONTRIBUTION SDG Specifically, the following climate actions will be developed: a) By 2025, a national indicator for hydrological watersheds will be established to track water shortages and risk, help- ing to promote water security nationwide. b) By 2025, a system to certify levels of water consump- tion management at an organizational level will be created, through the HuellaChile Program.', 'b) By 2025, a system to certify levels of water consump- tion management at an organizational level will be created, through the HuellaChile Program. c) By 2030, Watershed Strategic Plans for the Management of Water Resources will be established, taking into account climate change adaptation in the country s 101 hydrolog- ical basins. d) By 2030, 95% of Rural Health Systems will be inspect- ed and registered, ensuring the quality standards of rural drinking water. e) By 2030, 100% of companies in the health sector will have implemented disaster risk management plans, includ- ing consideration of risks resulting from climate change. f) By 2030, 100% of the 2030 Agenda Goals22 for the health sector will be implemented.', 'f) By 2030, 100% of the 2030 Agenda Goals22 for the health sector will be implemented. g) By 2030, all water-related public infrastructure projects will consider in their evaluation, the ability to protect the population and land (through river works) and/or support as a priority the demands of urban and/or rural human wa- ter consumption in their areas of influence. h) By 2030, non-treated sewage will be reduced by at least 25%. velopment/es/sustainable-develop- ment-goals/Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Contribution to Adaptation N°8 (A8) A8) The capacity to adapt to climate-related risks and the capac- ity to manage the adverse effects of socio-natural disasters will be strenghtened throughout the country.', 'velopment/es/sustainable-develop- ment-goals/Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Contribution to Adaptation N°8 (A8) A8) The capacity to adapt to climate-related risks and the capac- ity to manage the adverse effects of socio-natural disasters will be strenghtened throughout the country. CONTRIBUTION SDG This contribution includes the development of the following climate actions: a) By 2021, guidelines on the effect of climate change in the phenomenon of human mobility in Chile will be devel- oped, in line with related international instruments. b) By 2022, a specific national plan for risk variables as- sociated with heat wave will be developed, through the cross-sectoral work of the Meteorological Risk Variables Working Group.', 'b) By 2022, a specific national plan for risk variables as- sociated with heat wave will be developed, through the cross-sectoral work of the Meteorological Risk Variables Working Group. c) By 2025, all Regions in Chile will incorporate climate change adaptation actions in the Regional Plans for Disas- ter Risk Reduction, in coordination with the Regional Com- mittees for Climate Change (CORECC). d) By 2030, the National Policy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2019-2030 will be fully implemented, and its content will be harmonized with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.', 'd) By 2030, the National Policy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2019-2030 will be fully implemented, and its content will be harmonized with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This policy instrument will also be reviewed by 2023.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias INTEGRATION COMPONENTGovernment of Chile Integration Component Adaptation and mitigation should be considered complemen- tary strategies to reduce and manage climate change risks in the development of public policies.', 'This policy instrument will also be reviewed by 2023.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias INTEGRATION COMPONENTGovernment of Chile Integration Component Adaptation and mitigation should be considered complemen- tary strategies to reduce and manage climate change risks in the development of public policies. Substantial reductions in green- house gas emissions in the next decades may reduce future cli- mate risks, and thus, increase the possibility of effective adapta- tion, reduce costs and the challenges of long-term mitigation and contribute towards, contributing to climate-resilient pathways for This section addresses a number of thematic areas that merit an integrated approach, as they support both mitigation and ad- aptation objectives. This includes commitments regarding circu- lar economy, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and oceans.', 'This includes commitments regarding circu- lar economy, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and oceans. These are priority lines of work for the country and have therefore been included in this the NDC update. This novel component aims to highlight synergies between mitigation and adaptation actions in the face of climate change. It establishes commitments that will be implemented in the peri- od 2020-2030, the delivery of which must also take into account the circumstances and requirements arising from the COVID19 pandemic, with possible adjustments to the execution of the NDC in relation to the country s social, environmental and economic priorities.', 'It establishes commitments that will be implemented in the peri- od 2020-2030, the delivery of which must also take into account the circumstances and requirements arising from the COVID19 pandemic, with possible adjustments to the execution of the NDC in relation to the country s social, environmental and economic priorities. 6.1 Circular economy Circular economy (CE) seeks to move from a linear ‘ex- tract-use-discard’ economic model, towards a circular model that utilizes and optimizes stocks and flows of materials, energy and waste. It is focused on the efficient use of resources, looking to extend the useful life of products, prioritizing the use of non-con- ventional renewable energy (NCRE). Its implementation will gen- erate benefits, especially in a scenario of limited resources and growing needs.', 'Its implementation will gen- erate benefits, especially in a scenario of limited resources and growing needs. Instead of extracting natural resources, the circular economy proposes the recovery and reuse of materials that have already been processed, keeping them in circulation for as long as thways.phpGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 possible, and consequently, reducing the level of GHG emissions and releasing the pressure on ecosystems. Accordingly, and in line with the just transition towards a resilient, low-emissions economy, the circular economy creates economic value for a larger workforce. Indeed. In, according to the Waste and Resources Action Program (WRAP), switching to a CE model could create up to 3 million additional jobs in Europe by Chile is well positioned to lead on this path.', 'In, according to the Waste and Resources Action Program (WRAP), switching to a CE model could create up to 3 million additional jobs in Europe by Chile is well positioned to lead on this path. In fact, the country has taken the first steps through Law N°20.920 which considers Producers Extended Responsibility, as well as through incentives for innovation projects in this area, and the creation of jobs in new markets resulting from the management of priority products. Moreover, it presents an opportunity to fully incorporate those working informally as recyclers into economy, improving their condition at work and standards of living.', 'Moreover, it presents an opportunity to fully incorporate those working informally as recyclers into economy, improving their condition at work and standards of living. Today we are witness- ing a growing movement led by private companies, which is illus- trated by the numerous firms committed to the Clean Production Agreement (CPA) as well as the large number of bids submitted to CORFO s calls for proposals on circular economy. Potential of More Circular Economies, 20economies.pdf. 6.1.2 Contribution to circular economy Chile commits hereby to: Contribution to Integration - Circular Economy I1) In 2020, develop a Circular Economy Roadmap for the years 2020 to 2040, agreed at a national level, which will focus on the transition towards a circular economy with short, medium and long-term measures established to 2040.', '6.1.2 Contribution to circular economy Chile commits hereby to: Contribution to Integration - Circular Economy I1) In 2020, develop a Circular Economy Roadmap for the years 2020 to 2040, agreed at a national level, which will focus on the transition towards a circular economy with short, medium and long-term measures established to 2040. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Integration - Circular Economy I2) In 2020, develop a National Organic Waste Strategy, aimed at increasing the recovery of organic waste generated at munic- ipal level by recovering nutrients, organic materials or substrates into the productive process and, thereby, contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Integration - Circular Economy I2) In 2020, develop a National Organic Waste Strategy, aimed at increasing the recovery of organic waste generated at munic- ipal level by recovering nutrients, organic materials or substrates into the productive process and, thereby, contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Integration - Circular Economy I3) By 2022, establish and implement, metrics and indicators on circularity to monitor the country s progress in circular economy and identify its contribution to climate change mitigation and ad- aptation. CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 6.2 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to capture carbon plays a vital role in reducing the increase of the planet s average tem- peratures.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 6.2 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to capture carbon plays a vital role in reducing the increase of the planet s average tem- peratures. The reduction of emissions released into the atmosphere is equally important as the removal of those previously released. Only once the capture of greenhouse gases begins to exceed emis- sions in the same period, and these emissions are sequestered (per- manently), it will be possible to begin the process of reversing the conditions driving climate change and its impacts.', 'Only once the capture of greenhouse gases begins to exceed emis- sions in the same period, and these emissions are sequestered (per- manently), it will be possible to begin the process of reversing the conditions driving climate change and its impacts. In most cases, measures taken in each sector give rise to oth- er mitigation impacts which must be considered and assessed in parallel to develop a holistic vision of each mitigation action. The effects of these actions contribute directly to the efforts required for climate change adaption.', 'The effects of these actions contribute directly to the efforts required for climate change adaption. Each of these measures represents a viable option to propose an integrated climate mitigation and adaptation action, which, on the one hand, embraces the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as an engine of principles and development guidelines and, on the other, shields local vulnerabilities resulting from impacts of cli- mate change at a national scale. The contributions of the sector are detailed below. 6.2.2 LULUCF contribution Forest ecosystems can capture and sequester large quantities of CO through the accumulation of aerial and underground bio- mass, and the deposit of organic matter accumulated in ground.', '6.2.2 LULUCF contribution Forest ecosystems can capture and sequester large quantities of CO through the accumulation of aerial and underground bio- mass, and the deposit of organic matter accumulated in ground. While forest sequestration is one of the functions strengthening the response to the impacts of climate change, it is important to recognize that it is not the only climate action provided by forests, as they also deliver beneficial services for both climate change adaptation and SDGs compliance. One of the most direct relationships is captured in SDG 15, which is to “sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss”.', 'One of the most direct relationships is captured in SDG 15, which is to “sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss”. In addition, forests are intimately linked to the cross-cutting el- ements of this NDC in terms of adaptation: i) Water security; ii) Disaster Risk Reduction; iii) Inclusion of vulnerable groups, with a special focus on gender; and iv) Nature-based solutions. One of the most exacerbated effects of climate change is the occurrence of wildfires and the increase in their magnitude. Tack- ling these issues is another important challenge for the mitigation and adaptation efforts, at a national and international levels. In this context, the conditions for wildfire occurrence and propagation must be minimized.', 'In this context, the conditions for wildfire occurrence and propagation must be minimized. Strengthening sustainable forest management reduces the land area impacted by these catastrophic events, while also preventing the development of conditions that enhance the vulnerability of an ecosystem must also be considered. The mitigation of damage and reduction of the likelihood of landslides are also part of the multiple roles of forests in reducing natural disasters. Indeed, they also play an important role in the preservation of biodiversity, which is highly threatened by climate change, and respect and care for the ecologically sustainable de- velopment of these ecosystems is a crucial pillar to meet the tar- gets of SDG 13 and 15.', 'Indeed, they also play an important role in the preservation of biodiversity, which is highly threatened by climate change, and respect and care for the ecologically sustainable de- velopment of these ecosystems is a crucial pillar to meet the tar- gets of SDG 13 and 15. Forest ecosystems are closely related with people s well-be- ing (health, identity, spirituality, emotional balance) and they also bring benefits both for culture and tourism benefits. On the other hand, decrease in forest ecosystems bring negative impacts on vulnerable communities, such as indigenous people who live in different natural areas nationwide.', 'On the other hand, decrease in forest ecosystems bring negative impacts on vulnerable communities, such as indigenous people who live in different natural areas nationwide. In this context, it is worth noting that the Ministry of Agricul- ture (MINAGRI), through the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) has been working since 2013 in a National Strategy for Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV), which is a public pol- icy instrument validated by the Council of Ministers for Sustain- ability.', 'In this context, it is worth noting that the Ministry of Agricul- ture (MINAGRI), through the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) has been working since 2013 in a National Strategy for Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV), which is a public pol- icy instrument validated by the Council of Ministers for Sustain- ability. This Strategy has various direct and facilitating measures, defined based on a national highly participatory process, focused in addressing climate change, desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) through an adequate management of the vege- tation resources aiming to prevent or decrease historical rates of deforestation, vegetation clearance and degradation of native for- ests, xerophytic formations and other vegetative resources, while promoting the recovery through reforestation, revegetation and sustainable management of native habitats nationwide.', 'This Strategy has various direct and facilitating measures, defined based on a national highly participatory process, focused in addressing climate change, desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) through an adequate management of the vege- tation resources aiming to prevent or decrease historical rates of deforestation, vegetation clearance and degradation of native for- ests, xerophytic formations and other vegetative resources, while promoting the recovery through reforestation, revegetation and sustainable management of native habitats nationwide. This strategy is one of the main tools in reaching the different targets on mitigation related to LULUCF, along with regulations and instruments granting incentives for forest owners to preserve or create new forests.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 The key features of these commitments are: Chile s commitment may consider financial support from the State, as well as the related mechanisms for imple- mentation, i.e.', 'This strategy is one of the main tools in reaching the different targets on mitigation related to LULUCF, along with regulations and instruments granting incentives for forest owners to preserve or create new forests.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 The key features of these commitments are: Chile s commitment may consider financial support from the State, as well as the related mechanisms for imple- mentation, i.e. one or more instruments of public policy with appropriate economic incentives for forest owners to get interested in taking part in the different programs.', 'one or more instruments of public policy with appropriate economic incentives for forest owners to get interested in taking part in the different programs. The proposed targets will include a focus on gender, en- abling development of more transparent, inclusive and targeted initiatives to decrease or eradicate existing gen- der gaps, and recognizing the role of women as “agents of change”, capable to provide a significant contribution in climate action. On this basis and in consistency with the SDGs, Chile commits its contribution through the following measures: Contribution to Integration- LULUCF I4) Chile commits to the sustainable management25 and recov- ery26 of 200,000 hectares of native forests, representing GHG cap- tures of around 0.9 to 1.2 MtCO annually by 2030.', 'On this basis and in consistency with the SDGs, Chile commits its contribution through the following measures: Contribution to Integration- LULUCF I4) Chile commits to the sustainable management25 and recov- ery26 of 200,000 hectares of native forests, representing GHG cap- tures of around 0.9 to 1.2 MtCO annually by 2030. CONTRIBUTION SDG The management plan to be implemented shall consider the following sustainability criteria: a) Planning of long-term activities to ensure forest conser- vation (permanence). b) Sustainable yield parameters guaranteeing that ex- tractions do not exceed forest growth will be applied. Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Forests I5) Chile commits to afforest 200,000 hectares, of which at least 100,000 hectares will comprise permanent forest cover, with at least 70,000 hectares of native species.', 'Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Forests I5) Chile commits to afforest 200,000 hectares, of which at least 100,000 hectares will comprise permanent forest cover, with at least 70,000 hectares of native species. Recovery and afforesta- tion27 will be undertaken primarily in land suitable for forest growth and/or priority areas for conservation and will represent captures of between 3.0 and 3.4 MtCO annually by 2030. CONTRIBUTION SDG To deliver benefits in climate change adaptation, these affor- estation measures must meet the following conditions:28 a) Promote the use of native species, having into consider- ation for their selection and management the appropriate environmental conditions.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG To deliver benefits in climate change adaptation, these affor- estation measures must meet the following conditions:28 a) Promote the use of native species, having into consider- ation for their selection and management the appropriate environmental conditions. b) As per Law Nº20.283 on Native Forest Recovery and Forest Promotion, and under the consideration that af- forestation is undertaken in lands without vegetation, the substitution of native forests is not considered. c) Preference for forestry land29 and/or conservation prior- ity areas,30 considering degraded soils with active erosive processes, mass movement risks resulting from erosion and those not suitable for crop cultivation. In this context, they should prioritize: Areas where afforestation contributes to the conservation and protection of lands, wetlands, basin headers, water- ways and waterbodies.', 'In this context, they should prioritize: Areas where afforestation contributes to the conservation and protection of lands, wetlands, basin headers, water- ways and waterbodies. In terms of the NDC, the afforesta- tion projects are focused on the following aspects: i) Promote the use of native species, considering the selection and management according to the appropri- ate environmental conditions. ii) Considers the use of pioneer species holding a sig- nificant environmental range to improve the status of areas for a later establishment of other species more demanding in their settlement. iii) Prioritize the settlement of mixed forests (more than one species) through native or exotic species or a mix of them, with different rotations to provide a per- 27.', 'iii) Prioritize the settlement of mixed forests (more than one species) through native or exotic species or a mix of them, with different rotations to provide a per- 27. To be understood as those actions aimed at enabling the recovery of forest ecosystems affected by wildfires which have lost the legal status of being a fo- rest. 28. These conditions are some of those defined in the reforestation and revege- tation program in prioritized communi- ties (MT.4.) of the National Strategy for Climate Change and Plant Resources (ENCCRV) of CONAF. 29.', 'of the National Strategy for Climate Change and Plant Resources (ENCCRV) of CONAF. 29. Preferably forestry land: All those lands that due to weather and soil con- ditions must not be plowed permanently, whether or not they are covered with ve- getation, excluding those that not suffe- ring degradation can be used in agricul- ture, fruit growing or intensive livestock of the Ministry of Agriculture replacing Decree Law 701, 1974). 30. Priority areas for conservation: area of \u200b\u200becological value, identified by its con- tribution to representativeness ecosys- tem, its ecological uniqueness or becau- se it constitutes habitats of endangered species, prioritized for conservation. • • • 25.', 'Priority areas for conservation: area of \u200b\u200becological value, identified by its con- tribution to representativeness ecosys- tem, its ecological uniqueness or becau- se it constitutes habitats of endangered species, prioritized for conservation. • • • 25. Sustainable management of native forest: the collection of expertise and techniques aimed at promoting the re- generation, recovery, conservation and/ or protection of native forests, ensuring the production of various goods and services in a sustainable and efficient manner, while also preserving the value of the forest ecosystem. 26.', 'Sustainable management of native forest: the collection of expertise and techniques aimed at promoting the re- generation, recovery, conservation and/ or protection of native forests, ensuring the production of various goods and services in a sustainable and efficient manner, while also preserving the value of the forest ecosystem. 26. Recovery of native forest: the collec- tion of expertise and techniques aimed at fostering the recovery, reestablish- ment and restoration of the capacity and functions of native forests which have been degraded or affected by wil- dfires.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 manent coverage and regular provision of ecosystem services (protection of land, water, fauna, landscape value, amongst others) to avoid or minimize the use of clear felling as a final cutting method.', 'Recovery of native forest: the collec- tion of expertise and techniques aimed at fostering the recovery, reestablish- ment and restoration of the capacity and functions of native forests which have been degraded or affected by wil- dfires.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 manent coverage and regular provision of ecosystem services (protection of land, water, fauna, landscape value, amongst others) to avoid or minimize the use of clear felling as a final cutting method. iv) Incorporate the use of shrub species as an alterna- tive for areas under more extreme conditions (deserts, north exposure slopes, areas exposed to strong winds, among others) for the purposes described above. v) Use plantations with lower density and/or earlier thinning to generate healthier trees and reduce water stress.', 'v) Use plantations with lower density and/or earlier thinning to generate healthier trees and reduce water stress. vi) Include non-native species with a higher tolerance to temperature changes and humidity, especially in de- graded areas, where the settlement of native species is limited. vii) Always consider current and predicted future social, environmental and productive conditions in the selec- tion of species and in their management. viii) Modify forest management techniques and sched- ules to facilitate the maintenance of continuous cov- erage, the retention and incorporation of organic mat- ter in soils, the incorporation of natural regeneration methods, the provision of environmental services, and to ensure protection functions amongst others. ix) Favor reforestation with mixed methods, i.e. the plantation is enriched by natural regeneration through sowing, in order to strengthen genetic variability.', 'the plantation is enriched by natural regeneration through sowing, in order to strengthen genetic variability. x) Promote longer rotations, improving carbon uptake rates, as well as optimizing the amount and perma- nence of sequestered carbon. xi) Promote the development of other uses for timber products, maintaining the carbon retained duly seques- trated. xii) Contribute to the organization and restoration of forest landscapes, promoting a mosaic distribution, which allows increasing the scenic value of territo- ries, generating and maintaining biological corridors, improving wildfire prevention, aiding the fighting and suppression of forest fire, among other functions. xiii) Social, environmental and economic variables fostering the development of local economies and increasing small and medium landholders wellbeing will be included.', 'xiii) Social, environmental and economic variables fostering the development of local economies and increasing small and medium landholders wellbeing will be included. In this context, the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) must prepare and submit afforestation reports every two years to the National Congress of Chile and the Council of Ministers for Sustainability. In this way, we are committing to a new approach to afforesta- tion in our country, which differs from the conventional plantation and land use practices created under other environmental, social and economic contexts than those faced by society today. Plant- ed forests will meet new objectives and standards, complement- ing their productive role to move towards providing services and greater social scope functions at local, national and international levels.', 'Plant- ed forests will meet new objectives and standards, complement- ing their productive role to move towards providing services and greater social scope functions at local, national and international levels. In particular, they should play a pivotal role in mitigating and adapting to this phenomenon as one of its main axes, given the new climate change scenarios and their effects.', 'In particular, they should play a pivotal role in mitigating and adapting to this phenomenon as one of its main axes, given the new climate change scenarios and their effects. Under this focus, newly planted forests will both confront climate change and meet numerous complementary objectives through the provision of diverse environmental services includ- ing, among others: soil protection; improvement of basins’ water regulation; production of timber and non-timber goods; reduction in the severity and extent of forest fires and other natural disas- ters; biodiversity conservation; provision of sociocultural services; support for the development of associated communities; and re- duction of poverty.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Forests I6) By 2030, reduce emissions in the forestry sector associated with degradation and deforestation of the native forest by 25%, with respect to average emissions in the period 2001-2013.31 CONTRIBUTION SDG In order to fulfill this commitment, the following actions pro- posed in the ENCCRV (National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources), will be considered: a) Strengthen management models in forest wildfire pre- vention and restoration of burned areas.', 'Under this focus, newly planted forests will both confront climate change and meet numerous complementary objectives through the provision of diverse environmental services includ- ing, among others: soil protection; improvement of basins’ water regulation; production of timber and non-timber goods; reduction in the severity and extent of forest fires and other natural disas- ters; biodiversity conservation; provision of sociocultural services; support for the development of associated communities; and re- duction of poverty.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Forests I6) By 2030, reduce emissions in the forestry sector associated with degradation and deforestation of the native forest by 25%, with respect to average emissions in the period 2001-2013.31 CONTRIBUTION SDG In order to fulfill this commitment, the following actions pro- posed in the ENCCRV (National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources), will be considered: a) Strengthen management models in forest wildfire pre- vention and restoration of burned areas. b) Strengthen sustainable management models on the use of natural resources.', 'b) Strengthen sustainable management models on the use of natural resources. c) Apply management models to reconcile livestock with conservation forest. d) Strengthen phytosanitary protection in native plant re- sources. e) Adaptive vegetation resource management to climate change, desertification, land degradation and drought. f) Regulatory adjustment and agricultural development compatible with plant resources. g) Support to the forestry sector. The ENCCRV, which currently considers reference levels for six regions nationwide (from the Maule to the Los Lagos Region), it is considered to incorporate additional regions, such as Aysen and Magallanes.', 'The ENCCRV, which currently considers reference levels for six regions nationwide (from the Maule to the Los Lagos Region), it is considered to incorporate additional regions, such as Aysen and Magallanes. Wetlands are ecosystems recognized for their capacity to cap- ture and store large amounts of carbon, while also providing other important ecosystem services for climate change adaptation, such as water filtration, maintenance of its purity, water flow regulation, and reduction in the occurrence of floods and temperature regu- lation in surrounding areas. Currently, there is limited information on the total area of wetlands in Chile, including peatlands, and on estimates of their contribution to GHG capture and storage.', 'Currently, there is limited information on the total area of wetlands in Chile, including peatlands, and on estimates of their contribution to GHG capture and storage. At the same time, wetlands —especially coastal, urban and peatlands— are highly threatened by land use change, unsustain- able exploitation, the expansion of urban areas and infrastructure and the effects of climate change, which threatens long term sustainability. It is necessary to improve the knowledge of these ecosystems and establish standardized metrics to assess their capacity for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and to measure the co-benefits of these areas, implementing actions for conservation and sustainable use.', 'It is necessary to improve the knowledge of these ecosystems and establish standardized metrics to assess their capacity for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and to measure the co-benefits of these areas, implementing actions for conservation and sustainable use. On this basis, Chile establishes the following commitments: Contribution to Integration - LULUCF – Peatlands I7) By 2025, peatland areas and any other types of wetland will be identified under a national inventory. CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Peatlands I8) By 2030, standardized metrics will be developed to evaluate the capacity of wetlands (especially peatlands) for climate change adaptation or mitigation, implementing actions to enhance these co-benefits in five pilot sites in public or private protected areas in the country. CONTRIBUTION SDG 31.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG Contribution to Integration - LULUCF - Peatlands I8) By 2030, standardized metrics will be developed to evaluate the capacity of wetlands (especially peatlands) for climate change adaptation or mitigation, implementing actions to enhance these co-benefits in five pilot sites in public or private protected areas in the country. CONTRIBUTION SDG 31. The commitment to reduce emis- sions from deforestation and forest degradation is based on analysis carried out to establish the Forest Emission Reference Level/Forest Reference Le- vel within the REDD+ framework of the UNFCCC. This analysis has calculated the status of emissions linked to deforesta- tion, forest degradation, stock enhance- ment and conservation of native forest in the regions from Maule to Los Lagos over the period 2001-2013. These refe- rence levels were approved by the UN- FCCC Secretariat on 31st August 2016.', 'These refe- rence levels were approved by the UN- FCCC Secretariat on 31st August 2016. In 2018, the first Technical Annex of REDD+ Results was presented to the UNFCCC Secretariat alongside the Biennial Up- date Report (BUR), which was approved on 30th August 2019, reporting on Chi- le’s emissions reduction over the period 2014-2016. Chile’s reference levels and ability to measure and report on emis- sions reduction conform with the terms of the Warsaw Framework, approved by the UNFCCC in 2019.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 6.3 Cross-cutting to ecosystems The attributes of nature and its benefits for people are phe- nomena occurring at all scales, from local to global. Indeed, nature plays a crucial role in the provision of food, energy, medicines, and genetic resources supporting the maintenance of living standards.', 'Indeed, nature plays a crucial role in the provision of food, energy, medicines, and genetic resources supporting the maintenance of living standards. The global assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) note that es- tablishing protected areas and restoration projects are just two possible interventions, and that there is a need to consider wider strategies in human-dominated landscapes to enable more sup- port for biological diversity and realize nature s full contributions towards society. The increase in degradation factors affecting land- scapes, ecosystems and biodiversity, bringing a negative impact in people s well-being and in the development of economic activities, a problem influencing our country as well, obliges us to address this matter promptly.', 'The increase in degradation factors affecting land- scapes, ecosystems and biodiversity, bringing a negative impact in people s well-being and in the development of economic activities, a problem influencing our country as well, obliges us to address this matter promptly. In this context, the Ministries of the Environment and Agricul- ture developed a National Landscape Restoration Plan for 2021- 2030, to create a unique and synergistic bi-ministerial agenda favoring the restoration of landscapes nationwide. This plan is the result of a systematic collaboration process between two minis- tries that, with their distinct institutional mandates, understand terrestrial ecosystems as a common space in need of recovery and maintenance, as a national priority task in the transition towards the restoration of landscapes, in an incremental, continuous and sustainable process.', 'This plan is the result of a systematic collaboration process between two minis- tries that, with their distinct institutional mandates, understand terrestrial ecosystems as a common space in need of recovery and maintenance, as a national priority task in the transition towards the restoration of landscapes, in an incremental, continuous and sustainable process. For the purposes of the plan, landscape restoration is the continuous process of improving human well-being and re- covering the ecological functionality of large terrestrial, con- tinental and marine-coastal waters landscapes for different uses, actors and ecosystems Emphasizing that it is a long-term process aiming at restor- ing communities ecological functionality and quality of life.', 'For the purposes of the plan, landscape restoration is the continuous process of improving human well-being and re- covering the ecological functionality of large terrestrial, con- tinental and marine-coastal waters landscapes for different uses, actors and ecosystems Emphasizing that it is a long-term process aiming at restor- ing communities ecological functionality and quality of life. It is important to note that landscape restoration essentially refers to restoration processes leading to greater sustainability and resil- ience of territories facing climate change, recovering biodiversity and increasing the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Protected areas, ecological corridors, native forests, agrofor- estry systems, agriculture, planted forests, riparian strips, ma- rine-coastal zones, and human settlements, amongst others, are part of the various elements included in restoration landscapes.', 'Protected areas, ecological corridors, native forests, agrofor- estry systems, agriculture, planted forests, riparian strips, ma- rine-coastal zones, and human settlements, amongst others, are part of the various elements included in restoration landscapes. This plan s approach, framed in Chile s ambitions to face cli- mate change, facilitate the implementation of different resto- ration strategies that, as a whole and under a proper governance, aim to achieve economic, environmental and social sustainability in the long-term through mitigation and adaptation actions. In this context, the national objectives of landscape restoration will focus on reconciling a sustainable recovery of productivi- ty in agricultural and forest soils; the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of forests and other different types of ecosystems, and recovering at the same time the biodiversity and ecosystem services for the well-being of communities and people.', 'In this context, the national objectives of landscape restoration will focus on reconciling a sustainable recovery of productivi- ty in agricultural and forest soils; the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of forests and other different types of ecosystems, and recovering at the same time the biodiversity and ecosystem services for the well-being of communities and people. The restoration of landscapes includes, in general terms, ecological restoration processes, rehabilitation of eroded soils, rehabilitation of hydrological areas, recovery of landscapes and ecosystems affected by forest fires, catastrophes or other deg- radation factors, conservation and protection of natural or eco- logically valuable areas, among others.', 'The restoration of landscapes includes, in general terms, ecological restoration processes, rehabilitation of eroded soils, rehabilitation of hydrological areas, recovery of landscapes and ecosystems affected by forest fires, catastrophes or other deg- radation factors, conservation and protection of natural or eco- logically valuable areas, among others. Contribution to Integration –Crosscutting to I9) By 2021, a National Plan for the Restoration of Landscapes will be developed, which will consider restoration of 1,000,000 hect- ares of ecosystems, prioritizing those facing greatest social, eco- nomic and environmental vulnerabilities.', 'Contribution to Integration –Crosscutting to I9) By 2021, a National Plan for the Restoration of Landscapes will be developed, which will consider restoration of 1,000,000 hect- ares of ecosystems, prioritizing those facing greatest social, eco- nomic and environmental vulnerabilities. CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Most scientific forecasts indicate that the increase of green- house gases concentrations in the atmosphere and the rise in global average temperature will cause severe changes in marine ecosystems and ecosystem services in response to increased acid- ification, deoxygenation and sea level rise.32, 33, 34 The ocean is currently responsible for capturing about one third of anthropogenic CO and for absorbing about 90% of the heat resulting from these emissions.38, 39 However, to enable a greater potential contribution of the ocean to the objectives of climate change mitigation and adaptation, ocean science and ocean management policies must rapidly identify and support the development of ambitious actions at local level that can then be scaled up.40 One of the most practical and cost-effective strategies used for the protection of the ocean is the creation of marine protect- ed areas (MPAs) which, with the appropriate implementation and management, can contribute significantly to protect biodiversity and recover degraded species, ecosystems and habitat.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDGGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Most scientific forecasts indicate that the increase of green- house gases concentrations in the atmosphere and the rise in global average temperature will cause severe changes in marine ecosystems and ecosystem services in response to increased acid- ification, deoxygenation and sea level rise.32, 33, 34 The ocean is currently responsible for capturing about one third of anthropogenic CO and for absorbing about 90% of the heat resulting from these emissions.38, 39 However, to enable a greater potential contribution of the ocean to the objectives of climate change mitigation and adaptation, ocean science and ocean management policies must rapidly identify and support the development of ambitious actions at local level that can then be scaled up.40 One of the most practical and cost-effective strategies used for the protection of the ocean is the creation of marine protect- ed areas (MPAs) which, with the appropriate implementation and management, can contribute significantly to protect biodiversity and recover degraded species, ecosystems and habitat. Scientific evidence recognizes the importance of MPAs and their contribution to the overall objectives of marine conservation.', 'Scientific evidence recognizes the importance of MPAs and their contribution to the overall objectives of marine conservation. However, it has recently begun to highlight their potential as tools to contribute to mitigation and adaptation efforts against climate change, and the urgent need to make changes in public policies to recognize and strengthen this link, especially to fight against effects such as: Increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere Increasing storms and other extreme weather events Reduction of oceanic productivity Changes in environmental conditions Changes in the distribution of species Acidification and deoxygenation of the ocean.', 'However, it has recently begun to highlight their potential as tools to contribute to mitigation and adaptation efforts against climate change, and the urgent need to make changes in public policies to recognize and strengthen this link, especially to fight against effects such as: Increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere Increasing storms and other extreme weather events Reduction of oceanic productivity Changes in environmental conditions Changes in the distribution of species Acidification and deoxygenation of the ocean. Today, Chile has 39 marine protected areas which represent, in coverage, 42% of the Exclusive Economic Zone, quadrupling the goal requested by the United Nations by 2020 in the framework of the Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity.', 'Today, Chile has 39 marine protected areas which represent, in coverage, 42% of the Exclusive Economic Zone, quadrupling the goal requested by the United Nations by 2020 in the framework of the Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. With respect to the inclusion of climate change in the management of marine protected areas, Chile has proposed making advances at two levels: 32. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg & John F. Bruno. (2010). The Impact of Climate Change on the World s Marine Ecosystem. Science, 33. Hans-O. Pörtner, Karl D., Boyd P., Cheung W., Lluch-Cota S., Zavialov P., et al. (2014). “Ocean Systems”, in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A. Global and Sec- toral Aspects. Contribution of Working Groups II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- mate Change, eds.', 'Contribution of Working Groups II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- mate Change, eds. CB Field, VR Barros, DJ Dokken, KL Mach, MD Mastrandrea, TF Bilir et al. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 411-484. 34. Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Magnan Alexandre K., Bopp Laurent, Cheung William WL, Duarte Carlos M., Hinkel Jo- chen, Mcleod Elizabeth, Micheli Fioren- za, Oschlies Andreas, Williamson Phillip, Billé Raphaël, Chalastani Vasiliki I., Gates Ruth D., Irisson Jean-Olivier, Middelburg Jack J., Pörtner Hans-Otto, Rau Greg H. (2018). Ocean Solutions to Address Cli- mate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 35. Greg H. Rau. (2014). Enhancing the ocean s role in CO2 mitigation in global environmental change, in Handbook of Global Environmental Pollution, Vol. 1, ed. B. Freedman, pp: 817. 36.', 'B. Freedman, pp: 817. 36. Le Quéré, C., Andrew, RM, Friedlings- tein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., Manning, AC, et al. (2018). Global carbon budget 2017. The Journal of Earth System Science. Data 10, pp: 405. • • • • • • Level 1: evaluation of risks and vulnerabilities in marine protected area by effects of climate change and adjust- ment of management to protect that area from these im- pacts. Level 2: Evaluation of co-benefits the area offers in adap- tation and mitigation of climate change and adjustment of management to enhance these co-benefits. In addition, it is important to note, for the purposes of improved understanding, that “under-represented marine ecoregions are those holding under 10% of their surface covered as marine pro- 37.', 'In addition, it is important to note, for the purposes of improved understanding, that “under-represented marine ecoregions are those holding under 10% of their surface covered as marine pro- 37. Nicolas Gruber, Clement D., Carter B., Feely R. van Heuven S., Hoppema M., Ishii M. Key R., et al. (2019). The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 from 1994 to 2007. Science. Vol. 363, pp: 1193 38. Resplandy L, Keeling RF, Eddebbar Y, Brooks MK, Wang R, Bopp L, Long MC, Dunne JP, Koeve W, Oschlies A., (2018). Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition. Nature, Vol.563, pp:105. 39. Laure Zanna, Samar Khatiwala, Jonathan M. Gregory, Jonathan Ison, Patrick Heim- bach (2019). Global reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport.', 'Global reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116 (4),pp: 1126 40. Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WWL, Howes, EL, Joos, F., et al. (2015). Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science, Vol. 349, pp: 4722 41. Target No. 11, AICHI Biodiversity Targets. • •Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 6.4.2 Ocean contribution Chile undertakes, in \u200b\u200b marine protected areas, the following: Contribution to Integration - Ocean N°10 (I10) I10) New protected areas will be established in under-represented marine ecoregions. The identification of such areas shall take into account criteria related to the effects of the climate change and the construction of a network of protected marine areas, among others.', 'The identification of such areas shall take into account criteria related to the effects of the climate change and the construction of a network of protected marine areas, among others. In addition, protected areas will be established in coastal ecosystems for wetlands, state-owned lands and use and property of the federal authorities to supplement the marine network. CONTRIBUTION SDG This contribution considers the following climate actions to be developed: a) By 2030, protect at least 10% of under-represented ma- rine eco-regions (Humboldt, Central Chile, Araucanía and Chiloe), in the framework of a participatory marine spatial planning, based on science and holding criteria to deal with the effects of climate change. b) By 2025, protect at least 20 coastal wetlands as new protected areas.', 'b) By 2025, protect at least 20 coastal wetlands as new protected areas. c) By 2030, protect at least 10 additional coastal wetlands as protected areas. Contribution to Integration - Ocean N ° 11 (I11) I11) All marine protected areas of Chile created up to 2020 will have a management or administration plan under implementation, taking into account actions for adaptation to climate change. CONTRIBUTION SDG The following climate actions will be specifically developed: a) By 2025: 100% of marine protected areas created up to 2020 will hold management or administration plans in- cluding actions for adaptation to climate change.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG The following climate actions will be specifically developed: a) By 2025: 100% of marine protected areas created up to 2020 will hold management or administration plans in- cluding actions for adaptation to climate change. b) By 2025: Management or administration plans of at least 40% of the marine protected areas created before 2020 will be implemented at least through monitoring, control, community involvement and threat control programs. c) By 2030: 100% of marine protected areas created be- tween 2020 and 2025 will have management or admin- istration plans including actions for adaptation to climate change. d) By 2030: Management or administration plans for 100% of the marine protected areas created up to 2020 will be implemented, through monitoring, control, community links and threat control programs.', 'd) By 2030: Management or administration plans for 100% of the marine protected areas created up to 2020 will be implemented, through monitoring, control, community links and threat control programs. e) By 2030: Implementation of a methodology for the evaluation of management effectiveness of 100% man- agement or administration plans of marine protected areas in order to know the progress of targets proposed in said plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Contribution to Integration - Ocean N°12 (I12) I12) The co-benefits of different ecosystems in marine protected areas will be assessed with respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Actions will also be implemented to strengthen these co-benefits.', 'Actions will also be implemented to strengthen these co-benefits. CONTRIBUTION SDG Specifically, the following climate actions will be specifically undertaken: a) By 2025: Three marine protected areas of Chile will have standardized metrics for the evaluation of their capacities for adaptation or mitigation to climate change. b) By 2030: metrics for monitoring and verification of ad- aptation or mitigation capacities will be applied in at least five marine protected areas, while strengthening co-bene- fits in their management plans.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES COMPONENTGovernment of Chile Implementation Measures Component This component, called “Implementation Measures Compo- nent”, groups all the necessary commitments to reach the pre- viously identified targets and goals, i.e. in mitigation, adaptation and integration.', 'b) By 2030: metrics for monitoring and verification of ad- aptation or mitigation capacities will be applied in at least five marine protected areas, while strengthening co-bene- fits in their management plans.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES COMPONENTGovernment of Chile Implementation Measures Component This component, called “Implementation Measures Compo- nent”, groups all the necessary commitments to reach the pre- viously identified targets and goals, i.e. in mitigation, adaptation and integration. The implementation measures have been grouped in three subcomponents: i) Capacity building and strengthening; ii) Technology development and transfer; and iii) Climate finance. Hereinafter, we present the common international and national context for these components, and the specific commitments for each one of them.', 'Hereinafter, we present the common international and national context for these components, and the specific commitments for each one of them. 7.1 International Context The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as the Paris Agreement, confirm their intention to pro- mote and facilitate, at the national, regional and subregional levels, specific actions in terms of education, capacity building (training scientific, technical and managerial staff), together with public access to the information on climate change. Likewise, the Paris Agreement states that capacity building should enhance the ca- pacity and ability of developing country Parties, and should fa- cilitate technology development, dissemination and deployment, access to climate finance, relevant aspects of education, training and public awareness, and the transparent, timely and accurate communication of information (Article 11).', 'Likewise, the Paris Agreement states that capacity building should enhance the ca- pacity and ability of developing country Parties, and should fa- cilitate technology development, dissemination and deployment, access to climate finance, relevant aspects of education, training and public awareness, and the transparent, timely and accurate communication of information (Article 11). Part of the purposes identified for development and tech- nology transfer in the Paris Agreement (Article 10), regarding the Technology Mechanism, is “promoting and facilitating enhanced action on technology development and transfer in order to support the implementation of this Agreement.” The long-term vision for development and transfer of technology shared by the Parties is closely related to the importance of taking full advantage of such development and transfer to improve the ability to adapt to cli- mate change and reduce greenhouse gases emissions.', 'Part of the purposes identified for development and tech- nology transfer in the Paris Agreement (Article 10), regarding the Technology Mechanism, is “promoting and facilitating enhanced action on technology development and transfer in order to support the implementation of this Agreement.” The long-term vision for development and transfer of technology shared by the Parties is closely related to the importance of taking full advantage of such development and transfer to improve the ability to adapt to cli- mate change and reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Regarding climate finance, the Paris Agreement highlights in Art. 2, the importance of “Making financial flows consistent with aGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resil- ient development”. Additionally, it states in Art.', 'Additionally, it states in Art. 9.4, that: The provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, tak- ing into account country-driven strategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties (…) 7.2 National context The implementation of measures to address the impacts of climate change requires a knowledge base obtained through in- tegrated scientific research and systematic weather observation. Likewise, it requires capacity building, both in people and institu- tions,42 for a better understanding of that issue, facilitating tech- nology transfer process and access to financial resources. In this sense, it is essential to have an active engagement of citizenship in the development of actions, education, training and awareness in the field of climate change.', 'In this sense, it is essential to have an active engagement of citizenship in the development of actions, education, training and awareness in the field of climate change. In action planning of implementation tools, the National Cli- mate Change Action Plan 2008-2012 included a chapter on Ca- pacity Building, whose main objective was: To disseminate and raise awareness about environmental problems, in particular, those resulting from climate change, promoting education, awareness and research on this sub- ject in Chile. Subsequently, the update of the National Climate Change Ac- tion Plan for 2017-2022 included implementation tools as a spe- cific target, to: Develop the necessary conditions for the implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation at national and subnational level in institutionality and legal framework, technology transfer, capacity building and technical assis- tance, financing and international negotiation.', 'Subsequently, the update of the National Climate Change Ac- tion Plan for 2017-2022 included implementation tools as a spe- cific target, to: Develop the necessary conditions for the implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation at national and subnational level in institutionality and legal framework, technology transfer, capacity building and technical assis- tance, financing and international negotiation. On the other hand, in terms of climate financing, our country has advanced in establishing a general framework for climate and green financing. For these purposes, during COP25 Chile submitted the “Financial Strategy on Climate Change”,43 which sets the stra- tegic framework to achieve the transition towards a low emission and climate resilient economy.', 'For these purposes, during COP25 Chile submitted the “Financial Strategy on Climate Change”,43 which sets the stra- tegic framework to achieve the transition towards a low emission and climate resilient economy. Likewise, a Public-Private Green Finance Roundtable was established in July 2019 to develop a col- laborative work with the financial sector, incorporating risks and opportunities related with climate change. Part of the results ob- tained from the Rountable is a public statement on climate change (December 2019) issued by the main national financial authorities, led by the Ministry of Finance, the Financial Market Commission, the Superintendence of Pensions and the Central Bank of Chile. This statement highlights the relevance of impacts related to climate change on the global and national financial systems.', 'This statement highlights the relevance of impacts related to climate change on the global and national financial systems. Another prod- uct was the execution of a “Green Agreement”, signed by the main financial institutions nationwide, including the State, regulatory bodies and financial institutions. Along with the above, Chile has advanced in the execution and consolidation of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), setting up the institutional arrangements for a proper management. For these purposes, the Ministries of Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Environ- ment created a Technical Secretariat, which is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment. Additionally, the Ministry of Finance issued the first sovereign green bond in the Americas (June 2019), a relevant climate financ- ing tool that focus investments on sustainable public projects, un- der a third-party evaluation process and international certification.', 'Additionally, the Ministry of Finance issued the first sovereign green bond in the Americas (June 2019), a relevant climate financ- ing tool that focus investments on sustainable public projects, un- der a third-party evaluation process and international certification. To the date, the Ministry has issued green bonds totaling USD 6.2 billion, achieving historically low rates for the country, which is the bases of investors and, in turn, confirming Chile s commitment to the promotion of climate finance. As per the above, the update in NDC s implementation tools is explained below. 42. In this line, it is worth to underline the initiative named “Green Status”, where the State of Chile commits to promote with concrete actions a sustai- nable management in its daily opera- tions, leading through example in terms of sustainability.', 'In this line, it is worth to underline the initiative named “Green Status”, where the State of Chile commits to promote with concrete actions a sustai- nable management in its daily opera- tions, leading through example in terms of sustainability. This program consists of a registration system developed by the Ministry of the Environment aimed at incorporating good environmental practices in State Bodies work (estado- verde.mma.gob.cl) cumentos-relevantes/estrategia-financiera.htmlGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.3 Contribution in capacity building and strengthening Contribución en Medios de Implementación Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades IM1) In 2020, Chile will develop ‘Strategy for “Capacity Develop- ment and Climate Empowerment” and will begin its implementa- tion in 2021, with the aim of strengthening the sectoral, national and subnational capacities of citizens and organizations (public and private, from academia and civil society), to achieve national mitigation and adaptation targets.', 'This program consists of a registration system developed by the Ministry of the Environment aimed at incorporating good environmental practices in State Bodies work (estado- verde.mma.gob.cl) cumentos-relevantes/estrategia-financiera.htmlGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.3 Contribution in capacity building and strengthening Contribución en Medios de Implementación Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades IM1) In 2020, Chile will develop ‘Strategy for “Capacity Develop- ment and Climate Empowerment” and will begin its implementa- tion in 2021, with the aim of strengthening the sectoral, national and subnational capacities of citizens and organizations (public and private, from academia and civil society), to achieve national mitigation and adaptation targets. CONTRIBUTION SDG The following climate actions will specifically be developed: The strategy will propose the areas to focus capacity building and climate empowerment, and the responsible state agencies.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG The following climate actions will specifically be developed: The strategy will propose the areas to focus capacity building and climate empowerment, and the responsible state agencies. It will be developed and implemented considering sustainable de- velopment goals and criteria of age and gender equity and just transition, integrating knowledge as specific needs of vulnerable communities. The elaboration and implementation of “Capacity Development and Climate Empowerment Strategy” will consider at least the following elements: a) Strengthening institutionality and governance of climate action. Strengthen climate change sectoral, national and subna- tional institutions in Chile. Promote citizen participation, focused on vulnerable com- munities, in the development and implementation of cli- mate change policies, programs, plans and actions. Public provision of climate change information to facilitate the design and implementation of local actions.', 'Public provision of climate change information to facilitate the design and implementation of local actions. Incorporate a gender approach in all policies, programs, climate change plans and actions. • • • • b) Promoting the generation of capacities at sectoral, national and subnational levels for climate action in order to strengthen resil- ience to face the effects of climate change and promote the just transition towards resilient and low-emissions development. Promoting the elaboration, development and reconversion of labor competencies in order to mitigate GHG emissions and facilitate adaptation to the impacts of climate change and measures adopted to fight it in the labor world, de- creasing the negative effects and taking advantage of op- portunities that may arise.', 'Promoting the elaboration, development and reconversion of labor competencies in order to mitigate GHG emissions and facilitate adaptation to the impacts of climate change and measures adopted to fight it in the labor world, de- creasing the negative effects and taking advantage of op- portunities that may arise. Promoting the design and implementation of training pro- grams on environmental and climate change for actors holding key functions at sectoral, national and subnational levels. c) Research and science for climate action. Promote research in climate change related areas in the different fields of science and knowledge. Promote advanced human capital training in climate change related areas. d) Awareness and education for climate action. Develop formal and informal climate change environmen- tal education processes, to empower the citizenship for climate action.', 'Develop formal and informal climate change environmen- tal education processes, to empower the citizenship for climate action. Generate citizen empowerment processes for an active participation in the resolution of climate change related problems. e) Cooperation and exchange of experiences. Cooperation and exchange among local actors in country and overseas, regarding the development and implemen- tation of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions, about implementation tools (capacity building, technology transfer, financing).', 'Cooperation and exchange among local actors in country and overseas, regarding the development and implemen- tation of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions, about implementation tools (capacity building, technology transfer, financing). • • • • • • •Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.4 Contribution in terms of Technology development and transfer Contribution in Implementation Measures Development and transfer of technologies Nº2 IM2) In 2020, Chile will present its “Climate Change Technology Transfer and Development Strategy” (EDTTCC) and it will initiate the implementation of this strategy to encourage and strengthen technology transfer and development and transfer to support and promote the cultural, social, environmental and economic trans- formations necessary to achieve sustainable, resilient and carbon neutral development by 2050.', '• • • • • • •Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.4 Contribution in terms of Technology development and transfer Contribution in Implementation Measures Development and transfer of technologies Nº2 IM2) In 2020, Chile will present its “Climate Change Technology Transfer and Development Strategy” (EDTTCC) and it will initiate the implementation of this strategy to encourage and strengthen technology transfer and development and transfer to support and promote the cultural, social, environmental and economic trans- formations necessary to achieve sustainable, resilient and carbon neutral development by 2050. To achieve this, state institutions work in coordination with each other and different actors in so- ciety, generating multiple co-benefits for different ecosystems, regions and productive sectors.', 'To achieve this, state institutions work in coordination with each other and different actors in so- ciety, generating multiple co-benefits for different ecosystems, regions and productive sectors. This will enable Chile to take on a leading role in technology development and transfer, transforming this crosscutting challenge into an opportunity for development and wellbeing at national and global levels. CONTRIBUTION SDG Specifically, the following climate actions will be developed: The implementation of the Strategy will require the establishment of institutionality and governance, and any other areas in which it is necessary to focus the development and transfer of climate tech- nologies.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG Specifically, the following climate actions will be developed: The implementation of the Strategy will require the establishment of institutionality and governance, and any other areas in which it is necessary to focus the development and transfer of climate tech- nologies. The Strategy will be evaluated and updated at least every 5 years and shall consider at least the following contributions: a) Setting EDTTCC s institutionality and governance By 2020, Chile will have established a governance and institutional framework for the implementation of the EDTTCC and will support the national contribution in mit- igation and adaptation, as well as the global long-term response to climate change. By 2025, Chile will have reviewed and evaluated its EDTTCC, based on the Long-Term Climate Strategy and the current climate plans.', 'By 2025, Chile will have reviewed and evaluated its EDTTCC, based on the Long-Term Climate Strategy and the current climate plans. • • By 2030, Chile will have evaluated and updated its EDTTCC, from the eval- uation and monitoring done during the implementation in climate change. By 2030 Chile will generate, focus and link the supporting tools for technol- ogy development and transfer, both for the local development and for the transfer of existing technologies at the local and global level in mitigation and adaptation for the various and/or different prioritized productive sectors at national and regional level. b) Implementing and operating mechanisms and instruments for the analysis of needs and for the implementation of technological action plans in specific areas.', 'b) Implementing and operating mechanisms and instruments for the analysis of needs and for the implementation of technological action plans in specific areas. Chile will have operating mechanisms and instruments for the analysis of needs and for the implementation of technological action plans in the tar- geted areas. Between 2020 and 2025, Chile shall implement the first cycle of the EDTTCC Technological Needs Action Plan for at least three prioritized areas and/or sectors. By 2021, Chile will have a Climate Technology Inventory System to be trans- ferred that includes the local generation, such as also, the adoption of exist- ing technologies worldwide.', 'By 2021, Chile will have a Climate Technology Inventory System to be trans- ferred that includes the local generation, such as also, the adoption of exist- ing technologies worldwide. By 2021, Chile will have the promotion tools and mechanisms to focus and articulate processes in Development and Technology Transfer for Climate Change Research Centers, Public Technology Institutes and International Centers, among others. As well as the insertion and training of necessary human capital. By 2021, Chile will have mechanisms and instruments to promote the adop- tion of the existing technologies worldwide. By 2022, Chile will have an inventory of Research Centers, R&D+i initiatives and projects related with mitigation and adaptation, and skills to coordinate Technology Development and Transfer for climate change.', 'By 2022, Chile will have an inventory of Research Centers, R&D+i initiatives and projects related with mitigation and adaptation, and skills to coordinate Technology Development and Transfer for climate change. By 2030, Chile will have generated, focused and linked with supporting instru- ments for technology development and transfer, for local development, such as the adoption of existing technologies at global level, for prioritized areas in mitigation and adaptation in various and/or different priority productive sectors. • • • • • • • • •Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.5 Contribution in climate finance Contribution to Implementation Measures IM3) Implementation of the EFCC will commence in 2020 and it will be updated every 5 years,44 with the first revision taking place in 2021.', '• • • • • • • • •Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 7.5 Contribution in climate finance Contribution to Implementation Measures IM3) Implementation of the EFCC will commence in 2020 and it will be updated every 5 years,44 with the first revision taking place in 2021. This will take into account the emissions neutrality target presented in Chile s Long-Term Climate Strategy (LTCS) and, where appropriate, the guidelines defined in this strategy. CONTRIBUTION SDG In 2019, Chile launched the first “Financial Strategy on Climate Change” (EFCC), within the framework of COP25, thus fulfilling the commitment established in 2015.', 'CONTRIBUTION SDG In 2019, Chile launched the first “Financial Strategy on Climate Change” (EFCC), within the framework of COP25, thus fulfilling the commitment established in 2015. This strategy, developed with the support of national actors from multiple sectors, the regulatory entity and the financial sector, seeks to establish the guidelines and operating conditions for the transition to a resilient and low carbon economy, and implement the climate and sustainable de- velopment objectives to reach the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions neutrality by 2050. The Strategy considers three guidelines: i) the generation of information, data and analysis under a coherent in- stitutional framework; ii) the promotion of economic and financial green instruments to support the development of low-emission and climate-resilient markets; and iii) the strengthening of green finance in the financial sector.', 'The Strategy considers three guidelines: i) the generation of information, data and analysis under a coherent in- stitutional framework; ii) the promotion of economic and financial green instruments to support the development of low-emission and climate-resilient markets; and iii) the strengthening of green finance in the financial sector. In this line, the following climate financing commitment appears: The update and/or elaboration of the Financial Strategy on Climate Change, will be the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance and will consider at least the following elements: a) Generate information, data and analysis to mobilize capital flows under an institutional framework of policies and measures consistent with the national climate objectives, economic growth priorities, fiscal responsibility and sustainable development with a long-term vision. 45. Approved under the Agreement N°9/2017 of the Council of Ministers for Sustainability (CMS).', 'Approved under the Agreement N°9/2017 of the Council of Ministers for Sustainability (CMS). b) Promote the design and implementation of financial green instruments and market momentum to contribute to the devel- opment of climate-resilient and low carbon-emission economic sectors. c) Promote long-term public-private cooperation for a better un- derstanding and management of risks and opportunities related to climate change, for decision-making of actors from the local financial sector. d) Establish a work plan during 2020 to advance in a public frame- work for the determination of direct and indirect climate expen- diture, in line with the efforts to improve efficiency and quality of public expenditure. The implementation of this plan is subject to resources availability as per the corresponding approval to the Budget Law.', 'The implementation of this plan is subject to resources availability as per the corresponding approval to the Budget Law. e) Improve Chile s institutionality for the Green Climate Fund (GCF), including: Improving the evaluation methodology45 and prioritiza- tion of projects to be submitted to the GCF, in the light of the current and future national priorities, ensuring the alignment of prioritized projects with the Long-Term Cli- mate Strategy, and with the objectives and commitments of the NDC. Standardize calls for public and private projects in order to identify a project portfolio compatible with the GHG emis- sions neutrality goal by 2050. • • 44.', 'Standardize calls for public and private projects in order to identify a project portfolio compatible with the GHG emis- sions neutrality goal by 2050. • • 44. The process will be carried out toge- ther with the cycle to create or update Chile’s NDCs.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias 8 INFORMATION TO FACILITATE A CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT UNDERSTANDING about the Nationally Determined Contribution of ChileGovernment of Chile Information to Facilitate a Clear and Transparent Understanding about the National Determined Contribution of Chile 8.1 Information regarding the reference year In accordance with the provisions of Annex I of Decision 4/ CMA.1,46 relating to the economy wide mitigation goal, Chile informs the following: Chile s contribution does not consider a reference year, but rather a timeframe (2020-2030) and goal year (2030).', 'The process will be carried out toge- ther with the cycle to create or update Chile’s NDCs.Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Photo by Gonzalo Iglesias 8 INFORMATION TO FACILITATE A CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT UNDERSTANDING about the Nationally Determined Contribution of ChileGovernment of Chile Information to Facilitate a Clear and Transparent Understanding about the National Determined Contribution of Chile 8.1 Information regarding the reference year In accordance with the provisions of Annex I of Decision 4/ CMA.1,46 relating to the economy wide mitigation goal, Chile informs the following: Chile s contribution does not consider a reference year, but rather a timeframe (2020-2030) and goal year (2030). Therefore, the goal is not related to the first year or reference. 8.2 Time frame and implementation period Mitigation goals have an implementation period ranging from 2020 to 2030.', '8.2 Time frame and implementation period Mitigation goals have an implementation period ranging from 2020 to 2030. The economy wide mitigation target established 2025 as the maximum year for emissions, which represents a change from a growing trend of GHG emissions towards a decreas- ing path of emissions from that maximum point.', 'The economy wide mitigation target established 2025 as the maximum year for emissions, which represents a change from a growing trend of GHG emissions towards a decreas- ing path of emissions from that maximum point. In relation to the GHG budget presented in this NDC, GHG emissions accumulated in Chile between 2020-2030 (11 years), shall not exceed 1,100 MtCO resource/cma2018_3_add1_advance.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.3 Scope and coverage The economy wide mitigation target, which establishes that emission will peak no later than 2025 and sets a maximum for cumulative emissions figure for the period 2020-2030, consid- ers GHG emissions from sectors included in Chile s latest National Greenhouse Gases Inventory (NGHGI):47 Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture and Waste, excluding the LU- LUCF sector.', 'In relation to the GHG budget presented in this NDC, GHG emissions accumulated in Chile between 2020-2030 (11 years), shall not exceed 1,100 MtCO resource/cma2018_3_add1_advance.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.3 Scope and coverage The economy wide mitigation target, which establishes that emission will peak no later than 2025 and sets a maximum for cumulative emissions figure for the period 2020-2030, consid- ers GHG emissions from sectors included in Chile s latest National Greenhouse Gases Inventory (NGHGI):47 Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture and Waste, excluding the LU- LUCF sector. This goal considers the following GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), per- fluorocarbons (PFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ) and nitrogen trifluo- ride (NF ).', 'This goal considers the following GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), per- fluorocarbons (PFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ) and nitrogen trifluo- ride (NF ). The estimation of emissions and absorption of all sectors is carried out according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for greenhouse gases national inventories. The accounting considered the global warming potentials of the IPCC Fourth Report (2007). For the estimation of black carbon international guidelines were adapted to national circumstances. In addition, in 2019 a joint study was carried out with the Climate and Resilience Center of the University of Chile (CR2), which identified potential improvements to the information used for the inventory of this pollutant in ad- dition to evaluating mitigation trajectories by 2030 for inclusion in this NDC. templates/tramitacion/index.php?bole- 49.', 'In addition, in 2019 a joint study was carried out with the Climate and Resilience Center of the University of Chile (CR2), which identified potential improvements to the information used for the inventory of this pollutant in ad- dition to evaluating mitigation trajectories by 2030 for inclusion in this NDC. templates/tramitacion/index.php?bole- 49. Details of the technical and colla- borative process between ministries and academia have been documented in a white paper entitled “Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological approach and supporting ambition”, developed by the Mitigation and Energy Committee of the Scientific Committee of COP25.', 'Details of the technical and colla- borative process between ministries and academia have been documented in a white paper entitled “Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological approach and supporting ambition”, developed by the Mitigation and Energy Committee of the Scientific Committee of COP25. so-de-actualizacion-de-la-contri- bucion-determinada-a-nivel-nacio- nal-ndc/ 8.4 Planning process To review and define the potential goals and actions associated with the contribution for mitigation and as per the national com- mitment to close all coal-fired power plants by 2040, the Minis- tries of Environment, Energy, Finance, Foreign Affairs and different sectoral ministries (Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, Minis- try of Transportation and Telecommunications, Ministry of Agricul- ture and Ministry of Mining), worked on the development of a long- term projection in order to establish a roadmap to reach the GHG neutrality goal established in the Draft Climate Change Framework Law by 2050.48 The update of the NDC contribution emerges as an intermediate milestone for this work, identifying the results of planning towards 2030, which is consistent with the long-term vi- sion.', 'so-de-actualizacion-de-la-contri- bucion-determinada-a-nivel-nacio- nal-ndc/ 8.4 Planning process To review and define the potential goals and actions associated with the contribution for mitigation and as per the national com- mitment to close all coal-fired power plants by 2040, the Minis- tries of Environment, Energy, Finance, Foreign Affairs and different sectoral ministries (Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, Minis- try of Transportation and Telecommunications, Ministry of Agricul- ture and Ministry of Mining), worked on the development of a long- term projection in order to establish a roadmap to reach the GHG neutrality goal established in the Draft Climate Change Framework Law by 2050.48 The update of the NDC contribution emerges as an intermediate milestone for this work, identifying the results of planning towards 2030, which is consistent with the long-term vi- sion. This has made it possible to reach a common understanding on the methodology, sources of information, simulation tools and decision criteria used for both.49 The country s vision for managing climate change will be de- fined under two time horizons: Mid term (in line with the NDC): 2030 “Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain suc- cessive nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve.”(Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement).', 'This has made it possible to reach a common understanding on the methodology, sources of information, simulation tools and decision criteria used for both.49 The country s vision for managing climate change will be de- fined under two time horizons: Mid term (in line with the NDC): 2030 “Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain suc- cessive nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve.”(Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement). The mid-term vision will be defined as part of the NDC up- dating stage. The process will be implemented during this year, under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment, and with the collaboration of interested parties from the public and private sector, academia and civil society.', 'The process will be implemented during this year, under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment, and with the collaboration of interested parties from the public and private sector, academia and civil society. Long term: 2050 “All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long- term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies” (Arti- cle 4.19 of the Paris Agreement). The long-term vision for the country will be outlined through a participatory process to be executed during 2020, within the framework of the design of Chile s Long-Term Climate Strategy towards 2050. 8.4.2 Working methodology In order to align the NDC definition with the 2050 vision an- nounced by Chile and considering mitigation commitments as in- termediate milestones on the path towards GHG neutrality, the Ministry of Environment has coordinated different intersectoral working groups.', '8.4.2 Working methodology In order to align the NDC definition with the 2050 vision an- nounced by Chile and considering mitigation commitments as in- termediate milestones on the path towards GHG neutrality, the Ministry of Environment has coordinated different intersectoral working groups. These tables were intended to explore the mitiga- tion potential through the projection of national scenarios based on political, technological and economic criteria. The scenarios forecast to 2050 were based on modeling of the NGHGI s five sectors (Energy, IPPU, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste), which in turn has been prepared according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The five sectors were addressed and incorporated individually.', 'The five sectors were addressed and incorporated individually. The Energy sector was planned with the tools at the Ministry of Energy to evaluate energy demand and supply scenarios, which are the main tools used by this Ministry to elaborate the Long-Term Energy Planning (PELP)50 scenarios. 50. Process established in the General Law of Electric Services, as stipulated in the respective Regulation (SD 134 fromGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Non-energy sectors (IPPU, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste) used the same models used by INGEI, but planned in the long term ac- cording to the projection of crucial variables for each category or sector, for example GDP, population, head of livestock, hectares of afforestation expected, etc.', 'Process established in the General Law of Electric Services, as stipulated in the respective Regulation (SD 134 fromGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Non-energy sectors (IPPU, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste) used the same models used by INGEI, but planned in the long term ac- cording to the projection of crucial variables for each category or sector, for example GDP, population, head of livestock, hectares of afforestation expected, etc. In general, this involved modeling in two steps: i) projecting the National GHG emissions with current policies and actions (until May 2019), and ii) a neutrality scenario that includes measures and considerations that might potentially lead Chile to reach GHG neutrality by 2050.', 'In general, this involved modeling in two steps: i) projecting the National GHG emissions with current policies and actions (until May 2019), and ii) a neutrality scenario that includes measures and considerations that might potentially lead Chile to reach GHG neutrality by 2050. Figure 1: Framework in the elaboration of mitigation forecasts and scenarios for neutrality and NDC 8.4.3 Detailed methodological framework Energy sector The general framework and the models used in the process are detailed in the document “Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological approach and supporting ambition”, developed by the Bureau of Mitigation and Energy of the Scientific Committee of COP25.51 Figure 2 is part of that document and explains the infor- mation and interaction flow in scenarios development and models. 51. Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological Approach and Supporting Ambition.', 'Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological Approach and Supporting Ambition. Mitigation and Energy Working Group Report. Santiago: COP25 Scientific Committee; Ministry of Science, Techno- logy, Knowledge and Innovation. Methodological framework for modeling GHG scenarios in the energy sector Source: Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological Approach and Support- ing Ambition. Mitigation and Energy Working Group Report. Santiago: COP25 Scientific CommitteeGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 The figure illustrates the energy analysis process including its main components. Each section of the diagram shows the logical steps of the methodological approach and each block represents specific models, a common assumption of the variables projected, and the criteria used during the process. Section A establishes the main micro and macroeconomic projections, incorporating other local and complementary vari- ables to feed the national demand projections on energy services.', 'Section A establishes the main micro and macroeconomic projections, incorporating other local and complementary vari- ables to feed the national demand projections on energy services. This demand for services is converted into energy needs using specific models by economic sector, and the emissions inventory of the energy sector as a start point. The calculation of current policies stage incorporates this information and is subsequently used as a baseline to compare emissions and cost levels for dif- ferent mitigation scenarios (Section B). In section C, the forecast on power generation is conducted through a deterministic uninodal model of expansion at minimum cost. Other energy sectors of the energetic demand are modeled considering cost-effectiveness criteria, which are constructed through the elaboration of a marginal abatement costs curve.', 'Other energy sectors of the energetic demand are modeled considering cost-effectiveness criteria, which are constructed through the elaboration of a marginal abatement costs curve. Mitigation alternatives include the adoption of various tech- nologies, intensities, implementation time, demand management and reallocation of demand among the sectors. These alternatives are proposed, compiled and analyzed in Section B. As a baseline scenario, the iterative process starts with the calculation of GHG emissions and costs under national policies depending on the adoption of technology. In Section D, the result of the calculation of abatement costs is used as a guide to make a new path that is analyzed again in each module. Ultimately, the output allows refinement of the marginal cost reduction curve and the calculation of emissions.', 'Ultimately, the output allows refinement of the marginal cost reduction curve and the calculation of emissions. The projected emissions in the pro- posed scenario, plus the emissions of other non-energy sources are compared to meet the objective of the process: GHG neutrality by 2050 (which assumes a capture from the LULUCF sector of 65 MtCO by 2050, similar to 2016). The measures involved in the scenarios analyzed are listed in Table 1. It is worth noting that the modeling performed consid- ers scenarios which do not represent any type of commitment in terms of implementation of the measures modelled. They repre- sent measures that might potentially be taken to reach neutrality, but which might —or not— be included in sectorial mitigation plans.', 'They repre- sent measures that might potentially be taken to reach neutrality, but which might —or not— be included in sectorial mitigation plans. Renewable energies replacing thermal power station Supporting housing energy renewal SST - residential y public Distributed generation RT vulnerable houses New MEPS Public and commercial electric heating Geothermic District heating 100% electric taxis Public transportation-MR Public transportation - Regions Private vehicles 60% Commercial vehicles 60% Change transportation mode Cargo transportation Motor uses in industry and mining Thermal use via gas distribution pipe SST Industry & mining Motor electrification- others in mining Motor electrification- industry Motor electrification- commercial Motor electrification- copper mining Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Withdrawing 2,500 MW by 2050 OGUC No related measures 1278 GWh in residential by 2050 & 3633 GWh in commercial No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures 21% shared taxis by 2050 21% shared taxis by 2050 0% buses in regions (not MR) by 21% private vehicles by 2050 21% private vehicles by 2050 No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures Withdrawing 5,500 MW by 2040 OGUC & 57% houses (70% apartments) electric heating by 52% in housing use of ACS & y 10% in hospitals by 2050 1.800 GWh in residential by 2050 & 5.657 GWh in commercial Reconditioning 20.000 houses/ year MEPS in TV, dish washer, dryer, electric furnace and microwaves Supermarkets, department stores and hospitals use 84%,76% y 48% by 2050.', 'Renewable energies replacing thermal power station Supporting housing energy renewal SST - residential y public Distributed generation RT vulnerable houses New MEPS Public and commercial electric heating Geothermic District heating 100% electric taxis Public transportation-MR Public transportation - Regions Private vehicles 60% Commercial vehicles 60% Change transportation mode Cargo transportation Motor uses in industry and mining Thermal use via gas distribution pipe SST Industry & mining Motor electrification- others in mining Motor electrification- industry Motor electrification- commercial Motor electrification- copper mining Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Withdrawing 2,500 MW by 2050 OGUC No related measures 1278 GWh in residential by 2050 & 3633 GWh in commercial No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures 21% shared taxis by 2050 21% shared taxis by 2050 0% buses in regions (not MR) by 21% private vehicles by 2050 21% private vehicles by 2050 No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures No related measures Withdrawing 5,500 MW by 2040 OGUC & 57% houses (70% apartments) electric heating by 52% in housing use of ACS & y 10% in hospitals by 2050 1.800 GWh in residential by 2050 & 5.657 GWh in commercial Reconditioning 20.000 houses/ year MEPS in TV, dish washer, dryer, electric furnace and microwaves Supermarkets, department stores and hospitals use 84%,76% y 48% by 2050. 35 GWh at national level.', '35 GWh at national level. That figure remains the same until 2050. 0,2% in the energetic consumption matrix for heating use 100% shared taxis by 2050 100% urban public transportation buses in Chile by 2040 100% urban public transportation buses in Chile by 2040 58% private vehicles by 2050 58% private vehicles by 2050 Decrease of private motor transportation due to the transfer to buses and bicycles.', '0,2% in the energetic consumption matrix for heating use 100% shared taxis by 2050 100% urban public transportation buses in Chile by 2040 100% urban public transportation buses in Chile by 2040 58% private vehicles by 2050 58% private vehicles by 2050 Decrease of private motor transportation due to the transfer to buses and bicycles. 71% in cargo transportation by 2050 12% in motor use in industry and mining by 2050 7% in housing and 2% in industry by 2050 10% of thermal use in industry and 16% in copper mining 52% in mining (not copper) by 2050 67% in various industries by 2050 56% in commercial sector by 2050 57% in Surface mines by 2050 y 74% in underground by 2050 Stations withdrawal Sustainable building Electro- mobility Hydrogen Sustainable industry Description Reference Scenario Carbon Neutrality Scenario Scope Measure Sector Table 1: Measures considered in scenarios projectedGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Generation of biogas Thermal electrification Energy management systems MEPS Motors up to Capture or use of biogas from sanitary landfill.', '71% in cargo transportation by 2050 12% in motor use in industry and mining by 2050 7% in housing and 2% in industry by 2050 10% of thermal use in industry and 16% in copper mining 52% in mining (not copper) by 2050 67% in various industries by 2050 56% in commercial sector by 2050 57% in Surface mines by 2050 y 74% in underground by 2050 Stations withdrawal Sustainable building Electro- mobility Hydrogen Sustainable industry Description Reference Scenario Carbon Neutrality Scenario Scope Measure Sector Table 1: Measures considered in scenarios projectedGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Generation of biogas Thermal electrification Energy management systems MEPS Motors up to Capture or use of biogas from sanitary landfill. Use of sludge from waste water treatment plant as forest bio-stabilizer Hogs purines bio-man- agers Technical assistance for the efficient use of fertilizers Energy Energy Energy Energy Waste Waste Agricul- ture Agricul- ture No related measures No related measures 0,6% annual savings for all period No related measures Only current projects No related measures No additional projects No related measures New sanitary landfill with electric power stations.', 'Use of sludge from waste water treatment plant as forest bio-stabilizer Hogs purines bio-man- agers Technical assistance for the efficient use of fertilizers Energy Energy Energy Energy Waste Waste Agricul- ture Agricul- ture No related measures No related measures 0,6% annual savings for all period No related measures Only current projects No related measures No additional projects No related measures New sanitary landfill with electric power stations. 25% additional in thermal use in industry and mining. Staggered annual savings (0.6% a 2.5%) Total change of motors by 2030 By 2035, 100% all urban residential residues deposited in sanitary landfills with burning systems or biogas use. New treatment plants in Concepcion and Valparaiso by 2035, managing methane and sludge use. Hogs devote their purines to bio-managers in a timeframe to be defined Promote good practices in the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Promote good practices in the use of nitrogen fertilizers.', 'Promote good practices in the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Non- energy Description Reference Scenario Carbon Neutrality Scenario Scope Measure Sector Non-energy Sectors The relative importance of these sectors will necessarily grow with respect to national emissions. In 2016, the Agriculture, In- dustries and Use of Products and Waste sectors represented 21% of emissions. By 2050 they are estimated to reach 36%. The re- sults in the neutrality scenario involve significant impacts in IPPU and Waste with respect to a BAU scenario and without considering the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, and also without considering important behavioral changes in the generation of waste, due to the increased awareness of and education on cli- mate change. The agriculture sector offers different options to reduce the magnitude of emissions and increase carbon absorption.', 'The agriculture sector offers different options to reduce the magnitude of emissions and increase carbon absorption. These options improve productivity in crops, soil nutrient status, organic waste management, microclimate or biodiversity and, therefore, support climate change adaptation. Interventions to demand, modifications in food selection, loss reduction and food waste were not considered in the sector. These options also reduce GHG emissions and improve the resilience of food systems. These mea- sures together with the mitigation measures in the supply side, al- low the implementation of large-scale adaptation and mitigation strategies without threatening food security due to the increased competition for land for food production, and higher prices. In general, mitigation options for non-energy sectors do not depend on technological changes or high costs.', 'In general, mitigation options for non-energy sectors do not depend on technological changes or high costs. Constraints lie, on the one hand, in organizational and paradigm changes, and, on the other, on establishing new regulations and rules to confront tradi- tional methods as well as rules prescribing and educating for more sustainable climate behavior.', 'Constraints lie, on the one hand, in organizational and paradigm changes, and, on the other, on establishing new regulations and rules to confront tradi- tional methods as well as rules prescribing and educating for more sustainable climate behavior. In this scenario, we can advance to- wards mitigation actions; however, the autonomy and multitude of actors, entrenched cultural constraints, or regulation of some services, can be complex barriers to overcome.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.4.4 Marginal abatement cost curves The marginal abatement cost curve or MACC, is an important instrument for defining the set of mitigation options bringing na- tional commitments to life, establishing thus a condition of pri- ority and/or relevance regarding cost effectiveness of each of the measures evaluated.', 'In this scenario, we can advance to- wards mitigation actions; however, the autonomy and multitude of actors, entrenched cultural constraints, or regulation of some services, can be complex barriers to overcome.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.4.4 Marginal abatement cost curves The marginal abatement cost curve or MACC, is an important instrument for defining the set of mitigation options bringing na- tional commitments to life, establishing thus a condition of pri- ority and/or relevance regarding cost effectiveness of each of the measures evaluated. For each of the 33 measures evaluated an analysis of the fol- lowing indicators was undertaken indicator: CAPEX (present val- ue of additional capital expenditures to implement the measure), OPEX (present value of operating expenses to implement the mea- sure), accumulated reduction of GHG emissions, annual reduction of GHG emissions and marginal cost of abatement (USD/tCO ).', 'For each of the 33 measures evaluated an analysis of the fol- lowing indicators was undertaken indicator: CAPEX (present val- ue of additional capital expenditures to implement the measure), OPEX (present value of operating expenses to implement the mea- sure), accumulated reduction of GHG emissions, annual reduction of GHG emissions and marginal cost of abatement (USD/tCO ). The cost of abatement is calculated as the present value of the total costs divided by the total reduction of GHG emissions. This is one of the most common indicator to compare mitigation actions. Most measures would have a negative reduction cost by 2050. Some of the measures considered are energy efficiency actions in industrial processes of large energy industries.', 'Some of the measures considered are energy efficiency actions in industrial processes of large energy industries. For example, the uses of vehicle electrification in industry and mining have a reduc- tion potential of 3.3 MtCO by 2050 and a negative abatement cost. However, this measure faces important economic barriers to implementation. Electrification measures for private vehicles, commercial ve- hicles, taxis and buses will play an important role in reaching GHG neutrality. These measures foresee a 10.2 MtCO emission re- duction and a negative and highly profitable abatement cost for commercial or intense activity use. The use of hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources for cargo transportation will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient.', 'The use of hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources for cargo transportation will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient. However, this technology remains in a development stage and may be commercially competitive only from 2030. The decarbonization plan of the electric matrix by 2040 would bring a reduction of 7.5 MtCO by 2050, and although it represents a positive reduction cost of USD8/tCO , it may be the most relevant measure in the analysis, since the removal of coal cleans the electricity matrix, enabling actions that involve a higher demand of electricity when improving abatement cost indicators.', 'The decarbonization plan of the electric matrix by 2040 would bring a reduction of 7.5 MtCO by 2050, and although it represents a positive reduction cost of USD8/tCO , it may be the most relevant measure in the analysis, since the removal of coal cleans the electricity matrix, enabling actions that involve a higher demand of electricity when improving abatement cost indicators. This applies, for example, in sustainable industry (motor and ther- mal electrification), in electro-mobility (electric public transport and commercial vehicles), hydrogen (heavy vehicles and machine units) and sustainable buildings (electric heating). Other measures with a positive abatement cost refer to the thermal rehabilitation of housing, the electrification of boilers and furnaces of the industrial sector, the promotion of public transport and other more efficient modalities, solar heating systems, among others.', 'Other measures with a positive abatement cost refer to the thermal rehabilitation of housing, the electrification of boilers and furnaces of the industrial sector, the promotion of public transport and other more efficient modalities, solar heating systems, among others. The following figure shows the marginal abatement cost reduction curve obtained (Palma et al, 2019).52 52. Chilean NDC Mitigation Proposal: Methodological Approach and Suppor- ting Ambition. Mitigation and Energy Working Group Report. Santiago: COP25 Scientific Committee; Ministry of Scien- ce, Technology, Knowledge and Innova- tion. Figure 3: marginal abatement costs curve.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.4.5 Black Carbon In the 2015 NDC Chile has recognized that urbanization has reached almost 90%, and the negative effects on air quali- ty remains a major problem despite a long history of efforts and achievements.', 'Figure 3: marginal abatement costs curve.Government of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 8.4.5 Black Carbon In the 2015 NDC Chile has recognized that urbanization has reached almost 90%, and the negative effects on air quali- ty remains a major problem despite a long history of efforts and achievements. At the time, there was no quantitative commitment, but soon after a first emissions inventory for black carbon was presented in Chile s 2018 National Communication. These efforts resulted in the presentation of a quantitative emission reduction target of at least 25% by 2030 compared to 2016. The mitigation commitment for black carbon is consistent with the overall mitigation effort of the energy sector committed by the country.', 'The mitigation commitment for black carbon is consistent with the overall mitigation effort of the energy sector committed by the country. Mitigation actions considered in the analysis are consistent with the measures taken in the energy sector for the mitigation of other GHG, and have been evaluated considering the patterns or trajectory used by the Ministry of Energy. Besides the general mitigation measures of other greenhouse effect gases, specific measures for environmental decontamina- tion and air quality have been evaluated. These measures mainly refer to controlling residential wood burning, through improve- ments in housing and building thermic cover, which is driven through new construction and insulation standards for new and existing houses, causing a lower demand for heating energy.', 'These measures mainly refer to controlling residential wood burning, through improve- ments in housing and building thermic cover, which is driven through new construction and insulation standards for new and existing houses, causing a lower demand for heating energy. Other significant measures refer to off-road machinery emission stan- dards as well as general modal and technological changes in trans- portation. Beyond this analysis, a more ambitious scenario with greater intensity in the approach of measures specifically focused on reducing black carbon, considering a greater share of district heating, and tighter standards for off-road machinery emissions (Palma et al, 2019) is being assessed.', 'Beyond this analysis, a more ambitious scenario with greater intensity in the approach of measures specifically focused on reducing black carbon, considering a greater share of district heating, and tighter standards for off-road machinery emissions (Palma et al, 2019) is being assessed. 8.5 Considerations of justice and ambition in the light of national circumstances The mitigation element of this contribution regarding total emissions was developed considering —as a reference— the rec- ommendations of science, the objectives of the Paris Agreement and its requirements regarding mitigation commitments.', '8.5 Considerations of justice and ambition in the light of national circumstances The mitigation element of this contribution regarding total emissions was developed considering —as a reference— the rec- ommendations of science, the objectives of the Paris Agreement and its requirements regarding mitigation commitments. The up- dated NDC proposal represents a progression and higher level of ambition regarding the current commitment given that: Compared to the 2015 NDC, which committed to annual absolute emission levels of about 123 MtCO (equivalent to the unconditional intensity target of 30% reduction by 2030 of the c/r 2007 indicator), this new con- tribution presents a maximum annual emissions level of up to 95 MtCO by 2030. It is an unconditional target, i.e. it is not subject to qualify- ing external conditions (grants).', 'it is not subject to qualify- ing external conditions (grants). The target includes reaching a maximum (peak) in emis- sions by 2025, demonstrating the country s effort to con- sider the recommendations of science, and consistency with the requirements of the Paris Agreement (Articles 2.1 and 4.1). The peak year was defined based on a modelling exercise, with key assumptions including the effective in- corporation of renewable generation technology, average hydrological conditions and the construction of new elec- tricity transmission lines. The updated 2030 mitigation commitment also takes into account and is consistent with the GHG neutrality goal by 2050, included in Chile s proposed Draft Framework Law on Climate Change Framework Bill.', 'The updated 2030 mitigation commitment also takes into account and is consistent with the GHG neutrality goal by 2050, included in Chile s proposed Draft Framework Law on Climate Change Framework Bill. • • • •Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Updating the economy wide goal also responds to the calls to strengthen climate action and ambition made by the Secretary General of the United Nations during the 2018 High Level Summit and by the presidents of the COP23 and COP24 through the “Talanoa Call for Action” statement of the Dialogue of Talanoa. Chile, in its role as the COP25 Pres- idency continued to support those calls in 2019 and 2020.', 'Chile, in its role as the COP25 Pres- idency continued to support those calls in 2019 and 2020. In line with the requirements of the Paris Agreement, Chile s commitment already has national coverage and economy wide reach (article 4.4), while the accounting and reporting of emissions takes into account all gases not considered in the Montreal Protocol (CO , CH , N O, HFC s , PFC s and SF ),using the latest available methodologies (IPCC Guide- lines for 2006). • •Acknowledgments This NDC update has been possible thanks to the collaboration of the following international institutions:Government of Chile']

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['(UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION) China’s Mid-Century Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development 1 This is an unofficial translation. In case of any divergence, the official text in the Chinese language shall prevail.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND LOW-EMISSION DEVELOPMENT . 3 1. Climate change is a severe threat to all mankind . 3 2. Active response to climate change has become a global political consensus . 4 3. Green and low-carbon transformation has become a general trend of global development 5 4. China has made positive contributions to combating the global climate change . 5 CHAPTER 2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIC VISIONS 7 1. Guiding principles 7 2. Strategic visions 8 3. Technical pathways 10 CHAPTER 3. STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND POLICY ORIENTATIONS 11 1.', 'STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND POLICY ORIENTATIONS 11 1. Foster a green, low-carbon and circular economic system . 11 2. Build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system . 13 3. Establish a low GHG emission industrial system . 14 4. Impel urban and rural construction in green and low-carbon manner 16 5. Form a low-carbon comprehensive transportation system . 19 6. Achieve a substantial reduction in non-carbon dioxide GHG emission . 20 7. Implement the Nature-Based Solutions 21 8. Inspire low-emission technology innovation 24 9. Create a new pattern of nationwide participation . 25 10. Promote the modernization of climate governance system and governance capacity 26 CHAPTER 4. CHINA S APPROACHES AND ADVOCATES FOR PROMOTING GLOBAL CLIMATE GOVERNANCE 27 1. Adhere to fairness and equity . 27 2.', 'Adhere to fairness and equity . 27 2. Adhere to win-win cooperation 28 3. Adhere to the respect for science 28 4. Adhere to the commitments 29 CONCLUDING REMARKS 29 ANNEX I: LONG-TERM LOW GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION 31 ANNEX II: LONG-TERM LOW GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MACAO SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION 37Introduction Climate change concerns human survival and development. Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities, especially the accumulated carbon dioxide emission from the intensive fossil fuels consumption of developed countries, are the main causes of global climate change and pose a huge threat to ecosystem security and economic and social development in the world, especially in developing countries. Addressing climate change is a common cause of mankind.', 'Addressing climate change is a common cause of mankind. It calls for the international community to unite, cooperate and work together to address climate change within the framework of sustainable development, sticking to the path of green and low-carbon development, promoting to build a community with a shared future for mankind, and jointly building a clean and beautiful earth home. The globally spread COVID-19 in 2020 warns us once again that mankind needs a self-revolution in the face of common challenges of non-traditional security, such as major infectious diseases and climate change, all countries in the world must maintain solidarity and cooperation.', 'The globally spread COVID-19 in 2020 warns us once again that mankind needs a self-revolution in the face of common challenges of non-traditional security, such as major infectious diseases and climate change, all countries in the world must maintain solidarity and cooperation. In 2015, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (hereinafter referred to as the “Convention”) 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) adopted the Paris Agreement, of its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. It defines the long-term vision and system arrangements for global climate change actions, clarifies the general direction of green and low-carbon transformation in the future, which requires all countries to work together to implement.', 'It defines the long-term vision and system arrangements for global climate change actions, clarifies the general direction of green and low-carbon transformation in the future, which requires all countries to work together to implement. China has made historic and fundamental contributions to the conclusion, entry into force and implementation of the Paris Agreement, and actively promoted greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reduction in international shipping and aviation, which has been widely recognized and highly appreciated by the international community. In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC) proposed to build a great modern socialist country which is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century, setting the main tone for formulating China s long-term low-emission development strategy.', 'In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC) proposed to build a great modern socialist country which is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century, setting the main tone for formulating China s long-term low-emission development strategy. On September 22th, 2020, addressing the general debate of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly, Chinese President Xi Jinping solemnly announced that China will scale up its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, striving to peak carbon dioxide emission before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.', 'On September 22th, 2020, addressing the general debate of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly, Chinese President Xi Jinping solemnly announced that China will scale up its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, striving to peak carbon dioxide emission before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. On December 12, 2020, addressing the Climate Ambition Summit, President Xi Jinping announced some further commitments for 2030, China will lower its carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by over 65 percent from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent, increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from the 2005 level, and bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts.', 'On December 12, 2020, addressing the Climate Ambition Summit, President Xi Jinping announced some further commitments for 2030, China will lower its carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by over 65 percent from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent, increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from the 2005 level, and bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts. These announcements not only provide guidance and blueprint for China s green and low-carbon development, but also contribute and inject strong impetus on China s proposals for other countries to jointly meet the challenge of global climate change and protect our planet.', 'These announcements not only provide guidance and blueprint for China s green and low-carbon development, but also contribute and inject strong impetus on China s proposals for other countries to jointly meet the challenge of global climate change and protect our planet. In the process of achieving carbon neutrality, China will unswervingly implement the national strategy of actively addressing climate change and make greater contribution to maintaining global ecological security and build a community with a shared future for mankind.', 'In the process of achieving carbon neutrality, China will unswervingly implement the national strategy of actively addressing climate change and make greater contribution to maintaining global ecological security and build a community with a shared future for mankind. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era, in accordance with the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green and open for the benefit of all, and according to the relevant decisions of the Paris Climate Conference and the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, Chinese government has completed the China’s Mid-Century Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (hereinafterreferred to as the "Low-Emission Development Strategy") based on national conditions and future development strategy with in-depth research and demonstration and extensive solicitation of opinions from all parties.', 'Under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era, in accordance with the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green and open for the benefit of all, and according to the relevant decisions of the Paris Climate Conference and the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, Chinese government has completed the China’s Mid-Century Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (hereinafterreferred to as the "Low-Emission Development Strategy") based on national conditions and future development strategy with in-depth research and demonstration and extensive solicitation of opinions from all parties. The Low-Emission Development Strategy puts forward the basic principles and strategic vision, strategic priorities and policy guidance for China s long-term low-emission development, as well as the concepts and propositions for promoting global climate governance.', 'The Low-Emission Development Strategy puts forward the basic principles and strategic vision, strategic priorities and policy guidance for China s long-term low-emission development, as well as the concepts and propositions for promoting global climate governance. The Chinese government will integrate relevant requirements in the low-emission development strategy into the national economic and social development plan and continue to implement them. Chapter 1. Addressing Climate Change and Low-emission Development Climate change is one of the major threats and severe challenges to sustainable development of mankind. The Paris Agreement on climate change charts the course for the world to transition to green and low- carbon development and require all countries to work together to implement it.', 'The Paris Agreement on climate change charts the course for the world to transition to green and low- carbon development and require all countries to work together to implement it. All countries must take decisive steps, and follow the path of low-emission development unswervingly, build and maintain a global ecological security barrier, and work together to build a green earth home. 1. Climate change is a severe threat to all mankind Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued six assessment reports, and increasingly sufficient scientific evidences show the authenticity, severity and urgency of global warming.', 'Climate change is a severe threat to all mankind Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued six assessment reports, and increasingly sufficient scientific evidences show the authenticity, severity and urgency of global warming. According to the latest report of the World Meteorological Organization, the global average temperature in 2019 was 1.1°C higher than the pre- industrial levels, and the carbon dioxide concentrations reached a record of 410 ppm in the first half of 2020. Major risks such as frequent extreme weather events, species extinction, sea level rises, and crop yieldsreduction brought by climate change seriously threaten human survival and sustainable development. China is one of the countries most adversely affected by climate change.', 'China is one of the countries most adversely affected by climate change. The proportion of direct economic losses caused by climate change in GDP is much higher than the global average level in the same period. Science has confirmed that greenhouse gas emitted by human activities since the Industrial Revolution are the main cause of climate change. It is imperative to control GHG emission, and necessary to accelerate the pace of low-emission development and transformation in order to protect mankind’s home planet. 2. Active response to climate change has become a global political consensus Scientific cognition has promoted countries to reach a political consensus on addressing climate change, leading to the adoption and entry into force of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.', 'Active response to climate change has become a global political consensus Scientific cognition has promoted countries to reach a political consensus on addressing climate change, leading to the adoption and entry into force of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In particular, the Paris Agreement proposes to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and strive to control it within 1.5°C, reach the global greenhouse gas emissions peaking as soon as possible, meet the balance between anthropogenic GHGs emission and removals by sinks in the second half of this century.', 'In particular, the Paris Agreement proposes to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and strive to control it within 1.5°C, reach the global greenhouse gas emissions peaking as soon as possible, meet the balance between anthropogenic GHGs emission and removals by sinks in the second half of this century. The adoption and entry into force of the Paris Agreement demonstrate the political choice of all country’s governments to take the path of green and low-carbon transformation and protect our planet.', 'The adoption and entry into force of the Paris Agreement demonstrate the political choice of all country’s governments to take the path of green and low-carbon transformation and protect our planet. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization adopted an initial strategy on the reduction of GHG emission from ships, set out a vision to make a 40% reduction in the carbon intensity per unit of freight of the global shipping industry by 2030 compared with 2008, a 70% reduction in carbon intensity and a 50% reduction in total carbon dioxide emission by 2050, and achieve zero emission within this century. Facing with the challenges of unilateralism, protectionism, and anti-globalization, countries around the world should not regress in their commitments and actions to climate change.', 'Facing with the challenges of unilateralism, protectionism, and anti-globalization, countries around the world should not regress in their commitments and actions to climate change. And in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and the downwardpressure on the economy, all countries should unswervingly adhere to the Paris Agreement, promote a “green recovery” after the epidemic, and make concerted efforts to promote the low-emission development globally. 3. Green and low-carbon transformation has become a general trend of global development The requirement of actively addressing climate change has greatly promoted the global research, development and innovation of low-carbon technology, continuously improved energy efficiency, and reduced the cost of various low-carbon energy technologies, especially renewable energy technologies, low consumption and low emission industrial development modes replace the energy intensive and highly polluting industries development modes.', 'Green and low-carbon transformation has become a general trend of global development The requirement of actively addressing climate change has greatly promoted the global research, development and innovation of low-carbon technology, continuously improved energy efficiency, and reduced the cost of various low-carbon energy technologies, especially renewable energy technologies, low consumption and low emission industrial development modes replace the energy intensive and highly polluting industries development modes. Since the beginning of the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedentedly intensive and active period. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and economic structure, providing strong support for countries to achieve green and low-carbon development and transformation.', 'A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and economic structure, providing strong support for countries to achieve green and low-carbon development and transformation. Dozens of countries, hundreds of cities and thousands of companies around the world have proposed the goal of achieving carbon neutrality at different stages, the global transformation of low-emission development is unprecedented. 4. China has made positive contributions to combating the global climate change China has always attached great importance to addressing climate change. President Xi Jinping has stressed many times that addressing climate change is not something that others ask us to do, but something that we must do ourselves.', 'President Xi Jinping has stressed many times that addressing climate change is not something that others ask us to do, but something that we must do ourselves. In 2007, The State Council set up the National Leading Group on Climate Change, Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, headed by the Premier of The State Council, and took the lead among developing countries in releasing the National Climate Change Program.', 'In 2007, The State Council set up the National Leading Group on Climate Change, Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, headed by the Premier of The State Council, and took the lead among developing countries in releasing the National Climate Change Program. In 2009, China announced its Nationally Appropriate MitigationActions to the international community by 2020, and has included the reduction of carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP as a binding target in the five-year plan for national economic and social development since the 12th Five-Year Plan, which has been decomposed the national carbon intensity reduction target to local governments and implemented it in the earnest. In 2015 China announced its Nationally Determined Contributions, and in both September and December 2020, President Xi Jinping announced China s new nationally determined contribution targets.', 'In 2015 China announced its Nationally Determined Contributions, and in both September and December 2020, President Xi Jinping announced China s new nationally determined contribution targets. In May 2021, China set up a leading group on carbon peak and carbon neutrality, headed by Vice Premier of The State Council, to further strengthen the overall planning, coordination and promotion of the work of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. China implements an active national strategy on addressing climate change, solidly promotes various policies and actions to it as well, series measures have been adopted, such as adjusting industrial structure, optimizing energy structure, conserving energy and improving energy efficiency, promoting the construction of carbon markets, and increasing forest carbon sinks, and achieved remarkable results.', 'China implements an active national strategy on addressing climate change, solidly promotes various policies and actions to it as well, series measures have been adopted, such as adjusting industrial structure, optimizing energy structure, conserving energy and improving energy efficiency, promoting the construction of carbon markets, and increasing forest carbon sinks, and achieved remarkable results. Preliminary estimates show that carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP in China has been reduced by 48.1% in 2019 compared with 2005 levels, and the share of non-fossil energy in energy consumption reached 15.3%, China has fulfilled ahead of schedule the action target of controlling GHGs emission by 2020.', 'Preliminary estimates show that carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP in China has been reduced by 48.1% in 2019 compared with 2005 levels, and the share of non-fossil energy in energy consumption reached 15.3%, China has fulfilled ahead of schedule the action target of controlling GHGs emission by 2020. China has taken an active part in global climate governance and international cooperation on climate change, China keeps the promise, makes important contributions to combating the global climate change, and becomes an important participant, contributor and leader in global ecological civilization construction.', 'China has taken an active part in global climate governance and international cooperation on climate change, China keeps the promise, makes important contributions to combating the global climate change, and becomes an important participant, contributor and leader in global ecological civilization construction. The carbon neutral vision proposed by China means that it will be achieved from the peak of carbon dioxide emissions to carbon neutral in a short period of about 30 years, it is much shorter than many other major economies that have already proposed a carbon neutral vision.', 'The carbon neutral vision proposed by China means that it will be achieved from the peak of carbon dioxide emissions to carbon neutral in a short period of about 30 years, it is much shorter than many other major economies that have already proposed a carbon neutral vision. China isstill a developing country and faces multiple challenges, such as developing the economy, improving people’s livelihood and controlling pollution.Comparing with developed countries, China will face greater difficulties and challenges in achieving a comprehensive green and low- carbon transition in a relatively short period of time. Chapter 2. Guiding Principles and Strategic Visions 1. Guiding principles It is a common cause of mankind to address climate change.', 'Guiding principles It is a common cause of mankind to address climate change. China will adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; fully implement the guiding principles of the 19th CPC National Congress and the second, third, fourth and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee; in accordance with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization; based on the new development stage, implement the new development concept, build a new development pattern, promote high-quality development; adhere to the system concept, and handle the relationship between development and emission reduction, overall and part, short-term and medium-to-long-term, incorporate peaking carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality into the overall layout of economic and social development and ecological civilization construction, take the lead in green transformation in all areas of economic and social development, focus on the Green and low-carbon energy development, accelerate the formation of resource-saving and environment friendly industrial structures, modes of production, lifestyles and spatial patterns, unswervingly pursue ecological priority, green and low-carbon high- quality development roads to ensure that peaking carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality are achieved on schedule.', 'China will adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; fully implement the guiding principles of the 19th CPC National Congress and the second, third, fourth and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee; in accordance with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization; based on the new development stage, implement the new development concept, build a new development pattern, promote high-quality development; adhere to the system concept, and handle the relationship between development and emission reduction, overall and part, short-term and medium-to-long-term, incorporate peaking carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality into the overall layout of economic and social development and ecological civilization construction, take the lead in green transformation in all areas of economic and social development, focus on the Green and low-carbon energy development, accelerate the formation of resource-saving and environment friendly industrial structures, modes of production, lifestyles and spatial patterns, unswervingly pursue ecological priority, green and low-carbon high- quality development roads to ensure that peaking carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality are achieved on schedule. At the same time, Chinawill work with the international community to take the road of green and low-carbon development, promote the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement, adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities, and establish a fair, reasonable, and win-win global climate governance system.', 'At the same time, Chinawill work with the international community to take the road of green and low-carbon development, promote the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement, adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities, and establish a fair, reasonable, and win-win global climate governance system. Promote the construction of a community of common destiny for humanity, build a clean and beautiful world, and march towards a new era of ecological civilization together with the international community. 2. Strategic visions China will resolutely implement the major announcement made by Chairman Xi Jinping, formulate and implement an action plan for carbon dioxide emission peaking before 2030.', 'Strategic visions China will resolutely implement the major announcement made by Chairman Xi Jinping, formulate and implement an action plan for carbon dioxide emission peaking before 2030. China will make good efforts to accelerate the construction of a green and low-carbon circular economic system and a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and vigorously promote low-carbon technological innovation and the development of low-carbon industries, comprehensively form green modes of production and living, significantly improve the quality and stability of the ecosystem, build a comprehensive and effective climate governance system. China will strive to reach carbon dioxide emission peak before 2030, and realize carbon neutrality before 2060, make greater efforts and contributions to achieve the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. China will vigorously promote the energy production and consumption revolution.', 'China will vigorously promote the energy production and consumption revolution. By strengthening the dual control of total energy consumption and intensity, the energy utilization efficiency will be promoted substantially. China will strictly control the consumption of fossil energy, vigorously accelerate the development of non-fossil energy. By 2030, the proportion of non-fossil energy in energy consumption reaches to about 25%, and total installed wind and solar power capacity reached over 1.2 billion kilowatts. By 2060, China will fully establish a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, reach energyefficiency at international advanced levels, and improve the proportion of non-fossil fuels in energy consumption up to over 80%. China will accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in the industrial sector.', 'China will accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in the industrial sector. Efforts will be made to accelerate the industries to peak carbon dioxide emission as soon as possible, which include steel, building materials, non-ferrous, petrochemical, chemical industry, and etcContinuously reduce carbon dioxide emission from industrial processes.Accelerate the construction of green and zero-carbon industrial parks and supply chain pilots. By 2030, energy efficiency in key industries will reach the advanced international level, "two wings" drive of low- carbon and digital economy is realized, and the manufacturing organization and production methods will be fundamentally transformed. China will comprehensively promote the green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction. Efforts will be made to vigorously promote the use of energy-efficient and low-carbon buildings.', 'Efforts will be made to vigorously promote the use of energy-efficient and low-carbon buildings. By 2025, 100% of new buildings in cities and towns will implement green building standards, China will accelerate the optimization of the energy use structure of buildings, the fossil fuel replacement rate by renewable energies in urban buildings will reach 8%, and the rooftop photovoltaic coverage of new public buildings and new factory buildings will strive to reach 50%. China will accelerate the development of a low-carbon transport system, and actively expand the application of electric power, hydrogen energy, natural gas, and advanced liquid biofuels in transportation.', 'China will accelerate the development of a low-carbon transport system, and actively expand the application of electric power, hydrogen energy, natural gas, and advanced liquid biofuels in transportation. By 2030, the proportion of new energy and clean energy-powered vehicles will reach about 40% of all the vehicles sold in that year, the carbon emission intensity of converted turnover of commercial vehicles will decrease about 9.5% from 2020 level, and the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of converted turnover of railways will drop by 10% from 2020 level, and oil consumption by land transportation strives to peak.', 'By 2030, the proportion of new energy and clean energy-powered vehicles will reach about 40% of all the vehicles sold in that year, the carbon emission intensity of converted turnover of commercial vehicles will decrease about 9.5% from 2020 level, and the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of converted turnover of railways will drop by 10% from 2020 level, and oil consumption by land transportation strives to peak. China will accelerate the promotion of nature-based solutions,incorporate the sustainable use of natural resources into the policy and action framework for addressing climate change, maximize the mitigation effect of nature in forestry, agriculture, oceans, water resources, ecosystems and other fields, and comprehensively improve resilience in addressing climate change.', 'China will accelerate the promotion of nature-based solutions,incorporate the sustainable use of natural resources into the policy and action framework for addressing climate change, maximize the mitigation effect of nature in forestry, agriculture, oceans, water resources, ecosystems and other fields, and comprehensively improve resilience in addressing climate change. By 2030, China s forest coverage rate will reach about 25%, and forest stock volume will increase 6 billion cubic meters over 2005 level. Efforts will also be made to advocate a simple, moderate, green and low-carbon life philosophy, and widely form green modes for production and living. China will establish and improve the legal and institutional systems, policies and standards to address climate change, enhance the role of market mechanism, and thus form endogenous driving forces to promote the green and low-carbon transformation.', 'China will establish and improve the legal and institutional systems, policies and standards to address climate change, enhance the role of market mechanism, and thus form endogenous driving forces to promote the green and low-carbon transformation. 3. Technical pathways The development of energy-saving technologies will be promoted continuously, the energy efficiencies will be improved from an overall and systematic perspective by accelerating the popularization of advanced and applicable energy-saving, low-carbon, zero-carbon technologies and manufacturing techniques, by applying advanced technologies including intelligent manufacturing, systematic integration, and circular linkage into the energy production and consumption process. The electrification level in end-use sectors will speed up.', 'The electrification level in end-use sectors will speed up. Electricity will be the main energy source in end-us sectors by improving infrastructure and promoting electricity substitution technologies, it will vigorously improve the substitution of electricity for other forms of energy in end-use energy fields such as industrial and agricultural production, transportation, and urban and rural residents lives. China will accelerate the development of a new electric power system, vigorously develop renewable energies and advanced nuclear energy technologies, accelerate the development of non-fossil energy in cost reduction and efficiency improvement and integrate with the moderninformation technology revolution, actively develop "new energy + energy storage", "source-network-load-storage" and "integration of multi-energy system", support distributed new energy storage system, and promote large-scale optimization of clean power resources.', 'China will accelerate the development of a new electric power system, vigorously develop renewable energies and advanced nuclear energy technologies, accelerate the development of non-fossil energy in cost reduction and efficiency improvement and integrate with the moderninformation technology revolution, actively develop "new energy + energy storage", "source-network-load-storage" and "integration of multi-energy system", support distributed new energy storage system, and promote large-scale optimization of clean power resources. China will actively expand the application of new and clean energy in steel, cement, aviation and shipping, such as electricity, hydrogen energy, natural gas and advanced liquid biofuels.', 'China will actively expand the application of new and clean energy in steel, cement, aviation and shipping, such as electricity, hydrogen energy, natural gas and advanced liquid biofuels. China will actively promote the development and application of high-efficiency and low-cost carbon dioxide removal technologies, and accelerate the development of large-scale and whole-process pilot and construction of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in electric power, steel, cement and chemical industries. China will enhance carbon sink of ecosystems. Efforts will be made to implement major projects to protect and restore important ecosystems, and carry out integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and sand.', 'Efforts will be made to implement major projects to protect and restore important ecosystems, and carry out integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and sand. China will strengthen the land greening action, improve the protection of forest resources and the conservation and restoration of grassland ecosystems, enhance the protection and restoration of rivers, lakes and wetlands, promote the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems, promote the restoration and treatment of degraded land, and ecological restoration projects will be carried out in historical mines. Chapter 3. Strategic Priorities and Policy Orientations 1.', 'Strategic Priorities and Policy Orientations 1. Foster a green, low-carbon and circular economic system Efforts will be made to adjust the economic structure, transform the development mode, promote development of the creation of low-carbon new technologies, new products, new industries, new models, new business forms and new economies, cultivate a green, low-carbon and circular economic system, and continuously improve the quality andefficiency of development. Foster new drivers of green and low-carbon development. ⚫ Accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries including a new generation of information technology, biotechnology, new energies, new materials, high-end equipments, new energy vehicles, green environmental protection, aerospace, marine equipment and others, and achieve the deep green and low-carbon transformation of traditional industries, energy, building, and transportation infrastructure.', '⚫ Accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries including a new generation of information technology, biotechnology, new energies, new materials, high-end equipments, new energy vehicles, green environmental protection, aerospace, marine equipment and others, and achieve the deep green and low-carbon transformation of traditional industries, energy, building, and transportation infrastructure. ⚫ Accelerate the construction of a green manufacturing system, cultivate new growth poles and form new momentum in industries with cutting-edge technologies, high value and low emission including digital economy, clean energy, smart city, etc., actively promote the construction of new infrastructure and scale development of emerging low carbon industries, cultivate a number of advanced green manufacturing clusters, making the green manufacturing industry a new engine and new advantage for economic growth. Establish a green, low-carbon, and sustainable investment and consumption system.', 'Establish a green, low-carbon, and sustainable investment and consumption system. ⚫ Give full play to the guiding role of government investment, and establish an investment and financing system that is compatible with carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and further stimulate the endogenous power and market vitality of the whole society to promote green and low-carbon development. ⚫ Accelerate the establishment of institutions and systems for green investment and consumption, establish and improve climate- friendly policy systems, reduce the cost of climate investment and financing, encourage more private capital to invest in low- emission industries, improve institutions and mechanisms for promoting green consumption, and meet the people s growingneeds for a beautiful ecological environment. 2.', '⚫ Accelerate the establishment of institutions and systems for green investment and consumption, establish and improve climate- friendly policy systems, reduce the cost of climate investment and financing, encourage more private capital to invest in low- emission industries, improve institutions and mechanisms for promoting green consumption, and meet the people s growingneeds for a beautiful ecological environment. 2. Build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system China will persist pushing forward the energy production and consumption revolution, vigorously improve energy utilization efficiency and accelerate the transition of the energy structure to a clean and low- carbon direction while ensuring the safe supply of energy and meeting the internal needs of the sustainable development of the national economy and the continuous improvement of people s living standards. Significantly improve energy efficiency.', 'Build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system China will persist pushing forward the energy production and consumption revolution, vigorously improve energy utilization efficiency and accelerate the transition of the energy structure to a clean and low- carbon direction while ensuring the safe supply of energy and meeting the internal needs of the sustainable development of the national economy and the continuous improvement of people s living standards. Significantly improve energy efficiency. ⚫ Adhere to the energy development strategy of energy conservation as top priority, implement energy conservation throughout the whole process of economic and social development and in all sectors. ⚫ Adhere the dual controls on energy intensity and total energy consumption. Curb irrational energy consumption, promote rational allocation of energy resources, and substantially increase utilization efficiency.', 'Curb irrational energy consumption, promote rational allocation of energy resources, and substantially increase utilization efficiency. Strictly control total fossil energy consumption. ⚫ Vigorously promote clean utilization of coal. Strictly control coal power projects. Strictly control the growth of coal consumption during the “14th Five-Year Plan” (14th FYP, 2021-2025) period, and gradually reduce it during the 15th FYP period (2026-2030). ⚫ Oil consumption reached a peak plateau during the 15th FYP period. Accelerate the replacement of fossil fuels with non-fossil fuels. Vigorously developed non-fossil energies. ⚫ Accelerate the pace of renewable energies development, vigorously develop renewable energies including wind, solar, biomass, and marine energies. Develop hydropower in accordance with local conditions. ⚫ Develop nuclear power actively and with an organized pace onthe premise of ensuring safety.', '⚫ Develop nuclear power actively and with an organized pace onthe premise of ensuring safety. ⚫ Continuously increase the proportion of non-fossil energy in energy consumption. 3. Establish a low GHG emission industrial system Focusing on the improvement of resource and energy utilization efficiency and improving the green level of production, efforts should be made to promote energy conservation, clean production and the green technological innovation, adjust industry energy structure and modes, deepen the implementation of green manufacturing projects, comprehensively build green manufacturing system, and promote green and low-carbon transformation in key industries. Accelerate the green transformation of traditional industrial production methods.', 'Accelerate the green transformation of traditional industrial production methods. ⚫ To innovate industrial modes, enterprise form, and business modes to improve the level of production management, energy resource allocation and quality management, therefore greatly improve the efficiency of industrial energy utilization, and promote the source reduction of industrial solid waste and make the comprehensive utilization of resources. ⚫ To accelerate the construction of a green manufacturing system, with the aim of promoting the green development of the entire industrial chain and product life cycle, strengthen the system integration and resources sharing among enterprises and industries, build a green development standard system regarding green manufacture, industrial energy and water conservation, comprehensive utilization of resources and clean production. Establish a unified green products certification and identification system to increase the supply of green products.', 'Establish a unified green products certification and identification system to increase the supply of green products. ⚫ To carry out evaluation of clean production and certification of low-carbon products, accelerate the upgrade and re-engineering of industrial processes, promote clean and low-carbon productionfocusing on green design and system optimization, and build a low carbon emission supply chain that covers procurement, production, marketing, recycling, and logistics. Vigorously develop circular economy.', '⚫ To carry out evaluation of clean production and certification of low-carbon products, accelerate the upgrade and re-engineering of industrial processes, promote clean and low-carbon productionfocusing on green design and system optimization, and build a low carbon emission supply chain that covers procurement, production, marketing, recycling, and logistics. Vigorously develop circular economy. ⚫ To promote the accelerated development of green technology, environment- friendly materials, green technology and equipment, recycling of waste products and remanufacturing, develop and promote high-performance, lightweight, green and environmentally friendly new materials, and promote products intelligent sorting and high-value utilization, fine dismantling and clean regeneration of solid waste, such as scrap metal, waste plastic, waste textiles and clothing, accelerate the establishment of recycling renewable resource system.', '⚫ To promote the accelerated development of green technology, environment- friendly materials, green technology and equipment, recycling of waste products and remanufacturing, develop and promote high-performance, lightweight, green and environmentally friendly new materials, and promote products intelligent sorting and high-value utilization, fine dismantling and clean regeneration of solid waste, such as scrap metal, waste plastic, waste textiles and clothing, accelerate the establishment of recycling renewable resource system. ⚫ To increase the innovation of new materials and technologies R&D, and promote material substitution focusing on new material technologies, so as to reduce the demand for raw materials and efficient use, and improve the level of resource recycling. Promote optimization, upgrading and low-carbon transformation of key industries.', 'Promote optimization, upgrading and low-carbon transformation of key industries. ⚫ To formulate implementation plan for achieving carbon emission peak for sub-sectors of industries such as iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemical and chemicals, and building materials, and accelerate the deployment of research and application of new production processes such as hydrogenmetallurgy. ⚫ To improve key industries’ quality and performance, to eliminate outdated production capacity in accordance with laws and regulations, and optimize the layout of production capacity. ⚫ By optimizing the product structure, extending the industrial chain, enhancing the added value of products, to accelerate the intensive and high-end development of traditional industries.⚫ To accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and shift the focus of development from high energy- consuming industries to high value-added, high-tech industries and strategic emerging industries.', '⚫ By optimizing the product structure, extending the industrial chain, enhancing the added value of products, to accelerate the intensive and high-end development of traditional industries.⚫ To accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and shift the focus of development from high energy- consuming industries to high value-added, high-tech industries and strategic emerging industries. ⚫ Vigorously promote the application of renewable energies in the industries. 4. Impel urban and rural construction in green and low-carbon manner China will accelerate the establishment of a green and low-carbon innovation system for building sector that meets China s national conditions.', 'Impel urban and rural construction in green and low-carbon manner China will accelerate the establishment of a green and low-carbon innovation system for building sector that meets China s national conditions. While meeting the growing energy demand in the building sector brought about by new urbanization, economic and social development and the improvement of people’s living standards, efforts will be made to optimize the end-use energy structure, control the total energy consumption in the building sector, and improve the building energy efficiency simultaneously. Develop green buildings in an all-round way. ⚫ Promote the use of green low-carbon building materials and green construction methods, accelerate the industrialization of new buildings, vigorously promote the use of prefabricated buildings, steel structure housing, recycling of building materials, and strengthen green design and green construction management.', '⚫ Promote the use of green low-carbon building materials and green construction methods, accelerate the industrialization of new buildings, vigorously promote the use of prefabricated buildings, steel structure housing, recycling of building materials, and strengthen green design and green construction management. ⚫ Promote the green construction of counties. Establish a green and low-carbon-oriented urban and rural planning and construction management mechanism, formulate building demolition management measures, and put an end to "large-scale demolition and construction". Build green towns and communities. Vigorously optimize the building energy structure. ⚫ Vigorously promote the use of renewable energies in buildings, and maximize the use of integration of photovoltaics into the building envelope.', '⚫ Vigorously promote the use of renewable energies in buildings, and maximize the use of integration of photovoltaics into the building envelope. Actively promote clean heating in severe coldand cold areas, promote central heating by using combined heat and power technology, accelerate the large-scale application of industrial waste heat heating, actively and steadily carry out demonstrations projects of nuclear heating, and deploy clean and low-carbon heating technologies such as heat pumps, biomass, geothermal, and solar energy in accordance with local conditions. Provide guidance of scientific heating in hot summer and cold winter areas, and adopt clean and efficient heating methods according to local conditions. ⚫ Improve the electrification level of the building sector, and forster development of building with photovoltaic， energy storage， direct current，flexibility (PEDF) system.', '⚫ Improve the electrification level of the building sector, and forster development of building with photovoltaic， energy storage， direct current，flexibility (PEDF) system. Promote the low-carbon transformation of urban construction and management. ⚫ To promote the cluster development for urban areas, scientifically determine the scale of urban construction, and control the excessive growth of new construction land. Advocate the concept of green and low-carbon planning and design, strengthen urban and rural climate resilience, and build sponge cities. ⚫ To implement the evaluation mechanism on city development, promote the integration of green and low-carbon development concepts into the urban planning, design, construction, operation and management, and simultaneously optimize the urban spatial layout and governance pattern. ⚫ To promote the construction of urban infrastructure and urban renewal process, and push forward urban ecological restoration and functional improvement projects.', '⚫ To promote the construction of urban infrastructure and urban renewal process, and push forward urban ecological restoration and functional improvement projects. ⚫ To promote the steel structure buildings actively, improve the green and low-carbon building operation and management system, and continuously optimize and improve the level of green and low-carbon building operations.Strengthen the development of green and low-carbon counties. ⚫ To make full use of the original topography, landforms and natural environment in building counties, and maintain the landscape and natural features. ⚫ To properly control the construction density, intensity and residential building height. Increase the proportion of green buildings in newly built buildings.', 'Increase the proportion of green buildings in newly built buildings. ⚫ To vigorously develop renewable energy that meets the local resource endowments and needs of the county, and reduce the proportion of traditional fossil energies in energy consumption. ⚫ Push forward green and energy-saving infrastructure, advocate a combination of large-scale decentralization and small-regional infrastructure layout, and apply distributed energies, sewage treatments and other facilities according to local conditions. Speed up the modernization of rural houses and villages construction.', 'Speed up the modernization of rural houses and villages construction. ⚫ To improve the design and construction level of rural houses, solve the problems including rural house sunshine duration, heat preservation and heating, ventilation and lighting according to local conditions, promote the construction of green rural houses, encourage the use of native materials and green building materials, and promote energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in rural houses. ⚫ To actively use solar energy, biomass energy, air thermal energy, geothermal energy and other clean energies to solve the energy demands of heating, cooking, domestic hot water and etc. for farmhouse.', '⚫ To actively use solar energy, biomass energy, air thermal energy, geothermal energy and other clean energies to solve the energy demands of heating, cooking, domestic hot water and etc. for farmhouse. ⚫ To popularize the miniaturized, ecological, and decentralized rural sewage treatment methods, enhance the reduction of rural domestic waste from the source, push forward the rural energy reform, and simultaneously encourage the use of clean energy thatsuits the local characteristics and needs of rural areas. 5. Form a low-carbon comprehensive transportation system China will put same emphasis on optimizing supply and demand inducing, and give full play to the comparative advantages and combined efficiency of various transportation modes, and accelerate the establishment of a green, low-carbon and integrated transportation system. Create a low-carbon and efficient transportation system.', 'Create a low-carbon and efficient transportation system. ⚫ Build a comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network and integrate the concept of green development throughout the entire process of transportation infrastructure planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance, and actively promote the construction of green railways, green highways, green waterways, green ports, green airports, and green hubs.', '⚫ Build a comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network and integrate the concept of green development throughout the entire process of transportation infrastructure planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance, and actively promote the construction of green railways, green highways, green waterways, green ports, green airports, and green hubs. ⚫ Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports, and vigorously develop multi- modal high-efficiency transportation organization modes such as combined transportation, drop-and-pull transportation and joint distribution, improve the efficiency of transportation operations, promote the standardization of freight vehicles, and accelerate the application of recyclable standardized logistics turnover boxes.', '⚫ Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports, and vigorously develop multi- modal high-efficiency transportation organization modes such as combined transportation, drop-and-pull transportation and joint distribution, improve the efficiency of transportation operations, promote the standardization of freight vehicles, and accelerate the application of recyclable standardized logistics turnover boxes. ⚫ Promote the development of smart transportation, and actively develop new technologies, new business formats, and new models such as autonomous driving and shared cars.', '⚫ Promote the development of smart transportation, and actively develop new technologies, new business formats, and new models such as autonomous driving and shared cars. ⚫ Accelerate the development, promotion and application of key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies and products in the transportation sector.Accelerate the transformation of energy structure in the transportation sector. ⚫ Continue to increase the retention rate of new energy vehicles. ⚫ Promote the realization of electrification, new energy and cleanness of urban public transportation and urban logistics and distribution vehicles and promote the use of new energy for private cars and trucks. ⚫ Promote the application of low-carbon energy ships and explore the application of biomass fuels and other synthetic fuels in civil aviation.', '⚫ Promote the application of low-carbon energy ships and explore the application of biomass fuels and other synthetic fuels in civil aviation. ⚫ Increase the application of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy in transportation infrastructure, accelerate the improvement of the LNG and hydrogen energy supply (filling) system, and focus on solving the problems of difficult approval, construction, and operation of marine LNG refueling stations. Build (near) zero-carbon hubs, stations and ports (port areas). Speed up the construction of a green travel system. ⚫ Strengthen the comprehensive management of urban traffic congestion, give priority to the development of urban public transportation, encourage the public to preferentially choose urban public transportation to travel, improve the urban slow traffic system, and increase the proportion of green travel.', '⚫ Strengthen the comprehensive management of urban traffic congestion, give priority to the development of urban public transportation, encourage the public to preferentially choose urban public transportation to travel, improve the urban slow traffic system, and increase the proportion of green travel. ⚫ Actively develop large-capacity and high-efficiency inter- regional rapid passenger transport services with high-speed rail and aviation as the mainstay, improve the level of rail transit commuting in urban agglomerations, and encourage the mass transit form operation of intercity road transportation in areas with high passenger demand. 6. Achieve a substantial reduction in non-carbon dioxide GHG emissionCoordinate the management and control of non-carbon dioxide GHGs emission for energy, industrial production processes, agriculture, waste treatment and other fields.', 'Achieve a substantial reduction in non-carbon dioxide GHG emissionCoordinate the management and control of non-carbon dioxide GHGs emission for energy, industrial production processes, agriculture, waste treatment and other fields. Carry out actions to strengthen the coordinated control of GHG emission and air pollutant emission, to include different types of non-carbon dioxide GHGs emission into the scope of quantitative management and control in a focused, step-by-step, and phased manner, and to establish and improve non-carbon dioxide emission statistical accounting system, policy system and management system. Actively implement the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and strictly require all difluoro-chloromethane production enterprises to harmlessly dispose of their by-product trifluoro methane. Increase the research and development of low-carbon and environmentally friendly alternative technologies.', 'Increase the research and development of low-carbon and environmentally friendly alternative technologies. Actively adopt low global warming potential alternative technologies in the process of replacing HCFCs to reduce emission; promote the recovery, reuse and harmless treatment of controlled substances, and support relevant production companies to create green factories and strictly control leakage and discharge of controlled substances during production. Priority should be given to the implementation of alternative and emission reduction HFC actions in industries where alternative technologies are relatively mature. 7.', 'Priority should be given to the implementation of alternative and emission reduction HFC actions in industries where alternative technologies are relatively mature. 7. Implement the Nature-Based Solutions China will uphold the harmonious coexistence of human and nature, efforts will be made to exploit the potential of "Nature-Based Solutions" in GHGs emission reduction and increase the carbon sink, improve the climate resilience of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and enable green mountains and clear water to continue to exert benefits in ecological conservation and economic and social development. Form a territorial spatial layout and ecosystem that can reduce emission and increase sinks.', 'Form a territorial spatial layout and ecosystem that can reduce emission and increase sinks. ⚫ Give full play to the strategic lead and strengthened control ofterritorial space planning on the territorial space development and protection, improve and implement the strategy of major functional zones based on the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and the environment and the suitability evaluation of territorial space development, making overall plans for the development and protection of territorial space in the new era. ⚫ Persist in the living community concept of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grasslands and deserts and implement measures and policies according to local conditions. Coordinate efforts to promote afforestation, ecological restoration and systemic governance, and promote and improve the service functions of ecosystem.', 'Coordinate efforts to promote afforestation, ecological restoration and systemic governance, and promote and improve the service functions of ecosystem. Reduce the social costs of climate change mitigation and improve the resilience of territorial space by protecting, restoring and improving natural resource management. Promote agriculture’s green and low-carbon development. ⚫ Make the development orientation of agriculture from increasing production to improving quality and efficiency, and develop green, low-carbon circular agriculture with the basic characteristics of "ecological green, high-quality, and environmentally friendly", ⚫ Promote the resource-saving and recycling-oriented development of agriculture, focusing on saving land, water, fertilizer, medicine, energy, and labor, and effectively reduce material consumption and resource input in agricultural production including facility planting and large-scale breeding, and improve agricultural production efficiency and comprehensive benefits.', '⚫ Make the development orientation of agriculture from increasing production to improving quality and efficiency, and develop green, low-carbon circular agriculture with the basic characteristics of "ecological green, high-quality, and environmentally friendly", ⚫ Promote the resource-saving and recycling-oriented development of agriculture, focusing on saving land, water, fertilizer, medicine, energy, and labor, and effectively reduce material consumption and resource input in agricultural production including facility planting and large-scale breeding, and improve agricultural production efficiency and comprehensive benefits. ⚫ Innovate the comprehensive utilization mechanism of agricultural waste, formulate and implement policies for comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste, optimize the industrial structure of comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste and improve the quality and efficiency.', '⚫ Innovate the comprehensive utilization mechanism of agricultural waste, formulate and implement policies for comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste, optimize the industrial structure of comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste and improve the quality and efficiency. ⚫ Vigorously push forward the research and development,promotion and application of ecological technologies, green technologies and carbon sink technologies, promote the recycling of straws, livestock and poultry breeding wastes, protect and improve cultivated land quality, and achieve a healthy and sustainable development of the industry. Strengthen ecosystem protection, restoration and carbon storage. ⚫ Propel major ecological protection and restoration projects, strengthen the ecological protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, oceans, wetlands, and deserts, designate and strictly adhere to ecological protection red lines, improve the comprehensive disaster prevention and control capabilities of forests and grasslands, and reduce GHG emission.', '⚫ Propel major ecological protection and restoration projects, strengthen the ecological protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, oceans, wetlands, and deserts, designate and strictly adhere to ecological protection red lines, improve the comprehensive disaster prevention and control capabilities of forests and grasslands, and reduce GHG emission. ⚫ Innovatively develop forest and grass low-carbon industries, and vigorously develop emerging industries including eco-tourism, forest and grassland health care, new materials, bio- pharmaceuticals, and biomass energies exploitation. ⚫ Comprehensively build a natural protected area system with national parks as the main body. Protect biodiversity, and give full play to the function and role of ecosystems in responding to climate change.', 'Protect biodiversity, and give full play to the function and role of ecosystems in responding to climate change. ⚫ Actively protect and restore blue carbon ecosystems including mangroves, seagrass beds, and salt marshes, and explore the research and practice of sink-increasing technologies including aquaculture carbon sinks, shell-algae fishery carbon sinks, and micro-biological carbon sinks. ⚫ Strengthen scientific and technological innovation, and carry out carbon source and sink monitoring and assessment including forests, grasslands, oceans, wetlands and other ecosystems and the inversion of human carbon dioxide emission changes based on satellite remote sensing and multi-source data assimilation methods.8. Inspire low-emission technology innovation China will strengthen R&D and international cooperation and accelerate the deployment and application of cutting-edge, critical and disruptive technologies, leading by the planning and guidance of technological innovation.', 'Inspire low-emission technology innovation China will strengthen R&D and international cooperation and accelerate the deployment and application of cutting-edge, critical and disruptive technologies, leading by the planning and guidance of technological innovation. The development and promotion of various sustainable energy consumption technologies including energy-saving and energy-efficiency improvement can work as the emission reduction measures with the lowest cost and the most synergistic benefits in the medium and long-term. Strengthen the development and application of energy-saving technology ⚫ Continue to carry out energy conservation technology transformation, energy system optimization, and cascaded utilization of energy resources. ⚫ Accelerate the popularization of advanced and applicable energy- saving, low-carbon, and zero-carbon technologies and processes.', '⚫ Accelerate the popularization of advanced and applicable energy- saving, low-carbon, and zero-carbon technologies and processes. ⚫ Accelerate the application of energy efficiency improvement technologies such as demand reduction, intelligent manufacturing, and system integration, and improve energy efficiency from the overall and system, taking advantage of the development of artificial intelligence, the Internet, information and communication technology and blockchain technology innovation and development. Vigorously develop non-fossil energy development and utilization technologies. ⚫ Vigorously support and develop a batch of low-cost, high- efficiency renewable energy utilization technologies.', '⚫ Vigorously support and develop a batch of low-cost, high- efficiency renewable energy utilization technologies. ⚫ Promote the in-depth integration of technologies such as the Internet and big data with the renewable energy industry, and accelerate the independent innovation and industrial upgrading of new energy equipment.⚫ Proactively develop nuclear power in a safe manner, and increase the research and development of advanced nuclear energy such as small modular reactors, so that nuclear power will continue to play an important role in ensuring the safe supply of electricity and the deep GHG emission reduction. Actively promote the innovative development of revolutionary emission reduction technologies.', 'Actively promote the innovative development of revolutionary emission reduction technologies. ⚫ Strive to make technological breakthroughs in large-capacity wind power, high-efficiency photovoltaics, high-power LNG engines, large-capacity energy storage, low-cost renewable energy hydrogen production, low-cost CCUS technology, and accelerate the R&D of basic materials including carbon fiber, aerogel, and special steel, in order to tackling areas of weaknesses in fabrication of key components and parts, software, etc. ⚫ Promote advanced and mature green, low-carbon technologies and carry out demonstration projects. Build full-process, integrated, and large-scale CCUS projects. Promote application and demonstration of molten salt energy storage for heating and power generation. Accelerate the development and application of hydrogen technologies, and explore large-scale applications in the sectors including industry, transportation, and construction. 9.', 'Accelerate the development and application of hydrogen technologies, and explore large-scale applications in the sectors including industry, transportation, and construction. 9. Create a new pattern of nationwide participation China will take the cultivation of the green and low-carbon lifestyle as an important indicator for improving the living environment and raising the level of social civilization. Efforts will be made to extensively advocate and publicize the ways of simple and moderate, green, low-carbon, civilized and healthy life, and also to establish and further improve the policies and management systems that promote green life and green consumption. ⚫ Comprehensively enhance the public s awareness of green and low-carbon consumption.', '⚫ Comprehensively enhance the public s awareness of green and low-carbon consumption. Popularize the concept of the green andlow-carbon development through publicity activities on World Earth Day, World Environment Day, Energy Saving Publicity Week and National Low-Carbon Day, and carry out legislative education with the theme of promoting green production and green living. Advocate green and healthy nutritional diet to fight against food waste. ⚫ Make public institutions play the demonstration and guidance role in practicing green and low-carbon concepts in the whole society. Promote green and low-carbon housing and travel. 10. Promote the modernization of climate governance system and governance capacity China will push forward institutional transformations and make faster move to build a modern climate governance system.', 'Promote the modernization of climate governance system and governance capacity China will push forward institutional transformations and make faster move to build a modern climate governance system. Efforts will be made to establish sound legal, institutional, policy, market and support systems for climate governance, and basically establish a governance system that led by government, mainly composed by enterprise, actively engaged by social organizations and the public. At the same time, China will promote the establishment of science-based mechanisms for reducing GHGs emission from international shipping and aviation. Continuously improve the legal system. ⚫ Comprehensively screen and modify the current laws and regulations that are not compatible with carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and strengthen the coordination between laws and regulations.', '⚫ Comprehensively screen and modify the current laws and regulations that are not compatible with carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and strengthen the coordination between laws and regulations. ⚫ Enhance research and formulate special laws for promoting carbon neutrality, accelerate the revise of the existing laws and regulations including The Energy Conservation Law, The Electricity Law, The Coal Law, The Renewable Energy Law, The Circular Economy Promotion Law, etc., to enhance their pertinence and effectiveness.', '⚫ Enhance research and formulate special laws for promoting carbon neutrality, accelerate the revise of the existing laws and regulations including The Energy Conservation Law, The Electricity Law, The Coal Law, The Renewable Energy Law, The Circular Economy Promotion Law, etc., to enhance their pertinence and effectiveness. Establish a sound policy system.⚫ Issue and implement the Opinions on Fully, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Concept and Doing A Good Job in Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality and the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030 ⚫ Formulate and issue implementation plans for achieving carbon peaking in sub-sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transportation, agriculture and rural affairs. Formulate policy systems from technological support, green finance, fiscal and taxation, and price perspectives.', 'Formulate policy systems from technological support, green finance, fiscal and taxation, and price perspectives. ⚫ Accelerate the formation of a "1+N" policy system to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality vision with clear objectives, reasonable division of labor, effective measures, and orderly linkage. Promote the market-based mechanisms. ⚫ Give full play to the role of market mechanisms in controlling GHG emission, accelerate the establishment and stable operation of a national carbon emission trading market with complete legal systems, fair and scientific quotas, active and credible emission control manners, active and orderly transactions, reliable facilities. ⚫ Steadily expand the coverage of industries and types of GHGs, and simultaneously promote the construction of a GHG certification and emission reduction trading market. ⚫ Actively participate in international carbon market-related cooperation. Chapter 4.', '⚫ Actively participate in international carbon market-related cooperation. Chapter 4. China s Approaches and Advocates for Promoting Global Climate Governance 1. Adhere to fairness and equity To achieve global low-emission development, it is necessary forparties to comply with the objectives and principles laid out in the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. UNFCCC set down the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities as the cornerstone of global climate governance system. This lays the legal basis for global climate governance, thus providing legal guarantee for pursuing global low-emission development. Parties should follow the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, formulate low-emission development strategies in respect of their national conditions, responsibilities and development paths, and undertake international obligations in line with their national conditions, and development stages. 2.', 'Parties should follow the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, formulate low-emission development strategies in respect of their national conditions, responsibilities and development paths, and undertake international obligations in line with their national conditions, and development stages. 2. Adhere to win-win cooperation Mankind is a community with a shared future, and to work together with solidarity and cooperation is the most effective way to achieve global low-emission development pathway and address climate change. The achievement of Paris Agreement is a milestone in global climate governance and represents the direction of the global green and low- carbon transition. It requires all countries to work together to implement it.', 'It requires all countries to work together to implement it. To cope with global issues such as climate change, we should abandon the narrow mindset of zero-sum game, unilateralism and protectionism, resolutely oppose the unilateral climate trade barriers, commit to multilateralism, while at the same time we should work together in the spirit of partnership with mutual benefits and win-win results and implement low-emission development strategies. At the same time, we should actively carry out South-South cooperation in tackling climate change, and vigorously support the development of green and low-carbon energies in developing countries. 3.', 'At the same time, we should actively carry out South-South cooperation in tackling climate change, and vigorously support the development of green and low-carbon energies in developing countries. 3. Adhere to the respect for science To achieve low-emission development, all parties must respect the scientific understanding of global climate change, raise awareness of the urgency and severity of climate change, and scientifically and rationallyformulate low-emission development paths that are in line with their respective national conditions and development stages. International cooperation in scientific research and technological innovation to address climate change is a necessary precondition to achieve carbon neutrality as early as possible in the second half of this century.', 'International cooperation in scientific research and technological innovation to address climate change is a necessary precondition to achieve carbon neutrality as early as possible in the second half of this century. All parties should work together to share scientific and technological achievements and practical experience in addressing climate change, and jointly promote the development path transformation, the upgrade of industry, energy revolution and technological innovation. 4. Adhere to the commitments The full implementation of the provisions of the Convention and the Paris Agreement is the political basis for the implementation of low- emission development. The Paris Agreement is in line with the general direction of global development and it has not come easily. Each one should hold to the agreement, keep its commitments, and take positive actions.', 'Each one should hold to the agreement, keep its commitments, and take positive actions. Adequate, stable and strong financial support provided by developed countries is an indispensable prerequisite for developing countries to achieve low-emission development. While taking the lead in reducing emission significantly, the developed countries should continue to increase their support to developing countries, and help developing countries achieve their low-emission development strategies. Concluding Remarks As pointed by China’s chairman Xi Jinping, addressing climate change is an important area of global governance, and the global efforts to address climate change serve as a mirror and bring us valuable enlightenments for exploring future global governance modes and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.', 'Concluding Remarks As pointed by China’s chairman Xi Jinping, addressing climate change is an important area of global governance, and the global efforts to address climate change serve as a mirror and bring us valuable enlightenments for exploring future global governance modes and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. He also emphasized that the Paris Agreement represents the generaldirection of the global green and low-carbon transition, which requires all countries to work together to implement it and take decisive steps. It’s a common cause of mankind responding to climate change.', 'It’s a common cause of mankind responding to climate change. China has always been a supporter of multilateralism and is willing to continue to strengthen communication and coordination with all parties on major issues such as climate change, so as to promote the establishment of a fair, reasonable, cooperative and win-win global climate governance system and make contributions in achieving a higher level of global sustainable development. As the fundamental theory is a simple theory, it is the most important to practice and work hard.', 'As the fundamental theory is a simple theory, it is the most important to practice and work hard. It requires timely and strong practical actions by all countries to implement long-term low-carbon emission development strategies for the mid-century of this century, accelerate the green and low- carbon transition of economic and social development, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. As a developing country, China is willing to work hand in hand with the international community to promote the global low-emission development transition, achieve lower levels of GHG emission, and jointly move towards a new era of global ecological civilization.Annex I: Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region I.', 'As a developing country, China is willing to work hand in hand with the international community to promote the global low-emission development transition, achieve lower levels of GHG emission, and jointly move towards a new era of global ecological civilization.Annex I: Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region I. Background of Strategy Formulation The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) attaches great importance to combating climate change.', 'Background of Strategy Formulation The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) attaches great importance to combating climate change. In 2017, the HKSAR Government announced Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ which set out in detail the key mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures to combat climate change, as well as the target to reduce Hong Kong’s carbon intensity by 65% to 70% between 2005 and 2030, which is equivalent to a reduction of Hong Kong’s total carbon emission by 26% to 36%. To align with China’s commitment to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, the Chief Executive announced in the Policy Address published on 25 November 2020 that HKSAR would strive to achieve carbon neutrality before 2050.', 'To align with China’s commitment to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, the Chief Executive announced in the Policy Address published on 25 November 2020 that HKSAR would strive to achieve carbon neutrality before 2050. To this end, the Chief Executive announced in the 2021 Policy Address that the HKSAR Government would publish the Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050 in 2021 to set out more proactive strategies and measures to reduce carbon emission, and pursue more vigorous strategies and measure, and enhanced interim decarbonisation targets to reduce Hong Kong s carbon emission by 50% before 2035 as compared to the 2005 level. The HKSAR Government announced the latest Hong Kong s Climate Action Plan 2050 on 8 October 2021.', 'The HKSAR Government announced the latest Hong Kong s Climate Action Plan 2050 on 8 October 2021. With the vision of "Zero-carbon Emission‧Liveable City‧Sustainable Development", it outlined HKSAR’s strategies and targets for combating climate change and achieving carbon neutrality. II. Present Situation and Trend The climate change mitigation measures proposed in Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ have been progressively implemented with fruitful results. In 2019, electricity generation was Hong Kong’s largestsource of carbon emission (accounting for about 66% of the total), followed by transport (accounting for about 18% of the total) and waste (accounting for about 7% of the total). Therefore, our decarbonisation work focuses on these three key areas.', 'Therefore, our decarbonisation work focuses on these three key areas. In respect of energy, the HKSAR Government has reached agreements with the two power companies to gradually replace coal with cleaner natural gas for electricity generation. From 2015 to 2020, the share of coal in the fuel mix has been reduced from around half to less than a quarter, while the share of natural gas has significantly increased from around a quarter to almost half. Meanwhile, the Government has earmarked a total of $3 billion to install small-scale renewable energy systems at existing government premises. Installation of larger-scale solar energy generation systems at suitable locations at reservoirs and landfills are also being pursued.', 'Installation of larger-scale solar energy generation systems at suitable locations at reservoirs and landfills are also being pursued. In addition, the HKSAR Government has introduced the “Feed-in Tariff” to encourage different sectors to install renewable energy systems, and has installed solar photovoltaic panels for eligible schools and non-governmental welfare organisations free of charge. The public response has been enthusiastic. Buildings account for about 90% of Hong Kong’s total electricity consumption, and over 60% of our carbon emission is attributable to generating electricity for our buildings. The Energy Saving Plan for Hong Kong’s Built Environment 2015~2025+ promulgated by the Government in 2015 has set a target of reducing energy intensity by 40% by 2025. So far, the energy intensity in Hong Kong has decreased by over 30%.', 'So far, the energy intensity in Hong Kong has decreased by over 30%. The HKSAR Government has also taken the lead in energy saving. The Government achieved the five-year target of reducing electricity consumption in government buildings by 5% in 2018-2019, one year ahead of schedule, and achieved a final electricity saving of about 7.8%. We have also set a new Green Energy Target to further improve the energy performance of the whole Government by 6% by 2024-2025. Regarding green transport, the HKSAR Government announced inMarch 2021 Hong Kong Roadmap on Popularisation of Electric Vehicles, setting out the long-term policy objectives and plans to promote the adoption of electric vehicles and their associated supporting facilities in Hong Kong, guiding Hong Kong towards zero vehicular emission before 2050.', 'Regarding green transport, the HKSAR Government announced inMarch 2021 Hong Kong Roadmap on Popularisation of Electric Vehicles, setting out the long-term policy objectives and plans to promote the adoption of electric vehicles and their associated supporting facilities in Hong Kong, guiding Hong Kong towards zero vehicular emission before 2050. This acts in concert with our other target to strive for carbon neutrality in the same time frame, with a view to meeting our aspirations for “Zero Carbon Emission‧Clean Air‧Smart City”. In addition, the HKSAR Government announced in June 2021 the Clean Air Plan for Hong Kong 2035.', 'In addition, the HKSAR Government announced in June 2021 the Clean Air Plan for Hong Kong 2035. With the vision of "Healthy Living‧Low-carbon Transformation‧World Class", it sets out the actions to promote the use of new energy transportation, and continue planning for railway networks and adopt environmentally friendly transport modes in new development areas. As for waste reduction, the HKSAR Government announced in February 2021 the Waste Blueprint for Hong Kong 2035 which advocates the vision of "Waste Reduction‧Resources Circulation‧Zero Landfill". It sets out targets for per capita municipal solid waste disposal and recovery rate, and the goal of developing adequate waste-to-energy facilities with the aim to move away from reliance on landfills for municipal waste disposal by 2035.', 'It sets out targets for per capita municipal solid waste disposal and recovery rate, and the goal of developing adequate waste-to-energy facilities with the aim to move away from reliance on landfills for municipal waste disposal by 2035. In addition, the HKSAR Government has been promoting a green and low-carbon community; raising public understanding and concern about the importance of climate change; as well as introducing and subsidising a variety of publicity and education activities, including “Low Carbon Living Calculator”, to facilitate behavioural change and encourage the public to practise low-carbon living. The HKSAR is moving steadily towards the 2030 carbon reduction target. Hong Kong’s carbon emission reached its peak in 2014.', 'Hong Kong’s carbon emission reached its peak in 2014. In 2019, Hong Kong’s total greenhouse gas emission amounted to 40.1 milliontonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e), while the carbon intensity was reduced by about 35% when compared with the 2005 level. The per capita emission had dropped to about 5.3 tonnes of CO2 e. Preliminary estimation shows that the per capita carbon emission in 2020 would be reduced from the peak level of 6.2 tonnes in 2014 to about 4.5 tonnes. III. Overall Target and Strategy The HKSAR Government is committed to deep decarbonisation, and strives to achieve carbon neutrality in Hong Kong before 2050 in support of the global efforts to combat climate change.', 'Overall Target and Strategy The HKSAR Government is committed to deep decarbonisation, and strives to achieve carbon neutrality in Hong Kong before 2050 in support of the global efforts to combat climate change. The HKSAR Government will take climate actions to align with the target of the Paris Agreement, i.e. holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. On specific strategies, the HKSAR Government will endeavour to implement the various measures set out in Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050, and pursue the interim decarbonisation targets set out therein to reduce Hong Kong s carbon emission by 50% before 2035 as compared to the 2005 level. IV.', 'On specific strategies, the HKSAR Government will endeavour to implement the various measures set out in Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050, and pursue the interim decarbonisation targets set out therein to reduce Hong Kong s carbon emission by 50% before 2035 as compared to the 2005 level. IV. Four Major Decarbonisation Strategies The four major decarbonisation strategies in Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050 cover the following targets and measures: (1) Net-zero electricity generation Cease using coal for daily electricity generation by 2035; increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel mix for electricity generation to 7.5%-10% by 2035, and to 15% subsequently; and try out the use of new energies and strengthen co-operation with neighbouring regions to achieve the long-term target of net-zero electricity generation before 2050.', 'Four Major Decarbonisation Strategies The four major decarbonisation strategies in Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050 cover the following targets and measures: (1) Net-zero electricity generation Cease using coal for daily electricity generation by 2035; increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel mix for electricity generation to 7.5%-10% by 2035, and to 15% subsequently; and try out the use of new energies and strengthen co-operation with neighbouring regions to achieve the long-term target of net-zero electricity generation before 2050. (2) Energy saving and green buildings Reduce the overall electricity consumption of buildings through promoting green buildings, improving energy efficiency of buildings andstepping up efforts to lead a low-carbon lifestyle.', '(2) Energy saving and green buildings Reduce the overall electricity consumption of buildings through promoting green buildings, improving energy efficiency of buildings andstepping up efforts to lead a low-carbon lifestyle. The goal is to reduce the electricity consumption of commercial buildings by 30% to 40% and that of residential buildings by 20% to 30% from the 2015 level by 2050, and to achieve half of the above targets by 2035. (3) Green transport Achieve the long-term target of attaining zero vehicular emission and zero carbon emission in the transport sector before 2050, through the electrification of vehicles and ferries, development of new-energy transport and measures to improve traffic management. The HKSAR Government will cease the new registration of fuel-propelled and hybrid private cars in 2035 or earlier.', 'The HKSAR Government will cease the new registration of fuel-propelled and hybrid private cars in 2035 or earlier. Apart from promoting electric buses and commercial vehicles, the HKSAR Government also plans to collaborate with the franchised bus companies and other stakeholders in the next three years to test out hydrogen fuel cell electric buses and heavy vehicles. (4) Waste reduction To achieve the long-term target of carbon neutrality in waste management before 2050, the HKSAR Government will strive to develop adequate waste-to-energy facilities by 2035, so as to move away from reliance on landfills for municipal waste disposal. The HKSAR Government will also further promote waste reduction and recycling, and expects to implement waste charging in 2023 and regulate disposable plastic tableware in phases from 2025 onwards. 5.', 'The HKSAR Government will also further promote waste reduction and recycling, and expects to implement waste charging in 2023 and regulate disposable plastic tableware in phases from 2025 onwards. 5. Next Steps In the next 15 to 20 years, the HKSAR Government will devote about $240 billion to take forward various measures on climate change mitigation and adaptation. The Steering Committee on Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive was set up in mid-2021 to formulate the overall strategy at the highest level and oversee implementation and coordination. The HKSAR Government willalso set up a new Office of Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality to strengthen co-ordination and promote deep decarbonisation.', 'The HKSAR Government willalso set up a new Office of Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality to strengthen co-ordination and promote deep decarbonisation. Also, a dedicated advisory committee on combating climate change will be formed to encourage different sectors in the community, including young people, to participate actively in climate actions. The HKSAR Government will, in line with the spirit of the Paris Agreement, review Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan about every five years to update the strategies and targets for decarbonisation and other actions to combat climate change. Climate change is an imminent global challenge.', 'Climate change is an imminent global challenge. As a Special Administrative Region of China, the HKSAR will continue to actively participate in global climate actions, and further promote international and regional cooperation on various platforms, such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Working Group on Environmental Protection and Combating Climate Change, for the purpose of combating climate change.Annex II: Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of Macao Special Administrative Region I. Current situation and trend The Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) attaches great importance to combating climate change.', 'Current situation and trend The Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) attaches great importance to combating climate change. In order to align with the national climate change action target, the Government of MSAR has set a greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reduction target of reducing carbon intensity by 40%-45% by 2020 compared with 2005. The carbon intensity in 2019 was 6.21 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) per million patacas, decreasing 67.1 percent from 18.9 tons of CO2 e per million patacas in 2005. MSAR has already achieved its 2020 emission reduction target in advance. Macao, as a special administrative region of China and the pearl of the South China Sea, is a micro open economic system.', 'Macao, as a special administrative region of China and the pearl of the South China Sea, is a micro open economic system. In recent years, with the accelerated development of the construction and application of major regional infrastructure such as the Pearl River Delta intercity Rail, the Hengqin Island development and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the economy and society of Macao have ushered in a new round of accelerated development. Based on the model scenario analysis, the growth of energy consumption and carbon emission in the MSAR is expected to slow down in the future, and the energy consumption elasticity is expected to be lower than 0.7 currently.', 'Based on the model scenario analysis, the growth of energy consumption and carbon emission in the MSAR is expected to slow down in the future, and the energy consumption elasticity is expected to be lower than 0.7 currently. Carbon emission in the MSAR are expected to drop significantly by 2050 compared to 2018, with per capita carbon emission below 4 tons of CO2 e (including outsourced electricity). If a wide range of low-carbon and energy-saving policies are implemented in the transport and tertiary industries, with the gradual intensification of these policies, energy consumption and carbon emission in the MSAR will be significantly reduced, and the total emission may reach peak before 2030. II.', 'If a wide range of low-carbon and energy-saving policies are implemented in the transport and tertiary industries, with the gradual intensification of these policies, energy consumption and carbon emission in the MSAR will be significantly reduced, and the total emission may reach peak before 2030. II. Overall strategy and objectivesImplementing Xi Jinping Thought on ecological Progress, solving prominent ecological and environmental problems as soon as possible, and modernizing ecological and environmental governance system and capacity have become the most pressing issues at present. As a micro open economic system, Macao profoundly grasps the interconnections among the construction of special zone, economic and social development, the utilization of energies and resources and environmental quality improvement.', 'As a micro open economic system, Macao profoundly grasps the interconnections among the construction of special zone, economic and social development, the utilization of energies and resources and environmental quality improvement. The MSAR actively develops the GHG emission reduction potential, takes the initiative to adapt to climate change, strengthens low- carbon development and energy conservation and environmental protection technology exchanges and cooperation, speeds up the introduction and implementation of low carbon technology; actively participates in and integrates into the development of the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, promotes the evaluation of green and low-carbon development in the Greater Bay Area; strives to reach the peak of carbon emission in the SAR as soon as possible, and builds the SAR into a model city of green development; establishes a duel control and reduction mechanism for both energy consumption and the intensity and total amount of carbon dioxide emission.', 'The MSAR actively develops the GHG emission reduction potential, takes the initiative to adapt to climate change, strengthens low- carbon development and energy conservation and environmental protection technology exchanges and cooperation, speeds up the introduction and implementation of low carbon technology; actively participates in and integrates into the development of the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, promotes the evaluation of green and low-carbon development in the Greater Bay Area; strives to reach the peak of carbon emission in the SAR as soon as possible, and builds the SAR into a model city of green development; establishes a duel control and reduction mechanism for both energy consumption and the intensity and total amount of carbon dioxide emission. (1) Actively integrate itself into the newest situation and trends of international and domestic efforts to address climate change, and take climate change and low-carbon development as an important development strategy in light of its own strategic positioning, development goals and plans.', '(1) Actively integrate itself into the newest situation and trends of international and domestic efforts to address climate change, and take climate change and low-carbon development as an important development strategy in light of its own strategic positioning, development goals and plans. Per capita carbon emission of Macao in 2017 were about 5.7 tonnes, slightly lower than the per capita carbon emission of EU and about 30% higher than the global per capita carbon emission level. To this end, the MSAR should take the positive response to climate change and low-carbon development as the strategic choice for the future development, and actively build a "green and low-carbon" business card and shape a good international image.', 'To this end, the MSAR should take the positive response to climate change and low-carbon development as the strategic choice for the future development, and actively build a "green and low-carbon" business card and shape a good international image. (2) Determine the carbon dioxide emission reduction target of Macaoand the emission peak target as soon as possible, carry out research and take active roles in the "Leading The Summit City Alliance"; strive for lower carbon dioxide emission in 2030 than those in 2018, with per capita carbon emission less than 5 tonnes; achieve significant reductions in carbon emission by 2050 compared to 2018, with per capita emission below 4 tons.', '(2) Determine the carbon dioxide emission reduction target of Macaoand the emission peak target as soon as possible, carry out research and take active roles in the "Leading The Summit City Alliance"; strive for lower carbon dioxide emission in 2030 than those in 2018, with per capita carbon emission less than 5 tonnes; achieve significant reductions in carbon emission by 2050 compared to 2018, with per capita emission below 4 tons. (3) Promote the procurement ratio of green electricity including wind , photovoltaic and nuclear power,within the framework of the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area cooperation, and reduce the carbon emission intensity of electricity in Macao. (4) Actively promote the use of clean energies and reduce carbon emission in transportation sector.', '(4) Actively promote the use of clean energies and reduce carbon emission in transportation sector. (5) Better manage the use of air conditioning in MSAR; buy products with higher energy efficiencies. III. Building sector MSAR will control excessive growth rate of carbon emission from public, commercial and hotel buildings, and strive to realize decrease in carbon emission of building sector by 2030. (1) Promote green buildings with high standards in new buildings Coordinate the implementation of building energy efficiency standards and the research and development of green building standards. In the design and supervision of public housing projects, low carbon and energy saving building standards will be included, and relevant adjustments and improvements will be made in the revision of related laws and regulations regarding urban buildings.', 'In the design and supervision of public housing projects, low carbon and energy saving building standards will be included, and relevant adjustments and improvements will be made in the revision of related laws and regulations regarding urban buildings. At the same time, efforts will be made to improve the design standards of public housing buildings and also to implement green building standards in new buildings. Build a number of near-zero emission building demonstration projects. Efforts will be made for new buildings and government-funded public buildings to meet star-rated green building standards.', 'Efforts will be made for new buildings and government-funded public buildings to meet star-rated green building standards. And more work will be done to promote the integrative development of solar energyintegrated buildings and housing industrialization, making the wider use of renewable energies in new public building projects such as office buildings of public institutions and public housing buildings. (2) Promote energy-saving renovation of existing buildings Support the construction of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems on the roofs of commercial complexes and large public buildings, and release policies and measures to promote energy-saving renovation of commercial buildings.', '(2) Promote energy-saving renovation of existing buildings Support the construction of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems on the roofs of commercial complexes and large public buildings, and release policies and measures to promote energy-saving renovation of commercial buildings. (3) Mandatory energy consumption supervision and management of buildings Classify and clarify the main responsibilities regarding energy-saving, and comprehensively strengthen the management of building energy use for different types of commercial buildings and public buildings, by taking overall consideration of rights and responsibilities of the property owners, property management and users.', '(3) Mandatory energy consumption supervision and management of buildings Classify and clarify the main responsibilities regarding energy-saving, and comprehensively strengthen the management of building energy use for different types of commercial buildings and public buildings, by taking overall consideration of rights and responsibilities of the property owners, property management and users. Make full use of technical means such as the internet and cloud computing to accelerate the promotion of building visualization and intelligent building energy consumption monitoring and management systems, and implement sub-item and zone measurement control for different building energy consumption systems and places such as air conditioning, heating, elevators, and lighting. Strengthen the energy-saving management of the air-conditioning system, and reasonably increase the summer air-conditioning temperature setting in the office area.', 'Strengthen the energy-saving management of the air-conditioning system, and reasonably increase the summer air-conditioning temperature setting in the office area. Optimize the design of the air-conditioning system and carry out energy efficiency evaluation after the air- conditioning system is completed for newly-built public buildings that use central air-conditioning systems. IV. Transportation sector MSAR will Strive to reduce carbon emission from the transportation sector by more than 10% in 2030 compared with 2020, and achieve more than 30% reduction compared with 2020 by 2050. (1) Road transportation: Strengthen the regulation of vehicle growth. Guide the purchase of new energy vehicles and increase the proportion of green transportation. Vigorously develop public transportation, accelerate track construction, and optimize the ground public transportation network.', 'Vigorously develop public transportation, accelerate track construction, and optimize the ground public transportation network. Increase the electrification ratio of official vehicles and taxis, and build supporting infrastructure for new energies and clean energy vehicles such as charging stations and charging piles. Strengthen energy conservation and emission reduction in the field of logistics, build green logistics system, accelerate the development of intensive, pollution-free, and low-energy logistics by looking into the entire process of transportation, warehousing, loading and unloading, circulation processing, packaging, and distribution. Encourage logistics enterprises to adopt modern logistics technologies and energy-saving equipments, and share third-party logistics services. (2) Water transportation: implement stricter clean shipping policies.', '(2) Water transportation: implement stricter clean shipping policies. (3) Aviation: Accelerate the application of fuel-saving technologies and measures, actively promote the use of aviation biofuels, and strengthen low-carbon renovation and operation management of airports. V. Energy sector Efforts will be made to make the power sector peak before 2025, and drop by more than 15% from the peaking level in 2030, and further decrease significantly in 2050. (1) Expand the use of high-quality clean energy Accelerate the building of clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system with natural gas and electricity as the mainstay, and establish intelligent low-carbon energy supply system.', '(1) Expand the use of high-quality clean energy Accelerate the building of clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system with natural gas and electricity as the mainstay, and establish intelligent low-carbon energy supply system. Under the cooperation framework of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, promote the proportion of green power procurement, such as wind power, photovoltaic power generation, and nuclear power, and reduce the carbon emission intensity of electricity in the MSAR. (2) Vigorously develop new energy and renewable energy Accelerate the development and utilization of renewable energiessuch as recycled water and waste heat in accordance with local conditions, rationally use solar energy, promote the use of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in schools, hotels, and large public buildings, and promote the integrated application of solar and thermal buildings.', '(2) Vigorously develop new energy and renewable energy Accelerate the development and utilization of renewable energiessuch as recycled water and waste heat in accordance with local conditions, rationally use solar energy, promote the use of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in schools, hotels, and large public buildings, and promote the integrated application of solar and thermal buildings. Promote the construction of comprehensive zero-carbon demonstration projects, with the design of zero-carbon projects incorporating the renewable energies including triple-generation systems and solar panels. (3) Actively explore the application of clean energies in the transportation sector In view of the important roles of clean energies in achieving global carbon neutrality in the future, the MSAR may consider introducing clean energy for transportation to reduce carbon emission in the transportation sector appropriately. VI.', '(3) Actively explore the application of clean energies in the transportation sector In view of the important roles of clean energies in achieving global carbon neutrality in the future, the MSAR may consider introducing clean energy for transportation to reduce carbon emission in the transportation sector appropriately. VI. Other sectors As a coastal city vulnerable to climate change, Macau also needs to continuously strengthen and improve its ability to adapt to climate change, especially its ability to withstand extreme weather, and reduce the loss to economic development and urban operation caused by flooding, storm surges and astronomical tides. VII. Supporting measures Constantly raise awareness and establish the position of addressing climate change in the future development of Macau. Climate change legislation could be in the following aspects.', 'Climate change legislation could be in the following aspects. (1) In accordance with the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, the MSAR government has strengthened its legislative research work in addressing climate change and low-carbon development. (2) Carry out research on carbon pricing mechanism. (3) Broaden the coverage of the environmental protection and energy conservation fund, making it cover environmental protection, low-carbon development and energy conservation. Make use of quota auction revenueor carbon tax revenue as the continuous funding source of the fund.', 'Make use of quota auction revenueor carbon tax revenue as the continuous funding source of the fund. (4) Actively communicate with mainland in the formulation of energy-saving and low-carbon standards, integrate the MSAR into the construction of the Greater Bay Area, introduce advanced energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies from the Mainland, practice the ecological concept in the construction plan of the Greater Bay Area, and continuously improve and optimize the MSAR’s the ecological and environmental system. (5) Make full use of government procurement to continuouly promote the low-carbon products consumption. Establish low-carbon product catalog, promote the government to purchase low-carbon products, establish a subsidy system for energy-saving products, and encourage the public to purchase energy-saving products.', 'Establish low-carbon product catalog, promote the government to purchase low-carbon products, establish a subsidy system for energy-saving products, and encourage the public to purchase energy-saving products. (6) Actively promote the participation of the Macao’s aviation sector in the linkage issues of China s Certified Emission Meductions (CCER) and the ICAO s Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), and use China s CCER in achieving carbon neutralization of Macau s aviation emission. (7) Establish Pu Hui Certified Emission Reductions, promote the whole society to take low-carbon actions, and better quantify the effects of individuals low-carbon behaviors through carbon credits.']

en-US

CHN

China

1st NDC

2016-09-03 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/China%27s%20First%20NDC%20Submission.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/0c3e177e973387a9b50392dfaeeb8ba67c4af199c73e314a23b2a310abdcec8a.pdf

['(UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION) ENHANCED ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE: CHINAâ\x80\x99 S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS1 Climate change is todayâ\x80\x99s common challenge faced by all humanity. Human activities since the Industrial Revolution, especially the accumulated carbon dioxide emissions from the intensive fossil fuels consumption of developed countries, have resulted in significantly increasing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, exacerbated climate change primarily characterized by global warming.', 'Human activities since the Industrial Revolution, especially the accumulated carbon dioxide emissions from the intensive fossil fuels consumption of developed countries, have resulted in significantly increasing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, exacerbated climate change primarily characterized by global warming. Climate change has significant impacts on global natural ecosystems, causing temperature increase and sea level rise as well as more frequent extreme climate events, all of which pose a huge challenge to the survival and development of the human race. Climate change is a global issue that requires the collaboration of the international community.', 'Climate change is a global issue that requires the collaboration of the international community. For years, in accordance with the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) have been working to enhance cooperation and achieved positive progress in the implementation of the Convention. To further enhance the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, negotiations and consultations are now under way on enhanced actions beyond 2020, so as to reach an agreement at the Conference of the Parties to the Convention in Paris at the end 1 This is an unofficial translation. In case of any divergence, the official text in the Chinese language shall prevail.of 2015.', 'In case of any divergence, the official text in the Chinese language shall prevail.of 2015. This will open up a new prospect for green and low-carbon development across the globe and promote sustainable development worldwide. As a developing country with a population of more than 1.3 billion, China is among those countries that are most severely affected by the adverse impacts of climate change. China is currently in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, confronting with multiple challenges including economic development, poverty eradication, improvement of living standards, environmental protection and combating climate change.', 'China is currently in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, confronting with multiple challenges including economic development, poverty eradication, improvement of living standards, environmental protection and combating climate change. To act on climate change in terms of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resilience, is not only driven by Chinaâ\x80\x99s domestic needs for sustainable development in ensuring its economic security, energy security, ecological security, food security as well as the safety of peopleâ\x80\x99s life and property and to achieve sustainable development, but also driven by its sense of responsibility to fully engage in global governance, to forge a community of shared destiny for humankind and to promote common development for all human beings.', 'To act on climate change in terms of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resilience, is not only driven by Chinaâ\x80\x99s domestic needs for sustainable development in ensuring its economic security, energy security, ecological security, food security as well as the safety of peopleâ\x80\x99s life and property and to achieve sustainable development, but also driven by its sense of responsibility to fully engage in global governance, to forge a community of shared destiny for humankind and to promote common development for all human beings. In accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, China hereby presents its enhanced actions and measures on climate change as its nationally determined contributions towards achieving the objective set out in Article 2 of the Convention, which represent its utmost efforts in addressing climate change, and contributes its views on the 2015 agreement negotiations with a view to making the Paris Conference a great success.', 'In accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, China hereby presents its enhanced actions and measures on climate change as its nationally determined contributions towards achieving the objective set out in Article 2 of the Convention, which represent its utmost efforts in addressing climate change, and contributes its views on the 2015 agreement negotiations with a view to making the Paris Conference a great success. I. ENHANCED ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE China attaches great importance to addressing climate change since long, making it a significant national strategy for its social and economic development and promoting green and low-carbon development as important component of theecological civilization process.', 'ENHANCED ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE China attaches great importance to addressing climate change since long, making it a significant national strategy for its social and economic development and promoting green and low-carbon development as important component of theecological civilization process. It has already taken a series of climate actions which represent a significant contribution to combating the global climate change. In 2009, China announced internationally that by 2020 it will lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40% to 45% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to about 15% and increase the forested area by 40 million hectares and the forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels.', 'In 2009, China announced internationally that by 2020 it will lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40% to 45% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to about 15% and increase the forested area by 40 million hectares and the forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels. In this connection, China has enacted and implemented the National Program on Climate Change, the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for the 12th Five Year Plan Period, the 12th Five Year Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, the 2014-2015 Action Plan for Energy Conservation, Emission Reduction and Low-Carbon Development, and the National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020).', 'In this connection, China has enacted and implemented the National Program on Climate Change, the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for the 12th Five Year Plan Period, the 12th Five Year Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, the 2014-2015 Action Plan for Energy Conservation, Emission Reduction and Low-Carbon Development, and the National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020). China has accelerated the adjustment of its industry and energy structures and invested great efforts in improving energy efficiency, lowering carbon emissions and enhancing the ecosystem.', 'China has accelerated the adjustment of its industry and energy structures and invested great efforts in improving energy efficiency, lowering carbon emissions and enhancing the ecosystem. China has initiated carbon emission trading pilots in 7 provinces and cities and low-carbon development pilots in 42 provinces and cities to explore a new mode of low-carbon development consistent with its prevailing national circumstances.', 'China has initiated carbon emission trading pilots in 7 provinces and cities and low-carbon development pilots in 42 provinces and cities to explore a new mode of low-carbon development consistent with its prevailing national circumstances. By 2014 the following has been achieved: â\x80¢ Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP is 33.8% lower than the 2005 level; â\x80¢ The share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption is 11.2%; â\x80¢ The forested area and forest stock volume are increased respectively by 21.6 million hectares and 2.188 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels; â\x80¢ The installed capacity of hydro power is 300 gigawatts (2.57 times of that for â\x80¢ The installed capacity of on-grid wind power is 95.81 gigawatts (90 times of that for 2005);â\x80¢ The installed capacity of solar power is 28.05 gigawatts (400 times of that for â\x80¢ The installed capacity of nuclear power is 19.88 gigawatts (2.9 times of that for 2005).', 'By 2014 the following has been achieved: â\x80¢ Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP is 33.8% lower than the 2005 level; â\x80¢ The share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption is 11.2%; â\x80¢ The forested area and forest stock volume are increased respectively by 21.6 million hectares and 2.188 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels; â\x80¢ The installed capacity of hydro power is 300 gigawatts (2.57 times of that for â\x80¢ The installed capacity of on-grid wind power is 95.81 gigawatts (90 times of that for 2005);â\x80¢ The installed capacity of solar power is 28.05 gigawatts (400 times of that for â\x80¢ The installed capacity of nuclear power is 19.88 gigawatts (2.9 times of that for 2005). China is accelerating the implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Adaptation, and improving its capacity to respond to extreme climatic events and making positive progress in key areas of climate change adaptation.', 'China is accelerating the implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Adaptation, and improving its capacity to respond to extreme climatic events and making positive progress in key areas of climate change adaptation. Capacity building on combating climate change is further strengthened. Supports in terms of science and technology are further enhanced by implementing Chinaâ\x80\x99s Science and Technology Actions on Climate Change. Looking into the future, China has defined as its strategic goals to complete the construction of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way by 2020 and to create a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally developed and harmonious modern socialist country by the middle of this century.', 'Looking into the future, China has defined as its strategic goals to complete the construction of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way by 2020 and to create a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally developed and harmonious modern socialist country by the middle of this century. It has identified transforming the economic development pattern, constructing ecological civilization and holding to a green, low-carbon and recycled development path as its policy orientation. New industrialization, urbanization, informatization, agricultural modernization and greenisation will be promoted in a coordinated manner. Resource conservation and environmental protection have become the cardinal national policy, placing mitigation and adaptation on equal footing, promoting innovation in science and technology and putting in place the necessary management and regulatory mechanisms and systems.', 'Resource conservation and environmental protection have become the cardinal national policy, placing mitigation and adaptation on equal footing, promoting innovation in science and technology and putting in place the necessary management and regulatory mechanisms and systems. China will accelerate the transformation of energy production and consumption and continue to restructure its economy, optimize the energy mix, improve energy efficiency and increase its forest carbon sinks, with a view to efficiently mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.', 'China will accelerate the transformation of energy production and consumption and continue to restructure its economy, optimize the energy mix, improve energy efficiency and increase its forest carbon sinks, with a view to efficiently mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. China is making efforts to embark on a sustainable development path that is in line with its national circumstances and leads to multiple wins in terms of economic development, social progress and combating climate change.Based on its national circumstances, development stage, sustainable development strategy and international responsibility, China has nationally determined its actions by 2030 as follows: â\x80¢ To achieve the peaking of carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 and making best efforts to peak early; â\x80¢ To lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from the â\x80¢ To increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20%; and â\x80¢ To increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level.', 'China is making efforts to embark on a sustainable development path that is in line with its national circumstances and leads to multiple wins in terms of economic development, social progress and combating climate change.Based on its national circumstances, development stage, sustainable development strategy and international responsibility, China has nationally determined its actions by 2030 as follows: â\x80¢ To achieve the peaking of carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 and making best efforts to peak early; â\x80¢ To lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from the â\x80¢ To increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20%; and â\x80¢ To increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level. Moreover, China will continue to proactively adapt to climate change by enhancing mechanisms and capacities to effectively defend against climate change risks in key areas such as agriculture, forestry and water resources, as well as in cities, coastal and ecologically vulnerable areas and to progressively strengthen early warning and emergency response systems and disaster prevention and reduction mechanisms.', 'Moreover, China will continue to proactively adapt to climate change by enhancing mechanisms and capacities to effectively defend against climate change risks in key areas such as agriculture, forestry and water resources, as well as in cities, coastal and ecologically vulnerable areas and to progressively strengthen early warning and emergency response systems and disaster prevention and reduction mechanisms. II. POLICIES AND MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT ENHANCED ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE A one-thousand-mile journey starts from the first step. To achieve the nationally determined action objectives on climate change by 2030, China needs, building on actions already taken, to make a sustained effort in further implementing enhanced policies and measures in areas such as regime building, production mode and consumption pattern, economic policy, science and technology innovation and international cooperation.A.', 'To achieve the nationally determined action objectives on climate change by 2030, China needs, building on actions already taken, to make a sustained effort in further implementing enhanced policies and measures in areas such as regime building, production mode and consumption pattern, economic policy, science and technology innovation and international cooperation.A. Implementing Proactive National Strategies on Climate Change â\x80¢ To strengthen laws and regulations on climate change; â\x80¢ To integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans; â\x80¢ To formulate Chinaâ\x80\x99s long-term strategy and roadmap for low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To implement the National Program on Climate Change (2014-2020) and provincial climate programs; and â\x80¢ To improve the overall administration of climate-change-related work and to make carbon-emission-related indicators play guiding role, by subdividing and implementing climate change targets and tasks, and improving the performance evaluation and accountability system on climate change and low-carbon development targets.', 'Implementing Proactive National Strategies on Climate Change â\x80¢ To strengthen laws and regulations on climate change; â\x80¢ To integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans; â\x80¢ To formulate Chinaâ\x80\x99s long-term strategy and roadmap for low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To implement the National Program on Climate Change (2014-2020) and provincial climate programs; and â\x80¢ To improve the overall administration of climate-change-related work and to make carbon-emission-related indicators play guiding role, by subdividing and implementing climate change targets and tasks, and improving the performance evaluation and accountability system on climate change and low-carbon development targets. B.', 'Implementing Proactive National Strategies on Climate Change â\x80¢ To strengthen laws and regulations on climate change; â\x80¢ To integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans; â\x80¢ To formulate Chinaâ\x80\x99s long-term strategy and roadmap for low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To implement the National Program on Climate Change (2014-2020) and provincial climate programs; and â\x80¢ To improve the overall administration of climate-change-related work and to make carbon-emission-related indicators play guiding role, by subdividing and implementing climate change targets and tasks, and improving the performance evaluation and accountability system on climate change and low-carbon development targets. B. Improving Regional Strategies on Climate Change â\x80¢ To implement regionalized climate change policies to help identify differentiated targets, tasks and approaches of climate change mitigation and adaptation for different development-planning zones; â\x80¢ To strictly control greenhouse gas emissions in Urbanized Zones for Optimized Development; â\x80¢ To enhance carbon intensity control in Urbanized Zones for Focused Development and to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in old industrial bases and resource-based cities; â\x80¢ To enhance the control of development intensity, to limit large-scale industrialization and urbanization, to strengthen the planning and construction of medium-and-small-sized towns, to encourage moderate concentration of population and to actively push forward the appropriate scale production and industrialization of agriculture in Major Agricultural Production Zones;â\x80¢ To define ecological red lines, to formulate strict criteria for industrial development and to constrain the development of any new carbon intensive projects in Key Ecological Zones; and â\x80¢ To introduce a withdrawal mechanism for those industries that do not match with functions of development-planning zones and to develop low-carbon industries in line with local conditions and circumstances.', 'Improving Regional Strategies on Climate Change â\x80¢ To implement regionalized climate change policies to help identify differentiated targets, tasks and approaches of climate change mitigation and adaptation for different development-planning zones; â\x80¢ To strictly control greenhouse gas emissions in Urbanized Zones for Optimized Development; â\x80¢ To enhance carbon intensity control in Urbanized Zones for Focused Development and to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in old industrial bases and resource-based cities; â\x80¢ To enhance the control of development intensity, to limit large-scale industrialization and urbanization, to strengthen the planning and construction of medium-and-small-sized towns, to encourage moderate concentration of population and to actively push forward the appropriate scale production and industrialization of agriculture in Major Agricultural Production Zones;â\x80¢ To define ecological red lines, to formulate strict criteria for industrial development and to constrain the development of any new carbon intensive projects in Key Ecological Zones; and â\x80¢ To introduce a withdrawal mechanism for those industries that do not match with functions of development-planning zones and to develop low-carbon industries in line with local conditions and circumstances. C. Building Low-Carbon Energy System â\x80¢ To control total coal consumption; â\x80¢ To enhance the clean use of coal; â\x80¢ To increase the share of concentrated and highly-efficient electricity generation from coal; â\x80¢ To lower coal consumption of electricity generation of newly built coal-fired power plants to around 300 grams coal equivalent per kilowatt-hour; â\x80¢ To expand the use of natural gas: by 2020, achieving more than 10% share of natural gas consumption in the primary energy consumption and making efforts to reach 30 billion cubic meters of coal-bed methane production; â\x80¢ To proactively promote the development of hydro power, on the premise of ecological and environmental protection and inhabitant resettlement; â\x80¢ To develop nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner; â\x80¢ To scale up the development of wind power; â\x80¢ To accelerate the development of solar power; â\x80¢ To proactively develop geothermal energy, bio-energy and maritime energy; â\x80¢ To achieve the installed capacity of wind power reaching 200 gigawatts, the installed capacity of solar power reaching around 100 gigawatts and the utilization of thermal energy reaching 50 million tons coal equivalent by 2020; â\x80¢ To enhance the recovery and utilization of vent gas and oilfield-associated gas; and â\x80¢ To scale up distributed energy and strengthen the construction of smart grid.D.', 'C. Building Low-Carbon Energy System â\x80¢ To control total coal consumption; â\x80¢ To enhance the clean use of coal; â\x80¢ To increase the share of concentrated and highly-efficient electricity generation from coal; â\x80¢ To lower coal consumption of electricity generation of newly built coal-fired power plants to around 300 grams coal equivalent per kilowatt-hour; â\x80¢ To expand the use of natural gas: by 2020, achieving more than 10% share of natural gas consumption in the primary energy consumption and making efforts to reach 30 billion cubic meters of coal-bed methane production; â\x80¢ To proactively promote the development of hydro power, on the premise of ecological and environmental protection and inhabitant resettlement; â\x80¢ To develop nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner; â\x80¢ To scale up the development of wind power; â\x80¢ To accelerate the development of solar power; â\x80¢ To proactively develop geothermal energy, bio-energy and maritime energy; â\x80¢ To achieve the installed capacity of wind power reaching 200 gigawatts, the installed capacity of solar power reaching around 100 gigawatts and the utilization of thermal energy reaching 50 million tons coal equivalent by 2020; â\x80¢ To enhance the recovery and utilization of vent gas and oilfield-associated gas; and â\x80¢ To scale up distributed energy and strengthen the construction of smart grid.D. Building Energy Efficient and Low-Carbon Industrial System â\x80¢ To embark on a new path of industrialization, developing a circular economy, optimizing the industrial structure, revising the guidance catalogue of the adjustment of industrial structure, strictly controlling the total expansion of industries with extensive energy consumption and emissions, accelerating the elimination of outdated production capacity and promoting the development of service industry and strategic emerging industries; â\x80¢ To promote the share of value added from strategic emerging industries reaching 15% of the total GDP by 2020; â\x80¢ To promote low-carbon development of industrial sectors, implementing Action Plan of Industries Addressing Climate Change (2012-2020) and formulating carbon emission control target and action plans in key industries; â\x80¢ To research and formulate greenhouse gas emission standards for key industries; â\x80¢ To effectively control emissions from key sectors including power, iron and steel, nonferrous metal, building materials and chemical industries through energy conservation and efficiency improvement; â\x80¢ To strengthen the management of carbon emissions for new projects and to actively control greenhouse gas emissions originating from the industrial production process; â\x80¢ To construct a recycling-based industrial system, promoting recycling restructure in industrial parks, increasing the recycling and utilization of renewable resources and improving the production rate of resource; â\x80¢ To phase down the production and consumption of HCFC-22 for controlled uses, with its production to be reduced by 35% from the 2010 level by 2020, and by 67.5% by 2025 and to achieve effective control on emissions of HFC-â\x80¢ To promote the low-carbon development in agriculture, making efforts to achieve zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide utilization by 2020; â\x80¢ To control methane emissions from rice fields and nitrous oxide emissions from farmland; â\x80¢ To construct a recyclable agriculture system, promoting comprehensive utilization of straw, reutilization of agricultural and forestry wastes and comprehensive utilization of animal waste; and â\x80¢ To promote low-carbon development of service industry, actively developing low-carbon business, tourism and foodservice and vigorously promoting service industries to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions.', 'Building Energy Efficient and Low-Carbon Industrial System â\x80¢ To embark on a new path of industrialization, developing a circular economy, optimizing the industrial structure, revising the guidance catalogue of the adjustment of industrial structure, strictly controlling the total expansion of industries with extensive energy consumption and emissions, accelerating the elimination of outdated production capacity and promoting the development of service industry and strategic emerging industries; â\x80¢ To promote the share of value added from strategic emerging industries reaching 15% of the total GDP by 2020; â\x80¢ To promote low-carbon development of industrial sectors, implementing Action Plan of Industries Addressing Climate Change (2012-2020) and formulating carbon emission control target and action plans in key industries; â\x80¢ To research and formulate greenhouse gas emission standards for key industries; â\x80¢ To effectively control emissions from key sectors including power, iron and steel, nonferrous metal, building materials and chemical industries through energy conservation and efficiency improvement; â\x80¢ To strengthen the management of carbon emissions for new projects and to actively control greenhouse gas emissions originating from the industrial production process; â\x80¢ To construct a recycling-based industrial system, promoting recycling restructure in industrial parks, increasing the recycling and utilization of renewable resources and improving the production rate of resource; â\x80¢ To phase down the production and consumption of HCFC-22 for controlled uses, with its production to be reduced by 35% from the 2010 level by 2020, and by 67.5% by 2025 and to achieve effective control on emissions of HFC-â\x80¢ To promote the low-carbon development in agriculture, making efforts to achieve zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide utilization by 2020; â\x80¢ To control methane emissions from rice fields and nitrous oxide emissions from farmland; â\x80¢ To construct a recyclable agriculture system, promoting comprehensive utilization of straw, reutilization of agricultural and forestry wastes and comprehensive utilization of animal waste; and â\x80¢ To promote low-carbon development of service industry, actively developing low-carbon business, tourism and foodservice and vigorously promoting service industries to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions. E. Controlling Emissions from Building and Transportation Sectors â\x80¢ To embark on a new pattern of urbanization, optimizing the urban system and space layout, integrating the low-carbon development concept in the entire process of urban planning, construction and management and promoting the urban form that integrates industries into cities; â\x80¢ To enhance low-carbonized urbanization, improving energy efficiency of building and the quality of building construction, extending buildingsâ\x80\x99 life spans, intensifying energy conservation transformation for existing buildings, building energy-saving and low-carbon infrastructures, promoting the reutilization of building wastes and intensifying the recovery and utilization of methane from landfills; â\x80¢ To accelerate the construction of low-carbon communities in both urban and rural areas, promoting the construction of green buildings and the application of renewable energy in buildings, improving low-carbon supporting facilities for equipping communities and exploring modes of low-carbon community operation and management; â\x80¢ To promote the share of green buildings in newly built buildings of cities and towns reaching 50% by 2020;â\x80¢ To develop a green and low-carbon transportation system, optimizing means of transportation, properly allocating public transport resources in cities, giving priority to the development of public transportation and encouraging the development and use of low-carbon and environment-friendly means of transport, such as new energy vehicle and vessel; â\x80¢ To improve the quality of gasoline and to promote new types of alternative fuels; â\x80¢ To promote the share of public transport in motorized travel in big-and- medium-sized cities reaching 30% by 2020; â\x80¢ To promote the development of dedicated transport system for pedestrians and bicycles in cities and to advocate green travel; and â\x80¢ To accelerate the development of smart transport and green freight transport.', 'E. Controlling Emissions from Building and Transportation Sectors â\x80¢ To embark on a new pattern of urbanization, optimizing the urban system and space layout, integrating the low-carbon development concept in the entire process of urban planning, construction and management and promoting the urban form that integrates industries into cities; â\x80¢ To enhance low-carbonized urbanization, improving energy efficiency of building and the quality of building construction, extending buildingsâ\x80\x99 life spans, intensifying energy conservation transformation for existing buildings, building energy-saving and low-carbon infrastructures, promoting the reutilization of building wastes and intensifying the recovery and utilization of methane from landfills; â\x80¢ To accelerate the construction of low-carbon communities in both urban and rural areas, promoting the construction of green buildings and the application of renewable energy in buildings, improving low-carbon supporting facilities for equipping communities and exploring modes of low-carbon community operation and management; â\x80¢ To promote the share of green buildings in newly built buildings of cities and towns reaching 50% by 2020;â\x80¢ To develop a green and low-carbon transportation system, optimizing means of transportation, properly allocating public transport resources in cities, giving priority to the development of public transportation and encouraging the development and use of low-carbon and environment-friendly means of transport, such as new energy vehicle and vessel; â\x80¢ To improve the quality of gasoline and to promote new types of alternative fuels; â\x80¢ To promote the share of public transport in motorized travel in big-and- medium-sized cities reaching 30% by 2020; â\x80¢ To promote the development of dedicated transport system for pedestrians and bicycles in cities and to advocate green travel; and â\x80¢ To accelerate the development of smart transport and green freight transport. F. Increasing Carbon Sinks â\x80¢ To vigorously enhance afforestation, promoting voluntary tree planting by all citizens, continuing the implementation of key ecological programs, including protecting natural forests, restoring forest and grassland from farmland, conducting sandification control for areas in vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin, planting shelter belt, controlling rocky desertification, conserving water and soil, strengthening forest tending and management and increasing the forest carbon sink; â\x80¢ To strengthen forest disaster prevention and forest resource protection and to reduce deforestation-related emissions; â\x80¢ To strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands and to increase carbon storage capacity of wetlands; and â\x80¢ To continue to restore grassland from grazing land, to promote mechanism of maintaining the balance between grass stock and livestock, to prevent grassland degradation, to restore vegetation of grassland, to enhance grasslanddisaster prevention and farmland protection and to improve carbon storage of soil.', 'F. Increasing Carbon Sinks â\x80¢ To vigorously enhance afforestation, promoting voluntary tree planting by all citizens, continuing the implementation of key ecological programs, including protecting natural forests, restoring forest and grassland from farmland, conducting sandification control for areas in vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin, planting shelter belt, controlling rocky desertification, conserving water and soil, strengthening forest tending and management and increasing the forest carbon sink; â\x80¢ To strengthen forest disaster prevention and forest resource protection and to reduce deforestation-related emissions; â\x80¢ To strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands and to increase carbon storage capacity of wetlands; and â\x80¢ To continue to restore grassland from grazing land, to promote mechanism of maintaining the balance between grass stock and livestock, to prevent grassland degradation, to restore vegetation of grassland, to enhance grasslanddisaster prevention and farmland protection and to improve carbon storage of soil. G. Promoting the Low-Carbon Way of Life â\x80¢ To enhance education for all citizens on low-carbon way of life and consumption, to advocate green, low-carbon, healthy and civilized way of life and consumption patterns and to promote low-carbon consumption throughout society; â\x80¢ To encourage public institutes to take the lead to: advocate low-carbon government buildings, campuses, hospitals, stadiums and military camps, advocate moderate consumption, encourage the use of low-carbon products and curb extravagance and waste; and â\x80¢ To improve waste separation and recycling system.', 'G. Promoting the Low-Carbon Way of Life â\x80¢ To enhance education for all citizens on low-carbon way of life and consumption, to advocate green, low-carbon, healthy and civilized way of life and consumption patterns and to promote low-carbon consumption throughout society; â\x80¢ To encourage public institutes to take the lead to: advocate low-carbon government buildings, campuses, hospitals, stadiums and military camps, advocate moderate consumption, encourage the use of low-carbon products and curb extravagance and waste; and â\x80¢ To improve waste separation and recycling system. H. Enhancing Overall Climate Resilience â\x80¢ To improve safe operation of infrastructure of water conservancy, transport and energy against climate change; â\x80¢ To properly develop and optimize the allocation of water resources, implementing the strictest water management regulation, building water- saving society in all aspects and intensifying the development and utilization of unconventional water resources, including recycled water, desalinated sea water and rain and flood water; â\x80¢ To improve the construction of water conservation facilities for farmlands, to vigorously develop water-saving agricultural irrigation and to cultivate heat- resistant and drought-resistant crops; â\x80¢ To enhance resistance to marine disasters and management of coastal zones and to improve the resilience of coastal areas against climatic disasters; â\x80¢ To track, monitor and assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity; â\x80¢ To strengthen the construction of forestry infrastructure;â\x80¢ To properly lay out functional zones in cities, to make overall arrangements in developing infrastructure and to effectively safeguard city lifeline system; â\x80¢ To formulate contingency plan for public health under the impacts of climate change and to improve the capacity of public medical services to adapt to climate change; â\x80¢ To strengthen comprehensive assessment and risk management of climate change and to improve the national monitoring, early warning and communication system on climate change; â\x80¢ To take full consideration of climate change in the planning, engineering and construction of the distribution of productive forces, infrastructures and major projects; â\x80¢ To improve the emergency response mechanism for extreme weather and climatic events; and â\x80¢ To strengthen the development of disaster reduction and relief management system.', 'H. Enhancing Overall Climate Resilience â\x80¢ To improve safe operation of infrastructure of water conservancy, transport and energy against climate change; â\x80¢ To properly develop and optimize the allocation of water resources, implementing the strictest water management regulation, building water- saving society in all aspects and intensifying the development and utilization of unconventional water resources, including recycled water, desalinated sea water and rain and flood water; â\x80¢ To improve the construction of water conservation facilities for farmlands, to vigorously develop water-saving agricultural irrigation and to cultivate heat- resistant and drought-resistant crops; â\x80¢ To enhance resistance to marine disasters and management of coastal zones and to improve the resilience of coastal areas against climatic disasters; â\x80¢ To track, monitor and assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity; â\x80¢ To strengthen the construction of forestry infrastructure;â\x80¢ To properly lay out functional zones in cities, to make overall arrangements in developing infrastructure and to effectively safeguard city lifeline system; â\x80¢ To formulate contingency plan for public health under the impacts of climate change and to improve the capacity of public medical services to adapt to climate change; â\x80¢ To strengthen comprehensive assessment and risk management of climate change and to improve the national monitoring, early warning and communication system on climate change; â\x80¢ To take full consideration of climate change in the planning, engineering and construction of the distribution of productive forces, infrastructures and major projects; â\x80¢ To improve the emergency response mechanism for extreme weather and climatic events; and â\x80¢ To strengthen the development of disaster reduction and relief management system. I.', 'H. Enhancing Overall Climate Resilience â\x80¢ To improve safe operation of infrastructure of water conservancy, transport and energy against climate change; â\x80¢ To properly develop and optimize the allocation of water resources, implementing the strictest water management regulation, building water- saving society in all aspects and intensifying the development and utilization of unconventional water resources, including recycled water, desalinated sea water and rain and flood water; â\x80¢ To improve the construction of water conservation facilities for farmlands, to vigorously develop water-saving agricultural irrigation and to cultivate heat- resistant and drought-resistant crops; â\x80¢ To enhance resistance to marine disasters and management of coastal zones and to improve the resilience of coastal areas against climatic disasters; â\x80¢ To track, monitor and assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity; â\x80¢ To strengthen the construction of forestry infrastructure;â\x80¢ To properly lay out functional zones in cities, to make overall arrangements in developing infrastructure and to effectively safeguard city lifeline system; â\x80¢ To formulate contingency plan for public health under the impacts of climate change and to improve the capacity of public medical services to adapt to climate change; â\x80¢ To strengthen comprehensive assessment and risk management of climate change and to improve the national monitoring, early warning and communication system on climate change; â\x80¢ To take full consideration of climate change in the planning, engineering and construction of the distribution of productive forces, infrastructures and major projects; â\x80¢ To improve the emergency response mechanism for extreme weather and climatic events; and â\x80¢ To strengthen the development of disaster reduction and relief management system. I. Innovating Low-Carbon Development Growth Pattern â\x80¢ To advance low-carbon pilots in provinces and cities; â\x80¢ To conduct low-carbon cities (towns) pilots as well as low-carbon industrial parks, low-carbon communities, low-carbon business and low-carbon transport pilots; â\x80¢ To explore diversified patterns of low-carbon growth; â\x80¢ To research on effective approaches to control carbon emissions in different regions and cities; â\x80¢ To facilitate the emerging of low-carbon cities with rational space distribution, intensive utilization of resources, low-carbon and efficient production and livable green environment; andâ\x80¢ To research on and establish carbon emission accreditation and low-carbon honor system, to carry out low-carbon certification pilots and promotion of selected products.', 'Innovating Low-Carbon Development Growth Pattern â\x80¢ To advance low-carbon pilots in provinces and cities; â\x80¢ To conduct low-carbon cities (towns) pilots as well as low-carbon industrial parks, low-carbon communities, low-carbon business and low-carbon transport pilots; â\x80¢ To explore diversified patterns of low-carbon growth; â\x80¢ To research on effective approaches to control carbon emissions in different regions and cities; â\x80¢ To facilitate the emerging of low-carbon cities with rational space distribution, intensive utilization of resources, low-carbon and efficient production and livable green environment; andâ\x80¢ To research on and establish carbon emission accreditation and low-carbon honor system, to carry out low-carbon certification pilots and promotion of selected products. J.', 'Innovating Low-Carbon Development Growth Pattern â\x80¢ To advance low-carbon pilots in provinces and cities; â\x80¢ To conduct low-carbon cities (towns) pilots as well as low-carbon industrial parks, low-carbon communities, low-carbon business and low-carbon transport pilots; â\x80¢ To explore diversified patterns of low-carbon growth; â\x80¢ To research on effective approaches to control carbon emissions in different regions and cities; â\x80¢ To facilitate the emerging of low-carbon cities with rational space distribution, intensive utilization of resources, low-carbon and efficient production and livable green environment; andâ\x80¢ To research on and establish carbon emission accreditation and low-carbon honor system, to carry out low-carbon certification pilots and promotion of selected products. J. Enhancing Support in terms of Science and Technology â\x80¢ To improve the fundamental research into climate change, conducting research on climate change monitoring and forecasting and strengthening research on the mechanisms and assessment methodology of climate change impacts and risks; â\x80¢ To strengthen research and development (R&D) and commercialization demonstration for low-carbon technologies, such as energy conservation, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power technologies and carbon capture, utilization and storage and to promote the technologies of utilizing carbon dioxide to enhance oil recovery and coal-bed methane recovery; â\x80¢ To conduct R&D on early warning systems for extreme weather; â\x80¢ To develop technologies on biological nitrogen fixation, green pest and disease prevention and control and protected agriculture; â\x80¢ To strengthen R&D on technologies for water saving and desalination of sea water; and â\x80¢ To improve the technical supporting system for addressing climate change, to establish a mechanism that effectively integrates government, industries and academic and research institutes and to strengthen professional personnel training for addressing climate change.', 'Enhancing Support in terms of Science and Technology â\x80¢ To improve the fundamental research into climate change, conducting research on climate change monitoring and forecasting and strengthening research on the mechanisms and assessment methodology of climate change impacts and risks; â\x80¢ To strengthen research and development (R&D) and commercialization demonstration for low-carbon technologies, such as energy conservation, renewable energy, advanced nuclear power technologies and carbon capture, utilization and storage and to promote the technologies of utilizing carbon dioxide to enhance oil recovery and coal-bed methane recovery; â\x80¢ To conduct R&D on early warning systems for extreme weather; â\x80¢ To develop technologies on biological nitrogen fixation, green pest and disease prevention and control and protected agriculture; â\x80¢ To strengthen R&D on technologies for water saving and desalination of sea water; and â\x80¢ To improve the technical supporting system for addressing climate change, to establish a mechanism that effectively integrates government, industries and academic and research institutes and to strengthen professional personnel training for addressing climate change. K. Increasing Financial and Policy Support â\x80¢ To further increase budgetary support; â\x80¢ To actively innovate the application of funds and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for low-carbon development, such as public-private partnerships;â\x80¢ To implement preferential taxation policies for promoting the development of new energy and to improve mechanisms of pricing, grid access and procurement mechanisms for solar, wind and hydro power; â\x80¢ To improve green government procurement policy systems including that on procurement of low-carbon and energy-conservation products; â\x80¢ To advance the reform in the pricing and taxation regime for energy-and- resource-based products; â\x80¢ To improve the green credit mechanisms, to encourage and guide financial institutions to operate energy-efficiency crediting business and to issue asset- securitized products for green credit assets; and â\x80¢ To improve disaster insurance policy against climate change.', 'K. Increasing Financial and Policy Support â\x80¢ To further increase budgetary support; â\x80¢ To actively innovate the application of funds and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for low-carbon development, such as public-private partnerships;â\x80¢ To implement preferential taxation policies for promoting the development of new energy and to improve mechanisms of pricing, grid access and procurement mechanisms for solar, wind and hydro power; â\x80¢ To improve green government procurement policy systems including that on procurement of low-carbon and energy-conservation products; â\x80¢ To advance the reform in the pricing and taxation regime for energy-and- resource-based products; â\x80¢ To improve the green credit mechanisms, to encourage and guide financial institutions to operate energy-efficiency crediting business and to issue asset- securitized products for green credit assets; and â\x80¢ To improve disaster insurance policy against climate change. L. Promoting Carbon Emission Trading Market â\x80¢ To build on carbon emission trading pilots, steadily implementing a nationwide carbon emission trading system and gradually establishing the carbon emission trading mechanism so as to make the market play the decisive role in resource allocation; and â\x80¢ To develop mechanisms for the reporting, verifying and certificating of carbon emissions and to improve rules and regulations for carbon emission trading to ensure openness, fairness and justice in the operation of the carbon emission trading market.', 'L. Promoting Carbon Emission Trading Market â\x80¢ To build on carbon emission trading pilots, steadily implementing a nationwide carbon emission trading system and gradually establishing the carbon emission trading mechanism so as to make the market play the decisive role in resource allocation; and â\x80¢ To develop mechanisms for the reporting, verifying and certificating of carbon emissions and to improve rules and regulations for carbon emission trading to ensure openness, fairness and justice in the operation of the carbon emission trading market. M. Improving Statistical and Accounting System for GHG Emissions â\x80¢ To further strengthen the work on statistics of climate change; â\x80¢ To improve greenhouse gas emission statistics covering areas including energy activity, industrial process, agriculture, land-use change, forestry and waste treatment; â\x80¢ To improve the statistical indicator systems for climate change, to strengthen personnel training and to constantly improve the quality of data;â\x80¢ To strengthen the work on greenhouse gas emission inventory accounting; â\x80¢ To prepare greenhouse gas inventories at the national and provincial level on a regular basis; â\x80¢ To establish a greenhouse gas emission reporting mechanism for key enterprises; â\x80¢ To formulate greenhouse gas emission accounting standards for enterprises in key sectors; and â\x80¢ To build a fundamental statistics and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions at national, subnational and enterprise levels.', 'M. Improving Statistical and Accounting System for GHG Emissions â\x80¢ To further strengthen the work on statistics of climate change; â\x80¢ To improve greenhouse gas emission statistics covering areas including energy activity, industrial process, agriculture, land-use change, forestry and waste treatment; â\x80¢ To improve the statistical indicator systems for climate change, to strengthen personnel training and to constantly improve the quality of data;â\x80¢ To strengthen the work on greenhouse gas emission inventory accounting; â\x80¢ To prepare greenhouse gas inventories at the national and provincial level on a regular basis; â\x80¢ To establish a greenhouse gas emission reporting mechanism for key enterprises; â\x80¢ To formulate greenhouse gas emission accounting standards for enterprises in key sectors; and â\x80¢ To build a fundamental statistics and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions at national, subnational and enterprise levels. N. Broad Participation of Stakeholders â\x80¢ To enhance the responsibility of enterprises for low-carbon development and to encourage them to explore low-carbon development modes that are resource-saving and environment-friendly; â\x80¢ To strengthen the role of public supervision and participation in low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To use platforms such as National Low Carbon Day to raise public awareness of low-carbon development throughout society; â\x80¢ To encourage voluntary actions of the public to combat climate change; â\x80¢ To let media play the role of supervision and guidance; and â\x80¢ To enhance related education and training and to fully utilize the function of schools, communities and civil organizations.', 'N. Broad Participation of Stakeholders â\x80¢ To enhance the responsibility of enterprises for low-carbon development and to encourage them to explore low-carbon development modes that are resource-saving and environment-friendly; â\x80¢ To strengthen the role of public supervision and participation in low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To use platforms such as National Low Carbon Day to raise public awareness of low-carbon development throughout society; â\x80¢ To encourage voluntary actions of the public to combat climate change; â\x80¢ To let media play the role of supervision and guidance; and â\x80¢ To enhance related education and training and to fully utilize the function of schools, communities and civil organizations. O.', 'N. Broad Participation of Stakeholders â\x80¢ To enhance the responsibility of enterprises for low-carbon development and to encourage them to explore low-carbon development modes that are resource-saving and environment-friendly; â\x80¢ To strengthen the role of public supervision and participation in low-carbon development; â\x80¢ To use platforms such as National Low Carbon Day to raise public awareness of low-carbon development throughout society; â\x80¢ To encourage voluntary actions of the public to combat climate change; â\x80¢ To let media play the role of supervision and guidance; and â\x80¢ To enhance related education and training and to fully utilize the function of schools, communities and civil organizations. O. Promoting International Cooperation on Climate Change As a responsible developing country, China will stand for the common interests of all humanity and actively engage in international cooperation to build an equitable global climate governance regime that is cooperative and beneficial to all.', 'Promoting International Cooperation on Climate Change As a responsible developing country, China will stand for the common interests of all humanity and actively engage in international cooperation to build an equitable global climate governance regime that is cooperative and beneficial to all. Together with other Parties, China will promote global green low-carbon transformation and development path innovation.', 'Together with other Parties, China will promote global green low-carbon transformation and development path innovation. China will adhere to theprinciples of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and urge developed countries to fulfill their obligations under the Convention to take the lead in substantially reducing their emissions and to provide support of finance, technology and capacity building to developing countries, allowing developing countries more equitable access to sustainable development and more support of finance, technology and capacity building and promoting cooperation between developed and developing countries. China will take on international commitments that match its national circumstances, current development stage and actual capabilities by enhancing mitigation and adaptation actions and further strengthening south-south cooperation on climate change.', 'China will take on international commitments that match its national circumstances, current development stage and actual capabilities by enhancing mitigation and adaptation actions and further strengthening south-south cooperation on climate change. It will establish the Fund for South-South Cooperation on Climate Change, providing assistance and support, within its means, to other developing countries including the small island developing countries, the least developed countries and African countries to address climate change. China will thereby promote mutual learning, mutual support and mutual benefits as well as win-win cooperation with other developing countries.', 'China will thereby promote mutual learning, mutual support and mutual benefits as well as win-win cooperation with other developing countries. China will engage in extensive international dialogue and exchanges on addressing climate change, enhance policy coordination and concrete cooperation in related areas, share positive experiences and good practice, promote climate friendly technologies and work together with all Parties to build a beautiful homeland for all human beings. III. CONTRIBUTIONS TO 2015 AGREEMENT NEGOTIATION China is committed to the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention and to working with other Parties to achieve a comprehensive, balanced and ambitious agreement at the Paris Conference. In this connection, China submits its views regarding the process and outcome of the 2015 agreement negotiation as follows:A.', 'In this connection, China submits its views regarding the process and outcome of the 2015 agreement negotiation as follows:A. General View The negotiation on the 2015 agreement shall be under the Convention and guided by its principles, aiming at enhancing the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention in order to achieve the objective of the Convention. The outcomes of negotiation shall be in accordance with the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, taking into account differentiated historical responsibilities and distinct national circumstances, development stages and the capabilities of developed and developing countries. It should reflect all elements in a comprehensive and balanced way, including mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacity building and transparency of action and support.', 'It should reflect all elements in a comprehensive and balanced way, including mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacity building and transparency of action and support. The negotiation process should be open, transparent, inclusive, Party- driven and consensus-based. B. Mitigation The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that the Parties, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, shall formulate and implement programs and measures to reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions for the period 2020-2030 and promote international cooperation on mitigation. Developed countries shall, in accordance with their historical responsibilities, undertake ambitious economy- wide absolute quantified emissions reduction targets by 2030. Developing countries shall, in the context of sustainable development and supported and enabled by the provision of finance, technology and capacity building by developed countries, undertake diversifying enhanced mitigation actions.', 'Developing countries shall, in the context of sustainable development and supported and enabled by the provision of finance, technology and capacity building by developed countries, undertake diversifying enhanced mitigation actions. C. Adaptation The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that the Parties shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, strengthen international cooperation on adaptationas well as the implementation of adaptation plans and projects at both regional and national levels. Developed countries shall provide support for developing countries to formulate and implement national adaptation plans as well as other related projects. Developing countries will identify their adaptation needs and challenges in their national adaptation plans and take enhanced actions. A subsidiary body on adaptation to climate change should be established. The linkage between adaptation and finance, technology and capacity building shall be strengthened.', 'The linkage between adaptation and finance, technology and capacity building shall be strengthened. The Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage shall also be strengthened. D. Finance The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, provide new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustained financial support to developing countries for their enhanced actions. It shall provide for quantified financing targets and a roadmap to achieve them. The scale of financing should increase yearly starting from 100 billion U.S. dollars per year from 2020 which shall primarily come from public finance. The role of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) as an important operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention shall be strengthened.', 'The role of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) as an important operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention shall be strengthened. The GCF shall be under the authority of, guided by and accountable to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. E. Technology Development and Transfer The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, transfer technologies and provide support for the research, development and application of technologies to developing countries based on their technology needs.', 'E. Technology Development and Transfer The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, transfer technologies and provide support for the research, development and application of technologies to developing countries based on their technology needs. The function of the existing technology mechanism shall be strengthened to help address the intellectual property right issue and assess technology transfer performance, and its linkage with thefinancial mechanism shall be enhanced, including creating a window for technology development and transfer in the GCF. F. Capacity Building The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, provide support to developing countries in capacity building in all areas.', 'F. Capacity Building The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, provide support to developing countries in capacity building in all areas. An international mechanism on capacity building shall be established to develop and implement action plans for capacity building and to enhance capacity building for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. G. Transparency of Action and Support The 2015 agreement shall stipulate that the Parties shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and relevant COP decisions, improve the transparency of enhanced actions of all Parties. Developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention as well as relevant provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, enhance the transparency of their actions through existing reporting and review systems.', 'Developed countries shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention as well as relevant provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, enhance the transparency of their actions through existing reporting and review systems. Rules on enhancing the transparency of finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed countries as well as the relevant review shall further be elaborated. Developing countries shall, with support by developed countries in terms of finance, technology and capacity building, enhance the transparency of their enhanced actions through existing arrangements on transparency and in a way that is non-intrusive, non-punitive and respecting national sovereignty. H. Legal Form The 2015 agreement shall be a legally binding agreement implementing the Convention.', 'H. Legal Form The 2015 agreement shall be a legally binding agreement implementing the Convention. It can take the form of a core agreement plus COP decisions, with mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacitybuilding and transparency of action and support being reflected in a balanced manner in the core agreement and relevant technical details and procedural rules being elaborated in COP decisions. The nationally determined contributions by developed and developing countries can be listed respectively and separately in the Paris outcome.']

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Updated NDC

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/China%E2%80%99s%20Achievements,%20New%20Goals%20and%20New%20Measures%20for%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contributions.pdf

Non-Annex I

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['(UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION) China’s Achievements, New Goals and New Measures for Nationally Determined Contributions1 1 This is an unofficial translation. In case of any divergence, the official text in the Chinese language shall prevail.i Contents INTRODUCTION . 1 I. CHINA’S PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS ON ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE . 1 (I) China’s Philosophy on Climate Change . 1 (II) China’s New Goals for NDCs . 2 (III) Challenges Faced by China in Attaining the New Goals . 2 II. POSITIVE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN THE NDC IMPLEMENTATION . 4 (I) Continuous Improvement in Institutional System on Climate Change 5 1. Including climate change into economic and social development plans . 5 2. Improving the systems and mechanisms on climate change . 5 3. Establishing mechanisms for the decomposition and implementation of carbon emissions control targets . 6 4.', 'Establishing mechanisms for the decomposition and implementation of carbon emissions control targets . 6 4. Making progress in carbon emissions trading market . 6 (II) Significant Progress in the Control of GHG emissions 8 1. Groping for new low-carbon development models . 8 2. Initially building a low-carbon energy system 8 3. Expanding system of green and low-carbon industries . 13 4. Promoting GHG emissions control from urban-rural development and construction area 16 5. Expediting the formation of low-carbon transportation system 18 6. Energy conservation and efficiency improvement led by public institutions 20 7. Increasing carbon sinks . 20 (III) Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change . 22 1. Issuing and implementing the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation 22 2.', 'Issuing and implementing the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation 22 2. Taking actions on climate change adaptation in key areas 22 3. Advancing actions on climate change adaptation in key fields . 24 4. Improving monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities 26 (IV) Initial Results Achieved in Supporting and Safeguard Systems 26 1. Gradual establishment of GHG emissions statistical accounting system 26 2. Increasing funding and policy support 28 3. Growing technological support . 29 4. Improving mechanisms for social participation 31 III. NEW MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT THE UPDATED NDC GOALS . 33 (I) Advance the Work on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in a coordinated and orderly manner . 33 1. Boost the comprehensive green transition of socio-economic development 33 2.', 'Boost the comprehensive green transition of socio-economic development 33 2. Deepen the action to peak CO2 emissions . 34 3. Advance energy production and consumption revolution . 34 4. Intensify the dual control of total energy consumption and energy intensity 34 5. Actively promote a green and low-carbon transformation of the industrial sector . 35 6. Comprehensively promote green and low-carbon development in the urban rural construction . 35ii 7. Expedite the construction of green and low-carbon transportation system . 36 8. Press for emissions reduction and efficiency improvement in agriculture 36 9. Promote high-level environmental protection . 37 10. Strengthen the market-based mechanisms including carbon trading 37 11. Launch demonstrations on carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality 38 12.', 'Launch demonstrations on carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality 38 12. Keep consolidating and increasing ecosystem carbon sinks . 38 13. Effectively control non-CO2 GHG emissions . 39 (II) New Policies and New Measures for Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change . 40 1. Develop the Adaptation Strategy 2035 . 40 2. Enhancement of resilience of natural ecosystems to the impacts of climate change 40 3. Enhance adaptability in the economic and social fields 40 4. Build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation 41 (III) Strengthen the Supporting and Safeguard Systems . 41 IV.', 'Build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation 41 (III) Strengthen the Supporting and Safeguard Systems . 41 IV. PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE . 43 (I) Construct a Equitable, Mutually Beneficial Global Climate Governance System . 43 (II) Positive Results in International Cooperation on Climate Change . 44 (III) Further Expansion of International Cooperation . 47 Annex I: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress Annex II: Macao Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress . 53INTRODUCTION Climate change is a grim challenge facing all mankind. Human activities since the industrial revolution, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from large-scale fossil fuel consumption of developed countries, have led to a drastic increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.', 'Human activities since the industrial revolution, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from large-scale fossil fuel consumption of developed countries, have led to a drastic increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. As a result, global climate change has been aggravated, posing a huge threat to global ecosystem security and socio-economic development of developing countries. Man and nature form a community of life. Addressing climate change is a common cause of the human race. It requires the international community to uphold multilateralism, pursue green and low-carbon development, and jointly build a community with a shared future for mankind. China is a developing country with a population up to 1.4 billion.', 'China is a developing country with a population up to 1.4 billion. It is facing multiple challenges including economic development, people’s livelihood improvement, and environmental protection, coupled with the prominent contradiction of unbalanced and inadequate development. China is also among countries most severely affected by climate change. Climate change has exerted persistent impacts on China’s ecological environment and socio-economic development, and already brought serious threats to its food, water, ecology, energy, and urban operation security, as well as people’s safety and property. China attaches high importance to addressing climate change. As President Xi Jinping reiterated, to address climate change is not at others’ request but on China’s own initiative.', 'As President Xi Jinping reiterated, to address climate change is not at others’ request but on China’s own initiative. It is what China needs to do to achieve sustainable development at home, as well as to fulfill its due obligation to build a community with a shared future for mankind. China regards tackling climate change as an important starting point to push forward high-quality economic development, high-level environmental protection, and ecological civilization construction. It has incorporated climate change into the national economic and social development plans, put equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and made every effort to advance all the work by legal, administrative, technical, market, and other means.', 'It has incorporated climate change into the national economic and social development plans, put equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and made every effort to advance all the work by legal, administrative, technical, market, and other means. In recent years, China has stepped up efforts to promote low-carbon development by effectively mitigating GHG emissions, proactively enhancing climate resilience, and continuously improving systems and mechanisms. China has also played a constructive role in the finalizing of the Paris Agreement and its rapid entry into force, as well as in the negotiations on the rules for the full and thorough implementation of the Paris Agreement.', 'China has also played a constructive role in the finalizing of the Paris Agreement and its rapid entry into force, as well as in the negotiations on the rules for the full and thorough implementation of the Paris Agreement. Taking a driving seat in international cooperation to respond to climate change, China has become an important participant, contributor, and torchbearer in the global endeavor for ecological civilization. Earth is our shared home, as clearly put by President Xi Jinping, we must never relax our efforts to tackle climate change. The human race needs a self-revolution to accelerate the formation of green development patterns and lifestyles, with a view to an ecological civilization and a beautiful Earth.', 'The human race needs a self-revolution to accelerate the formation of green development patterns and lifestyles, with a view to an ecological civilization and a beautiful Earth. China will implement a proactive national strategy on climate change, promote and lead the establishment of a fair and equitable, mutually beneficial global climate governance system, and advance the construction of a communitywith a shared future for mankind. On September 22, 2020, President Xi Jinping declared, at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, that China would scale up its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, and aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.', 'On September 22, 2020, President Xi Jinping declared, at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, that China would scale up its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, and aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. On December 12, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced some further commitments for 2030 at the Climate Ambition Summit: China will lower its CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by over 65% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion m3 from the 2005 level, and bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW.', 'On December 12, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced some further commitments for 2030 at the Climate Ambition Summit: China will lower its CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by over 65% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion m3 from the 2005 level, and bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW. On April 22, 2021, President Xi Jinping pointed out at the Leaders Summit on Climate that China has committed to move from carbon peak to carbon neutrality in a much shorter time span than what many developed countries might take, and that requires extraordinarily hard efforts from China.', 'On April 22, 2021, President Xi Jinping pointed out at the Leaders Summit on Climate that China has committed to move from carbon peak to carbon neutrality in a much shorter time span than what many developed countries might take, and that requires extraordinarily hard efforts from China. The targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been added to China’s overall plan for ecological conservation. China is now making an action plan and is already taking strong nationwide actions toward carbon peak. Support is being given to peaking pioneers from localities, sectors and companies. China will strictly control coal-fired power generation projects, and strictly limit the increase in coal consumption over the 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP) period and phase it down in the 15th FYP period.', 'China will strictly control coal-fired power generation projects, and strictly limit the increase in coal consumption over the 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP) period and phase it down in the 15th FYP period. Moreover, China has decided to accept the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and tighten regulations over non-carbon dioxide emissions. China’s national carbon market will start trading. On September 21, 2021, at the General Debate of the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, President Xi Jinping stated that China will strive to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This requires tremendous hard work, and China will make every effort to meet these goals.', 'This requires tremendous hard work, and China will make every effort to meet these goals. China will step up support for other developing countries in developing green and low-carbon energy, and will not build new coal-fired power projects abroad. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China will thoroughly put into practice Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, and on Diplomacy, and unswervingly pursue the new vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development.', 'Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China will thoroughly put into practice Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, and on Diplomacy, and unswervingly pursue the new vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Adhering to a people-centered approach, China will move faster to cultivate green and low-carbon new drivers, establish a sound economic structure for green, low-carbon and circular development, accelerate the construction of a clean, low-carbon and efficient energy sector while ensuring energy security, and encourage simple, moderate, green and low-carbon ways of life.', 'Adhering to a people-centered approach, China will move faster to cultivate green and low-carbon new drivers, establish a sound economic structure for green, low-carbon and circular development, accelerate the construction of a clean, low-carbon and efficient energy sector while ensuring energy security, and encourage simple, moderate, green and low-carbon ways of life. In addition, China will improve the system for tackling climate change, tighten the control on GHG emissions, enhance the capacity and level of adaptation to climate change, and deepen international cooperation on climate change, so as to promote the full and effective implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, and make greater efforts and contributions in the global response to climate change.', 'In addition, China will improve the system for tackling climate change, tighten the control on GHG emissions, enhance the capacity and level of adaptation to climate change, and deepen international cooperation on climate change, so as to promote the full and effective implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, and make greater efforts and contributions in the global response to climate change. In accordance with paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC and the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, China hereby presents China’s Achievements, New Goals and Measures for Nationally Determined Contributions asan update of the Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted in 2015, which encompasses policies and measures adopted and results achieved by China with respect to NDCs, new goals and measures for enhanced actions on climate change, and active efforts in international cooperation on climate change.', 'In accordance with paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC and the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, China hereby presents China’s Achievements, New Goals and Measures for Nationally Determined Contributions asan update of the Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted in 2015, which encompasses policies and measures adopted and results achieved by China with respect to NDCs, new goals and measures for enhanced actions on climate change, and active efforts in international cooperation on climate change. The content herein related to climate change adaptation also forms China’s Adaptation Communication under the Paris Agreement.I.', 'The content herein related to climate change adaptation also forms China’s Adaptation Communication under the Paris Agreement.I. CHINA’S PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS ON ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE As President Xi Jinping reiterated, to address climate change is not at others’ request but on China’s own initiative. It is what China needs to do to achieve sustainable development at home, as well as to fulfill its due obligation to build a community with a shared future for mankind. China will implement a proactive national strategy on climate change. In line with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has integrated climate change as an important part of promoting high-quality development, stepping up development of an ecological civilization, and constructing a community with a shared future for mankind.', 'In line with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has integrated climate change as an important part of promoting high-quality development, stepping up development of an ecological civilization, and constructing a community with a shared future for mankind. On April 22, 2021, President Xi Jinping systemically elaborated for the first time on the rich connotation and core meaning of the philosophy of “Man and nature form a community of life”, which could be highlighted as: we must be committed to harmony between man and Nature; we must be committed to green development; we must be committed to systemic governance; we must be committed to a people-centered approach; we must be committed to multilateralism; and we must be committed to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.', 'On April 22, 2021, President Xi Jinping systemically elaborated for the first time on the rich connotation and core meaning of the philosophy of “Man and nature form a community of life”, which could be highlighted as: we must be committed to harmony between man and Nature; we must be committed to green development; we must be committed to systemic governance; we must be committed to a people-centered approach; we must be committed to multilateralism; and we must be committed to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. (I) China’s Philosophy on Climate Change Proactively respond to climate change to promote high-quality economic development. China has entered a stage of high-quality development.', 'China has entered a stage of high-quality development. High-quality development is a prerequisite for maintaining sustained and healthy economic development, and it is also essential to mitigating the principal contradiction of Chinese society and building a modern socialist country in all respects. China will base itself on a new stage of development, implement its new development philosophy in a full, accurate and comprehensive manner, build a new development pattern and promote high-quality development. Proactively tackling climate change and promoting green and low-carbon development are important means to boost high-quality development. This necessitates the establishment of a sound economic structure for green, low-carbon and circular development, a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and green and low-carbon ways of life.', 'This necessitates the establishment of a sound economic structure for green, low-carbon and circular development, a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and green and low-carbon ways of life. The structural adjustments in economy, industry, energy, transportation and consumption will inject a sustained impetus to high-quality development towards a win-win situation for economic development and addressing climate change. Proactively respond to climate change to promote high-level environmental protection. Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. China adheres to the path of ecological priority and green development, and endeavors to foster a new pattern of modernization featuring the harmony between man and nature, so as to realize high-level environmental protection.', 'China adheres to the path of ecological priority and green development, and endeavors to foster a new pattern of modernization featuring the harmony between man and nature, so as to realize high-level environmental protection. This is an inevitable requirement not only for overcoming resource and environmental constraints, but also for meeting the people’s growing needs for a better life. Tackling climate change is an important aspect of high-level environmental protectionthat has significant synergistic benefits with pollution control and ecological protection. It can improve environmental quality from the source while enriching the approaches, increasing the efficiency, and saving the costs of environmental governance. Proactively respond to climate change to build a community with a shared future for mankind.', 'Proactively respond to climate change to build a community with a shared future for mankind. As President Xi Jinping highlighted, the global efforts on addressing climate change can be taken as a mirror for us to reflect on what models to have for future global governance and how to build a community with a shared future for mankind. Much valuable inspiration may thus be drawn. In face of the challenge of climate change, no country can stay immune. China regards addressing climate change as an important aspect of building a community with a shared future for mankind.', 'China regards addressing climate change as an important aspect of building a community with a shared future for mankind. Upholding multilateralism as well as the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities, China promotes and leads the establishment of fair and equitable, mutually beneficial global climate governance system, and safeguards the concerted efforts to deal with global climate change, in a bid to protect the shared homeland for future generations. (II) China’s New Goals for NDCs In June 2015, the Chinese government submitted the Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.', '(II) China’s New Goals for NDCs In June 2015, the Chinese government submitted the Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. China determined its actions to achieve the peaking of CO2 emissions around 2030 and making best efforts to peak early; to emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from the 2005 level; to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20%; to increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level; and to take adaptation actions to enhance mechanisms and capacities for effectively defending against climate change risks. Moreover, China proposed 15 categories of policies and measures for enhanced actions on climate change.', 'Moreover, China proposed 15 categories of policies and measures for enhanced actions on climate change. Since then, China has made significant progress in fulfilling its commitments in an active and pragmatic manner. China’s updated NDC goals are as follows: aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; to lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level, to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, to increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from the 2005 level, and to bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts by 2030.', 'China’s updated NDC goals are as follows: aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; to lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level, to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, to increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from the 2005 level, and to bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts by 2030. (III) Challenges Faced by China in Attaining the New Goals China is confronted with enormous challenges and difficulties in its NDCs, which calls for great efforts.', '(III) Challenges Faced by China in Attaining the New Goals China is confronted with enormous challenges and difficulties in its NDCs, which calls for great efforts. As a developing country with a population of 1.4 billion, China is facing arduous tasks such as economic development, people’s livelihood improvement, environmental governance, and addressing climate change. It is still and will long remain at the primary stage of socialism, where development is unbalanced and inadequate, and the quality and effect of development are not what they should be. China, a country rich in coal and poor in oil or gas, is currently in a critical period of transforming growth model, optimizing economic structure, and shifting growth drivers.', 'China, a country rich in coal and poor in oil or gas, is currently in a critical period of transforming growth model, optimizing economic structure, and shifting growth drivers. With the continuation of industrialization and urbanization, energy demand will keep rising while it is unlikely tofundamentally change the coal-dominated energy mix in the short term. The updated NDC goals represent new major contributions to global climate governance and raise higher requirements for China’s work on addressing climate change. At the same time, new problems and new challenges facing global climate governance have been on the increase in recent years. Unilateralism, protectionism, and anti-globalization have risen, which exerts adverse effects on global cooperation in climate change.', 'Unilateralism, protectionism, and anti-globalization have risen, which exerts adverse effects on global cooperation in climate change. Uncertainties in the NDC implementation are even higher for developing countries that see a more complex external environment. Nevertheless, China’s determination to proactively tackle climate change will never waver. China remains unchanged in its commitments to address climate change, as well as its resolve to promote a fair and equitable, mutually beneficial global climate governance system. In the process of post-pandemic economic recovery, China will take the new NDC goals as an opportunity to advance economic transformation and upgrading for high-quality development, and keep on arduous efforts in pursuit of green and low-carbon development.', 'In the process of post-pandemic economic recovery, China will take the new NDC goals as an opportunity to advance economic transformation and upgrading for high-quality development, and keep on arduous efforts in pursuit of green and low-carbon development. Besides, China will work with the international community to establish a new philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development, seize the historic opportunity of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation to promote the post-pandemic green recovery of the world economy, and thereby muster a strong force for sustainable development.II.', 'Besides, China will work with the international community to establish a new philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development, seize the historic opportunity of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation to promote the post-pandemic green recovery of the world economy, and thereby muster a strong force for sustainable development.II. POSITIVE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN THE NDC IMPLEMENTATION China has made positive progress in implementing its NDCs, through a series of measures such as adjusting industrial structure, optimizing energy mix, promoting energy saving and improving energy efficiency, using market mechanisms, and increasing carbon sinks. According to preliminary calculations, China’s carbon intensity(CO2 emission per unit of GDP)in 2019 was 51.9% of that in 2005 (as shown in Figure 1), a decrease of about 48.1% from 2005.', 'According to preliminary calculations, China’s carbon intensity(CO2 emission per unit of GDP)in 2019 was 51.9% of that in 2005 (as shown in Figure 1), a decrease of about 48.1% from 2005. It outperforms the 2020 goal of cutting CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 40– 45% from the 2005 level, and represents a cumulative reduction of about 5.7 billion tons in emissions. This basically reverses the fast growth trend of CO2 emissions and makes a huge contribution to the global response to climate change. Figure 1.', 'This basically reverses the fast growth trend of CO2 emissions and makes a huge contribution to the global response to climate change. Figure 1. Changes in China’s carbon intensity and its share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy (Note: Data on carbon intensity are sourced from the National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation or NCSC, and data on share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption from the National Bureau of Statistics or NBS.) In 2019, non-fossil fuels accounted for 15.3% of China’s energy consumption in 2019, a significant increase of 7.9% over 2005.', 'In 2019, non-fossil fuels accounted for 15.3% of China’s energy consumption in 2019, a significant increase of 7.9% over 2005. According to the ninth National Forest Inventory (2014-2018), China’s forest coverage rate registered 22.96% and forest stock volume reached 17.56 billion m3, rendering the largest growth in green space among all countries. In terms of adapting to climate change, the effective irrigation area of farmland in China expanded from 55 million hectares in 2005 to 68.3 million hectares in 2019, and the effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water increased from 0.45 to 0.56 in this period, which has enhanced climate resilience of agricultural production.', 'In terms of adapting to climate change, the effective irrigation area of farmland in China expanded from 55 million hectares in 2005 to 68.3 million hectares in 2019, and the effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water increased from 0.45 to 0.56 in this period, which has enhanced climate resilience of agricultural production. Until June, 2020, more than 30 billion m3 of water resources have been supplied to northern China via the eastern route Share of non-fossil fuels Relative carbon intensity (100% for the 2005 level) Share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption (%)and the middle route in Phase I of the South-North Water Diversion Project, improving its capability of northern China area to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.', 'Until June, 2020, more than 30 billion m3 of water resources have been supplied to northern China via the eastern route Share of non-fossil fuels Relative carbon intensity (100% for the 2005 level) Share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption (%)and the middle route in Phase I of the South-North Water Diversion Project, improving its capability of northern China area to cope with the adverse effects of climate change. For key areas such as coastal provinces, vulnerability assessment, sea-level change impact investigation, and coastal erosion monitoring and evaluation have been conducted, and coastal shelterbelts and wave-proof projects have been carried out to enhance the resilience of coastal zones and coastal ecosystems to climate disasters.2 (I) Continuous Improvement in Institutional System on Climate Change 1.', 'For key areas such as coastal provinces, vulnerability assessment, sea-level change impact investigation, and coastal erosion monitoring and evaluation have been conducted, and coastal shelterbelts and wave-proof projects have been carried out to enhance the resilience of coastal zones and coastal ecosystems to climate disasters.2 (I) Continuous Improvement in Institutional System on Climate Change 1. Including climate change into economic and social development plans The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China unveiled in 2016 included "reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 15% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18%" as a binding target.', 'Including climate change into economic and social development plans The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China unveiled in 2016 included "reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 15% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18%" as a binding target. The Outline of the People’s Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035 issued in 2021 also set "reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 13.5% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18%" as a binding target. The two plans both dedicated a chapter to tasks for combating climate change.', 'The two plans both dedicated a chapter to tasks for combating climate change. In 2016, the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction during the during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period issued by the State Council defined the objectives, tasks, requirements, and sector-specific responsibilities for energy conservation, emission reduction and greenhouse gas emission control. Relevant plans were then prepared by key sectors of energy use and carbon emissions and provincial governments to set and implement targets and tasks on climate change.', 'Relevant plans were then prepared by key sectors of energy use and carbon emissions and provincial governments to set and implement targets and tasks on climate change. At present, in order to well execute tasks for CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality, China is formulating and issuing relevant policy documents, including the Opinions on Full, Accurate and Comprehensive Implementation of New Development Philosophy to Well Execute Tasks for Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality and the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030, as well as carbon peak plans and supporting plans of key industries and sectors. With these, China is structuring a “1+N” policy system for CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality, so as to provide strong support for achieving CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality as scheduled. 2.', 'With these, China is structuring a “1+N” policy system for CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality, so as to provide strong support for achieving CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality as scheduled. 2. Improving the systems and mechanisms on climate change China has been placing great importance on addressing climate change. In recent years, the National Leading Group on Climate Change, Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction was adjusted twice by the State Council to be headed by Premier Li Keqiang. Provincial leading groups have also been set up in provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) as a comprehensive cross-sectoral coordinating body for local work on climate change, energy conservation and emission reduction.', 'Provincial leading groups have also been set up in provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) as a comprehensive cross-sectoral coordinating body for local work on climate change, energy conservation and emission reduction. In May 2021, China established the Leading Group on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality, with Vice Premier Han Zheng as the group leader and an office set within National Development and Reform Commission to further strengthen coordination, deployment and promotion of work on carbon peak and carbon neutrality. 2 According to Decision 9/CMA.1, the content related to climate change adaptation herein will be an integral part of China’s Adaptation Communication.Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) successively established leading groups on carbon peak and carbon neutrality to reinforce the coordination of work on CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality.', '2 According to Decision 9/CMA.1, the content related to climate change adaptation herein will be an integral part of China’s Adaptation Communication.Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) successively established leading groups on carbon peak and carbon neutrality to reinforce the coordination of work on CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality. Meanwhile, supporting agencies represented by the National Expert Committee on Climate Change continued to play advisory roles. 3. Establishing mechanisms for the decomposition and implementation of carbon emissions control targets Provincial carbon emissions control targets for the 13th FYP period have been set down by groups (see Table 1), taking into account factors such as development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning and environmental protection.', 'Establishing mechanisms for the decomposition and implementation of carbon emissions control targets Provincial carbon emissions control targets for the 13th FYP period have been set down by groups (see Table 1), taking into account factors such as development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning and environmental protection. All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have formulated plans, schemes, or opinions to implement the targets and tasks of controlling GHG emissions. Table 1.', 'All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have formulated plans, schemes, or opinions to implement the targets and tasks of controlling GHG emissions. Table 1. Provincial carbon emissions control targets for the 13th FYP period Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Carbon intensity reduction target Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong 20.5% Fujian, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan 19.5% Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Anhui, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi 18% Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Gansu, Ningxia 17% Hainan, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang 12% In order to meet the above-mentioned targets and tasks, the State has conducted assessments of provincial governments in fulfilling the responsibility for GHG emissions control, and used the results as an important basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the main persons in charge and the leading groups of each province (region, municipality), as well as for the reward, punishment, appointment, and dismissal of cadres.', 'Provincial carbon emissions control targets for the 13th FYP period Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Carbon intensity reduction target Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong 20.5% Fujian, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan 19.5% Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Anhui, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi 18% Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Gansu, Ningxia 17% Hainan, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang 12% In order to meet the above-mentioned targets and tasks, the State has conducted assessments of provincial governments in fulfilling the responsibility for GHG emissions control, and used the results as an important basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the main persons in charge and the leading groups of each province (region, municipality), as well as for the reward, punishment, appointment, and dismissal of cadres. Most provincial governments have also carried out such assessments of lower-level administrative regions to strengthen local government responsibility for target realization and normalized working mechanism for pressure transmission.', 'Most provincial governments have also carried out such assessments of lower-level administrative regions to strengthen local government responsibility for target realization and normalized working mechanism for pressure transmission. 4. Making progress in carbon emissions trading market The carbon emissions trading pilots have been lunched in seven provinces and cities including Beijing, covering nearly 3,000 key emission entities in industries such as electric power, steel, and cement. As of December 31, 2019, a cumulative amount of approximately 368 million tons of CO2 emission allowances have been traded on spot in the seven pilot areas, involving about 8.128 billion yuan.', 'As of December 31, 2019, a cumulative amount of approximately 368 million tons of CO2 emission allowances have been traded on spot in the seven pilot areas, involving about 8.128 billion yuan. Pilot Carbon Market: Innovative Policy Instrument to Achieve Carbon Intensity Reduction Targets Since 2011, China has launched the carbon emissions trading pilot in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, and Shenzhen, covering key emission industries such as electric power, steel and cement. A variety of allowance allocation methods have been adopted, such as the historical emissions method, the benchmark method, while innovative mechanisms have beenexplored, such as paid allocation, carbon finance, and inclusive carbon. These efforts have provided effective support for the achievement of carbon intensity reduction targets in the pilot areas and the whole country.', 'These efforts have provided effective support for the achievement of carbon intensity reduction targets in the pilot areas and the whole country. Overview of China’s carbon emissions trading pilots Coverage Allowance allocation Beijing Electric power, thermal power, cement, petrochemicals, other industries, manufacturing and service, public transportation, etc. Free Tianjin Electric power, thermal power, steel, chemicals, petrochemicals, oil and gas, building materials, papermaking, aviation, etc. Free + Paid Shanghai Steel, petrochemical, chemicals, non-ferrous metals, electric power, building materials, textiles, papermaking, rubber, chemical fiber, aviation, ports, airports, railways, businesses, hotels, finance, automobiles, electronics, medicine, equipment manufacturing, etc. Free + Paid Hubei Electric power, thermal power, building materials, cement, ceramic manufacturing, textiles, automobile manufacturing, chemicals, equipment manufacturing, nonferrous metals, steel, food and beverage, petrochemicals, medicine, water production and supply, papermaking, etc.', 'Free + Paid Hubei Electric power, thermal power, building materials, cement, ceramic manufacturing, textiles, automobile manufacturing, chemicals, equipment manufacturing, nonferrous metals, steel, food and beverage, petrochemicals, medicine, water production and supply, papermaking, etc. Free + Paid Guangdong Electric power, steel, petrochemicals, cement, aviation, papermaking Free + Paid Chongqing Electric power, chemicals, building materials, steel, nonferrous metals, papermaking Free Shenzhen Manufacturing, electric power, water, gas, public transportation, airports, docks, etc. Free + Paid Elements and characteristics: \uf09f Sector coverage: High-emission industries are basically covered, such as electric power, chemical industry, and steel. The coverage will be expanded on an explorative basis to regional characteristic industries such as papermaking and ceramics. \uf09f Allowance allocation: Paid allocation and free allocation are combined. Depending on the industries, different allocation methods are adopted, such as the historical emissions method and the benchmark method.', 'Depending on the industries, different allocation methods are adopted, such as the historical emissions method and the benchmark method. \uf09f Market operation: The trading price is mainly maintained in the range of 20 to 70 yuan / ton. \uf09f Mechanism innovation: Innovative activities for carbon finance have been carried out, such as carbon bonds, carbon pledges, carbon futures, etc., to enrich the choices for market players. The inclusive carbon mechanism has been advanced on a pilot basis, which encourages the whole society to reduce emissions.', 'The inclusive carbon mechanism has been advanced on a pilot basis, which encourages the whole society to reduce emissions. Relying on the carbon market, the long-term ecological compensation mechanism has been explored.Based on the pilot experience, steps have been taken to advance the construction of the national carbon emissions trading scheme by stages, with the power generation industry as a breakthrough point. Efforts have been made to promote the legislation on carbon emissions trading administration, research the national cap setting and allocation plan for carbon emission allowances, and improve the supporting management systems for GHG emissions reporting, verification, registration and settlement, as well as trading activities.', 'Efforts have been made to promote the legislation on carbon emissions trading administration, research the national cap setting and allocation plan for carbon emission allowances, and improve the supporting management systems for GHG emissions reporting, verification, registration and settlement, as well as trading activities. Work has also been done in carbon emissions reporting and verification and emissions monitoring plan formulation, establishment of national carbon emissions registration system and trading system, and continuous carbon trading capacity building. In July 2021, China officially launched the national carbon emission trading market. The market took the year 2021 as the first compliance cycle, included 2162 key emission units of the power generation sector and covered approximately 4.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emission, being the largest carbon market worldwide.', 'The market took the year 2021 as the first compliance cycle, included 2162 key emission units of the power generation sector and covered approximately 4.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emission, being the largest carbon market worldwide. The voluntary GHG emission reductions trading mechanism and its reform have proceeded in an orderly manner. As of December 31, 2019, nearly 400 voluntary emission reductions projects have been approved, of which about 90% are new energy and renewable energy projects. Transactions of voluntary emission reductions have shown a steady upward trend, with a cumulative trading volume of more than 200 million tons worth over 1.64 billion yuan. (II) Significant Progress in the Control of GHG emissions 1.', '(II) Significant Progress in the Control of GHG emissions 1. Groping for new low-carbon development models Low-carbon pilots have been carried out in 10 provincial-level units and 77 cities to explore innovative models and systems for low-carbon development. The pilot regions have made extensive explorations to strengthen organizational leadership, perfect supporting policies, establish market mechanisms, improve statistical systems, strengthen evaluation and assessment, coordinate pilot demonstrations, and conduct cooperation and exchanges, which brings down their overall carbon intensity faster than the national average. Low-carbon development models tailored to local conditions and with local characteristics have taken shape. There are 8 low-carbon pilot cities (towns) and 51 low-carbon pilot industrial parks, as well as over 400 low-carbon pilot communities across 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities).', 'There are 8 low-carbon pilot cities (towns) and 51 low-carbon pilot industrial parks, as well as over 400 low-carbon pilot communities across 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). In addition, the National Metrology Technical Committee of Carbon Measurement has been established with approval; the technical specifications for metrology in carbon measurement have been formulated; and the national carbon measurement pilot has been kicked off. 2. Initially building a low-carbon energy system Optimize the energy mix. The Energy Supply and Consumption Revolution Strategy (2016– 2030) released in 2016 set out the goal of "Four Reforms and One Cooperation"3 for the energy sector, that is, to actively build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system.', 'The Energy Supply and Consumption Revolution Strategy (2016– 2030) released in 2016 set out the goal of "Four Reforms and One Cooperation"3 for the energy sector, that is, to actively build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. 3 The goal of "Four Reforms and One Cooperation" refers to one reform to improve the energy consumption structure by containing unnecessary consumption, one reform to build a more diversified energy supply structure, one reform to improve energy technologies to upgrade the industry, one reform to optimize the energy system for faster growth of the energy sector, and and comprehensive cooperation with other countries to realize energy security in an open environment.Low carbon has become a new principle of energy development.', '3 The goal of "Four Reforms and One Cooperation" refers to one reform to improve the energy consumption structure by containing unnecessary consumption, one reform to build a more diversified energy supply structure, one reform to improve energy technologies to upgrade the industry, one reform to optimize the energy system for faster growth of the energy sector, and and comprehensive cooperation with other countries to realize energy security in an open environment.Low carbon has become a new principle of energy development. The dual control over energy consumption quantity and intensity and the renewable energy quota system have been implemented and produced noticeable effects. In 2019, non-fossil fuels accounted for 15.3% of energy consumption, a sharp rise of 7.9 percentage points compared with 2005.', 'In 2019, non-fossil fuels accounted for 15.3% of energy consumption, a sharp rise of 7.9 percentage points compared with 2005. During the same period, the share of coal fell from 72.4% to 57.7%, indicating significantly smaller reliance on coal and remarkable results in energy mix optimization. In 2019, non-fossil fuels contributed to 41.9% of the total installed power generation capacity, and outnumbered fossil fuels in incremental installed capacity for four years in a row. The installed power generation capacity of renewable energy amounted to 794 GW, of which wind, solar and biomass power supported 210 GW, 204 GW, and 23.69 GW respectively (see Figure 2).', 'The installed power generation capacity of renewable energy amounted to 794 GW, of which wind, solar and biomass power supported 210 GW, 204 GW, and 23.69 GW respectively (see Figure 2). Photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects implemented in areas with abundant renewable energy resources but relatively backward economies have not only boosted the use of renewable energy, but also improved the living standards of local residents. From 2015 to 2019, China’s annual investments in renewable energy registered 480.1 billion yuan, 435.4 billion yuan, 522.5 billion yuan, 509.2 billion yuan, and 503.4 billion yuan (see Figure 3). Promote energy saving and improve energy efficiency.', 'Promote energy saving and improve energy efficiency. China enforced the dual control of energy consumption quantity and intensity by advancing energy conservation across the board, including strengthening target constraint, policy guidance, and energy conservation management and system building, and deepening energy conservation in key areas. The dual control has yielded positive results. Support has been given to key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies to accelerate the advancement of energy-saving technologies. Energy users are encouraged to adopt advanced and applicable new technologies, equipment and processes for energy-saving purpose. Energy and resource measurement service demonstrations have been carried out to push for resource conservation and intensive utilization.', 'Energy and resource measurement service demonstrations have been carried out to push for resource conservation and intensive utilization. Between 2016 and 2019, China’s energy use intensity dropped by 13.1%, with an average annual growth of 2.9% in energy use against an average annual economic growth of 6.6%, indicating that energy efficiency has increased substantially. Sichuan: A New Model of Green Poverty Alleviation in “Photovoltaic Village” Figure. Photovoltaic poverty alleviation of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province Liangshan, Ganzi and Aba Prefectures in the western part of Sichuan Province are relatively underdeveloped regions in China, but they are rich in renewable energy resources such as solar power. In February 2018, when inspecting the hinterland of Daliangshan, General Secretary Xi JinpingFigure 2.', 'In February 2018, when inspecting the hinterland of Daliangshan, General Secretary Xi JinpingFigure 2. China’s installed capacity of non-fossil energy in 2015 and 2019 (Source: National Energy Administration / NEA) required a solid advancement in poverty alleviation so that the people can live a good life. Through the implementation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation program, Sichuan Province organically integrates poverty alleviation and green transformation, and explores new paths for targeted poverty alleviation, improvement of human settlements, increase in farmers’ income, and new village construction.', 'Through the implementation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation program, Sichuan Province organically integrates poverty alleviation and green transformation, and explores new paths for targeted poverty alleviation, improvement of human settlements, increase in farmers’ income, and new village construction. As of June 2020, totally 18 concentrated photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects with an installed capacity of 450 MW have been built, covering more than 20,000 poor households in 17 counties; and 70 grid-connected village-level power stations with an installed capacity of 31 MW have been built for photovoltaic poverty alleviation, benefiting 3,553 poor households in 20 counties. A cumulative income of 44.69 million yuan was realized from power generation, and a total of 6,187 public welfare jobs were created.', 'A cumulative income of 44.69 million yuan was realized from power generation, and a total of 6,187 public welfare jobs were created. By means of preferential feed-in prices, reasonable revenue distribution, and innovative business models for operation and maintenance, the photovoltaic poverty alleviation program has enabled poor households to increase income and become rich through employment transformation, thus achieving the win-win of poverty alleviation and ecological protection. (Image source: China News Service) Installed capacity (GW) Ocean energy, biomass and others Nuclear Solar Wind HydroFigure 3. China’s renewable energy investment, 2015–2019 (Source: NEA) Phase out coal and coal power outdated production capacity, and push forward energy-saving and environmentally-friendly upgrades of coal power.', 'China’s renewable energy investment, 2015–2019 (Source: NEA) Phase out coal and coal power outdated production capacity, and push forward energy-saving and environmentally-friendly upgrades of coal power. The structural reform on the coal supply side has been actively advanced to resolve coal production overcapacity and boost the clean, efficient, and high-quality development of coal power. From 2016 to 2019, over 30 GW of thermal power capacity were eliminated. Energy-saving upgrade goals and tasks for coal power have been set out. As of 2019, the average use of standard coal consumption for power generation by thermal power plants has dropped to 306.4 g/kWh, a decline of 63.6 g/kWh compared with 2005, maintaining the world advanced level.', 'As of 2019, the average use of standard coal consumption for power generation by thermal power plants has dropped to 306.4 g/kWh, a decline of 63.6 g/kWh compared with 2005, maintaining the world advanced level. In 2019, nationwide thermal power reduced 860 million tons of CO2 emissions compared with 2005 due to the reduction in coal consumption for power supply. Qinghai: “Green Power for 15 Days”, A Chinese Example of Clean Energy Development Qinghai Province, located in northwest China, has a total area of 722,300 km2 and a permanent resident population of 6.0323 million. It is one of the regions with the most abundant clean energy resources such as solar, hydro, and wind energy in China.', 'It is one of the regions with the most abundant clean energy resources such as solar, hydro, and wind energy in China. In 2018, Qinghai formulated and implemented the Work Plan for Qinghai Province to Build a National Clean Energy Demonstration Province (2018-2020), which proposed to foster a national clean energy base with focus on large-scale new energy development; build a strong province of clean energy supporting industries underpinned by scientific and technological innovation; create a pioneer area of green energy use with an aim of 100% clean energy use. From June 9 to 23, 2019, the province relied entirely on renewable energy supply and used electricity from hydro, solar and wind power generation.', 'From June 9 to 23, 2019, the province relied entirely on renewable energy supply and used electricity from hydro, solar and wind power generation. Investments (100 million yuan) Biomass PV Wind HydroInstalled capacity in 2019 (Total: 31.69 GW) Electricity generated in 2019 (Total: 88.2 TWh) Source: China Electricity Council / CEC Figure 4. China’s coal consumption for power generation and CO2 emission reductions, 2005– (Source: CEC) Power generation/supply coal consumption(g/kwh) emission reduction compare to 2005(100million tons) Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Control over Total Coal Consumption in Key Areas The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region accounts for about one-tenth of both GDP and total energy consumption of the country. It has common demands for air quality improvement and energy mix optimization. In 2017, Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province jointly formulated and issued the Action Plan for Coordinated Energy Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (2017–2020).', 'In 2017, Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province jointly formulated and issued the Action Plan for Coordinated Energy Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (2017–2020). It proposed that Beijing will basically realize the coal-free target in plain areas; Tianjin will basically eliminate bulk Fossil Hydro Wind PV power generation coal consumption (g/kwh) emission reduction (108 ton) power supply coal consumption (g/kwh)3. Expanding system of green and low-carbon industries Optimize industrial structure and vigorously develop low-carbon industries. Efforts have been made to build green and low-carbon industries into pillar industries, such as new energy vehicle (NEV), new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, while vigorously promoting the rapid development of strategic emerging industries such as information technology and high-end equipment.', 'Efforts have been made to build green and low-carbon industries into pillar industries, such as new energy vehicle (NEV), new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, while vigorously promoting the rapid development of strategic emerging industries such as information technology and high-end equipment. In 2019, service industry accounted for 54.3% of China’s GDP, 3.5 percentage points higher than the 2015 level, and 15.7 percentage points more than that of the secondary industry. High-tech manufacturing and equipment manufacturing contributed to 14.4% and 32.5% of the added value of above-scale industries respectively, an increase of 2.6 and 0.7 percentage points from 2015 level.', 'High-tech manufacturing and equipment manufacturing contributed to 14.4% and 32.5% of the added value of above-scale industries respectively, an increase of 2.6 and 0.7 percentage points from 2015 level. From 2016 onwards, China has imposed strict control over the expansion of high energy-consuming industries and phased out backward production capacity in accordance with laws and regulations to speed up overcapacity elimination. At the end of 2018, over 150 million tons of steel overcapacity was removed, exceeded the goal of the 13th FYP plan two years ahead of schedule. In 2019, China began to implement the Guiding Catalogue of Green Industries (2019 Edition) to direct policies and limited capital to industries that are most critical to promoting green development. Promote low-carbon industrial development and effectively control emissions from key industries.', 'Promote low-carbon industrial development and effectively control emissions from key industries. The low-carbon benchmark and lead plan has been implemented, in which companies from key industries are encouraged to carry out carbon emission benchmarking activities. Management has been tightened for energy consumption and carbon emission targets in key industries such as electricity, steel, building materials, and chemicals, so as to drive green production and to promote green industry upgrades. Special energy-saving supervision for major national industries have been organized and implemented. During the 13th FYP period, supervision has been conducted at more than 23,000 high-energy-consuming enterprises, covering industries such as steel, cement, flat glass, and electrolytic aluminum, promoting their reasonable energy-use in compliance with laws and regulations.', 'During the 13th FYP period, supervision has been conducted at more than 23,000 high-energy-consuming enterprises, covering industries such as steel, cement, flat glass, and electrolytic aluminum, promoting their reasonable energy-use in compliance with laws and regulations. Industrial energy-saving diagnostic service actions have been carried out with more than 400 organizations providing the services to 14,000 industrial enterprises. Measures coal use for heat, except for the use of anthracite briquette in mountainous areas; and Hebei basically realize zero bulk coal use for heat in plain and rural areas. The coal consumption in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei will be controlled at around 300 million tons. The three places have steadily promoted positive progress in related work. Table.', 'The three places have steadily promoted positive progress in related work. Table. Coal use in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (10,000 tons) Total decline rate (%) (Source: NBS)have been taken to accelerate the promotion and application of high-efficiency energy-saving equipment products, organize the implementation of energy efficiency improvement actions for general equipment such as motors and transformers, publish the National Recommended Catalog of Industrial Energy-saving Technology and Equipment and the Product Catalog of “Energy Efficiency Star” to recommend more than a thousand advanced energy-saving equipment and products to the society. According to preliminary calculations, CO2 emission per unit of industrial added value in 2019 was reduced by about 18% compared to 2015. Control GHG emissions from industrial processes and build a low-carbon industrial system.', 'Control GHG emissions from industrial processes and build a low-carbon industrial system. Measures have been taken to cut GHG emissions of industrial processes, including substituting raw materials, improving production processes, and optimizing equipment use. In Guangdong: Develop Strategic Emerging Industries and Cultivate New Drivers of Green, Low-carbon, and Circular Development The 13th Five-Year Plan for National Development of Strategic Emerging Industries set out the goal that the added value of strategic emerging industries will represent 15% of GDP by 2020. Guangdong Province has a relatively developed economy with advantageous industrial clusters, and therefore, it has set a higher goal of 16% for 2020.', 'Guangdong Province has a relatively developed economy with advantageous industrial clusters, and therefore, it has set a higher goal of 16% for 2020. In 2018, the operating income of service industry above the designated size has increased by 14.0%, while the operating income of strategic emerging service industry increased by 19.6%. Table. 2020 development goals for strategic emerging industries New generation information technology industry (trillion yuan) High-end equipment and new materials industries (trillion yuan) Biological industry (trillion yuan) Green and low-carbon industries (trillion yuan) Digital and creative industries (trillion yuan) Percentage of Guangdong (%) Source: The 13th Five-Year Plan for National Development of Strategic Emerging Industries and the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries in Guangdong Province.addition to strict control over cement clinker production capacity, new dry process has been used in 95% clinker production, and low-temperature waste heat to power generation technology has been widely adopted.', '2020 development goals for strategic emerging industries New generation information technology industry (trillion yuan) High-end equipment and new materials industries (trillion yuan) Biological industry (trillion yuan) Green and low-carbon industries (trillion yuan) Digital and creative industries (trillion yuan) Percentage of Guangdong (%) Source: The 13th Five-Year Plan for National Development of Strategic Emerging Industries and the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries in Guangdong Province.addition to strict control over cement clinker production capacity, new dry process has been used in 95% clinker production, and low-temperature waste heat to power generation technology has been widely adopted. The short-process technology of electric furnace steelmaking–hot rolling is encouraged; the short-process technology for non-ferrous metal smelting is disseminated; and the production processes of calcium carbide and lime are improved to curtail CO2 emissions during the production process.', 'The short-process technology of electric furnace steelmaking–hot rolling is encouraged; the short-process technology for non-ferrous metal smelting is disseminated; and the production processes of calcium carbide and lime are improved to curtail CO2 emissions during the production process. The circular transformation of industrial parks has been intensified to increase the recycling and utilization of renewable resources, raise the rate of resource utilization and reduce CO2 emissions throughout the life cycle of resources. Pilot projects for the recycling of NEV power batteries have been implemented in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and other areas, speeding up the construction of a power battery recycling system, improving the comprehensive utilization of power batteries, and promoting GHG reductions in the production and use of power batteries.', 'Pilot projects for the recycling of NEV power batteries have been implemented in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and other areas, speeding up the construction of a power battery recycling system, improving the comprehensive utilization of power batteries, and promoting GHG reductions in the production and use of power batteries. As of June 2020, cumulative HFC-23 emission reductions of 65,300 tons have been achieved with the support of fiscal funds, equivalent to 764 million tons of CO2 emissions. Curb GHG emissions in the agricultural sector and improve the quality of agricultural production.', 'Curb GHG emissions in the agricultural sector and improve the quality of agricultural production. Since 2015, China has accelerated the waste-to-resource utilization in livestock and poultry breeding, and begun to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers for smaller but more efficient use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, in order to reduce agricultural GHG emissions and improve soil carbon sequestration, with a view to green and low-carbon agricultural development. As of 2019, the fertilizer utilization rate for three major food crops including rice, corn and wheat was 39.2%, and the pesticide utilization rate was 39.8%, increases of 4 and 3.2 percentage points respectively compared with 2015.', 'As of 2019, the fertilizer utilization rate for three major food crops including rice, corn and wheat was 39.2%, and the pesticide utilization rate was 39.8%, increases of 4 and 3.2 percentage points respectively compared with 2015. Soil testing for formulated fertilization has been used in an area of 1.93 billion mu (about 128.67 million hectares), presenting a technical coverage rate of 89.3%. Green prevention and control technology has been applied to over 800 million mu of main crops (about 53.3 million hectares). As of 2019, the national comprehensive utilization rate of livestock and poultry manure stood at 75%; the installation rate of manure treatment facilities in large-scale farms climbed to 93%; and the annual comprehensive utilization rate of straw came to 86%.', 'As of 2019, the national comprehensive utilization rate of livestock and poultry manure stood at 75%; the installation rate of manure treatment facilities in large-scale farms climbed to 93%; and the annual comprehensive utilization rate of straw came to 86%. Conch Group: Full Implementation of Pure Low-temperature Waste Heat Power Generation in Cement Production The waste heat and residual pressure utilization project is one of the ten key energy-saving projects implemented in China. As of June 2020, Conch Group’s clinker production lines are all equipped with waste heat power generation systems. With a total installed capacity of 1,225 MW, the annual cumulative production of electricity hits about 8.6 billion kWh. Based on the same caliber of thermal power generation, it contributes to an annual reduction of 8.28 million tons of CO2 emissions.4.', 'Based on the same caliber of thermal power generation, it contributes to an annual reduction of 8.28 million tons of CO2 emissions.4. Promoting GHG emissions control from urban-rural development and construction area Optimize the territorial space development and protection pattern. Territorial space planning should be based on the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and the environment and the suitability of territorial space development. It necessitates scientific research and judgment for proactively coping with challenges brought by climate change. Territorial space protection and development for the new era has been planned in a holistic approach. Guidance and impetus has been given to new urbanization in various areas, in order to build energy-efficient and low-carbon cities.', 'Guidance and impetus has been given to new urbanization in various areas, in order to build energy-efficient and low-carbon cities. The rural revitalization strategy has been implemented, which leads rural revitalization with green development to promote intensive and efficient production space, livable and proper living space, and beautiful and unspoiled ecological space. Build energy-efficient and low-carbon urban infrastructure. Efforts have been made to promote innovative planning concepts and improve planning methods in various regions, and to integrate such concepts as people orientation, respect for nature, historical inheritance, and green and low-carbon development into the entire urban planning process. Since 2015, a total of 58 pilot cities of ecological restoration and urban remediation have been identified to improve their sustainability and livability.', 'Since 2015, a total of 58 pilot cities of ecological restoration and urban remediation have been identified to improve their sustainability and livability. In 2019, the green space rate and green coverage rate of urban built-up areas across the country registered 37.63% and 41.51% respectively, and the urban park and green space per capita reached 14.36 m2. Urban ecological and human settlements have been continuously improved. Sichuan: Actively Develop Rural Biogas Projects Sichuan, as a leading top livestock and poultry producer in China, is among provinces most suitable for rural biogas development. In recent years, Sichuan has taken rural biogas development as an important starting point to promote the transformation and upgrading of the livestock industry for green development and to respond to climate change in the agricultural sector.', 'In recent years, Sichuan has taken rural biogas development as an important starting point to promote the transformation and upgrading of the livestock industry for green development and to respond to climate change in the agricultural sector. It encourages circular agricultural development that combines planting and breeding by pushing for livestock manure-to-resource utilization. Making active use of the voluntary GHG emission reductions trading mechanism, Sichuan has carried out 11 rural household biogas voluntary emission reduction projects, of which two have been registered with average annual emission reductions of 104,000 tons. Table. Rural household biogas voluntary emission reduction projects in Sichuan Province Project progress Project quantity Average annual emission reductions (tons) Trading volume (tons) Certified emission reductions Registered projects 9 459663 -Promote green buildings.', 'Rural household biogas voluntary emission reduction projects in Sichuan Province Project progress Project quantity Average annual emission reductions (tons) Trading volume (tons) Certified emission reductions Registered projects 9 459663 -Promote green buildings. Gradually improve the standard system, with revision on the national standard "green building evaluation standards" and innovatively reconstruction on green building evaluation standards system , which inspires 25 provinces and cities to issue local standards. More than 10 provinces and cities have issued green building design standards to promote green buildings in new buildings. Legislative work in the field of green buildings has been advanced in an orderly manner. Six provinces (regions), namely Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia, have promulgated local green building regulations, while Jiangxi, Qinghai, and Shandong have issued government regulations on green buildings.', 'Six provinces (regions), namely Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia, have promulgated local green building regulations, while Jiangxi, Qinghai, and Shandong have issued government regulations on green buildings. More policy support has been given to green building development as some provinces and cities have introduced preferential fiscal and financial policies. Some carried out pilot projects to promote green finance in support of green building development. In 2015, the central government allocated 875 million yuan in subsidies to support energy-efficient building demonstrations through the renovation of rural dilapidated houses for 350,000 poor farmers in Northeast, Northwest, and North China, including walls, roofs, doors, windows, and other envelopes.', 'In 2015, the central government allocated 875 million yuan in subsidies to support energy-efficient building demonstrations through the renovation of rural dilapidated houses for 350,000 poor farmers in Northeast, Northwest, and North China, including walls, roofs, doors, windows, and other envelopes. As of the end of 2019, green buildings represented 65% of the newly constructed urban civil buildings; the cumulative area of urban green buildings exceeded 5 billion m2; and over 20,000 projects were rated green buildings. Improve the energy efficiency of end-use energy products. Since 2015, steady steps have been taken to promote the energy efficiency standard system and energy efficiency labeling system for various household appliances, with the product coverage gradually expanding from household appliances to lighting appliances and commercial products, etc.', 'Since 2015, steady steps have been taken to promote the energy efficiency standard system and energy efficiency labeling system for various household appliances, with the product coverage gradually expanding from household appliances to lighting appliances and commercial products, etc. Energy-efficient products have been promoted and applied through government procurement of energy-efficient products, project of energy-efficient product benefiting the people, and energy efficiency leader system, which greatly raises the overall energy efficiency of end-use energy products. Hebei: Leading the Energy Efficiency Design of Ultra-Low-Energy Passive Public Buildings The Scientific Research Office Building of Hebei Building Technology Research Center is China’s first ultra-low-energy office building under Sino-German technical cooperation. It was completed and put into use in 2015.', 'It was completed and put into use in 2015. In accordance with the standard of a 50% reduction in energy use for public buildings implemented at that time, the annual energy savings in heating and cooling can reach 224 tons of standard coal, equivalent to CO2 emission reductions of about 587 tons. The project provides important technical support for Hebei’s compilation of Energy Efficiency Design Standards for Ultra-Low-Energy Passive Public Buildings. It has been labeled three stars under China’s green building rating system and certified by the German Energy Agency. The LieChe New Town Project in Gaobeidian has a planned floor area of 1.2 million m2, including an ultra-low-energy area of 820,000 m2.', 'The LieChe New Town Project in Gaobeidian has a planned floor area of 1.2 million m2, including an ultra-low-energy area of 820,000 m2. In accordance with the standards of a 75% reduction in energy use for residential buildings and a 65% reduction for public buildings implemented at that time, the energy savings in winter heating are 2,456 tons of standard coal; the energy savings in summer cooling are 6.87 GWh, equivalent to 1,754 tons of standard coal. This contributes to annual CO2 and sulfur ) emission reductions of 11,031 tons and 36 tons respectively.Speed up clean heating in cold areas of northern China.', 'This contributes to annual CO2 and sulfur ) emission reductions of 11,031 tons and 36 tons respectively.Speed up clean heating in cold areas of northern China. Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in the northern heating regions have introduced targeted clean heating programs to improve the heating energy structure, increase the insulation level of the envelopes of new urban and rural buildings, and enhance the insulation effect of rural buildings. In the 2018 heating season, the overall energy use intensity of urban heating in the northern region dropped to 14.6 kg of standard coal / m2 from 17 kg of standard coal / m2 in 2015.', 'In the 2018 heating season, the overall energy use intensity of urban heating in the northern region dropped to 14.6 kg of standard coal / m2 from 17 kg of standard coal / m2 in 2015. By 2019, the clean heating rate in the northern region reached around 55% as 140 million tons of bulk coal (including coal for low-efficiency small boilers) was replaced. 5. Expediting the formation of low-carbon transportation system Improve green transportation system and standards. System guarantees have been refined for energy conservation and environmental protection, GHG emissions control, and ecological progress in the transportation sector. The Green Transportation Standard System (2016) was released, which contains 221 standards covering energy conservation and carbon reduction, ecological protection, pollution control, resource recycling, testing and assessment, and supervision.', 'The Green Transportation Standard System (2016) was released, which contains 221 standards covering energy conservation and carbon reduction, ecological protection, pollution control, resource recycling, testing and assessment, and supervision. Foster urban low-carbon transportation system. As of 2019, urban rail transit lines with an operating mileage of 6,100 km have been open in 41 cities. Urban public transportation has steadily increased the mobility sharing rate while providing an increasing level of comfort. Urban slow traffic system has also developed rapidly. Online bicycle rental services have been available in more than 360 cities, with more than 300 million registered users. Vigorous efforts have been made to promote clean and low-carbon urban traffic. By the end of 2019, the number of new energy buses in the country has exceeded 400,000.', 'By the end of 2019, the number of new energy buses in the country has exceeded 400,000. All buses in Shenzhen and taxis in Taiyuan have adopted pure electric vehicles. Optimize the transportation structure. Adjustment of the transportation structure by reducing road transportation and increasing rail and water transportation is an important measure for China to achieve low-carbon development of the transportation. Focusing on road-to-rail and road-to-water bulk cargo transportation, the comprehensive transportation network has been continuously improved, and transportation organization has been effectively enhanced, which brings down the volume of road transportation.', 'Focusing on road-to-rail and road-to-water bulk cargo transportation, the comprehensive transportation network has been continuously improved, and transportation organization has been effectively enhanced, which brings down the volume of road transportation. In 2016–2019, rail freight volume increased at an average annual rate of 10.2%, rising from 3.332 billion tons to 4.389 billion tons, while the average annual growth rate of road freight volume was 8.1% over the same period.Shenzhen: China’s First City of Pure Electric Buses As of the end of 2019, there were 16,432 pure electric buses in Shenzhen. Realizing pure electrification of buses, Shenzhen is among cities with the largest and widest use of pure electric buses. Compared with traditional diesel buses, pure electric buses in Shenzhen save energy by 72.9%.', 'Compared with traditional diesel buses, pure electric buses in Shenzhen save energy by 72.9%. Their annual energy savings total about 366,000 tons of standard coal, equivalent to 345,000 tons of fuels. With the rapid promotion of full electrification, the fuel consumption of public transportation in Shenzhen is curtailed by more than 95%, reducing its dependence on fossil fuels. This also optimizes the energy structure of public transportation and significantly improves the air quality and acoustic environment. Accelerate the replacement and optimization of transportation fuels. Emissions standards and oil standards for vehicles have been updated in a faster manner. The Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-duty Vehicles (Phase VI) and the Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles (Phase VI) have been released in succession since 2016.', 'The Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-duty Vehicles (Phase VI) and the Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles (Phase VI) have been released in succession since 2016. The civil aviation sector has accelerated the construction of replacement facilities for auxiliary power units, as well as the NEV application. As of 2019, airports nationwide have been equipped with 2,200 sets of 400 Hz power systems and about 2,700 electric vehicles, and realized photovoltaic power generation of more than 20 GWh. The water transportation sector has actively encouraged the use of shore power for ships calling at ports.', 'The water transportation sector has actively encouraged the use of shore power for ships calling at ports. As of the end of 2019, more than 7000 berths have been covered by shore power facilities across the country, and over 290 LNG-powered ships and over 20 LNG filling stations have been built. Besides, green transportation pilots have been carried out, including 4 provinces, 27 cities, 11 ports, and 20 roads. They have generated energy savings of about 630,000 tons of standard coal, equivalent to about 2.13 million tons of standard oil. Shared Transportation Boosts Low-carbon Travel In recent years, shared transportation has facilitated the travel of residents and reduced carbon emissions of urban transportation owning to its smart, convenient and green characteristics.', 'Shared Transportation Boosts Low-carbon Travel In recent years, shared transportation has facilitated the travel of residents and reduced carbon emissions of urban transportation owning to its smart, convenient and green characteristics. More and more people in China choose green shared transportation. Using the methodologies for emission reductions of car-hailing services recommended by the Committee of Experts on Emission Reduction Methodologies for Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, the 2018–2019 data indicate that a single shared transportation platform can generate more than 100 million tons of CO2 emission reductions. At the same time, shared transportation has produced important social benefits by bringing flexible work and income opportunities to car owners and drivers. It is conservatively estimated that 10 billion passenger-times are transported in this model each year.Encourage NEV development.', 'It is conservatively estimated that 10 billion passenger-times are transported in this model each year.Encourage NEV development. NEV industry development has been boosted with issuing the parallel management measures for average fuel consumption and new energy vehicle points of passenger vehicle enterprises and establishing a mechanism that traditional fuel vehicle manufacturers repay NEV manufacturers. The NEV industry has entered the growth period from the introduction period, ranking first in the world in both production and sales. In 2019, there were 3.81 million NEVs in China, an increase of 46.05% over the previous year. Besides, guidance has been provided to help the automotive industry improve energy-saving technology. Figure 5. China’s NEV ownership, 2015–2018 6.', 'Figure 5. China’s NEV ownership, 2015–2018 6. Energy conservation and efficiency improvement led by public institutions Totally 1.67 million public institutions such as party and government agencies, hospitals, schools, and venues have taken the lead in energy conservation and emissions reduction. Green life activities have been vigorously carried out, such as conservation-oriented agencies, green travel, green buildings, and green schools. Conservation-oriented models have been created and energy efficiency leaders selected to give further play to the demonstration and leading role of public institutions. A raft of energy efficiency standards for public institutions have been introduced to promote energy use quota management. A relatively complete management system has gradually formed, covering organization and management, technology promotion, accounting and monitoring, supervision and evaluation.', 'A relatively complete management system has gradually formed, covering organization and management, technology promotion, accounting and monitoring, supervision and evaluation. They offer energy conservation and emissions reduction solutions for public institutions in the whole society. In 2019, the comprehensive energy use per capita of public institutions nationwide was 333.81 kg of standard coal; the energy use per unit of floor area was 18.89 kg of standard coal; and the water use per capita was 22.29 tons, down by 10.0%, 8.1%, and 12.1% respectively compared with 2015. 7. Increasing carbon sinks Step up the cultivation of forest and grass resources to effectively increase carbon sinks.', 'Increasing carbon sinks Step up the cultivation of forest and grass resources to effectively increase carbon sinks. The comparison of the results of the Eighth (2009–2013) and Ninth (2014–2018) National Forest Resources Inventories indicates that China’s forest stock volume increased by 2.423 - 纯电动汽车 新能源汽车 Pure electric vehicles NEVsbillion m3 and forest coverage rate increased from 21.63% to 22.96%. Between 2016 and 2019, trees have been planted in a cumulative area of 444 million mu (about 29.6 million hectares). Projects for national forest tending and forest quality precision improvement have been implemented; and forest management model bases and sustainable management pilots have been launched. From 2016 to 2019, forest quality was steadily improved as forest tending was completed in an area of 518 million mu (about 34.53 million hectares).', 'From 2016 to 2019, forest quality was steadily improved as forest tending was completed in an area of 518 million mu (about 34.53 million hectares). Efforts have also been intensified in the development of reserve forests and forestry biomass energy. As of 2018, a total of 42.154 million mu (2.81026 million hectares) of reserve forests have been built nationwide. Saihanba: China’s Green Miracle Figure. Before and after the implementation of Saihanba Afforestation Project 1n 1962, the first group of afforestation teams entered Saihanba, unveiling the legend of afforestation through three generations.', 'Before and after the implementation of Saihanba Afforestation Project 1n 1962, the first group of afforestation teams entered Saihanba, unveiling the legend of afforestation through three generations. Saihanba has been altered from inaccessible wasteland to a "natural oxygen bar" with a forest coverage rate of 80%, as well as 1.12 million mu (about 74,667 hectares) of woodland and 200,000 mu (about 13,333 hectare) of meadow. Forest ecosystems in Saihanba contribute to water conservation, water purification (137 million m3), carbon sequestration (747,000 tons), and oxygen release (545,000 tons) every year. President Xi Jinping stated that we must adhere to the concept of green development, carry forward the spirit of Saihanba, and persevere in advancing the construction of ecological civilization.', 'President Xi Jinping stated that we must adhere to the concept of green development, carry forward the spirit of Saihanba, and persevere in advancing the construction of ecological civilization. Through work from generation to generation, we will strive to form a new pattern of harmonious development between man and nature, and create a more beautiful environment with blue skies, lush mountains, and lucid waters for future generations. (Image source: China News Service) Strengthen all-round resource protection and strive to reduce carbon emissions. In 2016, an end was put to commercial harvesting in natural forests across the board, basically meeting the goal of "trying to take all natural forests under protection".', 'In 2016, an end was put to commercial harvesting in natural forests across the board, basically meeting the goal of "trying to take all natural forests under protection". As of the end of 2019, the national area of natural forests expanded to 140 million hectares and the stock volume increased to 14.108 billion m3. The National Forest Fire Prevention Plan (2016–2025) was issued and implemented to strengthen forest disaster prevention and control. From 2016 to 2019, there was a continuous sharp decline in the average annual number of forest fires and the affected area and associated casualties. Compared with the 12th FYP period, the annual average number of forest fires was reduced by 36%, and the disaster rate of major forestry pests was limited to below 0.45%.', 'Compared with the 12th FYP period, the annual average number of forest fires was reduced by 36%, and the disaster rate of major forestry pests was limited to below 0.45%. (III) Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change4 1. Issuing and implementing the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation China has issued the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation.', 'Issuing and implementing the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation China has issued the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation. The strategy laid out clear guiding thoughts and principles for climate change adaptation from 2014 to 2020, as a guidance for various policies and institutional arrangements; set out specific adaptation goals such as significant enhancement of adaptation capacity, full implementation of key tasks, and basic formation of regional framework for adaptation; identified key tasks in seven areas, including infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal regions and coastal waters, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries; proposed adaptation tasks with respective emphasis for urbanized areas, agricultural development areas, and ecological security areas.', 'The strategy laid out clear guiding thoughts and principles for climate change adaptation from 2014 to 2020, as a guidance for various policies and institutional arrangements; set out specific adaptation goals such as significant enhancement of adaptation capacity, full implementation of key tasks, and basic formation of regional framework for adaptation; identified key tasks in seven areas, including infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal regions and coastal waters, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries; proposed adaptation tasks with respective emphasis for urbanized areas, agricultural development areas, and ecological security areas. Pursuant to this strategy, departments concerned and local provinces and cities have carried out a considerable amount of comprehensive and systematic work, adjusted and improved relevant policies and institutional arrangements, and proactively implemented policies and actions on climate change adaptation, which yields positive results.', 'Pursuant to this strategy, departments concerned and local provinces and cities have carried out a considerable amount of comprehensive and systematic work, adjusted and improved relevant policies and institutional arrangements, and proactively implemented policies and actions on climate change adaptation, which yields positive results. 2. Taking actions on climate change adaptation in key areas Cities. In 2016, China formulated an action plan for climate change adaptation in cities. In 2017, the climate-resilient city pilot was launched in 28 cities. In each pilot area, a leading group for building climate-resilient cities was established, and a plan for urban adaptation to climate change was prepared.', 'In each pilot area, a leading group for building climate-resilient cities was established, and a plan for urban adaptation to climate change was prepared. Adaptation actions that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages have been explored and implemented, including taking into account climate change in urban planning; improving urban monitoring, early warning and emergency response capabilities; carrying out adaptation actions in key areas such as infrastructure, water resources, natural ecosystems, and public health; exploring innovative systems and mechanisms for climate change adaptation, and strengthening international exchanges and cooperation in climate change adaptation. These efforts have produced positive results.', 'These efforts have produced positive results. Lishui: Building a Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Relief System for the New Era Lishui in Zhejiang Province is a typical mountainous city where mountains accounts for 90% of the area and waters and croplands 5% each. It is prone to regional meteorological disasters such as typhoons, rainstorms, and floods. Lishui has set up the Municipal Emergency Management Headquarters and City Management Command Center to assist the Municipal Emergency Management Bureau in undertaking the city brain construction plan, promoting the digital transformation of disaster prevention and relief and emergency management, and establishing a unified emergency response command platform that covers geological disasters, floods and droughts.', 'Lishui has set up the Municipal Emergency Management Headquarters and City Management Command Center to assist the Municipal Emergency Management Bureau in undertaking the city brain construction plan, promoting the digital transformation of disaster prevention and relief and emergency management, and establishing a unified emergency response command platform that covers geological disasters, floods and droughts. In 2020, Lishui issued China’s first local standard for natural disaster emergency command system, and formulated the layout plan for disaster avoidance and resettlement sites, and achieved the full coverage of natural disasters in public liability insurance. The city has also actively provided ecological meteorological services, strengthened climate disaster early warning and prediction capabilities, and initially fostered an ecological meteorological observation data collection network that integrates environmental protection, forestry, tourism, and electric power.', 'The city has also actively provided ecological meteorological services, strengthened climate disaster early warning and prediction capabilities, and initially fostered an ecological meteorological observation data collection network that integrates environmental protection, forestry, tourism, and electric power. 4 According to Decision 9/CMA.1, the content related to climate change adaptation herein will be an integral part of China’s Adaptation Communication.Coastal erosion areas. The China Sea Level Bulletin and the China Marine Disaster Bulletin are published every year. Seawall heightening and reinforcement projects have been implemented. Protection standards for coastal cities and major engineering facilities have been raised, while strategies for protecting coastal areas against sea level rise have been strengthened. Since 2016, the Blue Bay Remediation Action has been carried out in coastal cities, improving marine ecological functions.', 'Since 2016, the Blue Bay Remediation Action has been carried out in coastal cities, improving marine ecological functions. In 2017, warning tide levels in 11 coastal provinces were re-verified, and the technical methodology for risk assessment and zoning was developed for five risks, i.e. storm surges, tsunamis, sea ice, ocean waves, and sea level rise, which improve the level of scientific protection of coastal areas against marine disasters. In 2020, China completed the First Scientific Assessment Report on the Ocean and Climate Change, which assessed the changes in China’s marine environment and the basic situation of sea level, and predicted the future trends of ocean and climate change. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.', 'In 2020, China completed the First Scientific Assessment Report on the Ocean and Climate Change, which assessed the changes in China’s marine environment and the basic situation of sea level, and predicted the future trends of ocean and climate change. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Observation stations for plateau glaciers and frozen soils have been created, which also conducts the monitoring and forecasting of dam-burst floods in ice lakes. The system of nature reserves such as the Sanjiangyuan National Park has been strengthened to comprehensively protect the ecosystems of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, sands and ice. Grassland protection and development projects such as returning pasture to grassland have been implemented, effectively alleviating the degradation of alpine grassland.', 'Grassland protection and development projects such as returning pasture to grassland have been implemented, effectively alleviating the degradation of alpine grassland. Integrated demonstration of ecological restoration technology system has been carried out, including ecological re-sowing and photovoltaic sprinkling of degraded grassland for adapting to climate change. As it is effective to mitigate the adverse effects of seasonal droughts, the practice was cited as a successful case of climate change adaptation, ecological restoration of alpine grasslands, and ecological function improvement in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). To cope with the impacts of climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and other major projects, ground temperature monitoring was added along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.', 'To cope with the impacts of climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and other major projects, ground temperature monitoring was added along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Based on estimated future annual and seasonal warming characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a variety of structural adaptation measures have been adopted to reduce the degradation of frozen soil and ensure the stability of frozen soil roadbed. Other key ecological areas. Highlighting vulnerability, sensitivity and main ecological functions, work has been planned for climate adaptation and ecological restoration in ecologically vulnerable areas, such as northwest agro-pastoral transition zone, southwest rocky desertification area, Yangtze River Basin, Yellow River Basin, and other major river and lake basins.', 'Highlighting vulnerability, sensitivity and main ecological functions, work has been planned for climate adaptation and ecological restoration in ecologically vulnerable areas, such as northwest agro-pastoral transition zone, southwest rocky desertification area, Yangtze River Basin, Yellow River Basin, and other major river and lake basins. Key areas with differences and their ecological vulnerabilities have been actively identified, taking into account the relative integrity of administrative regions and the relative consistency of climate change characteristics. Differentiated measures for ecological protection, management and restoration have been taken, such as comprehensive soil erosion management, vegetation restoration, land use adjustment, and natural forest protection plan, in order to optimize the adaptive allocation of water and soil resources, improve environmental carrying capacity, enhance ecosystem stability in ecologically vulnerable areas, and improve climate resilience in a coordinated manner.3.', 'Differentiated measures for ecological protection, management and restoration have been taken, such as comprehensive soil erosion management, vegetation restoration, land use adjustment, and natural forest protection plan, in order to optimize the adaptive allocation of water and soil resources, improve environmental carrying capacity, enhance ecosystem stability in ecologically vulnerable areas, and improve climate resilience in a coordinated manner.3. Advancing actions on climate change adaptation in key fields Agriculture. Great efforts have been made to promote research on agro-meteorological disaster prevention technologies and advance measures such as agricultural climate zoning and agricultural irrigation. More than 60 new technologies for agro-meteorological adaptation have been developed and promoted, such as disaster prevention and mitigation and production increase, and climate resource utilization.', 'More than 60 new technologies for agro-meteorological adaptation have been developed and promoted, such as disaster prevention and mitigation and production increase, and climate resource utilization. Through national key research and development plans, adaptation strategies for stable production have been explored, including sowing date adjustment, population optimization, and water and nitrogen migration. Crop varieties which are resistant to heat, drought, low light and low temperature are selected. Totally 3,564 agricultural climate zones at provincial, city and county levels and 5,303 agro-meteorological disaster risk zones have been delineated, which lays an important foundation for optimizing the agricultural structure and reducing losses from agricultural disasters. Effective irrigation area was enlarged from 55 million hectares in 2005 to 68.3 million hectares in 2019. Forestry and grassland.', 'Effective irrigation area was enlarged from 55 million hectares in 2005 to 68.3 million hectares in 2019. Forestry and grassland. The Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Forestry Sector (2016–2020) required more efforts in monitoring and early warning, risk management, and team building to comprehensively improve climate resilience of the forestry sector. A wildlife refuge system with national parks as the mainstay has been established. The protection and management of national public welfare forests, natural forests, and other types of forests has been strengthened, by strictly implementing forest land conservation and utilization plans at national, provincial and county levels and upgrading forest land quota management.', 'The protection and management of national public welfare forests, natural forests, and other types of forests has been strengthened, by strictly implementing forest land conservation and utilization plans at national, provincial and county levels and upgrading forest land quota management. The central government has arranged forestry funds to support the protection of natural forest resources, new-round return of farmland to forest and grassland, cultivation of forest resources, and compensations and subsidies for ecological benefits of forested wetland.', 'The central government has arranged forestry funds to support the protection of natural forest resources, new-round return of farmland to forest and grassland, cultivation of forest resources, and compensations and subsidies for ecological benefits of forested wetland. In view of climate characteristics and grassland degradation in different regions, major grassland protection and restoration projects have been initiated, such as returning pasture to grassland, Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control, and artificial grass planting on degraded grassland, in an effort to speed up the restoration of degraded grassland vegetation and improve ecological functions and productivity of grassland.', 'In view of climate characteristics and grassland degradation in different regions, major grassland protection and restoration projects have been initiated, such as returning pasture to grassland, Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control, and artificial grass planting on degraded grassland, in an effort to speed up the restoration of degraded grassland vegetation and improve ecological functions and productivity of grassland. In severely overloaded and overgrazed areas, grazing ban through enclosure has been tightened, and combined with measures such as grass seed replanting, soil loosening and fertilizing, and rodent and pest control, to facilitate grassland recovery and vegetation restoration. Grassland that has been cultivated is returned to farmland in a planned way.', 'Grassland that has been cultivated is returned to farmland in a planned way. The systems for grassland management and protection, grazing ban and suspension, and grass-livestock balance have been implemented to reduce the grazing pressure on natural grassland. In 2019, the national grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage reached 56%; the total fresh-grass output of natural grasslands surpassed 1.1 billion tons; and the average livestock overload rate of key natural grasslands fell to 10.1%. The ecological functions of grassland, such as wind prevention and sand fixation, soil and water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and climate regulation, have been restored and strengthened, and the ecological environment in some grassland areas has been significantly improved. Water resources.', 'The ecological functions of grassland, such as wind prevention and sand fixation, soil and water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and climate regulation, have been restored and strengthened, and the ecological environment in some grassland areas has been significantly improved. Water resources. The flood prevention and disaster reduction system has been perfected to enhance capability to guard against and cope with floods. Efforts have been made to speed up major river backbone projects, while accelerating the work to make up for weak links in floodcontrol of small and medium-sized rivers. The responsibility system for flood control and drought relief has been improved, of which the core is that the administrative chief assumes full responsibility.', 'The responsibility system for flood control and drought relief has been improved, of which the core is that the administrative chief assumes full responsibility. A flood control and disaster mitigation system that combines structural measures such as reservoirs, dikes and flood storage and detention areas with non-structural measures has been basically formed. In a stronger move to build a water-saving society, the most stringent water resource management system has been put into effect, which contains three red lines for water use, water efficiency, and water pollution in water functional zones. Water resource storage and allocation projects have been implemented in river basins or regions.', 'Water resource storage and allocation projects have been implemented in river basins or regions. Regarding the construction of national water-saving cities, a total of 96 cities across the country have been recognized, whose annual water savings are about 5 billion m3, equivalent to 10% of their annual water supply. Aquatic ecological protection and rural hydropower green development have made progress. River chief and lake chief systems have been fully implemented, and special action has been carried out to clear four behaviors (arbitrary occupation, mining, heap and construction), so that the national water environment and ecology and waterfront management and protection have been significantly improved. In 2015, 30 pilot sponge cities were created, and to date, about 33,000 sponge city projects have been completed nationwide. Public health.', 'In 2015, 30 pilot sponge cities were created, and to date, about 33,000 sponge city projects have been completed nationwide. Public health. The impacts of climate change on public health have been assessed, which takes into account the demand of traditional climate services and various industries including health for responding to climate change. The National Health Commission and departments concerned have compiled technical guidelines related to climate change and public health, such as guidelines for health protection in air pollution and environmental health emergencies in natural disasters, and 12 health and epidemic prevention guidelines and programs, including the investigation and control of infectious diseases in flood-stricken areas.', 'The National Health Commission and departments concerned have compiled technical guidelines related to climate change and public health, such as guidelines for health protection in air pollution and environmental health emergencies in natural disasters, and 12 health and epidemic prevention guidelines and programs, including the investigation and control of infectious diseases in flood-stricken areas. They have also organized a series of research projects related to health risk assessment and adaptation to climate change, and formulated technical guidelines for health risk assessment of climate change. Infrastructure. Vigorous urban renewal projects have been launched, such as the transformation of old and dilapidated urban communities.', 'Vigorous urban renewal projects have been launched, such as the transformation of old and dilapidated urban communities. Urban construction methods have been further changed by incorporating the transformation and upgrade of water supply, drainage and other pipe networks into urban renewal, and improving the green space of housing and surrounding areas. Prefabricated buildings have been promoted. In 2019, nationwide 420 million m2 of prefabricated buildings were newly constructed, accounting for 13.4% of the newly added floor area. Urban greenways have effectively alleviated the urban heat island effect and related climate risks. As of 2018, a total of 56,000 km of greenways have been built across the country.', 'As of 2018, a total of 56,000 km of greenways have been built across the country. On the basis of analyzing the impacts and requirements of climate change on highway infrastructure construction, targeted measures are integrated in the design and construction process to improve project safety and durability. While strengthening the maintenance of transportation facilities, design and construction standards are continuously raised for roads, railways, airports, pipelines, urban rails, water buses, etc. With faster-pace transformation of old and dilapidated roads, improvement has been achieved in the resilience of national highway network to extreme weather such as low temperature, snow, floods, and typhoons.4.', 'With faster-pace transformation of old and dilapidated roads, improvement has been achieved in the resilience of national highway network to extreme weather such as low temperature, snow, floods, and typhoons.4. Improving monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities The National Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (2016–2020) was released to guide the work of disaster prevention, mitigation and relief in the context of climate change and strengthen the capacity building of climate disaster prevention and mitigation services. A comprehensive assessment model for climate change has been developed; a disaster information management system has been completed; and a nationwide long-time-series disaster database has been established, covering a variety of meteorological disasters such as regional droughts, heavy rain, heat, sand and dust, typhoons, snows, low temperature and freezing injury.', 'A comprehensive assessment model for climate change has been developed; a disaster information management system has been completed; and a nationwide long-time-series disaster database has been established, covering a variety of meteorological disasters such as regional droughts, heavy rain, heat, sand and dust, typhoons, snows, low temperature and freezing injury. Since 2014, a total of over 19 billion yuan in the central government budget has been used to advance projects of meteorological satellites, radars, meteorological guarantees for mountain torrents and geological disasters, and marine meteorology. The layout of observation station network has been optimized, contributing to greater capability of monitoring and forecasting meteorological disasters and extreme weather and climate events. Emergency warning system functions have been improved and information dissemination channels broaden, thereby raising the public awareness of risk prevention.', 'Emergency warning system functions have been improved and information dissemination channels broaden, thereby raising the public awareness of risk prevention. An air-ground-space integrated disaster monitoring system covering the whole country has been put in place, and the China Climate Change Monitoring Bulletin is issued every year. Urban areas have explored the establishment of inter-departmental early-warning information release centers, multi-hazard early warning systems, and risk management business systems. Rural areas have gradually accelerated the construction of meteorological disaster monitoring, early warning and emergency response systems. (IV) Initial Results Achieved in Supporting and Safeguard Systems 1. Gradual establishment of GHG emissions statistical accounting system Improve the basic statistical system for GHG emissions.', 'Gradual establishment of GHG emissions statistical accounting system Improve the basic statistical system for GHG emissions. A statistical indicator system for response to climate change has been built, containing 36 indicators in 5 categories on climate change and its impacts. The division of responsibility for basic statistics on GHG emissions has been defined. By incorporating basic statistics on GHG emissions into the government statistical indicator system and departmental statistical reports, a basic statistical system that matches the GHG emissions inventories has been established and improved. In addition, the leading group on climate change statistics consisting of 23 departments has been set up, and the working mechanism with comprehensive government statistics as the core has been created for the division of labor and coordination among relevant departments.', 'In addition, the leading group on climate change statistics consisting of 23 departments has been set up, and the working mechanism with comprehensive government statistics as the core has been created for the division of labor and coordination among relevant departments. In 2017, the reduction rate of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP was included for the first time into the Statistical Bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development.', 'In 2017, the reduction rate of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP was included for the first time into the Statistical Bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development. In 2021, the Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality set up a working group on carbon emissions statistical accounting to accelerate the improvement of carbon emission statistical accounting system.Shanghai: Establishing a Sound Statistical Survey System on Climate Change In accordance with the Opinions on Strengthening the Statistical Work Related to Combating Climate Change, Shanghai has formally implemented the Shanghai Statistical Report System on Climate Change since 2013, which was renamed Shanghai Comprehensive Statistical Report System on Climate Change and Green Development in 2018.', 'In 2021, the Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality set up a working group on carbon emissions statistical accounting to accelerate the improvement of carbon emission statistical accounting system.Shanghai: Establishing a Sound Statistical Survey System on Climate Change In accordance with the Opinions on Strengthening the Statistical Work Related to Combating Climate Change, Shanghai has formally implemented the Shanghai Statistical Report System on Climate Change since 2013, which was renamed Shanghai Comprehensive Statistical Report System on Climate Change and Green Development in 2018. It reports to NBS and gets the official reply every year.', 'It reports to NBS and gets the official reply every year. In order to effectively implement the above-mentioned system, special personnel have been employed in Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be responsible for the collection and evaluation of statistical indicators on climate change, as well as basic statistics on GHG emissions, and related funds have been arranged to provide a guarantee for normalizing the working mechanism. ▪ Departments involved: 11 departments including Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics and Bureau of Ecology and Environment. ▪ Reports contained: 38 forms such as Fact Sheet on Tackling Climate Change and Green Development. ▪ Indicators included: 111 indicators including GHG emission statistics, accounting and assessment, climate change adaptation research and other capacity building investment.', '▪ Indicators included: 111 indicators including GHG emission statistics, accounting and assessment, climate change adaptation research and other capacity building investment. Gradually normalize the compilation of national GHG inventories. In 2017, China submitted the first Biennial Update Report, including the 2012 national GHG inventory. In 2019, China submitted the third National Communication and the second Biennial Update Report, including 2010 and 2014 national GHG inventories respectively. In accordance with the relevant requirements of the Paris Agreement, a mode of submitting the national GHG inventory every two years has been gradually formed. Gradually standardize the compilation of local GHG inventories. In accordance with the unified national requirements, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) compiled provincial GHG emission inventories for 2012 and 2014, and conducted cross-assessment in 2018.', 'In accordance with the unified national requirements, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) compiled provincial GHG emission inventories for 2012 and 2014, and conducted cross-assessment in 2018. Beijing and some regions have also prepared their provincial level of GHG inventories for other years, and Zhejiang has made unified plans for prefecture-level GHG inventory compilation. In some areas, data management platforms have been set up to support the compilation of GHG emission inventories and carbon emission data analysis and assist the government in low-carbon supervision and scientific decision-making. Zhenjiang: Urban Carbon Emissions Accounting and Management Platform Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province is among the second group of low-carbon pilot cities in China.', 'Zhenjiang: Urban Carbon Emissions Accounting and Management Platform Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province is among the second group of low-carbon pilot cities in China. Zhenjiang Low-Carbon City Construction Management Cloud Platform is an independently developed intelligent low-carbon management platform, which represents the leading exploration and innovation in terms of digitalization, networking and spatial visualization of low-carbon city construction. The platform uses cloud computing, Internet of Things, business intelligence, geographic information system, and other information technology to realize the spatial visualization of urban GHG emissions and the informatization of inventory compilation.2. Increasing funding and policy support Increase greatly government financial support. The central government budget has scaled up investments in climate change mitigation and adaptation and technological support.', 'The central government budget has scaled up investments in climate change mitigation and adaptation and technological support. In the energy sector, additional subsidies for tax have been provided to encourage renewable power generation. In the transportation sector, support has been given to the adjustment of transportation structure, emission reduction of planes and ships, development of drop and pulls transportation, and promotion of NEVs. In the building sector, low-income farmers have been subsidized to carry out energy-saving renovation of houses. In the forestry sector, support is focused on the construction of key shelterbelt systems, preservation of natural forests, and protection of grassland ecosystems. In the agricultural sector, financial support covers the waste-to-resource of livestock and poultry manure, comprehensive utilization of straw, and replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer.', 'In the agricultural sector, financial support covers the waste-to-resource of livestock and poultry manure, comprehensive utilization of straw, and replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer. In terms of science and technology, special funds have been arranged to support basic research and climate change mitigation and adaptation. CCDMF Supports Activities on Climate Change The China Clean Development Mechanism Fund (CCDMF), established in 2007, is committed to national climate change mitigation and adaptation. It serves as a seed fund to provide grants and organize corresponding investment and financing activities for projects with significant benefits in climate change mitigation.', 'It serves as a seed fund to provide grants and organize corresponding investment and financing activities for projects with significant benefits in climate change mitigation. The grants of the fund are mainly used to assist countries and institutions in capacity building on climate change, carbon market construction, low-carbon publicity, training and other activities, and to comprehensively support national strategies on climate change. The paid use of the fund supports, by means of equity investment, entrusted loans, and financing guarantees, industrial activities that are conducive to tackling climate change, such as the Caoqiao Combined-Cycle Thermal Power Plant Cogeneration Project in Beijing, and Binhai New Area Waste Incineration Project in Tianjin. Use tax policies to support green and low-carbon development.', 'Use tax policies to support green and low-carbon development. In 2016, new energy & energy conservation and resources & environment were included in the High and New Tech Fields under the Key Support of the State. Accredited companies can enjoy tax revenue concessions according to the provisions. In January 2015, the tax rate for gasoline and diesel consumption tax was raised in a move to guide reasonable consumer demand and promote energy conservation. From September 2014 to the end of 2022, NEVs are exempted from vehicle purchase tax, and this policy was maintained in 2018. For small displacement vehicles, the vehicle purchase tax was reduced from October 2015 to the end of 2017.', 'For small displacement vehicles, the vehicle purchase tax was reduced from October 2015 to the end of 2017. In July 2016, the reform of ad valorem resource tax calculation started across the board, and an automatic tax adjustment mechanism was established. Since 2012, policies have been implemented to exempt new energy vehicles and vessels from vehicle and vessel tax and halve the tax on energy-efficient vehicles and vessels. In 2018, the certification standards for energy-efficient vehicles and NEVs were updated and adjusted. Strengthen innovation in climate investment and financing policies. Comprehensive supporting policies for climate investment and financing have been introduced, forming a support system comprised of environmental economic policies, financial policies,macroeconomic policies, and sector-specific industrial policies.', 'Comprehensive supporting policies for climate investment and financing have been introduced, forming a support system comprised of environmental economic policies, financial policies,macroeconomic policies, and sector-specific industrial policies. The system of climate investment and financing standards has been built in a coordinated manner, and the market mechanism to guide funding strengthened. Local efforts in differentiated models and tool innovations are supported, while climate investment and financing pilots are quickened. The market mechanism has been refined and market financing tools developed for carbon emissions trading, and the Interim Provisions on Accounting of Carbon Emission Trading was issued. Besides, a climate investment and financing support institution was established.', 'Besides, a climate investment and financing support institution was established. The Climate Investment and Finance Association was created under the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences to serve green and low-carbon development with a view to a climate-resilient society. Vigorously develop green finance. Great effort has been devoted to green credit. In addition to improvement in supporting facilities for green bonds, the Guiding Catalogue of Green Industries was published to effectively guide the flow of social capital to economic activities for tackling climate change. Green finance performance evaluations have been carried out among depository financial institutions, as a part of the efforts to inspire and encourage financial institutions to provide green financial services.', 'Green finance performance evaluations have been carried out among depository financial institutions, as a part of the efforts to inspire and encourage financial institutions to provide green financial services. At the end of the third quarter of 2020, the national balance of green loans registered 11.55 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.3% over the beginning of the year and an annual growth rate of 22.4%. Among them, the balance of green loans to entities was 11.51 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.5% of the outstanding loans to enterprises and public institutions during the same period. Support has been given to the issuance of green bonds by financial institutions.', 'Support has been given to the issuance of green bonds by financial institutions. At the end of the third quarter of 2020, the inter-bank market issued a total of 608 billion yuan of green financial bonds, with a year-on-year growth of 2.6%. Financial institutions are also encouraged to offer innovative green financial products and services, from 2016 to the end of September 2020, 70 securities companies perform as the lead bearers or managers of green assets, total value of 268.192 billion yuan of green bond products (including asset securitization products) was traded. Encourage innovation on green mortgage and guarantee methods and a variety of green credit businesses development.', 'Encourage innovation on green mortgage and guarantee methods and a variety of green credit businesses development. For example, the Export-Import Bank of China has established a green credit product system that encompasses energy conservation and environmental protection loans, transformation and upgrading loans, and traditional superior credit varieties, providing an important reference for banks to participate in the construction of green credit mechanism. Through full mobilization, China’s social capital has become an important guarantee for and source of financial support to address climate change. 3. Growing technological support Scale up research & development investment. Issued in 2017, the 13th Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Innovation to Address Climate Change laid down a comprehensive plan on science and technology to cope with climate change.', 'Issued in 2017, the 13th Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Innovation to Address Climate Change laid down a comprehensive plan on science and technology to cope with climate change. Key national research and development programs have become the main channel for science and technology investment in this respect. In 2016–2018, both 11 key projects, including “Global Change and the Response”, “Clean and Efficient Use of Coal and New Energy-saving Technology”, and 2 major projects, i.e. “Development of Large Oil and Gas Fields and Coal-Bed Methane” and “Large-scale Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plants”, contained technology research & development on climate change. They have received a funding of12.756 billion yuan in total from the central government.', 'They have received a funding of12.756 billion yuan in total from the central government. Since 2018, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has deployed strategic technology pioneer projects, such as transformational and key clean energy technologies and demonstrations; scientific project on Earth big data; pan-tertiary environmental changes and the Green Silk Road construction; and science and technology project on a beautiful Chinese and ecological civilization, for which about 1.2 billion yuan was financed from 2018 to 2019. Strengthen the guidance of technological innovation and build a market-oriented green technological innovation system. In 2019, China issued the Guiding Opinions on Building a Market-Oriented Green Technology Innovation System, aiming to basically establish a market-oriented green technology innovation system by 2022.', 'In 2019, China issued the Guiding Opinions on Building a Market-Oriented Green Technology Innovation System, aiming to basically establish a market-oriented green technology innovation system by 2022. To this end, the opinions proposed to strengthen the principal position of businesses, improve the guidance mechanism, and build some demonstration zones for green technology innovation, to cultivate a group of national engineering research centers and national technology innovation centers, and to optimize the rule-of-law, policy, and financing environment for green technology innovation. Facilitate the promotion and utilization of green and low-carbon technologies.', 'Facilitate the promotion and utilization of green and low-carbon technologies. China released the Guiding List of the Deployment of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Technologies and Low-Carbon Technologies (Second Group) in 2016 and the National Promotion Catalogue of Key Energy-saving and Low-Carbon Technologies the next year to accelerate the transformation, application, and promotion of low-carbon technologies with good demonstration effect and high mitigation potential, encourage enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable energy-saving and low-carbon new processes and new technologies. They have provided an important reference for promoting low-carbon upgrading and transformation of related industries.', 'They have provided an important reference for promoting low-carbon upgrading and transformation of related industries. Under the framework of the International Partnership of Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC), China has taken the lead in establishing a working group on "Best Energy-efficient Technologies and Best Energy-efficient Practices" ("Top Tens"), and in 2019 released the second batch of domestic "Top Tens" lists to promote energy efficiency and energy transition. In 2020, China issued the Green Technology Promotion Catalogue (2020) to support the promotion of technologies regarding energy-saving and environmental protection, clean production, clean energy, ecological environment and green infrastructure. Consolidate the foundation of adaptation research and technological development.', 'Consolidate the foundation of adaptation research and technological development. In response to industry and local needs, basic research has been carried out, including the assessment of climate change impacts and disaster risks and the mechanism of adapting climate change. The China National Assessment Report on Management and Adaptation to Risks of Extreme Weather and Climate Events and Disasters was completed. The Research on National Science and Technology Development Strategy for Adapting to Climate Change was published, which clarified the basic framework of scientific and technological system with Chinese characteristics for adapting to climate change, and suggested the establishment of technical chain for adapting to climate change, as well as the comprehensive layout, key directions and tasks of scientific and technological development for adapting to climate change.4.', 'The Research on National Science and Technology Development Strategy for Adapting to Climate Change was published, which clarified the basic framework of scientific and technological system with Chinese characteristics for adapting to climate change, and suggested the establishment of technical chain for adapting to climate change, as well as the comprehensive layout, key directions and tasks of scientific and technological development for adapting to climate change.4. Improving mechanisms for social participation Enhance continuously the whole society’s awareness of responding to climate change. The National Energy Conservation Publicity Week and Low-carbon Day have been organized as before, to showcase the actions and results of the government and all sectors in energy conservation and low-carbon development, disseminate the concept of energy-saving and low-carbon development, and vigorously share outstanding local stories of low-carbon development.', 'The National Energy Conservation Publicity Week and Low-carbon Day have been organized as before, to showcase the actions and results of the government and all sectors in energy conservation and low-carbon development, disseminate the concept of energy-saving and low-carbon development, and vigorously share outstanding local stories of low-carbon development. These activities have strengthened the understanding of low-carbon development from all walks of life, and stimulated public participation in actions on climate change. As a result, a low-carbon development pattern of common concern and extensive participation by the whole society has gradually formed. Conduct extensive publicity, education and training. Traditional and emerging media with respective advantages are given full play to step up the publicity of activities on climate change.', 'Traditional and emerging media with respective advantages are given full play to step up the publicity of activities on climate change. Government agencies have publicized and discussed trends and impacts of climate change at the levels of public participation, public opinion and policy advocacy, and called on the public to pay attention to climate change. Multilingual videos and albums on the theme of Addressing Climate Change––China’s Actions have been produced and released to enhance science popularization on climate change. In educational scenarios inside and outside schools, climate change has been incorporated into teaching curricula, practical education and family education.', 'In educational scenarios inside and outside schools, climate change has been incorporated into teaching curricula, practical education and family education. Training on climate change has been provided for officials, enterprises and service organizations, and training in specialized fields such as carbon market has been organized in batches by regions across the country. National Low-Carbon Day: Encourage Low-carbon and Green Lifestyle in the Whole Society In 2013, China set the National Low-carbon Day, which fells on a day of every June. Adhering to the people-oriented concept, the campaign of National Low-Carbon Day plays a catalytic role in strengthening publicity and education on climate change, mobilizing the public to practice the concept of green and low-carbon development, and promoting ecological progress and sustainable economic and social development.', 'Adhering to the people-oriented concept, the campaign of National Low-Carbon Day plays a catalytic role in strengthening publicity and education on climate change, mobilizing the public to practice the concept of green and low-carbon development, and promoting ecological progress and sustainable economic and social development. Year Theme 2013 Practice the Low-carbon Way, Build a Beautiful Home 2014 Join Hands in Low-carbon Development to Create a Good Environment 2015 Livable and Sustainable Low-carbon City 2016 Green Development, Low-carbon Innovation 2017 Industrial Low-carbon Development 2018 Raise Awareness of Climate Change, Step up Low-carbon Actions 2019 Low-carbon Action, Defend the Blue Sky 2020 Green and Low-carbon, Prosperous in All Respects In 2020, the National Low-carbon Day campaign was held online for the first time due to the COVID-19 epidemic.', 'Year Theme 2013 Practice the Low-carbon Way, Build a Beautiful Home 2014 Join Hands in Low-carbon Development to Create a Good Environment 2015 Livable and Sustainable Low-carbon City 2016 Green Development, Low-carbon Innovation 2017 Industrial Low-carbon Development 2018 Raise Awareness of Climate Change, Step up Low-carbon Actions 2019 Low-carbon Action, Defend the Blue Sky 2020 Green and Low-carbon, Prosperous in All Respects In 2020, the National Low-carbon Day campaign was held online for the first time due to the COVID-19 epidemic. During the campaign, activities were officially launched to solicit worldwide papers on climate investment and financing for the year 2020; the 2022 Winter Olympics Low-carbonMiniprogram was put online; environmental protection volunteers and business representatives shared their experiences and actions in practicing the concept of green and low-carbon in different fields; and the miniprogram of the 11th Charity Exhibition with the theme of Green Development and Low-Carbon Life was officially released.', 'During the campaign, activities were officially launched to solicit worldwide papers on climate investment and financing for the year 2020; the 2022 Winter Olympics Low-carbonMiniprogram was put online; environmental protection volunteers and business representatives shared their experiences and actions in practicing the concept of green and low-carbon in different fields; and the miniprogram of the 11th Charity Exhibition with the theme of Green Development and Low-Carbon Life was officially released. Actively promote low-carbon lifestyle. The Code of Conduct for Environmental Protection (Trial) was released to encourage the public across the country to practice low-carbon lifestyles through measures such as energy conservation and green consumption.', 'The Code of Conduct for Environmental Protection (Trial) was released to encourage the public across the country to practice low-carbon lifestyles through measures such as energy conservation and green consumption. Public attention has been specially drawn to food security in the context of climate change, and the “empty-plate” campaign has been launched nationwide to reduce food waste. Local efforts are accelerating to improve the public transportation system. Institutional and mechanism innovations are also introduced to boost the development of shared economy, such as bicycle sharing and car rental sharing, which provides the public with efficient solutions for low-carbon travel. Local exploration in inclusive carbon mechanism has also been active.', 'Local exploration in inclusive carbon mechanism has also been active. A positive guidance system for public low-carbon behavior has been formed, which combines commercial incentives, policy incentives, and certified emission reduction transactions. Hangzhou: Low-carbon Science & Technology Museum Hangzhou Low-Carbon Science & Technology Museum is the world’s first large-scale science and technology museum with a low-carbon theme. This non-profit science education institution integrates low-carbon technology popularization, green building display, low-carbon academic exchanges, and low-carbon information dissemination. Under the theme of "Low-carbon Life, Inevitable Future for Human Beings", the museum provides over 100 scientific, interesting and interactive divisions on the main line of low carbon, including the formation and existence of carbon, global warming, aspects of low-carbon life, wandering in a low-carbon future, low-carbon robots for guidance.', 'Under the theme of "Low-carbon Life, Inevitable Future for Human Beings", the museum provides over 100 scientific, interesting and interactive divisions on the main line of low carbon, including the formation and existence of carbon, global warming, aspects of low-carbon life, wandering in a low-carbon future, low-carbon robots for guidance. It is devoted to promoting the spirit of science, advocating scientific methods, spreading scientific ideas, and popularizing scientific knowledge to the public. Female employees account for 87% of the explanation and guidance team of the exhibition department, demonstrating the contribution of women to work on climate change. Picture: Layout of the Exhibition Hall on the Second Floor of Low-Carbon Science and Technology Museum: Global Warming, Carbon Cycle, Low-Carbon CityIII.', 'Picture: Layout of the Exhibition Hall on the Second Floor of Low-Carbon Science and Technology Museum: Global Warming, Carbon Cycle, Low-Carbon CityIII. NEW MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT THE UPDATED NDC GOALS Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, China will unswervingly implement its new development philosophy. Led by green and low-carbon transition of social economic development, China will put green and low-carbon development of energy as key, and will firmly continue to prioritize ecological conservation and pursue a green and low-carbon path to development.', 'Led by green and low-carbon transition of social economic development, China will put green and low-carbon development of energy as key, and will firmly continue to prioritize ecological conservation and pursue a green and low-carbon path to development. To implement the updated NDC goals, China will step up the implementation of proactive national strategies on climate change, integrate climate change into the national plans for economic and social development, construct the policy system of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation, and speed up low-carbon development. At the same time, China will continue to improve the overall coordination mechanism in the field of ecological progress, and build the system of developing an ecological civilization.', 'At the same time, China will continue to improve the overall coordination mechanism in the field of ecological progress, and build the system of developing an ecological civilization. China will keep on with endeavor to improve environmental quality and enhance ecosystem quality and stability, with the aim of fundamental improvement in the ecological environment. By pushing for high-quality economic development and high-level environmental protection, China will make greater contributions to addressing global climate change. (I) Advance the Work on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in a coordinated and orderly manner 1. Boost the comprehensive green transition of socio-economic development China will stay committed to the new vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development.', 'Boost the comprehensive green transition of socio-economic development China will stay committed to the new vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development. The target and requirements of carbon peak and carbon neutrality will be integrated into mid-term and long-term planning for socio-economic development. Support and safeguard to national development planning, territorial development planning, special planning, regional planning and local planning at all levels will be strengthened, together with the consolidated coordination and coherence between multilevel and various plannings. Layouts of major productivity, major infrastructure and public resources will be constantly optimized, and a new pattern of territorial development and protection conducive to carbon peak and carbon neutrality will be shaped.', 'Layouts of major productivity, major infrastructure and public resources will be constantly optimized, and a new pattern of territorial development and protection conducive to carbon peak and carbon neutrality will be shaped. During the implementation of regional significant strategies, the orientation and task requirements of green and low-carbon development will be reinforced. China will vigorously promote energy conservation and emission reduction, propel clean production across the board, and expedite the development of circular economy, consistently uplifting the level of green and low-carbon development. In the meantime, China will expand the supply and consumption of green and low-carbon products, and advocate green and low-carbon lifestyles. Green and low-carbon development will be included in the national education system. Demonstrations of green and low-carbon social actions will be initiated.', 'Demonstrations of green and low-carbon social actions will be initiated. Public consensus will cohere and a favorable pattern of public participation will be speedily forged.2. Deepen the action to peak CO2 emissions China will formulate the Action Plan for Peaking CO2 Emission before 2030, which will be enforced continuously during the periods of 14th and 15th FYPs. “Ten Key Actions for Carbon Emission Peaking” includes green and low-carbon transition of energy system, energy conservation and carbon emission reduction with efficiency improvement, carbon emission peaking in industrial sector, carbon emission peaking in urban and rural construction, green and low-carbon transportation, promoting circular economy, innovation on green and low-carbon science and technology, enhancement of carbon sinks capability, public involvement, and achieving carbon emission peaking target in a staged manner for different regions.', '“Ten Key Actions for Carbon Emission Peaking” includes green and low-carbon transition of energy system, energy conservation and carbon emission reduction with efficiency improvement, carbon emission peaking in industrial sector, carbon emission peaking in urban and rural construction, green and low-carbon transportation, promoting circular economy, innovation on green and low-carbon science and technology, enhancement of carbon sinks capability, public involvement, and achieving carbon emission peaking target in a staged manner for different regions. Each sector will propose policies and measures to promote carbon peak actions in accordance with its responsibilities, and strengthen sectoral coordination and cooperation to yield synergy. Local carbon peak targets are to be crystalized with formulated implementation plans and complementary measures, and regions with favorable conditions are encouraged to peak the emissions ahead of the schedule.', 'Local carbon peak targets are to be crystalized with formulated implementation plans and complementary measures, and regions with favorable conditions are encouraged to peak the emissions ahead of the schedule. China will also organize key industries to develop their carbon peak plans. Key projects of Nationally Determined Contributions will be supported throughout their development. Means of supervision and assessment will be tightened up to ensure that the carbon peak targets are eventually met. 3. Advance energy production and consumption revolution Upholding the belief of leading the energy revolution with low-carbon development and responding to the development requirements of both a more synergistic allocation of energy resources and a significant increase in utilization efficiency, China will proactively fulfill the goal of “Four Reforms, One Revolution”.', 'Advance energy production and consumption revolution Upholding the belief of leading the energy revolution with low-carbon development and responding to the development requirements of both a more synergistic allocation of energy resources and a significant increase in utilization efficiency, China will proactively fulfill the goal of “Four Reforms, One Revolution”. China will move faster towards a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, follow the principle of prioritizing energy conservation, improve policy framework for the dual control of total energy consumption and energy intensity, and further increase the proportion of non-fossil fuels in the energy mix. Non-fossil fuels will dominate the future increment of energy consumption.', 'Non-fossil fuels will dominate the future increment of energy consumption. China will stringently curb coal-powered projects, set strict limitation on the increase in coal consumption over the 14th FYP period and to phase it down in the 15th FYP period. The large scale development of wind and solar power will be accelerated, hydro power in accordance with local condition will be developed, nuclear power will be advanced in an ordered manner with the premise of ensured safety, and peaking power including energy storage and gas-powered electricity will be stepped up rapidly. Faster pace will be adopted to realize clean winter heating in the northern region, upgrade oil quality, and eliminate backward production capacities of coal and coal-fired power industry.', 'Faster pace will be adopted to realize clean winter heating in the northern region, upgrade oil quality, and eliminate backward production capacities of coal and coal-fired power industry. China will make comprehensive efforts to improve energy production, supply, storage and marketing systems, foster smart energy systems, and enhance consumption and storage capabilities of new energy. A new power system will be constructed, and allocation of clean power resources will be optimized on a large scale. 4.', 'A new power system will be constructed, and allocation of clean power resources will be optimized on a large scale. 4. Intensify the dual control of total energy consumption and energy intensity The dual control of total energy consumption and energy intensity have been perfected through strict control of energy intensity, reasonable control of the total energy consumption, control of the consumption of fossil fuels, curb of unreasonable energy consumption and promotion on a more reasonable allocation of energy resources and a substantial increase inutilization efficiency. In addition to improving the energy conservation regulations and standards, management systems such as energy budgets have been established and improved, the construction of national energy utilization rights trading market have been accelerated. Key energy-consuming organizations have strengthened energy-saving management.', 'Key energy-consuming organizations have strengthened energy-saving management. The implementation of key energy-saving and carbon emission reduction projects have been quickened, further promoting energy-saving and consumption reduction in key areas such as industry, construction, transportation, and public institutions, and enhancing energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction of new infrastructure.For the 14th FYP period, control of carbon intensity will be at the center of emission control framework, while the control of carbon emission will also play its role. On the basis of continuing to retain the target of carbon emission intensity reduction as a binding indicator in the national economic and social development plan, China will coordinate and establish the system of controlling total CO2 emissions. 5.', 'On the basis of continuing to retain the target of carbon emission intensity reduction as a binding indicator in the national economic and social development plan, China will coordinate and establish the system of controlling total CO2 emissions. 5. Actively promote a green and low-carbon transformation of the industrial sector Implementation plans of carbon peak for fields and sectors such as energy, iron&steel, non-ferrous metals, petrochemicals and chemicals, building materials, transport and construction. Guided by the principle of energy conservation and carbon reduction, the catalogue of guiding industrial restructuring targets will be revised. China will adopt a “look back” approach when cutting overcapacity of steel and coal so as to consolidate its progress and resolutely curb the haphazard development of energy-intensive and high-emission projects.', 'China will adopt a “look back” approach when cutting overcapacity of steel and coal so as to consolidate its progress and resolutely curb the haphazard development of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. China will actively promote low-carbon, circular and intensive industrial development. Efforts will be made to improve resource utilization efficiency in manufacturing. Life-cycle green management of products will be further strengthened, and an efficient, clean, low-carbon, and circular green manufacturing system will be built. China will optimize the industrial structure and energy consumption pattern, continuously increase the proportion of clean and low-carbon energy use, speedily develop low-emission advanced manufacturing and strategic emerging industries, and encourage factories and industrial parks to develop and utilize renewable energy.', 'China will optimize the industrial structure and energy consumption pattern, continuously increase the proportion of clean and low-carbon energy use, speedily develop low-emission advanced manufacturing and strategic emerging industries, and encourage factories and industrial parks to develop and utilize renewable energy. Implementation plan will be designed for promoting major low-carbon technologies in the industrial sector by facilitating the promotion and application of advanced and applicable low-carbon technologies, processes, equipment and materials. While promoting the energy conservation standardization, diagnosis and supervision for energy conservation, the implementation of energy-saving and water-saving transformation and the construction of micro-grids in the industrial sector will be accelerated. 6.', 'While promoting the energy conservation standardization, diagnosis and supervision for energy conservation, the implementation of energy-saving and water-saving transformation and the construction of micro-grids in the industrial sector will be accelerated. 6. Comprehensively promote green and low-carbon development in the urban rural construction China will fully implement green and low-carbon requirements in all aspects of urban and rural planning and construction management. China will propel the development of urban clusters, build urban ecological and ventilation corridors, and enhance urban greening. The development target of urban floor space will be rationally devised, with the construction of highly energy-consuming public buildings being strictly controlled. Green construction will be implemented throughout the engineering construction process and a building demolition management system will be framed. Green communities will also burgeon.', 'Green communities will also burgeon. In conjunctionwith the action of rural construction, China aims to drive green and low-carbon development of county towns and the rural areas. China will unremittingly improve energy efficiency standards for new buildings and accelerate the development of ultra-low energy-consuming, near-zero energy-consuming and low-carbon buildings on a large scale. China will vigorously support the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings in cities and towns as well as municipal infrastructures, improving their energy-saving and low-carbon level. Meanwhile, China will apply green building standards to all new urban buildings by 2025. China will gradually launch limits management of energy consumption in buildings, practice building energy efficiency labeling and conduct performance assessment of low-carbon development in the building sector. Green and low-carbon materials and their recycling will be comprehensively promoted.', 'Green and low-carbon materials and their recycling will be comprehensively promoted. Green rural houses will be well-developed. China will deepen the application of renewable energy in buildings, and accelerate the electrification and decarbonization of energy use in buildings. An initiative of rooftop photovoltaic will be launched, and the penetration rate of electrification will be increased for house heating, water heating, cooking, etc. In terms of heating, China will expedite the central heating of combined power and heat in northern cities and towns, rapidly scale up heating of industrial waste heat, steadily utilize waste heat from nuclear power for heating, and develop clean energy heating including heat pumps, gas, biomass and geothermal energy considering local conditions. 7.', 'In terms of heating, China will expedite the central heating of combined power and heat in northern cities and towns, rapidly scale up heating of industrial waste heat, steadily utilize waste heat from nuclear power for heating, and develop clean energy heating including heat pumps, gas, biomass and geothermal energy considering local conditions. 7. Expedite the construction of green and low-carbon transportation system China will accelerate the construction of a comprehensive transportation network, channel energy into multi-modal transportation, and increase the share of railways and waterways in the integrated transportation, constantly reducing the energy consumption and carbon intensity of transportation. At the same time, China will optimize passenger transport, and guide the scale-up and intensive operation of those passenger transport enterprises.', 'At the same time, China will optimize passenger transport, and guide the scale-up and intensive operation of those passenger transport enterprises. Green logistics will be developed speedily, transport resources will be optimized and the overall utilization efficiency will be advanced. Measures will be taken for expediting vehicles and vessels that are powered by new energy and clean energy, popularizing intelligent transportation, pushing forward the electrification of railways, giving impetus to constructing hydrogen filling stations, and normalizing the utilization of shore-end cable for vessels at ports. China will move faster to put in place a convenient, efficient and moderately advanced network system for battery charging and swap.', 'China will move faster to put in place a convenient, efficient and moderately advanced network system for battery charging and swap. Energy efficiency standards for fuel-powered vehicles and vessels will be upgraded, energy efficiency labeling system for transport equipment will be improved, and timeworn vehicles and vessels that are highly energy-consuming and of high emissions will be phased out. China will further actively guide low-carbon travel. China will quicken the construction of large-capacity public transport infrastructure including urban railways, special traffic lanes and bus rapid transit systems, and strengthen the construction of urban slow traffic systems, namely, special bicycle lanes, pedestrian walkways, etc. By making comprehensive use of legal, economic, administrative and other management measures, China will put particular emphasis on combating urban traffic congestion. 8.', 'By making comprehensive use of legal, economic, administrative and other management measures, China will put particular emphasis on combating urban traffic congestion. 8. Press for emissions reduction and efficiency improvement in agriculture Efforts will be intensified to enhance the reduction and efficiency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, including deepening the implementation of soil testing and formulated fertilization,promoting the fertilization technology of agricultural machinery and agronomy and the substitution of organic fertilizers for chemical fertilizers, and promoting green and efficient control technology models such as ecological regulation, physical and chemical inducement, and biological control. While improving livestock and poultry productivity, ways to treat and utilize livestock and poultry manure will be refined in order to reduce GHG emissions from livestock and poultry breeding.', 'While improving livestock and poultry productivity, ways to treat and utilize livestock and poultry manure will be refined in order to reduce GHG emissions from livestock and poultry breeding. The planting structure will be adjusted according to the endowment of water resources to adapt production and planting to water resources. Energy-saving and emission-reduction technology and equipment in agriculture and fishery will be selected, tested and demonstrated to promote their maturation and promotion. 9. Promote high-level environmental protection China will promote the coordination, innovation and integration of climate change mitigation and adaptation, environmental pollution prevention and control, and biodiversity conservation in terms of planning goals, policy actions, institutional systems, pilots and demonstrations.', 'Promote high-level environmental protection China will promote the coordination, innovation and integration of climate change mitigation and adaptation, environmental pollution prevention and control, and biodiversity conservation in terms of planning goals, policy actions, institutional systems, pilots and demonstrations. The synergistic control of air pollutants and GHG emissions will be deepened by building a coordinated control system and a coordinated monitoring and statistical reporting system with respect to basic data, in a bid to peak carbon emissions and meet air quality standards. Nature-based solutions will be proactively explored and adopted to strengthen ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, tap potentials for emission reduction and carbon sink increase, and enhance green development and climate resilience in key sectors and regions.', 'Nature-based solutions will be proactively explored and adopted to strengthen ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, tap potentials for emission reduction and carbon sink increase, and enhance green development and climate resilience in key sectors and regions. China’s Initiative and Practice in Nature-Based Solutions The Chinese government attaches great importance to the role of nature-based solutions in reducing GHG emissions, improving climate resilience, and pursuing sustainable development. For example, China has formulated and implemented an ecological red line policy. By scientifically delineating and effectively implementing ecological red lines, the departments concerned have coordinated horizontally and vertically to strictly control and protect areas with important ecologic functions such as biodiversity maintenance, wind prevention and sand fixation, as well as areas ecologically sensitive and vulnerable to land desertification and rocky desertification.', 'By scientifically delineating and effectively implementing ecological red lines, the departments concerned have coordinated horizontally and vertically to strictly control and protect areas with important ecologic functions such as biodiversity maintenance, wind prevention and sand fixation, as well as areas ecologically sensitive and vulnerable to land desertification and rocky desertification. Up to now, ecological red lines have been drawn for provinces in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River Economic Belt. While mitigating and adapting to climate change, China has been working hard to improve environmental quality, guarantee ecological functions, and promote green, low-carbon and sustainable development. 10.', 'While mitigating and adapting to climate change, China has been working hard to improve environmental quality, guarantee ecological functions, and promote green, low-carbon and sustainable development. 10. Strengthen the market-based mechanisms including carbon trading Carbon market will be kept as a policy instrument to control GHG emissions, and will effectively leverage the carbon market to control GHG emissions and reduce mitigation costs for the whole society. While perfecting the national carbon market management system, the registration system, trading system and other infrastructure will be enhanced. The trading system of voluntary GHG emission reductions will be improved. Carbon sink trading will be integrated into the national carbon emissions trading market, and a sound compensation mechanism for ecological protection that reflects the value of carbon sinks will be established.', 'Carbon sink trading will be integrated into the national carbon emissions trading market, and a sound compensation mechanism for ecological protection that reflects the value of carbon sinks will be established. Based on the well functioning of national carbon market for power sector, China will enlargethe coverage of industries, especially to include more the high emission industries, enrich trading varieties, methods and participants, and enhance market activity, contributing to stable and effective operation and sound and sustainable development of the national carbon market. The system of paid use and trading of energy use rights will be further improved. Altogether, China will coordinate electricity trading, energy-use rights trading and carbon emissions trading as a whole. 11.', 'Altogether, China will coordinate electricity trading, energy-use rights trading and carbon emissions trading as a whole. 11. Launch demonstrations on carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality Regions, key industries and key enterprises with favorable conditions will be supported by the State to peak carbon emissions ahead of schedule. Through organizing pilot demonstrations of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China will keep exploring effective models and beneficial experience. Representative cities and industrial parks will be chosen to conduct carbon peak pilots, granted with supporting policies, funds, technologies, etc. By moving faster to actualize green and local-carbon transition, these pilot demonstrations can make contribution to the whole nation with operable, replicable and transferable experience and practices. Regions are encouraged to issue relevant supporting policies to form a policy synergy.', 'Regions are encouraged to issue relevant supporting policies to form a policy synergy. China will strengthen research on basic and cutting-edge technologies, and accelerate the development and promotion of advanced and applicable technologies. In particular, the demonstration and industrial application of large-scale carbon capture and storage technologies will be pushed forward. Name Location Scale Content Time Research and Demonstration of CO2 -EOR in PetroChina Jilin Oilfield Jilin Oilfield 300,000 tons / year CCUS-EOR Put into operation Shanghai Shidongkou CO2 Capture and Storage Demonstration Project of Huaneng Group Shidongkou, Shanghai captured per year Post-combustion capture Put into operation Coal-to-Liquids CO2 Capture and Storage Demonstration of Shenhua Group Ordos, Inner Mongolia captured and stored per year Coal liquefaction plant + saline aquifer Put into operation CO2 Capture from Coal Chemical Industry and Demonstration of Yanchang Petroleum Group Yulin, Shaanxi tons captured per year CCUS-EOR from coal chemical industry Put into operation EOR Demonstration in Sinopec East China Oilfield Dongtai, Jiangsu captured per year， EOR Put into operation Put 12.', 'Name Location Scale Content Time Research and Demonstration of CO2 -EOR in PetroChina Jilin Oilfield Jilin Oilfield 300,000 tons / year CCUS-EOR Put into operation Shanghai Shidongkou CO2 Capture and Storage Demonstration Project of Huaneng Group Shidongkou, Shanghai captured per year Post-combustion capture Put into operation Coal-to-Liquids CO2 Capture and Storage Demonstration of Shenhua Group Ordos, Inner Mongolia captured and stored per year Coal liquefaction plant + saline aquifer Put into operation CO2 Capture from Coal Chemical Industry and Demonstration of Yanchang Petroleum Group Yulin, Shaanxi tons captured per year CCUS-EOR from coal chemical industry Put into operation EOR Demonstration in Sinopec East China Oilfield Dongtai, Jiangsu captured per year， EOR Put into operation Put 12. Keep consolidating and increasing ecosystem carbon sinks China will tighten the spatial planning and use of territories, firmly adhere to the ecologicalprotection red line, strictly guard ecological space from being occupied, and stabilize the carbon sequestration role of existing forests, grasslands, wetlands, seas, soils, permafrost, karst, etc.', 'Keep consolidating and increasing ecosystem carbon sinks China will tighten the spatial planning and use of territories, firmly adhere to the ecologicalprotection red line, strictly guard ecological space from being occupied, and stabilize the carbon sequestration role of existing forests, grasslands, wetlands, seas, soils, permafrost, karst, etc. The scale of new construction land will be stringently controlled, whereas available urban and rural stock of construction land will be fully revitalized and utilized. Furthermore, China will enforce land use standards in a strict manner, enhance the assessment of land saving and intensive use, and promote land-saving technologies and models. With respect to ecological restoration, China will implement major ecological protection and restoration projects, and press on integrated protection and restoration of mountains, waters, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and sands.', 'With respect to ecological restoration, China will implement major ecological protection and restoration projects, and press on integrated protection and restoration of mountains, waters, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and sands. China will intensify efforts to carry out a large-scale greening campaign, consolidate its achievements of returning farmlands to forests and grassland, apply projects for precisely improving forest quality, and continue to increase forest area and accumulation. Protection and restoration of grassland ecosystems will also be strengthened, so as the protection of wetlands.', 'Protection and restoration of grassland ecosystems will also be strengthened, so as the protection of wetlands. Based on systematic investigation to the distribution of national marine carbon sink (blue carbon) ecosystems, China will protect and restore the existing blue carbon ecosystems by means of various blue carbon pilot projects and marine ecological protection and restoration projects, giving full play to the role of blue carbon in mitigating climate change. Carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves, seagrass beds, salt marshes and others will be tapped. Quality of arable lands will be improved, the national blackland protection project will be executed, and the carbon sink of ecological agriculture will be enhanced. Moreover, China will proactively boost the development and utilization of karst carbon sinks.', 'Moreover, China will proactively boost the development and utilization of karst carbon sinks. GHG emissions China will step up the control of key non-CO2 GHG emissions. China will research and implement an action plan to control non-CO2 GHG emissions; continue to improve the technical system for monitoring, reporting and evaluation of non-CO2 GHG emissions; and gradually establish sound statistical accounting system, policy system and management system for non-CO2 GHG emissions. Furthermore, it will form a raft of applicable non-CO2 GHG emission control technologies, build a batch of major projects with great emission reduction effects, and promote a group of replicable pilot and demonstration projects.', 'Furthermore, it will form a raft of applicable non-CO2 GHG emission control technologies, build a batch of major projects with great emission reduction effects, and promote a group of replicable pilot and demonstration projects. Measures will be taken to effectively curb methane emissions from coal, oil and gas mining, such as rational control of coal production capacity, increase of gas extraction and utilization rate, control of volatile organic compound emissions in the petrochemical industry, encouraged use of green completions, and application of technologies for recovering associated gas. China will continue to push for HFC-23 destruction, study and formulate nitrous oxide emission reduction plans for key industries, promote low-warming-potential power facilities, and strengthen the emission control of HFC, nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride.', 'China will continue to push for HFC-23 destruction, study and formulate nitrous oxide emission reduction plans for key industries, promote low-warming-potential power facilities, and strengthen the emission control of HFC, nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride. China has already deposited its instrument of ratification of the Montreal Protocol (Kigali Amendment), and the amendment has come into force since September 15, 2021. (II) New Policies and New Measures for Proactive Adaptation to Climate In order to fulfill the NDC commitments in the new situation, China will develop the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035 (hereinafter referred to as Adaptation Strategy 2035) based on experiences in post-2015 policy practice.', '(II) New Policies and New Measures for Proactive Adaptation to Climate In order to fulfill the NDC commitments in the new situation, China will develop the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035 (hereinafter referred to as Adaptation Strategy 2035) based on experiences in post-2015 policy practice. While taking into account policies and measures committed in 2015, China will further propose and deepen actions on climate change adaptation in terms of improving the climate resilience of natural ecosystems and economic and social systems. 1. Develop the Adaptation Strategy 2035 China will develop the Adaptation Strategy 2035, which strengthens the integration of adaptation actions with the goals of economic and social development and beautiful China, and makes work plan for climate change adaptation in the next 15 years.', 'Develop the Adaptation Strategy 2035 China will develop the Adaptation Strategy 2035, which strengthens the integration of adaptation actions with the goals of economic and social development and beautiful China, and makes work plan for climate change adaptation in the next 15 years. China will vigorously improve the national guarantee capacity for climate security and comprehensively enhance climate resilience in natural ecological, economic and social fields to build a climate-resilient and climate-smart society. 2. Enhancement of resilience of natural ecosystems to the impacts of climate change Focusing on water resources and terrestrial and marine coastal ecosystems, China will strengthen the monitoring and early warning of climate change risks and will comprehensively improve the climate resilience of natural ecosystems to ensure ecological progress and sustainable development.', 'Enhancement of resilience of natural ecosystems to the impacts of climate change Focusing on water resources and terrestrial and marine coastal ecosystems, China will strengthen the monitoring and early warning of climate change risks and will comprehensively improve the climate resilience of natural ecosystems to ensure ecological progress and sustainable development. China will maintain the structural measures for water resource allocation, flood control and drought relief, implement the most stringent water resource management system, speed up the construction of water-saving society and water-saving cities, improve the capacity of water resource allocation and management, and promote sustainable economic and social development with water resources as rigid constraints.', 'China will maintain the structural measures for water resource allocation, flood control and drought relief, implement the most stringent water resource management system, speed up the construction of water-saving society and water-saving cities, improve the capacity of water resource allocation and management, and promote sustainable economic and social development with water resources as rigid constraints. China will step up the protection of natural ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, rivers, lakes, wetlands and oceans, to improve their climate resilience, functionality and stability. China will strengthen the adaptability of ocean and coastal zones while improving the capacity of climate disaster prediction, warning and prevention, so as to ensure the safety of people in coastal areas.', 'China will strengthen the adaptability of ocean and coastal zones while improving the capacity of climate disaster prediction, warning and prevention, so as to ensure the safety of people in coastal areas. China will carry out ecological protection and restoration in accordance with the trends and characteristics of climate change. 3. Enhance adaptability in the economic and social fields Focusing on areas that are vital to livelihood development, national security and sustainable social development, China will promote the research & development, promotion and application of key adaptation technologies, and establish a sound system of adaptation standards for related industries to enhance climate resilience.', 'Enhance adaptability in the economic and social fields Focusing on areas that are vital to livelihood development, national security and sustainable social development, China will promote the research & development, promotion and application of key adaptation technologies, and establish a sound system of adaptation standards for related industries to enhance climate resilience. China will improve agricultural climate zoning, make full use of agricultural climate resources brought about by warming to develop characteristic agricultural products, strengthen agricultural biodiversity conservation and coordinated and sustainable agricultural development, and build a complete food security guarantee system.', 'China will improve agricultural climate zoning, make full use of agricultural climate resources brought about by warming to develop characteristic agricultural products, strengthen agricultural biodiversity conservation and coordinated and sustainable agricultural development, and build a complete food security guarantee system. China will advance urban ecological restoration projects, establish a 5 According to Decision 9/CMA.1, the content related to climate change adaptation herein will be an integral part of China’s Adaptation Communication.continuous and complete ecological infrastructure system, and improve urban ecosystems. China will step up the construction of health emergency system to reduce the adverse effects of climate change on public health.', 'China will step up the construction of health emergency system to reduce the adverse effects of climate change on public health. To strengthen planning and guidance, China will formulate urban lifeline and industrial emergency plans, and urge sensitive industries to build adaptation infrastructure; raise the awareness of risk planning and introduce nature-based solutions into urban adaptation to climate change, in a bid to comprehensively enhance climate resilience in economic and social aspects. 4.', 'To strengthen planning and guidance, China will formulate urban lifeline and industrial emergency plans, and urge sensitive industries to build adaptation infrastructure; raise the awareness of risk planning and introduce nature-based solutions into urban adaptation to climate change, in a bid to comprehensively enhance climate resilience in economic and social aspects. 4. Build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation According to climate change impacts and regional pattern, China will comprehensively examine the territorial space characteristics of different regions and their adaptation levels from the perspectives of ecological environment and economy & society, scientifically harness climate resources and carrying capacities to enhance the adaptability of main functional spaces of various kinds, and build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation in a coordinated manner, so as to further enhance the climate resilience of territorial space.', 'Build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation According to climate change impacts and regional pattern, China will comprehensively examine the territorial space characteristics of different regions and their adaptation levels from the perspectives of ecological environment and economy & society, scientifically harness climate resources and carrying capacities to enhance the adaptability of main functional spaces of various kinds, and build a regional pattern of climate change adaptation in a coordinated manner, so as to further enhance the climate resilience of territorial space. China will carry out regional climate risk assessment, build demonstration zones, and deploy and implement key demonstration projects.', 'China will carry out regional climate risk assessment, build demonstration zones, and deploy and implement key demonstration projects. Guided by national major regional development strategies, climate change adaptation will be integrated into these strategies including Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development, Yangtze River Economic Belt, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, and appropriate efforts will be made for climate change adaptation in other key areas such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, so as to form a regional coordinated adaptation pattern.', 'Guided by national major regional development strategies, climate change adaptation will be integrated into these strategies including Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development, Yangtze River Economic Belt, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, and appropriate efforts will be made for climate change adaptation in other key areas such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, so as to form a regional coordinated adaptation pattern. (III) Strengthen the Supporting and Safeguard Systems China will comprehensively clear existing laws and regulations that are incompatible with the work of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, fortify the coherence of laws and regulations, research the formulation of special laws on carbon neutrality, expedite the formulation of energy conservation law, electricity law, coal industry law, renewable energy law, circular economy promotion law, etc., and strengthen the pertinence and effectiveness of relevance laws and regulations.', '(III) Strengthen the Supporting and Safeguard Systems China will comprehensively clear existing laws and regulations that are incompatible with the work of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, fortify the coherence of laws and regulations, research the formulation of special laws on carbon neutrality, expedite the formulation of energy conservation law, electricity law, coal industry law, renewable energy law, circular economy promotion law, etc., and strengthen the pertinence and effectiveness of relevance laws and regulations. A tax policy system conducive to green and low-carbon development will be established and improved, and preferential tax policies on energy and water conservation, comprehensive utilization of resources, etc. will be implemented and enhanced, giving better play to the role of taxation in promoting green and low-carbon development of market entities.', 'will be implemented and enhanced, giving better play to the role of taxation in promoting green and low-carbon development of market entities. Together with improving green tariff policies, China will reinforce the residential tariff system and time-of-use tariff system, and explore the establishment of a dynamic adjustment mechanism for time-of-use tariffs. China will promote the development of green low-carbon financial products and services in an orderly manner, prepare monetary policy tools for carbon emission reduction, incorporate green credit into the macro-prudential assessment framework, and guide the banking industry and other financial institutions to provide long-term, low-cost funding for green and low-carbon projects. Developmental policy-oriented financial institutions are encouraged to, in accordance with market-oriented and legal principles, provide long-term and stable financing for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality.', 'Developmental policy-oriented financial institutions are encouraged to, in accordance with market-oriented and legal principles, provide long-term and stable financing for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. China will support eligible enterprises to raise funds through listingand refinancing for constructing and operating green and low-carbon projects, and will expand the scale of green bonds. China will also study and set up a national low-carbon transition fund, meanwhile encouraging social capital to initiate investment funds for green and low-carbon industries. Financial support to high pollution and high emission sectors are to be strictly controlled. Financial institutions will also be guided to actively guard against and respond to risks associated with climate change, and incorporate related risks into the risk management framework.', 'Financial institutions will also be guided to actively guard against and respond to risks associated with climate change, and incorporate related risks into the risk management framework. The standardization system of green finance will be established and improved. Furthermore, China will press on the capacity-building of carbon emission statistical accounting, and accelerate the construction of a unified and standardized statistical accounting system for carbon emission. In regard to standardization, China will expedite the updating and upgrading of energy conservation standards, and urgently revise a number of mandatory national standards and engineering construction standards relevant to energy consumption limits as well as energy efficiency of products and facilities.', 'In regard to standardization, China will expedite the updating and upgrading of energy conservation standards, and urgently revise a number of mandatory national standards and engineering construction standards relevant to energy consumption limits as well as energy efficiency of products and facilities. China will tighten energy consumption limits, enlarge the coverage of energy consumption limits standards, and perfect complementary standards of energy accounting, testing and certification, assessment and auditing, etc. The working mechanism for national and local GHG emission inventories will be improved, and a compliance reporting system with full participation of all sectors will be established.', 'The working mechanism for national and local GHG emission inventories will be improved, and a compliance reporting system with full participation of all sectors will be established. The national, local, enterprise, and project carbon emission accounting and verification systems will be refined, while implementing the basic statistical system on tackling climate change and push forward the establishment of an authoritative GHG emission data release mechanism. China will further proactively engage in formulating relevant international standards, and reinforce the coherence between domestic and international standards. Capacity building and working mechanism guarantees will be strengthened to comprehensively enhance the management capability in responding to climate change.', 'Capacity building and working mechanism guarantees will be strengthened to comprehensively enhance the management capability in responding to climate change. Next-generation information technology will be harnessed to provide more support for climate change monitoring, impact and evaluation, and a dynamic and systematic climate change monitoring and evaluation system will be established. Climate feasibility will be discussed for territorial space planning, and early warning and risk management of extreme climate events will be implemented. Work in the field of climate change will be linked with economic support policies, and a diversified policy support system will be fostered, including financial support, ecological protection compensation, transfer payments, and risk sharing.', 'Work in the field of climate change will be linked with economic support policies, and a diversified policy support system will be fostered, including financial support, ecological protection compensation, transfer payments, and risk sharing. Sound coordination and information sharing mechanisms will be established for work on climate change, and cross-field cooperation and collaborative innovation will be encouraged. More official training, professional skill training, public publicity and education will be provided. A working mechanism involving multi-sectoral participation, coordination and linkage, and an action mechanism involving extensive participation by the whole society will be formed.IV. PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change is a common challenge facing mankind, making human race a community with a shared future.', 'PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change is a common challenge facing mankind, making human race a community with a shared future. The Paris Agreement clarifies the general direction of future green and low-carbon transition, which requires the collaboration of all countries around the world. The conclusion and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement is a concrete practice of jointly coping with global challenges by international community relying on multilateralism. Upholding the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, China is committed to promoting the establishment of a fair, reasonable, cooperative, and win-win global climate governance system and the global transition to green, low-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development.', 'Upholding the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, China is committed to promoting the establishment of a fair, reasonable, cooperative, and win-win global climate governance system and the global transition to green, low-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development. (I) Construct a Equitable, Mutually Beneficial Global Climate Governance System Maintain the fundamental status of multilateralism and common but differentiated responsibilities in global climate governance. As the world’s largest developing country, China firmly upholds multilateralism in tackling climate change. Regarding the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement as the core and main channel, China is committed to promoting the construction of a fair, reasonable, cooperative, and win-win global climate governance system based on common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities.', 'Regarding the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement as the core and main channel, China is committed to promoting the construction of a fair, reasonable, cooperative, and win-win global climate governance system based on common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities. Some countries have planned to implement a carbon border adjustment mechanism, which goes against the spirit of win-win cooperation of the Paris Agreement and the mechanism arrangements for NDCs and does not conform to the principles and regulations of the World Trade Organization. China resolutely opposes all forms of unilateralism and protectionism, insists on comprehensive and accurate understanding of the Paris Agreement, especially its goals and principles, and supports countries in their NDC implementation.', 'China resolutely opposes all forms of unilateralism and protectionism, insists on comprehensive and accurate understanding of the Paris Agreement, especially its goals and principles, and supports countries in their NDC implementation. Persist in the full and effective implementation of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement. Upholding the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities, China will firmly honor its NDC commitments and work with other countries to advance mitigation and adaptation actions. Developed countries should step up efforts to support developing countries in funding, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.', 'Developed countries should step up efforts to support developing countries in funding, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. In the stage of implementing the Paris Agreement, developed countries should confront their historical responsibilities, continue to drastically take the lead in absolute reduction of emissions across the economy and press on actions, pay close attention to the adaptation of developing countries to climate change, and help developing countries formulate and implement strategic plans for climate change adaptation. They should provide developing countries with new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial, technology, and capacity-building support, improve funding transparency, and help developing countries leverage fair opportunities and more resources for sustainable development.', 'They should provide developing countries with new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial, technology, and capacity-building support, improve funding transparency, and help developing countries leverage fair opportunities and more resources for sustainable development. Developing countries should continuously intensify their efforts to controlemissions, make a gradual transition to economy-wide emission limit or emission reduction in consideration of different national conditions. They should carry out adaptation actions with matching financial, technology, and capacity-building support, and fulfill information transparency obligations on the basis of flexibility. (II) Positive Results in International Cooperation on Climate Change Strengthen high-level diplomacy on climate change. Chinese state leaders have actively pushed for coordination and cooperation on climate change in their foreign exchanges.', 'Chinese state leaders have actively pushed for coordination and cooperation on climate change in their foreign exchanges. On 30 December 2015 President Xi Jinping delivered an important speech entitled “Work Together to Build a Fair and Equitable, Mutually Beneficial Global Climate Governance” at the Paris Climate Change Conference, which together with other state leaders, provided a strong political impetus to the early conclusion of the Paris Agreement. China was among the first to sign the Paris Agreement, and deposited its instrument of rectification to the Paris Agreement in September 2016 at the Group of Twenty (G20) Hangzhou Summit, thus playing a significant leading role to the signing and entry into force of the Paris Agreement.', 'China was among the first to sign the Paris Agreement, and deposited its instrument of rectification to the Paris Agreement in September 2016 at the Group of Twenty (G20) Hangzhou Summit, thus playing a significant leading role to the signing and entry into force of the Paris Agreement. In the face of unilateralism and protectionism, President Xi Jinping has stressed on many occasions that "the Paris Agreement is a milestone in the history of global climate governance. We must ensure this endeavor is not derailed. All parties should work together to implement the Paris Agreement. China will continue to take steps to tackle climate change and fully honor its obligations."', 'China will continue to take steps to tackle climate change and fully honor its obligations." In recent years, China has issued joint declarations and signed memorandums of cooperation with the United States, the European Union, Germany, France, Norway, India, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, etc. to advocate multilateralism and improve global climate governance, which demonstrates the firm resolution to jointly address climate change. On the basis of common but differentiated responsibilities, China has mobilized more countries in international cooperation to step up climate action and fully implement the Paris Agreement. China Donates a Multispectral Microsatellite and Ground-based Measurement and Control Application System to Ethiopia On October 4, 2016, China and Ethiopia signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Donating a Microsatellite System for Combating Climate Change.', 'China Donates a Multispectral Microsatellite and Ground-based Measurement and Control Application System to Ethiopia On October 4, 2016, China and Ethiopia signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Donating a Microsatellite System for Combating Climate Change. According to this memorandum of understanding, China presented Ethiopia with a multispectral microsatellite and ground-based measurement and control application system for monitoring droughts, floods, water resources, forestarea changes, etc., to help Ethiopia improve the capability to respond to climate change. On December 20, 2019, the microsatellite donated to Ethiopia under China’s South-South cooperation on climate change was successfully launched in Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center.', 'On December 20, 2019, the microsatellite donated to Ethiopia under China’s South-South cooperation on climate change was successfully launched in Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. At the launching ceremony, Ethiopian Minister of Innovation and Technology Getahun Kuma conveyed the Egyptian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s thanks to the Chinese gift satellite, and said that Ethiopia is expecting further cooperation with China in the fields of aerospace and technology development, environmental protection and climate change. Deepen South-South cooperation on climate change. China has been actively engaged in South-South cooperation with developing countries in addressing climate change.', 'China has been actively engaged in South-South cooperation with developing countries in addressing climate change. In September 2018, President Xi Jinping stated, at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, that China is willing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with Africa in areas such as climate change and environmental protection. On April 22, 2021, President Xi Jinping stated, at the Leaders Summit on Climate, that as we in China often say, "It is more important to show people how to fish than just giving them fish." China has done its best to help developing countries build capacity against climate change through various forms of results-oriented South-South cooperation.', 'China has done its best to help developing countries build capacity against climate change through various forms of results-oriented South-South cooperation. On September 21, 2021, at the General Debate of the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, President Xi Jinping stated that China will step up support for other developing countries in developing green and low-carbon energy, and will not build new coal-fired power projects abroad. In November 2018, Chinese President Xi Jinping met with leaders of Pacific Island countries that have diplomatic relations with China in Papua New Guinea, and stated that China would provide assistance to these countries within its capacity.', 'In November 2018, Chinese President Xi Jinping met with leaders of Pacific Island countries that have diplomatic relations with China in Papua New Guinea, and stated that China would provide assistance to these countries within its capacity. April 22, 2019, President Xi Jinping announced, at the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, that China would work with relevant countries to jointly implement the Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change; and China and its partners have set up the Belt and Road Initiative Green Development International Coalition to advance work on environmental protection and climate change in the Belt and Road countries for green and sustainable development.', 'April 22, 2019, President Xi Jinping announced, at the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, that China would work with relevant countries to jointly implement the Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change; and China and its partners have set up the Belt and Road Initiative Green Development International Coalition to advance work on environmental protection and climate change in the Belt and Road countries for green and sustainable development. The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition In May 2017, President Xi Jinping proposed to establish the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition at the opening ceremony of the First Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation.', 'The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition In May 2017, President Xi Jinping proposed to establish the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition at the opening ceremony of the First Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. On April 25, 2019, the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition was formally established at the Sub-forum on Green Road of the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, creating a platform for policy dialogue and exchange, environmental knowledge and information, and green technology exchange and transfer. It has over 130 members, including government agencies, enterprises, think tanks, and international organizations. The work is embodied in the biennial Belt and Road green development policy dialogues and thematic partnership activities.', 'The work is embodied in the biennial Belt and Road green development policy dialogues and thematic partnership activities. The coalition has so far launched ten thematic partnerships, covering biodiversity and ecosystems, green energy and energy efficiency, green finance and investment. In the past five years, China has implemented the “10-100-1000 Program” that providesfinancial, technology and capacity support to developing countries, such as least developed countries, small island developing states, and African countries, to help improve their capability to cope with climate change. This encompasses packaged projects, technical assistance, climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, donations of low-carbon, energy-efficient and environment-friendly materials and monitoring and early warning equipment, human resources development cooperation, and training courses on South-South cooperation on climate change.', 'This encompasses packaged projects, technical assistance, climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, donations of low-carbon, energy-efficient and environment-friendly materials and monitoring and early warning equipment, human resources development cooperation, and training courses on South-South cooperation on climate change. As of 2019 year-end, under the framework of South-South cooperation, China has signed 38 memorandums of understanding with other developing countries to jointly build low-carbon demonstration zones, assisted 28 countries in 37 climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, and organized over 100 training courses on climate change, energy conservation and emission reduction that benefit more than 4,000 people. China-assisted Meteorological Technology Cooperation Project in the Democratic Republic of Congo The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with a large land area, is prone to meteorological disasters, which greatly affects agricultural production and people’s life.', 'China-assisted Meteorological Technology Cooperation Project in the Democratic Republic of Congo The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with a large land area, is prone to meteorological disasters, which greatly affects agricultural production and people’s life. Located in Kinshasa, Matadi, Mbuji Mayi, Lubumbashi, etc., the project mainly refers to China’s provision of meteorological observation hardware and software, equipment training, and overall system technical services to DRC. From December 2016 to December 2019, China sent four groups of technical experts including 18 person-times to DRC. The project has effectively enhanced DRC’s meteorological disaster monitoring, forecasting and warning capacity, and played a substantial role in supporting and demonstrating disaster preparedness and mitigation and response to climate change.', 'The project has effectively enhanced DRC’s meteorological disaster monitoring, forecasting and warning capacity, and played a substantial role in supporting and demonstrating disaster preparedness and mitigation and response to climate change. With positive contributions to the protection of the safety and property of local people, the project has received unanimous praise of the local government and the local community and boosted the friendship between China and DRC. Promote exchanges and cooperation with international organizations. China has conducted extensive and practical cooperation on climate change with international financial institutions and international organizations, such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, New Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Global Environment Facility, and Green Climate Fund.', 'China has conducted extensive and practical cooperation on climate change with international financial institutions and international organizations, such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, New Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Global Environment Facility, and Green Climate Fund. As one of the 17 convening countries of the Global Commission on Adaptation, China has collaborated with the Global Center on Adaptation to open the China Office in June 2019. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, and former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon attended the inauguration ceremony.', 'Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, and former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon attended the inauguration ceremony. In September 2019, at the United Nations Climate Action Summit held in New York, China as the co-leader shared the positive progressin nature-based solutions, released the compendium of contributions, published the Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Manifesto, and proposed follow-up cooperation initiatives. China has also been deeply involved in the IPCC system construction and future planning, with 61 Chinese experts selected as authors of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, ranking first among developing countries in number.', 'China has also been deeply involved in the IPCC system construction and future planning, with 61 Chinese experts selected as authors of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, ranking first among developing countries in number. In recent years, with focus put on issues of common concern for China and the world such as climate change, China has leveraged platforms such as the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development to promote the construction of a reasonable global environmental governance system. Actively participate in ship greenhouse gas emission reduction negotiations under the International Maritime Organization (IMO) framework, promote IMO to formulate a preliminary international ship greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy, and propose a constructive ship operation energy efficiency evaluation mechanism.', 'Actively participate in ship greenhouse gas emission reduction negotiations under the International Maritime Organization (IMO) framework, promote IMO to formulate a preliminary international ship greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy, and propose a constructive ship operation energy efficiency evaluation mechanism. Global Alliance of Universities on Climate Showcases Chinese youth leadership At the Davos Forum in January 2019, the Global Alliance of Universities on Climate (GAUC) was jointly launched by Tsinghua University and several world-renowned universities. It is made of world-renowned universities including Australian National University, University of California at Berkeley, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and University of Tokyo.', 'It is made of world-renowned universities including Australian National University, University of California at Berkeley, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and University of Tokyo. Through efforts in the aspects of joint research, talent training, student activities, green campus, and public participation, the Global Alliance of Universities on Climate aims to promote global youth cooperation and exchanges, raise public awareness and mobilize more climate actions. At the end of 2019, student representatives of the Global Alliance of Universities on Climate sent a letter to President Xi Jinping, reporting lessons learnt and practical gains from activities of the Alliance and expressing the thought that young people should consciously assume the responsibility of the times in addressing climate change and promoting ecological progress.', 'At the end of 2019, student representatives of the Global Alliance of Universities on Climate sent a letter to President Xi Jinping, reporting lessons learnt and practical gains from activities of the Alliance and expressing the thought that young people should consciously assume the responsibility of the times in addressing climate change and promoting ecological progress. On January 6, 2020, President Xi Jinping replied, expressing his appreciation for common concern about issues relating to the future of mankind and expecting the positive action of students to protect the shared homeland of mankind. (III) Further Expansion of International Cooperation First, China is willing to continuously strengthen international cooperation on climate change.', '(III) Further Expansion of International Cooperation First, China is willing to continuously strengthen international cooperation on climate change. China is willing to cooperate with other countries in addressing climate change under the framework of the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, support COP26 to the UNFCCC in achieving positive outcomes. China will get extensively involved in inter-governmental cooperation and exchanges on climate change, and at the same time, encourage and support local governments and the private sector to actively engage in international cooperation on climate change. Second, China will step up international technological and industrial cooperation in tackling climate change. In the global response to climate change, countries should accelerate low-carbon transition and achieve carbon neutrality in order to ensure effective resilience to climate change.', 'In the global response to climate change, countries should accelerate low-carbon transition and achieve carbon neutrality in order to ensure effective resilience to climate change. This urgently needs the in-depth research & development and promotion of low-cost, safe, and controllable modern technologies with high economic benefits and strong mitigation and adaptation effects, and requires cooperation to boost thedevelopment of low-carbon industries. China will push forward technological breakthroughs in various fields to support the green and low-carbon transition, such as renewable energy, hydrogen energy, smart grid and energy storage, CCUS, circular economy, low-carbon transportation and smart cities, climate change impact and risk assessment.', 'China will push forward technological breakthroughs in various fields to support the green and low-carbon transition, such as renewable energy, hydrogen energy, smart grid and energy storage, CCUS, circular economy, low-carbon transportation and smart cities, climate change impact and risk assessment. China will call on countries to uphold multilateralism and strengthen technological and industrial cooperation; to establish international cooperation platforms, centers and networks for advanced technology research & development and technology transfer; and to conduct joint research on breakthrough technologies, expedite the mature application of advanced technologies, and facilitate the international application of applicable technologies. Third, China will carry out, within its capacity, South-South cooperation on climate change with other developing countries to jointly build capacity against climate change.', 'Third, China will carry out, within its capacity, South-South cooperation on climate change with other developing countries to jointly build capacity against climate change. China will continue to push for and step up cooperation to help other developing countries, including African countries, least developed countries, and small island developing states, cope with the challenges of climate change. China will explore more effective use of China South-South Climate Cooperation Fund to help others developing countries respond to climate change. China will strengthen the green and low-carbon construction, operation and management of infrastructure, taking full account of the impacts of climate change in construction.', 'China will strengthen the green and low-carbon construction, operation and management of infrastructure, taking full account of the impacts of climate change in construction. China will steadily implement cooperative projects such as low-carbon demonstration zones, material donations, and training, and advance cooperation in the fields of clean energy, disaster prevention and mitigation, ecological conservation, climate-resilient agriculture, low-carbon smart cities, and nature-based solutions. These efforts will help developing countries improve financing capacity and create more development opportunities and space; and help other developing countries shake off poverty and achieve sustainable development. Fourth, China will promote the Belt and Road South-South cooperation on climate change.', 'Fourth, China will promote the Belt and Road South-South cooperation on climate change. With a view to jointly promoting green and low-carbon development and building a green Silk Road, China will actively push forward the implementation of Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change, with focus placed on pragmatic cooperation and joint development in the fields of low-carbon infrastructure, low-carbon industrial parks, low-carbon energy, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon technology research & development, low-carbon product and service trade, carbon trading market connection, climate finance, low-carbon talent training and exchanges, donation and assistance in low-carbon materials.', 'With a view to jointly promoting green and low-carbon development and building a green Silk Road, China will actively push forward the implementation of Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change, with focus placed on pragmatic cooperation and joint development in the fields of low-carbon infrastructure, low-carbon industrial parks, low-carbon energy, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon technology research & development, low-carbon product and service trade, carbon trading market connection, climate finance, low-carbon talent training and exchanges, donation and assistance in low-carbon materials. On the basis of multilateral and bilateral cooperation platform including the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, China will foster thematic partnerships on global climate governance and green transition to channel more forces into international cooperation on climate change.Annex I: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress (I) Hong Kong’s Climate Change Target and Progress The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) attaches great importance to addressing climate change.', 'On the basis of multilateral and bilateral cooperation platform including the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, China will foster thematic partnerships on global climate governance and green transition to channel more forces into international cooperation on climate change.Annex I: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress (I) Hong Kong’s Climate Change Target and Progress The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) attaches great importance to addressing climate change. In 2010, the HKSAR published Hong Kong’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Agenda, proposing for the first time the greenhouse gases mitigation target to reduce Hong Kong’s carbon intensity by 50% to 60% between 2005 and 2020.', 'In 2010, the HKSAR published Hong Kong’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Agenda, proposing for the first time the greenhouse gases mitigation target to reduce Hong Kong’s carbon intensity by 50% to 60% between 2005 and 2020. In order to strengthen action to combat climate change, the HKSAR Government announced Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ in 2017, which set out in detail the key mitigation and adaptation measures, as well as the target to reduce Hong Kong’s carbon intensity by 65% to 70% between 2005 and 2030, which is equivalent to an absolute carbon emission reduction of 26% to 36%. The HKSAR is moving steadily towards this target.', 'The HKSAR is moving steadily towards this target. In 2018, Hong Kong’s carbon intensity reduced by 36% from 23 tonnes carbon dioxide -e) per million Hong Kong Dollars in 2005 to 15 tonnes CO2 -e per million Hong Kong Dollars. (II) Policies and Actions to Combat Climate Change and their Effectiveness 1. Institutional Arrangements In 2016, the HKSAR Government established the “Steering Committee on Climate Change” to steer and co-ordinate climate actions of various bureaux and departments. In the same year, the HKSAR Government established the “Climate Change Working Group on Infrastructure” to enhance the capacity of various departments in coping with climate change and extreme weather. 2.', 'In the same year, the HKSAR Government established the “Climate Change Working Group on Infrastructure” to enhance the capacity of various departments in coping with climate change and extreme weather. 2. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions To achieve the 2030 emission reduction target, the HKSAR implemented the following major measures in accordance with Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+: First, in the energy sector, coal is gradually replaced by natural gas for electricity generation. HK$2 billion has been earmarked to implement various renewable energy projects at government premises. “Feed-in Tariff” has been introduced to encourage different sectors to install renewable energy systems. The launch of “Solar Harvest” to install solar photovoltaic panels for eligible schools and non-governmental welfare organisations has achieved good results.', 'The launch of “Solar Harvest” to install solar photovoltaic panels for eligible schools and non-governmental welfare organisations has achieved good results. Second, to save energy and reduce carbon emissions associated with buildings, a series of measures have been rolled out, including tightening statutory energy efficiency standards for buildings; constructing district cooling systems; promoting “retro-commissioning”, energy audit and green building certification, etc. ; launching the “Energy Saving for All” campaign, and encouraging different sectors of the community to work together to combat climate change. The HKSAR has also set the “Green Energy Target” to improve the energy performance of government buildings and infrastructure by 6% from 2020 to 2025 by saving energy and adopting renewable energy.', 'The HKSAR has also set the “Green Energy Target” to improve the energy performance of government buildings and infrastructure by 6% from 2020 to 2025 by saving energy and adopting renewable energy. Third, in the transport sector,we encourage the public to use public transport and to walk more, and have fostered a bicycle-friendly environment. Railways continue to serve as the backbone of the public transport system, and new railway projects are being taken forward. The “New Energy Transport Fund” has been set up to encourage the industry to test out green and innovative transport technologies, and subsidies have been provided for the franchised bus companies to purchase single-deck electric buses for trial, etc.', 'The “New Energy Transport Fund” has been set up to encourage the industry to test out green and innovative transport technologies, and subsidies have been provided for the franchised bus companies to purchase single-deck electric buses for trial, etc. Fourth, in the waste sector, reduction in waste and carbon emissions have been achieved by promoting waste reduction at source and the development of the circular economy to turn waste into resources. Fifth, to raise public understanding and awareness, a variety of publicity and education activities, including “Low Carbon Living Calculator”, have been supported to promote behavioural change towards low-carbon living. 3.', 'Fifth, to raise public understanding and awareness, a variety of publicity and education activities, including “Low Carbon Living Calculator”, have been supported to promote behavioural change towards low-carbon living. 3. Improve climate change adaptation and resilience The measures that have been taken by HKSAR in respect of adaptation to climate change pursuant to Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ include: First, the Climate Change Working Group on Infrastructure oversees the review of design standards by various departments, examines and undertakes enhancement works to strengthen the resilience of existing infrastructure under the effect of climate change.', 'Improve climate change adaptation and resilience The measures that have been taken by HKSAR in respect of adaptation to climate change pursuant to Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ include: First, the Climate Change Working Group on Infrastructure oversees the review of design standards by various departments, examines and undertakes enhancement works to strengthen the resilience of existing infrastructure under the effect of climate change. Second, the “Sponge City” concept of “following the nature with resilience” has been adopted for large-scale drainage improvement works projects by simulating the natural water cycle and facilitating the infiltration and natural purification of rainwater, thereby reducing runoff and improving the flood resilience of the city.', 'Second, the “Sponge City” concept of “following the nature with resilience” has been adopted for large-scale drainage improvement works projects by simulating the natural water cycle and facilitating the infiltration and natural purification of rainwater, thereby reducing runoff and improving the flood resilience of the city. Third, the “Total Water Management Strategy” has been implemented, which includes promoting water conservation and expanding the use of lower grade water (i.e. seawater and recycled water) for non-potable purposes, with a view to containing fresh water demand and achieving the target of reducing the per capita fresh water consumption by 10% by 2030 (compared to 2016). Fourth, in respect of land development, a smart, green and resilient city development strategy has been adopted to enhance and balance environmental and development capacities.', 'Fourth, in respect of land development, a smart, green and resilient city development strategy has been adopted to enhance and balance environmental and development capacities. Fifth, the Contingency Plan for Natural Disasters has been devised. It includes Government’s alert system and the organisational framework, as well as the functions and responsibilities of government departments and other organisations in responding to natural disasters (including tropical cyclones). Sixth, in respect of public participation and action, community awareness of climate change has been raised to prepare the public for extreme weather events that may be caused by climate change. A cloud geographic information system “Common Operational Picture” has been developed to allow the relevant departments to share real-time “incident information” (i.e. landslides, flooding and major road incidents, etc.) and “supporting information” (e.g.', 'landslides, flooding and major road incidents, etc.) and “supporting information” (e.g. weather and traffic information and mapping data, etc.). Weather warning system has been used to disseminate important information to the public in a timely manner, and provide storm surge alerts for low-lying locations vulnerable to seawater inundation. 4. Relevant research and support measures The HKSAR Government encouraged the academia to collaborate with the Government to conduct research on climate change to provide useful support for related policy-making. Research covers areas such as energy supply, energy conservation, green building, waterefficiency, urban low-carbon materials, smart city, biodiversity, waste-to-energy and climate change science, etc. In 2014-2018, the Innovation and Technology Fund had devoted about HK$85 million to support about 50 projects related to environmental technologies.', 'In 2014-2018, the Innovation and Technology Fund had devoted about HK$85 million to support about 50 projects related to environmental technologies. Most of the projects are related to energy saving and new energy development. In addition, the HKSAR Government launched its first Government Green Bond Programme in 2019 to encourage more entities to raise funds for green, low-carbon and climate-resilient projects through Hong Kong’s capital markets. In accounting for greenhouse gas emissions, the HKSAR Government regularly compiles and releases the greenhouse gas inventory. The Government is also conducting regular carbon audits on major government buildings with an annual electricity consumption of more than 500,000 kWh to explore room for carbon reduction, and has published a set of nine carbon management guidebooks covering different types of premises.', 'The Government is also conducting regular carbon audits on major government buildings with an annual electricity consumption of more than 500,000 kWh to explore room for carbon reduction, and has published a set of nine carbon management guidebooks covering different types of premises. 5. International and regional cooperation Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+ attaches great importance to international and regional cooperation. The HKSAR Government participates in various associations and organisations related to climate change. The HKSAR’s representatives participate in the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a member of the Chinese delegation. HKSAR also participates in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group as a Steering Committee member, and the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy.', 'HKSAR also participates in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group as a Steering Committee member, and the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. In addition, the HKSAR actively participates in the work of the United Nations World Meteorological Organization and has been designated as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for Nowcasting for the Asian region. At the regional level, the HKSAR maintains frequent exchanges and cooperation on climate change with the Guangdong Province and the Macao Special Administrative Region. Under the guidance of the “Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”, the HKSAR is exchanging and cooperating with other cities in the Greater Bay Area on combating climate change, and take forward the ecological civilization of the Greater Bay Area.', 'Under the guidance of the “Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”, the HKSAR is exchanging and cooperating with other cities in the Greater Bay Area on combating climate change, and take forward the ecological civilization of the Greater Bay Area. (III) Further strengthen policies and actions Looking ahead, the HKSAR Government will continue to implement Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+. In respect of mitigation, in order to achieve the 2030 target, the HKSAR Government will continue to improve the fuel mix for electricity generation, improve energy efficiency, develop low-carbon transportation systems, and promote the development of a green and low-carbon community.', 'In respect of mitigation, in order to achieve the 2030 target, the HKSAR Government will continue to improve the fuel mix for electricity generation, improve energy efficiency, develop low-carbon transportation systems, and promote the development of a green and low-carbon community. To formulate a long-term decarbonisation strategy for the HKSAR, the Government has invited the Council for Sustainable Development to collect views from various sectors of the community and submit its report and recommendations. In respect of adaptation, the HKSAR Government will continue to keep track of the latest scientific reports, update design standards and development plans as and when necessary, and will continue to conduct research related to climate change, facilitate community engagement, and implement various measures to combat climate change.', 'In respect of adaptation, the HKSAR Government will continue to keep track of the latest scientific reports, update design standards and development plans as and when necessary, and will continue to conduct research related to climate change, facilitate community engagement, and implement various measures to combat climate change. As a Special Administrative Region of China, the HKSAR will continue to actively participate in global climate actions, promote the effective implementation of the ParisAgreement, and further promote international and regional cooperation on such platforms as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Working Group on Environmental Protection and Combating Climate Change to actively combat climate change.Annex II: Macao Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress (I) Macao’s Climate Change Targets and Progress The Government of Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR) has been actively promoting mitigation and adaptation efforts to address climate change.', 'As a Special Administrative Region of China, the HKSAR will continue to actively participate in global climate actions, promote the effective implementation of the ParisAgreement, and further promote international and regional cooperation on such platforms as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Working Group on Environmental Protection and Combating Climate Change to actively combat climate change.Annex II: Macao Special Administrative Region’s Climate Change Target and Progress (I) Macao’s Climate Change Targets and Progress The Government of Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR) has been actively promoting mitigation and adaptation efforts to address climate change. In order to align with the national target of addressing climate change of China, the Macao SAR Government has set a greenhouse gas mitigation target of 40%-45% reduction of carbon intensity in 2020 compared to 2005.', 'In order to align with the national target of addressing climate change of China, the Macao SAR Government has set a greenhouse gas mitigation target of 40%-45% reduction of carbon intensity in 2020 compared to 2005. Macao’s carbon intensity in 2019 is 6.21 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent -e) per million Macao Pataca (MOP), a 67.1% decrease compared to 18.9 tons of CO2 -e per million MOP in 2005. Therefore, the Macao SAR Government has achieved the mitigation target ahead of schedule. (II) Policies and Actions to Address Climate Change and their Effectiveness 1.', '(II) Policies and Actions to Address Climate Change and their Effectiveness 1. Institutional and policy innovations to address climate change As early as in the 2010 Policy Address, the Macao SAR Government put forward the concept of “Building a Low Carbon Macao and Sharing a Green Life” to ensure the sustainable development of Macao, develop low-carbon technologies, encourage the development of green and low-carbon industries, and facilitate the transition to a low-emission and low-consumption economic model, so as to actively support and cooperate with the country’s policies and actions to address climate change.', 'Institutional and policy innovations to address climate change As early as in the 2010 Policy Address, the Macao SAR Government put forward the concept of “Building a Low Carbon Macao and Sharing a Green Life” to ensure the sustainable development of Macao, develop low-carbon technologies, encourage the development of green and low-carbon industries, and facilitate the transition to a low-emission and low-consumption economic model, so as to actively support and cooperate with the country’s policies and actions to address climate change. In the same year, the “Environmental Protection Planning of Macao (2010-2020)” was formulated, focusing on four core principal concepts, namely, sustainable development, low carbon development, public participation and regional cooperation, with improving the living environment and ensuring residents’ health as the important goal.', 'In the same year, the “Environmental Protection Planning of Macao (2010-2020)” was formulated, focusing on four core principal concepts, namely, sustainable development, low carbon development, public participation and regional cooperation, with improving the living environment and ensuring residents’ health as the important goal. The plan is divided into three phases: short-term (2010-2012), medium-term (2013-2015) and long-term (2016-2020). In the “Five-Year Development Plan of the Macao SAR (2016-2020)” formulated in 2016, the Macao SAR Government determined the action plan to actively cooperate with the country’s green development strategy and vigorously encourage a green, low carbon, low emission, civilized and healthy lifestyle. 2.', 'In the “Five-Year Development Plan of the Macao SAR (2016-2020)” formulated in 2016, the Macao SAR Government determined the action plan to actively cooperate with the country’s green development strategy and vigorously encourage a green, low carbon, low emission, civilized and healthy lifestyle. 2. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the emission reduction targets, the Macao SAR Government has continued to implement various policies and actions to address climate change in recent years, and is committed to promoting the construction of a low-carbon economy and society to mitigate climate change through policies and measures such as optimizing the energy structure, controlling emissions in the transportation sector, promoting energy conservation and efficiency, encouraging the hotel industry to reduce emissions, increasing carbon sinks, and advocating low-carbon lifestyles.First, optimize the energy structure.', 'Reduce greenhouse gas emissions In order to achieve the emission reduction targets, the Macao SAR Government has continued to implement various policies and actions to address climate change in recent years, and is committed to promoting the construction of a low-carbon economy and society to mitigate climate change through policies and measures such as optimizing the energy structure, controlling emissions in the transportation sector, promoting energy conservation and efficiency, encouraging the hotel industry to reduce emissions, increasing carbon sinks, and advocating low-carbon lifestyles.First, optimize the energy structure. With the development of social economy and the increase of electricity demand, the power purchased by the Macao SAR from mainland China is on the rise year by year.', 'With the development of social economy and the increase of electricity demand, the power purchased by the Macao SAR from mainland China is on the rise year by year. At the same time, in order to reduce electricity-related emissions, the Macao SAR introduced natural gas instead of heavy oil and formally launched natural gas power generation in 2008. The proportion of electricity generated using natural gas increased from 30.9% in 2008 to 72.6% in 2019.', 'The proportion of electricity generated using natural gas increased from 30.9% in 2008 to 72.6% in 2019. In addition, the Macao SAR has made efforts to encourage renewable energy by conducting pilot projects of solar water heating systems and photovoltaic systems in various public sectors and social housing, providing the industry with technical specifications for photovoltaic power generation, and establishing a feed-in tariff system to encourage investors to install photovoltaic systems to improve the structure of energy consumption in the Macao SAR, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Second, control emissions in the transportation sector.', 'Second, control emissions in the transportation sector. In 2016, the Macao SAR Government formulated the “Short-, Medium- and Long-term Planning for Promotion of Environment-friendly Vehicles” to vigorously encourage environment friendly vehicles, including the introduction of natural gas buses and electric taxis, as well as the promotion of the use of electric private cars and the construction of additional car charging spaces in public parking lots and roads. As of October 2020, 200 additional charging spaces have been installed in public parking lots and roads. Third, promote energy conservation and efficiency. In 2017, the Macao SAR Government implemented the LED street light replacement program, gradually replacing about 14,000 street lights in Macao from high-pressure sodium lamps to LED lamps, making street lighting more energy efficient.', 'In 2017, the Macao SAR Government implemented the LED street light replacement program, gradually replacing about 14,000 street lights in Macao from high-pressure sodium lamps to LED lamps, making street lighting more energy efficient. By September 2020, LED street lights have accounted for about 41% of all street lights in Macao. Fourth, encourage the hotel industry to reduce emissions. The Macao SAR Government organizes the “Macao Green Hotels Award” to encourage the hotel and related industries to achieve environment friendly, low carbon and clean development, and set emission reduction targets. Fifth, encourage low-carbon lifestyle. The Macao SAR Government requires schools to provide relevant curricula at all levels of education, and provides guide schools to integrate climate change and environmental protection issues into their courses.', 'The Macao SAR Government requires schools to provide relevant curricula at all levels of education, and provides guide schools to integrate climate change and environmental protection issues into their courses. The Macao SAR Government also actively encourages public education activities, such as Earth Day, World Car Free Day, Earth Hour and others, and encourages green and low-carbon lifestyle through various media such as TV and the internet. Sixth, increase carbon sinks. The Macao SAR Government continues to construct plant shelters in squares and streets, increase the green space in all districts of Macao through road greening, vertical planting, and rooftop greening.', 'The Macao SAR Government continues to construct plant shelters in squares and streets, increase the green space in all districts of Macao through road greening, vertical planting, and rooftop greening. Since 2015, more than 10,000 mangrove saplings have been planted along the shoreline of the leisure area on Taipa Waterfront, more than 4,000 trees have been planted in Coloane for forest area renovation, and more than 3,600 trees have been planted in parks, leisure areas and sidewalks. 3. Improve the capability of climate change adaptation With global climate change and sea level rise, the risk of the Macao SAR being affected byextreme weather and severe storm surges has also increased. The Macao SAR Government is committed to improving capability to withstand extreme weather from various aspects.', 'The Macao SAR Government is committed to improving capability to withstand extreme weather from various aspects. In addition, due to the small size of the Macao SAR, the land available for building water storage facilities is very limited, and more than 96% of the drinking water source is imported from Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Therefore, the Macao SAR Government is committed to taking measures to stabilize water resources. First, improve the capability to withstand extreme weather. In 2017, the Macao SAR Government established the “Committee for the Review of the Mechanism for Responding to Major Disasters and Its Follow-up and Improvement” to assist in monitoring and formulating crisis management plans for major disasters, strengthening the coordination of civil defense work and information dissemination.', 'In 2017, the Macao SAR Government established the “Committee for the Review of the Mechanism for Responding to Major Disasters and Its Follow-up and Improvement” to assist in monitoring and formulating crisis management plans for major disasters, strengthening the coordination of civil defense work and information dissemination. In 2018, more than 100 substations in low-lying areas were raised and waterproofed, and the standards for the installation of electrical facilities in new buildings were revised. The storm surge warning system and rainstorm warning system were optimized to improve the capability of government departments and citizens to respond to climate change. Second, stabilize water resources.', 'The storm surge warning system and rainstorm warning system were optimized to improve the capability of government departments and citizens to respond to climate change. Second, stabilize water resources. In order to stabilize water resources supply, the Macao SAR Government has adopted a series of water resources adaptation measures in recent years to improve the effectiveness of the water supply system and secure emergency water. Construction of the Coloane Seac Pai Van Waste Water Treatment Plant began in 2018. 4.', 'Construction of the Coloane Seac Pai Van Waste Water Treatment Plant began in 2018. 4. Support mechanisms and measures In 2015, the Macao SAR Government established an Inter-departmental Working Group on Climate Change consisting of 14 government departments to regularly collect information on energy activities in the Macao SAR in verification for greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to collect information on policies and measures related to energy conservation and emission reduction. As a member of the Chinese delegation, the Macao SAR participated in the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, actively participating in the global efforts to address climate change.', 'As a member of the Chinese delegation, the Macao SAR participated in the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, actively participating in the global efforts to address climate change. (III) Further strengthen policies and actions to address climate change In line with the country’s climate actions and target to address climate change, the Macao SAR Government has proposed an enhanced target for 2030: a 60%-65% reduction in carbon intensity in 2030 compared to 2005.', '(III) Further strengthen policies and actions to address climate change In line with the country’s climate actions and target to address climate change, the Macao SAR Government has proposed an enhanced target for 2030: a 60%-65% reduction in carbon intensity in 2030 compared to 2005. In terms of optimizing the energy structure, the Macao SAR Government is promoting the development of renewable energy such as photovoltaic power generation and expects to complete the construction of a new natural gas generating unit in Coloane to replace the old inefficient diesel generating unit in 2022. In terms of controlling emissions in the transportation sector, it will continue to implement the public transport priority policy and encourage the use of environment friendly vehicles.', 'In terms of controlling emissions in the transportation sector, it will continue to implement the public transport priority policy and encourage the use of environment friendly vehicles. In terms of adaptation to climate change, firstly, in accordance with the “10-Year Plan for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (2019-2028) of the Macao SAR”, the government is to improve early warning and emergency response mechanisms, etc. Secondly, it is planned tobuild additional flood control walls and other comprehensive water management support projects along the coast of the inner harbor, while carrying out flood control planning work on the western side of Coloane.', 'Secondly, it is planned tobuild additional flood control walls and other comprehensive water management support projects along the coast of the inner harbor, while carrying out flood control planning work on the western side of Coloane. Thirdly, in order to improve the reserve capacity of freshwater resources, the project of Capacity Expansion of Ká Hó Reservoir has been implemented, and the total capacity will increase from about 340,000 cubic meters to about 740,000 cubic meters.']

en-US

COL

Colombia

LTS

2021-11-12 00:00:00

uploaded

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/COL_LTS_Nov2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/1cddcc16e1b83bab1c21536a9b55e781fc3ce510d54ed49691cf6dd02c53d42d.pdf

['Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I A Socios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del procesoSocios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del proceso Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I AEstrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París República de Colombia Presidente de la República Iván Duque Márquez Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Ministra de relaciones exteriores Martha Lucía Ramírez Viceministra de asuntos multilaterales Adriana Mejía Hernández Asuntos económicos, sociales y ambientales mul- tilaterales Faryde Carlier González Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible Ministro de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible Carlos Correa Escaf Viceministro de ordenamiento ambiental del territorio Nicolás Galarza Sánchez Director de cambio climático Alex Saer Saker Departamento Nacional de Planeación Director general Alejandra Botero Barco Director de desarrollo ambiental sostenible Santiago Aparicio Velásquez Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) Director regional para los países andinos Nicolás Fornage Directora para Colombia Myriam Boulsama Especialista en cambio climático, Departamento de Operaciones, AFD Oficina Regional Países Andinos Guillaume Meyssonnier Encargada de proyectos, clima, medio ambiente y desarrollo humano, AFD Colombia María Andrea Giraldo Expertise France Director Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible (París) Nicolás Chenet Jefe de la Unidad de Clima y Territorio (París) Judith Bel Punto focal Expertise France para los países andinos (Bogotá) Murielle Gurtner Unidad Coordinadora Jefe de proyecto (Expertise France) Morgan Rohel Coordinador (Expertise France) Javier Eduardo Mendoza Sabogal Encargada de proyecto (Expertise France) Helga Lahmann Martínez Líder de comunicaciones (Expertise France) Zalena Zapata Cure Experta en adaptación y gestión del riesgo (Expertise France) Diana Carolina Useche Rodríguez Experto en mitigación (Expertise France) Carlos García Botero Experta en género (Expertise France) Jessica Pinilla Orozco Profesional administrativa y financiera (Expertise France) Genny Tathiana Suárez Gómez Experta en mitigación (Consultor WRI) Sandra Bravo Córdoba Profesional de apoyo (Consultor WRI) Lorena Guerrero Arias Profesional de apoyo voluntario (investigadora asociada de Ecologic Institute Berlin financiada por la inciativa Protección del Clima del Instituto Alexander von Humboldt Alemania) Natalia Burgos Cuevas Puntoaparte Editores Dirección editorial Andrés Barragán Dirección de arte, diseño y diagramación María Paula Leiva Luna Revisión de estilo y ortotipográfica Juan Carlos Rueda Azcuénaga Cítese como: Gobierno de Colombia.', 'Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I A Socios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del procesoSocios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del proceso Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I AEstrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París República de Colombia Presidente de la República Iván Duque Márquez Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Ministra de relaciones exteriores Martha Lucía Ramírez Viceministra de asuntos multilaterales Adriana Mejía Hernández Asuntos económicos, sociales y ambientales mul- tilaterales Faryde Carlier González Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible Ministro de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible Carlos Correa Escaf Viceministro de ordenamiento ambiental del territorio Nicolás Galarza Sánchez Director de cambio climático Alex Saer Saker Departamento Nacional de Planeación Director general Alejandra Botero Barco Director de desarrollo ambiental sostenible Santiago Aparicio Velásquez Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) Director regional para los países andinos Nicolás Fornage Directora para Colombia Myriam Boulsama Especialista en cambio climático, Departamento de Operaciones, AFD Oficina Regional Países Andinos Guillaume Meyssonnier Encargada de proyectos, clima, medio ambiente y desarrollo humano, AFD Colombia María Andrea Giraldo Expertise France Director Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible (París) Nicolás Chenet Jefe de la Unidad de Clima y Territorio (París) Judith Bel Punto focal Expertise France para los países andinos (Bogotá) Murielle Gurtner Unidad Coordinadora Jefe de proyecto (Expertise France) Morgan Rohel Coordinador (Expertise France) Javier Eduardo Mendoza Sabogal Encargada de proyecto (Expertise France) Helga Lahmann Martínez Líder de comunicaciones (Expertise France) Zalena Zapata Cure Experta en adaptación y gestión del riesgo (Expertise France) Diana Carolina Useche Rodríguez Experto en mitigación (Expertise France) Carlos García Botero Experta en género (Expertise France) Jessica Pinilla Orozco Profesional administrativa y financiera (Expertise France) Genny Tathiana Suárez Gómez Experta en mitigación (Consultor WRI) Sandra Bravo Córdoba Profesional de apoyo (Consultor WRI) Lorena Guerrero Arias Profesional de apoyo voluntario (investigadora asociada de Ecologic Institute Berlin financiada por la inciativa Protección del Clima del Instituto Alexander von Humboldt Alemania) Natalia Burgos Cuevas Puntoaparte Editores Dirección editorial Andrés Barragán Dirección de arte, diseño y diagramación María Paula Leiva Luna Revisión de estilo y ortotipográfica Juan Carlos Rueda Azcuénaga Cítese como: Gobierno de Colombia. (2021).', 'Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I A Socios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del procesoSocios del proceso Socios del proceso Socios del proceso: Socios del proceso Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I AEstrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París República de Colombia Presidente de la República Iván Duque Márquez Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Ministra de relaciones exteriores Martha Lucía Ramírez Viceministra de asuntos multilaterales Adriana Mejía Hernández Asuntos económicos, sociales y ambientales mul- tilaterales Faryde Carlier González Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible Ministro de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible Carlos Correa Escaf Viceministro de ordenamiento ambiental del territorio Nicolás Galarza Sánchez Director de cambio climático Alex Saer Saker Departamento Nacional de Planeación Director general Alejandra Botero Barco Director de desarrollo ambiental sostenible Santiago Aparicio Velásquez Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) Director regional para los países andinos Nicolás Fornage Directora para Colombia Myriam Boulsama Especialista en cambio climático, Departamento de Operaciones, AFD Oficina Regional Países Andinos Guillaume Meyssonnier Encargada de proyectos, clima, medio ambiente y desarrollo humano, AFD Colombia María Andrea Giraldo Expertise France Director Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible (París) Nicolás Chenet Jefe de la Unidad de Clima y Territorio (París) Judith Bel Punto focal Expertise France para los países andinos (Bogotá) Murielle Gurtner Unidad Coordinadora Jefe de proyecto (Expertise France) Morgan Rohel Coordinador (Expertise France) Javier Eduardo Mendoza Sabogal Encargada de proyecto (Expertise France) Helga Lahmann Martínez Líder de comunicaciones (Expertise France) Zalena Zapata Cure Experta en adaptación y gestión del riesgo (Expertise France) Diana Carolina Useche Rodríguez Experto en mitigación (Expertise France) Carlos García Botero Experta en género (Expertise France) Jessica Pinilla Orozco Profesional administrativa y financiera (Expertise France) Genny Tathiana Suárez Gómez Experta en mitigación (Consultor WRI) Sandra Bravo Córdoba Profesional de apoyo (Consultor WRI) Lorena Guerrero Arias Profesional de apoyo voluntario (investigadora asociada de Ecologic Institute Berlin financiada por la inciativa Protección del Clima del Instituto Alexander von Humboldt Alemania) Natalia Burgos Cuevas Puntoaparte Editores Dirección editorial Andrés Barragán Dirección de arte, diseño y diagramación María Paula Leiva Luna Revisión de estilo y ortotipográfica Juan Carlos Rueda Azcuénaga Cítese como: Gobierno de Colombia. (2021). Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París.', 'Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París. MinAmbiente, DNP, Cancillería, AFD, Expertise France, WRI: Bogotá. ISBN en trámite Todos los derechos reservados. Se autoriza la reproduc- ción y difusión de material contenido en este docu- mento para fines educativos u otros fines no comer- ciales sin previa autorización de los titulares de los derechos de autor, siempre que se cite claramente la fuente. Se prohíbe la reproducción de este documento para fines comerciales. Los documentos se pueden descargar en www.e2050colombia.com, www.minam- biente.gov.co, www.cambioclimatico.gov.co.', 'Los documentos se pueden descargar en www.e2050colombia.com, www.minam- biente.gov.co, www.cambioclimatico.gov.co. El MinAmbiente y Expertise France agradecen a la AFD, Facilidad 2050 por la financiación de este proyecto y esta publicación.Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ María Andrea Acevedo S. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Maria Jose Romero - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Mauricio Felipe Madrigal P. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Natalia A. Bernal Quintero - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Natalia Andrea Montoya A.', 'El MinAmbiente y Expertise France agradecen a la AFD, Facilidad 2050 por la financiación de este proyecto y esta publicación.Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ María Andrea Acevedo S. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Maria Jose Romero - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Mauricio Felipe Madrigal P. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Natalia A. Bernal Quintero - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Natalia Andrea Montoya A. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Nicanor Quijano - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Nicolás Rojas - Consultores E2050, Expertise France ◆ Iván Darío Valencia - Consultores E2050, Expertise France Apoyos técnicos Andrea Acosta - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ Martha Liliana Gómez García - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ Stefany Borda - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Am- bientales (ANLA) ◆ Adrien Vogt-Schilb - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ José Manuel Sandoval - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Valentina Saavedra - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Daniela Zuloaga - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Juliana Arciniegas - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Manuela Ríos - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Angélica Ospina - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Natalia Arroyave - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Lorena Pupo - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Viviana Cerón - Consultora ◆ Camilo Herrera - DDPLAC2-Centro Regional de Estudios de Energía ◆ Tomás González - DDPLAC2-Centro Regional de Es- tudios de Energía ◆ Jorge Quijano - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Paola Andrea Acevedo Ramírez - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Johana Pinzón - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Paola Pulido - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Diego A. Peña - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Santiago Aparicio - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Alejandro Gómez Cubillos - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Alexander Rodríguez - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Andrés Camilo Álvarez Espinosa - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Carlos Casallas Acero - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Caro- lina Díaz Giraldo - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Katherine Leal Guayambuco - Departamen- to Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Lorena Franco Vidal - Fundación Natura ◆ Natalia Montoya - DDPLAC2- HILL ◆ Juan Felipe Méndez - DDPLAC2-HILL ◆ Mónica Espinosa - DDPLAC2-HILL ◆ Magda Sierra - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Angie Caldas - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteo- rología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Constantino Hernández - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Luis Barreto - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Diana Marcela Vargas - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Alberto Aparicio - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Amalia Díaz - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Camilo Correa - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Carolina Castellano - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ María Cecilia Londoño - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ María Piedad Baptiste - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ José Corredor - Instituto Nacional de Salud ◆ Carolina Barbanti - Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVÍAS) ◆ Nancy Velásquez - Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVÍAS) ◆ Cecilia Medina - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Isabel Cárdenas - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Nelson Lozano - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Andrea Corzo Álvarez y equipo de la Dirección de Asuntos Ambientales Sectorial y Urbana - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Andrés Cortés Caro - Ministerio de Am- biente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Angie Roncancio - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Cristina Mariaca Orozco - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Diego Montes - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ David Olarte - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Esteban Neira - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ José Francisco Charry - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Adriana Gutiérrez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Diego Mejía - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Néstor Roberto Garzon - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Nidya Chaparro - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Guillermo Prieto - Ministerio de Ambi- ente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Julián Zambrano - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luis Guillermo Pinilla - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Santiago Uribe - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Silvia Vargas Rueda - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Erik Richard Autores Unidad Coordinadora Javier Eduardo Mendoza - Coordinador ◆ Morgan Rohel - Jefe de proyecto ◆ Helga Lahmann Martínez - En- cargada de proyecto ◆ Zalena Zapata Cure - Líder de comunicaciones ◆ Diana Carolina Useche - Experta en adaptación y gestión del riesgo ◆ Carlos García - Experto en mitigación ◆ Sandra Bravo Córdoba - Experta en mitigación ◆ Jessica Pinilla - Experta en género ◆ Lorena Guerrero Arias - Profesional de apoyo ◆ Genny Tathiana Suarez G. - Profesional administrativa y financiera ◆ Natalia Burgos - Experta en movilidad humana ◆ Viviana Cerón - Experta en salud y cambio climático Comité de expertos Hernando José Gómez - Experto en planeación nacional y política pública ◆ Paula Caballero - Experta en te- mas internacionales relacionados con el cambio climático y el Acuerdo de París ◆ José Antonio Ocampo - Ex- perto en finanzas públicas e internacionales ◆ Ana María Loboguerrero - Experta en desarrollo rural integral ◆ Ángela Andrade - Experta en soluciones basadas en naturaleza ◆ Alejandro Echeverri - Experto en ciudades y temas urbanos ◆ Helena García - Experta emprendimiento con base en negocios verdes o sostenibles ◆ Jairo Bárcenas Sandoval - Experto en planeación territorial/local ◆ María Claudia Diazgranados - Experta en temas marinos, costeros e insulares ◆ Brigitte Baptiste - Experta en biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos ◆ Héc- tor Angarita - Experto en ciencia del cambio climático ◆ Eduardo Lora - Experto en temas sociales ◆ Andrei Romero - Experto en energía Empresas y personas consultoras Carlos E. Díaz - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Guillermo Tejeiro - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ John Mármol - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Juana Micán - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Victoria Guaqueta - Brigard Urru- tia Abogados ◆ Agustín Inthamoussu - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S.', '- Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Nicanor Quijano - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Nicolás Rojas - Consultores E2050, Expertise France ◆ Iván Darío Valencia - Consultores E2050, Expertise France Apoyos técnicos Andrea Acosta - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ Martha Liliana Gómez García - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ Stefany Borda - Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Am- bientales (ANLA) ◆ Adrien Vogt-Schilb - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ José Manuel Sandoval - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Valentina Saavedra - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Daniela Zuloaga - Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Juliana Arciniegas - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Manuela Ríos - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Angélica Ospina - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Natalia Arroyave - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Lorena Pupo - Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible ◆ Viviana Cerón - Consultora ◆ Camilo Herrera - DDPLAC2-Centro Regional de Estudios de Energía ◆ Tomás González - DDPLAC2-Centro Regional de Es- tudios de Energía ◆ Jorge Quijano - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Paola Andrea Acevedo Ramírez - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Johana Pinzón - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Paola Pulido - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Diego A. Peña - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Santiago Aparicio - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Alejandro Gómez Cubillos - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Alexander Rodríguez - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Andrés Camilo Álvarez Espinosa - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Carlos Casallas Acero - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Caro- lina Díaz Giraldo - Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Katherine Leal Guayambuco - Departamen- to Nacional de Planeación (DNP) ◆ Lorena Franco Vidal - Fundación Natura ◆ Natalia Montoya - DDPLAC2- HILL ◆ Juan Felipe Méndez - DDPLAC2-HILL ◆ Mónica Espinosa - DDPLAC2-HILL ◆ Magda Sierra - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Angie Caldas - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteo- rología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Constantino Hernández - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Luis Barreto - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Diana Marcela Vargas - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Alberto Aparicio - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Amalia Díaz - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Camilo Correa - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Carolina Castellano - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ María Cecilia Londoño - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ María Piedad Baptiste - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ José Corredor - Instituto Nacional de Salud ◆ Carolina Barbanti - Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVÍAS) ◆ Nancy Velásquez - Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVÍAS) ◆ Cecilia Medina - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Isabel Cárdenas - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Nelson Lozano - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Andrea Corzo Álvarez y equipo de la Dirección de Asuntos Ambientales Sectorial y Urbana - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Andrés Cortés Caro - Ministerio de Am- biente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Angie Roncancio - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Cristina Mariaca Orozco - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Diego Montes - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ David Olarte - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Esteban Neira - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ José Francisco Charry - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Adriana Gutiérrez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Diego Mejía - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Néstor Roberto Garzon - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Nidya Chaparro - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Guillermo Prieto - Ministerio de Ambi- ente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Julián Zambrano - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luis Guillermo Pinilla - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Santiago Uribe - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Silvia Vargas Rueda - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Erik Richard Autores Unidad Coordinadora Javier Eduardo Mendoza - Coordinador ◆ Morgan Rohel - Jefe de proyecto ◆ Helga Lahmann Martínez - En- cargada de proyecto ◆ Zalena Zapata Cure - Líder de comunicaciones ◆ Diana Carolina Useche - Experta en adaptación y gestión del riesgo ◆ Carlos García - Experto en mitigación ◆ Sandra Bravo Córdoba - Experta en mitigación ◆ Jessica Pinilla - Experta en género ◆ Lorena Guerrero Arias - Profesional de apoyo ◆ Genny Tathiana Suarez G. - Profesional administrativa y financiera ◆ Natalia Burgos - Experta en movilidad humana ◆ Viviana Cerón - Experta en salud y cambio climático Comité de expertos Hernando José Gómez - Experto en planeación nacional y política pública ◆ Paula Caballero - Experta en te- mas internacionales relacionados con el cambio climático y el Acuerdo de París ◆ José Antonio Ocampo - Ex- perto en finanzas públicas e internacionales ◆ Ana María Loboguerrero - Experta en desarrollo rural integral ◆ Ángela Andrade - Experta en soluciones basadas en naturaleza ◆ Alejandro Echeverri - Experto en ciudades y temas urbanos ◆ Helena García - Experta emprendimiento con base en negocios verdes o sostenibles ◆ Jairo Bárcenas Sandoval - Experto en planeación territorial/local ◆ María Claudia Diazgranados - Experta en temas marinos, costeros e insulares ◆ Brigitte Baptiste - Experta en biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos ◆ Héc- tor Angarita - Experto en ciencia del cambio climático ◆ Eduardo Lora - Experto en temas sociales ◆ Andrei Romero - Experto en energía Empresas y personas consultoras Carlos E. Díaz - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Guillermo Tejeiro - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ John Mármol - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Juana Micán - Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ Victoria Guaqueta - Brigard Urru- tia Abogados ◆ Agustín Inthamoussu - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Alexander Valencia Cruz - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S.', '◆ Alexander Valencia Cruz - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Juan Carlos Araque Meza - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Liliana Ayala López - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ María Angélica Montes A. - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Mario Andrés Hernández - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Silvia Susana González M. - CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Ricardo Argüello - CODS, Universidad de Ibagué ◆ Felipe Castro - CODS, Universidad de los Andes ◆ Juan M. Rincón - CODS, Universidad de los Andes ◆ Ricardo Delgado - CODS, Universidad de los Andes y CREE ◆ Angélica Méndez - Econometría ◆ Guillermo Rudas - Econometría ◆ Oscar Rodríguez Nieto - Econometría ◆ Omar Darío Cardona A.', '◆ Ricardo Argüello - CODS, Universidad de Ibagué ◆ Felipe Castro - CODS, Universidad de los Andes ◆ Juan M. Rincón - CODS, Universidad de los Andes ◆ Ricardo Delgado - CODS, Universidad de los Andes y CREE ◆ Angélica Méndez - Econometría ◆ Guillermo Rudas - Econometría ◆ Oscar Rodríguez Nieto - Econometría ◆ Omar Darío Cardona A. - INGENIAR ◆ Gabriel Andrés Bernal G. - INGENIAR ◆ José Daniel Pabón C. - INGENIAR ◆ Mabel Cristina Marulanda F. - INGENIAR ◆ Mar- tha Liliana Carreño T. - INGENIAR ◆ Diana Marcela González C. - INGENIAR ◆ Claudia Villegas R. - INGENIAR ◆ Paula Marulanda F. - INGENIAR ◆ Sthefanía Grajales N. - INGENIAR ◆ David Felipe Rincón C. - INGENIAR ◆ John Fredy Molina B.', '- INGENIAR ◆ Gabriel Andrés Bernal G. - INGENIAR ◆ José Daniel Pabón C. - INGENIAR ◆ Mabel Cristina Marulanda F. - INGENIAR ◆ Mar- tha Liliana Carreño T. - INGENIAR ◆ Diana Marcela González C. - INGENIAR ◆ Claudia Villegas R. - INGENIAR ◆ Paula Marulanda F. - INGENIAR ◆ Sthefanía Grajales N. - INGENIAR ◆ David Felipe Rincón C. - INGENIAR ◆ John Fredy Molina B. - INGENIAR ◆ Ana María Jaramillo - Parque Explora ◆ Andrés López - Parque Explora ◆ Carolina Alzate Gouzy - Parque Explora ◆ Carolina Sanín - Parque Explora ◆ Juliana Murillo - Parque Explora ◆ Juliana Restrepo - Parque Explora ◆ Lina Marcela Cataño B.', '- INGENIAR ◆ Ana María Jaramillo - Parque Explora ◆ Andrés López - Parque Explora ◆ Carolina Alzate Gouzy - Parque Explora ◆ Carolina Sanín - Parque Explora ◆ Juliana Murillo - Parque Explora ◆ Juliana Restrepo - Parque Explora ◆ Lina Marcela Cataño B. - Parque Explora ◆ Patricia Fernández C. - Parque Explora ◆ Yérica Jiménez Cano - Parque Explora ◆ Libardo Fernández - Voces 2030 ◆ Alejandra Cifuentes - Vo- ces 2030 ◆ Margarita Mariño de Botero - Voces 2030 ◆ Julie Alejandra Cifuentes G. - Redacrecer, Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ Libardo Fernández Almanza - Redacrecer, Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ Pía Escobar - WWF Colombia ◆ Jairo Gamboa - WWF Colombia ◆ Liliana Gracia Hincapié - WWF Colombia ◆ Luisa Forero - WWF Colombia ◆ María Alejandra González - WWF Colombia ◆ María Ximena Barrera - WWF Colombia ◆ Carolina Herrera Vargas - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Juan Carlos Preciado B - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Paola García - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Mateo Estrada - Fundación GAIA Amazonas, OPIAC ◆ Adriana Vega - Uni- versidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Ángela Cadena - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Carolina Rodríguez F. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Diana Lisseth Duque - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Diana Muñoz - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Juan Rincón - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Luis Gabriel Marín -Castro González y equipo de la Dirección de Asuntos Marinos, Costeros y Recursos Acuáticos - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María del Mar Mozo Muriel y equipo de la Dirección de Biodiversidad, Bosques y Servicios Ecosistémicos - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Fabián Mauricio Caicedo Carrascal y equipo Dirección Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible ◆ Esteban Neira - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Adriana Zambrano - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Alexander Figueroa - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Ángela Rivera - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Angélica Mosquera - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Edwin Ortiz - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Eliana Hernández - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Erika Amaya - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Rosana Romero Angarita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jairo Cárdenas - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luis A. Guerra - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luisa Niño - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Kirstie López - Ministe- rio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María Angélica Arenas - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Olga A. Nieto - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Catalina Piedrahita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ John Melo - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Carolina Rivera Garzón - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Catalina Romano Castañeda - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Martha Carrillo Silva - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Alejandro Gómez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luz Adriana López - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Hilda Cristina Mariaca - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Edward Buitrago - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jonathan David Sánchez Rippe - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Juan Andrés Casas Monsegny - WRI - Ministe- rio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Jaime Arturo Jiménez Rojas - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Alexander Rincón Pérez - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Blanca Cecilia Medina Petro - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Aura Liliana Rojas Pérez - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Diana Lucía Jiménez Buitrago - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDB- CAR ◆ Ulises Donaldo Patiño Hernández - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Oscar Iván Galvis Mora - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Carlos Saavedra Muñoz - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Francisco Javier Sichacá Ávila - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Germán Ricardo Agudelo Ariza - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Argiro de Jesús Ramírez Aristizábal - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Arturo Luna - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Claudia Tinjacá - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Edith Aloysia Urrego - Ministerio de Ciencia Tec- nología e Innovación ◆ Edith Urrego - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Jenny Alarcón Parra - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Jorge A. Cano - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Inno- vación ◆ Jorge A. Cano - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Edith Urrego - Ministerio de Comer- cio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jenny Alarcón Parra - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ German Darío Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Juan Camilo Farfán - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Laura Marcela Ruiz - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Germán Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Juan Camilo Farfán - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Andrés Oli- veros - Programa ProNDC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH ◆ Patricia Dávila Pinzón - Programa MaPriC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH ◆ Johan Sebastián Vanegas Gracia - Programa MaPriC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusam- menarbeit GmbH ◆ Diego A. Grajales Campos - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Lina María Castaño Lujan - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Jimena Gómez Espinosa - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Lina María Ramos Lizcano - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Harold Alfonso Maya Ojeda - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Francisco Eliecer Sarmiento Devia - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Diego Moreno - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Lina Marcela Guerrero - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Camilo Sarmiento - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Carolina Mesa Saavedra - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Gloria Puentes Sáenz - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Juan David Roldán - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Alejandra Borda - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Magda Constanza Buitrago - Ministerio de Transporte◆ Angélica Patricia Peñuela - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ David Ocampo - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Elisa María Isaza - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Fabián Ricardo Rincón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Fabián Rincón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Giovanny Molano - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ July González - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Blanca Patiño - OIT ◆ Martha Ochoa - Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) ◆ Diego Olarte - PNUD ◆ Claudia Ximena Ramos Hidalgo - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Daniela Margarita Camelo Olarte - Superin- tendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Diana Mazorca Guerrero - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Natalia Madrid Gallego - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Juan Pablo Corredor Grajales - Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil - Aerocivil ◆ Pablo Alejandro Giraldo Jiménez - Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil - Aerocivil ◆ Lina Patricia Escobar - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Héctor Hernando Herrera - Unidad De Pla- neación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Helena Guayara - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ María Clara Pardo - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Richard Vargas - Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (UNGRD) ◆ Juana Mariño - Gestión Ambiental S.A.S.', '- Parque Explora ◆ Patricia Fernández C. - Parque Explora ◆ Yérica Jiménez Cano - Parque Explora ◆ Libardo Fernández - Voces 2030 ◆ Alejandra Cifuentes - Vo- ces 2030 ◆ Margarita Mariño de Botero - Voces 2030 ◆ Julie Alejandra Cifuentes G. - Redacrecer, Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ Libardo Fernández Almanza - Redacrecer, Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ Pía Escobar - WWF Colombia ◆ Jairo Gamboa - WWF Colombia ◆ Liliana Gracia Hincapié - WWF Colombia ◆ Luisa Forero - WWF Colombia ◆ María Alejandra González - WWF Colombia ◆ María Ximena Barrera - WWF Colombia ◆ Carolina Herrera Vargas - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Juan Carlos Preciado B - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Paola García - Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Mateo Estrada - Fundación GAIA Amazonas, OPIAC ◆ Adriana Vega - Uni- versidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Ángela Cadena - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Carolina Rodríguez F. - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Diana Lisseth Duque - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Diana Muñoz - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Juan Rincón - Universidad de los Andes, CIDER ◆ Luis Gabriel Marín -Castro González y equipo de la Dirección de Asuntos Marinos, Costeros y Recursos Acuáticos - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María del Mar Mozo Muriel y equipo de la Dirección de Biodiversidad, Bosques y Servicios Ecosistémicos - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Fabián Mauricio Caicedo Carrascal y equipo Dirección Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible ◆ Esteban Neira - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Adriana Zambrano - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Alexander Figueroa - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Ángela Rivera - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Angélica Mosquera - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Edwin Ortiz - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Eliana Hernández - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Erika Amaya - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Rosana Romero Angarita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jairo Cárdenas - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luis A. Guerra - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luisa Niño - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Kirstie López - Ministe- rio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María Angélica Arenas - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Olga A. Nieto - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Catalina Piedrahita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ John Melo - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Carolina Rivera Garzón - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Catalina Romano Castañeda - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Martha Carrillo Silva - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Alejandro Gómez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Luz Adriana López - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Hilda Cristina Mariaca - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Edward Buitrago - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jonathan David Sánchez Rippe - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Juan Andrés Casas Monsegny - WRI - Ministe- rio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Jaime Arturo Jiménez Rojas - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Alexander Rincón Pérez - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Blanca Cecilia Medina Petro - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Aura Liliana Rojas Pérez - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Diana Lucía Jiménez Buitrago - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDB- CAR ◆ Ulises Donaldo Patiño Hernández - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Oscar Iván Galvis Mora - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Carlos Saavedra Muñoz - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Francisco Javier Sichacá Ávila - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Germán Ricardo Agudelo Ariza - WRI - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - ECDBCAR ◆ Argiro de Jesús Ramírez Aristizábal - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Arturo Luna - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Claudia Tinjacá - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Edith Aloysia Urrego - Ministerio de Ciencia Tec- nología e Innovación ◆ Edith Urrego - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Jenny Alarcón Parra - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Jorge A. Cano - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Inno- vación ◆ Jorge A. Cano - Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Edith Urrego - Ministerio de Comer- cio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jenny Alarcón Parra - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ German Darío Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Juan Camilo Farfán - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Laura Marcela Ruiz - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Germán Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Juan Camilo Farfán - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Andrés Oli- veros - Programa ProNDC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH ◆ Patricia Dávila Pinzón - Programa MaPriC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH ◆ Johan Sebastián Vanegas Gracia - Programa MaPriC - GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusam- menarbeit GmbH ◆ Diego A. Grajales Campos - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Lina María Castaño Lujan - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Jimena Gómez Espinosa - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Lina María Ramos Lizcano - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Harold Alfonso Maya Ojeda - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Francisco Eliecer Sarmiento Devia - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Diego Moreno - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Lina Marcela Guerrero - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Camilo Sarmiento - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Carolina Mesa Saavedra - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Gloria Puentes Sáenz - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Juan David Roldán - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Alejandra Borda - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Magda Constanza Buitrago - Ministerio de Transporte◆ Angélica Patricia Peñuela - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ David Ocampo - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Elisa María Isaza - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Fabián Ricardo Rincón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Fabián Rincón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Giovanny Molano - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ July González - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Blanca Patiño - OIT ◆ Martha Ochoa - Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) ◆ Diego Olarte - PNUD ◆ Claudia Ximena Ramos Hidalgo - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Daniela Margarita Camelo Olarte - Superin- tendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Diana Mazorca Guerrero - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Natalia Madrid Gallego - Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ Juan Pablo Corredor Grajales - Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil - Aerocivil ◆ Pablo Alejandro Giraldo Jiménez - Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil - Aerocivil ◆ Lina Patricia Escobar - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Héctor Hernando Herrera - Unidad De Pla- neación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Helena Guayara - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ María Clara Pardo - Unidad De Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Richard Vargas - Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (UNGRD) ◆ Juana Mariño - Gestión Ambiental S.A.S. ◆ León Clarke - DDPLAC2-Universidad de Maryland ◆ Thomas B.', '◆ León Clarke - DDPLAC2-Universidad de Maryland ◆ Thomas B. Wild - DDPLAC2-Universidad de Maryland ◆ Andrés Fernando Osorio Arias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia ◆ Andrea Bassi - WRI – New Climate Economy ◆ Leonardo Garrido - WRI – New Climate Economy ◆ Mauricio Santos Vega - Universidad de los Andes ◆ Mauri- cio Felipe Madrigal P - Universidad de los Andes ◆ Lorena Aristizábal Guerra - Presidencia de la República, Consejería Presidencial para la Competitividad y la Gestión Público-Privada ◆ Jorge Quijano - DANE, Direc- ción de Síntesis y Cuentas Nacionales ◆ Carolina Pinto Soto - MinCIT, Dirección de Productividad y Competi- tividad ◆ Alberto Aparicio - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Diana Mazorca Guerrero - Superservicios, Dirección Técnica de Gestión de Aseo, Equipo Aprovechamiento ◆ Santiago Matallana - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Helena García - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Lorena Lizarazo - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Johanna Ramos - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Indira Porto - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Fabián Bernal - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Daniel Cifuentes - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Ximena Jojoa - Gobierno Mayor ◆ Laila Faysury Muños Sánchez - Organización de Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos (OPIAC) ◆ Julio Erazo - AICO por la Pacha Mama ◆ John Jairo Tapie - AICO por la Pacha Mama ◆ Jimena Jacanamejoy - Gobierno Mayor ◆ Sebastián Hurtado - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Luis Guillermo Izquierdo Mora - Confederación Indígena Tayrona (CIT) ◆ Felipe Rangel Uncacia - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Gloria Erazo Garnica - Organización Nacion- al Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Alexandra Cuarán Jamioy - Gobierno Mayor Comité Técnico CICC ◆ Francisco Cruz Prada - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Carlos Eduardo Correa Escaf - Minis- terio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Nicolás Galarza - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Yolanda González - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Constantino Hernández - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Héctor González - Insti- tuto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Eduardo José González Angulo - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Lina Dorado - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desas- tres ◆ Ariel Zambrano - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Guillermo Valencia - Unidad Na- cional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Edgar Ortiz Pabón - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Andrés Parra - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Mayra Alejandra Silva - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Aníbal Pérez - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Rodolfo Enrique Zea Navarro - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Nelson Lozano - Ministerio de Agriculturay Desarrollo Rural ◆ Blanca Cecilia Medina - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Diego Mesa Puyo - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Diego Grajales - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Oscar Galvis Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Ángela María Orozco Gómez - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Juan David Roldán - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Francisco Sichacá - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ José Manuel Restrepo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Carlos Arévalo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jenny Alarcón - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Carolina Pinto Soto - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Germán Agudelo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jonathan Malagón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ José Luis Acero Vergel - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Zayda Sandoval - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ David Ocampo - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Claudia Blum de Barberi - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Laura Juliana - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Manu- ela Ríos - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Alberto Carrasquilla Barrera - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Laura Ruiz - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ German Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Luis Alberto Rodríguez Ospino - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Amparo García Montaña - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Carolina Díaz - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Santiago Aparicio - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Johana Pinzón - Departamento Nacional de Pla- neación ◆ Fernando Ruiz Gómez - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Diego Moreno Heredia - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Gerson Bermont - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Lina Marcela Guerrero - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Jairo Hernández Márquez - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Mabel Torres Torres - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Clara Beatriz Ocampo Durán - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Argiro Ramírez - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ María Victoria Angulo - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Claudia Roberto Shilito - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Danit María Torres - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Ángel Custodio Cabrera Báez - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Camilo Andrés Sarmiento - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Juan Andrés Casas - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Magali Torres - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Alejandra Sánchez - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Mónica Viviana Peinado - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Manuel Eduardo Castillo - Departamento de la Pros- peridad Social ◆ Davinson Higuera Farfán - NRCOA, RAP-E ◆ Giancarlo Ibáñez Claro - MVCT ◆ William Javier Henao Ramírez - UPME ◆ Alejandra Gutiérrez López - Corpocaldas – Nodo Regional de Cambio Climático Eje Cafetero ◆ Valentina Joya Barrero - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Alex Saer Saker - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible ◆ Felipe Castiblanco - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Fredy Alejandro Gómez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Yobani Salazar Díaz - RAP-E Región Central ◆ Ulises Patiño Hernández - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Breyner Delbasto Cortés - NORCCA - Corporación CDA ◆ Carlos Saavedra Muñoz - Ministerio de Educación Nacional - ECDBCAR ◆ Sandra Bravo - Proyecto TASCA WRI ◆ Olga Lucía Zárate Mantilla - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Karen Rico - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jacobo Carrizales - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - GGGI ◆ María Alejandra Garzón Sánchez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Daniela Cecilia Villalba R. - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Gisela Arizabaleta Moreno - Nodo Regional CC Pacifico Sur ◆ Luis Guillermo Pinilla Ro- dríguez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María Fernanda Ortega Hurtado - Nodo regional CC Antioquia ◆ Isabel Cárdenas - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Kiana Valbuena Mejía - Nodo Caribe e Insular ◆ Katherine Leal G - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Rosana Romero Angarita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Richard Vargas- UNGRD Instituciones participantes 2050 Pathways ◆ A ◆ ACI Proyectos ◆ Adaptación ◆ AFIL Proceso Urbanístico ◆ Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) ◆ Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) ◆ Agencia Nacional de Infraestructura (ANI) ◆ Agencia Nacion- al de Minería (ANM) ◆ Agencia Nacional del Espectro ◆ Agencia para la Gestión del Paisaje ◆ Agrosavia Corpo- ración Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria ◆ Aico por la Pacha Mama ◆ AKT Motos ◆ Alcaldía de Arauca ◆ Alcaldía de Armenia ◆ Alcaldía de Baranoa, Atlántico ◆ Alcaldía de Barranquilla ◆ Alcaldía de Bucaramanga ◆ Alcaldía de Coello, Tolima ◆ Alcaldía de Guachetá, Cundinamarca ◆ Alcaldía de Guaduas, Cundinamarca ◆ Alcaldía de Medellín ◆ Alcaldía de Pasto ◆ Alcaldía de Pereira ◆ Alcaldía de Pitalito ◆ Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali ◆ Alcaldía de Yumbo ◆ Alcaldía Distrital de Santa Marta ◆ Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá ◆ Alcaldía Municipal de Aceve- do ◆ Alcaldía Municipal de Bolívar Valle ◆ Alianza Bioversity CIAT ◆ Alimentos Cárnicos S.A.S.', 'Wild - DDPLAC2-Universidad de Maryland ◆ Andrés Fernando Osorio Arias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia ◆ Andrea Bassi - WRI – New Climate Economy ◆ Leonardo Garrido - WRI – New Climate Economy ◆ Mauricio Santos Vega - Universidad de los Andes ◆ Mauri- cio Felipe Madrigal P - Universidad de los Andes ◆ Lorena Aristizábal Guerra - Presidencia de la República, Consejería Presidencial para la Competitividad y la Gestión Público-Privada ◆ Jorge Quijano - DANE, Direc- ción de Síntesis y Cuentas Nacionales ◆ Carolina Pinto Soto - MinCIT, Dirección de Productividad y Competi- tividad ◆ Alberto Aparicio - Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Diana Mazorca Guerrero - Superservicios, Dirección Técnica de Gestión de Aseo, Equipo Aprovechamiento ◆ Santiago Matallana - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Helena García - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Lorena Lizarazo - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Johanna Ramos - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Indira Porto - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Fabián Bernal - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Daniel Cifuentes - Consejo Privado de Competitividad ◆ Ximena Jojoa - Gobierno Mayor ◆ Laila Faysury Muños Sánchez - Organización de Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos (OPIAC) ◆ Julio Erazo - AICO por la Pacha Mama ◆ John Jairo Tapie - AICO por la Pacha Mama ◆ Jimena Jacanamejoy - Gobierno Mayor ◆ Sebastián Hurtado - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Luis Guillermo Izquierdo Mora - Confederación Indígena Tayrona (CIT) ◆ Felipe Rangel Uncacia - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Gloria Erazo Garnica - Organización Nacion- al Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Alexandra Cuarán Jamioy - Gobierno Mayor Comité Técnico CICC ◆ Francisco Cruz Prada - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Carlos Eduardo Correa Escaf - Minis- terio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Nicolás Galarza - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Yolanda González - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Constantino Hernández - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Héctor González - Insti- tuto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Eduardo José González Angulo - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Lina Dorado - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desas- tres ◆ Ariel Zambrano - Unidad Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Guillermo Valencia - Unidad Na- cional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres ◆ Edgar Ortiz Pabón - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Andrés Parra - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Mayra Alejandra Silva - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Aníbal Pérez - Fondo de Adaptación ◆ Rodolfo Enrique Zea Navarro - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Nelson Lozano - Ministerio de Agriculturay Desarrollo Rural ◆ Blanca Cecilia Medina - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Diego Mesa Puyo - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Diego Grajales - Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Oscar Galvis Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Ángela María Orozco Gómez - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Juan David Roldán - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Francisco Sichacá - Ministerio de Transporte ◆ José Manuel Restrepo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Carlos Arévalo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jenny Alarcón - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Carolina Pinto Soto - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Germán Agudelo - Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Jonathan Malagón - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ José Luis Acero Vergel - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Zayda Sandoval - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ David Ocampo - Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Claudia Blum de Barberi - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Laura Juliana - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Manu- ela Ríos - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Alberto Carrasquilla Barrera - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Laura Ruiz - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ German Romero - Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Luis Alberto Rodríguez Ospino - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Amparo García Montaña - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Carolina Díaz - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Santiago Aparicio - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Johana Pinzón - Departamento Nacional de Pla- neación ◆ Fernando Ruiz Gómez - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Diego Moreno Heredia - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Gerson Bermont - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Lina Marcela Guerrero - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Jairo Hernández Márquez - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Mabel Torres Torres - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Clara Beatriz Ocampo Durán - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Argiro Ramírez - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ María Victoria Angulo - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Claudia Roberto Shilito - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Danit María Torres - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Ángel Custodio Cabrera Báez - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Camilo Andrés Sarmiento - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Juan Andrés Casas - Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Magali Torres - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Alejandra Sánchez - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Mónica Viviana Peinado - Departamento de la Prosperidad Social ◆ Manuel Eduardo Castillo - Departamento de la Pros- peridad Social ◆ Davinson Higuera Farfán - NRCOA, RAP-E ◆ Giancarlo Ibáñez Claro - MVCT ◆ William Javier Henao Ramírez - UPME ◆ Alejandra Gutiérrez López - Corpocaldas – Nodo Regional de Cambio Climático Eje Cafetero ◆ Valentina Joya Barrero - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Alex Saer Saker - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible ◆ Felipe Castiblanco - Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Fredy Alejandro Gómez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Yobani Salazar Díaz - RAP-E Región Central ◆ Ulises Patiño Hernández - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Breyner Delbasto Cortés - NORCCA - Corporación CDA ◆ Carlos Saavedra Muñoz - Ministerio de Educación Nacional - ECDBCAR ◆ Sandra Bravo - Proyecto TASCA WRI ◆ Olga Lucía Zárate Mantilla - Ministerio de Educación Nacional ◆ Karen Rico - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Jacobo Carrizales - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - GGGI ◆ María Alejandra Garzón Sánchez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Daniela Cecilia Villalba R. - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Gisela Arizabaleta Moreno - Nodo Regional CC Pacifico Sur ◆ Luis Guillermo Pinilla Ro- dríguez - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ María Fernanda Ortega Hurtado - Nodo regional CC Antioquia ◆ Isabel Cárdenas - Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Kiana Valbuena Mejía - Nodo Caribe e Insular ◆ Katherine Leal G - Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Rosana Romero Angarita - Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Richard Vargas- UNGRD Instituciones participantes 2050 Pathways ◆ A ◆ ACI Proyectos ◆ Adaptación ◆ AFIL Proceso Urbanístico ◆ Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) ◆ Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) ◆ Agencia Nacional de Infraestructura (ANI) ◆ Agencia Nacion- al de Minería (ANM) ◆ Agencia Nacional del Espectro ◆ Agencia para la Gestión del Paisaje ◆ Agrosavia Corpo- ración Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria ◆ Aico por la Pacha Mama ◆ AKT Motos ◆ Alcaldía de Arauca ◆ Alcaldía de Armenia ◆ Alcaldía de Baranoa, Atlántico ◆ Alcaldía de Barranquilla ◆ Alcaldía de Bucaramanga ◆ Alcaldía de Coello, Tolima ◆ Alcaldía de Guachetá, Cundinamarca ◆ Alcaldía de Guaduas, Cundinamarca ◆ Alcaldía de Medellín ◆ Alcaldía de Pasto ◆ Alcaldía de Pereira ◆ Alcaldía de Pitalito ◆ Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali ◆ Alcaldía de Yumbo ◆ Alcaldía Distrital de Santa Marta ◆ Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá ◆ Alcaldía Municipal de Aceve- do ◆ Alcaldía Municipal de Bolívar Valle ◆ Alianza Bioversity CIAT ◆ Alimentos Cárnicos S.A.S. ◆ Área Metropolitana del Valle De Aburrá (AMVA) ◆ ARL Axa Colpatria ◆ Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad ◆ Asociación Bancaria y de Entidades Financieras de Colombia, Asobancaria ◆ Asociación Calidris ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Actores del Mercado de Carbono, Asocarbono ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Ciudades Capitales, Asocapitales ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores, Asocolflores ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Generadores de Energía Eléctrica (ACOLGEN) ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Grandes Consumidores de Energía Industriales y Comerciales, Asoenergía ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Minería (ACM) ◆ Asociación de Bananeros de Colombia, Augura ◆ Asociación de Cultivadores de Caña de Azúcar de Colombia, Asocaña ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia (ANDI) ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresas de Servicios Públicos y Comunicaciones de Colombia, Andesco ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresas Generadoras, Andeg ◆ Asociación Nacional de Movilidad Sostenible, Andemos ◆ Asociación Nacional de Transportadores, Atransec ◆ Auteco Mobility S.A.S.', '◆ Área Metropolitana del Valle De Aburrá (AMVA) ◆ ARL Axa Colpatria ◆ Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad ◆ Asociación Bancaria y de Entidades Financieras de Colombia, Asobancaria ◆ Asociación Calidris ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Actores del Mercado de Carbono, Asocarbono ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Ciudades Capitales, Asocapitales ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores, Asocolflores ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Generadores de Energía Eléctrica (ACOLGEN) ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Grandes Consumidores de Energía Industriales y Comerciales, Asoenergía ◆ Asociación Colombiana de Minería (ACM) ◆ Asociación de Bananeros de Colombia, Augura ◆ Asociación de Cultivadores de Caña de Azúcar de Colombia, Asocaña ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia (ANDI) ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresas de Servicios Públicos y Comunicaciones de Colombia, Andesco ◆ Asociación Nacional de Empresas Generadoras, Andeg ◆ Asociación Nacional de Movilidad Sostenible, Andemos ◆ Asociación Nacional de Transportadores, Atransec ◆ Auteco Mobility S.A.S. ◆ Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca (AUNAP) ◆ Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ B ◆ Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina ◆ Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Bancóldex S.A. ◆ Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ C ◆ Ca Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S.', '◆ Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca (AUNAP) ◆ Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ B ◆ Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina ◆ Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Bancóldex S.A. ◆ Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ C ◆ Ca Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S. ◆ CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S.', '◆ Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca (AUNAP) ◆ Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) ◆ B ◆ Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina ◆ Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ◆ Bancóldex S.A. ◆ Brigard Urrutia Abogados ◆ C ◆ Ca Soluciones Ambientales S.A.S. ◆ CAIA Ingeniería S.A.S. ◆ Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (CCB) ◆ Cámara de Comercio del Chocó ◆ Cámara Verde de Comercio ◆ Canacol Energy ◆ Capitanía de Puerto de Riohacha◆ CAS ◆ Central Hidroeléctrica de Caldas (CHEC) ◆ Centro Agronómico Tropical y Enseñanza (CATIE) ◆ Centro de Investi- gación de da Caña de Azúcar de Colombia, Cenicaña ◆ Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIDET) ◆ Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) ◆ Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café, Cenicafé ◆ Centro Nacional de Producción Másá Limpia ◆ Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Produc-Grupo Prodeco ◆ Gybn Colombia ◆ H ◆ Hino Motors Manufacturing Colombia ◆ HMV Ingenieros ◆ HOCOL ◆ Huella Verde Consultoría Forestal ◆ I ◆ ICLEI Colombia ◆ Incarsa ◆ Incolmotos Yamaha ◆ Independiente ◆ Inge- niar ◆ Innpulsa ◆ Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) ◆ Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certifi- cación, Icontec ◆ Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Instituto de Investiga- ciones Ambientales del Pacífico ◆ Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Invemar ◆ Instituto del Ambiente de Estocolmo (SEI) ◆ Instituto Departamental de Cultura y Turismo de Cundinamarca ◆ Instituto Distrital de Gestión de Riesgos y Cambio Climático, Idiger ◆ Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi ◆ Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) ◆ Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS) ◆ Instituto Sinchi ◆ Instituto Superior Europeo de Barcelona ◆ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ◆ ISA Intercolombia ◆ J ◆ Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis ◆ K ◆ Klimaforum Latinoamerica (KLN) ◆ Koba Colombia S.A.S.', '◆ Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (CCB) ◆ Cámara de Comercio del Chocó ◆ Cámara Verde de Comercio ◆ Canacol Energy ◆ Capitanía de Puerto de Riohacha◆ CAS ◆ Central Hidroeléctrica de Caldas (CHEC) ◆ Centro Agronómico Tropical y Enseñanza (CATIE) ◆ Centro de Investi- gación de da Caña de Azúcar de Colombia, Cenicaña ◆ Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIDET) ◆ Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) ◆ Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café, Cenicafé ◆ Centro Nacional de Producción Másá Limpia ◆ Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Produc-Grupo Prodeco ◆ Gybn Colombia ◆ H ◆ Hino Motors Manufacturing Colombia ◆ HMV Ingenieros ◆ HOCOL ◆ Huella Verde Consultoría Forestal ◆ I ◆ ICLEI Colombia ◆ Incarsa ◆ Incolmotos Yamaha ◆ Independiente ◆ Inge- niar ◆ Innpulsa ◆ Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) ◆ Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certifi- cación, Icontec ◆ Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) ◆ Instituto de Investiga- ciones Ambientales del Pacífico ◆ Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Invemar ◆ Instituto del Ambiente de Estocolmo (SEI) ◆ Instituto Departamental de Cultura y Turismo de Cundinamarca ◆ Instituto Distrital de Gestión de Riesgos y Cambio Climático, Idiger ◆ Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi ◆ Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt ◆ Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) ◆ Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS) ◆ Instituto Sinchi ◆ Instituto Superior Europeo de Barcelona ◆ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ◆ ISA Intercolombia ◆ J ◆ Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis ◆ K ◆ Klimaforum Latinoamerica (KLN) ◆ Koba Colombia S.A.S. ◆ L ◆ La Crónica ◆ Laboratorio Ambiental de la Empresa Multipropósito de Calarcá ◆ Lareif ◆ Los Delfines ◆ M ◆ Madr Didtyps ◆ Mansarovar Energy ◆ Maurel & Prom Colombia B.V. ◆ Medio Ambiente de la Empresa Air-E ◆ Memory ◆ Mesa Colombiana de Ganadería Sostenible, MGS-COL ◆ Metro de Bogotá ◆ Metro de Medellín ◆ Minera Cobre de Colombia ◆ Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Ministerio de Ambiente del Perú ◆ Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Ministerio de Defensa ◆ Ministerio de Educación y Nacional ◆ Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones ◆ Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Ministerio del Interior ◆ Municipio de Yumbo ◆ N ◆ Naturgás ◆ Negocio Cárnico Nutresa ◆ Nobsa ◆ Nodo Regional de Cambio Climático Caribe e Insular ◆ Norgás S.A. ◆ O ◆ Occidental de Colombia ◆ Oficina Medio Ambiente Gobernación del Magdalena ◆ Organización de Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos (OPIAC) ◆ Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) ◆ Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Oxy ◆ P ◆ Parex Resources ◆ Parque Explora ◆ Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia ◆ Patrimonio Natural ◆ Pazv ◆ Petrobras Braspetro ◆ Pintuco ◆ Planeación Cali ◆ PNUD ◆ PNUMA ◆ Porkcolombia ◆ Power HHO Suroccidente ◆ Power&Energy ◆ Presidencia de la República ◆ Probogotá ◆ Proecol ◆ Propacífico ◆ Proyecto Piloto Taxis Eléctri- cos Bogotá ◆ R ◆ RAP-E ◆ Región Central ◆ RARE ◆ Red Ambiental Rehobot ◆ Red de Ciudades como Vamos ◆ Red Jods ◆ Renault ◆ Repsol ◆ S ◆ Salud Casanare ◆ Saludcapital ◆ Saludcauca ◆ Secretaría de Movilidad de Cali ◆ Secretaría de Salud del Atlántico ◆ Secretaría de Salud del Valle del Cauca ◆ Secretaría de Salud Departamental del Guaviare ◆ Secretaría de Salud Municipal de Jamundí ◆ Secretaría del Ambiente Cundinamarca ◆ Secretaría Departamental de Putumayo ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Planeación SENA ◆ Ser Colombia ◆ Servicio Geológico Colombiano ◆ SIAA Consultores ◆ Siembre Futuro ◆ Sistema Nacional de Planeación ◆ Sociedad de Agricultores de Colombia ◆ Sociedad Nacional de la Cruz Roja Colombiana ◆ Somos Más ◆ Subsecretaría de Servicios de Movilidad ◆ Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ T ◆ Taxis Eléctricos BTA ◆ Terpel ◆ The Nature Conservacy (TNC) ◆ Tibasosa, Boyacá ◆ Transforma ◆ U ◆ Ubaté, Cundinamarca ◆ UDCA ◆ UDEM ◆ UNAD ◆ Unidad de Gestión del Riesgo del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá ◆ Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria (UPRA) ◆ Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (UNGRD) ◆ Unisalud Arauca ◆ Universidad Autónoma de Manizales ◆ Universidad Católica de Manizales ◆ Universidad de Antioquia ◆ Universidad de Columbia ◆ Universidad de Cundinamarca ◆ Universidad de los Andes ◆ Universidad de Maniza- les ◆ Universidad de San Buenaventura Cartagena ◆ Universidad de Santander UDES ◆ Universidad del Atlántico ◆ Universidad del Norte ◆ Universidad del Rosario ◆ Universidad del Valle ◆ Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas ◆ Universidad EAFIT ◆ Universidad EAN ◆ Universidad El Bosque ◆ Universidad Javeriana ◆ Universidad Libre ◆ Universidad Militar Nueva Granada ◆ Universidad Nacional de Colombia ◆ Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ◆ Universidad Santo Tomás ◆ Universidad Sergio Arboleda ◆ Universidad Simón Bolívar y del Atlántico ◆ UNUS S.A.S ◆ UQUE Ambiental ◆ Urrá S.A. ◆ V ◆ Vanti S.A. ◆ Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ W ◆ Wellbeing Tours ◆ World Resources Institute ◆ WWF Colombia ◆ Z ◆ Zoonosis ción Agropecuaria (CIPAV) ◆ Cocomacia ◆ Cocomaupa ◆ Colombia Inteligente ◆ Colombia Productiva ◆ Movistar ◆ Colombiana de Transportadores de Carga por Carretera (COLFECAR) ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRC) ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas (CREG) ◆ Confederación Indígena Tayrona (CIT) ◆ Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible (CCCS) ◆ Consejo Privado de Competitividad Conservación Internacional ◆ Consga S.A.S.', '◆ L ◆ La Crónica ◆ Laboratorio Ambiental de la Empresa Multipropósito de Calarcá ◆ Lareif ◆ Los Delfines ◆ M ◆ Madr Didtyps ◆ Mansarovar Energy ◆ Maurel & Prom Colombia B.V. ◆ Medio Ambiente de la Empresa Air-E ◆ Memory ◆ Mesa Colombiana de Ganadería Sostenible, MGS-COL ◆ Metro de Bogotá ◆ Metro de Medellín ◆ Minera Cobre de Colombia ◆ Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ◆ Ministerio de Ambiente del Perú ◆ Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ◆ Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ◆ Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo ◆ Ministerio de Defensa ◆ Ministerio de Educación y Nacional ◆ Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ◆ Ministerio de Minas y Energía ◆ Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ◆ Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social ◆ Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones ◆ Ministerio de Trabajo ◆ Ministerio de Transporte ◆ Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio ◆ Ministerio del Interior ◆ Municipio de Yumbo ◆ N ◆ Naturgás ◆ Negocio Cárnico Nutresa ◆ Nobsa ◆ Nodo Regional de Cambio Climático Caribe e Insular ◆ Norgás S.A. ◆ O ◆ Occidental de Colombia ◆ Oficina Medio Ambiente Gobernación del Magdalena ◆ Organización de Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos (OPIAC) ◆ Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) ◆ Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) ◆ Oxy ◆ P ◆ Parex Resources ◆ Parque Explora ◆ Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia ◆ Patrimonio Natural ◆ Pazv ◆ Petrobras Braspetro ◆ Pintuco ◆ Planeación Cali ◆ PNUD ◆ PNUMA ◆ Porkcolombia ◆ Power HHO Suroccidente ◆ Power&Energy ◆ Presidencia de la República ◆ Probogotá ◆ Proecol ◆ Propacífico ◆ Proyecto Piloto Taxis Eléctri- cos Bogotá ◆ R ◆ RAP-E ◆ Región Central ◆ RARE ◆ Red Ambiental Rehobot ◆ Red de Ciudades como Vamos ◆ Red Jods ◆ Renault ◆ Repsol ◆ S ◆ Salud Casanare ◆ Saludcapital ◆ Saludcauca ◆ Secretaría de Movilidad de Cali ◆ Secretaría de Salud del Atlántico ◆ Secretaría de Salud del Valle del Cauca ◆ Secretaría de Salud Departamental del Guaviare ◆ Secretaría de Salud Municipal de Jamundí ◆ Secretaría del Ambiente Cundinamarca ◆ Secretaría Departamental de Putumayo ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad ◆ Secretaría Distrital de Planeación SENA ◆ Ser Colombia ◆ Servicio Geológico Colombiano ◆ SIAA Consultores ◆ Siembre Futuro ◆ Sistema Nacional de Planeación ◆ Sociedad de Agricultores de Colombia ◆ Sociedad Nacional de la Cruz Roja Colombiana ◆ Somos Más ◆ Subsecretaría de Servicios de Movilidad ◆ Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios ◆ T ◆ Taxis Eléctricos BTA ◆ Terpel ◆ The Nature Conservacy (TNC) ◆ Tibasosa, Boyacá ◆ Transforma ◆ U ◆ Ubaté, Cundinamarca ◆ UDCA ◆ UDEM ◆ UNAD ◆ Unidad de Gestión del Riesgo del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá ◆ Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética (UPME) ◆ Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria (UPRA) ◆ Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (UNGRD) ◆ Unisalud Arauca ◆ Universidad Autónoma de Manizales ◆ Universidad Católica de Manizales ◆ Universidad de Antioquia ◆ Universidad de Columbia ◆ Universidad de Cundinamarca ◆ Universidad de los Andes ◆ Universidad de Maniza- les ◆ Universidad de San Buenaventura Cartagena ◆ Universidad de Santander UDES ◆ Universidad del Atlántico ◆ Universidad del Norte ◆ Universidad del Rosario ◆ Universidad del Valle ◆ Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas ◆ Universidad EAFIT ◆ Universidad EAN ◆ Universidad El Bosque ◆ Universidad Javeriana ◆ Universidad Libre ◆ Universidad Militar Nueva Granada ◆ Universidad Nacional de Colombia ◆ Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ◆ Universidad Santo Tomás ◆ Universidad Sergio Arboleda ◆ Universidad Simón Bolívar y del Atlántico ◆ UNUS S.A.S ◆ UQUE Ambiental ◆ Urrá S.A. ◆ V ◆ Vanti S.A. ◆ Voces 2030 Colombia ◆ W ◆ Wellbeing Tours ◆ World Resources Institute ◆ WWF Colombia ◆ Z ◆ Zoonosis ción Agropecuaria (CIPAV) ◆ Cocomacia ◆ Cocomaupa ◆ Colombia Inteligente ◆ Colombia Productiva ◆ Movistar ◆ Colombiana de Transportadores de Carga por Carretera (COLFECAR) ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRC) ◆ Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas (CREG) ◆ Confederación Indígena Tayrona (CIT) ◆ Consejo Colombiano de Construcción Sostenible (CCCS) ◆ Consejo Privado de Competitividad Conservación Internacional ◆ Consga S.A.S. ◆ Contraloría General ◆ Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GIZ) ◆ Corona ◆ Corporación Arquidiocesana para la Educación (CARED) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Boyacá, Corpoboyacá ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas, Corpocaldas ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Chivor ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundi- namarca, CAR ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Frontera Nororiental, Corponor ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Meseta para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de las Cuencas de los ríos Negro y Nare, Cornare ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de los Valles del Sinú y del San Jorge, CVS ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Nariño ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Risaralda, Carder ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Sucre, Carsucre ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del alto Magda- lena, (CAM) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Canal del Dique, Cardique ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Centro de Antioquia, Corantioquia ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Quindío, CRQ ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima, Cortolima ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, CVC ◆ Corpo- ración Autónoma Regional para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Chocó, Codechoco ◆ Corporación Centro de Excelen- cia en Ciencias Marinas, Cemarin ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Área de Manejo Especial La Macarena, Cormacarena ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazonia, Corpoamazonia ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Urabá, Corpourabá ◆ Corporación Social Servimos, Corposer ◆ Corporación Soluciones Energéticas Integrales S.A., Cosenit ◆ Cruz Roja Colombiana ◆ Cuentas Industria Zona Occidente Cundinamarca ◆ Cuerpo de Bomberos Voluntarios de Floridablanca ◆ D ◆ Defensa para el Transporte Terrestre de Carga, Defencarga ◆ Departamento Administrativo de Gestión del Medio Ambiente (DAGMA) ◆ Departamento Administrativo de Planeación Yumbo ◆ Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Departamento Administrativo para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres de Antioquia, (DAPARD) ◆ Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Despacio.org ◆ Dirección General Marítima (DIMAR) ◆ Duenas ◆ E ◆ Earth Innovation Institute ◆ Ecoacciones ◆ Ecointegral Ltda ◆ Econometría ◆ Ecopetrol ◆ Ecorestauracion S.A.S.', '◆ Contraloría General ◆ Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GIZ) ◆ Corona ◆ Corporación Arquidiocesana para la Educación (CARED) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Boyacá, Corpoboyacá ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas, Corpocaldas ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Chivor ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundi- namarca, CAR ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Frontera Nororiental, Corponor ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Meseta para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de las Cuencas de los ríos Negro y Nare, Cornare ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de los Valles del Sinú y del San Jorge, CVS ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Nariño ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Risaralda, Carder ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Sucre, Carsucre ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del alto Magda- lena, (CAM) ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Canal del Dique, Cardique ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Centro de Antioquia, Corantioquia ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Quindío, CRQ ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima, Cortolima ◆ Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, CVC ◆ Corpo- ración Autónoma Regional para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Chocó, Codechoco ◆ Corporación Centro de Excelen- cia en Ciencias Marinas, Cemarin ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Área de Manejo Especial La Macarena, Cormacarena ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazonia, Corpoamazonia ◆ Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Urabá, Corpourabá ◆ Corporación Social Servimos, Corposer ◆ Corporación Soluciones Energéticas Integrales S.A., Cosenit ◆ Cruz Roja Colombiana ◆ Cuentas Industria Zona Occidente Cundinamarca ◆ Cuerpo de Bomberos Voluntarios de Floridablanca ◆ D ◆ Defensa para el Transporte Terrestre de Carga, Defencarga ◆ Departamento Administrativo de Gestión del Medio Ambiente (DAGMA) ◆ Departamento Administrativo de Planeación Yumbo ◆ Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) ◆ Departamento Administrativo para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres de Antioquia, (DAPARD) ◆ Departamento Nacional de Planeación ◆ Despacio.org ◆ Dirección General Marítima (DIMAR) ◆ Duenas ◆ E ◆ Earth Innovation Institute ◆ Ecoacciones ◆ Ecointegral Ltda ◆ Econometría ◆ Ecopetrol ◆ Ecorestauracion S.A.S. ◆ Ekoreciclart ◆ Embajada de Francia ◆ Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá ◆ Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Santander ◆ Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM) ◆ ENEL Colombia ◆ EPA Barranquilla Verde ◆ Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito ◆ Expertise France ◆ F ◆ Fábrica Nacional de Carrocerías (FA- NALCA) ◆ FAO Colombia ◆ Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos, Fedegan ◆ Federación Colombiana de Munic- ipios ◆ Federación de Transportadores de Carga de Colombia (FEDETRANSCOL) ◆ Federación Nacional de Avicultores de Colombia, (FENAVI) ◆ Federación Nacional de Cafeteros, Fedecafé ◆ Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Cereales y Leguminosas, Fenalce ◆ Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite, Fedepalma ◆ Federación Nacional de Productores de Panela, Fedepanela ◆ Fondo Acción ◆ Fondo Nacional Del Arroz, Fedearroz ◆ Fondo para el Financiamiento del Sector Agropecuario, Finagro ◆ Forestfirst ◆ Frontera Energy ◆ Fundación Alexander von Humboldt, Alemania ◆ Fundación Antrópico Amazónico ◆ Fundación ATUCA ◆ Fundación AVINA ◆ Fundación Cerros de Bogotá ◆ Fundación del Área Andina ◆ Fundación Empresarial para el Desarrollo de Yumbo (FEDY) ◆ Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Fundación Herencia Ambiental Caribe ◆ Fundación Mayunka ◆ Fundación Natura ◆ Fundación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo Sostenible (FCDS) ◆ Fundación Sahed ◆ Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia, Uniagraria ◆ Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina ◆ G ◆ Geotec Ingeniería ◆ Gestión Urbana ◆ Girar S.A.S.', '◆ Ekoreciclart ◆ Embajada de Francia ◆ Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá ◆ Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Santander ◆ Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM) ◆ ENEL Colombia ◆ EPA Barranquilla Verde ◆ Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito ◆ Expertise France ◆ F ◆ Fábrica Nacional de Carrocerías (FA- NALCA) ◆ FAO Colombia ◆ Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos, Fedegan ◆ Federación Colombiana de Munic- ipios ◆ Federación de Transportadores de Carga de Colombia (FEDETRANSCOL) ◆ Federación Nacional de Avicultores de Colombia, (FENAVI) ◆ Federación Nacional de Cafeteros, Fedecafé ◆ Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Cereales y Leguminosas, Fenalce ◆ Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite, Fedepalma ◆ Federación Nacional de Productores de Panela, Fedepanela ◆ Fondo Acción ◆ Fondo Nacional Del Arroz, Fedearroz ◆ Fondo para el Financiamiento del Sector Agropecuario, Finagro ◆ Forestfirst ◆ Frontera Energy ◆ Fundación Alexander von Humboldt, Alemania ◆ Fundación Antrópico Amazónico ◆ Fundación ATUCA ◆ Fundación AVINA ◆ Fundación Cerros de Bogotá ◆ Fundación del Área Andina ◆ Fundación Empresarial para el Desarrollo de Yumbo (FEDY) ◆ Fundación GAIA Amazonas ◆ Fundación Herencia Ambiental Caribe ◆ Fundación Mayunka ◆ Fundación Natura ◆ Fundación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo Sostenible (FCDS) ◆ Fundación Sahed ◆ Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia, Uniagraria ◆ Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina ◆ G ◆ Geotec Ingeniería ◆ Gestión Urbana ◆ Girar S.A.S. ◆ Gobierno Mayor ◆ Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) ◆ Gobernación de Amazonas ◆ Gobernación de Antioquia ◆ Gobernación de Boyacá ◆ Gobernación de Caldas ◆ Gobernación de Casanare ◆ Gobernación de Cundinamarca ◆ Gobernación de Huila ◆ Gobernación de Norte de Santander ◆ Gobernación de Risaralda ◆ Gobernación de Santander ◆ Gobernación del Cauca ◆ Gobernación del Cesar ◆ Gobernación del Chocó ◆ Gobernación del Magdalena ◆ Gobernación del Quindío ◆ Gobernación del Valle del Cauca ◆ Gran Colombia Gold ◆ Gran Tierra Energy ◆ Grün Management ◆ Grupo Energía Bogotá (GEB) ◆Presentaciones Hoy la humanidad sufre las consecuencias del cambio climático.', '◆ Gobierno Mayor ◆ Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) ◆ Gobernación de Amazonas ◆ Gobernación de Antioquia ◆ Gobernación de Boyacá ◆ Gobernación de Caldas ◆ Gobernación de Casanare ◆ Gobernación de Cundinamarca ◆ Gobernación de Huila ◆ Gobernación de Norte de Santander ◆ Gobernación de Risaralda ◆ Gobernación de Santander ◆ Gobernación del Cauca ◆ Gobernación del Cesar ◆ Gobernación del Chocó ◆ Gobernación del Magdalena ◆ Gobernación del Quindío ◆ Gobernación del Valle del Cauca ◆ Gran Colombia Gold ◆ Gran Tierra Energy ◆ Grün Management ◆ Grupo Energía Bogotá (GEB) ◆Presentaciones Hoy la humanidad sufre las consecuencias del cambio climático. De acuerdo con el mandato del Acuerdo de París, es necesario trabajar mancomunadamente para reducir y capturar las emisiones de CO y, de esta manera, limitar el aumento de la temperatura global.', 'De acuerdo con el mandato del Acuerdo de París, es necesario trabajar mancomunadamente para reducir y capturar las emisiones de CO y, de esta manera, limitar el aumento de la temperatura global. Durante mi Gobierno, de acuerdo con nuestro Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Pacto por Colombia, pacto por la equidad, hemos articulado los compromisos climáticos con la planificación nacional de manera tal que Colombia se convierta en un referente latinoamericano en la búsqueda de alternativas y soluciones al problema del cambio climático que reta a nuestras economías y a nuestra sociedad. Al ser Colombia uno de los países más expuestos al cambio climático, este Gobierno ha asumido con determinación el liderazgo para una verdadera revolución de nuestro modelo de desarrollo sembrando una nueva ética social y fortaleciendo una verdadera agenda de sostenibilidad.', 'Al ser Colombia uno de los países más expuestos al cambio climático, este Gobierno ha asumido con determinación el liderazgo para una verdadera revolución de nuestro modelo de desarrollo sembrando una nueva ética social y fortaleciendo una verdadera agenda de sostenibilidad. De esta manera, diseñamos la política Producir consevando, consevar produciendo, sobre la que construimos la estrategia de economía circular, primera en su tipo de América Latina.', 'De esta manera, diseñamos la política Producir consevando, consevar produciendo, sobre la que construimos la estrategia de economía circular, primera en su tipo de América Latina. Así, esta agenda se ve representada en el compromiso irrestricto con la protección de la Amazonía, de los bosques y los páramos, un gran impulso a la transición energética y la expansión de las energías renovables no convencionales, la creación de oportunidades basadas en la bioeconomía y los negocios verdes, el fomento de la movilidad limpia, e implementar políticas que lleven a Colombia a ser un país neutral en sus emisiones de carbono de cara al año 2050. Si bien nuestro país tan solo representa el 0.6 % de las emisiones de CO estamos actuando como debería hacerlo un gran emisor.', 'Si bien nuestro país tan solo representa el 0.6 % de las emisiones de CO estamos actuando como debería hacerlo un gran emisor. Lo hacemos con el convencimmiento de que nuestra ética tiene que ser la de abrazar la protección del medio ambiente con determinación y sin vacilaciones. Colombia quiere liderar a partir del ejemplo esa gran agenda de crecimiento limpio en América Latina y queremos dar pasos firmes para que así sea. Y lo lograremos con el apoyo de ustedes. Fijar estrategias a largo plazo es fundamental en este proceso ya que todas nuestras acciones de Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como de otras políticas nacionales deben responder a objetivos mayores que lleven a transformar las realidades territoriales y construir así un país menos vulnerable al cambio climático.', 'Fijar estrategias a largo plazo es fundamental en este proceso ya que todas nuestras acciones de Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como de otras políticas nacionales deben responder a objetivos mayores que lleven a transformar las realidades territoriales y construir así un país menos vulnerable al cambio climático. Frente a los retos climáticos, la posición de Colombia es clara: es imperativo aumentar nuestra ambición no sólo para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, sino también aumentar nuestra capacidad de adaptación y reducir nuestros riesgos para salvaguardar las vidas y los bienes de todos los habitantes del país. Nuestro compromiso es construir un futuro bajo en carbono coherente con los objetivos climáticos globales.', 'Nuestro compromiso es construir un futuro bajo en carbono coherente con los objetivos climáticos globales. Por esto, actualizamos la contribución nacional determinada (NDC) del país, con el compromiso de reducir nuestras emisiones de gases efecto invernadero en un 51 % al año 2030. En este proceso, agradezco el apoyo del Gobierno francés que a través de sus agencias de cooperación financiera y técnica AFD y Expertise France, nos ayudaron avanzar en la preparación de nuestra estrategia. La lucha contra el cambio climático y avanzar hacia un desarrollo sostenible, son objetivos prioritarios a nivel nacional y a nivel global.', 'La lucha contra el cambio climático y avanzar hacia un desarrollo sostenible, son objetivos prioritarios a nivel nacional y a nivel global. Desde hoy miramos el año 2050 como puerto de llegada a un país moderno, competitivo, social y ambientalmente equitativo y resiliente al clima, en general un país congruente con el compromiso de la gran transformación estructural de la humanidad hacia la sostenibilidad. Es por esto que tengo el orgullo de presentar el documento de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París. Una estrategia que identifica, orienta y lidera los cambios y transformaciones profundas, a nivel sectorial y territorial, que Colombia tomará como marco de acción para construir una resiliencia climática de largo plazo.', 'Una estrategia que identifica, orienta y lidera los cambios y transformaciones profundas, a nivel sectorial y territorial, que Colombia tomará como marco de acción para construir una resiliencia climática de largo plazo. Iván Duque Márquez Presidente de la RepúblicaCon la firma y ratificación del Acuerdo de París, Colombia inició su camino hacia la con- strucción de una nueva sociedad. La lucha común por cambiar nuestros modelos y formas de producción y consumo nos ha llevado a construir trayectorias sociales y económicas bajas en carbono y con menores riesgos territoriales a los impactos del cambio climático. Para esto, debemos lograr que todos los actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil actuemos con la misma lógica de no incremen- tar sus causas y las vulnerabilidades.', 'Para esto, debemos lograr que todos los actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil actuemos con la misma lógica de no incremen- tar sus causas y las vulnerabilidades. La posición de Colombia ha sido clara, aumentar sig- nificativamente la ambición climática para construir los caminos tecnológicos, institucionales y territo- riales que sustenten un desarrollo carbono neutral y con altas capacidades de adaptación, en otras palabras, convertirnos en una sociedad resiliente al clima. Un compromiso refrendado en múltiples oportunidades por el presidente de la República, Iván Duque Márquez quien, durante la Cumbre Climática de Naciones Unidas en 2019, anunció que Colombia sería un país carbono neutral en 2050.', 'Un compromiso refrendado en múltiples oportunidades por el presidente de la República, Iván Duque Márquez quien, durante la Cumbre Climática de Naciones Unidas en 2019, anunció que Colombia sería un país carbono neutral en 2050. En este camino de transformación y de construcción de un país resiliente al clima al 2050, actualizamos nuestra contribución nacionalmente determinada (NDC), con la que nos comprometimos a reducir el 51 % de nuestras emisiones de gases efecto inverna- dero al 2030, a través de 196 medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación en todos los sectores.', 'En este camino de transformación y de construcción de un país resiliente al clima al 2050, actualizamos nuestra contribución nacionalmente determinada (NDC), con la que nos comprometimos a reducir el 51 % de nuestras emisiones de gases efecto inverna- dero al 2030, a través de 196 medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación en todos los sectores. Este esfuerzo deberá complementarse con acciones como la Ley de Acción Climática, la conservación del 30 % de las áreas protegidas marítimas y terrestres, la cero deforestación, los planes de desarrollo de los próx- imos gobiernos y la Estrategia de largo plazo E2050.', 'Este esfuerzo deberá complementarse con acciones como la Ley de Acción Climática, la conservación del 30 % de las áreas protegidas marítimas y terrestres, la cero deforestación, los planes de desarrollo de los próx- imos gobiernos y la Estrategia de largo plazo E2050. Me enorgullece presentar al mundo este documen- to que lideramos desde el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el cual es fruto de un trabajo de casi dos años; 2100 personas, de alrededor de 500 instituciones aportaron a su construcción. Este es el resultado de un proceso colaborativo y partici- pativo.', 'Este es el resultado de un proceso colaborativo y partici- pativo. Escuchamos las voces de representantes de instituciones públicas, privadas, de la sociedad civil y de las comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianas, quienes tuvieron la oportunidad de debatir y definir los temas y acciones prioritarias que constituyen las 9 apuestas y sus 48 opciones de transformación que marcan los temas clave para que Colombia sea un país resiliente al clima.', 'Escuchamos las voces de representantes de instituciones públicas, privadas, de la sociedad civil y de las comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianas, quienes tuvieron la oportunidad de debatir y definir los temas y acciones prioritarias que constituyen las 9 apuestas y sus 48 opciones de transformación que marcan los temas clave para que Colombia sea un país resiliente al clima. La formulación de nuestra E2050 ha sido posible gracias al valioso y decidido apoyo de importantes actores nacionales e internacionales y del Gobier- no francés, que a través de sus agencias de coop- eración financiera y técnica Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) y Expertise France, ha trabajado de la mano con los equipos técnicos del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el Departamento Nacional de Planeación y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, así como de otras instituciones naciona- les encargadas de liderar esta transformación hacia la resiliencia climática.', 'La formulación de nuestra E2050 ha sido posible gracias al valioso y decidido apoyo de importantes actores nacionales e internacionales y del Gobier- no francés, que a través de sus agencias de coop- eración financiera y técnica Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo (AFD) y Expertise France, ha trabajado de la mano con los equipos técnicos del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el Departamento Nacional de Planeación y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, así como de otras instituciones naciona- les encargadas de liderar esta transformación hacia la resiliencia climática. Esta es la hoja de ruta hacia un nuevo modelo económico, social y ambiental que traerá equidad y oportunidades en todos los sectores y que será clave para la reactivación económica post COVID-19.', 'Esta es la hoja de ruta hacia un nuevo modelo económico, social y ambiental que traerá equidad y oportunidades en todos los sectores y que será clave para la reactivación económica post COVID-19. A partir de ahora, inicia el reto de implementar la E2050 articulando su visión, principios fundamental- es y apuestas a los instrumentos de política pública, que contribuyan a construir el camino para una nue- va Colombia carbono neutral y con amplias capaci- dades de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'A partir de ahora, inicia el reto de implementar la E2050 articulando su visión, principios fundamental- es y apuestas a los instrumentos de política pública, que contribuyan a construir el camino para una nue- va Colombia carbono neutral y con amplias capaci- dades de adaptación al cambio climático. Carlos Eduardo Correa Escaf Ministro de ambiente y desarrollo sostenibleCONTENIDO Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Circunstancias nacionales 6.1 Apuestas para alcanzar la resiliencia climática socioecológica en Colombia al 2050 Página 145 ◆ 6.2 Relación entre apuestas de la E2050 Página 183 ◆ 6.3 Medios de implementación para sustentar e impulsar la resiliencia climática Página 196 Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Literatura citada Anexos 9.1 Cuento: “Vientos de cambio: Una historia de carbono neutralidad”, historia para acercar al público infantil (niños de educación básica primaria) las transfor- maciones profundas que impulsa la E2050 para Colombia Página 265 ◆ 9.2 Relación de estudios de apoyo elaborados para la construcción de la E2050 Página 266 7.1 Anclaje institucional, de monitoreo, seguimiento, y evalua- ción Página 245 ◆ 7.2 Inclusión de consideraciones de largo plazo en planificación, políticas e instrumentos Página 247 ◆ 7.3 Información, capacidades y tecnología para la resiliencia climática Página 249 ◆ 7.4 Implementación pionera de apues- tas y opciones de transformación de la E2050 Página 250 ◆ 7.5 Comunicación y gestión de la transición Página 252 El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 3.1 Contexto y justificación nacional e inter- nacional para la acción Página 53 ◆ 3.2 El cambio climático en Colombia: comporta- miento esperado de la temperatura y la pre- cipitación a mediados del siglo XXI Página 56 ◆ 3.3 Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por sector en Colombia Página 65 ◆ 3.4 Colombia, un país con alto riesgo por cambio climático (periodo 2040- 2070) Página 75 ◆ 3.5 Evaluación de posibles efectos económicos de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad Página 92 Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 4.1 Resiliencia socioecológica como fundamento para la acción climática Página 101 ◆ 4.2 Cons- trucción participativa de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo E2050 Página 108 ◆ 4.3 El camino colombiano hacia la carbono neutralidad Página 111 Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia fundamentales La visión de ColombiaMensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 A 2050 Colombia ambiciona transformarse en una sociedad y una economía resiliente al clima, es decir, carbono neutral y con alta capacidad adaptativa en sus territorios y sectores.', 'Carlos Eduardo Correa Escaf Ministro de ambiente y desarrollo sostenibleCONTENIDO Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Circunstancias nacionales 6.1 Apuestas para alcanzar la resiliencia climática socioecológica en Colombia al 2050 Página 145 ◆ 6.2 Relación entre apuestas de la E2050 Página 183 ◆ 6.3 Medios de implementación para sustentar e impulsar la resiliencia climática Página 196 Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Literatura citada Anexos 9.1 Cuento: “Vientos de cambio: Una historia de carbono neutralidad”, historia para acercar al público infantil (niños de educación básica primaria) las transfor- maciones profundas que impulsa la E2050 para Colombia Página 265 ◆ 9.2 Relación de estudios de apoyo elaborados para la construcción de la E2050 Página 266 7.1 Anclaje institucional, de monitoreo, seguimiento, y evalua- ción Página 245 ◆ 7.2 Inclusión de consideraciones de largo plazo en planificación, políticas e instrumentos Página 247 ◆ 7.3 Información, capacidades y tecnología para la resiliencia climática Página 249 ◆ 7.4 Implementación pionera de apues- tas y opciones de transformación de la E2050 Página 250 ◆ 7.5 Comunicación y gestión de la transición Página 252 El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 3.1 Contexto y justificación nacional e inter- nacional para la acción Página 53 ◆ 3.2 El cambio climático en Colombia: comporta- miento esperado de la temperatura y la pre- cipitación a mediados del siglo XXI Página 56 ◆ 3.3 Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por sector en Colombia Página 65 ◆ 3.4 Colombia, un país con alto riesgo por cambio climático (periodo 2040- 2070) Página 75 ◆ 3.5 Evaluación de posibles efectos económicos de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad Página 92 Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 4.1 Resiliencia socioecológica como fundamento para la acción climática Página 101 ◆ 4.2 Cons- trucción participativa de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo E2050 Página 108 ◆ 4.3 El camino colombiano hacia la carbono neutralidad Página 111 Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia fundamentales La visión de ColombiaMensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 A 2050 Colombia ambiciona transformarse en una sociedad y una economía resiliente al clima, es decir, carbono neutral y con alta capacidad adaptativa en sus territorios y sectores. Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad en 2050 es necesario alcanzar la meta de emisiones presentada en la más reciente NDC de Colombia.', 'Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad en 2050 es necesario alcanzar la meta de emisiones presentada en la más reciente NDC de Colombia. Para esto, es fundamental que antes de 2030 las emisiones nacionales alcancen su nivel más alto (pico), e inicien una trayectoria de decrecimiento. Para la acción generalE2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 En comparación con el plan de rehabilitación económica del Gobierno Nacional ante la crisis presentada por la pandemia COVID-19, las cifras para 2021 y 2022 son muy similares a la pérdida anual esperada (PAE) frente a las amenazas climáticas priorizadas. La acción temprana (de hoy a 5 años) es clave para lograr los objetivos de carbono neutralidad hacia mitad de siglo.', 'La acción temprana (de hoy a 5 años) es clave para lograr los objetivos de carbono neutralidad hacia mitad de siglo. La acción temprana es requerida tanto para iniciar la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero como para señalizar los cambios que deben ser logrados en el mediano y largo plazo. Esta señalización y la acción temprana son necesarios para la apropiada planificación y evitar de este modo el quedar atrapados en la emisión de carbono carbon lock in y disminuir las posibilidades de tener activos hundidos.', 'Esta señalización y la acción temprana son necesarios para la apropiada planificación y evitar de este modo el quedar atrapados en la emisión de carbono carbon lock in y disminuir las posibilidades de tener activos hundidos. La anticipación también es clave para identificar a los sectores que van a ver disminuida su actividad y para asegurar una transición justa de la fuerza laboral hacia los nuevos empleos verdes.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Es prioritario acompañar y generar opciones al sector privado para anticipar y prevenir los riesgos de transición climática (vinculándolos con los riesgos sociales y ambientales), relacionados con la posible depreciación de activos, el acceso y la gestión de los recursos (tiempo y dinero), las necesidades de personal con nuevas cualificaciones, el acceso o la transformación tecnológica y la potencial pérdida de mercados.', 'La anticipación también es clave para identificar a los sectores que van a ver disminuida su actividad y para asegurar una transición justa de la fuerza laboral hacia los nuevos empleos verdes.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Es prioritario acompañar y generar opciones al sector privado para anticipar y prevenir los riesgos de transición climática (vinculándolos con los riesgos sociales y ambientales), relacionados con la posible depreciación de activos, el acceso y la gestión de los recursos (tiempo y dinero), las necesidades de personal con nuevas cualificaciones, el acceso o la transformación tecnológica y la potencial pérdida de mercados. En general, para Colombia, la pérdida anual esperada por cambio climático (en un escenario de RCP 4.5) es de 4.03 billones de pesos.', 'En general, para Colombia, la pérdida anual esperada por cambio climático (en un escenario de RCP 4.5) es de 4.03 billones de pesos. Comparando la PAE con el presupuesto general de la nación para el 2021, resulta que la PAE corresponde al 21.46 % del gasto presupuestado en los rubros de vivienda, agricultura, ambiente y transporte. Para lograr la resiliencia al clima, es fundamental adelantar las acciones necesarias para reducir las desigualdades y brechas socio-económicas y educativas, a nivel nacional agregado y entre regiones, que aumentan significativamente la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Colombia no puede alcanzar la resiliencia climática trabajando sola. El apoyo técnico y financiero de la comunidad internacional será fundamental para lograr este esfuer- zo.', 'El apoyo técnico y financiero de la comunidad internacional será fundamental para lograr este esfuer- zo. El trabajo colaborativo con los países vecinos y de la región permitirá también avanzar en acciones conjuntas que se tra- duzcan en mayor ambición climática. Para avanzar hacia la igualdad de género todas las dimensiones de la acción climática deben integrar enfoque de género. Cada territorio es diferente y por tal motivo, las necesidades, impactos y acciones para cerrar brechas de género dependen de las variaciones y contextos territoriales. Las mujeres y los hombres son agentes importantes de cambio: sus conocimientos son esenciales para las medidas y políticas de adaptación y mitigación, su participación plena y efectiva es primordial en las estrategias de largo plazo. Se deben fomentar las exportaciones no tradicionales, para buscar la com- pensación de la balanza comercial.', 'Se deben fomentar las exportaciones no tradicionales, para buscar la com- pensación de la balanza comercial. El fortalecimiento de la bioeconomía puede presentarse como una excelen- te oportunidad para este propósito.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Para cumplir con lo requerido por la ciencia (1.5 a 2 °C), al 2050 Colombia requiere reducir las emisiones GEI en al rededor del 90 % respecto de las emisiones del 2015, y balancear el 10 % restante con absorciones nacionales proporcionales (10 %), para alcanzar un balance neto cero entre emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero (carbono equivalentes) a partir del año 2050. La carbono neutralidad es un esfuerzo de todos los sectores y territorios. La electricidad deberá jugar un papel muy importante en un futuro carbono neutral.', 'La electricidad deberá jugar un papel muy importante en un futuro carbono neutral. La demanda final de energía debe migrar hacia la electricidad, en todos los casos en los que este energético sea apropiado y la tecnología lo permita. Los escenarios del plan energético nacional indican que bajo las condiciones costo efectivas la electrificación de la matriz se encuentra entre el 18 % y 26 %. Sin embargo, se prevé en las proyecciones de la E2050, que el rango teórico debería estar entre el 40 % y 70 % de los usos finales satisfechos con electricidad, en la medida que se incorporen equipos y procesos más eficientes en todos los sectores. El gas natural permanece en la matriz energética de largo plazo.', 'El gas natural permanece en la matriz energética de largo plazo. Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidadE2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 El sector eléctrico deberá modernizarse y dinamizarse para estar acorde a la diversificación futura de la canasta y asumir el reto de la carbono neutralidad, mientras garantiza la sostenibilidad de los activos en funcionamiento. La nueva expansión deberá sustentarse principalmente en energía renovable (sol, viento, mar, entre otras), sin embargo, por condiciones de confiabilidad la generación fósil tradicional deberá garantizar su carbono neutralidad. El reto para el sector eléctrico, que verá los niveles de actividad de la industria crecer rápidamente, tiene tres componentes (además del tarifario): se debe garantizar la generación limpia, confiable y asequible, se debe asegurar el transporte y la distribución y se requieren mecanismos de operación del sistema más robustos y flexibles, así como modernización regulatoria.', 'El reto para el sector eléctrico, que verá los niveles de actividad de la industria crecer rápidamente, tiene tres componentes (además del tarifario): se debe garantizar la generación limpia, confiable y asequible, se debe asegurar el transporte y la distribución y se requieren mecanismos de operación del sistema más robustos y flexibles, así como modernización regulatoria. Es necesario explorar nuevas generaciones de combustibles para los sectores difíciles de electrificar. Para los usos que con las tecnologías disponibles hoy (2021) no pueden ser electrificados como la aviación y el transporte de carga pesado de larga distancia, debe ser satisfecha con una combinación de combustibles fósiles, combustibles sintéticos a partir de hidrógeno, syngas y biocombustibles sostenibles de segunda y tercera generación.', 'Para los usos que con las tecnologías disponibles hoy (2021) no pueden ser electrificados como la aviación y el transporte de carga pesado de larga distancia, debe ser satisfecha con una combinación de combustibles fósiles, combustibles sintéticos a partir de hidrógeno, syngas y biocombustibles sostenibles de segunda y tercera generación. En los escenarios de carbono neutralidad explorados, los combustibles líquidos fósiles disminuyen su participación.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Para lograr la carbono neutralidad se prevé que sea necesario garantizar al 2050 casi siete veces la electricidad consumida en 2015. Para esto es necesario que Colombia trabaje en impulsar la eficiencia energética (cambios de hábitos, adopción de buenas prácticas, recambios tecnológicos), ciudades inteligentes, economía circular, electrificación del campo, entre otros. La movilidad sostenible deberá jugar un rol central en la carbono neutrali- dad.', 'La movilidad sostenible deberá jugar un rol central en la carbono neutrali- dad. Para ello se deberán electrificar los modos de transporte terrestre, a la vez que se acelera la construcción de infraestructura de recarga y se actuali- za la normatividad para la adopción de diversos tipos de vehículos eléctricos.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 La intensificación sostenible del sector agropecuario es indis- pensable para garantizar tanto la satisfacción de la demanda de alimentos, como la genera- ción de absorciones netas. El sector minero es un actor de relevancia para la transición energética, además de ser un aliado para alcanzar las metas de carbono neutralidad de manera competi- tiva. La transición energética requerirá de un mayor uso de minerales que aporten a la construcción de nueva infraestructura y tecnologías limpias.', 'La transición energética requerirá de un mayor uso de minerales que aporten a la construcción de nueva infraestructura y tecnologías limpias. En el sector ganadero se requie- re una reconversión productiva y la liberación de áreas para au- mentar las absorciones asocia- das al sector AFOLU. En el caso del sector AFOLU es necesaria la prevención en la deforestación y degra- dación de ecosistemas, así como también, aumentar las absorciones bajo diferentes mecanismos como el incremento en las plantaciones forestales comerciales, la res- tauración de ecosistemas y la implementa- ción de sistemas agroforestales y silvopas- toriles, entre otros.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Las tecnologías emergentes pueden desempeñar un rol muy importante en los escenarios de neutralidad en carbono, pero su disponibilidad técnica y económica aún no está confirmada.', 'En el caso del sector AFOLU es necesaria la prevención en la deforestación y degra- dación de ecosistemas, así como también, aumentar las absorciones bajo diferentes mecanismos como el incremento en las plantaciones forestales comerciales, la res- tauración de ecosistemas y la implementa- ción de sistemas agroforestales y silvopas- toriles, entre otros.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Las tecnologías emergentes pueden desempeñar un rol muy importante en los escenarios de neutralidad en carbono, pero su disponibilidad técnica y económica aún no está confirmada. Por lo anterior, el país avanzará en la exploración de esas alternativas sin que se disminuya el esfuerzo en el desarrollo de las opciones más maduras. Se deben fortalecer los sectores no intensivos en emisiones, como es el sector servicios.', 'Se deben fortalecer los sectores no intensivos en emisiones, como es el sector servicios. En este sentido, la economía circular a través del reemplazo de productos por servicios y la creación de nuevos productos, representa una oportunidad. Todas las acciones encaminadas a lograr la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática en Colombia deben incluir transformaciones en los modelos gestión del cambio climático «Hacer visible el impacto diferenciado que el cambio climático tiene entre mujeres y hombres es un elemento central para la incorporación del enfoque de género en las acciones de mitigación y adaptación»1. 1. IDEAM et al.', 'Todas las acciones encaminadas a lograr la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática en Colombia deben incluir transformaciones en los modelos gestión del cambio climático «Hacer visible el impacto diferenciado que el cambio climático tiene entre mujeres y hombres es un elemento central para la incorporación del enfoque de género en las acciones de mitigación y adaptación»1. 1. IDEAM et al. 2018ª.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Para fortalecer la capacidad de adaptación y reducción del riesgo por cambio climático Para lograr la resiliencia climática a 2050 es indispensable detener la defo- restación lo más pronto posible, cada año que el problema continúa tiene impactos muy severos en la estabili- dad territorial de las áreas donde ocu- rre y del país en general. Los ecosis- temas naturales son irremplazables y prestan una gran cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos claves para el bienestar humano.', 'Los ecosis- temas naturales son irremplazables y prestan una gran cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos claves para el bienestar humano. Colombia deberá reducir la vulnerabilidad de sus municipios y departamentos a categorías bajo o muy bajo (≤ 0.4), con relación a la clasificación actual de alto (0.88)2; y deberá reducir los daños y pérdidas causados por cambio climático, con un enfoque territorial integral y multisectorial. 2. De acuerdo con los resultados de la Tercera Comunicación de Cambio Climático (IDEAM et al. 2017).E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Es urgente y necesario acelerar las acciones de restauración ecológica en las áreas de ecosistemas nativos degradados que sean terrestres, marinos, costeros e insulares. La restauración es fundamental para intentar recuperar no solo la estructura y composición de los ecosistemas amenazados, sino la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos claves para fortalecer las capacidades de adaptación.', 'La restauración es fundamental para intentar recuperar no solo la estructura y composición de los ecosistemas amenazados, sino la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos claves para fortalecer las capacidades de adaptación. Se plantea como estrategia de adaptación para el país la combinación de medidas para las amenazas y sectores analizados que logran un beneficio del 50 % del máximo posible (en términos de reducción de la PAE). Así, la combinación de medidas para reducir los riesgos por inundaciones, huracanes, mareas de tormenta, deslizamientos, incendios forestales y sequías son una estrategia de adaptación que logra un beneficio del 50 % del máximo de la pérdida anual esperada. Esto tiene un costo en valor presente aproximado e indicativo de $7.800.000 millones de pesos/año.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Sin considerar la producción para exporta- ción, la producción agropecuaria debe apro- ximadamente duplicarse para 2050.', 'Esto tiene un costo en valor presente aproximado e indicativo de $7.800.000 millones de pesos/año.E2050 Mensajes estratégicos de la E2050 Sin considerar la producción para exporta- ción, la producción agropecuaria debe apro- ximadamente duplicarse para 2050. Para esto se requiere, en promedio, un aumento del orden del 70 % en la productividad agro- pecuaria para garantizar que el aumento en la demanda por el suelo no supere el 30 %. Esto permitiría acomodar nuevos usos del suelo (para producción de biomasa para la generación de energía o para combustibles líquidos) en un orden de hasta dos millones de hectáreas, sin sobrepasar el límite de la frontera agrícola establecida por el país y preservando áreas suficientes para el desa- rrollo de la restauración ecológica.', 'Esto permitiría acomodar nuevos usos del suelo (para producción de biomasa para la generación de energía o para combustibles líquidos) en un orden de hasta dos millones de hectáreas, sin sobrepasar el límite de la frontera agrícola establecida por el país y preservando áreas suficientes para el desa- rrollo de la restauración ecológica. El uso de tecnologías agropecuarias orien- tadas a la preservación de la salud del sue- lo es indispensable para el aumento de la productividad, el aumento de la captura de carbono en el sector y la sostenibilidad. La intensificación del sector agropecuario no puede seguir la impronta del uso de tecno- logías que impactan negativamente la sa- lud de los suelos e incentivan las emisiones del carbono depositado en ellos.', 'La intensificación del sector agropecuario no puede seguir la impronta del uso de tecno- logías que impactan negativamente la sa- lud de los suelos e incentivan las emisiones del carbono depositado en ellos. En el sec- tor agropecuario, aparte de la siembra de especies perennes, la adopción de prácticas tecnológicas que aumenten la entrada de carbono al suelo o disminuyan su pérdida, proporcionan la mejor opción para hacer mitigación en el sector y generan cobene- ficios en términos de mayor productividad física por unidad de área, mayor retención de nitrógeno en el suelo y mayor capacidad de retención de agua en el suelo.Circunstancias nacionales Circunstancias nacionales ECOSISTEMAS ESTRATÉGICOS EXTENSIÓN (IGAC, 2020) GRUPOS ÉTNICOS DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN EN EL TERRITORIO ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS Glaciares (año 2017) Páramos Humedales Superficie cubierta por bosque natural (ha) Bosque seco Manglares: 285.049 ha (MinAmbiente, 2011a). Bosque andino seco: 7.545 ha. Bosque basal seco: 108.191 ha.', 'Bosque basal seco: 108.191 ha. Bosque de galería basa seco: 165.463 ha. Bosque subandino seco: 49.346 ha. Litoral Caribe: 90.169.58 ha. Litoral Pacífico: 194.880 ha. 36.7 km2 (2017) (IDEAM, 2018). 2.906.137 ha (2013). 30.781.149 ha (2015) (Flórez, y otros, 2016). 60.025.731 (2018) (IDEAM, 2019a). 1.343 áreas protegidas - 31.408.466 ha. POBLACIÓN COLOMBIA 48.8 % hombres Áreas protegidas terrestres: 18.591.285 ha. Áreas protegidas marinas: 12.817.181 ha. Negra, afrocolombiana, raizal y palenquera: 4.671.160 personas (DANE, 2019a). Población indígena: 1.905.617 personas (DANE, 2019b). Población gitana o rrom: 2.649 personas (DANE, 2019c). (MinAmbiente e Instituto Humboldt, 2013). resguardos indígenas en 28 departamentos, que cubren 32.022.970 ha (Mosquera, Tapia y Tamayo, 2016). consejos comunitarios de comunidades negras cuyos territorios ascienden a 5.502.002 ha (Mosquera, Tapia y Tamayo, 2016).', 'consejos comunitarios de comunidades negras cuyos territorios ascienden a 5.502.002 ha (Mosquera, Tapia y Tamayo, 2016). zonas de reserva campesina que cubren 851.010 ha (Mosquera, Tapia y Tamayo, 2016). se ubica en cabeceras municipales. se ubica en zona rural dispersa. se ubica en centros poblados. Mapa de ecosistemas continentales, costeros y marinos 2017 (MinAmbiente, 2020). 32 departamentos y 1.123 municipios Extensión de superficie: habitantes. Administrativamente, se divide en: Superficie terrestre Área submarina: (Marca País Colombia, 2021).', 'Administrativamente, se divide en: Superficie terrestre Área submarina: (Marca País Colombia, 2021). Las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes en Colombia son titulares de territorios donde se encuentra el 53.4 % de los bosques naturales, encontrando el 46.1 % en resguardos indígenas y el 7.3 % en territorios colectivos de comunidades negras o afrocolombianas (IDEAM 2017).E2050 Circunstancias nacionales ACCESO A SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS JEFATURA DE HOGARES (2005 a 2018) Energía eléctrica Acueducto Alcantarillado Recolección de basuras Internet (fijo o móvil) Gas natural conectado a red pública (DANE, 2018b). ESPERANZA DE VIDA AL NACER TOTAL DE HOGARES (2018) Mujeres 77.1 años 14.243.223, casi 4 millones de hogares más que en 2005 (10.570.899) 29.9 % a mujeres 70.1 % a hombres Hombres 70.2 años (DANE 2015-2020)(MinAmbiente, 2020). (DANE, 2018b). ALFABETISMO NIVELES EDUCATIVOS ÍNDICE DE POBREZA ÍNDICE DE GINI BRECHA DE POBREZA DE $3.20 USD al día: Nivel de alfabetismo en mujeres 97.7 % (15 a 24 años).', 'ALFABETISMO NIVELES EDUCATIVOS ÍNDICE DE POBREZA ÍNDICE DE GINI BRECHA DE POBREZA DE $3.20 USD al día: Nivel de alfabetismo en mujeres 97.7 % (15 a 24 años). Nivel de alfabetismo en hombres 95.7 % (15 a 24 años). Cobertura bruta del servicio de educación básica del 100 % (PNUD, 2015). (De población económicamente activa) (Banco Mundial, 2021a). con educación básica primaria. con educación básica secundaria. con educación media. con educación profesional o tecnológica. con educación universitaria. postgrado. total nacional. cabecera. centros poblados y rural disperso. El porcentaje de inseguridad alimentaria en el país es del 54.20 %, 52.5 % en las cabeceras y 64.1 % en el resto (ANDI, 2019).', 'El porcentaje de inseguridad alimentaria en el país es del 54.20 %, 52.5 % en las cabeceras y 64.1 % en el resto (ANDI, 2019). La probabilidad de no contar con un sustento económico propio por parte de las mujeres (27.5 %) es casi tres veces mayor que la de los hombres (10.2 %).', 'La probabilidad de no contar con un sustento económico propio por parte de las mujeres (27.5 %) es casi tres veces mayor que la de los hombres (10.2 %). CONTRIBUCIÓN POR ACTIVIDAD ECONOMÍA Y DESARROLLO PIB CORRIENTE (2019) USD 327.895.0 millones PIB PER CÁPITA (2019) USD 15.541.2 COMPOSICIÓN DEL PIB POR SECTOR ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA MILES DE MILLONES DE PESOS TASA DE CRECIMIENTO ANUAL (%) Primario: 13.6 % Secundario: 19.1 % Terciario: 67.3 % Agricultura, ganadería, caza, silvicultura y pesca Explotación de minas y canteras Industrias manufactureras Información y comunicaciones Actividades financieras y de seguros Actividades inmobiliarias Actividades profesionales, científicas y técnicas Administración pública y defensa, educación y salud Actividades artísticas, de entretenimiento y recreación y otras actividades de servicios Construcción Suministro de electricidad, gas, vapor y aire acondicionado Comercio al por mayor y al por menor, transporte, alojamiento y servicios de comida del consumo de energía a nivel nacional corresponde a las edificaciones y del total de GEI son generados por el sector edificador (MinVivienda, 2020).', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN POR ACTIVIDAD ECONOMÍA Y DESARROLLO PIB CORRIENTE (2019) USD 327.895.0 millones PIB PER CÁPITA (2019) USD 15.541.2 COMPOSICIÓN DEL PIB POR SECTOR ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA MILES DE MILLONES DE PESOS TASA DE CRECIMIENTO ANUAL (%) Primario: 13.6 % Secundario: 19.1 % Terciario: 67.3 % Agricultura, ganadería, caza, silvicultura y pesca Explotación de minas y canteras Industrias manufactureras Información y comunicaciones Actividades financieras y de seguros Actividades inmobiliarias Actividades profesionales, científicas y técnicas Administración pública y defensa, educación y salud Actividades artísticas, de entretenimiento y recreación y otras actividades de servicios Construcción Suministro de electricidad, gas, vapor y aire acondicionado Comercio al por mayor y al por menor, transporte, alojamiento y servicios de comida del consumo de energía a nivel nacional corresponde a las edificaciones y del total de GEI son generados por el sector edificador (MinVivienda, 2020). TASA DE DESEMPLEO 2017 nacional hombres urbano rural 23.5 % mujeres (DANE 2020 GEIH).', 'TASA DE DESEMPLEO 2017 nacional hombres urbano rural 23.5 % mujeres (DANE 2020 GEIH). • Un 16.7 % de la población ocupada: sector agricultura, 12 % en el sector industrial, 26.8 % en el sector comercio y 36.7 % en el sector servicios (DNP, 2018a). • En 2019 los empleos asociados a las actividades ambientales ascendieron a 155.419 puestos. De estos, 85.722 (55 %) cumplieron las características establecidas para ser empleos verdes (DANE, 2020c). • Las MYPIMES representan • A 2020 había 17 MILLONES DE EMPLEOS del tejido empresarial, aportan al PIB, representan de las exportaciones, más de del sector productivo nacional y generan más de (80 % del empleo de toda Colombia) (MinTrabajo, 2019a); (Monterrosa Blanco, 2019).', '• Las MYPIMES representan • A 2020 había 17 MILLONES DE EMPLEOS del tejido empresarial, aportan al PIB, representan de las exportaciones, más de del sector productivo nacional y generan más de (80 % del empleo de toda Colombia) (MinTrabajo, 2019a); (Monterrosa Blanco, 2019). vehículos eléctricos registrados en el país: (53 %) ciclomotor (16 %) automóvil (13 %) motocicleta y (18 %) otras clases de los 16.042.336 vehículos que conforman el parque automotor nacional (RUNT, 2020a). ApenasE2050 Circunstancias nacionales MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA COLOMBIA ktep (MILES DE TONELADAS eq DE PETRÓLEO) (UPME 2021a) Demanda de energía 1990-2018 - ktep - Carbón Petróleo Derivados Gas Natural Biomasa Electricidad Oferta de energía 1990-2018 - ktep Carbón Hidroelectricidad Solar / eólico Gas natural Biomasa Comb.', 'ApenasE2050 Circunstancias nacionales MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA COLOMBIA ktep (MILES DE TONELADAS eq DE PETRÓLEO) (UPME 2021a) Demanda de energía 1990-2018 - ktep - Carbón Petróleo Derivados Gas Natural Biomasa Electricidad Oferta de energía 1990-2018 - ktep Carbón Hidroelectricidad Solar / eólico Gas natural Biomasa Comb. líquidos -Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo En 2015, con la puesta en marcha de la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la suscripción del Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático, el mundo logró comprom- isos políticos muy importantes para acentuar el viraje hacia las transformaciones profundas y necesarias que conducen a un mayor bienestar humano, sustentado en el equilibrio entre las variables económicas y medioambientales, inte- grando e involucrando a todos los sectores de las sociedades.', 'líquidos -Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo En 2015, con la puesta en marcha de la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la suscripción del Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático, el mundo logró comprom- isos políticos muy importantes para acentuar el viraje hacia las transformaciones profundas y necesarias que conducen a un mayor bienestar humano, sustentado en el equilibrio entre las variables económicas y medioambientales, inte- grando e involucrando a todos los sectores de las sociedades. En sintonía con esto, el Reporte Especial 1.5 °C, presentado por el IPCC en 2018, concluyó que es necesario aunar los esfuerzos para limitar, a mediados del siglo XXI, el aumen- to de la temperatura media del planeta a solo 1.5 °C respecto de la temperatura promedio existente en la era preindustrial (antes de 1750), ya que, comparado con un aumento de 2 °C, el número de personas, tanto expuestas a riesgos relacionados con el clima, como el de aquellas susceptibles de quedar en situación de pobreza, se podrían reducir en varios cientos de millones para 2050.', 'En sintonía con esto, el Reporte Especial 1.5 °C, presentado por el IPCC en 2018, concluyó que es necesario aunar los esfuerzos para limitar, a mediados del siglo XXI, el aumen- to de la temperatura media del planeta a solo 1.5 °C respecto de la temperatura promedio existente en la era preindustrial (antes de 1750), ya que, comparado con un aumento de 2 °C, el número de personas, tanto expuestas a riesgos relacionados con el clima, como el de aquellas susceptibles de quedar en situación de pobreza, se podrían reducir en varios cientos de millones para 2050. Para lograr este objetivo, es necesario que los países alcancen cuanto antes, a través de transiciones rápidas y ambiciosas en fuentes de energía, uso del suelo, infraestructura, industria y manejo de residuos, el pico de sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), y a partir de allí, avancen en una acelerada reducción de emisiones para lograr un planeta con clima neutro para mediados de siglo (2050).', 'Para lograr este objetivo, es necesario que los países alcancen cuanto antes, a través de transiciones rápidas y ambiciosas en fuentes de energía, uso del suelo, infraestructura, industria y manejo de residuos, el pico de sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), y a partir de allí, avancen en una acelerada reducción de emisiones para lograr un planeta con clima neutro para mediados de siglo (2050). El Acuerdo de París, como principal instrumento para impulsar este cambio, establece en su artí- culo 2 la necesidad de «aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efec- to invernadero».', 'El Acuerdo de París, como principal instrumento para impulsar este cambio, establece en su artí- culo 2 la necesidad de «aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efec- to invernadero». Para lograr esto, cada país cuen- ta con dos instrumentos principales que deben formar parte de una misma estrategia de acción, por un lado, las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (NDC), que son instrumentos vinculantes para establecer la ruta de acción inmediata (corto plazo) para empezar a reducir ambiciosamente las emisiones de GEI y adap- tarse a los efectos del aumento de las tempera- turas (artículo 3).', 'Para lograr esto, cada país cuen- ta con dos instrumentos principales que deben formar parte de una misma estrategia de acción, por un lado, las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (NDC), que son instrumentos vinculantes para establecer la ruta de acción inmediata (corto plazo) para empezar a reducir ambiciosamente las emisiones de GEI y adap- tarse a los efectos del aumento de las tempera- turas (artículo 3). Por otro lado, «Todas las partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernade- ro, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respec- tivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales» (artículo 4.19).', 'Por otro lado, «Todas las partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernade- ro, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respec- tivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales» (artículo 4.19). El horizonte defini- do internacionalmente para estas estrategias de largo plazo (LTS, por sus siglas en inglés), es precisamente 2050. Con todas estas acciones, los países miembros reconocen que se redu- cirán considerablemente los riesgos y los efec- tos del cambio climático, promoviendo así la resiliencia al clima (ONU, 2015).', 'Con todas estas acciones, los países miembros reconocen que se redu- cirán considerablemente los riesgos y los efec- tos del cambio climático, promoviendo así la resiliencia al clima (ONU, 2015). Las estrategias 3.1 Contexto y justificación nacional e internacional para la acciónMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo de largo plazo, aunque son de carácter volun- tario, marcan el horizonte hacia donde las NDC y otras políticas relacionadas, a nivel nacional y subnacional, deben evolucionar para llevar al país a cumplir con las transformaciones necesar- ias. Aunque las estrategias de largo plazo tienen un carácter voluntario, sitúan a las NDC en el contexto de las prioridades de planificación y desarrollo a largo plazo de los países, proporcio- nando una visión y dirección para el desarrollo futuro (UNFCCC, 2021).', 'Aunque las estrategias de largo plazo tienen un carácter voluntario, sitúan a las NDC en el contexto de las prioridades de planificación y desarrollo a largo plazo de los países, proporcio- nando una visión y dirección para el desarrollo futuro (UNFCCC, 2021). Estas LTS deben considerarse como instrumen- tos de política que orienten la acción del Estado a nivel nacional, regional y local en materia de cambio climático, más allá del esfuerzo de un gobierno particular, manteniendo la coherencia, evitando la duplicidad y concretado su segui- miento y medición, en total consonancia con las demás acciones nacionales de desarrollo. No obstante, Colombia no puede alcanzar la resilien- cia climática trabajando sola. El apoyo técnico y financiero de la comunidad internacional será fundamental para lograr este esfuerzo.', 'El apoyo técnico y financiero de la comunidad internacional será fundamental para lograr este esfuerzo. El trabajo colaborativo con los países vecinos y de la región permitirá también avanzar en acciones conjuntas que se traduzcan en mayor ambición climática. A partir de la ratificación del Acuerdo de París en 2017 (Ley 1844 de 2017), el país comenzó el trabajo para actualizar su NDC y para formu- lar su LTS, es así como, durante el 2019, bajo el liderazgo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible (MinAmbiente) y el Depar- tamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), se elaboró la hoja de ruta para la formulación de la E2050 de Colombia, la cual fue establecida por la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático (CICC) el 13 de septiembre de ese mismo año.', 'A partir de la ratificación del Acuerdo de París en 2017 (Ley 1844 de 2017), el país comenzó el trabajo para actualizar su NDC y para formu- lar su LTS, es así como, durante el 2019, bajo el liderazgo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desar- rollo Sostenible (MinAmbiente) y el Depar- tamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), se elaboró la hoja de ruta para la formulación de la E2050 de Colombia, la cual fue establecida por la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático (CICC) el 13 de septiembre de ese mismo año. En ese mismo mes, durante el Climate Action Summit de Nueva York, el señor presidente de la República, Iván Duque Márquez (2018-2022) anunció la intención de que el país haga parte de la coalición para alcanzar la carbono neutral- idad en 2050, un objetivo que ha ratificado en diversas ocasiones.', 'En ese mismo mes, durante el Climate Action Summit de Nueva York, el señor presidente de la República, Iván Duque Márquez (2018-2022) anunció la intención de que el país haga parte de la coalición para alcanzar la carbono neutral- idad en 2050, un objetivo que ha ratificado en diversas ocasiones. La construcción ampliamente participativa de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050, fue posible gracias al apoyo del Gobierno Francés a través de sus agencias de cooperación financiera y técnica, AFD y Expertise France, a través de los fondos de la Facilité 2050.', 'La construcción ampliamente participativa de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050, fue posible gracias al apoyo del Gobierno Francés a través de sus agencias de cooperación financiera y técnica, AFD y Expertise France, a través de los fondos de la Facilité 2050. Además, el valioso y permanente apoyo al proceso por parte de aliados estratégicos como el World Resources Institute (WRI), el Banco Interam- ericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), permitió el logro de los objetivos planteados en los tiempos esperados. Respecto a la implementación de la E2050 esta deberá realizarse de forma integral, no fragmentando su acción entre sectores o acto- res con intereses particulares.', 'Respecto a la implementación de la E2050 esta deberá realizarse de forma integral, no fragmentando su acción entre sectores o acto- res con intereses particulares. Así también, es fundamental no distraer la acción persiguiendo solo objetivos de muy corto plazo en territorios y sectores que lleven a inversiones equivocadas, o a la dispersión de recursos nacionales o de coop- eración internacional.', 'Así también, es fundamental no distraer la acción persiguiendo solo objetivos de muy corto plazo en territorios y sectores que lleven a inversiones equivocadas, o a la dispersión de recursos nacionales o de coop- eración internacional. Es fundamental articular el camino de construcción de carbono neutralidad y fortalecimiento de las capacidades de adapta- ción con el desarrollo de otros ejercicios estratégi- cos nacionales para la lucha contra el cambio climático, tales como, la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono (ECDBC), el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), la Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques (EICDGB) y los Planes Territoria- les y Sectoriales de Gestión del Cambio Climático (PIGCC), las Acciones de Mitigación Nacional- mente Apropiadas (NAMA) y otros instrumentos alineados para la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad como la Política de Crecimiento Verde y los ODS.', 'Es fundamental articular el camino de construcción de carbono neutralidad y fortalecimiento de las capacidades de adapta- ción con el desarrollo de otros ejercicios estratégi- cos nacionales para la lucha contra el cambio climático, tales como, la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono (ECDBC), el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), la Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques (EICDGB) y los Planes Territoria- les y Sectoriales de Gestión del Cambio Climático (PIGCC), las Acciones de Mitigación Nacional- mente Apropiadas (NAMA) y otros instrumentos alineados para la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad como la Política de Crecimiento Verde y los ODS. De esta manera, se creará la masa crítica nece- saria para impulsar la transformación deseada.', 'De esta manera, se creará la masa crítica nece- saria para impulsar la transformación deseada. Avanzar en la construcción del camino hacia la resiliencia climática exige coherencia entre las políticas e instrumentos públicos y privados. Independiente de que los referentes numéricos contenidos en la E2050 no constituyen metas vinculantes ni para los sectores, ni para los terri- torios —dada la amplitud temática, el extenso horizonte temporal y el carácter aspiracional y no vinculante de esta—, es importante entend- er que precisamente estas guías indicativas del cambio mínimo necesario para alcanzar la resil- iencia climática son la oportunidad para orientar todas esas acciones y ambiciones sectoriales y territoriales hacia una visión común.', 'Independiente de que los referentes numéricos contenidos en la E2050 no constituyen metas vinculantes ni para los sectores, ni para los terri- torios —dada la amplitud temática, el extenso horizonte temporal y el carácter aspiracional y no vinculante de esta—, es importante entend- er que precisamente estas guías indicativas del cambio mínimo necesario para alcanzar la resil- iencia climática son la oportunidad para orientar todas esas acciones y ambiciones sectoriales y territoriales hacia una visión común. Por esto, la E2050 debe entenderse como un «documento vivo», el cual, con el pasar de los años y el avance de la información científica y de la gobernanza climática, puede ser actualizado, complementa- do, ajustado y adaptado para no perder vigencia y apoyar el cumplimiento de los compromisos del país, contribuyendo a construir una visión a 2050 que sea coherente y congruente con los esfuerzos en el marco de la CBD, IPBES, UNFCCC y UNCCD, entre otros acuerdos multilaterales.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.2 El cambio climático en Colombia comportamiento esperado de la temperatura y la precipitación a mediados del siglo XXI Los escenarios de cambio climático para Colom- bia (2011-2100) elaborados en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la UNFCCC (TCCN) (IDEAM et al.', 'Por esto, la E2050 debe entenderse como un «documento vivo», el cual, con el pasar de los años y el avance de la información científica y de la gobernanza climática, puede ser actualizado, complementa- do, ajustado y adaptado para no perder vigencia y apoyar el cumplimiento de los compromisos del país, contribuyendo a construir una visión a 2050 que sea coherente y congruente con los esfuerzos en el marco de la CBD, IPBES, UNFCCC y UNCCD, entre otros acuerdos multilaterales.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.2 El cambio climático en Colombia comportamiento esperado de la temperatura y la precipitación a mediados del siglo XXI Los escenarios de cambio climático para Colom- bia (2011-2100) elaborados en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la UNFCCC (TCCN) (IDEAM et al. 2017) muestran que el comportamiento de la temperatura media anual hacia mediados del siglo XXI (2040-2070) puede sufrir un aumento gradual de hasta 1.6 °C en promedio.', '2017) muestran que el comportamiento de la temperatura media anual hacia mediados del siglo XXI (2040-2070) puede sufrir un aumento gradual de hasta 1.6 °C en promedio. Estos aumentos pueden continuar hasta alcanzar en 2100 los 2.1 °C de aumen- to en áreas continentales. De otro lado, el compor- tamiento esperado de la precipitación muestra, al igual que en el caso de la temperatura, cambios no uniformes en el país, registrando posibles aumentos hacia mediados del siglo, principalmente en algunos sectores de la Región Andina, al tiempo que en otras regiones geográficas como el Caribe y la Amazonía se pueden producir reducciones de las lluvias que alcancen entre el 10 % y 40 % (IDEAM et al. 2015; 2017).', 'De otro lado, el compor- tamiento esperado de la precipitación muestra, al igual que en el caso de la temperatura, cambios no uniformes en el país, registrando posibles aumentos hacia mediados del siglo, principalmente en algunos sectores de la Región Andina, al tiempo que en otras regiones geográficas como el Caribe y la Amazonía se pueden producir reducciones de las lluvias que alcancen entre el 10 % y 40 % (IDEAM et al. 2015; 2017). Complementario a lo anterior, y buscando una aproximación más detallada para la modelación de amenazas que permitan aproximarse al ries- go prospectivo en 2050 por cambio climático en Colombia, se corrió el modelo HadGEM2-AO3 consid- erando los diferentes escenarios de RCP (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5), con el objetivo de considerar múltiples escenar- ios futuros y cuál sería su efecto en la estimación del riesgo por fenómenos hidrometeorológicos.', 'Complementario a lo anterior, y buscando una aproximación más detallada para la modelación de amenazas que permitan aproximarse al ries- go prospectivo en 2050 por cambio climático en Colombia, se corrió el modelo HadGEM2-AO3 consid- erando los diferentes escenarios de RCP (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5), con el objetivo de considerar múltiples escenar- ios futuros y cuál sería su efecto en la estimación del riesgo por fenómenos hidrometeorológicos. Las evaluaciones del cambio climático indican, en términos porcentuales, una disminución de la precipitación en promedio del 11 % con valores tan altos como 51 % en reducción de las lluvias y aumen- to en la temperatura media de 5.4 °C en el escenario RCP 8.5 en el largo plazo.', 'Las evaluaciones del cambio climático indican, en términos porcentuales, una disminución de la precipitación en promedio del 11 % con valores tan altos como 51 % en reducción de las lluvias y aumen- to en la temperatura media de 5.4 °C en el escenario RCP 8.5 en el largo plazo. La reducción de la precip- itación se presenta en mayor medida hacia el noreste del país, mientras que el aumento de temperatu- ra es mayor hacia el sureste para el escenario RCP 8.5. En el desarrollo de los modelos de amenaza, se trabajó exclusivamente con las proyecciones al peri- odo 2040-2070 (figuras 1 y 2). 3.', 'En el desarrollo de los modelos de amenaza, se trabajó exclusivamente con las proyecciones al peri- odo 2040-2070 (figuras 1 y 2). 3. El modelo de circulación global HadGEM2-AO (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2) resultó ser el más adecuado para las condiciones de Colombia, ya que minimiza las diferencias entre los registros históricos y las predicciones en la mayor extensión del territorio (es decir, en el mayor número de estaciones o puntos de la malla de análisis). Este modelo considera los componentes de troposfera, superficie terrestre e hidrología, aerosoles, océa- no y hielo marino. HadGEM2-AO fue desarrollado por el Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) del Reino Unido. [%] Precipitación Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 1.', '[%] Precipitación Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 1. Mapas de cambio porcentual en la precipitación diaria según variaciones de cada RCP del modelo de circulación global HadGEM2-AO, Colombia Fuente: (E2050-INGENIAR, 2021). [°C] Temperatura Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 2.', '[°C] Temperatura Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 2. Mapas de cambio absoluto en la temperatura según variaciones de cada RCP del modelo de circulación global HadGEM2-AO, Colombia Fuente: (E2050: INGENIAR, 2021).TSM TSM Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Ahora bien, con relación a los ecosistemas coste- ros y marinos, las proyecciones de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) bajo el escenario RCP 6.0: Caribe y Pacífico4 muestran que en el Caribe hacia 2040 los mayores valores se observarán en los sectores sur y occidental, con aumentos supe- riores a 0.55 °C; mientras los menores se esperan hacia la zona oceánica adyacente al cabo de La Vela y frente a las costas de Atlántico y Bolívar, donde se esperan aumentos cercanos a los 0.5 °C.', 'Mapas de cambio absoluto en la temperatura según variaciones de cada RCP del modelo de circulación global HadGEM2-AO, Colombia Fuente: (E2050: INGENIAR, 2021).TSM TSM Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Ahora bien, con relación a los ecosistemas coste- ros y marinos, las proyecciones de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) bajo el escenario RCP 6.0: Caribe y Pacífico4 muestran que en el Caribe hacia 2040 los mayores valores se observarán en los sectores sur y occidental, con aumentos supe- riores a 0.55 °C; mientras los menores se esperan hacia la zona oceánica adyacente al cabo de La Vela y frente a las costas de Atlántico y Bolívar, donde se esperan aumentos cercanos a los 0.5 °C. Hacia 2070 se esperan los mayores valores en las áreas aledañas al litoral sur, donde la TSM media se estima puede ser superior a 1 °C.', 'Hacia 2070 se esperan los mayores valores en las áreas aledañas al litoral sur, donde la TSM media se estima puede ser superior a 1 °C. Los meno- res valores se esperan nuevamente para el sector oceánico adyacente al cabo de La Vela, donde los incrementos esperados son cercanos a 0.85 °C. En el sector del Caribe central y en gran parte del Caribe occidental se espera que la TSM media aumente entre 0.9 y 1 °C. Para el año 2070 se seguirá manifestando la diferencia espacial entre el sector nororiental y suroccidental del Caribe colombiano, siendo este último el que continúe presentando mayores valores de TSM. En contraste, los menores valores se presentarán al nororiente.', 'En contraste, los menores valores se presentarán al nororiente. Finalmente, hacia 2100 se esperan altos valores en la parte sur del litoral Caribe colombiano, en las cercanías del golfo de Morrosquillo, donde se podrían regis- trar aumentos hasta 1.5 °C. Durante este periodo, los menores incrementos se esperan en la zona oceánica nororiental. En el Caribe central y occi- dental (alrededor del archipiélago), se esperan aumentos entre 1.4 y 1.5 °C, y la variación espa- cial del Caribe descrita anteriormente continuará manifestándose, con menores valores frente a La Guajira. El área insular y el Caribe central colombi- ano presentarán un conjunto de valores interme- dios de entre 27 y 28.5 °C; mientras que el sector más cálido continuará siendo el suroccidental con máximos alrededor de 30 °C.', 'El área insular y el Caribe central colombi- ano presentarán un conjunto de valores interme- dios de entre 27 y 28.5 °C; mientras que el sector más cálido continuará siendo el suroccidental con máximos alrededor de 30 °C. Por su parte, hacia 2040, en el Pacífico, se espe- ran los mayores aumentos de TSM en los secto- res marítimos aledaños a la costa sur del Chocó y norte del Valle, con valores superiores a los 0.7 °C. Los menores incrementos se esperan para la región del Pacífico sur colombiano, con aumentos inferi- ores a 0.4 °C en las áreas aledañas Cauca y Nariño y hacia el suroccidente de la cuenca pacífica.', 'Los menores incrementos se esperan para la región del Pacífico sur colombiano, con aumentos inferi- ores a 0.4 °C en las áreas aledañas Cauca y Nariño y hacia el suroccidente de la cuenca pacífica. En el área de influencia del jet de Panamá se esper- an incrementos en torno a los 0.5 °C y en el sector central del Pacífico se esperan aumentos entre 0.45 y 0.6 °C, siendo menores en cercanías al lito- ral del departamento del Valle. Estos aumentos tendrán como consecuencias valores de TSM máximos frente a las costas chocoanas en el año 2040. A 2070 se espera que los mayores aumen- tos de TSM se presenten en el sector marítimo aledaño al litoral sur del Chocó.', 'A 2070 se espera que los mayores aumen- tos de TSM se presenten en el sector marítimo aledaño al litoral sur del Chocó. Los valores míni- mos por su parte, se estiman que sean registra- dos en el Pacífico suroccidental, frente a la costa de Nariño y en el área de influencia del jet de Panamá (entre 0.85 y 0.9 °C). Figura 3. Escenario RCP 6.0. cambio de la TSM (°C) en el periodo 2011-2040, Fuente: (INVEMAR et al. 2017). 4. El detalle de estas proyecciones, así como de las proyec- ciones de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) bajo esce- nario RCP 4.5: Caribe y Pacífico se encuentran disponibles en el Informe técnico final del análisis de vulnerabilidad marino costero ante el cambio climático para el país (Contrato PNUD No.', 'El detalle de estas proyecciones, así como de las proyec- ciones de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) bajo esce- nario RCP 4.5: Caribe y Pacífico se encuentran disponibles en el Informe técnico final del análisis de vulnerabilidad marino costero ante el cambio climático para el país (Contrato PNUD No. 0000040357) de 2017.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo En el sector central del Pacífico colombiano, entre los 3 y 4 °N, se esperan aumentos de TSM media entre 0.95 y 1.1 °C. Teniendo en cuenta estos aumentos, la TSM al año 2070 presentará los menores valores en el área afectada por los vientos del jet de Panamá y estarán entre 26.5 y 28 °C.', 'Teniendo en cuenta estos aumentos, la TSM al año 2070 presentará los menores valores en el área afectada por los vientos del jet de Panamá y estarán entre 26.5 y 28 °C. Por el contrario, los mayores valores de TSM podrán ser detectados frente a las costas chocoanas con máximos alrededor de 28.95 °C; mientras que el resto del litoral Pacífico colombi- ano presentará registros cercanos a 28 °C. Hacia 2100, nuevamente el mayor aumento es espera- do frente al litoral sur del Chocó y norte del Valle, en los cuales se presentarán aumentos cercanos a los 2 °C.', 'Hacia 2100, nuevamente el mayor aumento es espera- do frente al litoral sur del Chocó y norte del Valle, en los cuales se presentarán aumentos cercanos a los 2 °C. Los menores valores de cambio en la TSM media se estiman para el Pacífico sur, frente al litoral de Nariño y en el área de influencia del jet de Panamá, donde se presentarían aumentos inferiores a 1.3 °C. En el sector del Pacífico central se esperan aumentos de TSM media entre 1.45 y 1.6 °C. El área que tiene afectación por los vientos del jet de Panamá será la más fría, con una TSM fluctuante entre 27 y 28 °C.', 'El área que tiene afectación por los vientos del jet de Panamá será la más fría, con una TSM fluctuante entre 27 y 28 °C. La zona costera de Nariño, Cauca y Valle, presentará valores entre 27.5 y 28 °C, mientras que la zona más cálida será el litoral chocoano con TSM que pueden llegar a los 30 °C (INVEMAR et al., 2017).', 'La zona costera de Nariño, Cauca y Valle, presentará valores entre 27.5 y 28 °C, mientras que la zona más cálida será el litoral chocoano con TSM que pueden llegar a los 30 °C (INVEMAR et al., 2017). Los principales impactos que Colombia viene sufriendo, asociados al cambio climático, son: la pérdida acelerada de los nevados y glaciares de alta montaña (IDEAM, 2019a); impactos signif- icativos en la variabilidad climática (aumento de lluvias por encima del percentil 95 y en otros momentos del año y otras regiones, aumento de las sequías) (IDEAM, et al., 2017); el aumen- to en el número de huracanes que afectan las costas e islas colombianas en el caribe de manera directa o indirecta (coletazos) (Ortiz, 2012); blan- queamiento de corales (WWF, 2019); extinción de especies (MinAmbiente, 2018); pérdida de recursos hídricos (IDEAM, 2019b) y aumento en la susceptibilidad a la desertificación del área conti- nental (IDEAM, 2012).', 'Los principales impactos que Colombia viene sufriendo, asociados al cambio climático, son: la pérdida acelerada de los nevados y glaciares de alta montaña (IDEAM, 2019a); impactos signif- icativos en la variabilidad climática (aumento de lluvias por encima del percentil 95 y en otros momentos del año y otras regiones, aumento de las sequías) (IDEAM, et al., 2017); el aumen- to en el número de huracanes que afectan las costas e islas colombianas en el caribe de manera directa o indirecta (coletazos) (Ortiz, 2012); blan- queamiento de corales (WWF, 2019); extinción de especies (MinAmbiente, 2018); pérdida de recursos hídricos (IDEAM, 2019b) y aumento en la susceptibilidad a la desertificación del área conti- nental (IDEAM, 2012). Adicionalmente, el cambio climático exacerba las desigualdades de género y aumenta la brecha de oportunidades y derechos entre los hombres y las mujeres dadas las condi- ciones de un país en desarrollo.', 'Adicionalmente, el cambio climático exacerba las desigualdades de género y aumenta la brecha de oportunidades y derechos entre los hombres y las mujeres dadas las condi- ciones de un país en desarrollo. En este punto y frente a la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático, es importante resaltar que el que haya más o menos desastres en un lapso determina- do, no es una estadística que pueda reflejar si el riesgo se está reduciendo o no, porque, así como en ese lapso podrían no ocurrir eventos significa- tivos, también podrían ser excesivos, es decir, se puede presentar una racha o alguno muy grande, por esta razón el riesgo debe evaluarse como la pérdida anual esperada y ver qué implicaría redu- cirla (reducir el riesgo).', 'En este punto y frente a la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático, es importante resaltar que el que haya más o menos desastres en un lapso determina- do, no es una estadística que pueda reflejar si el riesgo se está reduciendo o no, porque, así como en ese lapso podrían no ocurrir eventos significa- tivos, también podrían ser excesivos, es decir, se puede presentar una racha o alguno muy grande, por esta razón el riesgo debe evaluarse como la pérdida anual esperada y ver qué implicaría redu- cirla (reducir el riesgo). 3.3 Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por sector en Colombia En promedio, las emisiones históricas anuales de Colombia para el periodo 1990-2014 fueron de 227.8 M t de CO , las absorciones -16.6 M t de CO y las emisiones netas 221.2 M t de CO ; reflejando un crecimiento total del 9.6 % y una tasa de crec- imiento anual compuesta de 0.4 %.', '3.3 Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por sector en Colombia En promedio, las emisiones históricas anuales de Colombia para el periodo 1990-2014 fueron de 227.8 M t de CO , las absorciones -16.6 M t de CO y las emisiones netas 221.2 M t de CO ; reflejando un crecimiento total del 9.6 % y una tasa de crec- imiento anual compuesta de 0.4 %. Desde 1990, las emisiones del país presentaron una tendencia creciente hasta el año 1998, posteriormente en 1999 se registró una disminución del 2.1 % respec- to a 1998 (Portafolio, 2009), y una disminución de las emisiones del módulo de energía e IPPU (del 8.8 % y 17.3 %, respectivamente).', 'Desde 1990, las emisiones del país presentaron una tendencia creciente hasta el año 1998, posteriormente en 1999 se registró una disminución del 2.1 % respec- to a 1998 (Portafolio, 2009), y una disminución de las emisiones del módulo de energía e IPPU (del 8.8 % y 17.3 %, respectivamente). En los años 2000, 2001 y 2002 también se presentó una considerable caída de las emisiones totales del país (del 5.9 %, 14.2 % y 13.9 % respectivamente, en comparación con el año 1999), debido al cambio en la tasa de deforestación anual del bosque reportada, la cual fue de aproximadamente 130.000 ha menor a la del periodo 1990-1999 (IDEAM, et al., 2018a).', 'En los años 2000, 2001 y 2002 también se presentó una considerable caída de las emisiones totales del país (del 5.9 %, 14.2 % y 13.9 % respectivamente, en comparación con el año 1999), debido al cambio en la tasa de deforestación anual del bosque reportada, la cual fue de aproximadamente 130.000 ha menor a la del periodo 1990-1999 (IDEAM, et al., 2018a). A pesar de los menores niveles de emisiones registrados desde el 2000, hubo una tendencia creciente en el total de emisiones del país a partir del año 2002, alcanzando en 2014 un valor cerca- no al máximo presentado en el periodo 1990- 1999 (236.973 Gg de CO en 2014 y 243.188 Gg de CO en 1998) (IDEAM, et al., 2018).', 'A pesar de los menores niveles de emisiones registrados desde el 2000, hubo una tendencia creciente en el total de emisiones del país a partir del año 2002, alcanzando en 2014 un valor cerca- no al máximo presentado en el periodo 1990- 1999 (236.973 Gg de CO en 2014 y 243.188 Gg de CO en 1998) (IDEAM, et al., 2018). Histórica- mente, el módulo AFOLU es el que más ha real- izado aporte en las emisiones GEI del país (65 % en promedio para la serie 1990-2014). No obstan- te, dicho aporte ha venido disminuyendo progre- en 2010 y 55 % en 2014). En contraste, el módulo de energía ha aumentado pasando del 22 % en 1990 al 35 % en 2014.', 'En contraste, el módulo de energía ha aumentado pasando del 22 % en 1990 al 35 % en 2014. Igualmente, mientras que la tasa de decrecimiento de AFOLU fue de 0.8 %, las emisiones de IPPU y residuos presentaron la mayor tasa de crecimiento anual compuesta (3.7 % y 3.6 % respectivamente) y energía una tasa de 2.3 %. La tasa de decrecimiento de AFOLU fue de 0.8 %, mientras que el sector IPPU mostró el mayor incremento en las emisiones con un crecimiento total de 139 % en 2014 respecto a 1990. A su vez, las emisiones en el módulo resid- uos incrementaron 131 %, mientras que las de energía tuvieron un aumento del 73 % (IDEAM, et al., 2018a) (figura 4).Emisiones netas Figura 4.', 'A su vez, las emisiones en el módulo resid- uos incrementaron 131 %, mientras que las de energía tuvieron un aumento del 73 % (IDEAM, et al., 2018a) (figura 4).Emisiones netas Figura 4. Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de Colombia entre 1990-2014 Fuente: (IDEAM, et al., 2018a).', 'Perfil de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de Colombia entre 1990-2014 Fuente: (IDEAM, et al., 2018a). Millones de Toneladasde CO eq Emisiones generadas por la gestión de las tierras forestales Emisiones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones generadas en industrias de minas y energía Emisiones generadas por el transporte Emisiones totales Emisiones generadas en industrias manufactureras Emisiones generadas en instalaciones comerciales e institucionales y residencias Emisiones generadas por actividades de saneamiento Absorciones de las tierras forestales Absorciones por actividades agropecuariasMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Millones de toneladas de CO Crecimiento (%) Crecimiento (%) Tasa crecimiento anual compuesta Emisiones genera- das por la gestión de las tierras forestales Emisiones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones generadas en industrias de minas y energía Emisiones generadas en industrias manufactureras Emisiones generadas por el transporte Emisiones genera- das por actividades de saneamiento Emisiones generadas en instalaciones comer- ciales e instituciona- les y residencias Absorciones De Las Tierras Forestales Absorciones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones netas (balance emisiones - absorciones)Agropecuario Industrias de la energía Transporte Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción Gestión de las tierras forestales Saneamiento 1A3b uso de combustible en transporte terrestre 11 % manejo del estiércol 6 % 1A1b y 1A1ciia quema de combustibles en refinerías y en extracción y proces- amiento de gas y petróleo 3 % Otras residencial y comercial 1 % 3B1ai bosque natural permanente 7 % Otras del sector transporte 1 % 4A1a residuos sólidos dispuestos en rellenos regionales 2 % Otras del sector minas y energías 6 % forestales 4 % Otros del sector agropecuario 3 % Otras saneamientos 2 % entérica 9 % 1A1a quema de combustibles en centrales termoelétricas 5 % 1A4b quema de combusti- bles en residencias, comer- cio e instituciones 2 % Otras industrias manufacturera 2 % 1A2 quema de combustibles en industrias 4 % químicos en diferentes industrias manufactureras 4 % Figura 5.', 'Millones de Toneladasde CO eq Emisiones generadas por la gestión de las tierras forestales Emisiones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones generadas en industrias de minas y energía Emisiones generadas por el transporte Emisiones totales Emisiones generadas en industrias manufactureras Emisiones generadas en instalaciones comerciales e institucionales y residencias Emisiones generadas por actividades de saneamiento Absorciones de las tierras forestales Absorciones por actividades agropecuariasMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Millones de toneladas de CO Crecimiento (%) Crecimiento (%) Tasa crecimiento anual compuesta Emisiones genera- das por la gestión de las tierras forestales Emisiones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones generadas en industrias de minas y energía Emisiones generadas en industrias manufactureras Emisiones generadas por el transporte Emisiones genera- das por actividades de saneamiento Emisiones generadas en instalaciones comer- ciales e instituciona- les y residencias Absorciones De Las Tierras Forestales Absorciones por actividades agropecuarias Emisiones netas (balance emisiones - absorciones)Agropecuario Industrias de la energía Transporte Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción Gestión de las tierras forestales Saneamiento 1A3b uso de combustible en transporte terrestre 11 % manejo del estiércol 6 % 1A1b y 1A1ciia quema de combustibles en refinerías y en extracción y proces- amiento de gas y petróleo 3 % Otras residencial y comercial 1 % 3B1ai bosque natural permanente 7 % Otras del sector transporte 1 % 4A1a residuos sólidos dispuestos en rellenos regionales 2 % Otras del sector minas y energías 6 % forestales 4 % Otros del sector agropecuario 3 % Otras saneamientos 2 % entérica 9 % 1A1a quema de combustibles en centrales termoelétricas 5 % 1A4b quema de combusti- bles en residencias, comer- cio e instituciones 2 % Otras industrias manufacturera 2 % 1A2 quema de combustibles en industrias 4 % químicos en diferentes industrias manufactureras 4 % Figura 5. Emisiones y absorciones para el último año de inventario (2014) Fuente: IDEAM et al., 2018b Para el 2014, último año de inventario reportado a la UNFCCC (IDEAM, et al., 2018a y b), se emitieron en Colombia, 237 millones de toneladas de CO equivalente, en el año 2014, 23 millones de tonela- das de CO fueron absorbidas por crecimiento de plantaciones forestales, regeneración del bosque natural y crecimiento de cultivos representativos del país (figura 5).', 'Emisiones y absorciones para el último año de inventario (2014) Fuente: IDEAM et al., 2018b Para el 2014, último año de inventario reportado a la UNFCCC (IDEAM, et al., 2018a y b), se emitieron en Colombia, 237 millones de toneladas de CO equivalente, en el año 2014, 23 millones de tonela- das de CO fueron absorbidas por crecimiento de plantaciones forestales, regeneración del bosque natural y crecimiento de cultivos representativos del país (figura 5). Emisiones M t CO ResidencialDeforestación Uso de combustibles en transporte terrestre Fermentación entérica Emisiones del bosque natural permanente Absorciones M t COMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.4 Colombia, un país con alto riesgo por cambio climático 3.4.1 Evaluación probabilista del riesgo por cambio climático en Colombia (periodo 2040-2070) La cuantificación del problema de riesgo de desas- tre se deriva de la ocurrencia de amenazas natu- rales y su posible modificación en el futuro por los efectos del cambio climático, de la exposición de activos y personas y de la vulnerabilidad de esos elementos expuestos.', 'Emisiones M t CO ResidencialDeforestación Uso de combustibles en transporte terrestre Fermentación entérica Emisiones del bosque natural permanente Absorciones M t COMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.4 Colombia, un país con alto riesgo por cambio climático 3.4.1 Evaluación probabilista del riesgo por cambio climático en Colombia (periodo 2040-2070) La cuantificación del problema de riesgo de desas- tre se deriva de la ocurrencia de amenazas natu- rales y su posible modificación en el futuro por los efectos del cambio climático, de la exposición de activos y personas y de la vulnerabilidad de esos elementos expuestos. Es importante señalar que, si bien el cambio climático, expresado como una colección de posibles climas futuros, efectiva- mente modifica las condiciones en las cuales ocur- ren las pérdidas, existe actualmente una condición de riesgo (clima base) que no es nula ni despre- ciable y cuya directa intervención es fundamental como parte de un proceso efectivo de adaptación.', 'Es importante señalar que, si bien el cambio climático, expresado como una colección de posibles climas futuros, efectiva- mente modifica las condiciones en las cuales ocur- ren las pérdidas, existe actualmente una condición de riesgo (clima base) que no es nula ni despre- ciable y cuya directa intervención es fundamental como parte de un proceso efectivo de adaptación. Se ha desarrollado para Colombia una evalu- ación probabilista del riesgo climático que se fundamenta en técnicas de modelación del ries- go catastrófico para la cuantificación de posibles pérdidas causadas sobre los elementos expues- tos por la ocurrencia natural de fenómenos amenazantes.', 'Se ha desarrollado para Colombia una evalu- ación probabilista del riesgo climático que se fundamenta en técnicas de modelación del ries- go catastrófico para la cuantificación de posibles pérdidas causadas sobre los elementos expues- tos por la ocurrencia natural de fenómenos amenazantes. Adicionalmente, la conjugación de múltiples aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos —por mencionar algunos— que derivan en una situación de potencialidad de una consecuencia adversa y que son difícil de cuantificar, requiere de una aproximación holística en donde todos los aspectos que son relevantes en su configuración participen de forma apropiada5. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de la cuantificación del riesgo físico en conjunto con un enfoque holístico permite obten- er una visión completa del riesgo. 5.', 'Por lo tanto, la aplicación de la cuantificación del riesgo físico en conjunto con un enfoque holístico permite obten- er una visión completa del riesgo. 5. Cabe resaltar que el enfoque de los llamados análisis de vulnerabilidad comúnmente se ha dirigido principalmente hacia una caracterización social de la vulnerabilidad, tratándola como una característica equivalente al riesgo y no como una condición o predisposición a consecuencias adversas, resultado de la susceptibilidad, debilidades y falta de resiliencia o capacidad de recuperarse, dejando de lado el hecho de que el daño físico potencial es imprescindible cuando se trata de estimar el riesgo.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 6.', 'Cabe resaltar que el enfoque de los llamados análisis de vulnerabilidad comúnmente se ha dirigido principalmente hacia una caracterización social de la vulnerabilidad, tratándola como una característica equivalente al riesgo y no como una condición o predisposición a consecuencias adversas, resultado de la susceptibilidad, debilidades y falta de resiliencia o capacidad de recuperarse, dejando de lado el hecho de que el daño físico potencial es imprescindible cuando se trata de estimar el riesgo.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 6. Matriz de amenazas climáticas y elementos sectoriales expuestos analizados de forma probabilista para la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático (Ingeniar 2021) Riesgo físico La modelación del riesgo desarrollada en este trabajo se enfoca específicamente en las amenazas y sectores indicados en la figura 6.', 'Matriz de amenazas climáticas y elementos sectoriales expuestos analizados de forma probabilista para la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático (Ingeniar 2021) Riesgo físico La modelación del riesgo desarrollada en este trabajo se enfoca específicamente en las amenazas y sectores indicados en la figura 6. En este estudio, se hizo diferencia entre tres tipos específicos de pérdida: • Las pérdidas causadas por inundaciones, huracanes y deslizamientos sobre edificaciones e infraestructura son pérdidas sobre activos físicos. Significa que los valores expuestos son valores de reposición, los cuales se pagan con el fin de reponer el activo perdido al mismo estado en el que se encontraba inicialmente una vez ocurrido el evento o a un estado míni- mo equivalente según su condición de uso. Son pérdidas de gran magnitud y baja frecuencia.', 'Son pérdidas de gran magnitud y baja frecuencia. • Las pérdidas causadas en el sector agríco- la por sequías son pérdidas en producción, es decir, una disminución en el ingreso resultante de la actividad agrícola. Por tanto, no se mide el daño o detrimento en un activo físico, sino la disminución en un flujo económico. Estas son pérdidas de baja magnitud y alta frecuencia. • Las pérdidas resultantes de la ocurrencia de incendios forestales son pérdidas en flujos de servicios ecosistémicos. Guardan cierta simil- itud con las pérdidas al sector agrícola, con la diferencia que los montos de pérdida son en general mucho más grandes, dada la impor- tancia relativa de los servicios ecosistémicos en diferentes dimensiones. Son entonces pér- didas de gran magnitud y alta frecuencia.', 'Son entonces pér- didas de gran magnitud y alta frecuencia. Como parte de la cuantificación del riesgo de desastres incorporando el cambio climático en Colombia, se calculó la pérdida anual prome- dio (PAP) y la pérdida máxima probable (PML) para las siguientes amenazas y portafolios de exposición: inundación y huracán en construc- ciones (vivienda, comercio, industria, gobierno, educación y salud) e infraestructura (transporte, Inundaciones Sequias Incendios de cobertura vegetal Huracanes Deslizamientos Construcciones Infraestructura Agrícola Servicios ecosistémicos Residencial Comercial Industria Residencial Comercial Industria Gobierno Educación Salud Gobierno Educación Salud Agua y saneamiento Energía Telecomunicaciones Transporte Agua y saneamiento Energia Telecomunicaciones Transporte Maíz Arroz sacano Bosque Frontera agrícola Red vial principalMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 7.', 'Como parte de la cuantificación del riesgo de desastres incorporando el cambio climático en Colombia, se calculó la pérdida anual prome- dio (PAP) y la pérdida máxima probable (PML) para las siguientes amenazas y portafolios de exposición: inundación y huracán en construc- ciones (vivienda, comercio, industria, gobierno, educación y salud) e infraestructura (transporte, Inundaciones Sequias Incendios de cobertura vegetal Huracanes Deslizamientos Construcciones Infraestructura Agrícola Servicios ecosistémicos Residencial Comercial Industria Residencial Comercial Industria Gobierno Educación Salud Gobierno Educación Salud Agua y saneamiento Energía Telecomunicaciones Transporte Agua y saneamiento Energia Telecomunicaciones Transporte Maíz Arroz sacano Bosque Frontera agrícola Red vial principalMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 7. Curvas de pérdida máxima probable (PML) calculadas para todos los escenarios RCP y todas las amenazas climáticas consideradas (Ingeniar 2021) Inundación Huracán Periodo de retorno (años) Pérdida (COP millones) Pérdida (COP millones) agua, energía, hidrocarburos y comunicaciones), deslizamientos en la red vial principal, sequía en los portafolios nacionales de maíz (blan- co y amarillo, tradicional y tecnificado) y arroz de secano (manual y mecanizado) y servicios ecosistémicos de los bosques naturales del país.', 'Curvas de pérdida máxima probable (PML) calculadas para todos los escenarios RCP y todas las amenazas climáticas consideradas (Ingeniar 2021) Inundación Huracán Periodo de retorno (años) Pérdida (COP millones) Pérdida (COP millones) agua, energía, hidrocarburos y comunicaciones), deslizamientos en la red vial principal, sequía en los portafolios nacionales de maíz (blan- co y amarillo, tradicional y tecnificado) y arroz de secano (manual y mecanizado) y servicios ecosistémicos de los bosques naturales del país. Estas amenazas y portafolios de exposición, si bien no son exhaustivos, permiten ilustrar los niveles de riesgo que enfrenta el país como consecuencia de procesos de desarrollo que han conducido históricamente a la construcción de la vulnerabilidad existente y que pueden ser exacerbados por el efecto del cambio climático en la modificación de los patrones de ocurrencia de amenazas hidrometeorológicas.', 'Estas amenazas y portafolios de exposición, si bien no son exhaustivos, permiten ilustrar los niveles de riesgo que enfrenta el país como consecuencia de procesos de desarrollo que han conducido históricamente a la construcción de la vulnerabilidad existente y que pueden ser exacerbados por el efecto del cambio climático en la modificación de los patrones de ocurrencia de amenazas hidrometeorológicas. La PAP representa el promedio multianual de las pérdidas por desastres, calculado por medio de la simulación de miles de posibles eventos de amenazas hidrometeorológicas determinados en base a las condiciones climáticas resultantes de considerar múltiples trayectorias mundia- les de emisiones de gases de efecto invernade- ro al 2050. La PAP puede interpretarse como el valor anual que debería pagarse si fuera posible sufragar anualmente los costos directos de prim- er orden de los desastres del futuro.', 'La PAP puede interpretarse como el valor anual que debería pagarse si fuera posible sufragar anualmente los costos directos de prim- er orden de los desastres del futuro. Para el cálculo del PAP se evaluó la curva de riesgo que no es más que la curva de PML o la curva de pérdidas en función del periodo de retorno. Los resultados deben interpretarse como intervalos dentro de los cuales se espera se encuentren los valores de las métricas, independientemente de cómo se desarrolle el clima en el 2050.', 'Los resultados deben interpretarse como intervalos dentro de los cuales se espera se encuentren los valores de las métricas, independientemente de cómo se desarrolle el clima en el 2050. Para el cálculo del riesgo se realizó un análisis de las principales amenazas (inundación, ciclones tropi- cales, deslizamiento, sequía e incendios forestales) y de la exposición, entendida como el inventario de bienes inmuebles e infraestructura que pueden ser afectados y se expresa en términos de activos y de población. Estas bases de exposición están confor- madas por indicadores de exposición en términos de tipo de edificaciones e infraestructura general del país y de las ciudades, su valoración económi- ca y su ocupación humana.', 'Estas bases de exposición están confor- madas por indicadores de exposición en términos de tipo de edificaciones e infraestructura general del país y de las ciudades, su valoración económi- ca y su ocupación humana. Adicionalmente, se calculó la vulnerabilidad, entendida como el grado de susceptibilidad al daño que tiene un elemento expuesto ante la ocurrencia de una determinada intensidad de amenaza en su ubicación. Su defi- nición depende del tipo de amenaza y del tipo de exposición que se esté trabajando (INGENIAR 2020). A continuación, se presentan la totalidad de curvas de PML calculadas para todos los climas (clima base, RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6 y 8.5 descritos por el modelo HadGEM2-AO y escenarios Tercera Comunicación Nacional IDEAM et al. 2015) con respecto a cada amenaza considerada.', '2015) con respecto a cada amenaza considerada. Clima base A1B (AR4-IPCC) Clima base RCP 2,6 RCP 4,5 RCP 6 RCP 8,5 CC IDEAMMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Sequía Incendios forestales Periodo de retorno (años) Periodo de retorno (años) Pérdida (COP billones) Pérdida (COP millones) Deslizamientos Además, se presentan las principales cifras (PAP, PML para varios periodos de retorno) ante los diferentes climas, y mapas de pérdidas, de forma separada para cada amenaza. Una vez obtenidas las curvas de riesgo, se calculó el PAP, obteniendo: En general, la PAP del país para la totalidad de portafolios, oscila entre 4.54 y 4.33 billones de pesos, dependiendo de los diferentes escenarios de trayectorias de emisiones considerados.', 'Una vez obtenidas las curvas de riesgo, se calculó el PAP, obteniendo: En general, la PAP del país para la totalidad de portafolios, oscila entre 4.54 y 4.33 billones de pesos, dependiendo de los diferentes escenarios de trayectorias de emisiones considerados. Si se aísla el efecto del cambio climático en los valores de PAP obtenidos, se observa que, con el clima actual (es decir, no alterado por cambio climáti- co), la PAP es de 3.28 billones de pesos, lo que significa que el país hoy en día presenta un nivel de riesgo ya configurado no asociado al cambio climático, que no es despreciable y cuya reduc- ción representa un reto de grandes proporciones.', 'Si se aísla el efecto del cambio climático en los valores de PAP obtenidos, se observa que, con el clima actual (es decir, no alterado por cambio climáti- co), la PAP es de 3.28 billones de pesos, lo que significa que el país hoy en día presenta un nivel de riesgo ya configurado no asociado al cambio climático, que no es despreciable y cuya reduc- ción representa un reto de grandes proporciones. Ahora bien, es evidente el incremento en el riesgo que se puede atribuir al cambio climático, incre- mentando la PAP entre un 8 % y un 39 %, depen- diendo del escenario de emisiones considerado.', 'Ahora bien, es evidente el incremento en el riesgo que se puede atribuir al cambio climático, incre- mentando la PAP entre un 8 % y un 39 %, depen- diendo del escenario de emisiones considerado. Si se considera el escenario de emisiones RCP 4.5, el cual representa un nivel intermedio de aumento en la temperatura promedio del aire a nivel mundial, la PAP para Colombia se estima en 4.03 billones de pesos. Con el fin de poner en contexto macroeconómico este nivel de pérdida, se revisó el presupuesto general de la nación para 2021, y se comparó la PAP con el gasto proyecta- do por el Gobierno en vivienda, agricultura, ambi- ente y transporte, estimado en 18.8 billones de pesos. La PAP corresponde entonces al 21.46 % del gasto presupuestado en estos rubros.', 'La PAP corresponde entonces al 21.46 % del gasto presupuestado en estos rubros. Si adicional- mente se incluyen los gastos proyectados en salud y educación, total en estos seis rubros de 101.4 billones, monto sobre el PAP significa un 3.98 %. Clima base RCP 2,6 RCP 4,5 RCP 6 RCP 8,5 CC IDEAM Clima base RCP 2,6 RCP 4,5 RCP 6 RCP 8,5 CC IDEAMMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 8.', 'Clima base RCP 2,6 RCP 4,5 RCP 6 RCP 8,5 CC IDEAM Clima base RCP 2,6 RCP 4,5 RCP 6 RCP 8,5 CC IDEAMMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 8. Riesgo por inundaciones sobre construcciones e infraestructura Ahora bien, si se observan las cifras de inversión propuestas por el Gobierno Nacional como parte del plan de recuperación económica post COVID, el cual indica las inversiones anuales estimadas por el Gobierno, de 2021 a 2052, como necesarias para la reactivación de la economía del país, vemos que los montos proyectados para 2021 y 2022 son 4.75 y 3.91 billones de pesos, respectivamente, es decir, son del mismo orden de magnitud que la PAP.', 'Riesgo por inundaciones sobre construcciones e infraestructura Ahora bien, si se observan las cifras de inversión propuestas por el Gobierno Nacional como parte del plan de recuperación económica post COVID, el cual indica las inversiones anuales estimadas por el Gobierno, de 2021 a 2052, como necesarias para la reactivación de la economía del país, vemos que los montos proyectados para 2021 y 2022 son 4.75 y 3.91 billones de pesos, respectivamente, es decir, son del mismo orden de magnitud que la PAP. Esto ilustra la severidad del riesgo de desastres y el impacto del cambio climático en el país, así como la altísima relevancia de lograr un mejor modelo de desarrollo, que permita reducir gradualmente la PAP mediante una efectiva gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Esto ilustra la severidad del riesgo de desastres y el impacto del cambio climático en el país, así como la altísima relevancia de lograr un mejor modelo de desarrollo, que permita reducir gradualmente la PAP mediante una efectiva gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. Adicionalmente se estimó: • El valor de pérdida anual promedio por inun- daciones y huracanes equivale al 7.54 % frente al rubro de vivienda del presupuesto gener- al de la nación 2021 (4.8 billones de pesos). • El valor de perdida anual promedio (espe- rada) en vías por deslizamientos equivale al 1.18 % frente al rubro de transporte (11.6 bil- lones). Es importante resaltar que no tiene en cuenta las pérdidas por deslizamientos a nivel urbano u otras infraestructuras.', 'Es importante resaltar que no tiene en cuenta las pérdidas por deslizamientos a nivel urbano u otras infraestructuras. • El valor de pérdida anual promedio (espera- da) por sequía en los dos cultivos considerados (maíz y arroz) equivale al 1.30 % del rubro en agricultura y desarrollo rural (1.7 billones). Es importante señalar que solo se tienen en cuen- ta dos cultivos de tantos que tiene el país. • El valor de pérdida anual promedio por in- cendios forestales equivale al 1.17 % frente a la formación bruta de capital (236.39 billones).', '• El valor de pérdida anual promedio por in- cendios forestales equivale al 1.17 % frente a la formación bruta de capital (236.39 billones). Inundación - Clima base PAE [%] MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ESPERADA RELATIVA POR DEPARTAMENTO Inundación - RCP 6 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 2.6 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 8.5 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 4.5 PAE [%] Inundación - CC IDEAM PAE [%] Resultados de riesgo por inundación Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PLM 250 años PLM 500 Años PML 1000 Años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%)Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 9.', 'Inundación - Clima base PAE [%] MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ESPERADA RELATIVA POR DEPARTAMENTO Inundación - RCP 6 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 2.6 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 8.5 PAE [%] Inundación - RCP 4.5 PAE [%] Inundación - CC IDEAM PAE [%] Resultados de riesgo por inundación Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PLM 250 años PLM 500 Años PML 1000 Años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%)Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 9. Riesgo por huracán sobre construcciones e infraestructura Huracán - Sin cambio climatico / PAE [%] Huracán - Con cambio climatico / PAE [%] Huracán - Sin cambio climatico PAE [millones de pesos] Huracán - Con cambio climatico PAE [millones de pesos] $ 5 - $ 6 $ 41 - $ 60 $ 201 - $ 450 $ 1 - $ 2 $ 3 - $ 4 $ 7 - $ 12 $ 13 - $ 20 $ 21 - $ 40 $ 61 - $ 80 $ 81 - $ 100 $ 101 - $ 200 $ 451 - $ 650 $ 651 - $ 4.761 $ 4.762 - $ 4.807 Resultados de riesgo por huracán Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PML 250 años PML 500 años PML 1000 años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ABSOLUTA Y RELATIVA POR DEPARTAMENTOMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada clima base Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada clima base Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 8.5 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 8.5 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP2.6 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 4.5 Resultados de riesgo por deslizamiento Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PML 250 años PML 500 años PML 1000 años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Figura 10.', 'Riesgo por huracán sobre construcciones e infraestructura Huracán - Sin cambio climatico / PAE [%] Huracán - Con cambio climatico / PAE [%] Huracán - Sin cambio climatico PAE [millones de pesos] Huracán - Con cambio climatico PAE [millones de pesos] $ 5 - $ 6 $ 41 - $ 60 $ 201 - $ 450 $ 1 - $ 2 $ 3 - $ 4 $ 7 - $ 12 $ 13 - $ 20 $ 21 - $ 40 $ 61 - $ 80 $ 81 - $ 100 $ 101 - $ 200 $ 451 - $ 650 $ 651 - $ 4.761 $ 4.762 - $ 4.807 Resultados de riesgo por huracán Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PML 250 años PML 500 años PML 1000 años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ABSOLUTA Y RELATIVA POR DEPARTAMENTOMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada clima base Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada clima base Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 8.5 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 8.5 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP2.6 Leyenda [%] Pérdida anual esperada RCP 4.5 Resultados de riesgo por deslizamiento Valor expuesto (COP Mm) Clima Pérdida anual esperada PML 250 años PML 500 años PML 1000 años (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Figura 10. Riesgo por deslizamientos sobre la red vial principal MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ESPERADA RELATIVA POR KILÓMETRO DE VÍAMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Portafolio completo - Clima base / PAE prome- dio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP6 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 8.5 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - CC IDEAM / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 2.6 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 4.5 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Figura 11.', 'Riesgo por deslizamientos sobre la red vial principal MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA ANUAL ESPERADA RELATIVA POR KILÓMETRO DE VÍAMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Portafolio completo - Clima base / PAE prome- dio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP6 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 8.5 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - CC IDEAM / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 2.6 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Portafolio completo - RCP 4.5 / PAE promedio [millones de pesos] Figura 11. Riesgo por sequía sobre los cultivos de maíz y arroz secano Resultados de riesgo por sequía Clima Área Producción expuesta PAE PML 1000 años (ha) (COP millones) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Clima base MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA EN PRODUCCIÓN ANUAL ESPERADA POR DEPARTAMENTOMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 12.', 'Riesgo por sequía sobre los cultivos de maíz y arroz secano Resultados de riesgo por sequía Clima Área Producción expuesta PAE PML 1000 años (ha) (COP millones) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Clima base MAPAS DE PÉRDIDA EN PRODUCCIÓN ANUAL ESPERADA POR DEPARTAMENTOMandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 12. Riesgo por incendios forestales sobre servicios ecosistémicos RCP 8.5 RCP IDEAM Resultados de riesgo por incendios forestales Clima Valor expuesto PAE PML 50 años PML 500 años (COP millones) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Clima base MAPAS DE CAMBIO PROYECTADO EN TEMPERATURA Y ÁREAS DE BOSQUE QUEMADAS Cambio en la temperatura (°C)Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.5 Evaluación de posibles efectos económicos de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad En el marco de la evaluación de los posibles efec- tos macroeconómicos derivados de los escenarios de descarbonización considerados en la estrategia E2050, se evaluaron las trayectorias de dos vari- ables relevantes para alcanzar la carbono neutral- idad en 2050, la de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la de consumo de energía en el país.', 'Riesgo por incendios forestales sobre servicios ecosistémicos RCP 8.5 RCP IDEAM Resultados de riesgo por incendios forestales Clima Valor expuesto PAE PML 50 años PML 500 años (COP millones) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) (COP millones) (%) Clima base MAPAS DE CAMBIO PROYECTADO EN TEMPERATURA Y ÁREAS DE BOSQUE QUEMADAS Cambio en la temperatura (°C)Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo 3.5 Evaluación de posibles efectos económicos de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad En el marco de la evaluación de los posibles efec- tos macroeconómicos derivados de los escenarios de descarbonización considerados en la estrategia E2050, se evaluaron las trayectorias de dos vari- ables relevantes para alcanzar la carbono neutral- idad en 2050, la de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la de consumo de energía en el país. Para esto se utilizaron los resultados del modelo Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM), el cual genera sendas de reducciones de emisiones hasta el 2050 y el consumo de energía realizada por los consumidores finales en el país.', 'Para esto se utilizaron los resultados del modelo Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM), el cual genera sendas de reducciones de emisiones hasta el 2050 y el consumo de energía realizada por los consumidores finales en el país. Este conjunto de datos se utilizó como restricciones en el Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable Colombiano para Cambio Climático (MEG4C) del Departamen- to Nacional de Planeación para determinar los efectos de dichas trayectorias sobre la economía colombiana (Rojas 2021). Se elaboraron cuatro simulaciones: restricción sobre las emisiones totales de la economía (TOT), restricción sobre las emisiones de proceso (PRO), restricción sobre las emisiones de energía de consumo intermedio6 (ENE) y restricción sobre el consumo intermedio de energía en el país (ENY).', 'Se elaboraron cuatro simulaciones: restricción sobre las emisiones totales de la economía (TOT), restricción sobre las emisiones de proceso (PRO), restricción sobre las emisiones de energía de consumo intermedio6 (ENE) y restricción sobre el consumo intermedio de energía en el país (ENY). Los primeros tres escenarios de restricción de emisiones (TOT, PRO, ENE) proponen una reduc- ción de emisiones sobre cada uno de sus tipos de emisiones respecto al año base 2014, mien- tras que el escenario (ENY) restringe el consumo intermedio de energía en el país.', 'Los primeros tres escenarios de restricción de emisiones (TOT, PRO, ENE) proponen una reduc- ción de emisiones sobre cada uno de sus tipos de emisiones respecto al año base 2014, mien- tras que el escenario (ENY) restringe el consumo intermedio de energía en el país. Concretamente el escenario TOT reduce en un 90 % las emis- iones totales7 de Colombia en el 2050 respecto al escenario base, el escenario ENE reduce en un 83 % las emisiones causadas por el consumo de energéticos para el 2050 respecto al año base y el escenario PRO reduce el 100 % de las emisiones asociadas a procesos fisicoquímicos de la producción.', 'Concretamente el escenario TOT reduce en un 90 % las emis- iones totales7 de Colombia en el 2050 respecto al escenario base, el escenario ENE reduce en un 83 % las emisiones causadas por el consumo de energéticos para el 2050 respecto al año base y el escenario PRO reduce el 100 % de las emisiones asociadas a procesos fisicoquímicos de la producción. Por su parte, el escenario ENY traza la demanda de energía intermedia, con el objetivo que al 2050 la economía sea plena- mente eléctrica, el cual busca que para el 2050 la demanda de energía eléctrica crezca hasta un 700 % frente el año base (Rojas 2021).', 'Por su parte, el escenario ENY traza la demanda de energía intermedia, con el objetivo que al 2050 la economía sea plena- mente eléctrica, el cual busca que para el 2050 la demanda de energía eléctrica crezca hasta un 700 % frente el año base (Rojas 2021). En la construcción del MEG4C y para armonizarlo con los valores del GCAM, se supuso una tasa de crecimiento del PIB de largo plazo del 2 % anual, la cual no afecta los resultados en términos de dinámicas o tendencias causados por los choques. La figura 11muestra el impacto estimado sobre el PIB de los cuatro escenarios.', 'La figura 11muestra el impacto estimado sobre el PIB de los cuatro escenarios. Se observa en la figu- ra 13 que los escenarios más favorables son PRO y ENE, el primero con tasa de crecimiento prome- dio anual en el largo plazo de 1.6 % y segundo con una tasa de crecimiento promedio anual de 1.96 %. Los escenarios TOT y ENY se presentan como desfavorables en términos de su posible impacto sobre la economía, ambos con tasas de crecimien- to negativas en el largo plazo (Rojas 2021).', 'Los escenarios TOT y ENY se presentan como desfavorables en términos de su posible impacto sobre la economía, ambos con tasas de crecimien- to negativas en el largo plazo (Rojas 2021). La tasa de crecimiento del 2 % es un supuesto de construcción de estas simulaciones y difiere de la tasa del marco fiscal de mediano plazo (MFMP), ya que busca garantizar que las restricciones que vienen del GCAM y el crecimiento del valor absolu- to de las emisiones o el valor de las demandas de energía del MEG4C crezcan proporcionalmente a la restricción impuesta y se mantengan en la misma escala de valores.', 'La tasa de crecimiento del 2 % es un supuesto de construcción de estas simulaciones y difiere de la tasa del marco fiscal de mediano plazo (MFMP), ya que busca garantizar que las restricciones que vienen del GCAM y el crecimiento del valor absolu- to de las emisiones o el valor de las demandas de energía del MEG4C crezcan proporcionalmente a la restricción impuesta y se mantengan en la misma escala de valores. Esto no implica que la tasa de crecimiento de la economía colombiana será necesariamente del 2 % en el largo plazo, sino que, frente al escenario de base, el escenario ENE reduce el crecimiento de la economía de 0.04 %, el escenario TOT de 0.52 %, el escenario PRO reduce el crecimiento de la economía en 0.65 % y ENY de 4.17 % (Rojas 2021).', 'Esto no implica que la tasa de crecimiento de la economía colombiana será necesariamente del 2 % en el largo plazo, sino que, frente al escenario de base, el escenario ENE reduce el crecimiento de la economía de 0.04 %, el escenario TOT de 0.52 %, el escenario PRO reduce el crecimiento de la economía en 0.65 % y ENY de 4.17 % (Rojas 2021). Así, tras incorporar los conjuntos de información provistos por GCAM en el MEG4C, se obtiene como resultado que el escenario que tiene la mejor razón costo (reducción del PIB)-beneficio (reducción de emisiones) es el escenario ENE, dado que logra una reducción efectiva de las emisiones totales de la economía con un míni- mo efecto sobre el PIB, por lo que es este el que debería orientar la política pública en el largo plazo.', 'Así, tras incorporar los conjuntos de información provistos por GCAM en el MEG4C, se obtiene como resultado que el escenario que tiene la mejor razón costo (reducción del PIB)-beneficio (reducción de emisiones) es el escenario ENE, dado que logra una reducción efectiva de las emisiones totales de la economía con un míni- mo efecto sobre el PIB, por lo que es este el que debería orientar la política pública en el largo plazo. Bajo este escenario se presenta la menor contracción del sector minas y energía, explica- do porque las emisiones de la explotación de carbón, coque y petróleo son principalmente emisiones de procesos, razón por la cual la restricción sobre las emisiones en el uso de la energía no los afecta (Rojas 2021).', 'Bajo este escenario se presenta la menor contracción del sector minas y energía, explica- do porque las emisiones de la explotación de carbón, coque y petróleo son principalmente emisiones de procesos, razón por la cual la restricción sobre las emisiones en el uso de la energía no los afecta (Rojas 2021). El escenario ENE es similar a las políticas públi- cas que buscan que los agentes interioricen los costos sociales de usar fuentes energéticas contaminantes, por ende, es similar a gravar con impuestos estas energías o a construir un mercado de bonos de carbono o cualqui- er política que su objetivo es que los agentes privados perciban vía costos de producción parte del costo social de la contaminación. 6. Se entiende como consumo intermedio la demanda de insumos de los diferentes sectores. 7.', 'Se entiende como consumo intermedio la demanda de insumos de los diferentes sectores. 7. Las emisiones totales equivalen a la suma de emisiones de energía, más emisiones de procesos, más emisiones de consumo final.Figura 13. Tasa de crecimiento del PIB por escenarios Fuente: E2050, DNP con base en (E2050-Universidad de los Andes, 2021). TOT BASE PRO ENY ENE Nota: El MEG4C supone que la tasa de crecimiento de largo plazo de la economía es del 2%Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo El sector de minas y energía es un sector princi- palmente dedicado a la exportación, en este se incluyen el petróleo, el carbón y el coque, bienes que se exportan.', 'TOT BASE PRO ENY ENE Nota: El MEG4C supone que la tasa de crecimiento de largo plazo de la economía es del 2%Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo El sector de minas y energía es un sector princi- palmente dedicado a la exportación, en este se incluyen el petróleo, el carbón y el coque, bienes que se exportan. Al no considerar posibles impac- tos de demanda externa como consecuencia de la transición energética de los socios comerciales de Colombia, las exportaciones de estos sectores se mantienen estables en el escenario ENE8. Esto respalda el buen desempeño de toda la economía en términos de crecimiento económico.', 'Esto respalda el buen desempeño de toda la economía en términos de crecimiento económico. El sector servicios tiene un muy buen desem- peño en todos los escenarios evaluados debido a su característica intrínseca de tener pocas emis- iones por consumo de energía y bajas emisiones de procesos en términos relativos frente los demás sectores. Al imponer la restricción sobre las emisiones se generan una serie de efectos sobre los precios, asociados al incremento de los costos relativos de la producción en los sectores afectados, lo cual beneficia al sector servicios.', 'Al imponer la restricción sobre las emisiones se generan una serie de efectos sobre los precios, asociados al incremento de los costos relativos de la producción en los sectores afectados, lo cual beneficia al sector servicios. Asimismo, en el sector de la construcción, sucede algo similar que con el sector servicios en el esce- nario ENE, al ser un sector cuya principal causa de emisiones es por procesos y, en términos rela- tivos a su nivel de producción, son menores que las del resto de sectores, el cambio de los precios relativos hace que este sector tenga un desem- peño económico positivo en el escenario ENE. Una característica fundamental de los sectores ganadores en la evaluación realizada es que son intensivos en el trabajo.', 'Una característica fundamental de los sectores ganadores en la evaluación realizada es que son intensivos en el trabajo. Para los demás sectores el cambio es más vari- ado según el escenario y está estrechamente relacionado con la dinámica de la producción y con el tipo de emisiones que determinan los costos sectoriales. La figura 13 muestra la participación porcentual de los distintos secto- res en la economía colombiana en el escenario ENE y de forma comparativa con los escenari- os TOT y escenario de base. En términos de empleo, los sectores de mayor participación en la demanda de empleo bajo el escenario ENE son aquellos sectores con mayor participación en la producción, es decir, servicios, construcción e industria (ver figura 14).', 'En términos de empleo, los sectores de mayor participación en la demanda de empleo bajo el escenario ENE son aquellos sectores con mayor participación en la producción, es decir, servicios, construcción e industria (ver figura 14). Vale la pena resaltar que no se observa un cambio sustancial en la composición del merca- do laboral frente al escenario de base 2020. Figura 14. Participación sectorial en la producción de la economía nacional Fuente: DNP con base en (E2050-Universidad de los Andes, 2021). Escenario y año Agropecuario Minas y energía Refinados Electricidad Agua Construcción Industria Servicios Participación sectorial (5%) 8. Esta configuración del modelo puede implicar una subestimación de la conveniencia de este escenario.', 'Esta configuración del modelo puede implicar una subestimación de la conveniencia de este escenario. Como consecuencia de la política pública habrá que preparar el sector energético para una transición teniendo en cuenta los posibles cambios en la demanda de los socios comercia- les del país como consecuencia de sus propias políticas de descarbonización.Mandato e importancia de tener una estrategia de largo plazo Figura 15. Participación sectorial en el empleo, escenario ENE Fuente: DNP con base en (E2050-Universidad de los Andes, 2021). Agropecuario Minas y energía Refinados Electricidad Construcción Industria Servicios De estos resultados se pueden sacar cuatro grandes conclusiones. La primera es la capaci- dad intrínseca del sistema económico de reducir las emisiones con un impacto mínimo sobre la economía bajo el escenario ENE.', 'La primera es la capaci- dad intrínseca del sistema económico de reducir las emisiones con un impacto mínimo sobre la economía bajo el escenario ENE. Bajo este esce- nario, la tasa de crecimiento anual promedio de la economía es positiva y muy cercana a la del escenario de base (1.96 % frente a 2 %9). La restric- ción de emisiones por consumo intermedio de energía impuesta aquí se asemeja a políticas de reducción de emisiones de carbon pricing o internalización de externalidades, como impues- tos al carbono, mercado de emisiones o cualquier otra política económica que endogeniza el costo de las emisiones en las funciones de producción y beneficios de las empresas, y no de comando y control (como bajo el escenario ENY presentado al inicio) (Rojas 2021).', 'La restric- ción de emisiones por consumo intermedio de energía impuesta aquí se asemeja a políticas de reducción de emisiones de carbon pricing o internalización de externalidades, como impues- tos al carbono, mercado de emisiones o cualquier otra política económica que endogeniza el costo de las emisiones en las funciones de producción y beneficios de las empresas, y no de comando y control (como bajo el escenario ENY presentado al inicio) (Rojas 2021). La segunda es la necesidad de diversificar la matriz energética para la obtención de energía eléctrica.', 'La segunda es la necesidad de diversificar la matriz energética para la obtención de energía eléctrica. Si se busca la electrificación de la economía utili- zando tecnologías convencionales (termoeléc- trica e hidroeléctrica de gran tamaño), al mismo tiempo que se le obliga a reducir el consumo de fuentes fósiles, se transferirán emisiones de los sectores productivos al sector eléctrico para cumplir la restricción impuesta, afectando nega- tivamente el crecimiento económico y la reduc- ción de emisiones (lo que sucede en el escenario ENY). Para evitar esto se requiere diversificar la matriz energética de obtención de electricidad integrando energías renovables no convenciona- les para garantizar una oferta estable y bajos nive- les de emisiones (Rojas 2021). La tercera es que el país requiere aumentar su eficiencia energética.', 'La tercera es que el país requiere aumentar su eficiencia energética. La eficiencia energéti- ca puede analizarse desde el punto de vista del consumo de energía o desde su generación. La eficiencia del uso de la energía está relacionada con el impulso de sectores que por su estructu- ra de costos son de bajas emisiones o que gozan de la capacidad de sustituir fuentes de energía o implementar nuevas tecnologías que le facili- ten estas sustituciones, entre ellos, se destaca el sector servicios. La eficiencia energética, desde la perspectiva de la generación de energía, se entiende como la obtención de fuentes con mínimas pérdidas energéticas y bajo impacto ambiental, a un bajo costo o con precios compet- itivos, para transferir esta competitividad al resto de la economía vía encadenamientos.', 'La eficiencia energética, desde la perspectiva de la generación de energía, se entiende como la obtención de fuentes con mínimas pérdidas energéticas y bajo impacto ambiental, a un bajo costo o con precios compet- itivos, para transferir esta competitividad al resto de la economía vía encadenamientos. Adicio- nalmente, la política de transición climática y la eficiencia energética brinda una oportunidad de crecimiento, ya que al generar una optimización de recursos y precios competitivos de la energía que se transfieren al resto del sistema, tiene un impacto positivo sobre la tasa de crecimien- to económico en el largo plazo (Girod et al 2017; Vesna y Željko, 2017). Finalmente, se observa que los sectores por naturaleza bajos en emisiones, como servicios y construcción, presentan un gran potencial como impulsadores de la economía y generadores de empleo.', 'Finalmente, se observa que los sectores por naturaleza bajos en emisiones, como servicios y construcción, presentan un gran potencial como impulsadores de la economía y generadores de empleo. Teniendo esto en cuenta, éstos deberían ser fortalecidos, o aquellos que en el futuro tengan estas dos características. Adicionalmente, en el caso de los sectores intensivos en emisiones, estos desbeberían ser que potencializados con políticas ambiciosas de reconversión tecnológi- ca para así desacoplarlos de las emisiones y que puedan seguir aportando al valor agregado del país (Rojas 2021). 9.', 'Adicionalmente, en el caso de los sectores intensivos en emisiones, estos desbeberían ser que potencializados con políticas ambiciosas de reconversión tecnológi- ca para así desacoplarlos de las emisiones y que puedan seguir aportando al valor agregado del país (Rojas 2021). 9. Es decir la reducción frente al escenario de base es tan sólo de 0.04 %.Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia socioecológica como fundamento para la acción climática La planificación de largo plazo para construir resil- iencia climática parte de entender los territorios de Colombia como sistemas heterogéneos, comple- jos, adaptativos y multiescalares compuestos por la interacción permanente entre las personas (siste- ma sociocultural10) y la naturaleza (biodiversidad11 y sus servicios ecosistémicos12), en otras palabras, entenderlos como sistemas socioecológicos o socioecosistemas (Berkes y Folke, 1998; Ostrom, 2009; Virapongse et al., 2016; Costanza et al., 2017).', 'Es decir la reducción frente al escenario de base es tan sólo de 0.04 %.Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia socioecológica como fundamento para la acción climática La planificación de largo plazo para construir resil- iencia climática parte de entender los territorios de Colombia como sistemas heterogéneos, comple- jos, adaptativos y multiescalares compuestos por la interacción permanente entre las personas (siste- ma sociocultural10) y la naturaleza (biodiversidad11 y sus servicios ecosistémicos12), en otras palabras, entenderlos como sistemas socioecológicos o socioecosistemas (Berkes y Folke, 1998; Ostrom, 2009; Virapongse et al., 2016; Costanza et al., 2017). Esta indivisible relación entre la naturaleza y la cultura humana, se entiende y explica en ejem- plos concretos como la valoración y la gestión que hacemos socialmente del agua y los ecosistemas, a modo de elementos integradores y ejes estruc- turadores del territorio, pues en su calidad y canti- dad se facilita o se limita el desarrollo.', 'Esta indivisible relación entre la naturaleza y la cultura humana, se entiende y explica en ejem- plos concretos como la valoración y la gestión que hacemos socialmente del agua y los ecosistemas, a modo de elementos integradores y ejes estruc- turadores del territorio, pues en su calidad y canti- dad se facilita o se limita el desarrollo. La principal ventaja de seguir una aproximación socioecológica para la construcción de un futuro resiliente es que esta permite describir y orien- tar las acciones necesarias sobre los paisajes (territorios) de forma holística y sistémica (de Rosnay, 1975; von Bertalanffy, 1987), consideran- do las diferencias medioambientales y cultura- les de cada una de las regiones del país y de sus habitantes, abriendo el camino a la búsqueda de soluciones innovadoras y disruptivas que redun- den en el mantenimiento y mejoramiento del bienestar humano.', 'La principal ventaja de seguir una aproximación socioecológica para la construcción de un futuro resiliente es que esta permite describir y orien- tar las acciones necesarias sobre los paisajes (territorios) de forma holística y sistémica (de Rosnay, 1975; von Bertalanffy, 1987), consideran- do las diferencias medioambientales y cultura- les de cada una de las regiones del país y de sus habitantes, abriendo el camino a la búsqueda de soluciones innovadoras y disruptivas que redun- den en el mantenimiento y mejoramiento del bienestar humano. Esta visión supera el error de 10.', 'Esta visión supera el error de 10. El sistema sociocultural recoge todas las reglas, rela- ciones y procesos sociales, políticos, económicos, religiosos, míticos, simbólicos y tecnológicos que definen a los difer- entes grupos humanos y que han sido estructurados a través de la historia, gracias a las oportunidades y restric- ciones que la naturaleza les otorga, constituyéndose así, en nuestra principal estrategia de supervivencia como especie biológica (González L. de G. y Cuéllar, 2013). 11. La biodiversidad se define como la variedad de la vida a lo largo de todos los niveles de organización, desde la diver- sidad génica en poblaciones, diversidad de especies, que deben ser encaradas como la unidad pívot de clasificación, hasta la diversidad de ecosistemas (Wilson y Peter, 1988). 12.', 'La biodiversidad se define como la variedad de la vida a lo largo de todos los niveles de organización, desde la diver- sidad génica en poblaciones, diversidad de especies, que deben ser encaradas como la unidad pívot de clasificación, hasta la diversidad de ecosistemas (Wilson y Peter, 1988). 12. Los servicios ecosistémicos se definen como las contribu- ciones directas e indirectas de la biodiversidad al bienestar humano. Pueden ser de tres tipos principales de aprovision- amiento, regulación/soporte y culturales (TEEB, 2010; SOU, 2013; Danley y Widmark, 2016).', 'Pueden ser de tres tipos principales de aprovision- amiento, regulación/soporte y culturales (TEEB, 2010; SOU, 2013; Danley y Widmark, 2016). Actualmente, en el marco de la plataforma IPBES, se viene utilizando el concepto de contribuciones de la naturaleza a las personas (CNP) como un concepto similar al de servicios ecosistémicos y definidas como son todas las contribuciones, tanto positivas como negativas, de la naturaleza viva a la calidad de vida de las personas.', 'Actualmente, en el marco de la plataforma IPBES, se viene utilizando el concepto de contribuciones de la naturaleza a las personas (CNP) como un concepto similar al de servicios ecosistémicos y definidas como son todas las contribuciones, tanto positivas como negativas, de la naturaleza viva a la calidad de vida de las personas. Muchas CNP pueden percibirse como beneficios o perjuicios según el contexto cultural, temporal o espacial (IPBES, 2020).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia intentar resolver problemas complejos (Stacey, 2000) como el cambio climático, con aproxima- ciones simples y compartimentadas que anal- izan y gestionan territorialmente los procesos naturales y culturales (comunitarios y sectori- ales) de forma separada y desarticulada, incre- mentando el sofisma de que la conservación y la producción son irreconciliables, al tiempo que se incrementan las brechas sociales y la desigualdad de género13.', 'Muchas CNP pueden percibirse como beneficios o perjuicios según el contexto cultural, temporal o espacial (IPBES, 2020).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia intentar resolver problemas complejos (Stacey, 2000) como el cambio climático, con aproxima- ciones simples y compartimentadas que anal- izan y gestionan territorialmente los procesos naturales y culturales (comunitarios y sectori- ales) de forma separada y desarticulada, incre- mentando el sofisma de que la conservación y la producción son irreconciliables, al tiempo que se incrementan las brechas sociales y la desigualdad de género13. La aplicación de una lógica socioecosistémica en la gestión, permite que todos los actores que tienen incidencia en un territorio realicen sus actividades de manera articulada y con la corresponsabilidad suficiente para avanzar en sus objetivos, al tiempo que aportan en la gestión de los ecosistemas.', 'La aplicación de una lógica socioecosistémica en la gestión, permite que todos los actores que tienen incidencia en un territorio realicen sus actividades de manera articulada y con la corresponsabilidad suficiente para avanzar en sus objetivos, al tiempo que aportan en la gestión de los ecosistemas. Adicionalmente, la aproximación socioecológi- ca permite comprender que todas las acciones comunitarias y sectoriales, sin excepción, tienen expresiones territoriales concretas (usos del suelo) y que para su cabal desarrollo deben realizarse a través de una gestión proactiva, diferencial, infor- mada, consciente, corresponsable y articulada, la cual parte de una visión general (global) de los problemas, los territorios y comunidades, y se materializan en una planificación regional integral que oriente todas las acciones locales (puntuales) (Forman, 1995).', 'Adicionalmente, la aproximación socioecológi- ca permite comprender que todas las acciones comunitarias y sectoriales, sin excepción, tienen expresiones territoriales concretas (usos del suelo) y que para su cabal desarrollo deben realizarse a través de una gestión proactiva, diferencial, infor- mada, consciente, corresponsable y articulada, la cual parte de una visión general (global) de los problemas, los territorios y comunidades, y se materializan en una planificación regional integral que oriente todas las acciones locales (puntuales) (Forman, 1995). Por otro lado, y en igual nivel de importancia al desarrollo de acciones comunitar- ias o sectoriales, está la necesidad de conservar14 los ecosistemas nativos como fuente y garantía de oferta de servicios ecosistémicos, lo que suste- nta la importancia de contemplar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN)15 como la principal opción, complementada por las soluciones basa- das en tecnología, para ayudar a hacer frente a desafíos como el cambio climático, la salud humana, la igualdad de género, la seguridad alimentaria e hídrica, los desastres naturales y la pérdida de biodiversidad (UICN, 2020).', 'Por otro lado, y en igual nivel de importancia al desarrollo de acciones comunitar- ias o sectoriales, está la necesidad de conservar14 los ecosistemas nativos como fuente y garantía de oferta de servicios ecosistémicos, lo que suste- nta la importancia de contemplar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN)15 como la principal opción, complementada por las soluciones basa- das en tecnología, para ayudar a hacer frente a desafíos como el cambio climático, la salud humana, la igualdad de género, la seguridad alimentaria e hídrica, los desastres naturales y la pérdida de biodiversidad (UICN, 2020). La aproximación socioecológica busca entonces encontrar nuevos caminos de análisis y gestión para subsanar los errores y superar los problemas, algunos recurrentes, que se han generado por una aproximación desarticulada, descoordinada y no corresponsable entre actores territoriales, la cual, en ocasiones, olvida que la naturaleza es fuente y garantía de la sostenibilidad territorial, institucional y corporativa.', 'La aproximación socioecológica busca entonces encontrar nuevos caminos de análisis y gestión para subsanar los errores y superar los problemas, algunos recurrentes, que se han generado por una aproximación desarticulada, descoordinada y no corresponsable entre actores territoriales, la cual, en ocasiones, olvida que la naturaleza es fuente y garantía de la sostenibilidad territorial, institucional y corporativa. En el proceso de alcanzar dinámicas de estabi- lización de cualquier territorio, entendido como sistema socioecológico, la resiliencia es, junto con la transformabilidad y la adaptabilidad, un atributo fundamental que se debe desarrol- lar, fortalecer y mantener (Walker y Salt, 2006).', 'En el proceso de alcanzar dinámicas de estabi- lización de cualquier territorio, entendido como sistema socioecológico, la resiliencia es, junto con la transformabilidad y la adaptabilidad, un atributo fundamental que se debe desarrol- lar, fortalecer y mantener (Walker y Salt, 2006). La resiliencia se define como la capacidad que tiene un sistema de absorber los disturbios y poder reorganizarse (con los necesarios cambi- os), de manera que se mantengan sus atribu- tos esenciales (función, estructura, identidad y retroalimentación), permitiéndole al sistema, continuar desarrollándose (Folke et al., 2011; Stef- fen et al., 2015; Rockström et al., 2009), aumentan- do su capacidad de aprendizaje y adaptación al cambio (Carpenter et al., 2001).', 'La resiliencia se define como la capacidad que tiene un sistema de absorber los disturbios y poder reorganizarse (con los necesarios cambi- os), de manera que se mantengan sus atribu- tos esenciales (función, estructura, identidad y retroalimentación), permitiéndole al sistema, continuar desarrollándose (Folke et al., 2011; Stef- fen et al., 2015; Rockström et al., 2009), aumentan- do su capacidad de aprendizaje y adaptación al cambio (Carpenter et al., 2001). Adicionalmente, la construcción de rutas de resiliencia climática incluye no solo las acciones de adaptación, sino también las acciones de mitigación para reducir ostensiblemente las emisiones de GEI (en el caso colombiano, carbono neutralidad), la sinergia entre estos dos conjuntos de acciones genera beneficios mutuos, así como introduce coben- eficios con las políticas de desarrollo (Denton et al. 2014).', 'Adicionalmente, la construcción de rutas de resiliencia climática incluye no solo las acciones de adaptación, sino también las acciones de mitigación para reducir ostensiblemente las emisiones de GEI (en el caso colombiano, carbono neutralidad), la sinergia entre estos dos conjuntos de acciones genera beneficios mutuos, así como introduce coben- eficios con las políticas de desarrollo (Denton et al. 2014). Así, mantener, ganar y fortalecer la resil- iencia socioecológica equivale a la sostenibilidad (Berkes et al., 2003). Para construir, o mantener, la resiliencia, es necesario reconocer que los territorios tienen diferentes momentos de equilibrio a lo largo del tiempo, es decir, instantes donde las relaciones que se dan entre los sistemas cultural y ecológi- co configuran una determinada estructura y composición de coberturas y usos del suelo que significan propiedades funcionales particulares.', 'Para construir, o mantener, la resiliencia, es necesario reconocer que los territorios tienen diferentes momentos de equilibrio a lo largo del tiempo, es decir, instantes donde las relaciones que se dan entre los sistemas cultural y ecológi- co configuran una determinada estructura y composición de coberturas y usos del suelo que significan propiedades funcionales particulares. Al cambiar las decisiones individuales o colecti- vas, o al presentarse eventos naturales estocásti- cos, el sistema cambiará en su composición y en su funcionamiento, constituyendo un nuevo estado del sistema y por ende un nuevo equi- librio. Comprender los territorios (sistemas socioecológicos) como sistemas multiequilibrio permite realizar una gestión más flexible y adapt- able a cualquier tipo de cambio.', 'Comprender los territorios (sistemas socioecológicos) como sistemas multiequilibrio permite realizar una gestión más flexible y adapt- able a cualquier tipo de cambio. Así, el sistema puede encontrar varios estados o regímenes posibles luego de sufrir una perturbación, donde se reorganicen de manera continua los elemen- tos físicos, biológicos y culturales, permitiendo la permanente adaptación de los sistemas socio- ecológicos (Holling, 2001; Gunderson et al., 2002; Calvente, 2007). Desde esta perspectiva, la resil- iencia no es solo una característica o una propie- dad, sino principalmente un proceso dinámico, evolutivo (Sánchez-Zamora et. al 2016).', 'Desde esta perspectiva, la resil- iencia no es solo una característica o una propie- dad, sino principalmente un proceso dinámico, evolutivo (Sánchez-Zamora et. al 2016). La resiliencia climática que se busca constru- ir a largo plazo no puede ser la de un solo sector o territorio, y no se refiere solamente a los aspectos ecológicos, por el contrario, se trata de la resiliencia del país y sus regiones y sectores, balanceando los aspectos relativos a la construcción de resiliencia integral en los ámbitos ecosistémico, físico, económico, social e institucional (figura 16). 13. Las desigualdades de género tienen implicaciones sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales para las personas que responden al cambio climático.', 'Las desigualdades de género tienen implicaciones sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales para las personas que responden al cambio climático. Examinar el género es importante porque las mujeres, los hombres, las niñas y los niños, aunque no son grupos homogéneos, tienden a tener experiencias sistemáticamente diferentes en relación con el cambio climático, basadas en las desigualdades asociadas a los roles de género socialmente construidos (GGCA, 2016). 14. De acuerdo con la PNGIBSE (MinAmbiente, 2012), la conservación debe ser entendida y gestionada como una propiedad emergente, generada a partir del balance entre acciones de preservación, uso sostenible, generación de conocimiento y restauración de la biodiversidad. 15.', 'De acuerdo con la PNGIBSE (MinAmbiente, 2012), la conservación debe ser entendida y gestionada como una propiedad emergente, generada a partir del balance entre acciones de preservación, uso sostenible, generación de conocimiento y restauración de la biodiversidad. 15. Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) son acciones dirigidas a proteger, gestionar y restaurar de manera sostenible ecosistemas naturales o modificados, que hacen frente a retos de la sociedad de forma efectiva y adaptable, proporcionando simultáneamente bienestar humano y beneficios de la biodiversidad (Resolución de la UICN WCC-2016-Res-069) (UICN, 2020).', 'Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) son acciones dirigidas a proteger, gestionar y restaurar de manera sostenible ecosistemas naturales o modificados, que hacen frente a retos de la sociedad de forma efectiva y adaptable, proporcionando simultáneamente bienestar humano y beneficios de la biodiversidad (Resolución de la UICN WCC-2016-Res-069) (UICN, 2020). Al ser las SbN una aplicación de los doce principios del enfoque ecosistémico (Andrade Pérez, 2007) a la solución práctica de algunos de los problemas relacionados con el cambio global ambien- tal, se entiende que el enfoque de las comunidades está plenamente incluido y representado.Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Resiliencia ecosistémica Resiliencia física Figura 16. Aproximación holística a la resiliencia socioecológica de largo plazo (2050). Fuente: E2050 adaptado de (ADB, 2019).', 'Fuente: E2050 adaptado de (ADB, 2019). • Planificación, diseño y construcción de infraestructura protegida contra los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático (es para proteger o favorecer a las comunidades urbanas, rurales, en línea de costa, etc.). • Ampliación de las inversiones para reducir los riesgos por variabilidad y cambio climático, así como también riesgo de desastres. • Estrategias de reducción del riesgo a través de la naturaleza o infraestructura verde. • Centrar las acciones en las dimensiones humanas y sociales (acciones a favor de los pobres y vulnerables). • Soluciones resilientes multifacéticas (vivienda, protección social, desarrollo de habilidades a diversas escalas). • Acciones para garantizar la igualdad de género. • Conservación, restauración y rehabilitación de ecosistemas. • Agrobiodiversidad, sistemas agroalimentarios, mosaicos de producción/conservación.', '• Agrobiodiversidad, sistemas agroalimentarios, mosaicos de producción/conservación. • Uso de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos como parte integral de toda la estrategia para construir resiliencia en las comunidades y la economía. Resiliencia económica Resiliencia social e institucional • Nuevos productos y servicios financieros para sustentar y apalancar las transiciones necesarias para responder al cambio climático y al riesgo de desastres. • Gestión financiera del riesgo de desastres por países, empresas y comunidades. Para la construcción y fortalecimiento de trayec- torias holísticas de resiliencia climática socio- ecológica se requiere una visión sistémica y acciones integrales que combinen las medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, con las medi- das para adaptarse y gestionar adecuadamente el riesgo de desastres.', 'Para la construcción y fortalecimiento de trayec- torias holísticas de resiliencia climática socio- ecológica se requiere una visión sistémica y acciones integrales que combinen las medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, con las medi- das para adaptarse y gestionar adecuadamente el riesgo de desastres. Por esta razón, en el caso colombiano, la resiliencia climática socioecológi- ca se construirá en la práctica, a través de, alca- nzar y mantener la carbono neutralidad, así como también de la creación y el fortalecimiento de capacidad de adaptación (adaptabilidad) en todos los territorios y sectores, de manera que se orienten transformaciones positivas en las reali- dades a nivel nacional, regional y local.', 'Por esta razón, en el caso colombiano, la resiliencia climática socioecológi- ca se construirá en la práctica, a través de, alca- nzar y mantener la carbono neutralidad, así como también de la creación y el fortalecimiento de capacidad de adaptación (adaptabilidad) en todos los territorios y sectores, de manera que se orienten transformaciones positivas en las reali- dades a nivel nacional, regional y local. La carbono neutralidad hace referencia a la necesaria y urgente reducción significativa de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernade- ro (medidos en CO ) la cual, en el largo plazo, debe llegar a ser totalmente balanceada con las absorciones de carbono que se puedan lograr manteniendo y aumentando los stocks de carbo- no (bosques naturales y plantados) o mediante soluciones tecnológicas (CCUS), de tal forma que el país logre mantener año a año, a partir del 2050, un balance neto cero entre sus emisiones y sus absorciones (Levin et al.', 'La carbono neutralidad hace referencia a la necesaria y urgente reducción significativa de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernade- ro (medidos en CO ) la cual, en el largo plazo, debe llegar a ser totalmente balanceada con las absorciones de carbono que se puedan lograr manteniendo y aumentando los stocks de carbo- no (bosques naturales y plantados) o mediante soluciones tecnológicas (CCUS), de tal forma que el país logre mantener año a año, a partir del 2050, un balance neto cero entre sus emisiones y sus absorciones (Levin et al. 2015; Levin y Davis 2019). En este concepto se incluye la posibilidad de la compensación de las emisiones sectoriales, con acciones adelantadas por otros sectores o entre distintos territorios, creando espacios para mercados de carbono y otros instrumentos que incentiven la inversión.', 'En este concepto se incluye la posibilidad de la compensación de las emisiones sectoriales, con acciones adelantadas por otros sectores o entre distintos territorios, creando espacios para mercados de carbono y otros instrumentos que incentiven la inversión. Asimismo, la capacidad de adaptación (adaptab- ilidad) se define como la aptitud que tienen los actores sociales de fortalecer sus instituciones, infraestructuras, territorios, entre otros, para facultar al sistema a aprender, mantener, ganar y trascender desde las respuestas reactivas correctivas, hacia situaciones donde, a pesar de que los eventos amenazantes se presenten, los territorios tengan la capacidad de resistir, resta- blecerse, renovarse, reorganizarse y reorientarse (Sánchez-Zamora, 2016).', 'Asimismo, la capacidad de adaptación (adaptab- ilidad) se define como la aptitud que tienen los actores sociales de fortalecer sus instituciones, infraestructuras, territorios, entre otros, para facultar al sistema a aprender, mantener, ganar y trascender desde las respuestas reactivas correctivas, hacia situaciones donde, a pesar de que los eventos amenazantes se presenten, los territorios tengan la capacidad de resistir, resta- blecerse, renovarse, reorganizarse y reorientarse (Sánchez-Zamora, 2016). De este modo, al ser entonces el riesgo una característica intrínseca de los sistemas complejos, como lo son los socio- ecosistemas, y ser este el resultado de la suscep- tibilidad, las debilidades y la falta de resiliencia (INGENIAR, 2021), la gestión integral de riesgos se convierte en el soporte orientador y metodológi- co de la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'De este modo, al ser entonces el riesgo una característica intrínseca de los sistemas complejos, como lo son los socio- ecosistemas, y ser este el resultado de la suscep- tibilidad, las debilidades y la falta de resiliencia (INGENIAR, 2021), la gestión integral de riesgos se convierte en el soporte orientador y metodológi- co de la adaptación al cambio climático. Sin embargo, la adaptación no es solo territori- al y para la construcción de resiliencia climáti- ca es necesario distinguir y gestionar dos tipos de riesgos que serán claves en este proceso de transformación a largo plazo. Primero, el riesgo por cambio climático (RCC), expresado en los posibles daños y afectaciones ocasionados por las variaciones progresivas y absolutas en las variables climáticas o por el aumento poten- cial en la intensidad, magnitud y frecuencia de eventos climáticos extremos.', 'Primero, el riesgo por cambio climático (RCC), expresado en los posibles daños y afectaciones ocasionados por las variaciones progresivas y absolutas en las variables climáticas o por el aumento poten- cial en la intensidad, magnitud y frecuencia de eventos climáticos extremos. Respecto a la gestión de estos últimos, en el marco del RCC, la gestión integral de riesgo de desastres (GIRD)16, gracias a sus marcos temporales de reacción 16.', 'Respecto a la gestión de estos últimos, en el marco del RCC, la gestión integral de riesgo de desastres (GIRD)16, gracias a sus marcos temporales de reacción 16. La gestión integral del riesgo de desastres (GIRD) es un proceso social orientado a la formulación, ejecución, seguimiento y evaluación de políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, regulaciones, instrumentos, medidas y acciones permanentes para el conocimiento y la reducción del riesgo y para el manejo de desastres, con el propósito explícito de contribuir a la seguridad, el bienestar, la calidad de vida de las personas y al desarrollo sostenible (Ley 1523 de 2012) (Congreso de Colombia, 2012).', 'La gestión integral del riesgo de desastres (GIRD) es un proceso social orientado a la formulación, ejecución, seguimiento y evaluación de políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, regulaciones, instrumentos, medidas y acciones permanentes para el conocimiento y la reducción del riesgo y para el manejo de desastres, con el propósito explícito de contribuir a la seguridad, el bienestar, la calidad de vida de las personas y al desarrollo sostenible (Ley 1523 de 2012) (Congreso de Colombia, 2012). En este marco la GIRD, a través de los procesos de cono- cimiento, reducción y manejo del riesgo actual de desastre, sienta las bases permanentes para la adaptación al cambio climático, en la medida que estas acciones continúen funcionando y el sistema las aprenda para constituir una acción o medida de adaptación.', 'En este marco la GIRD, a través de los procesos de cono- cimiento, reducción y manejo del riesgo actual de desastre, sienta las bases permanentes para la adaptación al cambio climático, en la medida que estas acciones continúen funcionando y el sistema las aprenda para constituir una acción o medida de adaptación. Además, las respuestas desde la GIRD y la adaptación buscan abordar la relación entre la amenaza y un contexto amplio determinado por fenómenos socioeconómicos con origines políticos que determinan la susceptibilidad de las personas a ser afec- tadas por eventos y procesos climáticos, por tanto, los dos marcos, GIRD y adaptación, tienen en el centro de su accio- nar la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades expuestas y su protección frente a riesgos actuales y futuros.', 'Además, las respuestas desde la GIRD y la adaptación buscan abordar la relación entre la amenaza y un contexto amplio determinado por fenómenos socioeconómicos con origines políticos que determinan la susceptibilidad de las personas a ser afec- tadas por eventos y procesos climáticos, por tanto, los dos marcos, GIRD y adaptación, tienen en el centro de su accio- nar la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades expuestas y su protección frente a riesgos actuales y futuros. Financiamiento, conocimiento y alianzas Resiliencia socioecológicaBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia acción de más corto plazo (respuesta, atención, adecuación), juega un papel fundamental, siem- pre y cuando todas sus acciones estén siempre orientadas por visiones de largo plazo (adapta- ción, reorganización y reorientación).', 'Financiamiento, conocimiento y alianzas Resiliencia socioecológicaBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia acción de más corto plazo (respuesta, atención, adecuación), juega un papel fundamental, siem- pre y cuando todas sus acciones estén siempre orientadas por visiones de largo plazo (adapta- ción, reorganización y reorientación). Segundo, está el riesgo de transición climática (CTR, por sus siglas en inglés) definido como la posible depreciación de activos que sufran las empre- sas al tiempo que enfrentan retos relacionados con el acceso y la gestión de los recursos (tiem- po y dinero), las necesidades de personal con nuevas cualificaciones inicialmente difíciles de conseguir en el mercado laboral, deterioro en su reputación, dificultad para el acceso o la trans- formación tecnológica, pérdida de mercados, entre otros (CTR laggards), así como también, las oportunidades (CTR leaders) derivadas de la transición a una economía carbono neutral (DWS, 2020).', 'Segundo, está el riesgo de transición climática (CTR, por sus siglas en inglés) definido como la posible depreciación de activos que sufran las empre- sas al tiempo que enfrentan retos relacionados con el acceso y la gestión de los recursos (tiem- po y dinero), las necesidades de personal con nuevas cualificaciones inicialmente difíciles de conseguir en el mercado laboral, deterioro en su reputación, dificultad para el acceso o la trans- formación tecnológica, pérdida de mercados, entre otros (CTR laggards), así como también, las oportunidades (CTR leaders) derivadas de la transición a una economía carbono neutral (DWS, 2020). Se resalta entonces el hecho de que la adapta- ción per se no se alcanzará jamás, pues siempre existirán factores y eventos desestabilizadores (choques o disturbios), razón por la cual la relación interdependiente entre la gestión de riesgos y la adaptación al cambio climático no terminará nunca y su gestión conjunta se convierte en prioridad para avanzar hacia la construcción de capacidades sólidas en sectores y territorios que les permitan enfrentar y resistir a los choques asociados con el cambio climático, reorganizarse y reorientarse para poder continuar desarrollán- dose sin perder su identidad.', 'Se resalta entonces el hecho de que la adapta- ción per se no se alcanzará jamás, pues siempre existirán factores y eventos desestabilizadores (choques o disturbios), razón por la cual la relación interdependiente entre la gestión de riesgos y la adaptación al cambio climático no terminará nunca y su gestión conjunta se convierte en prioridad para avanzar hacia la construcción de capacidades sólidas en sectores y territorios que les permitan enfrentar y resistir a los choques asociados con el cambio climático, reorganizarse y reorientarse para poder continuar desarrollán- dose sin perder su identidad. Los cambios que se requieren promover para construir y fortalecer la resiliencia climática, no son secuenciales y lineales, por el contrario, la transformación es a veces gradual, a veces abrupta (efectos umbral) y no lineal, de manera que debe ser abordada como una transición socio ecológica.', 'Los cambios que se requieren promover para construir y fortalecer la resiliencia climática, no son secuenciales y lineales, por el contrario, la transformación es a veces gradual, a veces abrupta (efectos umbral) y no lineal, de manera que debe ser abordada como una transición socio ecológica. Las transiciones socioecológicas (TSE) son cambios disruptivos no lineales y a gran escala en los sistemas socioecológicos que surgen duran- te un período de décadas y que llevan el siste- ma de un equilibrio dinámico a otro (Loorbach, 2017; Andrade et al., 2018; Herrfahrdt-Pähle et al., 2020). Es muy importante que la gestión que se realiza para reorientar las transiciones hacia estados deseables y sostenibles se realice de manera informada y diferencial, para evitar caer en trampas socioecológicas17 que creen nuevas vulnerabilidades, aumentando las brechas socio- económicas y la degradación territorial (SRC, 2012).', 'Es muy importante que la gestión que se realiza para reorientar las transiciones hacia estados deseables y sostenibles se realice de manera informada y diferencial, para evitar caer en trampas socioecológicas17 que creen nuevas vulnerabilidades, aumentando las brechas socio- económicas y la degradación territorial (SRC, 2012). La resignación social (a veces confundida con adaptación) a las condiciones de la trampa socioecológica profundiza la trampa y reduce las opciones viables de futuro (SRC, 2018). Tomar el enfoque de TSE significa que se busca orien- tar el cambio, que habrá fases o etapas donde determinadas actividades se deberán realizar y ciertos objetivos se deberán cumplir, de manera tal que al final del proceso se logre la transfor- mación deseada.', 'Tomar el enfoque de TSE significa que se busca orien- tar el cambio, que habrá fases o etapas donde determinadas actividades se deberán realizar y ciertos objetivos se deberán cumplir, de manera tal que al final del proceso se logre la transfor- mación deseada. En Colombia, la TSE hacia la resiliencia climáti- ca implica transformarse de forma radical, sistémica y acelerada, recomponiendo las rutas de desarrollo que han creado una sociedad carbonointensiva y con alta vulnerabilidad al cambio climático (IDEAM, et al., 2017), llevándolas hacia trayectorias sostenibles caracterizadas por una alta capacidad de adaptación de territorios y sectores carbono neutrales, al tiempo que se maximiza el bienestar de la población y se redu- cen las brechas de género y otras brechas socia- les.', 'En Colombia, la TSE hacia la resiliencia climáti- ca implica transformarse de forma radical, sistémica y acelerada, recomponiendo las rutas de desarrollo que han creado una sociedad carbonointensiva y con alta vulnerabilidad al cambio climático (IDEAM, et al., 2017), llevándolas hacia trayectorias sostenibles caracterizadas por una alta capacidad de adaptación de territorios y sectores carbono neutrales, al tiempo que se maximiza el bienestar de la población y se redu- cen las brechas de género y otras brechas socia- les. Las transformaciones necesarias, no solo se limitan a cambios tecnológicos o modelos de uso y manejo, implican también cambios en múltiples elementos constitutivos de las socie- dades tales como los conocimientos, creencias, competencias, comportamientos e instituciones (Moore et al., 2014). 17.', 'Las transformaciones necesarias, no solo se limitan a cambios tecnológicos o modelos de uso y manejo, implican también cambios en múltiples elementos constitutivos de las socie- dades tales como los conocimientos, creencias, competencias, comportamientos e instituciones (Moore et al., 2014). 17. Las trampas socioecológicas hacen referencia a situa- ciones donde existe una retroalimentación entre procesos ecológicos y sociales que lleva a que el sistema quede bloqueado en un estado indeseable que es muy difícil de revertir.', 'Las trampas socioecológicas hacen referencia a situa- ciones donde existe una retroalimentación entre procesos ecológicos y sociales que lleva a que el sistema quede bloqueado en un estado indeseable que es muy difícil de revertir. Por ejemplo, i) situaciones donde existe un impor- tante control social que previene la emergencia de alter- nativas innovadoras, ii) situaciones de pobreza persistente generados por la incapacidad a cambiar de fuente de sustento por disminución de ingresos provenientes de un determinado recurso y la no existencia de fuentes alternati- vas de ingreso, iii) oportunidades económicas que enmasca- ran severos deterioros medioambientales y iv) la incidencia de motores de pérdida de biodiversidad (sobreexplotación, transformación exagerada de hábitats, invasión biológica) activa efectos cascada y efectos retraso que solo son visibles a mediano o largo plazo, generando severos deterioros difíciles de revertir en la calidad de vida; entre otros (SRC, 2012).participativa de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo E2050 A través de un proceso de amplia convocatoria nacional se trabajaron los temas que confor- man esta Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo.', 'Por ejemplo, i) situaciones donde existe un impor- tante control social que previene la emergencia de alter- nativas innovadoras, ii) situaciones de pobreza persistente generados por la incapacidad a cambiar de fuente de sustento por disminución de ingresos provenientes de un determinado recurso y la no existencia de fuentes alternati- vas de ingreso, iii) oportunidades económicas que enmasca- ran severos deterioros medioambientales y iv) la incidencia de motores de pérdida de biodiversidad (sobreexplotación, transformación exagerada de hábitats, invasión biológica) activa efectos cascada y efectos retraso que solo son visibles a mediano o largo plazo, generando severos deterioros difíciles de revertir en la calidad de vida; entre otros (SRC, 2012).participativa de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo E2050 A través de un proceso de amplia convocatoria nacional se trabajaron los temas que confor- man esta Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo. El camino de construcción inició con la pregun- ta ¿qué debe tener Colombia para que en 2050 pueda ser considerado un territorio resiliente al clima?', 'El camino de construcción inició con la pregun- ta ¿qué debe tener Colombia para que en 2050 pueda ser considerado un territorio resiliente al clima? Las ideas que surgieron de ese ejercicio fueron agrupadas en temas afines y se llegó a un conjunto de apuestas que se consideraron las claves que debían apuntalar la ruta de trans- formación. Posteriormente, cada uno de estos temas se fue trabajando con grupos interinsti- tucionales donde se dio participación activa a actores nacionales y subnacionales represen- tantes de los sectores público, privado y de la sociedad civil, esta última incluyendo mujeres y hombres y grupos de jóvenes y de activistas del cambio climático en Colombia (figura 17).', 'Posteriormente, cada uno de estos temas se fue trabajando con grupos interinsti- tucionales donde se dio participación activa a actores nacionales y subnacionales represen- tantes de los sectores público, privado y de la sociedad civil, esta última incluyendo mujeres y hombres y grupos de jóvenes y de activistas del cambio climático en Colombia (figura 17). En el caso de las comunidades étnicas (indíge- nas y afrocolombianos) se abrieron espacios no formales de conversación donde se presentó la estrategia y se abrió la posibilidad a recoger sus primeras impresiones, mientras se definieron un par de hojas de ruta para los procesos de participación posteriores que se deberán seguir en la implementación de la E2050.', 'En el caso de las comunidades étnicas (indíge- nas y afrocolombianos) se abrieron espacios no formales de conversación donde se presentó la estrategia y se abrió la posibilidad a recoger sus primeras impresiones, mientras se definieron un par de hojas de ruta para los procesos de participación posteriores que se deberán seguir en la implementación de la E2050. Estos espa- cios fueron complementados con un Comité de Expertos, órgano consultivo y asesor, confor- mado por trece profesionales (siete hombres y seis mujeres) de amplia y reconocida trayectoria nacional o internacional en sus temas y mate- rias. Esta selección se hizo sin importar su raza, sexo, credo o afiliación política o institucional. Todos estos espacios permitieron definir y precisar el alcance y contenido de cada una de las apuestas y las opciones de transformación que componen esta estrategia.', 'Todos estos espacios permitieron definir y precisar el alcance y contenido de cada una de las apuestas y las opciones de transformación que componen esta estrategia. A lo largo de los diecinueve meses de formulación, dedica- dos a la construcción de la E2050, se desarr- ollaron más de setenta espacios de reunión entre talleres y reuniones bilaterales o con grupos expertos interinstitucionales. La situ- ación de cuarentena derivada de la pandemia por COVID-19 obligó a que todos estos espacios de trabajo, diálogo y construcción se desarrol- larán de manera virtual.', 'La situ- ación de cuarentena derivada de la pandemia por COVID-19 obligó a que todos estos espacios de trabajo, diálogo y construcción se desarrol- larán de manera virtual. Debido a la alta incerti- dumbre que incluye una planificación de largo plazo, la E2050 se estructura a través de apues- tas y opciones de transformación, es decir, posibilidades altamente viables diseñadas a partir de la información con la que contamos hoy para apalancar las transformaciones que lleven de manera segura a Colombia a constru- ir una sociedad resiliente al clima mediante acciones que funden una economía carbono neutral y unos sectores y territorios con ampli- as capacidades de adaptación a los retos que continuará trayendo el cambio climático. Figura 17. Diagrama general del proceso de participación para la construcción de la E2050 de Colombia Fuente: E2050.', 'Diagrama general del proceso de participación para la construcción de la E2050 de Colombia Fuente: E2050. Espacios de diálogo con comunidades étnicas (indígenas) 5 organizaciones nacio- nales Y 23 represen- tantes Espacios de diálogo con comunidades étnicas (afrocolom- bianos) 11 organi- zaciones afro 84 participantes CICC: 6 sesiones Comité Técnico: Comisiones inter- sectoriales de con- strucción > de 100 reuniones interinsti- tucionales 5 mesas de articulación con 120 asistentes permanentes Espacio de social- ización con sociedad civil no necesaria- mente organizada y grupos de jóvenes 9 talleres regionales; 376 participantes de Talleres de amplia convocatoria (Actores nal. y reg.)', 'Espacios de diálogo con comunidades étnicas (indígenas) 5 organizaciones nacio- nales Y 23 represen- tantes Espacios de diálogo con comunidades étnicas (afrocolom- bianos) 11 organi- zaciones afro 84 participantes CICC: 6 sesiones Comité Técnico: Comisiones inter- sectoriales de con- strucción > de 100 reuniones interinsti- tucionales 5 mesas de articulación con 120 asistentes permanentes Espacio de social- ización con sociedad civil no necesaria- mente organizada y grupos de jóvenes 9 talleres regionales; 376 participantes de Talleres de amplia convocatoria (Actores nal. y reg.) Comité de expertosBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia 4.3 El camino colombiano hacia la carbono neutralidad nacionalmente determinada (NDC, por su siglas en inglés) Siguiendo los principios rectores de utilizar la mejor información disponible y procurar el no retroceso y la progresión de la ambición, Colom- bia establece su compromiso de mitigación, en términos de las emisiones absolutas máximas del país en el año 2030 (meta absoluta de emisiones para un solo año) (Tabla 1) (Minambiente 2021).', 'Comité de expertosBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia 4.3 El camino colombiano hacia la carbono neutralidad nacionalmente determinada (NDC, por su siglas en inglés) Siguiendo los principios rectores de utilizar la mejor información disponible y procurar el no retroceso y la progresión de la ambición, Colom- bia establece su compromiso de mitigación, en términos de las emisiones absolutas máximas del país en el año 2030 (meta absoluta de emisiones para un solo año) (Tabla 1) (Minambiente 2021). La NDC de Colombia es justa en la medida en que responde a la vulnerabilidad de nuestro territo- rio ante los impactos del cambio climático y pone sobre la mesa el aporte de Colombia como país en desarrollo de renta media.', 'La NDC de Colombia es justa en la medida en que responde a la vulnerabilidad de nuestro territo- rio ante los impactos del cambio climático y pone sobre la mesa el aporte de Colombia como país en desarrollo de renta media. También es ambicio- sa pues sobrepasa de forma significativa nuestra meta de reducción de emisiones de 2015, compro- metiéndonos hoy a una reducción de emisiones de 176 M t CO . De esta forma, Colombia responde contundentemente al llamado de la ciencia, indi- cado en el Informe del IPCC de 1.5 °C (IPCC, 2019), e incluye todos los sectores de nuestra economía (Minambiente 2021).', 'También es ambicio- sa pues sobrepasa de forma significativa nuestra meta de reducción de emisiones de 2015, compro- metiéndonos hoy a una reducción de emisiones de 176 M t CO . De esta forma, Colombia responde contundentemente al llamado de la ciencia, indi- cado en el Informe del IPCC de 1.5 °C (IPCC, 2019), e incluye todos los sectores de nuestra economía (Minambiente 2021). Sin la electrificación de la economía, más allá de lo previsto en el PEN2050 (UPME 2021a) y en el Plan de Expansión de Generación (UPME 2021b), alcanzar la carbono neutralidad tendrá mayores dificultades.', 'Sin la electrificación de la economía, más allá de lo previsto en el PEN2050 (UPME 2021a) y en el Plan de Expansión de Generación (UPME 2021b), alcanzar la carbono neutralidad tendrá mayores dificultades. 4.3.2 Plan Energético Nacional 2050 (PEN) Colombia ha formulado su visión energética de largo plazo en el Plan Energético Nacional 2050 (PEN) como parte de sus compromisos derivados de la COP21 y de la legislación que ha adoptado las líneas estratégicas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Dicha visión integra varios escenarios y marca la trayectoria de ambición en el sector energético para la mitigación de GEI y alcanzar la carbono neutralidad en 2050.', 'Dicha visión integra varios escenarios y marca la trayectoria de ambición en el sector energético para la mitigación de GEI y alcanzar la carbono neutralidad en 2050. Los escenarios parten del compromiso del Gobierno colombiano de acometer la transición a través de la transformación energética que abarque tanto a la oferta de energía primaria, como la demanda final en todos los sectores económicos.', 'Los escenarios parten del compromiso del Gobierno colombiano de acometer la transición a través de la transformación energética que abarque tanto a la oferta de energía primaria, como la demanda final en todos los sectores económicos. Estos objetivos permiten que el sector energéti- co inicie una senda de descarbonización que se refleja en cuatro escenarios de cambio en la matriz energética y de cambio en la eficiencia energética en todos los sectores de consumo, así como en la cadena de abastecimiento (Tabla 3).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Compromiso Como parte de su meta de mitigación Colombia se compromete a: • Emitir como máximo 169.44 millones de toneladas de CO en 2030 (equivalente a una reducción del 51 % de las emisiones respecto a la proyección de emisiones en 2030 en el escenario de referencia), iniciando un decrecimiento en las emisiones entre 2027 y 2030 tendiente hacia la carbononeutralidad a mediados de siglo.', 'Estos objetivos permiten que el sector energéti- co inicie una senda de descarbonización que se refleja en cuatro escenarios de cambio en la matriz energética y de cambio en la eficiencia energética en todos los sectores de consumo, así como en la cadena de abastecimiento (Tabla 3).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Compromiso Como parte de su meta de mitigación Colombia se compromete a: • Emitir como máximo 169.44 millones de toneladas de CO en 2030 (equivalente a una reducción del 51 % de las emisiones respecto a la proyección de emisiones en 2030 en el escenario de referencia), iniciando un decrecimiento en las emisiones entre 2027 y 2030 tendiente hacia la carbononeutralidad a mediados de siglo. • Establecer presupuestos de carbono para el periodo 2020-2030 a más tardar en 2023.', '• Establecer presupuestos de carbono para el periodo 2020-2030 a más tardar en 2023. • Reducir las emisiones de carbono negro del 40 % respecto al nivel de 2014. Tipo de meta Meta de emisiones absolutas en un año. Año de desviación del escenario de mitigación respecto al escenario de referencia 2015. Periodo de implementación 2020–2030. Alcance y cobertura Sectores: la meta de mitigación comprende todos los sectores de la economía. Gases de efecto invernadero: tiene cobertura de los siguientes gases efecto invernadero CO , CH , N O, HFCs, PFCs, SF . Potenciales de calentamiento global Para la estimación de emisiones del escenario de refer- encia y de mitigación se utilizan valores de potencia- les de calentamiento global del quinto Informe del IPCC, página 731 (GWP-AR5). (IPCC, WG1, 2013).', 'Potenciales de calentamiento global Para la estimación de emisiones del escenario de refer- encia y de mitigación se utilizan valores de potencia- les de calentamiento global del quinto Informe del IPCC, página 731 (GWP-AR5). (IPCC, WG1, 2013). Enfoques cooperativos Colombia tiene la intención de participar en los enfoques cooperativos bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, conforme las decisiones que adopte la CMA sobre la materia y con el enfoque de integridad ambiental señalado por los Principios de San José. Pilar 1. Seguridad y confiabilidad en el abastecimiento Objetivo 1. Permitir el acceso universal a soluciones energéti- cas confiables, con estándares de calidad y asequibles. Objetivo 2. Diversificar la matriz energética. Pilar 2. Mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático Objetivo 3. Contar con un sistema energético resiliente. Objetivo 4.', 'Contar con un sistema energético resiliente. Objetivo 4. Propender por un sistema energéti- co de bajas emisiones de GEI. Pilar 3. Competitividad y desarrollo económico Objetivo 5. Adoptar nuevas tecnologías para el uso eficiente de recursos energéticos. Objetivo 6. Promover un entorno de mercado compet- itivo y la transición hacia una economía circular. Pilar 4. Conocimien- to e innovación Objetivo 7. Avanzar en la digitalización y uso de datos en el sector energético. Objetivo 8. Estimular la investigación e innovación y fortalecer las capacidades de capital humano. Tabla 1. Resumen de la NDC de Colombia Tabla 2.', 'Resumen de la NDC de Colombia Tabla 2. Objetivos estratégicos del plan energético nacional (PEN), en el marco de la transición energética Fuente: UPME, PEN 2050, enero 2021Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia La evaluación de estos escenarios indica una trayec- toria hacia la reducción de emisiones en todos los sectores de consumo, especialmente en el trans- porte. Estas emisiones se resumen a continuación: Escenario I. Actualización En sintonía con las tendencias actuales. Escenario II. Modernización Gasificación como paso hacia la descarbonización. Escenario III. Inflexión Comienzo de la electrificación de la economía. Escenario IV. Disrupción Innovación para encaminar al sector hacia la carbononeu- tralidad. Importación + YNC. Importación gas natural. Geotermia. Hidrógeno verde. Escenario de expansión de generación UPME. FNCER + eólico off shore. Pequeños reactores nucleares. FNCER. Biocombustibles. Phase out plantas ineficientes. Mejoras en combustibles líquidos. Biogás.', 'Phase out plantas ineficientes. Mejoras en combustibles líquidos. Biogás. Eficiencia en el sector de hidrocarburos. Eficiencia en plantas térmicas. Adopción BAT Colombia 2050. Adopción BAT mundo en 2050. Adopción BAT mundo en 2040. Adopción BAT mundo en 2030. Sustitución leña por GLP en el sector rural. Gas en transporte masivo e industria. Uso de hidrógeno en transporte. Mayores participaciones de energía eléctrica en el transporte. Cambios de estufas por gas por inducción. Renovación acelerada de la flota vehicular con tecnologías de 0 y bajas emisiones. Metas de electrificación vehicular actuales. Leña 0 en el sector rural en 2050. Mayor electrificación en los sectores de transporte e industria. Cambio de luminarias en el sector residencial. Figura 18.', 'Cambio de luminarias en el sector residencial. Figura 18. Escenario a 2050 proyectados por el Plan Energético Nacional Fuente: UPME 2021a Emisiones MtCO CO A la formulación del PEN 2050, se une la reciente publicación del borrador del Plan de Expansión de Generación y Transmisión 2021-2034, en el cual se presenta la visión a 2050 de la composición espe- rada de la matriz de generación eléctrica y la cual se ilustra a continuación para el escenario MLP2 (modelo de largo plazo) (figura 19). La composición esperada de la generación eléctrica en 2050 mues- tra que los recursos térmicos aportarán alrededor del 5 % de la demanda eléctrica total. Tabla 3.', 'La composición esperada de la generación eléctrica en 2050 mues- tra que los recursos térmicos aportarán alrededor del 5 % de la demanda eléctrica total. Tabla 3. Escenarios de cambio en la matriz energética y de cambio en la eficiencia energética en todos los sectores de consumo, así como en la cadena de abastecimiento contenidos en el plan energético nacional (PEN) Fuente: UPME, PEN 2050, enero 2021 / BAT: Best Available Technologies PEN actualización PEN Modernización PEN Inflexión PEN disrupciónFigura 19. Composición de la generación eléctrica desagregada por fuente (2020-2050) según el Plan de Expansión de Generación Eléctrica de Colombia Fuente: UPME, 2021b.', 'Composición de la generación eléctrica desagregada por fuente (2020-2050) según el Plan de Expansión de Generación Eléctrica de Colombia Fuente: UPME, 2021b. Hidro Biomasa Cogeneración Eolica EolicaOff Geotermia Menor Nuclear Solar SolarD Carbón Gas Líquidos % participaciónBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Adicionalmente, otros sectores y territorios adelantan también acciones para avanzar hacia la carbono neutralidad en el país, recogidas estas principalmente en los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS) y en los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territoriales (PIGCCT) (artículos 7, 8 y 9, Ley 1931 de 2018).', 'Hidro Biomasa Cogeneración Eolica EolicaOff Geotermia Menor Nuclear Solar SolarD Carbón Gas Líquidos % participaciónBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Adicionalmente, otros sectores y territorios adelantan también acciones para avanzar hacia la carbono neutralidad en el país, recogidas estas principalmente en los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS) y en los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territoriales (PIGCCT) (artículos 7, 8 y 9, Ley 1931 de 2018). En cabeza de los ministerios, las metas y medidas se derivan en gran parte de los PIGCCS, instru- mentos específicos para cada sector que reflejan tanto su diagnóstico como sus líneas de acción, medidas y metas, e incluyen metas específicas de reducción de emisiones de GEI para cada sector, aprobados por la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático (CICC) (Minambiente 2021).', 'En cabeza de los ministerios, las metas y medidas se derivan en gran parte de los PIGCCS, instru- mentos específicos para cada sector que reflejan tanto su diagnóstico como sus líneas de acción, medidas y metas, e incluyen metas específicas de reducción de emisiones de GEI para cada sector, aprobados por la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático (CICC) (Minambiente 2021). A junio de 2021 se encuentran publicados y aproba- dos los PIGCC del Ministerio de Minas y Energía y del Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio. Se encuentra formulado el PIGCC del sector agri- cultura y en proceso de finalización en su formu- lación los planes de los sectores de transporte; de industria, comercio y turismo; de ambiente y hacienda en los cuales se resalta la integración transversal del enfoque de género.', 'Se encuentra formulado el PIGCC del sector agri- cultura y en proceso de finalización en su formu- lación los planes de los sectores de transporte; de industria, comercio y turismo; de ambiente y hacienda en los cuales se resalta la integración transversal del enfoque de género. Asimismo, se está iniciando la formulación de los planes de los sectores de salud y educación. A nivel territorial, los principales instrumentos de referencia son los PIGCCT y otros planes de gestión subnacional relacionados con el cambio climático, en los cuales los territorios formulan medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación ajustadas a sus necesidades y capacidades.', 'A nivel territorial, los principales instrumentos de referencia son los PIGCCT y otros planes de gestión subnacional relacionados con el cambio climático, en los cuales los territorios formulan medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación ajustadas a sus necesidades y capacidades. Los territorios han mostrado avances importantes en la planificación e implementación de medidas, pero aún existen importantes vacíos y retos en la formulación, cuantificación y segui- miento de medidas a nivel subnacional (Minambi- ente 2021). A la fecha, Colombia tiene ya veinticinco PIGCCT, de los cuales veintitrés responden a un carácter integral (mitigación y adaptación) y dos departamentos Córdoba y San Andrés abordan únicamente al componente de adaptación.', 'A la fecha, Colombia tiene ya veinticinco PIGCCT, de los cuales veintitrés responden a un carácter integral (mitigación y adaptación) y dos departamentos Córdoba y San Andrés abordan únicamente al componente de adaptación. De esta misma forma, seis departamentos se encuen- tran con buen grado de avance en el proceso de formular su PIGCCT: Amazonas, Vaupés, Guaviare y Caquetá; Sucre, en la región Caribe, está reorga- nizando el proceso, recursos, equipos de trabajo y hoja de ruta para continuar y Boyacá que ya tiene en marcha el proceso. Solo resta el departamento de Bolívar en concretar el inicio de su respectivo proceso de formulación de PIGCCT. 4.3.3 Escenarios de descar- bonización profunda a 2050 La estrategia, mediante un análisis sistemático, ha explorado un conjunto de escenarios futuros en los que el país lograría la carbono neutralidad hacia 2050.', '4.3.3 Escenarios de descar- bonización profunda a 2050 La estrategia, mediante un análisis sistemático, ha explorado un conjunto de escenarios futuros en los que el país lograría la carbono neutralidad hacia 2050. Los escenarios fueron diseñados para incor- porar las principales incertidumbres que podrían modificar la efectividad de la mitigación en el hori- zonte de tiempo considerado. Tomando en cuen- ta que el esfuerzo hacia la carbono neutralidad es extensivo a todos los sectores, es de esperar que las dinámicas en un sector determinado modifiquen los requerimientos de mitigación o las acciones a ser tomadas en otro sector. La exploración de esce- narios se llevó a cabo utilizando el modelo Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021). Este modelo representa la inter- acción de cinco sistemas: socioeconomía, agua, clima, energía y tierra.', 'Este modelo representa la inter- acción de cinco sistemas: socioeconomía, agua, clima, energía y tierra. El modelo es una repre- sentación de todo el planeta en donde Colombia aparece como una región independiente que inter- actúa con el resto del mundo. Las demandas de servicios, energía, agua y alimentos son calculadas endógenamente a partir de la información socio- económica. La satisfacción de estas demandas se logra mediante la combinación de factores produc- tivos locales o el comercio internacional. Como las dinámicas de deforestación existentes en Colombia no obedecen exclusivamente a la lógica económi- ca (sino que están asociadas a otros factores como la ilegalidad) las emisiones por cambios en el uso del suelo se modelaron exógenamente.', 'Como las dinámicas de deforestación existentes en Colombia no obedecen exclusivamente a la lógica económi- ca (sino que están asociadas a otros factores como la ilegalidad) las emisiones por cambios en el uso del suelo se modelaron exógenamente. El enfoque utilizado para realizar la estimación de las sendas de deforestación consistió básicamente en suponer que el sector de cambios en el uso del suelo genera las emisiones o las absorciones requeridas para que junto a las emisiones de los demás sectores se logre una trayectoria que lleve a la carbono neutralidad a mediados de siglo (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021). Estos escenarios se construyeron a partir de la combinación de posibles evoluciones futuras en variables clave que pueden impactar la efectivi- dad de la mitigación.', 'Estos escenarios se construyeron a partir de la combinación de posibles evoluciones futuras en variables clave que pueden impactar la efectivi- dad de la mitigación. Las incertidumbres explora- das pueden dividirse en dos grupos: por un lado, las incertidumbres en las variables de escenario y por otro las variaciones los niveles de imple- mentación de acciones clave de mitigación. En cuanto a las variables de escenario se exploraron las siguientes alternativas: • Crecimiento del PIB: un escenario alto con crecimiento promedio anual del 4 % y un escenario moderado con crecimiento del 3.2 % anual promedio entre 2015 y 2050. • Población: un escenario alto con crecimien- to promedio anual del 0.97 % y un escenario conservador con un crecimiento del 0.42 %.', '• Población: un escenario alto con crecimien- to promedio anual del 0.97 % y un escenario conservador con un crecimiento del 0.42 %. • Dos sendas de variación del costo de las tecnologías de movilidad eléctrica, de en-Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia ergías renovables y de costos de tecnologías de captura y almacenamiento de carbono. • Dos sendas de impactos climáti- cos que se manifiestan en dos esce- narios de disponibilidad de agua. Esta configuración de escenarios permite explorar un amplio conjunto de futuros posibles. Por ejem- plo, las combinaciones de crecimiento demográf- ico producen sendas que incluyen en su interior los supuestos utilizados para la actualización de la NDC colombiana.', 'Por ejem- plo, las combinaciones de crecimiento demográf- ico producen sendas que incluyen en su interior los supuestos utilizados para la actualización de la NDC colombiana. Por otro lado, también se exploraron diferentes niveles de implementación de acciones claves de mitigación: • Dos escenarios de penetración de en- ergías renovables no convencionales para la generación eléctrica (alto y bajo). • Energía nuclear, disponible parcial- mente a partir de 2040 o indisponible du- rante todo el horizonte de tiempo. • Dos sendas de mejora en eficiencia en- ergética en edificaciones e industria. • Dos niveles de electrificación de la movilidad. • -Dos niveles de aumento en la partic- ipación del transporte público en la ac- tividad de movilidad de pasajeros.', '• -Dos niveles de aumento en la partic- ipación del transporte público en la ac- tividad de movilidad de pasajeros. • Dos niveles de variación en el con- sumo de carne dentro de la dieta de los colombianos (senda actual y disminución con respecto a la senda actual). La combinación de las incertidumbres y de los niveles de implementación del conjunto selec- cionado de acciones de mitigación (que fueron seleccionados en talleres participativos con expertos sectoriales) produce un total de 512 escenarios que han sido analizados (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021). Como se explicó anteriormente, las emisiones del sector AFOLU, que incluyen las asociadas a la producción agrícola, pecuaria y a los cambios en el uso del suelo, se estimaron de manera exóge- na.', 'Como se explicó anteriormente, las emisiones del sector AFOLU, que incluyen las asociadas a la producción agrícola, pecuaria y a los cambios en el uso del suelo, se estimaron de manera exóge- na. Las emisiones por actividades agropecuar- ias se estiman utilizando el modelo GCAM con las especificaciones de cada escenario. Para las emisiones asociadas a deforestación, se consid- eran tres niveles a partir de 2030 (para cada uno de los escenarios). El primer nivel, central, es el máximo nivel de emisiones por deforestación que permitiría que el global de emisiones estu- viera en los valores de la trayectoria de carbono neutralidad. El segundo nivel, bajo, considera que en la actualización de la NDC colombiana se presenta como meta estabilizar en 2030 el nivel de deforestación en 50.000 hectáreas.', 'El segundo nivel, bajo, considera que en la actualización de la NDC colombiana se presenta como meta estabilizar en 2030 el nivel de deforestación en 50.000 hectáreas. Finalmente, el tercer nivel, alto, considera que en la actualización de la NDC colombiana el país manifiesta su intención de alcanzar «cero defor- estación neta en 2030». Respecto a las trayectorias de emisión de los escenarios modelados, el área gris corresponde a un espacio de emisiones que permitirían llevar a Colombia a la carbono neutralidad, siendo que para múltiples escenarios se hace necesa- rio lograr compensaciones adicionales a las ya consideradas en 2050 (figura 20).', 'Respecto a las trayectorias de emisión de los escenarios modelados, el área gris corresponde a un espacio de emisiones que permitirían llevar a Colombia a la carbono neutralidad, siendo que para múltiples escenarios se hace necesa- rio lograr compensaciones adicionales a las ya consideradas en 2050 (figura 20). En particular, los escenarios llevan a una descarbonización del 90 % con respecto a los niveles de 2015 y a una reducción sustancial en los GEI diferentes al CO . Estas emisiones residuales deben ser compen- sadas por capturas adicionales. Es importante resaltar que el espacio de emisiones presenta- do incluye escenarios en donde se cuenta con captura y almacenamiento de carbono, con captura por reforestación y aforestación y uso de carbono para la producción de combustibles cero emisiones o para la producción de materia- les.', 'Es importante resaltar que el espacio de emisiones presenta- do incluye escenarios en donde se cuenta con captura y almacenamiento de carbono, con captura por reforestación y aforestación y uso de carbono para la producción de combustibles cero emisiones o para la producción de materia- les. En la figura 20, el escenario central de emis- iones (rojo) sigue las emisiones de la línea base de la actualización de la NDC para 2015 y 2020 y el nivel definido como meta en 2030 (169 M t CO ) (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021). Figura 20.', 'En la figura 20, el escenario central de emis- iones (rojo) sigue las emisiones de la línea base de la actualización de la NDC para 2015 y 2020 y el nivel definido como meta en 2030 (169 M t CO ) (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021). Figura 20. Trayectorias de emisión bajo incertidumbre, la exploración incluye requerimientos de niveles de emisión en los cambios en el uso del suelo, el nivel de emisiones de la NDC colombiana a 2030 (M1, M3 y línea roja) se ubica dentro del espacio de escenarios hacia la carbono neutralidad presentados en la estrategia (línea azul) Fuente: E2050: Universidad de los Andes et al. 2021; BID 2021.', 'Trayectorias de emisión bajo incertidumbre, la exploración incluye requerimientos de niveles de emisión en los cambios en el uso del suelo, el nivel de emisiones de la NDC colombiana a 2030 (M1, M3 y línea roja) se ubica dentro del espacio de escenarios hacia la carbono neutralidad presentados en la estrategia (línea azul) Fuente: E2050: Universidad de los Andes et al. 2021; BID 2021. M1: 250 M t CO M3: 217 M t CO 169,4 M t CO Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad, espe- cialmente en dos grandes sectores, energía y movilidad, se requiere iniciar una senda de descarbonización que permita modificar aquel- los marcos regulatorios, de incentivos y de plan- ificación, para que cada agente en la economía reciba señales oportunas de inversión y cambi- os de comportamiento en el uso especialmente de aquellos energéticos como los combusti- bles fósiles, que reducirán su participación en la matriz energética nacional.', 'M1: 250 M t CO M3: 217 M t CO 169,4 M t CO Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad, espe- cialmente en dos grandes sectores, energía y movilidad, se requiere iniciar una senda de descarbonización que permita modificar aquel- los marcos regulatorios, de incentivos y de plan- ificación, para que cada agente en la economía reciba señales oportunas de inversión y cambi- os de comportamiento en el uso especialmente de aquellos energéticos como los combusti- bles fósiles, que reducirán su participación en la matriz energética nacional. La economía colombiana tiene varios retos de transformación para alcanzar la carbono neutrali- dad en 2050. Entre ellos se destaca el de pasar de una economía con bajos niveles de electrificación, a una economía electrificada, con una participación mucho menor de fuentes fósiles para la gener- ación eléctrica, respecto a 2015.', 'Entre ellos se destaca el de pasar de una economía con bajos niveles de electrificación, a una economía electrificada, con una participación mucho menor de fuentes fósiles para la gener- ación eléctrica, respecto a 2015. En el camino hacia la carbono neutralidad, hay que avanzar hacia alca- nzar un mayor porcentaje en el uso de electricidad que actualmente (2020) es del 18 % de los usos fina- les, a utilizar entre el 40 % y 70 % en 2050. Emisiones GEI MtCOBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Para estudiar los escenarios de descarbonización mediante GCAM, se diseñaron un conjunto de escenarios de mitigación imponiendo límite a las emisiones totales de gases de efecto inverna- dero.', 'Emisiones GEI MtCOBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Para estudiar los escenarios de descarbonización mediante GCAM, se diseñaron un conjunto de escenarios de mitigación imponiendo límite a las emisiones totales de gases de efecto inverna- dero. Como resultado, se observó una reducción más que proporcional en las emisiones de CO con muy poca variación en las emisiones de CH y de N O (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021). Aunque el sector agrícola y forestal es actual- mente la mayor fuente de emisiones del país, se requieren esfuerzos de mitigación en todos los sectores. Cualquier estrategia de carbono neutralidad exige que se controle la deforestación y adoptar de manera temprana acciones condu- centes a detener el crecimiento de las emisiones de CO del sector energético.', 'Cualquier estrategia de carbono neutralidad exige que se controle la deforestación y adoptar de manera temprana acciones condu- centes a detener el crecimiento de las emisiones de CO del sector energético. Detener este crec- imiento al tiempo que se garantiza el suminis- tro de los bienes y productos a una población creciente, sin sacrificar el desarrollo económico exige que la energía sea generada por fuentes no emisoras, que las personas usuarias finales cambien tanto como sea posible a energéticos basados en esas fuentes (por ejemplo, electrici- dad renovable, hidrógeno, biocombustibles de segunda y tercera generación, entre otros) y que el uso de energía se disminuya tanto como sea posible mediante aumentos en la eficiencia y, aunque aún no se ha evaluado, cambios en los patrones de consumo (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021).', 'Detener este crec- imiento al tiempo que se garantiza el suminis- tro de los bienes y productos a una población creciente, sin sacrificar el desarrollo económico exige que la energía sea generada por fuentes no emisoras, que las personas usuarias finales cambien tanto como sea posible a energéticos basados en esas fuentes (por ejemplo, electrici- dad renovable, hidrógeno, biocombustibles de segunda y tercera generación, entre otros) y que el uso de energía se disminuya tanto como sea posible mediante aumentos en la eficiencia y, aunque aún no se ha evaluado, cambios en los patrones de consumo (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021). A lo largo de esta sección se ha mencionado que las emisiones generadas en un sector particu- lar tienen repercusiones en los requerimientos sobre los demás sectores para lograr en conjun- to la alineación hacia la carbono neutralidad.', 'A lo largo de esta sección se ha mencionado que las emisiones generadas en un sector particu- lar tienen repercusiones en los requerimientos sobre los demás sectores para lograr en conjun- to la alineación hacia la carbono neutralidad. Las tecnologías actuales permiten una disminución acelerada en las emisiones generadas en la produc- ción de electricidad, gracias al desarrollo de fuentes no convencionales, el almacenamiento de energía y, en el futuro próximo, se espera que existan nuevas alternativas de generación limpia. Además, es importante tener en cuenta que es necesario mejorar la eficiencia energética desde la actualidad y evaluar la oportunidad que representan los siste- mas de captura, uso y almacenamiento de carbono (CCUS, por sus siglas en inglés) y otras estrategias de compensación.', 'Además, es importante tener en cuenta que es necesario mejorar la eficiencia energética desde la actualidad y evaluar la oportunidad que representan los siste- mas de captura, uso y almacenamiento de carbono (CCUS, por sus siglas en inglés) y otras estrategias de compensación. El interés en esta tecnología ha crecido signifi- cativamente a nivel mundial en los últimos años, con más de 30 facilidades (plantas tratamien- tos) comerciales anunciadas y proyectos con una inversión superior al 50 % comparado con lo planeado en 2017, doblando el nivel de captura de CO globalmente desde 40 millones de tone- ladas (IEA). Asimismo, CCUS ha sido principal- mente utilizado en áreas como el procesamiento de gas natural o la producción de fertilizantes, donde el CO se puede capturar a un costo rela- tivamente bajo.', 'Asimismo, CCUS ha sido principal- mente utilizado en áreas como el procesamiento de gas natural o la producción de fertilizantes, donde el CO se puede capturar a un costo rela- tivamente bajo. Sin embargo, se requieren esfuerzos urgen- tes para acelerar la innovación y marcos políti- cos habilitantes (regulatorios y financieros) que permitan impulsar el desarrollo de estas y otras nuevas tecnologías, no solamente para la diver- sificación de la matriz energética, sino también las que aportarían en el objetivo de la carbono neutralidad y transformación de sectores donde las emisiones son difíciles de abatir.', 'Sin embargo, se requieren esfuerzos urgen- tes para acelerar la innovación y marcos políti- cos habilitantes (regulatorios y financieros) que permitan impulsar el desarrollo de estas y otras nuevas tecnologías, no solamente para la diver- sificación de la matriz energética, sino también las que aportarían en el objetivo de la carbono neutralidad y transformación de sectores donde las emisiones son difíciles de abatir. En especial, las tecnologías de captura, almacenamiento y uso de dióxido de carbono (CCUS) requieren un rol de mayor importancia en la transición energética colombiana, debido a que no gener- an competencia por terreno u otros desafíos secundarios y son el único grupo de tecnologías que contribuyen de manera dual, reducien- do emisiones en los principales sectores de la economía de una manera directa y removiendo CO al balance de emisiones que no se pueden evadir, siendo este un parámetro crítico para alcanzar el «cero neto» al 2050 (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021).', 'En especial, las tecnologías de captura, almacenamiento y uso de dióxido de carbono (CCUS) requieren un rol de mayor importancia en la transición energética colombiana, debido a que no gener- an competencia por terreno u otros desafíos secundarios y son el único grupo de tecnologías que contribuyen de manera dual, reducien- do emisiones en los principales sectores de la economía de una manera directa y removiendo CO al balance de emisiones que no se pueden evadir, siendo este un parámetro crítico para alcanzar el «cero neto» al 2050 (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID 2021). El requerimiento de una matriz eléctrica carbono neutral se hace para permitir que las personas usuarias disminuyan sus emisiones al consolidar una matriz predominantemente eléctrica, complementada por otras fuent- es que atiendan la demanda en su totalidad.', 'El requerimiento de una matriz eléctrica carbono neutral se hace para permitir que las personas usuarias disminuyan sus emisiones al consolidar una matriz predominantemente eléctrica, complementada por otras fuent- es que atiendan la demanda en su totalidad. Adicionalmente, los resultados del estudio permiten identificar tres aspectos a tener en cuenta en los escenarios de descarbonización de la economía dentro del sector energético, estos permiten apuntar hacia tres temas impor- tantes en el contexto colombiano: • El papel de los recursos renovables. • El papel de los biocombustibles de segun- da y tercera generación, dado el énfasis en el sector agrícola y el potencial para utilizar la bioenergía tanto a nivel nacional como interna- cional —también debe considerarse el papel del hidrógeno y los combustibles líquidos sintéti- cos producidos a partir de hidrógeno verde—.', '• El papel de los biocombustibles de segun- da y tercera generación, dado el énfasis en el sector agrícola y el potencial para utilizar la bioenergía tanto a nivel nacional como interna- cional —también debe considerarse el papel del hidrógeno y los combustibles líquidos sintéti- cos producidos a partir de hidrógeno verde—. • La forma en que los recursos fósiles aún podrían desplegarse en la combinación en- ergética colombiana, contemplando una reducción en su consumo al año 2050. Es muy importante observar que los cambios a 2030, si bien importantes y a pesar de representar un cambio en las tendencias históricas, permit- en que los resultados de ese año puedan aún resistir la comparación con el año base.', 'Es muy importante observar que los cambios a 2030, si bien importantes y a pesar de representar un cambio en las tendencias históricas, permit- en que los resultados de ese año puedan aún resistir la comparación con el año base. En otras palabras, el 2030 requiere cambios importantes para quebrar la tendencia creciente de las emis- iones, pero sobre todo requiere que para ese año los cambios normativos, educativos y las inver- siones ya contemplen la magnitud de los cambios requeridos a 2050. Estos últimos sí pueden clasifi- carse como cambios estructurales.', 'Estos últimos sí pueden clasifi- carse como cambios estructurales. La NDC colom- biana a 2030 cumple con el objetivo de buscar: i) quebrar la tendencia creciente de las emisiones, ii) dar señales claras del compromiso climático de largo plazo del país y iii) ser un hito de obliga- torio cumplimiento en el camino hacia la carbono neutralidad propuesta en este documento. Para lograr la descarbonización la proporción de energías renovables debe duplicarse para el año 2050, principalmente a través de aumen- tos sustanciales en la utilización de bioenergía y energía solar. La energía hidroeléctrica mantieneBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia su importancia, pero con una tasa de crecimiento más lenta a lo largo del tiempo por la saturación del recurso.', 'La energía hidroeléctrica mantieneBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia su importancia, pero con una tasa de crecimiento más lenta a lo largo del tiempo por la saturación del recurso. La implementación de la energía solar y eólica, el uso masivo de biocombustibles de segunda y tercera generación, de hidrógeno para aprovechamiento directo o la producción de líquidos sintéticos, requiere de inversiones y estrategias para gestionar una red eléctrica dependiente de esos recursos intermitentes. Por otro lado, los combustibles fósiles son una pieza fundamental del rompecabezas, no solo por su papel en el sistema energético doméstico, sino también por su importancia económica actual y proyectada.', 'Por otro lado, los combustibles fósiles son una pieza fundamental del rompecabezas, no solo por su papel en el sistema energético doméstico, sino también por su importancia económica actual y proyectada. En este caso, el futuro de la indu- stria de los combustibles fósiles puede depender, en gran medida, de las demandas y precios del mercado internacional y de la disponibilidad y costo de las tecnologías CCS que se encuentran actualmente en desarrollo. Se estimó que el trans- porte por carretera crecerá 2.2 veces entre 2015 y 2050, mientras que los servicios de transporte descarbonizado deberán proporcionarse para los sistemas de transporte público que crecen para atender más del 70 % de la demanda total de movilidad por carretera para 2050.', 'Se estimó que el trans- porte por carretera crecerá 2.2 veces entre 2015 y 2050, mientras que los servicios de transporte descarbonizado deberán proporcionarse para los sistemas de transporte público que crecen para atender más del 70 % de la demanda total de movilidad por carretera para 2050. Además, para 2050 el 64 % de los sistemas de transporte público necesitarán ser alimentados por electrici- dad, mientras que el resto de la energía será una mezcla de gas natural, líquidos fósiles y biocom- bustibles (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021). La E2050 ha estimado que el camino hacia la carbono neutralidad se configura en la siguiente composición de la matriz energética entre 2020 y 2050 (figura 21).', 'La E2050 ha estimado que el camino hacia la carbono neutralidad se configura en la siguiente composición de la matriz energética entre 2020 y 2050 (figura 21). En esencia, la diferencia entre los enfoques de largo plazo radica en el ritmo de electrificación de la economía colombiana. Expandir la atención de la demanda final de energía con un suministro energético limpio y con muchas fuentes de producción como la electricidad, parece una tarea imposible para una economía como la colombiana. Si se atendieran las nuevas demandas energéticas del país, con combustibles fósiles, se requeriría un esfuerzo tres veces mayor en térmi- nos de energía final y unas pérdidas por ineficien- cia que no se podrán reducir por las restricciones de las tecnologías de combustión.', 'Si se atendieran las nuevas demandas energéticas del país, con combustibles fósiles, se requeriría un esfuerzo tres veces mayor en térmi- nos de energía final y unas pérdidas por ineficien- cia que no se podrán reducir por las restricciones de las tecnologías de combustión. La E2050 no plantea la desaparición de los combustibles fósiles ni del gas natural en la matriz energética colombiana, pues tienen oportunidades tecnológicas para adaptarse a la carbono neutralidad. Colombia hizo la transición de la gasolina al diesel en los años 80 a pesar los escenarios pesimistas sobre las posibilidades de abastecimiento en el país, también hizo la tran- sición al gas natural en los 90 a pesar de las voces a favor de usar más carbón o de los no demostra- dos beneficios de ofrecer gas natural en todas las regiones.', 'Colombia hizo la transición de la gasolina al diesel en los años 80 a pesar los escenarios pesimistas sobre las posibilidades de abastecimiento en el país, también hizo la tran- sición al gas natural en los 90 a pesar de las voces a favor de usar más carbón o de los no demostra- dos beneficios de ofrecer gas natural en todas las regiones. Colombia pudo abastecer sus deman- das térmicas con gas natural a partir de 1990 y el uso de carbón en la industria nacional y en la generación termoeléctrica mantuvo sin grandes variaciones sus consumos físicos a lo largo de los últimos 30 años.', 'Colombia pudo abastecer sus deman- das térmicas con gas natural a partir de 1990 y el uso de carbón en la industria nacional y en la generación termoeléctrica mantuvo sin grandes variaciones sus consumos físicos a lo largo de los últimos 30 años. Si esas demandas térmicas se hubiesen atendido con carbón térmico, la transición energética para Colombia sería mucho más compleja y el rol de gas natural sería más protagónico en las próxi- mas tres décadas. La E2050 ha encontrado también que la matriz de generación eléctrica podría transitar por la siguiente senda de descarbonización (figura 22). Figura 21. Composición de la generación eléctrica para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad en Colombia Fuente: E2050, Universidad de Los Andes et al. 2021; BID 2021. Energía final (PJ) Carbón Gas natural Líquidos fósiles y renovables Biomasa ElectricidadFigura 22.', 'Energía final (PJ) Carbón Gas natural Líquidos fósiles y renovables Biomasa ElectricidadFigura 22. Composición en porcentaje de la generación eléctrica por fuente para la carbono neutralidad de Colombia a 2050 Fuente: E2050: Universidad de Los Andes et al. 2021; BID 2021. Gas Biomasa y cogeneración Carbón Hidro Líquidos Otros renovables Participación por fuente en la generación eléctricaBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Comparación de trayectorias de reducción de emisiones Las diferencias entre las trayectorias planteadas por el PEN2050 y los resultados de la modelación para la carbono neutralidad se pueden apreciar a continuación: Tabla 4. Colombia, emisiones sector energía M t CO . Figura 23. Comparación de emisiones escenarios PEN y carbono neutralidad Fuente: E2050: Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID, 2021.', 'Comparación de emisiones escenarios PEN y carbono neutralidad Fuente: E2050: Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID, 2021. PEN actualización PEN modernización PEN inflexión Carbono neutralidad PEN disrupción Emisiones M t COBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Como se muestra, la carbono neutralidad se alcanzará con acciones que tendrán su mayor impacto a partir de 2030, especialmente por los cambios tecnológicos esperados en todos los procesos que usan energía.', 'PEN actualización PEN modernización PEN inflexión Carbono neutralidad PEN disrupción Emisiones M t COBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Como se muestra, la carbono neutralidad se alcanzará con acciones que tendrán su mayor impacto a partir de 2030, especialmente por los cambios tecnológicos esperados en todos los procesos que usan energía. A continuación, se muestra la relación entre la descarbonización de la generación eléctrica y el crecimiento de la electrificación de la economía y que puede dar lugar a una emisión de 26 g CO por kWh (IEA, 2020) y en el escenario más opti- mista de 1 g CO por kWh, en 2050 (Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID, 2021), considerando procesos de CCUS y estrategias de compensación. Carbono neutralidad Generación eléctrica TWh g CO /kWh M t CO Figura 24.', 'Carbono neutralidad Generación eléctrica TWh g CO /kWh M t CO Figura 24. Trayectoria hacia la carbono neutralidad en generación eléctrica deseable para Colombia, el punto indica el nivel promedio esperado de emisiones de CO según la reciente versión del Plan de Expansión de Generación (8 M t CO ) Fuente: E2050: Universidad de los Andes et al., 2021; BID, 2021. 4.3.4 Opciones para el aumen- to de las absorciones de gases efecto invernadero al 2050 La carbono neutralidad a largo plazo implica lograr un equilibrio entre las emisiones de GEI y la absorción por parte de los sumideros de carbo- no para compensar las eventuales emisiones que se produzcan.', '4.3.4 Opciones para el aumen- to de las absorciones de gases efecto invernadero al 2050 La carbono neutralidad a largo plazo implica lograr un equilibrio entre las emisiones de GEI y la absorción por parte de los sumideros de carbo- no para compensar las eventuales emisiones que se produzcan. Para Colombia, se identifican alter- nativas viables de absorción enmarcadas en dos categorías: i) no AFOLU para aquellas alternativas tecnológicas que permiten capturar el CO de la atmósfera, almacenarlo o usarlo para que ingrese nuevamente en los procesos productivos y ii) AFOLU para aquellas alternativas que provienen de fuentes naturales o inspiradas en ella y que previenen la degradación y pérdida de ecosiste- mas (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).', 'Para Colombia, se identifican alter- nativas viables de absorción enmarcadas en dos categorías: i) no AFOLU para aquellas alternativas tecnológicas que permiten capturar el CO de la atmósfera, almacenarlo o usarlo para que ingrese nuevamente en los procesos productivos y ii) AFOLU para aquellas alternativas que provienen de fuentes naturales o inspiradas en ella y que previenen la degradación y pérdida de ecosiste- mas (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). El estado del arte de las opciones de absorción permitió identificar doce alternativas tecnológi- cas para la categoría no AFOLU, estas opciones se analizaron y validaron a través de la consulta con expertos y posteriormente fueron priorizadas empleando el proceso de jerarquía analítica (AHP, por sus siglas en inglés), con lo cual se identificaron dos alternativas de captura y almacenamiento de carbono —CCS postcombustión y CCS oxyfuel— y una alternativa de captura, uso y almacenamiento de carbono —recuperación mejorada de petróleo (EOR, por sus siglas en inglés)—, que serían las opciones tecnológicas de entrada para imple- mentar la estrategia de carbono neutralidad en el país a 2050 (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).', 'El estado del arte de las opciones de absorción permitió identificar doce alternativas tecnológi- cas para la categoría no AFOLU, estas opciones se analizaron y validaron a través de la consulta con expertos y posteriormente fueron priorizadas empleando el proceso de jerarquía analítica (AHP, por sus siglas en inglés), con lo cual se identificaron dos alternativas de captura y almacenamiento de carbono —CCS postcombustión y CCS oxyfuel— y una alternativa de captura, uso y almacenamiento de carbono —recuperación mejorada de petróleo (EOR, por sus siglas en inglés)—, que serían las opciones tecnológicas de entrada para imple- mentar la estrategia de carbono neutralidad en el país a 2050 (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). El potencial de captura de las opciones de la cate- goría no AFOLU es de aproximadamente 6 M t/ año CO de fuentes puntuales de emisión, que podría ampliarse hasta el total disponible (17.8 M t/año CO ), si se implementa EOR y se desarrollan clústeres de captura intersectoriales.', 'El potencial de captura de las opciones de la cate- goría no AFOLU es de aproximadamente 6 M t/ año CO de fuentes puntuales de emisión, que podría ampliarse hasta el total disponible (17.8 M t/año CO ), si se implementa EOR y se desarrollan clústeres de captura intersectoriales. Adicional- mente, existe un potencial de aproximadamente 4.7 M t/año de CO proveniente de los principales rellenos sanitarios si se implementa combustión oxyfuel para la generación de energía a partir de residuos (WtE, por sus siglas en inglés), alcanzan- do un potencial de captura de CO de más de 10 M t/año para las tres opciones no AFOLU priorizadas.', 'Adicional- mente, existe un potencial de aproximadamente 4.7 M t/año de CO proveniente de los principales rellenos sanitarios si se implementa combustión oxyfuel para la generación de energía a partir de residuos (WtE, por sus siglas en inglés), alcanzan- do un potencial de captura de CO de más de 10 M t/año para las tres opciones no AFOLU priorizadas. Sin embargo, la gestión integral de residuos sólidos contemplada en la NDC a 2030, estima una meta de reducción de 3.26 M t/año CO que deben ser descontados de la combustión oxyfuel, ajustando entonces, el potencial disponible de captura de las opciones no AFOLU se obtiene un valor de 7.3 M t CO /año en 2050.', 'Sin embargo, la gestión integral de residuos sólidos contemplada en la NDC a 2030, estima una meta de reducción de 3.26 M t/año CO que deben ser descontados de la combustión oxyfuel, ajustando entonces, el potencial disponible de captura de las opciones no AFOLU se obtiene un valor de 7.3 M t CO /año en 2050. En las tablas a continuación se presenta el potencial de almacenamiento de las opciones priorizadas, así como, su estado de desar- rollo y costos (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). Tabla 5. Potencial de captura No AFOLU Fuente: E2050: CAIA Ingeniería, 2021. Opción Emisiones disponibles t. CO /año Potencial de captura t. CO /año Adicionales a las NDC t. CO /año t. CO /año Potencial de almacenamiento t. CO CCS postcombustión o EOR CCS combustión oxyfuelBases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Tabla 6. Priorización de opciones no AFOLU Fuente: E2050: CAIA Ingeniería, 2021.', 'Priorización de opciones no AFOLU Fuente: E2050: CAIA Ingeniería, 2021. Opción Estado de desarrollo Costos CCS posterior a la combustión Se reportan 18 plantas en diferentes estados de desarrollo, 3 de ellas en operación, mientras que el resto en estado temprano o avanzado de desarrollo indicando su entrada en operación antes de finalizar la década (2030). Estos desarrollos se adelantan principalmente en Estados Unidos, Canadá, China, Reino Unido y Países Bajos. Allí se identifican aplicaciones en los sectores de generación de energía, producción de hidrógeno y cemento. En cuanto al tamaño o capacidad de los sistemas de captura, varían desde 350 k t/año a 6 M t/año (Global CCS Institute, 2020).', 'En cuanto al tamaño o capacidad de los sistemas de captura, varían desde 350 k t/año a 6 M t/año (Global CCS Institute, 2020). Los costos de captura y purificación de CO varían en gran medida por fuente puntual, desde 15 a 60 USD / t CO para corrientes de CO concentrado, 40 a 80 USD / t CO para centrales eléctricas de carbón y gas, hasta más de 100 USD / t CO para fuentes puntuales pequeñas y diluidas. Los costos de transporte se encuentran en el rango de 1.3 y 15.1 USD (2015)/t CO dependiendo de la ubicación y la longitud del oleoducto (Budinis, et al., 2018). El costo de almacenamiento depende del tipo y lugar de almacenamiento y están en el rango de 1.6 a 31.4 USD (2015)/t CO incluidas las formaciones salinas profundas (Budinis, et al., 2018).', 'El costo de almacenamiento depende del tipo y lugar de almacenamiento y están en el rango de 1.6 a 31.4 USD (2015)/t CO incluidas las formaciones salinas profundas (Budinis, et al., 2018). CCS combustión oxyfuel El estado actual de desarrollo son plantas demostrativas principalmente en la producción de cemento. Adicionalmente, el Global CCS Institute ha identificado una planta en avanzado estado de desarrollo para la producción de hidrógeno (2025) en Estados Unidos y dos plantas en construcción para la generación de energía a partir de residuos (WtE, por su sigla en inglés) en Estados Unidos (Global CCS Institute, 2020). Se estima que la captura de CO en una planta de cemento empleando la combustión oxyfuel puede estar alrededor de los 60 dólares por tonelada de CO capturada (Li, Tharakan, Macdonald, y Liang, 2013).', 'Se estima que la captura de CO en una planta de cemento empleando la combustión oxyfuel puede estar alrededor de los 60 dólares por tonelada de CO capturada (Li, Tharakan, Macdonald, y Liang, 2013). Por su parte, los costos de transporte y almacenamiento de CO aplican los mismos descritos para CCS posterior a la combustión pues ambas alternativas pertenecen al mismo grupo o tipo, la captura y almacenamiento de carbono (CCS). En la categoría AFOLU, las SbN18 son el camino para que el sector se convierta en un sumidero importante de las emisiones GEI. Existen 3 tipos de acciones relacionadas con SbN que brindan los beneficios de remoción de CO atmosférico, sus diferencias radican en el nivel de ingeniería aplicada a la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas, y la entrega de servicios ecosistémicos (Eisenberg y Polcher, 2019).', 'Existen 3 tipos de acciones relacionadas con SbN que brindan los beneficios de remoción de CO atmosférico, sus diferencias radican en el nivel de ingeniería aplicada a la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas, y la entrega de servicios ecosistémicos (Eisenberg y Polcher, 2019). El tipo 1: son soluciones que impli- can un mejor uso de los ecosistemas existentes o protegidos, el tipo 2: son soluciones basadas en el desarrollo de protocolos y procedimientos de gestión sostenible para ecosistemas gestionados o restaurados y el tipo 3: soluciones que implican la creación de nuevos ecosistemas o su gestión de forma muy intrusiva.', 'El tipo 1: son soluciones que impli- can un mejor uso de los ecosistemas existentes o protegidos, el tipo 2: son soluciones basadas en el desarrollo de protocolos y procedimientos de gestión sostenible para ecosistemas gestionados o restaurados y el tipo 3: soluciones que implican la creación de nuevos ecosistemas o su gestión de forma muy intrusiva. Dado que el 30 % del territorio nacional está titulado a los pueblos étni- cos indígenas y negros y el 53.4 % de los bosques naturales de Colombia (IDEAM 2017) se encuen- tran en estos territorios, las alternativas identifi- cadas en la categoría AFOLU será transcendental en la absorción de GEI al 2050.', 'Dado que el 30 % del territorio nacional está titulado a los pueblos étni- cos indígenas y negros y el 53.4 % de los bosques naturales de Colombia (IDEAM 2017) se encuen- tran en estos territorios, las alternativas identifi- cadas en la categoría AFOLU será transcendental en la absorción de GEI al 2050. Dentro de cada uno de los tipos de SbN, se iden- tificaron nueve alternativas, estas opciones se analizaron y validaron a través de la consulta con expertos y posteriormente fueron priorizadas empleando el proceso de jerarquía analítica, con lo cual se priorizaron las tres acciones de protec- ción y conservación de ecosistemas naturales (páramos, manglares y bosques) seguida de los sistemas silvopastoriles y las plantaciones fore- stales.', 'Dentro de cada uno de los tipos de SbN, se iden- tificaron nueve alternativas, estas opciones se analizaron y validaron a través de la consulta con expertos y posteriormente fueron priorizadas empleando el proceso de jerarquía analítica, con lo cual se priorizaron las tres acciones de protec- ción y conservación de ecosistemas naturales (páramos, manglares y bosques) seguida de los sistemas silvopastoriles y las plantaciones fore- stales. Adicionalmente, se hace una mención especial a la restauración ecológica, incluyendo la estrategia de control intersectorial a la defor- estación, degradación, conservación, incremen- to de carbono y manejo forestal sostenible, el almacenamiento de carbono en los ecosistemas de páramo por lenta descomposición y humifi- cación de la materia orgánica y en los ecosiste- mas de manglar tanto en la biomasa aérea como en los sedimentos acumulados alrededor de las raíces y suelos (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).', 'Adicionalmente, se hace una mención especial a la restauración ecológica, incluyendo la estrategia de control intersectorial a la defor- estación, degradación, conservación, incremen- to de carbono y manejo forestal sostenible, el almacenamiento de carbono en los ecosistemas de páramo por lenta descomposición y humifi- cación de la materia orgánica y en los ecosiste- mas de manglar tanto en la biomasa aérea como en los sedimentos acumulados alrededor de las raíces y suelos (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). CCUS-EOR Se estima que para el 2017, de los 375 proyectos de EOR que operaban a nivel mundial, 166 proyectos eran a través de la inyección de CO . La producción de petróleo de los proyectos EOR-CO es de aproximadamente 0.5 millones de bpd.', 'CCUS-EOR Se estima que para el 2017, de los 375 proyectos de EOR que operaban a nivel mundial, 166 proyectos eran a través de la inyección de CO . La producción de petróleo de los proyectos EOR-CO es de aproximadamente 0.5 millones de bpd. Este volumen representa aproximadamente el 20 % de la producción de las operaciones EOR, que a su vez representa el 2 % de la producción mundial de petróleo. El costo nivelado de captura oscila entre 14-250 USD/t CO , seguido del coste del CO durante las operaciones de EOR con una variación de 29-71 USD/ t CO , y finalmente el transporte de CO de 1.2 USD/ t CO a 28 USD / t CO (Yánez, Ramírez, Núñez- López, Castillo, y André, 2020). 18.', 'El costo nivelado de captura oscila entre 14-250 USD/t CO , seguido del coste del CO durante las operaciones de EOR con una variación de 29-71 USD/ t CO , y finalmente el transporte de CO de 1.2 USD/ t CO a 28 USD / t CO (Yánez, Ramírez, Núñez- López, Castillo, y André, 2020). 18. Concepto sombrilla que construye y desarrolla conceptos como la adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE), infrae- structura verde y azul, servicios ecosistémicos, entre otros (Eisenberg y Polcher, 2019).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Para cada una de las opciones se utilizó el algo- ritmo MODIS MOD17A3HGF, modelo para evaluar la productividad de los recursos forestales, el cual utiliza datos de satélite y datos climáticos de tele- detección para predecir la producción primaria neta (PPN) y la producción primaria bruta (PPB) espacial y temporalmente continuas, sobre la base de un enfoque de modelización ecofisi- ológica.', 'Concepto sombrilla que construye y desarrolla conceptos como la adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE), infrae- structura verde y azul, servicios ecosistémicos, entre otros (Eisenberg y Polcher, 2019).Bases para la construcción de un futuro resiliente al clima en Colombia Para cada una de las opciones se utilizó el algo- ritmo MODIS MOD17A3HGF, modelo para evaluar la productividad de los recursos forestales, el cual utiliza datos de satélite y datos climáticos de tele- detección para predecir la producción primaria neta (PPN) y la producción primaria bruta (PPB) espacial y temporalmente continuas, sobre la base de un enfoque de modelización ecofisi- ológica. Además de los datos de reflectancia satelital y los datos climáticos, requiere las propie- dades biofísicas de los tipos de cobertura terres- tre.', 'Además de los datos de reflectancia satelital y los datos climáticos, requiere las propie- dades biofísicas de los tipos de cobertura terres- tre. Dicho algoritmo permitió estimar el potencial promedio de PPN (t CO /ha) de las opciones: i) prevención de la degradación y pérdida de pára- mo por restauración, ii) sistemas silvopastoriles, iii) plantaciones forestales y iv) restauración ecológi- ca a nivel de bioma, adicionalmente, para las opciones que contemplan emisiones evitadas en bosques y manglares se usó el promedio de stock en bioma (t CO /ha) mientras que para emisiones evitadas en páramos se emplearon tasas de carbono en suelo de referencias bibliográficas. Para evaluar el potencial de captura de las opciones identificadas, se plantearon tres esce- narios con diferentes niveles de intervención sobre el área máxima identificada para cada opción.', 'Para evaluar el potencial de captura de las opciones identificadas, se plantearon tres esce- narios con diferentes niveles de intervención sobre el área máxima identificada para cada opción. Es decir, se estableció para cada escenario, en cada opción, una meta de intervención en hectáreas a 2050 y se aplicó en todos ellos la misma tasa de absorción de acuerdo con la PPN promedio o emisiones evitadas empleando el stock prome- dio según correspondía. Por lo tanto, los escenar- ios representan el esfuerzo que necesita el país para lograr los objetivos de carbono neutralidad asumiendo una tasa de absorción o emisión evit- ada constante para cada una de las opciones priorizadas.', 'Por lo tanto, los escenar- ios representan el esfuerzo que necesita el país para lograr los objetivos de carbono neutralidad asumiendo una tasa de absorción o emisión evit- ada constante para cada una de las opciones priorizadas. Es importante aclarar que las estima- ciones realizadas asumen un clima constante y permanente durante el periodo de tiempo anal- izado, sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que un escenario real a medida que cambia el clima, los ecosistemas también pueden cambiar su funcionamiento y su potencial de captura (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). En la tabla 7 se resumen todas las opciones (emisiones evitadas y absorciones) para AFOLU en cuanto a su potencial de captura de carbono a 2050, para los tres los escenarios planteados en cada una.', 'En la tabla 7 se resumen todas las opciones (emisiones evitadas y absorciones) para AFOLU en cuanto a su potencial de captura de carbono a 2050, para los tres los escenarios planteados en cada una. La capacidad de reducir emisiones por las opciones priorizadas, más la restauración ecológica, puede variar entre 89.94 M t CO /año y 586.30 M t CO /año al 2050, dependiendo de los esfuerzos a nivel país para la implementación de estas alternativas. Sin embargo, para el potencial máximo de estas medidas es necesario descontar los aportes de las metas establecidas en la NDC con el fin identificar las absorciones o emisiones evitadas adicionales, obteniendo un potencial máximo de 423.47 M t CO /año para el escenario tres y de 81.53 M t CO /año para el escenario dos.', 'Sin embargo, para el potencial máximo de estas medidas es necesario descontar los aportes de las metas establecidas en la NDC con el fin identificar las absorciones o emisiones evitadas adicionales, obteniendo un potencial máximo de 423.47 M t CO /año para el escenario tres y de 81.53 M t CO /año para el escenario dos. En el escenario uno no se realizó descuento de la NDC ya que su aporte es inferior a la meta de emisiones de la NDC a 2030 (169.44 M t CO ).', 'En el escenario uno no se realizó descuento de la NDC ya que su aporte es inferior a la meta de emisiones de la NDC a 2030 (169.44 M t CO ). Es decir, los dos primeros escenarios no logran neutralizar las emisiones esperadas de país a 2030, mientras que el tercer escenario supera de mane- ra significativa la meta de reducción descontan- do las medidas de mitigación definidas en la NDC tales como: reducción de la deforestación en bosques (50.000 ha/año al 2030), sistemas silvo- pastoriles (3.628.959 ha), plantaciones forestales (368.836 ha) y restauración ecológica (962.615 ha) (Minambiente, 2020). Estas áreas fueron identifi- cadas en su valor más próximo en las trayectorias de los escenarios planteados y se descontó su valor equivalente en toneladas de CO reducidas o absorbidas para cada caso.', 'Estas áreas fueron identifi- cadas en su valor más próximo en las trayectorias de los escenarios planteados y se descontó su valor equivalente en toneladas de CO reducidas o absorbidas para cada caso. Adicionalmente, como parte de este ejercicio, se plantearon unas tasas aceleradas de intervención a 2030 para cada una de las opciones, con el fin de aprovechar el potencial de absorción de los ecosistemas a corto plazo, ya que estos pueden verse afectados por el incremento de la temperatura global en un periodo de tiempo más largo de acuerdo con lo definido en el artículo Soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que pueden ayudar a enfría el plane- ta si actuamos ahora (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).', 'Adicionalmente, como parte de este ejercicio, se plantearon unas tasas aceleradas de intervención a 2030 para cada una de las opciones, con el fin de aprovechar el potencial de absorción de los ecosistemas a corto plazo, ya que estos pueden verse afectados por el incremento de la temperatura global en un periodo de tiempo más largo de acuerdo con lo definido en el artículo Soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que pueden ayudar a enfría el plane- ta si actuamos ahora (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). Por lo tanto, para lograr la carbono neutralidad del país, además de cumplir con las metas esta- blecidas en la NDC, se deben incrementar los esfuerzos en estas medidas y contemplar inicia- tivas de conservación y restauración en ecosiste- mas como páramos y manglares.', 'Por lo tanto, para lograr la carbono neutralidad del país, además de cumplir con las metas esta- blecidas en la NDC, se deben incrementar los esfuerzos en estas medidas y contemplar inicia- tivas de conservación y restauración en ecosiste- mas como páramos y manglares. Además, es fundamental establecer metas ambiciosas para la conservación y restauración de bosques, ampliación de las áreas protegidas, desarrollo de sistemas silvopastoriles y plantaciones forestales, teniendo en cuenta su gran potencial. Lo anteri- or, también busca cubrir la posible tendencia de crecimiento de las emisiones a 2050.', 'Lo anteri- or, también busca cubrir la posible tendencia de crecimiento de las emisiones a 2050. Para alcanzar la visión de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, el reto para el país es lograr un equilibrio entre las emisiones de GEI y la absor- ción por parte de los sumideros de GEI en la segunda mitad del siglo, en esta parte del docu- mento se han presentado una serie de opciones de las cuales se puede seleccionar una combi- nación a implementar, para compensar las emisiones remanentes que no ha sido posible eliminar. De acuerdo a los resultados de los esce- narios de descarbonización a 2050, se requeriría capturar de 14.4 a 31.5 M t CO , dependiendo de los niveles alcanzados de reducción de emisiones GEI a nivel nacional.', 'De acuerdo a los resultados de los esce- narios de descarbonización a 2050, se requeriría capturar de 14.4 a 31.5 M t CO , dependiendo de los niveles alcanzados de reducción de emisiones GEI a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, cada una de las opciones tienen asociados unos retos y barre- ras que podrían limitar su implementación. Por ejemplo, para las opciones no AFOLU, una de las causas directas que limita su desarrollo es los altos costos y bajo nivel de madurez tecnológi- ca, mientras que para las opciones AFOLU, la degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas de mane- ra permanente por cambios en el uso del suelo (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).', 'Por ejemplo, para las opciones no AFOLU, una de las causas directas que limita su desarrollo es los altos costos y bajo nivel de madurez tecnológi- ca, mientras que para las opciones AFOLU, la degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas de mane- ra permanente por cambios en el uso del suelo (CAIA Ingeniería 2021). Para que el país pueda avanzar hacia una imple- mentación real de dichas opciones es necesario desarrollar una serie de acciones durante el peri- odo 2030-2050 y combatir las causas directas e indirectas que limitan su implementación.', 'Para que el país pueda avanzar hacia una imple- mentación real de dichas opciones es necesario desarrollar una serie de acciones durante el peri- odo 2030-2050 y combatir las causas directas e indirectas que limitan su implementación. Para la categoría no AFOLU, estas acciones se deberían orientar hacia alcanzar tres objetivos específ- icos: i) lograr la aceptación social para la imple- mentación de nuevas tecnologías de absorción, ii) incrementar la madurez tecnológica y reducir los costos totales de su implementación y iii) facil- itar el cierre financiero para la implementación de las tecnologías de absorción en los diferentes sectores.', 'Para la categoría no AFOLU, estas acciones se deberían orientar hacia alcanzar tres objetivos específ- icos: i) lograr la aceptación social para la imple- mentación de nuevas tecnologías de absorción, ii) incrementar la madurez tecnológica y reducir los costos totales de su implementación y iii) facil- itar el cierre financiero para la implementación de las tecnologías de absorción en los diferentes sectores. Por su parte, para la categoría AFOLU enfocado a cuatro objetivos específicos: i) fomen- tar la conservación y uso sostenible de ecosiste- mas a nivel nacional, ii) aumentar la generación de información primaria sobre ecosistemas y sus variaciones en el tiempo, iii) apalancar y gestion- ar incentivos financieros para el desarrollo de iniciativas enfocadas en manejo sostenible de ecosistemas y iv) incrementar los instrumentos administrativos y legislativos para garantizar la protección y gestión sostenible de los ecosiste- mas (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).Tabla 7.', 'Por su parte, para la categoría AFOLU enfocado a cuatro objetivos específicos: i) fomen- tar la conservación y uso sostenible de ecosiste- mas a nivel nacional, ii) aumentar la generación de información primaria sobre ecosistemas y sus variaciones en el tiempo, iii) apalancar y gestion- ar incentivos financieros para el desarrollo de iniciativas enfocadas en manejo sostenible de ecosistemas y iv) incrementar los instrumentos administrativos y legislativos para garantizar la protección y gestión sostenible de los ecosiste- mas (CAIA Ingeniería 2021).Tabla 7. Potencial de captura AFOLU Fuente: E2050: CAIA Ingeniería, 2021. *El valor presentado en área corresponde a una meta de deforestación anual. **Las emisiones evitadas para esta opción (páramos) considera un periodo de protección de 20 años desde el momento en el que se inicia la intervención.', '**Las emisiones evitadas para esta opción (páramos) considera un periodo de protección de 20 años desde el momento en el que se inicia la intervención. Por lo tanto, en el 2050 no se refleja un potencial de captura (emisiones evitadas) porque dicho periodo se ha cumplido de forma gradual en años anteriores. Sin embargo, se destaca el potencial de captura acumulado del ecosistema en años anteriores.', 'Sin embargo, se destaca el potencial de captura acumulado del ecosistema en años anteriores. Opción Tipo de emisiones Descon- tando NDC Descontan- do NDC Área intervenida (ha) Potencial (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Área intervenida (ha) (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Área intervenida (ha) (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de bosques por aumento de stock en biomasa en áreas protegidas Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de páramo por conversión de uso hacia pastizales ** Emisiones evitadas Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de páramo por restauración Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de manglares por deforestación * Emisiones evitadas Sistemas silvopastoriles Plantaciones forestales Restauración ecológica Nota: para el escenario dos, en la columna donde se descuenta la NDC, no se tomaron los valores negativos para totalizar dicho escenario (85.084.710), pues estas medidas no aportan absorciones adicionales o emisiones evitadas considerando las metas de la NDC para dichos casos (opciones 4 y 6).La visión de Colombia a 2050 La visión de Colombia En 2050 Colombia será un país resi- liente al clima, que prioriza el bien- estar humano, la conservación de la biodiversidad y la seguridad hídrica.', 'Opción Tipo de emisiones Descon- tando NDC Descontan- do NDC Área intervenida (ha) Potencial (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Área intervenida (ha) (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Área intervenida (ha) (M t CO /año) Acumulado (M t CO ) Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de bosques por aumento de stock en biomasa en áreas protegidas Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de páramo por conversión de uso hacia pastizales ** Emisiones evitadas Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de páramo por restauración Prevención de la degradación y pérdida de manglares por deforestación * Emisiones evitadas Sistemas silvopastoriles Plantaciones forestales Restauración ecológica Nota: para el escenario dos, en la columna donde se descuenta la NDC, no se tomaron los valores negativos para totalizar dicho escenario (85.084.710), pues estas medidas no aportan absorciones adicionales o emisiones evitadas considerando las metas de la NDC para dichos casos (opciones 4 y 6).La visión de Colombia a 2050 La visión de Colombia En 2050 Colombia será un país resi- liente al clima, que prioriza el bien- estar humano, la conservación de la biodiversidad y la seguridad hídrica. Tendrá una economía competitiva, circular y carbono neutral.', 'Tendrá una economía competitiva, circular y carbono neutral. También, regiones, sectores e institu- ciones con amplias capacidades para la adaptación al cambio climático, al- canzadas a partir de transformaciones sostenibles promovidas a través de un actuar ético, del conocimiento, la inno- vación, la inclusión social multicultural, la seguridad alimentaria y el fortaleci- miento de la gobernanza territorial.La visión de Colombia a 2050 19. De acuerdo con la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (IDEAM, et al., 2017) el Índice de Riesgo por Cambio Climático (Rcc) oscila en valores de 0 a 1, siendo 1 el máximo riesgo.', 'De acuerdo con la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (IDEAM, et al., 2017) el Índice de Riesgo por Cambio Climático (Rcc) oscila en valores de 0 a 1, siendo 1 el máximo riesgo. Para alcanzar esta visión se pro- ponen dos objetivos principales para guiar las trayectorias que Colombia debería seguir para consolidarse en 2050 como un país resiliente al clima: Colombia deberá tener un balance neto cero entre sus emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero (carbono equivalentes) a partir del año 2050, respecto a las emisiones reportadas en 2015.', 'Para alcanzar esta visión se pro- ponen dos objetivos principales para guiar las trayectorias que Colombia debería seguir para consolidarse en 2050 como un país resiliente al clima: Colombia deberá tener un balance neto cero entre sus emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero (carbono equivalentes) a partir del año 2050, respecto a las emisiones reportadas en 2015. Colombia deberá reducir la vulnerabilidad de sus municipios y departamentos a categorías bajo o muy bajo (≤ 0.4), con relación a la clasifi- cación actual de alto (0.88)19 (IDEAM, et al., 2017) y deberá reducir los daños y pérdidas causados por cambio climático, con un enfoque territorial integral y multisectorial.', 'Colombia deberá reducir la vulnerabilidad de sus municipios y departamentos a categorías bajo o muy bajo (≤ 0.4), con relación a la clasifi- cación actual de alto (0.88)19 (IDEAM, et al., 2017) y deberá reducir los daños y pérdidas causados por cambio climático, con un enfoque territorial integral y multisectorial. fundamentales Equidad Al tener todos los ciudadanos colombianos los mismos derechos constitucionales, la construc- ción de una resiliencia climática socioecológica debe tener como base la generación de equidad social entre los diferentes sectores, culturas, acto- res e individuos que habitan este territorio. Prioridad vital de la resiliencia climática socioecológica La vida es el valor supremo y adelantar acciones para que el territorio nacional y su población tengan la capacidad de enfrentar los retos asocia- dos con el cambio climático sin tener que sacrifi- car su bienestar.', 'Prioridad vital de la resiliencia climática socioecológica La vida es el valor supremo y adelantar acciones para que el territorio nacional y su población tengan la capacidad de enfrentar los retos asocia- dos con el cambio climático sin tener que sacrifi- car su bienestar. La resiliencia socioecológica es un sinónimo de la sostenibilidad (Berkes, 2003). Coherencia Intersectorial, temporal y espacial en cuanto al tipo de políticas, inversiones, e incentivos que se estén buscando para lograr y asegurarse que los posibles trade-offs20, costos de oportunidad y externalidades se minimicen y sean tenidos en cuenta también en las decisiones que se tomen. 20. Un trade off, se define como una situación en la se debe equilibrar una decisión entre dos situaciones o cualidades opuestas (Cambridge Dictionary, 2021).', 'Un trade off, se define como una situación en la se debe equilibrar una decisión entre dos situaciones o cualidades opuestas (Cambridge Dictionary, 2021). Orientación 1.5 °C Consistente con el objetivo global de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 °C respecto de los niveles prein- dustriales, establecido en el Acuerdo de París. Aproximación basada en conocimiento La E2050 se debe revisar, actualizar y adaptar a las realidades regionales, a partir del diálogo de saberes entre el conocimiento tradicional y los análisis científicos, así como el criterio y expe- riencia de expertos de diversas ramas del saber académico y empírico.La visión de Colombia a 2050 Corresponsabilidad La gestión para la construcción de resiliencia climática socioecológica es una responsabilidad compartida pero diferenciada entre todos los miembros de la sociedad.', 'Aproximación basada en conocimiento La E2050 se debe revisar, actualizar y adaptar a las realidades regionales, a partir del diálogo de saberes entre el conocimiento tradicional y los análisis científicos, así como el criterio y expe- riencia de expertos de diversas ramas del saber académico y empírico.La visión de Colombia a 2050 Corresponsabilidad La gestión para la construcción de resiliencia climática socioecológica es una responsabilidad compartida pero diferenciada entre todos los miembros de la sociedad. La distribución de los riesgos y beneficios derivados de la gestión debe ser democrática, justa y equitativa. Enfoque articulador El desarrollo de la visión de largo plazo (2050) debe hacerse de forma armonizada y articulada con las metas nacionales de corto (2022) y media- no plazo (2030, incluidos los ODS).', 'Enfoque articulador El desarrollo de la visión de largo plazo (2050) debe hacerse de forma armonizada y articulada con las metas nacionales de corto (2022) y media- no plazo (2030, incluidos los ODS). Transparencia Presentar oportunamente a las diferentes instancias la suficiente información que permita entender el alcance, limitaciones, metodologías, las fuentes de información y los supuestos. Este principio incluye también el análisis crítico para reconocer, valorar y manifestar aciertos, desacier- tos y lecciones aprendidas de los procesos. Bienestar de la población y el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida La calidad de vida de la población está recíproca e indisolublemente relacionada con la construc- ción de una resiliencia climática socioecológica.', 'Bienestar de la población y el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida La calidad de vida de la población está recíproca e indisolublemente relacionada con la construc- ción de una resiliencia climática socioecológica. la mitigación y los medios de aplicación conexos (la financiación, el desarrollo y la transferencia de tecnología y el fomento de la capacidad), así como en la adopción de decisiones sobre la apli- cación de las políticas climáticas21. Dimensión territorial La resiliencia climática socioecológica se construye a partir de la adecuada gestión terri- torial, por tanto, su gestión debe hacerse en concordancia con las políticas de ordenamien- to territorial y armonía con la naturaleza.', 'Dimensión territorial La resiliencia climática socioecológica se construye a partir de la adecuada gestión terri- torial, por tanto, su gestión debe hacerse en concordancia con las políticas de ordenamien- to territorial y armonía con la naturaleza. Esta dimensión también se relaciona con la diferen- cia biofísica y cultural que existe entre regiones del país que lleva a entender que las opciones y alternativas de acción deben adecuarse a las real- idades particulares de cada territorio. Descentralización Amparada en la Constitución Política de Colom- bia, la gestión para la construcción de una resil- iencia climática socioecológica de largo plazo se realizará con base en el principio fundamental de descentralización, definida en sentido amplio abarcando para su gestión los cuatro tipos que identifica la SC-1051/01, territorial, funcional o por servicios, por colaboración y, finalmente, por estatuto personal.', 'Descentralización Amparada en la Constitución Política de Colom- bia, la gestión para la construcción de una resil- iencia climática socioecológica de largo plazo se realizará con base en el principio fundamental de descentralización, definida en sentido amplio abarcando para su gestión los cuatro tipos que identifica la SC-1051/01, territorial, funcional o por servicios, por colaboración y, finalmente, por estatuto personal. Precaución Cuando exista peligro de daño grave e irrevers- ible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para impedir o postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente (Ley 99 de 1993; Sentencia Consejo de Estado 25 de enero de 2019, con radicado 2014-218) (Congreso de Colombia, 1993).', 'Precaución Cuando exista peligro de daño grave e irrevers- ible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para impedir o postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente (Ley 99 de 1993; Sentencia Consejo de Estado 25 de enero de 2019, con radicado 2014-218) (Congreso de Colombia, 1993). Reconocimiento, valoración e inclusión de la diferencia cultural La construcción de una resiliencia climática socio- ecológica está estrechamente vinculada con la diversidad étnica y cultural.', 'Reconocimiento, valoración e inclusión de la diferencia cultural La construcción de una resiliencia climática socio- ecológica está estrechamente vinculada con la diversidad étnica y cultural. El reconocimiento, valoración e incorporación de conocimientos y prácticas de manejo de la naturaleza de los pueb- los indígenas, comunidades afrodescendientes y comunidades locales en el diseño y estrategias locales de bajo carbono y adaptación al cambio climático de largo plazo, que construyen confian- za entre las partes para articularse con las políti- cas de desarrollo y de ordenamiento del territorio, garantizando su sostenibilidad.', 'El reconocimiento, valoración e incorporación de conocimientos y prácticas de manejo de la naturaleza de los pueb- los indígenas, comunidades afrodescendientes y comunidades locales en el diseño y estrategias locales de bajo carbono y adaptación al cambio climático de largo plazo, que construyen confian- za entre las partes para articularse con las políti- cas de desarrollo y de ordenamiento del territorio, garantizando su sostenibilidad. Igualdad de género La Conferencia de las Partes, recordando las deci- y 21/CP.22 y el Acuerdo de París, reafirmando la resolución de la Asamblea General sobre la Agen- da 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible observa que sigue siendo necesario reforzar la respuesta de la política climática a las cuestiones de género en todas las actividades relativas a la adaptación, Solidaridad i como una pauta de comportamiento conforme a la cual deben obrar las personas en determina- das ocasiones para encontrar soluciones a las difi- cultades individuales y colectivas, ii como un criterio de interpretación en el análi- sis de las acciones u omisiones de los particulares que vulneren o amenacen los derechos funda- mentales, iii como un límite a los derechos propios (Consid- eraciones iniciales SC-459/04).', 'Igualdad de género La Conferencia de las Partes, recordando las deci- y 21/CP.22 y el Acuerdo de París, reafirmando la resolución de la Asamblea General sobre la Agen- da 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible observa que sigue siendo necesario reforzar la respuesta de la política climática a las cuestiones de género en todas las actividades relativas a la adaptación, Solidaridad i como una pauta de comportamiento conforme a la cual deben obrar las personas en determina- das ocasiones para encontrar soluciones a las difi- cultades individuales y colectivas, ii como un criterio de interpretación en el análi- sis de las acciones u omisiones de los particulares que vulneren o amenacen los derechos funda- mentales, iii como un límite a los derechos propios (Consid- eraciones iniciales SC-459/04). Congruente con el valor constitucional (art. 1).', 'Congruente con el valor constitucional (art. 1). Programas adaptables a escenarios inciertos Este plan debe considerar el grado de incertidum- bre existente debido a la variabilidad hidrológica, el cambio climático y los cambios sociales y políti- cos. Por eso, la formulación de políticas, planes y programas de inversión que se deriven de esta estrategia deben ser adaptables. Medible y cuantificable Con el avance del conocimiento y de la infor- mación disponible es necesario que el segui- miento de las metas derivadas de la E2050 esté basado en indicadores cuantitativos que permi- tan medir el avance y cumplimiento. 21.', 'Medible y cuantificable Con el avance del conocimiento y de la infor- mación disponible es necesario que el segui- miento de las metas derivadas de la E2050 esté basado en indicadores cuantitativos que permi- tan medir el avance y cumplimiento. 21. Versión mejorada del Programa de trabajo de lima y su plan de acción de género.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos La resiliencia climática de Colombia a 2050 se construirá a través del desarrollo integral de acciones ambiciosas y disruptivas que permitan descarbonizar significativamente la economía.', 'Versión mejorada del Programa de trabajo de lima y su plan de acción de género.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos La resiliencia climática de Colombia a 2050 se construirá a través del desarrollo integral de acciones ambiciosas y disruptivas que permitan descarbonizar significativamente la economía. Se busca llegar a niveles que sean congruentes con el requerido por la ciencia para aportar de manera efectiva al cumplimiento de la meta global, establecida por el Acuerdo de París, de mantener la temperatura global por debajo de los 2 °C (idealmente 1.5 °C).', 'Se busca llegar a niveles que sean congruentes con el requerido por la ciencia para aportar de manera efectiva al cumplimiento de la meta global, establecida por el Acuerdo de París, de mantener la temperatura global por debajo de los 2 °C (idealmente 1.5 °C). Las transiciones socioecológicas (TSE) necesarias para lograr que Colombia pase de ser un país carbono inten- sivo y altamente vulnerable al cambio climáti- co (IDEAM, et al., 2017), a ser, a partir de 2050, un país carbono neutro y con altas capacidades de adaptación, se materializan mediante la planeación nacional y regional con visión sistémi- ca y enfoque territorial, diferencial y de género, para que, a través del desarrollo de las fases de estas transiciones, las diferentes apuestas y sus opciones de transformación se materialicen en transformaciones de realidades concretas.', 'Las transiciones socioecológicas (TSE) necesarias para lograr que Colombia pase de ser un país carbono inten- sivo y altamente vulnerable al cambio climáti- co (IDEAM, et al., 2017), a ser, a partir de 2050, un país carbono neutro y con altas capacidades de adaptación, se materializan mediante la planeación nacional y regional con visión sistémi- ca y enfoque territorial, diferencial y de género, para que, a través del desarrollo de las fases de estas transiciones, las diferentes apuestas y sus opciones de transformación se materialicen en transformaciones de realidades concretas. Dada la enorme incertidumbre y complejidad que implica la proyección al largo plazo (≥30 años) de sistemas complejos, la E2050 se estruc- tura a través de apuestas, las cuales en conjunto buscan desarrollar la gran TSE hacia un país resil- iente al clima.', 'Dada la enorme incertidumbre y complejidad que implica la proyección al largo plazo (≥30 años) de sistemas complejos, la E2050 se estruc- tura a través de apuestas, las cuales en conjunto buscan desarrollar la gran TSE hacia un país resil- iente al clima. La transformación hacia la carbo- no neutralidad se orienta inicialmente por los inventarios nacionales de GEI (INGEI) (IDEAM, et al., 2016) y la contribución nacionalmente deter- minada (NDC) (MinAmbiente, 2021), los cuales presentan las actividades y sectores estratégicos que concentran las mayores emisiones de GEI del país y las mayores oportunidades de miti- gación. Por otra parte, la transformación para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación se orien- ta en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional (IDEAM, et al., 2017), el Atlas de Riesgo (UNGRD 2018) y la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático (RCC) (Ingeniar, 2021).', 'Por otra parte, la transformación para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación se orien- ta en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional (IDEAM, et al., 2017), el Atlas de Riesgo (UNGRD 2018) y la evaluación del riesgo por cambio climático (RCC) (Ingeniar, 2021). La TSE se describe en tres fases principales (Herrfahrdt-Pähle et al., 2020; Folke, 2020), que se desarrollan en períodos de décadas (Loorbach, 2017) (figura 25 y tabla 8). El abordaje sistémico para orientar la construc- ción de resiliencia climática socioecológica, define la necesidad de considerar a todas las apuestas como relacionadas entre sí, formando un siste- ma, donde si bien al interior de cada apuesta se llevan procesos sectoriales y más específicos, la riqueza y éxito del proceso estará en la relación y activación de cada una en función de las demás.', 'El abordaje sistémico para orientar la construc- ción de resiliencia climática socioecológica, define la necesidad de considerar a todas las apuestas como relacionadas entre sí, formando un siste- ma, donde si bien al interior de cada apuesta se llevan procesos sectoriales y más específicos, la riqueza y éxito del proceso estará en la relación y activación de cada una en función de las demás. Los medios de implementación, el enfoque de género y las acciones para la gestión de riesgos de desastres y de transición climática, jugarán un papel fundamental activando, coordinando y potencializando los resultados a obtener para que, a la larga, la carbono neutralidad y la capaci- dad de adaptación fortalecida para el largo plazo, surjan como propiedades emergentes del siste- ma gracias a los ciclos virtuosos creados.', 'Los medios de implementación, el enfoque de género y las acciones para la gestión de riesgos de desastres y de transición climática, jugarán un papel fundamental activando, coordinando y potencializando los resultados a obtener para que, a la larga, la carbono neutralidad y la capaci- dad de adaptación fortalecida para el largo plazo, surjan como propiedades emergentes del siste- ma gracias a los ciclos virtuosos creados. La gestión de las TSE para la construcción de resiliencia climática en Colombia requerirá también del fortalecimiento de los procesos de participación y gobernanza que reconozcan la importancia de los diferentes sistemas de cono- cimiento y uso ancestral del territorio para opti- mizar la capacidad de gestión desde las escalas locales hacia escalas superiores de tipo region- al y nacional.', 'La gestión de las TSE para la construcción de resiliencia climática en Colombia requerirá también del fortalecimiento de los procesos de participación y gobernanza que reconozcan la importancia de los diferentes sistemas de cono- cimiento y uso ancestral del territorio para opti- mizar la capacidad de gestión desde las escalas locales hacia escalas superiores de tipo region- al y nacional. Asimismo, estos esquemas de participación y gobernanza reconocen que los hombres, mujeres, niños, niñas y adolescentes son integrantes de la sociedad, con diferentes necesidades, roles, habilidades e intereses y con una incidencia distinta sobre el territorio.Figura 25. Diagrama conceptual general de las fases de la transición socioecológica (TSE) para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050) en Colombia Fuente: E2050, basado en (Herrfahrdt-Pähle et al., 2020; Folke, 2020).', 'Diagrama conceptual general de las fases de la transición socioecológica (TSE) para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050) en Colombia Fuente: E2050, basado en (Herrfahrdt-Pähle et al., 2020; Folke, 2020). FASE DE AUMENTO SIGNIFICATIVO DE LA AMBICIÓN Cumplimiento de metas nacionales inter- sectoriales (reescalamiento a largo plazo). Articulación entre instrumentos de política.', 'Articulación entre instrumentos de política. Políticas y medios de implementación para avanzar significativamente en la transformación Inspiran y orientan la experimentación a escalas subnacionales Alimentan y sustentan ajustes a las normas y directrices nacionales Surgimiento de articulación entre acciones intersec- toriales e interterritoriales (mitigación y adaptación) Programas a mediana esca- la (mitigación y adaptación) Proyectos aislados a pequeña escala (miti- gación y adaptación) Surgimiento de colabora- ciones, coaliciones y refuerzos mutuos entre proyectos (mitigación y adaptación) Fortalecimiento significativo de capacidades Ventanas de Oportunidad Nacional Departamental Territorios gestionados como sistemas socioecológicos Municipal Rompimiento de trampas socio-ecológicas Cumplimiento Cumplimiento ODS FASE DE TRANSFORMACIÓN MULTIDIMENSIONAL FASE DE CONSOLIDACIÓN DE UN FUTURO RESILIENTE AL CLIMA Cambios macroestructurales consolidados Economía baja en carbono (reduc- ción significativa de emisiones GEI y aumento de stocks de carbono) Capacidades de adapta- ción fortalecidas en territoriales y sectores Gestión territorial correspons- able y articulada entre actores sectoriales y comunitarios Construcción social e inter- institucional de acuerdos novedosos para la gestión territorial con planificación regional que orienta las acciones locales (miti- gación y adaptación) Gestión futura para el mantenimiento de la resiliencia climática socioecológica a todas las escalas Nuevas NDC en trayecto- ria de descarbonización Transformación positiva de realidadesÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 8.', 'Políticas y medios de implementación para avanzar significativamente en la transformación Inspiran y orientan la experimentación a escalas subnacionales Alimentan y sustentan ajustes a las normas y directrices nacionales Surgimiento de articulación entre acciones intersec- toriales e interterritoriales (mitigación y adaptación) Programas a mediana esca- la (mitigación y adaptación) Proyectos aislados a pequeña escala (miti- gación y adaptación) Surgimiento de colabora- ciones, coaliciones y refuerzos mutuos entre proyectos (mitigación y adaptación) Fortalecimiento significativo de capacidades Ventanas de Oportunidad Nacional Departamental Territorios gestionados como sistemas socioecológicos Municipal Rompimiento de trampas socio-ecológicas Cumplimiento Cumplimiento ODS FASE DE TRANSFORMACIÓN MULTIDIMENSIONAL FASE DE CONSOLIDACIÓN DE UN FUTURO RESILIENTE AL CLIMA Cambios macroestructurales consolidados Economía baja en carbono (reduc- ción significativa de emisiones GEI y aumento de stocks de carbono) Capacidades de adapta- ción fortalecidas en territoriales y sectores Gestión territorial correspons- able y articulada entre actores sectoriales y comunitarios Construcción social e inter- institucional de acuerdos novedosos para la gestión territorial con planificación regional que orienta las acciones locales (miti- gación y adaptación) Gestión futura para el mantenimiento de la resiliencia climática socioecológica a todas las escalas Nuevas NDC en trayecto- ria de descarbonización Transformación positiva de realidadesÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 8. Descripción general de las tres fases de la transición socioecológica (TSE) para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050) en Colombia Fase de aumento significativo de la ambición (2020–2030) Se caracteriza por un esfuerzo intersectorial significativo que permite alcanzar las metas nacionales contenidas en diversos instrumentos de política, tales como las NDC (2015 con horizonte a 2025 y 2020 con horizonte a 2030 —148 metas—), los Planes Nacionales de Desarrollo, los ODS, otros instrumentos CONPES y de política sectorial, que contribuyan a avanzar en los cimientos de construcción de una resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050).', 'Descripción general de las tres fases de la transición socioecológica (TSE) para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050) en Colombia Fase de aumento significativo de la ambición (2020–2030) Se caracteriza por un esfuerzo intersectorial significativo que permite alcanzar las metas nacionales contenidas en diversos instrumentos de política, tales como las NDC (2015 con horizonte a 2025 y 2020 con horizonte a 2030 —148 metas—), los Planes Nacionales de Desarrollo, los ODS, otros instrumentos CONPES y de política sectorial, que contribuyan a avanzar en los cimientos de construcción de una resiliencia climática de largo plazo (2050). El desarrollo de acciones y proyectos de cambio climático (mitigación22, adaptación23 y gestión del riesgo), a escalas local y regional debe avanzar hacia la articulación y coordinación entre iniciativas, de manera que se facilite escalar los resultados, buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas, permitiendo aumentar la ambición e impulsar la TSE hacia la carbono neutralidad y el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación, al tiempo que se incrementan la participación, la igualdad de género y la equidad.', 'El desarrollo de acciones y proyectos de cambio climático (mitigación22, adaptación23 y gestión del riesgo), a escalas local y regional debe avanzar hacia la articulación y coordinación entre iniciativas, de manera que se facilite escalar los resultados, buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas, permitiendo aumentar la ambición e impulsar la TSE hacia la carbono neutralidad y el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación, al tiempo que se incrementan la participación, la igualdad de género y la equidad. Es una fase para un significativo fortalecimiento de capacidades y acompañamiento técnico y financiero a los actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil, sobre el reconocimiento de los impactos diferenciados y las necesidades e implicaciones tecnológicas, institucionales y de medios de implementación necesarios para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo.', 'Es una fase para un significativo fortalecimiento de capacidades y acompañamiento técnico y financiero a los actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil, sobre el reconocimiento de los impactos diferenciados y las necesidades e implicaciones tecnológicas, institucionales y de medios de implementación necesarios para la resiliencia climática de largo plazo. Estos acompañamientos serán claves en la gestión del riesgo de transición climática (CTR, por sus siglas en inglés), la cual es clave en la transformación empresarial requerida.', 'Estos acompañamientos serán claves en la gestión del riesgo de transición climática (CTR, por sus siglas en inglés), la cual es clave en la transformación empresarial requerida. Además, se deberán adelantar y acelerar las reestructuraciones necesarias en los arreglos institucionales y los instrumentos de política (económicos y no económicos) para acompañar y brindar las seguridades iniciales a inversionistas, productores e industriales en los recambios y ajustes que serán necesarios, así como la transición justa de la fuerza laboral.', 'Además, se deberán adelantar y acelerar las reestructuraciones necesarias en los arreglos institucionales y los instrumentos de política (económicos y no económicos) para acompañar y brindar las seguridades iniciales a inversionistas, productores e industriales en los recambios y ajustes que serán necesarios, así como la transición justa de la fuerza laboral. En esta etapa será crucial también, aunar todos los esfuerzos para detener la deforestación lo antes posible, ya que la conservación de la biodiversidad es pilar fundamental de la construcción de resiliencia climática por la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos claves para garantizar el bienestar humano, al tiempo que la deforestación es una de las principales fuentes de emisiones de GEI en el país.', 'En esta etapa será crucial también, aunar todos los esfuerzos para detener la deforestación lo antes posible, ya que la conservación de la biodiversidad es pilar fundamental de la construcción de resiliencia climática por la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos claves para garantizar el bienestar humano, al tiempo que la deforestación es una de las principales fuentes de emisiones de GEI en el país. Esta fase será crucial también para el inicio de la transición de los combustibles, impulsando las energías renovables y limpias, privilegiando el gas natural por encima de otros combustibles fósiles e iniciando el paso de biocombustibles de primera generación hacia biocombustibles de segunda y tercera generación24.', 'Esta fase será crucial también para el inicio de la transición de los combustibles, impulsando las energías renovables y limpias, privilegiando el gas natural por encima de otros combustibles fósiles e iniciando el paso de biocombustibles de primera generación hacia biocombustibles de segunda y tercera generación24. Fase de transformación multidimensional (2030–2040) En esta fase se plantean las principales acciones que deben dar continuidad a las políticas iniciadas en la década anterior, sumadas a otras que contribuyan a avanzar significativamente en la transformación deseada hacia la carbono neutralidad y el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación. Las nuevas NDC pos 2030 deben continuar aumentando la ambición en congruencia con las rutas de descarbonización proyectadas y las nuevas metas de adaptación.', 'Las nuevas NDC pos 2030 deben continuar aumentando la ambición en congruencia con las rutas de descarbonización proyectadas y las nuevas metas de adaptación. Será prioritario construir procesos de acción local que transformen realidades, articulados y orientados desde una planeación regional, basados en nuevos acuerdos y lógicas para la gestión territorial, que posibiliten la corresponsabilidad, la inclusión y el empoderamiento de actores sectoriales y comunitarios para enfrentar el cambio climático.', 'Será prioritario construir procesos de acción local que transformen realidades, articulados y orientados desde una planeación regional, basados en nuevos acuerdos y lógicas para la gestión territorial, que posibiliten la corresponsabilidad, la inclusión y el empoderamiento de actores sectoriales y comunitarios para enfrentar el cambio climático. En esta fase, el acompañamiento institucional y financiero, así como la gestión del riesgo de transición climática (CTR) continúan siendo claves para reafirmar nuevos procesos, algunos iniciados en la fase anterior, que al tiempo que reducen significativamente emisiones GEI, aumentan stocks de carbono y contribuyen a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación de la población, los sectores y territorios, apalancan e impulsan aumentos significativos en la productividad, la competitividad, la inclusión, la equidad social y la sostenibilidad.', 'En esta fase, el acompañamiento institucional y financiero, así como la gestión del riesgo de transición climática (CTR) continúan siendo claves para reafirmar nuevos procesos, algunos iniciados en la fase anterior, que al tiempo que reducen significativamente emisiones GEI, aumentan stocks de carbono y contribuyen a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación de la población, los sectores y territorios, apalancan e impulsan aumentos significativos en la productividad, la competitividad, la inclusión, la equidad social y la sostenibilidad. Es importante notar que, en esta fase, los cambios apalancados hasta el 2030 son los que permitirán impulsar transformaciones más profundas en el sistema social e intersectorial colombiano y cerrar brechas en el camino a alcanzar/afianzar la carbono neutralidad.', 'Es importante notar que, en esta fase, los cambios apalancados hasta el 2030 son los que permitirán impulsar transformaciones más profundas en el sistema social e intersectorial colombiano y cerrar brechas en el camino a alcanzar/afianzar la carbono neutralidad. Fase de consolidación de un futuro resiliente al clima (2040–2050) Esta fase identifica las acciones para completar los cambios macroestructurales que deben orientar el mantenimiento del sistema como carbono neutral y con alta capacidad de adaptación ante los desafíos territoriales del cambio climático. Se cumple, a través de las acciones nacionales, con la ambición deseada de acuerdo con las rutas de descarbonización o el nivel mínimo de cambio necesario para que la visión de resiliencia climática planteada en esta estrategia se cumpla.', 'Se cumple, a través de las acciones nacionales, con la ambición deseada de acuerdo con las rutas de descarbonización o el nivel mínimo de cambio necesario para que la visión de resiliencia climática planteada en esta estrategia se cumpla. Los medios de implementación sustentan, acompañan y dan seguridad jurídica a los procesos nacionales y subnacionales de transformación territorial y sectorial, así como a la inversión. La gestión del riesgo, tanto climático, como de la transición climática, sumada a la transversalización de enfoques diferenciales, continuará abriendo el camino a nuevas y permanentes necesidades de adaptación, ya que el riesgo nunca desaparecerá y la adaptación no es un objetivo que se alcance, sino que, por el contrario, es un camino evolutivo de permanente construcción y tránsito. 22.', 'La gestión del riesgo, tanto climático, como de la transición climática, sumada a la transversalización de enfoques diferenciales, continuará abriendo el camino a nuevas y permanentes necesidades de adaptación, ya que el riesgo nunca desaparecerá y la adaptación no es un objetivo que se alcance, sino que, por el contrario, es un camino evolutivo de permanente construcción y tránsito. 22. Mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero: es la gestión que busca reducir los niveles de emisiones de gases de efec- to invernadero en la atmósfera a través de la limitación o disminución de las fuentes de emisiones de GEI y el aumento o mejora de los sumideros y reservas de GEI.', 'Mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero: es la gestión que busca reducir los niveles de emisiones de gases de efec- to invernadero en la atmósfera a través de la limitación o disminución de las fuentes de emisiones de GEI y el aumento o mejora de los sumideros y reservas de GEI. Para efectos de esta ley, la mitigación del cambio climático incluye las políticas, programas, proyectos, incentivos o desincentivos y actividades relacionadas con la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono y la Estrategia Nacional de REDD+ (ENREDD+) (Ley 1931 de 2018) (Congreso de Colombia, 2018). 23. Adaptación al cambio climático: es el proceso de ajuste a los efectos presentes y esperados del cambio climático.', 'Adaptación al cambio climático: es el proceso de ajuste a los efectos presentes y esperados del cambio climático. En ámbitos sociales de decisión corresponde al proceso de ajuste que busca atenuar los efectos perjudiciales o aprovechar las oportunidades beneficiosas presentes o esperadas del clima y sus efectos. En los socioecosistemas, el proceso de ajuste de la biodiversidad al clima actual y sus efectos puede ser intervenido por la sociedad con el propósito de facilitar el ajuste al clima esperado (Ley 1931 de 2018) (Congreso de Colombia, 2018). 24. Los biocombustibles convencionales, o de primera generación, son los creados a partir de cultivos alimentarios cultivados en tierras de cultivo.', 'Los biocombustibles convencionales, o de primera generación, son los creados a partir de cultivos alimentarios cultivados en tierras de cultivo. De otro lado, los de segunda generación son los que son fabricados a partir de biomasa que se deri- va de materiales vegetales (cultivos leñosos, residuos agrícolas o material vegetal de desecho de cultivos destinados a la alimentación que ya cumplieron su propósito alimentario) o de grasas animales. Finalmente, los biocombustibles de tercera generación se extraen a partir de algas con un contenido de aceite natural de al menos un 50 %.', 'Finalmente, los biocombustibles de tercera generación se extraen a partir de algas con un contenido de aceite natural de al menos un 50 %. La producción de los de tercera generación aún no se ha llevado a cabo a escala comercial (GAVE, 2021).Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Dada la amplitud temática, su extenso hori- zonte temporal y su carácter aspiracional y no vinculante, cada una de las opciones de trans- formación está acompañada de unos referentes de ambición, como acciones que se deberían alcanzar a 2050, de manera tal que, orienten las acciones que posteriormente el país adelantará en la construcción de sus caminos hacia la resil- iencia climática.', 'La producción de los de tercera generación aún no se ha llevado a cabo a escala comercial (GAVE, 2021).Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Dada la amplitud temática, su extenso hori- zonte temporal y su carácter aspiracional y no vinculante, cada una de las opciones de trans- formación está acompañada de unos referentes de ambición, como acciones que se deberían alcanzar a 2050, de manera tal que, orienten las acciones que posteriormente el país adelantará en la construcción de sus caminos hacia la resil- iencia climática. Estos referentes no constituyen metas vinculantes ni para los sectores ni para los territorios, son más bien guías indicativas del cambio mínimo necesario para alcanzar la resiliencia climática (carbono neutralidad y alta capacidad de adaptación), identificados a partir de diversas fuentes: i) las proyecciones obtenidas de modelos y escenarios de descarbonización (GCAM-RDM y TIMES) siguiendo la técnica de backcasting, modelos de impacto económi- co (MEG4C) y de riesgo por cambio climático (CAPRA), ii) la proyección tendencial de algunas de las metas nacionales establecidas para 2030 y iii) el criterio experto.', 'Estos referentes no constituyen metas vinculantes ni para los sectores ni para los territorios, son más bien guías indicativas del cambio mínimo necesario para alcanzar la resiliencia climática (carbono neutralidad y alta capacidad de adaptación), identificados a partir de diversas fuentes: i) las proyecciones obtenidas de modelos y escenarios de descarbonización (GCAM-RDM y TIMES) siguiendo la técnica de backcasting, modelos de impacto económi- co (MEG4C) y de riesgo por cambio climático (CAPRA), ii) la proyección tendencial de algunas de las metas nacionales establecidas para 2030 y iii) el criterio experto. A continuación, se presentan cada una de las apuestas y opciones de transformación que las desarrollan con aquellas líneas de acción estratégicas y algunos referentes no vinculantes de ambición que el país debe desarrollar a 2050 para construir una sociedad y una economía resiliente al clima, es decir, carbono neutral y con altas capacidades de adaptación en territorios y sectores para reducir los riesgos asociados con el cambio climático.', 'A continuación, se presentan cada una de las apuestas y opciones de transformación que las desarrollan con aquellas líneas de acción estratégicas y algunos referentes no vinculantes de ambición que el país debe desarrollar a 2050 para construir una sociedad y una economía resiliente al clima, es decir, carbono neutral y con altas capacidades de adaptación en territorios y sectores para reducir los riesgos asociados con el cambio climático. 6.1 Apuestas para alcanzar la resiliencia climática socioecológica en Colombia al 2050 LECTURA DE LAS FICHAS DE INICIATIVAS Número de la apuesta Icono de la apuesta Título de la apuesta Número de la opción de transformación Opción de transformación Referentes de ambición a 2050 (cambios mínimos requeridos)Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Ampliar y fortalecer los procesos de creación de conocimiento climático como elemento estratégico que respalde la toma de decisiones, la elaboración de políticas y la gobernanza local, regional y nacional, para optimizar la gestión territorial, la inclusión social y la transformación productiva.', '6.1 Apuestas para alcanzar la resiliencia climática socioecológica en Colombia al 2050 LECTURA DE LAS FICHAS DE INICIATIVAS Número de la apuesta Icono de la apuesta Título de la apuesta Número de la opción de transformación Opción de transformación Referentes de ambición a 2050 (cambios mínimos requeridos)Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Ampliar y fortalecer los procesos de creación de conocimiento climático como elemento estratégico que respalde la toma de decisiones, la elaboración de políticas y la gobernanza local, regional y nacional, para optimizar la gestión territorial, la inclusión social y la transformación productiva. Monitoreo climático y transfor- mación digital de datos nacionales, con consistencia interna demostra- ble y alta precisión, que sean la base de la toma de decisiones y de la elaboración de políticas a.', 'Monitoreo climático y transfor- mación digital de datos nacionales, con consistencia interna demostra- ble y alta precisión, que sean la base de la toma de decisiones y de la elaboración de políticas a. 100 % del país con cobertura de redes de in- formación hidrometeorológica (en tierra y sateli- tal) y climática intersectorial y territorial articulada estructuralmente a los procesos de planificación y gestión y que contribuyan a la mitigación y adapta- ción de hombres y mujeres al cambio climático. b. 100 % de los ministerios con CIO que com- parten, articulan y retroalimentan los sistemas sectoriales de información climática de Colombia. mas de monitoreo comunitario del clima para obtener información climática local y guiar la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'mas de monitoreo comunitario del clima para obtener información climática local y guiar la adaptación al cambio climático. Innovación disruptiva a partir del impulso a la ciencia, a la tecnología y a otros sistemas de conocimien- to para soportar y orientar la tran- sición territorial, empresarial e institucional equitativa y producti- va, hacia la resiliencia climática a. Nuevos productos innovadores que respon- den a las nuevas condiciones climáticas del país contribuyendo al aumento de la compet- itividad y a una adecuada gestión territorial.', 'Innovación disruptiva a partir del impulso a la ciencia, a la tecnología y a otros sistemas de conocimien- to para soportar y orientar la tran- sición territorial, empresarial e institucional equitativa y producti- va, hacia la resiliencia climática a. Nuevos productos innovadores que respon- den a las nuevas condiciones climáticas del país contribuyendo al aumento de la compet- itividad y a una adecuada gestión territorial. b. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las grandes em- presas y al menos entre el 60 % y 80 % de las MIPYMES han incorporado transformaciones tecnológicas, productivas y de servicios innova- dores que contribuyen a reducir emisiones de GEI o a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de personas, sectores y territorios al cambio climático, provenientes del sistema nacional de CT&I, transferencias tecnológicas, mecanismos de colaboración tecnológica, o de patent pools entre empresas, universidades, centros de in- novación, escuelas tecnológicas u otras fuentes de manera inclusiva, diferencial y equitativa.', 'b. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las grandes em- presas y al menos entre el 60 % y 80 % de las MIPYMES han incorporado transformaciones tecnológicas, productivas y de servicios innova- dores que contribuyen a reducir emisiones de GEI o a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de personas, sectores y territorios al cambio climático, provenientes del sistema nacional de CT&I, transferencias tecnológicas, mecanismos de colaboración tecnológica, o de patent pools entre empresas, universidades, centros de in- novación, escuelas tecnológicas u otras fuentes de manera inclusiva, diferencial y equitativa. c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas públicas y privadas han creado los entornos habilitantes para una continua innovación or- ganizacional que incremente la competitividad y el adecuado manejo territorial para reducir emisiones de GEI (con el apoyo en organismos de validación y verificación de gases de efecto invernadero (OVVGEI) y aumentar la confiabili- dad en la medición y seguimiento de las emis- iones) o a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación.', 'c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas públicas y privadas han creado los entornos habilitantes para una continua innovación or- ganizacional que incremente la competitividad y el adecuado manejo territorial para reducir emisiones de GEI (con el apoyo en organismos de validación y verificación de gases de efecto invernadero (OVVGEI) y aumentar la confiabili- dad en la medición y seguimiento de las emis- iones) o a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación. d. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las acciones ori- entadas a la resiliencia climática disponen de mecanismos para fortalecer las capacidades instaladas de hombres y mujeres en la transición y el manejo de nuevas tecnologías, planteando rutas de transformación especiales para perso- nas adultas mayores y pertenecientes a pueblos indígenas y comunidades afrocolombianas.', 'd. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las acciones ori- entadas a la resiliencia climática disponen de mecanismos para fortalecer las capacidades instaladas de hombres y mujeres en la transición y el manejo de nuevas tecnologías, planteando rutas de transformación especiales para perso- nas adultas mayores y pertenecientes a pueblos indígenas y comunidades afrocolombianas. e. Colombia asegura la representación mínima de 50 % de mujeres en los escenarios para las transformaciones tecnológicas o productivas que contribuyen a reducir emisiones de GEI o a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación. f. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas colom- bianas han incorporado transformaciones tec- nológicas que permiten procesos más eficientes y sostenibles.', 'f. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas colom- bianas han incorporado transformaciones tec- nológicas que permiten procesos más eficientes y sostenibles. Educación, formación y sensibili- zación en cambio climático para fortalecer las capacidades de todas las comunidades y actores involu- crados en la transformación nacion- c. Un observatorio climático consolidado, en el marco del Sistema Climático Nacional y articulado con otros sistemas de información, que disponga de total credibilidad intersectorial para la toma de decisiones y para la generación políticas (públicas y privadas) que desarrolle y ponga al servicio de todos los colombianos datos, modelaciones, indi- cadores y alertas tempranas para sectores y terri- torios, actualizándolos periódicamente a partir de la participación y liderazgo de hombres y mujeres.', 'Educación, formación y sensibili- zación en cambio climático para fortalecer las capacidades de todas las comunidades y actores involu- crados en la transformación nacion- c. Un observatorio climático consolidado, en el marco del Sistema Climático Nacional y articulado con otros sistemas de información, que disponga de total credibilidad intersectorial para la toma de decisiones y para la generación políticas (públicas y privadas) que desarrolle y ponga al servicio de todos los colombianos datos, modelaciones, indi- cadores y alertas tempranas para sectores y terri- torios, actualizándolos periódicamente a partir de la participación y liderazgo de hombres y mujeres. d. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas incor- poran en su planeación la valoración de los costos asociados a los riesgos de la transición climática, a partir de la aplicación del conocimiento climático.', 'd. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las empresas incor- poran en su planeación la valoración de los costos asociados a los riesgos de la transición climática, a partir de la aplicación del conocimiento climático. e. Entre el 70 % y 90% de los pequeños pro- ductores agropecuarios implementan siste-Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos al hacia la resiliencia climática, que promueva inclusión social, la recon- ciliación y la igualdad de género a. El 100 % de las instituciones educativas a nivel universitario y técnico del país ofertan y nivelan la participación de hombres y mu- jeres en programas que responden a las nue- vas necesidades diferenciales de los mercados laborales asociados con la transformación pro- ductiva para la carbono neutralidad y el forta- lecimiento de las capacidades de adaptación en territorios y sectores al cambio climático y los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos.', 'e. Entre el 70 % y 90% de los pequeños pro- ductores agropecuarios implementan siste-Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos al hacia la resiliencia climática, que promueva inclusión social, la recon- ciliación y la igualdad de género a. El 100 % de las instituciones educativas a nivel universitario y técnico del país ofertan y nivelan la participación de hombres y mu- jeres en programas que responden a las nue- vas necesidades diferenciales de los mercados laborales asociados con la transformación pro- ductiva para la carbono neutralidad y el forta- lecimiento de las capacidades de adaptación en territorios y sectores al cambio climático y los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. b. El 100 % de los pensum de las insti- tuciones educativas de básica primaria y se- cundaria integran la dimensión de cambio climático, respetando la autonomía cultur- al y fomentando la igualdad de género.', 'b. El 100 % de los pensum de las insti- tuciones educativas de básica primaria y se- cundaria integran la dimensión de cambio climático, respetando la autonomía cultur- al y fomentando la igualdad de género. c. La extensión agropecuaria llegará a entre el 80 % y 100 % de las zonas del país, incluyendo procesos de validación de prácticas ancestrales sostenibles y será un eslabón clave para la im- plementación y sostenibilidad de los paisajes sostenibles y los sistemas agroalimentarios adaptativos y bajos en emisiones de GEI. d. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de la población co- lombiana se considera informada y sensibiliza- da sobre el cambio climático y sus efectos.', 'd. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de la población co- lombiana se considera informada y sensibiliza- da sobre el cambio climático y sus efectos. e. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los centros de investi- gación y pensamiento, públicos y privados, están fortalecidos para la generación de conocimiento sobre cambio climático a nivel nacional y regional.', 'e. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los centros de investi- gación y pensamiento, públicos y privados, están fortalecidos para la generación de conocimiento sobre cambio climático a nivel nacional y regional. Aumento en el conocimiento para apoyar la gestión del riesgo por cam- bio climático y así reducir los daños y pérdidas en las infraestructuras vitales (viviendas, edificaciones es- colares y hospitalarias), en los ser- vicios básicos (agua y energía), las telecomunicaciones y en las infrae- structuras de energía y transporte a. Sistemas de monitoreo climático y alertas tempranas con participación y liderazgo de las comunidades locales y funcionando entre el 80 % y 100 % de los municipios del país. b. Consolidación de sistemas de infor- mación que articulen el conocimiento en- torno al riesgo de los diferentes sectores, personas y territorios (ejemplo, SIIVRA).', 'b. Consolidación de sistemas de infor- mación que articulen el conocimiento en- torno al riesgo de los diferentes sectores, personas y territorios (ejemplo, SIIVRA). c. Identificación y análisis de información que permita la creación de medidas eficaces y el diseño de protocolos y rutas de atención con en- foque diferencial para la atención y respuesta a las afectaciones causadas a poblaciones vulnerables.', 'c. Identificación y análisis de información que permita la creación de medidas eficaces y el diseño de protocolos y rutas de atención con en- foque diferencial para la atención y respuesta a las afectaciones causadas a poblaciones vulnerables. Empoderamiento y gobernanza so- cial participativa para la gestión integral del cambio climático, in- cluyente, con enfoque de géne- ro y basada en conocimiento a. El flujo de conocimiento proveniente del observatorio climático y los centros de inves- tigación y pensamiento hacia los actores rele- vantes de la gestión territorial para la reducción de GEI y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad adaptativa de largo plazo es recibido por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus necesidades específicas y características diferenciales entre el 80 % y 100 % de los municipios del país.', 'Empoderamiento y gobernanza so- cial participativa para la gestión integral del cambio climático, in- cluyente, con enfoque de géne- ro y basada en conocimiento a. El flujo de conocimiento proveniente del observatorio climático y los centros de inves- tigación y pensamiento hacia los actores rele- vantes de la gestión territorial para la reducción de GEI y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad adaptativa de largo plazo es recibido por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus necesidades específicas y características diferenciales entre el 80 % y 100 % de los municipios del país. b. El flujo de recursos provenientes de presu- puestos públicos, privados y de la cooperación internacional hacia los actores relevantes de la gestión territorial para la reducción de GEI y la disminución de las brechas de género relaciona- das con cambio climático y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad adaptativa de largo plazo en terri- torios y sectores alcanza a las comunidades en entre el 80 % y 100 % de los municipios del país.', 'b. El flujo de recursos provenientes de presu- puestos públicos, privados y de la cooperación internacional hacia los actores relevantes de la gestión territorial para la reducción de GEI y la disminución de las brechas de género relaciona- das con cambio climático y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad adaptativa de largo plazo en terri- torios y sectores alcanza a las comunidades en entre el 80 % y 100 % de los municipios del país. c. Entre el 70 % y 100% de los productores agro- pecuarios con acceso a información agroclimática promoviendo el acceso equitativo de mujeres, hombres y otras poblaciones vulnerables.', 'c. Entre el 70 % y 100% de los productores agro- pecuarios con acceso a información agroclimática promoviendo el acceso equitativo de mujeres, hombres y otras poblaciones vulnerables. d. Consolidación de la red denominada Red de Asistencia Técnica para el Diagnósti- co y la Acción Climática Rural (RADAR) en entre el 80 % y 100 % de los departamen- tos del país (PIGCC-Agropecuario). e. Fortalecimiento técnico de entre el 90 % y 100 % de los consejos comunitarios por muni- cipio en la gestión del cambio climático local, liderados por mujeres y hombres que cuentan con capacidades integrales para la gestión del cambio climático local y para la articulación con entidades del orden regional y nacional.', 'e. Fortalecimiento técnico de entre el 90 % y 100 % de los consejos comunitarios por muni- cipio en la gestión del cambio climático local, liderados por mujeres y hombres que cuentan con capacidades integrales para la gestión del cambio climático local y para la articulación con entidades del orden regional y nacional. f. Treinta y dos departamentos participando en mesas agroclimáticas y reducción del riesgo climático donde se garantiza la participación equitativa de mujeres y hombres en su diver- sidad y de personas pertenecientes a comuni- dades afrocolombianas y pueblos indígenas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Transición socioecológica hacia paisajes culturales multifuncionales, reducir la deforestación y degradación de ecosistemas, aumentar la conec- tividad ecológica y evitar el colapso de los sistemas naturales y sociocul- turales ante el cambio climático a. Paisajes transformados positivamente para garantizar la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos con el fin de reducir el riesgo climático e incremen- tar las absorciones y almacenamiento de GEI.', 'f. Treinta y dos departamentos participando en mesas agroclimáticas y reducción del riesgo climático donde se garantiza la participación equitativa de mujeres y hombres en su diver- sidad y de personas pertenecientes a comuni- dades afrocolombianas y pueblos indígenas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Transición socioecológica hacia paisajes culturales multifuncionales, reducir la deforestación y degradación de ecosistemas, aumentar la conec- tividad ecológica y evitar el colapso de los sistemas naturales y sociocul- turales ante el cambio climático a. Paisajes transformados positivamente para garantizar la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos con el fin de reducir el riesgo climático e incremen- tar las absorciones y almacenamiento de GEI. b. Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de mantener la cero deforestación y la no degra- dación de los ecosistemas nativos (en mínimo 4.250.000 ha aproximadamente).', 'b. Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de mantener la cero deforestación y la no degra- dación de los ecosistemas nativos (en mínimo 4.250.000 ha aproximadamente). A su vez, más del 50 % de los bosques naturales estarán bajo manejo Gestión integral de la biodiversidad y sus servicios ecosistémicos como base de la resiliencia climática para el bienestar colectivo de los colombianos. reducir sus impactos en por lo menos entre el 70 % y 90 % de los sitios prioritarios para la adapta- ción, reducción del riesgo al cambio climático y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y las áreas de importancia para la mitigación de GEI.', 'reducir sus impactos en por lo menos entre el 70 % y 90 % de los sitios prioritarios para la adapta- ción, reducción del riesgo al cambio climático y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y las áreas de importancia para la mitigación de GEI. Manejo sostenible de ecosiste- mas marinos, costeros y oceánic- os para la resiliencia climática a. Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de mantener la cero deforestación de man- glares en todo el territorio nacional. b. Los corredores marinos del Caribe suroc- cidental y del Pacífico este tropical, favore- cen la conservación de los ecosistemas a través de la conectividad ecológica, así como los servicios ecosistémicos de captura y al- macenamiento de carbono.', 'Los corredores marinos del Caribe suroc- cidental y del Pacífico este tropical, favore- cen la conservación de los ecosistemas a través de la conectividad ecológica, así como los servicios ecosistémicos de captura y al- macenamiento de carbono. c. Las dunas de arena, áreas coralinas y otros eco- sistemas hacen parte de las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para disminuir la vulnerabilidad en entre el 40 % y 60 % de las áreas costeras más ex- puestas a amenazas ligadas al clima y los océanos. d. Reducción del estado crítico y en riesgo de los ecosistemas marino costeros, de acuerdo con la línea base dada por el Libro rojo de eco- sistemas marino costeros de Colombia (2020).', 'd. Reducción del estado crítico y en riesgo de los ecosistemas marino costeros, de acuerdo con la línea base dada por el Libro rojo de eco- sistemas marino costeros de Colombia (2020). e. Restauración de entre el 60 % y 90 % de los humedales costeros claves para la conser- vación (por ejemplo: Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, bahía de Cartagena, ciénaga de Mal- lorquín, ciénaga de la Virgen, entre otros). Gestión integral del agua para la seguridad hídrica futu- ra de todos los colombianos a. Cuencas transfronterizas gestionadas en armonía con los países vecinos para garantizar la seguridad hídrica de los países involucrados.', 'Gestión integral del agua para la seguridad hídrica futu- ra de todos los colombianos a. Cuencas transfronterizas gestionadas en armonía con los países vecinos para garantizar la seguridad hídrica de los países involucrados. b. Conservación del 100 % de los complejos de páramos delimitados y garantizar la conectivi- dad de y entre bosques ribereños y humedales para garantizar los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación hídrica ante el cambio climático. c. 100 % de implementación de los Planes Es- tratégicos de Macrocuencas para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad ante fenómenos meteo- rológicos extremos y el cambio climático. d. Conservación de cuencas abastecedoras de acueductos de todos los municipios del país susceptibles al desabastecimiento por cambio climático y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos.', 'd. Conservación de cuencas abastecedoras de acueductos de todos los municipios del país susceptibles al desabastecimiento por cambio climático y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. sostenible (entre ellos, programas de forestaría co- munitaria) (certificados o con el cumplimiento de buenas prácticas), incluyendo organizaciones lid- eradas por mujeres, comunidades étnicas y cam- pesinas, entre otras, en todas las regiones del país. c. Restauración ecológica de ecosistemas, al menos 1.300.000 hectáreas, en estado crítico y ries- go (de acuerdo con el Libro rojo de ecosistemas terrestres de Colombia) en áreas para favorecer la conectividad ecológica y la oferta de servicios eco- sistémicos (control de la erosión, regulación hídri- ca, microclimática y la captura y almacenamiento de gases efecto invernadero, entre otros).', 'c. Restauración ecológica de ecosistemas, al menos 1.300.000 hectáreas, en estado crítico y ries- go (de acuerdo con el Libro rojo de ecosistemas terrestres de Colombia) en áreas para favorecer la conectividad ecológica y la oferta de servicios eco- sistémicos (control de la erosión, regulación hídri- ca, microclimática y la captura y almacenamiento de gases efecto invernadero, entre otros). d. Reducción de entre el 70 % y 90 % en la tasa de nuevas introducciones de especies exóticas invasoras, además del control o erradicación de las especies exóticas invasoras a fin de eliminar oal menos el 5 % de ellas se encuentren in- cluidas en programas de recuperación/rein- troducción y restauración (Meta ENCP).', 'd. Reducción de entre el 70 % y 90 % en la tasa de nuevas introducciones de especies exóticas invasoras, además del control o erradicación de las especies exóticas invasoras a fin de eliminar oal menos el 5 % de ellas se encuentren in- cluidas en programas de recuperación/rein- troducción y restauración (Meta ENCP). c. Información sobre 30 % de especies de fauna silvestre (exótica y nativa) en iniciativas de conservación ex situ con información rele- vante sobre aspectos zoonóticos y epidemiológi- cos (biovigilancia) como alertas tempranas.', 'c. Información sobre 30 % de especies de fauna silvestre (exótica y nativa) en iniciativas de conservación ex situ con información rele- vante sobre aspectos zoonóticos y epidemiológi- cos (biovigilancia) como alertas tempranas. d. Conservación de la diversidad genética del 50 % de las especies de plantas cultivadas y sus parien- tes silvestres y fauna silvestre en procesos de cría en cautiverio, asegurados en instalaciones apro- piadas para tal fin, y son usadas en procesos de mejoramiento genético e incorporados en siste- mas productivos adaptados al cambio climático.', 'd. Conservación de la diversidad genética del 50 % de las especies de plantas cultivadas y sus parien- tes silvestres y fauna silvestre en procesos de cría en cautiverio, asegurados en instalaciones apro- piadas para tal fin, y son usadas en procesos de mejoramiento genético e incorporados en siste- mas productivos adaptados al cambio climático. e. Información de registros provenientes de colecciones ex situ, de al menos el 90 % de las especies de fauna, flora y fungi, amenaza- das por cambio climático y cambios meteo- rológicos extremos ingresadas en GBIF y las secuencias del 50 % de las especies de plan- tas, animales y hongos de importancia para la alimentación y la agricultura, en iBoL.', 'e. Información de registros provenientes de colecciones ex situ, de al menos el 90 % de las especies de fauna, flora y fungi, amenaza- das por cambio climático y cambios meteo- rológicos extremos ingresadas en GBIF y las secuencias del 50 % de las especies de plan- tas, animales y hongos de importancia para la alimentación y la agricultura, en iBoL. Sistema Nacional de Conservación ex situ25 fortalecido y articula- do con el sector agropecuario a. Sistema Nacional de Conservación ex situ consolidado para albergar todas las es- pecies amenazas por cambio climático.', 'Sistema Nacional de Conservación ex situ25 fortalecido y articula- do con el sector agropecuario a. Sistema Nacional de Conservación ex situ consolidado para albergar todas las es- pecies amenazas por cambio climático. b. Conservación ex situ de al menos el 90 % de las especies de fauna, flora y fungi amenazadas por cambio climático y cam- bios meteorológicos extremos, de las que Economía circular, que genera nue- vas oportunidades de negocios, nuevos empleos, disminuye la gen- eración de residuos y de emisiones de GEI y que permite contar con sistemas productivos más eficien- tes y respetuosos del ambiente 1. Cierre de ciclo de materia- les y valoración de residuos a. Promover a través de la innovación y la simbi- osis industrial, así como de medidas habilitantes, el cierre de ciclo de materiales y la valoración de residuos.', 'Cierre de ciclo de materia- les y valoración de residuos a. Promover a través de la innovación y la simbi- osis industrial, así como de medidas habilitantes, el cierre de ciclo de materiales y la valoración de residuos. Esto incluye materiales industriales y productos de consumo masivo, materiales de envases y empaques, flujos de agua, energía y biomasa, materiales de construcción, y textiles. Al Producción y consumo sostenible para una economía innovadora e incluyente. 2050, Colombia habrá logrado las siguientes tasas de aprovechamiento: • 50 % del material textil. • 50 % de cemento y hormigón. • 80 % de papel, cartón, celulosa. • 60 % de plásticos. • 90 % de acero. • 40-50 % de vidrio. • 40-50 % de madera.', '• 40-50 % de madera. b. Para alcanzar parte de estos objetivos se requerirá la inclusión del reciclaje y el aprove- chamiento de minerales estratégicos de los procesos de transición energética y de ma- teriales pétreos propios de la construcción de edificaciones neutrales en carbono. Este 25. Ex situ se define como las condiciones bajo las cuales los individuos están restringidos espacialmente respecto a sus patrones espaciales naturales o las de su progenie, se privan de muchos de sus procesos ecológicos naturales y se gestionan en algún grado por los seres humanos.', 'Ex situ se define como las condiciones bajo las cuales los individuos están restringidos espacialmente respecto a sus patrones espaciales naturales o las de su progenie, se privan de muchos de sus procesos ecológicos naturales y se gestionan en algún grado por los seres humanos. En esencia, los individuos se mantienen en condiciones artifi- ciales bajo diferentes presiones de selección que los de las condiciones naturales en un hábitat natural (UICN 2014)Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos concepto de economía circular en el sector minero está vinculado al esquema de minera climáticamente inteligente cuyo objetivo es in- tegrar medidas de mitigación de GEI (inclusión de energías renovables en el sector, nuevas formas de extracción basada en innovación y sostenibilidad y eficiencia energética en toda la cadena de valor), adaptación al cam- bio climático (empleando soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y Forest-Smart Mining con el fin de reducir los impactos de la actividad).', 'En esencia, los individuos se mantienen en condiciones artifi- ciales bajo diferentes presiones de selección que los de las condiciones naturales en un hábitat natural (UICN 2014)Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos concepto de economía circular en el sector minero está vinculado al esquema de minera climáticamente inteligente cuyo objetivo es in- tegrar medidas de mitigación de GEI (inclusión de energías renovables en el sector, nuevas formas de extracción basada en innovación y sostenibilidad y eficiencia energética en toda la cadena de valor), adaptación al cam- bio climático (empleando soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y Forest-Smart Mining con el fin de reducir los impactos de la actividad). 2.', 'En esencia, los individuos se mantienen en condiciones artifi- ciales bajo diferentes presiones de selección que los de las condiciones naturales en un hábitat natural (UICN 2014)Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos concepto de economía circular en el sector minero está vinculado al esquema de minera climáticamente inteligente cuyo objetivo es in- tegrar medidas de mitigación de GEI (inclusión de energías renovables en el sector, nuevas formas de extracción basada en innovación y sostenibilidad y eficiencia energética en toda la cadena de valor), adaptación al cam- bio climático (empleando soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y Forest-Smart Mining con el fin de reducir los impactos de la actividad). 2. Ecodiseño y mayor durabili- dad de bienes y servicios a. Impulsar la innovación hacia diseños in- teligentes, que faciliten el desensamblaje y la reutilización o reciclaje de productos que con- templen el uso de materiales reciclados, uso de biomateriales u otros materiales con menor impacto a través de todo su ciclo de vida, en los sectores industrial y de construcción.', 'Ecodiseño y mayor durabili- dad de bienes y servicios a. Impulsar la innovación hacia diseños in- teligentes, que faciliten el desensamblaje y la reutilización o reciclaje de productos que con- templen el uso de materiales reciclados, uso de biomateriales u otros materiales con menor impacto a través de todo su ciclo de vida, en los sectores industrial y de construcción. b. Promover el diseño de productos de mayor durabilidad, con un acom- pañamiento al sector privado para la reori- entación de sus modelos de negocio y la inclusión de servicios complementarios. 3.', 'b. Promover el diseño de productos de mayor durabilidad, con un acom- pañamiento al sector privado para la reori- entación de sus modelos de negocio y la inclusión de servicios complementarios. 3. Reemplazo de productos por ser- vicios, plataformas compartidas y nuevos modelos de negocios a. Promover el desarrollo de negocios que per- mitan el reemplazo de productos por servicios (por ejemplo, alquiler de maquinaria en vez de venta de maquinaria), así como el desarrollo de plataformas de uso compartido (carros y bici- cletas de alquiler, ropa y accesorios de alquiler, espacios de oficina compartidos, entre otros). 4. Información y seguimiento para la economía circular a.', 'Información y seguimiento para la economía circular a. En línea con el Sistema de Información de Economía Circular liderado por el DANE, definir indicadores diferenciales, así como las fuentes de información para el seguimiento y evaluación de los avances en materia de economía circular en los cuatro ejes de esta opción de transformación. Bioeconomía y negocios verdes para el aprovechamien- to sostenible de la biodiversidad y sus servicios ecosistémicos 1. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales para la bioeconomía a. Fortalecer las capacidades de las entidades del orden nacional y territorial (departamental y municipal) para una mejor comprensión del concepto de bioeconomía y el potencial para su desarrollo en el país.', 'Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales para la bioeconomía a. Fortalecer las capacidades de las entidades del orden nacional y territorial (departamental y municipal) para una mejor comprensión del concepto de bioeconomía y el potencial para su desarrollo en el país. Esto acompañado del desarrollo y fortalecimiento de capacidades para la formulación e implementación de proyec- tos relacionados con la bioeconomía (proyec- tos de investigación, investigación aplicada, o que promuevan el desarrollo de negocios). 2.', 'Esto acompañado del desarrollo y fortalecimiento de capacidades para la formulación e implementación de proyec- tos relacionados con la bioeconomía (proyec- tos de investigación, investigación aplicada, o que promuevan el desarrollo de negocios). 2. Fortalecer las capacidades de inves- tigación, desarrollo, e innovación en bio- economía y facilitar la colaboración y la transferencia de conocimientos y tecnologías a. Fortalecer las capacidades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación en bioeconomía a través de la promoción de las carreras STEM (ciencia, tecnología, matemáticas e inge- nierías), la conformación de grupos de inves- tigación en universidades públicas y privadas, las expediciones científicas, el desarrollo de laboratorios certificados y la protección de la propiedad intelectual, fomentando la for- mación e incorporación de mujeres en los procesos de investigación e innovación. 3.', 'Fortalecer las capacidades de inves- tigación, desarrollo, e innovación en bio- economía y facilitar la colaboración y la transferencia de conocimientos y tecnologías a. Fortalecer las capacidades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación en bioeconomía a través de la promoción de las carreras STEM (ciencia, tecnología, matemáticas e inge- nierías), la conformación de grupos de inves- tigación en universidades públicas y privadas, las expediciones científicas, el desarrollo de laboratorios certificados y la protección de la propiedad intelectual, fomentando la for- mación e incorporación de mujeres en los procesos de investigación e innovación. 3. Aprovechamiento sostenible de la bio- diversidad y mejoras en la competitividad a. Promover el desarrollo de empresas y nego- cios en sectores estratégicos en bioeconomía (ag- ricultura, bioquímica, farmacéutico y cosmético, bioenergía).', 'Aprovechamiento sostenible de la bio- diversidad y mejoras en la competitividad a. Promover el desarrollo de empresas y nego- cios en sectores estratégicos en bioeconomía (ag- ricultura, bioquímica, farmacéutico y cosmético, bioenergía). Estos programas deberán ir acom- pañados de asistencia técnica y promoción de la igualdad de género y los vínculos entre empresas para la trasferencia/aplicación de tecnologías. Asimismo, promover negocios basados en la biodiversidad o conocimiento cultural en zonas rurales y de forma conjunta con las comunidades (indígenas, afros, organizaciones de mujeres, entre otros) y bajo el respeto de su cultura y costumbres. Al 2050, la bioeconomía aportara el 20 % del producto interno bruto (PIB) del país. b. Definir una línea base y para el monitoreo de cómo el desarrollo de la bioeconomía afec- ta la biodiversidad.', 'b. Definir una línea base y para el monitoreo de cómo el desarrollo de la bioeconomía afec- ta la biodiversidad. Se deberá caracterizar el elemento aprovechable, su ubicación y cómo su aprovechamiento afecta (positiva y neg- ativamente) su entorno natural y social. 4. Fortalecimiento de capacidades para los negocios verdes a. Desarrollar programas de asistencia técnica para nuevos modelos de negocios en economía circular, bioeconomía y negocios verdes (a través de las cámaras de comercio, el SENA, las agremi- aciones, las universidades). La construcción de ca- pacidades incluirá el desarrollo de metodologías con enfoque diferencial, capacitaciones en las nuevas regulaciones vigentes, instrumentos y fuentes de financiamiento y diseño de proyectos. b. Fortalecer las estrategias y canales de comercialización para los negocios verdes. Las estrategias deberán tener en cuenta el enfoque diferencial y los negocios de las comunidades ru- rales.', 'Las estrategias deberán tener en cuenta el enfoque diferencial y los negocios de las comunidades ru- rales. Al 2050, el número de empresas dedicadas a la bioeconomía, la economía circular y los nego- cios verdes habrá aumentado significativamente (entre el 80 % y 90 %) frente a la línea base de 2020. 5. Fortalecimiento del turismo sostenible y ecoturismo a. Fortalecer el sector de turismo sostenible: lin- eamientos de política, capacitaciones al sector, asistencia técnica, líneas de crédito, incentivos económicos y financieros. El apoyo al sector deberá tener en cuenta las particularidades de los territorios y enfoque diferencial. Esto deberá resultar en la ampliación de las líneas turísticas en las que el país se podría especial- izar (en articulación con la política de turismo sostenible: Unidos por la Naturaleza).', 'Esto deberá resultar en la ampliación de las líneas turísticas en las que el país se podría especial- izar (en articulación con la política de turismo sostenible: Unidos por la Naturaleza). En 2050 Colombia se habrá posicionado a nivel global como un destino para el turismo sostenible, científico y de naturaleza y el ecoturismo. b. Aumentar la oferta de formaciones que permitan trabajar en el ecoturismo, turismo científico y turismo sostenible, incluyendo la participación activa de las comunidades, en particular de mujeres, en este sector a partir del uso de nuevas tecnologías.', 'b. Aumentar la oferta de formaciones que permitan trabajar en el ecoturismo, turismo científico y turismo sostenible, incluyendo la participación activa de las comunidades, en particular de mujeres, en este sector a partir del uso de nuevas tecnologías. c. El ecoturismo, turismo de naturaleza y científico se hace de la mano de las comuni- dades, bajo el respeto de las formas de vida de las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos 6. Desarrollo de agricultura sostenible y de precisión a. Fortalecer las capacidades en el sector agro- pecuario para la adopción de mejores prácticas Climate Smart Agriculture para la adaptación al cambio climático, así como de nuevas tec- nologías de precisión para la agricultura.', 'Desarrollo de agricultura sostenible y de precisión a. Fortalecer las capacidades en el sector agro- pecuario para la adopción de mejores prácticas Climate Smart Agriculture para la adaptación al cambio climático, así como de nuevas tec- nologías de precisión para la agricultura. La construcción de capacidades para la adopción de mejores prácticas y tecnología tendrá en cuenta facilidades para su adopción (financiamiento, conocimiento), un enfoque diferencial y territo- rial y valorará conocimiento de comunidades. b. Desarrollar cadenas productivas con mayor valor agregado e instalación de capacidades en las zonas rurales para la transformación de productos agrícolas (por ejemplo: produc- ción de harina de yuca, almidón, etcétera).', 'b. Desarrollar cadenas productivas con mayor valor agregado e instalación de capacidades en las zonas rurales para la transformación de productos agrícolas (por ejemplo: produc- ción de harina de yuca, almidón, etcétera). c. En 2050 el sector agropecuario habrá inte- grado el uso de tecnologías y mejores prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, así como desarrollado cadenas productivas de mayor valor agregado, lo que le ha permitido aumentar su competitividad. Criterios de sostenibilidad hacen parte integral de las decisiones de consumo del Estado, de em- presas y de los hogares colom- bianos, generando un impacto ambiental y social positivo 1.', 'Criterios de sostenibilidad hacen parte integral de las decisiones de consumo del Estado, de em- presas y de los hogares colom- bianos, generando un impacto ambiental y social positivo 1. Fortalecimiento de las com- pras públicas sostenibles (CPS) a. Fortalecer a través de capacitaciones en las entidades del orden nacional y territorial, y de nuevos acuerdos marco, los procesos de compras públicas sostenibles, de tal forma que al 2050 el 100 % de las entidades públicas del orden na- cional, y por lo menos el 70 % de las entidades territoriales, hayan internalizado criterios de sostenibilidad en sus procesos de adquisición. b. Informar y sensibilizar los proveedores del Estado sobre criterios de sostenibilidad y CPS, de tal forma que se puedan preparar y adaptar a la nueva demanda.', 'b. Informar y sensibilizar los proveedores del Estado sobre criterios de sostenibilidad y CPS, de tal forma que se puedan preparar y adaptar a la nueva demanda. En 2050 habrá aumentado de entre el 60 % y 80 %, frente a la línea base de 2020, el número total de proveedores que incluye criterios de sostenib- ilidad en su oferta de bienes y servicios. c. Al 2050, las CPS han logrado tener una inci- dencia en el aumento de la oferta de bienes y servicios sostenibles en la economía nacional. 2. Promoción de compras sostenibles en el sector privado a. Informar y sensibilizar sobre compras sostenibles al sector privado (conceptos, herramientas, importancia y beneficios) y desarrollar incentivos financieros o tributar- ios para su adopción.', 'Promoción de compras sostenibles en el sector privado a. Informar y sensibilizar sobre compras sostenibles al sector privado (conceptos, herramientas, importancia y beneficios) y desarrollar incentivos financieros o tributar- ios para su adopción. En 2050 el número de empresas comprometidas con la aplicación de criterios de sostenibilidad en sus pro- cesos de adquisición habrá aumentado en un 50 % con respecto a la línea base de 2020. 3. Fortalecimiento de ecoetiquetado y sellos ambientales para bienes y servicios a. Desarrollar campañas informativas y de sensibilización para que un mayor número de consumidores y empresas conozcan el sello ambiental colombiano (SAC), así como otros sellos ambientales, de género o sostenibles.', 'Fortalecimiento de ecoetiquetado y sellos ambientales para bienes y servicios a. Desarrollar campañas informativas y de sensibilización para que un mayor número de consumidores y empresas conozcan el sello ambiental colombiano (SAC), así como otros sellos ambientales, de género o sostenibles. En 2050, el número de empresas adheridas al SAC ha aumentado en un 50 % y número de consumidores que conocen el SAC y otros sellos de sostenibilidad ha aumentado entre el 70 % y 80 % respecto a la línea base de 2020. 4. Promoción del consumo local y consumo eficiente a. Desarrollar campañas de información y comunicación sobre el consumo local y eficiente, incluyendo elementos de sen- sibilización para fomentar cambios en la economía del cuidado.', 'Promoción del consumo local y consumo eficiente a. Desarrollar campañas de información y comunicación sobre el consumo local y eficiente, incluyendo elementos de sen- sibilización para fomentar cambios en la economía del cuidado. En 2050, entre el 70 % y 90 % de los hogares colombianos afirmará tener en cuenta criterios sostenibles en su consumo y en la economía del cuidado. b. Facilitar espacios para promover el con- sumo local y eficiente (mercados campesinos, agricultura urbana, huertas comunitarias, etcétera), y promover herramientas tec- nológicas que permitan acercar a pequeños productores y productores locales a los con- sumidores, así como de programas para la construcción de capacidades que faci- liten su adopción.', 'b. Facilitar espacios para promover el con- sumo local y eficiente (mercados campesinos, agricultura urbana, huertas comunitarias, etcétera), y promover herramientas tec- nológicas que permitan acercar a pequeños productores y productores locales a los con- sumidores, así como de programas para la construcción de capacidades que faci- liten su adopción. En 2050, el número de espacios que facilitan el consumo local en las ciudades con población superior a los 500.000 habitantes habrá aumentado en un 50 % frente a la línea base de 2020. Estilos de vida sostenibles integra- dos a las decisiones de alimentación, vivienda, movilidad, ocio y bienes de consumo que generen dinámi- cas sostenibles de largo plazo 1.', 'Estilos de vida sostenibles integra- dos a las decisiones de alimentación, vivienda, movilidad, ocio y bienes de consumo que generen dinámi- cas sostenibles de largo plazo 1. Seguimiento, evaluación y moni- toreo de los estilos de vida sostenibles a. Definir una línea base e indicadores de seguimiento y evaluación que permitan visu- alizar los cambios en los patrones de consumo de hombres, mujeres y hogares en materia de alimentación, vivienda, movilidad, bienes de consumo y ocio, con relación a sus efectos para la sostenibilidad. En 2050 el país cuen- ta con un sistema de información sobre los estilos de vida sostenibles, incluyendo zonas urbanas y rurales, que permite orientar la toma de decisiones y medir los impactos de los estilos de vida sostenibles sobre la miti- gación y adaptación al cambio climático. 2.', 'En 2050 el país cuen- ta con un sistema de información sobre los estilos de vida sostenibles, incluyendo zonas urbanas y rurales, que permite orientar la toma de decisiones y medir los impactos de los estilos de vida sostenibles sobre la miti- gación y adaptación al cambio climático. 2. Promoción de una alimentación sostenible y saludable a. Informar y sensibilizar a los hogares sobre la importancia de llevar una alimentación salud- able y sostenible. Se promoverán los bancos de alimentos en todas las regiones del país y se definirá una guía nacional de directrices dietéticas que establezca una dieta nutritiva, saludable, diversificada y sostenible para la población, que también guíe las opciones del menú en instituciones públicas como escuelas, universidades y hospitales.', 'Se promoverán los bancos de alimentos en todas las regiones del país y se definirá una guía nacional de directrices dietéticas que establezca una dieta nutritiva, saludable, diversificada y sostenible para la población, que también guíe las opciones del menú en instituciones públicas como escuelas, universidades y hospitales. En 2050, entre el 50 % y 60 % de los hogares colombianos re- portan llevar dietas saludables y sostenibles y se ha garantizado la seguridad alimentaria en los departamentos más vulnerables del país.3. Promoción de viviendas sostenibles y mejores prácticas en los hogares a. Promover la construcción de vivien- das sostenibles desde los sectores públicos y privados y sensibilizar a los hogares sobre los beneficios de este tipo de viviendas.', 'Promoción de viviendas sostenibles y mejores prácticas en los hogares a. Promover la construcción de vivien- das sostenibles desde los sectores públicos y privados y sensibilizar a los hogares sobre los beneficios de este tipo de viviendas. b. Informar y sensibilizar sobre mejores prác- ticas en los hogares, urbanos y rurales, como por ejemplo en el uso eficiente del agua y la energía, en la gestión de residuos, la selec- ción de electrodomésticos eficientes, entre otros. En 2050, entre el 70 % y 90 % de los hogares reporta llevar a cabo actividades para tener una vivienda más sostenible. 4.', 'En 2050, entre el 70 % y 90 % de los hogares reporta llevar a cabo actividades para tener una vivienda más sostenible. 4. Promoción de una movilidad sostenible a. Promover alternativas de movilidad sostenible (transporte público, bicicleta, ve- hículos eléctricos) así como asegurar la infrae- structura necesaria para que los ciudadanos puedan adoptar una movilidad sostenible (transporte público eficiente, ciclorutas, esta- ciones de carga eléctrica para vehículos). En 2050, entre el 40 % y 50 % de la población de las ciudades capitales se moviliza en medios de transportes inclusivos y alternativos para desplazarse a sitios de trabajo o estudio. 5.', 'En 2050, entre el 40 % y 50 % de la población de las ciudades capitales se moviliza en medios de transportes inclusivos y alternativos para desplazarse a sitios de trabajo o estudio. 5. Promoción de hábitos de consumo sostenibles a. Desarrollar programas de información y sensibilización para consumidores sobre crite- rios de sostenibilidad en el consumo de bienes y servicios y su importancia, así como las op- ciones en los hábitos de consumo (bienes com- partidos, consumir lo necesario y criterios en línea con la economía circular, entre otros). En 2050, el número de colombianos que reporta tener en cuenta criterios de sostenibilidad al momento de consumir ha aumentado entre el 40 % y 60 % respecto a línea base de 2020. 6.', 'En 2050, el número de colombianos que reporta tener en cuenta criterios de sostenibilidad al momento de consumir ha aumentado entre el 40 % y 60 % respecto a línea base de 2020. 6. Promoción de la sostenibili- dad en los momentos de ocio a. Desarrollar programas de información y sensibilización sobre criterios de sostenibilidad a ser tenidos en cuenta al momento de planear actividades en el tiempo libre (viajes, pasatiem- pos, fiestas, etcétera) y promover actividades/ experiencias de bajo impacto agradables para el ocio (jardinería, visitar parques, museos lo- cales, teatro, ciclismo, voluntariado, picnic). En 2050, el número de colombianos que reportan tener en cuenta criterios de sostenibilidad al momento de planear sus tiempos libres (vaca- ciones, fiestas, etcétera) ha aumentado entre el 50 % y 70 % respecto a la línea base de 2020.', 'En 2050, el número de colombianos que reportan tener en cuenta criterios de sostenibilidad al momento de planear sus tiempos libres (vaca- ciones, fiestas, etcétera) ha aumentado entre el 50 % y 70 % respecto a la línea base de 2020. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral que mejora la calidad de vida y la inclusión social y económica de la población, garantizando no dejar a nadie atrás. Formulación, seguimiento y monitoreo de una estrategia nacional para la tran- sición justa de la fuerza laboral al 2050 a.', 'Formulación, seguimiento y monitoreo de una estrategia nacional para la tran- sición justa de la fuerza laboral al 2050 a. En línea con la estrategia nacional para la transición justa de la fuerza laboral (TJFL) esta- blecida en el marco de la NDC (debe definirse en 2023), definir los indicadores de seguimien- to, monitoreo y evaluación a la implementación de las transformaciones nacionales en materia de TJFL en el largo plazo, con enfoque diferen- cial (territorial, étnico y de género). Se deberán investigar y evaluar las repercusiones sociales y económicas de la transición laboral en los princi- pales sectores relevantes para alcanzar la carbo- no neutralidad. Dichos estudios deberán servir de línea base para el seguimiento a la transición laboral y deberán incorporar un enfoque territo- rial, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género. b.', 'Dichos estudios deberán servir de línea base para el seguimiento a la transición laboral y deberán incorporar un enfoque territo- rial, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género. b. En 2050 la política pública y las medidas habil- itantes relacionadas con la transición justa han re- spondido a los cambios y dinámicas del mercado laboral gracias al monitoreo diferencial, desagrega- do y permanente de la destrucción, creación y cal- idad de empleos de hombres y mujeres, así como de la movilidad geográfica de los trabajadores.', 'En 2050 la política pública y las medidas habil- itantes relacionadas con la transición justa han re- spondido a los cambios y dinámicas del mercado laboral gracias al monitoreo diferencial, desagrega- do y permanente de la destrucción, creación y cal- idad de empleos de hombres y mujeres, así como de la movilidad geográfica de los trabajadores. Adaptar la oferta educativa y la formación para el empleo en el marco de la carbono neutralidad a. Aumentar el número de programas de pre- grado (técnico, tecnológico y profesional) y pos- grado (especialización, maestría y doctorado) afines a sectores clave para la carbono neutral-idad (economía circular, bioeconomía, energías renovables, ciencia, tecnología e innovación), así como adaptar los programas existentes en línea con las necesidades del mercado laboral, en todos los centros educativos en todas las regiones del país.', 'Adaptar la oferta educativa y la formación para el empleo en el marco de la carbono neutralidad a. Aumentar el número de programas de pre- grado (técnico, tecnológico y profesional) y pos- grado (especialización, maestría y doctorado) afines a sectores clave para la carbono neutral-idad (economía circular, bioeconomía, energías renovables, ciencia, tecnología e innovación), así como adaptar los programas existentes en línea con las necesidades del mercado laboral, en todos los centros educativos en todas las regiones del país. Se deberá incentivar la par- ticipación femenina en carreras STEM (cien- cias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas). b. Ajustar los pensum de formación y actual- ización para docentes para que puedan desar- rollar herramientas pedagógicas efectivas con enfoque de género y en línea con el desarrollo de un país carbono neutral y resiliente al clima.', 'b. Ajustar los pensum de formación y actual- ización para docentes para que puedan desar- rollar herramientas pedagógicas efectivas con enfoque de género y en línea con el desarrollo de un país carbono neutral y resiliente al clima. c. En 2050, el país cuenta con programas edu- cativos y de formación para el empleo, incluida la continua capacitación pedagógica, didácti- ca, con sensibilización de género, de docentes que responden a las necesidades del mercado laboral en los sectores relacionados con la car- bono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática.', 'c. En 2050, el país cuenta con programas edu- cativos y de formación para el empleo, incluida la continua capacitación pedagógica, didácti- ca, con sensibilización de género, de docentes que responden a las necesidades del mercado laboral en los sectores relacionados con la car- bono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática. Creación de condiciones para la tran- sición justa de la fuerza laboral y la generación de empleos verdes a. Apoyar y acompañar al sector privado para fomentar la TJFL: construcción de capacidades en el sector privado y en las organizaciones sindicales para una mejor comprensión de los empleos verdes, incentivando la participación de las mujeres y el reconocimiento a la impor- tancia de la TJFL. Se deberá incluir un apoyo particular a las MIPYMES.', 'Se deberá incluir un apoyo particular a las MIPYMES. En 2050, las empresas del país, incluidas las MIPYMES, serán genera- doras de empleos verdes y habrán participado activamente de la transición justa laboral. b. Fomentar el diálogo social entre empre- sas y trabajadores de tal forma que se identi- fiquen rutas consensuadas para la transición laboral tanto de hombres como de mujeres. c. Promover la formalización del empleo en los sectores más vulnerables en la transición hacia una economía carbono neutra y resiliente al clima (por ejemplo: agricultura, transporte, reciclaje). En 2050, la informalidad laborar en el país se reduce a la media de los países OCDE.', 'En 2050, la informalidad laborar en el país se reduce a la media de los países OCDE. Inversiones e incentivos para la creación de empleos verdes a. Crear incentivos económicos para fomen- tar la creación de empleos verdes en grandes, medianas y pequeñas empresas, teniendo en cuenta criterios de género e inclusión. Al 2050, los empleos verdes representan el 45 % de los empleos del país y cuentan con partici- pación de mujeres en roles no tradicionales. b. Estudiar la factibilidad del establecimien- to de un fondo específico para el financia- miento de proyectos relacionados con la TJFL que incluya marcadores presupuestales de género e inclusión. En 2050, las inversiones e incentivos habrán fomentado la creación de 150.000 empleos verdes a nivel nacional.', 'En 2050, las inversiones e incentivos habrán fomentado la creación de 150.000 empleos verdes a nivel nacional. Desarrollo rural, marino y costero, diferenciado por las distintas regiones del país, incluyente, integrado a las ciudades y sectores, resiliente a la variabilidad y al cambio climático que aumenta y favorece la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos, evita la deforestación y garantiza la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de la población colombiana. Paisajes agropecuarios para au- mentar la capacidad adaptativa de sus habitantes y la reducción sig- nificativa de las emisiones de GEI y del riesgo a través de una plani- ficación territorial multifuncional a. La frontera agrícola se ha estabiliza- do y no hay ampliación de la misma.', 'La frontera agrícola se ha estabiliza- do y no hay ampliación de la misma. b. Reconversión y sustitución del 100 % de los sistemas productivos de alto impacto en ecosistemas estratégicos para la reducción del riesgo climático y la captura y almace- namiento de gases efecto invernadero. c. Reducción de la degradación de sue- los por salinización, erosión y desertifi- cación de grado severa y muy severa. d. Reconversión de paisajes agroindustri- ales y agropecuarios hacia paisajes regen- erativos que incrementaron la conectividad ecológica de los ecosistemas nativos para favorecer los servicios ecosistémicos asocia- dos a la regulación hídrica y microclimáti- ca, dispersión de semillas y polinización, así como captura y almacenamiento de GEI.', 'd. Reconversión de paisajes agroindustri- ales y agropecuarios hacia paisajes regen- erativos que incrementaron la conectividad ecológica de los ecosistemas nativos para favorecer los servicios ecosistémicos asocia- dos a la regulación hídrica y microclimáti- ca, dispersión de semillas y polinización, así como captura y almacenamiento de GEI. e. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los niños, niñas, jóvenes, colectivos juveniles y organizaciones de mujeres, entre otros, fortalecerán sus capacidades en adaptación y reducción del riesgo climáticoÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de adaptación gracias al conocimiento tradicio- nal y ancestral de sus comunidades locales.', 'e. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los niños, niñas, jóvenes, colectivos juveniles y organizaciones de mujeres, entre otros, fortalecerán sus capacidades en adaptación y reducción del riesgo climáticoÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de adaptación gracias al conocimiento tradicio- nal y ancestral de sus comunidades locales. Prácticas de conservación integral en los agroecosistemas ( biodiver- sidad, suelos, agua) que detengan la degradación de suelos e in- crementen la integridad ecológi- ca, abarcando diferentes fuentes y sistemas de conocimiento a. Todos los sistemas agroalimentarios con mód- ulos de consumo de agua estimados y aplicados diferencialmente en las cadenas de producción.', 'Prácticas de conservación integral en los agroecosistemas ( biodiver- sidad, suelos, agua) que detengan la degradación de suelos e in- crementen la integridad ecológi- ca, abarcando diferentes fuentes y sistemas de conocimiento a. Todos los sistemas agroalimentarios con mód- ulos de consumo de agua estimados y aplicados diferencialmente en las cadenas de producción. b. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de las UPA han im- plementado estrategias de reducción del riesgo (bajo soluciones basadas en la natu- raleza) a escala predial (con visión de paisa- je) por variabilidad y cambio climático. en las áreas rurales para salvaguardar el cono- cimiento y prácticas tradicionales y ancestrales.', 'en las áreas rurales para salvaguardar el cono- cimiento y prácticas tradicionales y ancestrales. f. Consolidar cooperativas con paridad de géne- ro por municipio que implementen medidas de adaptación y reducción del riesgo climático a escala local y de paisaje para el bienestar colectivo de sus miembros ante el cambio constante del clima. Sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles y con alta capacidad de adaptación para garantizar el bienestar humano y colectivo a. Cultivos de importancia para la segu- ridad alimentaria y las exportaciones de- berían aumentar su productividad entre 30 % y 50 % de manera sostenible y baja en carbono respecto a los valores en 2021. b. Dieciséis sistemas productivos con prác- ticas de uso eficiente de fertilizantes ni- trogenados de síntesis química. c. Reducción de la huella hídrica en ocho sistemas agroalimentarios.', 'c. Reducción de la huella hídrica en ocho sistemas agroalimentarios. d. Entre el 20 % y 50 % del área total bajo sistemas agroalimentarios estarán asegura- dos contra fenómenos meteorológicos ex- tremos exacerbados por cambio climático con respecto al total del área sembrada. e. Más del 60 % de las organizaciones de pequeños productores consolidadas como productores de semillas, en línea con la imple- mentación del Plan Nacional de Semillas. f. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de los territorios ét- nicos (reservas indígenas, palenqueras, afro- colombianas, etcétera) han implementado sistemas agroalimentarios con alta capacidad e. Cambio en la productividad prome- dio de los sistemas ganaderos dentro de la frontera agrícola de Colombia hacia la sostenibilidad, entre el 70 % y 100 %.', 'f. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de los territorios ét- nicos (reservas indígenas, palenqueras, afro- colombianas, etcétera) han implementado sistemas agroalimentarios con alta capacidad e. Cambio en la productividad prome- dio de los sistemas ganaderos dentro de la frontera agrícola de Colombia hacia la sostenibilidad, entre el 70 % y 100 %. f. Cambios en tecnología para ganadería bovina: ≥2 cabezas de ganado por hectárea con una tasa de extracción del 20.4 % g. Liberación de entre el 20 % y 40 % del área usada para ganadería destinarla para otros usos: restauración de ecosistemas naturales, planta- ciones forestales, entre otros, cuyo objetivo prin- cipal sea la captura y almacenamiento de GEI.', 'f. Cambios en tecnología para ganadería bovina: ≥2 cabezas de ganado por hectárea con una tasa de extracción del 20.4 % g. Liberación de entre el 20 % y 40 % del área usada para ganadería destinarla para otros usos: restauración de ecosistemas naturales, planta- ciones forestales, entre otros, cuyo objetivo prin- cipal sea la captura y almacenamiento de GEI. h. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de las asocia- ciones de ganaderos firman y cumplen ac- uerdos de no alteración de humedales. Sistemas pecuarios sostenibles y bajos en carbono a. Entre el 50 % y 70 % de los pequeños produc- tores ganaderos bajo esquemas de incentivos o instrumentos económicos y financieros para una ganadería baja en carbono y adaptada al clima.', 'Sistemas pecuarios sostenibles y bajos en carbono a. Entre el 50 % y 70 % de los pequeños produc- tores ganaderos bajo esquemas de incentivos o instrumentos económicos y financieros para una ganadería baja en carbono y adaptada al clima. b. Entre el 70 % y 80 % de ganadería bovina sostenible para favorecer los servicios eco- sistémicos de absorciones y almacenamiento de GEI y reducir la vulnerabilidad de la produc- ción de carne y leche ante fenómenos mete- orológicos extremos y el cambio climático. c. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de la carne y leche (y sus derivados) tendrán me- didas de trazabilidad pecuaria.', 'c. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de la carne y leche (y sus derivados) tendrán me- didas de trazabilidad pecuaria. d. Entre el 50 % y 90 % de los sistemas pec- uarios cuentan con certificación y acreditación de ganadería sostenible y baja en carbono.Manejo de pesquerías con cri- terios de desarrollo rural basa- do en los servicios ecosistémicos y la recuperación del biene- star de las comunidades a. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los pescadores artesa- nales cumplan con los procedimientos, métodos o artes que garantizan la sostenibilidad de la pesca gracias a los proyectos de seguridad alimenta- ria y de fomento de alternativas económicas.', 'd. Entre el 50 % y 90 % de los sistemas pec- uarios cuentan con certificación y acreditación de ganadería sostenible y baja en carbono.Manejo de pesquerías con cri- terios de desarrollo rural basa- do en los servicios ecosistémicos y la recuperación del biene- star de las comunidades a. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los pescadores artesa- nales cumplan con los procedimientos, métodos o artes que garantizan la sostenibilidad de la pesca gracias a los proyectos de seguridad alimenta- ria y de fomento de alternativas económicas. b. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los stocks de pesca en aguas marinas y oceánicas de Colombia son aprovechadas de manera sostenible y responsable.', 'b. Entre el 70 % y 100 % de los stocks de pesca en aguas marinas y oceánicas de Colombia son aprovechadas de manera sostenible y responsable. c. Transformación tecnológica de la flota pes- quera industrial para incrementar la efectividad, la selectividad de los métodos de pesca y para reducir la fracción de descarte e incidental. d. Reducción significativa de las emisiones de carbono asociadas a la pesquería industrial. sostenible y baja en carbono a. Reducción significativa de las emisiones de carbono asociadas a la acuicultura. b. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de iniciativas de acuicultura certificadas en sostenibilidad y buenas prácticas de producción, procesa- miento y comercialización que mejoren la productividad, con beneficio ecológico.', 'b. Entre el 70 % y 90 % de iniciativas de acuicultura certificadas en sostenibilidad y buenas prácticas de producción, procesa- miento y comercialización que mejoren la productividad, con beneficio ecológico. c. Entre el 60 % y 80 % de iniciativas de acuicultu- ra con especies nativas herbívoras con programas de repoblamiento de especies nativas y evaluación de las posibilidades de consecución de los alevines. Economía forestal competitiva, pu- jante y sostenible que contribuya a mejorar el bienestar el bienestar humano y la reducción de la defor- estación y degradación de bosques a. Más de dos millones de hectáreas de plantaciones forestales comerciales con sal- vaguardas ambientales y sociales implemen- tadas para favorecer las absorciones de GEI.', 'Economía forestal competitiva, pu- jante y sostenible que contribuya a mejorar el bienestar el bienestar humano y la reducción de la defor- estación y degradación de bosques a. Más de dos millones de hectáreas de plantaciones forestales comerciales con sal- vaguardas ambientales y sociales implemen- tadas para favorecer las absorciones de GEI. b. Entre el 46 % y 55 % de los bosques naturales bajo planes de conservación y uso sostenible vinculado al restablecimiento y fortalecimiento de los conocimientos tradicionales y recono- ciendo las estructuras de gobernanza forestal local para la conservación de los stocks de car- bono y de otros servicios ecosistémicos impor- tantes para la adaptación al cambio climático. c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de la made- ra vendida tendrá la trazabilidad clara de su producción y comercialización.', 'c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de la made- ra vendida tendrá la trazabilidad clara de su producción y comercialización. d. Entre el 50 % y 70 % de las empresas forestales estarán certificadas y sometidas a ordenación sostenible con efectos comprobados en la con- servación de la diversidad biológica, captura de GEI o reducción del riesgo por cambio climáti- co y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. e. El número y capacidad de los viveros co- munitarios habrá aumentado entre un 50 % y 70 % en todo el país, para la produc- ción de especies nativas que aporten a la restauración de ecosistemas nativos. 26. La implementación de tecnología en la acuicultura debe garantizar un mejoramiento genético y la comida del animal.', 'La implementación de tecnología en la acuicultura debe garantizar un mejoramiento genético y la comida del animal. Crecimiento urbano ordenado y pla- neación efectiva local y regional a. El 100 % de las ciudades cumplen las metas trazadas en su desarrollo urbano para la optimi- zación del suelo ya construido, el mejoramiento de la infraestructura y la planificación efectiva a través de procesos de ordenamiento y pla- neación del territorio articulados, ajustados de acuerdo a escenarios de amenazas por cambio climático y que integran dentro de los deter- minantes ambientales al cambio climático.', 'Crecimiento urbano ordenado y pla- neación efectiva local y regional a. El 100 % de las ciudades cumplen las metas trazadas en su desarrollo urbano para la optimi- zación del suelo ya construido, el mejoramiento de la infraestructura y la planificación efectiva a través de procesos de ordenamiento y pla- neación del territorio articulados, ajustados de acuerdo a escenarios de amenazas por cambio climático y que integran dentro de los deter- minantes ambientales al cambio climático. Ciudades regiones con un desarrollo urbano integral para su sostenibilidad ambiental, que fomente la diversidad, equidad, conectividad y productividad, con una gobernanza urbana robusta para la gestión eficiente de sus recursos y del cambio climático, junto con una ciudadanía con patrones sostenibles de consumo, participativa e incidente.', 'Ciudades regiones con un desarrollo urbano integral para su sostenibilidad ambiental, que fomente la diversidad, equidad, conectividad y productividad, con una gobernanza urbana robusta para la gestión eficiente de sus recursos y del cambio climático, junto con una ciudadanía con patrones sostenibles de consumo, participativa e incidente. b. Todos los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento del territorio desarrollan una planificación urbano rural para que los sue- los de protección y el suelo rural incorpo- ren consideraciones de cambio climático. c. El 100 % de municipios reducen la vulner- abilidad de los asentamientos localizados en zonas de alto riesgo climático mitigable.', 'c. El 100 % de municipios reducen la vulner- abilidad de los asentamientos localizados en zonas de alto riesgo climático mitigable. d. Las ciudades cuentan con bordes ur- banos seguros para la creación de espaciosÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de amortiguación entre las áreas con un nivel moderado o superior de amenaza o riesgo y las áreas urbanas, incorporando soluciones basada en la naturaleza, estabilización de ta- ludes y medidas de infraestructura gris. e. El país cuenta con redes de ciudades a partir de procesos de planificación regional para el inter- cambio de experiencias, transferencia de cono- cimiento y consolidación de patrones adecuados de planificación y ordenamiento de los territorios.', 'e. El país cuenta con redes de ciudades a partir de procesos de planificación regional para el inter- cambio de experiencias, transferencia de cono- cimiento y consolidación de patrones adecuados de planificación y ordenamiento de los territorios. Gestión integral de recursos y residuos para contribuir al fo- mento de la economía circular a. Reducción de la cantidad de residuos sóli- dos municipales destinados a disposición final a través de técnicas para la prevención, reuti- lización, aprovechamiento (reciclaje) y tratamien- to con utilización de tecnologías emergentes. El 35 % de los residuos sólidos de la actividad de recolección, tratamiento y eliminación de resid- uos son dispuestos en vertederos controlados. b. Generación de energía a partir de la ter- movalorización de residuos (WTE) para min- imizar el uso de los rellenos sanitarios.', 'b. Generación de energía a partir de la ter- movalorización de residuos (WTE) para min- imizar el uso de los rellenos sanitarios. c. El porcentaje de aguas residuales urban- as tratadas alcanza un 80 %, con plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) al- tamente eficientes y con sistemas de mane- jo de biogás, tanto en línea de tratamiento de aguas como en digestión de lodos. d. El 100 % de las áreas urbanas y periurban- as implementan estrategias y medidas de adaptación al cambio climático para asegu- rar la conservación de ecosistemas estratégi- cos que conlleven a una gestión integral del ciclo del agua y la seguridad hídrica. Sistemas de movilidad centra- dos en la calidad, accesibilidad y reducción de externalidades negativas del transporte a.', 'Sistemas de movilidad centra- dos en la calidad, accesibilidad y reducción de externalidades negativas del transporte a. Los proyectos de revitalización de la ciudad y desarrollo de nuevas áreas utilizan un enfoque de desarrollo orientado al transporte para alcanzar un porcentaje de participación del 70 % de los modos de transporte activo, compartido (incluy- endo el transporte público colectivo y masivo) y de micromovilidad y la reducción del VKT (vehí- culo kilómetro viajado) en vehículos privados. b. El 100 % de los nuevos proyectos de trans- porte urbano incorporan componentes del 27. Las tecnologías bajas y muy bajas emisiones se entenderán como aquellas superiores al estándar mínimo requerido en la legislación vigente.', 'Las tecnologías bajas y muy bajas emisiones se entenderán como aquellas superiores al estándar mínimo requerido en la legislación vigente. desarrollo orientado al transporte, 100 % de los proyectos de vivienda de interés prioritar- io cofinanciados por la nación y 100 % de los proyectos de vivienda de interés social cuentan con conectividad a los sistemas de transporte urbano o a redes de transporte sostenible. c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de las grandes e inter- medias ciudades (primera categoría y especial) optimizan la logística de la carga urbana. d. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los vehículos en las cat- egorías: vehículos de pasajeros urbano (bus, buse- ta, microbús, padrón, articulado y biarticulado) y vehículos oficiales tienen tecnología cero o bajas emisiones27 (eléctrico, hidrógeno, biogás, etcétera).', 'd. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los vehículos en las cat- egorías: vehículos de pasajeros urbano (bus, buse- ta, microbús, padrón, articulado y biarticulado) y vehículos oficiales tienen tecnología cero o bajas emisiones27 (eléctrico, hidrógeno, biogás, etcétera). e. La infraestructura de transporte urbana y peri- urbana incorpora lineamientos de gestión del ries- go y cambio climático e implementa soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) en sitios críticos para reducir los daños y pérdidas por cambio climático y fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Edificaciones altamente eficientes y adaptadas al cambio climático que en su ciclo de vida y la interacción con el entorno genera un balance neto de emisiones de carbono igual a cero a. El 100 % de las edificaciones nuevas, in- fraestructura y renovaciones generan cero emisiones de carbono incorporado.', 'Edificaciones altamente eficientes y adaptadas al cambio climático que en su ciclo de vida y la interacción con el entorno genera un balance neto de emisiones de carbono igual a cero a. El 100 % de las edificaciones nuevas, in- fraestructura y renovaciones generan cero emisiones de carbono incorporado. El 100 % de las edificaciones nuevas y exis- tentes neto cero en carbono operacional. b. El 100 % de las licencias de construcción incorporan estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático/fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y establecen las medidas de adapta- ción y gestión del riesgo a desarrollar con el proyecto, incluyendo como requerimiento el cumplimiento del estándar para edificaciones neto cero en edificaciones nuevas y existentes.', 'b. El 100 % de las licencias de construcción incorporan estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático/fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y establecen las medidas de adapta- ción y gestión del riesgo a desarrollar con el proyecto, incluyendo como requerimiento el cumplimiento del estándar para edificaciones neto cero en edificaciones nuevas y existentes. c. El ciclo de vida de las nuevas edificaciones re- incorpora residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) aprovechables para alcanzar un 75 % de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) aprovechables en el peso total de los materi- ales usados. Para alcanzar estos objetivos se requerirá el suministro de minerales y mate- riales de construcción tales como agregados pétreos. Se promoverá la explotación de estos recursos bajo nuevas formas de extracción basadas en innovación, sostenibilidad y eficien- cia energética.', 'Se promoverá la explotación de estos recursos bajo nuevas formas de extracción basadas en innovación, sostenibilidad y eficien- cia energética. De igual manera, estos recur- sos serán esenciales en las metas de Colombia establecidas a través del programa neto cero carbono (NCC) liderado por el Consejo Mundial de Construcción Sostenible (WorldGBC), donde se establece que todas las edificaciones nue- vas serán Net Zero a partir del 2030 y todas las edificaciones existentes serán Net Zero a partir de 2050, esto a través de cadenas de sumin- istro bajas en carbono o compensaciones. Soluciones basada en la natu- raleza en las ciudades y en las regiones para regenerar, restau- rar y ampliar el capital natural a.', 'Soluciones basada en la natu- raleza en las ciudades y en las regiones para regenerar, restau- rar y ampliar el capital natural a. La funcionalidad socioecológica es el estructurante del ordenamiento territorial y el condicionante del desarrollo urbano para la reducción del riesgo por cambio climático y de daños/pérdidas en infraestructura vital urbana y suministro de servicios públicos. El 100 % de los municipios de categoría especial, el 100 % de categoría 1 y el 50 % de categoría 2 por de- bajo de los 1600 m. s. n. m. tendrán nueve met- ros cuadrados de área verde por habitante.b.', 'El 100 % de los municipios de categoría especial, el 100 % de categoría 1 y el 50 % de categoría 2 por de- bajo de los 1600 m. s. n. m. tendrán nueve met- ros cuadrados de área verde por habitante.b. En todas las ciudades se incrementa la cantidad, calidad y funcionalidad de las infrae- structuras verdes públicas y privadas, integrando enfoque de género para impulsar los servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con captura de GEI, regulación hídrica, control de la erosión, regulación microclimática, entre otros, claves para la adaptación y la reducción del riesgo.', 'En todas las ciudades se incrementa la cantidad, calidad y funcionalidad de las infrae- structuras verdes públicas y privadas, integrando enfoque de género para impulsar los servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con captura de GEI, regulación hídrica, control de la erosión, regulación microclimática, entre otros, claves para la adaptación y la reducción del riesgo. c. La implementación de medidas de adaptación basada en ecosistemas e infrae- structura gris en las áreas urbanas y peri- urbanas reduce entre el 80 % y 90 % de los daños en la infraestructura vital y en la in- fraestructura asociada a energía y agua.', 'c. La implementación de medidas de adaptación basada en ecosistemas e infrae- structura gris en las áreas urbanas y peri- urbanas reduce entre el 80 % y 90 % de los daños en la infraestructura vital y en la in- fraestructura asociada a energía y agua. Autogeneración con fuentes ren- ovables de energía y la adapta- ción a los cambios de temperatura con climatización sostenible a. Entre el 8 % y 15 % de la demanda de en- ergía es cubierta a partir de la autogeneración con fuentes renovables de energía. Para favore- cer la generación distribuida y descentralizada se han desarrollado microrredes, almace- namiento y VE recargan e inyectan en la red.', 'Para favore- cer la generación distribuida y descentralizada se han desarrollado microrredes, almace- namiento y VE recargan e inyectan en la red. b. Las ciudades cuentan con zonas de de- sarrollo industrial en donde se configu- ran esquemas propios de abastecimiento y donde la red nacional sirve de respaldo. c. Implementación de sistemas de medición inteligente y diferencial en 100 % de los usuarios (residencial, salud, edu- cación, comercial e institucional). d. 100 % de las ciudades implementan distritos térmicos u otras soluciones de climatización sostenible para su adapta- ción a los cambios de temperatura. Gobernanza de la movilidad humana como estrategia para la gestión de los impactos del cambio climático a. Sistema de información y conocimiento de los patrones de movilidad humana y su rel- ación con los impactos del cambio climático. b.', 'Gobernanza de la movilidad humana como estrategia para la gestión de los impactos del cambio climático a. Sistema de información y conocimiento de los patrones de movilidad humana y su rel- ación con los impactos del cambio climático. b. Los movimientos humanos asociados a even- tos climáticos se gestionan de manera que se reduce la vulnerabilidad en lugares de origen y destino, promoviendo una respuesta insti- tucional con enfoque de género, diferencial y de protección de los derechos humanos de las per- sonas expuestas al riesgo de desplazamiento.', 'Los movimientos humanos asociados a even- tos climáticos se gestionan de manera que se reduce la vulnerabilidad en lugares de origen y destino, promoviendo una respuesta insti- tucional con enfoque de género, diferencial y de protección de los derechos humanos de las per- sonas expuestas al riesgo de desplazamiento. c. Los mecanismos de participación y protec- ción efectiva de las personas desplazadas por desastres y que migran en el contexto de los impactos asociados al cambio climático, logran reconocer los impactos diferenciados en hom- bres y mujeres y generar procesos duraderos de reducción de la vulnerabilidad, fortalecimiento de capacidades y de gestión del cambio climático.', 'c. Los mecanismos de participación y protec- ción efectiva de las personas desplazadas por desastres y que migran en el contexto de los impactos asociados al cambio climático, logran reconocer los impactos diferenciados en hom- bres y mujeres y generar procesos duraderos de reducción de la vulnerabilidad, fortalecimiento de capacidades y de gestión del cambio climático. d. Directrices, estrategias y proyectos en los instrumentos de los sistemas nacionales de gestión del riesgo de desastres y de adapta- ción al cambio climático para la gestión de la movilidad humana en el contexto de eventos asociados al cambio climático.', 'd. Directrices, estrategias y proyectos en los instrumentos de los sistemas nacionales de gestión del riesgo de desastres y de adapta- ción al cambio climático para la gestión de la movilidad humana en el contexto de eventos asociados al cambio climático. e. Estrategia nacional de poblamiento para armo- nizar la planificación territorial en pro de la protec- ción e inclusión de las comunidades desplazadas y migrantes y de la creación de territorios seguros y resilientes a los impactos del cambio climático. Matriz energética diversificada para atender la demanda a través de fuentes renovables y que permitirá el acceso a recursos limpios y al uso de tecnologías más eficientes. Electrificación de la economía y eficiencia en todos los pro- cesos de transformación en- ergética y de uso final a.', 'Electrificación de la economía y eficiencia en todos los pro- cesos de transformación en- ergética y de uso final a. En 2050, Colombia prevé que bajo condi- ciones costo efectivas la electrificación de la matriz pase del 18 % hasta 26 %, aunque la trayec- toria para la carbono neutralidad muestra que la participación de la energía eléctrica debería estar entre el 40 % y 70 % de los usos finales. b. El parque generador tiene la posibili- dad de acercarse a la carbono neutralidad en 2050 a través de la generación con fuentes renovables, el almacenamiento, la eficiencia energética, el hidrógeno, la captura de car- bono y otras estrategias de compensación.', 'b. El parque generador tiene la posibili- dad de acercarse a la carbono neutralidad en 2050 a través de la generación con fuentes renovables, el almacenamiento, la eficiencia energética, el hidrógeno, la captura de car- bono y otras estrategias de compensación. c. En 2050, gracias al potencial eólico, solar y otros, se alcanzaría una composición de la ma- triz eléctrica sustentada en fuentes renovables con niveles de un factor de emisión del orden de 26 g CO por kWh e incluso apostar a es- cenario más optimista de 1 g CO por kWh. d. El hidrógeno alcanzaría la madurez tec- nológica y se integra en la cadena de sumin- istro para la electrificación de la economía.', 'd. El hidrógeno alcanzaría la madurez tec- nológica y se integra en la cadena de sumin- istro para la electrificación de la economía. e. La generación con combustibles fósiles adopta estrategias de eficiencia energética e integra siste- mas de CCUS y otras estrategias de compensación, para lograr la carbono neutralidad operativa. f. En 2050 se adoptan las mejores tecnologías disponibles (BAT) en todos los usos finales de energía, con un impacto de entre 40 % y 60 % de la reducción de demanda y de emisiones asociadas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos g. La diversificación minera (por ejemplo: níquel, cobre, oro, litio, cobalto) jugará un papel impor- tante como proveedor de materias primas en los procesos de electrificación y transición energética.', 'f. En 2050 se adoptan las mejores tecnologías disponibles (BAT) en todos los usos finales de energía, con un impacto de entre 40 % y 60 % de la reducción de demanda y de emisiones asociadas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos g. La diversificación minera (por ejemplo: níquel, cobre, oro, litio, cobalto) jugará un papel impor- tante como proveedor de materias primas en los procesos de electrificación y transición energética. Generación eléctrica distribuida y descentralizada a través de redes inteligentes para incorporar agen- tes público privados en la produc- ción de electricidad más cerca de los puntos de consumo y optimi- zar el acceso continuo a la elec- tricidad por todos los usuarios a. El 100 % de las personas usuarias tiene ac- ceso a la energía eléctrica.', 'Generación eléctrica distribuida y descentralizada a través de redes inteligentes para incorporar agen- tes público privados en la produc- ción de electricidad más cerca de los puntos de consumo y optimi- zar el acceso continuo a la elec- tricidad por todos los usuarios a. El 100 % de las personas usuarias tiene ac- ceso a la energía eléctrica. El abastecimiento en los centros aislados se realiza con fuentes renovables, almacenamiento y microrredes. b. Los reglamentos de construcción adoptan criterios de autosuficiencia en- ergética para las nuevas construcciones. c. Se instalarán paneles solares para produc- ción de electricidad en el 100 % de edificios nuevos en las regiones que tengan potencial.', 'c. Se instalarán paneles solares para produc- ción de electricidad en el 100 % de edificios nuevos en las regiones que tengan potencial. Energías renovables distribuidas según las regiones con mayor po- tencial para la generación de cada una de las tecnologías y conect- adas a la red nacional mediante transmisión HVAC-corriente alter- na y de HVDC-corriente continua a. El sistema de transmisión nacional estará reforzado para incorporar nuevas tecnologías y garantizar la confiabilidad del suministro eléctrico. b. Las áreas metropolitanas estarán abastecidas por parques solares y eóli- cos construidos en regiones aledañas. c. Los parques solares y eólicos se integran de manera sostenibles con las actividades productivas en las regiones de influencia.', 'c. Los parques solares y eólicos se integran de manera sostenibles con las actividades productivas en las regiones de influencia. Digitalización para incorporar nue- vos equipamientos en el uso final y en la gestión automatizada de redes a. Las redes de distribución y trans- misión se automatizan al 100 %. b. Nuevos modelos de negocios permit- en la integración de recursos energéticos distribuidos en zonas urbanas y rurales. c. La transición justa de la fuerza laboral permite que las personas trabajadoras de la industria en- ergética conformen nuevas empresas de produc- ción energética a partir de recursos renovables. d. Reducción de los tiempos de re- spuesta ante eventos externos en la ca- dena de suministro de energía. e. Implementación de dispositivos dig- itales para automatizar la deman- da de energía de forma eficiente.', 'e. Implementación de dispositivos dig- itales para automatizar la deman- da de energía de forma eficiente. Las plantas termoeléctricas a carbón y gas adoptan tecnologías de cap- tura y almacenamiento de carbono (CCUS) y estrategias de compen- sación para ser competitivas a 2050 a. Las centrales termoeléctricas integran pro- cesos de eficiencia energética, uso, captura y almacenamiento de carbono y siguen forman- do parte del parque de generación nacional. b. Se habilitan incentivos o acuerdos volun- tarios para que las empresas y proyectos tér- micos puedan aprovechar los terrenos para el uso de fuentes no convencionales de energía renovable (FNCER) o sistemas avanzados de almacenamiento de electricidad en baterías. c. Las centrales termoeléctricas que terminan su vida útil en 2050 o antes, se desmantelan.', 'c. Las centrales termoeléctricas que terminan su vida útil en 2050 o antes, se desmantelan. Gestión del paisaje (entorno) mul- tifuncional para favorecer servi- cios ecosistémicos y la reducción de riesgo por amenazas climáti- cas en la generación y transmis- ión de energía y la explotación sostenible de minerales a. Reducción de las pérdidas operacionales derivadas de posibles impactos del clima cam- biante, en más del 50 % de los puertos utilizados para la exportación e importación de energéti- cos a través de la implementación de medi- das de adaptación basada en infraestructura, ecosistemas, tecnologías o comunidades. b. El 100 % de los instrumentos de planeación del sector minero energético con variables de cambio climático incorporadas y que aporten al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas energéticos.', 'b. El 100 % de los instrumentos de planeación del sector minero energético con variables de cambio climático incorporadas y que aporten al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas energéticos. c. Esfuerzos mancomunados para reducir los daños y pérdidas relacionados con el cambio climático en más del 50 % de las vías por donde se transportan los hidrocarburos y minerales. d. Cuencas hidrográficas con influencia o in- fluenciadas por las acciones del sector minero energético con medidas de adaptación (ideal- mente SbN) implementados de manera voluntaria por las empresas del sector minero energético y orientadas hacia el aseguramiento de servi- cios ecosistémicos estando alineadas con el plan de gestión integral del recurso hídrico.', 'd. Cuencas hidrográficas con influencia o in- fluenciadas por las acciones del sector minero energético con medidas de adaptación (ideal- mente SbN) implementados de manera voluntaria por las empresas del sector minero energético y orientadas hacia el aseguramiento de servi- cios ecosistémicos estando alineadas con el plan de gestión integral del recurso hídrico. e. Conservación del 100 % de los ecosistemas importantes para la generación eléctrica.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles que dan lugar a costos óptimos para la economía en todas sus transacciones físicas. Sistema de transporte no dependiente de combustibles fósiles (mayoritar- iamente eléctrico), para asegurar la completa movilidad de los ciudada- nos, así como de los bienes necesa- rios para el desarrollo económico a.', 'Sistema de transporte no dependiente de combustibles fósiles (mayoritar- iamente eléctrico), para asegurar la completa movilidad de los ciudada- nos, así como de los bienes necesa- rios para el desarrollo económico a. La intensidad energética del transporte carretero de pasajeros (MJ/pkm) se redu- ciría a la mitad en 2050 comparado con 2015 por el cambio modal y la electrificación. b. El consumo energético del sector transporte carretero de pasajeros aumen- tará 40 % en 2050respecto a 2015. c. Conformación de red pública de esta- ciones de carga eléctrica urbana e interur- bana. En el 2050 los corredores interurbanos a. Adopción de nuevas tecnologías de cero y muy bajas emisiones para camiones de carga. b. La intensidad energética del trans- porte de carga se reducirá entre el 30 % y 45 % en 2050, comparado con 2015.', 'La intensidad energética del trans- porte de carga se reducirá entre el 30 % y 45 % en 2050, comparado con 2015. Transporte aéreo y aeropuertos con tecnologías que reduzcan el ries- go por cambio climático, el ruido y las emisiones GEI (en lo que corre- sponda a Colombia) desarrollándose con aumentos de productividad y mejora constante de precios a. Restricción de operación de aviones que superen emisiones de CO respecto a un límite definido acorde con la vigilancia tecnológica. b. El 100 % de la infraestructura aeronáutica y aeroportuaria del país reduce el riesgo climático. Pico de gasolina y diésel para el año 2040 y fin del ingreso de nue- vos vehículos con motores mov- idos por esos combustibles a.', 'Pico de gasolina y diésel para el año 2040 y fin del ingreso de nue- vos vehículos con motores mov- idos por esos combustibles a. Los combustibles líquidos, mayoritaria- mente cero emisiones, atienden el 78 % de la demanda de movilidad de carga en 2050, la electricidad el 21 % y gas natural el 1 % restan- te. De manera que la intensidad de carbono se reduzca en 2050 entre un 36 % y un 88 % re- specto a la intensidad de carbono en 2015. Desintegración de vehículos para reducir la circulación de equipos con tecnologías contaminantes a. Al menos el 70 % de los vehículos en cir- culación en todas las modalidades habrán sido adquiridos después del año 2035.', 'Desintegración de vehículos para reducir la circulación de equipos con tecnologías contaminantes a. Al menos el 70 % de los vehículos en cir- culación en todas las modalidades habrán sido adquiridos después del año 2035. Red de vías primarias y secund- arias actualizadas como vías in- teligentes (Smart Roads) que reduzcan el riesgo climático, au- menten la seguridad vial y me- joren la eficiencia energética a. A partir de 2030 el 100 % de los proyectos de las redes primaria y secundaria de transporte serán estructurados incorporando criterios Smart Road. b. Creación de corredores viales Smart Roads en la red secundaria. c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los proyectos de infraestructura de transporte serán estructur- ados incorporando lineamientos de gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climáti- co a partir de las metodologías definidas.', 'c. Entre el 80 % y 100 % de los proyectos de infraestructura de transporte serán estructur- ados incorporando lineamientos de gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climáti- co a partir de las metodologías definidas. conformados por vías secundarias ofrecerán estaciones de carga rápida cada 100 km. d. Las emisiones de gases de efecto inverna- dero en el transporte carretero de pasajeros en 2050 se deberían reducir a un valor entre el 19 % y 25 % respecto a las emisiones de 2015. e. El 70 % de la demanda total de movili- dad de pasajeros sería atendida con siste- mas de transporte público en el 2050.', 'd. Las emisiones de gases de efecto inverna- dero en el transporte carretero de pasajeros en 2050 se deberían reducir a un valor entre el 19 % y 25 % respecto a las emisiones de 2015. e. El 70 % de la demanda total de movili- dad de pasajeros sería atendida con siste- mas de transporte público en el 2050. Fomento al desarrollo y adopción de tecnologías de transporte de carga pesada y maquinaria ama- rilla a partir de energías limpiasTransporte marítimo y fluvi- al inteligente (Smart Rivers) integrado a la cadena de sumi- nistro intermodal y aumento de la integridad ecológica base del transporte fluvial adaptativo a. Consolidación de la multimodalidad con logística en la interfaz río mar y puertos interiores, pasarelas portuarias y cooperación entre puer- tos marítimos e interiores, con diseños flexibles.', 'Fomento al desarrollo y adopción de tecnologías de transporte de carga pesada y maquinaria ama- rilla a partir de energías limpiasTransporte marítimo y fluvi- al inteligente (Smart Rivers) integrado a la cadena de sumi- nistro intermodal y aumento de la integridad ecológica base del transporte fluvial adaptativo a. Consolidación de la multimodalidad con logística en la interfaz río mar y puertos interiores, pasarelas portuarias y cooperación entre puer- tos marítimos e interiores, con diseños flexibles. b. Aumentar la integridad ecológica para favorecer los servicios ecosistémicos de con- trol de erosión y de regulación hídrica para garantizar el transporte fluvial adaptativo. Infraestructura vial resiliente al clima y gestión de paisajes mul- tifuncionales para reducir la vul- nerabilidad y riesgo del entorno relacionado con las vías terres- tres, puertos y aeropuertos a. Implementación de acciones de adapta- ción en todos los modos de transporte.', 'Infraestructura vial resiliente al clima y gestión de paisajes mul- tifuncionales para reducir la vul- nerabilidad y riesgo del entorno relacionado con las vías terres- tres, puertos y aeropuertos a. Implementación de acciones de adapta- ción en todos los modos de transporte. b. El 100 % de los nuevos diseños de las vías nacionales del país incorporarán linea- mientos de infraestructura verde vial. c. Entre el 60 % y 80 % de los proyectos de in- fraestructura vial que se ejecuten incorporan los lineamientos de infraestructura verde vial. d. Sistema de información robusto que in- corpore datos e información para la gestión del riesgo y la adaptación al cambio climáti- co en el 100 % de los modos de transporte.', 'd. Sistema de información robusto que in- corpore datos e información para la gestión del riesgo y la adaptación al cambio climáti- co en el 100 % de los modos de transporte. e. A partir de la línea base de daños y pérdidas en todos los modos de transporte, se reducirá entre el 30 % y 50 % los niveles de riesgo alto y muy alto. f. Se implementarán soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para reducir el riesgo en la in- fraestructura de transporte en el 20 % de las soluciones diseñadas e implementadas. Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud ante eventos sensibles a la variabilidad y al cambio en el clima en articulación con los determinantes sociales y ambientales de la salud.', 'Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud ante eventos sensibles a la variabilidad y al cambio en el clima en articulación con los determinantes sociales y ambientales de la salud. Sistema integrado de vigilancia y control en salud pública (SIVCSP) y sistemas de alerta temprana (SAT) locales y regionales que incluyan factores climáticos y no climáti- cos para la optimización de la re- spuesta intersectorial y sectorial a. Para identificar el nivel de sensibilidad al clima de las enfermedades, sus respectivos um- brales de alerta, factores no climáticos que de- terminan la enfermedad y apoyar el diseño de los sistemas de vigilancia y alerta temprana, se han desarrollado investigaciones de los impac- tos en salud priorizados para el 100 % de los im- pactos mediados por ecosistemas (IME), el 100 % de los impactos directos (ID) y el 100 % de los impactos mediados por instituciones (OMI).', 'Sistema integrado de vigilancia y control en salud pública (SIVCSP) y sistemas de alerta temprana (SAT) locales y regionales que incluyan factores climáticos y no climáti- cos para la optimización de la re- spuesta intersectorial y sectorial a. Para identificar el nivel de sensibilidad al clima de las enfermedades, sus respectivos um- brales de alerta, factores no climáticos que de- terminan la enfermedad y apoyar el diseño de los sistemas de vigilancia y alerta temprana, se han desarrollado investigaciones de los impac- tos en salud priorizados para el 100 % de los im- pactos mediados por ecosistemas (IME), el 100 % de los impactos directos (ID) y el 100 % de los impactos mediados por instituciones (OMI). b. El país cuenta con un sistema integrado de vigilancia y control en salud pública (SIVC- SP) y una red de sistemas de alerta temprana (SAT) de eventos sensibles al clima para 100 % de los eventos sensibles priorizados con en- foque territorial, de género y diferencial.', 'b. El país cuenta con un sistema integrado de vigilancia y control en salud pública (SIVC- SP) y una red de sistemas de alerta temprana (SAT) de eventos sensibles al clima para 100 % de los eventos sensibles priorizados con en- foque territorial, de género y diferencial. c. El 100 % de los programas de salud pública de enfermedades sensibles al clima incluyen acciones de intervención, roles y responsabilidades específi- cos por cada actor del sistema en espacio y tiem- po, de acuerdo a los protocolos del SIVCSP-SAT.', 'c. El 100 % de los programas de salud pública de enfermedades sensibles al clima incluyen acciones de intervención, roles y responsabilidades específi- cos por cada actor del sistema en espacio y tiem- po, de acuerdo a los protocolos del SIVCSP-SAT. Promoción de la salud a través de la gobernanza para potencializarÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos los cobeneficios en salud y la pre- vención de la mala adaptación a. El 100 % de los proyectos, obras o actividades priorizadas que requieren permiso o licencia ambiental cuentan con criterios de salud para prevenir los impactos diferenciados, directos e indirectos generados por el cambio climático sobre la magnitud y exacerbación de enfer- medades y muertes de hombres y mujeres.', 'Promoción de la salud a través de la gobernanza para potencializarÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos los cobeneficios en salud y la pre- vención de la mala adaptación a. El 100 % de los proyectos, obras o actividades priorizadas que requieren permiso o licencia ambiental cuentan con criterios de salud para prevenir los impactos diferenciados, directos e indirectos generados por el cambio climático sobre la magnitud y exacerbación de enfer- medades y muertes de hombres y mujeres. b. Las herramientas de planeación territorial incorporan de manera transversal los determi- nantes socioambientales de la salud de toda la población, para reducir los impactos directos e indirectos generados por el cambio climático sobre la magnitud y exacerbación de enfer- medades y muertes de hombres y mujeres.', 'b. Las herramientas de planeación territorial incorporan de manera transversal los determi- nantes socioambientales de la salud de toda la población, para reducir los impactos directos e indirectos generados por el cambio climático sobre la magnitud y exacerbación de enfer- medades y muertes de hombres y mujeres. c. El 100 % de los municipios implementan proyectos de adaptación en salud a partir de modelos de caracterización diferencial, basa- dos en la comunidad y las entidades territoriales amplían la base de participación comunitaria, comparada con la línea de base de 2022. d. Las acciones de otros sectores para alcanzar la resiliencia climática incrementan la magnitud de los cobeneficios en salud, de acuerdo a las evalu- aciones sistemáticas para estimar los cambios en la población expuesta, los beneficios físicos en salud asociados y los beneficios económicos.', 'c. El 100 % de los municipios implementan proyectos de adaptación en salud a partir de modelos de caracterización diferencial, basa- dos en la comunidad y las entidades territoriales amplían la base de participación comunitaria, comparada con la línea de base de 2022. d. Las acciones de otros sectores para alcanzar la resiliencia climática incrementan la magnitud de los cobeneficios en salud, de acuerdo a las evalu- aciones sistemáticas para estimar los cambios en la población expuesta, los beneficios físicos en salud asociados y los beneficios económicos. Programas de salud pública e in- fraestructura del sistema de salud adaptado al cambio climáti- co y con bajas emisiones a. El Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones utiliza información climática para su mejoramien- to y desempeño.', 'Programas de salud pública e in- fraestructura del sistema de salud adaptado al cambio climáti- co y con bajas emisiones a. El Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones utiliza información climática para su mejoramien- to y desempeño. La vacunación para rotavirus en menores de 1 año e influenza para mayores de 60 años y convivientes de personas menores de 18 años con cáncer, alcanza el 100 % de cobertura. b. La vulnerabilidad en salud por clima disminuye en un 50 % respecto a la estimación de 2032, como resultado de la prevención de los procesos de mala adaptación, el mejoramiento de los programas de salud con enfoque de género y la preparación de la infraestructura del sistema de salud para disminuir la carga de enfermedad.', 'La vulnerabilidad en salud por clima disminuye en un 50 % respecto a la estimación de 2032, como resultado de la prevención de los procesos de mala adaptación, el mejoramiento de los programas de salud con enfoque de género y la preparación de la infraestructura del sistema de salud para disminuir la carga de enfermedad. c. Se ha logrado reducir la morbimortalidad por enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV) en zonas priorizadas según el nivel de endemicidad, gracias al diagnóstico rápido me- diante máquinas para el tamizaje que utilizan energías renovables y el tratamiento oportuno.', 'c. Se ha logrado reducir la morbimortalidad por enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV) en zonas priorizadas según el nivel de endemicidad, gracias al diagnóstico rápido me- diante máquinas para el tamizaje que utilizan energías renovables y el tratamiento oportuno. d. El país cuenta con cero hospitales no seguros ante la ocurrencia de un desastre natural o an- trópico con respecto a la línea base establecida durante la elaboración del plan de reubicación, el 60 % de los hospitales de la red pública de I, II y III nivel, el 70 % de los hospitales privados de III y IV nivel de atención y el 40 % de las IPS privadas, centros de salud y consultorios acredita- dos como hospitales de verdes (establecimientos que promueve la salud pública reduciendo con- tinuamente su impacto ambiental y eliminan- do su contribución a la carga de morbilidad). . Las interrelaciones y vínculos entre las diferentes apuestas (WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021), permiten, bajo el enfoque sistémico y holístico que orienta la E2050, aproximarse a comprender e identificar los puntos de entrada, palancas e inter- venciones de políticas para identificar medios de implementación con el poder de materializar los objetivos de desarrollo en el marco de la construc- ción de una resiliencia climática socioecológica.', 'd. El país cuenta con cero hospitales no seguros ante la ocurrencia de un desastre natural o an- trópico con respecto a la línea base establecida durante la elaboración del plan de reubicación, el 60 % de los hospitales de la red pública de I, II y III nivel, el 70 % de los hospitales privados de III y IV nivel de atención y el 40 % de las IPS privadas, centros de salud y consultorios acredita- dos como hospitales de verdes (establecimientos que promueve la salud pública reduciendo con- tinuamente su impacto ambiental y eliminan- do su contribución a la carga de morbilidad). . Las interrelaciones y vínculos entre las diferentes apuestas (WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021), permiten, bajo el enfoque sistémico y holístico que orienta la E2050, aproximarse a comprender e identificar los puntos de entrada, palancas e inter- venciones de políticas para identificar medios de implementación con el poder de materializar los objetivos de desarrollo en el marco de la construc- ción de una resiliencia climática socioecológica. En términos generales, todas las variables del siste- ma van a ser impactos de forma directa o indirecta gracias a las opciones de intervención propues- tas, al tiempo que se espera que en el largo plazo mejoren todas las dimensiones sociales, económi- cas y ambientales del desarrollo.', 'En términos generales, todas las variables del siste- ma van a ser impactos de forma directa o indirecta gracias a las opciones de intervención propues- tas, al tiempo que se espera que en el largo plazo mejoren todas las dimensiones sociales, económi- cas y ambientales del desarrollo. Específica- mente, las inversiones en eficiencia energética e infraestructura verde reducirían el consumo de energía, liberando recursos para la innovación y la inversión en competitividad (económica), reduciendo las emisiones atmosféricas y el uso de biomasa (medioambiental), así como la contam- inación atmosférica y los costes sanitarios (social). Se pueden encontrar sinergias con inversiones en energía limpia y renovable que a menudo también es la opción más asequible.', 'Se pueden encontrar sinergias con inversiones en energía limpia y renovable que a menudo también es la opción más asequible. Un segundo ejemplo se refiere a las inversiones en economía circular, lo que se traduce en una menor generación de resid- uos y, por tanto, en una menor contaminación del agua y del aire (medioambiental) y costes sanitari- os (social). Además, el reciclaje y la reutilización de residuos genera empleo (social) y reduce los costos de producción cuando se puede evitar la compra de materias primas (económico). Como tercer ejemplo, invertir en conocimiento y conciencia climática puede reducir el impacto de eventos extremos, reducir los costos de reconstrucción de la infraestructura pública y privada, las pérdidas de producción para los agricultores y liberar recursos para una mayor inversión (económica).', 'Como tercer ejemplo, invertir en conocimiento y conciencia climática puede reducir el impacto de eventos extremos, reducir los costos de reconstrucción de la infraestructura pública y privada, las pérdidas de producción para los agricultores y liberar recursos para una mayor inversión (económica). Además, puede aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, reduciendo el número de personas en riesgo y los impactos en la salud humana (social). Una mayor conciencia también beneficia la integridad del ecosistema porque las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza son una excelente opción de inversión para aumentar la resiliencia climática (figura 26). entre apuestas de la E2050Figura 26.', 'entre apuestas de la E2050Figura 26. Diagrama de bucle causal (CLD, por sus siglas en inglés)28 desarrollado para la evaluación de la dinámica del sistema, incluida una evaluación del equilibrio entre los indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales de relevancia Fuente: E2050: WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021. <financiamiento> <financiamiento> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> <ciencia y tecnología> <desastres naturales> energy consumption polución de aire cantidad de agua movilidad inteligente movilidad e infraestructura ingreso inversión innovación y competitividad de costes producción PIB congestión eficiencia de la energía infraestructura verde energía asequible energía limpia desastres naturales <cambio climático> <financiamiento> <educación> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> generación de desperdicio tierra gestionada tierra natural ecosistemas marinos integridad ecológica consumo <cambio climático> <cambio climático> cambio climático costos sociales calidad de la comida conocimiento y conciencia climática reducir, reciclar, reutilizar (economía circular) sistema alimentario saludable bioeconomía + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Nota: en la gráfica se presentan opciones de intervención (presentadas en naranja), los medios de implementación (resaltados en morado), variables sociales (rojo), económicas (azul) y ambientales (verde).', '<financiamiento> <financiamiento> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> <ciencia y tecnología> <desastres naturales> energy consumption polución de aire cantidad de agua movilidad inteligente movilidad e infraestructura ingreso inversión innovación y competitividad de costes producción PIB congestión eficiencia de la energía infraestructura verde energía asequible energía limpia desastres naturales <cambio climático> <financiamiento> <educación> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> generación de desperdicio tierra gestionada tierra natural ecosistemas marinos integridad ecológica consumo <cambio climático> <cambio climático> cambio climático costos sociales calidad de la comida conocimiento y conciencia climática reducir, reciclar, reutilizar (economía circular) sistema alimentario saludable bioeconomía + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Nota: en la gráfica se presentan opciones de intervención (presentadas en naranja), los medios de implementación (resaltados en morado), variables sociales (rojo), económicas (azul) y ambientales (verde). Variables sociales Variables económicas Variables ambientalesÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos La correcta implementación de estas opciones de transformación requiere un esfuerzo coor- dinado entre el sector público y el privado. Exis- ten varios medios de implementación, incluida la educación, la ciencia y la tecnología y el apoyo para mejorar el acceso a la financiación. Se trata de medios de implementación transversales que apoyan una variedad de políticas.', 'Se trata de medios de implementación transversales que apoyan una variedad de políticas. La figura 27 presenta cómo las diferentes apues- tas pueden trabajar en sinergia, tanto para abordar los desafíos actuales y conocidos, como para crear nuevas oportunidades para un futuro más sostenible. Las ciudades inteligentes (6), las energías renovables (7) y la movilidad sostenible (8) abordan principalmente los problemas urbanos causados por el enfoque convencional del crecimiento económico. La economía circular (3) crea un puente entre el enfoque convencional y el enfoque más sostenible, y también apoya la creación de una transición justa (4). En cambio, la biodiversidad (2) y las zonas rurales, marinas y costeras (5) priorizan los ecosistemas y su valori- zación. Los datos climáticos (1) y la salud huma- na (9) son transversales.', 'Los datos climáticos (1) y la salud huma- na (9) son transversales. El primero afecta a varios impulsores del cambio, impactando el enfoque convencional y siendo impactado por el más sostenible. Esta última está en el centro de todas las dinámicas: se ve impactada por todas las demás apuestas, y también contribuye a todas, al ser un factor clave que determina el desempeño económico. De ello resulta que cada apuesta no debe ser considerada aisladamente, sino evalua- da en relación a la contribución que se brinda a la transición hacia una estrategia de desarrollo más sustentable y resiliente al clima, con un enfoque sistémico (WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021). 28.', 'De ello resulta que cada apuesta no debe ser considerada aisladamente, sino evalua- da en relación a la contribución que se brinda a la transición hacia una estrategia de desarrollo más sustentable y resiliente al clima, con un enfoque sistémico (WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021). 28. Un diagrama de bucle causal (CLD) es un mapa del sistema analizado o, mejor, una forma de explorar y representar las interconexiones entre los indicadores clave en el sector o sistema analizado (Probst y Bassi, 2014). Como indica John Sterman, «Un diagrama causal consiste en variables conectadas por flechas que denotan las influencias causales entre las variables. Los circuitos de retroalimentación importantes también se identifican en el diagrama. Las variables están relacionadas por vínculos causales, mostrados por flechas.', 'Las variables están relacionadas por vínculos causales, mostrados por flechas. Las polaridades de enlace describen la estructura del sistema. No describen el comportamiento de las variables. Es decir, describen lo que sucedería si hubiera un cambio. No describen lo que sucede realmente. Más bien, le dice lo que sucedería si la variable cambiara» (Sterman, 2000). Los CLD incluyen variables y flechas (llamadas vínculos causales), y estas últimas vinculan las variables con un signo (+ o -) en cada vínculo, lo que indica una relación causal positiva o negativa. Un vínculo causal de la variable A a la variable B es positivo si un cambio en A produce un cambio en B en la misma dirección.', 'Un vínculo causal de la variable A a la variable B es positivo si un cambio en A produce un cambio en B en la misma dirección. Un vínculo causal de la variable A a la variable B es negativo si un cambio en A produce un cambio en B en la dirección opuesta. Las relaciones causales circulares entre variables forman bucles causales o de retroalimentación. Hay dos tipos de circuitos de retroalimentación: de refuerzo y de equilibrio. El primero se puede encontrar cuando una intervención en el sistema desencadena otros cambios que amplifican el efecto de esa intervención, reforzándola así (Forrester, 1961). Estos últimos, los bucles de equilibrio, tienden hacia una meta o equilibrio, equilibrando las fuerzas del sistema (Forrester, 1961).', 'Estos últimos, los bucles de equilibrio, tienden hacia una meta o equilibrio, equilibrando las fuerzas del sistema (Forrester, 1961). Al resaltar los impulsores e impactos del problema que se abordará y al mapear las relaciones causales entre los indicadores clave, los CLD respaldan la identificación de los resultados de las políticas mediante un enfoque sistémico (Probst y Bassi, 2014). De hecho, los CLD se pueden utilizar para crear historias que correspondan a la implementación de intervenciones de políticas, destacando los resultados directos, indirectos e inducidos en los indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales.<financiamiento> <financiamiento> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> <ciencia y tecnología> <desastres naturales> energy consumption polución de aire cantidad de agua movilidad inteligente movilidad e infraestructura ingreso inversión innovación y competitividad de costes producción PIB congestión eficiencia de la energía infraestructura verde energía asequible energía limpia desastres naturales <cambio climático> <financiamiento> <educación> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> generación de desperdicio tierra gestionada tierra natural ecosistemas marinos integridad ecológica consumo <cambio climático> <cambio climático> cambio climático costos sociales calidad de la comida conocimiento y conciencia climática reducir, reciclar, reutilizar (economía circular) sistema alimentario saludable bioeconomía + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Figura 27.', 'De hecho, los CLD se pueden utilizar para crear historias que correspondan a la implementación de intervenciones de políticas, destacando los resultados directos, indirectos e inducidos en los indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales.<financiamiento> <financiamiento> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> <ciencia y tecnología> <desastres naturales> energy consumption polución de aire cantidad de agua movilidad inteligente movilidad e infraestructura ingreso inversión innovación y competitividad de costes producción PIB congestión eficiencia de la energía infraestructura verde energía asequible energía limpia desastres naturales <cambio climático> <financiamiento> <educación> <educación> <ciencia y tecnología> generación de desperdicio tierra gestionada tierra natural ecosistemas marinos integridad ecológica consumo <cambio climático> <cambio climático> cambio climático costos sociales calidad de la comida conocimiento y conciencia climática reducir, reciclar, reutilizar (economía circular) sistema alimentario saludable bioeconomía + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Figura 27. Representación simplificada de las principales áreas estratégicas de intervención, o apuestas incluidas en el diagrama de bucle causal (CLD) Fuente: (E2050-WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021). Apuesta 9. Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Apuesta 8. Movilidad e infrae- structura sostenibles Apuesta 9. Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Apuesta 6.', 'Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Apuesta 6. Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral Apuesta 7. Matriz energética diversificada Apuesta 1. Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Apuesta 2. Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Apuesta 3. Producción y consumo sostenibles Apuesta 5. Desarrollo rural sostenible diferenciado por regiones Apuesta 4. Transición justa de la fuerza laboralÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Así, las apuestas que componen la E2050 cubren la totalidad del sistema de impulsores subyacentes del cambio en el contexto socio- económico y ambiental de Colombia y cómo se relacionan las diferentes apuestas entre sí.', 'Transición justa de la fuerza laboralÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Así, las apuestas que componen la E2050 cubren la totalidad del sistema de impulsores subyacentes del cambio en el contexto socio- económico y ambiental de Colombia y cómo se relacionan las diferentes apuestas entre sí. Específicamente, sobre cómo podrían interac- tuar creando sinergias (bucles de refuerzo, una expresión utilizada en el marco metodológico que se describe a continuación) o produciendo efectos contrarios (bucles de equilibrio), que a menudo son inesperados o no deseados (efec- tos secundarios no deseados) al limitar el logro de algunos resultados deseados. De este modo, cada apuesta y las intervenciones estratégicas relacionadas se pueden desarrollar de forma aislada, con metas sectoriales específi- cas en mente.', 'De este modo, cada apuesta y las intervenciones estratégicas relacionadas se pueden desarrollar de forma aislada, con metas sectoriales específi- cas en mente. Por otro lado, la implementación de cada intervención, independientemente de a qué apuesta pertenezca, tendrá impactos de gran alcance en el sistema, a través de indica- dores sociales, económicos y ambientales. Esto requiere una evaluación de las complementa- riedades entre las apuestas para aprovechar las sinergias y priorizar e implementar interven- ciones con un enfoque sistémico (tabla 9) (WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021). Apuesta 1. Los datos climáticos tienen impactos positi- vos directos en la salud humana (Apuesta 9), así como en la infraestructura (Apuesta 8. Movilidad sostenible) y el crecimiento económico, por lo tanto, en el acceso a servicios públicos y oportuni- dades económicas (Apuesta 4. Solo transición).', 'Movilidad sostenible) y el crecimiento económico, por lo tanto, en el acceso a servicios públicos y oportuni- dades económicas (Apuesta 4. Solo transición). Las inversiones en datos climáticos también pueden aumentar la eficacia de otras opciones de inter- vención, por ejemplo, en relación con las ciudades inteligentes (Apuesta 6) y las zonas rurales, mari- nas y costeras (Apuesta 5), que pueden compartir infraestructura para los sistemas de información climática (CIS) y sistemas de alerta temprana. Apuesta 2. La biodiversidad también impacta directamente en la salud humana (Apuesta 9), a través de la provisión de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que también representan capacidad de adaptación y brindan resiliencia climática (Apuesta 1).', 'La biodiversidad también impacta directamente en la salud humana (Apuesta 9), a través de la provisión de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que también representan capacidad de adaptación y brindan resiliencia climática (Apuesta 1). Además, determi- na el potencial de las intervenciones de economía circular y bioeconomía, y su desempeño (Apues- ta 3), especialmente en relación con el uso de los recursos naturales. La disponibilidad de recursos naturales es un indicador clave de accesibilidad, y por tanto, es un determinante de la transición justa (Apuesta 4). La biodiversidad se ve entonces impactada por la integridad ecológica, resultado de cómo se manejan las áreas rurales, marinas y coste- ras (Apuesta 5).', 'La biodiversidad se ve entonces impactada por la integridad ecológica, resultado de cómo se manejan las áreas rurales, marinas y coste- ras (Apuesta 5). Indirectamente, la biodiversidad se ve afectada por el consumo, también en áreas urbanas, lo que significa que las acciones relaciona- das con las Apuestas 6, 7 y 8 afectan el desempeño de Apuesta 2. Se trata de una sinergia importante a realizar: las inversiones en entornos urbanos tienen resultados de gran alcance. Apuesta 3. La producción y el consumo sostenible tienen consecuencias directas para la salud humana (Apuesta 9) al reducir, reciclar y reutilizar los resid- uos y frenar la exposición a la contaminación. También, desde los estilos de vida sostenibles, al promover hábitos más saludables de alimentación y movilidad.', 'También, desde los estilos de vida sostenibles, al promover hábitos más saludables de alimentación y movilidad. Igualmente tiene un impacto positi- vo en la biodiversidad (Apuesta 2), para la creación de empleo en áreas donde se priorizaría la expe- riencia tradicional y el empleo local, dando como resultado un apoyo directo para una transición justa (Apuesta 4), para las áreas rurales, marinas y costeras (Apuesta 5), mediante la creación de oportunidades para el uso más sostenible de los recursos naturales, así como para la revitalización económica de dichas áreas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Apuesta 7.', 'Igualmente tiene un impacto positi- vo en la biodiversidad (Apuesta 2), para la creación de empleo en áreas donde se priorizaría la expe- riencia tradicional y el empleo local, dando como resultado un apoyo directo para una transición justa (Apuesta 4), para las áreas rurales, marinas y costeras (Apuesta 5), mediante la creación de oportunidades para el uso más sostenible de los recursos naturales, así como para la revitalización económica de dichas áreas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Apuesta 7. La energía renovable tiene un impacto directo en la salud humana (Apuesta 9) así como en la transición justa (Apuesta 4) permitiendo tanto el acceso a la electricidad en áreas remotas como la generación de ingresos para los pequeños y micro productores.', 'La energía renovable tiene un impacto directo en la salud humana (Apuesta 9) así como en la transición justa (Apuesta 4) permitiendo tanto el acceso a la electricidad en áreas remotas como la generación de ingresos para los pequeños y micro productores. El uso de energías renovables puede permitir el transporte sostenible (Apuesta 8) al proporcionar electricidad limpia y mejorar en general la biodiversidad (Apuesta 2) al frenar la minería para la extracción de combustibles fósiles. Asimismo, el uso de energías renovables y la eficiencia energética, jugarán un rol fundamental en la producción sostenible (Apuesta 3). Apuesta 8. La movilidad sostenible impacta todas las dinámicas urbanas (Apuesta 6) y requiere energía sostenible (Apuesta 7).', 'La movilidad sostenible impacta todas las dinámicas urbanas (Apuesta 6) y requiere energía sostenible (Apuesta 7). También proporciona acceso a los servicios y, por lo tanto, en el caso de la mejora del transporte público y la intermodal- idad, contribuye a los estilos de vida sostenibles (Apuesta 3) y puede contribuir a la realización de una transición justa (Apuesta 4). Finalmente, la movilidad sostenible se caracteriza por un riesgo reducido de accidentes y, por tanto, mejoraría la salud humana (Apuesta 9). Apuesta 9. Las intervenciones de salud humana abarcan todas las dimensiones del desarrollo y pueden apoyar y permitir tanto la actividad económi- ca como el comportamiento virtuoso para una transición sostenible.', 'Las intervenciones de salud humana abarcan todas las dimensiones del desarrollo y pueden apoyar y permitir tanto la actividad económi- ca como el comportamiento virtuoso para una transición sostenible. La salud humana impacta directamente en la transición justa (Apuesta 4), el potencial para poner en marcha una economía circular (Apuesta 3) y se ve afectada por la biodiver- sidad (Apuesta 2) y el cambio climático y los eventos climáticos extremos (Apuesta 1). Más importante aún, la salud humana es un motor del crecimiento económico a través de la productividad laboral y, por lo tanto, determina la disponibilidad futura de financiamiento para todas las opciones de inter- vención discutidas anteriormente. Apuesta 4. La transición justa tiene el potencial de impac- tar y permitir una variedad de otras acciones al desencadenar la inversión privada y el cambio de comportamiento.', 'La transición justa tiene el potencial de impac- tar y permitir una variedad de otras acciones al desencadenar la inversión privada y el cambio de comportamiento. Por un lado, brindar opor- tunidades a todos los segmentos de la población permitirá aprovechar las estrategias de produc- ción sostenible (Apuesta 3) así como todas las áreas urbanas de intervención (Apuesta, 6, 7, 8). Una transición justa también proporcionaría acceso a los servicios para los segmentos más desfavorecidos de la población, lo que resultaría, entre otros, en una mejora de la salud humana (Apuesta 9). Apuesta 5. Lo rural, marino y costero trabajan en sinergia con todas las dinámicas ambientales, como se indicó anteriormente, incluyendo la biodiversidad (Apuesta 2) y la producción sostenible (Apuesta 3).', 'Lo rural, marino y costero trabajan en sinergia con todas las dinámicas ambientales, como se indicó anteriormente, incluyendo la biodiversidad (Apuesta 2) y la producción sostenible (Apuesta 3). Estimularía aún más una transición justa (Apues- ta 4), al crear oportunidades para las personas fuera de los entornos urbanos y, por lo tanto, reduciría la presión creada por la urbanización y también resultaría en un desarrollo más resiliente al clima (Apuesta 1). Apuesta 6. Las ciudades inteligentes incluyen una variedad de inversiones en infraestructura destinadas a crear un entorno urbano más habitable. El éxito de estas inversiones está relacionado con el uso de energías renovables (Apuesta 7) para mejo- rar la calidad del aire, así como con la imple- mentación de transporte sostenible (Apuesta 8) para garantizar el acceso a la movilidad.', 'El éxito de estas inversiones está relacionado con el uso de energías renovables (Apuesta 7) para mejo- rar la calidad del aire, así como con la imple- mentación de transporte sostenible (Apuesta 8) para garantizar el acceso a la movilidad. El resul- tado es que las ciudades inteligentes conducirían a una mejora de la salud humana (Apuesta 9) tanto por la reducción de la contaminación como por el énfasis en caminar y andar en bicicleta o, más generalmente, en el transporte no motor- izado. Las ciudades inteligentes también pueden apoyar intervenciones de producción y consumo sostenible (Apuesta 3), si se realiza un consumo más sostenible gracias a servicios digitales y servi- cios públicos eficaces.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 9.', 'Las ciudades inteligentes también pueden apoyar intervenciones de producción y consumo sostenible (Apuesta 3), si se realiza un consumo más sostenible gracias a servicios digitales y servi- cios públicos eficaces.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 9. Resumen de las sinergias existentes entre las nueve apuestas que componen la E2050 Fuente: (E2050-WRI y New Climate Economy, 2021). Apuesta 1. Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Apuesta 2. Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Apuesta 3. Producción y consumo sostenibles Apuesta 4. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Apuesta 5. Desarrollo rural sostenible diferen- ciado por regiones Apuesta 6. Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral Apuesta 7. Matriz energética diversificada Apuesta 8. Movilidad e infraestructu- ra sostenibles Apuesta 9. Incrementar la capaci- dad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Apuesta 1. Conocimiento y gobernanza climática X X X X X Apuesta 2.', 'Conocimiento y gobernanza climática X X X X X Apuesta 2. Gestión integral de la biodiversidad X X X X X X X Apuesta 3. Producción y consumo sostenibles X X X X X X X Apuesta 4. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral X X X X X Apuesta 5. Desarrollo rural sostenible diferenciado por regiones X X X X Apuesta 6. Ciudades-región con desar- rollo urbano integral X X X X Apuesta 7. Matriz energética diversificada X X X X Apuesta 8. Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles X X X X Apuesta 9.', 'Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles X X X X Apuesta 9. Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud X X X XÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos 6.3 Medios de implementación para sustentar e impulsar la resiliencia climática 6.3.1 Análisis prospectivo de instrumentos de política públi- ca y el rol de los actores clave Con el objetivo de generar recomendaciones que permitan al país transitar hacia escenarios dese- ables que garanticen el cumplimiento del Acuer- do de París y alcanzar la resiliencia climática al año 2050, esta sección presenta los principales resul- tados del análisis prospectivo de instrumentos de política pública y del marco institucional, realiza- do con el apoyo de expertos implementadores de política pública a nivel nacional.', 'Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud X X X XÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos 6.3 Medios de implementación para sustentar e impulsar la resiliencia climática 6.3.1 Análisis prospectivo de instrumentos de política públi- ca y el rol de los actores clave Con el objetivo de generar recomendaciones que permitan al país transitar hacia escenarios dese- ables que garanticen el cumplimiento del Acuer- do de París y alcanzar la resiliencia climática al año 2050, esta sección presenta los principales resul- tados del análisis prospectivo de instrumentos de política pública y del marco institucional, realiza- do con el apoyo de expertos implementadores de política pública a nivel nacional. Para esto, se evaluó en tres fases, utilizando las herramientas Micmac, Mactor y SMIC para, i) analizar los impac- tos cruzados, es decir, exponer las variables que influencian el sistema y que deben ser atendidas en el corto plazo de manera directa para marcar trayectorias deseadas, ii) analizar el conjunto de actores y objetivos estratégicos que pueden llegar a ocupar al momento de ejecutar acciones para mejorar el sistema y iii) la identificación de los escenarios futuros y las rutas estratégicas para el alcance del escenario más probable (Brigard Urrutia 2021).', 'Para esto, se evaluó en tres fases, utilizando las herramientas Micmac, Mactor y SMIC para, i) analizar los impac- tos cruzados, es decir, exponer las variables que influencian el sistema y que deben ser atendidas en el corto plazo de manera directa para marcar trayectorias deseadas, ii) analizar el conjunto de actores y objetivos estratégicos que pueden llegar a ocupar al momento de ejecutar acciones para mejorar el sistema y iii) la identificación de los escenarios futuros y las rutas estratégicas para el alcance del escenario más probable (Brigard Urrutia 2021). Análisis de impactos cruzados En el corto plazo (2020-2030) las variables que deben ser abordadas de forma prioritaria, a través de la combinación de medios de implementación, para impulsar la E2050, son aquellas que adqui- eren un mayor nivel de influencia y que están más cerca a la bisectriz estratégica.', 'Análisis de impactos cruzados En el corto plazo (2020-2030) las variables que deben ser abordadas de forma prioritaria, a través de la combinación de medios de implementación, para impulsar la E2050, son aquellas que adqui- eren un mayor nivel de influencia y que están más cerca a la bisectriz estratégica. Desde esta perspectiva, aumentar el crecimiento económico de manera sostenible, mejorar la productividad y competitividad del país, contribuir al cierre de las brechas de género, conservar la biodiversidad y reducir la deforestación, ordenar de mejor mane- ra el territorio y diseñar estrategias de adaptación y mitigación que reduzcan la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, deben ser las metas prin- cipales del Gobierno Nacional. De acuerdo con el análisis Micmac, las variables de mayor influencia del sistema i) son: usos del suelo y paisajes multifuncionales.', 'De acuerdo con el análisis Micmac, las variables de mayor influencia del sistema i) son: usos del suelo y paisajes multifuncionales. Estas variables ejercen la mayor motricidad y de no ser atendidas pueden a futuro impulsar un colapso del sistema. Estas variables sugieren que el principal objeti- vo que debe atender la estrategia de resiliencia climática es garantizar la multifuncionalidad y los usos sostenibles de paisajes que hoy están en ries- go por el avance de las fronteras agrícola, forestal y urbana, y que pone en peligro la biodiversidad y la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos. También refleja la relevancia de proteger la multifuncional- idad de aquellos paisajes que todavía no han sido transformados pero que están en riesgo de serlo en el corto y mediano plazo.', 'También refleja la relevancia de proteger la multifuncional- idad de aquellos paisajes que todavía no han sido transformados pero que están en riesgo de serlo en el corto y mediano plazo. De otro lado, las variables más influyentes y dependientes ii) son: crecimiento económico, conservación de la biodiversidad, productividad, sistemas de producción agropecuaria, riesgo climático, ordenamiento territorial, deforestación, competitividad y gases de efecto invernadero. Estas variables son también llamadas volátiles en tanto su influencia y dependencia puede impul- sar cambios sobre las motoras, pero a su vez sobre las más dependientes. Esta doble característica hace que estas variables sean estratégicas, pues acciones de corto plazo que las aborden directa- mente, pueden hacer al sistema cumplir su obje- tivo, o, por el contrario, llevarlo a una trayectoria indeseada.', 'Esta doble característica hace que estas variables sean estratégicas, pues acciones de corto plazo que las aborden directa- mente, pueden hacer al sistema cumplir su obje- tivo, o, por el contrario, llevarlo a una trayectoria indeseada. Desde este punto de vista, abordar las nueve variables identificadas hace posible que la estrategia de resiliencia obtenga una mayor capacidad para crear y proteger paisajes multi- funcionales y mejores usos del suelo. Las variables menos influyentes y dependientes iii) son: salud, género y movilidad. Estas variables no representan obstáculos para la estrategia en el corto plazo y, por lo tanto, deben considerarse en el largo plazo, en tanto las variables motoras y volátiles se transformen.', 'Estas variables no representan obstáculos para la estrategia en el corto plazo y, por lo tanto, deben considerarse en el largo plazo, en tanto las variables motoras y volátiles se transformen. Finalmente, las variables más dependientes y menos influyentes iv) son: riesgo de transición, infraestructura, gobernanza, conocimiento, ciencia y tecnología, política pública, innovación disruptiva, educación, participación, electrifi- cación, monitoreo y desplazamiento. Estas vari- ables son palancas de las volátiles y motrices y deben ser tenidas en cuenta para impulsar las acciones o estrategias que se diseñen sobre las variables estratégicas.', 'Estas vari- ables son palancas de las volátiles y motrices y deben ser tenidas en cuenta para impulsar las acciones o estrategias que se diseñen sobre las variables estratégicas. En este cuadrante es importante resaltar el conjunto de variables de mayor dependencia: gobernanza, conocimiento y ciencia y tecnología, pues éstas, en particular, adquieren por su ubicación un nivel de transver- salidad importante que puede acompañar las acciones del total de variables (figura 28).Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Figura 28. Relaciones de influencia directa entre las variables evaluadas a través de la herramienta Micmac Fuente: E2050: Brigard Urrutia, 2021.', 'Relaciones de influencia directa entre las variables evaluadas a través de la herramienta Micmac Fuente: E2050: Brigard Urrutia, 2021. De esta manera, el país deberá concentrar sus esfuerzos normativos y de política al 2050 en fortalecer los procesos de gobernanza y gestión territorial asociados con las variables de mayor influencia (usos del suelo y paisajes multifun- cionales), para, a través de la articulación, coor- dinación y coherencia entre las expresiones territoriales concretas de los procesos intersec- toriales, impulsar las variables más influyentes y dependientes de manera que se impacten positi- vamente también las variables más dependientes y menos influyentes, logrando acelerar las trans- formaciones hacia una economía y una sociedad carbono neutras y resilientes al clima.', 'De esta manera, el país deberá concentrar sus esfuerzos normativos y de política al 2050 en fortalecer los procesos de gobernanza y gestión territorial asociados con las variables de mayor influencia (usos del suelo y paisajes multifun- cionales), para, a través de la articulación, coor- dinación y coherencia entre las expresiones territoriales concretas de los procesos intersec- toriales, impulsar las variables más influyentes y dependientes de manera que se impacten positi- vamente también las variables más dependientes y menos influyentes, logrando acelerar las trans- formaciones hacia una economía y una sociedad carbono neutras y resilientes al clima. La E2050 debe tener como misión principal impulsar la creación y protección de paisajes Usosuelo Influencia Dependencia I III IV II PaisMulti Compet Defores Productiv Riesgoclim Crecimien SisProdu RiesgoTran Gobernan CienTi PP Conoc Infrae Educa Innovacion MonitoreoC Electra Movilidad Salvo Género Participa Conserv GEI DesplaC multifuncionales, así como el ordenamiento ambiental del territorio y el uso adecuado del suelo.', 'La E2050 debe tener como misión principal impulsar la creación y protección de paisajes Usosuelo Influencia Dependencia I III IV II PaisMulti Compet Defores Productiv Riesgoclim Crecimien SisProdu RiesgoTran Gobernan CienTi PP Conoc Infrae Educa Innovacion MonitoreoC Electra Movilidad Salvo Género Participa Conserv GEI DesplaC multifuncionales, así como el ordenamiento ambiental del territorio y el uso adecuado del suelo. Las variables estratégicas que impulsarán la estrategia y el cumplimiento de su misión son seis: crecimiento económico, conservación de la biodiversidad, reducción del riesgo climático, reducción de la deforestación, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Así, los retos de la E2050 deberán concentrar sus esfuerzos en atender las cuatro variables reto del escenario más probable: conservación de la biodiversidad, deforestación, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de las emis- iones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Así, los retos de la E2050 deberán concentrar sus esfuerzos en atender las cuatro variables reto del escenario más probable: conservación de la biodiversidad, deforestación, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de las emis- iones de gases de efecto invernadero. Análisis del conjunto de actores y objetivos estratégicos La calificación frente a las relaciones entre acto- res y grados de oposición y favorabilidad de los mismos frente a los objetivos, mostraron que los actores de mayor influencia para la E2050 son: el Departamento Nacional de Planeación, el Conse- jo Nacional Gremial y el Ministerio de Hacienda. Estos actores tienen un rol de poder frente a los demás que responde a su capacidad de inci- dencia sobre los procesos, proyectos, misiones e incluso existencia de los demás actores.', 'Estos actores tienen un rol de poder frente a los demás que responde a su capacidad de inci- dencia sobre los procesos, proyectos, misiones e incluso existencia de los demás actores. Su papel es importante en cuanto pueden impulsar proyectos y procesos del actor coordinador de la estrategia (figura 29). DNP CNGremial MinHaciend MinAmbien AlcalGob Etnicam OSC AltaCoPe MADR PNN DANE CPCComp CAR ANLA ProCont SGN MinIC MINTIC BancosND DIAN CONFECAM MinMina OSoco ProteSoci ProteSoci ONU Minvivi MinTransP ENTERRIT FAdap UPRA GremiosME Univer Supser IGAC INNPULSA +Influencia +Influyentes y Dependientes (Conflicto) Dominados-efectos Retos ONG InsInvSina Autónomos ANT MinDefe MINCI UNGR Influencia Dependencia Figura 29. Plano de influencias y dependencias entre actores elaborado con la herramienta Mactor Fuente: E2050: Brigard Urrutia, 2021. Nota: el cuadrante I representa las variables con mayor influencia del sistema, el II las variables de mayor influencia y dependencia o volátiles, el III las variables de poca influencia y dependencia o reguladoras y el IV las variables resultado o palancas. La bisectriz color naranja representa la trayectoria estratégica.', 'La bisectriz color naranja representa la trayectoria estratégica. Crecimeco: crecimiento económico, Productivi: productividad, Competi: competitividad, SisProdu: sistemas de producción agropecuaria, RiesgoTran: riesgo de transición, DesplaC: desplazamiento climático, Participa: participación, Educa: educación, Conoci: conocimiento, CienTi: ciencia y tecnología, Goberna: gobernanza, RiesgoClim: riesgo climático, Salud: salud, Género: género, Electra: electrificación, Infrae: infrae- structura, Movilidad: movilidad, MonitoreoC: monitoreo climático, InnovaDisr: innovación disruptiva, OrdenaTerr: ordenamiento territorial, GEI: emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, Usosuelo: usos del suelo, Defores: deforestación, PaisMulti: paisajes multifuncionales, ConserBio: conservación de la biodiversidad, PP: política pública. OrdenaTeÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos El actor de mayor influencia y dependencia es el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MinAmbiente).', 'OrdenaTeÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos El actor de mayor influencia y dependencia es el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MinAmbiente). Este actor es también denomi- nado actor de conflicto, en tanto puede obstac- ulizar o dinamizar las acciones planteadas frente al total de variables estratégicas selec- cionadas. Cumple un rol de importancia por su potencial de articular y coordinar la totali- dad de los actores y puede fácilmente apoyarse de los actores influyentes para adelantar sus proyectos y procesos. Los actores autónomos evidencian un bajo nivel de influencia y depen- dencia, en el cual, sin necesidad de articulación, cada uno puede cumplir fácilmente con sus funciones, proyectos y procesos.', 'Los actores autónomos evidencian un bajo nivel de influencia y depen- dencia, en el cual, sin necesidad de articulación, cada uno puede cumplir fácilmente con sus funciones, proyectos y procesos. Sin embargo, si bien expresan un alto nivel de autonomía, su desarticulación afecta a futuro el desarrollo de la estrategia. Estará en manos del actor coor- dinador (MinAmbiente) la tarea de trabajar en su articulación para cumplir los objetivos de las variables estratégicas. Finalmente, los actores que más responden a los estímulos de los actores influyentes identifica- dos son: las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las comunidades étnicas y campesinas y las alcaldías y gobernaciones. Son actores que, debido a su alta dependencia, asumen un rol de nulo poder en las decisiones que se toman en la actualidad para cumplir con la E2050.', 'Son actores que, debido a su alta dependencia, asumen un rol de nulo poder en las decisiones que se toman en la actualidad para cumplir con la E2050. Esta situación los convierte en actores reto del sistema, es decir, en actores que deberían asumir un rol más predominante en el cumplimiento de los objetivos para cada variable. El análisis de actores presenta una gran desarticulación entre ellos, lo que se evidencia en sus altos niveles de autonomía (más del 70 %). Esta situación hace necesario identificar el actor transversal y coordinador de la estrategia (en este caso, MinAmbiente), quien debe asumir un rol protagónico, tanto en el diseño de políticas como en su implementación.', 'Esta situación hace necesario identificar el actor transversal y coordinador de la estrategia (en este caso, MinAmbiente), quien debe asumir un rol protagónico, tanto en el diseño de políticas como en su implementación. Otros actores que deben asumir un rol más protagónico son el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación y el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Es importante que la E2050 trabaje en transformar los patrones de relacionamiento de las instituciones del Gobierno Nacional con las comunidades étnicas y campesi- nas, así como otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil que se muestran como doblegadas pero que deberían asumir un papel más protagónico. Por otra parte, para esta fase se construyeron, con el apoyo de los expertos, los objetivos que se esperan cumplir para el total de variables.', 'Por otra parte, para esta fase se construyeron, con el apoyo de los expertos, los objetivos que se esperan cumplir para el total de variables. También se realizaron dos tipos de calificaciones en matrices cruzadas: primero, influencias entre los actores29 y segundo, niveles de oposición y favorabilidad de los actores frente a los objetivos planteados30. Los objetivos diseñados para cada variable estratégica fueron: 1. Crecimiento económico: el país in- crementará de manera sostenida su PIB bajo un modelo de producción verde. 2. Productividad: el país incrementará sus tasas de productividad de manera sostenida. 3. Competitividad: el país aumentará su índice de competitividad global. 4. Sistemas de producción agropecuaria: el país incrementará las áreas bajo esque- mas de producción sostenible y manten- drá un crecimiento de su economía rural. 5.', 'Sistemas de producción agropecuaria: el país incrementará las áreas bajo esque- mas de producción sostenible y manten- drá un crecimiento de su economía rural. 5. Conservación de la biodiversidad: el país incrementará el porcentaje de área terrestre y marina protegida. 6. Riesgo climático: los municipios del país implementarán instrumentos de planifi- cación y desarrollarán acciones de adapta- ción y reducción de riesgo innovadoras. 7. Deforestación: el país aumentará el número de hectáreas de bosque restauradas y reforestadas. 8. Ordenamiento territorial: el país im- plementará una estrategia de orde- namiento territorial inteligente a nivel nacional con un fuerte énfasis en adapta- ción y mitigación al cambio climático. 9.', 'Ordenamiento territorial: el país im- plementará una estrategia de orde- namiento territorial inteligente a nivel nacional con un fuerte énfasis en adapta- ción y mitigación al cambio climático. 9. Gases de efecto invernadero: el país re- ducirá las emisiones respecto a la línea base para el 2030, de acuerdo con el compromiso adquirido en el marco del Acuerdo de París, contribución nacional designada (NDC). Así, de acuerdo con los expertos consultados, los objetivos que mayor favorabilidad presentan son los asociados a las variables de crecimiento económico, productividad, competitividad, riesgo climático, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Así, de acuerdo con los expertos consultados, los objetivos que mayor favorabilidad presentan son los asociados a las variables de crecimiento económico, productividad, competitividad, riesgo climático, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. Esto permite señalar que un 80 % de los expertos están «a favor» de los objetivos, mientras que un 20 % se considerarían «en contra», ya que el desarrollo de los objetivos puede poner en riesgo sus proyectos o su misión. En general, los expertos que participaron del ejer- cicio coincidieron en señalar que el 85 % de las instituciones públicas están a favor de los objeti- vos diseñados sobre cada variable estratégica. Sin embargo, se presentan conflictos entre los objeti- vos de conservación y desarrollo económico que deben ser superados para encaminar mejor el sistema a futuro.', 'Sin embargo, se presentan conflictos entre los objeti- vos de conservación y desarrollo económico que deben ser superados para encaminar mejor el sistema a futuro. Frente al mínimo porcentaje de actores en contra de algunos objetivos, se encuentra el Minambiente, quien no está de acuerdo con el objetivo de productividad y competitivi- dad, en tanto que el crecimiento desmedido e insostenible de la economía puede afectar de manera significativa a la conservación de la biodiversidad y a la restauración de ecosistemas en el largo plazo.', 'Frente al mínimo porcentaje de actores en contra de algunos objetivos, se encuentra el Minambiente, quien no está de acuerdo con el objetivo de productividad y competitivi- dad, en tanto que el crecimiento desmedido e insostenible de la economía puede afectar de manera significativa a la conservación de la biodiversidad y a la restauración de ecosistemas en el largo plazo. Por otro lado, se encuentran: el Consejo Nacional Gremial, el Ministerio de Haci- enda y el Ministerio de Minas y Energía, quienes consideran que el cumplimiento de los objeti- vos asociados a la reducción de la deforestación y conservación de la biodiversidad puede obstaculizar el desarrollo de proyectos, como por ejemplo, los de tipo mineroenergético y, por lo tanto, reducir el crecimiento económico del país.', 'Por otro lado, se encuentran: el Consejo Nacional Gremial, el Ministerio de Haci- enda y el Ministerio de Minas y Energía, quienes consideran que el cumplimiento de los objeti- vos asociados a la reducción de la deforestación y conservación de la biodiversidad puede obstaculizar el desarrollo de proyectos, como por ejemplo, los de tipo mineroenergético y, por lo tanto, reducir el crecimiento económico del país. Esta dualidad entre los actores frente a los objetivos de conservación de la naturaleza y el crecimiento económico expresa un impor- tante reto que debe asumir la E2050 para facili- tar la articulación entre estos actores y, con ello, romper la clásica dicotomía entre desarrollo económico y conservación de la biodiversidad, la cual, limita al país en su avance hacia una verdadera resiliencia climática socioecológica. 29.', 'Esta dualidad entre los actores frente a los objetivos de conservación de la naturaleza y el crecimiento económico expresa un impor- tante reto que debe asumir la E2050 para facili- tar la articulación entre estos actores y, con ello, romper la clásica dicotomía entre desarrollo económico y conservación de la biodiversidad, la cual, limita al país en su avance hacia una verdadera resiliencia climática socioecológica. 29. Los rangos de las influencias son: (0) sin influencia, (1) influencia sobre procesos, (2) influencia sobre proyectos, (3) influencia sobre misión, (4) influencia sobre existencia. 30.', 'Los rangos de las influencias son: (0) sin influencia, (1) influencia sobre procesos, (2) influencia sobre proyectos, (3) influencia sobre misión, (4) influencia sobre existencia. 30. Los rangos de las influencias son: (0) el objetivo es poco consecuente, (1) el objetivo pone en peligro los procesos operativos, (2) el objetivo pone en peligro el éxito de los proyectos, (3) el objetivo pone en peligro el cumplimiento de las misiones del actor y (4) el objetivo pone en peligro la propia existencia del actor. En caso de que el actor este en contra del objetivo se asignara un signo (-) a la valoración.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Figura 30.', 'En caso de que el actor este en contra del objetivo se asignara un signo (-) a la valoración.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Figura 30. Histograma de implicación de actores sobre los objetivos definidos para las variables estratégicas Fuente: E2050: Brigard Urrutia, 2021. Si bien los actores demuestran consenso respecto a sus posiciones frente a los obje- tivos planteados, el gran número de actores autónomos (baja influencia y baja dependen- cia) evidencia que hace falta mayor articulación entre ellos, existiendo así grandes oportuni- dades para lograr dicha articulación, teniendo en cuenta su concurrencia de metas.', 'Si bien los actores demuestran consenso respecto a sus posiciones frente a los obje- tivos planteados, el gran número de actores autónomos (baja influencia y baja dependen- cia) evidencia que hace falta mayor articulación entre ellos, existiendo así grandes oportuni- dades para lograr dicha articulación, teniendo en cuenta su concurrencia de metas. El forta- Histograma de la implicación de los actores sobre los objetivos 2MAO Crecimiento económico Productividad Conservación de la biodiversidad Sistemas de Producción sostenible Ordenamiento Territorial Gases de efecto invernadero Competitividad Deforestación Riesgo climático Pro Contra Nota: en amarillo se evidencia el porcentaje de favorabilidad del actor sobre los objetivos y en morado el porcentaje de oposición, Mactor, 2021. lecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SISCLIMA) puede constituir una alternativa para incrementar la interdependen- cia entre los actores, para el logro de objetivos y metas comunes.', 'El forta- Histograma de la implicación de los actores sobre los objetivos 2MAO Crecimiento económico Productividad Conservación de la biodiversidad Sistemas de Producción sostenible Ordenamiento Territorial Gases de efecto invernadero Competitividad Deforestación Riesgo climático Pro Contra Nota: en amarillo se evidencia el porcentaje de favorabilidad del actor sobre los objetivos y en morado el porcentaje de oposición, Mactor, 2021. lecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SISCLIMA) puede constituir una alternativa para incrementar la interdependen- cia entre los actores, para el logro de objetivos y metas comunes. Finalmente, desde la perspec- tiva de política pública e institucional, deben emprenderse esfuerzos concertados de forma tal que se potencien los beneficios del SISCLI- MA, al tiempo que se reconozcan las falencias propias del diseño institucional y de los instru- mentos normativos y de política pública para integrar efectivamente la acción coordinada de climática.', 'Finalmente, desde la perspec- tiva de política pública e institucional, deben emprenderse esfuerzos concertados de forma tal que se potencien los beneficios del SISCLI- MA, al tiempo que se reconozcan las falencias propias del diseño institucional y de los instru- mentos normativos y de política pública para integrar efectivamente la acción coordinada de climática. Según este escenario, el país crece económicamente y diseña estrategias para mejorar su adaptación y reducción del riesgo, pero su biodiversidad y bosques se deterioran debido a la ineficacia en la aplicación de las estrategias de ordenamiento territorial y reduc- ción de GEI.', 'Según este escenario, el país crece económicamente y diseña estrategias para mejorar su adaptación y reducción del riesgo, pero su biodiversidad y bosques se deterioran debido a la ineficacia en la aplicación de las estrategias de ordenamiento territorial y reduc- ción de GEI. La alta probabilidad de ocurrencia responde, en parte, al escenario actual del país asociado a la pandemia por COVID-19, caracter- izado por altas tasas de desempleo, informali- dad y pobreza, factores que podrían generar tendencias de largo plazo enfocadas en el logro de los objetivos económicos, descuidando aquellos asociados con la protección de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad.', 'La alta probabilidad de ocurrencia responde, en parte, al escenario actual del país asociado a la pandemia por COVID-19, caracter- izado por altas tasas de desempleo, informali- dad y pobreza, factores que podrían generar tendencias de largo plazo enfocadas en el logro de los objetivos económicos, descuidando aquellos asociados con la protección de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad. Frente a este escenario es claro que las acciones de corto, mediano y largo plazo deben ir dirigidas a redu- cir el cumplimiento del escenario más prob- able, atendiendo las cuatro variables reto de este escenario más probable: conservación de la biodiversidad, deforestación, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Frente a este escenario es claro que las acciones de corto, mediano y largo plazo deben ir dirigidas a redu- cir el cumplimiento del escenario más prob- able, atendiendo las cuatro variables reto de este escenario más probable: conservación de la biodiversidad, deforestación, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este resultado de priorización del escenario es muy relevante para el trabajo futuro de la E2050 respecto a los instrumentos de política y normativos, que a su vez orientan y viabilizan todos los demás medios de implementación, ya que el relativo pesimismo que se percibe debe ser el campo de acción para revertir las percep- ciones negativas y avanzar hacia la conciencia nacional de que la transformación planteada sí es posible de alcanzar, con el trabajo articula- do, coordinado, coherente y corresponsable de todos los actores públicos, privados y de la socie- dad civil (incluidas las comunidades étnicas), en cada uno de los territorios y a escala nacional.', 'Este resultado de priorización del escenario es muy relevante para el trabajo futuro de la E2050 respecto a los instrumentos de política y normativos, que a su vez orientan y viabilizan todos los demás medios de implementación, ya que el relativo pesimismo que se percibe debe ser el campo de acción para revertir las percep- ciones negativas y avanzar hacia la conciencia nacional de que la transformación planteada sí es posible de alcanzar, con el trabajo articula- do, coordinado, coherente y corresponsable de todos los actores públicos, privados y de la socie- dad civil (incluidas las comunidades étnicas), en cada uno de los territorios y a escala nacional. De acuerdo con el plano de influencias de los escenarios, la cercanía del escenario de mayor probabilidad (figura 31 escenario número 101000) con el actor Ministerio de Medio Ambi- ente y Desarrollo Sostenible (figura 29), refleja la importancia del actor como coordinador de la E2050, si se quiere dar cumplimiento a las acciones desarrolladas para cada variable.', 'De acuerdo con el plano de influencias de los escenarios, la cercanía del escenario de mayor probabilidad (figura 31 escenario número 101000) con el actor Ministerio de Medio Ambi- ente y Desarrollo Sostenible (figura 29), refleja la importancia del actor como coordinador de la E2050, si se quiere dar cumplimiento a las acciones desarrolladas para cada variable. los actores encargados de implementar e inter- nalizar los mandatos asociados a la resiliencia climática. Solamente a partir de una acción coordinada y concertada en función de las vari- ables específicas más influyentes, se logrará superar el escenario de retos identificados en el ejercicio.', 'Solamente a partir de una acción coordinada y concertada en función de las vari- ables específicas más influyentes, se logrará superar el escenario de retos identificados en el ejercicio. Más allá, se hace necesario que el país adopte una política de revisión periódica del cumplimiento de sus compromisos climáti- cos que le permita adecuar sus políticas y su marco normativo e institucional para cumplir sus objetivos en materia de resiliencia climática a largo plazo, en beneficio de la población y de los ecosistemas por igual (figura 30).', 'Más allá, se hace necesario que el país adopte una política de revisión periódica del cumplimiento de sus compromisos climáti- cos que le permita adecuar sus políticas y su marco normativo e institucional para cumplir sus objetivos en materia de resiliencia climática a largo plazo, en beneficio de la población y de los ecosistemas por igual (figura 30). Análisis de escenarios y probabilidades de ocurrencia Finalmente, el análisis de las posibles rutas hacia los instrumentos normativos y de políti- ca prioritarios para orientar la transformación hacia un país resiliente al clima, se exploraron a través de un análisis cruzado probabilístico para identificar el escenario más factible que lance las alertas necesarias para encaminar los instru- mentos normativos y de política, y con ellos, todos los demás medios de implementación que acompañen y faciliten que la visión de la E2050 se alcance.', 'Análisis de escenarios y probabilidades de ocurrencia Finalmente, el análisis de las posibles rutas hacia los instrumentos normativos y de políti- ca prioritarios para orientar la transformación hacia un país resiliente al clima, se exploraron a través de un análisis cruzado probabilístico para identificar el escenario más factible que lance las alertas necesarias para encaminar los instru- mentos normativos y de política, y con ellos, todos los demás medios de implementación que acompañen y faciliten que la visión de la E2050 se alcance. Así, se identificaron sesenta y cuatro posibles escenarios, todos con grados diferentes de probabilidad, cada uno compuesto por las vari- ables: crecimiento económico, conservación de la biodiversidad, riesgo climático, defor- estación, ordenamiento territorial y reduc- ción de GEI.', 'Así, se identificaron sesenta y cuatro posibles escenarios, todos con grados diferentes de probabilidad, cada uno compuesto por las vari- ables: crecimiento económico, conservación de la biodiversidad, riesgo climático, defor- estación, ordenamiento territorial y reduc- ción de GEI. Precisamente fue el crecimiento económico, la variable estratégica con mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia, a través de la cual se impulsarían la productividad, competitiv- idad y sistemas productivos agropecuarios. De manera muy interesante el escenario que, según el trabajo con expertos y actores interin- stitucionales, resultó como el más probable (83 %) fue el denominado como Colombia un país de grandes retos para alcanzar la resilienciaÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Figura 31.', 'De manera muy interesante el escenario que, según el trabajo con expertos y actores interin- stitucionales, resultó como el más probable (83 %) fue el denominado como Colombia un país de grandes retos para alcanzar la resilienciaÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Figura 31. Plano de probabilidades de los escenarios por su influencia construido a través de la herramienta Smic, 2021 Fuente: (E2050-Brigard Urrutia, 2021). En este marco se propende por la consolidación normativa de los instrumentos existentes31, a partir del fortalecimiento de su implementación y articulación, generando el menor impac- to posible sobre el marco jurídico actual, pero con una gran incidencia sobre la incorporación efectiva del cambio climático en los instrumen- tos.', 'En este marco se propende por la consolidación normativa de los instrumentos existentes31, a partir del fortalecimiento de su implementación y articulación, generando el menor impac- to posible sobre el marco jurídico actual, pero con una gran incidencia sobre la incorporación efectiva del cambio climático en los instrumen- tos. De esta manera, salvo algunos aspectos normativos que requieren ser desarrollados, en su mayoría las propuestas se enfocan en el desarrollo de políticas u otros mecanismos de gestión. De otro lado, se proponen los pasos a seguir para la incorporación de la gestión del cambio climático en los instrumentos de plan- ificación territorial, ambiental y de gestión del riesgo, de forma tal que se viabilice, a partir de una secuencia que plantea horizontes tempo- rales de corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'De otro lado, se proponen los pasos a seguir para la incorporación de la gestión del cambio climático en los instrumentos de plan- ificación territorial, ambiental y de gestión del riesgo, de forma tal que se viabilice, a partir de una secuencia que plantea horizontes tempo- rales de corto, mediano y largo plazo. Bajo esta 6.3.2 Instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento Entendiendo los instrumentos de planificación territorial y ambiental como medios de imple- mentación de la E2050, se proponen recomen- daciones para incorporar el cambio climático y optimizar los instrumentos y la articulación entre ellos, de manera que contribuyan con todo su potencial a alcanzar los objetivos de carbononeu- tralidad y resiliencia al clima en los territorios de Colombia, materializando la visión de largo plazo de la E2050 (CIDER 2021).', 'Bajo esta 6.3.2 Instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento Entendiendo los instrumentos de planificación territorial y ambiental como medios de imple- mentación de la E2050, se proponen recomen- daciones para incorporar el cambio climático y optimizar los instrumentos y la articulación entre ellos, de manera que contribuyan con todo su potencial a alcanzar los objetivos de carbononeu- tralidad y resiliencia al clima en los territorios de Colombia, materializando la visión de largo plazo de la E2050 (CIDER 2021). Imprementacion lógica se aborda el análisis desde el enten- dimiento de la coordinación, concurrencia y subsidiariedad en el ejercicio de las competen- cias para la formulación e implementación de los instrumentos.', 'Imprementacion lógica se aborda el análisis desde el enten- dimiento de la coordinación, concurrencia y subsidiariedad en el ejercicio de las competen- cias para la formulación e implementación de los instrumentos. Las propuestas se agrupan en los siguientes apartes (CIDER 2021): Articulación de las políticas nacionales Se plantea la integración de la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático en el desarrollo de los PIGCCS y PIGCCT, buscando la integración intrasectorial y la definición de lineamientos para la incorporación integrada en los instrumentos a nivel regional y local, así como la conciliación entre el modelo de sostenibilidad y el modelo de desarrollo económico.', 'Las propuestas se agrupan en los siguientes apartes (CIDER 2021): Articulación de las políticas nacionales Se plantea la integración de la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático en el desarrollo de los PIGCCS y PIGCCT, buscando la integración intrasectorial y la definición de lineamientos para la incorporación integrada en los instrumentos a nivel regional y local, así como la conciliación entre el modelo de sostenibilidad y el modelo de desarrollo económico. En línea con los prin- cipios de la ley y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Colombia, los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático deben abordar la mitigación y la adaptación de manera combi- nada32 en sectores prioritarios a través de los PIGCCS y en los territorios, a través de los PIGCCT.', 'En línea con los prin- cipios de la ley y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Colombia, los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático deben abordar la mitigación y la adaptación de manera combi- nada32 en sectores prioritarios a través de los PIGCCS y en los territorios, a través de los PIGCCT. Adicionalmente, se propone avanzar en el desar- rollo de cobeneficios que la implementación de acciones sectoriales se complemente con medi- das integradas de cambio climático. Es importante resaltar que la visión integradora de adaptación y mitigación, y la incorporación de cobeneficios aceleraría la incorporación del cambio climático en la gestión de los ministeri- os e instituciones del Gobierno Nacional e indu- ciría el fortalecimiento de las instituciones y sus equipos de trabajo.', 'Es importante resaltar que la visión integradora de adaptación y mitigación, y la incorporación de cobeneficios aceleraría la incorporación del cambio climático en la gestión de los ministeri- os e instituciones del Gobierno Nacional e indu- ciría el fortalecimiento de las instituciones y sus equipos de trabajo. Se propone que, en el medi- ano plazo, además de las áreas especializadas en cambio climático, el tema haya permeado la política pública de los sectores priorizados que cuentan con PIGCCS de manera transversal.', 'Se propone que, en el medi- ano plazo, además de las áreas especializadas en cambio climático, el tema haya permeado la política pública de los sectores priorizados que cuentan con PIGCCS de manera transversal. La alineación de los PIGCCS con la E2050 es una oportunidad para maximizar las posibilidades de implementación de medidas de cambio climáti- co. Es necesario que los PIGCCS se actualicen en el corto plazo y que además de consolidar una visión integradora (combinando adapta- ción y mitigación), incorporen lineamientos para la integración sectorial al nivel nacional y para orientar las políticas y acciones planteadas de los PIGCCT y los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento ambiental y territorial.', 'La alineación de los PIGCCS con la E2050 es una oportunidad para maximizar las posibilidades de implementación de medidas de cambio climáti- co. Es necesario que los PIGCCS se actualicen en el corto plazo y que además de consolidar una visión integradora (combinando adapta- ción y mitigación), incorporen lineamientos para la integración sectorial al nivel nacional y para orientar las políticas y acciones planteadas de los PIGCCT y los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento ambiental y territorial. Se propone profundizar en la incorporación del cambio climático y el desarrollo de las apues- tas de la E2050 en los PIGCCS; para el PIGCCS MADS, específicamente, en la definición de las áreas protegidas y su manejo y de los elemen- tos de la estructura ecológica en las determi- nantes ambientales y en los POMCA.', 'Se propone profundizar en la incorporación del cambio climático y el desarrollo de las apues- tas de la E2050 en los PIGCCS; para el PIGCCS MADS, específicamente, en la definición de las áreas protegidas y su manejo y de los elemen- tos de la estructura ecológica en las determi- nantes ambientales y en los POMCA. Se plantea el desarrollo de lineamientos concertados entre el MVCT, MADS y la UNGRD para la incorpo- ración del cambio climático en los análisis de amenaza y riesgo de los POMCA, los estudios básicos de riesgo (EBR) y los estudios detalla- dos de riesgo (EDR) de los POT.', 'Se plantea el desarrollo de lineamientos concertados entre el MVCT, MADS y la UNGRD para la incorpo- ración del cambio climático en los análisis de amenaza y riesgo de los POMCA, los estudios básicos de riesgo (EBR) y los estudios detalla- dos de riesgo (EDR) de los POT. Para el PIGCCS MVCT se propone el desarrollo de lineamien- tos en relación con los modelos territoriales y la ocupación sostenible y resiliente del terri- torio, que partan de los EBR y de la estructura ecológica, entre otras determinantes de superi- or jerarquía, lineamientos para la adaptación de los sistemas estructurantes33, criterios de urban- ismo y construcción sostenible con medidas de adaptación asociadas a los EBR y EDR, manejo del drenaje pluvial34, adaptación a escenarios 31.', 'Para el PIGCCS MVCT se propone el desarrollo de lineamien- tos en relación con los modelos territoriales y la ocupación sostenible y resiliente del terri- torio, que partan de los EBR y de la estructura ecológica, entre otras determinantes de superi- or jerarquía, lineamientos para la adaptación de los sistemas estructurantes33, criterios de urban- ismo y construcción sostenible con medidas de adaptación asociadas a los EBR y EDR, manejo del drenaje pluvial34, adaptación a escenarios 31. Más que proponer transformaciones de los instrumentos en términos de mantenimiento, derogación, creación, articu- lación, combinación, modificación, etcétera. 32. Se propone la construcción de una visión que plantee lineamientos y medidas integrales que aporten tanto a la mitigación como a la adaptación, en lugar de medidas separadas para mitigación o adaptación, como se ha hecho hasta ahora. 33.', 'Se propone la construcción de una visión que plantee lineamientos y medidas integrales que aporten tanto a la mitigación como a la adaptación, en lugar de medidas separadas para mitigación o adaptación, como se ha hecho hasta ahora. 33. Para que el diseño y planificación de los sistemas de movi- lidad, servicios públicos, equipamientos y espacio público contribuyan tanto a la adaptación como a la reducción de emisiones de GEI, en coordinación con los sectores relevantes. 34.', 'Para que el diseño y planificación de los sistemas de movi- lidad, servicios públicos, equipamientos y espacio público contribuyan tanto a la adaptación como a la reducción de emisiones de GEI, en coordinación con los sectores relevantes. 34. En particular con el manejo de caudales de escorrentía en predios privados y reducción del caudal en sistemas públicos de drenaje pluvial (ver reglamento de agua y saneamiento (RAS), r0330/2017, artículo 153 sobre mitigar la impermeabilización diseñando sistemas urbanos de drena- je sostenible para reducir caudal pico y evitar sobrecargas de los sistemas pluviales y posteriores inundaciones).Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de sequía asociados con el ahorro de agua y la reducción de emisiones por ahorro de energía en edificaciones35 y su relación con las licencias de urbanismo y construcción.', 'En particular con el manejo de caudales de escorrentía en predios privados y reducción del caudal en sistemas públicos de drenaje pluvial (ver reglamento de agua y saneamiento (RAS), r0330/2017, artículo 153 sobre mitigar la impermeabilización diseñando sistemas urbanos de drena- je sostenible para reducir caudal pico y evitar sobrecargas de los sistemas pluviales y posteriores inundaciones).Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de sequía asociados con el ahorro de agua y la reducción de emisiones por ahorro de energía en edificaciones35 y su relación con las licencias de urbanismo y construcción. También podría aportar desarrollando los instrumentos de gestión y financiación del desarrollo urbano de la Ley 9 de 1989 y la Ley 388 de 1997.', 'También podría aportar desarrollando los instrumentos de gestión y financiación del desarrollo urbano de la Ley 9 de 1989 y la Ley 388 de 1997. Finalmente, se propone conciliar el modelo de sostenibilidad con el modelo de desarrollo económico, por lo que es fundamental que los PIGCCS, el PND y en general los instrumentos que definen políticas nacionales se alineen con los objetivos, apuestas y propuestas de trans- formación de la E2050, con los compromisos adquiridos por el país a través de las NDC y que se replanteen mensajes basados en combustibles fósiles y la explotación de los ecosistemas que contradicen el modelo de sostenibilidad para un futuro carbono neutral y resiliente al clima.', 'Finalmente, se propone conciliar el modelo de sostenibilidad con el modelo de desarrollo económico, por lo que es fundamental que los PIGCCS, el PND y en general los instrumentos que definen políticas nacionales se alineen con los objetivos, apuestas y propuestas de trans- formación de la E2050, con los compromisos adquiridos por el país a través de las NDC y que se replanteen mensajes basados en combustibles fósiles y la explotación de los ecosistemas que contradicen el modelo de sostenibilidad para un futuro carbono neutral y resiliente al clima. Territorialización de las políticas nacionales Frente a la territorialización de las políticas nacionales se propone i) profundizar en la integración de los lineamientos nacionales de cambio climático en los instrumentos de orde- namiento territorial, ambiental y del desarrollo, ii) materializar la incorporación del componen- te de gestión del riesgo en los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial y planificación del desarrollo en articulación con los de plani- ficación ambiental y optimizar sus alcances técnicos y escalas, iii) fortalecer la planificación desde la perspectiva regional para responder a retos que sobrepasan los límites político admin- istrativos, iv) profundizar la capacidad de imple- mentación de los instrumentos, la gestión y financiación, así como el seguimiento y evalu- ación, v) la priorización de procesos de forta- lecimiento institucional y asistencia técnica, mejorando la información disponible para todo el territorio, vi) aprovechar la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz como una oportunidad para acortar las brechas territoriales.', 'Territorialización de las políticas nacionales Frente a la territorialización de las políticas nacionales se propone i) profundizar en la integración de los lineamientos nacionales de cambio climático en los instrumentos de orde- namiento territorial, ambiental y del desarrollo, ii) materializar la incorporación del componen- te de gestión del riesgo en los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial y planificación del desarrollo en articulación con los de plani- ficación ambiental y optimizar sus alcances técnicos y escalas, iii) fortalecer la planificación desde la perspectiva regional para responder a retos que sobrepasan los límites político admin- istrativos, iv) profundizar la capacidad de imple- mentación de los instrumentos, la gestión y financiación, así como el seguimiento y evalu- ación, v) la priorización de procesos de forta- lecimiento institucional y asistencia técnica, mejorando la información disponible para todo el territorio, vi) aprovechar la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz como una oportunidad para acortar las brechas territoriales. Adicionalmente, se propone vii) consolidar enfo- ques diferenciales y modelos de gobernanza en la planeación del desarrollo, el ordenamiento territorial, ordenamiento ambiental y de cambio climático acordes con las dinámicas territoriales y particulares de ocupación y uso de los territorios y desarrollar modelos de gradualidad y diversidad en los instrumentos de planeación, de acuerdo con las capacidades institucionales y las necesi- dades de incorporación del cambio climático.', 'Adicionalmente, se propone vii) consolidar enfo- ques diferenciales y modelos de gobernanza en la planeación del desarrollo, el ordenamiento territorial, ordenamiento ambiental y de cambio climático acordes con las dinámicas territoriales y particulares de ocupación y uso de los territorios y desarrollar modelos de gradualidad y diversidad en los instrumentos de planeación, de acuerdo con las capacidades institucionales y las necesi- dades de incorporación del cambio climático. Temporalidad y secuencia de los instrumentos En el largo plazo se debe lograr que los diferentes instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, planificación ambiental, gestión del riesgo, orde- namiento territorial y planificación del desarrol- lo cuenten con una secuencia, garantizando un marco lógico y armónico entre los instrumen- tos. Lo anterior, atendiendo a los principios de integración, prospectiva y gradualidad estable- cidos en la LOOT.', 'Lo anterior, atendiendo a los principios de integración, prospectiva y gradualidad estable- cidos en la LOOT. En el corto plazo, para lograr la inclusión del componente de gestión del cambio climático en los POT, se deben adoptar los PIGCCS y definir los mecanismos para su observancia en los demás instrumentos a través de las guías técnicas respectivas. Igualmente, el Gobierno Nacional debe reglamentar el artículo 10 de la Ley 388 de 1997, según la autorización contenida en la Ley 1931 de 2018. Frente a la incorporación de la gestión del riesgo se destaca la necesidad de unificar las metodologías de los estudios de riesgo, sien- do fundamental unificar criterios básicos u homologar metodologías, sin cerrar la puerta a nuevos métodos considerados más adec- uados que surjan en el tiempo.', 'Frente a la incorporación de la gestión del riesgo se destaca la necesidad de unificar las metodologías de los estudios de riesgo, sien- do fundamental unificar criterios básicos u homologar metodologías, sin cerrar la puerta a nuevos métodos considerados más adec- uados que surjan en el tiempo. Asimismo, el Gobierno Nacional debe apoyar a las entidades territoriales, esquemas asociativos territoria- les y autoridades ambientales en la adopción de los PIGCCT y su articulación con los instru- mentos ambientales, de planificación del desarrollo y de gestión del riesgo, culminando con el apoyo en la revisión y ajuste de los POT para la inclusión de los anteriores.', 'Asimismo, el Gobierno Nacional debe apoyar a las entidades territoriales, esquemas asociativos territoria- les y autoridades ambientales en la adopción de los PIGCCT y su articulación con los instru- mentos ambientales, de planificación del desarrollo y de gestión del riesgo, culminando con el apoyo en la revisión y ajuste de los POT para la inclusión de los anteriores. A partir de la secuencia precedente se debe igualmente promover la armonización de los componen- tes programáticos de los diferentes instru- mentos de planificación ambiental, territorial y del desarrollo y priorizar fuentes de financia- ción para la implementación. Control y seguimiento En cuanto a los instrumentos de planifi- cación del ordenamiento territorial, ambien- tal, gestión del riesgo y gestión del cambio climático, se propone fortalecer la capacidad institucional para ejercer el control, monitoreo y seguimiento de los instrumentos.', 'Control y seguimiento En cuanto a los instrumentos de planifi- cación del ordenamiento territorial, ambien- tal, gestión del riesgo y gestión del cambio climático, se propone fortalecer la capacidad institucional para ejercer el control, monitoreo y seguimiento de los instrumentos. Igual- mente, proponer un plan estructural de largo y corto plazo para hacerle frente a la dificultad histórica que existe en Colombia relaciona- da con el control, vigilancia y seguimiento de los instrumentos en el territorio. Es necesario establecer sistemas de información y cono- cimiento para la gestión que permitan tomar decisiones frente a la adaptación al cambio climático y articular los Planes de Gestión Ambiental Regional (PGAR) con los demás ejes estratégicos, como una oportunidad para centralizar las acciones en materia de gestión ambiental y cambio climático. 35.', 'Es necesario establecer sistemas de información y cono- cimiento para la gestión que permitan tomar decisiones frente a la adaptación al cambio climático y articular los Planes de Gestión Ambiental Regional (PGAR) con los demás ejes estratégicos, como una oportunidad para centralizar las acciones en materia de gestión ambiental y cambio climático. 35. La resolución 0549 de 2015 del MVCT planteó metas grad- uales de ahorro de agua y energía para las ciudades del país, estas se vienen implementando desde su expedición.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Se requiere el fortalecimiento de herramien- tas para organizar, administrar y producir infor- mación asociada a los aspectos territoriales y ambientales de las diferentes entidades territoria- les, el fortalecimiento institucional, generación de capacidades en términos técnicos, metodológicos y de construcción y evaluación de indicadores que permitan tanto la definición de líneas bases sólidas como su ejecución y operatividad en coordinación con las iniciativas nacionales en el marco del siste- ma de ciudades.', 'La resolución 0549 de 2015 del MVCT planteó metas grad- uales de ahorro de agua y energía para las ciudades del país, estas se vienen implementando desde su expedición.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Se requiere el fortalecimiento de herramien- tas para organizar, administrar y producir infor- mación asociada a los aspectos territoriales y ambientales de las diferentes entidades territoria- les, el fortalecimiento institucional, generación de capacidades en términos técnicos, metodológicos y de construcción y evaluación de indicadores que permitan tanto la definición de líneas bases sólidas como su ejecución y operatividad en coordinación con las iniciativas nacionales en el marco del siste- ma de ciudades. Para estos efectos, se plantea la formulación de un plan estructural a largo plazo adoptado a través de una política de Estado que abarque varios frentes con el diseño de objetivos claros, metas realistas y articulando los instrumen- tos que ordenan el gasto y las fuentes de finan- ciación, así como el diseño de una política pública criminal con componentes jurídicos, económicos, culturales y tecnológicos que atienda las conduc- tas delictivas que lleven a daños ambientales, bajo el reconocimiento de las realidades propias de cada territorio y los actores involucrados.', 'Para estos efectos, se plantea la formulación de un plan estructural a largo plazo adoptado a través de una política de Estado que abarque varios frentes con el diseño de objetivos claros, metas realistas y articulando los instrumen- tos que ordenan el gasto y las fuentes de finan- ciación, así como el diseño de una política pública criminal con componentes jurídicos, económicos, culturales y tecnológicos que atienda las conduc- tas delictivas que lleven a daños ambientales, bajo el reconocimiento de las realidades propias de cada territorio y los actores involucrados. Gobernanza climática Propone diseñar mejores mecanismos de diálogo con los actores del territorio a partir del reconocimiento de sus formas organizativas y la necesidad de encontrar escenarios en donde la voz de los participantes trascienda hacia esce- narios de responsabilidad y legitimidad, por lo cual, se considera la participación ciudadana como un elemento transversal para lograr la E2050 y avanzar en i) la articulación de los espa- cios comunitarios con los espacios de toma de decisiones, ii) extender la participación en todo el ciclo de la política pública y iii) profundizar el alcance de la participación hacia escenarios de involucramiento y responsabilidad.', 'Gobernanza climática Propone diseñar mejores mecanismos de diálogo con los actores del territorio a partir del reconocimiento de sus formas organizativas y la necesidad de encontrar escenarios en donde la voz de los participantes trascienda hacia esce- narios de responsabilidad y legitimidad, por lo cual, se considera la participación ciudadana como un elemento transversal para lograr la E2050 y avanzar en i) la articulación de los espa- cios comunitarios con los espacios de toma de decisiones, ii) extender la participación en todo el ciclo de la política pública y iii) profundizar el alcance de la participación hacia escenarios de involucramiento y responsabilidad. Asimismo, se considera importante el diseño de espacios de interacción que permitan ver la capacidad de los diferentes actores sociales, sus agen- das programáticas, objetivos políticos y posib- ilidades de articulación, que en el caso de las formas organizativas como las Juntas de Acción Comunal (JAC); las figuras de organización indí- gena como parcialidades, cabildos, resguardos; los espacios autónomos de las organizaciones afro, entre otros, deberían ser percibidos como actores anclados en los territorios, con agen- das y procesos que trascienden el espacio de encuentro y donde el objetivo del diálogo sea la articulación de agendas institucionales con las organizaciones sociales.', 'Asimismo, se considera importante el diseño de espacios de interacción que permitan ver la capacidad de los diferentes actores sociales, sus agen- das programáticas, objetivos políticos y posib- ilidades de articulación, que en el caso de las formas organizativas como las Juntas de Acción Comunal (JAC); las figuras de organización indí- gena como parcialidades, cabildos, resguardos; los espacios autónomos de las organizaciones afro, entre otros, deberían ser percibidos como actores anclados en los territorios, con agen- das y procesos que trascienden el espacio de encuentro y donde el objetivo del diálogo sea la articulación de agendas institucionales con las organizaciones sociales. En tanto, la gobernanza se trata de crear esce- narios de articulación a partir de la comprensión de las formas organizativas propias de cada terri- torio y en donde se formulen modelos con enfo- que territorial.', 'En tanto, la gobernanza se trata de crear esce- narios de articulación a partir de la comprensión de las formas organizativas propias de cada terri- torio y en donde se formulen modelos con enfo- que territorial. De esta manera, la participación ciudadana en clave de gobernanza, trasciende en los escenarios de consulta y busca que los actores locales sean parte activa durante todo el ciclo de la política: formulación, implementación, control y seguimiento, además de extenderse a todas las fases del ciclo de la política y tener la capacidad de impactar efectivamente en el diseño de políti- cas públicas sobre cambio climático a nivel nacio- nal y en la regulación e implementación a nivel departamental y municipal.', 'De esta manera, la participación ciudadana en clave de gobernanza, trasciende en los escenarios de consulta y busca que los actores locales sean parte activa durante todo el ciclo de la política: formulación, implementación, control y seguimiento, además de extenderse a todas las fases del ciclo de la política y tener la capacidad de impactar efectivamente en el diseño de políti- cas públicas sobre cambio climático a nivel nacio- nal y en la regulación e implementación a nivel departamental y municipal. Incorporación de la E2050 y sus apuestas en los instrumentos de planificación y orde- namiento territorial y ambiental Esta sección plantea qué desarrollar o profun- dizar en los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental para contribuir a la implementación de la E2050 y sus apuestas para la construcción de un futu- ro carbono neutral y resiliente al clima en los territorios de Colombia.', 'Incorporación de la E2050 y sus apuestas en los instrumentos de planificación y orde- namiento territorial y ambiental Esta sección plantea qué desarrollar o profun- dizar en los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental para contribuir a la implementación de la E2050 y sus apuestas para la construcción de un futu- ro carbono neutral y resiliente al clima en los territorios de Colombia. La figura 32, a continu- ación, muestra los instrumentos priorizados, los ejes estratégicos y las apuestas de la E2050. Es importante resaltar el traslape entre algunos instrumentos en los ejes estratégicos de la planificación y el ordenamiento territorial y ambiental, y con las apuestas de la E2050. Estos traslapes suponen transformaciones y cambi- os en algunos casos, pero en otros suponen la integración y articulación entre instrumentos.Figura 32.', 'Estos traslapes suponen transformaciones y cambi- os en algunos casos, pero en otros suponen la integración y articulación entre instrumentos.Figura 32. Relaciones entre las apuestas de la E2050 y los componentes de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento ambiental y territorial Fuente: E2050: CIDER Universidad de los Andes, 2021. Ejes estratégicos Cambio climático Ordenamiento ambiental Apuestas PIGCCS PIGCCT POMCA PGRD POT PND/PDD/PDM PIGCCS PIGCCT DETERMINANTES AMBIENTALES POMCA POMCA PGDF PGRD POT POT-SP-EE PIGCCS MADS PIGCCS MADS 1. Si tiene cambio climático incorporado 2. SP - EE: Suelo de protección - Estructura ecológica 3. EBR: Estudios Básicos de Riesgo - Suelo de protección - condición de amenaza / riesgo 4. Suelo de protección - Producción agrícola / compo- nente rural - CDR - Categoría de desarrollo restringido 5. Suelo de protección - Servicios públicos - Patrimonio cultural / componente urbano 6.', 'Suelo de protección - Servicios públicos - Patrimonio cultural / componente urbano 6. Sistemas Estructurantes: Movilidad - Servicios Públicos - Espacio Público - Equipamientos 7.', 'Sistemas Estructurantes: Movilidad - Servicios Públicos - Espacio Público - Equipamientos 7. Planes de Manejo Ambiental y Áreas protegidas Notas Gestión de riesgos Ordenamiento territorial Planificación del desarrollo PND/PDD/PDM ANÁLISIS DE AMENAZA Y RIESGO POT-SP-EBR POT RURAL POT URB SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURANTES CONOCIMIENTO DEL RIESGO MEDIDAS DE ADAPTACIÓN CC PIGCCS MADS PIGCCS MADS PIGCCS MADS Apuestas AP1: Conocimiento climático y gestión de riesgos AP2: Biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos AP3: Producción y consumo sostenible AP4: Transición justa de la fuerza laboral AP5: Desarrollo rural, marino y costero residentes AP6: Desarrollo urbano integral AP7: Matriz energética diversificada AP8: Movilidad e infraestructura sostenible AP9: Adaptación población y sistema de saludÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Para el desarrollo de esta apuesta se plantea la incorporación del cambio climático en la reduc- ción del riesgo y en la planificación ambiental y territorial y en el desarrollo de escenarios de clima futuro más precisos y localizados36 que permitan dicha incorporación.', 'Planes de Manejo Ambiental y Áreas protegidas Notas Gestión de riesgos Ordenamiento territorial Planificación del desarrollo PND/PDD/PDM ANÁLISIS DE AMENAZA Y RIESGO POT-SP-EBR POT RURAL POT URB SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURANTES CONOCIMIENTO DEL RIESGO MEDIDAS DE ADAPTACIÓN CC PIGCCS MADS PIGCCS MADS PIGCCS MADS Apuestas AP1: Conocimiento climático y gestión de riesgos AP2: Biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos AP3: Producción y consumo sostenible AP4: Transición justa de la fuerza laboral AP5: Desarrollo rural, marino y costero residentes AP6: Desarrollo urbano integral AP7: Matriz energética diversificada AP8: Movilidad e infraestructura sostenible AP9: Adaptación población y sistema de saludÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Para el desarrollo de esta apuesta se plantea la incorporación del cambio climático en la reduc- ción del riesgo y en la planificación ambiental y territorial y en el desarrollo de escenarios de clima futuro más precisos y localizados36 que permitan dicha incorporación. Se propone profundizar la incorporación de escenarios futuros e históricos de amenaza y riesgo, en los análisis de amena- za y riesgo para las cuencas hidrográficas de los POMCA a cargo de las autoridades ambientales en la escala 1:25.000 para el suelo rural y en los estudios básicos de riesgo (EBR) de los POT que analizan el riesgo, incluyendo análisis de amena- za, vulnerabilidad y exposición a cargo de los municipios, en particular para el suelo urbano, de expansión y los asentamientos humanos e infraestructura crítica en el suelo rural a escala 1:5.000.', 'Se propone profundizar la incorporación de escenarios futuros e históricos de amenaza y riesgo, en los análisis de amena- za y riesgo para las cuencas hidrográficas de los POMCA a cargo de las autoridades ambientales en la escala 1:25.000 para el suelo rural y en los estudios básicos de riesgo (EBR) de los POT que analizan el riesgo, incluyendo análisis de amena- za, vulnerabilidad y exposición a cargo de los municipios, en particular para el suelo urbano, de expansión y los asentamientos humanos e infraestructura crítica en el suelo rural a escala 1:5.000. Se recomienda priorizar los territorios con mayor concentración de elementos expuestos (aglom- eraciones urbanas) o los que se encuentren en mayor riesgo; también completar los EBR de los POT para las amenazas y riesgo de inundación, avenidas torrenciales y movimiento en masa priorizadas en Colombia; simultáneamente se propone avanzar en el conocimiento e incorpo- ración de fenómenos relacionados con la variab- ilidad climática y las amenazas y riesgos marino costeros37, y otros, como la sequía y los incendios forestales que los POMCA y POMIUAC podrían empezar a aportar en la escala regional, bajo el esquema de gradualidad y subsidiariedad.', 'Se recomienda priorizar los territorios con mayor concentración de elementos expuestos (aglom- eraciones urbanas) o los que se encuentren en mayor riesgo; también completar los EBR de los POT para las amenazas y riesgo de inundación, avenidas torrenciales y movimiento en masa priorizadas en Colombia; simultáneamente se propone avanzar en el conocimiento e incorpo- ración de fenómenos relacionados con la variab- ilidad climática y las amenazas y riesgos marino costeros37, y otros, como la sequía y los incendios forestales que los POMCA y POMIUAC podrían empezar a aportar en la escala regional, bajo el esquema de gradualidad y subsidiariedad. Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Los instrumentos de planificación territori- al y ambiental aportan desde la conservación, extensión, fortalecimiento y manejo de las áreas protegidas y ecosistemas estratégicos para la absorción de emisiones y con AbE y SbN, empezando por las áreas protegidas en la esca- la nacional y regional, pero llegando hasta el fortalecimiento de las estructuras ecológicas en la escala local.', 'Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Los instrumentos de planificación territori- al y ambiental aportan desde la conservación, extensión, fortalecimiento y manejo de las áreas protegidas y ecosistemas estratégicos para la absorción de emisiones y con AbE y SbN, empezando por las áreas protegidas en la esca- la nacional y regional, pero llegando hasta el fortalecimiento de las estructuras ecológicas en la escala local. Además de fortalecer la estruc- tura ecológica principal, se propone consoli- dar la estructura ecológica complementaria, incluyendo la incorporación de medidas en los sistemas urbanos de espacio público y drenaje pluvial, la arborización urbana y los elementos privados con elementos naturales como huer- tas urbanas, cubiertas y muros verdes.', 'Además de fortalecer la estruc- tura ecológica principal, se propone consoli- dar la estructura ecológica complementaria, incluyendo la incorporación de medidas en los sistemas urbanos de espacio público y drenaje pluvial, la arborización urbana y los elementos privados con elementos naturales como huer- tas urbanas, cubiertas y muros verdes. Se plantea promover prácticas de manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales y medi- das de adaptación con énfasis en el mane- jo del recurso hídrico, de la biodiversidad y de las condiciones de conectividad, enfocado en la conservación y restauración de ecosistemas protegidos, corredores ecológicos y elementos para la conectividad ecológica e hidrológica, así como el manejo integral del agua desde la gestión del riesgo de impacto por cambio climático, consolidando la seguridad hídrica de las comunidades y la conservación de los cuer- pos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos.', 'Se plantea promover prácticas de manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales y medi- das de adaptación con énfasis en el mane- jo del recurso hídrico, de la biodiversidad y de las condiciones de conectividad, enfocado en la conservación y restauración de ecosistemas protegidos, corredores ecológicos y elementos para la conectividad ecológica e hidrológica, así como el manejo integral del agua desde la gestión del riesgo de impacto por cambio climático, consolidando la seguridad hídrica de las comunidades y la conservación de los cuer- pos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos. Desarrollo rural sostenible diferenciado por regiones En esta apuesta se plantea que el componente rural de los POT, los POMCA y los PIGCTT, en partic- ular la clasificación del suelo y definición de los usos Producción y consumo sostenibles Para esta apuesta, los instrumentos de planifi- cación ambiental y territorial pueden aportar en la reducción de emisiones de GEI y en la adapta- ción en procesos más sostenibles de cambio de uso del suelo, urbanización y edificación, a partir de una aproximación al ciclo de vida y el diseño de las ciudades y los edificios.', 'Desarrollo rural sostenible diferenciado por regiones En esta apuesta se plantea que el componente rural de los POT, los POMCA y los PIGCTT, en partic- ular la clasificación del suelo y definición de los usos Producción y consumo sostenibles Para esta apuesta, los instrumentos de planifi- cación ambiental y territorial pueden aportar en la reducción de emisiones de GEI y en la adapta- ción en procesos más sostenibles de cambio de uso del suelo, urbanización y edificación, a partir de una aproximación al ciclo de vida y el diseño de las ciudades y los edificios. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral El desarrollo de esta apuesta no se desarrollaría directamente a través de la planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental, pero tiene relación con lo planteado en la apuesta 3.', 'Transición justa de la fuerza laboral El desarrollo de esta apuesta no se desarrollaría directamente a través de la planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental, pero tiene relación con lo planteado en la apuesta 3. Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral En esta apuesta se plantea incorporar lineamien- tos y medidas para la resiliencia urbana en los modelos de desarrollo territorial, bordes urbanos seguros, urbanismo y construcción sostenible y articulación de la planificación urbanorural para la incorporación del cambio climático en suelos de protección y en el suelo rural.', 'Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral En esta apuesta se plantea incorporar lineamien- tos y medidas para la resiliencia urbana en los modelos de desarrollo territorial, bordes urbanos seguros, urbanismo y construcción sostenible y articulación de la planificación urbanorural para la incorporación del cambio climático en suelos de protección y en el suelo rural. Entre los plant- eamientos para la resiliencia en los modelos de desarrollo territorial se propone la revitalización de zonas urbanas existentes, promoviendo la densificación y compacidad en niveles razon- ables en los procesos de urbanización, promov- iendo el desarrollo de infraestructura y nuevos proyectos para la expansión de las áreas urbanas en áreas seguras de acuerdo con los EBR y EDR. También se plantea el desarrollo de bordes urbanos seguros para la creación o consolidación 36.', 'También se plantea el desarrollo de bordes urbanos seguros para la creación o consolidación 36. La planificación será mucho más acertada con el desar- rollo de escenarios de clima futuro más detallados, además es importante resaltar que los datos climáticos históricos de las estaciones meteorológicas del IDEAM son cruciales para el entendimiento del clima pasado y los eventos extremos y patrones climáticos y fundamentales para los modelos climáticos históricos y la calibración de los modelos de clima, amenaza y riesgo futuros. 37. Inundación y erosión costera, ascenso del nivel del mar, ascenso de mareas por tormenta, intrusión salina, tormenta tropical, vendaval, entre otros.', 'Inundación y erosión costera, ascenso del nivel del mar, ascenso de mareas por tormenta, intrusión salina, tormenta tropical, vendaval, entre otros. y patrones de ocupación del suelo rural, aporten a procesos de reconversión para el uso sostenible del suelo rural, en concordancia con su capacidad agrológica, y la diversificación de actividades de producción rural que permitan un balance entre la generación de ingresos para las comunidades rurales y la conservación o restauración de áreas con capacidad de absorción de emisiones o para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'y patrones de ocupación del suelo rural, aporten a procesos de reconversión para el uso sostenible del suelo rural, en concordancia con su capacidad agrológica, y la diversificación de actividades de producción rural que permitan un balance entre la generación de ingresos para las comunidades rurales y la conservación o restauración de áreas con capacidad de absorción de emisiones o para la adaptación al cambio climático. También se plantea la consolidación de áreas forestadas en rondas hídricas, pendientes pronun- ciadas, así como barreras vivas y la integración y la gestión integral del recurso hídrico y de las áreas marino costeras en la planificación del territorio, que aporten a la absorción de GEI, a la conectivi- dad ecológica y a la consolidación de infraestruc- tura verde para la adaptación al cambio climático.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de espacios de amortiguación entre las áreas con un nivel medio o alto de amenaza o riesgo y las áreas urbanas, armonizando las intervenciones de adaptación con su entorno urbano inmediato y la generación de espacio público, en un esquema intermedio de intervención y restauración38 de las rondas hídricas y ecosistemas riparios, playas, manglares, humedales y líneas costeras o fluvia- les.', 'También se plantea la consolidación de áreas forestadas en rondas hídricas, pendientes pronun- ciadas, así como barreras vivas y la integración y la gestión integral del recurso hídrico y de las áreas marino costeras en la planificación del territorio, que aporten a la absorción de GEI, a la conectivi- dad ecológica y a la consolidación de infraestruc- tura verde para la adaptación al cambio climático.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos de espacios de amortiguación entre las áreas con un nivel medio o alto de amenaza o riesgo y las áreas urbanas, armonizando las intervenciones de adaptación con su entorno urbano inmediato y la generación de espacio público, en un esquema intermedio de intervención y restauración38 de las rondas hídricas y ecosistemas riparios, playas, manglares, humedales y líneas costeras o fluvia- les. Asimismo se promueve la implementación de medidas de retención de agua dentro de espa- cios privados o públicos de la ciudad, la permea- bilidad del suelo y la consolidación de lugares de transición entre la estructura ecológica principal y las áreas urbanas.', 'Asimismo se promueve la implementación de medidas de retención de agua dentro de espa- cios privados o públicos de la ciudad, la permea- bilidad del suelo y la consolidación de lugares de transición entre la estructura ecológica principal y las áreas urbanas. Finalmente, se plantea la implementación de medi- das de adaptación en los procesos de urbanización y construcción que apuntan a generar cambios en el patrón de ocupación del suelo, con énfasis la creación de ciudades más permeables39 en los nuevos desarrollos, pero también aprovechando las oportunidades que ofrecen las zonas ocupadas en baja intensidad y los vacíos urbanos (áreas públicas y privadas y los procesos de revitalización y redensi- ficación del suelo urbano).', 'Finalmente, se plantea la implementación de medi- das de adaptación en los procesos de urbanización y construcción que apuntan a generar cambios en el patrón de ocupación del suelo, con énfasis la creación de ciudades más permeables39 en los nuevos desarrollos, pero también aprovechando las oportunidades que ofrecen las zonas ocupadas en baja intensidad y los vacíos urbanos (áreas públicas y privadas y los procesos de revitalización y redensi- ficación del suelo urbano). Además, se plantea la protección de la estruc- tura ecológica principal y su potenciamiento como infraestructura verde para regulación del ciclo hidrológico y aporte a la conectividad ecohidrológica, el desarrollo complementario de SUDS, suelos más permeables (con menor ocupación, e igual o mayor edificabilidad), espa- cio público para la adaptación (parques del agua, lagunas de amortiguación, bordes urbanos permeables).', 'Además, se plantea la protección de la estruc- tura ecológica principal y su potenciamiento como infraestructura verde para regulación del ciclo hidrológico y aporte a la conectividad ecohidrológica, el desarrollo complementario de SUDS, suelos más permeables (con menor ocupación, e igual o mayor edificabilidad), espa- cio público para la adaptación (parques del agua, lagunas de amortiguación, bordes urbanos permeables). Y en edificios, localización adap- tada de la infraestructura y las edificaciones40, drenajes ecológicos, áreas arborizadas y estabi- lización de taludes, cubiertas verdes y seguras, ocupación y tratamiento de suelo permeables.', 'Y en edificios, localización adap- tada de la infraestructura y las edificaciones40, drenajes ecológicos, áreas arborizadas y estabi- lización de taludes, cubiertas verdes y seguras, ocupación y tratamiento de suelo permeables. Matriz energética diversificada Aunque la contribución de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental a esta apuesta será limitada, los POT pueden generar condiciones favorables para la Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Aunque la salud pública está mayoritariamente ausente en la reglamentación y el alcance de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamien- to territorial y ambiental, se plantea fortalecer el vínculo entre gestión del riesgo y salud pública y proveer asistencia técnica a entes territoriales.', 'Matriz energética diversificada Aunque la contribución de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial y ambiental a esta apuesta será limitada, los POT pueden generar condiciones favorables para la Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Aunque la salud pública está mayoritariamente ausente en la reglamentación y el alcance de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamien- to territorial y ambiental, se plantea fortalecer el vínculo entre gestión del riesgo y salud pública y proveer asistencia técnica a entes territoriales. Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles Se recomienda que, además del sistema de movi- lidad, esta apuesta se extienda a la infraestructu- ra de otros sistemas estructurantes como los de espacio público, servicios públicos y equipamien- tos, incrementando la capacidad de adaptación y contribuciones a la mitigación del cambio climático que pueden apalancarse mediante los instrumentos de planificación.', 'Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles Se recomienda que, además del sistema de movi- lidad, esta apuesta se extienda a la infraestructu- ra de otros sistemas estructurantes como los de espacio público, servicios públicos y equipamien- tos, incrementando la capacidad de adaptación y contribuciones a la mitigación del cambio climático que pueden apalancarse mediante los instrumentos de planificación. En esta apuesta se plantea la adaptación de la infraestructura exis- tente y la construcción de nueva infraestructura considerando escenarios de cambio climático. La reducción de emisiones y transporte a través de la compacidad de las ciudades, la optimización de los flujos logísticos, el acceso al transporte masivo y no motorizado. 38. Bordes que incorporen medidas de ecoreducción y AbE, reforestación y arborización, estabilización de taludes, y medidas de infraestructura gris, de ser necesario. 39.', 'Bordes que incorporen medidas de ecoreducción y AbE, reforestación y arborización, estabilización de taludes, y medidas de infraestructura gris, de ser necesario. 39. Ver lo planteado en relación con el manejo de caudales de escorrentía en la sección sobre articulación de las políti- cas nacionales. 40. En áreas seguras fuera de áreas en condición de amenaza o condición de riesgo, pero sobre todo en áreas de riesgo no mitigable.', 'En áreas seguras fuera de áreas en condición de amenaza o condición de riesgo, pero sobre todo en áreas de riesgo no mitigable. instalación de áreas de generación de energías renovables al incluirlos como actividades permitidas o compatibles con los usos del suelo que lo permitan.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Transformaciones y cambios propuestos en los instrumentos de planificación territorial y ambiental, nacional y subnacional en Colom- bia para que contribuyan a alcanzar los objetivos de la E2050 Articulación de políticas nacionales Integrar la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos. Incorporar lineamientos en los PIGCCS para la inte- gración entre sectores y para la territorialización. Conciliar el modelo de sostenibilidad con el modelo de desarrollo económico.', 'Conciliar el modelo de sostenibilidad con el modelo de desarrollo económico. Además de áreas especializadas, el cambio climático ha permeado la política pública de los sectores prioriza- dos que cuentan con PIGCCS de manera transversal. Territorialización de las políticas nacionales Profundizar la integración de los lineamientos nacio- nales de cambio climático en los instrumentos. Materializar la incorporación del componente de gestión del ries- go en los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial y planificación del desarrollo en articulación con los de planificación ambiental. Fortalecer la planificación desde la perspectiva region- al para responder a las dinámicas del territorio que sobrepasan los límites político administrativos. Profundizar la capacidad de implementación de los instru- mentos, en particular en términos de fortalecimiento insti- tucional, gestión y financiación y seguimiento y evaluación.', 'Profundizar la capacidad de implementación de los instru- mentos, en particular en términos de fortalecimiento insti- tucional, gestión y financiación y seguimiento y evaluación. Priorizar procesos de fortalecimiento insti- tucional y asistencia técnica. Mejorar la información disponible para todo el territorio. Acortar las brechas territoriales en los ejercicios de planeación, en el marco de la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz. PROPUESTAS PARA OPTIMIZAR LA CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS INSTRUMENTOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL Y AMBIENTAL A LA E2050 Fuente: E2050: CIDER 2021. Temporalidad y secuencia de los instrumentos Implementar una secuencia lógica para promover la articulación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, planificación ambiental, gestión del riesgo, orde- namiento territorial y planificación del desarrollo.', 'Temporalidad y secuencia de los instrumentos Implementar una secuencia lógica para promover la articulación de los instrumentos de gestión del cambio climático, planificación ambiental, gestión del riesgo, orde- namiento territorial y planificación del desarrollo. Armonizar los componentes programáticos de los diferentes instrumentos de planificación ambiental, territorial y del desar- rollo y priorizar fuentes de financiación para la implementación. Control y seguimiento Desarrollar procesos y mecanismos de seguimiento a la implementación de medidas de cambio climático. Fortalecer el control y seguimiento de los instrumen- tos de planificación y gestión ambiental, ordenamien- to territorial y gestión del cambio climático. Fortalecer el control urbanístico para el cumplimien- to de parámetros asociados al cambio climático. Gobernanza climática Diseñar mecanismos de diálogo con los actores del territorio. Reconocer las competencias de planeación de los pueblos indígenas.', 'Reconocer las competencias de planeación de los pueblos indígenas. Las formas organizativas de las comunidades campesinas y afro son actores relevantes en la implementación de la E2050. Gobernanza y gobernabilidad: aliados en el cumplimiento de la E2050. Fortalecimiento de los instrumentos asociados a apuestas de la E2050 Incorporar escenarios futuros e históricos de amenaza y riesgo, en los análisis de amenaza y riesgo de los POMCA (escala 1:25,000) y en los estudios básicos de riesgo (EBR) de los POT (1:5.000). Priorizar los territorios con mayor concentración de elementos expuestos (aglomeraciones urbanas) o los que se encuentren en mayor riesgo y completar los EBR de los POT (inun- dación, avenidas torrenciales y movimiento en masa).', 'Priorizar los territorios con mayor concentración de elementos expuestos (aglomeraciones urbanas) o los que se encuentren en mayor riesgo y completar los EBR de los POT (inun- dación, avenidas torrenciales y movimiento en masa). Avanzar en el conocimiento e incorporación de fenómenos rela- cionados con la variabilidad climática y las amenazas y riesgos marino costeros y otros como la sequía y los incendios fore- stales (POMCA, POMIUAC), empezando por la escala regional.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos 6.3.3 Educación, ciencia, tecnología e innovación La educación con enfoque en cambio climático será una educación activa para la vida, motivada por la necesidad de responder de manera inte- gral, y desde el conocimiento y la práctica, las inquietudes personales de cada sujeto en su trayectoria educativa.', 'Avanzar en el conocimiento e incorporación de fenómenos rela- cionados con la variabilidad climática y las amenazas y riesgos marino costeros y otros como la sequía y los incendios fore- stales (POMCA, POMIUAC), empezando por la escala regional.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos 6.3.3 Educación, ciencia, tecnología e innovación La educación con enfoque en cambio climático será una educación activa para la vida, motivada por la necesidad de responder de manera inte- gral, y desde el conocimiento y la práctica, las inquietudes personales de cada sujeto en su trayectoria educativa. Resaltará el sentido de urgencia, la responsabilidad compartida y la movilización de acciones climáticas por parte de la comunidad educativa y de los diferentes acto- res sociales en el territorio con el desarrollo de misiones escolares y misiones sociales alineadas con las grandes misiones de CTI definidas a nivel nacional (Parque Explora, 2021).', 'Resaltará el sentido de urgencia, la responsabilidad compartida y la movilización de acciones climáticas por parte de la comunidad educativa y de los diferentes acto- res sociales en el territorio con el desarrollo de misiones escolares y misiones sociales alineadas con las grandes misiones de CTI definidas a nivel nacional (Parque Explora, 2021). Se impulsará en toda la comunidad educativa la construcción de una visión holística en torno a la comprensión de la naturaleza a partir del conocimiento científico, multicultural y tradicio- nal, producto del reconocimiento de los saberes, necesidades, roles, habilidades e intereses difer- enciados de todas las comunidades y grupos sociales en los territorios del país. Se contemplará el acceso al material referente a cambio climático en distintas lenguas de comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y raizales, de manera que estas sean sujeto (no solo objeto) de conocimientos.', 'Se contemplará el acceso al material referente a cambio climático en distintas lenguas de comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y raizales, de manera que estas sean sujeto (no solo objeto) de conocimientos. Asimismo, se hará un especial énfasis en poten- ciar los roles, habilidades y actitudes de hombres y mujeres en la gestión del cambio climático, para que el conocimiento, desde la educación y la CTI, avance hacia la igualdad de género. Es necesaria una permanente revisión de todas las propuestas de educación y CTI en relación con la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático para garantizar la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades de todos los géneros y con perspectivas sobre sus necesi- dades particulares. La investigación, direccionada por maestros y otras personas con experiencia, será vital en las dinámi- cas del conocimiento y del aprendizaje con senti- do.', 'La investigación, direccionada por maestros y otras personas con experiencia, será vital en las dinámi- cas del conocimiento y del aprendizaje con senti- do. Permitirá responder a las inquietudes de los estudiantes de manera crítica y los conectará con el bien común y el desarrollo colectivo, además de contribuir a la creación de mejores futuros para todos y de estimular vocación de futuros investi- gadores en todas las áreas del conocimiento desde edades tempranas. La educación y la CTI (comprensión y valoración de la relación interdependiente y compleja entre humano y naturaleza) serán las grandes dinam- izadoras del cambio de mentalidad, el desarrollo de capacidades individuales (mindset) y colectivas (mainstream) y la transformación (cultural, social, política y económica) del país.', 'La educación y la CTI (comprensión y valoración de la relación interdependiente y compleja entre humano y naturaleza) serán las grandes dinam- izadoras del cambio de mentalidad, el desarrollo de capacidades individuales (mindset) y colectivas (mainstream) y la transformación (cultural, social, política y económica) del país. Para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia climática es necesaria una sociedad que establezca su propio modelo de desarrollo con base en sus potencial- idades y facultades emergentes de crecimiento socioeconómico por medio de leapfrogging (leap frogs strategy) o estrategias de saltos de rana, como se ha referenciado en español. Los retos planetarios requieren de flexibilidad de los sistemas de educación y de CTI y de la trans- formación de los sistemas, las instituciones y las formas como se mide la producción y gestión del conocimiento.', 'Los retos planetarios requieren de flexibilidad de los sistemas de educación y de CTI y de la trans- formación de los sistemas, las instituciones y las formas como se mide la producción y gestión del conocimiento. Esta adaptabilidad será una opor- tunidad para desarrollar una educación pertinen- te para el contexto local y regional, que fomente la formación integral de una ciudadanía global preparada para asumir dichos retos. Se desar- rollarán estilos de vida y hábitos de consumo sostenibles que incentiven la demanda de nuevos productos y servicios e impulsen la generación de modelos de negocios y de empleos verdes. Esto acelerará la transición justa de la fuerza laboral, con enfoques de derechos humanos, diferencia- les, de género e intergeneracionales.', 'Esto acelerará la transición justa de la fuerza laboral, con enfoques de derechos humanos, diferencia- les, de género e intergeneracionales. Se conformará un gran Sistema Nacional de Apro- piación Social del Conocimiento que permitirá identificar, visibilizar y hacer seguimiento a las acciones emergentes de la sociedad civil en cada territorio para asignar recursos para el estímu- lo y avance de la educación informal y CTI con enfoque en cambio climático. Esto desarrollará una ciencia ciudadana capaz de generar cono- cimiento e información útil y disponible para las comunidades y los tomadores de decisiones, así como detonará acciones de empoderamiento climático que habrán de responder a las circun- stancias propias de cada contexto y que sumarán a la resolución de las misiones sociales.', 'Esto desarrollará una ciencia ciudadana capaz de generar cono- cimiento e información útil y disponible para las comunidades y los tomadores de decisiones, así como detonará acciones de empoderamiento climático que habrán de responder a las circun- stancias propias de cada contexto y que sumarán a la resolución de las misiones sociales. Colombia integrará indicadores de medición de la apropia- ción, aplicación e impacto social del conocimien- to, que evidencien las necesidades, contribuyan a la movilidad social y al bienestar. Las misiones priorizadas por la misión de sabios convocarán a todos los actores de la sociedad y el sistema de CTI será permeado por dinámicas espontáneas de innovación social (de abajo hacia arriba o bottom-up).', 'Las misiones priorizadas por la misión de sabios convocarán a todos los actores de la sociedad y el sistema de CTI será permeado por dinámicas espontáneas de innovación social (de abajo hacia arriba o bottom-up). Esto dará acceso y contribuirá a la implementación (transferencia) y al desar- rollo (generación) de la mejor ciencia, tecnología y conocimiento disponibles para la creación de nuevas políticas y la toma de decisiones. La socie- dad se convertirá en sujeto y objeto de empod- eramiento del conocimiento multidisciplinar y diverso; contribuirá, además, a una transformación sociotecnológica y bioética en todos los territo- rios. Así, la meta será desarrollar en los) colom- bianos habilidades necesarias para asumir este reto planetario: empatía, adaptabilidad, curiosi- dad (imaginación), pensamiento reflexivo (crítico), creatividad, emprendimiento (liderazgo) y capaci- dad de supervivencia (resiliencia).', 'Así, la meta será desarrollar en los) colom- bianos habilidades necesarias para asumir este reto planetario: empatía, adaptabilidad, curiosi- dad (imaginación), pensamiento reflexivo (crítico), creatividad, emprendimiento (liderazgo) y capaci- dad de supervivencia (resiliencia). Colombia diseñará y pondrá en marcha una estrategia educativa para el desarrollo de habi- lidades en inglés, pues este es el idioma natu- ral para comunicar avances en materia de CTI a nivel mundial y desarrollar alianzas de coop- eración internacional. Esto le permitirá al país ser competitivo y hacer colaboraciones con países potencia en educación. Lo anterior fortalecerá el desarrollo de disciplinas STEM+A, el desarrol- lo e implementación de tecnologías exponen- ciales emergentes y convergentes, así como la existencia de una cultura de innovación en las empresas basadas en tecnologías tradicio- nales, transformándolas en empresas de base tecnológica con competitividad mundial.', 'Lo anterior fortalecerá el desarrollo de disciplinas STEM+A, el desarrol- lo e implementación de tecnologías exponen- ciales emergentes y convergentes, así como la existencia de una cultura de innovación en las empresas basadas en tecnologías tradicio- nales, transformándolas en empresas de base tecnológica con competitividad mundial. La educación, formación, sensibilización y fortalecimiento de capacidades es, y seguirá siendo, un medio fundamental para el empod- eramiento de los distintos actores sociales y la movilización de la acción climática conjun- ta. Se requerirá un fortalecimiento de la inter- acción estado-academia-empresa-sociedad civil-ambiente, incluyendo la educación ambi- ental desde las políticas públicas y la institucio- nalidad en la gestión climática, al igual que las apuestas de la E2050, lo que requiere la iden- tificación, desarrollo o direccionamiento de las políticas, estrategias e instrumentos que tienen por propósito acercar la oferta educativa con el mercado laboral.', 'Se requerirá un fortalecimiento de la inter- acción estado-academia-empresa-sociedad civil-ambiente, incluyendo la educación ambi- ental desde las políticas públicas y la institucio- nalidad en la gestión climática, al igual que las apuestas de la E2050, lo que requiere la iden- tificación, desarrollo o direccionamiento de las políticas, estrategias e instrumentos que tienen por propósito acercar la oferta educativa con el mercado laboral. La carbono neutralidad, la adaptación y la resiliencia climática implican una transición socioecológica, que se traduce en dinámicas de los territorios, las comuni- dades y las instituciones, en las que la cultura y la gobernanza deberán tener como dimensión central la sostenibilidad.', 'La carbono neutralidad, la adaptación y la resiliencia climática implican una transición socioecológica, que se traduce en dinámicas de los territorios, las comuni- dades y las instituciones, en las que la cultura y la gobernanza deberán tener como dimensión central la sostenibilidad. Colombia, en 2050, será un país carbono neutro y con una sociedad del conocimiento para la gestión del cambio climático, capaz de implementar y desarrollar por sí misma ciencia, tecnología e inno- vación resilientes a las condiciones hidrometeo- rológicas extremas. Una nación con una conciencia pública fundamentada en la ética, donde primará categóricamente la preservación de la vida, el respeto y el reconocimiento por todo tipo de saberes, además del bien común ecosistémico por encima de cualquier interés particular.Figura 33. Visión CTI y educación para alcanzar la resiliencia climática Fuente: E2050: Parque Explora, 2021.', 'Visión CTI y educación para alcanzar la resiliencia climática Fuente: E2050: Parque Explora, 2021. EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN Y SENSIBILIZACIÓN (educación ambiental) Principios Transición sociotecnológica y socioeconómica + TJFL Apropiación Social del Conocimiento (ASC) • Confluencia de saberes • Ciencia ciudadana • Sistema nacional de ASC Visión holística Conocimiento multicultural, tradicional y científico Vocaciones con enfoque en cambio climático Educación para el trabajo y el dllo. Humano Educación formal Nuevas capacidades del recurso humano Maestros mentores Educación experiencial Transformación cultural Educación informal Bilingüismo Programas técnicos, tecnológicos, ed.', 'Humano Educación formal Nuevas capacidades del recurso humano Maestros mentores Educación experiencial Transformación cultural Educación informal Bilingüismo Programas técnicos, tecnológicos, ed. superior de alta calidad Individual Colectiva INFORMACIÓN, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN SOCIEDAD QUE TOMA DECISIONES BASADAS EN EL CONOCIMIENTO Investigación Misión CTI Misión escolar Misión social Territorialidad Necesidades particulares de las regiones Articulación y capilaridad Interinstitucionalidad Enfoque y lenguaje diferencial • Derechos humanos • Igualdad de género • Edad Cultura de la innovación Arquetipos tecnológicos Medición de la CTI Fortalecimiento de competencias científicas y ciudadanas Enfoque STEM + A Ciencia ciudadana Preservación de la vida Conciencia pública Bien común ecosistémico Sociedad mejor informada Responsabilidades diferenciadas Transferencia tecnológica Propiedad intelectual Desarrollo tecnológico Impacto social Potencialidades de país Facultades emergentes de crecimiento Leap frogs (saltos de rana) EmpresasÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 10. Líneas estratégicas en educación y CTI para la E2050 Fuente: E2050: Parque Explora, 2021. Apuestas Líneas estratégicas Educación, formación y sensibilización Información, ciencia, tecnología e innovación Apuesta 1. Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Técnicos y tecnólogos formados para la obtención, digitalización, análisis y procesamiento de datos apoyados en tecnologías.', 'Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Técnicos y tecnólogos formados para la obtención, digitalización, análisis y procesamiento de datos apoyados en tecnologías. Programas de educación superior y educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano que profundi- cen conocimientos necesarios para la obtención, comprensión y análisis de variables climáticas por medio de modelaciones. Ciudada- nía formada para emprender acciones preventivas y afirmativas para detener la deforestación, reforestar, monitorear y verificar las distintas variables que influyen en la destrucción de los ecosiste- mas. Desarrollo de vocaciones STEM+A en toda la sociedad. Sistemas de alertas tempranas para la prevención y mitigación de impactos adversos causados por eventos naturales y para la anticipación y gestión de brotes de enfermedades.', 'Sistemas de alertas tempranas para la prevención y mitigación de impactos adversos causados por eventos naturales y para la anticipación y gestión de brotes de enfermedades. Centros de síntesis creados como puente entre científicos, la sociedad y tomadores de decisión, en los que, a partir de un trabajo trans- disciplinar y colaborativo, se generen síntesis de conocimien- tos en cambio climático para resolver preguntas y demandas específicas de la sociedad y para política pública. Una sociedad determinada a innovar para la sostenibilidad ambiental. Apuesta 2. Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Estrategias pedagógicas que prioricen la aproximación transdis- ciplinaria, multiescalar y contextu- al. Ciudadanía empoderada para lograr una gobernanza inclusiva, participativa e informada, útil para la toma de decisiones en los territo- rios, que conlleve a la reducción del riesgo climático y a salvaguardar las vidas humanas y su bienestar.', 'Ciudadanía empoderada para lograr una gobernanza inclusiva, participativa e informada, útil para la toma de decisiones en los territo- rios, que conlleve a la reducción del riesgo climático y a salvaguardar las vidas humanas y su bienestar. Investigaciones, en la escala de mayor detalle posible, sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos de Colombia. Tecnologías para el monitoreo de la biodiversidad y del clima, así como para la preservación de las especies, implementadas, también sistemas de información geográfica fortalecidos. Productos promisorios de la biodiversidad en el mercado Apuesta 3. Producción y consumo sostenibles Espacios de experimentación transdisciplinaria. Profesionales en los sectores con mayor potencial para la bioeconomía (agricultu- ra, bioquímico, farmacéutico y cosmético y bioenergía). Desarrollo de habilidades manuales, hazlo tú mismo o (DIY, por sus siglas en inglés) que incentiven el avance tecnológico, la colaboración entre técnicos y profesionales y den respuesta a las demandas de inno- vación del mercado.', 'Desarrollo de habilidades manuales, hazlo tú mismo o (DIY, por sus siglas en inglés) que incentiven el avance tecnológico, la colaboración entre técnicos y profesionales y den respuesta a las demandas de inno- vación del mercado. Sociedad con estilos de vida sostenibles, perso- nas con acceso a una educación en sostenibilidad que se integre desde los primeros niveles con conocimientos prácticos, apro- piando este conocimiento. Investigación para el aprove- chamiento y la susti- tución de materiales. Desarrollos tecnológicos para la recuperación de materiales y de productos obsoletos y para la reutilización de los mismos. Herramientas digitales de logística reversa de residuos y de fortalec- imiento de redes para consumo y producción sostenible local. Incentivo a emprendimien- tos sociales disruptivos a la lógica de consumo y con enfoque en soluciones. Apuesta 4. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Educación técnica y tecnológica fortalecida.', 'Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Educación técnica y tecnológica fortalecida. Fomento del desar- rollo de habilidades para el lider- azgo y el emprendimiento para generación de nuevas industrias y empleos verdes. Desarrollo de capacidades ciudadanas para el aprendizaje de ciencia y tecnología con enfoque en cambio climático. Ciudadanía más vulnerable con acceso a programas de formación para el empleo y con un proce- so de empleabilidad prioritario. Investigaciones transdisciplinar- ias para el establecimiento de una línea base y la definición de diferentes variables de medición, monitoreo y seguimiento. Modelos computacionales y tecnologías, usados para la proyección de esce- narios, la medición de la transición justa de la fuerza laboral y la trans- parencia en el manejo de recursos. Ciencia ciudadana desarrollada. Apuesta 5.', 'Ciencia ciudadana desarrollada. Apuesta 5. Desarrollo rural sostenible diferen- ciado por regiones Educación con un enfoque territo- rial y de género que incluye todos los elementos de los socioecosiste- mas, fortaleciendo la formación a extensionistas en cambio climático y la mejor tecnología disponible. Profesionales y técnicos para nuevas formas de producción agroecológica más sostenibles ambiental y socialmente. Ciudada- nía educada, en los territorios y maritorios, sobre el consumo local. Campo y ciudad interrelacionados. Estudios sistémicos e interdisciplinares de los maritorios colombianos. Investigación en agroecología, los mejores arreglos de sistemas agrosilvopastoriles por regiones, tecnología para incrementar producción. Tecnología para la interoperabilidad de los sistemas de información del sector agropecuario y de los sistemas de información en biodiversidad. Innovación campesina e innovación social y comunitaria promovidas desde la ciencia agroecológica.', 'Innovación campesina e innovación social y comunitaria promovidas desde la ciencia agroecológica. Tecnologías apropiadas para y por las comunidades en los territorios.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Apuesta 6. Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral Capacitación a funcionarios públi- cos en temas de cambio climático. Concientización e información a consumidores sobre las emisiones de CO que se producen a nivel doméstico y urbano; incentivo a ser replicadores de la importancia de un consumo sostenible y veedores en el control y seguimiento de la huella de carbono de los distintos sectores de la economía. Cultu- ra de reconocimiento al cambio climático y acciones climáticas de adaptación y mitigación en las ciudades a partir de estrate- gias de construcción colectiva.', 'Cultu- ra de reconocimiento al cambio climático y acciones climáticas de adaptación y mitigación en las ciudades a partir de estrate- gias de construcción colectiva. Estudios en gestión del riesgo, de adaptación y de ecosiste- mas urbanos como respuesta a las dinámicas sociales en las ciudades acarreadas por el cambio climático. La mejor tecnología disponible para el reuso de aguas residuales, para el manejo, clas- ificación de residuos y su aprove- chamiento. Autogeneración con fuentes renovables de energía en las ciudades con eficiencia energética. Tecnologías de la infor- mación para la toma de decisión sostenibles y sistemas de infor- mación ciudadana sobre la calidad del aire y el nivel de las emisiones. Apuesta 7. Matriz energética diversificada Estrategias pedagógicas que prioricen la aproximación trans- disciplinaria, multiescalar y contextual. Ciudadanía prosu- midora de energía y consci- ente de su consumo.', 'Ciudadanía prosu- midora de energía y consci- ente de su consumo. Investigaciones alrededor de fuentes no convencionales de energía, ciencia de datos y eficiencia energética. Tecnologías limpias y eficientes como base de una matriz energética diversificada. Apuesta 8. Movilidad e infraestructu- ra sostenibles Ciudadanía que se moviliza, preferiblemente, a través de medios de transporte públicos y masivos, a pie o en bicicleta, y, en menor medida, en motos o vehículos particulares eléctricos. Investigaciones sobre la movilidad del país y las infraestructuras sostenibles. Tecnologías al servicio de una movilidad e infraestructuras descarbonizadas y una ciudadanía informada. Apuesta 9. Incrementar la capacidad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Actores regionales formados para una gobernanza que poten- cie los cobeneficios en salud y que prevenga las enfermedades sensibles al clima. Ciudada- nía informada, y con capacidad de respuesta, sobre los efectos climáticos adversos para la salud.', 'Ciudada- nía informada, y con capacidad de respuesta, sobre los efectos climáticos adversos para la salud. Academia que genera infor- mación constante, actualizada, con perspectiva de género y en la escala de mayor detalle posible sobre las amenazas y los impactos del cambio climático en la salud humana, directa o indirectamente. Tecnologías que permitan gener- ar información en tiempo real y que apoyen el sistema integrado de vigilancia y control en salud pública (SIVCSP) y los sistemas de alerta temprana (SAT). 6.3.4 Instrumentos económi- cos y financieros Actualmente, Colombia cuenta con una base legal sólida de instrumentos económicos y financieros que apoyan las políticas ambien- tales y de desarrollo sostenible, en particular, las políticas de cambio climático y crecimien- to verde.', '6.3.4 Instrumentos económi- cos y financieros Actualmente, Colombia cuenta con una base legal sólida de instrumentos económicos y financieros que apoyan las políticas ambien- tales y de desarrollo sostenible, en particular, las políticas de cambio climático y crecimien- to verde. La mayoría de ellos llevan un buen tiempo funcionando y se cuenta no solo con experiencia sobre su viabilidad operativa sino también con su seguridad jurídica. También se cuenta con instrumentos que cumplen con el doble propósito de i) incentivar a los agen- tes privados a desarrollar acciones e inver- siones que colaboran con las metas climáticas y ii) recaudar recursos fiscales que pueden ser utilizados para financiar acciones e inversiones públicas que no tienen esa misma capacidad de recaudo (Econometría 2021).', 'También se cuenta con instrumentos que cumplen con el doble propósito de i) incentivar a los agen- tes privados a desarrollar acciones e inver- siones que colaboran con las metas climáticas y ii) recaudar recursos fiscales que pueden ser utilizados para financiar acciones e inversiones públicas que no tienen esa misma capacidad de recaudo (Econometría 2021). Los instrumentos más importantes con los que se cuenta al momento de la formulación de la E2050 tienen en su mayoría la capacidad para sostenerse en el tiempo y potenciarse para lograr las metas planteadas en la mayor parte de las apuestas desde ahora, hasta por lo menos el año 2050. El orden de priorización de los instrumentos actuales es el siguiente 1. Sistema de comercio de emisiones. 2. Impuesto al carbono. 3. Incentivos a energías alternativas y EE. 4.', 'Incentivos a energías alternativas y EE. 4. Incentivos financieros (tasas, plazos, etcétera). 5. Exención tributaria en proyectos de CTI. 6. Instrumentos financieros Ley 388. 7. Subastas de energía renovable. 8. Incentivo a la capitalización rural. 9. Tasa por utilización del agua. 10. Pago por servicios ambientales. 11. Tasa retributiva. Sin embargo, se han identificado algunos aspectos en los cuales se requerirá de nuevos instrumentos económicos específicos para temas como el incentivo a la bioeconomía, la economía circular, el cubrimiento de riesgos climáticos y la generación de empleos verdes con enfoque de género para adaptación al cambio climático, además de nuevos impues- tos ambientales.', 'Sin embargo, se han identificado algunos aspectos en los cuales se requerirá de nuevos instrumentos económicos específicos para temas como el incentivo a la bioeconomía, la economía circular, el cubrimiento de riesgos climáticos y la generación de empleos verdes con enfoque de género para adaptación al cambio climático, además de nuevos impues- tos ambientales. Para el análisis prospectivo que se presenta a continuación se clasifican los instrumentos de la siguiente forma (Econometría 2021): • Instrumentos de internalización de ex- ternalidades y carbon pricing: son aquellos que buscan determinar el precio de una externalidad dentro del proceso produc- tivo o del consumo (como pueden ser las emisiones de carbono) y buscan inter- nalizar el costo social de esas externali- dades negativas, como parte del precio de los bienes y servicios de la economía.', 'Para el análisis prospectivo que se presenta a continuación se clasifican los instrumentos de la siguiente forma (Econometría 2021): • Instrumentos de internalización de ex- ternalidades y carbon pricing: son aquellos que buscan determinar el precio de una externalidad dentro del proceso produc- tivo o del consumo (como pueden ser las emisiones de carbono) y buscan inter- nalizar el costo social de esas externali- dades negativas, como parte del precio de los bienes y servicios de la economía. • Otros instrumentos de mercado: se trata de la creación de condiciones de mercado para estimular la libre participación de los agentes privados en la financiación de inicia- tivas compatibles con la política climática.', '• Otros instrumentos de mercado: se trata de la creación de condiciones de mercado para estimular la libre participación de los agentes privados en la financiación de inicia- tivas compatibles con la política climática. • Instrumentos de balance de cargas y beneficios: corresponde a intervenciones del Estado para establecer mecanismos de captación de pagos de quienes reci- ben beneficios de una acción pública y trasladarlos adecuadamente a quienes in- curren en los costos de dichas acciones.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos • Instrumentos de subsidio y trans- ferencia: son ayudas directas del Es- tado a los agentes particulares, para cambiar su comportamiento en concor- dancia con las políticas climáticas.', '• Instrumentos de balance de cargas y beneficios: corresponde a intervenciones del Estado para establecer mecanismos de captación de pagos de quienes reci- ben beneficios de una acción pública y trasladarlos adecuadamente a quienes in- curren en los costos de dichas acciones.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos • Instrumentos de subsidio y trans- ferencia: son ayudas directas del Es- tado a los agentes particulares, para cambiar su comportamiento en concor- dancia con las políticas climáticas. • Incentivos adversos: son medidas que afectan negativamente, retrasan o reducen la efectividad de las políticas climáticas y se espera que sean modificados o desmontados. A continuación, se realiza un análisis prospectivo de los instrumentos más relevantes existentes y los nuevos instrumentos que la E2050 propone para lograr su sostenibilidad económica en el largo plazo.', 'A continuación, se realiza un análisis prospectivo de los instrumentos más relevantes existentes y los nuevos instrumentos que la E2050 propone para lograr su sostenibilidad económica en el largo plazo. También se plantea la eliminación o reformulación de instrumentos que generan incentivos adversos a los objetivos de la estrategia (Econometría 2021). 6.3.4.1 Prospectiva de los instru- mentos de internalización de externalidades y carbón-pricing Sistema de comercio de emisiones (SCE) (Ley 1931 de 2018) Es un mecanismo de carbon pricing que asig- na cupos de emisión a las empresas de distintos sectores a los que se establece la obligación de respaldar sus emisiones con estos cupos.', '6.3.4.1 Prospectiva de los instru- mentos de internalización de externalidades y carbón-pricing Sistema de comercio de emisiones (SCE) (Ley 1931 de 2018) Es un mecanismo de carbon pricing que asig- na cupos de emisión a las empresas de distintos sectores a los que se establece la obligación de respaldar sus emisiones con estos cupos. El Estado emite la cantidad de cupos de manera compati- ble con las metas de mitigación y los coloca entre las empresas para que ellas los transen entre sí a través de un mercado regulado. Busca que cada empresa del sector regulado seleccione la alter- nativa más costoefectiva de cumplimiento de sus respectivas metas, tomando como referencia el precio que se forme en el mercado de cupos.', 'Busca que cada empresa del sector regulado seleccione la alter- nativa más costoefectiva de cumplimiento de sus respectivas metas, tomando como referencia el precio que se forme en el mercado de cupos. Con esto se establece, por parte del Estado, la cantidad máxima de emisiones que se pueden permitir de acuerdo con la trayectoria requerida para cumplir las metas, el mercado, al colocar esos derechos de emisión, termina definiendo el precio de estas emisiones. Cumple con un doble propósito: permite generar incentivos para lograr impactos positivos en crecimiento verde y, adicio- nalmente, financia acciones de la política en el sector público y privado, mediante transferencias de recursos entre ellos.', 'Cumple con un doble propósito: permite generar incentivos para lograr impactos positivos en crecimiento verde y, adicio- nalmente, financia acciones de la política en el sector público y privado, mediante transferencias de recursos entre ellos. Incentiva al sector privado a una reconversión tecnológica limpia, al incorpo- rar el costo de la externalidad dentro del proceso productivo para quienes la continúan generando (Vivid Economics et al., 2020). En el periodo previo a 2030 se reglamentará el SCE, para lo cual es importante contar con la retroali- mentación de los agentes regulados que realiza- ron los ejercicios piloto.', 'En el periodo previo a 2030 se reglamentará el SCE, para lo cual es importante contar con la retroali- mentación de los agentes regulados que realiza- ron los ejercicios piloto. Se espera dar comienzo a la primera fase del PNCTE41, se deberán establecer y viabilizar los mecanismos de medición, reporte y verificación, establecer las reglas para la entrega de incentivos a iniciativas no reguladas (offsets o créditos de carbono) y definir los requisitos para la posible asignación directa de cupos a agentes regulados con riesgo de pérdida de competitiv- idad internacional. También se deberán generar espacios de fortalecimiento de capacidades en el sector privado para crear una cultura de reporte de emisiones. Se debe estudiar la posibilidad de incorporar la obligación a las importaciones hayan realizado un pago del precio del carbono en su país de origen.', 'Se debe estudiar la posibilidad de incorporar la obligación a las importaciones hayan realizado un pago del precio del carbono en su país de origen. Durante el periodo 2030-2040 el SCE se debería incorporar dentro de los sectores regulados, las emisiones relacionadas con ganadería y pastoreo, así como las relacionadas con el sector agrícola (CH del arroz y uso de fertilizantes) y al final de la década deberían haberse elimina- do las asignaciones directas a agentes regula- dos que se hayan entregado. Para el periodo 2040-2050 se espera una vinculación del SCE de Colombia en los mercados en la región lati- noamericana y el resto del mundo. Impuesto al carbono (Ley 1819 de 2016) Es un tributo aplicado a la compra de combus- tibles fósiles al productor o importador.', 'Impuesto al carbono (Ley 1819 de 2016) Es un tributo aplicado a la compra de combus- tibles fósiles al productor o importador. La tarifa del impuesto la define el Estado y está de acuer- do con el factor de emisión de cada combustible. Se cobra al inicio de la cadena de distribución de combustibles fósiles líquidos y del gas combus- tible de uso industrial. El costo del impuesto se transmite a través de ella hasta ser incorporado en el precio al consumidor final. En la actualidad, en Colombia se cobra una tarifa equivalente a USD 5 por tonelada de carbono emitido por los combustibles fósiles cubiertos.', 'En la actualidad, en Colombia se cobra una tarifa equivalente a USD 5 por tonelada de carbono emitido por los combustibles fósiles cubiertos. En los años que lleva operando, el impuesto ha dinamizado el mercado voluntario de reducción de emisiones verificadas/certificadas (bonos de carbono) debi- do a la posibilidad que la ley 1819/16 dio al crear- lo42, de no causar el impuesto si se obtienen y se presentan los soportes que evidencian la remo- ción de CO de la atmósfera, por ejemplo, con proyectos de mitigación en el sector AFOLU. En el periodo previo a 2030 se debe reglam- entar la interacción del IC con el SCE, para que las emisiones de los combustibles fósiles no se internalicen dos veces.', 'En el periodo previo a 2030 se debe reglam- entar la interacción del IC con el SCE, para que las emisiones de los combustibles fósiles no se internalicen dos veces. Entretanto deben estudiarse las barreras que han impedido la conformación de organismos de validación y verificación de proyectos de mitigación de emisiones, para tomar los correctivos del caso. Además, deben establecerse estándares de validación y verificación de calidad que permi- tan la contabilización de esas reducciones para el cumplimiento de las metas. Otros impuestos ambiental- es (Ley 1918 y proyecto de Ley de solidaridad sostenible) Existen impuestos como el de uso de bolsas plásticas (decreto 2198 de 2017) que buscan desestimular el uso de ese tipo de empaques desechables y estimular los reutilizables o biodegradables en especial en supermercados y grandes superficies.', 'Otros impuestos ambiental- es (Ley 1918 y proyecto de Ley de solidaridad sostenible) Existen impuestos como el de uso de bolsas plásticas (decreto 2198 de 2017) que buscan desestimular el uso de ese tipo de empaques desechables y estimular los reutilizables o biodegradables en especial en supermercados y grandes superficies. Otros impuestos que se han discutido y que pueden cumplir con este objetivo de internalizar costos ambientales son el impuesto a los plásticos de un solo uso y el impuesto a los plaguicidas. Estos impuestos presentados en el Proyecto Ley de Solidaridad Sostenible en 2021 como fuentes de recursos 41. Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión, es el nombre que la Ley de Cambio Climático (LCC) establece para el sistema de comercio de emisiones de Colombia.', 'Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión, es el nombre que la Ley de Cambio Climático (LCC) establece para el sistema de comercio de emisiones de Colombia. Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión, es el nombre que la Ley de Cambio Climático (LCC) establece para el sistema de comercio de emisiones de Colombia. 42. En el mercado voluntario de «bonos de carbono» o créditos de compensación, los consumidores de combus- tibles gravados pueden adquirir reducciones de emisiones de los proyectos de mitigación para no causar el impuesto al carbono (cancelándolos a favor del sujeto pasivo del impuesto al comienzo de la cadena de suministro). Este mercado es diferente del futuro SCE, pero se espera que se vinculen.', 'Este mercado es diferente del futuro SCE, pero se espera que se vinculen. Un bono de carbono es diferente del futuro cupo transable de emisión del SCE pues el primero reconoce la reducción de emisiones en una tonelada de CO mientras que el cupo o derecho de emisión, autoriza a quien los posee a emitir una tonelada de CO2.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos para un nuevo fondo que se denominaría Fondo de Cambio Climático y Desarrollo Sostenible, el cual financiaría iniciativas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Se espera que antes de 2030 puedan ser considerados y aprobados para que entren en operación.', 'Se espera que antes de 2030 puedan ser considerados y aprobados para que entren en operación. 6.3.4.2 Prospectiva de otros instrumentos de mercado Subastas de energía renov- able (Ley 1955 de 2019) Es un mecanismo que promueve la contratación de largo plazo para proyectos de generación de energía eléctrica que tengan una capacidad efectiva total, mayor o igual a 5 MW. Los comer- cializadores del mercado de energía mayorista están obligados a que entre el 8 % y 10 % o más de sus compras provengan de fuentes no conven- cionales de energía renovable. Esto permite que exista una demanda importante para el desar- rollo de dichas subastas. Es previsible que las subastas en el mediano y largo plazo sigan realizándose, cada vez más frecuentemente y con un número cada vez mayor de oferentes.', 'Es previsible que las subastas en el mediano y largo plazo sigan realizándose, cada vez más frecuentemente y con un número cada vez mayor de oferentes. Para la década de 2030 a 2040, la capacidad instalada en energías limpias permitirá que se minimicen o reduzcan a cero los despachos de carboeléctricas que no cuenten con mecanismos de captura y almacenamien- to de carbono (IPCC, 2005) y durante la década de 2040 a 2050 se espera que suceda algo simi- lar con las térmicas a gas. Varias de estas plantas seguirán existiendo para garantizar la confiab- ilidad del sistema y evitar racionamientos en momentos de insuficiencia temporal de la oferta.', 'Varias de estas plantas seguirán existiendo para garantizar la confiab- ilidad del sistema y evitar racionamientos en momentos de insuficiencia temporal de la oferta. De acuerdo con los escenarios prospectivos y las metas de la estrategia se esperaría que a 2030 la proporción de fuentes no convencionales de energías renovables en el país esté alrededor del 30 % para 2040 dicha proporción aumente a 60 % y a partir de 2050 se estabilice alrededor de 75 %. De cumplirse estos escenarios, en algún momento en la década de 2030 a 2040, o antes, podrían dejar de ser necesarias estas subas- tas especializadas, así como la obligatoriedad de compra de un porcentaje por parte de los comercializadores. Estas tecnologías se integrar- án en las dinámicas normales de los mercados de electricidad.', 'Estas tecnologías se integrar- án en las dinámicas normales de los mercados de electricidad. Fondos de inversión para bioeco- nomía y producción sostenible(nuevo) Este nuevo instrumento se propone con dos objetivos: articular los elementos necesari- os para desarrollar bienes y servicios basados en la biodiversidad y obtener fondos comple- mentarios para viabilizar estas iniciativas. La bioeconomía requiere articular investigación científica y tecnológica aplicada, inversiones e implementación de procesos productivos para lograr un aprovechamiento rentable pero respetuoso de los ecosistemas y las comuni- dades, operación logística eficiente y capacidad de comercialización incluyendo marketing y pedagogía del consumidor. Asumir articulada- mente estos complejos retos demanda impor- tantes recursos financieros.', 'Asumir articulada- mente estos complejos retos demanda impor- tantes recursos financieros. Se propone entonces contar con una combi- nación de fuentes de recursos: subsidio (condi- cionado a cumplimiento de compromisos), financiación blanda o capital de riesgo por parte del estado, aportes en inversión por parte de los gestores de proyecto, aportes en trabajo por parte de universidades o centros de inves- tigación y un componente de capital de riesgo privado. También podrá ampliarse a iniciativas de producción sostenible, bioenergía o economía circular que requieran capital de inversión y sean de un tamaño interesante o que puedan agre- garse para atraer inversionistas de riesgo. Para esto se puede crear un vehículo tipo fondo de inversión con apoyo de la banca de desarrollo para estructurar financieramente los proyectos y atraer capital de riesgo privado.', 'Para esto se puede crear un vehículo tipo fondo de inversión con apoyo de la banca de desarrollo para estructurar financieramente los proyectos y atraer capital de riesgo privado. En este tipo de fondos los inversionistas aportan recursos y la recuperación de su capital como los rendimien- tos, dependerán de los resultados en términos de pérdidas o ganancias de los negocios que se financien. De allí, la importancia de una adecua- da estructuración y de contar con una proporción de recursos no reembolsables (aportados por el Estado o por fuentes de cooperación internacion- al) en aquellas líneas de producción que no alca- nzan a ser comercialmente rentables pero son deseables desde el punto de vista social y ambi- ental y se busca incentivar.', 'De allí, la importancia de una adecua- da estructuración y de contar con una proporción de recursos no reembolsables (aportados por el Estado o por fuentes de cooperación internacion- al) en aquellas líneas de producción que no alca- nzan a ser comercialmente rentables pero son deseables desde el punto de vista social y ambi- ental y se busca incentivar. Se espera que antes de 2030 se cree el programa y se definan las primeras líneas de producción priorizadas. El sector productivo y las comuni- dades, podrá así enfocarse en generar ideas de negocio en esas líneas. Estos procesos podrán entonces ser monitoreados y evaluados de manera que en la década de 2030 a 2040 se pueda ampliar el número de líneas y diversificar la oferta de Colombia en productos derivados de la biodiversidad.', 'Estos procesos podrán entonces ser monitoreados y evaluados de manera que en la década de 2030 a 2040 se pueda ampliar el número de líneas y diversificar la oferta de Colombia en productos derivados de la biodiversidad. En la década de 2040 a 2050, se deberían consolidar y ampliar los mercados y los productos de la biodiversidad deberían represen- tar una alta proporción de las exportaciones. El programa debería entonces desaparecer como apoyo estatal o solo permanecer como mecanis- mo para explorar nuevas líneas de negocio. 6.3.4.3 Prospectiva de los instrumentos de balance de cargas y beneficios Tasa por utilización del agua (Ley 99 de 1993) Es la obligación de todo usuario del agua tomada de fuentes naturales a pagar por el acceso a este recurso.', '6.3.4.3 Prospectiva de los instrumentos de balance de cargas y beneficios Tasa por utilización del agua (Ley 99 de 1993) Es la obligación de todo usuario del agua tomada de fuentes naturales a pagar por el acceso a este recurso. Los recaudos por esta tasa son rentas de las autoridades ambientales que asignan las concesiones de agua y deben destinarse prior- itariamente a actividades de protección y recu- peración de las cuencas hidrográficas. Además, se permite asignar parte de los recaudos a admin- istrar la aplicación del instrumento, incluyendo la generación de información sobre el comporta- miento de las concesiones de agua.', 'Además, se permite asignar parte de los recaudos a admin- istrar la aplicación del instrumento, incluyendo la generación de información sobre el comporta- miento de las concesiones de agua. Es un instru- mento de larga trayectoria y con alto potencial para incentivar un uso racional del agua, pero por las bajas tarifas establecidas por las autoridades nacionales ha tenido poco impacto ambiental y bajo recaudo financiero (OECD/ECLAC, 2014). Se espera su revisión, evaluación, seguimiento y adecuación en la primera fase de la estrategia, antes de 2030, teniendo en cuenta los requer- imientos de las políticas de manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, para fortalecer la aplicación de las políticas de cambio climático.', 'Se espera su revisión, evaluación, seguimiento y adecuación en la primera fase de la estrategia, antes de 2030, teniendo en cuenta los requer- imientos de las políticas de manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, para fortalecer la aplicación de las políticas de cambio climático. De 2030 en adelan- te se espera que se hayan adecuado las tarifas para que internalicen el costo de las inversiones que se requieren para asegurar su suministro regular e incentiven su uso eficiente, como lo sugirió la misión rural (DNP, 2015). En el caso de las trans- ferencias del sector eléctrico a las corporaciones autónomas regionales, se requiere fortalecer los mecanismos de monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MVR) de las inversiones que se realicen con estos recursos para efectos de conservación de las cuencas hidrográficas.', 'En el caso de las trans- ferencias del sector eléctrico a las corporaciones autónomas regionales, se requiere fortalecer los mecanismos de monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MVR) de las inversiones que se realicen con estos recursos para efectos de conservación de las cuencas hidrográficas. Tasa retributiva (Ley 99 de 1993) Según la legislación, es un pago que se debe realizar por el uso de la atmósfera, del agua o del suelo para depositar desechos o desperdicios, aguas servidas, humos o vapores y sustancias nocivas que resulten de actividades humanas, por las consecuencias nocivas generadas por estas actividades.', 'Tasa retributiva (Ley 99 de 1993) Según la legislación, es un pago que se debe realizar por el uso de la atmósfera, del agua o del suelo para depositar desechos o desperdicios, aguas servidas, humos o vapores y sustancias nocivas que resulten de actividades humanas, por las consecuencias nocivas generadas por estas actividades. El recaudo es renta propia de las corporaciones autónomas regionales y debe ser destinado a proyectos de inversión en descon- taminación y monitoreo de la calidad del recur- so respectivo, así como a cubrir los gastos de implementación y seguimiento de la misma tasa.', 'El recaudo es renta propia de las corporaciones autónomas regionales y debe ser destinado a proyectos de inversión en descon- taminación y monitoreo de la calidad del recur- so respectivo, así como a cubrir los gastos de implementación y seguimiento de la misma tasa. Aunque estas tasas tienen una larga tradición, solo se han aplicado a los vertimientos de materia orgánica y sólidos suspendidos a los cuerpos de agua, sin que a la fecha hayan sido reglamentadas para emisiones a la atmósfera o a la disposición de desechos sólidos.', 'Aunque estas tasas tienen una larga tradición, solo se han aplicado a los vertimientos de materia orgánica y sólidos suspendidos a los cuerpos de agua, sin que a la fecha hayan sido reglamentadas para emisiones a la atmósfera o a la disposición de desechos sólidos. Aunque ha tenido efectos ambientales positivos en algunas regiones, laÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos OECD recomienda su evaluación para gener- ar ajustes que permitan potencializarlo a futuro con mayores tarifas y mejores coberturas (OECD/ ECLAC, 2014) (OECD, 2013). En los próximos años, mucho antes de 2030 es importante realizar evaluaciones concluyentes sobre la efectividad de las normas que regla- mentan las tasas retributivas y el desempeño institucional en su aplicación.', 'En los próximos años, mucho antes de 2030 es importante realizar evaluaciones concluyentes sobre la efectividad de las normas que regla- mentan las tasas retributivas y el desempeño institucional en su aplicación. En este periodo se deben expedir normas para ampliar la base de liquidación en vertimientos al agua que se real- izan de manera dispersa y para otros residuos industriales, mineros y agropecuarios, así como para cubrir el costo social de las afectaciones de salud de las emisiones atmosféricas a nivel local. Pago por servicios ambientales (Ley 99 de 1993) El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) es un incentivo que actores públicos o privados, interesa- dos en un servicio ambiental, pagan a los actores que realizan el esfuerzo de conservación o restau- ración de ecosistemas.', 'Pago por servicios ambientales (Ley 99 de 1993) El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) es un incentivo que actores públicos o privados, interesa- dos en un servicio ambiental, pagan a los actores que realizan el esfuerzo de conservación o restau- ración de ecosistemas. Uno de esos servicios puede ser la regulación de caudales y la conservación de cuencas hidrográficas, pero también aplica para la remoción de carbono de la atmosfera.', 'Uno de esos servicios puede ser la regulación de caudales y la conservación de cuencas hidrográficas, pero también aplica para la remoción de carbono de la atmosfera. Los pagos por servicios ambientales se han relacionado frecuentemente con la regulación de corrientes y preservación de fuentes de agua pues la Ley 99 de 1993 que creó la tasa por uso de agua antes mencio- nada, también estableció el pago de un 1 % del valor de las inversiones de los proyectos que utilizaran agua, para asignarlos a la protección de las cuencas abastecedoras (Vivid Economics et al., 2020).', 'Los pagos por servicios ambientales se han relacionado frecuentemente con la regulación de corrientes y preservación de fuentes de agua pues la Ley 99 de 1993 que creó la tasa por uso de agua antes mencio- nada, también estableció el pago de un 1 % del valor de las inversiones de los proyectos que utilizaran agua, para asignarlos a la protección de las cuencas abastecedoras (Vivid Economics et al., 2020). Durante el periodo 2030 a 2040 se espera una consolidación del mecanismo, por lo cual a partir del resultado de las evaluaciones aplicadas se realizarán las adecuaciones normativas que se requieran y se debería comenzar a incorporar recursos privados dentro de las fuentes de finan- ciación.', 'Durante el periodo 2030 a 2040 se espera una consolidación del mecanismo, por lo cual a partir del resultado de las evaluaciones aplicadas se realizarán las adecuaciones normativas que se requieran y se debería comenzar a incorporar recursos privados dentro de las fuentes de finan- ciación. Si bien las tasas de agua las pagarán los privados por los beneficios que obtienen del uso del agua, será necesario establecer otros cobros que permitan remunerar otros servicios ambien- tales y otros tipos de beneficios. El periodo 2040 a 2050 debería ser un periodo de estabilización y crecimiento natural de las áreas con PSA.', 'El periodo 2040 a 2050 debería ser un periodo de estabilización y crecimiento natural de las áreas con PSA. Instrumentos financieros para el orde- namiento territorial (Ley 388 de 1997) Los instrumentos necesarios para financiar las iniciativas de planificación urbana, en general, fueron establecidos por la Ley 388 de 1997, buscan- do la función social y ecológica de la propiedad, la prevalencia del interés general sobre el particular y la distribución equitativa de las cargas y beneficios (Econometría Consultores, 2013). La distribución adecuada de las cargas y los beneficios permite que las actuaciones que se realicen sobre el hábitat de las ciudades sean económica y financieramente viables, asignando los costos a los beneficiarios de dichas actuaciones (Acaldía de Medellín, 2006).', 'La distribución adecuada de las cargas y los beneficios permite que las actuaciones que se realicen sobre el hábitat de las ciudades sean económica y financieramente viables, asignando los costos a los beneficiarios de dichas actuaciones (Acaldía de Medellín, 2006). Es recomendable, antes de 2030, comenzar un proceso de intercambio de conocimientos entre mandatarios locales y de calificación de sus equi- pos técnicos en temas de financiamiento. En muchos de los casos, se requerirán soluciones que además de transformar las ciudades para las generaciones futuras corrijan fallas estruc- turales en el diseño, planificación o desarrollo espontaneo de dichas ciudades, lo cual puede implicar sobrecostos que deben ser redistribui- dos socialmente de una manera justa.', 'En muchos de los casos, se requerirán soluciones que además de transformar las ciudades para las generaciones futuras corrijan fallas estruc- turales en el diseño, planificación o desarrollo espontaneo de dichas ciudades, lo cual puede implicar sobrecostos que deben ser redistribui- dos socialmente de una manera justa. Deben también adecuarse los instrumentos para garan- tizar una distribución de cargas equilibrada entre la generación actual y las generaciones futuras, así como tener en cuenta la capacidad económi- ca diferencial de los ciudadanos. Para ello se deberán gestionar fuentes de recursos de largo plazo, tanto estatales como privadas, las cuales pueden ser de origen nacional o internacional, garantizando que los instrumentos de recaudo tengan la capacidad de mantenerse en el tiem- po.', 'Para ello se deberán gestionar fuentes de recursos de largo plazo, tanto estatales como privadas, las cuales pueden ser de origen nacional o internacional, garantizando que los instrumentos de recaudo tengan la capacidad de mantenerse en el tiem- po. También se debe estudiar la aplicabilidad de estos instrumentos para los ámbitos rurales y desarrollar metodologías y guías de aplicación para los mandatarios locales. Mecanismos de depósito/reembol- so para economía circular (nuevo) Se propone crear un instrumento tributario (gravamen) que se aplicaría a los bienes que generan residuos sólidos no biodegradables. Buscaría incrementar el precio final del bien (aplicando un gravamen). La tasa de este trib- uto debe calcularse de tal manera que genere los recursos necesarios para pagar los costos de reciclaje del residuo.', 'La tasa de este trib- uto debe calcularse de tal manera que genere los recursos necesarios para pagar los costos de reciclaje del residuo. Mediante un fondo parafis- cal se recaudan estos «depósitos» y los recursos obtenidos se transferirían a quien garantice el aprovechamiento y reincorporación del residuo dentro del ciclo productivo, aplicando criterios de economía circular. Como en general uno de los mayores costos son los de recolección de los residuos, este mecanismo puede generar incen- tivos y remuneraciones tanto a los consumidores para devolver los materiales sobrantes, como a la población recicladora en el desarrollo de la recol- ección, acopio y separación.', 'Como en general uno de los mayores costos son los de recolección de los residuos, este mecanismo puede generar incen- tivos y remuneraciones tanto a los consumidores para devolver los materiales sobrantes, como a la población recicladora en el desarrollo de la recol- ección, acopio y separación. En el periodo anterior a 2030 se espera la creación legal de este mecanismo y su reglamentación para los principales materiales, en las fases de 2030 a 2050 se deberán incorporar nuevos mate- riales e incrementar paulatinamente las metas. Seguros catastróficos para infrae- structura pública (nuevo) Se trata de reglamentar la obligación de asegu- rar las infraestructuras públicas frente a contin- gencias climáticas y la incorporación del costo de este cubrimiento de riesgos en los presupuestos, tarifas, peajes y demás sistemas de recaudo y financiación de dichas infraestructuras.', 'Seguros catastróficos para infrae- structura pública (nuevo) Se trata de reglamentar la obligación de asegu- rar las infraestructuras públicas frente a contin- gencias climáticas y la incorporación del costo de este cubrimiento de riesgos en los presupuestos, tarifas, peajes y demás sistemas de recaudo y financiación de dichas infraestructuras. En esta dirección, el Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ha propuesto ampliar los seguros para reducir la vulnerabilidad fiscal al cambio climáti- co, teniendo en cuenta que durante el fenóme- no de La Niña de 2010-2011 solamente el 7 % las pérdidas provocadas estaban aseguradas (OECD/ ECLAC, 2014).', 'En esta dirección, el Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público ha propuesto ampliar los seguros para reducir la vulnerabilidad fiscal al cambio climáti- co, teniendo en cuenta que durante el fenóme- no de La Niña de 2010-2011 solamente el 7 % las pérdidas provocadas estaban aseguradas (OECD/ ECLAC, 2014). Se espera, mucho antes de 2030, establecer la obligación de adquirir este seguro a cargo de aquellos agentes económicos públicos o privados que construyan obras de infraestructuras, de tal manera que su costo se incorpore dentro de los esquemas de remuneración correspondientes (tarifas, peaje, pagos por contratos, etcétera).', 'Se espera, mucho antes de 2030, establecer la obligación de adquirir este seguro a cargo de aquellos agentes económicos públicos o privados que construyan obras de infraestructuras, de tal manera que su costo se incorpore dentro de los esquemas de remuneración correspondientes (tarifas, peaje, pagos por contratos, etcétera). 6.3.4.4 Prospectiva de los instru- mentos de subsidio y transferencia Incentivos financieros a la mitigación y adaptación como redescuento y tasas compensadas, plazos y periodos de gracia (actual por transformar) Comprende la creación de líneas de crédito con tasa preferencial condicionada al cumplimiento de metas de mitigación o adaptación al cambio climático y en general proyectos relacionados con todas las apuestas de la estrategia, de acuerdo con la taxonomía verde que se expedirá durante la primera fase de la E2050.', '6.3.4.4 Prospectiva de los instru- mentos de subsidio y transferencia Incentivos financieros a la mitigación y adaptación como redescuento y tasas compensadas, plazos y periodos de gracia (actual por transformar) Comprende la creación de líneas de crédito con tasa preferencial condicionada al cumplimiento de metas de mitigación o adaptación al cambio climático y en general proyectos relacionados con todas las apuestas de la estrategia, de acuerdo con la taxonomía verde que se expedirá durante la primera fase de la E2050. El instrumento es un fondo (o una cuenta en un fondo existente) desti- nado a financiar una parte de la tasa de interés de créditos comerciales destinados a medidas de mitigación o adaptación al cambio climático, en donde la reducción del costo financiero se condi- ciona a la verificación de la efectividad de las inver- siones en cuanto a reducción de emisiones de CO equivalente o a la reducción del riesgo climático en indicadores definidos para tal fin.', 'El instrumento es un fondo (o una cuenta en un fondo existente) desti- nado a financiar una parte de la tasa de interés de créditos comerciales destinados a medidas de mitigación o adaptación al cambio climático, en donde la reducción del costo financiero se condi- ciona a la verificación de la efectividad de las inver- siones en cuanto a reducción de emisiones de CO equivalente o a la reducción del riesgo climático en indicadores definidos para tal fin. También se ha complementado tanto en la banca de segun- do piso como en la comercial con un instrumento clave para la captación de recursos desde los inver- sionistas privados: los bonos verdes.', 'También se ha complementado tanto en la banca de segun- do piso como en la comercial con un instrumento clave para la captación de recursos desde los inver- sionistas privados: los bonos verdes. En el periodo anterior a 2030 se requiere un forta- lecimiento importante de los bancos de segundo piso (Finagro, Bancóldex, Findeter y FDN) con base en un diagnóstico interno que permita determinar si se requieren cambios organizacionales, creación de nuevos vehículos de inversión, mejoramiento de sistemas de información, establecimiento de auditorías ambientales a los proyectos, etcétera.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos En este periodo debe contarse con una taxonomía verde que permita establecer claramente qué tipo de proyectos podrán considerarse como proyectos de sostenibilidad ambiental.', 'En el periodo anterior a 2030 se requiere un forta- lecimiento importante de los bancos de segundo piso (Finagro, Bancóldex, Findeter y FDN) con base en un diagnóstico interno que permita determinar si se requieren cambios organizacionales, creación de nuevos vehículos de inversión, mejoramiento de sistemas de información, establecimiento de auditorías ambientales a los proyectos, etcétera.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos En este periodo debe contarse con una taxonomía verde que permita establecer claramente qué tipo de proyectos podrán considerarse como proyectos de sostenibilidad ambiental. Esto será fundamen- tal para generar confianza, tanto en el Estado para la asignación eficiente de incentivos, como en el sector privado para lograr una expansión sustan- cial en la captación de recursos para este tipo de iniciativas a través de bonos verdes.', 'Esto será fundamen- tal para generar confianza, tanto en el Estado para la asignación eficiente de incentivos, como en el sector privado para lograr una expansión sustan- cial en la captación de recursos para este tipo de iniciativas a través de bonos verdes. En el periodo 2030-2040 se espera un incremento importante en la financiación de proyectos privados a través de programas financiación conjuntos y coor- dinados entre bancos de desarrollo con una baja proporción de apoyo directo con recursos públicos. El periodo 2040 a 2050, se espera una estabilización de la oferta y demanda por financiamiento.', 'El periodo 2040 a 2050, se espera una estabilización de la oferta y demanda por financiamiento. Incentivo a la capitalización rural para sistemas silvopastoriles y agro- forestales (actual por transformar) Consiste en la entrega de un subsidio para cubrir hasta el 40 % de las inversiones, condicionado a la verificación de la realización de ellas, las cuales se desarrollan a través de un crédito de redes- cuento que otorga FINAGRO. Se ha utilizado para la implementación de proyectos silvopastoriles, incluyendo la siembra de especies forrajeras no maderables y las especies forestales maderables, asociadas a la producción ganadera. Se plant- ea destinar recursos suficientes para viabilizar proyectos tanto silvopastoriles como agrofore- stales y de agricultura inteligente, priorizando productores agropecuarios vulnerables.', 'Se plant- ea destinar recursos suficientes para viabilizar proyectos tanto silvopastoriles como agrofore- stales y de agricultura inteligente, priorizando productores agropecuarios vulnerables. En el periodo hasta 2030 se debe reestructurar el ICR para fortalecerlo, buscando diversificar las fuentes de recursos, las cuales además de recur- sos públicos del nivel central podría incluir finan- ciación de la banca multilateral y donaciones de cooperación internacional. En el periodo posterior a 2030 se consolidaría el instrumento para incentivar nuevas iniciativas de agricultura y ganadería sostenibles. Incentivos a energías alternativas y eficiencia energética (Ley 1715 de 2015) Se trata de un conjunto de incentivos financieros y tributarios para que los agentes privados realicen proyectos de uso racional de la energía y para la generación eléctrica a través de fuentes no conven- cionales de energía renovable (FNCER).', 'Incentivos a energías alternativas y eficiencia energética (Ley 1715 de 2015) Se trata de un conjunto de incentivos financieros y tributarios para que los agentes privados realicen proyectos de uso racional de la energía y para la generación eléctrica a través de fuentes no conven- cionales de energía renovable (FNCER). En térmi- nos de financiamiento para estos incentivos, la Ley 1715 creó el Fondo de Energías no Convencionales y Gestión Eficiente de la Energía (FENOGE) que recibe recursos del mercado mayorista de electricidad, del presupuesto nacional y de donaciones de terceros. El FENOGE cuenta con la posibilidad de financiar total o parcialmente, de forma reembolsable o no reembolsable planes programas y proyectos de FNCER y EE. Contempla la posibilidad de compar- tir riesgos en inversiones de capital, realizar inver- siones directas y ofrecer tasas compensadas (MME, 2017).', 'Contempla la posibilidad de compar- tir riesgos en inversiones de capital, realizar inver- siones directas y ofrecer tasas compensadas (MME, 2017). También incorpora un conjunto de incentivos tributarios y financieros que están encaminados a lograr un crecimiento en la generación energética a partir de energías renovables. Antes de 2030, se contempla promover la consol- idación de empresas de servicios energéticos (ESE) [o Energy Service Companies (ESCO)] que proporcionen estos servicios asumiendo los riesgos técnicos y económicos asociados con proyectos de eficiencia energética y basando su remuneración en la participación sobre los ahor- ros que se obtengan a partir de las mejoras de eficiencia energética (UPME, 2018).', 'Antes de 2030, se contempla promover la consol- idación de empresas de servicios energéticos (ESE) [o Energy Service Companies (ESCO)] que proporcionen estos servicios asumiendo los riesgos técnicos y económicos asociados con proyectos de eficiencia energética y basando su remuneración en la participación sobre los ahor- ros que se obtengan a partir de las mejoras de eficiencia energética (UPME, 2018). Para el periodo 2030-2040 se espera que exista un número de ESCO que implementen proyec- tos de eficiencia energética y a cambio particip- en en las ganancias por ahorros de costos de las empresas que atienden.', 'Para el periodo 2030-2040 se espera que exista un número de ESCO que implementen proyec- tos de eficiencia energética y a cambio particip- en en las ganancias por ahorros de costos de las empresas que atienden. Exención tributaria en proyectos de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CT+I) (Ley 633 de 2000 y posteriores) Este instrumento busca incentivar el desarrollo de proyectos de CT+I por parte de las empresas en alianza con actores reconocidos por el Ministe- rio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Tiene una cobertura amplia pues aplica no solo para proyec- tos climáticos sino para cualquier tipo de iniciati- va de CT+I. Incluye descuentos de hasta el 25 % del impuesto de renta, crédito fiscal a Mipymes hasta por 50 % de la inversión y deducciones por vinculación de doctorados y beneficios tributari- os para los investigadores.', 'Incluye descuentos de hasta el 25 % del impuesto de renta, crédito fiscal a Mipymes hasta por 50 % de la inversión y deducciones por vinculación de doctorados y beneficios tributari- os para los investigadores. Es importante, en el periodo hasta 2030, realizar un diagnóstico que determine las causas de la no utilización de estos incentivos. Esto permitirá esta- blecer las medidas de transformación necesarias y los mecanismos de información para conocer y difundir el uso de los beneficios otorgados, sus resultados e impactos.', 'Esto permitirá esta- blecer las medidas de transformación necesarias y los mecanismos de información para conocer y difundir el uso de los beneficios otorgados, sus resultados e impactos. El periodo 2030 a 2040 debería ser un periodo de crecimiento en donde la cobertura en medianas y pequeñas empresas se incremente sustancialmente, en el periodo 2040 a 2050 se buscaría una estabilización de la utilización de estos beneficios y, dependiendo de las dinámicas de inversión de las empresas, una eventual reducción para disminuir el costo fiscal.', 'El periodo 2030 a 2040 debería ser un periodo de crecimiento en donde la cobertura en medianas y pequeñas empresas se incremente sustancialmente, en el periodo 2040 a 2050 se buscaría una estabilización de la utilización de estos beneficios y, dependiendo de las dinámicas de inversión de las empresas, una eventual reducción para disminuir el costo fiscal. Subsidios focalizados con enfo- que de género para la extensión agropecuaria y climática (nuevo) La ley 1876 de 2017 establece la creación de una tasa retributiva departamental para el cubrimien- to de los costos del servicio público de extensión agropecuaria, pero también establece la posibil- idad de otorgar subsidios para la cofinanciación de dichos costos. Particularmente prevé la prior- ización de la población pobre, víctimas del conflic- to, mujer rural y otros criterios, todo esto sujeto a la disponibilidad de recursos.', 'Particularmente prevé la prior- ización de la población pobre, víctimas del conflic- to, mujer rural y otros criterios, todo esto sujeto a la disponibilidad de recursos. Este instrumento se potenciará para el cumplimien- to de las metas climáticas de largo plazo si diversas fuentes de financiación aportan recursos al Fondo Nacional para el Servicio de Extensión Agropec- uaria, o a los fondos departamentales específi- cos, promoviendo la inclusión de las temáticas de adaptación, producción sostenible, mitigación y demás medidas de la apuesta de desarrollo rural sostenible, de la estrategia climática.', 'Este instrumento se potenciará para el cumplimien- to de las metas climáticas de largo plazo si diversas fuentes de financiación aportan recursos al Fondo Nacional para el Servicio de Extensión Agropec- uaria, o a los fondos departamentales específi- cos, promoviendo la inclusión de las temáticas de adaptación, producción sostenible, mitigación y demás medidas de la apuesta de desarrollo rural sostenible, de la estrategia climática. Antes de 2030, se deberán incorporar dentro de los temas de extensión agropecuaria el trata- miento de los ambientales, de cambio climático y gestión de riesgos naturales, así como el cono- cimiento de tecnologías de agricultura inteligen- te, manejo de praderas, ganadería sostenible, conservación de cuencas, sistemas silvopastoriles y agroforestales.', 'Antes de 2030, se deberán incorporar dentro de los temas de extensión agropecuaria el trata- miento de los ambientales, de cambio climático y gestión de riesgos naturales, así como el cono- cimiento de tecnologías de agricultura inteligen- te, manejo de praderas, ganadería sostenible, conservación de cuencas, sistemas silvopastoriles y agroforestales. En el periodo 2030 a 2040 se buscará el crecimiento de la cobertura en todos los departamentos y el crecimiento de los fondos departamentales de extensión agropecuaria. En el periodo 2040 a 2050, se habrán cubierto todas las zonas de la frontera agrícola y las labores de extensión, serán de refuerzo, de actualización y de atención a nuevos productores. Incentivo a seguros climáticos privados (nuevo) Los seguros permiten cubrir riesgos de baja prob- abilidad y alta severidad.', 'Incentivo a seguros climáticos privados (nuevo) Los seguros permiten cubrir riesgos de baja prob- abilidad y alta severidad. Tanto para los procesos productivos como para los hogares expuestos a riesgos climáticos son un instrumento que permite afrontar de mejor manera las conse- cuencias de posibles eventos climáticos como inundaciones, deslizamientos, sequias, etcétera. Dependiendo de la percepción de riesgo de quienes los toman son en general vistos por empresarios y hogares como un costo adicion- al que no es necesario. Sin embargo, se puede incrementar la cobertura si se subsidian parte de estos costos con recursos no reembolsables.', 'Sin embargo, se puede incrementar la cobertura si se subsidian parte de estos costos con recursos no reembolsables. Antes de 2030 deben establecerse los siniestros y activos priorizables (por ejemplo, riesgos de inun- dación o deslizamientos para conjuntos residencia- les de vivienda de interés social, riesgos de sequía o inundación en cultivos permanentes y seguros de cosecha de cultivos permanentes), diseñar el programa y ponerlo en marcha.', 'Antes de 2030 deben establecerse los siniestros y activos priorizables (por ejemplo, riesgos de inun- dación o deslizamientos para conjuntos residencia- les de vivienda de interés social, riesgos de sequía o inundación en cultivos permanentes y seguros de cosecha de cultivos permanentes), diseñar el programa y ponerlo en marcha. Después de 2030 se debe ampliar la cobertura al mismo tiempo regulando la reducción en las primas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Incentivo al empleo comunitario en adaptación al cambio climático con enfoque de género (nuevo) En la implementación de programas de adapta- ción climática (desde generación de conocimien- to hasta la implementación de sistemas de alerta temprana) a nivel comunitario, se requiere el desarrollo de redes de información formales e informales, organización de actividades y otras labores que pueden generar empleos verdes en las comunidades.', 'Después de 2030 se debe ampliar la cobertura al mismo tiempo regulando la reducción en las primas.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Incentivo al empleo comunitario en adaptación al cambio climático con enfoque de género (nuevo) En la implementación de programas de adapta- ción climática (desde generación de conocimien- to hasta la implementación de sistemas de alerta temprana) a nivel comunitario, se requiere el desarrollo de redes de información formales e informales, organización de actividades y otras labores que pueden generar empleos verdes en las comunidades. Sin embargo, es posible que estas oportunidades de empleo se presenten en un ambiente de discriminación de género que perjudique la posibilidad de las mujeres para acceder a ellos.', 'Sin embargo, es posible que estas oportunidades de empleo se presenten en un ambiente de discriminación de género que perjudique la posibilidad de las mujeres para acceder a ellos. Particularmente, para temas de adaptación, las mujeres suelen tener impor- tantes capacidades de liderazgo, transformación, organización y comunicación. El instrumento se trata de un incentivo monetario para establecer remuneración de los trabajos necesarios para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación condicionado al cumplimiento de criterios de equidad de género. Mucho antes de 2030, el programa debería diseñarse y ponerse en marcha de manera trans- versal como complemento de los diferentes proyectos de adaptación al cambio. Una prime- ra acción es buscar fuentes de fondos, con orga- nizaciones internacionales compatibles con los objetivos de generación de empleo y enfoque de equidad de género.', 'Una prime- ra acción es buscar fuentes de fondos, con orga- nizaciones internacionales compatibles con los objetivos de generación de empleo y enfoque de equidad de género. Luego debe llevarse a cabo un diagnóstico de en cuáles proyectos se desarrollan actividades que exigen tiempo y dedicación por parte de personas de la comunidad que no son remuneradas por ello. 6.3.4.5 Prospectiva de eliminación de incentivos adversos a la estrategia En cuanto a instrumentos que actualmente se encuentran implementados pero que generan incentivos no deseados o contrarios a los objeti- vos y metas de la estrategia, es necesario tener en cuenta que en muchos casos existen barre- ras de tipo político, económico o legal que difi- cultan su desmonte inmediato.', '6.3.4.5 Prospectiva de eliminación de incentivos adversos a la estrategia En cuanto a instrumentos que actualmente se encuentran implementados pero que generan incentivos no deseados o contrarios a los objeti- vos y metas de la estrategia, es necesario tener en cuenta que en muchos casos existen barre- ras de tipo político, económico o legal que difi- cultan su desmonte inmediato. Sin embargo, en cada caso será necesario evaluar sus beneficios y costos frente a las políticas y estrategias de largo plazo para determinar las transformaciones o la necesidad de instrumentos complementarios para su desmonte. En esta sección se describen algunos de los ejemplos más importantes de estos incentivos adversos.', 'En esta sección se describen algunos de los ejemplos más importantes de estos incentivos adversos. Distorsión en la base gravable del impuesto predial rural El acceso al uso del suelo rural tiene altos niveles de informalidad y la concentración de la propie- dad de la tierra se encuentran entre los más eleva- dos del mundo43. El coeficiente Gini de propiedad de la tierra44 se aproxima a 0.9 (Suescún y Fuerte, 2017) El uso inadecuado de la tierra es un lastre para el desempeño económico y ambiental del sector agropecuario. Al rededor del 35 % de la superficie de 43. Colombia es el quinto país con la propiedad del suelo más concentrada después de: Barbados (Gini=0.94), Para- guay (0.94), República Checa (0.92) y Chile (0.91). 44.', 'Colombia es el quinto país con la propiedad del suelo más concentrada después de: Barbados (Gini=0.94), Para- guay (0.94), República Checa (0.92) y Chile (0.91). 44. Se calcula sobre el área de propiedad privada diferente de territorios colectivos.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos tierras del país se dedica a la ganadería, expandién- dose continuamente a lo largo de los años, mien- tras que solamente la mitad de dicha superficie es realmente apta para el pastoreo. Los incentivos tributarios y los subsidios gubernamentales han respaldado la tenencia de grandes latifundios y la subutilización del suelo, dando lugar a ineficiencias en el mercado de tierras y se han exacerbado las desigualdades en la tenencia, con impactos nega- tivos en el medio ambiente.', 'Los incentivos tributarios y los subsidios gubernamentales han respaldado la tenencia de grandes latifundios y la subutilización del suelo, dando lugar a ineficiencias en el mercado de tierras y se han exacerbado las desigualdades en la tenencia, con impactos nega- tivos en el medio ambiente. La ganadería extensiva es una de las principales causas de deforestación y degradación del suelo, de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y de consumo y contaminación del agua (OECD/ECLAC, 2014). Una de las principales causas de esta situación son los subsidios indirectos al uso ineficiente del suelo rural. Son pocos los municipios que disponen de registros catastrales actualizados, debido a los altos costos del cálculo del valor de la tierra y a la presión de grupos locales para que no se actualicen estos registros.', 'Son pocos los municipios que disponen de registros catastrales actualizados, debido a los altos costos del cálculo del valor de la tierra y a la presión de grupos locales para que no se actualicen estos registros. Un sistema de impuesto predial modernizado, que refleje el real valor comercial, incentivaría un uso más eficiente del suelo y un mercado de tierras más dinámico, con efectos positivos en la reducción de la transformación del bosque en praderas de baja productividad (OECD, 2015). Además, incre- mentaría el recaudo de las autoridades ambien- tales regionales susceptibles de ser invertidos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Distorsión en la base gravable y en la tarifa del impuesto a los vehículos La legislación tributaria establece un impuesto sobre vehículos automotores cuyos recaudos se destinan a las autoridades territoriales (Ley 488 de 1998).', 'Distorsión en la base gravable y en la tarifa del impuesto a los vehículos La legislación tributaria establece un impuesto sobre vehículos automotores cuyos recaudos se destinan a las autoridades territoriales (Ley 488 de 1998). Las tarifas de este impuesto oscilan entre el 1.5 % y 3.5 % sobre el valor comercial del vehículo definido anualmente por el Gobierno Nacional, correspondiendo la tarifa más alta a los vehículos de mayor valor comercial. Tenien- do en cuenta que los vehículos tienen un menor valor comercial a medida que son más antiguos, y por tanto, más contaminantes, este impuesto premia a los vehículos más contaminantes con una base gravable menor y con una tarifa más baja.', 'Tenien- do en cuenta que los vehículos tienen un menor valor comercial a medida que son más antiguos, y por tanto, más contaminantes, este impuesto premia a los vehículos más contaminantes con una base gravable menor y con una tarifa más baja. Dado que el impuesto a los vehículos no está vinculado a su comportamiento ambiental, la OECD recomienda reestructurarlo teniendo en cuenta su contribución a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y a los contami- nantes atmosféricos locales que afectan la salud de las personas (OECD/ECLAC, 2014).', 'Dado que el impuesto a los vehículos no está vinculado a su comportamiento ambiental, la OECD recomienda reestructurarlo teniendo en cuenta su contribución a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y a los contami- nantes atmosféricos locales que afectan la salud de las personas (OECD/ECLAC, 2014). La tasa que correspondería pagar por ese componente ambiental en el impuesto por un vehículo debe tener inmerso los factores de emisión asociados, corresponder con el tamaño del motor, con la edad del vehículo, con la tecnología usada y con el tipo de combustible Subsidios implícitos a los combus- tibles y diseño del fondo de estabilización de precios Colombia tiene una tradición histórica de regu- lación de precios de los combustibles líquidos por parte del Estado.', 'La tasa que correspondería pagar por ese componente ambiental en el impuesto por un vehículo debe tener inmerso los factores de emisión asociados, corresponder con el tamaño del motor, con la edad del vehículo, con la tecnología usada y con el tipo de combustible Subsidios implícitos a los combus- tibles y diseño del fondo de estabilización de precios Colombia tiene una tradición histórica de regu- lación de precios de los combustibles líquidos por parte del Estado. Con el auge de los subsidios a los precios internos en relación con los internacio- nales entre 1998 y 2006, en 2007 se establecieron nuevas reglas de fijación de precios a partir de los precios internacionales y se creó el Fondo de Esta- bilización de Precios de los Combustibles (FEPC) como instrumento para suavizar la variabilidad de precios internos en relación con la inestab- ilidad del precio internacional.', 'Con el auge de los subsidios a los precios internos en relación con los internacio- nales entre 1998 y 2006, en 2007 se establecieron nuevas reglas de fijación de precios a partir de los precios internacionales y se creó el Fondo de Esta- bilización de Precios de los Combustibles (FEPC) como instrumento para suavizar la variabilidad de precios internos en relación con la inestab- ilidad del precio internacional. Sin embargo, a partir de 2011 se identifica un subsidio implícito a los combustibles, el cual se refleja en un défic- it acumulado del FEPC a finales de 2018 de 10.6 billones de pesos, equivalentes al 1.3 % del PIB de dicho año.', 'Sin embargo, a partir de 2011 se identifica un subsidio implícito a los combustibles, el cual se refleja en un défic- it acumulado del FEPC a finales de 2018 de 10.6 billones de pesos, equivalentes al 1.3 % del PIB de dicho año. Subsidio que se estima equivale en 2018 a entre 8 % y 16 % sobre el precio final de la gasolina y del diésel, respectivamente (FMI, 2019). Beneficios al precio de los combustibles en zonas de frontera Estos beneficios consisten en la exención de IVA, arancel e impuesto nacional a la gasolina y el ACPM, así como compensaciones al transporte y otros subsidios. El Ministerio de Minas y Energía asigna cupos de combustible con beneficios a los municipios de frontera y los distribuye entre las estaciones de servicio existentes.', 'El Ministerio de Minas y Energía asigna cupos de combustible con beneficios a los municipios de frontera y los distribuye entre las estaciones de servicio existentes. Esto permite a la población adquirir combustibles líquidos a un precio reducido. El Plan Nacional de Desar- rollo 2018-2022 plantea una primera reforma que llevaría a focalizar los subsidios desde la demanda de combustibles y no desde la oferta como se hace actualmente. Para el largo plazo se esperaría que estos beneficios se redireccionarán hacia medidas integrales de apoyo a los municipios de frontera y se traduzcan en inversiones en bienes públicos y especialmente en el fomento de la eficiencia energética y la generación con energías limpias.', 'Para el largo plazo se esperaría que estos beneficios se redireccionarán hacia medidas integrales de apoyo a los municipios de frontera y se traduzcan en inversiones en bienes públicos y especialmente en el fomento de la eficiencia energética y la generación con energías limpias. Esto con el fin de cumplir con el espíritu de la ley para promover el desarrollo de estas zonas, sin incentivar la quema de combustibles fósiles. Beneficios tributarios a industrias extractivas Históricamente, los sectores petrolero y mine- ro han recibido grandes ventajas fiscales en Colombia. Por ejemplo, hasta 2010 se beneficia- ban de elevadas deducciones sobre las inver- siones, debido a su elevada intensidad de capital y hasta 2011 las empresas mineras en las zonas fronterizas recibían descuentos de precios para el combustible diésel y la gasolina.', 'Por ejemplo, hasta 2010 se beneficia- ban de elevadas deducciones sobre las inver- siones, debido a su elevada intensidad de capital y hasta 2011 las empresas mineras en las zonas fronterizas recibían descuentos de precios para el combustible diésel y la gasolina. Además, la recaudación fiscal que el Gobierno obtiene del sector petrolero parece relativamente baja en comparación con los niveles internacionales. Si bien algunas de estas ventajas se han atenuado y otras eliminado, un sinnúmero de deducciones y otras ventajas tributarias subsisten, especial- mente en la fase de exploración minera y petrol- era. Estas ventajas tributarias ofrecen incentivos para la inversión extranjera, pero a expensas de la transparencia del sistema impositivo y a pesar del impacto ambiental negativo de estas activi- dades.', 'Estas ventajas tributarias ofrecen incentivos para la inversión extranjera, pero a expensas de la transparencia del sistema impositivo y a pesar del impacto ambiental negativo de estas activi- dades. Al respecto, la OECD recomienda revisar el tratamiento fiscal del sector extractivo, determi- nando además si sus externalidades ambiental- es se han tenido suficientemente en cuenta. En especial, recomienda evaluar cómo podría ampli- arse la aplicación de impuestos relacionados con el medio ambiente, por ejemplo, mediante la supresión de exenciones fiscales a la prospección minera y petrolera (OECD/ECLAC, 2014). 6.3.4.6 Relación de los instrumen- tos económicos y financieros con las apuestas de la estrategia Los instrumentos económicos y financieros, además de garantizar recursos y generar incentivos direc- tos e indirectos, también pueden en su aplicación coadyuvar a la obtención de beneficios que ayudan a lograr las metas de diferentes apuestas.', '6.3.4.6 Relación de los instrumen- tos económicos y financieros con las apuestas de la estrategia Los instrumentos económicos y financieros, además de garantizar recursos y generar incentivos direc- tos e indirectos, también pueden en su aplicación coadyuvar a la obtención de beneficios que ayudan a lograr las metas de diferentes apuestas. Es el caso de la generación de empleos verdes mediante el incentivo al desarrollo de proyectos sostenibles o usando los recursos que se recaudan con algunos instrumentos, para la financiación de inversiones públicas y privadas que generan empleo. La siguiente tabla presenta la relación entre los instrumentos actuales y nuevos que se prevé se seguirán utilizando hasta 2050 y las apuestas de la E2050.', 'La siguiente tabla presenta la relación entre los instrumentos actuales y nuevos que se prevé se seguirán utilizando hasta 2050 y las apuestas de la E2050. Una explicación más detallada se encuentra en los documentos de apoyo.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 11.', 'Una explicación más detallada se encuentra en los documentos de apoyo.Áreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Tabla 11. Relación entre los instrumentos económicos y financieros y las apuestas de la estrategia Fuente: E2050, Economietría Consultores 2021 • Instrumentos en oden de priorización Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Producción y consumo sostenible Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Desarrollo rural sostenible diferen- ciado por regiones Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral Matriz energética diversificada Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles Incrementar la capaci- dad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Sistema de comercio de emisiones Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Fuente de recursos Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Impuesto al carbono Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo indirecto Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Incentivos a energías alternativas y EE Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivos financieros (tasas, plazos, etc.)', 'Relación entre los instrumentos económicos y financieros y las apuestas de la estrategia Fuente: E2050, Economietría Consultores 2021 • Instrumentos en oden de priorización Conocimiento y gobernanza climática Gestión integral de la biodiversidad Producción y consumo sostenible Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Desarrollo rural sostenible diferen- ciado por regiones Ciudades-región con desarrollo urbano integral Matriz energética diversificada Movilidad e infraestructura sostenibles Incrementar la capaci- dad de adaptación de la población y del sistema de salud Sistema de comercio de emisiones Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Fuente de recursos Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Impuesto al carbono Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo indirecto Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Incentivos a energías alternativas y EE Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivos financieros (tasas, plazos, etc.) Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Exención tributaria en proyectos de CT+I Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Instrumentos financieros ley 388 Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Subastas de energia renovable Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo a la capitalización rural Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Tasa por utilización del agua Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Pago por servicios ambientales Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Fuente de recursos Tasa retributiva Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directoÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Instrumentos en oden de priorización Fondos de inversión para bioeconomía y producción sostenible Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Mecanismos de depósito -reembolso para economía circular Beneficio Fuente de recursos Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Seguros catastróficos para infraestructura pública Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo a los seguros climáticos privados Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo al empleo comunitario en adaptación al C.C.', 'Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Exención tributaria en proyectos de CT+I Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Instrumentos financieros ley 388 Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Subastas de energia renovable Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo a la capitalización rural Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Tasa por utilización del agua Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo indirecto Incentivo directo Pago por servicios ambientales Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Fuente de recursos Tasa retributiva Beneficio Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directoÁreas de acción para la transición a una Colombia resiliente: referentes de ambición e instrumentos Instrumentos en oden de priorización Fondos de inversión para bioeconomía y producción sostenible Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Mecanismos de depósito -reembolso para economía circular Beneficio Fuente de recursos Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo directo Seguros catastróficos para infraestructura pública Beneficio Incentivo directo Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Beneficio Incentivo a los seguros climáticos privados Beneficio Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Incentivo directo Beneficio Incentivo al empleo comunitario en adaptación al C.C. con enfoque de género Incentivo directo Beneficio Otros impuestos ambientales Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Incentivo directo 6.3.4.7 Nuevos instrumentos económicos en el largo plazo Los instrumentos económicos propuestos en este documento, tanto los actuales como los nuevos, buscan aprovechar y potencializar los diseños de política existentes y previsibles, construir sobre lo que ya existe y llenar vacíos normativos en donde aún hace falta.', 'con enfoque de género Incentivo directo Beneficio Otros impuestos ambientales Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Beneficio Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Fuente de recursos Incentivo directo Incentivo directo 6.3.4.7 Nuevos instrumentos económicos en el largo plazo Los instrumentos económicos propuestos en este documento, tanto los actuales como los nuevos, buscan aprovechar y potencializar los diseños de política existentes y previsibles, construir sobre lo que ya existe y llenar vacíos normativos en donde aún hace falta. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la E2050 se verá enfrentado a la futura aparición de nuevas problemáticas y soluciones tecnológi- cas. Un ejemplo son las tecnologías que ya exis- ten y actualmente son muy costosas pero que se prevé que a futuro sean más asequibles, como el hidrógeno azul, el hidrógeno verde y los disposi- tivos de captura y almacenamiento de carbono.', 'Un ejemplo son las tecnologías que ya exis- ten y actualmente son muy costosas pero que se prevé que a futuro sean más asequibles, como el hidrógeno azul, el hidrógeno verde y los disposi- tivos de captura y almacenamiento de carbono. La reciente Ley de Transición Energética prevé que el Gobierno establezca mecanismos para su promoción. Tanto en este caso como otras inno- vaciones, dependiendo de las barreras y fallas de mercado que se presenten, seguramente se requerirán nuevos instrumentos económicos para incentivar a los agentes hacia las alternativas socialmente deseables.', 'Tanto en este caso como otras inno- vaciones, dependiendo de las barreras y fallas de mercado que se presenten, seguramente se requerirán nuevos instrumentos económicos para incentivar a los agentes hacia las alternativas socialmente deseables. En la creación de nuevos instrumentos se tendrán las siguientes consideraciones: • Se deben entregar incentivos como subsidios y transferencias solamente cuando la inversión de- seable, desde el punto de vista social, no alcanza a generar rendimientos suficientes para estimu- lar a los agentes privados a hacerlas 100 % por su cuenta. Estos en lo posible deben tener fuentes de financiación diversificadas, estar condicio- nados a resultados y ser decrecientes hasta desaparecer, para estimular la búsqueda de su propia sostenibilidad y reducir el costo fiscal.', 'Estos en lo posible deben tener fuentes de financiación diversificadas, estar condicio- nados a resultados y ser decrecientes hasta desaparecer, para estimular la búsqueda de su propia sostenibilidad y reducir el costo fiscal. • Cuando se trate de internalizar costos ambien- tales se deben privilegiar los instrumentos que canalizan los recursos provenientes de los agen- tes que generan la externalidad y directamente los ubican en los agentes que se ven afectados o realizan los esfuerzos para eliminarlas, sin necesidad de intermediación del Estado. Estos pueden ser por ejemplo instrumentos de mer- cado, fondos para contribuciones parafiscales u otros que equilibren las cargas y los beneficios.', 'Estos pueden ser por ejemplo instrumentos de mer- cado, fondos para contribuciones parafiscales u otros que equilibren las cargas y los beneficios. • Las inversiones de muy largo plazo en bienes públicos con vidas útiles muy largas deben tener esquemas de financiación que equili- bren los esfuerzos de las generaciones ac- tuales con los de las generaciones futuras.', '• Las inversiones de muy largo plazo en bienes públicos con vidas útiles muy largas deben tener esquemas de financiación que equili- bren los esfuerzos de las generaciones ac- tuales con los de las generaciones futuras. • Los nuevos impuestos que se establezcan, además de desestimular actividades adver- sas a la E2050, deberían tener destinación específica de sus recaudos, para ser dirigidos hacia temas ambientales compatibles con esta, incluyendo sistemas de información, administración y seguimiento, así como me- canismos de evaluación de sus impactos.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Desde 2021 a 2050, Colombia habrá pasado por siete mandatos presidenciales, siete configu- raciones de Congreso y siete planes nacionales de desarrollo, razón por la cual el país deberá buscar una alternativa de adopción e insti- tucionalización de la E2050 que garantice su reconocimiento, posicionamiento, articulación, coherencia e implementación en el largo plazo, sin que esto signifique crear nuevos instru- mentos de gestión que compitan o suplanten instrumentos ya existentes y reconocidos por los diferentes actores nacionales y subnacionales.', '• Los nuevos impuestos que se establezcan, además de desestimular actividades adver- sas a la E2050, deberían tener destinación específica de sus recaudos, para ser dirigidos hacia temas ambientales compatibles con esta, incluyendo sistemas de información, administración y seguimiento, así como me- canismos de evaluación de sus impactos.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Desde 2021 a 2050, Colombia habrá pasado por siete mandatos presidenciales, siete configu- raciones de Congreso y siete planes nacionales de desarrollo, razón por la cual el país deberá buscar una alternativa de adopción e insti- tucionalización de la E2050 que garantice su reconocimiento, posicionamiento, articulación, coherencia e implementación en el largo plazo, sin que esto signifique crear nuevos instru- mentos de gestión que compitan o suplanten instrumentos ya existentes y reconocidos por los diferentes actores nacionales y subnacionales. Así, la E2050 no tendrá un plan de acción espe- cífico ya que no es estratégico crear un nuevo instrumento de planificación, que se termine convirtiendo en una carga presupuestal y administrativa llevando nuevas tareas potencial- mente descoordinadas de los otros instrumen- tos con que los que la Nación y los gobiernos regionales y locales construyen sus estrategias para responder a los retos que seguirá trayen- do el cambio climático.', 'Así, la E2050 no tendrá un plan de acción espe- cífico ya que no es estratégico crear un nuevo instrumento de planificación, que se termine convirtiendo en una carga presupuestal y administrativa llevando nuevas tareas potencial- mente descoordinadas de los otros instrumen- tos con que los que la Nación y los gobiernos regionales y locales construyen sus estrategias para responder a los retos que seguirá trayen- do el cambio climático. Por el contrario, dada su amplitud temática, su extenso horizonte tempo- ral y su carácter aspiracional y no vinculante, la implementación de la E2050 buscará permear múltiples planes, políticas e instrumentos y acciones intersectoriales y territoriales para que recojan la visión de largo plazo en sus diseños y acciones, así como también, las opciones de transformación.', 'Por el contrario, dada su amplitud temática, su extenso horizonte tempo- ral y su carácter aspiracional y no vinculante, la implementación de la E2050 buscará permear múltiples planes, políticas e instrumentos y acciones intersectoriales y territoriales para que recojan la visión de largo plazo en sus diseños y acciones, así como también, las opciones de transformación. De esta manera, se avanzará de forma ambiciosa en alcanzar los cambios requeridos para lograr la carbono neutralidad y construir la resiliencia climática socioecológica a 2050, sin desviarse en rumbos que alejen al país de estos objetivos que se han vuelto indis- pensables para la supervivencia de la humani- dad ante la crisis climática que vive el planeta.', 'De esta manera, se avanzará de forma ambiciosa en alcanzar los cambios requeridos para lograr la carbono neutralidad y construir la resiliencia climática socioecológica a 2050, sin desviarse en rumbos que alejen al país de estos objetivos que se han vuelto indis- pensables para la supervivencia de la humani- dad ante la crisis climática que vive el planeta. Es decir, hay que llevar las aspiraciones planteadas en la E2050 como opciones de transformación, a metas oficializadas en instrumentos de plani- ficación, políticas y normativa existente o nueva en Colombia, al nivel central, sectorial y territorial. Para ello se ha desarrollado una hoja de ruta de operacionalización de la E2050 cuyo objetivo es el de generar las condiciones habilitantes para materializar las apuestas de la Estrategia 2050.', 'Para ello se ha desarrollado una hoja de ruta de operacionalización de la E2050 cuyo objetivo es el de generar las condiciones habilitantes para materializar las apuestas de la Estrategia 2050. Al operacionalizarse, la E2050 debe ganar el anclaje institucional, el posicionamiento público, el soporte de capacidades e información nece- sarias y una estructura de gestión y seguimien- to para que tenga la mayor incidencia posible y se mantenga vigente y relevante para el país durante las siguientes tres décadas. La incidencia de la E2050 podrá verse de muchas maneras, siendo las siguientes algunas de ellas: • Infundir visión de largo plazo en la políti- ca pública, planificación e inversión pública y privada con unos objetivos claros: carbono neutralidad y resiliencia, creando una cul- tura de planificación del largo plazo.', 'La incidencia de la E2050 podrá verse de muchas maneras, siendo las siguientes algunas de ellas: • Infundir visión de largo plazo en la políti- ca pública, planificación e inversión pública y privada con unos objetivos claros: carbono neutralidad y resiliencia, creando una cul- tura de planificación del largo plazo. Esto se logra en parte, proporcionando una visión de backcasting a la planificación para la toma de decisiones con objetivos de largo plazo: ¿qué debe haberse logrado en 2050 para llegar a la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia y qué debe pasar con anterioridad para poder llegar allá? • Permear instrumentos de política para mate- rializar las nueve apuestas de la E2050 e identi- ficar obstáculos, barreras y contradicciones de política que impidan el logro de dichas apuestas.', '• Permear instrumentos de política para mate- rializar las nueve apuestas de la E2050 e identi- ficar obstáculos, barreras y contradicciones de política que impidan el logro de dichas apuestas. • Reencauzar el desarrollo económico, territorial y sectorial hacia sendas com- patibles con los objetivos climáticos. • Informar el desarrollo de las contribu- ciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC)El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 ante el Acuerdo de París. Es decir, mostrar cómo con el cumplimiento de cada una de las próximas NDC se irán cumpliendo los ob- jetivos de carbono neutralidad a 2050. • Informar la implementación y actual- ización de las demás metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en lo concerniente a carbono neutralidad y resiliencia.', '• Informar la implementación y actual- ización de las demás metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en lo concerniente a carbono neutralidad y resiliencia. • Evitar el lock-in o encasillamiento tec- nológico que impida la mitigación de gases efecto invernadero y genere activos varados y detrimento patrimonial en la inversión, o la mala adaptación al cambio climático con tecnologías inadecuadas o perjudiciales. • Minimizar pérdidas y daños por los impactos del cambio climático al for- talecer la resiliencia del país. • Mostrar con ejemplos de implementación temprana cómo es posible acercarnos a los objetivos de carbono neutralidad y re- siliencia con cobeneficios importantes en lo económico, lo social y lo ambiental.', '• Mostrar con ejemplos de implementación temprana cómo es posible acercarnos a los objetivos de carbono neutralidad y re- siliencia con cobeneficios importantes en lo económico, lo social y lo ambiental. • Concientizar a la población de la necesi- dad de emprender grandes transformaciones en muchos ámbitos y que los sacrificios que han de emprenderse palidecen frente a los daños que se mitigan al encaminar- nos en el camino que señala la E2050. La hoja de ruta para la operacionalización de la E2050 debe distinguirse de la planificación nece- saria para implementar las apuestas y opciones de transformación.', 'La hoja de ruta para la operacionalización de la E2050 debe distinguirse de la planificación nece- saria para implementar las apuestas y opciones de transformación. Esta hoja de ruta se remite a definir cómo lograr que la E2050 incida de manera transversal, oportuna y real en los difer- entes sectores y territorios, para que a partir de eso se catalicen los cambios planteados en las apuestas y opciones de transformación. En otras palabras, se trata de una hoja de ruta de inci- dencia enfocada en el cómo detonar las trans- formaciones que plantea la E2050, dado que las transformaciones en sí son aquellas señaladas en el cuerpo de la E2050 en sus nueve apuestas y cuarenta y ocho opciones de transformación.', 'En otras palabras, se trata de una hoja de ruta de inci- dencia enfocada en el cómo detonar las trans- formaciones que plantea la E2050, dado que las transformaciones en sí son aquellas señaladas en el cuerpo de la E2050 en sus nueve apuestas y cuarenta y ocho opciones de transformación. La hoja de ruta para la operacionalización de la E2050 tendrá cinco bloques de trabajo y dos etapas. La primera etapa va de julio de 2021 a diciembre de 2022, se considera la etapa de arran- que. Con la entrega de la E2050 a la CMNUCC, se pasa de la formulación a la implementación.', 'Con la entrega de la E2050 a la CMNUCC, se pasa de la formulación a la implementación. La etapa de arranque busca preparar el terreno en lo administrativo, institucional, operativo y políti- co para que esta estrategia sea acogida por el nuevo gobierno que se posesionará en agosto de 2022. Esta etapa durará hasta fines de 2022 para acompañar y asesorar al nuevo gobierno durante estos primeros meses de gestión. Posteriormente, de enero 2023 a diciembre 2026 tendrá lugar la etapa de incidencia transversal, en donde se espera ya contar con una estructu- ra institucional formalizada para implementar la E2050 con una entidad líder formalmente a cargo y con una estructura de seguimiento. Ambas etapas hacen parte de la fase de aumento signif- icativo de la ambición 2021-2030 de la imple- mentación de la E2050.', 'Ambas etapas hacen parte de la fase de aumento signif- icativo de la ambición 2021-2030 de la imple- mentación de la E2050. Posterior a 2026 se espera que la integración de la E2050 en la instituciona- lidad colombiana sea plena y que con las nuevas actualizaciones de la E2050 se generen ciclos de planificación e incidencia regulares. Cuando se actualice la E2050, esta debe informar a las actual- izaciones de la NDC, así como a los subsiguientes planes nacionales de desarrollo y otros instru- mentos, de manera continua hasta el 2050.', 'Cuando se actualice la E2050, esta debe informar a las actual- izaciones de la NDC, así como a los subsiguientes planes nacionales de desarrollo y otros instru- mentos, de manera continua hasta el 2050. Es de anotar que también se espera que en el contexto del Acuerdo de París se den con el paso del tiem- po más orientaciones desde la CMNUCC sobre el papel que deben cumplir las estrategias de largo plazo en los países, una vez el grueso del primer lote de las mismas sea entregado para la COP26 por las diferentes Partes del Acuerdo de París. A continuación, se describen los cinco bloques de trabajo que configuran la hoja de ruta de operacionalización de la E2050.', 'A continuación, se describen los cinco bloques de trabajo que configuran la hoja de ruta de operacionalización de la E2050. 7.1 Anclaje institucional, de monitoreo, seguimiento, y evaluación Objetivo específico: Lograr que la E2050 se formalice en el paisaje institucional colombiano a través de un manda- to legal claro y una estructura institucional que permita llevar a cabo la etapa de incidencia transversal, y contar con procesos de gener- ación de información, monitoreo, seguimiento y evaluación y actualización de la E2050. Hasta el momento no se ha determinado cómo deberá ser la estructura institucional de segui- miento de la E2050, para lo cual existen varias alternativas. El equipo creado para la formu- lación apoyará la transición y la determinación de dicha estructura institucional evitando cual- quier hiato entre la aprobación de la E2050 y el comienzo de su implementación.', 'El equipo creado para la formu- lación apoyará la transición y la determinación de dicha estructura institucional evitando cual- quier hiato entre la aprobación de la E2050 y el comienzo de su implementación. La estructura institucional deberá acoplarse a lo dispuesto en la arquitectura del Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SISCLIMA) y tener también presente la arquitectura de seguimiento a la Agenda 2030 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. La Comis- ión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático debe ser la instancia que en primer lugar pueda decidir sobre esta estructura institucional y distribución de responsabilidades. El liderazgo de la E2050 podría estar en manos del Departamento Nacional de Planeación en razón a que es la entidad de planificación nacional transversal por excelencia y lidera el seguimiento a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el país.', 'El liderazgo de la E2050 podría estar en manos del Departamento Nacional de Planeación en razón a que es la entidad de planificación nacional transversal por excelencia y lidera el seguimiento a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el país. No obstante, también podría estar a cargo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible puesto que se trata de una planificación para objetivos climáticos de carbono neutralidad y resiliencia. La institución líder, cualquiera que se decida, deberá propender porque las apuestas que se encuentran en la E2050 y sus respectivas opciones de transformación pasen de ser aspi- raciones no vinculantes, a convertirse en metas y obligaciones específicas sectoriales.', 'La institución líder, cualquiera que se decida, deberá propender porque las apuestas que se encuentran en la E2050 y sus respectivas opciones de transformación pasen de ser aspi- raciones no vinculantes, a convertirse en metas y obligaciones específicas sectoriales. Es funda- mental articular el camino para la construcción de la carbono neutralidad y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de adaptación con el desarrollo de otros ejercicios estratégicos nacionales para la lucha contra el cambio climático, tales como, la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono (ECDBC), el Plan Nacional de Adapta- ción (PNACC), la Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques (EICDGB), los Planes Territoriales y Sectoriales de Gestión del Cambio Climático (PIGCC)45, las Acciones de 45. Según lo establecido en Artículo 7 de la Ley 1931 de 2018.', 'Según lo establecido en Artículo 7 de la Ley 1931 de 2018. Instrumentos de los ministerios. Los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS), serán los instrumentos de para impartir las directrices y adoptar las acciones necesarias para asegurar en el marco de sus competencias el cumplimiento de la meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, concertada para cada sector en la CICC, y las metas de adaptación para lo relacionado con su sector, especialmente para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y una alta capacidad de adaptación en territo- rios y sectores (resiliencia climática).El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA), los CONPES y otros instrumentos alineados para la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad como la Política de Crecimiento Verde y los ODS.', 'Los Planes Integrales de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS), serán los instrumentos de para impartir las directrices y adoptar las acciones necesarias para asegurar en el marco de sus competencias el cumplimiento de la meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, concertada para cada sector en la CICC, y las metas de adaptación para lo relacionado con su sector, especialmente para alcanzar la carbono neutralidad y una alta capacidad de adaptación en territo- rios y sectores (resiliencia climática).El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA), los CONPES y otros instrumentos alineados para la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad como la Política de Crecimiento Verde y los ODS. Para cada apuesta deberán identificarse las instituciones de anclaje respectivas y propender por que asuman el reto de coliderar esa transición hacia la carbono neutrali- dad y la resiliencia climática, junto con la institución líder de toda la E2050.', 'Para cada apuesta deberán identificarse las instituciones de anclaje respectivas y propender por que asuman el reto de coliderar esa transición hacia la carbono neutrali- dad y la resiliencia climática, junto con la institución líder de toda la E2050. De este modo se buscará un liderazgo nodal pero acompañada por una apropi- ación institucional sectorial para cada apuesta. Asimismo, será deseable contar con una estruc- tura permanente externa e independiente de carácter consultivo y asesor para cumplir con las funciones que ha venido desempeña- do el Comité de Apoyo a la E2050 y el Comité de Expertos.', 'Asimismo, será deseable contar con una estruc- tura permanente externa e independiente de carácter consultivo y asesor para cumplir con las funciones que ha venido desempeña- do el Comité de Apoyo a la E2050 y el Comité de Expertos. Para ello existen varias opciones, como lo son el otorgarle dichas responsabili- dades al Consejo Nacional de Cambio Climáti- co creado por la Ley 1931 de 2018, o también crear una figura externa con participación de la academia, sociedad civil y el sector privado, una especie de observatorio 2050.', 'Para ello existen varias opciones, como lo son el otorgarle dichas responsabili- dades al Consejo Nacional de Cambio Climáti- co creado por la Ley 1931 de 2018, o también crear una figura externa con participación de la academia, sociedad civil y el sector privado, una especie de observatorio 2050. Sea cual sea la estructura institucional que se determine, deberá buscarse su sostenibilidad en lo jurídico como en lo económico, para lo cual se estima pertinente formular un proyecto de ley, decreto o una modificación de la Ley 1931 de 2018 sobre gestión del cambio climático y pensar en fuentes de financiación de más largo plazo.', 'Sea cual sea la estructura institucional que se determine, deberá buscarse su sostenibilidad en lo jurídico como en lo económico, para lo cual se estima pertinente formular un proyecto de ley, decreto o una modificación de la Ley 1931 de 2018 sobre gestión del cambio climático y pensar en fuentes de financiación de más largo plazo. El instrumento jurídico elegido deberá versar sobre la naturaleza de la E2050 como instrumento de planificación, los responsables de su elaboración y de liderar su implementación, la incidencia que esta deba tener frente a otros instrumentos de planificación y un marco de monitoreo, segui- miento, reporte, evaluación y actualización con unas periodicidades específicas.', 'El instrumento jurídico elegido deberá versar sobre la naturaleza de la E2050 como instrumento de planificación, los responsables de su elaboración y de liderar su implementación, la incidencia que esta deba tener frente a otros instrumentos de planificación y un marco de monitoreo, segui- miento, reporte, evaluación y actualización con unas periodicidades específicas. Por otro lado, la E2050 muestra la importancia de contar con escenarios climáticos actualiza- dos, así como proyecciones continuas y fiables en todos los temas, desde le incidencia de impac- tos climáticos hasta previsiones de penetración de nuevas tecnologías, con el fin de informar adecuadamente la planificación a largo plazo y poder actualizar periódicamente la E2050, lo cual, se prevé, debe ocurrir cada cinco o diez años46.', 'Por otro lado, la E2050 muestra la importancia de contar con escenarios climáticos actualiza- dos, así como proyecciones continuas y fiables en todos los temas, desde le incidencia de impac- tos climáticos hasta previsiones de penetración de nuevas tecnologías, con el fin de informar adecuadamente la planificación a largo plazo y poder actualizar periódicamente la E2050, lo cual, se prevé, debe ocurrir cada cinco o diez años46. De este modo, en la arquitectura insti- tucional que se decida será necesario entonc- es articular los esfuerzos de diversas entidades que recopilan información, generan estadísti- cas y pudieran estar en capacidad de generar proyecciones a largo plazo, como lo son IDEAM, UPRA, UPME, UNGRD, IAVH, INVEMAR, Institu- to Sinchi, IIAP, INS, DANE, MinHacienda, entre otros.', 'De este modo, en la arquitectura insti- tucional que se decida será necesario entonc- es articular los esfuerzos de diversas entidades que recopilan información, generan estadísti- cas y pudieran estar en capacidad de generar proyecciones a largo plazo, como lo son IDEAM, UPRA, UPME, UNGRD, IAVH, INVEMAR, Institu- to Sinchi, IIAP, INS, DANE, MinHacienda, entre otros. Un acto legislativo podría también esta- blecer programas adicionales de recopilación de información nacional continua para informar a la E2050.', 'Un acto legislativo podría también esta- blecer programas adicionales de recopilación de información nacional continua para informar a la E2050. Se podrá evaluar la pertinencia de vincu- lar formalmente estas capacidades a los procesos de reporte nacionales a la CMNUCC para que los informes bienales de transparencia y quizás aún más las comunicaciones nacionales sean reportes exhaustivos que den cuenta del estado de avance de las transiciones pregonadas por la E2050 y permitan también servir de base para actualizaciones futuras de la E2050 y de las NDC.', 'Se podrá evaluar la pertinencia de vincu- lar formalmente estas capacidades a los procesos de reporte nacionales a la CMNUCC para que los informes bienales de transparencia y quizás aún más las comunicaciones nacionales sean reportes exhaustivos que den cuenta del estado de avance de las transiciones pregonadas por la E2050 y permitan también servir de base para actualizaciones futuras de la E2050 y de las NDC. Igualmente, se hace necesario crear una agenda de ciencia y tecnología para la carbono neutral- idad y resiliencia, con participación de las difer- entes entidades de educación, investigación e innovación, articulando a MinCiencias, las univer- sidades, Agrosavia, centros de investigación agro- pecuarios, los institutos de investigación del SINA e INNPULSA, entre otros.', 'Igualmente, se hace necesario crear una agenda de ciencia y tecnología para la carbono neutral- idad y resiliencia, con participación de las difer- entes entidades de educación, investigación e innovación, articulando a MinCiencias, las univer- sidades, Agrosavia, centros de investigación agro- pecuarios, los institutos de investigación del SINA e INNPULSA, entre otros. Finalmente, en este bloque de trabajo se incluye también la búsqueda de fuentes de financiación para la etapa de incidencia transversal entre 2023 y 2026, apoyos que pueden continuar procurán- dose de la cooperación internacional o también de fuentes nacionales como el impuesto al carbo- no, todo mientras se institucionaliza la E2050.', 'Finalmente, en este bloque de trabajo se incluye también la búsqueda de fuentes de financiación para la etapa de incidencia transversal entre 2023 y 2026, apoyos que pueden continuar procurán- dose de la cooperación internacional o también de fuentes nacionales como el impuesto al carbo- no, todo mientras se institucionaliza la E2050. 7.2 Inclusión de consideraciones de largo plazo en planificación, políticas e instrumentos Objetivo específico: Permear los instrumentos de planificación, políticas e instrumentos nacionales con consid- eraciones de la planificación a largo plazo para la resiliencia socioecológica, efectuando los ajustes normativos necesarios para encaminar las apuestas aprobadas por la E2050.', '7.2 Inclusión de consideraciones de largo plazo en planificación, políticas e instrumentos Objetivo específico: Permear los instrumentos de planificación, políticas e instrumentos nacionales con consid- eraciones de la planificación a largo plazo para la resiliencia socioecológica, efectuando los ajustes normativos necesarios para encaminar las apuestas aprobadas por la E2050. Al no ser un instrumento vinculante sino orien- tativo y aspiracional, la E2050 requiere incidir en otros instrumentos que sí son vinculantes para el Estado de modo que se materialicen las acciones indicadas en las apuestas y opciones de transfor- mación. Este bloque de trabajo deberá propend- er al máximo por lograr permear esos diversos instrumentos de planificación.', 'Este bloque de trabajo deberá propend- er al máximo por lograr permear esos diversos instrumentos de planificación. A largo plazo, la visión debe ser que la E2050 sea un instru- mento de obligatoria referencia y planificación a largo plazo, que retroalimente e informe a los demás instrumentos sectoriales y territoriales, en búsqueda de una congruencia de los planes, presupuestos e inversiones del país con los objeti- vos de carbono neutralidad y resiliencia climática. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2022-2026 plantea el primer reto de incidencia claro para la E2050. Por ello, en este bloque de trabajo deben iden- tificarse prioridades a incorporar en dicho plan a partir de las apuestas y opciones de transfor- mación.', 'Por ello, en este bloque de trabajo deben iden- tificarse prioridades a incorporar en dicho plan a partir de las apuestas y opciones de transfor- mación. Se deben privilegiar aquellas «acciones nodo» que sean catalizadores tempranos y escalones necesarios para la carbono neutrali- dad y la resiliencia en 2050. Ejemplos de acciones nodo son las siguientes: 1. Acciones que deben empezar ya para que se hagan realidad las opciones de trans- formación planteadas en la E2050 y para evitar encasillamientos que dificulten el logro de las opciones de transformación. 2. Desarrollos o modificaciones norma- tivas necesarias en el corto plazo para permitir opciones de transformación con impactos en el largo plazo. 3. Políticas que deben eliminarse o cambiar sustancialmente como pre- 46.', 'Políticas que deben eliminarse o cambiar sustancialmente como pre- 46. Según se determine por las decisiones de Conferencia de las Partes como Reunión de las Partes del Acuerdo de París (CMA) sobre marcos temporales comunes de las NDC de los países, que se discutirán nuevamente en la COP26.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 rrequisito a una transformación hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia. 4. Acciones a evitar para no encasil- larse en lock-in tecnológico. 5. Inversiones de capital necesarias en el corto plazo para generar efectos de largo plazo.', 'Inversiones de capital necesarias en el corto plazo para generar efectos de largo plazo. No todas las prioridades tendrán cabida en el PND 2022-2026 y desde luego varias deberán ser calibradas dependiendo de las directrices que plantee el nuevo gobierno que sea elegi- do en 2022, otras tendrán cabida en diversos instrumentos de planificación sectorial y territo- rial. De modo que este bloque de trabajo debe propender por la incidencia también en otros instrumentos de planificación. Por otro lado, si bien la NDC de Colombia fue actualizada en diciembre de 2020 y entregada a la CMNUCC, el país se encuentra trabajando en un plan de implementación de la misma que busca llevarse a un documento CONPES.', 'Por otro lado, si bien la NDC de Colombia fue actualizada en diciembre de 2020 y entregada a la CMNUCC, el país se encuentra trabajando en un plan de implementación de la misma que busca llevarse a un documento CONPES. Allí se tiene una oportunidad de incidencia adicional de la E2050, mediante la inclusión de medidas de mayor ambición en mitigación para la NDC según lo planteado en las opciones de transfor- mación, para contribuir a llenar la brecha exis- tente entre la meta planteada de reducción de emisiones del 51 % a 2030 y el conjunto de medi- das de mitigación incluidas a la fecha en la NDC.', 'Allí se tiene una oportunidad de incidencia adicional de la E2050, mediante la inclusión de medidas de mayor ambición en mitigación para la NDC según lo planteado en las opciones de transfor- mación, para contribuir a llenar la brecha exis- tente entre la meta planteada de reducción de emisiones del 51 % a 2030 y el conjunto de medi- das de mitigación incluidas a la fecha en la NDC. La NDC deja la puerta abierta a nuevas medidas de mitigación y la E2050 incluye varias propues- tas a modo de opción de transformación que podrán considerarse para oficializar como metas de la NDC. Este círculo virtuoso demostraría la razón de ser de la E2050 que es la de infor- mar con una visión de carbono neutralidad un compromiso de mediano plazo como es la NDC.', 'Este círculo virtuoso demostraría la razón de ser de la E2050 que es la de infor- mar con una visión de carbono neutralidad un compromiso de mediano plazo como es la NDC. Lo mismo puede suceder con otros CONPES que se están tramitando sobre variabilidad climática y transición energética. Asimismo, la incidencia en política pública también se logra mediante la participación en diversos espacios de discusión, mesas temáticas y construcción conjunta de estrategias, como lo es la estrategia de transición justa de la fuerza laboral, incluida como compromiso en la NDC de Colom- bia y que MinTrabajo debe culminar para el 2023.', 'Asimismo, la incidencia en política pública también se logra mediante la participación en diversos espacios de discusión, mesas temáticas y construcción conjunta de estrategias, como lo es la estrategia de transición justa de la fuerza laboral, incluida como compromiso en la NDC de Colom- bia y que MinTrabajo debe culminar para el 2023. Más adelante, una vez se tenga definido el PND 2022-2026 y la institución que liderará la E2050, el trabajo de este bloque podrá considerar nuevos instrumentos de planificación, política o regulación para viabilizar opciones de transfor- mación que no tengan instrumento de política asociado. Esto podrá ser necesario en particular para abordar nuevas temáticas, como lo es por ejemplo la tecnología de captura de carbono, utilización y almacenamiento.', 'Esto podrá ser necesario en particular para abordar nuevas temáticas, como lo es por ejemplo la tecnología de captura de carbono, utilización y almacenamiento. Igualmente, se requerirá un trabajo en la creación o ajuste de instrumentos financieros o fiscales en función de las consideraciones de largo plazo, ya esboza- das en la sección de medios de implementación. En estos casos es prudente practicar los análisis de impacto normativo en línea con recomenda- ciones de la OCDE. Se plantea también crear unos lineamientos de evaluación de macroproyectos de inversión o programas nacionales contra objetivos de la E2050 para determinar compatibilidad con obje- tivos climáticos. Esto podría institucionalizarse si se incluye en un acto legislativo o si no darse como buena práctica del desarrollo de políticas.', 'Esto podría institucionalizarse si se incluye en un acto legislativo o si no darse como buena práctica del desarrollo de políticas. Finalmente, las grandes transformaciones a que llama la E2050 exigen entender bien los costos, los sacrificios y los perjudicados con dichas tran- siciones, con el fin de planificarlas de la mejor manera para minimizar impactos colatera- les negativos, compensar a los más afectados, proporcionar alternativas, potenciar beneficios y disminuir resistencias al cambio. Este ángulo de la planificación, del análisis de costos, trade-offs económicos, de competitividad, políticos, sociales y territoriales requiere un estudio detenido, pues si las transiciones no se manejan bien puede gestarse una muy grande oposición que entor- pezca los cambios requeridos.', 'Este ángulo de la planificación, del análisis de costos, trade-offs económicos, de competitividad, políticos, sociales y territoriales requiere un estudio detenido, pues si las transiciones no se manejan bien puede gestarse una muy grande oposición que entor- pezca los cambios requeridos. capacidades y tecnología para la resiliencia climática Objetivo específico: Generar condiciones habilitantes para que la implementación de las apuestas de la E2050 cuente en el largo plazo con la información necesaria, las capacidades requeridas y las tecnologías apropiadas para su desarrollo. Como es evidente, la transformación hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia no pasa solo por las normativas e instrumentos de planifi- cación, sino que hay que contar con capacidades humanas, información, investigación y tecnología disponible para hacerle frente a dichas transfor- maciones y poder emprenderlas exitosamente.', 'Como es evidente, la transformación hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia no pasa solo por las normativas e instrumentos de planifi- cación, sino que hay que contar con capacidades humanas, información, investigación y tecnología disponible para hacerle frente a dichas transfor- maciones y poder emprenderlas exitosamente. Este bloque de trabajo se enfoca en fortalecer las condiciones habilitantes de generación de infor- mación e investigación, construcción de capaci- dades, innovación y transferencia de tecnología. Poco se habla de la información base que sopor- ta decisiones, pero es fundamental identificar los vacíos en la generación de datos primarios e información base para la planificación climática a largo plazo, para así gestionar los programas y mecanismos necesarios para incrementar la cobertura de la información y mantenerla en el tiempo.', 'Poco se habla de la información base que sopor- ta decisiones, pero es fundamental identificar los vacíos en la generación de datos primarios e información base para la planificación climática a largo plazo, para así gestionar los programas y mecanismos necesarios para incrementar la cobertura de la información y mantenerla en el tiempo. Por ejemplo: datos hidrometereológicos en ciertas regiones del país con escasa cobertu- ra y datos oceanográficos que permitirían tomar mejores decisiones alimentando servicios climáti- cos para medir y modelar mejor los impactos del cambio climático. Asimismo, mediante un estudio de brechas de formación y de necesidades de investigación, innovación y transferencia de tecnología, se deben identificar prioridades en estos medios de imple- mentación para las apuestas de la E2050, config- urando una agenda de investigación e innovación hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia.', 'Asimismo, mediante un estudio de brechas de formación y de necesidades de investigación, innovación y transferencia de tecnología, se deben identificar prioridades en estos medios de imple- mentación para las apuestas de la E2050, config- urando una agenda de investigación e innovación hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia. Acto seguido, deben identificarse y gestionarse mecanismos para acrecentar las capacidades de investigación, innovación y formación de capi- tal humano en el país, por ejemplo, fortaleci- endo o creando programas de formación para suplir vacíos críticos de educación identificados o generando programas de apoyo a líneas de investigación científica e innovación tecnológica para mitigación y adaptación.', 'Acto seguido, deben identificarse y gestionarse mecanismos para acrecentar las capacidades de investigación, innovación y formación de capi- tal humano en el país, por ejemplo, fortaleci- endo o creando programas de formación para suplir vacíos críticos de educación identificados o generando programas de apoyo a líneas de investigación científica e innovación tecnológica para mitigación y adaptación. Esto es indispens- able para responder con capital humano capac- itado a las rápidas transformaciones tecnológicas que han de ayudar a la carbono neutralidad y a la adaptación, así como para generar innovación endógena adaptada al contexto colombiano.', 'Esto es indispens- able para responder con capital humano capac- itado a las rápidas transformaciones tecnológicas que han de ayudar a la carbono neutralidad y a la adaptación, así como para generar innovación endógena adaptada al contexto colombiano. Por otro lado, el país deberá revisar su compen- dio de normas y estándares técnicos (por ejem- plo, aquellas normas técnicas de construcción o del sector eléctrico) y evaluar cuáles ameritan ser modificadas o creadas para responder a la implementación de tecnologías que apunten a la implementación de las opciones de transfor- mación de la E2050.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Finalmente, se prevé contar con un programa de formación general sobre la E2050 diseñado e implementado, dirigido a gobiernos subnaciona- les y sector privado para crear capacidades a nivel técnico y directivo sobre lo que significa la E2050, sus apuestas y opciones de transformación para el país.', 'Por otro lado, el país deberá revisar su compen- dio de normas y estándares técnicos (por ejem- plo, aquellas normas técnicas de construcción o del sector eléctrico) y evaluar cuáles ameritan ser modificadas o creadas para responder a la implementación de tecnologías que apunten a la implementación de las opciones de transfor- mación de la E2050.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 Finalmente, se prevé contar con un programa de formación general sobre la E2050 diseñado e implementado, dirigido a gobiernos subnaciona- les y sector privado para crear capacidades a nivel técnico y directivo sobre lo que significa la E2050, sus apuestas y opciones de transformación para el país. Con ello, se espera sumar muchos alia- dos para la implementación en los territorios y en las empresas, haciendo de la transición hacia la pionera de apuestas y opciones de transformación de la E2050 Objetivo específico: Demostrar con ejemplos reales de imple- mentación que las apuestas de la E2050 son viables y beneficiosas, recabando lecciones aprendidas para el escalamiento de las mismas.', 'Con ello, se espera sumar muchos alia- dos para la implementación en los territorios y en las empresas, haciendo de la transición hacia la pionera de apuestas y opciones de transformación de la E2050 Objetivo específico: Demostrar con ejemplos reales de imple- mentación que las apuestas de la E2050 son viables y beneficiosas, recabando lecciones aprendidas para el escalamiento de las mismas. Dado que la E2050 busca generar una cultura de planificación a largo plazo con el fin de luchar contra el cambio climático y adaptarse al mismo, es necesario mostrar avances pertinentes en el corto plazo y también a escalas locales para que la ciudadanía vea la necesidad y la viabilidad de comenzar desde ya las transformaciones nece- sarias para la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia.', 'Dado que la E2050 busca generar una cultura de planificación a largo plazo con el fin de luchar contra el cambio climático y adaptarse al mismo, es necesario mostrar avances pertinentes en el corto plazo y también a escalas locales para que la ciudadanía vea la necesidad y la viabilidad de comenzar desde ya las transformaciones nece- sarias para la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia. Para ello se busca valerse de entidades, empresas, territorios y organizaciones líderes y pioneras que implementen de manera temprana las transfor- maciones señaladas en las apuestas y opciones de transformación de la E2050. De esta manera se plantean las apuestas de la E2050 como posib- ilidades de desarrollo sostenible que pueden emerger desde lo local y empresarial, y no solo como una transformación que deba darse desde la escala nacional.', 'De esta manera se plantean las apuestas de la E2050 como posib- ilidades de desarrollo sostenible que pueden emerger desde lo local y empresarial, y no solo como una transformación que deba darse desde la escala nacional. Los implementadores pioneros pueden ser de múltiples tipos, pero tienen en común que de manera temprana implementan apuestas y opciones de transformación de la E2050, como podrían ser los siguientes ejemplos: • Municipios y departamentos: acciones y medidas innovadoras en planes de desarrollo. • Entidades públicas: políti- cas de compras públicas. carbono neutralidad parte del quehacer de todas las profesiones y sectores.', 'carbono neutralidad parte del quehacer de todas las profesiones y sectores. Este bloque de trabajo debe contar con la fuerte participación de MinTrabajo, MinCiencias y MinEducación, así como de los institutos de inves- tigación del SINA, el DANE y otras instituciones proveedoras de información y de las entidades que reglamentan las normas técnicas, las univer- sidades, el SENA entre otros. • Empresas: formulación de metas de carbono neutralidad, reconversión tecnológica, políti- cas corporativas, adopción de buenas prácti- cas, desarrollo de nuevos servicios y productos compatibles con los objetivos de la E2050. • Gremios: formulación de metas de car- bono neutralidad, adopción de buenas prácticas, instrumentos financieros. • Alianzas público privadas: ac- ciones colaborativas. • Comunidades locales: acciones a nivel de paisaje y emergencia de nuevas prácticas.', '• Comunidades locales: acciones a nivel de paisaje y emergencia de nuevas prácticas. • Escuelas y colegios: educación para la resiliencia climática y socioecológica. • Universidades: apoyo a inno- vaciones tecnológicas. • Emprendimientos: start-ups, empren- dimientos sociales y tecnológicos. Estos implementadores pioneros serían acom- pañados en sus procesos de ejecución tempra- na con asesoría para la puesta en marcha de las transformaciones, documentación y divulgación de las experiencias, resultados y caracterización de las lecciones aprendidas. Por ejemplo, el acompañamiento puede constar de asesoría en la formulación de metas de carbono neutralidad empresarial e implementación de las mismas. Asimismo, se llevarían a cabo experimentos de política pública de forma controlada y docu- mentada para evaluar efectividad y riesgos de opciones de transformación y derivar lecciones para una implementación a mayor escala.', 'Asimismo, se llevarían a cabo experimentos de política pública de forma controlada y docu- mentada para evaluar efectividad y riesgos de opciones de transformación y derivar lecciones para una implementación a mayor escala. Tanto las experiencias de los pioneros como de los experimentos de política permitirán mostrar casos de éxito para instar a la rápida imple- mentación de las opciones de transformación de la E2050, así como para recabar datos y lecciones aprendidas para corregir el diseño de las políticas y facilitar la implementación a una mayor escala.', 'Tanto las experiencias de los pioneros como de los experimentos de política permitirán mostrar casos de éxito para instar a la rápida imple- mentación de las opciones de transformación de la E2050, así como para recabar datos y lecciones aprendidas para corregir el diseño de las políticas y facilitar la implementación a una mayor escala. Un claro ejemplo que debe ser tomado como parte de esta etapa, es la acción sectorial tempra- na del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible de poner en marcha la Estrategia Colombia Carbono Neutral (ECCN), la cual busca contribuir a avanzar en la implementación de la NDC 2020, con enfoque de largo plazo para contribuir también con los primeros pasos en la construcción de la visión de la E2050, vinculan- do a actores del sector privado e instituciones del Sistema Nacional Ambiental (SINA), así como individuos.', 'Un claro ejemplo que debe ser tomado como parte de esta etapa, es la acción sectorial tempra- na del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible de poner en marcha la Estrategia Colombia Carbono Neutral (ECCN), la cual busca contribuir a avanzar en la implementación de la NDC 2020, con enfoque de largo plazo para contribuir también con los primeros pasos en la construcción de la visión de la E2050, vinculan- do a actores del sector privado e instituciones del Sistema Nacional Ambiental (SINA), así como individuos. De este modo, la ECCN está compues- ta inicialmente por tres bloques de trabajo: 1.', 'De este modo, la ECCN está compues- ta inicialmente por tres bloques de trabajo: 1. Programa nacional de carbono neu- tralidad: tener un mecanismo para pro- mover la gestión de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero de las entidades públicas y privadas, con el fin de apoyar los compromisos del país establecidos en la NDC y establecer compromisos orga- nizacionales de carbono neutralidad. 2. SINA carbono neutral: desarrollar las acciones para la gestión de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero de las entidades del SINA central para ser un modelo de gestión para las demás entidades sectori- ales de gobierno. A mediano y largo plazo este componente se puede ampliar para cu- brir las demás entidades del SINA y otras en- tidades públicas de orden nacional y local. 3.', 'A mediano y largo plazo este componente se puede ampliar para cu- brir las demás entidades del SINA y otras en- tidades públicas de orden nacional y local. 3. Gestión individual de la huella de car- bono: establecer mecanismos para que todo colombiano esté en capacidad de cuantificar sus emisiones de gases efec- to invernadero, conocer el impacto de estas y cómo poder gestionarlas ayudan- do así a combatir el cambio climático.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 7.5 Comunicación y gestión de la transición Objetivo específico: Posicionar y mantener vigente a la E2050 como un plan de largo plazo que debe comprometer al Estado colombiano y a toda su ciudadanía, abordando de manera efec- tiva la resistencia natural que se tendrá a muchas de las transformaciones necesarias para la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia.', 'Gestión individual de la huella de car- bono: establecer mecanismos para que todo colombiano esté en capacidad de cuantificar sus emisiones de gases efec- to invernadero, conocer el impacto de estas y cómo poder gestionarlas ayudan- do así a combatir el cambio climático.El camino a seguir para la implementación y la actualización de la E2050 7.5 Comunicación y gestión de la transición Objetivo específico: Posicionar y mantener vigente a la E2050 como un plan de largo plazo que debe comprometer al Estado colombiano y a toda su ciudadanía, abordando de manera efec- tiva la resistencia natural que se tendrá a muchas de las transformaciones necesarias para la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia. La E2050 requiere de un esfuerzo continuo de posicionamiento ante la opinión pública y los tomadores de decisión acerca de los temas de transición hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia, así como todo lo que eso conlleva.', 'La E2050 requiere de un esfuerzo continuo de posicionamiento ante la opinión pública y los tomadores de decisión acerca de los temas de transición hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia, así como todo lo que eso conlleva. El gran número de temáticas cubiertas por la E2050, sus apuestas y sus opciones de transfor- mación, la hacen muy amplia y difícil de dimen- sionar, de modo que es necesario dar a conocer a las audiencias de manera simplificada lo que se encuentra en cada una de estas apuestas. En una primera etapa, la E2050 debe promo- cionarse de cara a y en la COP26 en noviembre de 2021, ante las audiencias nacionales e inter- nacionales.', 'En una primera etapa, la E2050 debe promo- cionarse de cara a y en la COP26 en noviembre de 2021, ante las audiencias nacionales e inter- nacionales. Información en la web, presencia en redes sociales y medios de comunicación, artículos, columnas y participación en eventos académicos y divulgativos sobre la E2050 por parte de voceros reconocidos serán ingredien- tes importantes de este posicionamiento. Más adelante, deberán desarrollarse campañas más específicas resaltando apuestas específicas de la E2050 y sus opciones de transformación, así como los avances que se vayan logrando en asuntos de política pública. Los pioneros de implementación serán muy útiles para mostrar historias de éxito de implementación en Colom- bia, por ejemplo, por parte de empresas y muni- cipios, pero también pueden traerse ejemplos del exterior.', 'Los pioneros de implementación serán muy útiles para mostrar historias de éxito de implementación en Colom- bia, por ejemplo, por parte de empresas y muni- cipios, pero también pueden traerse ejemplos del exterior. Es muy importante comunicar los cobeneficios de acciones como por ejemplo el uso de vehículos eléctricos o la adopción de prácticas de agricultura de precisión con ahor- ro significativo de agua y fertilizantes. La expec- tativa es que la opinión pública colombiana se forme cada vez más en estos temas.', 'La expec- tativa es que la opinión pública colombiana se forme cada vez más en estos temas. Por otro lado, eventos climáticos catastrófi- cos, como incendios forestales, deslizamien- tos, inundaciones, sequías y afectaciones a la producción agropecuaria deben ser momen- tos de concientización e invitación a la acción, tanto en el ámbito de la preparación ante los desastres y adaptación al cambio climático, como en la misma reducción de emisiones y de la reducción de los factores de vulnerabilidad de los sistemas. Ante esos eventos, es pertinen- te generar comunicaciones estratégicas que enfaticen la importancia de las acciones de la E2050. La labor de posicionamiento de la E2050 debe valorar las transformaciones a emprender a múltiples escalas y en diversos contextos y en conjunto se inste a la acción temprana, llegan- do a múltiples audiencias.', 'La labor de posicionamiento de la E2050 debe valorar las transformaciones a emprender a múltiples escalas y en diversos contextos y en conjunto se inste a la acción temprana, llegan- do a múltiples audiencias. También se deberá comunicar el cómo gestionar las transiciones que implican sacrificios de diversa índole, destacando por ejemplo ejemplos de diversi- ficación económica y reentrenamiento de la fuerza laboral para pasar de economías carbo- no intensivas a carbono neutrales. El posicionamiento de la agenda de la E2050 podrá tener una cúspide con el lanzamiento de la Cuarta Comunicación Nacional ante la CMNUCC, prevista para 2023. Esta presenta la oportunidad de compilar en un solo documen- to el estado de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia en Colombia.', 'Esta presenta la oportunidad de compilar en un solo documen- to el estado de la transición hacia la carbono neutralidad y la resiliencia en Colombia. Por ello podrá convertirse en referencia obligada sobre la materia y herramienta educativa y divulgati- va que llegue a muchos públicos. 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Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S., Vries, W., Wit.', 'Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S., Vries, W., Wit. C., Folk, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G., Persson, L., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B. y Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human develop- ment on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223). Suescún, C. A y Fuerte, A. (2017, 15 de mayo). La escandalosa desigualdad de la propiedad rural en Colombia. Razón Pública. razonpublica.com/la-escandalosa-desigual- dad-de-la-propiedad-rural-en-colombia/ Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. y Miller, H. L. (Eds.). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physi- cal Science Basis. Cambridge University Press. U UICN (2014). Directrices de Uso de la Gestión Ex situ para la Conservación de Especies de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies de la UICN. IUCN Species Survival Commission.', 'Directrices de Uso de la Gestión Ex situ para la Conservación de Especies de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies de la UICN. IUCN Species Survival Commission. portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/docu- UICN. (2020). Norma Mundial sobre las Solu- ciones basadas en la Naturaleza. iucn.org/sites/dev/files/iucn_issues_brief_-_nbs_ standard_esformatted.pdf UNFCCC. (2021). ¿Qué es el Acuerdo de París? United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/el-acuer- do-de-paris UNGRD. (2018). Atlas de Riesgo de Colombia: Revelando los desastres latentes. Unidad Nacio- nal para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres. Universidad de Los Andes (2021). Evaluación de las vías de neutralidad de carbono para Colombia a través de la metodología de Toma de Decisiones Robustas (RDM) en varios escenarios futuros inciertos utilizando el modelo GCAM. Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia (E2050). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. UPME. (2021b).', 'Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. UPME. (2021b). Plan de expansión de gener- ación y transmisión 2020-2034. SIEL. UPME. (2018). Primer balance de Energía Útil para Colombia. UPME. co/Hemeroteca/Paginas/estudio-primer-bal- ance-energia-util-para-Colombia.aspx UPME. (2021a). Plan Energético Nacional 2020 - 2050 “La transformación energética que habil- ita el desarrollo sostenible”. UPME. upme.gov.co/DemandayEficiencia/Documents/ V Vesna, B. y Željko, T. (2017). Energy efficiency policy evaluation by moving from techno-eco- nomic towards whole society perspective on energy efficiency market. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70(C), 968-975. M., Gosz, J., Kliskey, A. y Alessa, L. (2016). A social-ecological systems approach for environ- mental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 178, 83-91. Vivid Economics, Econometría. (2020). Propues- ta de Diseño de Sistema de Comercio de Emis- iones: Interacción de políticas. PMR-World Bank.', 'Propues- ta de Diseño de Sistema de Comercio de Emis- iones: Interacción de políticas. PMR-World Bank. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1987). Teoría general de sistemas: fundamentos, desarrollo, aplicaciones. Fondo de Cultura Económica. W Walker, B., y Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Think- ing: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in Changing World. Island Press. Wilson, E., y Peter, F. (1988). Biodiversity. National Academy Press. WRI y New Climate Economy. (2021). A Holistic Approach for Understanding Linkages Among Areas of Intervention (Apuestas) in Colombia’s Long-Term Strategy for Decarbonization. Estrate- gia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia (E2050). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. WWF. (2019, 23 de abril). Todo lo que debes saber y cómo podemos acabar con el blan- queamiento de los corales. Descubre WWF. historias/todo-lo-que-debes-saber-y-como-po- demos-acabar-con-el-blanqueamiento-de-los- X Xianfu, L. (2019). Building resilient infra- structure for the future.', 'Building resilient infra- structure for the future. Background paper for the G20. Banco Asiático de Desarrollo. structure-future.pdfAnexos Anexos “Vientos de cambio: Una historia de Carbono Neutralidad”, historia para acercar a un público in- fantil (niños de educación básica pri- maria) las transformaciones profundas que impulsa la E2050 para Colombia Descarga aquí Download here Español EnglishAnexos 9.2 Relación de estudios de apoyo elaborados para la construcción de la E2050 Evaluación de las vías de neutralidad de carbono para Colombia a través de la metodología de toma de decisiones robus- tas (RDM) en varios escenarios futuros inciertos utilizando el modelo GCAM. Estos documentos se pueden consultar en: a. d. b. e. c. f. g. h. i. Análisis de instrumentos de política pública e institucional en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutralidad y la adaptación E2050.', 'Estos documentos se pueden consultar en: a. d. b. e. c. f. g. h. i. Análisis de instrumentos de política pública e institucional en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutralidad y la adaptación E2050. Estudio de riesgo por efectos del cambio climático y medidas de adaptación para la estrategia a largo plazo E2050 de Colombia, fase 1. Evaluación de los posibles efectos económicos de las metas de miti- gación siguiendo los resultados de los modelos GCAM-RDM. Análisis de opciones para aumentar las absorciones de gases de efecto inver- nadero de Colombia en el marco de la Estrategia climática de largo plazo E2050. Análisis de los instrumentos de plan- ificación territorial y ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutrali- dad y la adaptación.', 'Análisis de los instrumentos de plan- ificación territorial y ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutrali- dad y la adaptación. Análisis prospectivo de los instrumentos de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CT&I) y su articulación con educación, formación y sensibilización de públicos en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutralidad y la adaptación E2050. Análisis prospectivo de los instrumen- tos económicos y financieros en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutrali- dad y la adaptación E2050.', 'Análisis prospectivo de los instrumen- tos económicos y financieros en el marco de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia para la carbono neutrali- dad y la adaptación E2050. Análisis para la transversalización del enfoque de género en la formulación de la Estrategia de largo plazo de Colombia.Estrategia climática de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París C O L O M B I A']

es-ES

COL

Colombia

1st NDC

2018-07-12 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Colombia%20iNDC%20Unofficial%20translation%20Eng.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/759cfeb498ee89e963ca532f92ee6613fe1d601fd24189698d8b4992e618d564.pdf

['Pursuant to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Republic of Colombia is pleased to present its “Intended Nationally Determined Contribution” (iNDC). INTRODUCTION Colombia is committed to fighting climate change, to the success of the UNFCCC negotiations and, particularly, to the adoption in December 2015, of a new legally binding agreement that will include commitments for all Parties during the COP 21.', 'INTRODUCTION Colombia is committed to fighting climate change, to the success of the UNFCCC negotiations and, particularly, to the adoption in December 2015, of a new legally binding agreement that will include commitments for all Parties during the COP 21. According to the information generated by the Colombian Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies Institute (IDEAM), in the context of the country´s First Biennial Update Report 1 and the Third National Communication on Climate Change, in 2010 the country produced estimated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of 224 Mton of CO2 eq, which represents just 0.46% of total global emissions for 20102.', 'According to the information generated by the Colombian Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies Institute (IDEAM), in the context of the country´s First Biennial Update Report 1 and the Third National Communication on Climate Change, in 2010 the country produced estimated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of 224 Mton of CO2 eq, which represents just 0.46% of total global emissions for 20102. The sectorial distribution of GHG in Colombia is as follows: Source: Colombian Biennial Update Report, IDEAM 2015 Notwithstanding the above, Colombia is highly exposed and sensitive to the impacts of climate change, given its diverse geography and economy, which is highly dependent on the climatic conditions and the use of natural resources.', 'The sectorial distribution of GHG in Colombia is as follows: Source: Colombian Biennial Update Report, IDEAM 2015 Notwithstanding the above, Colombia is highly exposed and sensitive to the impacts of climate change, given its diverse geography and economy, which is highly dependent on the climatic conditions and the use of natural resources. The “New Climate Economy”, report led by the Global Commission on Economy and Climate, acknowledges that the current development rate is only sustainable if climate change risks are identified and faced.', 'The “New Climate Economy”, report led by the Global Commission on Economy and Climate, acknowledges that the current development rate is only sustainable if climate change risks are identified and faced. Therefore, for Colombia to develop and ensure its peace, equity and education objectives, and to sustain them in the long term, it is essential to identify and utilize, opportunities to increase The First Biennial Update Report is being consolidated and will be submitted to the Framework Convention of the United Nations in September 2015. 2 Estimate made from an approximate data of global emissions of 49Gton according to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Work Group III.', '2 Estimate made from an approximate data of global emissions of 49Gton according to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Work Group III. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses Energy Waste Industrial processes 2010 GHG Emissions (MTon -\xad‐ CO2 eq)competitiveness, productivity and efficiency following a low-\xad‐carbon pathway in the different sectors of the national economy. Likewise, it is important for the country to adapt to the impacts of climate change and build its development on a resilient foundation. Therefore, Colombia deems it is fundamental for its iNDC to consider not only mitigation but also adaptation and means of implementation.', 'Therefore, Colombia deems it is fundamental for its iNDC to consider not only mitigation but also adaptation and means of implementation. For the country, the consolidation of its iNDC constitutes an opportunity to catalyze national and sub-\xad‐national efforts through the planning of an innovative, competitive and low-\xad‐carbon economy, which is resilient at same time. MITIGATION Unilateral and unconditional target The Republic of Colombia commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% with respect to the projected Business-\xad‐as-\xad‐Usual Scenario (BAU) by 2030. Conditional Target Subject to the provision of international support, Colombia could increase its ambition from 20% reduction with respect to BAU to 30% with respect to BAU by 2030.', 'Conditional Target Subject to the provision of international support, Colombia could increase its ambition from 20% reduction with respect to BAU to 30% with respect to BAU by 2030. Type of target Deviation with respect to a projected BAU scenario Timeframe − Based on the outcome of the climate negotiations in Paris in the COP 21, Colombia will consider communicating an indicative target for 2025, consistent with its 2030 target.', 'Type of target Deviation with respect to a projected BAU scenario Timeframe − Based on the outcome of the climate negotiations in Paris in the COP 21, Colombia will consider communicating an indicative target for 2025, consistent with its 2030 target. Scope − Economy-\xad‐wide target − It covers 100% of national emissions, according to the 2010 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory − It includes the 6 gases acknowledged by the Kyoto protocol: CO2 O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 − It covers all emission sectors acknowledged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Emissions (M ton CO2 -\xad‐eq) BAU Scenario Mitigation Scenario compared to the BAU Scenario− It covers the entire national territory Reference Level The reference level is the projected BAU scenario.', 'Scope − Economy-\xad‐wide target − It covers 100% of national emissions, according to the 2010 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory − It includes the 6 gases acknowledged by the Kyoto protocol: CO2 O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 − It covers all emission sectors acknowledged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Emissions (M ton CO2 -\xad‐eq) BAU Scenario Mitigation Scenario compared to the BAU Scenario− It covers the entire national territory Reference Level The reference level is the projected BAU scenario. This scenario was developed in 2015, starting from the quantified inventory of GHG emissions in 2010 and includes the following emissions pathway: eq eq eq Assumptions and methodological approaches − The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2010 was prepared by IDEAM in the context of the First Biennial Update Report and the Third National Communication on Climate Change, according to the IPCC 2006 Guidelines.', 'This scenario was developed in 2015, starting from the quantified inventory of GHG emissions in 2010 and includes the following emissions pathway: eq eq eq Assumptions and methodological approaches − The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2010 was prepared by IDEAM in the context of the First Biennial Update Report and the Third National Communication on Climate Change, according to the IPCC 2006 Guidelines. − The Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used correspond to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC (1995) for a 100-\xad‐year period. − The AFOLU sector (agriculture, forestry and other land uses)3 is included in the economy-\xad‐wide target.', '− The AFOLU sector (agriculture, forestry and other land uses)3 is included in the economy-\xad‐wide target. The country has significantly improved the information for the characterization and quantification of emissions and removals in this sector, and will continue undertaking efforts to obtain better activity data, emission factors and projections. These efforts may lead to fine-\xad‐ tuning this information, i.e. in agro-\xad‐forestry and silvopastoral systems, which offer great mitigation potential in the country. To estimate the BAU and emissions reductions scenarios, the carbon emission and removals from forest plantations and permanent crops are included; it excludes removals from natural forests that still remain as natural forests4.', 'To estimate the BAU and emissions reductions scenarios, the carbon emission and removals from forest plantations and permanent crops are included; it excludes removals from natural forests that still remain as natural forests4. − The BAU scenario includes efforts to increase energy efficiency in the industrial, residential and commercial sectors, fugitive emissions due to the deceleration of oil and coal production, and deforestation trends under post-\xad‐conflict scenarios. − The BAU scenario projections were independently made for each of the productive sectors, using the input of experts, based on macroeconomic assumptions, the analysis of current and prospective policies, and official information from IDEAM regarding the historical path of emissions.', '− The BAU scenario projections were independently made for each of the productive sectors, using the input of experts, based on macroeconomic assumptions, the analysis of current and prospective policies, and official information from IDEAM regarding the historical path of emissions. The information on deforestation was projected taking into account the 2013 -\xad‐2017 Forest Reference Emissions Level for the Amazon region presented to the UNFCCC in December 2014. An aggregated analysis was then made to estimate the sectorial emissions projection at a national scale. − The emission growth drivers at a sectorial level correlate to the following macro-\xad‐economic variables: i. Urban, rural or aggregated population: projections of the National Statistics Administrative Department (DANE) for 2020 5 and extrapolation up to 2050.', 'Urban, rural or aggregated population: projections of the National Statistics Administrative Department (DANE) for 2020 5 and extrapolation up to 2050. The For the analysis of land cover changes, Approach 2 was employed: Total Land-\xad‐Use Area, Including changes between categories. For other land cover representations Approach 1 was employed: Total Land Use Area, no data on conversions between land uses, or a combination of both approaches. (IPCC 2006, Vol 4, Cap 3). The above will be subjected to the progress on the definition of accounting rules under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.population distribution between rural and urban areas was estimated with UN methodologies6, based on the DANE projections for 2020. ii.', 'The above will be subjected to the progress on the definition of accounting rules under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.population distribution between rural and urban areas was estimated with UN methodologies6, based on the DANE projections for 2020. ii. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): For the sectorial GDP projections, the Dynamic Product Input was used with adjustments in the model that allowed for modification of the contribution of the oil and coal sectors to national GDP, which affected the behavior of other sectors. The growth expectation of each sector was reviewed with the National Planning Department (DNP) and other experts to define highly likely scenarios for Colombia up to 2050, using an average growth in per capita GDP of 3.1% per year.', 'The growth expectation of each sector was reviewed with the National Planning Department (DNP) and other experts to define highly likely scenarios for Colombia up to 2050, using an average growth in per capita GDP of 3.1% per year. Furthermore, the government analyzed historical trajectories and current and prospective policies of the activity data. Market instruments With the objective of contributing to achieve the emissions reduction target, with a focus on cost-\xad‐ efficiency, Colombia will explore the use of market instruments (or other economic instruments) that guarantee the principles of transparency and environmental integrity, which result in real, permanent, additional, verified mitigation outcomes and prevent double counting.', 'Market instruments With the objective of contributing to achieve the emissions reduction target, with a focus on cost-\xad‐ efficiency, Colombia will explore the use of market instruments (or other economic instruments) that guarantee the principles of transparency and environmental integrity, which result in real, permanent, additional, verified mitigation outcomes and prevent double counting. Preparation of Goal Since 2012, within the framework of the Colombian Low-\xad‐Carbon Development Strategy, analyses were performed with high technical rigor7 to explore trajectories to decouple GHG emissions growth from national economic growth. These analyses included: dialogues with experts from public and private entities, academia, and civil society, with a view to identify and prioritize mitigation measures that were aligned with sectorial development objectives.', 'These analyses included: dialogues with experts from public and private entities, academia, and civil society, with a view to identify and prioritize mitigation measures that were aligned with sectorial development objectives. These exercises and collective agreements formed the basis for developing the BAU and mitigation scenarios, which resulted in the national emission reduction target. After this technical process, the government carried out a political process that included the participation of high-\xad‐level public actors (Ministers and Vice Ministers). Workshops and bilateral meetings were held between the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, sectorial Ministries and the National Planning Department.', 'Workshops and bilateral meetings were held between the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, sectorial Ministries and the National Planning Department. ADAPTATION The Colombian territory is characterized by a great diversity of ecosystems, determined by its geographical location and the physical and climatic characteristics of a country that has three mountain ranges, six natural regions and a large cultural diversity shaping the dynamics of numerous local communities. This, added to a climate-\xad‐dependent economy, makes the country highly vulnerable and sensitive to adverse impacts from climate change. The “La Niña” phenomenon, which took place in 2010-\xad‐ 2011, evidenced the impacts derived from climate change and variability on the country’s development.', 'The “La Niña” phenomenon, which took place in 2010-\xad‐ 2011, evidenced the impacts derived from climate change and variability on the country’s development. Damage and losses were estimated in USD$ 6 billion8, over 3.2 million people were affected, 3.5 million Available at United Nations, methods for urban and rural population projections. Manual VIII, ST/ESA/SER.A/55. New York, 1975. The analyses performed based on inclusive methodologies, based on the science of the MAPS Platform. DNP-\xad‐IDB-\xad‐ECLAC. 2011. “Valuation and losses from winter season 2010-\xad‐2011 (“La Niña”) in Colombia. Average exchange rate of $1.856 COP per dollar between October 2010 and May 2011hectares flooded and 845 primary and secondary roads closed, thus affecting the social and economic life of the country.', 'Average exchange rate of $1.856 COP per dollar between October 2010 and May 2011hectares flooded and 845 primary and secondary roads closed, thus affecting the social and economic life of the country. Adaptation and building resilience with respect to climate change are a priority for Colombia and represent a national security issue, which in the context of peace building will be even more relevant. These measures will be aimed at improving the well being of the entire population in territories well adapted to the climate, all of which will make Colombia a modern, innovative and competitive country globally.', 'These measures will be aimed at improving the well being of the entire population in territories well adapted to the climate, all of which will make Colombia a modern, innovative and competitive country globally. Adaptation priorities in the context of the in INDC The adaptation component is based on the country’s progress regarding adaptation within the National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change (PNACC in Spanish), which was formulated in 2011, and has been implemented through different territorial and sectorial efforts. The PNACC defines guidelines so that the country´s sectors and territories prioritize their actions aimed at reducing vulnerability, and include climate change and climate variability in their planning processes, through the formulation and implementation of territorial and sectorial adaptation plans.', 'The PNACC defines guidelines so that the country´s sectors and territories prioritize their actions aimed at reducing vulnerability, and include climate change and climate variability in their planning processes, through the formulation and implementation of territorial and sectorial adaptation plans. These efforts have focused on the Caribbean and Andean regions, as well as on the transport, housing, energy, agriculture and health sectors, as defined based on the information provided by the First and Second National Communications on Climate Change, and taking into account the damages and losses caused by La Niña phenomena in 2010-\xad‐2011. To date, Colombian entities have formulated 11 territorial adaptation plans to climate change, which have prioritized adaptation actions.', 'To date, Colombian entities have formulated 11 territorial adaptation plans to climate change, which have prioritized adaptation actions. These plans are the input for decision-\xad‐makers to identify the vulnerability of the territory and define adaptation measures to be incorporated in the different development and spatial planning instruments. Furthermore, prioritized sectors corresponding to each Ministry are making progress in developing their sectorial adaptation plans. To date, there are plans for the agricultural sector and the primary road network. The preparation of the Third National Communication on Climate Change is ongoing, and its input will provide updated information in greater detail, which will identify the areas of greatest vulnerability, with a view to prioritize and concentrate adaptation efforts.', 'The preparation of the Third National Communication on Climate Change is ongoing, and its input will provide updated information in greater detail, which will identify the areas of greatest vulnerability, with a view to prioritize and concentrate adaptation efforts. Colombia’s adaption action towards Paris Agreement Starting with the country’s progress through the PNACC and in line with efforts to address multidimensional poverty and inequality, the definition of the adaptation component of the iNDC included a participatory methodology, through workshops, working sessions and opportunities for dialog with experts from public and private entities, academia, and civil society.', 'Colombia’s adaption action towards Paris Agreement Starting with the country’s progress through the PNACC and in line with efforts to address multidimensional poverty and inequality, the definition of the adaptation component of the iNDC included a participatory methodology, through workshops, working sessions and opportunities for dialog with experts from public and private entities, academia, and civil society. It was defined that the country will focus its efforts to 2030 jointly with other global targets that contribute to increasing resilience, such as those of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the 2030 Development Agenda, and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), as well as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-\xad‐2030, in the following strategic lines: i. Synergies between adaptation and mitigationii. Socio-\xad‐ecosystem based adaptation iii.', 'Synergies between adaptation and mitigationii. Socio-\xad‐ecosystem based adaptation iii. Articulation between adaptation to climate change and risk management iv. Adaptation of infrastructure and economic sectors of the economy v. Incorporation of adaptation and resilience considerations in sectorial, spatial and development planning vi. Strengthening of institutional capacities vii. Promotion of education about climate change to catalyze behavioral changes viii. Consolidation of peace territories taking into account climate change considerations In this sense, and with a view to move towards economies, societies and ecosystems resilient to climate change impacts, the following are the specific prioritized actions by 2030 in Colombia: i. 100% of the national territory covered by climate change plans formulated and being implemented ii. A National System of Adaptation Indicators that allows the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of adaptation measures iii.', 'A National System of Adaptation Indicators that allows the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of adaptation measures iii. Water resource management tools, which include climate change and variability considerations, will be in place for the country’s priority water basins iv. Six (6) priority sectors of the economy (transport, energy, agriculture, housing, health, and trade, tourism and industry) will include climate change considerations in their planning instruments and will be implementing innovative adaptation actions v. Strengthening of the awareness, training and public education strategy on climate change, focusing on different stakeholders of the Colombian society vi. Delimitation and protection Colombia’s 36 “paramo” areas (high mountain Andean ecosystems) (approximately 3 million hectares). vii.', 'Delimitation and protection Colombia’s 36 “paramo” areas (high mountain Andean ecosystems) (approximately 3 million hectares). vii. Increase of more than 2.5 million hectares in coverage of newly protected areas in the National System of Protected Areas -\xad‐SINAP-\xad‐, in coordination with local and regional stakeholders viii. Inclusion of climate change considerations in projects of national and strategic interest -\xad‐PINES-\xad‐. ix. 10 subsectors of the agricultural sector such as rice, coffee, livestock and silvopastoral, with improved capabilities to adapt appropriately to climate change and variability. x. 15 of the country s departments participating in the technical working groups on climate and agriculture, articulated with the national working group and 1 million producers receiving agro-\xad‐ climatic information to facilitate decision-\xad‐making in agricultural activities.', '15 of the country s departments participating in the technical working groups on climate and agriculture, articulated with the national working group and 1 million producers receiving agro-\xad‐ climatic information to facilitate decision-\xad‐making in agricultural activities. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Colombia will contribute to the achievement of the global mitigation and adaptation goals and targets through plans, programs and initiatives that will facilitate the implementation of the necessary measures to achieve the INDC goals. In this sense, Colombia will work towards: i. A strategy with universities networks and research groups on subjects related to the main goals proposed as part of the mitigation and adaptation contributions.ii.', 'A strategy with universities networks and research groups on subjects related to the main goals proposed as part of the mitigation and adaptation contributions.ii. The creation of climate change innovation clusters, through the promotion of private investment, public private partnerships and foreign direct investment, with special emphasis on the scientific research and the knowledge and technology transfer. iii. An agenda which would promote research, innovation and technological development in topics related to climate change. iv. The active integration of national institutes and entities with the relevant UNFCCC mechanisms for technology transfer.', 'The active integration of national institutes and entities with the relevant UNFCCC mechanisms for technology transfer. v. Share valuable knowledge with developing countries as part of its iNDC, regarding mitigation and adaptation to climate change, to the extent of the country’s capabilities and responding in particular to the Latin America and Caribbean region’s demands. This commitment aims at scaling up Colombia’s south-\xad‐south and triangular cooperation in this area, under the leadership of the organizations coordinating international cooperation in the country. vi. Articulation of the National Government, with regional and local governments for the formulation and implementation in the medium and long-\xad‐term, of comprehensive climate change plans that foster competitive and sustainable cities. vii.', 'Articulation of the National Government, with regional and local governments for the formulation and implementation in the medium and long-\xad‐term, of comprehensive climate change plans that foster competitive and sustainable cities. vii. Continue to work together with the financial sector in order to contribute to the continuous improvement and development of solutions to the environmental and social challenges that the country faces. Colombia will continue to do so through joint actions between civil society, state and the private sector to achieve a sustainable development and the transition to low-\xad‐carbon, resilient development. Finally, Colombia has been making progress in the identification of financing sources and the definition of a climate-\xad‐finance strategy.', 'Finally, Colombia has been making progress in the identification of financing sources and the definition of a climate-\xad‐finance strategy. However, it is recognized that financial resources are limited, which is why there is a need to increase the resources for financing adaptation and mitigation, as well as the development and transfer of technologies and the construction of institutional capacity at the different government levels. PLANNING PROCESS Since 2010, Colombia has been developing policy instruments for climate, such as the Policy Document CONPES 3700, the Colombian Low Carbon Development Strategy (CLCDS), the National Strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENREDD +) and the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change.', 'PLANNING PROCESS Since 2010, Colombia has been developing policy instruments for climate, such as the Policy Document CONPES 3700, the Colombian Low Carbon Development Strategy (CLCDS), the National Strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENREDD +) and the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change. Additionally, since 2014, Colombia is formulating its National Climate Change Policy that aims to establish, in an articulated manner, mitigation and adaptation actions in the country by increasing resilience and reducing the carbon intensity in the economy.', 'Additionally, since 2014, Colombia is formulating its National Climate Change Policy that aims to establish, in an articulated manner, mitigation and adaptation actions in the country by increasing resilience and reducing the carbon intensity in the economy. In this sense, the National Development Plan (NDP) 2014-\xad‐2018 includes a Green Growth strategy that indicates that "the climate change policy and draft bill, will be harmonized with the definition of a commitment on emissions reduction, adaptation and means of implementation that meets the criteria of robustness and fairness. This commitment will be submitted by Colombia under the global agreement that is being negotiated under the UNFCCC ".', 'This commitment will be submitted by Colombia under the global agreement that is being negotiated under the UNFCCC ". Thus, these instruments allow the incorporation of climate change management in making development decisions in the medium and long term, and facilitate compliance with the objectives laid down in this iNDC.Colombia´s iNDC seeks to give greater participation to the territories and sectors at the local level to prioritize and design their own climate change strategies, with a differentiated approach that takes into account regional circumstances. This aims at reconciling "bottom-\xad‐up" and "top-\xad‐down" strategies with a view to establishing enhanced coordination and participation of different stakeholders at the different government levels and links in the value chains of the different sectors.', 'This aims at reconciling "bottom-\xad‐up" and "top-\xad‐down" strategies with a view to establishing enhanced coordination and participation of different stakeholders at the different government levels and links in the value chains of the different sectors. To fulfill its mitigation goal, Colombia has prioritized mitigation measures through (8) Sectorial Mitigation Action Plans (SMAPs) that aim to maximize the carbon-\xad‐efficiency of economic activities at the national and sectorial levels and in turn contribute to social and economic development. These plans were developed under the CLCDS framework and were approved by the relevant sectorial Ministries (Agriculture and Rural Development, Commerce, Industry and Tourism, Transport, Housing, City and Territory and Mines and Energy).', 'These plans were developed under the CLCDS framework and were approved by the relevant sectorial Ministries (Agriculture and Rural Development, Commerce, Industry and Tourism, Transport, Housing, City and Territory and Mines and Energy). Mitigation measures have also been identified in the land use change sector, with processes under the REDD + Strategy and the Amazon Vision Program, among others. Since 2013 the country has been working on developing a system for monitoring, reporting and verification for GHG emission reductions and climate financing. To this date, we have advanced in defining the objectives, mitigation measures and principles of the system. The country is committed to continue working in this direction, especially in identifying and developing legal, technical and institutional tools to facilitate monitoring progress towards achieving the iNDC.', 'The country is committed to continue working in this direction, especially in identifying and developing legal, technical and institutional tools to facilitate monitoring progress towards achieving the iNDC. EQUITY AND AMBITION Colombia´s iNDC is realistic, ambitious and equitable. It is based on national progress to date, takes into account national capacities and circumstances, and seeks to contribute to the objective of the Convention (established in Article 2). Emissions Profile in Colombia Colombia has a very clean electricity generation matrix due to the high share of hydroelectricity (68% of the electricity generation in 2010) and an energy consumption well below the international electricity consumption averages.', 'Emissions Profile in Colombia Colombia has a very clean electricity generation matrix due to the high share of hydroelectricity (68% of the electricity generation in 2010) and an energy consumption well below the international electricity consumption averages. Energy consumption in Colombia in 2010 was 31 MBTU per person, while the world average in the same year was 74 and Latin America´s was 57 MBTU per person, according to the information from the US Energy Information Administration. Colombia’s mitigation target seeks to achieve a per capita emissions level of nearly 4.6 Ton CO2 eq/capita by 2030.', 'Colombia’s mitigation target seeks to achieve a per capita emissions level of nearly 4.6 Ton CO2 eq/capita by 2030. This value would be even lower than the country s per capita emissions in 2010 (4.8 Ton eq/capita) and is consistent with the pathway established by the United Nations Environment Program (Emissions Gap Report, 2014) which encourages countries to achieve the goal of avoiding a global temperature rise of more than 2° C. BAU iNDC Total estimated emissions in 2030 (Mton CO2 Estimated per capita emissions in 2030 (Ton CO2 Given the significant share of AFOLU emissions (emissions associated with livestock sub-\xad‐sectors, agriculture, forestry and other land use) in the national emissions profile (about 58% of the total), Colombia reaffirms its commitment to reduce deforestation in the country and to preserve importantecosystems such as the Amazon region, given its huge potential to contribute to the stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.', 'This value would be even lower than the country s per capita emissions in 2010 (4.8 Ton eq/capita) and is consistent with the pathway established by the United Nations Environment Program (Emissions Gap Report, 2014) which encourages countries to achieve the goal of avoiding a global temperature rise of more than 2° C. BAU iNDC Total estimated emissions in 2030 (Mton CO2 Estimated per capita emissions in 2030 (Ton CO2 Given the significant share of AFOLU emissions (emissions associated with livestock sub-\xad‐sectors, agriculture, forestry and other land use) in the national emissions profile (about 58% of the total), Colombia reaffirms its commitment to reduce deforestation in the country and to preserve importantecosystems such as the Amazon region, given its huge potential to contribute to the stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. National Circumstances Colombia is a middle income country.', 'National Circumstances Colombia is a middle income country. However, Colombia is a developing country that has important social, economic and environmental challenges ahead, as mentioned below. Among these challenges it is worth mentioning that the country is highly vulnerable to climate change. Considering both the capabilities and the development challenges that the country faces, Colombia proposes an iNDC that is ambitious and equitable. Building Peace Building peace in Colombia presents economic, social and environmental challenges for the country. Some of these challenges can be addressed through actions that at the same time have a potential to contribute to mitigation and adaptation to climate change.', 'Some of these challenges can be addressed through actions that at the same time have a potential to contribute to mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In the past, peace processes elsewhere in the world have been associated to negative impacts on the environment, due to, among other things, migration patterns that increase pressure on natural resources in the most vulnerable areas, often resulting in increased deforestation. These potential impacts have been taken into account in post-\xad‐ conflict scenarios in different regions. Adaptation measures aiming at planning a rational use of ecosystem services that have been prioritized, such as water resources, allow for a better management and use of those resources and ensure the dynamics of supply and demand in the country.', 'Adaptation measures aiming at planning a rational use of ecosystem services that have been prioritized, such as water resources, allow for a better management and use of those resources and ensure the dynamics of supply and demand in the country. To include a climate change component in territories and sectors planning instruments, increases the adaptation capacity of the country, and in addition, contributes to increased resilience in face of events that may affect national development objectives. Thus, mitigation and adaptation to climate change have the potential to facilitate the consolidation of peace territories where productive activities and land uses can, in a more equitable manner and with greater ownership of the territory, play a key role providing better development opportunities, in particular in rural communities.', 'Thus, mitigation and adaptation to climate change have the potential to facilitate the consolidation of peace territories where productive activities and land uses can, in a more equitable manner and with greater ownership of the territory, play a key role providing better development opportunities, in particular in rural communities. Overcoming Poverty Colombia, as a developing country, faces major socioeconomic challenges. According to the official figures of DANE, by 2014, the percentage of people in multidimensional poverty situation was 21.9% (this figure rises to 44.1% if we take into account only the rural population). For the same year, 28.5% of the population was found in a situation of monetary poverty (41.4% of the population in the case of the villages and rural centers scattered).', 'For the same year, 28.5% of the population was found in a situation of monetary poverty (41.4% of the population in the case of the villages and rural centers scattered). It is clear that despite its progress, Colombia still faces major challenges in terms of overcoming poverty and inequality.Structuring a resilient and low-\xad‐carbon economy is aligned with national development priorities including overcoming poverty in all its dimensions. Therefore, the country, as it has been doing in recent years, intends to actively participate in an ambitious and equitable way in the global efforts under the UNFCCC, taking into account the recommendations of the IPCC´s Fifth Assessment Report.', 'Therefore, the country, as it has been doing in recent years, intends to actively participate in an ambitious and equitable way in the global efforts under the UNFCCC, taking into account the recommendations of the IPCC´s Fifth Assessment Report. Towards a Resilient Development According to the National Unit for Disasters Risk Management, from 1998 to 2012, 90% of emergencies in Colombia were related to hydro-\xad‐climatological phenomenon. Therefore, it is a priority to articulate the mitigation processes and efforts to be performed, including through the identification of potential co-\xad‐ benefits and synergies with adaptation, in order to move towards resilient and sustainable climate scenarios. Mitigation actions reduce the risk of loss and damage as well as future adaptation costs; while adaptation measures have co-\xad‐benefits in reducing emissions.', 'Mitigation actions reduce the risk of loss and damage as well as future adaptation costs; while adaptation measures have co-\xad‐benefits in reducing emissions. Colombia assumes its iNDC as an opportunity to strengthen and build on the work done in the sectors and territories both in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. This will contribute to formulate policies, programs, plans and projects in an articulated way between the different productive sectors, public and private entities, non-\xad‐governmental organizations and civil society in general.']

en-US

COL

Colombia

Updated NDC

2020-12-30 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20actualizada%20de%20Colombia.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/8fbf0036679189fa75330469d7012f8cf96bf06a9cd5f4ab30917063b87f55e5.pdf

['ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 Actualización de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Colombia (NDC) La actualización de la NDC de Colombia fue aprobada en el marco de la Novena Sesión de la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático, del 10 de Diciembre de 2020.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 Tabla de Contenido 1. Elementos transversales e integradores 2 2. Proceso de actualización de la NDC 5 2.1. Consolidación de las metas 5 2.2. Procesos de participación 6 3. Adaptación al cambio climático (Comunicación en adaptación) 8 3.2. Riesgo y vulnerabilidad 11 3.3. Prioridades de Adaptación en el Marco de la NDC 13 3.4. Necesidades de apoyo requerido 23 4. Mitigación de emisiones de GEI 28 4.1. Descripción del escenario de referencia 29 4.2. Meta de mitigación de GEI 32 4.3. Medidas para el cumplimiento de la meta 36 5.', 'Medidas para el cumplimiento de la meta 36 5. Medios de Implementación 39 Siglas y acrónimos 44 Anexo A1. Información adicional presentada en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) i Anexo A2. Mapas de amenaza, vulnerabilidad y riesgo a nivel departamental en Colombia (elaborados con información tomada de la TCNCC, 2017) iii Anexo A3. Necesidades de apoyo reportadas para las prioridades de Adaptación iv Anexo A4. Diagnóstico del estado de avance de las metas de la NDC presentada en 2015 xxxv Anexo M1. Portafolio de medidas de mitigación de GEI de la NDC xxxvii Referencias lxiiACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 1 Introducción Este documento presenta la actualización de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) de la República de Colombia para el periodo 2020-2030.', 'Portafolio de medidas de mitigación de GEI de la NDC xxxvii Referencias lxiiACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 1 Introducción Este documento presenta la actualización de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) de la República de Colombia para el periodo 2020-2030. La NDC incorpora tres componentes: i) mitigación de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI), ii) adaptación al cambio climático, y iii) medios de implementación como componente instrumental de las políticas y acciones para el desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente al clima.', 'La NDC incorpora tres componentes: i) mitigación de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI), ii) adaptación al cambio climático, y iii) medios de implementación como componente instrumental de las políticas y acciones para el desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente al clima. La crisis sanitaria y económica generada por el COVID-19, así como la temporada de huracanes de 2020, que ha roto los récords por ser prolífica en número de tormentas, demuestran la importancia de garantizar que la agenda del cambio climático esté integrada en los procesos de recuperación económica en el corto plazo, y en el proceso de desarrollo en el mediano y largo plazo.', 'La crisis sanitaria y económica generada por el COVID-19, así como la temporada de huracanes de 2020, que ha roto los récords por ser prolífica en número de tormentas, demuestran la importancia de garantizar que la agenda del cambio climático esté integrada en los procesos de recuperación económica en el corto plazo, y en el proceso de desarrollo en el mediano y largo plazo. Asumiendo el cambio climático como una prioridad nacional, Colombia aprobó en 2017 la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y en 2018 la Ley de Cambio Climático, las cuales establecen las directrices para la gestión del cambio climático en el país.', 'Asumiendo el cambio climático como una prioridad nacional, Colombia aprobó en 2017 la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y en 2018 la Ley de Cambio Climático, las cuales establecen las directrices para la gestión del cambio climático en el país. Tanto la ley como la política buscan aprovechar sinergias y apalancar el marco regulatorio y los sistemas existentes, y estructuran el Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SISCLIMA) como eje primario de institucionalización e internalización del cambio climático entre actores e instrumentos. En los últimos años, los instrumentos de planificación de Colombia para la acción climática se han consolidado y puesto en marcha.', 'En los últimos años, los instrumentos de planificación de Colombia para la acción climática se han consolidado y puesto en marcha. Esto se ha visto reflejado en la incorporación del cambio climático en los instrumentos formales de planificación sectorial y territorial, a través de la formulación de los Planes Integrales de Gestión de Cambio Climático a nivel sectorial (PIGCCS) y territorial (PIGCCT). Este proceso de consolidación de la gestión del cambio climático ha hecho parte fundamental de la actualización de la NDC, que busca definir metas y medidas para la gestión del cambio climático para el periodo 2020-2030, y se establecen sinergias con la Agenda 2030 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).', 'Este proceso de consolidación de la gestión del cambio climático ha hecho parte fundamental de la actualización de la NDC, que busca definir metas y medidas para la gestión del cambio climático para el periodo 2020-2030, y se establecen sinergias con la Agenda 2030 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Asimismo, la NDC se articula con la Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050 que Colombia comunicará a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en antelación a la COP26.', 'Asimismo, la NDC se articula con la Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050 que Colombia comunicará a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en antelación a la COP26. La NDC integra consideraciones reconocidas por el Acuerdo de París como transversales a la acción climática, como lo son los derechos humanos, la equidad intergeneracional, la transición justa de la fuerza laboral, la igualdad de género y empoderamiento de la mujer, el enfoque diferencial a comunidades étnicas y poblaciones vulnerables, la integridad de los ecosistemas, la protección de la biodiversidad, la salvaguarda de la seguridad alimentaria y erradicación de la pobreza, y la producción y consumo sostenibles, consolidando los esfuerzos de sectores y territorios en una trayectoria que le permita a Colombia alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo, paz, equidad y educación a mediano plazo; y largo plazo.', 'La NDC integra consideraciones reconocidas por el Acuerdo de París como transversales a la acción climática, como lo son los derechos humanos, la equidad intergeneracional, la transición justa de la fuerza laboral, la igualdad de género y empoderamiento de la mujer, el enfoque diferencial a comunidades étnicas y poblaciones vulnerables, la integridad de los ecosistemas, la protección de la biodiversidad, la salvaguarda de la seguridad alimentaria y erradicación de la pobreza, y la producción y consumo sostenibles, consolidando los esfuerzos de sectores y territorios en una trayectoria que le permita a Colombia alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo, paz, equidad y educación a mediano plazo; y largo plazo. En este contexto, la actualización de la NDC se presenta en cinco capítulos.', 'En este contexto, la actualización de la NDC se presenta en cinco capítulos. El primero plantea los elementos transversales e integradores para la actualización de la NDC, el segundo describe el proceso de actualización, y contiene la consolidación de las metas y los procesos de participación. El tercer capítulo incluye la Comunicación en Adaptación de Colombia como parte del componente adaptación de la NDC, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 7.10 y 7.11 del Acuerdo de París y la decisión 9/CMA.1 de la Conferencia de las Partes, en calidad de reunión de las Partes del Acuerdo de París.', 'El tercer capítulo incluye la Comunicación en Adaptación de Colombia como parte del componente adaptación de la NDC, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 7.10 y 7.11 del Acuerdo de París y la decisión 9/CMA.1 de la Conferencia de las Partes, en calidad de reunión de las Partes del Acuerdo de París. El cuarto capítulo contiene el componente de mitigación de gases efecto invernadero, según los lineamientos de laACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 2 información destinada a facilitar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión (ICTU por sus siglas en inglés) de las NDC bajo el Acuerdo de París, establecidos a través de la decisión 4/CMA.1. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo describe el componente de medios de implementación. 1.', 'Finalmente, el quinto capítulo describe el componente de medios de implementación. 1. Elementos transversales e integradores Colombia asumió un rol de liderazgo en el proceso de definición de la nueva Agenda Post 2015, y esta actualización ratifica ese liderazgo mediante una alineación concreta entre los ODS y las metas y medidas de la NDC. Paralelamente a su proceso de actualización, el país ha empezado a examinar los efectos de la implementación de las medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación. Esto busca mejorar su comprensión desde la perspectiva socioeconómica y contar con mejor información que permita mejorar gradualmente su aproximación hacia una descarbonización que sea justa e inclusiva.', 'Esto busca mejorar su comprensión desde la perspectiva socioeconómica y contar con mejor información que permita mejorar gradualmente su aproximación hacia una descarbonización que sea justa e inclusiva. Seguridad alimentaria y erradicación de la pobreza En línea con su liderazgo en la formulación de los ODS, Colombia reconoce el valor de alinear los esfuerzos en términos de cambio climático, seguridad alimentaria y erradicación de la pobreza. Con este propósito, el Departamento para la Prosperidad Social1 ha asumido el compromiso de garantizar que el 50% de sus programas implementen acciones para la gestión del riesgo, la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático para 2030. Esto se realizará de forma gradual, fortaleciendo sus capacidades al 2022, adoptando lineamientos para el 2024, e implementando las acciones a 2030.', 'Esto se realizará de forma gradual, fortaleciendo sus capacidades al 2022, adoptando lineamientos para el 2024, e implementando las acciones a 2030. Transición justa de la fuerza laboral Colombia reconoce que la transición hacia la carbono-neutralidad y los embates del cambio climático, en conjunción con las aceleradas transformaciones tecnológicas, generan impactos considerables en la fuerza laboral del país. En línea con esto, el Ministerio de Trabajo está liderando la elaboración a 2023 de una Estrategia para la transición justa de la fuerza laboral hacia una economía resiliente y baja en carbono.', 'En línea con esto, el Ministerio de Trabajo está liderando la elaboración a 2023 de una Estrategia para la transición justa de la fuerza laboral hacia una economía resiliente y baja en carbono. La estrategia buscará contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida y la inclusión social y económica de la población, garantizando no dejar a nadie atrás y contando con un diálogo social que vincule la participación de empleadores, trabajadores y gobierno, así como una activa participación ciudadana en su diseño e implementación. También contará con indicadores de aplicación para este propósito, incluyendo la definición de instancias para su seguimiento, y buscará articularse con la Estrategia de Largo Plazo para la carbono-neutralidad E2050, teniendo en cuenta las realidades territoriales del mercado laboral.', 'También contará con indicadores de aplicación para este propósito, incluyendo la definición de instancias para su seguimiento, y buscará articularse con la Estrategia de Largo Plazo para la carbono-neutralidad E2050, teniendo en cuenta las realidades territoriales del mercado laboral. Derechos humanos En línea con compromisos previos, el Estado colombiano también considera que el cambio climático tiene impactos sobre los derechos humanos y que éstos son diferenciados hacia grupos con desigualdades e inequidades preexistentes, que no cuentan con la misma capacidad o los medios para afrontar sus consecuencias.', 'Derechos humanos En línea con compromisos previos, el Estado colombiano también considera que el cambio climático tiene impactos sobre los derechos humanos y que éstos son diferenciados hacia grupos con desigualdades e inequidades preexistentes, que no cuentan con la misma capacidad o los medios para afrontar sus consecuencias. Entre dichos grupos encontramos a los pueblos indígenas, afrodescendientes y 1 El Departamento Administrativo para la Prosperidad Social es la entidad responsable a nivel nacional de diseñar, coordinar e implementar las políticas públicas para la superación de la pobreza y la equidad social.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 3 poblaciones campesinas y rurales, además de otras poblaciones vulnerables tales como personas en condición de desplazamiento y personas en situación de pobreza.', 'Entre dichos grupos encontramos a los pueblos indígenas, afrodescendientes y 1 El Departamento Administrativo para la Prosperidad Social es la entidad responsable a nivel nacional de diseñar, coordinar e implementar las políticas públicas para la superación de la pobreza y la equidad social.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 3 poblaciones campesinas y rurales, además de otras poblaciones vulnerables tales como personas en condición de desplazamiento y personas en situación de pobreza. Estos grupos pueden verse especialmente afectados por eventos climáticos, incluyendo una mayor incidencia de desplazamiento ambiental. En la primera mitad del 2020, el Centro de Monitoreo de Desplazamiento Interno (IDMC, por sus siglas en inglés) registró 11.000 nuevos desplazamientos en el país como resultado de desastres de origen natural, en su mayoría inundaciones (IDMC, 2020).', 'En la primera mitad del 2020, el Centro de Monitoreo de Desplazamiento Interno (IDMC, por sus siglas en inglés) registró 11.000 nuevos desplazamientos en el país como resultado de desastres de origen natural, en su mayoría inundaciones (IDMC, 2020). En este sentido, la acción climática de la NDC será coherente con las obligaciones, los estándares y los principios de derechos humanos para todas las personas. Asimismo, Colombia articulará la lucha contra la ilegalidad con la acción climática, en reconocimiento de que actividades ilegales tales como la extracción ilícita de minerales, los cultivos ilícitos, la apropiación ilegal de tierras y el narcotráfico son causantes de afectaciones ambientales que impactan el patrimonio natural del país y representan también riesgos elevados para los defensores del medio ambiente.', 'Asimismo, Colombia articulará la lucha contra la ilegalidad con la acción climática, en reconocimiento de que actividades ilegales tales como la extracción ilícita de minerales, los cultivos ilícitos, la apropiación ilegal de tierras y el narcotráfico son causantes de afectaciones ambientales que impactan el patrimonio natural del país y representan también riesgos elevados para los defensores del medio ambiente. Equidad intergeneracional e inclusión territorial La NDC busca honrar el principio de equidad intergeneracional al proteger el entorno ambiental y socioeconómico para futuras generaciones, a través de metas ambiciosas en reducción de emisiones y adaptación.', 'Equidad intergeneracional e inclusión territorial La NDC busca honrar el principio de equidad intergeneracional al proteger el entorno ambiental y socioeconómico para futuras generaciones, a través de metas ambiciosas en reducción de emisiones y adaptación. Como parte de la NDC se busca asegurar una participación y balance territorial al procurar la definición e inclusión de metas y medidas de adaptación y mitigación en todo el territorio nacional que implican a actores subnacionales y no estatales en las acciones climáticas para cumplir los compromisos nacionales.', 'Como parte de la NDC se busca asegurar una participación y balance territorial al procurar la definición e inclusión de metas y medidas de adaptación y mitigación en todo el territorio nacional que implican a actores subnacionales y no estatales en las acciones climáticas para cumplir los compromisos nacionales. La equidad intergeneracional y la inclusión territorial se hacen presentes en las medidas de adaptación, así como en los cobeneficios que las acciones en mitigación del cambio climático traen para la población presente y futura del país, tales como el mejoramiento en la calidad del aire y la salud respiratoria, y la conservación de biodiversidad a través de la protección de ecosistemas y sus servicios ecosistémicos.', 'La equidad intergeneracional y la inclusión territorial se hacen presentes en las medidas de adaptación, así como en los cobeneficios que las acciones en mitigación del cambio climático traen para la población presente y futura del país, tales como el mejoramiento en la calidad del aire y la salud respiratoria, y la conservación de biodiversidad a través de la protección de ecosistemas y sus servicios ecosistémicos. Enfoque diferencial con comunidades étnicas y vulnerables Colombia reconoce el papel central que desempeñan las comunidades locales en la consecución de los objetivos de acción climática.', 'Enfoque diferencial con comunidades étnicas y vulnerables Colombia reconoce el papel central que desempeñan las comunidades locales en la consecución de los objetivos de acción climática. Una proporción importante de los bosques de Colombia, en particular en la Amazonía y el Pacífico, están situados en resguardos y territorios colectivos de las comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianas y su preservación depende de la defensa de modos de vida adecuados al territorio, por lo que son actores indispensables para la consecución de la meta de reducción de la deforestación asociada a la NDC. Por su parte, el involucramiento de comunidades campesinas es esencial para transformar las prácticas agro-productivas y el desarrollo rural del país, para evitar la ampliación de la frontera agropecuaria y salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria del país.', 'Por su parte, el involucramiento de comunidades campesinas es esencial para transformar las prácticas agro-productivas y el desarrollo rural del país, para evitar la ampliación de la frontera agropecuaria y salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria del país. La participación de estas comunidades en la definición de acciones climáticas y el fortalecimiento de su gobernanza permitirá fortalecer la gestión del cambio climático en el territorio. Igualdad de género y empoderamiento de la mujer En reconocimiento del impacto diferenciado que el cambio climático tiene entre mujeres y hombres, y del rol central que desempeñan las mujeres en aspectos como la producción agrícola, la seguridad alimentaria y la resiliencia en las comunidades, Colombia se ha comprometido con orientar la transversalidad del enfoque de género en la política pública del país.', 'Igualdad de género y empoderamiento de la mujer En reconocimiento del impacto diferenciado que el cambio climático tiene entre mujeres y hombres, y del rol central que desempeñan las mujeres en aspectos como la producción agrícola, la seguridad alimentaria y la resiliencia en las comunidades, Colombia se ha comprometido con orientar la transversalidad del enfoque de género en la política pública del país. Esto incluye la Política Pública Nacional de Equidad de Género, la cual se profundizará en los próximos cinco años para incluir explícitamente consideraciones deACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 4 cambio climático, bajo los objetivos y áreas prioritarias de la Versión Mejorada del Programa de Trabajo de Lima y su Plan de Acción de Género.', 'Esto incluye la Política Pública Nacional de Equidad de Género, la cual se profundizará en los próximos cinco años para incluir explícitamente consideraciones deACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 4 cambio climático, bajo los objetivos y áreas prioritarias de la Versión Mejorada del Programa de Trabajo de Lima y su Plan de Acción de Género. Protección del agua, ecosistemas y biodiversidad Colombia, como país megadiverso, debe velar por preservar su enorme riqueza en ecosistemas, biodiversidad y recurso hídrico.', 'Protección del agua, ecosistemas y biodiversidad Colombia, como país megadiverso, debe velar por preservar su enorme riqueza en ecosistemas, biodiversidad y recurso hídrico. Es por esto que, desde las medidas de adaptación y mitigación de la NDC, se presta especial atención a las áreas protegidas, así como a la conservación y restauración de ecosistemas estratégicos como páramos, manglares, humedales, arrecifes de coral, glaciares, océanos y bosques tropicales, en reconocimiento a su valor intrínseco y los servicios ambientales que proporcionan para Colombia y el mundo. En la misma línea, Colombia reconoce en esta NDC el valor que prestan las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN), la bioeconomía, la infraestructura sostenible y la agricultura climáticamente inteligente.', 'En la misma línea, Colombia reconoce en esta NDC el valor que prestan las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN), la bioeconomía, la infraestructura sostenible y la agricultura climáticamente inteligente. El PIGCCS del sector ambiente contempla un enfoque basado en la naturaleza dentro de sus líneas estratégicas. Economía circular Colombia reconoce el impacto negativo en la salud y los ecosistemas del manejo lineal de recursos de extracción, transformación, consumo y disposición, así como su contribución al cambio climático. Para abordar este desafío, Colombia publicó en 2019 su Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, la cual establece líneas de acción concretas, así como indicadores y metas, para la implementación de la economía circular en el país (MinAmbiente; MinCIT, 2019).', 'Para abordar este desafío, Colombia publicó en 2019 su Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, la cual establece líneas de acción concretas, así como indicadores y metas, para la implementación de la economía circular en el país (MinAmbiente; MinCIT, 2019). Aunque aún en proceso de desarrollo en el país, la economía circular se reconoce como una herramienta clave en la mitigación de emisiones de GEI en todos los sectores económicos. Muchas de las medidas presentadas en esta actualización se encaminan en esta dirección. Implementación en el contexto del COVID 19 La menor actividad económica asociada a los cierres preventivos por el COVID-19 en el mundo se tradujo en contracciones muy fuertes en la producción y el comercio y una recesión de magnitudes no vistas en décadas.', 'Implementación en el contexto del COVID 19 La menor actividad económica asociada a los cierres preventivos por el COVID-19 en el mundo se tradujo en contracciones muy fuertes en la producción y el comercio y una recesión de magnitudes no vistas en décadas. El Fondo Monetario Internacional estima para 2020 tasas de crecimiento económico de -4,4% en el mundo y de -8,1% para América Latina y el Caribe. En el caso de Colombia, se observaron decrecimientos de -15,8% y -9,0% en el segundo y tercer trimestre de 2020, lo que se traduce en menor recaudo tributario y mayores presiones para atenuar los efectos de la crisis en una población y aparato productivo más vulnerables, lo que presenta un reto sustancial para el cumplimiento de la NDC.', 'En el caso de Colombia, se observaron decrecimientos de -15,8% y -9,0% en el segundo y tercer trimestre de 2020, lo que se traduce en menor recaudo tributario y mayores presiones para atenuar los efectos de la crisis en una población y aparato productivo más vulnerables, lo que presenta un reto sustancial para el cumplimiento de la NDC. Ante este desafío global, el país anunció el “Compromiso por el crecimiento sostenible” en el marco de la iniciativa “Compromiso por el futuro de Colombia”, en el cual se priorizan grandes proyectos de transición energética y restauración activa, en línea con los compromisos nacionales de reducción de emisiones.', 'Ante este desafío global, el país anunció el “Compromiso por el crecimiento sostenible” en el marco de la iniciativa “Compromiso por el futuro de Colombia”, en el cual se priorizan grandes proyectos de transición energética y restauración activa, en línea con los compromisos nacionales de reducción de emisiones. Adicionalmente, se expedirá próximamente una Política para la Reactivación y el Crecimiento Sostenible que incorpora acciones para garantizar la sostenibilidad ambiental de la reactivación y así aportar al cumplimiento de la meta de la NDC. Colombia está en el proceso de cuantificar los costos de implementación de la NDC y la estructuración financiera requerida desde el ámbito nacional, internacional, público y privado.', 'Colombia está en el proceso de cuantificar los costos de implementación de la NDC y la estructuración financiera requerida desde el ámbito nacional, internacional, público y privado. Este proceso busca informar un primer mapeo de la destinación de recursos que dará el Gobierno desde su presupuesto nacional y dimensionar la participación del sector privado y el apoyo internacional requerido por parte de países cooperantes, cuya contribución ha sido esencial. La cooperación internacional relacionada conACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 5 cambio climático se ha incrementado desde 2015 en temas como la lucha contra la deforestación, implementación de energías renovables, y movilidad sostenible en ciudades, lo cual le ha permitido a Colombia encaminarse hacia una NDC más ambiciosa, con adicionalidad e impacto.', 'La cooperación internacional relacionada conACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 5 cambio climático se ha incrementado desde 2015 en temas como la lucha contra la deforestación, implementación de energías renovables, y movilidad sostenible en ciudades, lo cual le ha permitido a Colombia encaminarse hacia una NDC más ambiciosa, con adicionalidad e impacto. La continuidad de la cooperación internacional será clave para continuar en este camino en todos los aspectos de su NDC. 2.', 'La continuidad de la cooperación internacional será clave para continuar en este camino en todos los aspectos de su NDC. 2. Proceso de actualización de la NDC Esta actualización de la NDC se lleva a cabo y comunica bajo los principios de transparencia y los lineamientos establecidos por el Libro de Reglas del Acuerdo de París a través de las decisiones 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1 y sus anexos, basándose en la información presentada por el país en su tercera Comunicación Nacional (2017), su segundo BUR (2018) y su segundo Nivel de Referencia de las Emisiones Forestales – NREF (2020), y presenta mejoras en algunos subsectores específicos a nivel de estimación de emisiones y absorciones de GEI.', 'Proceso de actualización de la NDC Esta actualización de la NDC se lleva a cabo y comunica bajo los principios de transparencia y los lineamientos establecidos por el Libro de Reglas del Acuerdo de París a través de las decisiones 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1 y sus anexos, basándose en la información presentada por el país en su tercera Comunicación Nacional (2017), su segundo BUR (2018) y su segundo Nivel de Referencia de las Emisiones Forestales – NREF (2020), y presenta mejoras en algunos subsectores específicos a nivel de estimación de emisiones y absorciones de GEI. La actualización de la NDC ha sido un proceso de Gobierno, liderado desde los equipos técnicos de los ministerios sectoriales y otras entidades involucradas a través de la construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas.', 'La actualización de la NDC ha sido un proceso de Gobierno, liderado desde los equipos técnicos de los ministerios sectoriales y otras entidades involucradas a través de la construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas. El proceso se adelantó en el marco del SISCLIMA, con la Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático (CICC) como órgano líder del mismo. Esto busca institucionalización y se fortalecimiento del proceso, a través de una gobernanza que haga posible su continuidad y seguimiento en el futuro de forma consistente. El proceso contó con la participación de actores de diversos ámbitos, incluyendo actores públicos, privados, académicos, y de la sociedad civil.', 'El proceso contó con la participación de actores de diversos ámbitos, incluyendo actores públicos, privados, académicos, y de la sociedad civil. Esto, en el marco de una serie de principios rectores que orientaron la toma de decisiones, tales como el principio de progresión y no retroceso, que impulsa a Colombia a aumentar su ambición en cada actualización, y el principio de buscar utilizar siempre la mejor información disponible.', 'Esto, en el marco de una serie de principios rectores que orientaron la toma de decisiones, tales como el principio de progresión y no retroceso, que impulsa a Colombia a aumentar su ambición en cada actualización, y el principio de buscar utilizar siempre la mejor información disponible. La formulación e implementación de la NDC hacia medidas de política y acción concretas en Colombia conjuga una aproximación desde arriba hacia abajo (donde se consideran proyecciones macroeconómicas y datos nacionales oficiales) con una aproximación de abajo hacia arriba (donde el liderazgo de las medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación está descentralizado en los sectores y territorios, y se comunica y agrega a nivel nacional).', 'La formulación e implementación de la NDC hacia medidas de política y acción concretas en Colombia conjuga una aproximación desde arriba hacia abajo (donde se consideran proyecciones macroeconómicas y datos nacionales oficiales) con una aproximación de abajo hacia arriba (donde el liderazgo de las medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación está descentralizado en los sectores y territorios, y se comunica y agrega a nivel nacional). Colombia consolidará en un plan de seguimiento a la implementación de la NDC los avances de las acciones para el cumplimiento de las metas y medidas propuestas como parte de su compromiso al 2030.', 'Colombia consolidará en un plan de seguimiento a la implementación de la NDC los avances de las acciones para el cumplimiento de las metas y medidas propuestas como parte de su compromiso al 2030. En este proceso, Colombia tiene como referencia el marco reforzado de transparencia (ETF, por sus siglas en inglés), establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París en su artículo 13, para promover la transparencia y la confianza mutua. Esto se refleja en una serie principios rectores que han orientado el proceso de actualización en términos metodológicos y en la toma de decisiones, los cuales se mencionan a lo largo del documento. Las secciones a continuación relatan el desarrollo y los resultados de dicho proceso. 2.1.', 'Las secciones a continuación relatan el desarrollo y los resultados de dicho proceso. 2.1. Consolidación de las metas En concordancia con la diversidad de nuestra nación y las diferencias existentes entre regiones y comunidades, la actualización de la NDC ha tenido como ejes fundamentales la transversalización de lasACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 6 responsabilidades, y la transparencia de sus procesos y supuestos. Esto busca generar un sentido de responsabilidad respecto a la gestión del cambio climático en sectores y territorios, sobre la formulación sus acciones de acuerdo con sus capacidades y en sinergia con sus prioridades de desarrollo.', 'Esto busca generar un sentido de responsabilidad respecto a la gestión del cambio climático en sectores y territorios, sobre la formulación sus acciones de acuerdo con sus capacidades y en sinergia con sus prioridades de desarrollo. Este trabajo continuo busca que los actores sean dueños del proceso de definición e implementación de sus metas y medidas, para que la gestión del cambio climático fortalezca sus líneas de trabajo y las haga más resilientes en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. En este sentido, la cooperación internacional ha sido crucial en la medida en que contribuye mediante apoyo técnico y económico a fortalecer las capacidades de los actores y amplificar el alcance del proceso.', 'En este sentido, la cooperación internacional ha sido crucial en la medida en que contribuye mediante apoyo técnico y económico a fortalecer las capacidades de los actores y amplificar el alcance del proceso. En cabeza de los ministerios, las metas y medidas se derivan en gran parte de los PIGCCS, instrumentos específicos para cada sector que reflejan tanto su diagnóstico como sus líneas de acción, medidas y metas; e incluyen metas específicas de reducción de emisiones de GEI para cada sector. Los compromisos de los PIGCCS incluidos para la NDC fueron revisados y discutidos en mesas técnicas sectoriales, con la participación de múltiples actores del sector público y privado y aprobados por la CICC.', 'Los compromisos de los PIGCCS incluidos para la NDC fueron revisados y discutidos en mesas técnicas sectoriales, con la participación de múltiples actores del sector público y privado y aprobados por la CICC. A nivel territorial, los instrumentos de referencia principales para la consolidación de las metas de la NDC son los PIGCCT y otros planes de gestión subnacional relacionados con el cambio climático, en los cuales los territorios formulan medidas de mitigación, adaptación y medios de implementación ajustadas a sus necesidades y capacidades. Los territorios han mostrado avances importantes en la planificación e implementación de medidas, pero aún existen importantes vacíos y retos en la formulación, cuantificación y seguimiento de medidas a nivel subnacional, en los cuales se seguirá trabajando durante el periodo de implementación.', 'Los territorios han mostrado avances importantes en la planificación e implementación de medidas, pero aún existen importantes vacíos y retos en la formulación, cuantificación y seguimiento de medidas a nivel subnacional, en los cuales se seguirá trabajando durante el periodo de implementación. En particular, las metas de mitigación territoriales incluidas en la NDC fueron aquellas con mayores avances en su caracterización y cuantificación, y contaron con la anuencia de los departamentos y las ciudades. Paralelamente, Colombia inició para esta actualización un proceso gradual de involucramiento de empresas y entidades del sector privado en los procesos de gestión y metas de cambio climático en el país.', 'Paralelamente, Colombia inició para esta actualización un proceso gradual de involucramiento de empresas y entidades del sector privado en los procesos de gestión y metas de cambio climático en el país. Este proceso se ha dado en paralelo con la formulación de la Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050, de manera que ambos procesos se alimenten entre sí. 2.2. Procesos de participación Esta actualización integra múltiples esfuerzos y procesos a nivel nacional, regional y local, tales como los PIGCC sectoriales y territoriales, la Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques (EICDGB), la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono (ECDBC), y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), entre otros.', 'Procesos de participación Esta actualización integra múltiples esfuerzos y procesos a nivel nacional, regional y local, tales como los PIGCC sectoriales y territoriales, la Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques (EICDGB), la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono (ECDBC), y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), entre otros. Estos procesos han cumplido previamente con sus respectivos procesos de participación, en la medida en que lo exige la ley colombiana, y han tenido espacios para trabajar con sus grupos de interés. La NDC reúne estos procesos y les da un eje de convergencia alrededor de los compromisos adquiridos por Colombia a nivel nacional e internacional.', 'La NDC reúne estos procesos y les da un eje de convergencia alrededor de los compromisos adquiridos por Colombia a nivel nacional e internacional. Adicionalmente, la actualización de la NDC incorporó mecanismos de participación, ejercicios de socialización y sensibilización sobre la importancia del cambio climático, diálogos con grupos diferenciales, mesas técnicas de trabajo y talleres con actores sectoriales y territoriales. La sección a continuación describe estos procesos.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 7 Mesas técnicas de trabajo y talleres Desde la óptica sectorial, los talleres y mesas de trabajo fueron organizados conjuntamente por los respectivos ministerios sectoriales, con entidades del sector público, privado, académico y sociedad civil.', 'La sección a continuación describe estos procesos.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 7 Mesas técnicas de trabajo y talleres Desde la óptica sectorial, los talleres y mesas de trabajo fueron organizados conjuntamente por los respectivos ministerios sectoriales, con entidades del sector público, privado, académico y sociedad civil. Éstos han priorizado la participación de aquellos actores que sean responsables de la implementación, así como aquellos actores que puedan verse afectados por la implementación de las medidas y metas para la gestión del cambio climático. A nivel territorial, el proceso incluyó talleres convocados con los Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático, con personas de todo el país que desempeñan actividades relacionadas con la gestión del cambio climático, documentando su diversidad étnica y de género.', 'A nivel territorial, el proceso incluyó talleres convocados con los Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático, con personas de todo el país que desempeñan actividades relacionadas con la gestión del cambio climático, documentando su diversidad étnica y de género. Los participantes aportaron sus perspectivas como actores del proceso desde varios ámbitos: diversos niveles directivos y técnicos del gobierno nacional, regional y local (por ejemplo, ministerios, entidades adscritas y otras entidades del gobierno nacional; Gobernaciones, y Alcaldías, Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales), así como representantes de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) y organizaciones sociales y comunitarias a nivel nacional, regional y local; gremios, empresas, integrantes de la academia y diversos actores interesados.', 'Los participantes aportaron sus perspectivas como actores del proceso desde varios ámbitos: diversos niveles directivos y técnicos del gobierno nacional, regional y local (por ejemplo, ministerios, entidades adscritas y otras entidades del gobierno nacional; Gobernaciones, y Alcaldías, Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales), así como representantes de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) y organizaciones sociales y comunitarias a nivel nacional, regional y local; gremios, empresas, integrantes de la academia y diversos actores interesados. Mecanismos de participación abierta y de expertos Dentro de los mecanismos de participación, destinados al público en general, se incluyen una consulta pública y una encuesta dirigida a públicos especializados. Mientras que la consulta pública buscó obtener retroalimentación sobre el contenido de la NDC y sus respectivas medidas y metas, las encuestas recolectaron insumos técnicos para robustecer la actualización.', 'Mientras que la consulta pública buscó obtener retroalimentación sobre el contenido de la NDC y sus respectivas medidas y metas, las encuestas recolectaron insumos técnicos para robustecer la actualización. Los resultados de dichos procesos hicieron parte de los insumos para las rondas de revisión de la NDC a través de la CICC, con sectores y territorios, que como resultado conllevaron a ajustes a las metas y medidas de la NDC. Instrumentos de socialización y sensibilización Teniendo en cuenta los principios de acceso a la información y participación pública, también se cuentó con una estrategia de participación y comunicaciones para la socialización y sensibilización2 del público sobre la gestión de cambio climático en el país y la actualización de la NDC.', 'Instrumentos de socialización y sensibilización Teniendo en cuenta los principios de acceso a la información y participación pública, también se cuentó con una estrategia de participación y comunicaciones para la socialización y sensibilización2 del público sobre la gestión de cambio climático en el país y la actualización de la NDC. Para facilitar la efectiva participación de la ciudadanía, las piezas de comunicación se diseñaron a partir de una segmentación de actores que permitió mantener un enfoque multicultural y de género en la medida de lo posible, y adecuar los mensajes al nivel de conocimiento y las necesidades de información de los públicos objetivo.', 'Para facilitar la efectiva participación de la ciudadanía, las piezas de comunicación se diseñaron a partir de una segmentación de actores que permitió mantener un enfoque multicultural y de género en la medida de lo posible, y adecuar los mensajes al nivel de conocimiento y las necesidades de información de los públicos objetivo. La estrategia de comunicación incluyó videos explicativos y piezas gráficas en redes sociales y medios de comunicación masiva, así como transmisiones en vivo a través de diferentes redes sociales, los cuales presentaron la NDC, el proceso de actualización, y el rol de entidades sectoriales y territoriales.', 'La estrategia de comunicación incluyó videos explicativos y piezas gráficas en redes sociales y medios de comunicación masiva, así como transmisiones en vivo a través de diferentes redes sociales, los cuales presentaron la NDC, el proceso de actualización, y el rol de entidades sectoriales y territoriales. Diálogos con grupos diferenciales De manera complementaria, se desarrollaron espacios de diálogo con comunidades de base e instituciones para incentivar su participación en la construcción de la propuesta de actualización de la NDC. Se realizaron diez diálogos con instituciones de grupos afrodescendientes, campesinos, indígenas, organizaciones juveniles y mujeres, con la participación de las directivas y el acompañamiento de los coordinadores técnicos del proceso de actualización en todos los casos.', 'Se realizaron diez diálogos con instituciones de grupos afrodescendientes, campesinos, indígenas, organizaciones juveniles y mujeres, con la participación de las directivas y el acompañamiento de los coordinadores técnicos del proceso de actualización en todos los casos. Los diálogos permitieron atender dudas y recopilar propuestas factibles, que brindan insumos clave a las instancias técnicas y de toma de decisiones. 2 La estrategia de participación y comunicaciones para la actualización de la NDC ha sido un trabajo conjunto de WWF Colombia con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible de Colombia y el Banco Mundial.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 8 3.', '2 La estrategia de participación y comunicaciones para la actualización de la NDC ha sido un trabajo conjunto de WWF Colombia con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible de Colombia y el Banco Mundial.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 8 3. Adaptación al cambio climático (Comunicación en adaptación) Colombia ha optado por desarrollar una serie de herramientas y lineamientos que ofrezcan flexibilidad a sectores y territorios para ajustar sus acciones en adaptación a sus condiciones frente al cambio climático. Además de actualizar el componente de adaptación de la NDC de Colombia, esta sección constituye la Comunicación en Adaptación (en adelante, CA) de Colombia.', 'Además de actualizar el componente de adaptación de la NDC de Colombia, esta sección constituye la Comunicación en Adaptación (en adelante, CA) de Colombia. Para los países de la Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe (AILAC), la adaptación es uno de los elementos principales de la acción climática.', 'Para los países de la Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe (AILAC), la adaptación es uno de los elementos principales de la acción climática. Sumado a esto, durante la negociación del Acuerdo de Paris y su Libro de reglas, se concertó que las Partes puedan integrar en sus NDCs componentes de adaptación que reflejen acciones, necesidades y prioridades en esta materia, con miras a avanzar hacia el logro del objetivo del Acuerdo en materia de adaptación.3 Para Colombia, como país en desarrollo, la CA tiene un enfoque prospectivo y que no debe generar una carga adicional, por lo que se centra en proveer información acerca de las prioridades y las necesidades de implementación y apoyo en esta área.', 'Sumado a esto, durante la negociación del Acuerdo de Paris y su Libro de reglas, se concertó que las Partes puedan integrar en sus NDCs componentes de adaptación que reflejen acciones, necesidades y prioridades en esta materia, con miras a avanzar hacia el logro del objetivo del Acuerdo en materia de adaptación.3 Para Colombia, como país en desarrollo, la CA tiene un enfoque prospectivo y que no debe generar una carga adicional, por lo que se centra en proveer información acerca de las prioridades y las necesidades de implementación y apoyo en esta área. En este sentido y conforme a la Decisión 9CMA/1, la CA de Colombia ha priorizado los siguientes elementos, donde los ejes principales son los puntos 3 y 4. 1. Circunstancias nacionales 2.', 'En este sentido y conforme a la Decisión 9CMA/1, la CA de Colombia ha priorizado los siguientes elementos, donde los ejes principales son los puntos 3 y 4. 1. Circunstancias nacionales 2. Riesgos y vulnerabilidad 3. Prioridades de adaptación en el marco de la NDC (metas) 4. Necesidades de apoyo requerido (desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, financiamiento y creación/fortalecimiento de capacidades del país). Asimismo, este documento guarda coherencia con los diferentes instrumentos usados para comunicar, reportar y planificar la adaptación en Colombia tales como la Comunicación Nacional (CNCC), el Reporte Bienal de Transparencia (BTR) y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), con el fin de que contribuyan a la gestión efectiva en la materia a través de la planificación, aplicación y comunicación de acciones. 3.1.', 'Asimismo, este documento guarda coherencia con los diferentes instrumentos usados para comunicar, reportar y planificar la adaptación en Colombia tales como la Comunicación Nacional (CNCC), el Reporte Bienal de Transparencia (BTR) y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), con el fin de que contribuyan a la gestión efectiva en la materia a través de la planificación, aplicación y comunicación de acciones. 3.1. Circunstancias nacionales La presente sección ofrece una perspectiva actualizada de las características biofísicas, sociales y económicas de Colombia, dándole contexto a las acciones y metas de adaptación al cambio climático en el país.', 'Circunstancias nacionales La presente sección ofrece una perspectiva actualizada de las características biofísicas, sociales y económicas de Colombia, dándole contexto a las acciones y metas de adaptación al cambio climático en el país. Esta información se basa en lo presentado en el Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización sometido ante la CMNUCC en 2018 (IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP, CANCILLERÍA, 2018), y está actualizada conforme a los últimos datos oficiales disponibles. Colombia reconoce la importancia de recolectar información diferenciada que ayude a describir las circunstancias sociales de diferentes grupos en el territorio nacional.', 'Colombia reconoce la importancia de recolectar información diferenciada que ayude a describir las circunstancias sociales de diferentes grupos en el territorio nacional. Esto incluye, por ejemplo, datos diferenciados por sexo, datos sobre desigualdades de género relevantes para las acciones de adaptación y mitigación, datos sobre impactos y vulnerabilidades diferenciados por género, y datos que ayuden a 3 En su artículo 2.1(b), el Acuerdo de París establece como uno de sus objetivos “aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos”.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 9 visibilizar grupos étnicos y campesinos.', 'Esto incluye, por ejemplo, datos diferenciados por sexo, datos sobre desigualdades de género relevantes para las acciones de adaptación y mitigación, datos sobre impactos y vulnerabilidades diferenciados por género, y datos que ayuden a 3 En su artículo 2.1(b), el Acuerdo de París establece como uno de sus objetivos “aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos”.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 9 visibilizar grupos étnicos y campesinos. En el futuro, Colombia espera fortalecer este proceso de recolección de información para formar una imagen más robusta de las circunstancias nacionales. Figura 1.', 'En el futuro, Colombia espera fortalecer este proceso de recolección de información para formar una imagen más robusta de las circunstancias nacionales. Figura 1. Colombia en cifras Su riqueza natural Extensión de superficie 2.070.408 km2 ● Superficie Terrestre: 1.141.748 km2 ● Área submarina: 928.660 km2 Superficie cubierta por bosque natural (ha): 60.025.731 (Fuente: Ecosistemas estratégicos (Fuente: ● Páramos: 2.254.444 ha (Fuente: Mapa de ecosistemas continentales, costeros y marinos ● Humedales: 30.781.149 ha (2015) (Fuente: Jaramillo et al.', 'Colombia en cifras Su riqueza natural Extensión de superficie 2.070.408 km2 ● Superficie Terrestre: 1.141.748 km2 ● Área submarina: 928.660 km2 Superficie cubierta por bosque natural (ha): 60.025.731 (Fuente: Ecosistemas estratégicos (Fuente: ● Páramos: 2.254.444 ha (Fuente: Mapa de ecosistemas continentales, costeros y marinos ● Humedales: 30.781.149 ha (2015) (Fuente: Jaramillo et al. 2017) ● Bosque seco: 330.545 ha o Bosque andino seco: 7.545 ha o Bosque basal seco: 108.191 ha o Bosque de galería basal seco: 165.463 o Bosque sub-andino seco: 49.346 (Fuente: Mapa de ecosistemas continentales, costeros y marinos 2017) Áreas naturales protegidas: 1.342 áreas protegidas – 31.407.280 ha (RUNAP, 2020) ● Áreas protegidas terrestres: 18.590.099 ha ● Áreas protegidas marinas: 12.817.181 ha Biodiversidad (SIB, 2019: ● Especies de plantas: 26.232 ● Especies de algas: 295 ● Especies de líquenes: 1.530 ● Especies de animales: 27.167 ● Especies de hongos: 1.758 Su gente Población que se auto reconoce (DANE, 2019): ● Negra, afrocolombiana, raizal y palenquera: 4.671.160 personas ● Población indígena: 1.905.617 personas ● Población gitana o Rom: 2.649 personas Pirámide poblacional a 2018: 51,2% mujeres y 48,8% hombres Jefatura de hogares: 40,7% mujeres y 59,3% hombres Distribución en el territorio: 77% cabeceras municipales; 7,1% centros poblados; 15,8% rural dispersa.', '2017) ● Bosque seco: 330.545 ha o Bosque andino seco: 7.545 ha o Bosque basal seco: 108.191 ha o Bosque de galería basal seco: 165.463 o Bosque sub-andino seco: 49.346 (Fuente: Mapa de ecosistemas continentales, costeros y marinos 2017) Áreas naturales protegidas: 1.342 áreas protegidas – 31.407.280 ha (RUNAP, 2020) ● Áreas protegidas terrestres: 18.590.099 ha ● Áreas protegidas marinas: 12.817.181 ha Biodiversidad (SIB, 2019: ● Especies de plantas: 26.232 ● Especies de algas: 295 ● Especies de líquenes: 1.530 ● Especies de animales: 27.167 ● Especies de hongos: 1.758 Su gente Población que se auto reconoce (DANE, 2019): ● Negra, afrocolombiana, raizal y palenquera: 4.671.160 personas ● Población indígena: 1.905.617 personas ● Población gitana o Rom: 2.649 personas Pirámide poblacional a 2018: 51,2% mujeres y 48,8% hombres Jefatura de hogares: 40,7% mujeres y 59,3% hombres Distribución en el territorio: 77% cabeceras municipales; 7,1% centros poblados; 15,8% rural dispersa. Esperanza de vida al nacer: mujeres 77,1 años; hombres 70,2 años (DANE 2015-2020).', 'Esperanza de vida al nacer: mujeres 77,1 años; hombres 70,2 años (DANE 2015-2020). Tasa bruta de mortalidad: 5,95 / mil (DANE 2015-2020). Tasa bruta de natalidad: 18,03 / mil (DANE 2015-2020). Tasa de migración: 1,14 / mil (DANE 2015-2020). Su economía PIB (Fuente: ● Variación porcentual PIB año 2019 (provisional): 7,8 ● PIB total año 2019 (provisional, a precios corrientes, metodología año base 2015): USD 323.649,1 millones ● PIB por habitante año 2019 (provisional, a precios corrientes, metodología año base 2015): USD Valor de exportación de crudos y derivados (2019): 15.961.953 miles de dólares FOB (Fuente: Producción Fiscalizada de Petróleo (2019): 10.630.609 BPDC (Barriles de Petróleo Día Calendario) Generación de energía eléctrica SIN (2017): 66.551.928 GWhACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 10 Sus retos Erosión (IDEAM et al. 2015).', 'Su economía PIB (Fuente: ● Variación porcentual PIB año 2019 (provisional): 7,8 ● PIB total año 2019 (provisional, a precios corrientes, metodología año base 2015): USD 323.649,1 millones ● PIB por habitante año 2019 (provisional, a precios corrientes, metodología año base 2015): USD Valor de exportación de crudos y derivados (2019): 15.961.953 miles de dólares FOB (Fuente: Producción Fiscalizada de Petróleo (2019): 10.630.609 BPDC (Barriles de Petróleo Día Calendario) Generación de energía eléctrica SIN (2017): 66.551.928 GWhACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 10 Sus retos Erosión (IDEAM et al. 2015). El 40% del área del país presenta algún grado de erosión El 3% del área del país presenta grados severos de erosión Déficit de vivienda cuantitativa (hogares): total:12,37%; urbano 12,56%; rural 11,71% Déficit de vivienda cualitativo (hogares): total 23,84%; rural 56,54%; urbano 14,40% Índice multidimensional de pobreza (Fuente: DANE,2018): ● Total nacional: 19,6 ● Cabecera: 13,8 ● Centros poblados y rural disperso: 39,9 Desplazamiento: (Cifras Unidad de víctimas, 2018) ● Personas expulsadas (total nacional): 137.909 ● Personas recibidas 115.323 ● Personas declaradas 161.631.', 'El 40% del área del país presenta algún grado de erosión El 3% del área del país presenta grados severos de erosión Déficit de vivienda cuantitativa (hogares): total:12,37%; urbano 12,56%; rural 11,71% Déficit de vivienda cualitativo (hogares): total 23,84%; rural 56,54%; urbano 14,40% Índice multidimensional de pobreza (Fuente: DANE,2018): ● Total nacional: 19,6 ● Cabecera: 13,8 ● Centros poblados y rural disperso: 39,9 Desplazamiento: (Cifras Unidad de víctimas, 2018) ● Personas expulsadas (total nacional): 137.909 ● Personas recibidas 115.323 ● Personas declaradas 161.631. Índice GINI concentración de la tierra: 0,73 (IGAC_UPRA, 2014) Distribución y tenencia de la tierra: El 63,5% de los productores residentes en el área rural dispersa se concentraron en UPA de menos de 5 hectáreas y ocuparon el 4,2% del área censada de los productores.', 'Índice GINI concentración de la tierra: 0,73 (IGAC_UPRA, 2014) Distribución y tenencia de la tierra: El 63,5% de los productores residentes en el área rural dispersa se concentraron en UPA de menos de 5 hectáreas y ocuparon el 4,2% del área censada de los productores. Para los productores no residentes sus participaciones fueron de 72,1% y 5,7%, respectivamente. (DANE, Censo agropecuario, 2014) Nutrición: Prevalencia de deficiencia en la ingesta de energía en la población de 2 a 64 años. En Colombia el 63,7% de las personas presentan deficiencia en la ingesta de energía y el 16% supera la recomendación; mostrando una coexistencia entre la pobreza y la malnutrición por déficit y por exceso. (ENSIN.', 'En Colombia el 63,7% de las personas presentan deficiencia en la ingesta de energía y el 16% supera la recomendación; mostrando una coexistencia entre la pobreza y la malnutrición por déficit y por exceso. (ENSIN. LÍNEA BASE 2005 en plan nacional de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional 2012_2019) Nivel de pobreza monetaria: 27% (DANE, 2018) Nivel de pobreza monetaria extrema: 7,2% (DANE, 2018) Principales arreglos institucionales para la gestión del cambio climático en Colombia Como se mencionó anteriormente, la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia se realiza mediante la articulación de diversos mecanismos de planificación que se interconectan entre sí.', 'LÍNEA BASE 2005 en plan nacional de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional 2012_2019) Nivel de pobreza monetaria: 27% (DANE, 2018) Nivel de pobreza monetaria extrema: 7,2% (DANE, 2018) Principales arreglos institucionales para la gestión del cambio climático en Colombia Como se mencionó anteriormente, la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia se realiza mediante la articulación de diversos mecanismos de planificación que se interconectan entre sí. Dando cumplimiento a lo descrito en el anexo de la decisión 9/CMA.1, a continuación, se presenta un resumen de los arreglos institucionales más relevantes en materia de adaptación. Estos mecanismos se derivan de la promulgación de la Ley de Cambio Climático (Ley 1931 de 2018) y son transversales a la gestión del cambio climático. Figura 2.', 'Estos mecanismos se derivan de la promulgación de la Ley de Cambio Climático (Ley 1931 de 2018) y son transversales a la gestión del cambio climático. Figura 2. Arreglos institucionales más relevantes para la gestión de la adaptación del cambio climático en Colombia Sistema nacional de cambio climático (SISCLIMA) Decreto 298 de Objetivos Establece 2 instancias encargadas de la coordinación Enfoque territorial 9 Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático Enfoque sectorial Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio ClimáticoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 11 Sistema nacional de información de cambio climático Objetivo Proveer datos e información transparente y consistente en el tiempo para la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Arreglos institucionales más relevantes para la gestión de la adaptación del cambio climático en Colombia Sistema nacional de cambio climático (SISCLIMA) Decreto 298 de Objetivos Establece 2 instancias encargadas de la coordinación Enfoque territorial 9 Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático Enfoque sectorial Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio ClimáticoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 11 Sistema nacional de información de cambio climático Objetivo Proveer datos e información transparente y consistente en el tiempo para la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la gestión del cambio climático. Mitigación Monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) de las emisiones y reducciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero Adaptación Monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) sobre las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático Medios de Implementación Monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) de finanzas Específicamente para adaptación, este sistema se conecta con el Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad Riesgo y Adaptación (SIIVRA), el cual buscará facilitar el monitoreo de la adaptación a través de indicadores de gestión y de la evaluación de la adaptación por medio del análisis del cambio en la vulnerabilidad.', 'Mitigación Monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) de las emisiones y reducciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero Adaptación Monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) sobre las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático Medios de Implementación Monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) de finanzas Específicamente para adaptación, este sistema se conecta con el Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad Riesgo y Adaptación (SIIVRA), el cual buscará facilitar el monitoreo de la adaptación a través de indicadores de gestión y de la evaluación de la adaptación por medio del análisis del cambio en la vulnerabilidad. Política nacional de cambio climático (PNCC) Objetivos Incorporar la gestión del cambio climático en las decisiones públicas y privadas, para avanzar en una senda de desarrollo resiliente al clima y baja en carbono que reduzca los riesgos del cambio climático y permita aprovechar las oportunidades que éste genera.', 'Política nacional de cambio climático (PNCC) Objetivos Incorporar la gestión del cambio climático en las decisiones públicas y privadas, para avanzar en una senda de desarrollo resiliente al clima y baja en carbono que reduzca los riesgos del cambio climático y permita aprovechar las oportunidades que éste genera. Plan nacional de adaptación al cambio climático (PNACC) Estrategia que busca: Ayudar a sectores y territorios a: - Identificar sus principales amenazas y vulnerabilidades, así como sus mayores fortalezas - Trabajar articuladamente en la implementación de políticas, planes, acciones y proyectos - Reducir el riesgo a los impactos de los fenómenos climáticos en el país Líneas estratégicas PNACC - Gestión del conocimiento - Incorporar la gestión del cambio climático en la planificación ambiental, territorial y sectorial - Promover la transformación del desarrollo para la resiliencia al cambio climático Miembros Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible – MinAmbiente Departamento Nacional de Planeación – DNP Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres – UNGRD Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales – IDEAM 3.2.', 'Plan nacional de adaptación al cambio climático (PNACC) Estrategia que busca: Ayudar a sectores y territorios a: - Identificar sus principales amenazas y vulnerabilidades, así como sus mayores fortalezas - Trabajar articuladamente en la implementación de políticas, planes, acciones y proyectos - Reducir el riesgo a los impactos de los fenómenos climáticos en el país Líneas estratégicas PNACC - Gestión del conocimiento - Incorporar la gestión del cambio climático en la planificación ambiental, territorial y sectorial - Promover la transformación del desarrollo para la resiliencia al cambio climático Miembros Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible – MinAmbiente Departamento Nacional de Planeación – DNP Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres – UNGRD Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales – IDEAM 3.2. Riesgo y vulnerabilidad En los últimos años, el país ha avanzado en la realización de análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo por cambio climático, no sólo a escala nacional por unidades administrativas de departamentos y municipios, sino que también se ha enfocado en los servicios de sistemas socioecológicos como los humedales, y en sectores productivos como el agropecuario.', 'Riesgo y vulnerabilidad En los últimos años, el país ha avanzado en la realización de análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo por cambio climático, no sólo a escala nacional por unidades administrativas de departamentos y municipios, sino que también se ha enfocado en los servicios de sistemas socioecológicos como los humedales, y en sectores productivos como el agropecuario. Este análisis, introducido en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC), se basa en 113 indicadores distribuidos en los componentes de Amenaza, Sensibilidad, y Capacidad Adaptativa, subdivididos en seis dimensiones: Seguridad Alimentaria, Recurso Hídrico, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos, Salud, Hábitat Humano e Infraestructura (ver indicadores en el Anexo A1).ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 12 Adicionalmente, a partir de la TCNCC y del informe AR5 del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés), Colombia ha buscado profundizar el entendimiento de su vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático.', 'Este análisis, introducido en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC), se basa en 113 indicadores distribuidos en los componentes de Amenaza, Sensibilidad, y Capacidad Adaptativa, subdivididos en seis dimensiones: Seguridad Alimentaria, Recurso Hídrico, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos, Salud, Hábitat Humano e Infraestructura (ver indicadores en el Anexo A1).ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 12 Adicionalmente, a partir de la TCNCC y del informe AR5 del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés), Colombia ha buscado profundizar el entendimiento de su vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático. Esto se ha hecho mediante iniciativas como el análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático de las planicies inundables de la macro-cuenca Magdalena-Cauca (IDEAM -TNCCC 1)4; y el análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático realizado por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), con el apoyo del IDEAM5.', 'Esto se ha hecho mediante iniciativas como el análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático de las planicies inundables de la macro-cuenca Magdalena-Cauca (IDEAM -TNCCC 1)4; y el análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo al cambio climático realizado por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), con el apoyo del IDEAM5. Esto ha permitido la construcción de mapas de amenaza, vulnerabilidad, y riesgo de una mejor calidad, como los presentados en las figuras a continuación (ver mapas en más detalle en el Anexo A2). Figura 3. Mapa de amenaza por cambio climático en Colombia. Elaborado con datos de la TCNCC, 2017. Figura 4. Mapa de vulnerabilidad por cambio climático en Colombia.', 'Mapa de vulnerabilidad por cambio climático en Colombia. Elaborado con datos de la TCNCC, 2017. Figura 5. Mapa de riesgo por cambio climático para Colombia. Elaborado con datos de la TCNCC, 2017. Los efectos potenciales del cambio climático se encuentran representados en el componente de Amenaza, que se evaluó en función de los elementos expuestos susceptibles de impacto por los cambios en la precipitación y la temperatura simulados para el escenario RCP 6.0 del periodo 2011-2040. El análisis incluyó 38 indicadores que representaron las 6 dimensiones mencionadas, lo que permitió identificar que todo el territorio colombiano tiene algún nivel de amenaza por cambio climático, y que el 56% de los departamentos se encuentra en la categoría de amenaza muy alta, principalmente en las regiones Andina y Caribe.', 'El análisis incluyó 38 indicadores que representaron las 6 dimensiones mencionadas, lo que permitió identificar que todo el territorio colombiano tiene algún nivel de amenaza por cambio climático, y que el 56% de los departamentos se encuentra en la categoría de amenaza muy alta, principalmente en las regiones Andina y Caribe. En cuanto a la vulnerabilidad, se incluyeron 41 indicadores que representan la sensibilidad relacionada con aspectos biofísicos, sociales y económicos, al igual que 34 indicadores que configuran la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático. El análisis permitió evidenciar que el 13% de los departamentos se encuentra en la categoría muy alta, principalmente en los departamentos localizados en la Amazonia colombiana junto con San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Todos los departamentos del país tienen algún grado de riesgo por cambio climático.', 'Todos los departamentos del país tienen algún grado de riesgo por cambio climático. En la categoría muy alto se identificó el departamento de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina localizado en la zona insular del país, al igual que en los departamentos de Amazonas, Guainía y Vaupés, que hacen parte de la región amazónica. Por otra parte, se resalta que departamentos como Atlántico, Putumayo y Valle del Cauca presentaron riesgo alto. 4 Modelamiento hidrológico bajo escenarios de cambio climático, mediante el cual se realizaron análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo de sistemas socio ecológicos a la luz de los servicios ecosistémicos. 5 En el estudio se incluyeron 12 cadenas productivas adicionales a los 8 cultivos de la dimensión de seguridad alimentaria de la TCNCC.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 13 3.3.', '5 En el estudio se incluyeron 12 cadenas productivas adicionales a los 8 cultivos de la dimensión de seguridad alimentaria de la TCNCC.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 13 3.3. Prioridades de Adaptación en el Marco de la NDC Desde la presentación de su primera NDC, Colombia ha mostrado avances importantes en la consecución de sus metas, los cuales han sentado las bases para las metas que se presentan en la presente actualización (un diagnóstico de los avances en las metas de la NDC vigente se puede ver en el Anexo A4).', 'Prioridades de Adaptación en el Marco de la NDC Desde la presentación de su primera NDC, Colombia ha mostrado avances importantes en la consecución de sus metas, los cuales han sentado las bases para las metas que se presentan en la presente actualización (un diagnóstico de los avances en las metas de la NDC vigente se puede ver en el Anexo A4). El componente de adaptación de la NDC en su versión actualizada cuenta con mayor ambición debido a que las metas establecidas en 2015 (10 metas) han sido revisadas y desarrolladas en propuestas de acciones más concretas para incorporar la adaptación al cambio climático en diferentes niveles de la planificación del país.', 'El componente de adaptación de la NDC en su versión actualizada cuenta con mayor ambición debido a que las metas establecidas en 2015 (10 metas) han sido revisadas y desarrolladas en propuestas de acciones más concretas para incorporar la adaptación al cambio climático en diferentes niveles de la planificación del país. Las metas reflejadas en este capítulo se enfocan en áreas como: recurso hídrico, protección de ecosistemas terrestres y marino costeros, restauración, áreas protegidas, infraestructura y agricultura, las cuales se relacionan con las dimensiones de riesgo presentadas en la TCNCC.', 'Las metas reflejadas en este capítulo se enfocan en áreas como: recurso hídrico, protección de ecosistemas terrestres y marino costeros, restauración, áreas protegidas, infraestructura y agricultura, las cuales se relacionan con las dimensiones de riesgo presentadas en la TCNCC. Buscando aprovechar posibles sinergias, las prioridades de adaptación se alinean con las dimensiones de riesgo y vulnerabilidad identificadas como prioritarias para el país en la TCNCC, ser congruentes con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y su abordaje en el país, y con otras agendas internacionales como, por ejemplo, el Marco de Acción de Sendai.', 'Buscando aprovechar posibles sinergias, las prioridades de adaptación se alinean con las dimensiones de riesgo y vulnerabilidad identificadas como prioritarias para el país en la TCNCC, ser congruentes con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y su abordaje en el país, y con otras agendas internacionales como, por ejemplo, el Marco de Acción de Sendai. Con relación a la TCNCC, como parte de su Análisis de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo por Cambio Climático, el país presentó una batería de 113 indicadores en los componentes de amenaza, sensibilidad y capacidad adaptativa, distribuidos en seis dimensiones (seguridad alimentaria, recurso hídrico, biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos, hábitat humano, salud e infraestructura). Una descripción de las dimensiones de la TCNCC, así como los indicadores relacionados, se encuentran en el anexo A1.', 'Una descripción de las dimensiones de la TCNCC, así como los indicadores relacionados, se encuentran en el anexo A1. Las prioridades de Colombia (metas) al 2030 se encuentran en la siguiente tabla. Es de destacar que la información detallada sobre las metas establecidas con respecto a su objetivo, descripción, líneas base, hitos de cumplimiento e indicadores de medición se encuentra en el documento adjunto a la presente NDC. La información está reflejada a través de fichas y es parte integral de la CA de Colombia. Tabla 1.', 'La información está reflejada a través de fichas y es parte integral de la CA de Colombia. Tabla 1. Metas de adaptación actualizadas para la NDC formulada en 2020 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Seis (6) sectores prioritarios de la economía (transporte, energía, agricultura, vivienda, salud, comercio, turismo e industria) incluirán consideraciones de cambio climático en sus instrumentos de planificación, y estarán implementando acciones de adaptación. Vivienda, Ciudad y territorio 1.', 'Metas de adaptación actualizadas para la NDC formulada en 2020 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Seis (6) sectores prioritarios de la economía (transporte, energía, agricultura, vivienda, salud, comercio, turismo e industria) incluirán consideraciones de cambio climático en sus instrumentos de planificación, y estarán implementando acciones de adaptación. Vivienda, Ciudad y territorio 1. Incorporación de la adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos sectoriales, a través del desarrollo de lineamientos, Fortalecer los procesos de planeación territorial y construcción de viviendas a través de la generaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 14 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC herramientas y criterios que orienten la gestión de la adaptación en el sector.', 'Incorporación de la adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos sectoriales, a través del desarrollo de lineamientos, Fortalecer los procesos de planeación territorial y construcción de viviendas a través de la generaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 14 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC herramientas y criterios que orienten la gestión de la adaptación en el sector. de lineamientos, criterios y herramientas para reducir la vulnerabilidad del sector vivienda. Agua y saneamiento básico 2. Desarrollar acciones de protección y conservación en 24 cuencas abastecedoras de acueductos en los municipios susceptibles al desabastecimiento por temporada de bajas precipitaciones y temporada de lluvia. Desarrollar intervenciones multisectoriales de conservación, protección y manejo en las cuencas y fuentes abastecedoras de acueductos prioritarias definidas por el Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio. Agua y saneamiento básico 3.', 'Desarrollar intervenciones multisectoriales de conservación, protección y manejo en las cuencas y fuentes abastecedoras de acueductos prioritarias definidas por el Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio. Agua y saneamiento básico 3. Desarrollar acciones estructurales y no estructurales de gestión del riesgo para la adaptación al cambio climático en el 30% de los municipios priorizados por susceptibilidad al desabastecimiento por temporada seca y temporada de lluvias (2030). Fortalecer la resiliencia y la capacidad de adaptación a los riesgos relacionados con el clima que afectan el sector a través de la implementación de acciones estructurales y no estructurales en el 30% de los municipios priorizados por susceptibilidad al desabastecimiento por temporada seca y temporada de lluvia. Agua y saneamiento básico 4. Alcanzar 68 % del tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas domésticas a 2030.', 'Alcanzar 68 % del tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas domésticas a 2030. Aumentar la cobertura y calidad en el tratamiento del caudal de aguas residuales a fin de proteger las cuencas y fuentes abastecedoras de acueductos más contaminados y fortalecer con criterios de adaptación al cambio climático los procesos involucrados en la ejecución del programa Saneamiento de Vertimientos (SAVER).ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 15 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Agua y saneamiento básico 5. Reusar el 10% de las aguas residuales domésticas tratadas por parte de los prestadores del servicio público de acueducto a 2030.', 'Reusar el 10% de las aguas residuales domésticas tratadas por parte de los prestadores del servicio público de acueducto a 2030. Proponer acciones intersectoriales que contribuyan a generar una reglamentación sobre el reúso de agua residual tratada teniendo en cuenta criterios e información técnica aportada por los diferentes sectores (Agricultura, Minas y Energía, Industria, Ambiente y Vivienda), y generar incentivos para que los usuarios del recurso hídrico apliquen esta práctica, obteniendo beneficios económicos y al mismo tiempo generando beneficios ambientales. Salud 6. A 2030, se formularán acciones de adaptación en prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud, que aporten a reducir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima en el 100% de las Entidades Territoriales en el sector salud, del nivel departamental, distrital y municipal de categoría 1, 2 y 3, y estarán implementadas en un 40% de éstas.', 'A 2030, se formularán acciones de adaptación en prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud, que aporten a reducir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima en el 100% de las Entidades Territoriales en el sector salud, del nivel departamental, distrital y municipal de categoría 1, 2 y 3, y estarán implementadas en un 40% de éstas. Formular e implementar acciones de adaptación dirigidas a fortalecer la resiliencia de las personas y comunidades frente a la variabilidad y el cambio climático y disminuir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima por medio de estrategias de prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud en todas las entidades territoriales del sector salud del país. Salud 7.', 'Formular e implementar acciones de adaptación dirigidas a fortalecer la resiliencia de las personas y comunidades frente a la variabilidad y el cambio climático y disminuir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima por medio de estrategias de prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud en todas las entidades territoriales del sector salud del país. Salud 7. A 2030, el 40% de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público implementarán acciones de adaptación ante los posibles eventos asociados por variabilidad y cambio climático.', 'A 2030, el 40% de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público implementarán acciones de adaptación ante los posibles eventos asociados por variabilidad y cambio climático. Disminuir la vulnerabilidad de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público ante los efectos de la variabilidad y cambio climático, por medio de la formulación e implementación de acciones de adaptación en Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 16 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Minas y energía 8. Línea estratégica de infraestructura resiliente: A 2025, un instrumento de planificación sectorial de hidrocarburos, uno de minería de carbón y uno de energía eléctrica cuentan con lineamientos de cambio climático orientados al aseguramiento de las condiciones de operatividad integral bajo nuevos escenarios de demandas operativas y ambientales.', 'Línea estratégica de infraestructura resiliente: A 2025, un instrumento de planificación sectorial de hidrocarburos, uno de minería de carbón y uno de energía eléctrica cuentan con lineamientos de cambio climático orientados al aseguramiento de las condiciones de operatividad integral bajo nuevos escenarios de demandas operativas y ambientales. Contribuir a la transformación energética del país, de tal manera que se garantice la competitividad de las industrias minero energéticas ante los escenarios del clima cambiante. Minas y energía 9. Línea estratégica de información para la adaptación: A 2025, contar con una metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos actualizada, junto con una estrategia de actualización de manera periódica a nivel nacional y empresarial. Transversal - información Minas y energía 10.', 'Línea estratégica de información para la adaptación: A 2025, contar con una metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos actualizada, junto con una estrategia de actualización de manera periódica a nivel nacional y empresarial. Transversal - información Minas y energía 10. Línea estratégica de gestión de entorno: A 2025, contar con un proyecto de adaptación basado en ecosistemas para el sector eléctrico que ayude a las empresas del sector asegurar el cumplimiento de sus objetivos estratégicos. Industria, comercio y turismo 11. Mínimo 10% de pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas de los sectores priorizados han implementado estrategias, acciones o proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático. Este porcentaje debe ser evaluado en función del resultado de la Encuesta Ambiental Industrial.', 'Este porcentaje debe ser evaluado en función del resultado de la Encuesta Ambiental Industrial. Aumentar la participación de empresas en los sectores priorizados que implementan estrategias, acciones o proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 17 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Transporte implementadas para mejorar los sistemas de Información geográfica de la infraestructura de transporte para la gestión del riesgo. Fortalecer la gobernanza (eficacia, calidad, buena orientación en las intervenciones del sector) de la gestión del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación del cambio climático en las instituciones del sector transporte a nivel central y territorial según sus competencias, incluyendo la mejora de los sistemas de información geográfica de la infraestructura de transporte. Transporte 13.', 'Fortalecer la gobernanza (eficacia, calidad, buena orientación en las intervenciones del sector) de la gestión del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación del cambio climático en las instituciones del sector transporte a nivel central y territorial según sus competencias, incluyendo la mejora de los sistemas de información geográfica de la infraestructura de transporte. Transporte 13. Dos (2) documentos de lineamientos técnicos elaborados para realizar estudios de riesgo para la infraestructura de transporte. Ampliar el conocimiento del territorio, los factores del riesgo y del cambio climático que inciden en los diferentes modos de transporte. Transporte 14. Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al Cambio Climático - ACC formulada para el sector. Incluir la gestión del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación del cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación y desarrollo del sector transporte.', 'Incluir la gestión del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación del cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación y desarrollo del sector transporte. Transporte 15. Dos (2) Metodologías para el cálculo del riesgo de la infraestructura de transporte diseñadas e implementadas. Reducir el riesgo de desastres de los diferentes modos de transporte mediante intervenciones prospectivas, preventivas y correctivas como resultado del conocimiento del riesgo. Transporte 16. Proyecto piloto implementado para la aplicabilidad de los lineamientos de infraestructura verde vial. 9 Agricultura y desarrollo rural 17. Incluir consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación del sector agropecuario (PIGCCS) e implementaciones de acciones de adaptación. Incluir consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación del sector agropecuario e implementar acciones de adaptación innovadoras.', 'Incluir consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación del sector agropecuario e implementar acciones de adaptación innovadoras. 6 Aporta a la generación de información y mejoramiento de la tecnología - Es necesario que los lineamientos incluyan criterios de variabilidad y cambio climático. 7 Aporta a la generación de información y mejoramiento de la tecnología - Es necesario que la Política incluyan criterios de variabilidad y cambio climático. 8 Aporta a la generación de información y mejoramiento de la tecnología - Es necesario que el cálculo del riesgo incluya criterios de variabilidad y cambio climático.', '8 Aporta a la generación de información y mejoramiento de la tecnología - Es necesario que el cálculo del riesgo incluya criterios de variabilidad y cambio climático. 9 Aporta a la generación de información y mejoramiento de la tecnología - Es necesario que el proyecto incluya criterios de variabilidad y cambio climático.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 18 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Agricultura y desarrollo rural 18. Diez (10) subsectores agropecuarios (arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar), contarán con capacidades mejoradas para adaptarse a la variabilidad climática y/o cambio climático.', 'Diez (10) subsectores agropecuarios (arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar), contarán con capacidades mejoradas para adaptarse a la variabilidad climática y/o cambio climático. Mejorar las capacidades de 10 subsectores agropecuarios (arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar) para adaptarse a la variabilidad climática y/o cambio climático. Agricultura y desarrollo rural 19.', 'Mejorar las capacidades de 10 subsectores agropecuarios (arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar) para adaptarse a la variabilidad climática y/o cambio climático. Agricultura y desarrollo rural 19. Tres (3) regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía) participando en las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional y, un (1) millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias Alcanzar el cubrimiento de las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional en 3 regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía), involucrando alrededor de 27 departamentos y 1 millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias. Ambiente (IDEAM) 20.', 'Tres (3) regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía) participando en las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional y, un (1) millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias Alcanzar el cubrimiento de las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional en 3 regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía), involucrando alrededor de 27 departamentos y 1 millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias. Ambiente (IDEAM) 20. A 2030 el país contará un Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación al cambio climático (SIIVRA), que permita monitorear y evaluar la adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia articulado al Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC).', 'A 2030 el país contará un Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación al cambio climático (SIIVRA), que permita monitorear y evaluar la adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia articulado al Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC). Desarrollar un Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación al Cambio Climático, articulado al SNICC, que permita analizar la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo por cambio climático y monitorear y evaluar la adaptación en el país. Transversal - informaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 19 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Ambiente 21. Ciento treinta y cinco (135) Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas - POMCA formulados y/o ajustados con consideraciones de variabilidad y cambio climático.', 'Ciento treinta y cinco (135) Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas - POMCA formulados y/o ajustados con consideraciones de variabilidad y cambio climático. Contar con instrumentos de ordenación y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas que contribuyan a reducir el riesgo y los impactos socioeconómicos y ecosistémicos asociados a la variabilidad y al cambio climático. Ambiente 22. Delimitación y protección del 100% de los páramos de Colombia a través de planes de manejo. Delimitar los páramos de Colombia e implementar acciones para su conservación, manejo y adaptación al cambio climático. Ambiente 23. Incremento en un 15% el porcentaje de ecosistemas o unidades de análisis ecosistémicas no representados o subrepresentados incluidas en el SIN Incrementar la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP como contribución a la adaptación de los territorios al cambio climático. Ambiente (PNN) 24.', 'Incremento en un 15% el porcentaje de ecosistemas o unidades de análisis ecosistémicas no representados o subrepresentados incluidas en el SIN Incrementar la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP como contribución a la adaptación de los territorios al cambio climático. Ambiente (PNN) 24. Incremento de 18.000 hectáreas en proceso de restauración, rehabilitación y/o recuperación ecológica en áreas protegidas del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y sus zonas de influencia. Implementar acciones de restauración, rehabilitación y recuperación que permitan mejorar la integridad de las áreas protegidas y sus zonas de influencia para mejorar su capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 20 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Ambiente (ANLA) 25.', 'Implementar acciones de restauración, rehabilitación y recuperación que permitan mejorar la integridad de las áreas protegidas y sus zonas de influencia para mejorar su capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 20 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Ambiente (ANLA) 25. Inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de manejo y control ambiental de proyectos obras y/o actividades de competencia de la Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales a partir del año 2020. Proyectos, obras y/o actividades de competencia de la ANLA incluyen y ejecutan medidas frente al cambio climático en el marco del instrumento de manejo y control ambiental. Según las acciones y medidas propuestas en cada uno de los proyectos se podrá definir a que dimensión de la TCNCC aporta. Ambiente (UNGRD) 26.', 'Según las acciones y medidas propuestas en cada uno de los proyectos se podrá definir a que dimensión de la TCNCC aporta. Ambiente (UNGRD) 26. Incrementar el porcentaje de la red de monitoreo con transmisión en tiempo real (de 24% a 35%) conectada a sistemas de alerta temprana al 2030. Aumentar la capacidad adaptativa del territorio frente al cambio climático por medio del fortalecimiento de la red hidrometerologica con información oportuna como insumo a los sistemas de alerta temprana y sirva como una herramienta en la gestión del riesgo de desastres. Ambiente 27.', 'Aumentar la capacidad adaptativa del territorio frente al cambio climático por medio del fortalecimiento de la red hidrometerologica con información oportuna como insumo a los sistemas de alerta temprana y sirva como una herramienta en la gestión del riesgo de desastres. Ambiente 27. Actualización e implementación en un 50% del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" a Reducir la vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas de carbono azul, con énfasis en manglares, a través de estrategias de preservación, uso sostenible y restauración, así como de la formulación e implementación de instrumentos de gestión, como medidas que contribuyen con la adaptación al cambio climático. Ambiente 28.', 'Actualización e implementación en un 50% del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" a Reducir la vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas de carbono azul, con énfasis en manglares, a través de estrategias de preservación, uso sostenible y restauración, así como de la formulación e implementación de instrumentos de gestión, como medidas que contribuyen con la adaptación al cambio climático. Ambiente 28. Adopción e implementación del 100% de los Planes de Ordenación y Manejo Integrado de las Unidades Ambientales Costera (POMIUAC) con acciones de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) sobre manglar y pastos marinos, y otros ecosistemas costeros.', 'Adopción e implementación del 100% de los Planes de Ordenación y Manejo Integrado de las Unidades Ambientales Costera (POMIUAC) con acciones de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) sobre manglar y pastos marinos, y otros ecosistemas costeros. Disminuir la vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas de manglar y pastos marinos mediante la formulación e implementación de medidas AbE en las UAC.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 21 Meta y sector Objetivo ODS relacionados Alineación con Marco de Sendai Dimensión de la TCNCC Ambiente 29. Seis (6) iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo para el uso sostenible de los manglares (ecosistema de carbono azul) en implementación, con plazo a 2030. Mejorar la capacidad adaptativa en áreas de manglar a través de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo. Ambiente 30.', 'Mejorar la capacidad adaptativa en áreas de manglar a través de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo. Ambiente 30. A 2030, el país de manera interinstitucional, operativizará los procesos de la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales, conocimiento del riesgo, reducción del riesgo y manejo de los desastres, definiendo orientaciones y resultados con la gestión del cambio climático, a través de 7 estrategias. Desarrollar estrategias y acciones que permitan el mejoramiento de la capacidad del país en cuanto al conocimiento del riesgo, la reducción del riesgo y el manejo de los desastres relacionados con los incendios forestales y su articulación con la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Desarrollar estrategias y acciones que permitan el mejoramiento de la capacidad del país en cuanto al conocimiento del riesgo, la reducción del riesgo y el manejo de los desastres relacionados con los incendios forestales y su articulación con la gestión del cambio climático. Según las acciones y medidas propuestas por la meta se podrá definir a que dimensión de la TCNCC aporta.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 22 Alineación de las metas de NDC con las líneas estratégicas del PNACC Para Colombia, el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) constituye el mecanismo que orienta la gestión y organiza los procesos de planificación nacional en materia de adaptación, y articula la implementación de políticas, planes, acciones y proyectos para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la capacidad adaptativa ante los posibles impactos de fenómenos climáticos en el país.', 'Según las acciones y medidas propuestas por la meta se podrá definir a que dimensión de la TCNCC aporta.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 22 Alineación de las metas de NDC con las líneas estratégicas del PNACC Para Colombia, el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) constituye el mecanismo que orienta la gestión y organiza los procesos de planificación nacional en materia de adaptación, y articula la implementación de políticas, planes, acciones y proyectos para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la capacidad adaptativa ante los posibles impactos de fenómenos climáticos en el país. Colombia se encuentra actualmente en la formulación del Plan de Acción del PNACC con apoyo del Programa de Preparación para la Adaptación Nacional al Cambio Climático financiado con recursos del Fondo Verde del Clima.', 'Colombia se encuentra actualmente en la formulación del Plan de Acción del PNACC con apoyo del Programa de Preparación para la Adaptación Nacional al Cambio Climático financiado con recursos del Fondo Verde del Clima. Dicho Plan busca promover la implementación efectiva en adaptación a través del seguimiento a las fases del ciclo del proceso (conocimiento, planificación y transformación), e indica acciones de medios de implementación necesarios para alcanzar los objetivos trazados a partir de las metas de adaptación del país. También busca orientar la acción coordinada entre actores, públicos y privados, por medio de la consolidación y análisis de avances sectoriales y territoriales.', 'También busca orientar la acción coordinada entre actores, públicos y privados, por medio de la consolidación y análisis de avances sectoriales y territoriales. El Plan de acción será finalizado en el año 2021 y una vez validado, será remitido a la CMNUCC para que repose en el NAP Central10. La diferencia entre la Comunicación en Adaptación (CA) y el PNACC radica en que el primero presenta las prioridades y necesidades con metas específicas y con una visión de largo plazo, en línea con el Acuerdo de París y sus metas globales, mientras que el PNACC identifica los procesos de planificación y objetivos nacionales de forma amplia y aborda el espectro de la gestión de la adaptación del país en períodos de corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'La diferencia entre la Comunicación en Adaptación (CA) y el PNACC radica en que el primero presenta las prioridades y necesidades con metas específicas y con una visión de largo plazo, en línea con el Acuerdo de París y sus metas globales, mientras que el PNACC identifica los procesos de planificación y objetivos nacionales de forma amplia y aborda el espectro de la gestión de la adaptación del país en períodos de corto, mediano y largo plazo. Así, el PNACC y la CA son instrumentos que se alimentan mutuamente.', 'Así, el PNACC y la CA son instrumentos que se alimentan mutuamente. El país busca la coherencia entre los diferentes instrumentos usados para comunicar, reportar y planificar la adaptación en Colombia (Comunicación en adaptación (CA), Comunicación Nacional (CNCC) – Reporte Bienal de Transparencia (BTR) – Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNACC), con el fin de que contribuyan a la gestión efectiva en la materia a través de la planificación, aplicación y comunicación de acciones. En este sentido, se presenta a continuación un abordaje inicial de las metas de la NDC con los objetivos y estrategias del PNACC. 11 10 NAP Central es una plataforma de la CMNUCC en la cual reposan documentos relevantes a la adaptación de las Partes al cambio climático.', '11 10 NAP Central es una plataforma de la CMNUCC en la cual reposan documentos relevantes a la adaptación de las Partes al cambio climático. 11 Esta información será actualizada conforme al proceso de formulación del Plan de Acción del PNACC y la implementación del mismo.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 23 Figura 6. Alineación de las metas NDC con las líneas estratégicas del PNACC En la Figura 6 se observa que las metas planteadas en la NDC se encuentran distribuidas en las tres fases del proceso del PNACC. Se destaca que en su mayoría (23) están asociadas a las dos primeras fases: conocimiento y planificación.', 'Se destaca que en su mayoría (23) están asociadas a las dos primeras fases: conocimiento y planificación. Sin embargo, 16 de las 30 metas de la NDC, reflejan opciones de transformación que permitirán cumplir con el objetivo de tener un país más resiliente y adaptado al clima. 3.4. Necesidades de apoyo requerido Como parte de los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia bajo el Acuerdo de París, se brinda la posibilidad de que cada Parte provea información relacionada con impactos y adaptación al cambio climático (artículo 13.8), y que los países en desarrollo presenten información sobre apoyo requerido y recibido (artículo 13.10).', 'Necesidades de apoyo requerido Como parte de los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia bajo el Acuerdo de París, se brinda la posibilidad de que cada Parte provea información relacionada con impactos y adaptación al cambio climático (artículo 13.8), y que los países en desarrollo presenten información sobre apoyo requerido y recibido (artículo 13.10). En el marco de la elaboración de la CA, el país ha tenido en cuenta las categorías de información sobre apoyo requerido que deben incluirse en los BTRs. Para Colombia, esto constituye un enfoque que asegura la coherencia en las necesidades y prioridades que se planteen en esta materia.', 'Para Colombia, esto constituye un enfoque que asegura la coherencia en las necesidades y prioridades que se planteen en esta materia. Esto busca evitar una carga adicional para los países a la hora de elaborar los reportes del artículo 13, y generar experiencias relevantes en el marco de la negociación de la Guía Suplementaria de la Comunicación en Adaptación que tendrá lugar en 2022. El país ha identificado 132 necesidades con respecto a financiamiento, fortalecimiento/creación de capacidades, y desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología (presentadas en el anexo A4), a pesar de no contar con una metodología estandarizada para la identificación de las mismas. Es de señalar que la información planteada no refleja en su totalidad las necesidades del país y será necesario seguir trabajando en estos aspectos.', 'Es de señalar que la información planteada no refleja en su totalidad las necesidades del país y será necesario seguir trabajando en estos aspectos. No obstante, esta aproximación inicial permitirá guiar el trabajo del país para la implementaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 24 de los compromisos, futura cooperación internacional y posible asignación de recursos del presupuesto nacional. Figura 7. Necesidades de apoyo identificadas Finalmente, se han identificado 11 tipos de necesidades para desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías, 5 para creación/ fortalecimiento de capacidades y 10 para financiamiento. Figura 8. Necesidades identificadas en desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologíaACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 25 Figura 9. Necesidades identificadas en creación / fortalecimiento de capacidades Figura 10.', 'Necesidades identificadas en creación / fortalecimiento de capacidades Figura 10. Necesidades identificadas en financiamiento Aproximación metodológica del costeo de las prioridades (metas) de adaptación en el marco de la NDC (DNP, 2020) Colombia se encuentra desarrollando una estimación que permita tener una aproximación a los costos en los que debe incurrir el país para alcanzar sus prioridades (metas) de adaptación. Con este propósito, se está realizando un análisis mediante dos enfoques, cuya convergencia permita estructurar un modelo de costeo útil para esta y futuras actualizaciones.', 'Con este propósito, se está realizando un análisis mediante dos enfoques, cuya convergencia permita estructurar un modelo de costeo útil para esta y futuras actualizaciones. Ambas metodologías requieren procesos iterativos que se actualizarán en el tiempo conforme a la mejor información que esté disponible.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 26 Metodología para la estimación de necesidades de financiamiento climático para la adaptación a nivel nacional (de arriba hacia abajo) El estudio económico de brechas (metodología de arriba hacia abajo) a cargo del Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) analiza la diferencia entre el escenario de crecimiento económico sin cambio climático y el escenario bajo los impactos de cambio climático, estimando la inversión efectiva en adaptación necesaria para subsanar esta brecha.', 'Ambas metodologías requieren procesos iterativos que se actualizarán en el tiempo conforme a la mejor información que esté disponible.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 26 Metodología para la estimación de necesidades de financiamiento climático para la adaptación a nivel nacional (de arriba hacia abajo) El estudio económico de brechas (metodología de arriba hacia abajo) a cargo del Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) analiza la diferencia entre el escenario de crecimiento económico sin cambio climático y el escenario bajo los impactos de cambio climático, estimando la inversión efectiva en adaptación necesaria para subsanar esta brecha. Esta metodología parte del crecimiento potencial de la producción macroeconómica (es decir, el crecimiento esperado de la economía) y estima las inversiones adicionales en capital físico y humano necesarias para alcanzar este nivel de crecimiento en un escenario que requiere medidas de adaptación al cambio climático (Barbier, 2015) (Lipschitz & Schadler, 2019).', 'Esta metodología parte del crecimiento potencial de la producción macroeconómica (es decir, el crecimiento esperado de la economía) y estima las inversiones adicionales en capital físico y humano necesarias para alcanzar este nivel de crecimiento en un escenario que requiere medidas de adaptación al cambio climático (Barbier, 2015) (Lipschitz & Schadler, 2019). Al estar basada en la función de producción de la economía, esta metodología puede ser replicada con mayor facilidad, dada la disponibilidad de información relacionada con datos macroeconómicos a nivel nacional y el acceso a los recursos necesarios para realizarla. Esta aproximación ofrece un resultado relativo al PIB nacional.', 'Esta aproximación ofrece un resultado relativo al PIB nacional. El estudio, que aún se encuentra en proceso de revisión y ajuste, indica que la inversión anual en adaptación al cambio climático debe ser del 0.2% del PIB nacional hasta el 2030, para cerrar la brecha entre el crecimiento económico potencial y el crecimiento económico bajo los impactos del cambio climático. En pesos colombianos (COP) del 2019, esto corresponde a aproximadamente 2 billones de pesos anuales (aproximadamente USD 600 millones12) hasta 2030. Esta cifra debe tomarse como valor mínimo, pues considera la inversión en capital humano y físico, pero no otras medidas que son también cruciales para la adaptación efectiva en el país (por ejemplo, medidas de capital natural).', 'Esta cifra debe tomarse como valor mínimo, pues considera la inversión en capital humano y físico, pero no otras medidas que son también cruciales para la adaptación efectiva en el país (por ejemplo, medidas de capital natural). Piloto de costeo de metas de adaptación (de abajo hacia arriba) La metodología de costeo a nivel de metas (basado en una aproximación de abajo hacia arriba) busca estimar el costo de cada meta de adaptación por tipo de acción, de acuerdo con los instrumentos de política vigentes en el país, con el fin de medir las necesidades de financiamiento del logro de 5 metas de adaptación seleccionadas de la actualización de la NDC.', 'Piloto de costeo de metas de adaptación (de abajo hacia arriba) La metodología de costeo a nivel de metas (basado en una aproximación de abajo hacia arriba) busca estimar el costo de cada meta de adaptación por tipo de acción, de acuerdo con los instrumentos de política vigentes en el país, con el fin de medir las necesidades de financiamiento del logro de 5 metas de adaptación seleccionadas de la actualización de la NDC. La metodología empleada se basa en un ajuste de metodologías existentes usadas para ejercicios similares tanto en Colombia como en otros países, y contó con la validación de diferentes actores por parte del Gobierno de Colombia.13 Como resultado, se contará con el desarrollo de una metodología que pueda aplicarse a las metas de adaptación de la NDC planteada en la presente actualización, así como a nuevas metas propuestas en futuras actualizaciones.', 'La metodología empleada se basa en un ajuste de metodologías existentes usadas para ejercicios similares tanto en Colombia como en otros países, y contó con la validación de diferentes actores por parte del Gobierno de Colombia.13 Como resultado, se contará con el desarrollo de una metodología que pueda aplicarse a las metas de adaptación de la NDC planteada en la presente actualización, así como a nuevas metas propuestas en futuras actualizaciones. El objetivo principal de este ejercicio es apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones gubernamentales relacionado con los costos de adaptación, sin embargo, no es una estimación detallada de las acciones de adaptación. La estimación detallada del presupuesto se deber realizar de forma paralela con la estructuración de cada acción.', 'La estimación detallada del presupuesto se deber realizar de forma paralela con la estructuración de cada acción. Por ello, la metodología sugiere seguir un enfoque pragmático donde, según la información existente, se sigan diferentes caminos a la hora de estimar los costos, que reconoce posibles rangos de incertidumbre en la información.', 'Por ello, la metodología sugiere seguir un enfoque pragmático donde, según la información existente, se sigan diferentes caminos a la hora de estimar los costos, que reconoce posibles rangos de incertidumbre en la información. Para cumplir con el objetivo se ha elaborado un árbol de decisión a partir del cual se clasifican las metas de adaptación de Colombia según la disponibilidad de 12 Considerando una tasa de cambio de $3.297 (COP) por cada dólar (USD), a diciembre de 2019 13 Para este ejercicio se realizó un taller virtual que tuvo lugar el 22 de septiembre de 2020, el cual contó con la participación de funcionarios del Banco Mundial, Dirección de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible del DNP, PNUD, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), The Nature Conservancy (TNC),Fondo Acción, Gobernación del Quindío, Estrategia 2050, Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente, GIZ, INVEMAR, CDMB, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Corpoguajira, Corporación Ecoversa, Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio, Universidad Libre, IIAP y del Programa Mundial de Alimentos.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 27 información y las políticas existentes relacionadas con cambio climático, para permitir la estimación de los costos de determinados tipos de metas con base en valores aproximados de inversión, operación y mantenimiento.', 'Para cumplir con el objetivo se ha elaborado un árbol de decisión a partir del cual se clasifican las metas de adaptación de Colombia según la disponibilidad de 12 Considerando una tasa de cambio de $3.297 (COP) por cada dólar (USD), a diciembre de 2019 13 Para este ejercicio se realizó un taller virtual que tuvo lugar el 22 de septiembre de 2020, el cual contó con la participación de funcionarios del Banco Mundial, Dirección de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible del DNP, PNUD, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), The Nature Conservancy (TNC),Fondo Acción, Gobernación del Quindío, Estrategia 2050, Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente, GIZ, INVEMAR, CDMB, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Corpoguajira, Corporación Ecoversa, Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio, Universidad Libre, IIAP y del Programa Mundial de Alimentos.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 27 información y las políticas existentes relacionadas con cambio climático, para permitir la estimación de los costos de determinados tipos de metas con base en valores aproximados de inversión, operación y mantenimiento. A su vez entre los avances se destaca la realización de un piloto con 5 metas de adaptación para la presente actualización, como se expone en la siguiente tabla.', 'A su vez entre los avances se destaca la realización de un piloto con 5 metas de adaptación para la presente actualización, como se expone en la siguiente tabla. Este enfoque busca hacer uso de la información existente para reducir la incertidumbre y la complejidad en la captura de información, fijando su metodología de cálculo con base en la información disponible y facilitando su actualización en el futuro. En la tabla a continuación se muestran las metas seleccionadas para esta primera fase de costeo, la clasificación de disponibilidad de información, y la metodología de costeo utilizada. Tabla 2.', 'En la tabla a continuación se muestran las metas seleccionadas para esta primera fase de costeo, la clasificación de disponibilidad de información, y la metodología de costeo utilizada. Tabla 2. Piloto del estudio de costeo de medidas de adaptación de abajo hacia arriba Metas Clasificación y metodología de costeo Ejemplo ilustrativo Incrementar a 35% el porcentaje de la red con transmisión en tiempo real (incremento de 11% equivalente a 310 estaciones a nivel nacional) el horizonte de tiempo sería 8 años (1 de planeación y 7 de ejecución). Tipo 1: Se cuenta con información directa sobre los costos de inversión, operación y mantenimiento para este tipo de meta, así como consultorías y contratos asociados. Esto se escala con respecto a las actividades necesarias para alcanzar los hitos establecidos.', 'Esto se escala con respecto a las actividades necesarias para alcanzar los hitos establecidos. Costo estimado de alcanzar el 35% de transmisión en tiempo real, con base en: - Número de estaciones necesarias para alcanzar el porcentaje aspirado - Costo de cada nueva estación - Costos anuales de operación y mantenimiento - Costos administrativos, de consultoría y de contratos 135 Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas - POMCA formulados y/o ajustados con consideraciones de variabilidad y cambio climático. Alcanzar 68% del tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas domésticas (2030) Delimitación y protección del 100% de los páramos (37) de Colombia a través de planes de manejo. Tipo 2: Se cuenta con información indirecta o proxy sobre los costos de inversión, operación y mantenimiento para una actividad equivalente. Esto se escala con respecto a las actividades necesarias para alcanzar los hitos establecidos.', 'Esto se escala con respecto a las actividades necesarias para alcanzar los hitos establecidos. Costo estimado de alcanzar la delimitación de 37 páramos, con base en: - Costos en que han incurrido las autoridades ambientales en la formulación de área protegidas o áreas estratégicas en años anteriores (promedio de costo por hectárea) - Costos administrativos fijos, con base en los costos administrativos calculados para otras metas Incremento de 18,000 hectáreas en proceso de restauración, rehabilitación y/o recuperación ecológica en áreas protegidas del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y sus zonas de influenciaACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 28 4. Mitigación de emisiones de GEI Reconociendo la importancia de incorporar criterios de cambio climático en la reactivación económica a corto, mediano y largo plazo y la vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático, se define y presenta la meta de mitigación de GEI para el periodo 2020-2030.', 'Mitigación de emisiones de GEI Reconociendo la importancia de incorporar criterios de cambio climático en la reactivación económica a corto, mediano y largo plazo y la vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático, se define y presenta la meta de mitigación de GEI para el periodo 2020-2030. A través de una meta ambiciosa y contundente, Colombia busca resaltar el sentido de urgencia de tomar acciones definitivas para prevenir eventos climáticos extremos que golpean cada vez con mayor fuerza el territorio nacional, tales como huracanes, deslizamientos de tierra, e inundaciones.', 'A través de una meta ambiciosa y contundente, Colombia busca resaltar el sentido de urgencia de tomar acciones definitivas para prevenir eventos climáticos extremos que golpean cada vez con mayor fuerza el territorio nacional, tales como huracanes, deslizamientos de tierra, e inundaciones. La meta actualizada de Colombia parte de una visión de largo plazo que se establece por la aspiración hacia la carbono neutralidad manifestada por el país en la Cumbre de Acción Climática de Naciones unidas en Septiembre de 2019, y que se reflejará en la Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050, una visión de mediano plazo a 2030 que se establece a través de la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono y la Estrategia Integral de Control de la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques, y una visión de corto plazo a través del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo.', 'La meta actualizada de Colombia parte de una visión de largo plazo que se establece por la aspiración hacia la carbono neutralidad manifestada por el país en la Cumbre de Acción Climática de Naciones unidas en Septiembre de 2019, y que se reflejará en la Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050, una visión de mediano plazo a 2030 que se establece a través de la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono y la Estrategia Integral de Control de la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques, y una visión de corto plazo a través del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Entre los avances clave en la ejecución de esta visión de largo plazo en materia de mitigación y que coadyuvan a la consecución de la meta, se incluyen los instrumentos creados por la Ley 1931 de cambio climático, promulgada en 2018, incluyendo el Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión; los PIGCCS14 y las medidas de mitigación de cada uno de los ministerios; los PIGCCT, el impuesto nacional al carbono y la no causación del impuesto por carbono-neutralidad (Ley 1819/2016 y Decreto 926/2017); la Ley 1715 de 2014 sobre Energías Renovables; la Resolución 1447 de 2018 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible sobre el sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación de las acciones de mitigación a nivel nacional; la Ley 1964 de 2019 sobre Movilidad Eléctrica; la Ley 1972 de 2019 sobre calidad del aire, además de instrumentos de política importantes como el CONPES 3874 de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos, el CONPES 3919 de Construcción Sostenible, el CONPES 3934 de Crecimiento Verde, la Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular de 2019, entre otros.', 'Entre los avances clave en la ejecución de esta visión de largo plazo en materia de mitigación y que coadyuvan a la consecución de la meta, se incluyen los instrumentos creados por la Ley 1931 de cambio climático, promulgada en 2018, incluyendo el Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión; los PIGCCS14 y las medidas de mitigación de cada uno de los ministerios; los PIGCCT, el impuesto nacional al carbono y la no causación del impuesto por carbono-neutralidad (Ley 1819/2016 y Decreto 926/2017); la Ley 1715 de 2014 sobre Energías Renovables; la Resolución 1447 de 2018 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible sobre el sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación de las acciones de mitigación a nivel nacional; la Ley 1964 de 2019 sobre Movilidad Eléctrica; la Ley 1972 de 2019 sobre calidad del aire, además de instrumentos de política importantes como el CONPES 3874 de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos, el CONPES 3919 de Construcción Sostenible, el CONPES 3934 de Crecimiento Verde, la Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular de 2019, entre otros. En materia de reducción de deforestación y protección de ecosistemas, se cuenta con un marco normativo y de implementación amplio y en evolución, destacándose la delimitación de la frontera agropecuaria en 2018, la creación del Consejo Nacional de Lucha contra la Deforestación y otros Crímenes Ambientales Asociados en 2019, el liderazgo y suscripción del Pacto de Leticia en 2019; la Ley 1930 sobre protección de ecosistemas de páramo, el Decreto Ley 870 de 2017 y 1007 de 2018 sobre Pagos por Servicios Ambientales.', 'En materia de reducción de deforestación y protección de ecosistemas, se cuenta con un marco normativo y de implementación amplio y en evolución, destacándose la delimitación de la frontera agropecuaria en 2018, la creación del Consejo Nacional de Lucha contra la Deforestación y otros Crímenes Ambientales Asociados en 2019, el liderazgo y suscripción del Pacto de Leticia en 2019; la Ley 1930 sobre protección de ecosistemas de páramo, el Decreto Ley 870 de 2017 y 1007 de 2018 sobre Pagos por Servicios Ambientales. Asimismo, la implementación del Programa REDD+ Visión Amazonía a partir del 2016, el programa Desarrollo Sostenible bajo en Carbono para la Orinoquia y la suscripción de la Declaración Conjunta de Intención con Noruega, Reino Unido y Alemania sobre Reducción de la Deforestación y Desarrollo Sostenible en 2015 y refrendada en 2019, entre otros.', 'Asimismo, la implementación del Programa REDD+ Visión Amazonía a partir del 2016, el programa Desarrollo Sostenible bajo en Carbono para la Orinoquia y la suscripción de la Declaración Conjunta de Intención con Noruega, Reino Unido y Alemania sobre Reducción de la Deforestación y Desarrollo Sostenible en 2015 y refrendada en 2019, entre otros. En las secciones a continuación se busca ofrecer información relevante y suficiente destinada a facilitar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión (ICTU, por sus siglas en inglés) de la contribución de Colombia 14 Resolución 40807 de 2018 de Ministerio de Minas y Energía y Resolución 431 de 2020 de Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 29 a la mitigación de GEI, usando como lineamiento principal lo contenido en los Anexos 1 y 2 de la Decisión 4/CMA.1, y con la transparencia como uno de sus ejes primarios.', 'En las secciones a continuación se busca ofrecer información relevante y suficiente destinada a facilitar la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión (ICTU, por sus siglas en inglés) de la contribución de Colombia 14 Resolución 40807 de 2018 de Ministerio de Minas y Energía y Resolución 431 de 2020 de Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 29 a la mitigación de GEI, usando como lineamiento principal lo contenido en los Anexos 1 y 2 de la Decisión 4/CMA.1, y con la transparencia como uno de sus ejes primarios. La meta de mitigación de Colombia se establece a partir de la proyección y análisis de su escenario de referencia (crecimiento tendencial de las emisiones en ausencia de implementación de acciones de mitigación de GEI) y del análisis y modelación de escenarios de políticas y medidas de reducción de emisiones de GEI para alcanzar la meta.', 'La meta de mitigación de Colombia se establece a partir de la proyección y análisis de su escenario de referencia (crecimiento tendencial de las emisiones en ausencia de implementación de acciones de mitigación de GEI) y del análisis y modelación de escenarios de políticas y medidas de reducción de emisiones de GEI para alcanzar la meta. Colombia presenta aún grandes retos respecto a la consolidación y modelación de la información, por lo que no han sido incluidas todas las medidas identificadas a la fecha en el país, a lo que se suma la necesidad de mantener un trabajo continuo que siga incorporando acciones de sectores y territorios hacia el cumplimiento de la meta propuesta. 4.1.', 'Colombia presenta aún grandes retos respecto a la consolidación y modelación de la información, por lo que no han sido incluidas todas las medidas identificadas a la fecha en el país, a lo que se suma la necesidad de mantener un trabajo continuo que siga incorporando acciones de sectores y territorios hacia el cumplimiento de la meta propuesta. 4.1. Descripción del escenario de referencia El escenario de referencia (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Universidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020) utiliza dos tipos de clasificaciones sectoriales: las categorías del IPCC y las asignaciones a carteras sectoriales a nivel nacional (destinadas a proporcionar referentes claros de asignación, gestión y reporte sobre estos compromisos) para lo cual se realizó una homologación entre categorías IPCC y carteras ministeriales a nivel nacional.', 'Descripción del escenario de referencia El escenario de referencia (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Universidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020) utiliza dos tipos de clasificaciones sectoriales: las categorías del IPCC y las asignaciones a carteras sectoriales a nivel nacional (destinadas a proporcionar referentes claros de asignación, gestión y reporte sobre estos compromisos) para lo cual se realizó una homologación entre categorías IPCC y carteras ministeriales a nivel nacional. Figura 11. Desagregación de emisiones según su clasificación IPCC15 i{3} AFOLU (Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros usos del Suelo) 117,94 170,44 186,45 174,50 15 Conversión de unidades: 1000 Gg CO2 eq = 1 Mt CO2 eq = 1.000.000 t CO2 eq.', 'Desagregación de emisiones según su clasificación IPCC15 i{3} AFOLU (Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros usos del Suelo) 117,94 170,44 186,45 174,50 15 Conversión de unidades: 1000 Gg CO2 eq = 1 Mt CO2 eq = 1.000.000 t CO2 eq. eq 1 - Energía 2 - Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos 3 - Agricultura, Silvicultura, y Otros Usos de la Tierra 4 - ResiduosACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 30 La Figura 11 muestra la desagregación de emisiones de acuerdo con su clasificación IPCC para el escenario de referencia, proyectado a 2030. Para Colombia, las emisiones del sector AFOLU (Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros usos del Suelo, por sus siglas en inglés) representan una proporción importante del inventario nacional, y su desagregación se muestra en la Figura 12 a continuación.', 'Para Colombia, las emisiones del sector AFOLU (Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros usos del Suelo, por sus siglas en inglés) representan una proporción importante del inventario nacional, y su desagregación se muestra en la Figura 12 a continuación. Figura 12. Desagregación de emisiones del sector AFOLU en Colombia16 3.C - Fuentes agregadas y emisiones de no CO2 provenientes de la tierra De las emisiones asociadas al uso de la tierra (categoría Tierra {3B}), la proyección de las emisiones debidas a la deforestación ({3B1aii 3B2bi 3B3bi 3B4bi 3B5bi 3B6bi}) ascienden a 87,38 Mt CO2 eq en el año 2030. En la Tabla 3, se presentan las características técnicas generales del escenario de referencia. Tabla 3.', 'En la Tabla 3, se presentan las características técnicas generales del escenario de referencia. Tabla 3. Características principales del escenario de referencia Definición de bottom-up y top-down en el contexto de la estimación de emisiones ● Bottom-up se refiere a la aproximación metodológica en la que los datos de actividad se recogen a escala regional y se agregan a nivel nacional. ● Top-down se refiere a la aproximación metodológica en la que los datos de actividad se encuentran agregados a nivel nacional, y las estimaciones regionales se calculan proporcionalmente a la estimación nacional. Principales motores de crecimiento para los ● Proyecciones actualizadas de población entre 1985-2050 con base en el último censo de 2018, aportadas por el DANE.', 'Principales motores de crecimiento para los ● Proyecciones actualizadas de población entre 1985-2050 con base en el último censo de 2018, aportadas por el DANE. 16 Conversión de unidades: 1000 Gg CO2 eq = 1 Mt CO2 eq = 1.000.000 t CO2 eq.', '16 Conversión de unidades: 1000 Gg CO2 eq = 1 Mt CO2 eq = 1.000.000 t CO2 eq. eq 3.A.1 - Fermentación entérica 3.A.2 - Gestión de estiércol 3.B.1 - Tierras forestales 3.B.2 - Tierras de cultivo 3.B.3 - Pastizales 3.B.4 - Humedales 3.B.5 - Asentamientos 3.B.6 - Otras tierras 3.C.1 - Emisiones por quema de biomasa 3.C.4 - Emisiones directas de N2O de suelos gestionados 3.C.5 - Emisiones indirectas de N2O de suelos gestionados 3.C.6 - Emisiones indirectas de N2O de gestión de estiércol 3.C.7 - Cultivo de arrozACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 31 escenarios de referencia y de mitigación ● Crecimiento del PIB según Marco Fiscal de Mediano Plazo 2020, con impactos del COVID-19.', 'eq 3.A.1 - Fermentación entérica 3.A.2 - Gestión de estiércol 3.B.1 - Tierras forestales 3.B.2 - Tierras de cultivo 3.B.3 - Pastizales 3.B.4 - Humedales 3.B.5 - Asentamientos 3.B.6 - Otras tierras 3.C.1 - Emisiones por quema de biomasa 3.C.4 - Emisiones directas de N2O de suelos gestionados 3.C.5 - Emisiones indirectas de N2O de suelos gestionados 3.C.6 - Emisiones indirectas de N2O de gestión de estiércol 3.C.7 - Cultivo de arrozACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 31 escenarios de referencia y de mitigación ● Crecimiento del PIB según Marco Fiscal de Mediano Plazo 2020, con impactos del COVID-19. ● Modelación de la deforestación (Nivel de Referencia nacional de Emisiones Forestales presentado a la CMNUCC en 2020). ● Proyecciones individuales para subsectores del sector AFOLU, HFCs.', '● Proyecciones individuales para subsectores del sector AFOLU, HFCs. ● Escenarios de oferta y producción de hidrocarburos sin impactos COVID-19 y sin caída del precio del petróleo de los primeros meses de 2020. Características técnicas de la actualización de escenarios de referencia y de mitigación ● Se emplean estimaciones del Inventario Nacional de Gases Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) del BUR2 como datos históricos del periodo 2010-2014 como periodo base para la proyección de 2015 a 2030. ● Los escenarios dan respuesta a dos formas de desagregación: por categoría IPCC para su uso en comunicaciones internacionales, y por carteras (ministerios) para el seguimiento a compromisos sectoriales, utilizando tasas de crecimiento sectoriales. ● Se utilizan valores de potenciales de calentamiento global del 5° Informe del IPCC, página 731 (GWP-AR5). (IPCC, WG1, 2013).', '● Se utilizan valores de potenciales de calentamiento global del 5° Informe del IPCC, página 731 (GWP-AR5). (IPCC, WG1, 2013). ● Se emplean factores de emisión propios de país producto de las investigaciones nacionales (Nivel metodológico 2) en la medida de lo posible y factores de la base de datos del IPCC (Nivel metodológico 1) en el resto de los casos. ● La construcción de los escenarios empleó como fuentes de información los datos oficiales más actualizados para cada sector cartera, ajustados a las categorías del IPCC.', '● La construcción de los escenarios empleó como fuentes de información los datos oficiales más actualizados para cada sector cartera, ajustados a las categorías del IPCC. ● Para la categoría de deforestación, se utilizaron las proyecciones del Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales (NREF) sometido a la CMNUCC (Minambiente, IDEAM, 2019), incorporando en los cálculos los depósitos remanentes de carbono posteriores a la deforestación en alineación con el INGEI. ● El escenario de referencia incluyó el impacto estimado del COVID-19 en la economía con una tasa de decrecimiento económico estimada del -5.5% en 2020. ● La reducción de emisiones asociada a medidas de mitigación que iniciaron su implementación antes del 1 de enero del 2015 se considera como parte del escenario de referencia.', '● La reducción de emisiones asociada a medidas de mitigación que iniciaron su implementación antes del 1 de enero del 2015 se considera como parte del escenario de referencia. La actualización del escenario de referencia incluyó siete (7) nuevas categorías de emisiones respecto a la NDC anterior, debido a mejoras en la disponibilidad de la información. Estas categorías se enuncian en la Tabla 4 a continuación: Tabla 4.', 'Estas categorías se enuncian en la Tabla 4 a continuación: Tabla 4. Categorías de emisión agregadas a los escenarios de referencia y mitigación en la actualización de 2020 Nuevas categorías NDC actualizada 1Acii – Otras industrias de la energía: en lo referente a quema de combustibles para producción de carbón 1A2i – Minería y cantería 1A3ei – Transporte por tuberías 3B1ai – Tierras forestales que permanecen como tales (Consumo de leña) 3B1b – Tierras convertidas en tierras forestales 3B4 – Humedales (emisiones por difusión en embalses para generación de energía) 3C1 – Emisiones no CO2 por quema de biomasaACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 32 La información presentada como parte de esta actualización, toma como base las comunicaciones y reportes previos ante la CMNUCC17.', 'Categorías de emisión agregadas a los escenarios de referencia y mitigación en la actualización de 2020 Nuevas categorías NDC actualizada 1Acii – Otras industrias de la energía: en lo referente a quema de combustibles para producción de carbón 1A2i – Minería y cantería 1A3ei – Transporte por tuberías 3B1ai – Tierras forestales que permanecen como tales (Consumo de leña) 3B1b – Tierras convertidas en tierras forestales 3B4 – Humedales (emisiones por difusión en embalses para generación de energía) 3C1 – Emisiones no CO2 por quema de biomasaACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 32 La información presentada como parte de esta actualización, toma como base las comunicaciones y reportes previos ante la CMNUCC17. Los datos nacionales para el escenario de referencia se consolidaron mediante el cálculo y la agregación de las emisiones sectoriales de acuerdo con los datos disponibles a nivel nacional, comprendiendo todos los sectores de la economía y abarcando el 100% de las emisiones y de las categorías IPCC según la información del INGEI (IDEAM, PNUD, MADS, DNP, CANCILLERÍA, 2016) para el año 2014, frente al cual se realizaron mejoras relacionadas con la actualización de los valores de potencial de calentamiento global de GWP - AR2 a GWP - AR5, y mejoras metodológicas para algunas subcategorías del módulo AFOLU.', 'Los datos nacionales para el escenario de referencia se consolidaron mediante el cálculo y la agregación de las emisiones sectoriales de acuerdo con los datos disponibles a nivel nacional, comprendiendo todos los sectores de la economía y abarcando el 100% de las emisiones y de las categorías IPCC según la información del INGEI (IDEAM, PNUD, MADS, DNP, CANCILLERÍA, 2016) para el año 2014, frente al cual se realizaron mejoras relacionadas con la actualización de los valores de potencial de calentamiento global de GWP - AR2 a GWP - AR5, y mejoras metodológicas para algunas subcategorías del módulo AFOLU. En los próximos años, Colombia espera optimizar el proceso de recolección de información y datos, y estandarizar la elaboración de los escenarios de referencia y de mitigación.', 'En los próximos años, Colombia espera optimizar el proceso de recolección de información y datos, y estandarizar la elaboración de los escenarios de referencia y de mitigación. Para cada actualización, Colombia tiene en cuenta los cambios en los factores que puedan modificar significativamente las proyecciones y estimaciones que sientan las bases para los escenarios, pero no utiliza una línea base dinámica. Asimismo, Colombia no prevé condiciones específicas que lleven a actualizar los escenarios y la NDC por fuera de los ciclos regulares del Acuerdo de París. 4.2.', 'Asimismo, Colombia no prevé condiciones específicas que lleven a actualizar los escenarios y la NDC por fuera de los ciclos regulares del Acuerdo de París. 4.2. Meta de mitigación de GEI Siguiendo los principios rectores de utilizar la mejor información disponible y procurar el no retroceso y la progresión de la ambición, Colombia establece su compromiso de mitigación, en términos de las emisiones absolutas máximas del país en el año 2030 (meta absoluta de emisiones para un solo año) como se describe a continuación. Tabla 5.', 'Meta de mitigación de GEI Siguiendo los principios rectores de utilizar la mejor información disponible y procurar el no retroceso y la progresión de la ambición, Colombia establece su compromiso de mitigación, en términos de las emisiones absolutas máximas del país en el año 2030 (meta absoluta de emisiones para un solo año) como se describe a continuación. Tabla 5. Resumen de la meta de mitigación de emisiones de GEI Compromiso Como parte de su meta de mitigación Colombia se compromete a: Emitir como máximo 169.44 millones de t CO2 eq en 2030 (equivalente a una reducción del 51% de las emisiones respecto a la proyección de emisiones en 2030 en el escenario de referencia), iniciando un decrecimiento en las emisiones entre 2027 y 2030 tendiente hacia la carbono-neutralidad a mediados de siglo.', 'Resumen de la meta de mitigación de emisiones de GEI Compromiso Como parte de su meta de mitigación Colombia se compromete a: Emitir como máximo 169.44 millones de t CO2 eq en 2030 (equivalente a una reducción del 51% de las emisiones respecto a la proyección de emisiones en 2030 en el escenario de referencia), iniciando un decrecimiento en las emisiones entre 2027 y 2030 tendiente hacia la carbono-neutralidad a mediados de siglo. Establecer presupuestos de carbono para el periodo 2020-2030 a más tardar en 2023. Reducir las emisiones de carbono negro del 40% respecto al nivel de 2014.', 'Reducir las emisiones de carbono negro del 40% respecto al nivel de 2014. Tipo de meta Meta de emisiones absolutas en un año Año de desviación del escenario de mitigación respecto al escenario de referencia Periodo de implementación 17 Además de su NDC vigente, Colombia recurre a sus Reportes Bienales de Actualización (BUR 1 presentado en 2016 y BUR 2 presentado en 2018 (IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP, CANCILLERÍA, 2018), su Informe Nacional de Inventario (NIR, por sus siglas en inglés, presentado en 2019) basado en el INGEI más reciente de 2014 (IDEAM, PNUD, 2018) y su Nivel de Referencia de las Emisiones Forestales (NREF) 2018-2022 (presentado en 2020) (Minambiente, IDEAM, 2019) .ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 33 Alcance y cobertura Sectores: la meta de mitigación comprende todos los sectores de la economía.', 'Tipo de meta Meta de emisiones absolutas en un año Año de desviación del escenario de mitigación respecto al escenario de referencia Periodo de implementación 17 Además de su NDC vigente, Colombia recurre a sus Reportes Bienales de Actualización (BUR 1 presentado en 2016 y BUR 2 presentado en 2018 (IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP, CANCILLERÍA, 2018), su Informe Nacional de Inventario (NIR, por sus siglas en inglés, presentado en 2019) basado en el INGEI más reciente de 2014 (IDEAM, PNUD, 2018) y su Nivel de Referencia de las Emisiones Forestales (NREF) 2018-2022 (presentado en 2020) (Minambiente, IDEAM, 2019) .ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 33 Alcance y cobertura Sectores: la meta de mitigación comprende todos los sectores de la economía. Gases de efecto invernadero: tiene cobertura de los siguientes gases efecto invernadero CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6.', 'Gases de efecto invernadero: tiene cobertura de los siguientes gases efecto invernadero CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6. Potenciales de calentamiento global Para la estimación de emisiones del escenario de referencia y de mitigación se utilizan valores de potenciales de calentamiento global del 5° Informe del IPCC, página 731 Enfoques cooperativos Colombia tiene la intención de participar en los enfoques cooperativos bajo el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, conforme las decisiones que adopte la CMA sobre la materia y con el enfoque de integridad ambiental señalado por los Principios de San José.', 'Potenciales de calentamiento global Para la estimación de emisiones del escenario de referencia y de mitigación se utilizan valores de potenciales de calentamiento global del 5° Informe del IPCC, página 731 Enfoques cooperativos Colombia tiene la intención de participar en los enfoques cooperativos bajo el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, conforme las decisiones que adopte la CMA sobre la materia y con el enfoque de integridad ambiental señalado por los Principios de San José. La NDC de Colombia es justa en la medida en que responde a la vulnerabilidad de nuestro territorio ante los impactos del cambio climático y pone sobre la mesa el aporte de Colombia como país en desarrollo de renta media.', 'La NDC de Colombia es justa en la medida en que responde a la vulnerabilidad de nuestro territorio ante los impactos del cambio climático y pone sobre la mesa el aporte de Colombia como país en desarrollo de renta media. También es ambiciosa pues sobrepasa de forma significativa nuestra meta de reducción de emisiones de 2015, comprometiéndonos hoy a una reducción de emisiones de 176 Mt CO2 eq. De esta forma, Colombia responde contundentemente al llamado de la ciencia, indicado en el Informe del IPCC de 1.5°C (IPCC, 2019), e incluye todos los sectores de nuestra economía.', 'De esta forma, Colombia responde contundentemente al llamado de la ciencia, indicado en el Informe del IPCC de 1.5°C (IPCC, 2019), e incluye todos los sectores de nuestra economía. Deforestación Dadas sus condiciones particulares, la meta de reducción de emisiones por deforestación parte de la NDC se calcula independientemente y de manera unificada a nivel nacional en línea con las proyecciones del NREF hasta 2030, y se monitoreará a partir del Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono (SMByC). La meta enunciada de mitigación contempla una reducción de emisiones por deforestación equivalente a disminuir la tasa de deforestación a 50.000 ha/año en 2030.', 'La meta enunciada de mitigación contempla una reducción de emisiones por deforestación equivalente a disminuir la tasa de deforestación a 50.000 ha/año en 2030. El país prevé hacer uso de enfoques cooperativos y de mercado incluidos los del art 6.2 o los que impliquen el uso de resultados de mitigación de transferencia internacional, para el cumplimiento de la meta complementaria a la NDC de reducción de deforestación de bosque natural a 0 hectáreas/año neto a 2030.', 'El país prevé hacer uso de enfoques cooperativos y de mercado incluidos los del art 6.2 o los que impliquen el uso de resultados de mitigación de transferencia internacional, para el cumplimiento de la meta complementaria a la NDC de reducción de deforestación de bosque natural a 0 hectáreas/año neto a 2030. La trayectoria de la meta de reducción de emisiones por deforestación a 2030 contempla una tendencia esperada de deforestación de 155.000 ha/año en 2022 y 100.000 ha/año en 2025, cifras que están de acuerdo con la aspiración indicada en la Declaración Conjunta de Colombia con Noruega, Alemania y el Reino Unido sobre reducción de deforestación y desarrollo sostenible (Republic of Colombia, the Kingdom of Norway, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2019), la cual contempla una contribución al país de hasta USD 366 millones a 2025 por el logro de dichos resultados y otros hitos de política en reducción de deforestación.', 'La trayectoria de la meta de reducción de emisiones por deforestación a 2030 contempla una tendencia esperada de deforestación de 155.000 ha/año en 2022 y 100.000 ha/año en 2025, cifras que están de acuerdo con la aspiración indicada en la Declaración Conjunta de Colombia con Noruega, Alemania y el Reino Unido sobre reducción de deforestación y desarrollo sostenible (Republic of Colombia, the Kingdom of Norway, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2019), la cual contempla una contribución al país de hasta USD 366 millones a 2025 por el logro de dichos resultados y otros hitos de política en reducción de deforestación. En la misma línea, se reconoce la importancia de la gestión interinstitucional de incendios forestales, los cuales contribuyen a la emisión de GEI y son, al mismo tiempo, exacerbados en frecuencia y magnitud como consecuencia del cambio climático.', 'En la misma línea, se reconoce la importancia de la gestión interinstitucional de incendios forestales, los cuales contribuyen a la emisión de GEI y son, al mismo tiempo, exacerbados en frecuencia y magnitud como consecuencia del cambio climático. Colombia ha desarrollado en primera instancia un abordaje con la gestión del riesgo como enfoque principal, el cual se puede ver en mayor detalle en el componente de adaptación de la presente actualización. En los próximos años, Colombia espera fortalecer suACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 34 conocimiento y su gestión de información con respecto a las emisiones de GEI causadas por incendios forestales en el país, con miras a implementar acciones que permitan calcular un potencial de mitigación.', 'En los próximos años, Colombia espera fortalecer suACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 34 conocimiento y su gestión de información con respecto a las emisiones de GEI causadas por incendios forestales en el país, con miras a implementar acciones que permitan calcular un potencial de mitigación. Exclusiones Colombia no incluye todos los depósitos de carbono en la NDC debido a que, para algunas de las categorías que los involucran, existen aún vacíos de información a nivel nacional que requerirán avances en los próximos años, con el fin de mejorar las estimaciones requeridas. Estas categorías corresponden a los ecosistemas marinos y costeros (es decir, ecosistemas de carbono azul fuera de la categoría de bosques), ecosistemas de alta montaña (páramos), y arbolado urbano.', 'Estas categorías corresponden a los ecosistemas marinos y costeros (es decir, ecosistemas de carbono azul fuera de la categoría de bosques), ecosistemas de alta montaña (páramos), y arbolado urbano. No se contabilizan para la NDC las categorías de emisiones y/o absorciones que en el Informe del Inventario Nacional de GEI-NIR, tengan las anotaciones de No Estimadas (NE) y No Aplicables (NA) en el Al igual que en la NDC presentada en 2015, no se contabilizan las remociones de dióxido de carbono por el bosque natural que permanece como tal (absorciones de la categoría 3b1ai) que no obedezcan a un proceso de restauración, puesto que el origen de estas remociones no es antropogénico.', 'No se contabilizan para la NDC las categorías de emisiones y/o absorciones que en el Informe del Inventario Nacional de GEI-NIR, tengan las anotaciones de No Estimadas (NE) y No Aplicables (NA) en el Al igual que en la NDC presentada en 2015, no se contabilizan las remociones de dióxido de carbono por el bosque natural que permanece como tal (absorciones de la categoría 3b1ai) que no obedezcan a un proceso de restauración, puesto que el origen de estas remociones no es antropogénico. A continuación, se muestra un listado de los depósitos de carbono que no se incluyen en la meta de mitigación de Colombia. Tabla 2.', 'A continuación, se muestra un listado de los depósitos de carbono que no se incluyen en la meta de mitigación de Colombia. Tabla 2. Depósitos de carbono no incluidos en la meta de mitigación de Colombia en la presente actualización de su NDC GRUPO Categoría Categoría IPCC Humedales Páramos Humedales A excepción de embalses para generación de energía Pastos Marinos 3B4. Humedales Asentamientos Arbolado Urbano 3B5.', 'Depósitos de carbono no incluidos en la meta de mitigación de Colombia en la presente actualización de su NDC GRUPO Categoría Categoría IPCC Humedales Páramos Humedales A excepción de embalses para generación de energía Pastos Marinos 3B4. Humedales Asentamientos Arbolado Urbano 3B5. Asentamientos que permanecen como tales Bosques Remociones por bosque natural que permanece como tal 3B1ai - Tierras Forestales que permanecen como tal (Bosque Natural) Colombia reconoce la importancia de los ecosistemas de alta montaña, los ecosistemas marinos y costeros, así como la solución a los desafíos urbanos y al aprovechamiento de las oportunidades de la inclusión de la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos dentro de las urbes colombianas para la gestión integral del cambio climático.', 'Asentamientos que permanecen como tales Bosques Remociones por bosque natural que permanece como tal 3B1ai - Tierras Forestales que permanecen como tal (Bosque Natural) Colombia reconoce la importancia de los ecosistemas de alta montaña, los ecosistemas marinos y costeros, así como la solución a los desafíos urbanos y al aprovechamiento de las oportunidades de la inclusión de la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos dentro de las urbes colombianas para la gestión integral del cambio climático. Dados los desafíos presentados por la carencia de información sobre las dinámicas de carbono y otros gases de efecto invernadero en estos ecosistemas en el territorio nacional, se identificarán y desarrollarán acciones que busquen robustecer la capacidad de creación de conocimiento relacionado con el papel de estos ecosistemas en la mitigación de GEI a través del fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático, sus diferentes subsistemas y plataformas, y la respectiva articulación con entidades del Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINA, en el marco de sus diferentes instrumentos de planeación, los PIGCC y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Dados los desafíos presentados por la carencia de información sobre las dinámicas de carbono y otros gases de efecto invernadero en estos ecosistemas en el territorio nacional, se identificarán y desarrollarán acciones que busquen robustecer la capacidad de creación de conocimiento relacionado con el papel de estos ecosistemas en la mitigación de GEI a través del fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático, sus diferentes subsistemas y plataformas, y la respectiva articulación con entidades del Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINA, en el marco de sus diferentes instrumentos de planeación, los PIGCC y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático. 18 Más información puede encontrarse en la Tabla 1.5 Subcategorías no estimadas (NE) en el Informe del Inventario Nacional de GEI-NIR de Colombia para la serie 1990 a 2014 y reporte en páginas 845 a 851.', '18 Más información puede encontrarse en la Tabla 1.5 Subcategorías no estimadas (NE) en el Informe del Inventario Nacional de GEI-NIR de Colombia para la serie 1990 a 2014 y reporte en páginas 845 a 851. (IDEAM, PNUD, 2018)ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 35 En este sentido, se desarrollarán en el marco de espacios técnicos interinstitucionales la definición de rutas de trabajo concernientes a resolver los desafíos de información para la toma de decisiones sobre gestión del cambio climático en dichas coberturas de suelo. Para el depósito de carbono de productos cosechados de la madera, esta actualización no cuenta con una desagregación relacionada con su uso final para poder aplicar las directrices relacionadas con contabilidad de dicho depósito.', 'Para el depósito de carbono de productos cosechados de la madera, esta actualización no cuenta con una desagregación relacionada con su uso final para poder aplicar las directrices relacionadas con contabilidad de dicho depósito. Colombia trabajará durante el periodo de implementación de la NDC para mejorar la contabilidad de dicho depósito y en consecuencia de la mitigación de GEI en las categorías 3B1ai y 3B1aiii. Asimismo, Colombia desarrollará una regla de contabilidad sobre las emisiones por incendios y disturbios naturales para la determinación de exclusiones correspondientes de la contabilidad en la NDC según mejores prácticas internacionales.', 'Asimismo, Colombia desarrollará una regla de contabilidad sobre las emisiones por incendios y disturbios naturales para la determinación de exclusiones correspondientes de la contabilidad en la NDC según mejores prácticas internacionales. Enfoques metodológicos para la contabilidad de carbono Colombia ha desarrollado el sistema de contabilidad de reducción de emisiones y remoción de GEI, un conjunto de procesos, tecnologías, protocolos y reglas de contabilidad que determinan las emisiones, reducciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI que se contabilizan, con el objetivo de generar reportes y demostrar el avance en el cumplimiento de metas nacionales de cambio climático establecidas bajo la CMNUCC.', 'Enfoques metodológicos para la contabilidad de carbono Colombia ha desarrollado el sistema de contabilidad de reducción de emisiones y remoción de GEI, un conjunto de procesos, tecnologías, protocolos y reglas de contabilidad que determinan las emisiones, reducciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI que se contabilizan, con el objetivo de generar reportes y demostrar el avance en el cumplimiento de metas nacionales de cambio climático establecidas bajo la CMNUCC. De esta manera, se busca propender hacia la consistencia razonable de la contabilidad nacional de reducciones y remociones de GEI, bajo los principios de transparencia, exactitud, exhaustividad, comparabilidad, coherencia, prevención de doble contabilidad e integridad ambiental.', 'De esta manera, se busca propender hacia la consistencia razonable de la contabilidad nacional de reducciones y remociones de GEI, bajo los principios de transparencia, exactitud, exhaustividad, comparabilidad, coherencia, prevención de doble contabilidad e integridad ambiental. Para asignar responsabilidades eficazmente a los actores a cargo de la implementación, Colombia ha establecido en el marco del SISCLIMA una homologación de las emisiones de GEI entre las categorías IPCC y los sectores cartera, el cual corresponde a las competencias de los sectores cartera en el marco institucional colombiano (MinAmbiente-DCCGR, 2020). Además, se han concertado reglas de contabilidad para el seguimiento y reconocimiento de las reducciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI en el marco de los compromisos sectoriales de mitigación (MinAmbiente-DCCGR, 2020).', 'Además, se han concertado reglas de contabilidad para el seguimiento y reconocimiento de las reducciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI en el marco de los compromisos sectoriales de mitigación (MinAmbiente-DCCGR, 2020). La contabilidad de la NDC se llevará a cabo en el Sistema Nacional de Contabilidad, reglamentado por la Resolución 1447 de 2018 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, conforme a las reglas de contabilidad allí enunciadas, así como las arriba mencionadas establecidas bajo el SISCLIMA, y aquellas futuras reglas que se desarrollen, incluyendo los temas de productos cosechados de la madera, disturbios naturales, y en respuesta a los lineamientos de los enfoques cooperativos y de mercados del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París u otros acuerdos internacionales.', 'La contabilidad de la NDC se llevará a cabo en el Sistema Nacional de Contabilidad, reglamentado por la Resolución 1447 de 2018 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, conforme a las reglas de contabilidad allí enunciadas, así como las arriba mencionadas establecidas bajo el SISCLIMA, y aquellas futuras reglas que se desarrollen, incluyendo los temas de productos cosechados de la madera, disturbios naturales, y en respuesta a los lineamientos de los enfoques cooperativos y de mercados del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París u otros acuerdos internacionales. Colombia se propone reportar en los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia indicadores de seguimiento tanto de emisiones de GEI, como de reducción de emisiones de GEI para el cumplimiento de la NDC.', 'Colombia se propone reportar en los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia indicadores de seguimiento tanto de emisiones de GEI, como de reducción de emisiones de GEI para el cumplimiento de la NDC. Para las emisiones se tomará como fuente principal el Inventario Nacional de Gases Efecto Invernadero, y para reducción de emisiones se tomará como fuente principal el Registro Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones (RENARE).', 'Para las emisiones se tomará como fuente principal el Inventario Nacional de Gases Efecto Invernadero, y para reducción de emisiones se tomará como fuente principal el Registro Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones (RENARE). Carbono negro Considerando que el carbono negro es uno de los principales contaminantes responsables del deterioro de la calidad del aire y el principal factor de riesgo ambiental a la salud, Colombia contempla, en el marco de su NDC, la adopción de medidas para reducir las emisiones de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (SLCP, por sus siglas en inglés) dentro de los que incluye el carbono negro.', 'Carbono negro Considerando que el carbono negro es uno de los principales contaminantes responsables del deterioro de la calidad del aire y el principal factor de riesgo ambiental a la salud, Colombia contempla, en el marco de su NDC, la adopción de medidas para reducir las emisiones de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (SLCP, por sus siglas en inglés) dentro de los que incluye el carbono negro. Con este propósito, se haACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 36 elaborado la Estrategia Nacional de Mitigación de Contaminantes Climáticos de Vida Corta que busca mejorar los mecanismos de gestión de la información relacionada con los contaminantes climáticos de vida corta, adoptar y promover el uso de herramientas para estimar los beneficios asociados a reducir su emisión, fortalecer la capacidad institucional, replicar casos de éxito de aplicación de las herramientas adoptadas, y visibilizar la contribución de dichas herramientas al fortalecimiento institucional y al cumplimiento de metas (MinAmbiente, 2020).', 'Con este propósito, se haACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 36 elaborado la Estrategia Nacional de Mitigación de Contaminantes Climáticos de Vida Corta que busca mejorar los mecanismos de gestión de la información relacionada con los contaminantes climáticos de vida corta, adoptar y promover el uso de herramientas para estimar los beneficios asociados a reducir su emisión, fortalecer la capacidad institucional, replicar casos de éxito de aplicación de las herramientas adoptadas, y visibilizar la contribución de dichas herramientas al fortalecimiento institucional y al cumplimiento de metas (MinAmbiente, 2020). En línea con esto, Colombia ha definido una meta nacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro del 40% respecto al nivel de emisiones de 2014 (IDEAM, MinAmbiente, Coalición del Clima y Aire Limpio, 2019).', 'En línea con esto, Colombia ha definido una meta nacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro del 40% respecto al nivel de emisiones de 2014 (IDEAM, MinAmbiente, Coalición del Clima y Aire Limpio, 2019). Esta meta no incluye las emisiones de carbono negro asociadas a incendios de bosques y praderas, dado que no se cuenta con información suficiente sobre esta actividad. Es decir que, considerando una emisión de carbono negro de 15.235 toneladas en 2014 (excluyendo incendios), la emisión máxima de carbono negro de Colombia en 2030 será de 9.195 toneladas. Figura 13. Meta de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro a 2030 4.3.', 'Meta de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro a 2030 4.3. Medidas para el cumplimiento de la meta En el marco de su NDC Colombia ha identificado un portafolio de medidas cuya implementación soportará el cumplimiento de su meta de mitigación de GEI. Este portafolio se compone de un listado de 32 medidas de carácter nacional (lideradas por carteras ministeriales), 89 medidas de carácter subnacional (lideradas por entidades territoriales), 24 medidas lideradas por empresas y 3 medidas específicas para reducción de carbono negro, para un total de 148 medidas. Estas medidas se han consolidado desde los actores responsables de su implementación, en concertación con los demás actores en función de alcanzar la meta de mitigación común.', 'Estas medidas se han consolidado desde los actores responsables de su implementación, en concertación con los demás actores en función de alcanzar la meta de mitigación común. Este listado se aprobó a nivel intersectorial como un paquete de medidas que no pretende ser exhaustivo y sobre el que se deberá continuar incorporando medidas nuevas o aumento de potenciales por parte de los actores a cargo. Las medidas son de carácter variado, incorporando acciones de política pública y normatividad, Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (NAMAs), Toneladas de carbono negro /añoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 37 programas sectoriales, proyectos individuales; con escalas de implementación desde lo nacional hasta lo municipal y empresarial.', 'Las medidas son de carácter variado, incorporando acciones de política pública y normatividad, Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (NAMAs), Toneladas de carbono negro /añoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 37 programas sectoriales, proyectos individuales; con escalas de implementación desde lo nacional hasta lo municipal y empresarial. Estas medidas no incluyen aquellas acciones de mitigación establecidas con anterioridad a 2015, pues estas corresponden al escenario de referencia. La mayor parte de las medidas de mitigación sectoriales provienen o estarán plasmadas en los PIGCCS, formulados y en finalización19. No obstante, el potencial de mitigación de las medidas sectoriales ha sido modelado en el escenario de mitigación (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020) con respecto al escenario de referencia actualizado, recalculándose con respecto a ejercicios previos.', 'No obstante, el potencial de mitigación de las medidas sectoriales ha sido modelado en el escenario de mitigación (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020) con respecto al escenario de referencia actualizado, recalculándose con respecto a ejercicios previos. La meta de reducción de emisiones por deforestación en el contexto de la NDC se presenta como meta intersectorial, debido a la injerencia requerida de múltiples carteras para su materialización. Las acciones conducentes a dicha meta son múltiples y se reflejan de manera extensa en la EICDGB (MinAmbiente, IDEAM, 2018) , el CONPES Política nacional para el control a la deforestación y la gestión sostenible de los bosques y otros documentos de política relacionados.', 'Las acciones conducentes a dicha meta son múltiples y se reflejan de manera extensa en la EICDGB (MinAmbiente, IDEAM, 2018) , el CONPES Política nacional para el control a la deforestación y la gestión sostenible de los bosques y otros documentos de política relacionados. Colombia reconoce el papel fundamental que desempeñan las comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianas en la protección y uso sostenible de los bosques en Resguardos Indígenas y Territorios Colectivos de Comunidades Negras, los cuales cubren una porción muy significativa de los bosques naturales del país en particular en la Amazonía y la Costa Pacífica.', 'Colombia reconoce el papel fundamental que desempeñan las comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianas en la protección y uso sostenible de los bosques en Resguardos Indígenas y Territorios Colectivos de Comunidades Negras, los cuales cubren una porción muy significativa de los bosques naturales del país en particular en la Amazonía y la Costa Pacífica. Las medidas de mitigación territoriales provienen principalmente de los PIGCCT o proyectos de movilidad sostenible en ciudades y corresponden a medidas con metas claras y cuantitativas de implementación respaldadas por gobernaciones, corporaciones autónomas regionales20 y alcaldías municipales para aportar explícitamente a la NDC. Por su parte, las medidas de mitigación empresariales provienen de compañías con metas de mitigación corporativas establecidas las cuales indicaron su anuencia para aportar explícitamente a la meta de mitigación de la NDC.', 'Por su parte, las medidas de mitigación empresariales provienen de compañías con metas de mitigación corporativas establecidas las cuales indicaron su anuencia para aportar explícitamente a la meta de mitigación de la NDC. La contribución de las medidas territoriales y empresariales no están incluidas en el escenario de mitigación para esta actualización, sino que se incluyen de forma cualitativa, a excepción de aquellas referentes al Metro de Bogotá y el Regiotram de Cundinamarca.', 'La contribución de las medidas territoriales y empresariales no están incluidas en el escenario de mitigación para esta actualización, sino que se incluyen de forma cualitativa, a excepción de aquellas referentes al Metro de Bogotá y el Regiotram de Cundinamarca. Durante el periodo de implementación, Colombia espera cuantificar el potencial de las medidas territoriales y empresariales en su escenario de mitigación, así como incorporar nuevas medidas que surjan por parte de otros actores, en la medida en que se cuente con más y mejor información, caracterizándolas de manera detallada aplicando criterios de adicionalidad y evitar la doble contabilidad en la modelación de las mismas.', 'Durante el periodo de implementación, Colombia espera cuantificar el potencial de las medidas territoriales y empresariales en su escenario de mitigación, así como incorporar nuevas medidas que surjan por parte de otros actores, en la medida en que se cuente con más y mejor información, caracterizándolas de manera detallada aplicando criterios de adicionalidad y evitar la doble contabilidad en la modelación de las mismas. El país indicará en los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia las medidas nuevas que se hayan añadido al portafolio de implementación de la NDC, además de aquellas circunstancias en donde las medidas y/o sus 19 A diciembre de 2020 se encuentran publicados los PIGCC del Ministerio de Minas y Energía, y del Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio.', 'El país indicará en los Reportes Bienales de Transparencia las medidas nuevas que se hayan añadido al portafolio de implementación de la NDC, además de aquellas circunstancias en donde las medidas y/o sus 19 A diciembre de 2020 se encuentran publicados los PIGCC del Ministerio de Minas y Energía, y del Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio. Se encuentran en etapa de finalización los PIGCC de Agricultura, Transporte, Industria, y Ambiente.', 'Se encuentran en etapa de finalización los PIGCC de Agricultura, Transporte, Industria, y Ambiente. 20 Las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y de Desarrollo Sostenible, son entes corporativos de carácter público, creados por la ley, integrados por las entidades territoriales que por sus características constituyen geográficamente un mismo ecosistema o conforman una unidad geopolítica, biogeográfica o hidrogeográfica, dotados de autonomía administrativa y financiera, patrimonio propio y personería jurídica, encargados por la ley de administrar, dentro del área de su jurisdicción el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales renovables y propender por su desarrollo sostenible, de conformidad con las disposiciones legales y las políticas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 38 metas correspondientes se hayan ajustado, modificado o retirado del portafolio, sin desmedro del cumplimiento agregado de la meta nacional de mitigación de GEI.', '20 Las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y de Desarrollo Sostenible, son entes corporativos de carácter público, creados por la ley, integrados por las entidades territoriales que por sus características constituyen geográficamente un mismo ecosistema o conforman una unidad geopolítica, biogeográfica o hidrogeográfica, dotados de autonomía administrativa y financiera, patrimonio propio y personería jurídica, encargados por la ley de administrar, dentro del área de su jurisdicción el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales renovables y propender por su desarrollo sostenible, de conformidad con las disposiciones legales y las políticas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 38 metas correspondientes se hayan ajustado, modificado o retirado del portafolio, sin desmedro del cumplimiento agregado de la meta nacional de mitigación de GEI. En el Anexo M1 se encuentra el listado de medidas sectoriales con sus respectivos ministerios líderes y las metas correspondientes.', 'En el Anexo M1 se encuentra el listado de medidas sectoriales con sus respectivos ministerios líderes y las metas correspondientes. Asimismo, se listan las medidas territoriales y empresariales verificadas y con anuencia por parte de departamentos, corporaciones autónomas regionales, ciudades y empresas. Asimismo, se listan las medidas territoriales y empresariales verificadas y con anuencia por parte de departamentos, corporaciones autónomas regionales, ciudades y empresas. La meta de reducción de carbono negro también considera los cobeneficios asociados a las medidas de mitigación de emisiones de GEI sectoriales presentadas en esta actualización.', 'La meta de reducción de carbono negro también considera los cobeneficios asociados a las medidas de mitigación de emisiones de GEI sectoriales presentadas en esta actualización. Las medidas de mitigación de emisiones de GEI que más aportan a la meta de reducción de emisiones de carbono negro son la sustitución de fogones tradicionales de leña por estufas eficientes, el mejoramiento de la industria ladrillera, las medidas asociadas con transporte, en particular la sustitución de vehículos con motores diésel, y la NAMA panela. Estas acciones de mitigación de GEI presentan cobeneficios adicionales en materia de salud pública, debido al mejoramiento de la calidad del aire local relacionado con la reducción en emisiones de contaminantes criterio.', 'Estas acciones de mitigación de GEI presentan cobeneficios adicionales en materia de salud pública, debido al mejoramiento de la calidad del aire local relacionado con la reducción en emisiones de contaminantes criterio. Colombia reconoce la necesidad de cuantificar los cobeneficios en términos de salud asociados a las mejoras en la calidad del aire que resultan de la implementación de medidas de mitigación de GEI, como lo son las reportadas a través de esta actualización de nuestra NDC.', 'Colombia reconoce la necesidad de cuantificar los cobeneficios en términos de salud asociados a las mejoras en la calidad del aire que resultan de la implementación de medidas de mitigación de GEI, como lo son las reportadas a través de esta actualización de nuestra NDC. Con este propósito, se llevará a cabo un estudio nacional para cuantificar los cobeneficios para la salud asociados a las mejoras en la calidad del aire resultantes de la implementación de medidas de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero por parte del gobierno de Colombia en colaboración con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y organizaciones asociadas.', 'Con este propósito, se llevará a cabo un estudio nacional para cuantificar los cobeneficios para la salud asociados a las mejoras en la calidad del aire resultantes de la implementación de medidas de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero por parte del gobierno de Colombia en colaboración con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y organizaciones asociadas. Los beneficios económicos y para la salud se calcularán mediante el análisis de la ruta de impacto de la herramienta CarbonH.', 'Los beneficios económicos y para la salud se calcularán mediante el análisis de la ruta de impacto de la herramienta CarbonH. Esto, a su vez, facilitará la integración y formulación de políticas tanto desde el sector ambiente como desde el sector salud y la sensibilización social sobre los beneficios colaterales en términos de calidad del aire y salud asociados a la implementación de medidas de mitigación del cambio climático.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 39 5. Medios de Implementación Los Medios de Implementación buscan establecer las condiciones que permitan la creación de un entorno favorable para llevar a cabo las acciones requeridas para cumplir las metas establecidas en la NDC y el aumento progresivo de la ambición.', 'Medios de Implementación Los Medios de Implementación buscan establecer las condiciones que permitan la creación de un entorno favorable para llevar a cabo las acciones requeridas para cumplir las metas establecidas en la NDC y el aumento progresivo de la ambición. Para esto, es necesario un marco común para la acción que permita identificar áreas estratégicas de alcance nacional y, al mismo tiempo, integrar las características particulares de la gestión del cambio climático en sectores y territorios. Este marco común sienta las bases para una aproximación pragmática a las acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático a través de medios de implementación, y favorece la creación de espacios y mecanismos de coordinación para la toma de decisiones y la participación de diferentes actores.', 'Este marco común sienta las bases para una aproximación pragmática a las acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático a través de medios de implementación, y favorece la creación de espacios y mecanismos de coordinación para la toma de decisiones y la participación de diferentes actores. La gestión de medios de implementación en Colombia se da a través de cinco ámbitos que se complementan entre sí, en los que se plantean un conjunto de hitos, que sirven como eje articulador para identificar las necesidades de las metas y medidas propuestas en mitigación y adaptación. Figura 14.', 'La gestión de medios de implementación en Colombia se da a través de cinco ámbitos que se complementan entre sí, en los que se plantean un conjunto de hitos, que sirven como eje articulador para identificar las necesidades de las metas y medidas propuestas en mitigación y adaptación. Figura 14. Hitos según ámbitos de los medios de implementación a alcanzar a 2030 Esta articulación se soporta en la identificación de marcos institucionales de apoyo para la implementación, grupos de interés públicos y privados, poblaciones vulnerables, socios estratégicos, instancias de coordinación, y definición de roles, responsabilidades y alcances para la implementación, seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación del proceso de implementación.', 'Hitos según ámbitos de los medios de implementación a alcanzar a 2030 Esta articulación se soporta en la identificación de marcos institucionales de apoyo para la implementación, grupos de interés públicos y privados, poblaciones vulnerables, socios estratégicos, instancias de coordinación, y definición de roles, responsabilidades y alcances para la implementación, seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación del proceso de implementación. Adicionalmente, se cuenta con ejes temáticos que articulan de manera transversal las medidas de mitigación y las metas de adaptación, con el fin de facilitar la implementación.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 40 Tabla7. Descripción de los cinco ámbitos de los medios de implementación Planificación Es un ámbito estructural, que actúa como marco habilitante para la interacción de los demás ámbitos.', 'Descripción de los cinco ámbitos de los medios de implementación Planificación Es un ámbito estructural, que actúa como marco habilitante para la interacción de los demás ámbitos. Su propósito es ofrecer lineamientos que ayuden a definir y estructurar planes de acción para las medidas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y sus requerimientos específicos en términos de medios de implementación. Esto incluye, por ejemplo, la necesidad de nuevas estrategias o proyecciones a futuro, y la articulación territorial. Este ámbito permite articular además el ámbito de construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades como ámbito integrador, para hacer más efectiva la implementación.', 'Este ámbito permite articular además el ámbito de construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades como ámbito integrador, para hacer más efectiva la implementación. Educación, formación y sensibilización Incluye la educación formal, educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano y educación informal, y otros procesos orientados a sensibilizar a la población sobre el cambio climático. Este ámbito busca resaltar la importancia de los procesos educativos, de formación y sensibilización para transformar los comportamientos de la sociedad y, que se vea reflejado en el proceso de implementación en sectores y territorios. Así mismo, este ámbito contribuye a la transparencia, acceso a la información, investigación y participación, elementos esenciales para avanzar hacia la apropiación de la gestión del cambio climático en el país.', 'Así mismo, este ámbito contribuye a la transparencia, acceso a la información, investigación y participación, elementos esenciales para avanzar hacia la apropiación de la gestión del cambio climático en el país. Información, ciencia, tecnología e innovación Se enfoca en la consolidación de sistemas de información, de las bases de datos y fuentes que los alimentan, así como la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación requeridos para la implementación de medidas de cambio climático. Este ámbito se apoya en alianzas con la academia, centros de pensamiento y centros de investigación que aporten en la generación de nuevo conocimiento, desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, procesos de transferencia y apropiación tecnológica. Además, busca articular los esfuerzos estatales en función de la ciencia y la tecnología (e.g.', 'Además, busca articular los esfuerzos estatales en función de la ciencia y la tecnología (e.g. Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología e Innovación) para consolidar un ecosistema de investigación en cambio climático con potenciales líneas de trabajo y financiación, alineadas con las prioridades nacionales. Financiamiento e instrumentos económicos En este ámbito se busca identificar las necesidades en materia de financiación para cumplir las metas y medidas de la NDC, e integra las fuentes de financiamiento, los esquemas financieros, la estructuración de proyectos; el costeo y la sostenibilidad de la implementación. Así mismo, integra las señales regulatorias para integrar las externalidades generadas por la emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero-GEI-, en los procesos de consumo y producción.', 'Así mismo, integra las señales regulatorias para integrar las externalidades generadas por la emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero-GEI-, en los procesos de consumo y producción. Estos requerimientos de financiación se definen mediante procesos de planificación e identificación de las necesidades de implementación, identificadas según ámbitos. Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades Se considera el ámbito integrador y articulador, pues potencia la implementación de otros ámbitos y se alimenta de su consolidación.', 'Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades Se considera el ámbito integrador y articulador, pues potencia la implementación de otros ámbitos y se alimenta de su consolidación. Busca crear las condiciones idóneas para abordar la gestión del cambio climático en el país, dándole a los actores las herramientas para la planificación, la transferencia de conocimiento, el desarrollo de tecnologías, y la consecución de fondos para la implementación de las medidas de mitigación y adaptación a nivel local, regional y nacional.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 41 Enfoque de gestión y establecimiento de metas Colombia considera en la gestión del cambio climático los ámbitos establecidos por la CMNUCC (Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades; Desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías; y Financiamiento), a los que integra aspectos de información, ciencia e innovación, así como instrumentos económicos.', 'Busca crear las condiciones idóneas para abordar la gestión del cambio climático en el país, dándole a los actores las herramientas para la planificación, la transferencia de conocimiento, el desarrollo de tecnologías, y la consecución de fondos para la implementación de las medidas de mitigación y adaptación a nivel local, regional y nacional.ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 41 Enfoque de gestión y establecimiento de metas Colombia considera en la gestión del cambio climático los ámbitos establecidos por la CMNUCC (Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades; Desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías; y Financiamiento), a los que integra aspectos de información, ciencia e innovación, así como instrumentos económicos. A esto, Colombia añade los ámbitos de Planificación, y de Educación, formación y sensibilización, y adapta el conjunto de acuerdo con las líneas instrumentales de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'A esto, Colombia añade los ámbitos de Planificación, y de Educación, formación y sensibilización, y adapta el conjunto de acuerdo con las líneas instrumentales de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático. Para cada uno de los ámbitos, se establecen un conjunto de hitos, que se materializan a través de metas específicas a alcanzar a 2025 y/o 2030. Tabla 8. Descripción de las metas de los cinco ámbitos Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance PLANIFICACIÓN Sectores y territorios que integran la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático como parte de su planificación y toma de decisiones regulatorias y de inversión para su implementación 100% del territorio nacional cubierto con Planes Integrales de Cambio Climático (PIGCCT) formulados y en implementación.', 'Descripción de las metas de los cinco ámbitos Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance PLANIFICACIÓN Sectores y territorios que integran la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático como parte de su planificación y toma de decisiones regulatorias y de inversión para su implementación 100% del territorio nacional cubierto con Planes Integrales de Cambio Climático (PIGCCT) formulados y en implementación. Busca que todos los departamentos y ciudades estén implementando los PIGCCT que tengan formulados, a través de proyectos alineados con el plan de acción propuesto en el respectivo plan 9 pilotos ejecutados, que integran la planificación, para la implementación de acciones de los PIGCCT Busca ejecutar pilotos enmarcados en los planes de acción de los PIGCCT en ejecución, en cada uno de los nueve nodos de cambio climático del país 100% de los Planes Integrales de Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS) estará en implementación Busca que todos los sectores estén implementando su PIGCC a través de proyectos alineados con el plan de acción propuesto en el respectivo plan 2025 100% de los PIGCCS estará formulado Esta meta está enfocada en asegurar que a 2025 todos los sectores ya tengan su PIGCC formulado, que permita consolidar su implementación a 2030 INFORMACIÓN, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN Sectores y territorios que integran la investigación, el conocimiento científico, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación, para identificar oportunidades y afrontar los desafíos que supone el Un (1) proyecto de investigación ejecutado en cada una de las líneas de investigación en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTeI) en cambio climático establecidas Se espera que en cada una de las líneas del PENIA – Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental– relacionadas con cambio climático se haya ejecutado por lo menos un proyecto en CTeIACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 42 Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente Definición de 4 sub-líneas de investigación en el marco del Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental (PENIA), que direccionen la investigación, información, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación en cambio climático, de acuerdo con las necesidades priorizadas en conjunto con sectores y territorios y que puedan ser complementadas o modificadas de acuerdo con las necesidades Se propone que dentro de las líneas de cambio climático del PENIA la definición de por lo menos 4 sub-líneas que estén alineadas con las necesidades priorizadas articuladas con los PIGCCT 100% del territorio nacional con incorporación de la ciencia, tecnología e innovación en la implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación articuladas PIGCCT y con el PENIA Se espera que todos los departamentos cuenten con proyectos ejecutados y en ejecución enfocados a CTeI en cambio climático alineados con las necesidades identificadas y priorizadas con los PIGCCT y con el PENIA Un proyecto en ejecución en cada una de las líneas (4 proyectos) de investigación del PENIA en CTeI articulados con los PIGCCT y las metas de la NDC Se espera que cada una de las líneas definidas en el PENIA cuente por lo menos con un proyecto en ejecución enfocado en CTeI alineado con las necesidades identificadas y priorizadas con los PIGCCT y con las metas de la NDC 100% del piloto del Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC) está en funcionamiento Se espera que el SNICC esté conceptualizado en su 100% a 2025 e iniciando su implementación y que a 2030 el piloto esté en el 100% de funcionamiento Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC) conceptualizado INSTRUMENTOS ECONÓMICOS Y MECANISMOS FINANCIEROS Esquemas financieros que responden a las metas de mitigación y adaptación, de acuerdo con las características sectoriales y territoriales.', 'Busca que todos los departamentos y ciudades estén implementando los PIGCCT que tengan formulados, a través de proyectos alineados con el plan de acción propuesto en el respectivo plan 9 pilotos ejecutados, que integran la planificación, para la implementación de acciones de los PIGCCT Busca ejecutar pilotos enmarcados en los planes de acción de los PIGCCT en ejecución, en cada uno de los nueve nodos de cambio climático del país 100% de los Planes Integrales de Cambio Climático Sectoriales (PIGCCS) estará en implementación Busca que todos los sectores estén implementando su PIGCC a través de proyectos alineados con el plan de acción propuesto en el respectivo plan 2025 100% de los PIGCCS estará formulado Esta meta está enfocada en asegurar que a 2025 todos los sectores ya tengan su PIGCC formulado, que permita consolidar su implementación a 2030 INFORMACIÓN, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN Sectores y territorios que integran la investigación, el conocimiento científico, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación, para identificar oportunidades y afrontar los desafíos que supone el Un (1) proyecto de investigación ejecutado en cada una de las líneas de investigación en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTeI) en cambio climático establecidas Se espera que en cada una de las líneas del PENIA – Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental– relacionadas con cambio climático se haya ejecutado por lo menos un proyecto en CTeIACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 42 Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente Definición de 4 sub-líneas de investigación en el marco del Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental (PENIA), que direccionen la investigación, información, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación en cambio climático, de acuerdo con las necesidades priorizadas en conjunto con sectores y territorios y que puedan ser complementadas o modificadas de acuerdo con las necesidades Se propone que dentro de las líneas de cambio climático del PENIA la definición de por lo menos 4 sub-líneas que estén alineadas con las necesidades priorizadas articuladas con los PIGCCT 100% del territorio nacional con incorporación de la ciencia, tecnología e innovación en la implementación de acciones de mitigación y adaptación articuladas PIGCCT y con el PENIA Se espera que todos los departamentos cuenten con proyectos ejecutados y en ejecución enfocados a CTeI en cambio climático alineados con las necesidades identificadas y priorizadas con los PIGCCT y con el PENIA Un proyecto en ejecución en cada una de las líneas (4 proyectos) de investigación del PENIA en CTeI articulados con los PIGCCT y las metas de la NDC Se espera que cada una de las líneas definidas en el PENIA cuente por lo menos con un proyecto en ejecución enfocado en CTeI alineado con las necesidades identificadas y priorizadas con los PIGCCT y con las metas de la NDC 100% del piloto del Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC) está en funcionamiento Se espera que el SNICC esté conceptualizado en su 100% a 2025 e iniciando su implementación y que a 2030 el piloto esté en el 100% de funcionamiento Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC) conceptualizado INSTRUMENTOS ECONÓMICOS Y MECANISMOS FINANCIEROS Esquemas financieros que responden a las metas de mitigación y adaptación, de acuerdo con las características sectoriales y territoriales. Riesgo climático integrado dentro de la planificación de sectores y territorios y en los instrumentos de protección financiera.', 'Riesgo climático integrado dentro de la planificación de sectores y territorios y en los instrumentos de protección financiera. Instrumentos económicos 100% de la Estrategia Nacional de Financiamiento Climático (ENFC) según líneas de acción estratégicas y transversales en implementación El propósito de la meta es dinamizar e implementar el plan de acción de la ENFC a corto, medio y largo plazo de acuerdo con la líneas estratégicas y transversales, que son: desarrollo de instrumentos económicos y financieros; gestión y acceso a fuentes de financiamiento; Generación y fortalecimiento de capacidades; Gestión del conocimiento y la información.', 'Instrumentos económicos 100% de la Estrategia Nacional de Financiamiento Climático (ENFC) según líneas de acción estratégicas y transversales en implementación El propósito de la meta es dinamizar e implementar el plan de acción de la ENFC a corto, medio y largo plazo de acuerdo con la líneas estratégicas y transversales, que son: desarrollo de instrumentos económicos y financieros; gestión y acceso a fuentes de financiamiento; Generación y fortalecimiento de capacidades; Gestión del conocimiento y la información. 100% del plan de acción de corto plazo de la Estrategia de Financiamiento Climático (ENFC), según líneas estratégicas y transversales en implementación 100% del Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión (PNCTE) en implementación Se espera que el PNCTE esté en su 100% de implementación y en funcionamientoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 43 Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance que modifican los patrones de consumo y producción y generan cambios comportamentales.', '100% del plan de acción de corto plazo de la Estrategia de Financiamiento Climático (ENFC), según líneas estratégicas y transversales en implementación 100% del Programa Nacional de Cupos Transables de Emisión (PNCTE) en implementación Se espera que el PNCTE esté en su 100% de implementación y en funcionamientoACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 43 Ámbito Hito Año Meta Alcance que modifican los patrones de consumo y producción y generan cambios comportamentales. 100% de la taxonomía verde de Colombia con los principios, la metodología y el marco de gobernanza desarrollados y en implementación Se busca que la taxonomía verde esté contribuyendo a la movilización de recursos para el cumplimiento de las metas de la NDC. EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN Y SENSIBILIZACIÓN21 Sistema educativo y procesos de formación y sensibilización que generan cambios comportamentales para el desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente.', 'EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN Y SENSIBILIZACIÓN21 Sistema educativo y procesos de formación y sensibilización que generan cambios comportamentales para el desarrollo bajo en carbono, adaptado y resiliente. Sectores y territorios que integran la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático como parte de su planificación y toma de decisiones regulatorias y de inversión para su implementación Meta 1: Actualizar la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental para resignificarla y evidenciar en ella la importancia y premura del abordaje en todos los niveles de la educación del cambio climático, de acuerdo con el contexto nacional, regional y local, desde los enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género.', 'Sectores y territorios que integran la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático como parte de su planificación y toma de decisiones regulatorias y de inversión para su implementación Meta 1: Actualizar la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental para resignificarla y evidenciar en ella la importancia y premura del abordaje en todos los niveles de la educación del cambio climático, de acuerdo con el contexto nacional, regional y local, desde los enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género. Busca actualizar y resignificar la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental y normatividad asociada para el desarrollo de acciones de mejora que permitan evidenciar la importancia y premura del cambio climático de acuerdo con su realidad a nivel global, nacional y local y su integralidad con la gestión ambiental.', 'Busca actualizar y resignificar la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental y normatividad asociada para el desarrollo de acciones de mejora que permitan evidenciar la importancia y premura del cambio climático de acuerdo con su realidad a nivel global, nacional y local y su integralidad con la gestión ambiental. Meta 2: Incorporar el cambio climático en la educación formal (preescolar, básica primaria y secundaria, media y superior) y en la educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano, en el marco de la autonomía institucional, como componente esencial para promover una transición justa, desde los enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género.', 'Meta 2: Incorporar el cambio climático en la educación formal (preescolar, básica primaria y secundaria, media y superior) y en la educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano, en el marco de la autonomía institucional, como componente esencial para promover una transición justa, desde los enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género. Busca incorporar de manera efectiva el cambio climático en la educación formal y la educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano, brindando ciclos continuos de formación en cambio climático desde los primeros años de vida hasta la edad productiva para fortalecer la conciencia pública y las capacidades especialmente de los jóvenes, formadores, futuros profesionales y tomadores de decisión.', 'Busca incorporar de manera efectiva el cambio climático en la educación formal y la educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano, brindando ciclos continuos de formación en cambio climático desde los primeros años de vida hasta la edad productiva para fortalecer la conciencia pública y las capacidades especialmente de los jóvenes, formadores, futuros profesionales y tomadores de decisión. Meta 3: Integrar en las políticas de cambio climático, en sus instrumentos y en la normatividad, procesos de formación, capacitación y sensibilización con enfoque de derechos humanos, diferencial, de género e intergeneracional. Se espera que los instrumentos de cambio climático generados o actualizados incorporen la educación, formación y sensibilización desde la educación formal, educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano y educación informal con enfoque de derechos humanos, diferencial, de género e intergeneracional.', 'Se espera que los instrumentos de cambio climático generados o actualizados incorporen la educación, formación y sensibilización desde la educación formal, educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano y educación informal con enfoque de derechos humanos, diferencial, de género e intergeneracional. Meta 4: Estrategias definidas y en implementación en los PIGCCT y PIGCCS para integrar procesos de formación, capacitación y sensibilización, con enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género. Se espera que los PIGCCT y PIGCCS implementen estrategias de educación, formación y sensibilización desde la educación formal, educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano y educación informal con enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género y así fortalecer la incorporación de cambio climático en los diferentes niveles educativos con especificidades territoriales y sectoriales.', 'Se espera que los PIGCCT y PIGCCS implementen estrategias de educación, formación y sensibilización desde la educación formal, educación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano y educación informal con enfoques de derechos humanos, intergeneracional, diferencial y de género y así fortalecer la incorporación de cambio climático en los diferentes niveles educativos con especificidades territoriales y sectoriales. 21 La estructuración de este ámbito se realiza en colaboración cercana con el Ministerio de Educación e instituciones de educación superior del país, buscando crear un puente que facilite su implementación.', '21 La estructuración de este ámbito se realiza en colaboración cercana con el Ministerio de Educación e instituciones de educación superior del país, buscando crear un puente que facilite su implementación. (MinAmbiente, MinEducación, Universidad EAN, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, UDCA, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores, 2020)ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 44 Siglas y acrónimos ACPM Aceite Combustible para Motores AFOLU Agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo (por sus siglas en inglés) ANLA Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales BAU Del inglés Business as Usual, si todo sigue igual BECO Balance Energético Colombiano BTR Reporte Bienal de Transparencia (por sus siglas en inglés) BUR Reporte Bienal de Actualización (por sus siglas en inglés) CDB Convenio de Diversidad Biológica CICC Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático CMA Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París.', '(MinAmbiente, MinEducación, Universidad EAN, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, UDCA, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores, 2020)ACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 44 Siglas y acrónimos ACPM Aceite Combustible para Motores AFOLU Agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo (por sus siglas en inglés) ANLA Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales BAU Del inglés Business as Usual, si todo sigue igual BECO Balance Energético Colombiano BTR Reporte Bienal de Transparencia (por sus siglas en inglés) BUR Reporte Bienal de Actualización (por sus siglas en inglés) CDB Convenio de Diversidad Biológica CICC Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático CMA Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París. CMNUCC Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CNULD Convención de Lucha contra la Desertificación CO2 Dióxido de Carbono CO2eq Equivalente en unidades de dióxido de carbono COB Contenido Orgánico Biodegradable CONALDEF Consejo Nacional de Lucha contra la Deforestación CONPES Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social COP Conferencia de las Partes COVID-19 Enfermedad causada por Corona Virus del 2019 (por sus siglas en inglés) CTeI Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación CTCN Climate Technology Centre & Network DANE Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DNP Departamento Nacional de Planeación E2050 Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050 ETF Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (por sus siglas en inglés) FOB Del inglés Free On Board, bajo responsabilidad del vendedor GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GWh Gigawatt hora GWP Potencial de calentamiento global (por sus siglas en inglés) HFC Hidrofluorocarbonados ICTU Información para facilitar la Claridad, la Transparencia y la Comprensión (por sus siglas en inglés) IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales IGAC Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero INS Instituto Nacional de Salud IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (por sus siglas en inglés) IPPU Procesos Industriales y uso de productos (por sus siglas en inglés) LEAP Plataforma de Análisis de Bajas Emisiones (por sus siglas en inglés) MinAgricultura Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural MinAmbiente Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible MBL Millones de barriles MinCIT Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo MinSalud Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social MRV Monitoreo, Reporte y VerificaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 45 Mt Toneladas métricas de CO2 equivalentes.', 'CMNUCC Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CNULD Convención de Lucha contra la Desertificación CO2 Dióxido de Carbono CO2eq Equivalente en unidades de dióxido de carbono COB Contenido Orgánico Biodegradable CONALDEF Consejo Nacional de Lucha contra la Deforestación CONPES Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social COP Conferencia de las Partes COVID-19 Enfermedad causada por Corona Virus del 2019 (por sus siglas en inglés) CTeI Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación CTCN Climate Technology Centre & Network DANE Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DNP Departamento Nacional de Planeación E2050 Estrategia de Largo Plazo E2050 ETF Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (por sus siglas en inglés) FOB Del inglés Free On Board, bajo responsabilidad del vendedor GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GWh Gigawatt hora GWP Potencial de calentamiento global (por sus siglas en inglés) HFC Hidrofluorocarbonados ICTU Información para facilitar la Claridad, la Transparencia y la Comprensión (por sus siglas en inglés) IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales IGAC Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero INS Instituto Nacional de Salud IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (por sus siglas en inglés) IPPU Procesos Industriales y uso de productos (por sus siglas en inglés) LEAP Plataforma de Análisis de Bajas Emisiones (por sus siglas en inglés) MinAgricultura Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural MinAmbiente Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible MBL Millones de barriles MinCIT Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo MinSalud Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social MRV Monitoreo, Reporte y VerificaciónACTUALIZACIÓN NDC COLOMBIA - 2020 45 Mt Toneladas métricas de CO2 equivalentes. MTA Mesa Técnica Agroclimática NAMA Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (por sus siglas en inglés) NDC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada NRCC Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático NREF Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible OECD Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (por sus siglas en inglés) OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONG Organización No Gubernamental PENIA Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental PIB Producto Interno Bruto PIGCC Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático PIGCCS Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectorial PIGCCT Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territorial PINES Proyectos de Interés Nacional y Estratégicos PNACC Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático PNCC Política Nacional de Cambio Climático PND Plan Nacional de Desarrollo PTAR Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales POMCA Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas PYMES Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas REDD+ Reducción de las emisiones debidas a la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques (por sus siglas en inglés) RENARE Registro Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones y remociones de GEI RUNAP Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SAO Sustancias Agotadoras de la capa de Ozono SbN Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SIB Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad SIIVRA Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad Riesgo y Adaptación SIN Sistema Interconectado Nacional SINA Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SISCLIMA Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático SLCP Contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (por sus siglas en inglés) SMByC Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono SNCC Sistema de información Nacional de Cambio Climático SSP Sistemas silvopastoriles TCNCC Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático UNGRD Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres UPA Unidad Productora Agropecuaria UPME Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética UPRA Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria USD Dólares de EE.', 'MTA Mesa Técnica Agroclimática NAMA Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (por sus siglas en inglés) NDC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada NRCC Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático NREF Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible OECD Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (por sus siglas en inglés) OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONG Organización No Gubernamental PENIA Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental PIB Producto Interno Bruto PIGCC Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático PIGCCS Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectorial PIGCCT Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territorial PINES Proyectos de Interés Nacional y Estratégicos PNACC Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático PNCC Política Nacional de Cambio Climático PND Plan Nacional de Desarrollo PTAR Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales POMCA Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas PYMES Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas REDD+ Reducción de las emisiones debidas a la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques (por sus siglas en inglés) RENARE Registro Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones y remociones de GEI RUNAP Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SAO Sustancias Agotadoras de la capa de Ozono SbN Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SIB Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad SIIVRA Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad Riesgo y Adaptación SIN Sistema Interconectado Nacional SINA Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SISCLIMA Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático SLCP Contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (por sus siglas en inglés) SMByC Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono SNCC Sistema de información Nacional de Cambio Climático SSP Sistemas silvopastoriles TCNCC Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático UNGRD Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres UPA Unidad Productora Agropecuaria UPME Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética UPRA Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria USD Dólares de EE. UU.', 'MTA Mesa Técnica Agroclimática NAMA Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (por sus siglas en inglés) NDC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada NRCC Nodos Regionales de Cambio Climático NREF Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible OECD Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (por sus siglas en inglés) OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONG Organización No Gubernamental PENIA Plan Estratégico Nacional de Investigación Ambiental PIB Producto Interno Bruto PIGCC Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático PIGCCS Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Sectorial PIGCCT Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territorial PINES Proyectos de Interés Nacional y Estratégicos PNACC Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático PNCC Política Nacional de Cambio Climático PND Plan Nacional de Desarrollo PTAR Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales POMCA Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas PYMES Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas REDD+ Reducción de las emisiones debidas a la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques (por sus siglas en inglés) RENARE Registro Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones y remociones de GEI RUNAP Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SAO Sustancias Agotadoras de la capa de Ozono SbN Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SIB Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad SIIVRA Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad Riesgo y Adaptación SIN Sistema Interconectado Nacional SINA Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SISCLIMA Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático SLCP Contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (por sus siglas en inglés) SMByC Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono SNCC Sistema de información Nacional de Cambio Climático SSP Sistemas silvopastoriles TCNCC Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático UNGRD Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres UPA Unidad Productora Agropecuaria UPME Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética UPRA Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria USD Dólares de EE. UU. (por sus siglas en inglés) UTO Unidad Técnica de Ozono Wp Watt picoAnexosi Anexo A1.', '(por sus siglas en inglés) UTO Unidad Técnica de Ozono Wp Watt picoAnexosi Anexo A1. Información adicional presentada en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) Dimensiones de la TCNCC Seguridad Alimentaria La seguridad alimentaria y nutricional es definida por el gobierno nacional en el documento Conpes 113 como la disponibilidad suficiente y estable de alimentos, el acceso y el consumo oportuno y permanente de los mismos en cantidad, calidad e inocuidad por parte de todas las personas, bajo condiciones que permitan su adecuada utilización biológica, para llevar una vida saludable y activa. En este caso se priorizó el componente de “Disponibilidad”, según denominación del Observatorio de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Colombia, para yuca, arroz, plátano, caña panelera, papa, maíz, frijol, café, así como los riegos asociados.', 'En este caso se priorizó el componente de “Disponibilidad”, según denominación del Observatorio de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Colombia, para yuca, arroz, plátano, caña panelera, papa, maíz, frijol, café, así como los riegos asociados. Recurso Hídrico Esta dimensión busca identificar la relación de los asentamientos humanos con respecto al recurso hídrico, frente a su uso y disponibilidad. El componente tiene como referencia conceptual el Estudio Nacional del Agua (IDEAM, 2014). La unidad de análisis básica del Estudio Nacional de Agua es la subzona hidrográfica, cuyos datos posteriormente fueron municipalizados. Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Esta dimensión relaciona el servicio ecosistémico de provisión, con especies categorizadas como de “uso” en análisis con especies amenazadas listadas en los Libros Rojos nacionales con categoría de amenaza (En Peligro Crítico, en Peligro y Vulnerables).', 'Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Esta dimensión relaciona el servicio ecosistémico de provisión, con especies categorizadas como de “uso” en análisis con especies amenazadas listadas en los Libros Rojos nacionales con categoría de amenaza (En Peligro Crítico, en Peligro y Vulnerables). Bajo esta dimensión se modeló el cambio de coberturas vegetales naturales al año 2040 bajo escenario RCP 6.0. Salud Este componente identifica la relación climática con la salud humana, bien por las diferencias de temperatura y precipitación en lapsos climáticos, así como la relación con vectores de enfermedades asociadas. Hábitat Humano Esta dimensión busca identificar aquellas variables asociadas a las viviendas y servicios asociados a los asentamientos humanos. Aquí se recogen elementos de gestión territorial e interacción institucional.', 'Aquí se recogen elementos de gestión territorial e interacción institucional. Infraestructura Bajo esta dimensión, se presentan indicadores relacionados con vías, accesos aéreos, disponibilidad de conexión eléctrica, y alternativas energéticas para la capacidad adaptativa.ii Indicadores de amenaza, sensibilidad y capacidad adaptativaiii Anexo A2. Mapas de amenaza, vulnerabilidad y riesgo a nivel departamental en Colombia (elaborados con información tomada de la TCNCC, 2017)iv Anexo A3. Necesidades de apoyo reportadas para las prioridades de Adaptación 1. Incorporación de adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos sectoriales, a través de desarrollo de lineamientos, herramientas y criterios que orientes la gestión de la adaptación en el sector para ser aplicados a los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial, zonas de alto riesgo mitigable y no mitigable, y edificaciones nuevas. 2.', 'Incorporación de adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos sectoriales, a través de desarrollo de lineamientos, herramientas y criterios que orientes la gestión de la adaptación en el sector para ser aplicados a los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial, zonas de alto riesgo mitigable y no mitigable, y edificaciones nuevas. 2. Desarrollar acciones de protección y conservación en 24 cuencas abastecedoras de acueductos en los municipios susceptibles al desabastecimiento por temporada de bajas precipitaciones y temporada de lluvia. 3. Desarrollar acciones estructurales y no estructurales de gestión del riesgo para la adaptación al cambio climático en el 30% de los municipios priorizados por susceptibilidad al desabastecimiento por temporada seca y temporada de lluvias. 4. Alcanzar el 68% del tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas domésticas. 5.', 'Alcanzar el 68% del tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas domésticas. 5. Reusar el 10% de las aguas residuales domésticas tratadas por parte de los prestadores del servicio público de acueducto. 6. A 2030 se formularán acciones de adaptación en prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud, que aporten a reducir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima en el 100% de las Entidades Territoriales en el sector salud, del nivel departamental, distrital y municipal de categoría 1, 2 y 3, y estarán implementadas en un 40% de éstas. 7. A 2030 el 40% de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público implementarán acciones de adaptación ante los posibles eventos asociados por variabilidad y cambio climático. 8.', 'A 2030 el 40% de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de salud del sector público implementarán acciones de adaptación ante los posibles eventos asociados por variabilidad y cambio climático. 8. "Línea estratégica de infraestructura resiliente: A 2025 un instrumento de planificación sectorial de hidrocarburos, uno de minería de carbón y uno de energía eléctrica cuentan con lineamientos de cambio climático orientados al aseguramiento de las condiciones operatividad integral bajo nuevos escenarios de demandas operativas y ambientales". 9. "Línea estratégica de información para la adaptación: A 2025 contar con una metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos actualizada, junto con una estrategia de actualización de manera periódica a nivel nacional y empresarial" 10.', '"Línea estratégica de información para la adaptación: A 2025 contar con una metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos actualizada, junto con una estrategia de actualización de manera periódica a nivel nacional y empresarial" 10. "Línea estratégica de gestión de entorno: A 2025 contar con un proyecto de adaptación basado en ecosistemas para el sector eléctrico que ayude a las empresas del sector asegurar el cumplimiento de sus objetivos estratégicos." 11. Mínimo 10% de pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas de los sectores priorizados han implementado estrategias, acciones o proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático. 12. Tres (3) Herramientas implementadas para mejorar los sistemas de Información geográfica de la infraestructura de transporte para la gestión del riesgo. 13.', 'Tres (3) Herramientas implementadas para mejorar los sistemas de Información geográfica de la infraestructura de transporte para la gestión del riesgo. 13. Dos (2) documentos de lineamientos técnicos elaborados para realizar estudios de riesgo para la infraestructura de transporte. 14. Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al Cambio Climática - ACC formulada para el sector. 15. Dos (2) Metodologías para el cálculo del riesgo de la infraestructura de transporte diseñadas e implementadas. 16. Proyecto piloto implementado para la aplicabilidad de los lineamientos de infraestructura verde vial. 17. Incluir consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación del sector agropecuario (PIGCCS) e implementaciones de acciones de adaptación. 18.', 'Incluir consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación del sector agropecuario (PIGCCS) e implementaciones de acciones de adaptación. 18. 10 subsectores agropecuarios (arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar), contarán con capacidades mejoradas para adaptarse a la variabilidad climática y/o cambio climático. 19. Tres (3) Regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía) participando en las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional y un (1) millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias.v 20.', 'Tres (3) Regiones naturales del país con mayor potencial agropecuario (Andina, Caribe y Orinoquía) participando en las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas articuladas con la mesa nacional y un (1) millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias.v 20. A 2030 el país contará un Sistema Integrador de Información sobre Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación al cambio climático (SIIVRA), que permita monitorear y evaluar la adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia articulado al Sistema Nacional de Información de Cambio Climático (SNICC). 21. 135 Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas - POMCA formulados y/o ajustados con consideraciones de variabilidad y cambio climático. 22. Delimitación y protección del 100% de los páramos (37) de Colombia a través de planes de manejo.', 'Delimitación y protección del 100% de los páramos (37) de Colombia a través de planes de manejo. 23. Incremento en un 15% el porcentaje de ecosistemas o unidades de análisis ecosistémicas no representados o subrepresentados incluidas en el SINAP 24. Incremento de 18.000 hectáreas en proceso de restauración, rehabilitación y/o recuperación ecológica en áreas protegidas del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y sus zonas de influencia. 25. Inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de manejo y control ambiental de proyectos obras y/o actividades de competencia de la Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales a partir del año 2020. 26.', 'Inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en los instrumentos de manejo y control ambiental de proyectos obras y/o actividades de competencia de la Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales a partir del año 2020. 26. Incrementar el porcentaje de la red de monitoreo con transmisión en tiempo real (de 24% a 35%) conectada a sistemas de alerta temprana al 2030. 27. Actualización e implementación en un 50% del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" a 2030. 28. Adopción e implementación del 100% de los Planes de Ordenación y Manejo Integrado de las Unidades Ambientales Costera (POMIUAC) con acciones de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) sobre manglar y pastos marinos, y otros ecosistemas costeros. 29.', 'Adopción e implementación del 100% de los Planes de Ordenación y Manejo Integrado de las Unidades Ambientales Costera (POMIUAC) con acciones de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) sobre manglar y pastos marinos, y otros ecosistemas costeros. 29. Seis (6) iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo para el uso sostenible de los manglares (ecosistema de carbono azul) en implementación, con plazo a 2030. 30.', 'Seis (6) iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo para el uso sostenible de los manglares (ecosistema de carbono azul) en implementación, con plazo a 2030. 30. A 2030 el país de manera interinstitucional operativizará los procesos de la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales, conocimiento del riesgo, reducción del riesgo y manejo de los desastres, definiendo orientaciones y resultados con la gestión del cambio climático, a través de 7 estrategias.vi APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Implementación de tecnología e infraestructura resiliente al clima Identificar, promover y desarrollar mecanismos dirigidos al aumento de inversiones en acciones estructurales de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de agua y saneamiento básico años X Infrae struct ura Aumentar la implementación de infraestructura sostenible en la prestación de los servicios públicos de acueducto, alcantarillado y aseo resiliente al clima MinSalud Salud Diseño e implementación de un Sistema de alertas tempranas (SAT) para el sector salud asociadas con variabilidad climática.', 'A 2030 el país de manera interinstitucional operativizará los procesos de la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales, conocimiento del riesgo, reducción del riesgo y manejo de los desastres, definiendo orientaciones y resultados con la gestión del cambio climático, a través de 7 estrategias.vi APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Implementación de tecnología e infraestructura resiliente al clima Identificar, promover y desarrollar mecanismos dirigidos al aumento de inversiones en acciones estructurales de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector de agua y saneamiento básico años X Infrae struct ura Aumentar la implementación de infraestructura sostenible en la prestación de los servicios públicos de acueducto, alcantarillado y aseo resiliente al clima MinSalud Salud Diseño e implementación de un Sistema de alertas tempranas (SAT) para el sector salud asociadas con variabilidad climática. Este proyecto requiere de dos fases: primero, se debe determinar la línea base de aquellos eventos en salud que poseen alguna relación con las variables climáticas, para cada región del país y, posteriormente, la segunda fase ya se conformaría en el diseño de un SAT, que genere alertas tempranas en los territorios del país, de acuerdo con el posible aumento de casos de los eventos en salud que poseen alguna relación con las variables climáticas.', 'Este proyecto requiere de dos fases: primero, se debe determinar la línea base de aquellos eventos en salud que poseen alguna relación con las variables climáticas, para cada región del país y, posteriormente, la segunda fase ya se conformaría en el diseño de un SAT, que genere alertas tempranas en los territorios del país, de acuerdo con el posible aumento de casos de los eventos en salud que poseen alguna relación con las variables climáticas. años X Software Contar con mecanismos de identificación, análisis y evaluación del riesgo de la variabilidad climática y de los escenarios de riesgo para la definición de estrategias y acciones para reducir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima.', 'años X Software Contar con mecanismos de identificación, análisis y evaluación del riesgo de la variabilidad climática y de los escenarios de riesgo para la definición de estrategias y acciones para reducir los casos de enfermedades sensibles al clima. MinSalud Salud Diseño de una herramienta de tipo estadístico, que permita realizar el análisis de información de los eventos en salud sensibles al clima y apoye las acciones de vigilancia en salud pública para las Direcciones Territoriales de Salud (DTS). Esta actividad pretende proporcionar una herramienta con su respectiva guía operativa, con el fin de orientar a las DTS en el análisis de la información de eventos en salud sensibles al clima, y así lograr establecer el comportamiento histórico de dichos eventos en su territorio.', 'Esta actividad pretende proporcionar una herramienta con su respectiva guía operativa, con el fin de orientar a las DTS en el análisis de la información de eventos en salud sensibles al clima, y así lograr establecer el comportamiento histórico de dichos eventos en su territorio. años X Software Herramienta que permita realizar un análisis dirigido a establecer medidas de prevención de las enfermedades sensibles al clima y promoción de la salud en el marco de la adaptación al cambio climático. MinSalud Salud Herramienta para el monitoreo y predicción de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores. Adoptar, validar e implementar una herramienta de monitoreo y predicción de Enfermedades Transmitidas por vectores, utilizando datos climáticos, socio- económicos y de la dinámica de transmisión de los vectores, generando mapas para la toma de decisiones en salud.', 'Adoptar, validar e implementar una herramienta de monitoreo y predicción de Enfermedades Transmitidas por vectores, utilizando datos climáticos, socio- económicos y de la dinámica de transmisión de los vectores, generando mapas para la toma de decisiones en salud. años X Software Permite tener un insumo para la toma de decisiones territoriales en vigilancia y control de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores y fortalecer acciones de prevención de la enfermedad y promoción de la salud. MinSalud Salud Herramienta para el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de las Instituciones Prestadoras de servicios de salud del sector público a la variabilidad y el cambio climático.', 'MinSalud Salud Herramienta para el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de las Instituciones Prestadoras de servicios de salud del sector público a la variabilidad y el cambio climático. Contar con una herramienta que contenga las variables mínimas para realizar el análisis de vulnerabilidad de las Instituciones Prestadoras de servicios de salud del sector público años X Software Contar con el análisis de vulnerabilidad física y económica ante el cambio y la variabilidad climática en todas las etapas de la prestación del servicio. 22 Se refiere al periodo total de tiempo de duración esperada del proyecto o actividad, por lo tanto, puede o no coincidir con la NDC, puede ser de 2 años, 10 ó 15 años, en función de cada actividad específica.', '22 Se refiere al periodo total de tiempo de duración esperada del proyecto o actividad, por lo tanto, puede o no coincidir con la NDC, puede ser de 2 años, 10 ó 15 años, en función de cada actividad específica. 23 De acuerdo con MinCiencias las cuatro grandes etapas del ciclo de desarrollo tecnológico son: investigación básica, investigación aplicada, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación y cada una de estas etapas cuenta con unos niveles de evolución.', '23 De acuerdo con MinCiencias las cuatro grandes etapas del ciclo de desarrollo tecnológico son: investigación básica, investigación aplicada, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación y cada una de estas etapas cuenta con unos niveles de evolución. Para más información visitar: APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación Ministerio de Minas y Energía Energía Eléctrica – Hidrocarburos - Minería Actualización de la metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos Actualmente la metodología se encuentra desarrollada para el nivel nacional, más no para la apropiación por parte de las empresas, por tanto, se requiere inicialmente de la actualización de la metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos y su posterior socialización y divulgación entre los diferentes actores del sector.', 'Para más información visitar: APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación Ministerio de Minas y Energía Energía Eléctrica – Hidrocarburos - Minería Actualización de la metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos Actualmente la metodología se encuentra desarrollada para el nivel nacional, más no para la apropiación por parte de las empresas, por tanto, se requiere inicialmente de la actualización de la metodología de análisis de riesgos climáticos y su posterior socialización y divulgación entre los diferentes actores del sector. X X Conocimiento La actualización de la metodología de riesgo será validada por las empresas del sector minero energético.', 'X X Conocimiento La actualización de la metodología de riesgo será validada por las empresas del sector minero energético. Ministerio de Minas y Energía Energía Eléctrica – Hidrocarburos - Minería Beneficios de las AbE en el sector minero energético Cuantificación de los servicios ecosistémicos para el sector minero energético. Ya se cuenta con la definición de medidas de adaptación para el territorio, pero se requiere de la cuantificación de los beneficios para las empresas del sector, debidos al aumento de la resiliencia de los ecosistemas intervenidos. X Conocimiento Relación entre los beneficios de la Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas para la rentabilidad de la industria minero- energética MinCIT Industria Programa para el fomento de la innovación con enfoque en adaptación al cambio climático. Identificación de proyectos y actividades específicas en temas de tecnología e innovación que aporten a las empresas en sus procesos de adaptación.', 'Identificación de proyectos y actividades específicas en temas de tecnología e innovación que aporten a las empresas en sus procesos de adaptación. X X No aplica Portafolio de medidas e iniciativas y proyectos para transferencia de conocimiento a las empresas. Definición de una estrategia nacional para aumentar la introducción de tecnologías que apoyen la adaptación al cambio climático de las empresas, teniendo en cuenta su costo efectividad y que incluyan entre otras, las enfocadas en uso del agua en la cadena de valor de los sectores de mayor vulnerabilidad al cambio climático, y alertas tempranas. Se espera que, con los resultados de esta fase, el programa se pueda replicar y favorecer la evolución y transferencia de investigaciones aplicadas en el tema.', 'Se espera que, con los resultados de esta fase, el programa se pueda replicar y favorecer la evolución y transferencia de investigaciones aplicadas en el tema. MinCIT Industria Programas de incentivos para acceso y desarrollo de procesos, bienes y servicios de adaptación al cambio climático del sector industria. Identificación de cuellos de botella arancelarios, comerciales o regulatorios en bienes y servicios específicos, incluido el impulso de procesos y tecnología, que brinden a la empresa mejoras en materia de adaptación y brindar posibles soluciones. X No aplica Líneas de crédito, cambios normativos, asistencia técnica, apoyo para que las empresas adquieran esos bienes y servicios. MinCIT Industria Convocatorias con Minciencias en investigación del cambio climático para el sector industria. Contar con recursos para diseñar una convocatoria anual en investigación aplicada en adaptación del sector industrial. X No aplica Proyectos para transferencia de conocimiento a las empresas.', 'X No aplica Proyectos para transferencia de conocimiento a las empresas. Se deberán obtener productos de investigación anuales, tales como planes prospectivos, implementación de proyectos en fase preliminar, sistemas de información, u otros. MinCIT Industria Sistema de información geográfico (SIG) que se integre al sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación - MRV del PIGCCS. Conceptualización, diseño y puesta en marcha del (SIG) en un aplicativo web que, de cuenta de la vulnerabilidad del sector, y el avance en los indicadores de adaptación del país. X Software Recoger, visibilizar en tiempo y espacio información aplicada de adaptación del sector industria, accesible a los diferentes actores interesados para toma de decisiones.', 'X Software Recoger, visibilizar en tiempo y espacio información aplicada de adaptación del sector industria, accesible a los diferentes actores interesados para toma de decisiones. Sistema de información integrado para toma de decisiones en cambio climático del sector industria y turismo en el mediano y largo plazo en el componente de adaptación.viii APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinCIT Industria Diseño e implementación de una página o aplicativo web para intercambio y visibilización de experiencias en adaptación del sector industria y turismo al cambio climático.', 'Sistema de información integrado para toma de decisiones en cambio climático del sector industria y turismo en el mediano y largo plazo en el componente de adaptación.viii APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinCIT Industria Diseño e implementación de una página o aplicativo web para intercambio y visibilización de experiencias en adaptación del sector industria y turismo al cambio climático. Aplicativo web interactivo en información de adaptación del sector industria que favorezca el fortalecimiento de una red de trabajo empresarial en torno a la adaptación.', 'Aplicativo web interactivo en información de adaptación del sector industria que favorezca el fortalecimiento de una red de trabajo empresarial en torno a la adaptación. X Software Herramienta web visible a los diferentes actores MinTrans porte Carretero Georreferenciación red vial terciaria Georreferenciación como aspecto fundamental para el análisis de datos geoespaciales, base para la correcta localización de la información de mapa y adecuada fusión y comparación de datos procedentes de diferentes sensores en diferentes localizaciones espaciales y temporales x x x x Por definir Procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para el análisis, intervención y seguimiento de los tramos donde se están implementado los proyectos con acciones de adaptación y/o gestión del riesgo MinTransporte Fluvial Georreferenciación red fluvial x x x x Por definir MinTransporte Férreo Georreferenciación red férrea x x x x Por definir MinTransporte Carretero Desarrollo aplicativo móvil Aplicaciones móviles diseñados para ser ejecutados en teléfonos, tabletas y otros dispositivos móviles, que permiten a los administradores viales y Direcciones Territoriales suministrar información relacionada con variables previamente establecidas para gestionar el riesgo y posibilitar acciones de adaptación al Cambio Climático, con el menor índice de incertidumbre x x Software Android e IOS Desarrollo aplicativo móvil para registro de emergencias y requerimientos de prevención, en la construcción de históricos y la generación de variables para el cálculo del riesgo y/o seguimiento a los resultados en las medidas de adaptación.', 'X Software Herramienta web visible a los diferentes actores MinTrans porte Carretero Georreferenciación red vial terciaria Georreferenciación como aspecto fundamental para el análisis de datos geoespaciales, base para la correcta localización de la información de mapa y adecuada fusión y comparación de datos procedentes de diferentes sensores en diferentes localizaciones espaciales y temporales x x x x Por definir Procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para el análisis, intervención y seguimiento de los tramos donde se están implementado los proyectos con acciones de adaptación y/o gestión del riesgo MinTransporte Fluvial Georreferenciación red fluvial x x x x Por definir MinTransporte Férreo Georreferenciación red férrea x x x x Por definir MinTransporte Carretero Desarrollo aplicativo móvil Aplicaciones móviles diseñados para ser ejecutados en teléfonos, tabletas y otros dispositivos móviles, que permiten a los administradores viales y Direcciones Territoriales suministrar información relacionada con variables previamente establecidas para gestionar el riesgo y posibilitar acciones de adaptación al Cambio Climático, con el menor índice de incertidumbre x x Software Android e IOS Desarrollo aplicativo móvil para registro de emergencias y requerimientos de prevención, en la construcción de históricos y la generación de variables para el cálculo del riesgo y/o seguimiento a los resultados en las medidas de adaptación. MinTransporte Carretero Fluvial, Férreo Desarrollo web para consulta de información Mejorar el repositorio de información de manera que, aunque en segundo plano, tenga una apariencia impecable, un funcionamiento rápido y un buen desempeño para permitir la mejor experiencia de usuario.', 'MinTransporte Carretero Fluvial, Férreo Desarrollo web para consulta de información Mejorar el repositorio de información de manera que, aunque en segundo plano, tenga una apariencia impecable, un funcionamiento rápido y un buen desempeño para permitir la mejor experiencia de usuario. x x Software Android y IOS Consulta de datos y de información a grupos de valor interesados.', 'x x Software Android y IOS Consulta de datos y de información a grupos de valor interesados. Los datos como base fundamental de la información se consolida en la actualidad, como fuente para la toma de decisiones y requiere ser gestionada para que sea efectiva, facilitando la consulta ágil, oportuna y segura por los grupos de valor institucionales y sus diversas áreas.ix APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAgricultura Todos los incluidos en el PIGCCS Sector Agropecuario Análisis de resultados de la implementación de medidas La implementación de medidas necesita un análisis de evaluación incluyendo su costo- efectividad.', 'Los datos como base fundamental de la información se consolida en la actualidad, como fuente para la toma de decisiones y requiere ser gestionada para que sea efectiva, facilitando la consulta ágil, oportuna y segura por los grupos de valor institucionales y sus diversas áreas.ix APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAgricultura Todos los incluidos en el PIGCCS Sector Agropecuario Análisis de resultados de la implementación de medidas La implementación de medidas necesita un análisis de evaluación incluyendo su costo- efectividad. X X Inclusión de análisis financiero con visión de sostenibilidad dentro de las cadenas productivas.', 'X X Inclusión de análisis financiero con visión de sostenibilidad dentro de las cadenas productivas. El análisis de medidas durante y después de su implementación permiten soportar la conveniencia integral de su implementación a lo largo de los años para que los productores puedan acogerlas de manera independiente y así puedan adaptarse al cambio climático. Métodos mejorados de estimación y medición de la demanda hídrica en el sector agropecuario Se adelantará mediciones de huella hídrica y módulos de consumo en diferentes sistemas productivos determinando la demanda real en diferentes territorios, diferenciales por sus características climáticas y ecosistémicas. X X X Instrumentos y sistemas de medición y modelamiento de requerimientos hídricos.', 'X X X Instrumentos y sistemas de medición y modelamiento de requerimientos hídricos. Se requiere mejorar la estimación de la demanda de agua del sector para mejorar la información del mismo, así como para promover, diseñar y aplicar incentivos para su uso y reúso eficiente que contribuyan a la gestión del cambio climático. Efectos de variables climáticas en cambios en distribución de plagas y sus impactos sobre la producción Estudios específicos que presenten los efectos del cambio y la variabilidad climática en la aparición de nuevas plagas de importancia económica en el sector agropecuario y su comportamiento. X X Estudios y análisis específicos con trabajo en campo.', 'X X Estudios y análisis específicos con trabajo en campo. Los estudios se utilizan para poder actuar de la manera más adecuada frente a la aparición o aumento de incidencia o severidad de ataque de plagas asociadas a eventos de variabilidad y cambio climático que puedan afectar la producción agropecuaria. MinAgricultura Arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar Identificación de medidas de adaptación viables según el subsector La identificación de medidas de adaptación a implementar se basará en el conocimiento de las cadenas por parte de técnicos y productores y en la diversidad de territorios en los cuales se puedan aplicar.', 'MinAgricultura Arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar Identificación de medidas de adaptación viables según el subsector La identificación de medidas de adaptación a implementar se basará en el conocimiento de las cadenas por parte de técnicos y productores y en la diversidad de territorios en los cuales se puedan aplicar. X X N/A Con la adecuada identificación de medidas se tendrá menos incertidumbre en los resultados de su implementación, más posibilidades de réplica en los productores y se logrará la sostenibilidad de las medidas de adaptación frente al CC, evitando mayor deterioro de recursos naturales a causa de actividades agropecuarias.x APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Arreglos institucionales para recopilación de información Arreglos institucionales para recopilación de información Arreglos institucionales con las instituciones que generan información para que en sus instrumentos metodológicos (censos, encuestas, registros administrativos) incluyan preguntas o información relacionada con la amenaza y la vulnerabilidad (sensibilidad y capacidad de adaptación) a la variabilidad y al cambio climático.', 'X X N/A Con la adecuada identificación de medidas se tendrá menos incertidumbre en los resultados de su implementación, más posibilidades de réplica en los productores y se logrará la sostenibilidad de las medidas de adaptación frente al CC, evitando mayor deterioro de recursos naturales a causa de actividades agropecuarias.x APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Arreglos institucionales para recopilación de información Arreglos institucionales para recopilación de información Arreglos institucionales con las instituciones que generan información para que en sus instrumentos metodológicos (censos, encuestas, registros administrativos) incluyan preguntas o información relacionada con la amenaza y la vulnerabilidad (sensibilidad y capacidad de adaptación) a la variabilidad y al cambio climático. X Sistema de Información Arreglos institucionales concertados, que permitan obtener información relacionada con vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático, a partir de los instrumentos metodológicos que utilizan las entidades encargadas de generar información al respecto.', 'X Sistema de Información Arreglos institucionales concertados, que permitan obtener información relacionada con vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático, a partir de los instrumentos metodológicos que utilizan las entidades encargadas de generar información al respecto. MinAmbiente Interoperabilidad de sistemas de información Interoperabilidad de sistemas de información Propiciar y concertar la interoperabilidad de los sistemas de información de organizaciones sociales X Sistema de Información Lograr la interoperabilidad con los sistemas de información de organizaciones sociales, que permita contar con información territorial sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático MinAmbiente Agua Laboratorio para análisis geográfico Contar con un laboratorio con los equipos necesarios para el procesamiento de datos geográficos que relacionen los efectos de la variabilidad y cambio climático en la planificación de las cuencas.', 'MinAmbiente Interoperabilidad de sistemas de información Interoperabilidad de sistemas de información Propiciar y concertar la interoperabilidad de los sistemas de información de organizaciones sociales X Sistema de Información Lograr la interoperabilidad con los sistemas de información de organizaciones sociales, que permita contar con información territorial sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático MinAmbiente Agua Laboratorio para análisis geográfico Contar con un laboratorio con los equipos necesarios para el procesamiento de datos geográficos que relacionen los efectos de la variabilidad y cambio climático en la planificación de las cuencas. X Software; Equipos; Capacitación y transferencia de conocimiento Laboratorio instalado y en operación para los análisis geográficos a nivel de cuenca (procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para el análisis de los puntos donde se están implementado los proyectos con acciones de adaptación) MinAmbiente Agua Estrategia para la Incorporación del Cambio climático en los POMCA Establecer y definir los lineamientos y ruta metodológica de los estudios complementarios requeridos para incorporar el componente de cambio climático en los procesos de ordenación de cuenca hidrográfica (POMCAS) X Lineamientos y Guías Subescalamiento dinámico a nivel de subzona hidrográfica Configuración de escenarios adicionales relacionados con el cambio climático (Ecosistemas Naturales – Población – Sistemas Productivos) Modelación hidrológica – sedimentológica y de calidad del agua Cambio en la oferta y demanda Gestión del riesgo MinAmbiente Agua Programa Nacional de Investigación para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico Promover la gestión de proyectos que permitan avanzar en el conocimiento de los efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico X Metodologías; Modelación para análisis de efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del agua.', 'X Software; Equipos; Capacitación y transferencia de conocimiento Laboratorio instalado y en operación para los análisis geográficos a nivel de cuenca (procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para el análisis de los puntos donde se están implementado los proyectos con acciones de adaptación) MinAmbiente Agua Estrategia para la Incorporación del Cambio climático en los POMCA Establecer y definir los lineamientos y ruta metodológica de los estudios complementarios requeridos para incorporar el componente de cambio climático en los procesos de ordenación de cuenca hidrográfica (POMCAS) X Lineamientos y Guías Subescalamiento dinámico a nivel de subzona hidrográfica Configuración de escenarios adicionales relacionados con el cambio climático (Ecosistemas Naturales – Población – Sistemas Productivos) Modelación hidrológica – sedimentológica y de calidad del agua Cambio en la oferta y demanda Gestión del riesgo MinAmbiente Agua Programa Nacional de Investigación para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico Promover la gestión de proyectos que permitan avanzar en el conocimiento de los efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico X Metodologías; Modelación para análisis de efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del agua. Modelos Validados para los análisis de los efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del agua e incorporados en la GIRH.', 'Modelos Validados para los análisis de los efectos del cambio climático en la disponibilidad del agua e incorporados en la GIRH. Aplicación de resultados en la toma de decisionesxi APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Agua Programa Nacional de Monitoreo del Recurso Hídrico Formulación de programas Institucionales Regionales de Monitorio del Agua - PIRMA x Diseños de redes de monitoreo; Instalación y operación de Equipos; Protocolos Mecanismos de divulgación y comunicación Sistemas de Monitoreo diseñados y en operación, que aporten información en los diferentes territorios, para la toma de decisiones en relación con el cambio climático.', 'Aplicación de resultados en la toma de decisionesxi APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Agua Programa Nacional de Monitoreo del Recurso Hídrico Formulación de programas Institucionales Regionales de Monitorio del Agua - PIRMA x Diseños de redes de monitoreo; Instalación y operación de Equipos; Protocolos Mecanismos de divulgación y comunicación Sistemas de Monitoreo diseñados y en operación, que aporten información en los diferentes territorios, para la toma de decisiones en relación con el cambio climático. MinAmbiente Agua Sistema de Información del Recurso Hídrico - SIRH Diseño y operación de los módulos de instrumentos de planificación de cuencas hidrográficas y de administración del recurso hídrico x Software; Equipos; Protocolos; Capacitación; Transferencia de conocimiento Mecanismos de reporte, seguimiento y evaluación de los instrumentos de planificación de cuencas y de administración del recurso hídrico.', 'MinAmbiente Agua Sistema de Información del Recurso Hídrico - SIRH Diseño y operación de los módulos de instrumentos de planificación de cuencas hidrográficas y de administración del recurso hídrico x Software; Equipos; Protocolos; Capacitación; Transferencia de conocimiento Mecanismos de reporte, seguimiento y evaluación de los instrumentos de planificación de cuencas y de administración del recurso hídrico. Democratización de la información sobre determinantes ambientales y desempeño de la planificación de cuencas en relación con el cambio climático MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Desarrollo de insumos espaciales para la gestión integral de los páramos Contar con los equipos necesarios para que las Autoridades Ambientales puedan hacer el procesamiento de datos geográficos y el desarrollo de los modelos espaciales para la gestión integral de los páramos. X Sistemas de información geográfica y herramientas para el análisis espacial.', 'X Sistemas de información geográfica y herramientas para el análisis espacial. Procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para la gestión integral de los páramos que aporta a mejorar la información para desarrollar acciones de adaptación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.xii APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Desarrollo de elementos agropecuarios para la reconversión. Innovación para la estructuración de un paquete tecnológico enfocado en la reconversión de actividades agropecuarias en los páramos X Paquete Tecnológico para la reconversión productiva de las actividades agropecuarias.', 'Innovación para la estructuración de un paquete tecnológico enfocado en la reconversión de actividades agropecuarias en los páramos X Paquete Tecnológico para la reconversión productiva de las actividades agropecuarias. Reconversión productiva agropecuaria en los páramos como una medida de adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Restauración ecológica dentro de la sustitución de actividades productivas Innovación para la estructuración de un paquete tecnológico enfocado en la sustitución de actividades productivas en los páramos. X Paquete Tecnológico que contenga diseños y estrategias para la restauración ecológica con miras a la sustitución de actividades.', 'X Paquete Tecnológico que contenga diseños y estrategias para la restauración ecológica con miras a la sustitución de actividades. Restauración ecológica en los páramos como una medida de adaptación al cambio climático.xiii APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Restauración productiva dentro de la sustitución de actividades productivas Innovación para la estructuración de un paquete tecnológico enfocado en la restauración productiva como alternativa para la sustitución de actividades agropecuarias en los páramos.', 'Restauración ecológica en los páramos como una medida de adaptación al cambio climático.xiii APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Restauración productiva dentro de la sustitución de actividades productivas Innovación para la estructuración de un paquete tecnológico enfocado en la restauración productiva como alternativa para la sustitución de actividades agropecuarias en los páramos. X X Paquete Tecnológico para el desarrollo y transformación de productos de la biodiversidad en el marco de la restauración productiva como alternativa de sustitución de actividades.', 'X X Paquete Tecnológico para el desarrollo y transformación de productos de la biodiversidad en el marco de la restauración productiva como alternativa de sustitución de actividades. Desarrollo y transformación de productos de la biodiversidad en los páramos como una medida de adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente PNNC Innovación para la propagación de especies vegetales en ecosistemas de alta montaña PNNC ha venido durante varios años investigando y desarrollando aprendizajes en torno a la propagación de especies, principalmente en ecosistemas de alta montaña, se requiere consolidar la tecnología desarrollada, elaborar los documentos operativos, realizar aplicaciones a gran escala y la difusión de resultados X Consolidar los procesos para la propagación de especies facilitará la implementación de procesos de restauración ecológica a gran escala y la difusión de resultados puede posicionar al país, como experto y asesor en la materia.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Innovación para la propagación de especies vegetales en ecosistemas de alta montaña PNNC ha venido durante varios años investigando y desarrollando aprendizajes en torno a la propagación de especies, principalmente en ecosistemas de alta montaña, se requiere consolidar la tecnología desarrollada, elaborar los documentos operativos, realizar aplicaciones a gran escala y la difusión de resultados X Consolidar los procesos para la propagación de especies facilitará la implementación de procesos de restauración ecológica a gran escala y la difusión de resultados puede posicionar al país, como experto y asesor en la materia. MinAmbiente Diseño de herramienta de análisis espacial para el seguimiento de medidas de adaptación y mitigación de proyectos que incluyan licenciamiento.', 'MinAmbiente Diseño de herramienta de análisis espacial para el seguimiento de medidas de adaptación y mitigación de proyectos que incluyan licenciamiento. Contar con la identificación espacial de medidas de adaptación y mitigación de los proyectos que den cumplimiento a la obligación X Herramienta de análisis espacial Ubicación, monitoreo y seguimiento al cumplimiento de la incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento permite hacer análisis espacial de las medidas de adaptación o mitigación implementadas por los proyectos en su instrumento de manejo y control ambiental. MinAmbiente Proponer el diseño del sistema de monitoreo interno de la información y proponer un plan de articulación con sistemas de información de cambio climático Proponer un sistema interno de monitoreo y articulación de la información de cambio climático que brinde herramientas tanto a usuarios como a profesionales para la definición de indicadores de impacto en torno a la incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento.', 'MinAmbiente Proponer el diseño del sistema de monitoreo interno de la información y proponer un plan de articulación con sistemas de información de cambio climático Proponer un sistema interno de monitoreo y articulación de la información de cambio climático que brinde herramientas tanto a usuarios como a profesionales para la definición de indicadores de impacto en torno a la incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento. X Sistema de monitoreo El sistema interno de articulación de la información de cambio climático permitirá identificar el uso de información por parte de actores como el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y/o el IDEAM en el cumplimiento de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, así como otras opciones.xiv APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente /Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Laboratorio de Calibración de Instrumental Climatológico Electrónico y Convencional Modernización de los procesos de calibración y mantenimiento de los sensores y equipos que componen la red hidrometeorológica.', 'X Sistema de monitoreo El sistema interno de articulación de la información de cambio climático permitirá identificar el uso de información por parte de actores como el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y/o el IDEAM en el cumplimiento de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, así como otras opciones.xiv APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente /Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Laboratorio de Calibración de Instrumental Climatológico Electrónico y Convencional Modernización de los procesos de calibración y mantenimiento de los sensores y equipos que componen la red hidrometeorológica. X X Software y equipos Fortalecimiento de los programas de calibración del instrumental del Red Hidrometeorológica, a fin de garantizar la trazabilidad y calidad de los datos generados en ella.', 'X X Software y equipos Fortalecimiento de los programas de calibración del instrumental del Red Hidrometeorológica, a fin de garantizar la trazabilidad y calidad de los datos generados en ella. Mayor agilidad en el mantenimiento que redunde en la confiabilidad de los datos por menos estaciones fuera de servicio. Garantizar la continuidad y calidad de las series de los datos para el seguimiento del cambio climático.', 'Garantizar la continuidad y calidad de las series de los datos para el seguimiento del cambio climático. MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Fortalecimiento del “Sistema de información para la gestión integral de los manglares en Colombia” Fortalecer, implementar y adoptar el “Sistema de información para la gestión integral de los manglares en Colombia” para una toma de decisiones adecuada X Sistema de información (portal y aplicación) Las autoridades ambientales (doce corporaciones autónomas y para el desarrollo sostenible, y cuatro establecimientos públicos ambientales) realizan el reporte de la gestión de los manglares en el SIGMA, y se fundamente en ésta para la toma de decisiones, lo que redunda en medidas más eficientes y eficaces para la adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Actualización de coberturas de ecosistemas de carbono azul Determinación de las coberturas de manglar y pastos marinos en las Unidades ambientales costeras del Caribe y Pacífico Colombiano.', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Actualización de coberturas de ecosistemas de carbono azul Determinación de las coberturas de manglar y pastos marinos en las Unidades ambientales costeras del Caribe y Pacífico Colombiano. x x x x Sistemas de información geográfica y software Procesamiento de imágenes satelitales y aplicación de una metodología articulada con el IDEAM para la actualización de las coberturas de los ecosistemas de carbono azul.', 'x x x x Sistemas de información geográfica y software Procesamiento de imágenes satelitales y aplicación de una metodología articulada con el IDEAM para la actualización de las coberturas de los ecosistemas de carbono azul. MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Desarrollo de plataforma tecnológica para el registro de resultados de M&E de iniciativas de carbono azul para la adaptación Desarrollo de módulo para el registro de los resultados de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de las iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático empleando manglares y pastos marinos (ecosistemas de carbono azul) en los sistemas de información ambiental marina (SIAM) de Colombia, interoperable con el Sistema de Información para la Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación (SIVRA) y el Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SNCC).', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Desarrollo de plataforma tecnológica para el registro de resultados de M&E de iniciativas de carbono azul para la adaptación Desarrollo de módulo para el registro de los resultados de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de las iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático empleando manglares y pastos marinos (ecosistemas de carbono azul) en los sistemas de información ambiental marina (SIAM) de Colombia, interoperable con el Sistema de Información para la Vulnerabilidad, Riesgo y Adaptación (SIVRA) y el Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SNCC). X Plataforma virtual de registro de datos e información; Interoperabilidad entre sistemas Uso de la plataforma tecnológica para el registro, procesamiento y análisis de información, y el reporte de resultados logrados a través de los esquemas de M&E de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático implementadas en ecosistemas de carbono azul.', 'X Plataforma virtual de registro de datos e información; Interoperabilidad entre sistemas Uso de la plataforma tecnológica para el registro, procesamiento y análisis de información, y el reporte de resultados logrados a través de los esquemas de M&E de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático implementadas en ecosistemas de carbono azul. MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Programa de investigación para la conservación y uso sostenible de manglares y de pastos marinos para la gestión del cambio climático Programa de ciencias básicas y aplicadas para la creación de conocimiento sobre el rol que tienen los ecosistemas de manglar y de pastos marinos en los territorios para la adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión del riesgo, a la vez que se avanza en la construcción de conocimiento local sobre estos ecosistemas como potenciales reservorios de carbono de importancia para su conservación y aprovechamiento de otros servicios del ecosistema.', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Programa de investigación para la conservación y uso sostenible de manglares y de pastos marinos para la gestión del cambio climático Programa de ciencias básicas y aplicadas para la creación de conocimiento sobre el rol que tienen los ecosistemas de manglar y de pastos marinos en los territorios para la adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión del riesgo, a la vez que se avanza en la construcción de conocimiento local sobre estos ecosistemas como potenciales reservorios de carbono de importancia para su conservación y aprovechamiento de otros servicios del ecosistema. X X Programa de investigación de educación superior avanzada El programa fomenta la creación de nuevas líneas de investigación que permitan el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías respaldadas en los atributos de la biodiversidad marino-costera que son estratégicos para la adaptación al cambio climático y la generación de beneficios adicionales para la mitigación de GEI.xv APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Creación de un subsistema de monitoreo y evaluación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático en áreas de manglar y pastos marinos Crear un subsistema de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de iniciativas (programas y proyectos) de adaptación al cambio climático empleando o implementándose en ecosistemas marinos y costeros, con particular énfasis en manglares y pastos marinos.', 'X X Programa de investigación de educación superior avanzada El programa fomenta la creación de nuevas líneas de investigación que permitan el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías respaldadas en los atributos de la biodiversidad marino-costera que son estratégicos para la adaptación al cambio climático y la generación de beneficios adicionales para la mitigación de GEI.xv APOYO NECESITADO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA Número de la meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Periodo de tiempo Etapa dentro del ciclo de desarrollo Marque con una X la etapa Tipo de Tecnología Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Investigación básica Investigación aplicada Desarrollo tecnológico Innovación MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Creación de un subsistema de monitoreo y evaluación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático en áreas de manglar y pastos marinos Crear un subsistema de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de iniciativas (programas y proyectos) de adaptación al cambio climático empleando o implementándose en ecosistemas marinos y costeros, con particular énfasis en manglares y pastos marinos. Este debe articularse e integrarse, y además debe ser interoperable, con el sistema nacional de monitoreo y evaluación.', 'Este debe articularse e integrarse, y además debe ser interoperable, con el sistema nacional de monitoreo y evaluación. x Desarrollo tecnológico El sistema debe permitir la articulación de actores de la de jurisdicción marino-costera (Institutos de investigación adscritos al Sistema Nacional Ambiental - SINA, Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y para el Desarrollo Sostenible – CAR, Establecimientos Públicos Ambientales - EPA, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible) con el fin de establecer criterios, metodologías para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la adaptación, y procedimientos para la gestión de datos e información para la toma de decisiones y la retroalimentación a los planes integrales de gestión del cambio climático territoriales y sectoriales. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques. Sistemas de información para la verificación de incendios forestales activos a través de sensores remotos.', 'Sistemas de información para la verificación de incendios forestales activos a través de sensores remotos. Implementación de un sistema de información que identifica los incendios forestales activos a partir de los puntos de calor. Comprende acceso a sistemas satelitales, sensores remotos y drones. X X Software y equipos Fortalecimiento de las instituciones en la identificación de incendios forestales y la implementación de sistemas de alerta temprana. Mejor tiempo de acción en la gestión de los incendios forestales a partir del uso de la tecnología, esto permite anticipar y actuar ante los posibles riesgos generados. Adicional se pueden tener datos para alimentar herramientas que pueden incluirse a la gestión del cambio climático. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques. Sistema de modelación a partir de puntos de calor y realización de mapas de susceptibilidad.', 'Sistema de modelación a partir de puntos de calor y realización de mapas de susceptibilidad. Identificación de áreas sensibles a incendios de cobertura vegetal a nivel municipal. X X Software y equipos Fortalecimiento institucional para el desarrollo de cartografía de susceptibilidad de los ecosistémica a los incendios forestales. Generación de mapas por regiones con la mayor incidencia anual de fuegos (focos de calor) con datos diarios, lo cual permite gestionar acciones para la prevención de incendios forestales.', 'Generación de mapas por regiones con la mayor incidencia anual de fuegos (focos de calor) con datos diarios, lo cual permite gestionar acciones para la prevención de incendios forestales. La información obtenida puede ser utilizada para los inventarios de perdida de cobertura vegetal y medir los efectos de los incendios forestales como la liberación de carbono a la atmosfera.xvi NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Fortalecimiento Interinstitucional La estrategia para el fortalecimiento interinstitucional en el componente de adaptación está enfocada en brindar asistencia técnica a los municipios y regiones para el mejoramiento de las capacidades locales en materia de adaptación, gestión del riesgo, procesos de reasentamientos, manejo de áreas liberadas y criterios de adaptación de las edificaciones ante el cambio climático.', 'La información obtenida puede ser utilizada para los inventarios de perdida de cobertura vegetal y medir los efectos de los incendios forestales como la liberación de carbono a la atmosfera.xvi NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Fortalecimiento Interinstitucional La estrategia para el fortalecimiento interinstitucional en el componente de adaptación está enfocada en brindar asistencia técnica a los municipios y regiones para el mejoramiento de las capacidades locales en materia de adaptación, gestión del riesgo, procesos de reasentamientos, manejo de áreas liberadas y criterios de adaptación de las edificaciones ante el cambio climático. Dado que las medidas de adaptación se encuentran en etapa de formulación, la participación de los actores que tengan injerencia en las temáticas señaladas es de vital importancia para la generación de herramientas prácticas, efectivas y útiles para las entidades territoriales, es un proceso transversal a todas las actividades para el cumplimiento de las metas de adaptación.', 'Dado que las medidas de adaptación se encuentran en etapa de formulación, la participación de los actores que tengan injerencia en las temáticas señaladas es de vital importancia para la generación de herramientas prácticas, efectivas y útiles para las entidades territoriales, es un proceso transversal a todas las actividades para el cumplimiento de las metas de adaptación. Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Fortalecer la gestión del conocimiento en adaptación al cambio climático de los prestadores de los servicios públicos de acueducto, alcantarillado y aseo y entidades territoriales Fortalecer la gestión del conocimiento de la adaptación al cambio climático entre los prestadores y las entidades territoriales, para facilitar la toma de decisiones a nivel local y nacional referentes a la gestión de los impactos negativos y positivos del cambio y la variabilidad climática, de tal forma que se reduzca la vulnerabilidad del sector y/o se aumente su resiliencia La medida busca influir en la gestión del conocimiento de todas las etapas de las cadenas de valor del sector, lo que tiene una incidencia a nivel nacional, regional y local.', 'Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Fortalecer la gestión del conocimiento en adaptación al cambio climático de los prestadores de los servicios públicos de acueducto, alcantarillado y aseo y entidades territoriales Fortalecer la gestión del conocimiento de la adaptación al cambio climático entre los prestadores y las entidades territoriales, para facilitar la toma de decisiones a nivel local y nacional referentes a la gestión de los impactos negativos y positivos del cambio y la variabilidad climática, de tal forma que se reduzca la vulnerabilidad del sector y/o se aumente su resiliencia La medida busca influir en la gestión del conocimiento de todas las etapas de las cadenas de valor del sector, lo que tiene una incidencia a nivel nacional, regional y local. La medida busca abarcar la homologación de las temáticas de GRD con la ACC, de tal manera que todos los actores del sector cuenten con lineamientos y criterios claros para la toma de decisiones; esto incluye un fortalecimiento de la socialización y asistencia técnica, a partir de la generación de información técnica a un mayor detalle de cambio climático relacionada con el sector Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Generación de habilitantes normativos, técnicos y financieros en la gestión de las aguas residuales mediante la agenda interministerial Identificar los posibles impactos y oportunidades en la prestación del servicio público de alcantarillado bajo los diferentes escenarios de cambio climático mediante intercambios de experiencias exitosas de proyectos con expertos sectoriales Fortalecer el proceso de gestión del conocimiento en adaptación al de cambio climático para el sector, a través de la identificación y entendimiento de la relación que pueda existir entre la variabilidad y el cambio climático presente y futuro y el funcionamiento de los sistemas para la prestación del servicio de alcantarillado; además de la generación de inventarios y diagnósticos a nivel nacional de la infraestructura actual de prestación del servicio de alcantarillado.', 'La medida busca abarcar la homologación de las temáticas de GRD con la ACC, de tal manera que todos los actores del sector cuenten con lineamientos y criterios claros para la toma de decisiones; esto incluye un fortalecimiento de la socialización y asistencia técnica, a partir de la generación de información técnica a un mayor detalle de cambio climático relacionada con el sector Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Generación de habilitantes normativos, técnicos y financieros en la gestión de las aguas residuales mediante la agenda interministerial Identificar los posibles impactos y oportunidades en la prestación del servicio público de alcantarillado bajo los diferentes escenarios de cambio climático mediante intercambios de experiencias exitosas de proyectos con expertos sectoriales Fortalecer el proceso de gestión del conocimiento en adaptación al de cambio climático para el sector, a través de la identificación y entendimiento de la relación que pueda existir entre la variabilidad y el cambio climático presente y futuro y el funcionamiento de los sistemas para la prestación del servicio de alcantarillado; además de la generación de inventarios y diagnósticos a nivel nacional de la infraestructura actual de prestación del servicio de alcantarillado. Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Mejorar el conocimiento sobre los potenciales en el reúso de las aguas residuales domestica (MinAmbiente– MinVivienda) Identificar los impactos y oportunidades que puede generar la implementación del reúso de agua residual tratada frente al aseguramiento de la prestación eficiente de los servicios públicos domiciliarios A partir de la implementación de pilotos y elaboración de estudios económicos y ambientales, evaluar el costo a corto y largo plazo que podrían asumir los prestadores (trámites administrativos, inversión en tecnología y operación) al implementar el reúso de aguas tratadas.', 'Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Mejorar el conocimiento sobre los potenciales en el reúso de las aguas residuales domestica (MinAmbiente– MinVivienda) Identificar los impactos y oportunidades que puede generar la implementación del reúso de agua residual tratada frente al aseguramiento de la prestación eficiente de los servicios públicos domiciliarios A partir de la implementación de pilotos y elaboración de estudios económicos y ambientales, evaluar el costo a corto y largo plazo que podrían asumir los prestadores (trámites administrativos, inversión en tecnología y operación) al implementar el reúso de aguas tratadas. Igualmente, evaluar el panorama económico y administrativo de no implementar el reúso para los prestadores en situaciones de escasez hídrica y/o contaminación de las fuentes incrementado por los efectos de la variabilidad y el CC MinSalud Salud Programa para la construcción de capacidades en el componente de clima y salud dirigido a los territorios del país.', 'Igualmente, evaluar el panorama económico y administrativo de no implementar el reúso para los prestadores en situaciones de escasez hídrica y/o contaminación de las fuentes incrementado por los efectos de la variabilidad y el CC MinSalud Salud Programa para la construcción de capacidades en el componente de clima y salud dirigido a los territorios del país. Construcción de capacidades para fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio y de esta manera, identificar los recursos para la caracterización, medición y análisis del perfil de las enfermedades sensibles al clima según el contexto territorial.', 'Construcción de capacidades para fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio y de esta manera, identificar los recursos para la caracterización, medición y análisis del perfil de las enfermedades sensibles al clima según el contexto territorial. El fortalecimiento de las capacidades del talento humano permite fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio, para orientar la toma de decisiones de los actores involucrados.xvii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinSalud Salud Programa para la construcción de capacidades en el componente de clima y salud dirigido a las dependencias del MinSalud.', 'El fortalecimiento de las capacidades del talento humano permite fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio, para orientar la toma de decisiones de los actores involucrados.xvii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinSalud Salud Programa para la construcción de capacidades en el componente de clima y salud dirigido a las dependencias del MinSalud. Construcción de capacidades para fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio y las acciones de adaptación que deben tenerse en cuenta según la posible ocurrencia de eventos climáticos extremos, con el fin de ser tenido en cuenta en la formulación de políticas públicas.', 'Construcción de capacidades para fortalecer el análisis de las enfermedades sensibles al clima en el contexto de cada territorio y las acciones de adaptación que deben tenerse en cuenta según la posible ocurrencia de eventos climáticos extremos, con el fin de ser tenido en cuenta en la formulación de políticas públicas. Permite fortalecer la planeación y la elaboración de políticas públicas, desde las diferentes áreas del MinSalud, incluyendo el componente de variabilidad climática y cambio climático en aquellas que se considere necesario. MinSalud Salud Intercambio de experiencias con países que estén implementado medidas de adaptación en la prestación del servicio de salud.', 'MinSalud Salud Intercambio de experiencias con países que estén implementado medidas de adaptación en la prestación del servicio de salud. Intercambio de experiencias y lecciones aprendidas en el marco de la implementación de acciones de adaptación implementadas en la prestación del servicio de salud y que puedan replicarse en el país y apoyen la implementación del componente de adaptación del Plan Integral de Gestión de Cambio Climático del Sector Salud – PIGCCS. Conocer experiencias exitosas permite identificar las rutas de acción para la generación de incentivos para que el sector privado implemente medidas de adaptación Minas y Energía Minero energético Mesas intersectoriales para el trabajo en territorio Se requiere un trabajo intersectorial, principalmente con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y autoridades sostenibles.', 'Conocer experiencias exitosas permite identificar las rutas de acción para la generación de incentivos para que el sector privado implemente medidas de adaptación Minas y Energía Minero energético Mesas intersectoriales para el trabajo en territorio Se requiere un trabajo intersectorial, principalmente con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y autoridades sostenibles. Dada la visión de reducción de conflictividad social que pueden generar el clima cambiante junto con las actividades del sector, se requiere de una instancia en la que los actores territoriales se articulen con la institucional del Estado, más no de un solo sector.', 'Dada la visión de reducción de conflictividad social que pueden generar el clima cambiante junto con las actividades del sector, se requiere de una instancia en la que los actores territoriales se articulen con la institucional del Estado, más no de un solo sector. Por tanto, es recomendable el definir las diferentes actividades socioeconómicas del territorio y bajo el mismo objetivo de aumento de sostenibilidad del territorio, para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos para todas las actividades socioeconómicas; con base en ello se definirán los actores locales e instituciones nacionales que deben tener presencia en la instancia establecida.', 'Por tanto, es recomendable el definir las diferentes actividades socioeconómicas del territorio y bajo el mismo objetivo de aumento de sostenibilidad del territorio, para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos para todas las actividades socioeconómicas; con base en ello se definirán los actores locales e instituciones nacionales que deben tener presencia en la instancia establecida. MinCIT Industria Aprovechamiento de los acuerdos internacionales en materia de asistencia y cooperación con el fin de fortalecer los mecanismos de intercambio de experiencias con países que estén implementado medidas de adaptación en el sector industria y turismo por medio del sector privado. Intercambio de experiencias exitosas en el marco de la implementación de acciones de adaptación financiadas por el sector privado que puedan replicarse en el país.', 'Intercambio de experiencias exitosas en el marco de la implementación de acciones de adaptación financiadas por el sector privado que puedan replicarse en el país. Conocer experiencias exitosas permite identificar las rutas de acción para la generación de incentivos para que el sector privado implemente medidas de adaptación. MinCIT Industria Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático que incluya en particular al sector industria y turismo.', 'MinCIT Industria Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático que incluya en particular al sector industria y turismo. Para superar la actual limitación de recursos de financiamiento para la acción climática y habilitar la operación y capitalización de fondo nacional de cambio climático del país, a través de la determinación de los costos financieros y las necesidades de inversión para la implementación de nuestra NDC; la identificación de una serie de recursos de financiamiento (internacionales, nacionales, públicos y privados) y proveer particular importancia al presupuesto público para la acción climática y asegurar su sostenibilidad en el tiempo.', 'Para superar la actual limitación de recursos de financiamiento para la acción climática y habilitar la operación y capitalización de fondo nacional de cambio climático del país, a través de la determinación de los costos financieros y las necesidades de inversión para la implementación de nuestra NDC; la identificación de una serie de recursos de financiamiento (internacionales, nacionales, públicos y privados) y proveer particular importancia al presupuesto público para la acción climática y asegurar su sostenibilidad en el tiempo. Elaboración de la estrategia nacional sectorial de finanzas climáticasxviii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinCIT Industria Diseño y puesta en marcha de un portafolio de medidas de adaptación para el sector industria y turismo.', 'Elaboración de la estrategia nacional sectorial de finanzas climáticasxviii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinCIT Industria Diseño y puesta en marcha de un portafolio de medidas de adaptación para el sector industria y turismo. Priorización de sectores de acuerdo con su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático, incluyendo variables sociales y económicas. Diseño y puesta en marcha de un grupo de medidas viables para los procesos productivos más vulnerables al cambio climático, a partir de un análisis de costo beneficio de las inversiones y oportunidades, condicionadas al territorio y a los riesgos hidroclimátológicos que enfrentan.', 'Diseño y puesta en marcha de un grupo de medidas viables para los procesos productivos más vulnerables al cambio climático, a partir de un análisis de costo beneficio de las inversiones y oportunidades, condicionadas al territorio y a los riesgos hidroclimátológicos que enfrentan. Facilitar el avance de la implementación de medidas (acciones y estrategias de adaptación del sector industria y turismo en cuando al uso eficiente de los recursos, como son el agua, la energía, etc, integrando esquemas de adaptación basada en tecnologías, comunidades, ecosistemas e infraestructura. MinCIT Industria Diseño e implementación de un programa integral del sector CIT de fortalecimiento de capacidades en manejo del riesgo climático y adaptación del sector industria y turismo como factor de sostenibilidad y competitividad.', 'MinCIT Industria Diseño e implementación de un programa integral del sector CIT de fortalecimiento de capacidades en manejo del riesgo climático y adaptación del sector industria y turismo como factor de sostenibilidad y competitividad. Programa que incorpora diferentes mecanismos del sector CIT para el fortalecimiento de capacidades y transferencia de conocimiento a los diferentes actores (internos y externos) del sector en cuanto a: 1) Comprensión de cómo medir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y la importancia de la adaptación del sector, las medidas aplicables a la industria desde experiencias locales, nacionales e internacionales. 2) Los beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales del uso eficiente de los recursos, en especial el agua, la energía, las materias primas de origen natural en las cadenas de valor. Los beneficios de reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático en los procesos productivos.', 'Los beneficios de reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático en los procesos productivos. 3) Conocimiento del portafolio de medidas de adaptación, las estrategias para manejar el riego climático en la industria, y la reducción de la dependencia o cierre de ciclos en el uso de recursos naturales. 4) Los métodos, mecanismos e instrumentos existentes para la implementación de estrategias, acciones o proyectos de adaptación. Fortalecer el desarrollo sostenible del sector industria y turismo, a través de la creación de capacidades para reconocer los impactos y oportunidades del cambio climático como factor de productividad y competitividad, superar brechas y vacíos para la toma de decisiones que impulsen las acciones y estrategias de transformación hacia un sector resiliente al clima.', 'Fortalecer el desarrollo sostenible del sector industria y turismo, a través de la creación de capacidades para reconocer los impactos y oportunidades del cambio climático como factor de productividad y competitividad, superar brechas y vacíos para la toma de decisiones que impulsen las acciones y estrategias de transformación hacia un sector resiliente al clima. MinCIT Industria Estudio de impactos macroeconómicos de los eventos frecuentes (sequias, inundaciones) de cambio climático sobre el sector industria en Colombia y prospectiva. Estudio que integra las variables económicas y de cambio climático del sector, proporcionando prospectivas sectoriales y en indicadores de productividad y competitividad Brindar escenarios base para la toma de decisiones de política pública en materia de ayudar al incremento de las capacidades de las empresas para llevar el cambio climático al centro de la toma de decisiones de las empresas.', 'Estudio que integra las variables económicas y de cambio climático del sector, proporcionando prospectivas sectoriales y en indicadores de productividad y competitividad Brindar escenarios base para la toma de decisiones de política pública en materia de ayudar al incremento de las capacidades de las empresas para llevar el cambio climático al centro de la toma de decisiones de las empresas. MinCIT Industria Asistencia técnica para que las empresas incorporen el riesgo climático en sus matrices de riesgo operacional y aprovechen las oportunidades de la variabilidad y el cambio climático. Programa de apoyo a la industria en la identificación de sus riesgos hidroclimátológicos. Diseñar e implementar herramientas e incentivos para llevar el cambio climático al centro de la toma de decisiones de las empresas.', 'Diseñar e implementar herramientas e incentivos para llevar el cambio climático al centro de la toma de decisiones de las empresas. MinTransporte Carretero, Fluvial, Férreo, Aéreo Fortalecimiento de alertas tempranas – Generación del conocimiento Disponer de personal capacitado en SIG para apoyar al IDEAM, con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento de las condiciones hidrometeorológicas asociadas a la infraestructura de Transporte Con el personal especializado en SIG que apoye al IDEAM, el sector Transporte podrá disponer de información a mejor escala (escala más local) para proporcionar variables climatológicas requeridas para incorporar a las metodologías en desarrollo para análisis del Riesgo por movimientos en masa e inundación (variables detonantes asociadas a las variaciones del clima)xix NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinTransporte Carretero, aéreo Generación de lineamientos técnicos para realizar estudios de riesgo en la infraestructura de transporte (carretero y aéreo) y una Guía metodológica con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Asistencia técnica para la elaboración de lineamientos aplicable a diversos grupos de valor interesados: municipios, departamentos, concesionarios a cargo de este tipo de infraestructura Asistencia técnica para la estructuración de una metodológica a partir de los avances obtenidos y concretando la visión holística que exige la temática.', 'MinTransporte Carretero, Fluvial, Férreo, Aéreo Fortalecimiento de alertas tempranas – Generación del conocimiento Disponer de personal capacitado en SIG para apoyar al IDEAM, con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento de las condiciones hidrometeorológicas asociadas a la infraestructura de Transporte Con el personal especializado en SIG que apoye al IDEAM, el sector Transporte podrá disponer de información a mejor escala (escala más local) para proporcionar variables climatológicas requeridas para incorporar a las metodologías en desarrollo para análisis del Riesgo por movimientos en masa e inundación (variables detonantes asociadas a las variaciones del clima)xix NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinTransporte Carretero, aéreo Generación de lineamientos técnicos para realizar estudios de riesgo en la infraestructura de transporte (carretero y aéreo) y una Guía metodológica con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Asistencia técnica para la elaboración de lineamientos aplicable a diversos grupos de valor interesados: municipios, departamentos, concesionarios a cargo de este tipo de infraestructura Asistencia técnica para la estructuración de una metodológica a partir de los avances obtenidos y concretando la visión holística que exige la temática. Los procesos de cocreación de las metodologías a través de procesos de fortalecimiento institucional posibilitará contar con personal con los conocimientos necesarios para entender los procesos de identificación de impactos y su posterior aplicación y seguimiento para los proyectos que se desarrollen en el sector.', 'Los procesos de cocreación de las metodologías a través de procesos de fortalecimiento institucional posibilitará contar con personal con los conocimientos necesarios para entender los procesos de identificación de impactos y su posterior aplicación y seguimiento para los proyectos que se desarrollen en el sector. MinAgricultura Agropecuario Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales mediante Capacitaciones y /o Talleres en temáticas relacionadas con: Alfabetización Agroclimática \uf02a Interpretación y uso adecuado de la información \uf02a Conceptos relacionados con probabilidad, incertidumbre, variabilidad climática. Información de alertas ambientales, en zonas de riesgo, Conocimientos base y herramientas para interpretar datos climáticos, etc., lo anterior de conformidad a las dinámicas propias de las regiones donde se encuentren en funcionamiento las Mesas técnicas agroclimáticas. Capacidad instalada para lograr la gobernanza y sostenibilidad de las Mesas Técnicas Agroclimáticas.', 'Capacidad instalada para lograr la gobernanza y sostenibilidad de las Mesas Técnicas Agroclimáticas. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Intercambio de experiencias con países que estén implementado medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector agropecuario en los páramos. Intercambio de experiencias exitosas en el marco de la implementación de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector agropecuario en los páramos que puedan replicarse en el país. Conocer experiencias exitosas de implementación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector agropecuario en los páramos. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático para los productores de páramo en transición hacia esquemas sostenibles y agroecológicos.', 'MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático para los productores de páramo en transición hacia esquemas sostenibles y agroecológicos. Identificación de mecanismos, estrategias o esquemas para el financiamiento (internacionales, nacionales, públicos y privados) que reconozca la acción climática de los productores agropecuarios de los páramos en transición hacia esquemas sostenibles y agroecológicos y asegurar su sostenibilidad en el tiempo. Igualmente, es necesario fortalecer los esquemas existentes para el financiamiento de actividades en los páramos acordes a la normatividad actual, así como proveer nuevos esquemas y herramientas para aquellos habitantes de páramo que realicen actividades de reconversión y sustitución de actividades agropecuarias.', 'Igualmente, es necesario fortalecer los esquemas existentes para el financiamiento de actividades en los páramos acordes a la normatividad actual, así como proveer nuevos esquemas y herramientas para aquellos habitantes de páramo que realicen actividades de reconversión y sustitución de actividades agropecuarias. Desarrollar una estrategia nacional de financiamiento climático para los productores de páramo en transición hacia esquemas sostenibles y agroecológicos y articularla a los esquemas de pagos existentes, lo cual aporta a mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático para la sustitución y reubicación laboral de pequeños mineros tradicionales en los páramos.', 'MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional en financiamiento climático para la sustitución y reubicación laboral de pequeños mineros tradicionales en los páramos. Construcción de capacidades para crear estrategias, esquemas o mecanismos de financiamiento que reconozcan la acción climática de los pequeños mineros tradicionales de los páramos que reemplacen las actividades mineras por otras más sostenibles. Igualmente, es necesario fortalecer los esquemas existentes para el financiamiento de actividades en los páramos acordes a la normatividad actual, así como proveer nuevos esquemas y herramientas para aquellos habitantes de páramo que realicen actividades de sustitución de pequeña minería tradicional.', 'Igualmente, es necesario fortalecer los esquemas existentes para el financiamiento de actividades en los páramos acordes a la normatividad actual, así como proveer nuevos esquemas y herramientas para aquellos habitantes de páramo que realicen actividades de sustitución de pequeña minería tradicional. Desarrollar una estrategia nacional de financiamiento climático para la sustitución y reubicación laboral de pequeños mineros tradicionales en los páramos, lo cual aporta a mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.xx NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Construcción de capacidades para implementación participativa de la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta Montaña - EMA Construcción de capacidades para implementar participativamente con los habitantes de los páramos la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta - EMA en el marco de la gobernanza ambiental.', 'Desarrollar una estrategia nacional de financiamiento climático para la sustitución y reubicación laboral de pequeños mineros tradicionales en los páramos, lo cual aporta a mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.xx NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Construcción de capacidades para implementación participativa de la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta Montaña - EMA Construcción de capacidades para implementar participativamente con los habitantes de los páramos la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta - EMA en el marco de la gobernanza ambiental. Construcción de capacidades para implementar de forma participativa con los habitantes de los páramos la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta - EMA en el marco de la gobernanza y fundamentado en el diálogo de saberes, lo que permite mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.', 'Construcción de capacidades para implementar de forma participativa con los habitantes de los páramos la Estrategia de Monitoreo de Alta - EMA en el marco de la gobernanza y fundamentado en el diálogo de saberes, lo que permite mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. MinAmbiente PNNC Fortalecimiento de capacidades de las autoridades ambientales Fortalecimiento técnico de los equipos de las autoridades ambientales en temas relacionados con la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas del SINAP Diplomado virtual en aplicación de criterios técnicos (biofísicos incluye análisis de representatividad, socioeconómicos y culturales) para el diseño de las áreas protegidas a partir de las diferentes fases identificadas en la ruta.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Fortalecimiento de capacidades de las autoridades ambientales Fortalecimiento técnico de los equipos de las autoridades ambientales en temas relacionados con la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas del SINAP Diplomado virtual en aplicación de criterios técnicos (biofísicos incluye análisis de representatividad, socioeconómicos y culturales) para el diseño de las áreas protegidas a partir de las diferentes fases identificadas en la ruta. Autoridades ambientales fortalecidas en implementación de la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas, esto aportará a la consolidación de los procesos de declaratoria y al incremento de las unidades ecosistémicas representadas en el SINAP, lo cual aumentará la capacidad adaptativa de los territorios frente al riesgo climático.', 'Autoridades ambientales fortalecidas en implementación de la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas, esto aportará a la consolidación de los procesos de declaratoria y al incremento de las unidades ecosistémicas representadas en el SINAP, lo cual aumentará la capacidad adaptativa de los territorios frente al riesgo climático. MinAmbiente Desarrollo de elementos de divulgación y herramientas de comunicación con actores de interés sobre las consideraciones de cambio climático en licenciamiento Desarrollar elementos de comunicación, divulgación de información y herramientas de comunicación con actores de interés sobre las consideraciones de cambio climático en licenciamiento. Actividades de comunicación de información con el fin de brindar elementos técnicos sencillos y prácticos a los usuarios sobre los procesos internos de incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento.', 'Actividades de comunicación de información con el fin de brindar elementos técnicos sencillos y prácticos a los usuarios sobre los procesos internos de incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento. Identificar elementos de divulgación y comunicación asertiva para los actores de interés de ANLA relacionados con la meta de cambio climático MinAmbiente/Presidenci a Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Asistencia técnica y fortalecimiento de capacidades para la modernización de los procesos de adquisición, mantenimiento y calibración del instrumental que compone la Red Hidrometeorológica. Se requiere avanzar en el desarrollo de herramientas de capacitación y transferencia de conocimiento en los diferentes procesos tecnológicos, operativos y conceptuales, que soportan las actividades de adquisición, calibración y mantenimiento del instrumental que hace parte de las estaciones hidrometeorológicas que componen la Red.', 'Se requiere avanzar en el desarrollo de herramientas de capacitación y transferencia de conocimiento en los diferentes procesos tecnológicos, operativos y conceptuales, que soportan las actividades de adquisición, calibración y mantenimiento del instrumental que hace parte de las estaciones hidrometeorológicas que componen la Red. Generar una estrategia nacional de capacitación recurrente que permita contar con el recurso humano capacitado para los procesos de adquisición, calibración y mantenimiento del instrumental, transversal a las diferentes Instituciones que hacen monitoreo hidrometeorológico en el país y/o que hacen parte del Sistema Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres. Con el propósito de garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico.', 'Con el propósito de garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico. MinAmbiente/ Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades para el desarrollo de una estrategia nacional para el financiamiento del monitoreo hidrometeorológico. Estrategia transversal a los sectores institucionales (públicos y privados) usuarios de la información hidrometeorológica, incluyendo la identificación de la estructura de costos operativos, de inversión y de sostenimiento requeridos para dar cumplimiento a la meta planteada, con el propósito de identificar eventuales fuentes de recursos de financiamiento (internacionales, nacionales, públicos y privados), y establecer actividades conjuntas que permitan dar sostenibilidad a la Red Hidrometeorológica en el tiempo.', 'Estrategia transversal a los sectores institucionales (públicos y privados) usuarios de la información hidrometeorológica, incluyendo la identificación de la estructura de costos operativos, de inversión y de sostenimiento requeridos para dar cumplimiento a la meta planteada, con el propósito de identificar eventuales fuentes de recursos de financiamiento (internacionales, nacionales, públicos y privados), y establecer actividades conjuntas que permitan dar sostenibilidad a la Red Hidrometeorológica en el tiempo. Generación de una estrategia nacional de generación de información hidrometeorológica que permita contar con el recurso humano capacitado, como insumo fundamental para las diferentes actividades de la Sociedad y las Instituciones.', 'Generación de una estrategia nacional de generación de información hidrometeorológica que permita contar con el recurso humano capacitado, como insumo fundamental para las diferentes actividades de la Sociedad y las Instituciones. Con el propósito de garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico.xxi NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente/ Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en niveles locales y regionales para el manejo de la información de las redes de monitoreo hidrometeorológico.', 'Con el propósito de garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico.xxi NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente/ Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en niveles locales y regionales para el manejo de la información de las redes de monitoreo hidrometeorológico. Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades en las entidades Departamentales, Municipales, Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y comunidades locales para reconocer los beneficios y necesidades de contar con sistemas de alertas temprana ante eventos de origen hidrometeorológico que proveen información para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los territorios Actores territoriales y locales reconocen y apropian la importancia de contar con sistemas de alerta tempranas ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos y en el entendimiento y análisis de la información de redes hidrometeorológicas, como estrategia para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de los territorios y las comunidades.', 'Construcción y fortalecimiento de capacidades en las entidades Departamentales, Municipales, Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y comunidades locales para reconocer los beneficios y necesidades de contar con sistemas de alertas temprana ante eventos de origen hidrometeorológico que proveen información para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los territorios Actores territoriales y locales reconocen y apropian la importancia de contar con sistemas de alerta tempranas ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos y en el entendimiento y análisis de la información de redes hidrometeorológicas, como estrategia para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de los territorios y las comunidades. Aumento de la capacidad para instalar instrumentos conectados con el nivel nacional para mejorar la implementación de los sistemas de alerta temprana de Colombia.', 'Aumento de la capacidad para instalar instrumentos conectados con el nivel nacional para mejorar la implementación de los sistemas de alerta temprana de Colombia. MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Red de gobernanza comunitaria y de investigación del conocimiento tradicional en los manglares en Colombia Diseñar, consolidar y poner en práctica una red de gobernanza del manglar que permita consolidar las formas propias de autogobierno en el manglar. Fomentar, propiciar, consolidar y evaluar la investigación propia de las comunidades que tradicionalmente se ha relacionado con el manglar para el uso sostenible de los bienes y servicios del ecosistema. Instancias de gobernanza de minorías étnicas (comunidades negras e indígenas) fortalecidas y en funcionamiento para la gestión integral del ecosistema de manglar.', 'Instancias de gobernanza de minorías étnicas (comunidades negras e indígenas) fortalecidas y en funcionamiento para la gestión integral del ecosistema de manglar. Conocimiento MinAmbi ente Zonas marino- costeras Restauración de manglares a nivel de paisaje Diseñar, implementar y monitorear acciones de restauración de manglares deforestados y degradados en litoral colombiano 1000 hectáreas de manglares en proceso de restauración como medida de adaptación al cambio climático, tanto para el manglar como para las comunidades que se relacionan con éste MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Desarrollo de capacidades para la formulación de estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático (bajo enfoque AbE) en zonas costeras dirigida a las autoridades ambientales costeras. Fortalecer la capacidad institucional de las autoridades ambientales para facilitar la implementación de las acciones de AbE en las Unidades Ambientales Costeras.', 'Fortalecer la capacidad institucional de las autoridades ambientales para facilitar la implementación de las acciones de AbE en las Unidades Ambientales Costeras. Desarrollar habilidades y competencias en el personal de las autoridades ambientales para la implementación y seguimiento de las acciones AbE sobre ecosistemas de carbono azul que permita la conformación de una comunidad de práctica MinAmbie nte Zonas marino- costeras Programa de desarrollo de capacidades comunitarias en AbE en zonas costeras prioritarias Vincular a las comunidades locales en procesos de capacitación para la AbE en el marco de la implementación del POMIUAC. Propiciar comunidades informadas y con experiencias para conformar red de extensionistas que permita replicar conocimientos y experiencias entre las comunidades costeras del país.', 'Propiciar comunidades informadas y con experiencias para conformar red de extensionistas que permita replicar conocimientos y experiencias entre las comunidades costeras del país. MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Realizar un portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza empleando manglares y pastos marinos para la adaptación Intercambio de experiencias exitosas para el desarrollo de un Portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza (SCbN) como opción para la adaptación al cambio climático usando la biodiversidad marina y costera, con especial énfasis en los ecosistemas de manglar y pastos marinos, construido en el contexto de las regiones marino-costeras de Colombia.', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Realizar un portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza empleando manglares y pastos marinos para la adaptación Intercambio de experiencias exitosas para el desarrollo de un Portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza (SCbN) como opción para la adaptación al cambio climático usando la biodiversidad marina y costera, con especial énfasis en los ecosistemas de manglar y pastos marinos, construido en el contexto de las regiones marino-costeras de Colombia. Contar con un portafolio que facilite la formulación e implementación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático por medio de SCbN aplicables a las áreas marinas y costeras de las regiones Pacífico, Caribe e Insular de Colombia, contribuyendo al incremento de su resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.xxii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Desarrollo de capacidades locales en cambio climático, carbono azul y adaptación basada en ecosistemas dirigidos a las autoridades ambientales con jurisdicción en la zona marino y costera Programa de capacitación y preparación para la formulación e implementación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático empleando ecosistemas de manglar y pastos marinos dirigido a las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y para el Desarrollo Sostenible – CAR, Establecimientos Públicos Ambientales - EPA, Alcaldías y departamentos con jurisdicción costera.', 'Contar con un portafolio que facilite la formulación e implementación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático por medio de SCbN aplicables a las áreas marinas y costeras de las regiones Pacífico, Caribe e Insular de Colombia, contribuyendo al incremento de su resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.xxii NECESIDADES DE APOYO PARA LA CREACIÓN/FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto; Periodo de tiempo esperado Uso previsto, impacto y resultados esperados MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Desarrollo de capacidades locales en cambio climático, carbono azul y adaptación basada en ecosistemas dirigidos a las autoridades ambientales con jurisdicción en la zona marino y costera Programa de capacitación y preparación para la formulación e implementación de iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático empleando ecosistemas de manglar y pastos marinos dirigido a las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y para el Desarrollo Sostenible – CAR, Establecimientos Públicos Ambientales - EPA, Alcaldías y departamentos con jurisdicción costera. El talento humano de las instituciones y autoridades ambientales del territorio marino costero estarán preparadas para formular iniciativas de adaptación acordes a sus escenarios de riesgo asociado al cambio climático y variabilidad climática en áreas de manglar y pastos marinos, entre otros ecosistemas marino-costeros para incrementar su resiliencia.', 'El talento humano de las instituciones y autoridades ambientales del territorio marino costero estarán preparadas para formular iniciativas de adaptación acordes a sus escenarios de riesgo asociado al cambio climático y variabilidad climática en áreas de manglar y pastos marinos, entre otros ecosistemas marino-costeros para incrementar su resiliencia. El talento humano estará capacitado para priorizar recursos territoriales para la adaptación y estarán preparados para gestionar recursos nacionales e internacionales para cofinanciar las iniciativas de adaptación que formulen. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica para la aplicación de protocolos con el fin de realizar mapas de zonificación de riesgos a incendios forestales con las Autoridades Ambientales.', 'MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica para la aplicación de protocolos con el fin de realizar mapas de zonificación de riesgos a incendios forestales con las Autoridades Ambientales. Se requiere realizar junto con las autoridades ambientales la construcción de capacidades en la aplicación de protocolos para la elaboración de los mapas de zonificación de riesgos a incendios forestales y los mapas de susceptibilidad de ecosistemas regionales. Permanente Generación de mapas de susceptibilidad ecosistémica y aplicación de protocolos para la zonificación de riesgos a incendios forestales.', 'Permanente Generación de mapas de susceptibilidad ecosistémica y aplicación de protocolos para la zonificación de riesgos a incendios forestales. Se espera a partir de la generación de conocimiento poder articular los resultados con los procedimientos nacionales para la gestión de los incendios forestales en el territorio nacional (conocimiento del riesgo, reducción del riesgo y manejo de los desastres) y poder alimentar el inventario de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en la Comisión técnica Nacional Asesora para los incendios forestales, para el desarrollo de estrategias nacionales para el financiamiento de la gestión de los incendios forestales.', 'MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en la Comisión técnica Nacional Asesora para los incendios forestales, para el desarrollo de estrategias nacionales para el financiamiento de la gestión de los incendios forestales. Estrategia transversal con los sectores integrantes de la Comisión Técnica Nacional Asesora para los incendios forestales responsables y usuarios de la información, inversión y operativización de las estrategias presentadas en la meta planteada, para el desarrollo de actividades conjuntas en la gestión del riesgo para los incendios forestales. Estrategias, procedimientos y protocolos desarrollados en el marco de la Comisión técnica Nacional Asesora para los incendios forestales, para el fortalecimiento de capacidades nacionales y territoriales en la gestión del riesgo por incendios forestales.', 'Estrategias, procedimientos y protocolos desarrollados en el marco de la Comisión técnica Nacional Asesora para los incendios forestales, para el fortalecimiento de capacidades nacionales y territoriales en la gestión del riesgo por incendios forestales. Se generan insumos para la gestión del cambio climático, especialmente los inventarios de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático dentro de las cuales se pueden priorizar las medidas con soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN). MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en niveles locales y regionales para la aplicación de las estrategias planteadas en la meta de incendios forestales mediante la transferencia tecnológica y el desarrollo de procedimientos y protocolos.', 'MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Asistencia técnica y construcción de capacidades en niveles locales y regionales para la aplicación de las estrategias planteadas en la meta de incendios forestales mediante la transferencia tecnológica y el desarrollo de procedimientos y protocolos. Fortalecimiento de capacidades en niveles regionales, locales, Autoridades Ambientales y comunidades para el desarrollo de estrategias de monitoreo, sistemas de alertas tempranas y aplicación de protocolos y procedimientos para la gestión de los incendios forestales mediante el conocimiento del riesgo, la reducción del riesgo y el manejo de los desastres. Procesos y protocolos adoptados, desarrollados y apropiados por los actores departamentales, municipales y comunitarios para la gestión del riesgo de desastres por los incendios.', 'Procesos y protocolos adoptados, desarrollados y apropiados por los actores departamentales, municipales y comunitarios para la gestión del riesgo de desastres por los incendios. Capacidades instaladas en los territorios para el desarrollo de procedimientos, protocolos y acciones en la gestión del riesgo para los incendios forestales.', 'Capacidades instaladas en los territorios para el desarrollo de procedimientos, protocolos y acciones en la gestión del riesgo para los incendios forestales. Generación de información para el análisis del comportamiento de los incendios forestales y su relación con la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático.xxiii 24 Donaciones (transferencias de recursos financieros, bienes o servicios que no deben ser pagadas), *Préstamos concesionales (préstamos que cuentan con extensiones substancialmente más generosas que los préstamos de mercado, sea con mejores tasas de interés que las de mercado, con periodos de gracia para el repago o una combinación de ambas),*Préstamos no concesionales (préstamos emitidos con las tasas de interés de mercado),*Capital (método de recolección de fondos a través de la venta de acciones de la empresa al público, a inversionistas o a instituciones financieras a cambio de dinero), *Garantías (contrato de una tercera parte para respaldar la deuda de una segunda parte respecto a sus pagos frente al inversionista, en caso de que haya problemas para realizar los pagos correspondientes; la emisión de garantías puede dar confianza al inversionista sobre los pagos e influir en una mejor tasa de crédito o reducción de los costos de financiamiento).', 'Generación de información para el análisis del comportamiento de los incendios forestales y su relación con la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático.xxiii 24 Donaciones (transferencias de recursos financieros, bienes o servicios que no deben ser pagadas), *Préstamos concesionales (préstamos que cuentan con extensiones substancialmente más generosas que los préstamos de mercado, sea con mejores tasas de interés que las de mercado, con periodos de gracia para el repago o una combinación de ambas),*Préstamos no concesionales (préstamos emitidos con las tasas de interés de mercado),*Capital (método de recolección de fondos a través de la venta de acciones de la empresa al público, a inversionistas o a instituciones financieras a cambio de dinero), *Garantías (contrato de una tercera parte para respaldar la deuda de una segunda parte respecto a sus pagos frente al inversionista, en caso de que haya problemas para realizar los pagos correspondientes; la emisión de garantías puede dar confianza al inversionista sobre los pagos e influir en una mejor tasa de crédito o reducción de los costos de financiamiento). APOYO FINANCIERO NECESITADO Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Monto estima do Periodo de tiempo esperado Instrumento financiero esperado (donación, préstamo en condiciones favorables (concesional), préstamo no favorable (no- concesional), capital, garantía u Contribución a Transferencia de Tecnología [SI o NO] Contribución a Creación de Capacidad [SI o NO] Uso previsto, impacto y resultados estimados Moneda Local (Pesos) COP USD Ministerio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Lineamientos de adaptación ante el cambio climático articulados con la gestión del riesgo, para ser incorporados en los POT La definición de lineamientos de adaptación ante el cambio climático y su correspondiente articulación con los ya existentes en materia para la gestión del riesgo de desastres en el país, constituyen una oportunidad para avanzar en la generación de acuerdos conceptuales y metodológicos integradores que permitan incorporar estos elementos en los POT.', 'APOYO FINANCIERO NECESITADO Número de Meta de la NDC Sector Subsector Título (de la actividad, programa o proyecto) Descripción del programa/proyecto Monto estima do Periodo de tiempo esperado Instrumento financiero esperado (donación, préstamo en condiciones favorables (concesional), préstamo no favorable (no- concesional), capital, garantía u Contribución a Transferencia de Tecnología [SI o NO] Contribución a Creación de Capacidad [SI o NO] Uso previsto, impacto y resultados estimados Moneda Local (Pesos) COP USD Ministerio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Lineamientos de adaptación ante el cambio climático articulados con la gestión del riesgo, para ser incorporados en los POT La definición de lineamientos de adaptación ante el cambio climático y su correspondiente articulación con los ya existentes en materia para la gestión del riesgo de desastres en el país, constituyen una oportunidad para avanzar en la generación de acuerdos conceptuales y metodológicos integradores que permitan incorporar estos elementos en los POT. La definición de estos lineamientos requiere de una consultoría que como mínimo incluya los siguientes componentes: - Analizar y articular los insumos existentes producidos por las diferentes entidades nacionales y territoriales para incorporar lineamientos en gestión del riesgo y/o cambio climático en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial- POT.', 'La definición de estos lineamientos requiere de una consultoría que como mínimo incluya los siguientes componentes: - Analizar y articular los insumos existentes producidos por las diferentes entidades nacionales y territoriales para incorporar lineamientos en gestión del riesgo y/o cambio climático en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial- POT. - Definición de la metodología de análisis para la identificación de puntos críticos, la formulación de lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático y los mecanismos de implementación. - Definición de los términos que permitan homologar, integrar o diferenciar según sea el caso, conceptos y alcances de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y la Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el marco del ordenamiento territorial.', '- Definición de los términos que permitan homologar, integrar o diferenciar según sea el caso, conceptos y alcances de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y la Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el marco del ordenamiento territorial. - Definición de los puntos críticos del ordenamiento territorial y la adaptación al cambio climático - Formular los lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático articulados a nivel nacional, regional y local con la gestión del riesgo de desastres para ser incorporados en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de lineamientos de adaptación articulados con la gestión de riesgo, para ser incorporados en los POT.xxiv 25 Valor estimado consultoría Nap Global Network (2018), para el desarrollo y socialización de 3 medidas de adaptación priorizadas por el MVCT.', '- Definición de los puntos críticos del ordenamiento territorial y la adaptación al cambio climático - Formular los lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático articulados a nivel nacional, regional y local con la gestión del riesgo de desastres para ser incorporados en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de lineamientos de adaptación articulados con la gestión de riesgo, para ser incorporados en los POT.xxiv 25 Valor estimado consultoría Nap Global Network (2018), para el desarrollo y socialización de 3 medidas de adaptación priorizadas por el MVCT. - Establecer los mecanismos de implementación de los lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático para ser incorporados en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Generación del documento técnico con lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático articulados a nivel nacional, regional y local con la gestión del riesgo de desastres para ser incorporados en los planes de ordenamiento territorial.', '- Establecer los mecanismos de implementación de los lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático para ser incorporados en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Generación del documento técnico con lineamientos de adaptación al cambio climático articulados a nivel nacional, regional y local con la gestión del riesgo de desastres para ser incorporados en los planes de ordenamiento territorial. Ministerio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable Los lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable tienen como objetivo brindar a los municipios herramientas para la formulación de estrategias a corto, mediano y largo plazo que permita avanzar a la consolidación de asentamiento más resilientes en las zonas más vulnerables del municipio.', 'Ministerio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable Los lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable tienen como objetivo brindar a los municipios herramientas para la formulación de estrategias a corto, mediano y largo plazo que permita avanzar a la consolidación de asentamiento más resilientes en las zonas más vulnerables del municipio. - Definición de la metodología de análisis para la formulación de las consideraciones - Definir consideraciones de cambio climático para ser incluidos en el Plan de asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable Formulación del Plan de adaptación de asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable, así como el procedimiento para su implementación.', '- Definición de la metodología de análisis para la formulación de las consideraciones - Definir consideraciones de cambio climático para ser incluidos en el Plan de asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable Formulación del Plan de adaptación de asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable, así como el procedimiento para su implementación. Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable.', 'Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de lineamientos de adaptación para asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo mitigable. Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de alto riesgo no mitigable La definición de herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de riesgo alto no mitigable que permitan prevenir la generación de riesgos asociados al cambio climático y consolidar áreas que aumenten la capacidad de adaptación de los municipios or Estimar Por definir Por estimar Por definir Si SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de riesgo alto no mitigable Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas La formulación de criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas tiene como finalidad que desde la etapa de diseño se generen medidas que tengan en cuenta la variabilidad local de las condiciones climáticas futuras y cuyo análisis se vea reflejado en su etapa de diseño y construcción; medida, que debe articularse y promoverse con la banca nacional, permitiendo la generación de tasas preferenciales para las viviendas que se construyan o adquieran con criterios de adaptación.', 'Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de alto riesgo no mitigable La definición de herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de riesgo alto no mitigable que permitan prevenir la generación de riesgos asociados al cambio climático y consolidar áreas que aumenten la capacidad de adaptación de los municipios or Estimar Por definir Por estimar Por definir Si SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de herramientas jurídicas y técnicas para la liberación y protección de áreas con condición de riesgo alto no mitigable Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas La formulación de criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas tiene como finalidad que desde la etapa de diseño se generen medidas que tengan en cuenta la variabilidad local de las condiciones climáticas futuras y cuyo análisis se vea reflejado en su etapa de diseño y construcción; medida, que debe articularse y promoverse con la banca nacional, permitiendo la generación de tasas preferenciales para las viviendas que se construyan o adquieran con criterios de adaptación. Para la formulación de estos criterios se requiere la contratación de una consultoría que como mínimo desarrolle las siguientes actividades: - Análisis y evaluación de los impactos negativos en viviendas por causa de amenazas hidroclimatológicas que puedan ser reducidas con medidas de adaptación - Definición de criterios que garanticen mejoras en la habitabilidad de acuerdo con los resultados del análisis de los impactos negativos en viviendas por causa de amenazas hidroclimatológicas - Definición y selección de especificaciones constructivas de adaptación aplicables a viviendas nuevas para las etapas de diseño y construcción - Generar una guía o instructivo para la implementación de los criterios y especificaciones constructivas de adaptación definidos Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas.xxv 26 Valor estimado, puede variar con el detalle del proyecto.', 'Para la formulación de estos criterios se requiere la contratación de una consultoría que como mínimo desarrolle las siguientes actividades: - Análisis y evaluación de los impactos negativos en viviendas por causa de amenazas hidroclimatológicas que puedan ser reducidas con medidas de adaptación - Definición de criterios que garanticen mejoras en la habitabilidad de acuerdo con los resultados del análisis de los impactos negativos en viviendas por causa de amenazas hidroclimatológicas - Definición y selección de especificaciones constructivas de adaptación aplicables a viviendas nuevas para las etapas de diseño y construcción - Generar una guía o instructivo para la implementación de los criterios y especificaciones constructivas de adaptación definidos Donación SI SI Contratar un estudio de consultoría para la generación de criterios de adaptación ante el cambio climático aplicables a edificaciones nuevas.xxv 26 Valor estimado, puede variar con el detalle del proyecto. Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Implementación de proyectos piloto para la conservación, protección y/o manejo de cuencas abastecedoras.', 'Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Básico Implementación de proyectos piloto para la conservación, protección y/o manejo de cuencas abastecedoras. Implementar al menos seis (6) proyectos piloto de conservación, protección o manejo en las cuencas y/o fuentes abastecedoras de municipios más susceptibles al desabastecimiento hídrico y realizar su monitoreo con el fin de evaluar la efectividad y replicabilidad de estos. Donaciones, Capital SI SI Se busca desarrollar actividades de protección, restauración y reconversión de sistemas productivos, buscando representatividad de proyectos con compra y sin compra de predios, que permitan el aseguramiento del recurso hídrico para las poblaciones en cuencas susceptibles al desabastecimiento de agua.', 'Donaciones, Capital SI SI Se busca desarrollar actividades de protección, restauración y reconversión de sistemas productivos, buscando representatividad de proyectos con compra y sin compra de predios, que permitan el aseguramiento del recurso hídrico para las poblaciones en cuencas susceptibles al desabastecimiento de agua. Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio Viceministerio de Agua y Saneamiento Optimización de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domesticas Optimización de los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Municipales actuales y proyectados con lineamientos de infraestructura sostenible capaz de afrontar los retos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático presente y futuro. Donaciones, Capital SI SI A partir de la priorización realizada por el programa SAVER, optimizar o construir infraestructura sostenible capaz de afrontar los retos del cambio climático; al igual que gestionar información sobre tecnología que facilite la adaptación.', 'Donaciones, Capital SI SI A partir de la priorización realizada por el programa SAVER, optimizar o construir infraestructura sostenible capaz de afrontar los retos del cambio climático; al igual que gestionar información sobre tecnología que facilite la adaptación. MinSalud Salud Identificar y establecer mecanismos de financiación para la implementación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático desde salud pública por parte de las Direcciones Territoriales de Salud. Se deben identificar y establecer los mecanismos de financiación para implementar medidas de adaptación, desde la prevención de la enfermedad y la promoción de la salud, dirigidas a reducir los posibles efectos en salud por las enfermedades sensibles al clima. En estimación Donación SI SI Por medio de los mecanismos de financiación establecidos, se pretende reducir la vulnerabilidad de los territorios al aumento de casos de las enfermedades considerables como sensibles a las variaciones del clima y al cambio climático.', 'En estimación Donación SI SI Por medio de los mecanismos de financiación establecidos, se pretende reducir la vulnerabilidad de los territorios al aumento de casos de las enfermedades considerables como sensibles a las variaciones del clima y al cambio climático. MinSalud Salud Identificar y establecer mecanismos de financiación para la implementación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático por parte de las instituciones prestadores de servicio de salud. Se deben identificar y establecer los mecanismos de financiación para implementar medidas de adaptación en las diferentes IPS del país, como preparación a los posibles impactos asociados a la ocurrencia de eventos climáticos extremos. En estimación Donación SI SI Por medio de los mecanismos de financiación establecidos, se pretende reducir la vulnerabilidad de las IPS del país ante los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático.', 'En estimación Donación SI SI Por medio de los mecanismos de financiación establecidos, se pretende reducir la vulnerabilidad de las IPS del país ante los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático. Minas y Energía Energía Eléctrica Medida AbE para el sector de energía eléctrica Implementación de una medida de adaptación basada en ecosistemas en una cuenca aportante de una hidroeléctrica Capital NO SI Implementación de un proyecto piloto, con potencial de replicabilidad a nivel nacional para el sector de generación de energía eléctrica, de tal manera que se reduzca la vulnerabilidad del sector, asegurando la continuidad y competitividad de la generación de energía eléctrica con fuentes hídricas en escenarios de desabastecimiento hídrico, de aumento progresivo de temperaturas y/o reducción progresiva de precipitaciones.xxvi MinCIT Industria Implementación del programa integral de creación de capacidades en adaptación del sector industria y turismo Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector en temas de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Minas y Energía Energía Eléctrica Medida AbE para el sector de energía eléctrica Implementación de una medida de adaptación basada en ecosistemas en una cuenca aportante de una hidroeléctrica Capital NO SI Implementación de un proyecto piloto, con potencial de replicabilidad a nivel nacional para el sector de generación de energía eléctrica, de tal manera que se reduzca la vulnerabilidad del sector, asegurando la continuidad y competitividad de la generación de energía eléctrica con fuentes hídricas en escenarios de desabastecimiento hídrico, de aumento progresivo de temperaturas y/o reducción progresiva de precipitaciones.xxvi MinCIT Industria Implementación del programa integral de creación de capacidades en adaptación del sector industria y turismo Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector en temas de adaptación al cambio climático. Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de capacidades del sector se logrará obtener mejores resultados en los análisis de la información relacionada con la vulnerabilidad y riesgo para el sector, lo cual aporta a contribuir con insumos para la toma de decisiones en el sector.', 'Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de capacidades del sector se logrará obtener mejores resultados en los análisis de la información relacionada con la vulnerabilidad y riesgo para el sector, lo cual aporta a contribuir con insumos para la toma de decisiones en el sector. MinCIT Industria Implementación de acciones de ciencia y tecnología en adaptación del sector industria y turismo. Desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología en temas de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector. Donación SI SI Creación de grupo de búsqueda y transferencia de recursos tecnológicos en temas de adaptación al cambio climático. MinCIT Industria Asistencia técnica para la implementación de proyectos en adaptación en los sectores priorizados del sector industria. Desarrollo de proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático para el sector. Donación SI SI Reducción de la vulnerabilidad de las empresas beneficiadas, que sirvan de caso demostrativo.', 'Donación SI SI Reducción de la vulnerabilidad de las empresas beneficiadas, que sirvan de caso demostrativo. MinCIT Industria Estrategias para facilitar el acceso de las industrias a recursos financieros de crédito, para que incorporen mejores técnicas disponibles y medidas de adaptación del sector industria y turismo. Proporcionar herramientas financieras reembolsables y no reembolsables a las empresas para la implementación de acciones y proyectos de adaptación, iniciando por sectores priorizados. Mayor incorporación del riesgo climático en la oferta bancaria, fortalecimiento de los fondos de riesgo. Donación NO SI Creación de instrumentos financieros y no financieros para la valuación de oportunidades en materia de recursos pecuniarios otorgados a las empresas para adaptabilidad climática.', 'Donación NO SI Creación de instrumentos financieros y no financieros para la valuación de oportunidades en materia de recursos pecuniarios otorgados a las empresas para adaptabilidad climática. MinTransporte Carretero terciario, fluvial y férreo Programa de Georreferenciación y captura de datos desde la fuente Implementación del programa de SIG y captura de datos en un repositorio central Donación SI SI Se obtendrá un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), para describir y categorizar la infraestructura de transporte a cargo respecto a su ubicación geográfica con el objetivo de visualizar y analizar las intervenciones realizadas, los resultados de las acciones de adaptación y comparar las variables empleadas con mapas de amenazas realizadas en el país.', 'MinTransporte Carretero terciario, fluvial y férreo Programa de Georreferenciación y captura de datos desde la fuente Implementación del programa de SIG y captura de datos en un repositorio central Donación SI SI Se obtendrá un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), para describir y categorizar la infraestructura de transporte a cargo respecto a su ubicación geográfica con el objetivo de visualizar y analizar las intervenciones realizadas, los resultados de las acciones de adaptación y comparar las variables empleadas con mapas de amenazas realizadas en el país. MinTransporte Carretero, férreo, fluvial, Aéreo Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector transporte Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector en temas de GRD y ACC Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de capacidades del sector se logrará obtener mejores resultados en los análisis de la información relacionada con la vulnerabilidad y riesgo para el sector, lo cual aporta a contribuir con insumos para la toma de decisiones en el sector en cuanto a cambio climático y gestión del riesgo MinTransporte Carretero Guía metodológica con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Elaboración de la metodología con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Donación SI SI La metodología a desarrollar posibilitará el establecimiento de priorizaciones técnicas de intervención con menor grado de incertidumbre y acciones de adaptación a partir de variables físicas, sociales yxxvii ambientales en el territorio en contribución con el desarrollo sostenible del país MinTransporte Carretero Fortalecimiento de alertas tempranas – Generación de conocimiento Personal capacitado en SIG, para mejorar el conocimiento de las condiciones hidrometeorológicas asociadas a la infraestructura de Transporte carretero Donación NO SI Personal capacitado que permita mejorar el suministro y la escala de información de los temas climáticos.', 'MinTransporte Carretero, férreo, fluvial, Aéreo Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector transporte Implementación del programa de creación de capacidades del sector en temas de GRD y ACC Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de capacidades del sector se logrará obtener mejores resultados en los análisis de la información relacionada con la vulnerabilidad y riesgo para el sector, lo cual aporta a contribuir con insumos para la toma de decisiones en el sector en cuanto a cambio climático y gestión del riesgo MinTransporte Carretero Guía metodológica con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Elaboración de la metodología con enfoque multiamenaza para el cálculo cuantitativo del Riesgo en la infraestructura carretera Donación SI SI La metodología a desarrollar posibilitará el establecimiento de priorizaciones técnicas de intervención con menor grado de incertidumbre y acciones de adaptación a partir de variables físicas, sociales yxxvii ambientales en el territorio en contribución con el desarrollo sostenible del país MinTransporte Carretero Fortalecimiento de alertas tempranas – Generación de conocimiento Personal capacitado en SIG, para mejorar el conocimiento de las condiciones hidrometeorológicas asociadas a la infraestructura de Transporte carretero Donación NO SI Personal capacitado que permita mejorar el suministro y la escala de información de los temas climáticos. MinTransporte Carretero, férreo, fluvial, Aéreo Asistencia técnica para la construcción de la Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al cambio climático - ACC del sector.', 'MinTransporte Carretero, férreo, fluvial, Aéreo Asistencia técnica para la construcción de la Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al cambio climático - ACC del sector. Asistencia técnica para la construcción de la Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al cambio climático - ACC del sector.', 'Asistencia técnica para la construcción de la Política para la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres - GRD y la Adaptación al cambio climático - ACC del sector. Donación NO SI Contar con los insumos técnicos para la construcción de la Política de GRD y ACC sectorial, la cual orientará el actuar del sector en cambio climático MinAgricultura Arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar Desarrollo del proyecto “Agricultura baja en emisiones y resiliente a la variabilidad y cambio climático en Colombia” Se buscará fortalecer la capacidad del sector agropecuario para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático y aumentar la eficiencia con el uso eficiente de los recursos naturales en los sistemas productivos en las regiones priorizadas.', 'Donación NO SI Contar con los insumos técnicos para la construcción de la Política de GRD y ACC sectorial, la cual orientará el actuar del sector en cambio climático MinAgricultura Arroz, maíz, papa, ganadería de carne, ganadería de leche, caña panelera, cacao, banano, café y caña de azúcar Desarrollo del proyecto “Agricultura baja en emisiones y resiliente a la variabilidad y cambio climático en Colombia” Se buscará fortalecer la capacidad del sector agropecuario para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático y aumentar la eficiencia con el uso eficiente de los recursos naturales en los sistemas productivos en las regiones priorizadas. Donación, Crédito y aportes contrapartida SI SI Adecuada implementación de acciones basadas en el conocimiento adquirido, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades en gestión del cambio climático que se evidencien y que contribuyan a la productividad de los sistemas productivos el marco del proyecto presentado ante el FVC.', 'Donación, Crédito y aportes contrapartida SI SI Adecuada implementación de acciones basadas en el conocimiento adquirido, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades en gestión del cambio climático que se evidencien y que contribuyan a la productividad de los sistemas productivos el marco del proyecto presentado ante el FVC. MinAgricultur a Agropecuario Funcionamiento de las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas Desarrollo logístico y técnico para el funcionamiento de las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas en tres regiones del país con potencial agropecuario. Donación y contrapartida SI SI Gobernanza y sostenibilidad de las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas a nivel regional y nacional. MinAmbiente Desarrollo de investigación acción participativa Investigación acción participativa a partir de la conformación de equipos transdisciplinarios.', 'MinAmbiente Desarrollo de investigación acción participativa Investigación acción participativa a partir de la conformación de equipos transdisciplinarios. Donación y convenios con agencias internacionales SI NO Desarrollar tres (3) proyectos de investigación que permitan la participación activa de sabedores y sabedoras con el fin de identificar, evaluar y mejorar la información sobre los efectos e impactos del cambio climático en los territorios, entre otros aspectos asociados.xxviii MinAmbiente Fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional para mantener y operar el SIIVRA Se espera desarrollar una estrategia de fortalecimiento de capacidad institucional durante el primer año después del desarrollo del SIIVRA. No obstante, lo anterior, es necesario fortalecer las capacidades institucionales del IDEAM, en lo correspondiente a las personas que estarán encargadas de operar y realizar mantenimiento al SIIVRA, involucrando tanto a los especialistas temáticos de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático, como a los especialistas en sistemas.', 'No obstante, lo anterior, es necesario fortalecer las capacidades institucionales del IDEAM, en lo correspondiente a las personas que estarán encargadas de operar y realizar mantenimiento al SIIVRA, involucrando tanto a los especialistas temáticos de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático, como a los especialistas en sistemas. Esta actividad debe ser ejecutada continuamente. Seguidamente se tendrán las fases implementación y mantenimiento evolutivo, lo que implica el trabajo de profesionales en sistemas y temáticos de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. Continuo Donación NO SI Estructuración y desarrollo de un programa para el fortalecimiento de capacidades que permitirá reforzar el conocimiento de los diferentes módulos del SIIVRA, la manera como integra información desde otras entidades o sistemas y la lógica de los cálculos de indicadores, índices y reportes.', 'Continuo Donación NO SI Estructuración y desarrollo de un programa para el fortalecimiento de capacidades que permitirá reforzar el conocimiento de los diferentes módulos del SIIVRA, la manera como integra información desde otras entidades o sistemas y la lógica de los cálculos de indicadores, índices y reportes. MinAmbiente Fortalecimiento de las herramientas y sistemas de información locales y de organizaciones sociales Fortalecer las herramientas y sistemas de información de las organizaciones indígenas, afrodescendientes y campesinas u otros sistemas a nivel local de acuerdo con sus necesidades y requerimientos. Donación NO SI Apoyo a los sistemas de información locales y de organizaciones sociales, que permitan recopilar e integrar información relacionada con vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Donación NO SI Apoyo a los sistemas de información locales y de organizaciones sociales, que permitan recopilar e integrar información relacionada con vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Promoción del buen uso y manejo del SIIVRA Promover en los distintos espacios educativos, en las instituciones del sector ambiental, gremial y territorial, el buen uso y manejo que se le debe dar al SIIVRA. Actividad permanente Donación SI SI Estructuración de un programa de buen uso y manejo del SIIVRA, que permita dar a conocer el sistema en diferentes espacios, al igual que la manera adecuada de manejarlo y de utilizar la información sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático que se generará periódicamente en el sistema.', 'Actividad permanente Donación SI SI Estructuración de un programa de buen uso y manejo del SIIVRA, que permita dar a conocer el sistema en diferentes espacios, al igual que la manera adecuada de manejarlo y de utilizar la información sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático que se generará periódicamente en el sistema. MinAmbiente Generación de espacios de intercambio, participación y diálogo de saberes Generar espacios de comunicación, con el fin de dar a conocer las funcionalidades del SIIVRA en lo que respecta a información sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'MinAmbiente Generación de espacios de intercambio, participación y diálogo de saberes Generar espacios de comunicación, con el fin de dar a conocer las funcionalidades del SIIVRA en lo que respecta a información sobre vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. Adicionalmente se espera Sensibilizar y formar conceptualmente en enfoques integral, territorial y diferenciado, para que el manejo de la información y los análisis de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación se realicen desde la perspectiva de los enfoques mencionados Donación SI SI Desarrollo de un programa de socialización de las funcionalidades del SIIVRA con diferentes públicos, y comunicar de manera apropiada según el contexto, las potencialidades en el uso del sistema. Adicionalmente esperamos contar con equipos transdisciplinarios con conocimientos de los enfoques integral, territorial y diferenciado, para el manejo de la información y la realización de análisis de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación.', 'Adicionalmente esperamos contar con equipos transdisciplinarios con conocimientos de los enfoques integral, territorial y diferenciado, para el manejo de la información y la realización de análisis de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y adaptación. MinAmbiente Agua Implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua Implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua, con énfasis en temas de adaptación al cambio climático Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua se logrará fortalecer los diferentes actores relacionados con GIRH, en la comprensión y toma de decisiones frente a los posibles efectos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos.xxix MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Implementación de acciones tendientes a los procesos de delimitación participativa Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de acciones necesarias para fortalecer los procesos de delimitación participativa y la gestión integral en los páramos Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación de acciones para fortalecer los procesos de delimitación participativa se logrará obtener mejores resultados en la gestión integral de los páramos, lo cual aporta a mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.', 'MinAmbiente Agua Implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua Implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua, con énfasis en temas de adaptación al cambio climático Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de Gobernanza del Agua se logrará fortalecer los diferentes actores relacionados con GIRH, en la comprensión y toma de decisiones frente a los posibles efectos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos.xxix MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Implementación de acciones tendientes a los procesos de delimitación participativa Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de acciones necesarias para fortalecer los procesos de delimitación participativa y la gestión integral en los páramos Donación NO SI Por medio de la implementación de acciones para fortalecer los procesos de delimitación participativa se logrará obtener mejores resultados en la gestión integral de los páramos, lo cual aporta a mejorar la capacidad de adaptación y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Ejecución de los planes de manejo ambiental de los páramos Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de los componentes estratégicos de los planes de manejo de páramos.', 'MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Ejecución de los planes de manejo ambiental de los páramos Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de los componentes estratégicos de los planes de manejo de páramos. Donación SI SI Por medio de la implementación de las acciones previstas en los planes de manejo de los páramos se contribuye a la conservación y el uso sostenible de estos ecosistemas para para la prestación de los servicios ecosistémicos y la adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Implementación de la Estrategia de Monitoreo de alta montaña - EMA Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de la estrategia de monitoreo de alta montaña - EMA.', 'MinAmbiente Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos Implementación de la Estrategia de Monitoreo de alta montaña - EMA Búsqueda de recursos para la implementación de la estrategia de monitoreo de alta montaña - EMA. Donación SI Si Monitorear los ecosistemas de alta montaña permite conocer los cambios en el tiempo y las necesidades de gestión e intervención para su protección, además de ser una herramienta de adaptación al cambio climático para las comunidades en este ecosistema. MinAmbiente PNNC Intercambio de experiencias entre comunidades de los procesos de declaratoria a otras áreas protegidas ya declaradas. Desarrollo de 5 intercambios de experiencias requieren planeación, divulgación, aspectos logísticos y operativos. Donación NO SI Generación de confianza entre los actores que participan en los procesos de declaratoria, lo cual facilita la implementación de la ruta de declaratoria.', 'Donación NO SI Generación de confianza entre los actores que participan en los procesos de declaratoria, lo cual facilita la implementación de la ruta de declaratoria. MinAmbiente PNNC Implementación del programa de fortalecimiento técnico y financiero para avanzar en la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas del SINAP en cada uno de los procesos de declaratoria priorizados en los ámbitos de gestión nacional y regional. El incremento de un 15% de representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP requiere de recursos técnicos y financieros que posibiliten la implementación de la ruta de declaratoria en los procesos de declaratoria de ámbito de gestión nacional y regional. Donación NO SI Aportará significativamente al cumplimiento del indicador de incrementar en un 15% la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP.xxx MinAmbiente PNNC Implementar los acuerdos generados en la declaratoria o acciones necesarias para la planificación y manejo de las áreas protegidas.', 'Donación NO SI Aportará significativamente al cumplimiento del indicador de incrementar en un 15% la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP.xxx MinAmbiente PNNC Implementar los acuerdos generados en la declaratoria o acciones necesarias para la planificación y manejo de las áreas protegidas. Dichos acuerdos en la puesta en marcha del área protegida se relacionan con el esquema de gobernanza para la administración y manejo. En cumplimiento de dichos acuerdos se debe garantizar la participación activa de las comunidades locales y recursos para las acciones contempladas en el acuerdo de la consulta para la declaratoria del área.', 'En cumplimiento de dichos acuerdos se debe garantizar la participación activa de las comunidades locales y recursos para las acciones contempladas en el acuerdo de la consulta para la declaratoria del área. Donación NO SI Las áreas protegidas aportarán a la conservación de la biodiversidad, la protección y gestión de ecosistemas marinos y terrestres, así como de los hábitats naturales, con lo cual se posibilitará garantizar los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que ellas proveen, los cuales son necesarios para el desarrollo de los territorios. Así mismo, las áreas protegidas aportarán a la adaptación al cambio climático y mitigación, la lucha contra la desertificación y la degradación de la tierra. MinAmbiente PNNC Identificación de prioridades de conservación en los diferentes ámbitos de gestión del SINAP.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Identificación de prioridades de conservación en los diferentes ámbitos de gestión del SINAP. Identificación y espacialización de vacíos de conservación en los ámbitos de gestión del SINAP, considerando fenómenos de variabilidad climática, escenarios de cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos y estados de presión sobre las unidades ecológicas, entre otros; como insumo para la priorización de núcleos de conservación en los cuales se pueda llegar a implementar la ruta para la declaratoria de áreas del SINAP. Donación NO SI Identificación de áreas núcleo de conservación prioritarias para la implementación de la ruta de declaratoria de áreas protegidas y llegar a consolidar procesos de declaratoria. MinAmbiente PNNC Aumentar las categorías de manejo del SINAP para la conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Aumentar las categorías de manejo del SINAP para la conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural. Diseñar categorías de manejo de áreas protegidas de gobernanza pública del ámbito de gestión local (municipios) y categorías de manejo de áreas protegidas de gobernanza comunitaria. Donación NO SI Incrementar la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP a través de nuevas categorías de manejo que permitan incorporar ecosistemas estratégicos para la conservación.', 'Donación NO SI Incrementar la representatividad ecosistémica en el SINAP a través de nuevas categorías de manejo que permitan incorporar ecosistemas estratégicos para la conservación. MinAmbiente PNNC Diplomado virtual en definición de criterios técnicos para la declaratoria de áreas protegidas del SINAP y análisis de representatividad ecosistémica El diplomado estará dirigido a los profesionales de nuevas áreas de cada una de las autoridades ambientales con competencia en la declaratoria de áreas protegidas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP) Donación NO SI El diplomado tendrá el impacto de aumentar las capacidades técnicas de los profesionales que avanzan en la implementación de la ruta de declaratoria en procesos de ámbito de gestión nacional y regional. Así mismo, permitirá la identificación de ecosistemas que son necesarios incluir en el SINAP.', 'Así mismo, permitirá la identificación de ecosistemas que son necesarios incluir en el SINAP. MinAmbiente PNNC Estrategia de comunicación que permita aumentar el conocimiento y visibilice en la población los beneficios y contribuciones del SINAP a la sociedad y contribuya a su fortalecimiento A través de la estrategia de comunicaciones se podrá llegar a la población en general y aumentar el conocimiento, visibilizando en la población los beneficios y contribuciones del SINAP a la sociedad. Así mismo, aportará a promocionar el registro de predios privados como áreas del SINAP a través de la categoría de Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil (RNSC). Donación NO NO Posibilitar que la población en general conozca los beneficios y contribuciones de las áreas protegidas del SINAP a la sociedad y a los sectores económicos y productivos.', 'Donación NO NO Posibilitar que la población en general conozca los beneficios y contribuciones de las áreas protegidas del SINAP a la sociedad y a los sectores económicos y productivos. MinAmbiente PNNC Implementación de los procesos de restauración, bajo los lineamientos actuales La planeación e implementación de los procesos de restauración en 18.000 Ha requiere recursos Donación NO SI 18.000 Ha en proceso de restauración, rehabilitación y recuperación, en SPNN y zona de influencia.xxxi MinAmbiente PNNC Investigación de los usos potenciales de las especies nativas Se deben financiar las investigaciones requeridas. Donación SI SI Investigaciones que soportan el uso potencial de las especies nativas y ofrecen alternativas a las comunidades.', 'Donación SI SI Investigaciones que soportan el uso potencial de las especies nativas y ofrecen alternativas a las comunidades. MinAmbiente PNNC Investigación e innovación para propagación de especies en ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático Se requieren financiar las investigaciones requeridas y recursos para consolidar las tecnologías desarrolladas, elaborar los documentos operativos, realizar aplicaciones a gran escala y la difusión de resultados Donación SI SI Protocolos y documentos que soportan la propagación de especies en ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Investigación e innovación para propagación de especies en ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático Se requieren financiar las investigaciones requeridas y recursos para consolidar las tecnologías desarrolladas, elaborar los documentos operativos, realizar aplicaciones a gran escala y la difusión de resultados Donación SI SI Protocolos y documentos que soportan la propagación de especies en ecosistemas vulnerables al cambio climático. MinAmbiente PNNC Intercambio de experiencias entre áreas protegidas de países de la Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe (AILAC) Los intercambios de experiencias requieren planeación, divulgación, aspectos logísticos y generación de productos conjuntos 10 años (anual) Donación SI SI Personal y lineamientos técnicos actualizados, metodologías compartidas, indicadores de adaptación asociados a la restauración, para el grupo AILAC MinAmbiente PNNC Construcción de capacidades locales en procesos de restauración ecológica La construcción de capacidad requiere generación de contenidos, materiales divulgativos, jornadas de implementación Donación NO SI Actores sociales que apropian las acciones de restauración y reconocen sus beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos.', 'MinAmbiente PNNC Intercambio de experiencias entre áreas protegidas de países de la Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe (AILAC) Los intercambios de experiencias requieren planeación, divulgación, aspectos logísticos y generación de productos conjuntos 10 años (anual) Donación SI SI Personal y lineamientos técnicos actualizados, metodologías compartidas, indicadores de adaptación asociados a la restauración, para el grupo AILAC MinAmbiente PNNC Construcción de capacidades locales en procesos de restauración ecológica La construcción de capacidad requiere generación de contenidos, materiales divulgativos, jornadas de implementación Donación NO SI Actores sociales que apropian las acciones de restauración y reconocen sus beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos. MinAmbiente Diseño de tablero de control con la información de las licencias ambientales que incorporan las consideraciones de cambio climático Contar con un tablero de control dentro de la entidad que pueda extractar la información relacionada con cambio climático de las resoluciones de otorgamiento de licencias.', 'MinAmbiente Diseño de tablero de control con la información de las licencias ambientales que incorporan las consideraciones de cambio climático Contar con un tablero de control dentro de la entidad que pueda extractar la información relacionada con cambio climático de las resoluciones de otorgamiento de licencias. Donación SI NO Por medio de la implementación del programa del tablero de control de cambio climático en licenciamiento se mejorará al proceso del Monitoreo y Evaluación del cumplimiento de la incorporación de cambio climático en licenciamiento. MinAmbiente Fortalecer internamente los equipos de evaluación y seguimiento de la institución con respecto a la inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en el proceso de licenciamiento.', 'MinAmbiente Fortalecer internamente los equipos de evaluación y seguimiento de la institución con respecto a la inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en el proceso de licenciamiento. Desarrollar aspectos relevantes de educación, formación y conciencia pública, y desarrollar herramientas de comunicación de información para profesionales de los medios biótico, abiótico y socioeconómico de cada uno de los sectores y regiones en las cuales se subdividen la subdirección de evaluación y seguimiento. . Donación SI SI Por medio de la implementación del programa de capacidades la entidad y los sectores productivos podrán identificar el cambio climático como un impacto al ambiente e identificar la ruta para la mitigación de gases efecto invernadero y adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente/ Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Fortalecimiento de SAT nivel nacional en el país. Adquisición e instalación de nuevas estaciones.', 'Adquisición e instalación de nuevas estaciones. (28 mil millones) Operación y mantenimiento de estaciones. (16 mil millones) Trasmisión de datos satelitales (8.600 millones) Donación SI SI Garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico y emisión oportuna de alertas que permitan una toma de decisiones acertada en pro de la protección de la vida y los bienes de las poblaciones expuestas a dichos fenómenos.xxxii MinAmbiente/ Presidencia Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Ambiente Fortalecimiento de SAT nivel Regional y local. Adquisición y equipos de monitoreo y alerta local y regional. Capacitación y simulacros para la preparación de organismos operativos y comunitarios para apropiar los SAT.', 'Capacitación y simulacros para la preparación de organismos operativos y comunitarios para apropiar los SAT. (promedio mil millones x SAT*90) Donación SI SI Garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico y emisión oportuna de alertas que permitan una toma de decisiones rápidas y oportunas para salvar vidas.', '(promedio mil millones x SAT*90) Donación SI SI Garantizar la continuidad y calidad de los datos que permitan hacer seguimiento al cambio climático y el monitoreo de los eventos extremos de origen hidrometeorológico y emisión oportuna de alertas que permitan una toma de decisiones rápidas y oportunas para salvar vidas. MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Estrategia financiera para la implementación del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" Se movilizan recursos para la implementación del “Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" Donación Si Si Los recursos se destinarán en la implementación del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar", que está estructurado en siete líneas estratégicas, a través de las cuales se propiciará que el sistema socio ecológico sea más resiliente y sostenible ante los efectos del cambio climático MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Integración de las áreas de manglar al SMRV de cambio climático nacional Gestión de recursos para cuantificar el contenido de carbono en áreas de manglar del país mediante la elaboración e implementación del inventario forestal nacional Apoyo institucional, donaciones u otro.', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Estrategia financiera para la implementación del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" Se movilizan recursos para la implementación del “Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar" Donación Si Si Los recursos se destinarán en la implementación del "Programa nacional uso sostenible, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas de manglar", que está estructurado en siete líneas estratégicas, a través de las cuales se propiciará que el sistema socio ecológico sea más resiliente y sostenible ante los efectos del cambio climático MinAmbiente Zonas marino- costeras Integración de las áreas de manglar al SMRV de cambio climático nacional Gestión de recursos para cuantificar el contenido de carbono en áreas de manglar del país mediante la elaboración e implementación del inventario forestal nacional Apoyo institucional, donaciones u otro. No Si El proyecto permitirá incluir las áreas de manglar a la contabilidad nacional dado su potencial aporte en mitigación de GEI relacionado con el concepto de carbono azul.', 'No Si El proyecto permitirá incluir las áreas de manglar a la contabilidad nacional dado su potencial aporte en mitigación de GEI relacionado con el concepto de carbono azul. MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Programa para el desarrollo de un sub-sistema y plataforma de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de la adaptación al cambio climático y la variabilidad climática en las unidades ambientales costeras El programa permite la construcción de plataformas para el M&E y el desarrollo de metodologías marco para las iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático en áreas marinas y costeras y empleando manglares y pastos marinos.', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Programa para el desarrollo de un sub-sistema y plataforma de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E) de la adaptación al cambio climático y la variabilidad climática en las unidades ambientales costeras El programa permite la construcción de plataformas para el M&E y el desarrollo de metodologías marco para las iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático en áreas marinas y costeras y empleando manglares y pastos marinos. Donación Sí Sí El programa se integra al desarrollo del sistema nacional de M&E de la adaptación al cambio climático y permitirá interoperarlo con las plataformas tecnológicas al interior del sistema nacional de cambio climático (SNCC), contribuyendo a la toma de decisiones y priorización de medidas de adaptación novedosas en áreas marinas y costeras vulnerables.', 'Donación Sí Sí El programa se integra al desarrollo del sistema nacional de M&E de la adaptación al cambio climático y permitirá interoperarlo con las plataformas tecnológicas al interior del sistema nacional de cambio climático (SNCC), contribuyendo a la toma de decisiones y priorización de medidas de adaptación novedosas en áreas marinas y costeras vulnerables. MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Proyecto de elaboración de un portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza (SCbN) para las UAC de Colombia Fortalecer la Herramienta de la Acción Climática de Colombia por medio de un portafolio de medidas de adaptación y SCbN aplicables a las unidades ambientales costeras (UAC).', 'MinAmbiente Zonas marino-costeras Proyecto de elaboración de un portafolio de Soluciones Climáticas basadas en la Naturaleza (SCbN) para las UAC de Colombia Fortalecer la Herramienta de la Acción Climática de Colombia por medio de un portafolio de medidas de adaptación y SCbN aplicables a las unidades ambientales costeras (UAC). Donación Sí Sí El proyecto permitirá el intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias exitosas en cuanto a la adaptación al cambio climático empleando ecosistemas marinos y costeros, a su vez que fortalece un instrumento tecnológico de consulta que promueve la socialización del conocimiento y facilita la formulación y adopción de nuevas medidas y SCbN para la gestión del cambio climático en las UAC de Colombia. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Estrategia Verificación de incendios activos a partir de puntos de calor (3 Indicadores).', 'MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Estrategia Verificación de incendios activos a partir de puntos de calor (3 Indicadores). Se plantean acciones de identificación de puntos de calor y consolidación mes a mes de dicha información, para la generación de un protocolo de verificación de incendios forestales y activación de entidades para la atención de estos eventos. Donación SI SI Emisión oportuna de informes de puntos de calor e identificación de incendios forestales.Generación de un protocolo de verificación de incendios forestales y activación de entidades para la atención de estos eventos.xxxiii Generación de información para alimentar los análisis de cambio climático e identificación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático orientado a la gestión de las zonas susceptibles a incendios forestales.', 'Donación SI SI Emisión oportuna de informes de puntos de calor e identificación de incendios forestales.Generación de un protocolo de verificación de incendios forestales y activación de entidades para la atención de estos eventos.xxxiii Generación de información para alimentar los análisis de cambio climático e identificación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático orientado a la gestión de las zonas susceptibles a incendios forestales. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia para la implementación de un proceso de modelación para la identificación de los ecosistemas sensibles a incendios forestales. Se busca diseñar un sistema de modelación que permita identificar áreas sensibles a incendios forestales a partir de la información de puntos de calor y mapas de susceptibilidad, que servirá de insumo para la elaboración de una propuesta de lineamientos para la prevención de incendios forestales en ecosistemas sensibles.', 'Se busca diseñar un sistema de modelación que permita identificar áreas sensibles a incendios forestales a partir de la información de puntos de calor y mapas de susceptibilidad, que servirá de insumo para la elaboración de una propuesta de lineamientos para la prevención de incendios forestales en ecosistemas sensibles. Donación SI SI Sistema de información para uso de los entes territoriales y las autoridades ambientales para la gestión del riesgo por los incendios forestales. Protocolos de para el tratamiento y construcción de la información desarrollados y aplicados por los entes territoriales y las autoridades ambientales.', 'Protocolos de para el tratamiento y construcción de la información desarrollados y aplicados por los entes territoriales y las autoridades ambientales. Análisis de riesgo frente a las condiciones actuales y futuras de los incendios forestales a nivel departamental para ecosistemas estratégicos bajo los efectos de los fenómenos de variabilidad climática y cambio climático MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Implementación de un sistema Nacional de alertas y detección temprana frente a los incendios forestales Desarrollo de un sistema de monitoreo y protocolo de activación frente a incendios forestales a partir de la información generada en los dos componentes anteriores y la generación de mapas por regiones con la mayor incidencia anual de fuegos a partir de datos diarios.', 'Análisis de riesgo frente a las condiciones actuales y futuras de los incendios forestales a nivel departamental para ecosistemas estratégicos bajo los efectos de los fenómenos de variabilidad climática y cambio climático MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Implementación de un sistema Nacional de alertas y detección temprana frente a los incendios forestales Desarrollo de un sistema de monitoreo y protocolo de activación frente a incendios forestales a partir de la información generada en los dos componentes anteriores y la generación de mapas por regiones con la mayor incidencia anual de fuegos a partir de datos diarios. Donación SI SI Desarrollo de capacidades institucionales y comunitarias para la aplicación de sistemas de alertas tempranas y sus protocolos frente a los incendios forestales, lo cual permitirá generar acciones de pronóstico, alerta y control en la prevención de incendios forestales.', 'Donación SI SI Desarrollo de capacidades institucionales y comunitarias para la aplicación de sistemas de alertas tempranas y sus protocolos frente a los incendios forestales, lo cual permitirá generar acciones de pronóstico, alerta y control en la prevención de incendios forestales. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia para el monitoreo de áreas afectadas (cicatrices) producto de los incendios forestales. Establecimiento de un protocolo de identificación de áreas afectadas por incendios forestales, así como la determinación de la afectación (Área, Cobertura quemada, Fecha de la quema, Municipio, Coordenadas, Control del incendio de cobertura vegetal), a partir de los insumos que ha generado el país.', 'Establecimiento de un protocolo de identificación de áreas afectadas por incendios forestales, así como la determinación de la afectación (Área, Cobertura quemada, Fecha de la quema, Municipio, Coordenadas, Control del incendio de cobertura vegetal), a partir de los insumos que ha generado el país. Donación SI SI Desarrollo de capacidades instituciones para el seguimiento, monitoreo y gestión de las áreas afectadas por los incendios forestales (cicatrices) Transferencia de tecnología a las autoridades ambientales para el desarrollo de los procesos de gestión de áreas afectadas por incendios forestales. Generación de información para el inventario de GEI, así como la identificación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático.xxxiv MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia para la corresponsabilidad social en la lucha contra los incendios forestales.', 'Generación de información para el inventario de GEI, así como la identificación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático.xxxiv MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia para la corresponsabilidad social en la lucha contra los incendios forestales. Fortalecer las redes comunitarias de vigías rurales para el monitoreo y verificación de incendios forestales, así como implementar una estrategia para el manejo integral del fuego. Donación SI SI Realizar acuerdos intersectoriales para la prevención de incendios forestales y el fortalecimiento de capacidades comunitarias mediante la creación de grupos de vigías rurales. Generación de capacidades comunitarias para la adaptación al cambio climático. MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia de fortalecimiento institucional para la gestión de los incendios forestales.', 'MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Estrategia de fortalecimiento institucional para la gestión de los incendios forestales. Desarrollado para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades técnicas y operativas de Autoridades Ambientales, Parques Nacionales Naturales Colombia, entes territoriales, cuerpos operativos y de respuesta ante incendios forestales, creación y fortalecimiento de grupos comunitarios primeros respondientes para labores de prevención y control de incendios forestales Donación SI SI Fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas y operativas de las entidades integrantes del Sistema Nacional Ambiental y el Sistema Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo. Capacitación a cuerpos de bomberos y consejos municipales y departamentales de gestión del riesgo de desastres, así como fortalecimiento de centros de respuesta ante incendios forestales y dotación logística para la atención MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Armonización y actualización de instrumentos para la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales.', 'Capacitación a cuerpos de bomberos y consejos municipales y departamentales de gestión del riesgo de desastres, así como fortalecimiento de centros de respuesta ante incendios forestales y dotación logística para la atención MinAmbiente Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres, Cambio Climático y Bosques Armonización y actualización de instrumentos para la gestión del riesgo de los incendios forestales. Se actualiza el Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control de incendios Forestales y Restauración de Áreas Afectadas y a su vez se realiza la articulación de acciones conjuntas del Sistema Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres con la Estrategia Nacional para el manejo del fuego de los Bomberos de Donación SI SI Actualización del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control de incendios Forestales y Restauración de Áreas Afectadas. Articulación de la Estrategia Nacional para el manejo del fuego de los Bomberos de Colombia 2017-2025.', 'Articulación de la Estrategia Nacional para el manejo del fuego de los Bomberos de Colombia 2017-2025. Instrumentos articulados con temáticas relacionadas con la adaptación al cambio climático, insumos para el inventario de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático.xxxv Anexo A4. Diagnóstico del estado de avance de las metas de la NDC presentada en 2015 El país ha avanzado en la implementación temprana de sus compromisos de la NDC, destinando esfuerzos a monitorear los avances en las acciones propuestas, identificar cuellos de botella en la implementación y mejorar el nivel de operativización de las acciones, concretando roles, responsabilidades e indicadores.', 'Diagnóstico del estado de avance de las metas de la NDC presentada en 2015 El país ha avanzado en la implementación temprana de sus compromisos de la NDC, destinando esfuerzos a monitorear los avances en las acciones propuestas, identificar cuellos de botella en la implementación y mejorar el nivel de operativización de las acciones, concretando roles, responsabilidades e indicadores. En este contexto, en la Tabla a continuación se presenta el estado de avance de las metas de adaptación de Colombia presentadas en 2015, a partir de las cuales se realizó la actualización de cada una de las metas, hasta la versión final que se presenta como parte de esta actualización de la NDC en la sección de Prioridades de Adaptación. Meta Avances clave Diagnóstico de avance i.', 'En este contexto, en la Tabla a continuación se presenta el estado de avance de las metas de adaptación de Colombia presentadas en 2015, a partir de las cuales se realizó la actualización de cada una de las metas, hasta la versión final que se presenta como parte de esta actualización de la NDC en la sección de Prioridades de Adaptación. Meta Avances clave Diagnóstico de avance i. 100% del territorio nacional cubierto con planes de cambio climático formulados y en implementación. 22 planes integrales de cambio climático territoriales (PIGCCT) formulados, 2 planes de adaptación al cambio climático, 7 en proceso de formulación y uno restante en proceso de gestión de recursos. Colombia no cuenta con un instrumento que permita hacer seguimiento a la implementación, dificultando el monitoreo. ii.', 'Colombia no cuenta con un instrumento que permita hacer seguimiento a la implementación, dificultando el monitoreo. ii. Un Sistema Nacional de Indicadores de adaptación que permita monitorear y evaluar la implementación de medidas. El país avanzó en la consolidación de una batería de indicadores de adaptación de la mano con CTCN (2015-2016) a partir de la experiencia de varios proyectos nacionales y de los avances en la definición metodológica de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional y bajo el marco del PNACC. Creación de la mesa de monitoreo y evaluación. iii. Las cuencas prioritarias del país contarán con instrumentos de manejo del recurso hídrico con consideraciones de variabilidad y cambio climático. A julio de 2020, se cuenta con 74 Planes de Ordenación y Manejo formulados y/o ajustados. iv.', 'A julio de 2020, se cuenta con 74 Planes de Ordenación y Manejo formulados y/o ajustados. iv. Seis (6) sectores prioritarios de la economía (transporte, energía, agricultura, vivienda, salud, comercio, turismo e industria) incluirán consideraciones de cambio climático en sus instrumentos de planificación, y estarán implementando acciones de adaptación innovadoras. Marco regulatorio para requerir la formulación e implementación de Planes Integrales de Gestión de Cambio Climático (PIGCC) a nivel sectorial. Dos (2) planes completos (Minas y energía; Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio), y cinco (5) en desarrollo dado que el sector Ambiente está en el proceso de elaborar y publicar su PIGCCS. Definición de metas y acciones de adaptación al cambio climático a nivel de sector para cada uno de los sectores priorizados.', 'Definición de metas y acciones de adaptación al cambio climático a nivel de sector para cada uno de los sectores priorizados. v. Fortalecimiento de la estrategia de sensibilización, formación y educación a públicos sobre cambio climático, enfocada en los diferentes actores de la sociedad colombiana. Marco regulatorio integral que contempla la educación en cambio climático de manera transversal. Establecimiento de mecanismos de construcción de capacidades con el sector académico, el sector privado y el sector público. Delimitación de 36 páramos, de los cuales tres (3) están en proceso de delimitación participativa. 1 páramo adicional se encuentra en proceso de delimitación.xxxvi vi. Delimitación y protección de los 36 complejos de páramos que tiene Colombia (aproximadamente 3 millones de hectáreas).', 'Delimitación y protección de los 36 complejos de páramos que tiene Colombia (aproximadamente 3 millones de hectáreas). Cuatro (4) páramos están integrados a un área protegida, y se acogen a dicho plan de manejo. Se establece el componente diagnóstico del plan de manejo de tres (3) páramos. vii. Aumento en más de 2.5 millones de hectáreas en cobertura de nuevas áreas protegidas en el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas –SINAP –, en coordinación con actores locales y regionales. Consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas –SINAP – para ampliar la cobertura de áreas protegidas en 7.5 millones de hectáreas. viii.', 'Consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas –SINAP – para ampliar la cobertura de áreas protegidas en 7.5 millones de hectáreas. viii. Inclusión de consideraciones de cambio climático en Proyectos de Interés Nacional y Estratégicos (PINES) Se cuenta con una caja de herramientas metodológicas para la incorporación de la gestión del riesgo de desastres y adaptación al cambio climático en los proyectos de inversión pública. Así como la focalización de las Políticas Transversales de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres y Cambio Climático. ix. Diez (10) gremios del sector agrícola como el arrocero, cafetero, ganadero y silvopastoril, con capacidades mejoradas para adaptarse adecuadamente al cambio y variabilidad climática. Desarrollo de tres (3) programas de trabajo con cinco (5) gremios a nivel nacional (i.e.', 'Desarrollo de tres (3) programas de trabajo con cinco (5) gremios a nivel nacional (i.e. arroz, maíz, ganadería, banano y plátano, y caña de azúcar). x. Quince (15) departamentos del país participando en las mesas técnicas agroclimáticas, articuladas con la mesa nacional, y 1 millón de productores recibiendo información agroclimática para facilitar la toma de decisiones en actividades agropecuarias. A la fecha, se encuentran en funcionamiento básico la totalidad de diez (10) Mesas Técnica Agroclimáticas MTAs, las cuales generan boletines con la información agroclimática los cuales difunden a través de diversos medios de comunicación y se pueden consultar en la página web de Agronet. (MinAgricultura, 2018) Alcance a productores con información agroclimática mediante boletines, mensajes de texto, y consultas, entre otros medios.xxxvii Anexo M1.', '(MinAgricultura, 2018) Alcance a productores con información agroclimática mediante boletines, mensajes de texto, y consultas, entre otros medios.xxxvii Anexo M1. Portafolio de medidas de mitigación de GEI de la NDC a. Medidas sectoriales Para mayor información consulte las fichas descriptivas de las medidas sectoriales en el Adjunto 2: Fichas Resumen Medidas de Mitigación Sectoriales Tabla 3. Medidas o líneas estratégicas sectoriales de mitigación de emisión de GEI Ministerio líder Medida Meta Potencial en el escenario de Área de ODS relacionados Ministerio de Minas y Energía 1) Eficiencia Energética: Lineamientos para para optimizar el despacho de energía eléctrica, con el fin de promover el aumento de eficiencia en las centrales que permitan reducir emisiones de GEI de forma costo-efectiva, sin afectar las condiciones del mercado eléctrico ni la confiabilidad de la prestación del servicio.', 'Medidas o líneas estratégicas sectoriales de mitigación de emisión de GEI Ministerio líder Medida Meta Potencial en el escenario de Área de ODS relacionados Ministerio de Minas y Energía 1) Eficiencia Energética: Lineamientos para para optimizar el despacho de energía eléctrica, con el fin de promover el aumento de eficiencia en las centrales que permitan reducir emisiones de GEI de forma costo-efectiva, sin afectar las condiciones del mercado eléctrico ni la confiabilidad de la prestación del servicio. La eficiencia energética se ha planteado como una opción transversal a los tres subsectores (energía eléctrica, hidrocarburos y minería).', 'La eficiencia energética se ha planteado como una opción transversal a los tres subsectores (energía eléctrica, hidrocarburos y minería). Las medidas se presentan en el marco del PIGCC, con un horizonte 2018-2030 con una meta integrada para todo el sector de 11,2 Mt CO2 Rango aproximado: Minas y energía 2) Emisiones Fugitivas: Promover la adecuada gestión de las emisiones fugitivas asociadas a la cadena productiva de los hidrocarburos, y aprovechar el gas natural capturado para otros fines, y fomentar su aprovechamiento para que las actividades de estos sectores sean sostenibles, lo cual puede representar un beneficio económico para las empresas.', 'Las medidas se presentan en el marco del PIGCC, con un horizonte 2018-2030 con una meta integrada para todo el sector de 11,2 Mt CO2 Rango aproximado: Minas y energía 2) Emisiones Fugitivas: Promover la adecuada gestión de las emisiones fugitivas asociadas a la cadena productiva de los hidrocarburos, y aprovechar el gas natural capturado para otros fines, y fomentar su aprovechamiento para que las actividades de estos sectores sean sostenibles, lo cual puede representar un beneficio económico para las empresas. Rango aproximado: *Modelación de LEAP no incorporó el potencial de aprovechamiento de metano en hidrocarburos, estimado por Mininterio de Minas y Energía en Minas y energía 27 Según modelación en LEAP para la Actualización 2020 por (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020)) 28 El área de impacto se refiere a los sectores económicos definidos en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) sobre los cuales la medida tiene un impacto en reducción de emisiones.', 'Rango aproximado: *Modelación de LEAP no incorporó el potencial de aprovechamiento de metano en hidrocarburos, estimado por Mininterio de Minas y Energía en Minas y energía 27 Según modelación en LEAP para la Actualización 2020 por (VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA, 2020)) 28 El área de impacto se refiere a los sectores económicos definidos en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) sobre los cuales la medida tiene un impacto en reducción de emisiones. 29 Adoptada por la Resolución 40807 de 2018 del Ministerio de Minas y Energía.', '29 Adoptada por la Resolución 40807 de 2018 del Ministerio de Minas y Energía. 30 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energía 31 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energíaxxxviii 3) Gestión de la demanda: Reducir la diferencia de consumo de energía eléctrica entre horas pico y valle, gestionar la generación de energía eléctrica en horas valle a partir de fuentes no contaminantes, y promover la futura implementación de tecnologías tales como las redes inteligentes y las tarifas dinámicas. Rango aproximado: eq Minas y energía Industrial Residencial Comercial 4) Generación de electricidad: Diversificar la matriz energética colombiana, la promoción de la autogeneración de energía mediante fuentes alternativas, y la transformación de la generación energética en las Zonas No Interconectadas.', 'Rango aproximado: eq Minas y energía Industrial Residencial Comercial 4) Generación de electricidad: Diversificar la matriz energética colombiana, la promoción de la autogeneración de energía mediante fuentes alternativas, y la transformación de la generación energética en las Zonas No Interconectadas. Además, buscar la armonización de los requisitos ambientales para el desarrollo de las FERNC (fuentes de energía renovable no convencionales). Rango aproximado: Minas y energía Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio 5) Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos: Medidas enmarcadas en la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos municipales que se encuentran relacionadas con actividades complementarias a la disposición final, en el marco del PIGCCS: a) Gestión y promoción de Sistemas de Tratamiento Mecánico Biológico (TMB) b) Aprovechamiento de materiales reciclables. c) Sistemas de captación, conducción y quema de biogás en rellenos sanitarios. d) Aprovechamiento de biogás en rellenos sanitarios (generación de energía eléctrica).', 'd) Aprovechamiento de biogás en rellenos sanitarios (generación de energía eléctrica). TMB: implementación sobre la fracción orgánica de 2020: 1%, 2025: 3%, 2030: 5%. Reciclaje: implementación sobre la fracción de papel, cartón y 2030. Quema de biogás: porcentaje de biogás tratado en 2025: 1% y en 2030: 2%. En RS Doña Juana en Aprovechamiento de biogás: porcentaje de biogás generado y aprovechado en RS Doña Juana de 2025: 0,4%, 2030: 0,6%. 1,31 Mt CO2 eq Saneamiento Minas y energía 6) Gestión de las Aguas Residuales Domésticas: Medidas enmarcadas en la gestión de aguas residuales domésticas priorizadas en el marco del PIGCCS contemplando de manera integrada la gestión de biogás mediante quema y/o aprovechamiento en PTAR y la reducción de emisiones GEI a través del aumento en cobertura en el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas.', '1,31 Mt CO2 eq Saneamiento Minas y energía 6) Gestión de las Aguas Residuales Domésticas: Medidas enmarcadas en la gestión de aguas residuales domésticas priorizadas en el marco del PIGCCS contemplando de manera integrada la gestión de biogás mediante quema y/o aprovechamiento en PTAR y la reducción de emisiones GEI a través del aumento en cobertura en el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas. Entrada en funcionamiento de al menos 6 Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) 0,02 Mt CO2 eq Saneamiento 32 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energía 33 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energíaxxxix 7) Construcción sostenible: Lineamientos para el diseño y construcción de edificaciones sostenibles, logrando reducciones en el consumo energético, que permita reducir los GEI ligados al desarrollo de la vivienda y otras edificaciones, mediante 1) Reducción del consumo de gas natural y energía eléctrica en vivienda nueva sin incluir Vivienda de Interés Social y Prioritario (VIS y VIP) y 2) Reducción del consumo de gas natural y energía en edificaciones nuevas diferentes a vivienda.', 'Entrada en funcionamiento de al menos 6 Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) 0,02 Mt CO2 eq Saneamiento 32 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energía 33 Cifra modelada en PIGCC del sector Minas y Energíaxxxix 7) Construcción sostenible: Lineamientos para el diseño y construcción de edificaciones sostenibles, logrando reducciones en el consumo energético, que permita reducir los GEI ligados al desarrollo de la vivienda y otras edificaciones, mediante 1) Reducción del consumo de gas natural y energía eléctrica en vivienda nueva sin incluir Vivienda de Interés Social y Prioritario (VIS y VIP) y 2) Reducción del consumo de gas natural y energía en edificaciones nuevas diferentes a vivienda. Implementación gradual hasta llegar a un 100% de las edificaciones nuevas a nivel nacional a 2026, mantenido hasta 2030.', 'Implementación gradual hasta llegar a un 100% de las edificaciones nuevas a nivel nacional a 2026, mantenido hasta 2030. 0,09 Mt CO2 eq Residencial Comercial Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural 8) NAMA Ganadería bovina sostenible: Reducir las emisiones de GEI generados en la producción ganadera e incrementar las remociones de carbono de los agro-ecosistemas dedicados a la ganadería, por medio de un ordenamiento ambiental y productivo a nivel regional, intensificando la producción de los sistemas ganaderos mediante la implementación de Sistemas Silvopastoriles Intensivos y No intensivos, así como el manejo sostenible del sistema para aumentar la eficiencia , promoviendo la conservación y/o restauración de ecosistemas naturales ubicados dentro de las fincas ganaderas a través de la liberación de áreas de pastoreo con fines de restauración, conservación y preservación, incentivando el aprovechamiento de la energía contenida en los residuos generados en subastas ganaderas y plantas de beneficio relacionado con el manejo del estiércol y otros residuos y orientando la optimización de la logística para comercializar leche cruda.', '0,09 Mt CO2 eq Residencial Comercial Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural 8) NAMA Ganadería bovina sostenible: Reducir las emisiones de GEI generados en la producción ganadera e incrementar las remociones de carbono de los agro-ecosistemas dedicados a la ganadería, por medio de un ordenamiento ambiental y productivo a nivel regional, intensificando la producción de los sistemas ganaderos mediante la implementación de Sistemas Silvopastoriles Intensivos y No intensivos, así como el manejo sostenible del sistema para aumentar la eficiencia , promoviendo la conservación y/o restauración de ecosistemas naturales ubicados dentro de las fincas ganaderas a través de la liberación de áreas de pastoreo con fines de restauración, conservación y preservación, incentivando el aprovechamiento de la energía contenida en los residuos generados en subastas ganaderas y plantas de beneficio relacionado con el manejo del estiércol y otros residuos y orientando la optimización de la logística para comercializar leche cruda. 3.628.959 hectáreas intervenidas 68.675 ha de áreas liberadas para restauración 2.169.230 ha en praderas mejoradas 601.187 ha en árboles dispersos en potreros 3.805 ha en bancos mixtos de forraje 664 ha en cercas vivas 61.254 ha en setos forrajeros 61.054 ha en SSPi (Sólo modelado el componente AFOLU) Agropecuario Forestal Minas y energía Transporte 9) Desarrollo y consolidación de la cadena productiva de las plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales: Articulación técnica y económica para la producción de madera de plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales con el plan de acción de la cadena .', '3.628.959 hectáreas intervenidas 68.675 ha de áreas liberadas para restauración 2.169.230 ha en praderas mejoradas 601.187 ha en árboles dispersos en potreros 3.805 ha en bancos mixtos de forraje 664 ha en cercas vivas 61.254 ha en setos forrajeros 61.054 ha en SSPi (Sólo modelado el componente AFOLU) Agropecuario Forestal Minas y energía Transporte 9) Desarrollo y consolidación de la cadena productiva de las plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales: Articulación técnica y económica para la producción de madera de plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales con el plan de acción de la cadena . Plantación de 27.282 hectáreas prevé el aumento de ambición para el año 2030 a partir del incremento anual de plantaciones a 34.165 ha (46.000 ha incluyendo escenario de referencia), lo que equivaldría a 368.836 Ha en plantaciones forestales comerciales para el escenario de mitigación a 2030.', 'Plantación de 27.282 hectáreas prevé el aumento de ambición para el año 2030 a partir del incremento anual de plantaciones a 34.165 ha (46.000 ha incluyendo escenario de referencia), lo que equivaldría a 368.836 Ha en plantaciones forestales comerciales para el escenario de mitigación a 2030. (Modelado con 300,000 Forestal Agropecuarioxl 10) Estrategias de reducción de emisiones de GEI en el ciclo de vida de la producción de cacao: Aumento en el área dedicada al cultivo de cacao bajo sistemas agroforestales, así como su renovación y rehabilitación, para incrementar el stock de carbono.', '(Modelado con 300,000 Forestal Agropecuarioxl 10) Estrategias de reducción de emisiones de GEI en el ciclo de vida de la producción de cacao: Aumento en el área dedicada al cultivo de cacao bajo sistemas agroforestales, así como su renovación y rehabilitación, para incrementar el stock de carbono. 80.000 hectáreas en renovación y rehabilitación 150.000 hectáreas en Sistemas Agroforestales con maderables 0,16 Mt CO2 eq Agropecuario Forestal 11) Adopción masiva de tecnología (AMTEC 2.0) para la producción de arroz: Implementación de un modelo de transferencia de tecnología basado en la sostenibilidad y la responsabilidad social, que propende por la organización, la competitividad y la rentabilidad del productor, implementando tecnologías en forma integral masiva para aumentar los rendimientos y reducir los costos de producción en el cultivo del arroz.', '80.000 hectáreas en renovación y rehabilitación 150.000 hectáreas en Sistemas Agroforestales con maderables 0,16 Mt CO2 eq Agropecuario Forestal 11) Adopción masiva de tecnología (AMTEC 2.0) para la producción de arroz: Implementación de un modelo de transferencia de tecnología basado en la sostenibilidad y la responsabilidad social, que propende por la organización, la competitividad y la rentabilidad del productor, implementando tecnologías en forma integral masiva para aumentar los rendimientos y reducir los costos de producción en el cultivo del arroz. Incluye pronósticos del tiempo - modelamiento de cultivo, agricultura de precisión y el sistema de riego MIRI.', 'Incluye pronósticos del tiempo - modelamiento de cultivo, agricultura de precisión y el sistema de riego MIRI. 255.000 hectáreas arroz riego 207.046 hectáreas arroz secano 0,08 Mt CO2 eq (sólo por reducción de emisiones de N2O por menor consumo de fertilizantes) Agropecuario 12) NAMA Café: Estrategias para la mitigación de GEI generados en las etapas de producción, cosecha y poscosecha del café de Colombia a nivel de finca. La NAMA Café define las medidas y acciones de mitigación al cambio climático en la producción de café, particularmente en los procesos llevados a cabo en las fincas (cultivo y poscosecha) hasta obtener el café pergamino seco: 1.', 'La NAMA Café define las medidas y acciones de mitigación al cambio climático en la producción de café, particularmente en los procesos llevados a cabo en las fincas (cultivo y poscosecha) hasta obtener el café pergamino seco: 1. Implementar sistemas agroforestales en los predios donde se cultiva el café: reestructurar áreas establecidas con café a libre exposición solar en zonas marginales para el cultivo mediante la implementación de sistemas agroforestales; 2. Optimizar las prácticas en el proceso de poscosecha del café y cambio de combustibles en secadores mecánicos de café. ; 3. Aumento de las densidades de siembra de cultivos a libre exposición.4.', 'Aumento de las densidades de siembra de cultivos a libre exposición.4. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes: Fomentar las mejores prácticas de aplicación de fertilizantes Área sembrada café (ha): 936.477 (alrededor de 20.000 Ha de Café a nivel nacional que se encuentran actualmente a libre exposición y que potencialmente podrían pasar a un sistema de cultivo bajo sombra (SAF)) Producción tradicional (t): 625.482 Producción Becolsub (Beneficio Ecológico del Café y sus subproductos) (t): 205.673 Producción Ecomill (t): 10.825 Reducción de aprox. 4.198 t de Urea por perdidas por volatilización.', '4.198 t de Urea por perdidas por volatilización. 0,28 Mt CO2 eq (AFOLU) 0,005 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Panela (Aguas residuales) 0,08 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Panela (Eficiencia energética) Agropecuario Minas y energía Forestal Saneamientoxli 13) NAMA Panela: Desarrollar una estrategia central de planeación, gestión y articulación institucional y financiera para el desarrollo bajo en emisiones y la contribución al desarrollo sostenible de la producción de panela en el país.', '0,28 Mt CO2 eq (AFOLU) 0,005 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Panela (Aguas residuales) 0,08 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Panela (Eficiencia energética) Agropecuario Minas y energía Forestal Saneamientoxli 13) NAMA Panela: Desarrollar una estrategia central de planeación, gestión y articulación institucional y financiera para el desarrollo bajo en emisiones y la contribución al desarrollo sostenible de la producción de panela en el país. La NAMA busca apoyar intervenciones para la transferencia de tecnología alternativa (sustitución de motores Diesel por eléctricos y el uso más eficiente de la energía en la combustión de bagazo en las hornillas),, mejorar las prácticas de producción ( uso eficiente de fertilizantes sintéticos, disminución de las quemas, menor gasto energético en el laboreo del suelo y manejo de aguas residuales), la restauración de sistemas naturales, el desarrollo de capacidades, y la validación de un Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV).', 'La NAMA busca apoyar intervenciones para la transferencia de tecnología alternativa (sustitución de motores Diesel por eléctricos y el uso más eficiente de la energía en la combustión de bagazo en las hornillas),, mejorar las prácticas de producción ( uso eficiente de fertilizantes sintéticos, disminución de las quemas, menor gasto energético en el laboreo del suelo y manejo de aguas residuales), la restauración de sistemas naturales, el desarrollo de capacidades, y la validación de un Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV). Reconversión tecnológica de 1.500 trapiches con 800 hectáreas de restauración como compensación a la deforestación histórica.', 'Reconversión tecnológica de 1.500 trapiches con 800 hectáreas de restauración como compensación a la deforestación histórica. 0,02 Mt CO2 eq (AFOLU) 0,005 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Café (Aguas residuales) 0,08 Mt CO2 eq en agregado con la NAMA Café (Eficiencia energética) Agropecuario Minas y energía Forestal Saneamiento Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo 14) Promoción de proyectos de gestión de la energía y eficiencia energética en el sector de industria: Identificación, estructuración e implementación de proyectos sobre buenas prácticas operativas e implementación de mejoras en procesos energéticos y uso de energéticos de menor factor de emisión. Hasta 15% en la reducción de energía y/o emisiones en producción industrial, en el módulo correspondiente de demanda energía (1 A 2).', 'Hasta 15% en la reducción de energía y/o emisiones en producción industrial, en el módulo correspondiente de demanda energía (1 A 2). 1,67 Mt CO2 eq Industrial Minas y energía 15) Gestión para el desarrollo integral de las ladrilleras: Fomentar el desarrollo integral de unidades productivas de fabricación de ladrillos a través de fortalecimiento de capacidades en huella de carbono, gestión de la energía, mejora de procesos y transferencia de buenas prácticas operativas, así como fomentar y gestionar procesos de reconversión y mejoras en los hornos en ladrilleras.', '1,67 Mt CO2 eq Industrial Minas y energía 15) Gestión para el desarrollo integral de las ladrilleras: Fomentar el desarrollo integral de unidades productivas de fabricación de ladrillos a través de fortalecimiento de capacidades en huella de carbono, gestión de la energía, mejora de procesos y transferencia de buenas prácticas operativas, así como fomentar y gestionar procesos de reconversión y mejoras en los hornos en ladrilleras. Incremento de la eficiencia energética con un crecimiento compuesto anual de 1.5% al 2030 16) Gestión para la implementación de tecnologías de abatimiento de emisiones de N2O en la producción de materias primas de fertilizantes: Incorporación de tecnologías de abatimiento, mediante el desarrollo de estrategias conjuntas para la transferencia de tecnologías, mecanismos de financiamiento y sostenimiento de la reducción de las emisiones, e incorporación de un sistema de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV).', 'Incremento de la eficiencia energética con un crecimiento compuesto anual de 1.5% al 2030 16) Gestión para la implementación de tecnologías de abatimiento de emisiones de N2O en la producción de materias primas de fertilizantes: Incorporación de tecnologías de abatimiento, mediante el desarrollo de estrategias conjuntas para la transferencia de tecnologías, mecanismos de financiamiento y sostenimiento de la reducción de las emisiones, e incorporación de un sistema de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV). Reducción del factor de emisión de óxidos nitrosos hasta en un 80% por unidad de producto en plantas de producción del sector químico y fertilizantes.', 'Reducción del factor de emisión de óxidos nitrosos hasta en un 80% por unidad de producto en plantas de producción del sector químico y fertilizantes. 0,60 Mt CO2 eq Industrial 17) Procesos de producción sostenible en el sector cemento: Gestión en eficiencia energética e incremento del coprocesamiento para reducir el indicador de intensidad de emisiones por unidad productiva mediante la optimización de procesos relacionados con energía térmica, el aprovechamiento de materiales con valorización energética, el reúso de algunos componentes en la fabricación del Clinker, y el uso de la capacidad instalada de la planta para elevar el nivel de coprocesamiento.', '0,60 Mt CO2 eq Industrial 17) Procesos de producción sostenible en el sector cemento: Gestión en eficiencia energética e incremento del coprocesamiento para reducir el indicador de intensidad de emisiones por unidad productiva mediante la optimización de procesos relacionados con energía térmica, el aprovechamiento de materiales con valorización energética, el reúso de algunos componentes en la fabricación del Clinker, y el uso de la capacidad instalada de la planta para elevar el nivel de coprocesamiento. Incremento del coprocesamiento (con residuos, materiales y subproductos) que permite la sustitución de demanda de energéticos fósiles en un 15% del valor total de consumo de las plantas.xlii 18) Gestión de proyectos para mejora de las operaciones logísticas y manejo de producto en centros de abastecimiento: Gestión de una línea estratégica de logística sostenible para el diagnóstico, asistencia técnica, identificación y estructuración de proyectos y posterior apoyo a la implementación, para fomentar en las empresas el mejoramiento de operaciones logísticas y de procesos relacionados con el manejo de productos con impacto en productividad y en sostenibilidad ambiental Reducir la actividad del transporte de carga (vehículos livianos) mediante estrategias de optimización de la logística, con impacto en la reducción de emisiones y en la reducción de consumo de combustibles.', 'Incremento del coprocesamiento (con residuos, materiales y subproductos) que permite la sustitución de demanda de energéticos fósiles en un 15% del valor total de consumo de las plantas.xlii 18) Gestión de proyectos para mejora de las operaciones logísticas y manejo de producto en centros de abastecimiento: Gestión de una línea estratégica de logística sostenible para el diagnóstico, asistencia técnica, identificación y estructuración de proyectos y posterior apoyo a la implementación, para fomentar en las empresas el mejoramiento de operaciones logísticas y de procesos relacionados con el manejo de productos con impacto en productividad y en sostenibilidad ambiental Reducir la actividad del transporte de carga (vehículos livianos) mediante estrategias de optimización de la logística, con impacto en la reducción de emisiones y en la reducción de consumo de combustibles. Por ejemplo: Reducción del consumo de combustibles de un 7% por optimización de carga/ruta.', 'Por ejemplo: Reducción del consumo de combustibles de un 7% por optimización de carga/ruta. 1,48 Mt CO2 eq Industria Transporte Ministerio de Transporte 19) Movilidad Eléctrica (MoVE): Creación de un entorno normativo y financiero que permita acelerar la transición hacia la movilidad eléctrica, con el fin de establecer estándares regulatorios y técnicos para la comercialización y operación de vehículos eléctricos. Además, implementar estrategias de comunicación y desarrollo de capacidades, definir un esquema de tarifas eléctricas para el transporte, y establecer paridad de la tecnología con el fin de generar demanda en el mercado. 600,000 vehículos eléctricos de las categorías: taxi, vehículos de pasajeros, vehículos ligeros, camiones ligeros, vehículos oficiales.', '600,000 vehículos eléctricos de las categorías: taxi, vehículos de pasajeros, vehículos ligeros, camiones ligeros, vehículos oficiales. 4,04 Mt CO2 eq Transporte Minas y energía 20) Navegación Basada en Desempeño – PBN: Propiciar las condiciones necesarias para el aprovechamiento de la capacidad RNAV (Navegación de Área) y RNP (Performance de Navegación Requerida), aplicadas a las operaciones de aeronaves, involucrando Aproximaciones por Instrumentos, Rutas Normalizadas de Salida (SID), Rutas Estándares de Llegada (STAR) y Rutas ATS en áreas Oceánicas y Continentales. Lograr el uso del sistema PBN en el 100% de los aeropuertos y vuelos del país. 0,01 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 21) Programa de Modernización de Transporte Automotor de Carga en vehículos de más de 10.5 toneladas de peso bruto vehicular y más de 20 años de antigüedad.', '0,01 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 21) Programa de Modernización de Transporte Automotor de Carga en vehículos de más de 10.5 toneladas de peso bruto vehicular y más de 20 años de antigüedad. 57.000 vehículos renovados entre 1,03 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 22) Cambio a modo transporte de carga carretero a Fluvial - Río Magdalena: Actividades de dragado del Río Magdalena para mantener la navegabilidad a lo largo del río.', '57.000 vehículos renovados entre 1,03 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 22) Cambio a modo transporte de carga carretero a Fluvial - Río Magdalena: Actividades de dragado del Río Magdalena para mantener la navegabilidad a lo largo del río. Transporte de 8 millones de toneladas de carga anuales 0,20 Mt CO2 eq Transportexliii 23) NAMA Transporte Activo y gestión de la Demanda (TAnDem): Incrementar la participación modal de la bicicleta en todas las ciudades sujetas a la NAMA mediante ocho (8) medidas de mitigación directa con base en el Enfoque Push-Pull (algunas medidas incentivan el transporte activo -Pull-, otras desincentivan el uso del automóvil individual -Push-). Incremento en la participación modal de la bicicleta en un 5,5% en las ciudades participantes: Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Soledad, Bucaramanga, Soacha, Pereira, Santa Marta, Valledupar, Pasto, Montería, Neiva, Armenia, Sincelejo, Popayán.', 'Incremento en la participación modal de la bicicleta en un 5,5% en las ciudades participantes: Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Soledad, Bucaramanga, Soacha, Pereira, Santa Marta, Valledupar, Pasto, Montería, Neiva, Armenia, Sincelejo, Popayán. 0,13 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 24) NAMA Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte (DOT): Consolidación y conservación de ciudades densas, con mezclas en usos del suelo, alta circulación de peatones y ciclistas, cobertura plena de servicios de transporte público colectivo o masivo y con un fuerte tejido social cimentado en la cercanía, la noción de vecindad y la accesibilidad a bienes y servicios urbanos a escala y velocidad humana.', '0,13 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 24) NAMA Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte (DOT): Consolidación y conservación de ciudades densas, con mezclas en usos del suelo, alta circulación de peatones y ciclistas, cobertura plena de servicios de transporte público colectivo o masivo y con un fuerte tejido social cimentado en la cercanía, la noción de vecindad y la accesibilidad a bienes y servicios urbanos a escala y velocidad humana. Meta ajustada para cada ciudad: Pasto, Manizales, Cali, Bogotá 0,16 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 25) Rehabilitación del corredor férreo La Dorada - Chiriguaná - Santa Marta: rehabilitación de la infraestructura existente para mejorar sus condiciones técnicas, operacionales, de viabilidad comercial y sostenibilidad ambiental y social.', 'Meta ajustada para cada ciudad: Pasto, Manizales, Cali, Bogotá 0,16 Mt CO2 eq Transporte 25) Rehabilitación del corredor férreo La Dorada - Chiriguaná - Santa Marta: rehabilitación de la infraestructura existente para mejorar sus condiciones técnicas, operacionales, de viabilidad comercial y sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Transporte de 4,2 millones de toneladas de carga al año 0,11 Mt CO2 eq Transporte Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible 26) Restauración ecológica: Iniciativa para la masificación de la restauración ecológica, que busca comenzar o acelerar procesos de restablecimiento de un área de ecosistema boscoso degradada, dañada o destruida con relación a su función, estructura y composición, en línea con el Plan Nacional de Restauración. Restauración de 962.615 hectáreas (2015-2030).', 'Transporte de 4,2 millones de toneladas de carga al año 0,11 Mt CO2 eq Transporte Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible 26) Restauración ecológica: Iniciativa para la masificación de la restauración ecológica, que busca comenzar o acelerar procesos de restablecimiento de un área de ecosistema boscoso degradada, dañada o destruida con relación a su función, estructura y composición, en línea con el Plan Nacional de Restauración. Restauración de 962.615 hectáreas (2015-2030). 16,94 Mt CO2 eq Forestal 27) Sustitución de fogones tradicionales de leña por estufas eficientes: disminución del uso de leña en hogares rurales mediante la implementación de estufas eficientes que utilizan una menor cantidad de este combustible para la misma demanda de energía, para prevenir la degradación de bosques.', '16,94 Mt CO2 eq Forestal 27) Sustitución de fogones tradicionales de leña por estufas eficientes: disminución del uso de leña en hogares rurales mediante la implementación de estufas eficientes que utilizan una menor cantidad de este combustible para la misma demanda de energía, para prevenir la degradación de bosques. 1.000.000 de estufas eficientes de cocción por leña (2021- 2030) 2,29 Mt CO2 eq Forestal Residencialxliv 28) Reducción de emisiones de GEI por el uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (HFC): Comprende los resultados de programas/proyectos/actividades asociados con la promoción del reemplazo de HFCs por sustancias con menor potencial de calentamiento global a través de: - NAMA de refrigeración doméstica, - Promoción de Distritos Térmicos - Promoción de la gestión ambientalmente adecuada de bancos de productos sustitutos a las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (HFC) al final de su vida útil.', '1.000.000 de estufas eficientes de cocción por leña (2021- 2030) 2,29 Mt CO2 eq Forestal Residencialxliv 28) Reducción de emisiones de GEI por el uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (HFC): Comprende los resultados de programas/proyectos/actividades asociados con la promoción del reemplazo de HFCs por sustancias con menor potencial de calentamiento global a través de: - NAMA de refrigeración doméstica, - Promoción de Distritos Térmicos - Promoción de la gestión ambientalmente adecuada de bancos de productos sustitutos a las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (HFC) al final de su vida útil. - Otras acciones adicionales Reducción de emisiones de GEI del 11% al 2030 frente a un escenario tendencial.', '- Otras acciones adicionales Reducción de emisiones de GEI del 11% al 2030 frente a un escenario tendencial. 0,85 Mt CO2 eq Industrial Comercial Residencial 29) NAMA de refrigeración (eficiencia energética): transformación de las líneas de producción nacional de refrigeradores; introducción al mercado de refrigeradores ambientalmente amigables al mercado; establecimiento de un programa nacional de sustitución de refrigeradores domésticos; y gestión de residuos de refrigeración. Aproximadamente 16,1 millones de neveras puestas en el mercado a 2030, con R-600a como refrigerante. Gestión adecuada de 300.000 refrigeradores domésticos.', 'Gestión adecuada de 300.000 refrigeradores domésticos. 30) Promoción de distritos térmicos para la sustitución de sistemas de enfriamiento en ciudades: (Eficiencia energética): Reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas al ahorro energético resultante de la sustitución de equipos de climatización antiguos e ineficientes, centralización de la generación y distribución de energía térmica (calor/frio), usos de energía residual, renovable o de fuentes térmicas directas disponibles, entre otros.', '30) Promoción de distritos térmicos para la sustitución de sistemas de enfriamiento en ciudades: (Eficiencia energética): Reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas al ahorro energético resultante de la sustitución de equipos de climatización antiguos e ineficientes, centralización de la generación y distribución de energía térmica (calor/frio), usos de energía residual, renovable o de fuentes térmicas directas disponibles, entre otros. Promoción de al menos 8 distritos térmicos en diferentes ciudades del país (5 ciudades principales y 3 ciudades intermedias).xlv Intersectorial 31) Reducción intersectorial de la deforestación (REDD+) a) Estrategia Integral de Control a La Deforestación y Gestión de Bosques b) Programas REDD+: Declaración Conjunta de Intención /Visión Amazonia / Desarrollo Sostenible Bajo en Carbono para la Orinoquia c) Acciones intersectoriales y de control de la deforestación coordinadas en el CONALDEF y según documento CONPES “Política nacional para el control a la deforestación y la gestión de los bosques” incluyendo medidas de los respectivos PIGCCS sectoriales.', 'Promoción de al menos 8 distritos térmicos en diferentes ciudades del país (5 ciudades principales y 3 ciudades intermedias).xlv Intersectorial 31) Reducción intersectorial de la deforestación (REDD+) a) Estrategia Integral de Control a La Deforestación y Gestión de Bosques b) Programas REDD+: Declaración Conjunta de Intención /Visión Amazonia / Desarrollo Sostenible Bajo en Carbono para la Orinoquia c) Acciones intersectoriales y de control de la deforestación coordinadas en el CONALDEF y según documento CONPES “Política nacional para el control a la deforestación y la gestión de los bosques” incluyendo medidas de los respectivos PIGCCS sectoriales. d) Acuerdos Cero Deforestación con las Cadenas de Carne, Lácteos, Aceite de Palma y Cacao; y Pacto Intersectorial por la Madera Legal en Colombia.', 'd) Acuerdos Cero Deforestación con las Cadenas de Carne, Lácteos, Aceite de Palma y Cacao; y Pacto Intersectorial por la Madera Legal en Colombia. e) Proyectos REDD+ f) Pago por servicios ambientales g) Articulación con meta de incendios forestales Disminuir la tasa de deforestación a 59,18 Mt CO2 eq Forestal Transversal (liderado por MinHacienda y MinAmbiente) 32) Mecanismo de precios al carbono: Asignación de un valor a la combustión de la tonelada de CO2, producto de la imposición de un impuesto con el que se gravan los combustibles líquidos. $17.211 (COP 2020) por tonelada de Si bien esta medida no cuenta con una meta específica, implica reducciones en consumo de combustible y, por tanto, se traduce en reducción de emisiones en los sectores de Demanda de energía y Fugitivas.', '$17.211 (COP 2020) por tonelada de Si bien esta medida no cuenta con una meta específica, implica reducciones en consumo de combustible y, por tanto, se traduce en reducción de emisiones en los sectores de Demanda de energía y Fugitivas. 0,73 Mt CO2 eq Minas y Energía Transporte 34 Aproximadamente USD 4,85 a una tasa de cambio de $3.552 (COP) por cada dólar (USD), a diciembre de 2020xlvi Medidas en evaluación El Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ha indicado que las siguientes medidas no tienen aún metas cuantitativas, pero se incluyen cualitativamente como medidas de mitigación de GEI en la NDC: 1) Gestión de estiércol en la porcicultura, 2) Gestión de estiércol en la avicultura, 3) Acciones en plantaciones de palma; 4) Plantaciones forestales para caucho; 5) Plantaciones de Frutales – aguacate y mango.', '0,73 Mt CO2 eq Minas y Energía Transporte 34 Aproximadamente USD 4,85 a una tasa de cambio de $3.552 (COP) por cada dólar (USD), a diciembre de 2020xlvi Medidas en evaluación El Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural ha indicado que las siguientes medidas no tienen aún metas cuantitativas, pero se incluyen cualitativamente como medidas de mitigación de GEI en la NDC: 1) Gestión de estiércol en la porcicultura, 2) Gestión de estiércol en la avicultura, 3) Acciones en plantaciones de palma; 4) Plantaciones forestales para caucho; 5) Plantaciones de Frutales – aguacate y mango. b. Medidas territoriales Tabla 4. Medidas territoriales de mitigación de emisión de GEI35 Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de Antioquia 1. Generación de biometano en hatos lecheros pequeños En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024.', 'Generación de biometano en hatos lecheros pequeños En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. 488 biodigestores hatos/año. Plan Regional de Cambio Climático de Corantioquia (PRCC) Agropecuario 2. Generación de biometano en hatos en lecheros medianos En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. 89 biodigestores hatos/año. Agropecuario 3. Generación de biometano en hatos lecheros grandes En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. 49 biodigestores hatos/año. Agropecuario Solares Promover la utilización de la energía solar en las viviendas para reducir el consumo de combustibles fósiles. En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. 5.000 viviendas con calentadores solares. Residencial silvopastoriles (ssp) para mejorar la producción de carne bovina. Conversión a SSP de áreas de acuerdo con el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial Agropecuario de Antioquia en trópico medio y bajo en jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024.', 'Conversión a SSP de áreas de acuerdo con el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial Agropecuario de Antioquia en trópico medio y bajo en jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. Reconversión de 10.634 ha a sistemas silvopastoriles -SSP. Agropecuario 35 Es importante resaltar que los cálculos de potenciales de mitigación son calculados por los territorios y deberán ser verificados y homologados al momento de incluirse en la NDC. 36 El área de impacto se refiere a los sectores económicos definidos en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) sobre los cuales la medida tiene un impacto en reducción de emisiones.xlvii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de silvopastoriles (ssp) para mejorar la producción en sistemas productivos bovinos en trópico alto (leche). Conversión a SSP en jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024.', 'Conversión a SSP en jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. Reconversión de 5.582 ha a sistemas silvopastoriles -SSP. Agropecuario 7. Separación de residuos sólidos en la fuente, en municipios con poblaciones urbanas inferiores a 20.000 habitantes. En toda la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Creación y formalización de 38 organizaciones de recuperadores. Capacitación y sensibilización ambiental. Fortalecimiento de 25 organizaciones de recuperadores. Implementación de rutas selectivas Saneamiento 8. Uso Eficiente de Refrigeradores Creación de centros de acopio en municipios clave para la recolección de neveras viejas para su traslado a centros de acopio. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. Proyecto piloto de financiación de 10.000 nuevas neveras por parte de entidades públicas y privadas. Industria 9. Uso de Biogás en Viviendas En todos los municipios de tradición ganadera de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Ejecución prevista desde 2024. 5.000 sistemas de biogás en pequeñas fincas productivas. Residencial Arauca 10.', '5.000 sistemas de biogás en pequeñas fincas productivas. Residencial Arauca 10. Rehabilitación de pasturas Implementación de actividades de rehabilitación de pasturas introducidas y degradadas en Arauquita, Arauca, Saravena, Fortul y Tame. 13.280 hectáreas en cuatro (4) municipios Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático para la Orinoquia (PRICCO) Agropecuario Forestal silvopastoriles Intervención en Arauquita, Arauca, Saravena, Fortul y Tame. Agropecuario Forestal 12. Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros en Arauquita, Arauca, Saravena, Fortul y Tame. Pastoreo racional: 7.821 hectáreas Bancos forrajeros: 188 hectáreas Agropecuario 13. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes Implementación en cultivos de maíz, arroz y cacao en cuatro (4) municipios (Arauca, Arauquita, Tame y Saravena). 39.929 hectáreas: 21.431 hectáreas de cacao, 16.748 hectáreas de arroz y 1.750 hectáreas de maíz Agropecuarioxlviii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 14. Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa Fomento de plantaciones de caucho, cacao y forestales comerciales, en dos (2) municipios (Tame y Arauquita).', 'Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa Fomento de plantaciones de caucho, cacao y forestales comerciales, en dos (2) municipios (Tame y Arauquita). 6.824 hectáreas: 3.445 de cacao y 3.379 de forestales Agropecuario Forestal Casanare 15. Rehabilitación de pasturas Implementación de actividades rehabilitación de pasturas introducidas y degradadas en nueve (9) municipios (Trinidad, San Luis de Palenque, Maní, Paz de Ariporo, Hato Corozal, Aguazul, Yopal, Nunchía y Pore). Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático para la Orinoquia (PRICCO) Agropecuario Forestal silvopastoriles Intervención en nueve (9) municipios (Yopal, Hato Corozal, Paz de Ariporo, San Luis de Palenque, Trinidad, Maní, Aguazul, Nunchía y Pore). 31.106 hectáreas: 1.685 de éstas destinadas para la modalidad de mediana intensidad Agropecuario Forestal 17. Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros en Yopal, Hato Corozal, Paz de Ariporo, San Luis de Palenque, Trinidad, Maní, Aguazul, Nunchía y Pore. Intervenidas 18.557 hectáreas Agropecuario 18.', 'Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros en Yopal, Hato Corozal, Paz de Ariporo, San Luis de Palenque, Trinidad, Maní, Aguazul, Nunchía y Pore. Intervenidas 18.557 hectáreas Agropecuario 18. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes Implementación en cultivos de maíz, arroz y cacao en cuatro (4) municipios (Yopal, San Luis de Palenque, Nunchía y Villanueva). Implementación de 141.956 hectáreas: 2.241 hectáreas de maíz, 139.041 hectáreas de arroz, 674 hectáreas de cacao Agropecuario 19. Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa (caucho, cacao y forestales comerciales), en siete (7) municipios (Villanueva, Yopal, Tauramena, San Luis de Palenque, Orocué, Paz de Ariporo, Hato Corozal). Agropecuario Forestalxlix Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 20.', 'Agropecuario Forestalxlix Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 20. Uso sostenible de automotores Promoción de patrones sostenibles en el transporte público, privado y de carga, involucrando al gremio de conductores de taxis, buses, busetas y colectivos, así como sus propietarios. Un (1) municipio (Yopal, ciudad principal) Transporte 21. Promoción de las bicicletas Beneficiar a la salud y la economía de la comunidad en general. Un (1) municipio (Yopal, ciudad principal) Transporte Cauca 22. Alumbrado público sostenible Cambio de luminarias e introducción paulatina de tecnologías de fuentes renovables. Plan de Cambio Climático Cauca Minas y energía Cesar 23. Alumbrado público eficiente y bajo en carbono Reemplazo de las luminarias para que funcionen con energías alternativas. Reemplazo acumulado del 40% Plan Integral de Gestión de Cambio Climático Cesar 2016-2032. Minas y energía 24. Programa piloto de caficultura climáticamente inteligente Programa piloto de caficultura climáticamente inteligente en la Serranía del Perijá y la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Alianza intersectorial (estado, gremios y sector privado).', 'Alianza intersectorial (estado, gremios y sector privado). 2.000 hectáreas con sistemas agroforestales de café y BPA. 1.000 sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales Agropecuario silvopastoriles y recuperación de suelos Intervención en el valle del Río Cesar y el valle del Magdalena 2.000 hectáreas con sistemas silvopastoriles y con prácticas de restauración de suelos. 220 hectáreas de coberturas protectoras restauradas. Agropecuario Cundinamar ca 26. Regiotram de Occidente Implementación de un sistema férreo que inicia su recorrido en los municipios de Facatativá y continuará sobre rieles por los municipios de Bojacá, Madrid, Mosquera y Funza y, finalmente, el tren arribará a Bogotá. Interconexión férrea de cinco (5) municipios y la ciudad capital. 39,6 km planeados para 2024. Se modeló un potencial de mitigación Empresa Férrea Regional Transporte 37 Según modelación en LEAP para la Actualización 2020 por Consorcio VITO-UNIANDES et. al. (2020)l Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 27.', '(2020)l Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 27. Programa Integral para implementación de prácticas pecuarias y manejo de pasturas Promover la implementación de Sistemas AgroSilvoPastoriles (SASP) 9.939 cabezas de ganado Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático de Bogotá – Cundinamarca Agropecuario Meta 28. Rehabilitación de pasturas Implementación de actividades de rehabilitación de pasturas introducidas y degradadas en 14 municipios (San Martín, Puerto López, Puerto Gaitán, San Juan de Arama, Fuentedeoro, Granada, Castilla La Nueva, Villavicencio, Cumaral, Barranca de Upía, Cabuyaro, Acacías, Restrepo, El Dorado) Intervención de 23.235 hectáreas (39% de la superficie total cubierta por la medida). Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático de la Orinoquía (PRICCO) Agropecuario Forestal silvopastoriles Intervención en 14 municipios (San Martín, Puerto López, Puerto Gaitán, San Juan de Arama, Fuentedeoro, Granada, Castilla La Nueva, Villavicencio, Cumaral, Barranca de Upía, Cabuyaro, Acacías, Restrepo, El Dorado) Agropecuario Forestal 30. Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros.', 'Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros. Intervención en tres (3) municipios de San Martín, Puerto López y Puerto Gaitán. 28.754 hectáreas (52% del área objetivo). Bancos forrajeros: 488 hectáreas (30% de la cobertura total de bancos de la región). Agropecuario 31. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes Implementación en cultivos de maíz, arroz y cacao en cinco (5) municipios (Puerto López, Cabuyaro, Villavicencio, Fuentedeoro y Castilla La Nueva), priorizados según la importancia de cada cultivo a nivel municipal. Cacao (6.798 hectáreas), arroz (63.312 hectáreas) y maíz (27.115 hectáreas). Agropecuario 32. Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa Fomento de plantaciones de caucho, cacao y forestales comerciales, en siete (7) municipios (Granada, Puerto Lleras, Lejanías, Mesetas, La Macarena, Puerto López y Puerto Gaitán). Agropecuario Forestalli Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 33.', 'Agropecuario Forestalli Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 33. Uso sostenible de automotores Promoción de patrones sostenibles en el transporte público, privado y de carga, involucrando al gremio de conductores de taxis, buses, busetas y colectivos, así como sus propietarios. Un (1) municipio (Villavicencio), ciudad principal). Transporte 34. Promoción de las bicicletas Beneficiar a la salud y la economía de la comunidad en general. Un (1) municipio (Villavicencio), ciudad principal). Transporte 35. Estrategia Meta Verde Recuperación de la cobertura vegetal del departamento del Meta 4.650 hectáreas reforestación y/o restauración. 5 millones de árboles sembrados. Plan de Acción Vida Somos Meta” CORMACARENA Forestal ecoeficientes En el marco de la implementación del Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático para la Orinoquía (PRICCO) (PAI 2020-2023). 75 estufas. 10 hectáreas de bancos dendroenergéticos. Residencial Forestal Nariño 37.', '10 hectáreas de bancos dendroenergéticos. Residencial Forestal Nariño 37. Municipios bajos en carbono Implementación de medidas en 6 municipios del departamento, de eficiencia energética, modernización del alumbrado público, además de instalación de nueva infraestructura para bicicletas en 7 municipios. Entre los municipios están Pasto, San Andrés de Tumaco, Ipiales, Túquerres, La Unión y El Charco. Eficiencia energética: 100% de las edificaciones públicas. Modernización de al menos el 20% del alumbrado público.Instalación de 20 km de nueva infraestructura para bicicletas (7 municipios). Plan Integral de Gestión de Cambio Climático Territorial de Nariño 2019-2035. Minas y energía Transporte Residencial 38. Gestión integral de residuos sólidos urbanos Triplicar la tasa de aprovechamiento de residuos frente al 2015. Reducción del 5% en la tasa de disposición en rellenos sanitarios de residuos sólidos urbanos. Saneamiento sostenible de zonas rurales Medidas de eficiencia energética y autogeneración. 4.280 usuarios. 104 instituciones educativas. 613 familias.', '104 instituciones educativas. 613 familias. 25 trapiches beneficiarios del Plan de Energización Rural Sostenible (PERS) Minas y energía Agropecuario Residencial 40. Infraestructura rural educativa baja en carbono y constructora de paz Instituciones educativas construidas y/o remodeladas con estándares de construcción sostenible. Siete municipios alcanzados. 70% de las escuelas seleccionadas con buenas prácticas. Residencial Comerciallii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de agroecológico en la cadena productiva láctea en la cuenca lechera Incluye la formación de productores en ganadería sostenible. 70% de los productores seleccionados formados en ganadería sostenible. Agropecuario Putumayo 42. Energía solar Reposición de energía eléctrica de alumbrado público y de viviendas en cuatro (4) municipios 2050). (Guzmán, Leguízamo, Orito, Sibundoy) para un total de 83,711 habitantes. PIGCCT departamento del Putumayo - CORPOAMAZONIA Minas y energía Residencial 43. Sistemas de transporte limpio Implementación de sistemas de transporte limpio: Cable aéreo San Francisco - Mocoa SF - Orito, SF Villagarzón. 1 proyecto formulado y en implementación Transporte 44.', '1 proyecto formulado y en implementación Transporte 44. Mejoramiento de los sistemas productivos ganaderos Implementación de Sistemas AgroSilvoPastoriles (SASP) en 5 sistemas productivos ganaderos mejorados en 11.666 hectáreas de pastos con reconversión a SASP, 2050). ganaderos mejorados en 11.666 hectáreas de pastos con reconversión a SASP, 279.140 cabezas de ganado vacuno. Agropecuario Forestal 45. Cambio energético de consumo de leña Ampliación de prestación del servicio de gasoducto, e implementación de las estufas ecoeficientes y/o sistemas de energía solar para núcleos poblados, en 3.766 viviendas cada 10 años (2020-2030, 2030-2040, 2040-2050). con cambio energético de consumo de leña a gas u otro (30% de las 12.553 viviendas urbanas con consumo de leña) Minas y energía Residencial 46. Sector forestal como pilar de desarrollo Incentivar los planes comunitarios de manejo forestal para incentivar el sector forestal como pilar de desarrollo en el departamento del Putumayo 1.713.502,81 hectáreas con planes de manejo y aprovechamiento del bosque en implementación. Forestal 47.', 'Sector forestal como pilar de desarrollo Incentivar los planes comunitarios de manejo forestal para incentivar el sector forestal como pilar de desarrollo en el departamento del Putumayo 1.713.502,81 hectáreas con planes de manejo y aprovechamiento del bosque en implementación. Forestal 47. Fomento de Vivienda de Interés Social y Prioritario (VIS y VIP) bioclimáticas Fomento de Biodiversidad en el contexto de Ciudades Amazónicas con reforestación y manejo adecuado del recurso hídrico en las zonas de espacio público urbano 4 proyectos urbanísticos formulados y en proceso de implementación ciudades amazónicas Residencialliii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 48. Mejoramiento de los sistemas de saneamiento básico y aprovechamiento adecuado de los residuos sólidos y aguas residuales Actualización de los Planes de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos (PGIRS) según las necesidades vigentes y en adaptación a las condiciones de inundaciones con socavación lateral, movimientos en masa y avenidas torrenciales.', 'Mejoramiento de los sistemas de saneamiento básico y aprovechamiento adecuado de los residuos sólidos y aguas residuales Actualización de los Planes de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos (PGIRS) según las necesidades vigentes y en adaptación a las condiciones de inundaciones con socavación lateral, movimientos en masa y avenidas torrenciales. 13 PGIRS actualizados y en proceso de ejecución con seguimiento oportuno Saneamiento Quindío sostenible Reconversión ambiental de sistemas ganaderos tradicionales a ganadería sostenible. 800 hectáreas en proceso de reconversión. Plan Integral de Gestión de Cambio Climático del 2030. Agropecuario 50. Producción orgánica compatible con el clima del futuro Implementación de técnicas de producción orgánica. 200 hectáreas de diferentes cultivos Agropecuario 51. Café compatible con el clima Implementación de sistemas agroforestales, incluyendo asistencia técnica en Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA), forestal, huerta casera y fertilización orgánica. 1.500 hectáreas Agropecuario 52. Estufas eficientes de leña en comunidades rurales Construcción de estufas de leña eficientes y siembra de bancos dendroenergéticos. Construcción de 600 estufas.', 'Estufas eficientes de leña en comunidades rurales Construcción de estufas de leña eficientes y siembra de bancos dendroenergéticos. Construcción de 600 estufas. Siembra de 90 hectáreas de bancos dendroenergéticos. Residencial 53. Turismo sostenible (Salento, Filandia y Pijao) Reducción de consumo energético en iluminación, aire acondicionado y agua caliente sanitaria. Reducción de consumo energético en iluminación en un 40% (Salento), 30% (Filandia), 80% (Pijao). Reducción de consumo energético en aire acondicionado en un 40% (Salento) Reducción de consumo energético en agua caliente sanitaria en un 20% (Salento), 10% (Filandia), 30% (Pijao) Residencial Comercial 54. Manejo y/o tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas Tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas urbanas Aumentar el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas urbanas al 10%. Construcción de dos sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales colectivas rurales. PDA Quindío (Planes de saneamiento y manejo de vertimientos municipales PSMV Saneamientoliv Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de Santander 55.', 'PDA Quindío (Planes de saneamiento y manejo de vertimientos municipales PSMV Saneamientoliv Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de Santander 55. Gestión integral de los residuos sólidos Construcción de centros de producción de bioenergía basada en residuos sólidos, construcción de un parque tecnológico y ecoturístico para el aprovechamiento del reciclaje, y captura y quema de metano en rellenos sanitarios en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga (4 municipios) y Soto Norte. Captura y quema del 20% del metano generado en rellenos sanitarios. Plan Integral de Gestión de Cambio Climático Territorial de Saneamiento 56. Programas de reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector productivo de aceite de palma Generación de vapor a partir de desechos sólidos de plantas de beneficio e interconexión al SIN. 7.487 toneladas por año evitadas de metano emitido. Agropecuario Saneamiento Minas y energía 57.', '7.487 toneladas por año evitadas de metano emitido. Agropecuario Saneamiento Minas y energía 57. Valorización de residuos en el subsector agrícola Implementación de técnicas de valorización de la descomposición de material orgánico, tales como el compostaje, ampliando la cobertura de buenas prácticas y técnicas de manejo adecuado. Aprovechamiento de 84.019 toneladas de residuos orgánicos generados en procesos avícolas Agropecuario Saneamiento Valle del Cauca 58. Programa Valle Carbono Neutro Organizacional Realizar acciones coordinadas entre el sector empresarial, la autoridad ambiental y otros actores para aportar a las metas de reducción de emisiones de GEI. 100 empresa vinculadas al Programa Valle Carbono Neutro Organizacional durante el periodo 2020-2023 Plan de Acción CVC Industria Transporte Minas y Energía Comercial Agropecuario Saneamiento 59. Implementación de fuentes no convencionales de energía y herramientas de paisaje asociadas en los municipios del Valle del Cauca Implementación de energías alternativas (solar, eólica, biomasa, estufas ecoeficientes, acciones de promoción y transferencia de tecnologías para la reducción de deforestación.', 'Implementación de fuentes no convencionales de energía y herramientas de paisaje asociadas en los municipios del Valle del Cauca Implementación de energías alternativas (solar, eólica, biomasa, estufas ecoeficientes, acciones de promoción y transferencia de tecnologías para la reducción de deforestación. 1203 estufas ecoeficientes en el Minas y Energía Forestallv Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 60. Plan de intervención intersectorial para la Restauración y protección de las diez (10) cuencas hidrográficas prioritarias. Restauración de cuencas hidrográficas- Cuencas de Guabas, Pescador, Bolívar, Riofrío, Coronado-Amaime, Yumbo- Arroyohondo, Calima, Dagua, Guachal y Vijes. Siembra de ocho (8) millones de árboles en el marco del programa Valle Más Verde durante el periodo Plan Integral de Gestión del Cambio Climático del Valle del Cauca 2040 Forestal 61. Tren de Cercanías del Valle Proyecto de Sistema de Transporte Férreo Intermunicipal eléctrico con la participación del Distrito especial de Santiago de Cali, y las Alcaldías de Jamundí, Palmira y Yumbo.', 'Tren de Cercanías del Valle Proyecto de Sistema de Transporte Férreo Intermunicipal eléctrico con la participación del Distrito especial de Santiago de Cali, y las Alcaldías de Jamundí, Palmira y Yumbo. 73,4 km de red férrea Línea Yumbo- Cali-Jamundí (37,8 km), Cali-Palmira (30,6 km) y Ramal al Aeropuerto (5 km). Gobernación del Valle del Cauca Transporte Vichada 62. Implementación de actividades rehabilitación de pasturas introducidas y degradadas La medida no actuará sobre zonas ocupadas por especies de sabana nativa, sino únicamente sobre aquellas ocupadas por pasturas introducidas y mejoradas. Plan Regional Integral de Cambio Climático para la Orinoquia (PRICCO) Agropecuario silvopastoriles Cobertura de pasturas limpias identificadas y convertidas en praderas con árboles dispersos. Agropecuario Forestal 64. Pastoreo racional Fomento de pastoreo racional a través de división de potreros y bancos forrajeros. Intervención del 5% del área en pastos que ya ha sido intervenida con pastos mejorados (27.084 hectáreas). Implementación de bancos forrajeros en 387 hectáreas.', 'Implementación de bancos forrajeros en 387 hectáreas. Agropecuario 65. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes Implementación en cultivos de maíz, arroz y cacao en dos (2) municipios (Cumaribo y La Primavera). 16.661 hectáreas: 13.246 de maíz, 1.976 de arroz y 1.439 de cacao Agropecuario 66. Fomento de plantaciones de cultivos permanentes con alta cantidad de biomasa Fomento de plantaciones de caucho, cacao y forestales comerciales, en cuatro (4) municipios. 2.137 hectáreas de forestales comerciales 1.109 ha de caucho Agropecuario Forestallvi Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 67. Promoción de patrones sostenibles en el transporte privado La población objetivo de esta medida es la correspondiente a los conductores de vehículos de transporte privado, así como a los propietarios del vehículo, que trabajan en la principal ciudad del departamento. Un (1) municipio (Puerto Carreño) Transporte 68.', 'Un (1) municipio (Puerto Carreño) Transporte 68. Fomento del cultivo de marañón Aprovechamiento de las condiciones agroclimáticas para el fomento del cultivo de marañón para pequeños productores en el departamento de Vichada Gobernación del Vichada - Secretaría de Agricultura Agropecuario 69. Energía solar Construcción de sistemas de energía solar fotovoltaica para zonas no interconectadas en los dos (2) municipios (Cumaribo y Puerto Carreño). 247 sistemas con capacidad de 900Wp Gobernación del Vichada- Secretaria de Planeación y Desarrollo Territorial Minas y energía Residencial Comercial Bogotá D.C. 70. Primera Línea del Metro de Bogotá Construcción y puesta en marcha de la primera línea del Metro de Bogotá. 23,9 km de metro. Implementación a iniciar en 2028. Se modeló un potencial de mitigación Empresa Metro de Bogotá Transporte Funcionamiento de los TransmiCables planeados para Bogotá, en los barrios de Ciudad Bolívar y San Cristóbal. Ciudad Bolívar: 3,5 km en operación. San Cristóbal: en estructuración. TransmiCable Transporte 72.', 'San Cristóbal: en estructuración. TransmiCable Transporte 72. Ciclopista Medio milenio Construcción de la ciclopista Medio Milenio, para atender zonas sin infraestructura exclusiva para ciclistas y con un fuerte potencial de viajes en bicicleta. 25 km de ciclorruta de sur a norte. Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad Transporte 73. Ascenso tecnológico flota troncal y zonal de Transmilenio Inclusión de vehículos de cero y bajas emisiones en la flota de Transmilenio 483 buses padrones eléctricos, a gas natural, o de motor diésel Euro V con filtro (por definir). Transmilenio S.A. Transporte Minas y energía Cali, Valle del 74. MIO Cable Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas a la implementación y entrada en operación del MIO Cable. Funcionamiento del cable de Santiago de Cali Metro Cali S.A. Transporte 38 Según modelación en LEAP para la Actualización 2020 por Consorcio VITO-UNIANDES et. al. (2020)lvii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 75.', '(2020)lvii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 75. Buses eléctricos Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas a la entrada en operación de buses eléctricos a la flota del MIO. 26 buses eléctricos Transporte 76. Movilidad sostenible Mejoramiento y dotación de cicloinfraestructura para la accesibilidad territorial y la intermodalidad con el transporte público. Implementación de ciclo estacionamientos en puntos atractores de viajes y de ciclo parqueaderos en puntos intermodales. Secretaría de Movilidad - Plan de Desarrollo Distrital Cali- Unida por la Transporte 77. Granja Solar Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas a la generación de energía eléctrica fotovoltaica Se proyectan 19,9 MWp de generación de energía solar fotovoltaica EMCALI - Plan de Desarrollo Distrital Cali- Unida por la Minas y energía Medellín, Antioquia 78.', 'Granja Solar Cuantificación de la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociadas a la generación de energía eléctrica fotovoltaica Se proyectan 19,9 MWp de generación de energía solar fotovoltaica EMCALI - Plan de Desarrollo Distrital Cali- Unida por la Minas y energía Medellín, Antioquia 78. Metro de la 80 Implementación del Tramo 1 del sistema Tramo 1 (4,8 km) construido en un 80%, 3 intercambios construidos para Metro de Medellín – Secretaría de infraestructura Física Plan de Desarrollo “Medellín Futuro” Transporte Continuación de la operación de las líneas H y M. Línea H: 1,4 km Línea M: 1,05 km Metro de Medellín Transporte 80. Tranvía de Ayacucho Continuación de la operación del tranvía, el cual inició operación desde 2016. 4,2 km Transporte 81. Zona urbana de aire protegido (ZUAP) Implementación y operación de una zona de aire protegido. Implementación de 1 ZUAP a 2023 Secretaría de Movilidad de Medellín Plan de Desarrollo “Medellín Futuro” Transporte 82.', 'Implementación de 1 ZUAP a 2023 Secretaría de Movilidad de Medellín Plan de Desarrollo “Medellín Futuro” Transporte 82. Densificación red ciclista Ampliación de la red ciclista a 145,4 km a 2023. 40,4 km adicionales a 2023 Transportelviii Depar tamen to / ciudad Medida Descripción Meta Fuente Área de 83. Buses eléctricos Entrada en operación de 65 buses eléctricos adicionales para un total de 130 buses eléctricos. 65 buses eléctricos nuevos a 2023 Secretaria de Movilidad de Medellín Transporte 84. Taxis eléctricos Expansión de la flota de taxis eléctricos. 50 taxis eléctricos adicionales a 2023 Transporte Montería, Córdoba 85. Bici Red: Cicloinfraestructura Fortalecer la cicloinfraestructura de la ciudad a partir de 40 km ya existentes. 40 km adicionales a 2023 Secretaría de Tránsito y Transporte - Secretaría de Planeación - Montería Ciudad Amable S.A.S. Transporte Pereira, Risaralda Implementación de un sistema de transporte público, del tipo teleférico y del subtipo cable aéreo.', 'Transporte Pereira, Risaralda Implementación de un sistema de transporte público, del tipo teleférico y del subtipo cable aéreo. El inicio del proyecto estaba programado para junio de 2020 pero se reprogramó para 2021 debido a la pandemia del COVID-19. 3,5 km. 4 estaciones. 51 cabinas. Megabus, Alcaldía de Pereira Transporte Fortalecimiento de la ciclo-infraestructura de la ciudad. 60 bicicletas en operación Instituto de Movilidad, Alcaldía de Pereira Transporte 88. Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales - PTAR Pereira y Dosquebradas. PTAR que servirá a los municipios de Pereira y Dosquebradas con tecnología de Lodos Activados. Se proyecta el inicio de la construcción al año 2021. Arranque y puesta en marcha en el año 2025. A un horizonte 2035 La PTAR tratará un caudal medio de 1,42 m3/seg. Aguas y Aguas, Alcaldía de Pereira Saneamiento 89.', 'Aguas y Aguas, Alcaldía de Pereira Saneamiento 89. Alumbrado Público Inteligente Cambio de luminarias a LED tele-gestionables Sustitución de 3.000 luminarias a 2023 Alcaldía de Pereira Energíalix c. Medidas lideradas por empresas Tabla 5. Medidas empresariales de mitigación de emisión de GEI39 Empresa Tipo de empresa Metas y acciones Área de impacto40 Bavaria Alimentos y bebidas 1. Aprovechamiento de biogás en dos (2) plantas de aguas residuales de cervecería: El biogás se utiliza en los procesos de calefacción de la cervecería en Medellín y Barranquilla. Saneamiento Industrial 2. Reemplazo de uso de carbón como combustible por gas natural: Modernización de equipos y mejoramiento de eficiencia energética en una (1) planta (Tibasosa). Industrial 3.', 'Reemplazo de uso de carbón como combustible por gas natural: Modernización de equipos y mejoramiento de eficiencia energética en una (1) planta (Tibasosa). Industrial 3. Reemplazo de energía eléctrica proveniente del sistema interconectado nacional por energía eléctrica por paneles solares: Cubrimiento del 25% del consumo de energía eléctrica in-situ, a 2025, inclusión de proyectos ex- situ para cubrir el 100% de las necesidades de energía eléctrica. Industrial Minas y energía 4. Implementación de una estrategia de movilidad sostenible mediante el cambio de tecnología o electrificación de la flota a 2025. La iniciativa cubre 5 categorías de logística y transporte: flota primaria, flota secundaria, montacargas, flota de ventas y paneles solares en centros de distribución. Transporte Minas y energía 5.', 'La iniciativa cubre 5 categorías de logística y transporte: flota primaria, flota secundaria, montacargas, flota de ventas y paneles solares en centros de distribución. Transporte Minas y energía 5. Reemplazo de equipos de enfriamiento y neveras por equipos de mejor eficiencia energética. Industrial Minas y energía Ecopetrol Hidrocarbu ros 6. Ecopetrol se comprometió en 2019 a reducir sus emisiones en 20% al año 2030 alineado con la meta país definida en 2015. La compañía espera aumentar su ambición para contribuir a enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático.', 'La compañía espera aumentar su ambición para contribuir a enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático. Para este propósito, la compañía estableció un Plan de Descarbonización fundamentado en 4 líneas de acción: (i) actualización continua del inventario de emisiones de GEI, (ii) implementación de proyectos de reducción de emisiones, (iii) compensación de emisiones a través de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, y (iv) definición y puesta en marcha de una hoja de ruta hacia la carbono-neutralidad.', 'Para este propósito, la compañía estableció un Plan de Descarbonización fundamentado en 4 líneas de acción: (i) actualización continua del inventario de emisiones de GEI, (ii) implementación de proyectos de reducción de emisiones, (iii) compensación de emisiones a través de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, y (iv) definición y puesta en marcha de una hoja de ruta hacia la carbono-neutralidad. Dentro de estos proyectos se encuentran: a) Proyecto de aprovechamiento de Gas en Tea, para generar energía eléctrica al Campo Casabe; b) Primera sombrilla de generación solar fotovoltaica de Ecopetrol, que cubre parte de los proyectos incluidos en la meta propuesta por la compañía de generar para autoconsumo 400 MW de energías renovables a 2023. Minas y energía Forestal EP M Energía 7.', 'Dentro de estos proyectos se encuentran: a) Proyecto de aprovechamiento de Gas en Tea, para generar energía eléctrica al Campo Casabe; b) Primera sombrilla de generación solar fotovoltaica de Ecopetrol, que cubre parte de los proyectos incluidos en la meta propuesta por la compañía de generar para autoconsumo 400 MW de energías renovables a 2023. Minas y energía Forestal EP M Energía 7. Aprovechamiento de biometano en la PTAR de San Fernando: Adjudicación e inicio de la ejecución del proyecto para inyección a la red de gas natural. Saneamiento Minas y energía 39 Es importante resaltar que los cálculos de potenciales de mitigación son calculados por las empresas y deberán ser verificados y homologados al momento de incluirse en la NDC.lx 8.', 'Saneamiento Minas y energía 39 Es importante resaltar que los cálculos de potenciales de mitigación son calculados por las empresas y deberán ser verificados y homologados al momento de incluirse en la NDC.lx 8. Contratos de venta de energía solar fotovoltaica para grandes clientes: 29.6 MW instalados con ingresos acumulados por 27.8 millones COP41, entre 2020 y 2030. Minas y energía Industrial Comercial 9. Solución solar integral para hogares y empresas PYMES: 1.8MW instalados con ingresos acumulados por 1.3 millones entre 2020 y 2023. Minas y energía Residencial Industrial Comercial 10. Ingreso de dos nuevos clientes a Distrito Térmico La Alpujarra Minas y energía Industrial Comercial TCC Logística y transporte 11. Operación del 15% de la flota local con vehículos de cero emisiones: 12 de 78 vehículos eléctricos en Medellín y cuatro (4) en Bogotá. Transporte Minas y energía 12.', 'Operación del 15% de la flota local con vehículos de cero emisiones: 12 de 78 vehículos eléctricos en Medellín y cuatro (4) en Bogotá. Transporte Minas y energía 12. Mejoramiento del rendimiento de la flota de acarreo local en 0,3 km/galones anuales. Transporte Minas y energía 13. Mejoramiento del rendimiento de la flota de tractocamiones en 0.04 km/galones anuales. Transporte Minas y energía 14. Plan de profesionalización de los conductores de reparto urbano y ruta nacional: Seguimiento a buenas prácticas de manejo para la disminución de consumo de combustible, emisiones y accidentalidad Transporte 15. Incremento del 30% en la capacidad de carga de los vehículos de ruta nacional: 30% de los vehículos de 75 m3 reemplazados por vehículos nuevos de 94 m3. Transporte Cerromatos o Minería 16.', 'Incremento del 30% en la capacidad de carga de los vehículos de ruta nacional: 30% de los vehículos de 75 m3 reemplazados por vehículos nuevos de 94 m3. Transporte Cerromatos o Minería 16. Implementación de buses eléctricos para el transporte de empleados: Reducción esperada de emisiones de 723.6 Ton CO2 eq anuales en la actividad de operación de buses de transporte de empleados, para un total de 5,788.8 Ton CO2 eq contabilizadas desde el año 2021 al año 2028. a) Reemplazo de 86% de los buses a motor diésel b) Reúso de las baterías como banco de carga, y posterior reciclaje de sus componentes Transporte Grupo Éxito Comercio al por menor 17.', 'Implementación de buses eléctricos para el transporte de empleados: Reducción esperada de emisiones de 723.6 Ton CO2 eq anuales en la actividad de operación de buses de transporte de empleados, para un total de 5,788.8 Ton CO2 eq contabilizadas desde el año 2021 al año 2028. a) Reemplazo de 86% de los buses a motor diésel b) Reúso de las baterías como banco de carga, y posterior reciclaje de sus componentes Transporte Grupo Éxito Comercio al por menor 17. Gestión de gases refrigerantes (HFC): Cambio del 95% por refrigerantes naturales al 2030, con una reducción esperada de emisiones en 29,058 Ton de CO2 eq por año. Industrial Comercial 18.', 'Gestión de gases refrigerantes (HFC): Cambio del 95% por refrigerantes naturales al 2030, con una reducción esperada de emisiones en 29,058 Ton de CO2 eq por año. Industrial Comercial 18. Reducción de intensidad energética y adopción de energías renovables: Meta de reducción del 35% de las emisiones a 2023 en alcances 1 y 2 con respecto a las emisiones de 2015, y generación de 224,800 kWh/año de energía en proyectos solares. Minas y energía 19. Desarrollo de lineamientos para el aumento del aprovechamiento de los residuos Saneamiento 20. Movilidad Sostenible: Desarrollo de lineamientos con relación a a) Clientes: 100% de las superficies, según disponibilidad, con ecosistemas para habilitar la movilidad sostenible (eléctrica y/o activa).', 'Movilidad Sostenible: Desarrollo de lineamientos con relación a a) Clientes: 100% de las superficies, según disponibilidad, con ecosistemas para habilitar la movilidad sostenible (eléctrica y/o activa). b) Empleados: Campañas de descuentos y formas de financiación para el cambio de transporte a vehículos eléctricos y/o activos. c) Logística: Gestión de las emisiones relacionadas con el transporte logístico y de última milla. Transporte Minas y energía 41 Aproximadamente USD 7.825 a una tasa de cambio de $3.552 (COP) por cada dólar (USD), a diciembre de 2020lxi Auteco Automotor es 21. Implementación del 100% de la iluminación LED en el edificio administrativo central de Itagüí. Comercial Minas y energía 22. Implementación de iluminación LED en la planta de Itagüí. Industrial Minas y energía 23.', 'Implementación de iluminación LED en la planta de Itagüí. Industrial Minas y energía 23. Proyecto de energía solar en la planta de Cartagena para suministro del 50% del total de consumo de energía eléctrica. Industrial Minas y energía 24. Cambio de refrigerantes en aires acondicionados: Auditoría a comprensores (aire comprimido) para evaluar eficacia del sistema y optimizar el proceso (Auditoría completa en una planta, una planta por ejecución) Industrial Políticas y medidas de carbono negro El compromiso de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro es consistente con el esfuerzo general de mitigación de GEI de Colombia, con la adición de medidas específicas de descontaminación ambiental, relacionadas principalmente al cambio tecnológico de fuentes móviles y de maquinaria de uso fuera de carretera, y a la reducción de quemas agrícolas.', 'Cambio de refrigerantes en aires acondicionados: Auditoría a comprensores (aire comprimido) para evaluar eficacia del sistema y optimizar el proceso (Auditoría completa en una planta, una planta por ejecución) Industrial Políticas y medidas de carbono negro El compromiso de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro es consistente con el esfuerzo general de mitigación de GEI de Colombia, con la adición de medidas específicas de descontaminación ambiental, relacionadas principalmente al cambio tecnológico de fuentes móviles y de maquinaria de uso fuera de carretera, y a la reducción de quemas agrícolas. La meta contempla las reducciones asociadas a medidas que abordan directamente el carbono negro y otros contaminantes del aire, las cuales son adicionales a las medidas de mitigación de GEI en la NDC. Tabla 6.', 'La meta contempla las reducciones asociadas a medidas que abordan directamente el carbono negro y otros contaminantes del aire, las cuales son adicionales a las medidas de mitigación de GEI en la NDC. Tabla 6. Medidas específicas de carbono negro. Medida Descripción Área de ODS relacionados Implementación estándares de emisiones Euro IV y Euro VI para nuevos vehículos diésel Las fuentes móviles terrestres con motor ciclo diésel que se fabriquen, ensamblen o importen al país, con rango de operación nacional, tendrán que cumplir con los límites máximos permisibles de emisión de contaminantes al aire correspondientes a tecnologías Euro IV, a partir del 2015, y Euro VI, desde el 2023, respectivamente.', 'Medida Descripción Área de ODS relacionados Implementación estándares de emisiones Euro IV y Euro VI para nuevos vehículos diésel Las fuentes móviles terrestres con motor ciclo diésel que se fabriquen, ensamblen o importen al país, con rango de operación nacional, tendrán que cumplir con los límites máximos permisibles de emisión de contaminantes al aire correspondientes a tecnologías Euro IV, a partir del 2015, y Euro VI, desde el 2023, respectivamente. Transporte Maquinaria nueva con estándar de emisiones Tier 4I para rubros de construcción e industrial Nueva regulación indicando que, a partir del 2023, la maquinaria debe cumplir como mínimo con los estándares Tier 4 Interim o Stage IIIB, sin importar su año de fabricación. Exceptuando maquinaria agrícola, con potencia inferior a 19 kW y superior a 560 kW.', 'Exceptuando maquinaria agrícola, con potencia inferior a 19 kW y superior a 560 kW. Transporte Reducción de quemas agrícolas Disminución a 2030 de las quemas de cultivos de arroz, caña de azúcar, maíz, trigo, entre otros, una de las principales fuentes de carbono negro emitido del sector agropecuario. Agropecuario 42 El área de impacto se refiere a los sectores económicos definidos en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático (TCNCC) sobre los cuales la medida tiene un impacto en reducción de emisiones.Referencias Andrade, G. I., & Corzo, G. A. (2011). ¿Qué y Dónde conservar? Obtenido de IDEAM: Barbier, E. B. (2015). Nature and Wealth. Palgrave Macmillan UK. CMNUCC. (2015). Acuerdo de París. Obtenido de ment.pdf CMNUCC. (2015). Decision 1/CP.21. Obtenido de Adopción del Acuerdo de Paris: CMNUCC. (2018). Decisión 4/CMA.1.', 'Obtenido de Adopción del Acuerdo de Paris: CMNUCC. (2018). Decisión 4/CMA.1. Obtenido de Orientaciones adicionales en relación con la sección de la decisión 1/CP.21 que se refiere a la mitigación: CMNUCC. (2018). Decisión 9/CMA.1. Obtenido de Orientaciones adicionales en relación con la comunicación sobre la adaptación: DANE. (25 de Noviembre de 2019). Grupos étnicos - Información técnica. Obtenido de etnicos/informacion-tecnica DNP. (2020). Metodologías para el costeo de medidas de adaptación (NDC). Bogota: Dirección de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible del Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF), PNUD. (2020). Amazonía Sostenible para la Paz. Obtenido de PNUD: sostenible-para-la-paz.html Gobierno de Colombia. (2015). “Contribución Prevista Determinada a Nivel Nacional. Obtenido de ombia.pdf Guerra-Vargas, L. A., & López R., K. J. (2020).', 'Obtenido de ombia.pdf Guerra-Vargas, L. A., & López R., K. J. (2020). Consideraciones para la inclusión de iniciativas de adaptación en ecosistemas marino-costeros en la contribución nacionalmente determinada NDC de Colombia en Actualización. . Bogotá: Dirección de Cambio Climático y Gestión del Riesgo, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. IDEAM, MinAmbiente, Coalición del Clima y Aire Limpio. (2019). Inventario Indicativo Nacional de Emisiones de Contaminantes Criterio y Carbono Negro. Obtenido de IDEAM, PNUD. (2018). Informe de Inventario Nacional de GEI de Colombia. Obtenido de NIR - BUR2: IDEAM, PNUD, MADS, DNP, CANCILLERÍA. (2016). Inventario Nacional y departamental de GEI - TCNCC. Bogota: IDEAM, PNUD, MADS, DNP, CANCILLERÍA.IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP, CANCILLERÍA. (2017). Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Bogotá.', 'Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Bogotá. IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP, CANCILLERÍA. (2018). Segundo Reporte Bienal de Actualización de Colombia a la CMNUCC. Bogota: IDEAM, PNUD, MinAmbiente, DNP,. IDMC. (November de 2020). Colombia Country Information. Obtenido de displacement.org/countries/colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud, Observatorio Nacional de Salud. (2018). Carga de Enfermedad Ambiental, Décimo Informe Técnico Especial . Bogota: INS. IPCC. (2006). Directrices del IPCC de 2006 para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Obtenido de IPCC: IPCC. (2019). Grupo Intergubernamental de expertos sobre el cambio climático. Obtenido de Calentamiento Global de 1,5 °C: IPCC, WG1. (2013). Chapter 8. Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. Obtenido de Working Group 1 Report (Assessment Report 5): Lipschitz, L., & Schadler, S. (2019).', 'Obtenido de Working Group 1 Report (Assessment Report 5): Lipschitz, L., & Schadler, S. (2019). Macroeconomics for Professionals . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. MinAgricultura. (26 de Diciembre de 2018). Agronet. Obtenido de MinAmbiente. (2019). CCVC. Obtenido de Contaminantes Climáticos de Vida Corta: MinAmbiente. (Junio de 2020). Estrategia nacional para la mitigación de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta. Obtenido de CONTAMINANTES_VIDA_CORTA.pdf MinAmbiente. (s.f.). Día internacional de los bosques tropicales. Obtenido de MinAmbiente, IDEAM. (2018). Estrategia Integral de Control a la Deforestación y Gestión de los Bosques. Bogotá. Obtenido de MinAmbiente, IDEAM. (2019). Propuesta de nivel de referencia de las emisiones forestales por deforestación en Colombia para pago por resultados de REDD+ bajo la CMNUCC. Bogotà. Obtenido de /MinAmbiente, MinEducación, Universidad EAN, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, UDCA, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores. (2020).', 'Obtenido de /MinAmbiente, MinEducación, Universidad EAN, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, UDCA, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores. (2020). EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN Y SENSIBILIZACIÓN EN CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN COLOMBIA VISIÓN A 2050 Y METAS NDC A 2030. Bogotá: Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Ministerio de Educación Nacional, Universidad EAN, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores. MinAmbiente; MinCIT. (2019). Estrategia nacional de economía circular : Cierre de ciclos de materiales, innovación tecnológica, colaboración y nuevos modelos de negocio . Obtenido de Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible; Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo: MinAmbiente-DCCGR. (2020). Actualización de Homologación de emisiones sectoriales en el marco de la NDC. Bogotá. MinAmbiente-DCCGR2. (2020). Propuesta de reglas de contabilidad en el marco de la NDC. Misión BID - Cepal. (2012).', 'Misión BID - Cepal. (2012). Valoración de daños y pérdidas: Ola invernal en Colombia 2010-2011. Bogotá: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (Cepal). OECD. (2019). Economic Surveys: Colombia. Obtenido de Republic of Colombia, the Kingdom of Norway, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (2019). Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) on the Cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Obtenido de VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Universidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA. (2020). Informe sobre el desarrollo y los supuestos para la realización de escenarios de referencia. Bogotá: Banco Mundial bajo el programa Colombia Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR-Colombia). VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA. (2020).', 'VITO, Universidad de los Andes, CIAT, Unviersidad de Wageningen, SEI, ESMIA. (2020). Informe sobre el desarrollo y supuestos del escenario de mitigación. Bogotá: Banco Mundial bajo el programa Colombia Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR-Colombia).']

es-ES

COM

Comoros

1st NDC

2016-11-23 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Comores_Version_Francaise.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2a465b0be793e2823d1f01a9af42944caa795bfb18627b52a9d0ec16e6315d79.pdf

['Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National de l’Union des Comores Ministère de la Production, de l’Environnement, de l’Energie, de l’Industrie et de l’Artisanat Union des Comores Unité - Solidarité - DéveloppementCPDN Comores Table des matières Résumé exécutif 5 Section 1. Contexte national .6 2.1.1 Potentiel d’atténuation des mesures 9 3.1 Stratégie d’adaptation: vision à long terme .11 3.2 Actions en cours ou prévues à court terme 11 Section 4. Équité et ambition .14 Section 5. Arrangements institutionnels 15 Section 6. Moyens de mise en œuvre .15 6.1 Contraintes et besoins 15 6.1.2 Besoins en adaptation et atténuation .15 6.1.3 Mise en œuvre 16 Section 7.', 'Moyens de mise en œuvre .15 6.1 Contraintes et besoins 15 6.1.2 Besoins en adaptation et atténuation .15 6.1.3 Mise en œuvre 16 Section 7. Informations complémentaires sur les volets atténuation et adaptation 17 7.1.1 Élaboration de la CPDN 17 7.1.2 Émissions de GES et projections . 18 7.2.1 Contexte: tendance et vulnérabilité au changement climatique .23CPDN Comores Résumé exécutif La Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) de l Union des Comores s est appuyée sur sa Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCA2D) ainsi que ses différents programmes de Gestion des Changements Climatiques dont l’objectif global est de contribuer à la réduction de la pauvreté, au développement durable tout en apportant des solutions adéquates aux défis liés aux changements climatiques.', 'Informations complémentaires sur les volets atténuation et adaptation 17 7.1.1 Élaboration de la CPDN 17 7.1.2 Émissions de GES et projections . 18 7.2.1 Contexte: tendance et vulnérabilité au changement climatique .23CPDN Comores Résumé exécutif La Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) de l Union des Comores s est appuyée sur sa Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCA2D) ainsi que ses différents programmes de Gestion des Changements Climatiques dont l’objectif global est de contribuer à la réduction de la pauvreté, au développement durable tout en apportant des solutions adéquates aux défis liés aux changements climatiques. Ce fut le résultat d un processus de concertation des différentes parties prenantes qui ont passé en revue tous les programmes, plans d action et projets relatifs à la lutte contre le changement climatique.', 'Ce fut le résultat d un processus de concertation des différentes parties prenantes qui ont passé en revue tous les programmes, plans d action et projets relatifs à la lutte contre le changement climatique. Ce processus a été consacré par les autorités nationales à travers la tenue d un atelier national du 27- 28 juillet 2015 présidé par la Ministre en charge de l environnement. L Union des Comores, en décidant de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), est consciente de s engager, d une part, à produire des actions laborieuses d atténuation des GES pour l atteinte de cet objectif malgré le manque de capacité, et d autre part, à développer des actions d adaptation aux effets négatifs des changements climatiques.', 'L Union des Comores, en décidant de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), est consciente de s engager, d une part, à produire des actions laborieuses d atténuation des GES pour l atteinte de cet objectif malgré le manque de capacité, et d autre part, à développer des actions d adaptation aux effets négatifs des changements climatiques. Ces actions s’appuient sur des stratégies et des plans d’action sectoriels touchant notamment les domaines de l’agriculture, des déchets, des forêts, de l Utilisation des terres, changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie (UTCAF) et de l’énergie. Ainsi malgré sa faible contribution aux gaz à effet de serre, l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixé d’être un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète.', 'Ainsi malgré sa faible contribution aux gaz à effet de serre, l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixé d’être un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète. L’ambition de l Union des Comores est de réduire ses émissions de GES en 2030 de 84% environ par rapport aux émissions projetées pour la même année selon un scénario de référence. Cet engagement ne pourrait être atteint qu’avec l accompagnement de la communauté internationale pour permettre à l Union des Comores d’accéder à des sources de financement additionnelles notamment grâce aux nouveaux mécanismes de la finance climat, ou le Fonds Vert pour le Climat.', 'Cet engagement ne pourrait être atteint qu’avec l accompagnement de la communauté internationale pour permettre à l Union des Comores d’accéder à des sources de financement additionnelles notamment grâce aux nouveaux mécanismes de la finance climat, ou le Fonds Vert pour le Climat. Cet objectif qui correspond à une réduction de 441 700 tonnes métriques de CO2éq., incluant les activités du secteur UTCAF à l’horizon 2030, nécessite un investissement total d environ 675 millions US$ dont une proportion d’environ 10% pourrait provenir du budget national. Compte tenu du manque de données, la CPDN de l Union des Comores est appelée à évoluer avec la mise en place d un système amélioré de collecte et de traitement de données plus performant.CPDN Comores Section 1.', 'Compte tenu du manque de données, la CPDN de l Union des Comores est appelée à évoluer avec la mise en place d un système amélioré de collecte et de traitement de données plus performant.CPDN Comores Section 1. Contexte national Petit état insulaire de 750 000 habitants, l’Union des Comores est particulièrement vulnérable au changement climatique, comme les autres petits états insulaires en développement (PEID). Les principaux aléas impactant l’Union des Comores sont: l’augmentation de la température; l’élévation du niveau de la mer (érosion et submersion); les cyclones tropicaux plus intenses, la modification du régime des précipitations; la modification du régime des vents; l’acidification des océans et la modification des cycles fondamentaux.', 'Les principaux aléas impactant l’Union des Comores sont: l’augmentation de la température; l’élévation du niveau de la mer (érosion et submersion); les cyclones tropicaux plus intenses, la modification du régime des précipitations; la modification du régime des vents; l’acidification des océans et la modification des cycles fondamentaux. Par ailleurs, l’économie de l’Union des Comores est fortement dépendante de l’agriculture qui représente environ 50% de son Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) et la grande majorité de la population vit dans les zones côtières. Les effets des changements climatiques sont déjà très visibles et compromettent fortement les efforts de développement entrepris par l’Union des Comores au cours de cette dernière décennie.', 'Les effets des changements climatiques sont déjà très visibles et compromettent fortement les efforts de développement entrepris par l’Union des Comores au cours de cette dernière décennie. Sans mesures ambitieuses, le coût des impacts liés au climat pourrait s’élever à 836 millions US$ d’ici 2050, représentant 130% du PIB actuel1. L’Union des Comores dont les émissions sont négligeables au niveau global, a fait des efforts au cours de cette dernière décennie pour développer un cadre politique et stratégique en vue d’une croissance durable et de développement vert, résiliente au climat et sobre en émission de carbone. L’Union des Comores, en tant que signataire de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique, tient à contribuer à l’effort international qui vise à combattre le réchauffement climatique.', 'L’Union des Comores, en tant que signataire de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique, tient à contribuer à l’effort international qui vise à combattre le réchauffement climatique. Les principales activités ont pour objectif d’augmenter la résilience des populations les plus vulnérables aux effets des changements climatiques tout en leur permettant d’améliorer leurs revenus et d’accéder à des technologies propres pour assurer leurs besoins de base (alimentation, santé, électricité). Ainsi la Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) de l’Union des Comores est guidée par la volonté de poursuivre l’objectif d’être un puits de carbone et de promouvoir un développement durable.', 'Ainsi la Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) de l’Union des Comores est guidée par la volonté de poursuivre l’objectif d’être un puits de carbone et de promouvoir un développement durable. Cette CPDN se base tout particulièrement sur le programme d’action national d’adaptation (PANA), le cadre de programmation stratégique sur l’environnement naturel, le changement climatique et la réduction des risques de catastrophes pour 2011-2016 et la stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable (SCA2D) pour 2015-2019. Malgré sa faible contribution aux émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixée d’être un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète.', 'Malgré sa faible contribution aux émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixée d’être un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète. Afin de réduire sa dépendance énergétique vis-à-vis de l’extérieur et satisfaire les besoins de ses populations les plus vulnérables, l’Union des Comores souhaiterait développer davantage ses perspectives en matière d’énergies renouvelables. 1 UNDP, processus de plan national d’adaptation aux Comores, 2014.CPDN Comores Section 2. Atténuation L’Union des Comores s’engage à réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 84% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence de la même année.', 'Atténuation L’Union des Comores s’engage à réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 84% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence de la même année. Cette réduction inclut les absorptions du secteur Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des terres et Foresterie (UTCAF) également. La part des émissions de GES de l’Union des Comores au niveau global est infime mais le pays est prêt à apporter sa part dans l’atténuation et l’adaptation ainsi que des moyens de mise en œuvre.', 'La part des émissions de GES de l’Union des Comores au niveau global est infime mais le pays est prêt à apporter sa part dans l’atténuation et l’adaptation ainsi que des moyens de mise en œuvre. Contribution en matière d’atténuation Scénario de référence > Projections des émissions nationales à l’horizon 2030 suivant le cours normal des affaires Année de référence Type de contribution > Réduction d’émissions par rapport à un scénario de référence couvrant trois des quatre îles faisant partie du territoire Comorien (Grande Comore, Anjouan et Mohéli) Niveau cible > L’Union des Comores s’est fixé comme cible une réduction de l’ordre de 440 000 tonnes métriques de CO2éq., incluant les absorptions des activités du secteur UTCAF > L’Union des Comores compte sur le support de la contribution internationale à hauteur de 375 millions US$, valeur de 2015, pour atteindre cet objectif, à travers le Fonds Vert pour le climat ou autres mécanismes de financement existants ou futurs.CPDN Comores Contribution en matière d’atténuation Réduction de GES > L’Union des Comores s’est fixé comme cible une réduction de 84% en 2030 de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence Secteurs couverts > Énergie > Industries énergétiques ; > Efficience énergétique ; > Catégorie manufacturière ; > Catégorie résidentielle.', 'Contribution en matière d’atténuation Scénario de référence > Projections des émissions nationales à l’horizon 2030 suivant le cours normal des affaires Année de référence Type de contribution > Réduction d’émissions par rapport à un scénario de référence couvrant trois des quatre îles faisant partie du territoire Comorien (Grande Comore, Anjouan et Mohéli) Niveau cible > L’Union des Comores s’est fixé comme cible une réduction de l’ordre de 440 000 tonnes métriques de CO2éq., incluant les absorptions des activités du secteur UTCAF > L’Union des Comores compte sur le support de la contribution internationale à hauteur de 375 millions US$, valeur de 2015, pour atteindre cet objectif, à travers le Fonds Vert pour le climat ou autres mécanismes de financement existants ou futurs.CPDN Comores Contribution en matière d’atténuation Réduction de GES > L’Union des Comores s’est fixé comme cible une réduction de 84% en 2030 de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence Secteurs couverts > Énergie > Industries énergétiques ; > Efficience énergétique ; > Catégorie manufacturière ; > Catégorie résidentielle. > Agriculture > Agriculture de conservation ; > Arboriculture ; > Agroforesterie.', '> Agriculture > Agriculture de conservation ; > Arboriculture ; > Agroforesterie. > UTCAF > Protection des forêts ; > Reboisement ; > Afforestation ; > Réduction de prélèvement de bois des forêts. > Déchets > Déchets solides ménagers. Gaz à effet de serre couverts > Dioxyde de carbone (CO2) ; > Méthane (CH4) ; > Oxyde nitreux (N2O) ; > Les gaz fluorés ne comptent que pour une partie infime des émissions et leur élimination progressive est en cours depuis déjà plusieurs années. Paramètres appliqués > Valeurs potentielles du réchauffement global sur cent ans, tirées du deuxième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC > CO2 : 1 ; > CH4 : 21 ; > N2O : 310.', 'Paramètres appliqués > Valeurs potentielles du réchauffement global sur cent ans, tirées du deuxième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC > CO2 : 1 ; > CH4 : 21 ; > N2O : 310. Méthode d’estimation des émissions > Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel GIEC 2006 : > Le scénario cours normal des affaires (CNA) a été développé sur la base d’une série de mesures et d’actions au niveau des catégories et secteurs du GIEC. Les émissions, évitées ou absorbées, ont ensuite été agrégées pour donner le potentiel d’atténuation national ; > Toutes les projections ont été travaillées en prenant en compte la croissance démographique, l’augmentation du produit intérieur brut et autres facteurs sociaux et économiques spécifiques au pays.', 'Les émissions, évitées ou absorbées, ont ensuite été agrégées pour donner le potentiel d’atténuation national ; > Toutes les projections ont été travaillées en prenant en compte la croissance démographique, l’augmentation du produit intérieur brut et autres facteurs sociaux et économiques spécifiques au pays. Approche concernant les émissions relatives à l’affectation des terres, les changements d’affectation et la foresterie L’approche de comptabilisation retenue pour le secteur UTCAF concerne les émissions et absorptions provenant des changements d’affectation et de l’utilisation à l’intérieur et entre les six catégories de terre selon le GIEC. La ligne directrice et le logiciel du GIEC de 2006 ont été utilisés pour estimer les émissions.', 'La ligne directrice et le logiciel du GIEC de 2006 ont été utilisés pour estimer les émissions. Les changements entre les catégories du GIEC ont été déterminés à partir des techniques de télédétection appuyées par la cartographie classique et autres moyens tels que l‘inventaire de forêts pour suivre les variables déterminantes responsables des émissions et absorptions. Cette dernière série a trait à: > La réduction de bois prélevé pour divers usages ; > Freiner le taux de déforestation ; > Une meilleure gestion des forêts ; > La préservation des aires protégées ; > La conservation des réserves forestières ; > L’agroforesterie ;CPDN Comores Contribution en matière d’atténuation > L’arboriculture ; > Le reboisement ; > Un meilleur contrôle des feux de forêts et des prairies.', 'Cette dernière série a trait à: > La réduction de bois prélevé pour divers usages ; > Freiner le taux de déforestation ; > Une meilleure gestion des forêts ; > La préservation des aires protégées ; > La conservation des réserves forestières ; > L’agroforesterie ;CPDN Comores Contribution en matière d’atténuation > L’arboriculture ; > Le reboisement ; > Un meilleur contrôle des feux de forêts et des prairies. 2.1.1 Potentiel d’atténuation des mesures Les secteurs phares pour l’atténuation sont l’UTCAF et l’Agriculture car les moyens sont assez restrictifs pour le secteur Energie sur la base des données et de la situation actuelle. Toutefois, la géothermie reste un atout et devrait recevoir le maximum d’attention afin d’être exploitée dans un avenir le plus proche possible.', 'Toutefois, la géothermie reste un atout et devrait recevoir le maximum d’attention afin d’être exploitée dans un avenir le plus proche possible. L’objectif national d’atténuation est d’atteindre 46% en 2020 pour transiter à 69% en 2025 et arriver à 84% en 2030. Tableau 1. Potentiel d’atténuation nationale et sectorielle (tCO2 éq.) Secteurs Année de référence) Une approche mixte, basée sur des mesures et actions pour les catégories et secteurs clés du GIEC, a été adoptée car celles-ci offrent les potentiels les plus élevés d’atténuation. En deuxième lieu, un exercice d’évaluation du potentiel de réussite a été entrepris sur base des circonstances nationales du pays afin de prioriser les meilleures potentialités.', 'En deuxième lieu, un exercice d’évaluation du potentiel de réussite a été entrepris sur base des circonstances nationales du pays afin de prioriser les meilleures potentialités. Les potentiels d’atténuation ont ainsi été déterminés pour chaque secteur d’activité priorisé et les valeurs obtenues ont ensuite été agrégées pour arriver à l’échelle nationale. Cette approche facilitera aussi la préparation d’un plan détaillé et précis pour la mise en œuvre, étant donné que les actions, à prendre en compte, ont déjà été identifiées. 2.1.1.2 Fondement ou Raisonnement Les catégories industries énergétiques et résidentielles ont été choisies du fait que ce sont des sources clés et qui offrent aussi d’autres effets bénéfiques en sus de l’atténuation.', '2.1.1.2 Fondement ou Raisonnement Les catégories industries énergétiques et résidentielles ont été choisies du fait que ce sont des sources clés et qui offrent aussi d’autres effets bénéfiques en sus de l’atténuation. Ainsi, l’accès à l’électricité, verte surtout, aiderait au développement du pays, à assurer une meilleure qualité de l’air et de l’environnement et, à diminuer la pression sur les forêts pour le bois. L’hydraulique et le solaire ont été privilégiés au détriment des hydrocarbures sans pour autant éliminer l’éolien tandis que la géothermie a été prise en considération à l’horizon 2030. L’électricité éolienne doit encore être étudiée avant d’avoir sa place dans le mix énergétique.', 'L’électricité éolienne doit encore être étudiée avant d’avoir sa place dans le mix énergétique. Pendant la période 2010 à 2030, les énergies renouvelables évolueront de 3% environ à presque 43%, avec toutefois une production de la géothermie comptant pour 16% si l’opération se réalise. Les autres mesures concernent la maitrise de l’énergie lors de la transformation et de la transmission, et l’efficience énergétique à travers les foyers améliorés, les améliorations dans la carbonisation et les alambics entre autres.CPDN Comores Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions pour ces derniers ont été comptabilisés sous le secteur Foresterie parce qu’elles interviendront à travers une réduction du prélèvement de bois.', 'Les autres mesures concernent la maitrise de l’énergie lors de la transformation et de la transmission, et l’efficience énergétique à travers les foyers améliorés, les améliorations dans la carbonisation et les alambics entre autres.CPDN Comores Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions pour ces derniers ont été comptabilisés sous le secteur Foresterie parce qu’elles interviendront à travers une réduction du prélèvement de bois. En ce qui concerne le secteur Agriculture, le mode d’élevage rend difficile l’atténuation dans le pas de temps considéré pour cet exercice. L’agriculture de conservation a été analysée mais les émissions qui pourraient être évitées n’ont pas été quantifiées car elles restent assez aléatoires.', 'L’agriculture de conservation a été analysée mais les émissions qui pourraient être évitées n’ont pas été quantifiées car elles restent assez aléatoires. La Foresterie a été particulièrement ciblée car c’est le plus gros émetteur de GES et elle offre également une grande possibilité de séquestration dans le pays. Les mesures ciblées concernent la protection des espaces forestiers, la déforestation, le reboisement, l’afforestation, l’agroforesterie et l’arboriculture tout en investissant les efforts nécessaires pour réduire la consommation de bois provenant de forêts. Une approche holistique a été travaillée pour une foresterie durable et en prenant en considération les besoins de la population en bois pour ses besoins énergétiques et autres. Ainsi il est prévu de reboiser environ 12 000 ha pendant la période 2018 à 2030.', 'Ainsi il est prévu de reboiser environ 12 000 ha pendant la période 2018 à 2030. La superficie sous agroforesterie et arboriculture évoluera à un rythme de 200 ha par an à partir de 2018 jusqu’en 2030. Les aires protégées existantes seront étendues pour atteindre 50 000 ha en 2030. La CPDN prévoit de mettre en place une gestion améliorée des déchets solides ménagers à travers le compostage principalement. Le tableau ci-dessous résume les différentes mesures prises en compte et leur potentiel de réduction. Tableau 2. Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation - horizon 2020, 2025 et 2030 Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 éq.)', 'Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation - horizon 2020, 2025 et 2030 Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 éq.) Réduire les pertes sur le réseau de distribution électrique Réhabiliter des centrales électriques Promouvoir l’utilisation du GPL à la place du pétrole et du bois Promouvoir les foyers améliorés Comptabilise sous réduction bois de chauffe Agriculture Promouvoir l’agriculture de conservation Pas de quantification Réduction de la consommation du bois de feu, de service et industrielCPDN Comores Afforestation des prairies ou autres terres en friche Section 3. Adaptation 3.1 Stratégie d’adaptation: vision à long terme Le défi du développement des différentes îles se conjugue de plus en plus avec celui de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. La durabilité de la croissance, sa sécurisation passera nécessairement par une meilleure prise en compte de la dimension adaptation aux changements climatiques.', 'La durabilité de la croissance, sa sécurisation passera nécessairement par une meilleure prise en compte de la dimension adaptation aux changements climatiques. Le Gouvernement est aussi conscient que les plus vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique sont les communautés rurales et les agriculteurs pauvres qui manquent trop souvent de capacités pour résister à ces impacts. Il importera, entre autres, de: (i) rendre rigoureuse l’application de la réglementation en matière de restauration des zones dégradées, (ii) promouvoir l’agriculture intensive, (iii) accroître l’implication des femmes et des communautés dans les prises de décision en matière de protection de l’environnement compte tenu de leur rôle grandissant dans le développement de l’économie domestique; et (iv) développer la résilience des populations face aux catastrophes et aux changements climatiques.', 'Il importera, entre autres, de: (i) rendre rigoureuse l’application de la réglementation en matière de restauration des zones dégradées, (ii) promouvoir l’agriculture intensive, (iii) accroître l’implication des femmes et des communautés dans les prises de décision en matière de protection de l’environnement compte tenu de leur rôle grandissant dans le développement de l’économie domestique; et (iv) développer la résilience des populations face aux catastrophes et aux changements climatiques. Pour cela, le pays devra réussir à intégrer ces mesures d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les différentes politiques sectorielles, renforcer les capacités et enfin mobiliser des ressources financières suffisantes. 3.2 Actions en cours ou prévues à court terme L’Union des Comores présente une très forte vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques due notamment à sa faible capacité d’adaptation.', '3.2 Actions en cours ou prévues à court terme L’Union des Comores présente une très forte vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques due notamment à sa faible capacité d’adaptation. Dans un tel contexte, la lutte contre la pauvreté contribue à la lutte contre les changements climatiques en visant notamment la réduction de la vulnérabilité. De même, de nombreux projets de réduction de la vulnérabilité ont pour objectifs de réduire la pauvreté. Il est important que les acteurs soient sensibilisés sur ce lien à double sens entre réduction de la pauvreté et adaptation via la réduction de la vulnérabilité.', 'Il est important que les acteurs soient sensibilisés sur ce lien à double sens entre réduction de la pauvreté et adaptation via la réduction de la vulnérabilité. En effet, cette limite très fine entre les deux approches, parfois indistincte, peut mener à une incompréhension quant à la signification réelle de l’adaptation par rapport à une stratégie classique de réduction de la pauvreté. Aujourd’hui quatre projets majeurs d’adaptation aux changements climatiques sont en cours ou vont débuter et deux projets sont en développement. Ils ciblent les secteurs de l’Eau et de l’Agriculture ainsi que l’intégration de l’adaptation dans les politiques sectorielles (cf. Tableau 4).CPDN Comores Tableau 3.', 'Ils ciblent les secteurs de l’Eau et de l’Agriculture ainsi que l’intégration de l’adaptation dans les politiques sectorielles (cf. Tableau 4).CPDN Comores Tableau 3. Principaux projets d’adaptation aux Comores Projets Secteur / Objectifs État de mise en œuvre Renforcement des capacités et de résilience du secteur agricole aux changements climatiques aux Comores (CRCCA) Agriculture: Réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes agricoles au changement climatique et à la variabilité climatique En cours Renforcement des capacités de gestion des ressources en eau pour une adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACCE) Eau: réduire les risques liés au CC sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau En cours Programme d’Appui à l’Union de Comores pour le Renforcement de la Résilience au Changement Climatique (AMCCA) Intégration: améliorer la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les stratégies, projets et mécanismes de planification, coordination et suivi En cours Programme conjoint adaptation eau Eau: réduire les risques liés au changement climatique sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau sur 5 sites pilotes En cours Réhabilitation des Bassins versants, des forêts et des moyens de subsistance adaptatifs Zones côtières: renforcer la résilience aux Comores en réhabilitant les bassins versants, les forêts et en diversifiant les moyens de subsistance En développement Résilience face aux risques dus à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques Risques: renforcer l’adaptation et la résilience des capacités des communautés les plus vulnérables aux risques de catastrophes liées au changement et à la variabilité du climat dans les Comores En développement 3.3 Objectifs d’adaptation Les objectifs en matière d’adaptation ont été identifiés ou extrapolés à partir de la SCA2D et les politiques sectorielles existantes et sont répertoriés dans le tableau ci-dessous.', 'Principaux projets d’adaptation aux Comores Projets Secteur / Objectifs État de mise en œuvre Renforcement des capacités et de résilience du secteur agricole aux changements climatiques aux Comores (CRCCA) Agriculture: Réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes agricoles au changement climatique et à la variabilité climatique En cours Renforcement des capacités de gestion des ressources en eau pour une adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACCE) Eau: réduire les risques liés au CC sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau En cours Programme d’Appui à l’Union de Comores pour le Renforcement de la Résilience au Changement Climatique (AMCCA) Intégration: améliorer la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les stratégies, projets et mécanismes de planification, coordination et suivi En cours Programme conjoint adaptation eau Eau: réduire les risques liés au changement climatique sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau sur 5 sites pilotes En cours Réhabilitation des Bassins versants, des forêts et des moyens de subsistance adaptatifs Zones côtières: renforcer la résilience aux Comores en réhabilitant les bassins versants, les forêts et en diversifiant les moyens de subsistance En développement Résilience face aux risques dus à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques Risques: renforcer l’adaptation et la résilience des capacités des communautés les plus vulnérables aux risques de catastrophes liées au changement et à la variabilité du climat dans les Comores En développement 3.3 Objectifs d’adaptation Les objectifs en matière d’adaptation ont été identifiés ou extrapolés à partir de la SCA2D et les politiques sectorielles existantes et sont répertoriés dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau 4.', 'Principaux projets d’adaptation aux Comores Projets Secteur / Objectifs État de mise en œuvre Renforcement des capacités et de résilience du secteur agricole aux changements climatiques aux Comores (CRCCA) Agriculture: Réduire la vulnérabilité des systèmes agricoles au changement climatique et à la variabilité climatique En cours Renforcement des capacités de gestion des ressources en eau pour une adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACCE) Eau: réduire les risques liés au CC sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau En cours Programme d’Appui à l’Union de Comores pour le Renforcement de la Résilience au Changement Climatique (AMCCA) Intégration: améliorer la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les stratégies, projets et mécanismes de planification, coordination et suivi En cours Programme conjoint adaptation eau Eau: réduire les risques liés au changement climatique sur la vie quotidienne et les impacts sur les ressources en eau sur 5 sites pilotes En cours Réhabilitation des Bassins versants, des forêts et des moyens de subsistance adaptatifs Zones côtières: renforcer la résilience aux Comores en réhabilitant les bassins versants, les forêts et en diversifiant les moyens de subsistance En développement Résilience face aux risques dus à la variabilité et aux changements climatiques Risques: renforcer l’adaptation et la résilience des capacités des communautés les plus vulnérables aux risques de catastrophes liées au changement et à la variabilité du climat dans les Comores En développement 3.3 Objectifs d’adaptation Les objectifs en matière d’adaptation ont été identifiés ou extrapolés à partir de la SCA2D et les politiques sectorielles existantes et sont répertoriés dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau 4. Principaux objectifs en termes d’adaptation Secteurs Objectif 2020 Objectif 2030 Eau > 66% de la population ayant accès à l’eau potable > 100% de la population ayant accès à l’eau potable.', 'Principaux objectifs en termes d’adaptation Secteurs Objectif 2020 Objectif 2030 Eau > 66% de la population ayant accès à l’eau potable > 100% de la population ayant accès à l’eau potable. Agriculture et élevage > 100% des exploitants agricoles utilisent des techniques et des variétés adaptées à l’évolution du changement climatique ; > 100% des exploitants agricoles ont un système de gestion de l’eau adaptée à l’évolution du changement climatique ;CPDN Comores Secteurs Objectif 2020 Objectif 2030 > le pays bénéficie d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace capable d’intervenir sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelle maladie bovine ou caprine. Santé > Le paludisme est éradiqué de l’île ; > le pays bénéficie d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace capable d’intervenir sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelle maladie vectorielle.', 'Santé > Le paludisme est éradiqué de l’île ; > le pays bénéficie d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace capable d’intervenir sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelle maladie vectorielle. Réduction des risques et catastrophes > Le pays bénéficie d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace capable d’intervenir sur tout le territoire > 100% de la population située en zone vulnérable est déplacée ou bénéficie d’aménagements la protégeant des aléas climatiques et plus particulièrement des risques de submersion ; > le pays bénéficie d’un système de normes de construction qui prend en compte le changement climatique qu’il s’agisse des crues décennales et centennales ainsi que du risque de submersion lié à l’élévation du niveau de la mer et à l’intensification des houles cycloniques.', 'Réduction des risques et catastrophes > Le pays bénéficie d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace capable d’intervenir sur tout le territoire > 100% de la population située en zone vulnérable est déplacée ou bénéficie d’aménagements la protégeant des aléas climatiques et plus particulièrement des risques de submersion ; > le pays bénéficie d’un système de normes de construction qui prend en compte le changement climatique qu’il s’agisse des crues décennales et centennales ainsi que du risque de submersion lié à l’élévation du niveau de la mer et à l’intensification des houles cycloniques. Intégration et sensibilisation (aspect transversal) > Le processus PAN est mené à son terme; > l’adaptation au changement climatique est intégrée de manière systématique aux programmes de recherche et aux programmes d’éducation à l’environnement; > intégration de l’adaptation au CC dans les lois, stratégies et politiques sectorielles.', 'Intégration et sensibilisation (aspect transversal) > Le processus PAN est mené à son terme; > l’adaptation au changement climatique est intégrée de manière systématique aux programmes de recherche et aux programmes d’éducation à l’environnement; > intégration de l’adaptation au CC dans les lois, stratégies et politiques sectorielles. > La mobilisation des financements internationaux permet l’atteinte des objectifs fixés précédemment ; > mise en place d’un système alerte précoce permettant de prévenir les événements extrêmes et d’anticiper la réponse à apporter afin de réduire les impacts tous secteurs confondus ; > 100% des populations les plus vulnérables sont sensibilisées aux impacts du CC et informées sur les mesures d’adaptation ; > l’ensemble des acteurs de l’État, centralisés mais aussi décentralisé jusqu’au niveau des communes a bénéficié d’un renforcement de capacité ciblé sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.CPDN Comores Section 4.', '> La mobilisation des financements internationaux permet l’atteinte des objectifs fixés précédemment ; > mise en place d’un système alerte précoce permettant de prévenir les événements extrêmes et d’anticiper la réponse à apporter afin de réduire les impacts tous secteurs confondus ; > 100% des populations les plus vulnérables sont sensibilisées aux impacts du CC et informées sur les mesures d’adaptation ; > l’ensemble des acteurs de l’État, centralisés mais aussi décentralisé jusqu’au niveau des communes a bénéficié d’un renforcement de capacité ciblé sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.CPDN Comores Section 4. Équité et ambition La CPDN sera développée pour être équitable et ambitieuse pour l’Union des Comores, tout en veillant à ce qu’elle contribue à atteindre l’objectif ultime de la Convention de stabiliser le niveau de GES dans l’atmosphère à un niveau non-néfaste au bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres.', 'Équité et ambition La CPDN sera développée pour être équitable et ambitieuse pour l’Union des Comores, tout en veillant à ce qu’elle contribue à atteindre l’objectif ultime de la Convention de stabiliser le niveau de GES dans l’atmosphère à un niveau non-néfaste au bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. Étant donné que les émissions des Comores comptent pour une proportion infime des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, le pays a donc mis l’accent sur les mesures compatibles avec son statut de petit état insulaire, de PMA et ayant des effets rapides. Les Comores sont au 159ème rang sur 187 pays selon le classement Indice de Développement Humain (IDH) du PNUD avec un IDH de 0,488 en 2014.', 'Les Comores sont au 159ème rang sur 187 pays selon le classement Indice de Développement Humain (IDH) du PNUD avec un IDH de 0,488 en 2014. Avec un PIB par habitant de 840 US$ en 20142, les Comores peinent à créer des bases d’une croissance économique durable3. Pour lutter efficacement contre la pauvreté, le pays s’est engagé pour un objectif de développement durable en signant le manifeste d’Istandra. Avec une majorité de la population qui vit en région côtière, les actions de lutte contre la pauvreté se sont concentrées sur la protection des zones côtières, gestion de risques etc. dont les principaux effets permettront de réduire la vulnérabilité.', 'dont les principaux effets permettront de réduire la vulnérabilité. De puits de GES en l’an 2000, l’Union des Comores est passée émettrice en 2015 d’après la projection du scénario de référence et sur la base des inventaires des années 2000, 2005 et 2010. En 2010, les émissions des Comores comptaient pour une proportion infime des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, soit 0,00045%. Le pays a multiplié les efforts au cours de la dernière décennie en vue d’une croissance durable et de développement vert, résiliente au climat et sobre en émission de carbone sur le plan politique et institutionnel. Ainsi des actions de lutte contre le changement climatique (CC) en termes d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont menées depuis les années 90.', 'Ainsi des actions de lutte contre le changement climatique (CC) en termes d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont menées depuis les années 90. De plus, de par les actions mises en place jusqu’à maintenant, les émissions de GES par habitant ont pu être contenus au niveau de 0.4 tonne pendant la période 2000 à 2010. Malgré sa faible contribution aux gaz à effet de serre, l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixée d’être un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète. Mais pour cela, la capacité du pays à mettre en œuvre sa contribution a également ses limites.', 'Mais pour cela, la capacité du pays à mettre en œuvre sa contribution a également ses limites. En effet, le niveau de développement économique actuel et à moyen terme ont servi au développement du potentiel d’atténuation, d’adaptation et donc de sa contribution tout en prenant en considération les priorités de développement du pays qu’est la réduction de la pauvreté et autres objectifs du Millénaire. Cet apport est considéré comme équitable pour les Comores pour permettre à la communauté internationale d’atteindre l’objectif ultime de la Convention sur la stabilisation du niveau de GES dans l’atmosphère, notamment de maintenir le niveau de réchauffement global en dessous du seuil critique de 2°C qui déstabiliserait le fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels.', 'Cet apport est considéré comme équitable pour les Comores pour permettre à la communauté internationale d’atteindre l’objectif ultime de la Convention sur la stabilisation du niveau de GES dans l’atmosphère, notamment de maintenir le niveau de réchauffement global en dessous du seuil critique de 2°C qui déstabiliserait le fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels. L’Union des Comores aspire à transformer son économie à travers des activités contribuant aux émissions minimales de GES, à savoir dans les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’UTCAF, pour arriver à un développement économique neutre en émissions de GES, sinon à un puits. Toutefois, un support financier et technique de la communauté internationale est un prérequis pour le succès de cette contribution à l atteinte de l objectif de la Convention.', 'Toutefois, un support financier et technique de la communauté internationale est un prérequis pour le succès de cette contribution à l atteinte de l objectif de la Convention. L’Union des Comores s’engage à réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre par environ 84% en 2030 par rapport aux émissions du scenario de référence sous condition de l’assistance internationale mentionnée. Ce pourcentage représente près de 440 000 tCO2éq. 2 Source : Banque MondialeCPDN Comores Section 5. Arrangements institutionnels L’Union des Comores utilisera les mécanismes existants de suivi et d’évaluation pour la mise en œuvre de la CPDN. Ainsi les arrangements institutionnels existants seront consolidés pour permettre la mise en œuvre et le suivi de la CPDN.', 'Ainsi les arrangements institutionnels existants seront consolidés pour permettre la mise en œuvre et le suivi de la CPDN. Le Conseil National de Développement Durable (CNDD) créé en 2013 mènera le programme en collaboration avec les Ministères et les autres Directions concernées selon les mesures et actions. Cependant, l’opérationnalité de cette commission nécessiterait des moyens financiers pour être réellement effective. Le suivi de la CPDN pourra se faire à travers les inventaires de GES des Communications Nationales et des Rapports Biennaux qui seront transmis à la CCNUCC. En ce qui concerne les mesures d’adaptation plus particulièrement, le suivi pourrait se faire à travers les groupes de travail sectoriels et les Comités de Planification et de Suivi-Évaluation du Développement (COPSED). Section 6.', 'En ce qui concerne les mesures d’adaptation plus particulièrement, le suivi pourrait se faire à travers les groupes de travail sectoriels et les Comités de Planification et de Suivi-Évaluation du Développement (COPSED). Section 6. Moyens de mise en œuvre 6.1 Contraintes et besoins Malgré sa faible contribution aux gaz à effet de serre, l’Union des Comores veut poursuivre l’objectif qu’elle s’est fixée de demeurer un puits de carbone et participer ainsi à l’effort global de décarbonisation de la planète. L’analyse des différentes composantes de l’économie, montre que l’Union des Comores est en phase de reconstruction et de réforme en tant que pays fragile.', 'L’analyse des différentes composantes de l’économie, montre que l’Union des Comores est en phase de reconstruction et de réforme en tant que pays fragile. De nombreux efforts ont été faits au cours de ces 20 dernières années dans le domaine du développement durable et plus particulièrement celui de l’adaptation mais ces efforts sont éparpillés et leurs résultats peu mesurables. Cela est dû à de nombreuses lacunes identifiées par diverses études (telles que l’évaluation des capacités (ANCAR), le rapport national de la conférence des Nations Unies sur le Développement durable, le Rapport Maurice, le Plan stratégique de programmation) qu’il faudrait relever aussi bien au niveau institutionnel, politique et stratégique et juridique.', 'Cela est dû à de nombreuses lacunes identifiées par diverses études (telles que l’évaluation des capacités (ANCAR), le rapport national de la conférence des Nations Unies sur le Développement durable, le Rapport Maurice, le Plan stratégique de programmation) qu’il faudrait relever aussi bien au niveau institutionnel, politique et stratégique et juridique. 6.1.2 Besoins en adaptation et atténuation Face à ces contraintes et pour répondre à ces défis, les besoins en moyens humains, techniques et financiers sont les suivants: • Le manque de ressources financières propres au pays accentue sa dépendance vis à vis de l’aide extérieure. Tous les projets d’adaptation sont financés par l’aide extérieure. Cette dépendance privilégie l’approche projet au détriment de l’approche programme.', 'Cette dépendance privilégie l’approche projet au détriment de l’approche programme. L’Union des Comores doit assurer la pérennité des actions et passer d’un mode projets à des programmes à plus ou moins long terme et assurer une pérennité des financements également ; • les institutions en charge de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation manquent de moyens humains, techniques, financiers et matériels. Par ailleurs les textes définissant les mandats, les missions et les responsabilités des institutions (Union et îles) concernées par la gestion et la protection de l’environnement national auraient besoin d’être révisées pour gagner en clarté. En conséquence, ses institutions sont très limitées dans leurs capacités de conception, planification réalisation des actions en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation.', 'En conséquence, ses institutions sont très limitées dans leurs capacités de conception, planification réalisation des actions en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation. Elles sont également handicapées dans leurs missions de coordination, d’animation, d’encadrement et de sensibilisation ;CPDN Comores • à l’instar de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation, la gestion des risques aux Comores manque de cadre réglementaire et de mécanisme de coordination entre les différents acteurs4. Faute de moyens financiers, les ressources limitées de l’Etat ont été utilisés en réponse aux situations d’urgence plutôt qu’à la prévention.', 'Faute de moyens financiers, les ressources limitées de l’Etat ont été utilisés en réponse aux situations d’urgence plutôt qu’à la prévention. Les données de base font cruellement défaut et les résultats d’enquête montrent que la société civile n’était pas suffisamment sensibilisée et préparée pour faire face aux catastrophes naturelles; • les besoins en transfert de technologies sont inhérents aux mesures et projets d’adaptation à mettre en place et touchent par conséquent la plupart des domaines identifiés. 6.1.3 Mise en œuvre La CPDN a été travaillé pour produire les résultats escomptés rapidement vu l’urgence de la situation pour atteindre l’objectif de la Convention.', '6.1.3 Mise en œuvre La CPDN a été travaillé pour produire les résultats escomptés rapidement vu l’urgence de la situation pour atteindre l’objectif de la Convention. Ainsi, un délai d’une à deux années a été pris en considération afin de permettre la création de l’environnement favorable et la mise en place du système nécessaire. Pendant ce temps, il est aussi espéré que les ressources requises seront disponibles pour mener à bien cette tâche si essentielle pour l’avenir de notre planète. La mise en œuvre de la CPDN représente une gageure pour l’Union des Comores.', 'La mise en œuvre de la CPDN représente une gageure pour l’Union des Comores. De multiples défis devront être relevés dans des domaines tels que le renforcement de la capacité humaine, les besoins en technologies et les besoins financiers afin de mener à bien cette CPDN tout en respectant les délais impartis aux différentes étapes. L’Union des Comores compte sur la communauté internationale pour arriver à consolider les efforts entrepris depuis plus de 20 ans en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique.', 'L’Union des Comores compte sur la communauté internationale pour arriver à consolider les efforts entrepris depuis plus de 20 ans en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique. En effet, un soutien international sous forme de financement, de renforcement de capacités et de transferts de technologies sera primordial afin que l’Union des Comores puisse mettre en œuvre sa CPDN: • Soutien financier – L’Union des Comores aura besoin d’une enveloppe tournant autour de 675 million US$ pour mener à bien la mise en œuvre de sa CPDN dont 375 millions de dollars pour les mesures d’atténuation et 300 millions pour les mesures d’adaptation. Compte tenu de ses ressources très limitées, l’Union des Comores ne peut entreprendre ses mesures sans l’aide de la communauté internationale.', 'Compte tenu de ses ressources très limitées, l’Union des Comores ne peut entreprendre ses mesures sans l’aide de la communauté internationale. Cependant, la part du budget national pourrait être d’environ 10% de cette enveloppe en se basant sur l’expérience de projets aux Comores. Compte tenu de l’urgence de la situation pour stabiliser la teneur en GES de l’atmosphère, L’union des Comores s’est fixée pour objectif de démarrer la mise en œuvre le plus rapidement possible pour des effets escomptés, et ce, à partir de l’an 2018; • Appui au renforcement des capacités – L’Union des Comores manque cruellement de capacités pour mettre en œuvre, suivre et rapporter les initiatives qui seront mises en place pour la CPDN.', 'Compte tenu de l’urgence de la situation pour stabiliser la teneur en GES de l’atmosphère, L’union des Comores s’est fixée pour objectif de démarrer la mise en œuvre le plus rapidement possible pour des effets escomptés, et ce, à partir de l’an 2018; • Appui au renforcement des capacités – L’Union des Comores manque cruellement de capacités pour mettre en œuvre, suivre et rapporter les initiatives qui seront mises en place pour la CPDN. L’Union des Comores compte sur la solidarité de la communauté internationale pour lui apporter le support nécessaire.', 'L’Union des Comores compte sur la solidarité de la communauté internationale pour lui apporter le support nécessaire. Les besoins en renforcement des capacités sont assez large et comprennent la capacité humaine dans divers domaines, la capacité institutionnelle, le cadre légal, juridique et financier, une meilleure planification en terme de politique, stratégie et plan d’action; et un meilleur suivi des opérations; A titre illustratif, les besoins en renforcement des capacités sont importants en outils d’intégration des effets du changement climatique dans les stratégies, les politiques et les plans d’action d’une part et dans le domaine de suivi et évaluation.', 'Les besoins en renforcement des capacités sont assez large et comprennent la capacité humaine dans divers domaines, la capacité institutionnelle, le cadre légal, juridique et financier, une meilleure planification en terme de politique, stratégie et plan d’action; et un meilleur suivi des opérations; A titre illustratif, les besoins en renforcement des capacités sont importants en outils d’intégration des effets du changement climatique dans les stratégies, les politiques et les plans d’action d’une part et dans le domaine de suivi et évaluation. Dans le domaine de gestion des risques, le renforcement des capacités des systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) et d’évaluation des risques ainsi que la sensibilisation et préparation de la société civile en matière de gestion des risques sont des priorités.', 'Dans le domaine de gestion des risques, le renforcement des capacités des systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) et d’évaluation des risques ainsi que la sensibilisation et préparation de la société civile en matière de gestion des risques sont des priorités. 4 Évaluation des risques des catastrophes, 2014.CPDN Comores • Transfert de technologies – Le transfert de technologies est une partie intégrante de la CPDN car c’est à travers elles qu’une bonne partie des initiatives en termes d’atténuation et d’adaptation se réaliseront. Les besoins en technologies s’échelonneront sur la majeure partie de la durée de la CPDN.', 'Les besoins en technologies s’échelonneront sur la majeure partie de la durée de la CPDN. Elles comprennent en matière d’atténuation des technologies sur les énergies renouvelables telles le solaire, l’hydraulique, l’éolienne et la géothermie, l’efficience énergétique dans l’industrie du bâtiment et autres, les techniques de boisement, agroforesterie, d’arboriculture, d’agriculture de conservation ou agroécologie, de transformation de produit agricole, la préservation et la restauration des forêts et autres aires protégées. Pour ce qui concerne l’adaptation, les transferts de technologie pour les secteurs énergie, foresterie et agriculture cités précédemment sont également pertinents.', 'Pour ce qui concerne l’adaptation, les transferts de technologie pour les secteurs énergie, foresterie et agriculture cités précédemment sont également pertinents. Ils devront cependant être complétés par des transferts de technologie dans les secteurs de l’eau, de la santé et de la prévention des risques (exemples : système de pompage, captage, stockage, décantation, filtration, réseau de surveillance volcanique, acquisition et traitement d’images satellitaires). Section 7. Informations complémentaires sur les volets atténuation et adaptation 7.1.1 Élaboration de la CPDN Afin de développer une CPDN robuste, réalisable, équitable et ambitieuse, l’approche du bas vers le haut pour arriver à la contribution nationale a été privilégiée. Les mesures d’atténuation ont été développées en ligne avec les politiques et autres stratégies existantes du gouvernement de l’Union des Comores et des spécificités nationales.', 'Les mesures d’atténuation ont été développées en ligne avec les politiques et autres stratégies existantes du gouvernement de l’Union des Comores et des spécificités nationales. Une description détaillée des hypothèses et des projections utilisées pour projeter les émissions et absorptions suivent pour chaque option priorisée. Les travaux et rapports nationaux d’autres pays de la région et des îles de l’Océan Indien et des bases de données internationales ont également été utilisés pour compléter les données manquantes ou pour les besoins de validation. Les principaux documents sur lesquels repose cette élaboration sont: • Banque centrale des Comores. Rapport Annuel (2013) ; • Collecte et analyse de données pour l’aménagement durable des forêts - joindre les efforts nationaux et internationaux. (2000). Rapport d’étude sur les données du bois-énergie aux Comores. (2000).', 'Rapport d’étude sur les données du bois-énergie aux Comores. (2000). B. H. Abdourahaman ; • Élaboration d’une stratégie sectorielle nationale Energie aux Comores. (2012). D Levy, A Doulet, A Bourgeois, H Abderamane et Y Aboulhouda ; • Étude de Faisabilité pour la Transformation des Déchets Organiques en Compost; V Mouafo et S. M Hassani ; • ; • Note sur le développement du sous-secteur de l’électricité en Union des Comores. Stratégie et Plan d’Actions Énergie validés le 21 février 2013 en Conseil des Ministres ; • Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable. (2015). Plan de mise en œuvre 2015-2019 ; • Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants. (2013). US Department of Energy ; • World Statistics Pocketbook.', 'US Department of Energy ; • World Statistics Pocketbook. United Nations Statistics Division ; • 2ème Communication Nationale, Consultation sur le Changement Climatique, Option Atténuation (2011); S.A. Batouli et S Hassani.CPDN Comores 7.1.2 Émissions de GES et projections Les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel GIEC 2006 ont été utilisés pour estimer les émissions et absorptions d’après l’équation Emissions = Données d’activités*facteurs d’émissions La même méthodologie a été adoptée pour compiler les émissions des scenarii de référence et d’atténuation, nommément les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC et le logiciel 2006 du GIEC comme recommandé par la Conférence des Parties pour être consistent et comparable. Les données d’activités proviennent des statistiques du pays pour le passé et les projections obtenues des rapports ou stratégies sectorielles sur le développement.', 'Les données d’activités proviennent des statistiques du pays pour le passé et les projections obtenues des rapports ou stratégies sectorielles sur le développement. Dans les cas où les projections n’existent pas, la modélisation statistique ou la ligne de tendance ont été utilisés pour estimer les besoins futurs. Ces exercices ont été faits sur la base de la croissance démographique, le taux d’urbanisation, le PIB et le taux de déforestation entre autres. Les données d’activités comprennent les besoins et productions énergétiques du pays, les volumes de carburants fossiles, le nombre de tête de bétail, le volume de bois prélevé et le volume de déchet ménager produit. La croissance démographique et autre paramètre socio-économique ont été repris des projections faites dans les stratégies de développement du pays.', 'La croissance démographique et autre paramètre socio-économique ont été repris des projections faites dans les stratégies de développement du pays. 7.1.2.2 Emissions au niveau national Les absorptions et émissions en tCO2éq. par secteur pour les trois années d’inventaire révisées, 2000, 2005 et 2010, sont reprises dans le Tableau 5. Ce dernier montre que l’Énergie, l’Agriculture et l’UTCAF sont les secteurs clés en termes d’émissions. Ces trois secteurs ont donc été privilégiés pour les besoins d’atténuation. Tableau 5. Résultats des inventaires révisés de l’an 2000, 2005 et 2010 en tCO2 éq. Secteurs Année UTCAF – agrégées non-CO2CPDN Comores Les détails sur les hypothèses adoptées pour le scenario d’atténuation par mesure suivent.', 'Secteurs Année UTCAF – agrégées non-CO2CPDN Comores Les détails sur les hypothèses adoptées pour le scenario d’atténuation par mesure suivent. Energie : • Réduire les pertes sur le réseau de distribution électrique Actuellement les pertes sur le réseau de distribution d’après le rapport « Elaboration d’une stratégie sectorielle nationale énergie aux Comores » atteignent 30%. La réhabilitation du réseau est une des mesures phare d’atténuation car elle peut être mise en place assez rapidement avec des résultats concrets à partir de l’année 2020. Ainsi, l’hypothèse est une réhabilitation du réseau pour faire baisser cette perte à 15%. • Réhabiliter des centrales électriques Les générateurs d’électricité à hydrocarbures sont assez mal entretenus faute de moyens et de capacités humaines.', '• Réhabiliter des centrales électriques Les générateurs d’électricité à hydrocarbures sont assez mal entretenus faute de moyens et de capacités humaines. C’est une des autres mesures qui gagnerait à être mise en place avec diligence avec des résultats immédiats. Actuellement la perte lors de la transformation dans les centrales est estimée à 8% et une diminution à 6 % est envisageable. • Adoption du solaire La pénétration du photovoltaïque a été travaillée pour intégrer le système à partir de l’année 2020 afin d’atteindre les objectifs nationales d’électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables. Ainsi, l’exploitation d’un potentiel de 14 MW graduellement en trois étapes a été travaillée.', 'Ainsi, l’exploitation d’un potentiel de 14 MW graduellement en trois étapes a été travaillée. • Augmenter le potentiel hydro De même, pour le développement de l’électricité à partir des centrales hydro jusqu’à 2030 avec pour but d’arriver au potentiel maximal du pays. • La Géothermie La géothermie est actuellement en exploration depuis déjà quelques années et le gouvernement y est confiant comme une source potentielle d’énergie renouvelable pour la production d’électricité dans le futur. Etant donne le temps nécessaire pour conclure les études et se lancer dans la production d’électricité, elle a été considérée que vers la fin de la période sous analyse, nommément vers 2030. Ainsi, la comptabilisation des GES qui pourraient être évité a été prise en considération pour l’année 2030.', 'Ainsi, la comptabilisation des GES qui pourraient être évité a été prise en considération pour l’année 2030. Une production de quelques 14 MW à l’horizon 2030. • Promouvoir l’utilisation du GPL à la place du pétrole et du bois La vulgarisation de l’utilisation du GPL par les ménages et possiblement en remplacement de l’essence dans les voitures favoriserait aussi une diminution des émissions. Une pénétration annuelle de 3% de la consommation a été prise comme hypothèse sans toutefois départager les utilisations finales. • Promouvoir les foyers améliorés Cette option n’a pas été évaluée pour sa capacité d’atténuation car son adoption n’a pas eu beaucoup de succès en dépit des efforts investis. De plus, les résultats restent difficiles à quantifier.', 'De plus, les résultats restent difficiles à quantifier. Pour les besoins de l’étude, il a été considéré que l’introduction des foyers améliorés au niveau domestique et dans la production de l’huile essentiel Ylang Ylang mènerait à une diminution graduelle de 5% à l’échelle 2020, 2025 et 2030 du volume de bois utilisé. Donc, les estimations de réductions d’émissions ont été faites ensemble sous l’option réduction du volume de bois de chauffe. Cette réduction dans le volume de bois utilisé est comprise avec d’autres actions considérées sous la section UTCAF ci-après où les estimations d’émissions sont normalement faites.CPDN Comores Tableau 6. Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation pour le secteur Energie: horizon 2020, Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 éq.)', 'Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation pour le secteur Energie: horizon 2020, Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 éq.) Energie Réduire les pertes sur le réseau de distribution électrique Promouvoir l’utilisation du GPL à la place du pétrole et du bois Promouvoir les foyers améliorés Comptabilise sous réduction bois de chauffe Agriculture : • Promouvoir l’agriculture de conservation L’agriculture de conservation, tout comme les foyers améliorés, fait une percée timide auprès des agriculteurs. Cette option aussi demeure difficile à évaluer et à projeter dans le futur. Elle n’a donc pas été quantifiée pour son impact sur les émissions de GES. UTCAF • Réduction de la consommation du bois de feu, de service et industriel La consommation du bois provenant des forêts et autres réserves de biomasse constitue la plus grande part des émissions de GES actuellement.', 'UTCAF • Réduction de la consommation du bois de feu, de service et industriel La consommation du bois provenant des forêts et autres réserves de biomasse constitue la plus grande part des émissions de GES actuellement. En plus, elle est source de dégradation du terroir avec des effets négatifs sur d’autres secteurs tels la production de cultures vivrières et l’élevage. Elle représente donc une activité d’importance majeure à cibler pour réduire les émissions. Il est nécessaire de considérer ce problème de manière intégrée car il est transversal et lié à d’autres activités résidentielles et industrielles.', 'Il est nécessaire de considérer ce problème de manière intégrée car il est transversal et lié à d’autres activités résidentielles et industrielles. En effet, les mesures privilégiées dans les autres secteurs vont dans ce sens tel le taux d’électrification, la promotion du GPL, la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés pour les ménages et les besoins industriels et la substitution de bois de service par d’autres matériaux.', 'En effet, les mesures privilégiées dans les autres secteurs vont dans ce sens tel le taux d’électrification, la promotion du GPL, la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés pour les ménages et les besoins industriels et la substitution de bois de service par d’autres matériaux. L’hypothèse est de réduire cette utilisation par 15% chaque cinq ans, ce qui mettrait un frein à la déforestation et qui mènerait à une réduction de la déforestation par 45% en 2030.CPDN Comores • Afforestation des prairies ou autres terres en friche Avec le temps et faute de moyens, la superficie sous prairie a augmenté dans l’île suite à la déforestation et aujourd’hui cet état de choses à des effets néfastes sur d’autres secteurs.', 'L’hypothèse est de réduire cette utilisation par 15% chaque cinq ans, ce qui mettrait un frein à la déforestation et qui mènerait à une réduction de la déforestation par 45% en 2030.CPDN Comores • Afforestation des prairies ou autres terres en friche Avec le temps et faute de moyens, la superficie sous prairie a augmenté dans l’île suite à la déforestation et aujourd’hui cet état de choses à des effets néfastes sur d’autres secteurs. Le reboisement et l’afforestation sont des pratiques courantes depuis plus d’une décennie mais n’ont pas eu beaucoup de succès compte tenu des circonstances nationales. On note ainsi le faible taux de réussite des plantules mises en terre à cause de la mauvaise maîtrise des variations climatiques et la divagation du bétail.', 'On note ainsi le faible taux de réussite des plantules mises en terre à cause de la mauvaise maîtrise des variations climatiques et la divagation du bétail. L’objectif de la politique nationale, la SCA2D, est de couvrir une surface de 11116 ha à l’horizon 2019, équivalent à 6% de la superficie du territoire. L’afforestation sur une partie de cette surface avec des espèces de bois commercial se présente comme une solution idéale car cela permettrait de séquestrer du gaz carbonique tout en pourvoyant le bois requis pour les besoins résidentiels, de service et industriels. En conséquence, le plan serait de commencer avec l’afforestation suivi du reboisement avec des espèces indigènes quelques années après.', 'En conséquence, le plan serait de commencer avec l’afforestation suivi du reboisement avec des espèces indigènes quelques années après. Cette approche de la mise en œuvre du programme de reforestation prend en considération la préparation des plantules et autres mesures associées. • Reboisement Une meilleure planification de reboisement est nécessaire et demandera plus d’investissement pour garantir son succès. L’Union des Comores a pour objectif la reforestation de 2200 ha annuellement sur une période de 5 ans allant de 2015 à 2019 pour être en ligne avec la SCA2D. Mais la mise en œuvre semble difficile faute d’avoir pu réunir le financement nécessaire à ce jour.', 'Mais la mise en œuvre semble difficile faute d’avoir pu réunir le financement nécessaire à ce jour. Cette superficie a donc été répartie en reboisement et afforestation sur 12 ans à partir de l’année 2018 sous réserve de trouver le financement. Cette approche permettra une diminution de la pression sur la ressource forestière dans le temps avec pour but une exploitation durable dans le moyen et long terme. Simultanément, des bénéfices connexes seront obtenus par rapport à la dégradation du sol et des ressources en eau. Indirectement, ce dernier aspect aura intrinsèquement des effets positifs sur la pérennité de la production d’autres secteurs liés à l’eau. Agroforesterie : Pour l’agroforesterie, les terres agricoles abandonnées seront ciblées pour cette activité. L’intention est de convertir 200 ha annuellement pour agroforesterie.', 'L’intention est de convertir 200 ha annuellement pour agroforesterie. Ceci tout en étant un puits de GES va aussi créer de l’emploi et produire de la richesse aux communautés. Arboriculture : Pour l’arboriculture, c’est encore une fois les terres agricoles abandonnées qui seront converti au taux de 200 ha annuellement. Tout en étant un puits de GES, cette activité créera de l’emploi, aidera à la sécurité alimentaire et produira de la richesse pour les communautés. Aires Protégées : Le gouvernement Comoriens a planifie de renforcer ses actions pour la conservation de la biodiversité marine et terrestre. Ainsi, il est projeté de passer à un total de 50 000 ha environ de terre sous couvert végétale, principalement les forêts, d’aires protégées à l’horizon 2030.', 'Ainsi, il est projeté de passer à un total de 50 000 ha environ de terre sous couvert végétale, principalement les forêts, d’aires protégées à l’horizon 2030. Le sommaire des réductions d’émissions à travers des mesures d’atténuation du secteur UTCAF est présenté dans le Tableau ci-dessous.CPDN Comores Tableau 7. Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation pour le secteur UTCAF: horizon 2020, Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 eéq.) Réduction de la consommation du Afforestation des prairies ou autres Reboisement Déchets Il existe bien une politique de gestion des déchets solides et liquides mais sa mise en œuvre n’est pas encore effective. Les projets identifiés pour les déchets ménagers incluent le compostage après tri et l’enfouissement dans les grandes agglomérations et la production du biogaz ailleurs.', 'Les projets identifiés pour les déchets ménagers incluent le compostage après tri et l’enfouissement dans les grandes agglomérations et la production du biogaz ailleurs. Le compostage ainsi que la production du biogaz aidera à réduire les émissions (Tableau 8). Tableau 8. Réductions de GES des mesures d’atténuation pour le secteur Déchets: horizon Mesures atténuation Potentiel de réductions de GES (tCO2 éq.) Les projections des émissions et absorptions sectorielles en tCO2éq. à pas de cinq ans pour la période 2015 à 2030 sont présentées dans le Tableau 2. Tableau 9. Projections de GES (2015-2030) selon le CNA en tCO2 éq. Secteurs Année UTCAF – agrégées non-CO2CPDN Comores 7.2.1 Contexte: tendance et vulnérabilité au changement climatique L’Union des Comores est un archipel, situé au Nord du Canal du Mozambique.', 'Secteurs Année UTCAF – agrégées non-CO2CPDN Comores 7.2.1 Contexte: tendance et vulnérabilité au changement climatique L’Union des Comores est un archipel, situé au Nord du Canal du Mozambique. Cet État, à l’instar des autres pays insulaires en développement, se caractérise par sa vulnérabilité très importante aux impacts du changement climatique. À l’échelle du Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien, l’étude des données disponibles sur les 50 dernières années révèle déjà un réchauffement significatif sur l’ensemble du bassin avec une augmentation moyenne régionale significative de +0,2°C par décennie ainsi qu’une baisse de la quantité annuelle de précipitations pour la période. Ces tendances sont confirmées à l’échelle des Comores.', 'Ces tendances sont confirmées à l’échelle des Comores. À l’horizon 2050, les changements climatiques se manifesteront par une légère hausse de la pluviométrie par rapport à la normale pour les mois de janvier à avril et de décembre. Contrairement aux autres mois où on constatera une baisse de la pluviométrie. À l’échelle nationale, ces modifications se manifesteront par une augmentation de la température de 1,26 à 1,47°C. Le réchauffement sera encore plus prononcé en l’an 2100 avec une variation de 1,99 à 2,35 °C. D’une façon générale, la variation thermique aurait presque doublé de 2050 à 2100 si aucune mesure d’atténuation n’est prise. Pour la pluviométrie, il y aura une baisse significative pour les mois d’août à novembre.', 'Pour la pluviométrie, il y aura une baisse significative pour les mois d’août à novembre. Le niveau de la mer devrait augmenter de 4mm par an au cours des cinquante prochaines années. Cette augmentation correspond à une élévation moyenne potentielle de 20 cm, une élévation deux fois plus importante que l’élévation observée au cours des cent dernières années (20 à 25 cm). La proportion de vulnérabilité est estimée à 82,1%, avec des dommages causés par les changements climatiques qui dépassent dès 2020 la valeur du PIB. La vulnérabilité des Comores repose sur la sensibilité à l’aléa climatique et la capacité d’adaptation. Elle dépend de fait de facteurs physiques, humains et socioéconomiques; la pauvreté du pays étant la cause principale.', 'Elle dépend de fait de facteurs physiques, humains et socioéconomiques; la pauvreté du pays étant la cause principale. Les principaux aléas impactant les Comores sont: • L’augmentation de la température ; • l’élévation du niveau de la mer (érosion et submersion) ; • la modification du régime des précipitations ; • la modification du régime des vents ; • l’acidification des océans ; • la modification des cycles fondamentaux.']

fr-FR

COM

Comoros

Updated NDC

2021-11-05 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_Comores_vf.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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0

../data/downloaded_documents/59ba4072b53b47ea0bc54b7969fd4d4229ebb7e088654b7dc7f4d4a3ee6ef8b8.pdf

['i Union des Comores Unité - Solidarité - Développement Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la pêche, de l’Environnement, du Tourisme et de l’Artisanat CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN actualisée) Rapport de synthèseii TABLE DES MATIERES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES . iii SYNTHESE: approche CDN……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…iv INTRODUCTION .1 Situation géographique….………………………………….……………………………………………………………………… .2 Population et économie ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………… 2 Climat ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….', 'i Union des Comores Unité - Solidarité - Développement Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la pêche, de l’Environnement, du Tourisme et de l’Artisanat CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN actualisée) Rapport de synthèseii TABLE DES MATIERES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES . iii SYNTHESE: approche CDN……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…iv INTRODUCTION .1 Situation géographique….………………………………….……………………………………………………………………… .2 Population et économie ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………… 2 Climat ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………. 2 Vulnérabilité au changement climatique ……………………………………………………………………….……………2 ATTENUATION . 3 ambition d’atténuation . 3 Evolution des émissions et absorptions: scénario CNA ……………………….…………………………….……4 Projection des émissions avec mesures d atténuation……………….……………………………………………… 4 Répartition sectorielle d atténuation …………………………………………………………………………………………5 Effort d atténuation …………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Hiérarchisation des actions .………….……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 ADAPTATION . 7 Vulnérabilité 7 Stratégie d’adaptation . 8 APPROCHE GENRE 10 Contexte ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Implication des femmes dans les processus de développement ………………………………………….… 10 Vulnérabilité des femmes aux effets du changement climatique .…………………………………………. 11 Genre et changement climatique …………………………………………………………………………………….…… 11 ARRANGEMENTS INSTITUTIONNELS 12 MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 12 Facteurs clés de réussite . 12iii SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AEPA Alimentation en Eau Potable et Assainissement AFD Agence française de développement AMCC Alliance mondiale contre le changement climatique AP Aire protégée CC Changement climatique CEDEF Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques CDN Contributions déterminées au niveau national CNA Cours normal des affaires (BAU en anglais) CNCC Comité national sur le changement climatique COI Commission de l’Océan indien COP Conférence des parties CPAD Conférence des partenaires pour le développement CPDN Contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national CRDE Centre rural de développement économique DGEF Direction générale de l’environnement et des forêts GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat IDH Indicateur de développement humain IMF Institutions de micro finance IPF Indice de participation des femmes LEAP Long range Energy Alternatives Planning MNV Mesure, notification et vérification MW Mégawatts ODD Objectif de développement durable OIT Organisation internationale du travail PACC Plan d’action sur le changement climatique PAN Processus de plan national d’adaptation PANA Programme d’action national d’adaptation au changement climatique PCE Plan Comores émergent 2030 PEID Petit état insulaire en développement PIB Produit intérieur brut PNEEG Politique nationale d’équité et d’égalité de genre PNUD Programme des Nations unies pour le développement RRC Réduction des risques de catastrophes SCA2D Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement SONEDE Société nationale de gestion et de distribution de l’eau S&E Suivi et Evaluation TCN Troisième communication nationale UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changement d’affectation des terres et foresterieiv Synthèse : approche CDN paramètre CDN révisé Type d’objectif % de baisse des émissions de GES et augmentation des absorptions de CO2 par rapport au scénario de référence (Cours normal des affaires ou CNA, c’est-à-dire sans action d’atténuation).', '2 Vulnérabilité au changement climatique ……………………………………………………………………….……………2 ATTENUATION . 3 ambition d’atténuation . 3 Evolution des émissions et absorptions: scénario CNA ……………………….…………………………….……4 Projection des émissions avec mesures d atténuation……………….……………………………………………… 4 Répartition sectorielle d atténuation …………………………………………………………………………………………5 Effort d atténuation …………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Hiérarchisation des actions .………….……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 ADAPTATION . 7 Vulnérabilité 7 Stratégie d’adaptation . 8 APPROCHE GENRE 10 Contexte ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Implication des femmes dans les processus de développement ………………………………………….… 10 Vulnérabilité des femmes aux effets du changement climatique .…………………………………………. 11 Genre et changement climatique …………………………………………………………………………………….…… 11 ARRANGEMENTS INSTITUTIONNELS 12 MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 12 Facteurs clés de réussite . 12iii SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AEPA Alimentation en Eau Potable et Assainissement AFD Agence française de développement AMCC Alliance mondiale contre le changement climatique AP Aire protégée CC Changement climatique CEDEF Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques CDN Contributions déterminées au niveau national CNA Cours normal des affaires (BAU en anglais) CNCC Comité national sur le changement climatique COI Commission de l’Océan indien COP Conférence des parties CPAD Conférence des partenaires pour le développement CPDN Contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national CRDE Centre rural de développement économique DGEF Direction générale de l’environnement et des forêts GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat IDH Indicateur de développement humain IMF Institutions de micro finance IPF Indice de participation des femmes LEAP Long range Energy Alternatives Planning MNV Mesure, notification et vérification MW Mégawatts ODD Objectif de développement durable OIT Organisation internationale du travail PACC Plan d’action sur le changement climatique PAN Processus de plan national d’adaptation PANA Programme d’action national d’adaptation au changement climatique PCE Plan Comores émergent 2030 PEID Petit état insulaire en développement PIB Produit intérieur brut PNEEG Politique nationale d’équité et d’égalité de genre PNUD Programme des Nations unies pour le développement RRC Réduction des risques de catastrophes SCA2D Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement SONEDE Société nationale de gestion et de distribution de l’eau S&E Suivi et Evaluation TCN Troisième communication nationale UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changement d’affectation des terres et foresterieiv Synthèse : approche CDN paramètre CDN révisé Type d’objectif % de baisse des émissions de GES et augmentation des absorptions de CO2 par rapport au scénario de référence (Cours normal des affaires ou CNA, c’est-à-dire sans action d’atténuation). Les deux scénarios divergent à partir de 2018 car le scénario CDN intègre après 2015 les mesures d’ores-et-déjà mises en œuvre par les Comores, prévues dès la CDN 1.', 'Les deux scénarios divergent à partir de 2018 car le scénario CDN intègre après 2015 les mesures d’ores-et-déjà mises en œuvre par les Comores, prévues dès la CDN 1. Périmètre Le territoire concerné couvre les trois îles de l’Union des Comores : Anjouan, Grande Comores, Mohéli Gaz couverts Dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ) ; Méthane (CH4 ) ; Oxyde nitreux (N2 O) ; Gaz fluorés (HFC) Année cible 2030 Période de mise en œuvre 2020-2030 Objectif de la CDN : - une augmentation du puits net de 47% - une réduction de 23% en 2030 de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre, hors UTCATF, par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence PRG Les PRG du deuxième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC sont utilisés, en cohérence avec les travaux de la Troisième Communication nationale et du BUR.', 'Périmètre Le territoire concerné couvre les trois îles de l’Union des Comores : Anjouan, Grande Comores, Mohéli Gaz couverts Dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ) ; Méthane (CH4 ) ; Oxyde nitreux (N2 O) ; Gaz fluorés (HFC) Année cible 2030 Période de mise en œuvre 2020-2030 Objectif de la CDN : - une augmentation du puits net de 47% - une réduction de 23% en 2030 de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre, hors UTCATF, par rapport aux émissions du scénario de référence PRG Les PRG du deuxième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC sont utilisés, en cohérence avec les travaux de la Troisième Communication nationale et du BUR. PRG CO2 =1 ,PRG CH4 = 21 , PRG N2O =310 Secteurs couverts Energie, industrie, agriculture, UTCATF, déchets Catégories clés : Energie : Production électrique Industrie Routier Maritime (navigation, pèche) Aviation Résidentiel Commercial : Industrie : Lubrifiant et solvant Réfrigération et climatisation Agriculture : Elevage Sols cultivés UTCATF : Forets Terre cultivée Prairie et savane Zone humide Etablissements Autres terres Déchet : Eau usée stockage Emission en 2030(CNA) : scénario de référence Eq (hors UTCATF) Méthodologie pour l’estimation des émissions Les méthodes du GIEC 2006 sont appliquéesINTRODUCTION Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) des Comores sont négligeables au niveau mondial et représentent environ 0,001% des émissions mondiales.', 'PRG CO2 =1 ,PRG CH4 = 21 , PRG N2O =310 Secteurs couverts Energie, industrie, agriculture, UTCATF, déchets Catégories clés : Energie : Production électrique Industrie Routier Maritime (navigation, pèche) Aviation Résidentiel Commercial : Industrie : Lubrifiant et solvant Réfrigération et climatisation Agriculture : Elevage Sols cultivés UTCATF : Forets Terre cultivée Prairie et savane Zone humide Etablissements Autres terres Déchet : Eau usée stockage Emission en 2030(CNA) : scénario de référence Eq (hors UTCATF) Méthodologie pour l’estimation des émissions Les méthodes du GIEC 2006 sont appliquéesINTRODUCTION Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) des Comores sont négligeables au niveau mondial et représentent environ 0,001% des émissions mondiales. Cependant, l’Union des Comores tient à contribuer à l’effort international de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en poursuivant son objectif d’être un puits de carbone et de promouvoir un développement durable.', 'Cependant, l’Union des Comores tient à contribuer à l’effort international de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en poursuivant son objectif d’être un puits de carbone et de promouvoir un développement durable. En ratifiant l’accord de Paris sur le climat dans le cadre de la Convention Cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), l’Union des Comores a réaffirmé son engagement de limitation de ses émissions de GES à travers sa première contribution déterminée au niveau national (CDN), soumis en septembre 2015. Cette première CDN fixait un objectif de réduction des émissions de 442 kt CO2eq en 2030 (par rapport à un scénario de référence). Le présent document constitue la CDN révisée de l’Union des Comores, à l’horizon 2030.', 'Le présent document constitue la CDN révisée de l’Union des Comores, à l’horizon 2030. Il est le fruit d’un processus inclusif et transparent, qui a duré un peu plus d’un an, concourant à rehausser l’ambition du pays dans la lutte contre le changement climatique en tenant compte des : - Nouvelles orientations des politiques et stratégies de développement national tel que le Plan Comores Emergeant et la stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable, - Nouvelles priorités et des coûts en matière d’investissements prioritaires liés au climat, - Analyses des nouveaux secteurs et gaz à considérer et à intégrer dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre En parallèle, le pays poursuivra son développement socio-économique conformément à la vision du Chef de l’Etat de faire des Comores « un pays émergeant à l’horizon 2030 résilient aux chocs dans toutes les dimensions du développement durable ».', 'Il est le fruit d’un processus inclusif et transparent, qui a duré un peu plus d’un an, concourant à rehausser l’ambition du pays dans la lutte contre le changement climatique en tenant compte des : - Nouvelles orientations des politiques et stratégies de développement national tel que le Plan Comores Emergeant et la stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable, - Nouvelles priorités et des coûts en matière d’investissements prioritaires liés au climat, - Analyses des nouveaux secteurs et gaz à considérer et à intégrer dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre En parallèle, le pays poursuivra son développement socio-économique conformément à la vision du Chef de l’Etat de faire des Comores « un pays émergeant à l’horizon 2030 résilient aux chocs dans toutes les dimensions du développement durable ». L’intégration de la dimension Genre, dans la mise en œuvre de la cette nouvelle CDN, reflète le souci du gouvernement comorien de mieux prendre en compte le rôle important que les Comoriennes jouent dans de nombreux secteurs fortement impactés par le changement climatique tels que l’agriculture, la gestion de l’eau et des forêts, la santé, la réduction des risques de catastrophes ainsi que les impacts spécifiques qu’elles subissent de par leurs rôles et responsabilités qui diffèrent de ceux des hommes dans la société comorienne.', 'L’intégration de la dimension Genre, dans la mise en œuvre de la cette nouvelle CDN, reflète le souci du gouvernement comorien de mieux prendre en compte le rôle important que les Comoriennes jouent dans de nombreux secteurs fortement impactés par le changement climatique tels que l’agriculture, la gestion de l’eau et des forêts, la santé, la réduction des risques de catastrophes ainsi que les impacts spécifiques qu’elles subissent de par leurs rôles et responsabilités qui diffèrent de ceux des hommes dans la société comorienne. Cependant, une mise en œuvre réussie de la CDN requiert de mettre en place les arrangements institutionnels nécessaires et d’œuvrer en faveur de facteurs de réussite afin de faire face aux contraintes rencontrées.', 'Cependant, une mise en œuvre réussie de la CDN requiert de mettre en place les arrangements institutionnels nécessaires et d’œuvrer en faveur de facteurs de réussite afin de faire face aux contraintes rencontrées. Compte tenu de ses moyens limités, les actions d’atténuation de ses émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre envisagées sont néanmoins conditionnées à l’obtention de financements internationaux.1. CIRCONSTANCES NATIONALES 1.1. Situation géographique Situé dans l’océan indien à l’entrée Nord du canal de Mozambique entre les rives de la Tanzanie, du Mozambique et de Madagascar (43 et 45.5 degré de longitude Est et -10.5 et -13.5 degré de latitude Sud), l’archipel des Comores est constitué de 4 iles volcaniques (Ngazidja : et Maoré : 370km2).', 'Situation géographique Situé dans l’océan indien à l’entrée Nord du canal de Mozambique entre les rives de la Tanzanie, du Mozambique et de Madagascar (43 et 45.5 degré de longitude Est et -10.5 et -13.5 degré de latitude Sud), l’archipel des Comores est constitué de 4 iles volcaniques (Ngazidja : et Maoré : 370km2). La distance entre elle est d’environ 30 à 40km et sont isolées par des fosses sous-marines de plus de 3500m de profondeur. Le pays se trouve sur la principale route des géants pétroliers qui transportent 30% de la production mondiale pétrolière du Moyen Orient vers l’Europe et l’Amérique, soit un près de 5000 voyages de pétroliers par an. 1.2. Population et économie.', 'Le pays se trouve sur la principale route des géants pétroliers qui transportent 30% de la production mondiale pétrolière du Moyen Orient vers l’Europe et l’Amérique, soit un près de 5000 voyages de pétroliers par an. 1.2. Population et économie. La population comorienne est estimée à 832 322 habitants1 et varie de manière importante d’une île à une autre. Le pays est densément peuplé, avec près de 400 habitants au km² concentrés dans les principales villes du littoral. La population est relativement jeune (56% a moins de 20 ans) et est à majorité rurale (70%).', 'La population est relativement jeune (56% a moins de 20 ans) et est à majorité rurale (70%). Avec un revenu national brut par habitant de 1360$, l’Union des Comores vient de rejoindre le groupe des pays à revenu intermédiaire dans la tranche inférieure, selon le dernier classement de 2019 de la Banque mondiale. Le secteur primaire (agriculture, pêche et élevage) contribue pour 46% du PIB contre 12,4% pour le secondaire et fournit 57% des emplois totaux dont 62,7% sont occupés par des femmes et 90% des recettes d’exploitation2.', 'Le secteur primaire (agriculture, pêche et élevage) contribue pour 46% du PIB contre 12,4% pour le secondaire et fournit 57% des emplois totaux dont 62,7% sont occupés par des femmes et 90% des recettes d’exploitation2. L’union des Comores est caractérisée par un climat tropical humide sous influence océanique à deux saisons : ▪ Une saison d’été australe, chaude et humide, allant de mi-novembre à mi- avril avec une température moyenne d’environ 27°C en basse altitude et des maximas oscillant entre 33 et 35°C et des minima variables autours de ▪ une saison d’hiver australe, sèche et fraîche allant de mi-juin à mi-octobre avec une température moyenne de 23°C en basse altitude et des maximas oscillant entre 27 et 29°C.', 'L’union des Comores est caractérisée par un climat tropical humide sous influence océanique à deux saisons : ▪ Une saison d’été australe, chaude et humide, allant de mi-novembre à mi- avril avec une température moyenne d’environ 27°C en basse altitude et des maximas oscillant entre 33 et 35°C et des minima variables autours de ▪ une saison d’hiver australe, sèche et fraîche allant de mi-juin à mi-octobre avec une température moyenne de 23°C en basse altitude et des maximas oscillant entre 27 et 29°C. 1.4. vulnérabilité au changement climatique Le Pays est particulièrement vulnérable au changement climatique, comme tous les autres petits états insulaires en développement (PIED) : les analyses des données météorologiques ont montré l’existence d’un dérèglement climatique qui se manifeste par une diminution progressive de la pluviométrie, une tendance à la hausse de la température annuelle, une élévation du niveau de la mer, une aridité accrue et d’avantage de sécheresse.', '1.4. vulnérabilité au changement climatique Le Pays est particulièrement vulnérable au changement climatique, comme tous les autres petits états insulaires en développement (PIED) : les analyses des données météorologiques ont montré l’existence d’un dérèglement climatique qui se manifeste par une diminution progressive de la pluviométrie, une tendance à la hausse de la température annuelle, une élévation du niveau de la mer, une aridité accrue et d’avantage de sécheresse. 2Union des Comores : politique, stratégie et plan d’action sur le changement climatique (2015)Parallèlement, les fréquences des évènements climatiques et météorologiques extrêmes tels que, les tempêtes tropicales, les inondations, les vagues de chaleurs et les épisodes de sècheresse ont légèrement augmentées et constituent les principaux aléas impactant l’Union des Comores.', '2Union des Comores : politique, stratégie et plan d’action sur le changement climatique (2015)Parallèlement, les fréquences des évènements climatiques et météorologiques extrêmes tels que, les tempêtes tropicales, les inondations, les vagues de chaleurs et les épisodes de sècheresse ont légèrement augmentées et constituent les principaux aléas impactant l’Union des Comores. Combinés aux pressions anthropiques (déforestation, dégradation des terres, extraction de sable, pratiques agricoles obsolètes, etc.) exercées sur les ressources naturelles, ces aléas sont susceptibles de compromettre fortement les efforts de développement entrepris par le pays au cours des dernières années et d’accentuer la vulnérabilité de certaines écosystèmes et groupe des populations déjà fragiles.', 'exercées sur les ressources naturelles, ces aléas sont susceptibles de compromettre fortement les efforts de développement entrepris par le pays au cours des dernières années et d’accentuer la vulnérabilité de certaines écosystèmes et groupe des populations déjà fragiles. Sans mesures ambitieuses, le coût des impacts liés au climat a été estimé en 2014 à 836 millions de dollars américains d’ici 20503, soit un coût annuel moyen sur la période de 23 millions de dollars américains qui, ramené au PIB de 20194 représenterait 1,9%. L’étude de vulnérabilité réalisée en 2018 a estimé les pertes occasionnées par les dégâts des catastrophes naturelles jugées majeures à 0,39% du PIB moyen sur la période 1980 – 2017.', 'L’étude de vulnérabilité réalisée en 2018 a estimé les pertes occasionnées par les dégâts des catastrophes naturelles jugées majeures à 0,39% du PIB moyen sur la période 1980 – 2017. Cependant, ce chiffre est une moyenne sur la période considérée et ne reflète pas l’hétérogénéité et l’ensemble des dégâts causés par les différents événements en raison d’absence de données L’agriculture et la biodiversité sont les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique suivis par les forêts, les zones côtières, la pêche, les ressources en eau, la santé et les infrastructures économiques et sociales.', 'Cependant, ce chiffre est une moyenne sur la période considérée et ne reflète pas l’hétérogénéité et l’ensemble des dégâts causés par les différents événements en raison d’absence de données L’agriculture et la biodiversité sont les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique suivis par les forêts, les zones côtières, la pêche, les ressources en eau, la santé et les infrastructures économiques et sociales. Les autres sources de la vulnérabilité du pays sont liées à : - une incidence de la pauvreté4 qui varie d’une île à l’autre et qui semble plus forte dans les zones rurales, - à un chômage estimé à 3,7% en 2018 mais qui touche particulièrement les jeunes (8,5%) et les femmes (4,06%), - à une croissance démographique relativement élevée (2,24 % en 2018)2 mais qui est cependant inférieure à celle du PIB (3,43% en 2018)3.', 'Les autres sources de la vulnérabilité du pays sont liées à : - une incidence de la pauvreté4 qui varie d’une île à l’autre et qui semble plus forte dans les zones rurales, - à un chômage estimé à 3,7% en 2018 mais qui touche particulièrement les jeunes (8,5%) et les femmes (4,06%), - à une croissance démographique relativement élevée (2,24 % en 2018)2 mais qui est cependant inférieure à celle du PIB (3,43% en 2018)3. 2.1. Ambition d’atténuation L’union des Comores prévoit, à travers cette CDN révisée, une réduction nette de ces émissions de GES, hors UTCAT, de 23% et une augmentation de son puits net d’absorptions de CO2 de 47% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence.', 'Ambition d’atténuation L’union des Comores prévoit, à travers cette CDN révisée, une réduction nette de ces émissions de GES, hors UTCAT, de 23% et une augmentation de son puits net d’absorptions de CO2 de 47% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. Le cout global de cette ambition est estimé à 902 million d’euro dont 96 millions d’euro est inconditionnel soit 5%. 2 Banque mondiale, ( 3 Banque mondiale, ( Evolution des émissions et absorptions : scénario Cours Normal des Affaires (CNA) Figure.1 : émissions des GES suivant le scénario CNA (KtCO2 Eq) L’Union des Comores présente un bilan net, neutre en carbone, selon le scénario CNA, d’environ -1 260 ktCO2eq en 2030 : le puits de carbone compense toutes les émissions des autres secteurs.', 'Evolution des émissions et absorptions : scénario Cours Normal des Affaires (CNA) Figure.1 : émissions des GES suivant le scénario CNA (KtCO2 Eq) L’Union des Comores présente un bilan net, neutre en carbone, selon le scénario CNA, d’environ -1 260 ktCO2eq en 2030 : le puits de carbone compense toutes les émissions des autres secteurs. Les secteurs qui émettent le plus actuellement sont les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’agriculture et du traitement des déchets. Sans mesures d’atténuation des émissions, selon un scénario de Cours Normal des Affaires, le bilan net pourrait passer de -1 714 kt CO2eq en 2015 à -1 260 kt CO2eq en 2030. 2.3.', 'Sans mesures d’atténuation des émissions, selon un scénario de Cours Normal des Affaires, le bilan net pourrait passer de -1 714 kt CO2eq en 2015 à -1 260 kt CO2eq en 2030. 2.3. Projection des émissions des GES avec mesures d’atténuation : scenario CDN, Bien que le bilan net des émissions soit négatif (scénario CNA), l’Union des Comores présente encore des atouts et des potentiels de réduction de ses émissions de GES durant la décennie à venir. Le graphique ci-dessous illustre la part de l’atténuation obtenue via la réduction des émissions hors UTCATF par rapport à un scénario CNA. Figure.2 : émissions des GES suivant le scénario CDN (KtCO2 Eq)Les secteurs ayant un potentiel pour l’atténuation sont l’énergie, l’UTCATF, l’Agriculture et les déchets.', 'Figure.2 : émissions des GES suivant le scénario CDN (KtCO2 Eq)Les secteurs ayant un potentiel pour l’atténuation sont l’énergie, l’UTCATF, l’Agriculture et les déchets. Les mesures d’atténuation visées par ses secteurs permettent de ralentir la hausse des émissions et d’augmenter les puits de carbone, notamment en forêt et sur les terres en 2030 par rapport au scénario CNA. 2.4. Répartition sectorielle d’atténuation Des actions d’atténuation prioritaires (réduction des émissions et augmentation des absorptions dans les puits de carbone) à mettre en ouvre pour renforcer le développement sobre en carbone et conditionnées à des financements internationaux, sont présentées dans le tableau ci-après. Secteur Contribution aux efforts d’atténuation totale du Pays (KtCO2Eq)en 2030 Nombre de Mesures Coût associé (en Millions d’€) Agriculture - 2 Non estimé Tableau 1.', 'Secteur Contribution aux efforts d’atténuation totale du Pays (KtCO2Eq)en 2030 Nombre de Mesures Coût associé (en Millions d’€) Agriculture - 2 Non estimé Tableau 1. Actions d’atténuation conditionnelles Energie Le secteur de l’énergie (production et consommation d’énergie) présente des potentiels d’atténuation importants en particulier par le recours aux énergies renouvelables, dont le photovoltaïque et la géothermie pour la production d’électricité et la diminution de l’usage du bois de chauffe dans le résidentiel et l’industrie. Agriculture L’agriculture, secteur clé de l’économie comorienne, comprend des activités d’élevage (bovins, caprins et volailles principalement), des cultures vivrières et des cultures de rente (ylang-ylang, vanille…). Les émissions du secteur proviennent essentiellement de l’élevage, via la fermentation entérique des bovins et la gestion des déjections.', 'Les émissions du secteur proviennent essentiellement de l’élevage, via la fermentation entérique des bovins et la gestion des déjections. Compte tenu d’une dynamique de croissance de la production, il n’est pas envisagé de considérer une baisse du cheptel dans cette CDN. En revanche, il est possible de réduire l’importation d’engrais minéraux et organiques pour favoriser l’usage d’engrais organiques locaux. Déchets Le traitement des déchets (en majorité des déchets alimentaires) constitue un enjeu important, car leur collecte et leur traitement est encore insuffisant. Les actions associées sont l’amélioration de la collecte, le développement du biogaz et du compost.', 'Les actions associées sont l’amélioration de la collecte, le développement du biogaz et du compost. Utilisation des Terres, changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie Le secteur UTCATF est un secteur clé, il permet de comptabiliser les absorptions de CO2 en lien avec la croissance des arbres (forêt, arboriculture, agroforesterie) mais il engendre aussi des émissions (collecte de bois, déboisement, brûlage). Les actions d’atténuation visant ce secteur contribueront par ailleurs à renforcer les capacités d’adaptation des populations comoriennes.2.5. Effort d’atténuation Le graphique ci-dessous illustre la part de l’atténuation obtenue via la réduction des émissions hors UTCATF par rapport à un scénario de cours normal des affaires (CNA). Sur la période 2015-2030, 843 kt CO2eq d’émissions cumulées sont évitées par mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation.', 'Sur la période 2015-2030, 843 kt CO2eq d’émissions cumulées sont évitées par mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation. Figure 3 : Comparaison des scénarios CNA et CDN pour le bilan tous secteurs (hors UTCATF)(en kt CO2 eq) Les absorptions additionnelles obtenues grâces aux actions du scénario CDN dans le secteur UTCATF sont présentées dans le graphique ci-dessous. Sur la période 2015-2030, 3 103 kt CO2eq d’absorptions additionnelles cumulées sont permises par la mise en œuvre des actions d’atténuation. Figure 4: Comparaison des scénarios CNA et CDN pour l’UTCATF et absorptions additionnelles (en kt CO2 eq) Enfin, le graphique ci-dessous présente l’évolution des émissions selon le scénario CDN, montrant que le pays resterait un puits net de carbone.Figure 5: Evolution des émissions et absorptions selon le scénario CDN (en kt CO2eq) 2.6.', 'Figure 4: Comparaison des scénarios CNA et CDN pour l’UTCATF et absorptions additionnelles (en kt CO2 eq) Enfin, le graphique ci-dessous présente l’évolution des émissions selon le scénario CDN, montrant que le pays resterait un puits net de carbone.Figure 5: Evolution des émissions et absorptions selon le scénario CDN (en kt CO2eq) 2.6. Hiérarchisation des actions Certaines actions d’atténuation sont prioritaires, à court terme, car nécessaires à la mise en œuvre d’autres projets : - consolidation du réseau électrique afin de réduire les pertes ; - réduction du bois de feu, de service et industriel, par la promotion d’autres sources d’énergie, la protection des espaces forestiers et la promotion du bois importé ; - réduction du bois de feu résidentiel, notamment par l’utilisation de brûleurs à bois performants ; - amélioration de la collecte des déchets (sensibilisation, ramassage et sites de traitement).', 'Hiérarchisation des actions Certaines actions d’atténuation sont prioritaires, à court terme, car nécessaires à la mise en œuvre d’autres projets : - consolidation du réseau électrique afin de réduire les pertes ; - réduction du bois de feu, de service et industriel, par la promotion d’autres sources d’énergie, la protection des espaces forestiers et la promotion du bois importé ; - réduction du bois de feu résidentiel, notamment par l’utilisation de brûleurs à bois performants ; - amélioration de la collecte des déchets (sensibilisation, ramassage et sites de traitement). Les autres actions prioritaires à court et moyen termes qui ont un potentiel d’atténuation important, sont les suivantes : - la poursuite des projets de développement de centrales photovoltaïques ; - le lancement d’une première tranche géothermique (forages exploratoires et forages d’exploitation) ; - l’afforestation, reboisement, agroforesterie, arboriculture ; - l’accroissement et une gestion effective et efficace des aires protégées en particulier des forêts pour limiter le déboisement, la récolte de bois et le brûlage ; - le compostage des déchets organiques.', 'Les autres actions prioritaires à court et moyen termes qui ont un potentiel d’atténuation important, sont les suivantes : - la poursuite des projets de développement de centrales photovoltaïques ; - le lancement d’une première tranche géothermique (forages exploratoires et forages d’exploitation) ; - l’afforestation, reboisement, agroforesterie, arboriculture ; - l’accroissement et une gestion effective et efficace des aires protégées en particulier des forêts pour limiter le déboisement, la récolte de bois et le brûlage ; - le compostage des déchets organiques. Les projections obtenues à partir de l’utilisation de modèles climatiques globaux montrent une tendance à la hausse des températures ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de jours de forte chaleur.', 'Les projections obtenues à partir de l’utilisation de modèles climatiques globaux montrent une tendance à la hausse des températures ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de jours de forte chaleur. La température annuelle moyenne devrait ainsi augmenter de 0,8 (RCP 2.6) à 2,1°C (RCP 8.5) d’ici 2060 et de 1,2 (RCP 2.6) à 3,6°C (RCP 8.5) d’ici 2090. Les projections saisonnières prévoient une diminution des précipitations saisonnières, et une augmentation des précipitations pendant la saison des pluies.Le niveau de la mer a augmenté entre +1 et +6 mm/an depuis 1992 dans la région de l’océan indien.', 'Les projections saisonnières prévoient une diminution des précipitations saisonnières, et une augmentation des précipitations pendant la saison des pluies.Le niveau de la mer a augmenté entre +1 et +6 mm/an depuis 1992 dans la région de l’océan indien. Ce niveau de la mer devrait par ailleurs augmenter de 4 mm par an au cours des cinquante prochaines années, correspondant à une élévation moyenne potentielle de 20 cm d’ici 2050, deux fois plus importante que l’élévation observée au cours des cent dernières années (20 à 25 cm). Cette élévation du niveau de la mer combiné à l’érosion des côtes, menace les écosystèmes côtiers, les forêts littorales, les équipements et infrastructures, notamment routières, et la plupart des localités côtières.', 'Cette élévation du niveau de la mer combiné à l’érosion des côtes, menace les écosystèmes côtiers, les forêts littorales, les équipements et infrastructures, notamment routières, et la plupart des localités côtières. Les résultats des analyses de vulnérabilité réalisées jusqu’à présent aux Comores montrent que les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique sont l’agriculture et la biodiversité (vulnérabilité très élevée), la forêt, les zones côtières, la pêche, les ressources en eau, la santé et les infrastructures économiques et sociales (vulnérabilité élevée). Une analyse de la vulnérabilité de chacun de ces secteurs est présentée dans le rapport technique annexe à cette CDN révisée. Cette vulnérabilité risque de s’accentuer pour la plupart de ces secteurs, qui ont besoin d’engager urgemment des actions pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique.', 'Cette vulnérabilité risque de s’accentuer pour la plupart de ces secteurs, qui ont besoin d’engager urgemment des actions pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique. 3.2. Stratégie d’adaptation 3.2.1. Stratégie générale Conscient des coûts et dommages que les impacts du changement climatique pourraient générer sur différents secteurs de l’économie du pays, l’Union des Comores s’est engagée très tôt dans une démarche de planification de mesures d’adaptation. L’adaptation au changement climatique a ainsi été intégrée dans certains documents de politiques publiques et stratégies nationales, à la fois d’ordre général et sectoriel : PANA, Communications nationales, politique, stratégie et Plan d’Action national sur le Changement Climatique.', 'L’adaptation au changement climatique a ainsi été intégrée dans certains documents de politiques publiques et stratégies nationales, à la fois d’ordre général et sectoriel : PANA, Communications nationales, politique, stratégie et Plan d’Action national sur le Changement Climatique. Dans son document de politique générale révisé pour la période 2018-2021, la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCA2D), le gouvernement comorien entend ainsi concilier transformation structurelle et diversification de l’économie avec la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et la résilience, plus particulièrement du secteur agricole et des communautés rurales, face aux catastrophes naturelles et aux effets du changement climatique.', 'Dans son document de politique générale révisé pour la période 2018-2021, la Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCA2D), le gouvernement comorien entend ainsi concilier transformation structurelle et diversification de l’économie avec la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et la résilience, plus particulièrement du secteur agricole et des communautés rurales, face aux catastrophes naturelles et aux effets du changement climatique. L’adaptation se retrouve aussi, dans l’ambition du Plan Comores Emergent 2030 (PCE) nouvellement adopté, qui souhaite faire des Comores d’ici 2030 : « un pays résilient aux chocs dans toutes les dimensions du développement durable ». 3.2.2.', 'L’adaptation se retrouve aussi, dans l’ambition du Plan Comores Emergent 2030 (PCE) nouvellement adopté, qui souhaite faire des Comores d’ici 2030 : « un pays résilient aux chocs dans toutes les dimensions du développement durable ». 3.2.2. Des objectifs révisés et réalistes pour renforcer la résilience du pays L’exercice de révision participative de la CDN a permis d’actualiser et d’étoffer les objectifs d’adaptation, les indicateurs de suivi et les cibles à 2030 pour les secteurs identifiés comme les plus vulnérables au CC aux Comores (agriculture, biodiversité, forêt, pêche et écosystèmes côtiers et marins, ressources en eau, santé et infrastructures économiques et sociales). En complément, les secteurs transversaux de la réduction des risques de catastrophe et de l’intégration de l’adaptation et de la sensibilisation ont également été priorisés.', 'En complément, les secteurs transversaux de la réduction des risques de catastrophe et de l’intégration de l’adaptation et de la sensibilisation ont également été priorisés. Le tableau ci- dessous recense les actions d’adaptations fixées par secteur.Tableau 2.', 'Le tableau ci- dessous recense les actions d’adaptations fixées par secteur.Tableau 2. Actions d’adaptation par secteurs vulnérables Secteur Actions d’adaptation Agriculture et élevage Développement d’une politique agricole résiliente et intelligente au climat Développement de l’irrigation agropastorale Mise en place d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelles maladies bovines ou caprines Biodiversité et forêt Extension de la superficie disposant d’un statut d’aire protégée Extension de la superficie reboisée Pêche et écosystèmes côtiers et marins Suivi et restauration des écosystèmes marins et côtiers Sensibilisation et sécurisation des pêcheurs face aux aléas climatiques Ressources en eau Accès de la population à une source d’eau améliorée Diffusion et adoption du principe de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau Santé Développement d’une stratégie durable de lutte contre le paludisme et les nouvelles maladies émergentes comme la COVID-19 Développement et mise en œuvre d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelles maladies.', 'Actions d’adaptation par secteurs vulnérables Secteur Actions d’adaptation Agriculture et élevage Développement d’une politique agricole résiliente et intelligente au climat Développement de l’irrigation agropastorale Mise en place d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelles maladies bovines ou caprines Biodiversité et forêt Extension de la superficie disposant d’un statut d’aire protégée Extension de la superficie reboisée Pêche et écosystèmes côtiers et marins Suivi et restauration des écosystèmes marins et côtiers Sensibilisation et sécurisation des pêcheurs face aux aléas climatiques Ressources en eau Accès de la population à une source d’eau améliorée Diffusion et adoption du principe de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau Santé Développement d’une stratégie durable de lutte contre le paludisme et les nouvelles maladies émergentes comme la COVID-19 Développement et mise en œuvre d’un système d’alerte précoce et d’intervention efficace sur tout le territoire en cas d’émergence de nouvelles maladies. Infrastructures économiques et sociales Développement et mis en œuvre de plans d’aménagement/développement des infrastructures économiques et sociales intégrant le changement climatique Réhabilitation des infrastructures routières actuelles RRC Identification et cartographie des zones vulnérables aux risques de catastrophes naturelles.', 'Infrastructures économiques et sociales Développement et mis en œuvre de plans d’aménagement/développement des infrastructures économiques et sociales intégrant le changement climatique Réhabilitation des infrastructures routières actuelles RRC Identification et cartographie des zones vulnérables aux risques de catastrophes naturelles. Mise en application d’un système de normes de construction qui prend en compte les risques de catastrophe Intégration et sensibilisation Sensibilisation aux impacts du CC Renforcement de capacité à tous les niveaux sur la définition et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation au CC Des actions spécifiques à court et moyen termes et des idées de projet sont identifiées pour chaque secteur dans un plan de mise en œuvre annexe, avec une priorisation de ces actions et une estimation des coûts, donnée pour chaque action / idées de projet.4.', 'Mise en application d’un système de normes de construction qui prend en compte les risques de catastrophe Intégration et sensibilisation Sensibilisation aux impacts du CC Renforcement de capacité à tous les niveaux sur la définition et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation au CC Des actions spécifiques à court et moyen termes et des idées de projet sont identifiées pour chaque secteur dans un plan de mise en œuvre annexe, avec une priorisation de ces actions et une estimation des coûts, donnée pour chaque action / idées de projet.4. APPROCHE GENRE L’Union des Comores a ratifié, plus des autres conventions relatives aux droits de l’Homme, la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDEF) le 31 octobre 1994.', 'APPROCHE GENRE L’Union des Comores a ratifié, plus des autres conventions relatives aux droits de l’Homme, la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDEF) le 31 octobre 1994. Il a adhéré à la Déclaration et au Programme de Beijing adoptés lors de la 4ème conférence mondiale sur les femmes en 1995 et a été l’un des premiers pays africains à ratifier en 2004, le Protocole à la Charte Africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples relatif aux droits de la femme en Afrique.', 'Il a adhéré à la Déclaration et au Programme de Beijing adoptés lors de la 4ème conférence mondiale sur les femmes en 1995 et a été l’un des premiers pays africains à ratifier en 2004, le Protocole à la Charte Africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples relatif aux droits de la femme en Afrique. En 2008, le pays s’est doté d’une Politique nationale d’équité et d’égalité de genre (PNEEG) qui vise à accorder la priorité à une meilleure participation des femmes aux activités de développement économique, aux activités décisionnelles qu’elles soient politiques, traditionnelles ou religieuses, au renforcement des capacités des femmes et des filles, au droit à l’éducation, au droit à la santé, au statut juridique et à l’application des droits fondamentaux des femmes et des filles.', 'En 2008, le pays s’est doté d’une Politique nationale d’équité et d’égalité de genre (PNEEG) qui vise à accorder la priorité à une meilleure participation des femmes aux activités de développement économique, aux activités décisionnelles qu’elles soient politiques, traditionnelles ou religieuses, au renforcement des capacités des femmes et des filles, au droit à l’éducation, au droit à la santé, au statut juridique et à l’application des droits fondamentaux des femmes et des filles. La vision du gouvernement de l’Union des Comores est de « faire des Comores un pays émergent d’ici 2030, respectueux des droits de l’Homme, de l’égalité de genre et promouvant l’Etat de Droit ».', 'La vision du gouvernement de l’Union des Comores est de « faire des Comores un pays émergent d’ici 2030, respectueux des droits de l’Homme, de l’égalité de genre et promouvant l’Etat de Droit ». C’est ainsi qu’en 2017, la loi sur loi sur la parité instituant un quota d’au moins 30% de femmes aux fonctions électives et nominatives a été adoptée pour, entre autres, à encourager la participation politique des femmes et leur représentation aux processus électoraux. En 2018, la Constitution révisée garantit en son article 30 « les droits de la Femme à être protégée par les pouvoirs publics contre toute forme d’abandon, d’exploitation et de violence.', 'En 2018, la Constitution révisée garantit en son article 30 « les droits de la Femme à être protégée par les pouvoirs publics contre toute forme d’abandon, d’exploitation et de violence. A travers l’article 34, elle leur reconnait « le droit d’accès aux instances politiques de représentation locale et nationale » et à son article 36 elle prévoit « une juste et équitable répartition entre les hommes et les femmes » dans la composition du Gouvernement. 4.2.', 'A travers l’article 34, elle leur reconnait « le droit d’accès aux instances politiques de représentation locale et nationale » et à son article 36 elle prévoit « une juste et équitable répartition entre les hommes et les femmes » dans la composition du Gouvernement. 4.2. Implication des femmes dans le processus du développement du pays En matière d’égalité de Genre, bien que les femmes représentent environ la moitié de la population totale (49,6%), elles restent encore sous-représentées à tous les niveaux, hormis dans le secteur agricole où elles occupent 63% des emplois dans les domaines de la production vivrière, maraîchère et avicole.', 'Implication des femmes dans le processus du développement du pays En matière d’égalité de Genre, bien que les femmes représentent environ la moitié de la population totale (49,6%), elles restent encore sous-représentées à tous les niveaux, hormis dans le secteur agricole où elles occupent 63% des emplois dans les domaines de la production vivrière, maraîchère et avicole. Elles peuvent parfois travailler dans les cultures de rente mais rarement au niveau de la commercialisation, contrairement au secteur de la pêche où elles sont en charge de la vente et non de la production.', 'Elles peuvent parfois travailler dans les cultures de rente mais rarement au niveau de la commercialisation, contrairement au secteur de la pêche où elles sont en charge de la vente et non de la production. Au niveau politique, depuis 2003, l’Indice de participation des femmes (IPF) aux Comores est de 0,3034, ce qui traduit une quasi-absence des femmes dans les instances de responsabilité et décisionnelles qui serait due aux lourdes responsabilités imposées par le foyer qui leur laissent peu de temps libre à consacrer à la chose publique et au poids des traditions qui reconnaît plus de pouvoir aux hommes aussi bien au niveau familial que dans la société en général5.', 'Au niveau politique, depuis 2003, l’Indice de participation des femmes (IPF) aux Comores est de 0,3034, ce qui traduit une quasi-absence des femmes dans les instances de responsabilité et décisionnelles qui serait due aux lourdes responsabilités imposées par le foyer qui leur laissent peu de temps libre à consacrer à la chose publique et au poids des traditions qui reconnaît plus de pouvoir aux hommes aussi bien au niveau familial que dans la société en général5. L’économie informelle joue un rôle majeur dans la création d’emplois, de revenus ainsi que dans la production. Selon les statistiques de l’OIT6, la part de l’emploi informel dans l’emploi total en 2019 est estimée à 89%, occupant 86% des hommes et 94% des femmes.', 'Selon les statistiques de l’OIT6, la part de l’emploi informel dans l’emploi total en 2019 est estimée à 89%, occupant 86% des hommes et 94% des femmes. Ces dernières sont un peu plus de 77% à occuper un emploi vulnérable, c’est-à-dire à travailler à leur compte principalement dans l’agriculture et le petit commerce ou comme employée familiale contre 54% des hommes. 4 Rapport national sur le développement humain (2006) 5Source: Independent Country programme evaluation of Union of Comoros, UNDP IEO, May 2019 6 « Femmes et hommes dans l’économie informelle : un panorama statistique » OIT, 2019.Environ 40% des ménages sont des ménages monoparentaux féminins (alors que seuls 2,8% des ménages ont à leur tête un homme seul).', '4 Rapport national sur le développement humain (2006) 5Source: Independent Country programme evaluation of Union of Comoros, UNDP IEO, May 2019 6 « Femmes et hommes dans l’économie informelle : un panorama statistique » OIT, 2019.Environ 40% des ménages sont des ménages monoparentaux féminins (alors que seuls 2,8% des ménages ont à leur tête un homme seul). L’accès au crédit bancaire traditionnel est très limité pour les femmes entrepreneures qui n’arrivent pas à réunir les conditions requises pour l’obtention d’un prêt. Les Institutions de micro finance (IMF), avec leurs conditions plus souples, constituent la principale alternative (50% des clients des IMF sont des femmes). 4.3.', 'Les Institutions de micro finance (IMF), avec leurs conditions plus souples, constituent la principale alternative (50% des clients des IMF sont des femmes). 4.3. Vulnérabilité des femmes face aux impacts du changement climatique En milieu rural, les moyens de subsistance des femmes dépendent en grande partie des ressources naturelles (eau, produits de la forêt, agriculture) fortement tributaires des aléas climatiques. Les impacts du CC (dégradation des terres et des forêts, érosion, stress hydrique, catastrophes naturelles) conduisent à la raréfaction des ressources rendant plus difficiles les activités menées par les femmes. L’accès difficile des femmes aux ressources économiques et productives fragilise d’avantage leurs aptitudes à s’adapter au changement climatique.', 'L’accès difficile des femmes aux ressources économiques et productives fragilise d’avantage leurs aptitudes à s’adapter au changement climatique. Un meilleur accès aux énergies renouvelables avec des technologies adaptées permettrait l’accès à des services énergétiques en matière d’éclairage, de cuisson et d’activités productives qui réduiraient leur charge de travail et dégageraient du temps qu’elles pourraient consacrer à d’autres tâches y compris génératrices de revenus. 4.4. Genre et changement climatique Les initiatives menées ces dernières années par le gouvernement comorien avec l’appui des partenaires au développement concourent à renforcer l’autonomisation des femmes en leur offrant davantage d’opportunités économiques et d’activités génératrices de revenus. De même, des efforts sont faits en matière de parité entre les sexes dans les activités de renforcement de capacités.', 'De même, des efforts sont faits en matière de parité entre les sexes dans les activités de renforcement de capacités. De manière spécifique, le gouvernement comorien a mis en place des projets dans le domaine de l’agriculture avec un impact environnemental dont de lutte contre le changement climatique dans lesquels 45% des bénéficiaires sont des femmes7. Ces dernières, à l’instar des hommes, ont été sensibilisées sur les questions liées au changement climatique, ont reçu des formations et ont eu accès à des outils et techniques plus performants en matière d’agriculture.', 'Ces dernières, à l’instar des hommes, ont été sensibilisées sur les questions liées au changement climatique, ont reçu des formations et ont eu accès à des outils et techniques plus performants en matière d’agriculture. Le Plan National de Préparation et de Réponse à l’urgence a pris en compte le genre dans le secteur de l’éducation et de la protection, ce qui devrait se traduire par la « mise en place de mécanismes de surveillance et de sensibilisation des populations déplacées des différentes formes d’abus, de violence et d’exploitation sexuelle, la prévention les abus, la violence et l’exploitation sexuelle des enfants et des femmes, la prise en charge correcte de chacun des groupes vulnérables identifiés en apportant les moyens humains et matériels indispensables et la mise en place des structure de protection de base et d’encadrement adaptée et accessible aux groupes vulnérables notamment les femmes et les enfants ».', 'Le Plan National de Préparation et de Réponse à l’urgence a pris en compte le genre dans le secteur de l’éducation et de la protection, ce qui devrait se traduire par la « mise en place de mécanismes de surveillance et de sensibilisation des populations déplacées des différentes formes d’abus, de violence et d’exploitation sexuelle, la prévention les abus, la violence et l’exploitation sexuelle des enfants et des femmes, la prise en charge correcte de chacun des groupes vulnérables identifiés en apportant les moyens humains et matériels indispensables et la mise en place des structure de protection de base et d’encadrement adaptée et accessible aux groupes vulnérables notamment les femmes et les enfants ». Ainsi, l’Union des Comores entend poursuivre ses efforts en vue d’adopter une approche sensible aux droits humains et au Genre dans toutes ses activités liées au changement climatique et à sa CDN révisée en particulier, et ce, conformément à la décision 18/CP.20 du programme de travail de Lima relatif au genre adopté par les parties à la COP 20 de la CCNUCC.', 'Ainsi, l’Union des Comores entend poursuivre ses efforts en vue d’adopter une approche sensible aux droits humains et au Genre dans toutes ses activités liées au changement climatique et à sa CDN révisée en particulier, et ce, conformément à la décision 18/CP.20 du programme de travail de Lima relatif au genre adopté par les parties à la COP 20 de la CCNUCC. Elle s’engage à améliorer la participation des femmes et de tout autre groupe vulnérable au processus de planification, de prise de décision ainsi qu’en matière de renforcement des capacités tant en termes d’éducation, de formation que d’accès aux technologies.', 'Elle s’engage à améliorer la participation des femmes et de tout autre groupe vulnérable au processus de planification, de prise de décision ainsi qu’en matière de renforcement des capacités tant en termes d’éducation, de formation que d’accès aux technologies. 7 Rapport pays sur les progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre de la plateforme d’action de Beijing + 25 ; Commissariat national à la solidarité, à la protection sociale et à la promotion du genre.Des analyses sexo-spécifiques seront réalisées afin de mieux appréhender les différences qualitatives concernant les femmes et les hommes, les filles et les garçons et de mieux prendre en compte les besoins, les droits et les priorités de chacun.', '7 Rapport pays sur les progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre de la plateforme d’action de Beijing + 25 ; Commissariat national à la solidarité, à la protection sociale et à la promotion du genre.Des analyses sexo-spécifiques seront réalisées afin de mieux appréhender les différences qualitatives concernant les femmes et les hommes, les filles et les garçons et de mieux prendre en compte les besoins, les droits et les priorités de chacun. Le suivi intègrera la collecte systématique de données ventilées par sexe et par âge afin de suivre l’impact sensible au genre des actions de lutte contre le changement climatique et l’efficacité des initiatives d’intégration du genre.', 'Le suivi intègrera la collecte systématique de données ventilées par sexe et par âge afin de suivre l’impact sensible au genre des actions de lutte contre le changement climatique et l’efficacité des initiatives d’intégration du genre. Des bases de référence et des indicateurs propres au genre seront définis afin de suivre les progrès en matière d’équité entre les sexes. 5. ARRANGEMENTS INSTITUTIONNELS L’Union des Comores vise à consolider les mécanismes existants de collecte, partage et suivi des données pour l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'ARRANGEMENTS INSTITUTIONNELS L’Union des Comores vise à consolider les mécanismes existants de collecte, partage et suivi des données pour l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Ainsi, le Comité national sur le changement climatique (CNCC) créé par l’arrêté ministériel n°18- 009 en 2018 sera revu sur le plan de sa composition et de sa taille, afin d’assurer une plus grande représentativité des secteurs et des différents groupes qui composent la société comorienne, tous concernés par la question du changement climatique d’une part et une meilleure mobilisation de ses participants en limitant leur nombre, d’autre part. Ses prérogatives seront également réexaminées.', 'Ses prérogatives seront également réexaminées. La validation de l’étude de faisabilité pour la mise en place d’un observatoire national sur le climat et la mobilisation des moyens humains et financiers nécessaires à son fonctionnement parachèveront l’institutionnalisation de la collecte, de l’harmonisation, de l’organisation, du stockage et de la facilitation à l’accès des données relatives au climat qui constituent in fine sa vocation. En matière de suivi, le dispositif institutionnel mis en place dans le cadre de la préparation du premier rapport biennal et de la troisième communication nationale sur le changement climatique pour les inventaires nationaux des émissions de GES sera renforcé. Quant aux mesures d’adaptation, leur suivi se fera à travers les groupes de travail sectoriels existants.', 'Quant aux mesures d’adaptation, leur suivi se fera à travers les groupes de travail sectoriels existants. La mise en place d’un système de suivi unique, institutionnalisé et centralisé pour les différents aspects techniques et politiques de la CDN est envisagée et devra être rapidement appuyée. Les résultats de ce suivi seront communiqués aux parties prenantes impliquées dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN et aux décideurs (au niveau local, sectoriel, national) leur permettant si besoin de prendre des mesures correctives d’ajustement. 6. MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 6.1.', 'MOYENS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE 6.1. Facteurs clés de réussite Une gouvernance climat renforcée L’Union des Comores s’engage à rendre opérationnelle une structure intersectorielle8 qui rassemble toutes les parties prenantes concernées par la question du changement climatique en lui affectant les ressources humaines et financières nécessaires afin qu’elle ait les moyens d’assurer un pilotage efficace et transparent des engagements climat du pays. Elle s’engage également à assurer l’informatisation et l’institutionnalisation du système d’inventaire, de projections et de suivi afin d’éviter les pertes d’informations entre deux exercices et permettre la continuité dans le travail effectué par des équipes différentes.', 'Elle s’engage également à assurer l’informatisation et l’institutionnalisation du système d’inventaire, de projections et de suivi afin d’éviter les pertes d’informations entre deux exercices et permettre la continuité dans le travail effectué par des équipes différentes. 8 Membres du CNCC et ceux qui seront chargés du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN révisée s’il s’agit de personnes différentes.Un système de suivi-évaluation robuste En vue de s’assurer de l’effectivité de la mise en place et de l’efficacité des actions prévues dans le cadre de sa contribution, l’Union des Comores établira un système rigoureux de suivi et d’évaluation des actions et des résultats atteints qui permettra aussi d’ajuster et éventuellement de réorienter les actions.', '8 Membres du CNCC et ceux qui seront chargés du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN révisée s’il s’agit de personnes différentes.Un système de suivi-évaluation robuste En vue de s’assurer de l’effectivité de la mise en place et de l’efficacité des actions prévues dans le cadre de sa contribution, l’Union des Comores établira un système rigoureux de suivi et d’évaluation des actions et des résultats atteints qui permettra aussi d’ajuster et éventuellement de réorienter les actions. Ce système s’établira selon une approche complète de Mesure, de Notification et de Vérification (MNV), et s’appliquera à toutes les composantes formant la stratégie nationale d’atténuation d’émissions de GES.', 'Ce système s’établira selon une approche complète de Mesure, de Notification et de Vérification (MNV), et s’appliquera à toutes les composantes formant la stratégie nationale d’atténuation d’émissions de GES. Le système MNV comorien s’articulera autour de trois grandes composantes des GES, à savoir : - Le MNV des émissions nationales de GES, qui portera sur l’élaboration régulière des inventaires de GES, de leur notification et de leur vérification ; - Le MNV des mesures d’atténuation, qui portera sur la mise en place des actions présentées dans la CDN ainsi que de leurs impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES ; - Le MNV des appuis, qui devra se charger de suivre, notifier et faire vérifier les appuis reçus par l’Union des Comores en termes de renforcement des capacités, transfert de technologies et appuis financiers.', 'Le système MNV comorien s’articulera autour de trois grandes composantes des GES, à savoir : - Le MNV des émissions nationales de GES, qui portera sur l’élaboration régulière des inventaires de GES, de leur notification et de leur vérification ; - Le MNV des mesures d’atténuation, qui portera sur la mise en place des actions présentées dans la CDN ainsi que de leurs impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES ; - Le MNV des appuis, qui devra se charger de suivre, notifier et faire vérifier les appuis reçus par l’Union des Comores en termes de renforcement des capacités, transfert de technologies et appuis financiers. Un appui financier et technique extérieur L’Union des Comores compte sur la communauté internationale pour arriver à consolider les efforts entrepris depuis plus de 20 ans en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique.', 'Un appui financier et technique extérieur L’Union des Comores compte sur la communauté internationale pour arriver à consolider les efforts entrepris depuis plus de 20 ans en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique. En effet, un soutien international sous forme de financement, de renforcement de capacités et de transferts de technologies est nécessaire pour accompagner la mise en œuvre la CDN révisée: Soutien financier L’Union des Comores aura besoin d’une enveloppe globale de plus de 1.301millions d’EUR9 pour mener à bien la mise en œuvre de sa CDN soit environ un montant annuel moyen de 130 millions d’EUR dont au minimum 902 millions d’EUR pour les mesures d’atténuation et 399 millions d’EUR pour les mesures d’adaptation.', 'En effet, un soutien international sous forme de financement, de renforcement de capacités et de transferts de technologies est nécessaire pour accompagner la mise en œuvre la CDN révisée: Soutien financier L’Union des Comores aura besoin d’une enveloppe globale de plus de 1.301millions d’EUR9 pour mener à bien la mise en œuvre de sa CDN soit environ un montant annuel moyen de 130 millions d’EUR dont au minimum 902 millions d’EUR pour les mesures d’atténuation et 399 millions d’EUR pour les mesures d’adaptation. Compte tenu de ses ressources très limitées, l’Union des Comores ne peut entreprendre ses mesures sans l’aide de la communauté internationale, notamment dans le cadre de l’effort de soutien technologique et financier entre pays promu par l’accord de Paris mais aussi à travers le Fonds Vert pour le climat, le financement des partenaires multilatéraux ou bilatéraux, ou autres mécanismes de financement existants ou futurs y compris issus du secteur privé ou émanant des transferts de la diaspora.', 'Compte tenu de ses ressources très limitées, l’Union des Comores ne peut entreprendre ses mesures sans l’aide de la communauté internationale, notamment dans le cadre de l’effort de soutien technologique et financier entre pays promu par l’accord de Paris mais aussi à travers le Fonds Vert pour le climat, le financement des partenaires multilatéraux ou bilatéraux, ou autres mécanismes de financement existants ou futurs y compris issus du secteur privé ou émanant des transferts de la diaspora. Une partie importante des projets qui s’inscrivent dans le Plan Comores Emergent 2030 (PCE) a été présentée à la Conférence des partenaires pour le développement des Comores (CPAD 2019) qui s’est tenue, début décembre 2019, à Paris, avec l’appui de la France, du groupe de la Banque mondiale, du Programme des Nations unies pour le développement (PNUD) et de la Banque africaine de développement (BAD).', 'Une partie importante des projets qui s’inscrivent dans le Plan Comores Emergent 2030 (PCE) a été présentée à la Conférence des partenaires pour le développement des Comores (CPAD 2019) qui s’est tenue, début décembre 2019, à Paris, avec l’appui de la France, du groupe de la Banque mondiale, du Programme des Nations unies pour le développement (PNUD) et de la Banque africaine de développement (BAD). A l’issue de cette conférence, environ 4,3 milliards de dollars américains d’engagements financiers ont été annoncés dont 1,6 milliard par les partenaires bilatéraux et multilatéraux et 2,7 milliards par des acteurs du secteur privé. 9Il s’agit d’une estimation indicative a minima, certains coûts n’ayant pu être estimés.']

fr-FR

COG

Congo

1st NDC

2017-04-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_Congo_RAPPORT.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/9dadf46e2fae290b1c010f30a94fc75f8718c9d63dd45d092944c332343528b0.pdf

['République du Congo GOUVERNEMENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE CONTRIBUTION PREVUE DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL dans le cadre de la CCNUCC Conférence des Parties 21PRÉAMBULE La 21ème Conférence des Parties (COP21) à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) se tiendra à Paris, en décembre 2015. Un des principaux objectifs de cette conférence est de parvenir à l’adoption d’un accord juridiquement contraignant applicable à tous les Etats Parties, afin de limiter la hausse de la température planétaire en deçà de 2°C. Chaque Etat Partie est ainsi appelé à contribuer au développement du nouvel accord, en définissant les contributions qu’il pourra mettre en œuvre pour lutter contre les changements climatiques, et s’y adapter, sous la forme d’une Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN).', 'Chaque Etat Partie est ainsi appelé à contribuer au développement du nouvel accord, en définissant les contributions qu’il pourra mettre en œuvre pour lutter contre les changements climatiques, et s’y adapter, sous la forme d’une Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN). C’est ainsi que le Congo s’est attelé à élaborer sa contribution nationale, afin de la transmettre avant le 1er octobre au secrétariat de la CCNUCC, en perspective de la COP21. Il convient néanmoins de rappeler que le niveau d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) du pays reste à un niveau très raisonnable, inférieur à la moyenne mondiale. Cependant, la croissance forte du pays s’accompagne logiquement d’une augmentation importante de ces émissions.', 'Cependant, la croissance forte du pays s’accompagne logiquement d’une augmentation importante de ces émissions. En parallèle, le phénomène global des changements climatiques impacte très sensiblement les conditions de la production agricole ainsi que l’équilibre des écosystèmes. Grace à une politique de gestion durable de ses ressources forestières, le Congo a conservé une couverture forestière importante (65% du territoire national), constituant un puits de carbone et un réservoir de biodiversité inestimable pour l’ensemble de la planète. Cependant le pays ne se sent pas suffisamment soutenu par la communauté internationale dans ses efforts de préservation des forêts. Pour un pays comme le Congo, il est totalement exclu de considérer les émissions sans prendre en compte l’ensemble du développement socio-économique du pays.', 'Pour un pays comme le Congo, il est totalement exclu de considérer les émissions sans prendre en compte l’ensemble du développement socio-économique du pays. Il s’agira effectivement de réduire les émissions de GES du pays sans compromettre ses capacités de développement. Ainsi, des politiques alternatives à faible émissions de carbone et peu gourmandes en ressources naturelles, entrant dans le cadre plus large de l’ « économie verte », sont promues dans cette CPDN. La République du Congo se trouve actuellement dans une situation compliquée de type économie de rente avec des risques de fortes variations des ressources budgétaires basées sur la mono-ressource pétrolière.', 'La République du Congo se trouve actuellement dans une situation compliquée de type économie de rente avec des risques de fortes variations des ressources budgétaires basées sur la mono-ressource pétrolière. Pour s’industrialiser sans mettre en danger son environnement naturel, le Congo a besoin de diversifier son économie et d’accéder à des technologies alternatives et innovantes. Par ailleurs, le secteur agricole demeure peu développé, nonobstant les différents appuis et initiatives gouvernementales dans le domaine, éloignant par conséquent les perspectives affichées d’une autosuffisance alimentaire. Le pays reste fortement tributaire des importations pour satisfaire ses besoins alimentaires sans cesse croissants. Cela constitue une source importante de dépense en devises.', 'Cela constitue une source importante de dépense en devises. Ce secteur se développera grâce à un partenariat étroit entre des investisseurs transformateurs et des coopératives de producteurs, aidé par des Organisations Non- Gouvernementales (ONG). Cette intensification agricole, source de richesse et de devises pour le pays est de nature à fournir des emplois non seulement aux agriculteurs en milieu rural mais aussi à des jeunes du milieu urbain. Ces mesures permettront ainsi de lutter contre la pauvreté et la précarité alimentaire. Ces mesures de développement doivent s’accompagner d’une organisation et d’une protection minimale du marché intérieur, notamment pour les produits de première nécessité, en privilégiant par exemple la production nationale par rapport aux biens importés.', 'Ces mesures de développement doivent s’accompagner d’une organisation et d’une protection minimale du marché intérieur, notamment pour les produits de première nécessité, en privilégiant par exemple la production nationale par rapport aux biens importés. Les ressources et potentialités considérables dont dispose le pays en matière agricole, forestière, hydroélectrique, touristique, sont autant d’atouts pour le développement d’une économie peucarbonée et génératrice d’emplois. Les moyens mis en œuvre détermineront le niveau de verdissement du développement, qui s’inscrira quoiqu’il en soit dans un objectif de développement économique national.', 'Les moyens mis en œuvre détermineront le niveau de verdissement du développement, qui s’inscrira quoiqu’il en soit dans un objectif de développement économique national. L’évaluation de ces moyens doit prendre en compte en premier lieu les actions indispensables au démarrage d’un développement global et soutenu du pays incluant une bonne gouvernance, une simplification des formalités administratives, un soutien aux études préalables, la promotion et le rayonnement du pays à l’international, la création d’infrastructures, ainsi que le soutien délibéré des pouvoirs publics et de l’opinion publique. C’est pourquoi le travail qui suit simule les perspectives économiques, sociales et climatiques d’un développement diversifié répondant à un objectif de croissance de 10 % par an sur les modèles du Ghana, de la Côte d’Ivoire, du Kenya ou encore du Brésil.', 'C’est pourquoi le travail qui suit simule les perspectives économiques, sociales et climatiques d’un développement diversifié répondant à un objectif de croissance de 10 % par an sur les modèles du Ghana, de la Côte d’Ivoire, du Kenya ou encore du Brésil. Deux scénarios sont simulés en ce qui concerne les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : un scénario tendanciel non conditionné incluant les engagements que la République du Congo a déjà pris en matière de réduction de gaz à effet de serre, pour lequel une aide particulière n’est pas demandée et un scénario bas carbone conditionné par l’aide internationale.', 'Deux scénarios sont simulés en ce qui concerne les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : un scénario tendanciel non conditionné incluant les engagements que la République du Congo a déjà pris en matière de réduction de gaz à effet de serre, pour lequel une aide particulière n’est pas demandée et un scénario bas carbone conditionné par l’aide internationale. Il convient de noter que sans aide supplémentaire ni soutien en matière de transfert de technologie, la République du Congo ne peut s’engager que sur les émissions du scénario tendanciel. Contexte national de la démarche Le gouvernement de la République du Congo a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le protocole de Kyoto et d’autres accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement.', 'Contexte national de la démarche Le gouvernement de la République du Congo a ratifié la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le protocole de Kyoto et d’autres accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement. Il a dans ce contexte produit un Plan National d’Action pour l’Environnement (PNAE) qui a joué un rôle central dans l’identification de la vulnérabilité du pays face aux effets du changement climatique. En outre, une Stratégie Nationale et un Plan d’Action pour les Changements Climatiques et la Variabilité (SNPA / CCV, 2004) ont été développés. Bien que le pays n’émette qu’environ 1,1 tCO2 par habitant et par an, il subit déjà les effets du changement climatique.', 'Bien que le pays n’émette qu’environ 1,1 tCO2 par habitant et par an, il subit déjà les effets du changement climatique. La vulnérabilité est aggravée par de multiples contraintes biophysiques nuisant au développement, ainsi que par la faiblesse de ses capacités d’adaptation. Cette contribution tient compte des stratégies et plans existants de la République du Congo, notamment le Plan National de Développement, le Document de Stratégie pour la Croissance, l’Emploi et la Réduction de la Pauvreté, la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action de mise en œuvre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques et la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable.', 'Cette contribution tient compte des stratégies et plans existants de la République du Congo, notamment le Plan National de Développement, le Document de Stratégie pour la Croissance, l’Emploi et la Réduction de la Pauvreté, la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action de mise en œuvre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques et la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable. La présente soumission est la concrétisation de l’engagement du Président de la République de conduire son pays à l’émergence d’ici à 2025 à travers une politique de développement durable et d’appui à l’effort mondial de réduction des émissions des GES.Atténuation du changement climatique Informations sur la contribution La République du Congo est un pays en développement avec une croissance démographique de 3 % par an.', 'La présente soumission est la concrétisation de l’engagement du Président de la République de conduire son pays à l’émergence d’ici à 2025 à travers une politique de développement durable et d’appui à l’effort mondial de réduction des émissions des GES.Atténuation du changement climatique Informations sur la contribution La République du Congo est un pays en développement avec une croissance démographique de 3 % par an. Sa croissance économique (hors secteur pétrolier) est estimée à 6% par an à partir de 2010 dans certaines prévisions. Comme indiqué dans la Stratégie « Congo Vision 2025 », une croissance de 10% par an sera retenue pour le présent document.', 'Comme indiqué dans la Stratégie « Congo Vision 2025 », une croissance de 10% par an sera retenue pour le présent document. Bien que le Congo concentre ses efforts dans le secteur de l’énergie, ses objectifs de réduction de gaz à effet de serre (GES) seront réalisés grâce à des mesures prises dans tous les secteurs de l’économie, s’appuyant sur des stratégies et des plans d’action sectoriels touchant notamment les domaines de l’agriculture, de l’eau, des déchets, des forêts, de l’énergie, de l’industrie et de l’habitat. Les informations sont synthétisées dans le tableau ci-dessous.', 'Les informations sont synthétisées dans le tableau ci-dessous. Type d’engagement conditionné par les moyens internationaux Réduction par rapport à un scénario de développement tendanciel Périmètre Ensemble des émissions de GES hors stockage de carbone dans la biomasse forestière Année de référence 2000 Niveau de réduction conditionnée Au moins 48 % de réduction des émissions par rapport au scénario de développement non maîtrisé (tendanciel) en 2025 et de 55 % en 2035 Secteurs couverts Énergie, dont les hydrocarbures Procédés industriels et traitement des déchets Mines et cimenteries Agriculture et élevage Utilisation des terres, leur changement et la forêt (hors puits naturel-restockage des forêts) Développement tendanciel non conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2035, partant de 2000, année de référence Développement bas-carbone conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2035, partant de 2000, année de référence sur la base de deux scenarii : Le scenario tendanciel et le scenario bas- carbone conditionnel Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles utilisées par les experts du GIEC, selon la décision CP.8 de la CCNUCC pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux des d’émissions : PRG CO2 =1 (par convention), PRG CH4 = 21 et PRG N2 O = 310 Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions Les approches méthodologiques sont basées sur l’usage des méthodes suivantes : - Les lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006 - Les méthodes supplémentaires révisées et le guide de bonne pratique développés à partir du Protocole de Kyoto de l IPCC 2013 Le présent document intègre les travaux de la seconde communication nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations unies sur les Changements Climatiques, elle-même basée sur les inventaires des gaz à effet de serre de l’année 2000 ainsi que le suivi du système d’information énergétique du pays.Axes de la politique d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre Sur la base de l’inventaire national des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de l’année 2000, les émissions de GES, hors forêts, s’élèvent à 2 000 kteqCO2 .', 'Type d’engagement conditionné par les moyens internationaux Réduction par rapport à un scénario de développement tendanciel Périmètre Ensemble des émissions de GES hors stockage de carbone dans la biomasse forestière Année de référence 2000 Niveau de réduction conditionnée Au moins 48 % de réduction des émissions par rapport au scénario de développement non maîtrisé (tendanciel) en 2025 et de 55 % en 2035 Secteurs couverts Énergie, dont les hydrocarbures Procédés industriels et traitement des déchets Mines et cimenteries Agriculture et élevage Utilisation des terres, leur changement et la forêt (hors puits naturel-restockage des forêts) Développement tendanciel non conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2035, partant de 2000, année de référence Développement bas-carbone conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2035, partant de 2000, année de référence sur la base de deux scenarii : Le scenario tendanciel et le scenario bas- carbone conditionnel Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles utilisées par les experts du GIEC, selon la décision CP.8 de la CCNUCC pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux des d’émissions : PRG CO2 =1 (par convention), PRG CH4 = 21 et PRG N2 O = 310 Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions Les approches méthodologiques sont basées sur l’usage des méthodes suivantes : - Les lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006 - Les méthodes supplémentaires révisées et le guide de bonne pratique développés à partir du Protocole de Kyoto de l IPCC 2013 Le présent document intègre les travaux de la seconde communication nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations unies sur les Changements Climatiques, elle-même basée sur les inventaires des gaz à effet de serre de l’année 2000 ainsi que le suivi du système d’information énergétique du pays.Axes de la politique d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre Sur la base de l’inventaire national des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de l’année 2000, les émissions de GES, hors forêts, s’élèvent à 2 000 kteqCO2 . Ces émissions sont largement compensées par la capacité de séquestration des forêts congolaises, évaluée à 72 700 kteqCO2 1 (puits naturel forestier, dont il ne sera plus tenu compte dans le reste du document).', 'Ces émissions sont largement compensées par la capacité de séquestration des forêts congolaises, évaluée à 72 700 kteqCO2 1 (puits naturel forestier, dont il ne sera plus tenu compte dans le reste du document). La politique d’atténuation des émissions de GES en République du Congo s’est fixée les deux axes suivants: atténuer les émissions de GES dues aux secteurs de l’énergie et la lutte contre la déforestation non planifiée (REDD), et ce en maitrisant la consommation énergétique tout en ayant davantage recours aux énergies renouvelables ; maintenir, voire renforcer le potentiel de séquestration du carbone par les forêts, et ce par une meilleure gestion du secteur, ainsi que par le reboisement.', 'La politique d’atténuation des émissions de GES en République du Congo s’est fixée les deux axes suivants: atténuer les émissions de GES dues aux secteurs de l’énergie et la lutte contre la déforestation non planifiée (REDD), et ce en maitrisant la consommation énergétique tout en ayant davantage recours aux énergies renouvelables ; maintenir, voire renforcer le potentiel de séquestration du carbone par les forêts, et ce par une meilleure gestion du secteur, ainsi que par le reboisement. Fondement de la contribution de la République du Congo Les engagements de réduction des émissions de GES pris par la République du Congo ciblent en priorité les émissions de GES hors stockage de carbone par la biomasse.', 'Fondement de la contribution de la République du Congo Les engagements de réduction des émissions de GES pris par la République du Congo ciblent en priorité les émissions de GES hors stockage de carbone par la biomasse. La République du Congo comme les autres pays du bassin du Congo ne souhaite pas limiter sa politique Climat à la simple conservation de forêts à l’aide de mécanismes de financement internationaux. Cette option mettrait le pays sous la dépendance des mécanismes extérieurs et grèverait son développement économique et social, parce que manquant de lien avec l’économie réelle. Deux scénarios d’émissions de GES ont donc été élaborés : \uf0d8 Un scénario tendanciel, qui correspond à un développement économique faiblement maîtrisé du point de vue des émissions.', 'Deux scénarios d’émissions de GES ont donc été élaborés : \uf0d8 Un scénario tendanciel, qui correspond à un développement économique faiblement maîtrisé du point de vue des émissions. Il intègre néanmoins les décisions déjà prises par le pays (politiques publiques engagées après 2000 telles que le code forestier, le réseau des aires protégées, la directive nationale de réduction du torchage,…). L’engagement actuel du pays ne peut concerner que ce scénario, si les engagements financiers supplémentaires sollicités ici auprès de la communauté internationale ne sont pas obtenus. \uf0d8 Un scénario « bas carbone conditionnel », conditionné précisément par de nouveaux engagements de la communauté internationale chiffrés ci-après.', '\uf0d8 Un scénario « bas carbone conditionnel », conditionné précisément par de nouveaux engagements de la communauté internationale chiffrés ci-après. Ce document présente une synthèse de l’évaluation de ces scénarios, en termes d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre, mais également de coûts et de cobénéfices associés (développement économique, emplois, sécurité énergétique, adaptation aux changements climatiques, etc.). 1 Seconde communication nationale 2009Synthèse des scénarios La contribution de la République du Congo devrait permettre de réduire, dans un scénario bas-carbone conditionnel (dépendant de l’appui de la communauté internationale), les émissions de GES d’environ ) par rapport au scénario tendanciel. En 2025, les émissions pourraient être multipliées par 3 dans un scénario tendanciel, et n’augmenter que de 64% dans le cadre d’une économie bas-carbone.', 'En 2025, les émissions pourraient être multipliées par 3 dans un scénario tendanciel, et n’augmenter que de 64% dans le cadre d’une économie bas-carbone. En 2035, un scénario tendanciel amènerait à multiplier les émissions par 6, tandis qu’elles ne seraient multipliées que par 2,7 dans un scénario bas carbone. ANNEES EMISSIONS (sans changement d’affectation des sols) TENDANCIEL BAS CARBONE CONDITIONNEL TENDANCIEL BAS CARBONE CONDITIONNEL TOTAL TOTAL /pers. Les émissions (hors changement d’affectation des sols), qui ne sont actuellement que de 1,1 tonne de par habitant, passerait à 2,55 t par habitant en 2025, et à 3,75 t de CO2 par habitant en 2035 dans le scenario tendanciel, ce qui est inférieur à la moyenne des émissions mondiales actuelles par habitant.', 'Les émissions (hors changement d’affectation des sols), qui ne sont actuellement que de 1,1 tonne de par habitant, passerait à 2,55 t par habitant en 2025, et à 3,75 t de CO2 par habitant en 2035 dans le scenario tendanciel, ce qui est inférieur à la moyenne des émissions mondiales actuelles par habitant. Dans un scénario bas carbone ces émissions passeraient à 1,32 tonne par habitant en 2025, et à 1,72 en 2035, inférieur à 2 tonnes de CO2 par habitant, ce qui est l’objectif de convergence des émissions pour la planète.Mesures ou options d atténuation par secteur Activités de gestion forestière et reboisement, Conservation des forêts La déforestation, dont l’une des premières causes est l’extension de l’agriculture, représente 81 % des émissions du pays.', 'Dans un scénario bas carbone ces émissions passeraient à 1,32 tonne par habitant en 2025, et à 1,72 en 2035, inférieur à 2 tonnes de CO2 par habitant, ce qui est l’objectif de convergence des émissions pour la planète.Mesures ou options d atténuation par secteur Activités de gestion forestière et reboisement, Conservation des forêts La déforestation, dont l’une des premières causes est l’extension de l’agriculture, représente 81 % des émissions du pays. L’accroissement démographique va induire des besoins alimentaires croissants, occasionnant le développement de cultures vivrières et industrielles, dont une partie pourrait provoquer une amplification de la déforestation, qui reste faible jusqu’à présent (déforestation nette de 0,043% par an [BRLi, 2014]).', 'L’accroissement démographique va induire des besoins alimentaires croissants, occasionnant le développement de cultures vivrières et industrielles, dont une partie pourrait provoquer une amplification de la déforestation, qui reste faible jusqu’à présent (déforestation nette de 0,043% par an [BRLi, 2014]). \uf0d8 Scénario tendanciel Par rapport à cette évolution, le scénario de développement tendanciel repose sur : l adoption d une nouvelle loi forestière qui impose l utilisation de techniques d exploitation à impact réduit ainsi que la certification forestière. D’ici 2016, la quasi totalité des 11,7millions d’hectares de la superficie forestière affectée à la production disposeront d un plan d’aménagement forestier.', 'D’ici 2016, la quasi totalité des 11,7millions d’hectares de la superficie forestière affectée à la production disposeront d un plan d’aménagement forestier. des opérations de reboisement dans le cadre du PRONAR, qui ne sont que de 500 ha actuellement devraient pouvoir passer à 100 000 ha par an, comportant des plantations forestières et agro-forestières ainsi que des surfaces de restauration de forêts. l adoption d’un Plan National d Affectation des Terres (PNAT) permettant de garantir un domaine forestier permanent. Il faut toutefois signaler, que grâce à un faible taux de déforestation, et à un fort potentiel de séquestration naturelle des forêts tropicales du pays, celle-ci est largement supérieure aux émissions, et pourra encore augmenter grâce aux plantations.', 'Il faut toutefois signaler, que grâce à un faible taux de déforestation, et à un fort potentiel de séquestration naturelle des forêts tropicales du pays, celle-ci est largement supérieure aux émissions, et pourra encore augmenter grâce aux plantations. \uf0d8 Scénario bas-carbone Dans une perspective bas-carbone conditionnelle, il est proposé de : demander que l’ensemble des unités d’aménagement et d’exploitation deviennent certifiées en 2025, et qu’au moins tous les exploitants disposant de plus de 100 000 ha de superficie "utile" dans leur concession installent des unités de cogénération recyclant les produits issus de la transformation du bois ; réduire en 2035 la déforestation non planifiée à 20 % de son niveau actuel, par la mise en œuvre de la REDD+, y compris dans les aires protégées ; généraliser l utilisation des foyers améliorés (20 % en 2025 et 50 % en 2035) ; améliorer toutes les meules de charbon en 2025 (le rendement passe de 15 à 25 %) ; transférer une partie des plantations prévues de palmiers à huile en savane (100 000 ha) ; développer la transformation des bois ; former les cadres dans différentes écoles forestières et écoles des métiers du bois ; créer un observatoire des forêts.Secteur de l’agriculture L’agriculture est très peu développée au Congo puisque seulement 2 % des terres sont utilisées par le secteur vivrier, avec des techniques très rudimentaires.', '\uf0d8 Scénario bas-carbone Dans une perspective bas-carbone conditionnelle, il est proposé de : demander que l’ensemble des unités d’aménagement et d’exploitation deviennent certifiées en 2025, et qu’au moins tous les exploitants disposant de plus de 100 000 ha de superficie "utile" dans leur concession installent des unités de cogénération recyclant les produits issus de la transformation du bois ; réduire en 2035 la déforestation non planifiée à 20 % de son niveau actuel, par la mise en œuvre de la REDD+, y compris dans les aires protégées ; généraliser l utilisation des foyers améliorés (20 % en 2025 et 50 % en 2035) ; améliorer toutes les meules de charbon en 2025 (le rendement passe de 15 à 25 %) ; transférer une partie des plantations prévues de palmiers à huile en savane (100 000 ha) ; développer la transformation des bois ; former les cadres dans différentes écoles forestières et écoles des métiers du bois ; créer un observatoire des forêts.Secteur de l’agriculture L’agriculture est très peu développée au Congo puisque seulement 2 % des terres sont utilisées par le secteur vivrier, avec des techniques très rudimentaires. L’agro-industrie se cantonne essentiellement à la production de sucre et de maïs sur 312 000 ha.', 'L’agro-industrie se cantonne essentiellement à la production de sucre et de maïs sur 312 000 ha. Il en résulte que 80 % des produits alimentaires destinés aux milieux urbains sont importés. Il est proposé de mettre en valeur 50% des savanes dans le cadre de partenariats privés-coopératives agricoles pour la production de denrées vivrières (manioc, arachide, patate douce, pomme de terre, banane, plantain, igname, riz, viandes, huile de palme, maïs,…) mais également des denrées d’exportation ou d’aliments pour le bétail (soja, pellets). La production de canne à sucre ou d’huile de palme pourrait également être étendue pour la production d’éthanol ou de diester destinée aux carburants agricoles et ruraux.', 'La production de canne à sucre ou d’huile de palme pourrait également être étendue pour la production d’éthanol ou de diester destinée aux carburants agricoles et ruraux. Dans le cas du Congo, il n’y a pas de concurrence entre la production énergétique et alimentaire, du fait des espaces disponibles. Les techniques agricoles employées seraient résolument celles de l’agro foresterie et de l’agro écologie, valorisant les légumineuses, produisant du bois-énergie (pellets notamment) et de service, tout en palliant les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, constituant ainsi un important co- bénéfice entre l’atténuation et l’adaptation. Des projets de cacaoculture permettant de réduire les émissions dues à la déforestation sont des exemples à répliquer.', 'Des projets de cacaoculture permettant de réduire les émissions dues à la déforestation sont des exemples à répliquer. Le cheptel animal serait quadruplé, dans le cadre de technique sylvo-pastorales, ce qui sera un facteur d’émissions supplémentaire. Les nouvelles sociétés agroalimentaires s’associeraient avec des coopératives d’agriculteurs maîtrisant le foncier (exemple de la Zambie, [Keith Palmer, Patient Capital]). Ces associations induiraient le transfert des technologies et des intrants vers les agriculteurs, sans compter les actions sociales, dans un esprit de respect des sols et des richesses biologiques du milieu environnant (création de micro-réserves biologiques). Ces actions seraient menées en partenariat avec des O.N.G. de développement (type IPHD).', 'Ces actions seraient menées en partenariat avec des O.N.G. de développement (type IPHD). Les emplois créés sont estimés à 700 000 (5 ha par agriculteur sur 66% des surfaces mises en valeur), soit la demande prévisible d’emploi rural en 2035. L’autosuffisance étant atteinte, les produits d’exportation pourraient atteindre 13 millions de tonnes, contribuant ainsi à réduire la pauvreté du secteur rural. La pêche maritime et fluviale ainsi que l’aquaculture couvrent seulement 60 % de la consommation. Afin d’atteindre l’autosuffisance en 2035, il conviendrait de sextupler les prises et la production en 2035, avec une incidence proportionnelle sur la consommation de gasoil.', 'Afin d’atteindre l’autosuffisance en 2035, il conviendrait de sextupler les prises et la production en 2035, avec une incidence proportionnelle sur la consommation de gasoil. Par ailleurs, en s’inspirant de la Politique Agricole Commune de l’Union Européenne, une protection minimale du marché intérieur des produits de première nécessité serait organisée par l’instauration de taxes et de quotas à l’importation de ces produits.Mines et cimenteries Le potentiel d’exploitation minière du Congo est très important, en particulier dans le secteur du fer, de la potasse, de l’uranium, de l’or et des diamants, et encore inexploité. La plupart des projets se trouveraient en zone forestière.', 'La plupart des projets se trouveraient en zone forestière. Dans un scénario tendanciel, on estime que 70 % de l’énergie consommée en 2025 sera issue d’énergies renouvelables (hydroélectricité, dont la moitié produite localement, sans appel au réseau public) et 80 % en 2035 (hypothèse d augmentation sur la base d investissements privés), tout en adoptant les modes d’extraction les plus respectueux de l’environnement. Les cimenteries utilisent l’hydro-électricité comme énergie de base, et le fuel pour les fours à clinker. Il est proposé en scénario bas-carbone d’augmenter la part des énergies renouvelables à utiliser pour l’extraction des produits miniers à hauteur de 90 % en 2025 puis à 95 % en 2035 (utilisation de la biomasse issue de plantations en savane en complément de l’hydro-électricité).', 'Il est proposé en scénario bas-carbone d’augmenter la part des énergies renouvelables à utiliser pour l’extraction des produits miniers à hauteur de 90 % en 2025 puis à 95 % en 2035 (utilisation de la biomasse issue de plantations en savane en complément de l’hydro-électricité). Autres industries La République du Congo mise sur une croissance de 10% par an dans les prochaines années2, ce qui correspondrait à un investissement annuel d’environ 5 300 milliards de FCFA sur 2015-2025.', 'Autres industries La République du Congo mise sur une croissance de 10% par an dans les prochaines années2, ce qui correspondrait à un investissement annuel d’environ 5 300 milliards de FCFA sur 2015-2025. Le secteur privé participera aux investissements dans le pays dans les conditions suivantes : • mise en place d’un ensemble d’infrastructures routières, électriques et portuaires permettant une production « verte » et une bonne circulation des produits notamment à l’export ; • implication de l’État ainsi que des investisseurs congolais dans le secteur industriel, le secteur tertiaire ou encore dans le bâtiment ; • coopération d’investisseur privés et de banques congolaises avec des investisseurs et des financeurs internationaux pour le financement d’investissements industriels.', 'Le secteur privé participera aux investissements dans le pays dans les conditions suivantes : • mise en place d’un ensemble d’infrastructures routières, électriques et portuaires permettant une production « verte » et une bonne circulation des produits notamment à l’export ; • implication de l’État ainsi que des investisseurs congolais dans le secteur industriel, le secteur tertiaire ou encore dans le bâtiment ; • coopération d’investisseur privés et de banques congolaises avec des investisseurs et des financeurs internationaux pour le financement d’investissements industriels. Les investisseurs auraient l’obligation d’appliquer une éthique environnementale et sociale permettant d’une part de créer des investissements compatibles avec une économie verte et bas carbone, et d’autre part d’investir dans des actions sociales de proximité du type dispensaire, cantine, école. Les emplois générés seraient de plus de 400 000 pour le seul secteur industriel.', 'Les investisseurs auraient l’obligation d’appliquer une éthique environnementale et sociale permettant d’une part de créer des investissements compatibles avec une économie verte et bas carbone, et d’autre part d’investir dans des actions sociales de proximité du type dispensaire, cantine, école. Les emplois générés seraient de plus de 400 000 pour le seul secteur industriel. 2 Le Congo a un PIB de 14,4 milliards de $US en 2014 et un PIB par habitant de 3135 $US en 2013. Du fait d’une augmentation de la population de 3 % par an le taux de croissance qu’il s’est choisi de 10% par an.', 'Du fait d’une augmentation de la population de 3 % par an le taux de croissance qu’il s’est choisi de 10% par an. Sur le modèle des brasseries du Congo, il est proposé qu’un développement industriel intervienne à partir des investissements massifs à mettre en place, en moyenne de 5 300 milliards de CFA par an à partir de 2025 .Consommation des ménages et transport La consommation en énergie est dominée à plus de 80% par la demande en bois-énergie des ménages. Compte-tenu d’une augmentation de 3 % de la population et de l’attractivité des villes, la population devrait atteindre 8,5 millions d’habitants en 2035, et serait urbaine à 83 %, tandis que la population rurale devrait stagner.', 'Compte-tenu d’une augmentation de 3 % de la population et de l’attractivité des villes, la population devrait atteindre 8,5 millions d’habitants en 2035, et serait urbaine à 83 %, tandis que la population rurale devrait stagner. Par ailleurs, les besoins alimentaires ont été estimés pour ces mêmes populations en vue d’atteindre l’autosuffisance alimentaire en 2025. Les niveaux de demande énergétique sont basés sur cette augmentation ainsi que l’atteinte en 2035 d’une consommation individuelle de 2500 kWh par an3, contre seulement 150 kWh par personne actuellement. En matière de consommation domestique, l’objectif est de permettre l’accès à électricité pour 75% des urbains en 2025 et 100 % en 2035 avec respectivement des taux de 50 % et de 75 % en milieu rural.', 'En matière de consommation domestique, l’objectif est de permettre l’accès à électricité pour 75% des urbains en 2025 et 100 % en 2035 avec respectivement des taux de 50 % et de 75 % en milieu rural. Par ailleurs, l’extension des foyers améliorés à charbon de bois, de même que la réalisation de meules améliorées par les charbonniers devrait permettre de diminuer sensiblement la consommation d énergie. En termes de transport, de nombreux projets sont prévus, qu’il s’agisse de projets d’infrastructures, le développement de services de transport en commun (notamment à Brazzaville et Pointe-Noire), pour lutter contre la congestion ou des évolutions de la législation (par exemple l’interdiction de l’importation de véhicules de plus de 5 ans).', 'En termes de transport, de nombreux projets sont prévus, qu’il s’agisse de projets d’infrastructures, le développement de services de transport en commun (notamment à Brazzaville et Pointe-Noire), pour lutter contre la congestion ou des évolutions de la législation (par exemple l’interdiction de l’importation de véhicules de plus de 5 ans). Dans un scénario bas-carbone conditionnel, il est proposé de maîtriser la hausse des consommations d’énergie liées au transport à 70% du scénario tendanciel en 20254, avec une option « carburant renouvelable » (pour 21 à 43% des consommations). Le nombre de demandeurs d’emplois devrait passer de 800 000 actuellement à 3,7 millions en 2035 soit un quadruplement.', 'Le nombre de demandeurs d’emplois devrait passer de 800 000 actuellement à 3,7 millions en 2035 soit un quadruplement. Les emplois directs créés par les perspectives de chaque secteur étudié devraient totaliser 1,5 millions, ce qui, avec les emplois induits, devrait permettre d’atteindre le plein- emploi en 2035. 3 ratio de consommation actuelle du BrésilEnergie Hydrocarbures Représentant 23% des émissions directes en 2000, les émissions liées au torchage du gaz associé à la production pétrolière ont fait l’objet de plusieurs mesures, cadrant avec la participation du Congo dès cette année à l’initiative « Zéro Torchage de Routine d’ici 2030». Le gaz non torché est en partie valorisé dans deux nouvelles centrales à gaz à Djéno (50MW) et à Côte Maltève (300MW).', 'Le gaz non torché est en partie valorisé dans deux nouvelles centrales à gaz à Djéno (50MW) et à Côte Maltève (300MW). Cette politique, déjà entrée en vigueur, est prise en compte dans le scénario tendanciel. ² Energie électrique Le Congo dispose d’un important potentiel hydroélectrique estimé à environ 14000 MW dont à peine 228 MW (1,6%) est exploité. La République du Congo souhaite augmenter la part de l’électricité dans son mix énergétique, avec une cible d’environ 4 000 GWh consommés à horizon 2025. Sur cette base, le Congo a développé un plan ambitieux de développement de l’hydroélectricité, avec comme objectif d’assurer à horizon 2025 une fourniture de l’électricité à 85% d’origine hydroélectrique, et à 15% par le gaz.', 'Sur cette base, le Congo a développé un plan ambitieux de développement de l’hydroélectricité, avec comme objectif d’assurer à horizon 2025 une fourniture de l’électricité à 85% d’origine hydroélectrique, et à 15% par le gaz. Enfin, le Congo développe également un plan d’électrification solaire des villages isolés (Stratégie énergétique du Congo 2015-2025).Adaptation aux changements climatiques La vision de la République du Congo, en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique repose sur l’intégration de cette composante dans un schéma d’investissement cohérent basé sur la stratégie de développement du pays, plutôt que sur des aides ou subventions ponctuelles et isolées, sans lien avec ladite stratégie.', 'Enfin, le Congo développe également un plan d’électrification solaire des villages isolés (Stratégie énergétique du Congo 2015-2025).Adaptation aux changements climatiques La vision de la République du Congo, en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique repose sur l’intégration de cette composante dans un schéma d’investissement cohérent basé sur la stratégie de développement du pays, plutôt que sur des aides ou subventions ponctuelles et isolées, sans lien avec ladite stratégie. C’est la traduction de la vision consignée dans le Programme National de Développement du Congo (PND 2012-2016) : « Accélérer la modernisation de la société et l’industrialisation du pays ». La perspective est de générer une prospérité accrue et partagée comme fondement de l’émergence du Congo dans l’économie mondiale. Le changement climatique constitue une menace pour la société, l économie et l’environnement congolais.', 'Le changement climatique constitue une menace pour la société, l économie et l’environnement congolais. Les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, l élévation du niveau de la mer, la hausse de température globale moyenne et les régimes pluviométriques imprévisibles ont des effets considérables sur les moyens de subsistance de la population. En conséquence, L’évolution des conditions climatiques met en péril la réalisation des objectifs de développement à moyen et à long terme, avec des conséquences extrêmes pour les groupes sociaux les plus vulnérables. D autre part, il est possible de transformer les défis du changement climatique en opportunités, en développant des politiques intégrées qui traitent en même temps la vulnérabilité à court terme et la résilience à long terme.', 'D autre part, il est possible de transformer les défis du changement climatique en opportunités, en développant des politiques intégrées qui traitent en même temps la vulnérabilité à court terme et la résilience à long terme. Pour la République du Congo, l’adaptation aux variations et au changement climatique constitue la pierre angulaire de tout développement ou politique durable. La République du Congo met en œuvre une approche sectorielle, adaptée aux circonstances locales des entités territoriales : zone côtière ou du littoral, plateau des cataractes et vallée du Niari, plaines alluviales du bassin du fleuve Congo, zones urbaines. Cette approche concerne les secteurs les plus vulnérables : l’hydrologie et les ressources en eau, l’énergie, l’agriculture, la forêt et la santé.', 'Cette approche concerne les secteurs les plus vulnérables : l’hydrologie et les ressources en eau, l’énergie, l’agriculture, la forêt et la santé. Les objectifs finaux de la République du Congo en termes d’adaptation aux changements climatiques qui doivent également trouver un écho auprès de la communauté internationale, se traduisent concrètement par : La protection des populations : à travers une approche préventive de la gestion des risques, notamment dans les zones les plus menacées, qui s’appuie sur un système d’observation et de recherche pour mieux appréhender les risques climatiques actuels et à venir.', 'Les objectifs finaux de la République du Congo en termes d’adaptation aux changements climatiques qui doivent également trouver un écho auprès de la communauté internationale, se traduisent concrètement par : La protection des populations : à travers une approche préventive de la gestion des risques, notamment dans les zones les plus menacées, qui s’appuie sur un système d’observation et de recherche pour mieux appréhender les risques climatiques actuels et à venir. La stratégie d’adaptation de la zone côtière concourt à cette fin : cette stratégie se décline au travers de mesures visant à une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière par la mise en place d’un cadre juridique approprié, l’acquisition d’outils de surveillance et enfin la formation et l’information.', 'La stratégie d’adaptation de la zone côtière concourt à cette fin : cette stratégie se décline au travers de mesures visant à une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière par la mise en place d’un cadre juridique approprié, l’acquisition d’outils de surveillance et enfin la formation et l’information. Les orientations préconisent la réalisation d’un schéma d’aménagement du milieu urbain côtier, la promotion des activités génératrices de revenus liés aux écosystèmes marins et côtiers.', 'Les orientations préconisent la réalisation d’un schéma d’aménagement du milieu urbain côtier, la promotion des activités génératrices de revenus liés aux écosystèmes marins et côtiers. A cela, il faut ajouter un dispositif comprenant des projets de conservations des mangroves pour la protection du littoral, la protection des espèces, la mise en place d’installations spécifiques pour la réception et la gestion des déchets, le suivi de la nidification des tortues marines et la création d’un observatoire du littoral et de l’environnement marin. La ville de Pointe-Noire, particulièrement exposée, fait l’objet de mesures de protection sur le littoral par des barrières physiques et des travaux de réhabilitation des berges.', 'La ville de Pointe-Noire, particulièrement exposée, fait l’objet de mesures de protection sur le littoral par des barrières physiques et des travaux de réhabilitation des berges. La protection du patrimoine naturel, de la biodiversité, des forêts et des ressources halieutiques, à travers une approche d’adaptation ancrée dans la protection des écosystèmes. Le Gouvernement congolais a créé à ce jour 17 aires protégées couvrant une superficie de 4.350.418 hectares, soit 13,2% du territoire national. Elles seront complétées par l’aire protégée de Ogoué Leketi .La protection des systèmes productifs sensibles au changement climatique, comme l’agriculture. La République du Congo s’engage à restaurer les écosystèmes et à renforcer leur résilience, à lutter contre la dégradation des sols et des forets, et à prévenir les inondations.', 'La République du Congo s’engage à restaurer les écosystèmes et à renforcer leur résilience, à lutter contre la dégradation des sols et des forets, et à prévenir les inondations. La protection des systèmes des infrastructures à fort risque. La ressource en eau étant l’un des facteurs limitant du développement de l’agriculture de la République du Congo, la stratégie sectorielle préconise sa gestion intégrée, la protection contre la pollution, la formation, la recherche scientifique et la sensibilisation autour de ces thématiques. \uf0a7 La protection du patrimoine immatériel de la République du Congo à travers des actions d’éducation et de sensibilisations, ainsi que des efforts de conservation des bonnes pratiques ancestrales dans les secteurs hautement vulnérables, comme l’eau, l’électricité, l’agriculture, la biodiversité.', '\uf0a7 La protection du patrimoine immatériel de la République du Congo à travers des actions d’éducation et de sensibilisations, ainsi que des efforts de conservation des bonnes pratiques ancestrales dans les secteurs hautement vulnérables, comme l’eau, l’électricité, l’agriculture, la biodiversité. Il convient également de mettre en œuvre une protection des innovations et de la propriété intellectuelle. \uf0a7 Le transfert des technologies climatiques adapté aux priorités nationales de développement.', '\uf0a7 Le transfert des technologies climatiques adapté aux priorités nationales de développement. Ces objectifs de protection nécessaires à l’adaptation exigent : \uf0a7 une nécessaire évaluation des besoins technologiques au niveau des secteurs prioritaires définis dans le projet de TCN, avec, principalement, l’appui de l’Entité Nationale Désignée (END) au Centre et Réseau des Ressources Technologiques (CRTC) de la CCNUCC et des autres partenaires stratégiques du pays ; \uf0a7 la formation et l’accompagnement à l’appropriation des technologies climatiques dans les secteurs devant en bénéficier ; \uf0a7 un transfert de technologies adaptées ; \uf0a7 des mesures d’incitation pour l’agriculture en zone de savanes, telle que la facilité de mécanisation.', 'Ces objectifs de protection nécessaires à l’adaptation exigent : \uf0a7 une nécessaire évaluation des besoins technologiques au niveau des secteurs prioritaires définis dans le projet de TCN, avec, principalement, l’appui de l’Entité Nationale Désignée (END) au Centre et Réseau des Ressources Technologiques (CRTC) de la CCNUCC et des autres partenaires stratégiques du pays ; \uf0a7 la formation et l’accompagnement à l’appropriation des technologies climatiques dans les secteurs devant en bénéficier ; \uf0a7 un transfert de technologies adaptées ; \uf0a7 des mesures d’incitation pour l’agriculture en zone de savanes, telle que la facilité de mécanisation. La République du Congo souhaite l’assistance de la communauté internationale dans le financement et l’assistance technique nécessaire à l’atteinte de ces objectifs, dans le cadre d’une stratégie intégrée adaptation-atténuation.Financement et mise en œuvre Les fonds nécessaires à la mise en œuvre du scénario bas carbone concernent principalement les infrastructures liées aux énergies renouvelables, les reboisements, l’amélioration des conditions de l’investissement pour une économie verte, et la formation à la bonne gouvernance.', 'La République du Congo souhaite l’assistance de la communauté internationale dans le financement et l’assistance technique nécessaire à l’atteinte de ces objectifs, dans le cadre d’une stratégie intégrée adaptation-atténuation.Financement et mise en œuvre Les fonds nécessaires à la mise en œuvre du scénario bas carbone concernent principalement les infrastructures liées aux énergies renouvelables, les reboisements, l’amélioration des conditions de l’investissement pour une économie verte, et la formation à la bonne gouvernance. S’y ajoute ici le financement nécessaire de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Montants financiers des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation Les investissements et coûts représenteraient annuellement 3710 Milliards de CFA de 2014 à 2025, ou 5,14 Milliards d €. L autofinancement du pays pourrait atteindre 20%, soit 1,03 milliard d €, (ou 656 milliards de FCFA).', 'L autofinancement du pays pourrait atteindre 20%, soit 1,03 milliard d €, (ou 656 milliards de FCFA). La communauté internationale serait sollicitée à hauteur de 5,14 milliards d’euros pour la période 2015-2025. Le tableau suivant synthétise le coût des mesures d atténuation et d adaptation, ainsi que le mode de financement envisagé.', 'Le tableau suivant synthétise le coût des mesures d atténuation et d adaptation, ainsi que le mode de financement envisagé. FINANCEMENTS de la STRATEGIE BAS-CARBONE 2015-2025 ACTION/INVESTISSEMENTS Montants Totaux annuels (Millions de FCFA) Montants Totaux annuels (Millions d €) Autofinancement annuel Congo (Millions d €) Finacement international annuel total (Millions d €) dont dons annuels (Millions d €) dont Bonification de prêts (Millions d €) Cacaoculture à faibles émissions Plantations en plein en savane Agro industrie / biocarburant Ménages (Foyers et gaz, solaire, centrales à bois) Autres industries / Electrification Renforcement de capacité des décideurs Comité des investissements et de la bonne gouvernancePendant les 5 premières années, ces fonds seraient mis à disposition du pays, sous le contrôle du comité précité, sous forme « START », sans conditionnalités et autres procédures de sauvegarde, du fait que les investissements concernés sont précisément des investissements environnementaux et sociaux à la fois.', 'FINANCEMENTS de la STRATEGIE BAS-CARBONE 2015-2025 ACTION/INVESTISSEMENTS Montants Totaux annuels (Millions de FCFA) Montants Totaux annuels (Millions d €) Autofinancement annuel Congo (Millions d €) Finacement international annuel total (Millions d €) dont dons annuels (Millions d €) dont Bonification de prêts (Millions d €) Cacaoculture à faibles émissions Plantations en plein en savane Agro industrie / biocarburant Ménages (Foyers et gaz, solaire, centrales à bois) Autres industries / Electrification Renforcement de capacité des décideurs Comité des investissements et de la bonne gouvernancePendant les 5 premières années, ces fonds seraient mis à disposition du pays, sous le contrôle du comité précité, sous forme « START », sans conditionnalités et autres procédures de sauvegarde, du fait que les investissements concernés sont précisément des investissements environnementaux et sociaux à la fois. Changements structurels pour la mise en place et la bonne gestion des fonds d’aide à l’économie verte La Stratégie Nationale du Développement durable prévoit la mise en place d’un Fonds National de Développement Durable (en plus du Fonds Forestier), fonds dédié à la promotion de l’économie verte dans toutes ses composantes, économiques et sociale en particulier.', 'Changements structurels pour la mise en place et la bonne gestion des fonds d’aide à l’économie verte La Stratégie Nationale du Développement durable prévoit la mise en place d’un Fonds National de Développement Durable (en plus du Fonds Forestier), fonds dédié à la promotion de l’économie verte dans toutes ses composantes, économiques et sociale en particulier. La création de ce fonds est à l’étude et se positionnera dans la lignée des Fonds Nationaux Climat qui se développent dans divers pays, en tenant compte des particularités de la stratégie congolaise.', 'La création de ce fonds est à l’étude et se positionnera dans la lignée des Fonds Nationaux Climat qui se développent dans divers pays, en tenant compte des particularités de la stratégie congolaise. Un comité pour les investissements et la bonne gouvernance (CIG) sera mis en place avec pour tâches principales : \uf0d8 d’assister la République du Congo pour la réussite de sa politique de développement à croissance rapide (avec objectifs, cibles et indicateurs) ; \uf0d8 de conduire des études préalables à l’implantation du secteur privé ; \uf0d8 de vérifier la bonne fin des crédits d’aide et des prêts internationaux ; \uf0d8 d’assister à la Cour des Comptes et la remise régulière de rapports à un conseil de représentants du secteur privé et de la société civile sur la bonne gouvernance ; \uf0d8 de lutter contre les lenteurs administratives en particulier pour les dossiers des investisseurs ; \uf0d8 de former les élites à la bonne gouvernance et l’assistance à la lutte contre la corruption, notamment celle possiblement due aux investisseurs ; \uf0d8 de servir de médiation en deuxième recours pour la fixation des prix entre les investisseurs privés et les coopératives de producteurs ; \uf0d8 de proposer la fixation de quotas et de taxes pour les produits agricoles de première nécessité (en particulier les produits importés).', 'Un comité pour les investissements et la bonne gouvernance (CIG) sera mis en place avec pour tâches principales : \uf0d8 d’assister la République du Congo pour la réussite de sa politique de développement à croissance rapide (avec objectifs, cibles et indicateurs) ; \uf0d8 de conduire des études préalables à l’implantation du secteur privé ; \uf0d8 de vérifier la bonne fin des crédits d’aide et des prêts internationaux ; \uf0d8 d’assister à la Cour des Comptes et la remise régulière de rapports à un conseil de représentants du secteur privé et de la société civile sur la bonne gouvernance ; \uf0d8 de lutter contre les lenteurs administratives en particulier pour les dossiers des investisseurs ; \uf0d8 de former les élites à la bonne gouvernance et l’assistance à la lutte contre la corruption, notamment celle possiblement due aux investisseurs ; \uf0d8 de servir de médiation en deuxième recours pour la fixation des prix entre les investisseurs privés et les coopératives de producteurs ; \uf0d8 de proposer la fixation de quotas et de taxes pour les produits agricoles de première nécessité (en particulier les produits importés). Ce comité serait dirigé par un représentant de la communauté internationale.', 'Ce comité serait dirigé par un représentant de la communauté internationale. Ce comité ne serait en aucun cas un gouvernement bis mais resterait dans l’esprit d’une assistance, avec une déontologie stricte autant en matière financière qu’en matière de communication de documents et de discrétion dans les domaines à définir.']

fr-FR

COG

Congo

Updated NDC

2021-08-02 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN_Congo.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

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['REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO Unité * Travail * Progrès MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT, DU DEVELOPPMENT DURABLE ET DU BASSIN DU CONGO CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN) DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO _______________________________________________________________ Brazzaville, République du Congo 2021TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES ……………………………………………………………………………. 3 RESUME …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 I. CONTEXTE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 II. ATTENUATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2.1- Evolution des émissions en République du Congo …………………………………………………………….', '6 2.1- Evolution des émissions en République du Congo ……………………………………………………………. 6 2.2- Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 ………………………………………… 7 2.2.1- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario de base « scénario (BAU) Business as Usual » ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 2.2.2- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario inconditionnel (sans appuis extérieurs) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 2.2.3- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario conditionnel (avec appuis extérieurs) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 2.3- Emissions sectorielles selon les catégories du GIEC …………………………………………………………… 8 2.3.1- Secteur de l’énergie ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 2.3.2- Secteur des déchets ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 2.3.3- Emissions de la foresterie ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 2.4- Niveau d’Atténuation des GES en République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 …………………………………………………………….', '10 2.4- Niveau d’Atténuation des GES en République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 ……………………………………………………………. 11 2.5- Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC)………. 15 III. ADAPTATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23 3.1- Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 3.1.1- Secteur Energie ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 a) Sous-secteur du bois-énergie …………………………………………………………………………………………….', '23 a) Sous-secteur du bois-énergie ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 b) Sous-secteur de l’hydroélectricité …………………………………………………………………………………… 23 c) Sous-secteur des hydrocarbures ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.1.2- Secteur Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) ………………………… 24 a) Vulnérabilité et impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de l’agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 b) Vulnérabilité et impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres …………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.1.3- Secteur Ressources en Eau ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.1.4- Etablissements humains et santé …………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.1.5- Zone côtière …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.2- Type d’objectifs d’adaptation ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 IV. DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO…35 V. FINANCEMENT ET MISE EN ŒUVRE …………………………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation …………………………………………… 36 5.1.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation …………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1.2- Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation …………………………………………………………………….', 'DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO…35 V. FINANCEMENT ET MISE EN ŒUVRE …………………………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation …………………………………………… 36 5.1.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation …………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1.2- Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation ……………………………………………………………………. 38 VI.', 'DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO…35 V. FINANCEMENT ET MISE EN ŒUVRE …………………………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation …………………………………………… 36 5.1.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation …………………………………………………………………… 36 5.1.2- Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation ……………………………………………………………………. 38 VI. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES AFD Agence Française de Développement BAU Business as Usual CONA-REDD Comité National REDD+ CAFI Initiative pour la Forêt de l’Afrique Centrale CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CAFI Central African Forest Initiative/ Initiative des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale CNIAF Centre National d’Inventaire et d’Aménagement des Ressources Forestières et Fauniques CNSEE Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques CLPA Communauté Locale et Populations Autochtones COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale COP Conférence des Parties GES Gaz à Effet de Serre FAT Foresterie et Autres utilisations des Terres GIEC Groupe Inter-gouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat IRA Institut de Recherche Agronomique IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre MW Méga Watt MRV/ MNV Mesurage, Rapportage et Vérification/ Mesure, Notification et Vérification MTE Ministre de Tourisme et de l’Environnement ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale PND Plan National de Développement PME Petite et Moyenne Entreprise PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers REDD+ Réduction des Emissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière, avec inclusion de la Gestion durable des forêts, de la conservation de la biodiversité et de l accroissement des stocks de carbone teCO2 Tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone ou tonnes équivalent CO2 TCN Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN) UCTAF UCTAF : l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie UE Union Européenne Unités Dioxyde de Carbone Méthane O Protoxyde d’azote/ Oxyde nitreux HFC Hydrofluorocarbure PFC Hydrocarbure perfluoré Hexafluorure de soufre Gg Gigagramme Kilotonne équivalent CO2RESUME Type d’engagement conditionné par les moyens internationaux Réduction par rapport à un scénario conditionnel et un scénario inconditionnel Périmètre Ensemble des émissions de GES Année de référence 2017 Niveau de réduction des émissions Le niveau des réductions des émissions sera de : ➢ 39,88% dans le scénario conditionnel et 17,09% dans le scénario inconditionnel en 2025 ; ➢ 32,19% dans le scénario conditionnel et 21,46% dans le scénario inconditionnel en 2030.', 'CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES AFD Agence Française de Développement BAU Business as Usual CONA-REDD Comité National REDD+ CAFI Initiative pour la Forêt de l’Afrique Centrale CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CAFI Central African Forest Initiative/ Initiative des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale CNIAF Centre National d’Inventaire et d’Aménagement des Ressources Forestières et Fauniques CNSEE Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques CLPA Communauté Locale et Populations Autochtones COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale COP Conférence des Parties GES Gaz à Effet de Serre FAT Foresterie et Autres utilisations des Terres GIEC Groupe Inter-gouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat IRA Institut de Recherche Agronomique IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre MW Méga Watt MRV/ MNV Mesurage, Rapportage et Vérification/ Mesure, Notification et Vérification MTE Ministre de Tourisme et de l’Environnement ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale PND Plan National de Développement PME Petite et Moyenne Entreprise PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers REDD+ Réduction des Emissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière, avec inclusion de la Gestion durable des forêts, de la conservation de la biodiversité et de l accroissement des stocks de carbone teCO2 Tonnes équivalent dioxyde de carbone ou tonnes équivalent CO2 TCN Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN) UCTAF UCTAF : l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie UE Union Européenne Unités Dioxyde de Carbone Méthane O Protoxyde d’azote/ Oxyde nitreux HFC Hydrofluorocarbure PFC Hydrocarbure perfluoré Hexafluorure de soufre Gg Gigagramme Kilotonne équivalent CO2RESUME Type d’engagement conditionné par les moyens internationaux Réduction par rapport à un scénario conditionnel et un scénario inconditionnel Périmètre Ensemble des émissions de GES Année de référence 2017 Niveau de réduction des émissions Le niveau des réductions des émissions sera de : ➢ 39,88% dans le scénario conditionnel et 17,09% dans le scénario inconditionnel en 2025 ; ➢ 32,19% dans le scénario conditionnel et 21,46% dans le scénario inconditionnel en 2030. Secteurs couverts Énergie, Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), Agriculture, Forêts et autres utilisation des terre (AFAT), déchets Développement tendanciel non conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2030, partant de l’année de référence 2017 Développement bas-carbone conditionnel et inconditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2030, partant de 2017, année de référence sur la base de trois scenarios : Le scenario de base (BAU), le scénario conditionnel et le scenario inconditionnel Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles utilisées par les experts du GIEC, selon la décision CP.8 de la CCNUCC pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux des d’émissions : PRG CO2 convention), PRG CH4 = 21 et PRG N2 O = 310 Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions Les approches méthodologiques sont basées sur l’usage des méthodes suivantes : • Les lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006 • Les méthodes supplémentaires révisées et le guide de bonne pratique développés à partir du Protocole de Kyoto de l IPCC INTRODUCTION L’Accord de Paris sur le climat, en son article 6, alinéa 1, encourage les pays d’agir volontairement en concertation dans la mise en œuvre de leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN), à : (i) relever le niveau d’ambition de leurs mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation et (ii) promouvoir le développement durable et l’intégrité environnementale.', 'Secteurs couverts Énergie, Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), Agriculture, Forêts et autres utilisation des terre (AFAT), déchets Développement tendanciel non conditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2030, partant de l’année de référence 2017 Développement bas-carbone conditionnel et inconditionnel Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2025 et 2030, partant de 2017, année de référence sur la base de trois scenarios : Le scenario de base (BAU), le scénario conditionnel et le scenario inconditionnel Potentiel de réchauffement Global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles utilisées par les experts du GIEC, selon la décision CP.8 de la CCNUCC pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux des d’émissions : PRG CO2 convention), PRG CH4 = 21 et PRG N2 O = 310 Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions Les approches méthodologiques sont basées sur l’usage des méthodes suivantes : • Les lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006 • Les méthodes supplémentaires révisées et le guide de bonne pratique développés à partir du Protocole de Kyoto de l IPCC INTRODUCTION L’Accord de Paris sur le climat, en son article 6, alinéa 1, encourage les pays d’agir volontairement en concertation dans la mise en œuvre de leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN), à : (i) relever le niveau d’ambition de leurs mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation et (ii) promouvoir le développement durable et l’intégrité environnementale. La CDN révisée de la République du Congo s’appuie sur ses cinq (05) piliers qui portent sur : la gouvernance, l’atténuation, l’adaptation, le MRV et le financement, a été élaboré suivant un processus inclusif et transparent.', 'La CDN révisée de la République du Congo s’appuie sur ses cinq (05) piliers qui portent sur : la gouvernance, l’atténuation, l’adaptation, le MRV et le financement, a été élaboré suivant un processus inclusif et transparent. Les principaux axes stratégiques pris en compte pour actualiser la CDN initiale de 2015 et rehausser les ambitions du pays dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques portent sur :- le renforcement de la volonté politique et de l’adhésion des parties prenantes national et des partenaires au développement ; - la révision, l’alignement et l’actualisation des objectifs, des politiques et des mesures établies dans les domaines du climat et du développement durable ; - l’intégration de nouveaux secteurs et/ou gaz à effet de serre dans la CDN révisée ; - l’évaluation des coûts et des possibilités d’investissement des actions prioritaires retenues dans les domaines du climat et du développement durable ; - le suivi des progrès et le renforcement de la transparence.', 'Les principaux axes stratégiques pris en compte pour actualiser la CDN initiale de 2015 et rehausser les ambitions du pays dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques portent sur :- le renforcement de la volonté politique et de l’adhésion des parties prenantes national et des partenaires au développement ; - la révision, l’alignement et l’actualisation des objectifs, des politiques et des mesures établies dans les domaines du climat et du développement durable ; - l’intégration de nouveaux secteurs et/ou gaz à effet de serre dans la CDN révisée ; - l’évaluation des coûts et des possibilités d’investissement des actions prioritaires retenues dans les domaines du climat et du développement durable ; - le suivi des progrès et le renforcement de la transparence. I. CONTEXTE La République du Congo qui couvre une superficie de 342.000 km² est située en Afrique centrale, à cheval sur l’équateur entre le Gabon, l’océan Atlantique, le Cameroun, la République centrafricaine, la République démocratique du Congo et l’enclave angolaise de Cabinda.', 'I. CONTEXTE La République du Congo qui couvre une superficie de 342.000 km² est située en Afrique centrale, à cheval sur l’équateur entre le Gabon, l’océan Atlantique, le Cameroun, la République centrafricaine, la République démocratique du Congo et l’enclave angolaise de Cabinda. Figure 1: Carte administrative de la République du CongoL’économie congolaise est principalement basée sur les industries minières et extractives (pétrole et gaz) et le secteur primaire (agriculture, pêche et foresterie). La population va passer de 3 697 490 habitants en 2007 à 6.560.384 habitants en 2030. Les femmes qui constituent 50,7% de la population (RGPH, 2007), seront toujours majoritaire, en terme d’effectifs.', 'Les femmes qui constituent 50,7% de la population (RGPH, 2007), seront toujours majoritaire, en terme d’effectifs. La population de la République du Congo fait partie des plus vulnérables, dans la mesure où elle dispose de marge d’adaptation restreinte, du fait notamment de la pauvreté. Le maintien des services fournis par les écosystèmes naturels (forêts, savanes, bassin hydrologiques, etc. ), est capital pour assurer les relais de développement futur, limiter les impacts des changements climatiques et offrir des possibilités d’adaptation aux couches les plus vulnérables dont font parties des femmes et les jeunes de toutes les catégories socio-culturelles des centres urbains et ruraux.', '), est capital pour assurer les relais de développement futur, limiter les impacts des changements climatiques et offrir des possibilités d’adaptation aux couches les plus vulnérables dont font parties des femmes et les jeunes de toutes les catégories socio-culturelles des centres urbains et ruraux. Les secteurs économiques qui servent de socle de développement socio-économique de la République du Congo sont : l’énergie, le transport, l’industrie, les mines, l’agriculture, la forêt, l’eau, le tourisme, le commerce ; les établissements humains et la santé, le paysage côtier, les déchets, etc. II.', 'Les secteurs économiques qui servent de socle de développement socio-économique de la République du Congo sont : l’énergie, le transport, l’industrie, les mines, l’agriculture, la forêt, l’eau, le tourisme, le commerce ; les établissements humains et la santé, le paysage côtier, les déchets, etc. II. ATTENUATION Les gaz à effets de serre pris en compte sont : - Le Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), - Le Méthane (CH4 ), - Le Protoxyde d’azote (N2 O), - Les gaz F comme l’Hydrofluorocarbure (HFC), l’Hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC), l’Hexafluorure de soufre (SF6) Les secteurs émetteurs des GES pris en compte dans la CDN révisée de la République du Congo sont : - l’Energie, pour les émissions issues des industries de l énergie, des industries manufacturières et de construction, du transport, des résidences, du commerce, des combustibles solides, du pétrole et gaz naturel ; - l Agriculture, Forêt et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) avec les émissions issues de la fermentation entérique, la gestion du fumier en élevage, la culture du riz, les sols agricoles, les savanes brûlées et le résidus agricoles brûlés, les émissions et absorptions des forêts, etc.', 'ATTENUATION Les gaz à effets de serre pris en compte sont : - Le Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), - Le Méthane (CH4 ), - Le Protoxyde d’azote (N2 O), - Les gaz F comme l’Hydrofluorocarbure (HFC), l’Hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC), l’Hexafluorure de soufre (SF6) Les secteurs émetteurs des GES pris en compte dans la CDN révisée de la République du Congo sont : - l’Energie, pour les émissions issues des industries de l énergie, des industries manufacturières et de construction, du transport, des résidences, du commerce, des combustibles solides, du pétrole et gaz naturel ; - l Agriculture, Forêt et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) avec les émissions issues de la fermentation entérique, la gestion du fumier en élevage, la culture du riz, les sols agricoles, les savanes brûlées et le résidus agricoles brûlés, les émissions et absorptions des forêts, etc. ; - les Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), pour les émissions issues des industries minières (ciment, chaux, verre, etc.', '; - les Procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), pour les émissions issues des industries minières (ciment, chaux, verre, etc. ), des industries chimiques (ammoniac et autres acides), des industries métallurgiques (fer, acier, plomb, aluminium, etc.) et des autres productions industrielles (équipements électriques et électriques, solvant, aérosol, etc.) ; - les Déchets avec les émissions des déchets solides et liquide. 2.1- Evolution des émissions en République du Congo La République du Congo qui ambitionne l’émergence dans le court terme et le développement dans le long terme est encore compté dans le groupe des pays en développement à faible émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', '2.1- Evolution des émissions en République du Congo La République du Congo qui ambitionne l’émergence dans le court terme et le développement dans le long terme est encore compté dans le groupe des pays en développement à faible émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L’évolution des émissions de 1994 à 2021 se présente comme suit : Tableau n°1 : Evolution des émissions et absorptions des GES du Congo de 1994 à 20202.2- Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 2.2.1- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario de base « scénario (BAU) Business as Usual » Tableau n°2 : Projection des émissions suivant le scenario BAU de 2017 à 2030 (émissions suivant les catégories du GIEC) - Emissions en ktCO2e/an – Ce tableau indique que les émissions globales des gaz à effet de serre de la République du Congo seront de 13.181,2 ktCO2e en 2025 et de 15279,31 ktCO2e en 2030.', 'L’évolution des émissions de 1994 à 2021 se présente comme suit : Tableau n°1 : Evolution des émissions et absorptions des GES du Congo de 1994 à 20202.2- Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 2.2.1- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario de base « scénario (BAU) Business as Usual » Tableau n°2 : Projection des émissions suivant le scenario BAU de 2017 à 2030 (émissions suivant les catégories du GIEC) - Emissions en ktCO2e/an – Ce tableau indique que les émissions globales des gaz à effet de serre de la République du Congo seront de 13.181,2 ktCO2e en 2025 et de 15279,31 ktCO2e en 2030. La figure ci-dessous présente la tendance de l’évolution des émissions des GES par secteur suivant le scenario BAU.', 'La figure ci-dessous présente la tendance de l’évolution des émissions des GES par secteur suivant le scenario BAU. Figure n°2 : Projections des émissions de GES suivant le scenario BAU pour les secteurs CCNUCC. Le secteur Energie sera celui qui contribuera le plus aux émissions globales du scénario BAU en 2030, avec une contribution de 66,9% des émissions BAU. Il serait suivi par le secteur de forêt avec 28,3%, le secteur déchets avec 3,1%, et l industrie (IPPU) avec 1,0%, et le secteur agriculture avec 0,7%. GHG Emission (ktCO2e/year) Energie Déchets Industrie (PIUP) Agriculture FAT total2.2.2- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario inconditionnel (sans appuis extérieurs) Le scénario inconditionnel est le scénario par lequel le pays réduire ses émissions de GES par rapport au BAU sans les appuis financiers extérieurs.', 'GHG Emission (ktCO2e/year) Energie Déchets Industrie (PIUP) Agriculture FAT total2.2.2- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario inconditionnel (sans appuis extérieurs) Le scénario inconditionnel est le scénario par lequel le pays réduire ses émissions de GES par rapport au BAU sans les appuis financiers extérieurs. Le tableaux ci-dessous, présente le niveau des émissions des GES de la République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 suivant le scenario inconditionnel. Tableau n°3 : Niveau des émissions des GES sectoriels suivant le scenario inconditionnel Secteurs Les émissions de GES passeront de 15279,3 ktCO2e dans le scenario BAU en 2017 à 10928,47 ktCO2e en 2025 et 12000,16 ktCO2e en 2030 dans le cadre d’un scenario d’atténuation inconditionnel.', 'Tableau n°3 : Niveau des émissions des GES sectoriels suivant le scenario inconditionnel Secteurs Les émissions de GES passeront de 15279,3 ktCO2e dans le scenario BAU en 2017 à 10928,47 ktCO2e en 2025 et 12000,16 ktCO2e en 2030 dans le cadre d’un scenario d’atténuation inconditionnel. 2.2.3- Projection des émissions de GES suivant le scenario conditionnel (avec appuis extérieurs) Le scénario conditionnel est le scénario par lequel le pays réduire ses émissions de GES par rapport au BAU sur la base des appuis financiers extérieurs. Le tableau ci-dessous présente le niveau des émissions des GES de la République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 suivant le scenario conditionnel.', 'Le tableau ci-dessous présente le niveau des émissions des GES de la République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 suivant le scenario conditionnel. Tableau n°4 : Niveau des émissions des GES sectoriels suivant le scenario conditionnel Les émissions de GES passeront de 15279,3 ktCO2e dans le scenario BAU en 2017 à 5672,07 ktCO2e en 2025 et 7081,41 ktCO2e en 2030 dans le cadre d’un scenario d’atténuation conditionnel. 2.3.', 'Tableau n°4 : Niveau des émissions des GES sectoriels suivant le scenario conditionnel Les émissions de GES passeront de 15279,3 ktCO2e dans le scenario BAU en 2017 à 5672,07 ktCO2e en 2025 et 7081,41 ktCO2e en 2030 dans le cadre d’un scenario d’atténuation conditionnel. 2.3. Emissions sectorielles selon les catégories du GIEC 2.3.1- Secteur de l’énergie Les émissions du secteur Energie avec ses sous-secteurs de l’Energie, du transport, des ménages et des services, dans les scénarios « BAU », « Conditionnel » et « Inconditionnel » vont évoluer comme indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessous.Tableau n°5 : Secteur Energie Année BAU Conditionnel Inconditionnel La tendance de ces émissions est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°3 : Emissions du secteur Energie 2.3.2- Secteur des déchets Tableau n°6 : Secteur des déchets Années BAU Scénario conditionnel Scénario inconditionnel Le secteur des déchets ne sera plus émetteur des GES à partir de 2025 quel que soit le scénario conditionnel ou inconditionnel (cf.', 'Emissions sectorielles selon les catégories du GIEC 2.3.1- Secteur de l’énergie Les émissions du secteur Energie avec ses sous-secteurs de l’Energie, du transport, des ménages et des services, dans les scénarios « BAU », « Conditionnel » et « Inconditionnel » vont évoluer comme indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessous.Tableau n°5 : Secteur Energie Année BAU Conditionnel Inconditionnel La tendance de ces émissions est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°3 : Emissions du secteur Energie 2.3.2- Secteur des déchets Tableau n°6 : Secteur des déchets Années BAU Scénario conditionnel Scénario inconditionnel Le secteur des déchets ne sera plus émetteur des GES à partir de 2025 quel que soit le scénario conditionnel ou inconditionnel (cf. tableau ci-dessous). Le renforcement des mesures d’atténuation dans ce secteur permettra de renforcer cette tendance en 2030.', 'Le renforcement des mesures d’atténuation dans ce secteur permettra de renforcer cette tendance en 2030. La tendance de ces émissions est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous Emissions BAU Attcon AttnonFigure n°4 : Emissions du secteur de déchets 2.3.3- Emissions de la foresterie Les émissions du secteur Energie avec ses sous-secteurs de l’Energie, du transport, des ménages et des services, dans les scénarios « BAU », « Conditionnel » et « Inconditionnel » vont évoluer comme indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau n°7: Emissions du secteur de la foresterie Années BAU Conditionnel Inconditionnel La tendance de ces émissions est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°5 : Emissions de la foresterie En tout état de cause, la République du Congo restera pendant longtemps un important puits de carbone comme l’indique le graphique ci-dessous.', 'Tableau n°7: Emissions du secteur de la foresterie Années BAU Conditionnel Inconditionnel La tendance de ces émissions est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°5 : Emissions de la foresterie En tout état de cause, la République du Congo restera pendant longtemps un important puits de carbone comme l’indique le graphique ci-dessous. Emissions Années Emissions du secteur de déchets BAU Attcon Attnon Emissions de la forestérie FAT BAU FAT AttconFigure n°6 : Absorption de GES dans le secteur Forêts La république du Congo restera un pays puits de carbone au-delà de 2030 en dépit de la mise en œuvre du plan de développement socioéconomique. Les forêts ont une capacité de séquestration qui dépasse largement les émissions. Elles subissent cependant des pertes d’environ 17.000 hectares par an.', 'Elles subissent cependant des pertes d’environ 17.000 hectares par an. Le niveau des absorptions pour la période allant de 2017 à 2030 se présente comme indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau n°8 : Niveau des absorptions de GES de 2017 à 2030 en République du Congo. 2.4. Niveau d’Atténuation des GES en République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 Projection des émissions des GES sur la période 2017 à 2030 Les efforts d’atténuation de la République du Congo en 2025 et 2030 sont résumés dans le tableau ci- dessous. Tableau n°9 : Niveau de réduction des émissions après mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation.', 'Tableau n°9 : Niveau de réduction des émissions après mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation. Années Unité Scénario de base (BAU) Scénario Atténuation inconditionnel Scénario Atténuation Conditionnel Emissions de GES (KtCO2e) Émissions de GES de tous les secteurs avec forêts Scénario Conditionnel Scénario Inconditionnel Emissions GES BAUCe qui se traduit par le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°7 : Niveau d’atténuation de GES en 2025 et 2030 Le niveau de réduction des émissions est de : ✓ 39,88% dans le scénario conditionnel, contre 17,09% dans le cas du scénario inconditionnel en 2025 ; ✓ 32,19% dans le scénario conditionnel, contre 21,46 % dans le cade du scénario inconditionnel en 2030.', 'Années Unité Scénario de base (BAU) Scénario Atténuation inconditionnel Scénario Atténuation Conditionnel Emissions de GES (KtCO2e) Émissions de GES de tous les secteurs avec forêts Scénario Conditionnel Scénario Inconditionnel Emissions GES BAUCe qui se traduit par le graphique ci-dessous Figure n°7 : Niveau d’atténuation de GES en 2025 et 2030 Le niveau de réduction des émissions est de : ✓ 39,88% dans le scénario conditionnel, contre 17,09% dans le cas du scénario inconditionnel en 2025 ; ✓ 32,19% dans le scénario conditionnel, contre 21,46 % dans le cade du scénario inconditionnel en 2030. Emissions de GES (KtCO2e) Scénarion BAU Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnelTableau n°10 : Liste des options d’atténuations par secteurs Secteurs Mesures d atténuation Unité de mesure Nbre Liens avec 2025 2030 Le genre Les ODD Agriculture Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz 1000 ha 1 1 Pris en compte 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 12 et 13 Energie biomasse Production électrique à partir des résidus de biomasse 1 MW cogénération 12 12 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Production électrique à partir de bagasse 100 kt canne à sucre/an 1 2 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 EE ménages Éclairage efficace avec LED Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles à bois efficaces 1000 poêles 200 275 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles électriques efficaces 1000 poêles 75 100 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces 1000 poêles 0 0 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 EE service Lave-vaisselle commercial efficace 1000 usages/jours 0 0 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Réfrigérateur d hôtel efficace 1 réfrigérateurs 0 5 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Machine à laver efficace pour hôtel 100 Clients Nuits (CN) 2 2 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Efficacité énergétique en service 10% réduction de Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Nouvel immeuble de bureaux avec Pris en compte 5 ; 9 et 13 Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces 1 GWh pertes évités 25 30 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Foresterie REDD+ : déforestation évitée 1000 ha déforestation Régénération assistée des forêts 1000 ha de régénéré 4 4 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 13 et 15 Décharge Compostage des déchets solidesIndustrie : Remplacement des Combustibles fossiles Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans l industrie Pris en compte 5 ; 12 et 13 Emissions fugitives Réduction du torchage au champ Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Hydro Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau 1 MW 5 10 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Solaire PV solaires, grand réseau 1 MW 600 625 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 PV de chalet solaire 50 W 200 275 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel 40 kW du solaire 400 450 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Transport2.5- Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Ces informations sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous.', 'Emissions de GES (KtCO2e) Scénarion BAU Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnelTableau n°10 : Liste des options d’atténuations par secteurs Secteurs Mesures d atténuation Unité de mesure Nbre Liens avec 2025 2030 Le genre Les ODD Agriculture Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz 1000 ha 1 1 Pris en compte 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 12 et 13 Energie biomasse Production électrique à partir des résidus de biomasse 1 MW cogénération 12 12 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Production électrique à partir de bagasse 100 kt canne à sucre/an 1 2 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 EE ménages Éclairage efficace avec LED Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles à bois efficaces 1000 poêles 200 275 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles électriques efficaces 1000 poêles 75 100 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces 1000 poêles 0 0 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 EE service Lave-vaisselle commercial efficace 1000 usages/jours 0 0 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Réfrigérateur d hôtel efficace 1 réfrigérateurs 0 5 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Machine à laver efficace pour hôtel 100 Clients Nuits (CN) 2 2 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Efficacité énergétique en service 10% réduction de Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Nouvel immeuble de bureaux avec Pris en compte 5 ; 9 et 13 Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces 1 GWh pertes évités 25 30 Pris en compte 5 ; 7 et 13 Foresterie REDD+ : déforestation évitée 1000 ha déforestation Régénération assistée des forêts 1000 ha de régénéré 4 4 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 13 et 15 Décharge Compostage des déchets solidesIndustrie : Remplacement des Combustibles fossiles Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans l industrie Pris en compte 5 ; 12 et 13 Emissions fugitives Réduction du torchage au champ Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Hydro Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau 1 MW 5 10 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Solaire PV solaires, grand réseau 1 MW 600 625 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 PV de chalet solaire 50 W 200 275 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel 40 kW du solaire 400 450 Pris en compte 5 ; 8 ; 12 et 13 Transport2.5- Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Ces informations sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau n°11 : Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) N° Directives de la décision 4/CMA.1 Directives de l ICTC applicables à la CDN révisée du Congo 1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de référence) : a) Année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l année cible Pour l’année de référence 2017, le total des émissions hors secteur utilisation des terres est de 10960,3 (ktCO2e/an).', 'Tableau n°11 : Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) N° Directives de la décision 4/CMA.1 Directives de l ICTC applicables à la CDN révisée du Congo 1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de référence) : a) Année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l année cible Pour l’année de référence 2017, le total des émissions hors secteur utilisation des terres est de 10960,3 (ktCO2e/an). Ces émissions intègrent les secteurs ktCO2e/an ; Procédés industriel et utilisation des produits (PIUP) = 154,3 ktCO2e/an ; Agriculture = 113,5 ktCO2e/an.', 'Ces émissions intègrent les secteurs ktCO2e/an ; Procédés industriel et utilisation des produits (PIUP) = 154,3 ktCO2e/an ; Agriculture = 113,5 ktCO2e/an. c) Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, ou les politiques et mesures en tant qu éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le paragraphe 1 (b) ci- dessus n est pas applicable, les Parties doivent fournir d autres informations pertinentes NA d) Cible par rapport à l indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction Les émissions de GES passeront de 15279,3 ktCO2e dans le scenario BAU à 11246 ktCO2e avec la mise en œuvre des mesures et politiques nationales d’atténuations (inconditionnel), et à 5197ktCO2e dans le cadre d’un scenario d’atténuation conditionnel (conditionnel). La réduction des émissions de 8197,90 ktCO2e est prévue d ici 2030.', 'La réduction des émissions de 8197,90 ktCO2e est prévue d ici 2030. Les différents secteurs des émissions des GES (GIEC) ayant des contributions différentes lors de la mise en œuvre entre 2020 et 2030. La part du conditionnel sera la plus importante pour atteindre les objectifs indiqués. En 2030, la part du conditionnel dans l’atteinte des objectifs d’atténuation du pays est de 32,19 % contre 21,46 % pour le conditionnel. Le niveau de réduction total des émissions est de 53,65 %.', 'Le niveau de réduction total des émissions est de 53,65 %. e) Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence L’indicateur de référence est quantifié sur la base des émissions nationales totales de GES en 2017 rapportées dans le rapport de la troisième communication nationale de la République du Congo.f) Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence La république du Congo a une expérience de mises à jour de ses inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Avant le lancement de la TCN, dans le cadre de l’exercice de l’auto évaluation nationale il y a eu une revue de sa deuxième communication nationale qui a permis de relever les faiblesses et les points forts de l’exercice précédent.', 'Avant le lancement de la TCN, dans le cadre de l’exercice de l’auto évaluation nationale il y a eu une revue de sa deuxième communication nationale qui a permis de relever les faiblesses et les points forts de l’exercice précédent. Les émissions nationales totales de GES en 2017 pourront être mises à jour et recalculées en raison d’améliorations méthodologiques continues. Les informations sur les mises à jour effectuées seront incluses dans les rapports pertinents de la CCNUCC (RBA/BUR 1) et, à partir de 2024, dans les rapports biennaux sur la transparence. On tend à parvenir à : • l’amélioration de la qualité des données ; • la réalisation de nouveaux inventaires ; • l’élaboration des communications nationales et des rapports BUR actualisés ; • la mise à jour des CND actuelles.', 'On tend à parvenir à : • l’amélioration de la qualité des données ; • la réalisation de nouveaux inventaires ; • l’élaboration des communications nationales et des rapports BUR actualisés ; • la mise à jour des CND actuelles. 2 Délais et / ou délais de mise en œuvre : a) Calendrier et / ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion de la Parties à l Accord de Paris (CMA) b) Qu il s agisse d un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas Objectif annuel 3 Portée et couverture : a) Description générale de la cible Les informations sont fournies dans cette CDN.', '2 Délais et / ou délais de mise en œuvre : a) Calendrier et / ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion de la Parties à l Accord de Paris (CMA) b) Qu il s agisse d un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas Objectif annuel 3 Portée et couverture : a) Description générale de la cible Les informations sont fournies dans cette CDN. b) Secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) Les informations fournies dans cette CDN sont : Secteurs Énergie, procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFORÊT), et déchets, Gaz Dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ), méthane (CH4 ), Hémioxyde d’azote (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbure (HFCs), Perfluorocarbure (PFC), Haxafluorure de soufre (SF6).', 'b) Secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) Les informations fournies dans cette CDN sont : Secteurs Énergie, procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP), agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFORÊT), et déchets, Gaz Dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ), méthane (CH4 ), Hémioxyde d’azote (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbure (HFCs), Perfluorocarbure (PFC), Haxafluorure de soufre (SF6). c) Comment la Partie a tenu compte du paragraphe 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21 Par cette soumission, la République du Congo améliore sa contribution déterminée au niveau national en élargissant le champ des secteurs faisant l objet de mesures d atténuation, en ajoutant le secteur de la foresterie qui n’a pas été pris en compte lors de la précédente soumission.', 'c) Comment la Partie a tenu compte du paragraphe 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21 Par cette soumission, la République du Congo améliore sa contribution déterminée au niveau national en élargissant le champ des secteurs faisant l objet de mesures d atténuation, en ajoutant le secteur de la foresterie qui n’a pas été pris en compte lors de la précédente soumission. Les mesures d’atténuation proposées dans cette CDN ont porté sur tous les secteurs (Énergie, procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP),agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFORÊT), et déchets).', 'Les mesures d’atténuation proposées dans cette CDN ont porté sur tous les secteurs (Énergie, procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP),agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFORÊT), et déchets). d) Avantages connexes d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties La république du Congo a identifié plusieurs avantages en matière d atténuation découlant des mesures d adaptation, notamment dans les domaines de l’agriculture, secteur très vulnérable en république du Congo, les techniques d’adaptation devraient permettre de réduire les émissions dans ce secteur, notamment l’agriculture intelligente. La mise en œuvre du projet agricole climato-résilient va induire des co bénéfices atténuation adaptation.', 'La mise en œuvre du projet agricole climato-résilient va induire des co bénéfices atténuation adaptation. « Ce projet, développé sur une durée de 5 ans permettront d’augmenter les rendements des cultures ciblées, la résilience des exploitations agricoles et l’atténuation des effets du changement climatique, en particulier à travers les changements opérés sur l’usage des sols et les pratiques agricoles et la déforestation évitée qui y est associée ».', '« Ce projet, développé sur une durée de 5 ans permettront d’augmenter les rendements des cultures ciblées, la résilience des exploitations agricoles et l’atténuation des effets du changement climatique, en particulier à travers les changements opérés sur l’usage des sols et les pratiques agricoles et la déforestation évitée qui y est associée ». Il portera sur : • Développement de système agroforestiers résilients pour le manioc, le maïs et la Banane ; • Amélioration de la fertilité des sols et de la fertilisation des cultures ; • Développement de l’accès aux produits, services et infrastructures pour des filières vivrières résilientes ; • Amélioration de la productivité et de la résilience de l’agriculture en savane ; ‘ » • Développement d’un système d’information climatique et d’alerte agro- météorologique La Société Total Nature Based Solutions (TNBS), filiale du Groupe TOTAL, met en place un Projet pilote de création de plantations forestières et agroforestières et la constitution d’un puits de carbone de 70.000 ha dans le département des plateaux.', 'Il portera sur : • Développement de système agroforestiers résilients pour le manioc, le maïs et la Banane ; • Amélioration de la fertilité des sols et de la fertilisation des cultures ; • Développement de l’accès aux produits, services et infrastructures pour des filières vivrières résilientes ; • Amélioration de la productivité et de la résilience de l’agriculture en savane ; ‘ » • Développement d’un système d’information climatique et d’alerte agro- météorologique La Société Total Nature Based Solutions (TNBS), filiale du Groupe TOTAL, met en place un Projet pilote de création de plantations forestières et agroforestières et la constitution d’un puits de carbone de 70.000 ha dans le département des plateaux. D’autres programmes ci-dessous : - Le plan d’aménagement des forestiers - La réduction des gaz torchères - La réduction des pertes dans le réseau de transport et distribution de l’électricité 4 Processus de planification : a) Informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a entrepris pour préparer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant : (i) Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d une manière sensible au genre Comité de pilotage qui regroupe les délégués des institutions (voir la liste des institutions) qui sont pilotés.', 'D’autres programmes ci-dessous : - Le plan d’aménagement des forestiers - La réduction des gaz torchères - La réduction des pertes dans le réseau de transport et distribution de l’électricité 4 Processus de planification : a) Informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a entrepris pour préparer sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant : (i) Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d une manière sensible au genre Comité de pilotage qui regroupe les délégués des institutions (voir la liste des institutions) qui sont pilotés. Un accent particulier a été mis sur l’alignement de la CDN avec les travaux en cours de préparation desCommunications Nationales (TCN et TBA1) du pays à la CCNUCC (ii) Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant : a. Circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l économie, le développement durable et l élimination de la pauvreté Toutes ces informations sont présentées dans le chapitre 1 circonstance nationale de la troisième communication nationale à la CCNUCC en cours de finalisation.', 'Un accent particulier a été mis sur l’alignement de la CDN avec les travaux en cours de préparation desCommunications Nationales (TCN et TBA1) du pays à la CCNUCC (ii) Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant : a. Circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l économie, le développement durable et l élimination de la pauvreté Toutes ces informations sont présentées dans le chapitre 1 circonstance nationale de la troisième communication nationale à la CCNUCC en cours de finalisation. b. Bonnes pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la contribution déterminée au niveau national La CDN révisée du Congo a bénéficié d’une architecture très solide sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et du Tourisme.', 'b. Bonnes pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la contribution déterminée au niveau national La CDN révisée du Congo a bénéficié d’une architecture très solide sous la supervision du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement et du Tourisme. Celle-ci a facilité : • la réalisation de la collecte des données ; • l’organisation des consultations avec les parties prenantes (secteur public, secteur privé, société civil, CLPA), les PTF ; • les missions de terrain ; • L’organisation des focus groupes dans les départements du pays c. Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l adhésion à l Accord de Paris La république du Congo aspire à être un pays émergent d’ici 2025 et prône un développement suivant les ODD, mais aussi l’agenda 63 de l’union africaine.', 'Celle-ci a facilité : • la réalisation de la collecte des données ; • l’organisation des consultations avec les parties prenantes (secteur public, secteur privé, société civil, CLPA), les PTF ; • les missions de terrain ; • L’organisation des focus groupes dans les départements du pays c. Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l adhésion à l Accord de Paris La république du Congo aspire à être un pays émergent d’ici 2025 et prône un développement suivant les ODD, mais aussi l’agenda 63 de l’union africaine. Les priorités sont : Stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone 2- Dans le domaine de L’adaptation ; • L’élaboration du plan national d’adaptation ; • Plan de riposte et de gestion des catastrophes.', 'Les priorités sont : Stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone 2- Dans le domaine de L’adaptation ; • L’élaboration du plan national d’adaptation ; • Plan de riposte et de gestion des catastrophes. 3- Les financements ; Mise en place des mécanismes financiers ; 4- Le renforcement des capacités et éducation ; Stratégie de renforcement des capacités 5- Le transfert de technologie ; Evaluation des besoins en technologie 6- La sécurité alimentaire ; 7- L’égalité des sexes (genre) ; 8- Les actions en faveur de la jeunesse ; 9- Les objectifs de développement durable (ODD).', '3- Les financements ; Mise en place des mécanismes financiers ; 4- Le renforcement des capacités et éducation ; Stratégie de renforcement des capacités 5- Le transfert de technologie ; Evaluation des besoins en technologie 6- La sécurité alimentaire ; 7- L’égalité des sexes (genre) ; 8- Les actions en faveur de la jeunesse ; 9- Les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). b) Comment la Partie préparant sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Dans le cadre du dialogue de TALANOA, institué lors de la COP 22, à Marrakech au Maros en Décembre 2017, la République du Congo a réaffirmé sa ferme volonté d’augmenter son ambition.', 'b) Comment la Partie préparant sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Dans le cadre du dialogue de TALANOA, institué lors de la COP 22, à Marrakech au Maros en Décembre 2017, la République du Congo a réaffirmé sa ferme volonté d’augmenter son ambition. Les parties prenantes ont été sensibilisées lors des ateliers sectoriels du contenu de l’accord de Paris, du rapport spécial du GIEC sur le degré 1,5, de la lettre d’engagement CAFI.', 'Les parties prenantes ont été sensibilisées lors des ateliers sectoriels du contenu de l’accord de Paris, du rapport spécial du GIEC sur le degré 1,5, de la lettre d’engagement CAFI. Ces documents ont permis aux différentes parties prenantes de comprendre lesenjeux liés la révision de la CDN pour rehausser l’ambition du Congo Toutefois, le pays peut préciser si son ambition a été revue à la hausse, en comparaison à la CDN passée et aux conclusions de la dernière COP qui réclame plus d’ambition de réduction de la part des pays c) Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des avantages connexes d atténuation conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 7, de l Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur : La République du Congo doit clairement exprimer, ses mesures prévues dans sa CDN en matière d’adaptation et comment cela à des co- bénéfices pour l’atténuation.', 'Ces documents ont permis aux différentes parties prenantes de comprendre lesenjeux liés la révision de la CDN pour rehausser l’ambition du Congo Toutefois, le pays peut préciser si son ambition a été revue à la hausse, en comparaison à la CDN passée et aux conclusions de la dernière COP qui réclame plus d’ambition de réduction de la part des pays c) Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des avantages connexes d atténuation conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 7, de l Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur : La République du Congo doit clairement exprimer, ses mesures prévues dans sa CDN en matière d’adaptation et comment cela à des co- bénéfices pour l’atténuation. (i) Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de riposte ont-elles été prises en compte dans l élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les principaux secteurs socio-économiques identifiés comme les plus vulnérables aux impacts du changement climatique sont : l agriculture (la sylviculture, la pisciculture), les ressources en eau, les ressources forestières, l énergie, les infrastructures, les établissements humains et la santé.', '(i) Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de riposte ont-elles été prises en compte dans l élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les principaux secteurs socio-économiques identifiés comme les plus vulnérables aux impacts du changement climatique sont : l agriculture (la sylviculture, la pisciculture), les ressources en eau, les ressources forestières, l énergie, les infrastructures, les établissements humains et la santé. La plupart de ces actions sectorielles d adaptation ont de fortes synergies et co- bénéfices avec l’atténuation.', 'La plupart de ces actions sectorielles d adaptation ont de fortes synergies et co- bénéfices avec l’atténuation. Ces co-bénéfices sont : - Réduction des émissions ; - Elimination des maladies ; (ii) Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices d atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l énergie, les ressources, l eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l industrie, l énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l immobilier, l agriculture et la pêche Les informations sont contenues dans la CDN (liste des projets et co-bénefices au plan social et économique des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation).', 'Ces co-bénéfices sont : - Réduction des émissions ; - Elimination des maladies ; (ii) Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices d atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l énergie, les ressources, l eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l industrie, l énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l immobilier, l agriculture et la pêche Les informations sont contenues dans la CDN (liste des projets et co-bénefices au plan social et économique des mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation). La CDN révisée de 2021, présente aussi comment elle contribue aux atteintes des ODD.', 'La CDN révisée de 2021, présente aussi comment elle contribue aux atteintes des ODD. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions : a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national de la Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC avec son logiciel constituent le document de base qui a permis de s’imprégner de la méthodologie de comptabilisation des émissions des GES lors de la collecte des données, le traitement des résultats, et la rédaction de la troisième communication nationale.1 / CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA Les facteurs d’émissions de la banque du GIEC de tous les secteurs sont ceux qui ont été utilisés.', 'Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions : a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national de la Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC avec son logiciel constituent le document de base qui a permis de s’imprégner de la méthodologie de comptabilisation des émissions des GES lors de la collecte des données, le traitement des résultats, et la rédaction de la troisième communication nationale.1 / CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA Les facteurs d’émissions de la banque du GIEC de tous les secteurs sont ceux qui ont été utilisés. Les données d’activités proviennent des institutions en charge des statistiques nationales.', 'Les données d’activités proviennent des institutions en charge des statistiques nationales. Hypothèses secteurs par secteur pour la comptabilisation des émissions. Les propositions des mesures sont issues des options de réduction proposées dans le modèle GACMO ajustées aux conditions nationales suite à une concertation avec les parties prenantes. Seul le sous- secteur de la Foresterie qui était sujet d’un traitement spécial avec l’outil Exact de la FAO.', 'Seul le sous- secteur de la Foresterie qui était sujet d’un traitement spécial avec l’outil Exact de la FAO. b) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Mener des enquêtes périodiques ou s’aligner avec l’institution national de la statistique pour la collecte des données d’activités dans les différents secteurs des émissions des GES du GIEC ; Etablir des indicateurs de suivi et mettre en place un système de reporting sur la mise en œuvre des mesures et des stratégies ; Enquête socioéconomique auprès de la population de l’utilisation des équipements, appareils, technologies en lien direct avec la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'b) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national Mener des enquêtes périodiques ou s’aligner avec l’institution national de la statistique pour la collecte des données d’activités dans les différents secteurs des émissions des GES du GIEC ; Etablir des indicateurs de suivi et mettre en place un système de reporting sur la mise en œuvre des mesures et des stratégies ; Enquête socioéconomique auprès de la population de l’utilisation des équipements, appareils, technologies en lien direct avec la mise en œuvre de la CDN. c) Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant L inventaire actuel des GES pour réaliser la troisième communication nationale du Congo a été réalisé en suivant les guidelines édictées dans les lignes directrices 2006 et son logiciel.', 'c) Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant L inventaire actuel des GES pour réaliser la troisième communication nationale du Congo a été réalisé en suivant les guidelines édictées dans les lignes directrices 2006 et son logiciel. Les équipes d’inventaires ont mis en place des mécanismes de contrôle de la qualité des données de base utilisées dans le calcul des émissions et absorptions.', 'Les équipes d’inventaires ont mis en place des mécanismes de contrôle de la qualité des données de base utilisées dans le calcul des émissions et absorptions. Explication du processus de la qualité des données d) Méthodologies et paramètres du GIEC utilisés pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre La méthodologie porte sur : • les lignes directrices 2006 • le guide de bonnes pratiques • la banque de données du GIEC. Ces outils ont été utilisées pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions de GES lors de la Troisième communication nationale (TCN) Congo. Les potentiels de réchauffement de la planète pour un horizon de 100 ans, tirés du deuxième rapport d évaluation du GIEC, ont été utilisés pour calculer les équivalents de CO2 .', 'Les potentiels de réchauffement de la planète pour un horizon de 100 ans, tirés du deuxième rapport d évaluation du GIEC, ont été utilisés pour calculer les équivalents de CO2 . e) Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant, y compris, le cas échéant : (i) Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées FORÊT : Les perturbations naturelles dans le secteur de la forêt ont été pris en compte et un taux de 0.07% avait été retenu. (ii) Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Ces données ont été capitalisées dans le calcul des émissions de la foresterie dans la TCN Congo.', '(ii) Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Ces données ont été capitalisées dans le calcul des émissions de la foresterie dans la TCN Congo. Ceci àcause de l’importance de l’exploitation forestière en république du Congo (iii) Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d âge dans les forêts NA, Parce que le logiciel 2006 n’offre pas des fenêtres pour comptabiliser les émissions des GES de la foresterie en fonction de structure forestière.', 'Ceci àcause de l’importance de l’exploitation forestière en république du Congo (iii) Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d âge dans les forêts NA, Parce que le logiciel 2006 n’offre pas des fenêtres pour comptabiliser les émissions des GES de la foresterie en fonction de structure forestière. f) Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : (i) Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés La méthodologie appliquée pour les émissions en suivant la méthode de tier1 a été utilisée pour tous les secteurs des émissions et absorption lors de la TCN.', 'f) Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : (i) Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés La méthodologie appliquée pour les émissions en suivant la méthode de tier1 a été utilisée pour tous les secteurs des émissions et absorption lors de la TCN. Le logiciel GACMO a été utilisé pour faire des simulations d’atténuation.', 'Le logiciel GACMO a été utilisé pour faire des simulations d’atténuation. (ii) Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des composants autres que les gaz à effet de serre, informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces composants, le cas échéant NA (iii) Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la façon dont les forçages climatiques sont estimés NA (iv) Autres informations techniques, comme nécessaire NA g) L intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Bien que n’étant pas PMA, la république du Congo entend recourir à la coopération volontaire.', '(ii) Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des composants autres que les gaz à effet de serre, informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces composants, le cas échéant NA (iii) Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la façon dont les forçages climatiques sont estimés NA (iv) Autres informations techniques, comme nécessaire NA g) L intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Bien que n’étant pas PMA, la république du Congo entend recourir à la coopération volontaire. 6 Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale : a) Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale La république du Congo considère que sa CDN révisée est équitable et suffisamment ambitieuse pour contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques d ici 2030, en prenant en compte sa situation sociale et économique.', '6 Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale : a) Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale La république du Congo considère que sa CDN révisée est équitable et suffisamment ambitieuse pour contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques d ici 2030, en prenant en compte sa situation sociale et économique. Etant un faible contributeur des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, le pays tient à garder le cap du développement de son économie tout en utilisant les outils et les technologies à faible émission de carbone.', 'Etant un faible contributeur des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, le pays tient à garder le cap du développement de son économie tout en utilisant les outils et les technologies à faible émission de carbone. En effet, la CND révisée du Congo est animée par la volonté de lutter contre la pauvreté (ODD1), d atteindre une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, de parvenir à un développement durable en allant versla transition énergétique et l’utilisation des énergies vertes.', 'En effet, la CND révisée du Congo est animée par la volonté de lutter contre la pauvreté (ODD1), d atteindre une économie à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, de parvenir à un développement durable en allant versla transition énergétique et l’utilisation des énergies vertes. • Responsabilité dans les émissions passées et futures ; • Capacité à investir dans les politiques d’atténuation b) Considérations d équité, y compris réflexion sur l équité Depuis plus de trois décennies, la République du Congo fait de réels progrès dans le cadre de la gouvernance forestière et de la mise en œuvre effective d’action de terrain en matière de conservation et de gestion forestière durable de ses forêts mais aussi depuis près de cinq ans dans la gestion durable de ses tourbières ; Les efforts que le Congo déploie en matière de conservation et gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers sont énormes.', '• Responsabilité dans les émissions passées et futures ; • Capacité à investir dans les politiques d’atténuation b) Considérations d équité, y compris réflexion sur l équité Depuis plus de trois décennies, la République du Congo fait de réels progrès dans le cadre de la gouvernance forestière et de la mise en œuvre effective d’action de terrain en matière de conservation et de gestion forestière durable de ses forêts mais aussi depuis près de cinq ans dans la gestion durable de ses tourbières ; Les efforts que le Congo déploie en matière de conservation et gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers sont énormes. Les parties prenantes au niveau national considère que ces efforts sont énormes et invitent la communauté internationale à reconnaitre son seulement ses efforts, mais aussi à récompenser les efforts du pays.', 'Les parties prenantes au niveau national considère que ces efforts sont énormes et invitent la communauté internationale à reconnaitre son seulement ses efforts, mais aussi à récompenser les efforts du pays. c) Comment la Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris • La contribution déterminée au niveau national mise à jour et renforcée du Congo représente une progression par rapport à sa contribution déterminée au niveau national communiquée en 2015, car elle élargit le champ des secteurs visés par l atténuation en intégrant le secteur des forêts. • La contribution déterminée au niveau actuelle à bénéficier d’une grande participation des parties prenantes (ONG, Ministères clés, experts des différents secteurs). • La CDN intègre aussi les questions de genre, de la participation des femmes dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques.', '• La CDN intègre aussi les questions de genre, de la participation des femmes dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques. • La CDN a bénéficié de l’expertise des consultants locaux dans sa préparation et sa rédaction. • La CND a pris en compte les gaz F. d) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, Paragraphe 4, de l Accord de Paris C’est notamment par la stratégie REDD+ qui a proposé pour le long terme des activités de développement sobre en carbone.', '• La CND a pris en compte les gaz F. d) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, Paragraphe 4, de l Accord de Paris C’est notamment par la stratégie REDD+ qui a proposé pour le long terme des activités de développement sobre en carbone. Outre le secteur forestier, le secteur des hydrocarbures a proposé l’élimination des torchères d’ici 2030. e) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, Paragraphe 6, de l Accord de Paris Bien que ne faisant pas partie des PMA, la république du Congo envisage l’élaboration et la communication des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Outre le secteur forestier, le secteur des hydrocarbures a proposé l’élimination des torchères d’ici 2030. e) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, Paragraphe 6, de l Accord de Paris Bien que ne faisant pas partie des PMA, la république du Congo envisage l’élaboration et la communication des stratégies, plans et mesures de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre. 7 Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2:a) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son Les mesures proposées sont basées sur les politiques mesures, stratégies, et plans en vigueur en république du Congo.', '7 Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2:a) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son Les mesures proposées sont basées sur les politiques mesures, stratégies, et plans en vigueur en république du Congo. Les mesures proposées dans la CDN révisée ne devraient pas mettre en danger le développement socioéconomique du pays. Ce qui ne devrait pas mettre en danger les écosystèmes naturels, la production alimentaire. Par ailleurs, pour ce qui est des options d’atténuation dans le conditionnel, leurs mises en œuvre sont dépendant de l’apport des partenaires.', 'Par ailleurs, pour ce qui est des options d’atténuation dans le conditionnel, leurs mises en œuvre sont dépendant de l’apport des partenaires. b) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l article 4, paragraphe 1, de l Accord de Paris Oui, les efforts du Congo dans sa CDN visent à contribuer à l’atteinte de l’objectif global de ne pas atteindre les 2 degrés Celsius III. ADAPTATION Conformément aux articles 7.10 et 7.11 de l Accord de Paris, la République du Congo a choisi d’intégrer une composante sur l adaptation, qui inclura ses priorités, ses besoins de mise en œuvre et de soutien, ses plans et ses actions.', 'ADAPTATION Conformément aux articles 7.10 et 7.11 de l Accord de Paris, la République du Congo a choisi d’intégrer une composante sur l adaptation, qui inclura ses priorités, ses besoins de mise en œuvre et de soutien, ses plans et ses actions. 3.1- Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités La CDN actuelle vise à accélérer la croissance socio-économique du Congo en s attaquant de manière globale aux vulnérabilités spécifiques du secteur et en débloquant et en orientant les investissements nationaux et externes vers l adaptation pour une action climatique efficace. 3.1.1- Secteur Energie a)- Sous-secteur du bois-énergie Les impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de la biomasse-énergie relevés par les populations sont entre autres l’amenuisement des ressources en bois-énergie, l’éloignement des zones de collecte du bois-énergie, l’augmentation du prix du bois-énergie.', '3.1.1- Secteur Energie a)- Sous-secteur du bois-énergie Les impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de la biomasse-énergie relevés par les populations sont entre autres l’amenuisement des ressources en bois-énergie, l’éloignement des zones de collecte du bois-énergie, l’augmentation du prix du bois-énergie. Dans le futur, si rien n’est fait et en considérant l’incidence des changements climatiques selon le scénario RCP6.0, l’indice de vulnérabilité global de ce sous-secteur va augmenter légèrement à cause de la demande de plus en plus élevée, de l’amenuisement des ressources et de son exposition. b)- Sous-secteur de l’hydroélectricité Le potentiel de l’hydroélectricité est fortement lié à la disponibilité des ressources en eau surtout de surface et de leurs débits d’entrée au niveau des bassins où sont installés les barrages.', 'b)- Sous-secteur de l’hydroélectricité Le potentiel de l’hydroélectricité est fortement lié à la disponibilité des ressources en eau surtout de surface et de leurs débits d’entrée au niveau des bassins où sont installés les barrages. Or, les ressources en eau constituent l’un des secteurs les plus exposés aux changements climatiques du fait de leur dépendance vis-à-vis du climat, notamment de la variation de plusieurs paramètres climatiques au rang desquels se trouvent la pluviométrie, l’évaporation et la température. Les analyses indiquentque le sous-secteur de l’hydroélectricité est moyennement exposé aux aléas climatiques. Les principaux aléas sont la mauvaise répartition des pluies et la sécheresse. c)- Sous-secteur des hydrocarbures La diminution de l’offre énergétique en biomasse et hydroélectricité devrait accentuer la consommation en hydrocarbures.', 'c)- Sous-secteur des hydrocarbures La diminution de l’offre énergétique en biomasse et hydroélectricité devrait accentuer la consommation en hydrocarbures. La tendance de la hausse de la consommation en hydrocarbures pouvant être une situation prévisible à grande échelle (sous-région, continent, etc. ), un déséquilibre de plus en plus important de l’offre et de la demande devrait entraîner une hausse des prix des produits pétroliers sur le marché mondial. La nette augmentation de la consommation en hydrocarbures (essence, gasoil) au Congo en réponse à la crise énergétique à partir de 98 (début des années d’extrêmes sécheresses), est une situation qui justifie la tendance du recours aux produits pétroliers en cas de déficit majeur d’énergie hydroélectrique au Congo.', 'La nette augmentation de la consommation en hydrocarbures (essence, gasoil) au Congo en réponse à la crise énergétique à partir de 98 (début des années d’extrêmes sécheresses), est une situation qui justifie la tendance du recours aux produits pétroliers en cas de déficit majeur d’énergie hydroélectrique au Congo. 3.1.2- Secteur Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) a) Vulnérabilité et impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de l’agriculture Les changements climatiques impactent le sous-secteur agricole Congolais à divers degrés suivant la région considérée. Toutefois, certains facteurs climatiques comme l’augmentation de l’ampleur des séquences sèches, le dérèglement des saisons, l’irrégularité des pluies, la baisse des précipitations annuelles, les inondations, l’augmentation des températures, etc, constituent une menace sérieuse pour ce sous-secteur au Congo.', 'Toutefois, certains facteurs climatiques comme l’augmentation de l’ampleur des séquences sèches, le dérèglement des saisons, l’irrégularité des pluies, la baisse des précipitations annuelles, les inondations, l’augmentation des températures, etc, constituent une menace sérieuse pour ce sous-secteur au Congo. b) Vulnérabilité et impacts des changements climatiques sur le sous-secteur de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres Les facteurs climatiques ci-après constituent une menace sérieuse pour le sous-secteur forestier en République du Congo. Il s’agit : de l’augmentation de l’ampleur des séquences sèches, du dérèglement des saisons, du décalage des saisons, de l’irrégularité des pluies, de la sécheresse intense, des baisses des précipitations annuelles et de l’augmentation des températures.', 'Il s’agit : de l’augmentation de l’ampleur des séquences sèches, du dérèglement des saisons, du décalage des saisons, de l’irrégularité des pluies, de la sécheresse intense, des baisses des précipitations annuelles et de l’augmentation des températures. 3.1.3- Secteur Ressources en Eau Les ressources en eaux souterraines les plus vulnérables sont celles du bassin côtier, car elles sont utilisées pour alimenter en eau potable l’agglomération de Pointe-Noire, qui sans cesse est en plein développement économique avec une forte croissance de la population. L’alimentation de la nappe superficielle d’épaisseur se fait par infiltration efficace moyenne et celle-ci est très sollicitée par des forages et de nombreux puits traditionnels non déclarées.', 'L’alimentation de la nappe superficielle d’épaisseur se fait par infiltration efficace moyenne et celle-ci est très sollicitée par des forages et de nombreux puits traditionnels non déclarées. Les étiages de plus en plus sévères de ces 25 dernières années (car la valeur moyenne des hauteurs minimales a baissé de 157%), auxquels s’ajoute une aggravation du phénomène d’ensablement, entraînent de graves conséquences sur la biodiversité, la pêche et sur la navigation avec une nette régression du trafic au port de Brazzaville. 3.1.4- Etablissements humains et santé Aux horizons 2020, 2050, 2080 et 2100, avec la conjonction de la modification des sols par des dallages, des activités thermiques (centrales, transports…) il faut s’attendre à un réchauffement artificiel des villes de cette taille.', '3.1.4- Etablissements humains et santé Aux horizons 2020, 2050, 2080 et 2100, avec la conjonction de la modification des sols par des dallages, des activités thermiques (centrales, transports…) il faut s’attendre à un réchauffement artificiel des villes de cette taille. La diminution des espaces verts (augmentation de l’effet albédo et l’absence des plans d’eau) participe également à la modification de l’équilibre thermique et pluviométrique.Les indicateurs démographiques et de santé du Congo mettent en évidence l’état préoccupant de la santé de la population. Cet état se caractérise par une importante mortalité maternelle néonatale, infanto-juvénile et par une morbidité élevée. Les projections climatiques telles que prévues vont accroître ces situations endémiques avec la faible capacité d’assainissement et la malnutrition chronique.', 'Les projections climatiques telles que prévues vont accroître ces situations endémiques avec la faible capacité d’assainissement et la malnutrition chronique. 3.1.5- Zone côtière Les aléas pertinents identifiés dans la zone côtière du Congo sont : érosion côtière, les inondations et les crues, submersion marine, les pluies tardives, poches de sécheresse, élévation du niveau marin, vents forts, salinisation et dégradation des humides du système lagunaire. L’élément majeur d’effet et d’ampleur connu sur la côte congolaise est l’érosion marine qui se démarque par un recul du trait de côte. L’élévation du niveau marin est encore peu perceptible. Dans le secteur du tourisme, l’augmentation de la température pourrait conduire à la migration et/ou destruction de la faune entrainant une baisse de l’activité touristique (fréquentation).', 'Dans le secteur du tourisme, l’augmentation de la température pourrait conduire à la migration et/ou destruction de la faune entrainant une baisse de l’activité touristique (fréquentation). La variabilité de la pluie entrainerait des indisponibilités saisonnières et une diminution de l’activité touristique. 3.2- Type d’objectifs d’adaptation Pour renforcer la résilience face aux effets néfastes du changement climatique, il est envisagé : • La protection des populations ; • La protection du patrimoine naturel, de la biodiversité, des forêts et des ressources halieutiques ; • Bâtiments ; • La protection des systèmes productifs sensibles au changement climatique, comme l’agriculture ; • La protection des systèmes des infrastructures à fort risque.', '3.2- Type d’objectifs d’adaptation Pour renforcer la résilience face aux effets néfastes du changement climatique, il est envisagé : • La protection des populations ; • La protection du patrimoine naturel, de la biodiversité, des forêts et des ressources halieutiques ; • Bâtiments ; • La protection des systèmes productifs sensibles au changement climatique, comme l’agriculture ; • La protection des systèmes des infrastructures à fort risque. Les objectifs pour accroître la résilience dans le secteur forestier, sont notamment : • Arrêter la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts indigènes ; • Maintenir les parcs nationaux, les réserves et les aires protégées ; • Création et gestion de réserves forestières ; • Promouvoir le reboisement et la réhabilitation des forêts défrichées et dégradées avec des espèces d arbres résilientes au changement climatique et écologiquement et socialement appropriées ; • Promouvoir l agroforesterie intégrée dans les zones destinées à l agriculture ; • Décourager l abattage d arbres sur les allocations fiscales ; • Encourager les détenteurs d allotissements fiscaux à planter et à gérer des arbres sur leurs propriétés.Tableau n°12 : Résumé des actions d adaptation prioritaires prises en charge et non prises en charge Domaine prioritaire Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel Sécurité alimentaire • La politique agricole intelligente face au climat est socialement inclusive • Les progrès en matière de sécurité alimentaire sont soutenus par la politique nationale de sécurité alimentaire • Extension et réplication de l infrastructure, de la technologie, de la formation et de la gestion des informations et des connaissances de l agriculture intelligente face au climat des petits exploitants pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité, la nutrition et renforcer la résilience des agriculteurs vulnérables et avoir accès à des subventions.', 'Les objectifs pour accroître la résilience dans le secteur forestier, sont notamment : • Arrêter la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts indigènes ; • Maintenir les parcs nationaux, les réserves et les aires protégées ; • Création et gestion de réserves forestières ; • Promouvoir le reboisement et la réhabilitation des forêts défrichées et dégradées avec des espèces d arbres résilientes au changement climatique et écologiquement et socialement appropriées ; • Promouvoir l agroforesterie intégrée dans les zones destinées à l agriculture ; • Décourager l abattage d arbres sur les allocations fiscales ; • Encourager les détenteurs d allotissements fiscaux à planter et à gérer des arbres sur leurs propriétés.Tableau n°12 : Résumé des actions d adaptation prioritaires prises en charge et non prises en charge Domaine prioritaire Scénario inconditionnel Scénario conditionnel Sécurité alimentaire • La politique agricole intelligente face au climat est socialement inclusive • Les progrès en matière de sécurité alimentaire sont soutenus par la politique nationale de sécurité alimentaire • Extension et réplication de l infrastructure, de la technologie, de la formation et de la gestion des informations et des connaissances de l agriculture intelligente face au climat des petits exploitants pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité, la nutrition et renforcer la résilience des agriculteurs vulnérables et avoir accès à des subventions. Eau et assainissement • Mise en place de la Politique Eau, Assainissement et Hygiène • Les partenaires de développement mettent maintenant activement en œuvre la politique dans les provinces; le Département de la planification et du suivi national (DNPM) supervise cette activité, qui a débuté dans certaines provinces • Accès accru à l eau potable et aux • L’assainissement dans les zones rurales entraînant une diminution du paludisme et d autres maladies à transmission vectorielle • Améliorations des approches technologiques • Améliorations du captage d’eau • Processus de dessalement • Développement d’initiatives d’énergie renouvelable pour lutter contre l’insécurité hydrique induite par le changement climatique • Les activités mises en œuvre dans le cadre de la politique nationale doivent être reproduites dans toutes les communautés Inondations côtières et montée du niveau de la mer • Plantation de mangroves • Structures de défense côtière • Réhabilitation côtière et relocalisation / réinstallation • Évaluations des risques climatiques et de la vulnérabilité dans les provinces • Élargissement et reproduction de mesures réussies sur les côtes du pays • Normes et codes de planification physique résilients au climat • Aucune politique sur les infrastructures résilientes au climat Inondations intérieures • Évaluations des risques climatiques, des dangers et de la vulnérabilité • Exercices communautaires de simulation d’inondations • Intégration du système d’alerte précoce • Extension et réplication à l’échelle nationale • Cartographie des dangers • Stabilisation des sols • Normes et codes de planification physique de planification résiliente au climat • Plans de gestion des infrastructures et des actifsVilles et changement climatique.', 'Eau et assainissement • Mise en place de la Politique Eau, Assainissement et Hygiène • Les partenaires de développement mettent maintenant activement en œuvre la politique dans les provinces; le Département de la planification et du suivi national (DNPM) supervise cette activité, qui a débuté dans certaines provinces • Accès accru à l eau potable et aux • L’assainissement dans les zones rurales entraînant une diminution du paludisme et d autres maladies à transmission vectorielle • Améliorations des approches technologiques • Améliorations du captage d’eau • Processus de dessalement • Développement d’initiatives d’énergie renouvelable pour lutter contre l’insécurité hydrique induite par le changement climatique • Les activités mises en œuvre dans le cadre de la politique nationale doivent être reproduites dans toutes les communautés Inondations côtières et montée du niveau de la mer • Plantation de mangroves • Structures de défense côtière • Réhabilitation côtière et relocalisation / réinstallation • Évaluations des risques climatiques et de la vulnérabilité dans les provinces • Élargissement et reproduction de mesures réussies sur les côtes du pays • Normes et codes de planification physique résilients au climat • Aucune politique sur les infrastructures résilientes au climat Inondations intérieures • Évaluations des risques climatiques, des dangers et de la vulnérabilité • Exercices communautaires de simulation d’inondations • Intégration du système d’alerte précoce • Extension et réplication à l’échelle nationale • Cartographie des dangers • Stabilisation des sols • Normes et codes de planification physique de planification résiliente au climat • Plans de gestion des infrastructures et des actifsVilles et changement climatique. • Politique énergétique nationale 2018-2028, qui sous- tend l action sur le secteur énergétique, affectant les villes face aux impacts du changement climatique • Un soutien au projet a été reçu pour créer un secteur des transports plus résilient au changement climatique • L’action sur les options de transport à faibles émissions reste sans appui • Connecter les agriculteurs aux marchés des zones rurales via des infrastructures à l épreuve du climat • Mesures pour accroître les défenses côtières des infrastructures, normes et codes de planification physique résilients au climat • «Écologisation» des plans de développement urbain • Les systèmes d eaux pluviales et de drainage et la gestion des déchets (égouts, municipaux, industriels) nécessitent des améliorations Migration induite par le climat • Soutien indirect à l action sur les migrations induites par le climat • Les évaluations de la réinstallation, de la réinstallation et de l inclusion sociale de genre doivent être explorées • Sensibilisation aux impacts des migrations liées au changement climatique sur les terres coutumières • Un éventail de stratégies et d activités est également nécessaire pour préparer la réinstallation, y compris des consultations approfondies avec les migrants induits par le climat et leurs communautés d accueil; le NCCDMP stipule que le soutien à la réinstallation des personnes devrait être envisagé, y compris par le biais de la planification et de la construction de bâtiments et d infrastructures par le gouvernement local.', '• Politique énergétique nationale 2018-2028, qui sous- tend l action sur le secteur énergétique, affectant les villes face aux impacts du changement climatique • Un soutien au projet a été reçu pour créer un secteur des transports plus résilient au changement climatique • L’action sur les options de transport à faibles émissions reste sans appui • Connecter les agriculteurs aux marchés des zones rurales via des infrastructures à l épreuve du climat • Mesures pour accroître les défenses côtières des infrastructures, normes et codes de planification physique résilients au climat • «Écologisation» des plans de développement urbain • Les systèmes d eaux pluviales et de drainage et la gestion des déchets (égouts, municipaux, industriels) nécessitent des améliorations Migration induite par le climat • Soutien indirect à l action sur les migrations induites par le climat • Les évaluations de la réinstallation, de la réinstallation et de l inclusion sociale de genre doivent être explorées • Sensibilisation aux impacts des migrations liées au changement climatique sur les terres coutumières • Un éventail de stratégies et d activités est également nécessaire pour préparer la réinstallation, y compris des consultations approfondies avec les migrants induits par le climat et leurs communautés d accueil; le NCCDMP stipule que le soutien à la réinstallation des personnes devrait être envisagé, y compris par le biais de la planification et de la construction de bâtiments et d infrastructures par le gouvernement local. Paludisme et maladies à transmission vectorielle • Le paludisme est reconnu comme l une des cinq principales activités prioritaires du ministère de la Santé • Des mesures ont été prises pour détruire et réduire la reproduction des vecteurs du paludisme • La gestion de la santé environnementale est à l’étude • La politique d impact du changement climatique sur la santé est en cours de rédaction • Améliorer les services de santé environnementale.', 'Paludisme et maladies à transmission vectorielle • Le paludisme est reconnu comme l une des cinq principales activités prioritaires du ministère de la Santé • Des mesures ont été prises pour détruire et réduire la reproduction des vecteurs du paludisme • La gestion de la santé environnementale est à l’étude • La politique d impact du changement climatique sur la santé est en cours de rédaction • Améliorer les services de santé environnementale. • Améliorer la technologie (c.-à-d. Les moustiquaires) et la distribution • Améliorer la recherche sur la compréhension des impacts et des réponses • Accès accru à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement de base dans les zones rurales, ce qui entraîne une diminution du paludisme et d’autres maladies à transmission vectorielle • Appliquer le concept des îles saines Glissements de terrain/éboulement • Identifier les risques de glissements de terrain à l aide de la technologie (SIG, LiDAR et autres) • Améliorations des conceptions d ingénierie • Mettre en œuvre des évaluations des géo-dangers• Assistance conseil à l ingénierie de conception de projets routiers et d infrastructures en utilisant les directives climatiques des partenaires de développement • Améliorations du drainage des eaux pluviales • Reboisement et stabilisation des sols Déchets • Promouvoir la gestion des déchets solides et chimiques au niveau national • Planification de la gestion des déchets municipaux • Planification de la gestion des déchets spéciaux (plastiques, déchets électroniques, encombrants, mines, etc.)', '• Améliorer la technologie (c.-à-d. Les moustiquaires) et la distribution • Améliorer la recherche sur la compréhension des impacts et des réponses • Accès accru à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement de base dans les zones rurales, ce qui entraîne une diminution du paludisme et d’autres maladies à transmission vectorielle • Appliquer le concept des îles saines Glissements de terrain/éboulement • Identifier les risques de glissements de terrain à l aide de la technologie (SIG, LiDAR et autres) • Améliorations des conceptions d ingénierie • Mettre en œuvre des évaluations des géo-dangers• Assistance conseil à l ingénierie de conception de projets routiers et d infrastructures en utilisant les directives climatiques des partenaires de développement • Améliorations du drainage des eaux pluviales • Reboisement et stabilisation des sols Déchets • Promouvoir la gestion des déchets solides et chimiques au niveau national • Planification de la gestion des déchets municipaux • Planification de la gestion des déchets spéciaux (plastiques, déchets électroniques, encombrants, mines, etc.) • Sensibilisation aux déchets ménagers • Sensibilisation et éducation de la communauté • La croissance urbaine a exercé une pression sur les villes, à son tour, mettant à rude épreuve les services de gestion des déchets et les services d assainissement urbain, la gestion des eaux usées en est à ses balbutiements et il n existe aucun système formel de gestion des déchets.', '• Sensibilisation aux déchets ménagers • Sensibilisation et éducation de la communauté • La croissance urbaine a exercé une pression sur les villes, à son tour, mettant à rude épreuve les services de gestion des déchets et les services d assainissement urbain, la gestion des eaux usées en est à ses balbutiements et il n existe aucun système formel de gestion des déchets. • Amélioration des capacités du secteur des déchets grâce aux connaissances, à la formation, à la recherche et à l’intervention • La biodiversité est également affectée par des protocoles de gestion des déchets inefficaces où des investissements sont nécessaires dans la gestion industrielle et des eaux uséesTableau n°13 : Mesures d’adaptation en lien avec les ODD avec des co-bénéfices atténuation Mesures d’adaptation Description Horizon Liens avec le genre les ODD Priorité d adaptation 1 Renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole pour améliorer la production agricole du Congo d une manière intelligente face au climat 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation L agriculture climato-intelligente comprend des mesures de réduction des GES telles que la gestion des quantités et des types d engrais Activités clés • Restaurer les moyens de subsistance et la capacité de production des agriculteurs et des producteurs; • Accroître la production et la productivité agricoles; • Améliorer l efficacité et la compétitivité des chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires, y compris la pêche; • Encourager les investissements privés le long de la chaîne de valeur agroalimentaire, y compris des solutions techniques innovantes et un meilleur accès au financement et à l assurance climatiques ; • Renforcer l environnement institutionnel favorable ; • Accroître la résilience des ménages en ce qui concerne la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.', '• Amélioration des capacités du secteur des déchets grâce aux connaissances, à la formation, à la recherche et à l’intervention • La biodiversité est également affectée par des protocoles de gestion des déchets inefficaces où des investissements sont nécessaires dans la gestion industrielle et des eaux uséesTableau n°13 : Mesures d’adaptation en lien avec les ODD avec des co-bénéfices atténuation Mesures d’adaptation Description Horizon Liens avec le genre les ODD Priorité d adaptation 1 Renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole pour améliorer la production agricole du Congo d une manière intelligente face au climat 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation L agriculture climato-intelligente comprend des mesures de réduction des GES telles que la gestion des quantités et des types d engrais Activités clés • Restaurer les moyens de subsistance et la capacité de production des agriculteurs et des producteurs; • Accroître la production et la productivité agricoles; • Améliorer l efficacité et la compétitivité des chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires, y compris la pêche; • Encourager les investissements privés le long de la chaîne de valeur agroalimentaire, y compris des solutions techniques innovantes et un meilleur accès au financement et à l assurance climatiques ; • Renforcer l environnement institutionnel favorable ; • Accroître la résilience des ménages en ce qui concerne la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Priorité d adaptation 2 Promouvoir l’utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, restaurer les paysages dégradés et accroître le couvert forestier du Congo tout en répondant aux besoins écologiques, sociaux et économiques d’une gestion durable des forêts 2025-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Les activités de reboisement, de boisement et de restauration des terres améliorent les puits de carbone Activités clés • Atteindre les objectifs énumérés dans la Déclaration du CAFI sur le rôle des forêts méditerranéennes dans la réalisation des CDN ; • Adapter les systèmes forestiers au changement climatique en arrêtant la dégradation des terres, en contrôlant l érosion de la couche arable, en améliorant la qualité de l eau et la productivité des sols ; • Créer des sites avec une capacité de production améliorée en lien avec le développement de l’industrie de transformation des produits forestiersligneux et non ligneux et avec les besoins de la population en termes de biens et services et d’amélioration des possibilités d’emploi ; • Promouvoir la gestion durable des parcours ; • Réduire le risque d incendies de forêt intenses et fréquents grâce au développement de mesures de prévention des incendies et de systèmes d alerte précoce ; • Gérer les épidémies de ravageurs et de maladies pour protéger les forêts et les ressources forestières.', 'Priorité d adaptation 2 Promouvoir l’utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, restaurer les paysages dégradés et accroître le couvert forestier du Congo tout en répondant aux besoins écologiques, sociaux et économiques d’une gestion durable des forêts 2025-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Les activités de reboisement, de boisement et de restauration des terres améliorent les puits de carbone Activités clés • Atteindre les objectifs énumérés dans la Déclaration du CAFI sur le rôle des forêts méditerranéennes dans la réalisation des CDN ; • Adapter les systèmes forestiers au changement climatique en arrêtant la dégradation des terres, en contrôlant l érosion de la couche arable, en améliorant la qualité de l eau et la productivité des sols ; • Créer des sites avec une capacité de production améliorée en lien avec le développement de l’industrie de transformation des produits forestiersligneux et non ligneux et avec les besoins de la population en termes de biens et services et d’amélioration des possibilités d’emploi ; • Promouvoir la gestion durable des parcours ; • Réduire le risque d incendies de forêt intenses et fréquents grâce au développement de mesures de prévention des incendies et de systèmes d alerte précoce ; • Gérer les épidémies de ravageurs et de maladies pour protéger les forêts et les ressources forestières. Priorité d adaptation 3 Structurer et développer des services d eau durables, y compris l irrigation, afin d améliorer les conditions de vie des populations 2022-2025 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation L irrigation utilisant des sources d énergie propres réduit les émissions de GES Activités clés • Mettre en œuvre la stratégie sur l’eau ; • Améliorer l utilisation efficace de l eau d irrigation et élargir l approvisionnement en eau de surface pour l’irrigation ; • Encourager et soutenir l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans l irrigation agricole et l approvisionnement en eau potable ; • Construire un cadre juridique et institutionnel opérationnel et durable pour assurer une bonne gestion du secteur de l eau permettant le développement de services durables et efficaces ; • Développer des outils de financement du secteur pour mettre en place des mécanismes financiers permettant la pérennité et l équilibre financier des services ; • Impliquer tous les acteurs de la chaîne de services et mettre en place des mécanismes durables de collaboration et de coordination pour améliorer le suivi et la transparence du secteur.', 'Priorité d adaptation 3 Structurer et développer des services d eau durables, y compris l irrigation, afin d améliorer les conditions de vie des populations 2022-2025 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation L irrigation utilisant des sources d énergie propres réduit les émissions de GES Activités clés • Mettre en œuvre la stratégie sur l’eau ; • Améliorer l utilisation efficace de l eau d irrigation et élargir l approvisionnement en eau de surface pour l’irrigation ; • Encourager et soutenir l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans l irrigation agricole et l approvisionnement en eau potable ; • Construire un cadre juridique et institutionnel opérationnel et durable pour assurer une bonne gestion du secteur de l eau permettant le développement de services durables et efficaces ; • Développer des outils de financement du secteur pour mettre en place des mécanismes financiers permettant la pérennité et l équilibre financier des services ; • Impliquer tous les acteurs de la chaîne de services et mettre en place des mécanismes durables de collaboration et de coordination pour améliorer le suivi et la transparence du secteur. Priorité d adaptation 4 Valoriser et gérer durablement la biodiversité terrestre et marine du Congo pour la préservation et la conservation de ses écosystèmes et habitats et des espèces qu ils abritent afin de répondre de manière adéquate aux pressions anthropiques et naturelles et de garantir aux citoyens Congolais un accès égal aux biens et services écosystémiques 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation La gestion de la biodiversité contribue aux puits de carbone et à l économie bleueest prise en compte Activités clés • Identifier le statut des espèces de flore et de faune connues et mettre en œuvre des actions de conservation sur 50% des espèces menacées ; • Protéger au moins 20% des écosystèmes naturels terrestres et marins et représenter tous les types d écosystèmes dans le réseau des aires protégées ; • Augmenter le pourcentage total de couverture des réserves naturelles pour atteindre au moins 25% de la superficie du Congo ; • Gérer durablement 50% de tous les écosystèmes naturels et les prendre en compte correctement dans la mise en œuvre de l aménagement du territoire ; • Réduire l écart entre l empreinte écologique et la biocapacité du Congo, c est atteindre un état d’égalité ; • Mettre en place des mesures efficaces pour contrôler l introduction et la diffusion de la biodiversité non indigène dans l’environnement ; • Identifier les écosystèmes vulnérables au changement climatique et élaborer et mettre en œuvre des plans d adaptation appropriés ; • Mettre en œuvre des plans de réhabilitation dans au moins 20% des sites dégradés afin qu ils puissent garantir la fourniture durable de services écosystémiques.', 'Priorité d adaptation 4 Valoriser et gérer durablement la biodiversité terrestre et marine du Congo pour la préservation et la conservation de ses écosystèmes et habitats et des espèces qu ils abritent afin de répondre de manière adéquate aux pressions anthropiques et naturelles et de garantir aux citoyens Congolais un accès égal aux biens et services écosystémiques 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation La gestion de la biodiversité contribue aux puits de carbone et à l économie bleueest prise en compte Activités clés • Identifier le statut des espèces de flore et de faune connues et mettre en œuvre des actions de conservation sur 50% des espèces menacées ; • Protéger au moins 20% des écosystèmes naturels terrestres et marins et représenter tous les types d écosystèmes dans le réseau des aires protégées ; • Augmenter le pourcentage total de couverture des réserves naturelles pour atteindre au moins 25% de la superficie du Congo ; • Gérer durablement 50% de tous les écosystèmes naturels et les prendre en compte correctement dans la mise en œuvre de l aménagement du territoire ; • Réduire l écart entre l empreinte écologique et la biocapacité du Congo, c est atteindre un état d’égalité ; • Mettre en place des mesures efficaces pour contrôler l introduction et la diffusion de la biodiversité non indigène dans l’environnement ; • Identifier les écosystèmes vulnérables au changement climatique et élaborer et mettre en œuvre des plans d adaptation appropriés ; • Mettre en œuvre des plans de réhabilitation dans au moins 20% des sites dégradés afin qu ils puissent garantir la fourniture durable de services écosystémiques. Priorité d adaptation 5 Réduire la vulnérabilité des impacts du changement climatique sur les zones côtières, en particulier dans les villes La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Évaluer l intrusion d eau de mer dans les principaux aquifères côtiers ; • Améliorer la recharge artificielle de certains aquifères sélectionnés ; • Actualiser progressivement le bilan hydrique de tous les aquifères ; • Effectuer la modélisation de l aquifère salin et poreux ; • Augmenter la capacité de protection des côtes contre les ondes de tempête et l élévation du niveau de la mer ; • Promouvoir l utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, telles que la pêche.Priorité d adaptation 6 Assurer la santé et la sécurité publiques en général grâce à des systèmes de santé résilients au climat La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Évaluer la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé publique au changement climatique, identifier les effets actuels et futurs sur la santé et mettre en place des systèmes d alerte précoce • Renforcer les capacités des professionnels du secteur de la santé dans l identification des impacts sur la santé d autres secteurs (par exemple, les transports, l énergie, l alimentation, l eau, le logement et le développement urbain) ; • Autonomiser et assurer la durabilité des fonctions et services de santé environnementale existants pour faire face aux défis de la sécurité de l eau pour la santé, la dégradation de la qualité de l eau, les sécheresses, les vagues de chaleur, la sécurité et la sûreté alimentaires, la redistribution des vecteurs, la dégradation de la qualité de l air, les inondations et autres catastrophes naturelles liées au climat ; • Améliorer la surveillance épidémiologique pour intégrer les nouveaux résultats de santé dans l unité de surveillance épidémiologique ; • Développer un mécanisme pour intégrer les données climatiques dans le système national d information sanitaire ; • Développer des stratégies, plans et projets de réponse du système de santé et les intégrer dans les stratégies nationales de santé.', 'Priorité d adaptation 5 Réduire la vulnérabilité des impacts du changement climatique sur les zones côtières, en particulier dans les villes La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Évaluer l intrusion d eau de mer dans les principaux aquifères côtiers ; • Améliorer la recharge artificielle de certains aquifères sélectionnés ; • Actualiser progressivement le bilan hydrique de tous les aquifères ; • Effectuer la modélisation de l aquifère salin et poreux ; • Augmenter la capacité de protection des côtes contre les ondes de tempête et l élévation du niveau de la mer ; • Promouvoir l utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, telles que la pêche.Priorité d adaptation 6 Assurer la santé et la sécurité publiques en général grâce à des systèmes de santé résilients au climat La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Évaluer la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé publique au changement climatique, identifier les effets actuels et futurs sur la santé et mettre en place des systèmes d alerte précoce • Renforcer les capacités des professionnels du secteur de la santé dans l identification des impacts sur la santé d autres secteurs (par exemple, les transports, l énergie, l alimentation, l eau, le logement et le développement urbain) ; • Autonomiser et assurer la durabilité des fonctions et services de santé environnementale existants pour faire face aux défis de la sécurité de l eau pour la santé, la dégradation de la qualité de l eau, les sécheresses, les vagues de chaleur, la sécurité et la sûreté alimentaires, la redistribution des vecteurs, la dégradation de la qualité de l air, les inondations et autres catastrophes naturelles liées au climat ; • Améliorer la surveillance épidémiologique pour intégrer les nouveaux résultats de santé dans l unité de surveillance épidémiologique ; • Développer un mécanisme pour intégrer les données climatiques dans le système national d information sanitaire ; • Développer des stratégies, plans et projets de réponse du système de santé et les intégrer dans les stratégies nationales de santé. Priorité d adaptation 7 Réduire les risques de catastrophe et minimiser les dommages en atténuant et en s adaptant aux risques naturels liés au climat et aux conditions météorologiques extrêmes La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Effectuer une évaluation des risques multirisques ; • Mettre à jour / revoir les cartes des risques d inondation, d incendie et de sécheresse ;• Améliorer et développer une plate-forme d alerte rapide pour les risques multiples ; • Coordonner la mise à jour de la stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de forêt.', 'Priorité d adaptation 7 Réduire les risques de catastrophe et minimiser les dommages en atténuant et en s adaptant aux risques naturels liés au climat et aux conditions météorologiques extrêmes La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Effectuer une évaluation des risques multirisques ; • Mettre à jour / revoir les cartes des risques d inondation, d incendie et de sécheresse ;• Améliorer et développer une plate-forme d alerte rapide pour les risques multiples ; • Coordonner la mise à jour de la stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de forêt. Priorité d’adaptation 8 Mise en place d’un système d’observation, de gestion des informations et d’alerte sur les risques climatiques au Congo 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation ODD les plus pertinents Activités clés • Mettre en place un système optimal de collecte d’information climatique et hydrologique opérationnel et efficace au niveau de chaque zone agro écologique • Vulgariser les connaissances climatiques, météorologiques et hydrologiques au Congo à des fins d’adaptation au changement climatique • Renforcer et multiplier les stations agrométéorologiques Priorité d’adaptation 9 Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre 2022-2025 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Sensibiliser les acteurs (autorités locales et nationales) et les populations Congolaises en vue d’améliorer leur résilience aux effets du changement climatique • Mettre à jour la stratégie de communication sur le changement climatique pour informer le grand public • Diffuser les bonnes pratiques d’adaptation à mettre en œuvre • Sensibiliser les élus aux changements climatiques et à la prise de décision pour améliorer la résilience de leurs territoires Priorité d’adaptation 10 Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuationActivités clés • Adapter les référentiels techniques de construction et d’entretien des infrastructures aux effets possibles des changements climatiques • Élaborer une méthodologie harmonisée pour réaliser les diagnostics de vulnérabilité des infrastructures aux changements climatiques • Modifier les référentiels techniques et l’ingénierie de construction en les adaptant au contexte de changement climatique • Renforcer les capacités dans le contrôle de la qualité des matériaux de construction, qu’ils soient importés ou produits localement • Renforcer les dispositifs de contrôle et de suivi de l’exécution des travaux de construction Priorité d’adaptation 11 Prise en compte des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Améliorer la résilience des activités touristiques et artisanales aux effets du changement climatique • Créer et réaménager les infrastructures touristiques • Structurer le secteur de l’artisanat à travers un inventaire des activités et métiers qui la composent • Diversifier et accroitre l’offre en matières premières du secteur de l’artisanat • Encourager la production artisanale (organisation des concours du meilleur artisan, des foires expositions, etc.)', 'Priorité d’adaptation 8 Mise en place d’un système d’observation, de gestion des informations et d’alerte sur les risques climatiques au Congo 2022-2030 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation ODD les plus pertinents Activités clés • Mettre en place un système optimal de collecte d’information climatique et hydrologique opérationnel et efficace au niveau de chaque zone agro écologique • Vulgariser les connaissances climatiques, météorologiques et hydrologiques au Congo à des fins d’adaptation au changement climatique • Renforcer et multiplier les stations agrométéorologiques Priorité d’adaptation 9 Sensibilisation de la population, des professionnels, des administrations et des décideurs sur les effets des changements climatiques et sur les mesures à prendre 2022-2025 La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Sensibiliser les acteurs (autorités locales et nationales) et les populations Congolaises en vue d’améliorer leur résilience aux effets du changement climatique • Mettre à jour la stratégie de communication sur le changement climatique pour informer le grand public • Diffuser les bonnes pratiques d’adaptation à mettre en œuvre • Sensibiliser les élus aux changements climatiques et à la prise de décision pour améliorer la résilience de leurs territoires Priorité d’adaptation 10 Adaptation des référentiels techniques de construction des infrastructures aux effets des changements climatiques La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuationActivités clés • Adapter les référentiels techniques de construction et d’entretien des infrastructures aux effets possibles des changements climatiques • Élaborer une méthodologie harmonisée pour réaliser les diagnostics de vulnérabilité des infrastructures aux changements climatiques • Modifier les référentiels techniques et l’ingénierie de construction en les adaptant au contexte de changement climatique • Renforcer les capacités dans le contrôle de la qualité des matériaux de construction, qu’ils soient importés ou produits localement • Renforcer les dispositifs de contrôle et de suivi de l’exécution des travaux de construction Priorité d’adaptation 11 Prise en compte des changements climatiques dans le développement des activités touristiques et artisanales La dimension genre est prise en compte Co-bénéfice atténuation Activités clés • Améliorer la résilience des activités touristiques et artisanales aux effets du changement climatique • Créer et réaménager les infrastructures touristiques • Structurer le secteur de l’artisanat à travers un inventaire des activités et métiers qui la composent • Diversifier et accroitre l’offre en matières premières du secteur de l’artisanat • Encourager la production artisanale (organisation des concours du meilleur artisan, des foires expositions, etc.) • Améliorer la conservation des produits artisanaux pour limiter leur détérioration et les pertes.', '• Améliorer la conservation des produits artisanaux pour limiter leur détérioration et les pertes. • Développer des voies d’accès aux centres artisanaux et sites touristiquesIV. DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL DE LA CDN EN REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO En République du Congo, les questions relatives aux changements climatiques, sont sous la tutelle du Ministère en charge de l’Environnement. Ce Ministère accompagne l’action gouvernementale dans la préparation des documents (fiches techniques, notes de position, etc.) et la participation aux différentes négociations (COP sur climat, One planet summit, etc.).', 'et la participation aux différentes négociations (COP sur climat, One planet summit, etc.). Les leçons tirées dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN initiale de 2015, ont conduit à la mise en place d’un dispositif institutionnel qui se présente comme suit : Figure n°8 : Arrangements institutionnels • CNCC = Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques • CONA-REDD=Comité National REDD+ • CCF = Conseil consultatif des femmes • CCPH = Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap • CNDD = Comité National sur les Développement Durable • CCPH = Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap • CCJ = Conseil consultatif de la jeunesse • CCONGSC = Conseil consultatif des ONG et de la société civile Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement Coordination Interministérielle Ministère en Charge de l’Environnement (Coordination Technique) Comité technique de la CDN Organes Consultatifs de la CDN (CNCC, CDDD, CONA-REDD) Equipes thématiques de la CDN Plateforme des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Comité de Pilotage Coordination de la CDN Comités Départementaux de la CDN Points Focaux CDN des parties prenantes CCNUCCLe Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement est responsable de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'Les leçons tirées dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN initiale de 2015, ont conduit à la mise en place d’un dispositif institutionnel qui se présente comme suit : Figure n°8 : Arrangements institutionnels • CNCC = Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques • CONA-REDD=Comité National REDD+ • CCF = Conseil consultatif des femmes • CCPH = Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap • CNDD = Comité National sur les Développement Durable • CCPH = Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap • CCJ = Conseil consultatif de la jeunesse • CCONGSC = Conseil consultatif des ONG et de la société civile Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement Coordination Interministérielle Ministère en Charge de l’Environnement (Coordination Technique) Comité technique de la CDN Organes Consultatifs de la CDN (CNCC, CDDD, CONA-REDD) Equipes thématiques de la CDN Plateforme des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Comité de Pilotage Coordination de la CDN Comités Départementaux de la CDN Points Focaux CDN des parties prenantes CCNUCCLe Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement est responsable de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Le Comité Interministériel est l’organe de haut niveau de gestion de la mise en œuvre de la CDN en République du Congo.', 'Le Comité Interministériel est l’organe de haut niveau de gestion de la mise en œuvre de la CDN en République du Congo. Il est sous l autorité du Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement. La vice-présidence est assurée par le Ministre en charge de l’Environnement. Le ministère en charge de l’Environnement qui coordonne la politique du gouvernement en matière de changements climatiques, assure la Coordination Technique du processus CDN avec les parties prenantes institutionnelles, la société civile et les Partenaires Techniques et Financiers. L’intérêt porté sur la dimension genre justifie la place du Conseil consultatif des femmes, du Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap et du Conseil consultatif de la jeunesse.', 'L’intérêt porté sur la dimension genre justifie la place du Conseil consultatif des femmes, du Conseil consultatif des personnes vivant avec handicap et du Conseil consultatif de la jeunesse. Le Comité de Pilotage est l’organe chargé de donner les orientations stratégiques pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Il constitue un cadre de concertation nationale et de dialogue politique entre le Gouvernement et ses partenaires du secteur privé, de la société civile et d’appui au développement. Il est présidé par le Ministre en charge de l’Environnement. La Coordination de la CDN, est l’organe de mise en œuvre de la CDN en République du Congo.', 'La Coordination de la CDN, est l’organe de mise en œuvre de la CDN en République du Congo. Les Comités Départementaux de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, sont des organes de facilitation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN au niveau départemental. Ils sont co-présidés par les Préfet et les Présidents des Conseils Départementaux. Les équipes techniques ont la mission d’assister techniquement la Coordination de la CDN. Elles reflètent les cinq piliers de la CDN à savoir la gouvernance, l’atténuation, l’adaptation, le financement et le MNV/MRV. Le comité technique appui la Coordination de la CDN sur toutes les questions techniques et scientifiques.', 'Le comité technique appui la Coordination de la CDN sur toutes les questions techniques et scientifiques. Les Points Focaux Ils ont pour missions de représenter leurs entités de tutelle au processus de mise en œuvre de la CDN. Ils sont désignés par les parties prenantes à l’Accord de Paris sur le climat désigne leurs points focaux. Les arrangements institutionnels ainsi proposés, placent la mise en œuvre de la CDN sous l’autorité du Premier Ministre Chef du Gouvernement et sous la supervision technique du Ministre en charge de l’Environnement. V. FINANCEMENT ET MISE EN OEUVRE 5.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation : 5.1.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation : Le total des investiments des options d’atténuations s’éleve à 4.395,15 millions US$ sur pour tenir l’objectif final de 2030.', 'V. FINANCEMENT ET MISE EN OEUVRE 5.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation : 5.1.1- Besoins financiers en matière d’atténuation : Le total des investiments des options d’atténuations s’éleve à 4.395,15 millions US$ sur pour tenir l’objectif final de 2030. Le financement des options d’atténuation conditionnelles s’élève à 4.301,067millions US$ contre 94,07 millions US$ pour les options d’atténuations non conditionnelles, soit 97,86 % de part pour l’option conditionnelle contre 2,14 % pour la part de contribution inconditionnelle.Tableau n°14 : Coût financier des options d atténuation Secteur d’émissions Mesure d atténuation Unité de mesure 2025 2030 Agriculture Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz Million US$ 1,338 1,338 Energie biomasse Production électrique à partir des résidus de biomasse Million US$ 34,139 32,564 Production électrique à partir de bagasse Million US$ 1,215 4,859 EE ménages Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluocompactes Million US$ 2,730 3,511 Poêles à bois efficaces Million US$ 40,000 55,000 Poêles électriques efficaces Million US$ 5,025 6,700 Réfrigérateurs efficaces Million US$ 32,425 45,396 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces Million US$ 0,000 0,000 EE service Lave-vaisselle commercial efficace Million US$ 0,000 0,000 Réfrigérateur d hôtel efficace Million US$ 0,000 0,020 Machine à laver efficace pour hôtel Million US$ 0,041 0,041 Efficacité énergétique en service Million US$ 0,033 0,038 Nouvel immeuble de bureaux avec refroidissement central Million US$ 0,066 0,132 Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces Million US$ 23,973 28,767 Foresterie Reboisement Million US$ 3,600 3,600 REDD : déforestation évitée Million US$ -2,017 -2,017 Régénération assistée des forêts Million US$ 2,400 2,400 Décharge Usine d incinération Million US$ 28,889 28,889 Compostage des déchets solides municipaux Million US$ 4,877 4,877 Industrie : Remplacement des Combustibles fossiles Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans l industrie Emissions fugitives Réduction du torchage au champ pétrolifère Million US$ 21,732 21,732 Hydro Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau Million US$ 20,000 40,000 Solaire Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Million US$ 0,000 0,047 PV solaires, grand réseau Million US$ 600,000 500,000PV maison solaire Million US$ 1,575 1,800 PV de chalet solaire Million US$ 0,015 0,021 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel Million US$ 24,000 27,000 Lampadaires solaires Million US$ 22,848 36,556 Transport Voiture électrique Million US$ 0,000 7,200 Autobus électriques de Éolien Éoliennes on-shore Million US$ 2,025 6,500 Sur la période de 2020-2030 la part total de l’invessement varie d’un sous secteur à un autre.', 'Le financement des options d’atténuation conditionnelles s’élève à 4.301,067millions US$ contre 94,07 millions US$ pour les options d’atténuations non conditionnelles, soit 97,86 % de part pour l’option conditionnelle contre 2,14 % pour la part de contribution inconditionnelle.Tableau n°14 : Coût financier des options d atténuation Secteur d’émissions Mesure d atténuation Unité de mesure 2025 2030 Agriculture Réduction du CH4 des cultures de riz Million US$ 1,338 1,338 Energie biomasse Production électrique à partir des résidus de biomasse Million US$ 34,139 32,564 Production électrique à partir de bagasse Million US$ 1,215 4,859 EE ménages Éclairage efficace avec LED remplaçant les fluocompactes Million US$ 2,730 3,511 Poêles à bois efficaces Million US$ 40,000 55,000 Poêles électriques efficaces Million US$ 5,025 6,700 Réfrigérateurs efficaces Million US$ 32,425 45,396 Poêles à charbon de bois efficaces Million US$ 0,000 0,000 EE service Lave-vaisselle commercial efficace Million US$ 0,000 0,000 Réfrigérateur d hôtel efficace Million US$ 0,000 0,020 Machine à laver efficace pour hôtel Million US$ 0,041 0,041 Efficacité énergétique en service Million US$ 0,033 0,038 Nouvel immeuble de bureaux avec refroidissement central Million US$ 0,066 0,132 Distribution d énergie Réseaux électriques efficaces Million US$ 23,973 28,767 Foresterie Reboisement Million US$ 3,600 3,600 REDD : déforestation évitée Million US$ -2,017 -2,017 Régénération assistée des forêts Million US$ 2,400 2,400 Décharge Usine d incinération Million US$ 28,889 28,889 Compostage des déchets solides municipaux Million US$ 4,877 4,877 Industrie : Remplacement des Combustibles fossiles Passer du fioul lourd au gaz naturel dans l industrie Emissions fugitives Réduction du torchage au champ pétrolifère Million US$ 21,732 21,732 Hydro Mini hydroélectricité hors réseau Million US$ 20,000 40,000 Solaire Chauffe-eau solaire, résidentiel Million US$ 0,000 0,047 PV solaires, grand réseau Million US$ 600,000 500,000PV maison solaire Million US$ 1,575 1,800 PV de chalet solaire Million US$ 0,015 0,021 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel Million US$ 24,000 27,000 Lampadaires solaires Million US$ 22,848 36,556 Transport Voiture électrique Million US$ 0,000 7,200 Autobus électriques de Éolien Éoliennes on-shore Million US$ 2,025 6,500 Sur la période de 2020-2030 la part total de l’invessement varie d’un sous secteur à un autre. Le sous des transport est celui qui aura la plus grande d’investissement au bout de la période avec un coût total estimé à 2668,2 millions de dollars, soit 60,7 % de l’investissement.', 'Le sous des transport est celui qui aura la plus grande d’investissement au bout de la période avec un coût total estimé à 2668,2 millions de dollars, soit 60,7 % de l’investissement. Le sous secteur de l’énergie avec une part de contribution de 33 %, soit 1451,36 millions de dollars. 5.1.2- Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation : En attendant que le Congo se dote d’un Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) qui fixera ses priorités en matière d’adaptation et précise les moyens pour sa mise en œuvre, les besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement climatique s’élèvent à 3,795 milliards, de dollars US dont 1,016 milliards de dollars US en inconditionnel et 2,779 milliards de dollars US en conditionnel.', '5.1.2- Besoins financiers en matière d’adaptation : En attendant que le Congo se dote d’un Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) qui fixera ses priorités en matière d’adaptation et précise les moyens pour sa mise en œuvre, les besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement climatique s’élèvent à 3,795 milliards, de dollars US dont 1,016 milliards de dollars US en inconditionnel et 2,779 milliards de dollars US en conditionnel. Tableau n°15 : Besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT (Millions dollars US) Inconditionnel Conditionnel Total Inondations côtières et montée du niveau de la mer Migration induite par le climat 5 10 15 Paludisme et maladies à transmission vectorielle Glissements de terrain/éboulementTableau n°16 : Liste de quelques projets d’adaptation éligibles au FVC Titre du Projet Brève description Estimation (US$) Sécurité alimentaire résiliente au climat pour les femmes et les hommes petits exploitants au Congo grâce à une gestion intégrée des risques Le Congo est très vulnérable aux impacts du changement climatique.', 'Tableau n°15 : Besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT (Millions dollars US) Inconditionnel Conditionnel Total Inondations côtières et montée du niveau de la mer Migration induite par le climat 5 10 15 Paludisme et maladies à transmission vectorielle Glissements de terrain/éboulementTableau n°16 : Liste de quelques projets d’adaptation éligibles au FVC Titre du Projet Brève description Estimation (US$) Sécurité alimentaire résiliente au climat pour les femmes et les hommes petits exploitants au Congo grâce à une gestion intégrée des risques Le Congo est très vulnérable aux impacts du changement climatique. Il existe d’autres effets du changement climatique qui ne font pas encore la une des journaux, mais qui perturbent tout autant les moyens de subsistance des communautés rurales et les systèmes alimentaires.', 'Il existe d’autres effets du changement climatique qui ne font pas encore la une des journaux, mais qui perturbent tout autant les moyens de subsistance des communautés rurales et les systèmes alimentaires. Le changement climatique entraîne des températures plus élevées et des changements dans les régimes de précipitations, y compris une incidence accrue de périodes de sécheresse prolongées. Cela se traduit par des réductions de la disponibilité de l eau, des saisons de croissance variables et plus courtes et des réductions du potentiel de production.', 'Cela se traduit par des réductions de la disponibilité de l eau, des saisons de croissance variables et plus courtes et des réductions du potentiel de production. Dans les régions du sud Congo (Mindouli, Madingou, Nkayi et Dolisie), les impacts sont les plus durement ressentis, avec les niveaux les plus élevés de variabilité interannuelle des précipitations, ainsi que certaines des précipitations saisonnières les plus faibles du pays, associées à une augmentation des températures. Par conséquent, les moyens de subsistance dépendant de la pluie sont compromis et, avec des alternatives limitées pour faire face, les capacités du gouvernement sont sollicitées pour aider à répondre aux besoins alimentaires récurrents. Les projections climatiques montrent que ces tendances se poursuivront et deviendront de nature plus variable5.', 'Les projections climatiques montrent que ces tendances se poursuivront et deviendront de nature plus variable5. Pour relever ces défis, le projet sollicite le soutien du FVC pour : 1. Réduire la vulnérabilité aux risques climatiques grâce à la promotion d une agriculture résiliente au changement climatique, ainsi qu à la restauration et à l amélioration des bassins versants, pour les femmes et les hommes en situation d insécurité alimentaire. 2. 2 Améliorer et maintenir la capacité d adaptation des femmes et des hommes des petits exploitants grâce à une combinaison d outils de gestion des risques intégrés et spécifiques au contexte et d opportunités basées sur le marché. 3.', '2 Améliorer et maintenir la capacité d adaptation des femmes et des hommes des petits exploitants grâce à une combinaison d outils de gestion des risques intégrés et spécifiques au contexte et d opportunités basées sur le marché. 3. Informer la planification de l adaptation et la prise de décision entre les petits exploitants, les communautés et les autorités nationales / locales grâce à la production et à l utilisation d informations climatiques. Ensemble, ces éléments renforceront les capacités des individus, des communautés et des gouvernements à faire face aux risques et aux vulnérabilités climatiques conformément aux engagements nationaux.', 'Ensemble, ces éléments renforceront les capacités des individus, des communautés et des gouvernements à faire face aux risques et aux vulnérabilités climatiques conformément aux engagements nationaux. Renforcer la résilience climatique des moyens de Le projet proposé aide le gouvernement du Congo à renforcer la résilience aux risques liés au changement climatique des petits exploitants agricoles vulnérables dans les régions agro-écologiques du pays. Cessubsistance agricoles dans les régions agro-écologiques du Congo régions sont confrontées à des risques croissants en raison du changement climatique, principalement la variabilité des précipitations et l augmentation de la fréquence des sécheresses, qui ont des impacts directs sur la production agricole dans la région. Ce sont également les régions du Congo qui ont la plus forte concentration d incidence de la pauvreté et où l agriculture pluviale est prédominante.', 'Ce sont également les régions du Congo qui ont la plus forte concentration d incidence de la pauvreté et où l agriculture pluviale est prédominante. Par conséquent, les petits exploitants agricoles les plus pauvres de ces régions sont confrontés à des effets dévastateurs sur leurs moyens de subsistance, ce qui érodera davantage les gains de développement. Les femmes sont affectées de manière disproportionnée par ces impacts, étant donné leur rôle dans la garantie de la production alimentaire des ménages et de la sécurité alimentaire / nutritionnelle, malgré leur accès inégal à la terre, à l information et aux intrants (par exemple, semences améliorées, engrais, outils).', 'Les femmes sont affectées de manière disproportionnée par ces impacts, étant donné leur rôle dans la garantie de la production alimentaire des ménages et de la sécurité alimentaire / nutritionnelle, malgré leur accès inégal à la terre, à l information et aux intrants (par exemple, semences améliorées, engrais, outils). Améliorer les systèmes d information climatique pour un développement résilient au Congo Le projet réduira l’exposition des communautés, des moyens de subsistance et des infrastructures du Congo aux risques naturels induits par le climat grâce à un système national de prévision et d’alerte rapide fondé sur l’impact multirisques qui fonctionne bien. Le projet contribuera à la réalisation des différents types d’impacts au niveau du Fonds du Fonds vert pour l’adaptation : 1.', 'Le projet contribuera à la réalisation des différents types d’impacts au niveau du Fonds du Fonds vert pour l’adaptation : 1. Augmentation de la résilience et amélioration des moyens de subsistance des personnes les plus vulnérables 2. Résilience accrue de la santé et du bien-être et de la sécurité alimentaire et hydrique 3. Résilience accrue des infrastructures et de l environnement bâti face aux menaces du changement climatique L’objectif du projet est de renforcer davantage les capacités d’observation et de surveillance liées au climat du Congo, les systèmes d’alerte rapide et d’action rapide et d’autres systèmes d’information liés à l’environnement. Il cherche à conduire à un changement de paradigme vers une prise de décision, une planification et une réponse éclairées par le climat et fondées sur des preuves.', 'Il cherche à conduire à un changement de paradigme vers une prise de décision, une planification et une réponse éclairées par le climat et fondées sur des preuves. L objectif primordial est d intégrer la croissance verte, la résilience environnementale et l adaptation dans la planification du développement national grâce à des systèmes d information climatique efficaces. Le projet s aligne correctement sur les critères d investissement du FVC car il propose de fournir des informations climatiques opportunes et pertinentes pour réduire les pertes en vies humaines et en moyens de subsistance, la valeur des actifs physiques et les pertes environnementales et sociales dues à l impact des catastrophes extrêmes liées au changement climatique.', 'Le projet s aligne correctement sur les critères d investissement du FVC car il propose de fournir des informations climatiques opportunes et pertinentes pour réduire les pertes en vies humaines et en moyens de subsistance, la valeur des actifs physiques et les pertes environnementales et sociales dues à l impact des catastrophes extrêmes liées au changement climatique. Ce résultat aura des impacts positifs directs etindirects sur les habitants du pays, principalement sur la population vulnérable du pays exposée aux effets néfastes du changement et de la variabilité climatique.', 'Ce résultat aura des impacts positifs directs etindirects sur les habitants du pays, principalement sur la population vulnérable du pays exposée aux effets néfastes du changement et de la variabilité climatique. En tant que changement de paradigme, le projet améliorera l infrastructure d hydrométrie existante fournie dans les projets précédents et renforcera la coordination pour une meilleure prestation de services dans différents secteurs prioritaires de l économie congolaise afin de faciliter l intégration transparente des informations climatiques dans la planification nationale. Les avantages socioéconomiques et environnementaux du projet sont également importants pour la création d emplois, l augmentation des revenus et l amélioration de la santé et du niveau de vie, en particulier chez les femmes.', 'Les avantages socioéconomiques et environnementaux du projet sont également importants pour la création d emplois, l augmentation des revenus et l amélioration de la santé et du niveau de vie, en particulier chez les femmes. Renforcer la résilience des communautés vivant dans des paysages menacés par le changement climatique grâce à une approche d adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes Malgré sa petite population, plus de 70% de la population congolaise dépend des ressources naturelles pour assurer sa subsistance. La productivité de ces ressources naturelles est menacée à la fois par des facteurs climatiques et non climatiques, ce qui accroît la vulnérabilité des communautés rurales.', 'La productivité de ces ressources naturelles est menacée à la fois par des facteurs climatiques et non climatiques, ce qui accroît la vulnérabilité des communautés rurales. Il est prouvé que la détérioration de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques entraînera une vulnérabilité accrue des communautés et une réduction du potentiel de moyens de subsistance et d activités économiques fondés sur la nature. Un risque accru de sécheresse, combiné à une variabilité interannuelle et intra-annuelle accrue, entraînera probablement une augmentation des risques d incendies de forêt, ce qui contribuera à l intensification des pressions d érosion liées au changement climatique. Le projet proposé part du principe que la biodiversité et les écosystèmes fournissent des services précieux, en particulier en ce qui concerne les services d approvisionnement.', 'Le projet proposé part du principe que la biodiversité et les écosystèmes fournissent des services précieux, en particulier en ce qui concerne les services d approvisionnement. Les moyens d existence de la communauté sont basés sur les services fournis par des écosystèmes sains, y compris la valeur économique grâce à l utilisation agro-productive (pâturage pour le bétail et sols sains pour l agriculture). Ce projet proposé utilisera l adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes (EbA) à grande échelle comme approche rentable et à faible risque pour renforcer la résilience climatique dans les huit grands paysages ciblés pour la mise en œuvre. Cela entraînera un changement de paradigme.', 'Cela entraînera un changement de paradigme. Le projet comprend trois volets, dont le premier vise à renforcer les capacités des communautés rurales dépendant des biens et services écosystémiques en développant des stratégies paysagères et des mécanismes de coordination pilotés par les communautés dans huit paysages. Des systèmes de gouvernance du paysage grâce à des processus de prise de décision participatifs entre les groupes communautaires eux-mêmes ou les communautés voisines seront mis en œuvre, tandis que la promotion du partage des connaissances entre les communautés et les autres parties prenantes en dehors du paysage cible sera au centre de la mise à l échelle et de la reproduction des activités.', 'Des systèmes de gouvernance du paysage grâce à des processus de prise de décision participatifs entre les groupes communautaires eux-mêmes ou les communautés voisines seront mis en œuvre, tandis que la promotion du partage des connaissances entre les communautés et les autres parties prenantes en dehors du paysage cible sera au centre de la mise à l échelle et de la reproduction des activités. Le premier élément est essentiel pour le succès et la durabilité de l action communautaire d adaptation au climat envisagée.Adaptation physique intégrée et résilience des communautés grâce à un projet pilote d accès direct amélioré dans les secteurs public, privé et de la société civile (Niari, Lekoumou et Buenza) Ce projet répond à l appel à propositions (RfP) émis par le FVC en juillet 2016, et est conçu pour répondre aux objectifs déclarés de l appel d offres, à savoir : renforcer l appropriation par les pays des projets et programmes en décentralisant la prise de décision au niveau des pays, permettant ainsi une plus grande implication et contribution des parties prenantes concernées.', 'Le premier élément est essentiel pour le succès et la durabilité de l action communautaire d adaptation au climat envisagée.Adaptation physique intégrée et résilience des communautés grâce à un projet pilote d accès direct amélioré dans les secteurs public, privé et de la société civile (Niari, Lekoumou et Buenza) Ce projet répond à l appel à propositions (RfP) émis par le FVC en juillet 2016, et est conçu pour répondre aux objectifs déclarés de l appel d offres, à savoir : renforcer l appropriation par les pays des projets et programmes en décentralisant la prise de décision au niveau des pays, permettant ainsi une plus grande implication et contribution des parties prenantes concernées. Contrairement à la modalité traditionnelle d accès direct, il n y aura pas de soumission de projets ou de programmes individuels au Fonds car la prise de décision pour le financement d activités pilotes spécifiques sera dévolue au niveau national.', 'Contrairement à la modalité traditionnelle d accès direct, il n y aura pas de soumission de projets ou de programmes individuels au Fonds car la prise de décision pour le financement d activités pilotes spécifiques sera dévolue au niveau national. L objectif de ce projet est de renforcer les capacités institutionnelles et d augmenter la résilience d au moins 5% de la population dans le pays à la variabilité et au changement climatiques, dont 50% sont des femmes, grâce à l adaptation des infrastructures, des bâtiments renforcés et services écosystémiques améliorés. Le projet proposé est conçu pour renforcer l appropriation par le pays de l adaptation en déléguant la prise de décision au niveau national et communautaire, une plus grande participation des communautés vulnérables au changement climatique.', 'Le projet proposé est conçu pour renforcer l appropriation par le pays de l adaptation en déléguant la prise de décision au niveau national et communautaire, une plus grande participation des communautés vulnérables au changement climatique. Le problème que ce projet cherche à résoudre est que le pays pilotes souffre de pertes de biens, de vies et de bien-être en raison de la variabilité du climat et des extrêmes induits par le climat. Le changement climatique entraîne déjà une fréquence et une intensité accrues des événements météorologiques extrêmes.', 'Le changement climatique entraîne déjà une fréquence et une intensité accrues des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Renforcer la résilience de la petite agriculture à l insécurité hydrique induite par le changement climatique dans les régions des hauts plateaux, les hautes collines et de la côte sud du Congo L objectif de ce projet est d autonomiser les petits exploitants vulnérables dans les régions des hauts plateaux, des hautes collines et de la côte sud du Congo - en particulier les femmes et les agriculteurs appartenant à des minorités ethniques - afin de gérer les risques climatiques croissants pour la production agricole.', 'Renforcer la résilience de la petite agriculture à l insécurité hydrique induite par le changement climatique dans les régions des hauts plateaux, les hautes collines et de la côte sud du Congo L objectif de ce projet est d autonomiser les petits exploitants vulnérables dans les régions des hauts plateaux, des hautes collines et de la côte sud du Congo - en particulier les femmes et les agriculteurs appartenant à des minorités ethniques - afin de gérer les risques climatiques croissants pour la production agricole. Pour atteindre son objectif, le projet permettra aux petits agriculteurs de s adapter à la variabilité des précipitations et à la sécheresse induites par le climat grâce à la mise en œuvre de deux produits liés intégrant le FVC et le cofinancement à rechercher : 1) eau pour les petits agriculteurs vulnérables pour une production agricole résiliente au climat face à la variabilité des précipitations et aux sécheresses induites par le climat, et 2) renforcement des capacités des petits exploitants agricoles à appliquer les informations, les technologies et les pratiques sur le climat et le marché pour une gestion de l eau et de l agriculture résiliente au climat.', 'Pour atteindre son objectif, le projet permettra aux petits agriculteurs de s adapter à la variabilité des précipitations et à la sécheresse induites par le climat grâce à la mise en œuvre de deux produits liés intégrant le FVC et le cofinancement à rechercher : 1) eau pour les petits agriculteurs vulnérables pour une production agricole résiliente au climat face à la variabilité des précipitations et aux sécheresses induites par le climat, et 2) renforcement des capacités des petits exploitants agricoles à appliquer les informations, les technologies et les pratiques sur le climat et le marché pour une gestion de l eau et de l agriculture résiliente au climat. Alors que ce projet utilisera le financement du FVC pour cibler spécifiquement les minorités ethniques, les femmes et les autres agriculteurs pauvres / quasi pauvres, il utilisera les ressources du FVC et de cofinancement pour renforcer les capacités de tous les agriculteurs dans les zones vulnérables au climat.Projet de résilience climatique Likouala La région de Likouala est un exemple de premier plan du besoin urgent de faire face aux défis multisectoriels du changement climatique au Congo.', 'Alors que ce projet utilisera le financement du FVC pour cibler spécifiquement les minorités ethniques, les femmes et les autres agriculteurs pauvres / quasi pauvres, il utilisera les ressources du FVC et de cofinancement pour renforcer les capacités de tous les agriculteurs dans les zones vulnérables au climat.Projet de résilience climatique Likouala La région de Likouala est un exemple de premier plan du besoin urgent de faire face aux défis multisectoriels du changement climatique au Congo. Les impacts comprennent des changements profonds dans la disponibilité de l eau, des pressions de température pour les personnes, le bétail et les cultures, des changements dans la santé publique, les pratiques agricoles, les revenus, la sécurité alimentaire et l écologie.', 'Les impacts comprennent des changements profonds dans la disponibilité de l eau, des pressions de température pour les personnes, le bétail et les cultures, des changements dans la santé publique, les pratiques agricoles, les revenus, la sécurité alimentaire et l écologie. Les modèles climatiques prévoient une nouvelle intensification des saisons sèches, mais aussi des pluies intenses imprévisibles et des inondations, qui constituent une menace importante pour les moyens de subsistance, en particulier parmi les pauvres. Pour la population, et les femmes sont particulièrement affectées négativement, ces développements présentent des défis croissants pour la vie quotidienne, avec un approvisionnement local en eau insuffisant, une détérioration des conditions de santé et une détérioration des possibilités d agriculture (de subsistance) posant des menaces particulières.', 'Pour la population, et les femmes sont particulièrement affectées négativement, ces développements présentent des défis croissants pour la vie quotidienne, avec un approvisionnement local en eau insuffisant, une détérioration des conditions de santé et une détérioration des possibilités d agriculture (de subsistance) posant des menaces particulières. L objectif du projet est d accroître la résilience climatique des ménages ruraux et urbains, en particulier les petits agriculteurs et les femmes, vivant dans la région de Likouala et d améliorer les politiques et la réglementation pour une action intersectorielle en faveur de l adaptation au climat. Il contribuera à la mise en œuvre des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) du Congo.', 'Il contribuera à la mise en œuvre des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) du Congo. Plus de 50 000 bénéficiaires directs (dont 57 000 femmes) et environ 1 million de bénéficiaires indirects devraient accroître leurs capacités d adaptation au changement climatique grâce au projet.', 'Plus de 50 000 bénéficiaires directs (dont 57 000 femmes) et environ 1 million de bénéficiaires indirects devraient accroître leurs capacités d adaptation au changement climatique grâce au projet. Les domaines d action comprennent : • améliorer le cadre institutionnel et réglementaire du gouvernement pour la planification de l adaptation intersectorielle et communautaire • améliorer la résilience climatique des infrastructures d approvisionnement en eau, des services d assainissement et des pratiques agricoles dans la région de Oyo • poursuivre une approche communautaire pour assurer le ciblage des plus vulnérables • renforcer les capacités d adaptation des populations urbaines et rurales vulnérables, ainsi que les capacités de mise en œuvre des structures gouvernementales locales et centrales Renforcement de la résilience climatique des communautés rurales du centre et du nord du Congo grâce à la mise en œuvre de l adaptation écosystémique (EbA) dans les paysages forestiers et agricoles Le projet proposé, à travers une approche intégrée de l adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes et l agriculture résiliente au climat, entraînera un changement de paradigme national dans la manière dont le Congo aborde les impacts actuels et futurs du changement climatique menaçant les moyens de subsistance des Congolais ruraux.', 'Les domaines d action comprennent : • améliorer le cadre institutionnel et réglementaire du gouvernement pour la planification de l adaptation intersectorielle et communautaire • améliorer la résilience climatique des infrastructures d approvisionnement en eau, des services d assainissement et des pratiques agricoles dans la région de Oyo • poursuivre une approche communautaire pour assurer le ciblage des plus vulnérables • renforcer les capacités d adaptation des populations urbaines et rurales vulnérables, ainsi que les capacités de mise en œuvre des structures gouvernementales locales et centrales Renforcement de la résilience climatique des communautés rurales du centre et du nord du Congo grâce à la mise en œuvre de l adaptation écosystémique (EbA) dans les paysages forestiers et agricoles Le projet proposé, à travers une approche intégrée de l adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes et l agriculture résiliente au climat, entraînera un changement de paradigme national dans la manière dont le Congo aborde les impacts actuels et futurs du changement climatique menaçant les moyens de subsistance des Congolais ruraux. Les politiques, la législation et la planification de l utilisation des terres seront réformées pour catalyser la mise à l échelle de la gestion résiliente au climat des terres agricoles et des forêts à travers le Congo.', 'Les politiques, la législation et la planification de l utilisation des terres seront réformées pour catalyser la mise à l échelle de la gestion résiliente au climat des terres agricoles et des forêts à travers le Congo. Cette montée en gamme sera également facilitée par une analyse rigoureuse et la diffusion d’informations sur les effets socio-économiques et écologiques positifs des interventions du projet et par lerenforcement des capacités techniques au sein du gouvernement Congolais pour intégrer les interventions agricoles et écologiques dans leurs investissements d’adaptation. Le changement et la variabilité climatiques sont de plus en plus préjudiciables aux moyens de subsistance des communautés agricoles rurales du Congo.', 'Le changement et la variabilité climatiques sont de plus en plus préjudiciables aux moyens de subsistance des communautés agricoles rurales du Congo. Les communautés du centre et du nord du Congo sont particulièrement menacées par des saisons de croissance plus courtes, des journées accrues de chaleur extrême, des températures en hausse, des sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères, ainsi que des pluies plus intenses.', 'Les communautés du centre et du nord du Congo sont particulièrement menacées par des saisons de croissance plus courtes, des journées accrues de chaleur extrême, des températures en hausse, des sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères, ainsi que des pluies plus intenses. Ces objectifs d adaptation seront atteints grâce à trois résultats interdépendants, à savoir : (i) l amélioration de la fourniture de biens et services écosystémiques pour l adaptation au changement climatique grâce à la restauration des forêts, (ii) une productivité agricole accrue pour garantir les moyens de subsistance face au changement climatique et (iii) renforcement des capacités et de la sensibilisation pour mettre en œuvre l AbE et une agriculture résiliente au changement climatique. Les modèles climatiques montrent que ces effets vont probablement s intensifier considérablement dans les décennies à venir.', 'Les modèles climatiques montrent que ces effets vont probablement s intensifier considérablement dans les décennies à venir. Les communautés Congolaises vulnérables utilisent de plus en plus les ressources naturelles (par exemple la production de charbon de bois) pour compenser la baisse de la productivité agricole et faire face à leur pauvreté croissante. Il en résulte une utilisation non durable des ressources forestières et un cercle vicieux négatif dans lequel la dégradation rapide des écosystèmes conduit à une plus grande vulnérabilité des communautés au changement climatique. L objectif du projet GCF proposé est d interrompre ce cycle dans le centre et le nord du Congo et de renforcer la résilience climatique des communautés locales en intégrant des techniques agricoles résilientes au climat avec une restauration sur mesure des écosystèmes forestiers dégradés.', 'L objectif du projet GCF proposé est d interrompre ce cycle dans le centre et le nord du Congo et de renforcer la résilience climatique des communautés locales en intégrant des techniques agricoles résilientes au climat avec une restauration sur mesure des écosystèmes forestiers dégradés. Cette approche de l adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes (AbE) se traduira - dans les conditions actuelles et futures de changement climatique - par une productivité agricole accrue (grâce à une gestion judicieuse des sols et la plantation de cultures résilientes au climat) et une offre accrue de biens et services écosystémiques (y compris la disponibilité de l eau, conservation et refroidissement des sols, fibres, médicaments, fruits, bois de feu et bois).', 'Cette approche de l adaptation basée sur les écosystèmes (AbE) se traduira - dans les conditions actuelles et futures de changement climatique - par une productivité agricole accrue (grâce à une gestion judicieuse des sols et la plantation de cultures résilientes au climat) et une offre accrue de biens et services écosystémiques (y compris la disponibilité de l eau, conservation et refroidissement des sols, fibres, médicaments, fruits, bois de feu et bois). La restauration des forêts se concentrera intensément sur l utilisation d arbres indigènes bien adaptés aux conditions climatiques actuelles et futures. Intégration des infrastructures résilientes au climat Le projet Intégration des Infrastructures résilientes au Climat intègre systématiquement l adaptation au changement climatique dans la prise de décision pour la planification des infrastructures, la supervision et la maintenance de l ingénierie du gouvernement local.', 'Intégration des infrastructures résilientes au climat Le projet Intégration des Infrastructures résilientes au Climat intègre systématiquement l adaptation au changement climatique dans la prise de décision pour la planification des infrastructures, la supervision et la maintenance de l ingénierie du gouvernement local. Un centre d infrastructure locale résilient au climat - un centre d excellence - sera créé au sein du ministère en charge des infrastructures. En complément du dispositif institutionnel, le projet financera desinfrastructures locales pilotes, conçues pour optimiser la résilience au changement climatique dans certains des districts les plus vulnérables du pays. Renforcer la résilience face au changement climatique dans les systèmes agricoles et pastoraux traditionnels pluviaux au Congo Le projet soutient les efforts d adaptation au changement climatique parmi les communautés d agropasteurs de subsistance et de pasteurs nomades dans les zones arides du Congo.', 'Renforcer la résilience face au changement climatique dans les systèmes agricoles et pastoraux traditionnels pluviaux au Congo Le projet soutient les efforts d adaptation au changement climatique parmi les communautés d agropasteurs de subsistance et de pasteurs nomades dans les zones arides du Congo. Son objectif général est de promouvoir un changement de paradigme dans les systèmes pastoraux et agricoles des zones arides grâce à une approche intégrée en augmentant la résilience des systèmes de production alimentaire ; améliorer la disponibilité / l accès aux sources d eau résilientes au climat ; et le renforcement des capacités des institutions / communautés en matière de résilience climatique.', 'Son objectif général est de promouvoir un changement de paradigme dans les systèmes pastoraux et agricoles des zones arides grâce à une approche intégrée en augmentant la résilience des systèmes de production alimentaire ; améliorer la disponibilité / l accès aux sources d eau résilientes au climat ; et le renforcement des capacités des institutions / communautés en matière de résilience climatique. Le projet capitalise sur les synergies dans les pratiques de gestion des risques climatiques à travers l agriculture, l eau et les pâturages pour améliorer la sécurité hydrique / alimentaire dans des conditions climatiques changeantes. Les principaux résultats sont une résilience accrue aux risques climatiques parmi les communautés d agriculteurs de subsistance et de pasteurs nomades et la promotion d un environnement propice aux activités d adaptation à long terme (post-projet) au Congo.', 'Les principaux résultats sont une résilience accrue aux risques climatiques parmi les communautés d agriculteurs de subsistance et de pasteurs nomades et la promotion d un environnement propice aux activités d adaptation à long terme (post-projet) au Congo. En outre, le renforcement des capacités de l administration au niveau de l État dans les domaines de la gouvernance environnementale, de la gestion des ressources naturelles partagées, des relations inter et intra-étatiques et de la manière d établir un réseau de systèmes d alerte précoce aidera à prévenir les conflits et à atténuer les effets dans les zones ciblées du pays.', 'En outre, le renforcement des capacités de l administration au niveau de l État dans les domaines de la gouvernance environnementale, de la gestion des ressources naturelles partagées, des relations inter et intra-étatiques et de la manière d établir un réseau de systèmes d alerte précoce aidera à prévenir les conflits et à atténuer les effets dans les zones ciblées du pays. Assurer un approvisionnement en eau résilient au climat au Congo Le projet réalisera un changement de paradigme national dans le renforcement de la résilience climatique de l approvisionnement en eau en intégrant approches systématiques de réduction des risques climatiques dans la gouvernance et la fourniture des ressources en eau, des bassins versants, de l eau infrastructure d approvisionnement et gestion des utilisateurs d eau, y compris dans la planification, l investissement, la conception, l exploitation et la maintenance.', 'Assurer un approvisionnement en eau résilient au climat au Congo Le projet réalisera un changement de paradigme national dans le renforcement de la résilience climatique de l approvisionnement en eau en intégrant approches systématiques de réduction des risques climatiques dans la gouvernance et la fourniture des ressources en eau, des bassins versants, de l eau infrastructure d approvisionnement et gestion des utilisateurs d eau, y compris dans la planification, l investissement, la conception, l exploitation et la maintenance. Plus précisément, le projet investira dans : • Renforcer la gestion de l approvisionnement en eau résilient au climat en renforçant le secteur de l eau permettant des environnements pour la planification de l adaptation au climat à moyen et long terme.', 'Plus précisément, le projet investira dans : • Renforcer la gestion de l approvisionnement en eau résilient au climat en renforçant le secteur de l eau permettant des environnements pour la planification de l adaptation au climat à moyen et long terme. Cet objectif sera atteint par l intégration des informations du climat dans les réformes de la législation nationale sur l eau, de la formation sur la gestion de l eau fondée sur les risques pratiques, et la mise à niveau des réformes tarifaires pour inclure les coûts supplémentaires de la réduction des risques climatiques ; • Protéger la qualité de l eau et modérer les débits extrêmement élevés et faibles des ressources en eau en utilisant un bassin versant intégré amélioration de la gestion dans les bassins versants (éclairée par la surveillance des ressources en eau) ; et en utilisant la surveillance des ressources en eau pour fournirdes alertes précoces et des prévisions des risques climatiques afin d améliorer la résilience de l approvisionnement en eau ; et • Accroître la résilience climatique des infrastructures d approvisionnement en eau en diversifiant les sources d approvisionnement en eau pour plus de 50 000 personnes (eaux pluviales, eaux de surface et eaux souterraines) ; et la conception et la construction d infrastructures tenant compte des risques liés au changement climatique pour se protéger des risques d inondation et dimensionnées pour résister aux périodes de sécheresse.', 'Cet objectif sera atteint par l intégration des informations du climat dans les réformes de la législation nationale sur l eau, de la formation sur la gestion de l eau fondée sur les risques pratiques, et la mise à niveau des réformes tarifaires pour inclure les coûts supplémentaires de la réduction des risques climatiques ; • Protéger la qualité de l eau et modérer les débits extrêmement élevés et faibles des ressources en eau en utilisant un bassin versant intégré amélioration de la gestion dans les bassins versants (éclairée par la surveillance des ressources en eau) ; et en utilisant la surveillance des ressources en eau pour fournirdes alertes précoces et des prévisions des risques climatiques afin d améliorer la résilience de l approvisionnement en eau ; et • Accroître la résilience climatique des infrastructures d approvisionnement en eau en diversifiant les sources d approvisionnement en eau pour plus de 50 000 personnes (eaux pluviales, eaux de surface et eaux souterraines) ; et la conception et la construction d infrastructures tenant compte des risques liés au changement climatique pour se protéger des risques d inondation et dimensionnées pour résister aux périodes de sécheresse. Le projet est conforme aux priorités identifiées dans le PANA.', 'Le projet est conforme aux priorités identifiées dans le PANA. Projet d adaptation côtière du Congo Le projet FVC proposé permettra au gouvernement Congolais de mettre en œuvre les mesures qui sont nécessaires de toute urgence pour réduire l impact de l action des vagues de plus en plus intensive sur les infrastructures clés en raison de l élévation du niveau de la mer induite par le changement climatique et de l intensification des événements extrêmes. Les contraintes financières et de capacité à tous les niveaux - de la sensibilisation technique à la prise de conscience de la communauté - qui ont empêché une solution durable de protection côtière seront abordées. Le projet renforcera également les capacités institutionnelles et communautaires pour soutenir et reproduire les résultats du projet.', 'Le projet renforcera également les capacités institutionnelles et communautaires pour soutenir et reproduire les résultats du projet. Le renforcement de la résilience côtière est une priorité nationale urgente et la formulation de ce projet sera menée au plus haut niveau politique et la portée du projet sera pleinement discutée et conçue par un groupe de travail technique comprenant des départements gouvernementaux clés et des associations d ONG, représentant des communautés et la société civile. Services climatologiques et diversification des moyens de subsistance sensibles au climat pour autonomiser les communautés vulnérables et exposées à l insécurité alimentaire sur l’île-Mbamou L’Ile-Mbamou représente un site touristique très varié qui est exposé aux variabilités climatiques et aux changements climatiques qui provoquent une érosion de ses côtes et accentue la pauvreté des populations déjà démunies.', 'Services climatologiques et diversification des moyens de subsistance sensibles au climat pour autonomiser les communautés vulnérables et exposées à l insécurité alimentaire sur l’île-Mbamou L’Ile-Mbamou représente un site touristique très varié qui est exposé aux variabilités climatiques et aux changements climatiques qui provoquent une érosion de ses côtes et accentue la pauvreté des populations déjà démunies. Le projet «Services climatologiques et diversification des moyens de subsistance sensibles au climat pour autonomiser les communautés vulnérables et exposées à l insécurité alimentaire sur l’Ile-Mbamou» contribuera à renforcer les capacités du gouvernement de la République du Congo, de ses ministères de tutelle et des autorités locales et les communautés à mettre en œuvre des activités d adaptation au changement climatique dans les secteurs de la sécurité alimentaire, de la nutrition et du tourisme.', 'Le projet «Services climatologiques et diversification des moyens de subsistance sensibles au climat pour autonomiser les communautés vulnérables et exposées à l insécurité alimentaire sur l’Ile-Mbamou» contribuera à renforcer les capacités du gouvernement de la République du Congo, de ses ministères de tutelle et des autorités locales et les communautés à mettre en œuvre des activités d adaptation au changement climatique dans les secteurs de la sécurité alimentaire, de la nutrition et du tourisme. L objectif est d aider le gouvernement de la République du Congo à réduire sa vulnérabilité au changement climatiqueet à accroître la capacité d adaptation et la résilience des communautés rurales de l’Ile-Mbamou, qui sont de plus en plus affectées par les impacts du changement climatique et souffrent d une faible capacité d adaptation.', 'L objectif est d aider le gouvernement de la République du Congo à réduire sa vulnérabilité au changement climatiqueet à accroître la capacité d adaptation et la résilience des communautés rurales de l’Ile-Mbamou, qui sont de plus en plus affectées par les impacts du changement climatique et souffrent d une faible capacité d adaptation. Le principe sous-jacent de la mise en œuvre des projets est un ensemble d actions innovantes mais pragmatiques. Celles-ci incluent une génération et une diffusion informées de haut en bas mais adaptées aux utilisateurs de services climatologiques, un effort ciblé pour soutenir les actions d adaptation au changement climatique au niveau communautaire, et une génération de connaissances, de sensibilisation et de bonnes prises de décisions, qui, prises ensemble, contribueront à créer un environnement propice à l’action climatique sur l’Ile-Mbamou.', 'Celles-ci incluent une génération et une diffusion informées de haut en bas mais adaptées aux utilisateurs de services climatologiques, un effort ciblé pour soutenir les actions d adaptation au changement climatique au niveau communautaire, et une génération de connaissances, de sensibilisation et de bonnes prises de décisions, qui, prises ensemble, contribueront à créer un environnement propice à l’action climatique sur l’Ile-Mbamou. Le projet FVC proposé soutiendra 5 000 bénéficiaires directs (200 ménages) et 70 000 bénéficiaires indirects dans les villages de l’Ile-Mbamou à travers la mise en œuvre des quatre composantes interdépendantes suivantes : 1. Services climatologiques pour aider les communautés rurales vulnérables à planifier et gérer les risques climatiques et l augmentation de la variabilité météorologique ; 2.', 'Services climatologiques pour aider les communautés rurales vulnérables à planifier et gérer les risques climatiques et l augmentation de la variabilité météorologique ; 2. Renforcement et diversification des moyens d existence pour accroître la capacité d adaptation des groupes vulnérables et renforcer la résilience des communautés ; et 3. Renforcement des capacités et aide à la décision pour renforcer l action climatique en utilisant une approche multisectorielle ; 4. Mise en valeur et promotion des activités touristiques sur l’île.', 'Mise en valeur et promotion des activités touristiques sur l’île. Les quatre composantes sont conçues pour créer des synergies et optimiser les investissements réalisés dans chaque composante afin de contribuer conjointement à l objectif global du projet, contribuant ainsi à une plus grande efficacité, un impact et une durabilité à plus long terme.CONCLUSION La présente CDN de la République du Congo qui a connu participation effective des parties prenantes nationales et des partenaires techniques et financiers, a été réalisée dans un contexte caractérisé par la crise économique (avec la baisse drastique des prix des matières premières) et la crise sanitaire (avec la pandémie de la COVID 19).', 'Les quatre composantes sont conçues pour créer des synergies et optimiser les investissements réalisés dans chaque composante afin de contribuer conjointement à l objectif global du projet, contribuant ainsi à une plus grande efficacité, un impact et une durabilité à plus long terme.CONCLUSION La présente CDN de la République du Congo qui a connu participation effective des parties prenantes nationales et des partenaires techniques et financiers, a été réalisée dans un contexte caractérisé par la crise économique (avec la baisse drastique des prix des matières premières) et la crise sanitaire (avec la pandémie de la COVID 19). En dépit de ces crises sans précédentes, qui réduise drastiquement les capacités financières du pays, le Gouvernement et les autres parties prenantes s’engagent à rehausser l’ambition nationale en matière de réduction des émissions.', 'En dépit de ces crises sans précédentes, qui réduise drastiquement les capacités financières du pays, le Gouvernement et les autres parties prenantes s’engagent à rehausser l’ambition nationale en matière de réduction des émissions. Cet engagement ne devrait en aucun cas compromettre le développement socio-économique du pays. Les parties prenantes nationales qui s’engagent à mettre en œuvre la CDN de 2021 en à cœur le préambule de la Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), qui souligne que « les mesures prises pour parer aux changements climatiques doivent être étroitement coordonnées avec le développement social et économique afin d éviter toute incidence néfaste, compte tenu des besoins prioritaires légitimes des pays en développement, à savoir une croissance économique durable et l éradication de la pauvreté.', 'Les parties prenantes nationales qui s’engagent à mettre en œuvre la CDN de 2021 en à cœur le préambule de la Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), qui souligne que « les mesures prises pour parer aux changements climatiques doivent être étroitement coordonnées avec le développement social et économique afin d éviter toute incidence néfaste, compte tenu des besoins prioritaires légitimes des pays en développement, à savoir une croissance économique durable et l éradication de la pauvreté. Elles ont aussi conscience que l’article 2 de la convention sus-citée, précise ce qui suit : « L objectif ultime de la présente Convention et de tous instruments juridiques connexes que la Conférence des Parties pourrait adopter est de stabiliser, conformément aux dispositions pertinentes de la Convention, les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique.', 'Elles ont aussi conscience que l’article 2 de la convention sus-citée, précise ce qui suit : « L objectif ultime de la présente Convention et de tous instruments juridiques connexes que la Conférence des Parties pourrait adopter est de stabiliser, conformément aux dispositions pertinentes de la Convention, les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique. Il conviendra d atteindre ce niveau dans un délai suffisant pour que les écosystèmes puissent s adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre d une manière durable. Le préambule de l’accord de Paris souligne que les changements climatiques sont un sujet de préoccupation pour l’humanité tout entière.', 'Le préambule de l’accord de Paris souligne que les changements climatiques sont un sujet de préoccupation pour l’humanité tout entière. Les pays devraient dans leurs mesures face aux changements climatiques, prendre en considération leurs obligations respectives concernant les droits de l’homme, le droit à la santé, les droits des peuples autochtones, des communautés locales, des migrants, des enfants, des personnes handicapées et des personnes en situation vulnérable, et le droit au développement, ainsi que l’égalité des sexes, l’autonomisation des femmes et l’équité entre les générations.', 'Les pays devraient dans leurs mesures face aux changements climatiques, prendre en considération leurs obligations respectives concernant les droits de l’homme, le droit à la santé, les droits des peuples autochtones, des communautés locales, des migrants, des enfants, des personnes handicapées et des personnes en situation vulnérable, et le droit au développement, ainsi que l’égalité des sexes, l’autonomisation des femmes et l’équité entre les générations. C’est sur ces principes que les parties prenantes nationales s’emploieront à mettre en œuvre la CDN, tant dans son scénario conditionnel que dans le scénario inconditionnel.REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO Unité * Travail * Progrès MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT, DU DEVELOPPMENT DURABLE ET DU BASSIN DU CONGO Document élaboré avec l’appui du PNUD dans le cadre de l’initiative Promesse Climat.']

fr-FR

COK

Cook Islands

1st NDC

2016-09-01 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Cook%20Islands%20INDCsFINAL7Nov.pdf

Non-Annex I

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/8610c142de388e568cc3251d176592498bb70a421820a948db8bfb5296571da8.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS COOK ISLANDS Introduction The Cook Islands is a small island developing state comprising of 15 small islands with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of nearly 2 million sq km in the South Pacific Ocean. Globally, the Cook Islands contributes to only 0.00012% of GHG emission, which is an insignificant amount relative to the total global emission of 2004 (IPCC Report, 2007). Yet, collectively, the consequences of the global emission via climate change is detrimental to ecosystems, infrastructures, economy, and therefore the livelihood of Cook Islanders.', 'Yet, collectively, the consequences of the global emission via climate change is detrimental to ecosystems, infrastructures, economy, and therefore the livelihood of Cook Islanders. The Cook Islands has carved a pathway of low carbon development to strengthen climate resilience and further reduce its carbon footprint to achieve its national vision, which is ‘to enjoy the highest quality of life consistent with the aspirations of our people, and in harmony with our culture and environment . The Cook Islands believes that by aspiring to its national vision it is striving to keep the overall global average temperature rise below 1.5 degrees Celsius.', 'The Cook Islands believes that by aspiring to its national vision it is striving to keep the overall global average temperature rise below 1.5 degrees Celsius. Mitigation Based on the 2006 GHG inventory, the Cook Islands’ emission was estimated at 69,574 t CO2 –e, which contributes to 0.00012% of the 2004 global GHG emission (IPCC, 2007). The energy sector alone contributed 79% of the total emission for 2006, with 34% attributed to electricity generation (Figure 1). Figure 1.', 'The energy sector alone contributed 79% of the total emission for 2006, with 34% attributed to electricity generation (Figure 1). Figure 1. Breakdown in national emission by activity for 2006 (Second National Communications, 2011) Electricity Road transport Domestic aviation Livestock farming Waste water treatment & discharge Nitrous oxide from farm soils HFC gases used for coolants Residential energy use Domestic shippingThe Cook Islands is committed to a future powered by renewable energy with targets of 50% of islands transformed from diesel based to renewable sourced electricity by 2015, to 100% coverage by 2020 (Cook Islands Renewable Electricity Chart, 2011). To date, the Cook Islands has achieved its 50% target and is on track to achieving the 2020 target.', 'To date, the Cook Islands has achieved its 50% target and is on track to achieving the 2020 target. Using 2006 as the base year, emission from electricity generation will be reduced by 38% by 2020 (Figure 2). The Cook Islands has formally submitted a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for supporting implementation of 100% renewable electricity by 2020. To ensure sustainability and the credibility of its efforts, the Cook Islands will endeavour to put in place the appropriate structures to monitor, evaluate and pursue value added activities.', 'To ensure sustainability and the credibility of its efforts, the Cook Islands will endeavour to put in place the appropriate structures to monitor, evaluate and pursue value added activities. These will include inter alia undertake the construction of additional and new grid storage, integration of improved energy efficiency and new technologies, technology transfer, and strengthening capacities for overall sustainability and co-benefits. This would reduce emissions from electricity generation by a further 43%, totalling an 81% emissions reduction by 2030 (relative to 2006). This further reduction is conditional on receiving external support. Figure 2. Electricity emission from 1994 to 2014. The Cook Islands base year is 2006 (blue dash line) and an unconditional target of 38% reduction by 2020.', 'The Cook Islands base year is 2006 (blue dash line) and an unconditional target of 38% reduction by 2020. A conditional reduction of 43% by 2030, making a total reduction of 81% in the electricity sub sector. Given that the transport sub sector is the second highest GHG emitter in the Cook Islands, the Customs Tariff Act 2012 establishes noteworthy duty rates on the importation of motor vehicles. Additionally, the Cook Islands is looking to embrace proven low carbon transport technologies and is currently exploring the most effective incentives for promotion of transition towards clean energy transportation. This will further reduce our overall emissions, conditional on external support.', 'This will further reduce our overall emissions, conditional on external support. Adaptation Unconditional Given the Cook Islands size, vulnerabilities, limited resources, and capacities whilst noting also its special circumstances, designating its entire EEZ of almost two million sq km as a marine park is evidence of national commitment to the global effort to building the resilience of marine ecosystems. The country has developed key plans and policies that articulate its priorities to reduce vulnerability and strengthen resilience. This includes the first 20 year national vision Te Kaveinga Nui , accompanied by the first National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2007-2010, and subsequently the second NSDP 2011-2015 with the latest 2015-2020 to follow.', 'This includes the first 20 year national vision Te Kaveinga Nui , accompanied by the first National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2007-2010, and subsequently the second NSDP 2011-2015 with the latest 2015-2020 to follow. The Joint National Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Plan (JNAP) is afive-year (2011–2015) roadmap that is currently being updated to 2020. The Climate and Disaster Compatible Development Policy 2013-2016, provide direction for more coordinated adaptation and mitigation actions within and across all sectors. The Renewable Energy Chart provides the pathway of transforming the electricity sector from diesel based to renewable energy sources.', 'The Renewable Energy Chart provides the pathway of transforming the electricity sector from diesel based to renewable energy sources. The Cook Islands is confident that its existing frameworks and robust systems guiding ongoing climate change mitigation and adaptation measures are considerable, and its commitments are ambitious to the global goal despite its unique circumstances. Conditional Note that Loss and Damage is not factored into the policy and planning processes outlined above. Nor are the full costs associated with building resilience to climate change, which the Cook Islands expects will be covered by the international community over time. The Cook Islands is confident that its strategies and policies pre 2020 and post 2020 will reduce and offset its carbon emissions and strengthen resilience.', 'The Cook Islands is confident that its strategies and policies pre 2020 and post 2020 will reduce and offset its carbon emissions and strengthen resilience. These actions include inter alia coastal protection, water security, agriculture, forestry, marine conservation, waste, tourism and land management. The Cook Islands is confident that it can deliver 100 per cent of its adaptation measures, provide tools and technologies and strengthen capacities in all its inhabited islands, conditional to external support. Cook Islands reserves the right to adjust this target and its parameters subject to the outcome of COP21 and to external support.', 'Cook Islands reserves the right to adjust this target and its parameters subject to the outcome of COP21 and to external support. A fair and ambitious contribution under the Convention Cook Islands intended nationally determined contribution is fair, ambitious and responsible given its special circumstances and considering that its total global GHG emission is negligible.']

en-US

CRI

Costa Rica

1st NDC

2016-10-13 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Costa%20Rica%20Version%202%200%20final%20ENG.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/48215343ff2fd7ab3978ae9c5f6e04b507f6dace43b9b5683574a381714a158e.pdf

['Government of Costa Rica Ministry of Environment and Energy COSTA RICA’s INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION San José,A CLIMATE ACTION FOR A LOW EMISSION AND RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT The changes in the world’s climate are a reality happening today. It becomes clearer, every day, that this phenomenon will have a larger impact on the country’s development, which is why, the National Development Plan sets, very clearly, climate change as cornerstone of every strategic action to be performed during the next four years. As part of our international commitment, Costa Rica is presenting its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) under the United Nation’s Convention framework for Climate Change, which defines our commitment to climate action from now and until the year 2030.', 'As part of our international commitment, Costa Rica is presenting its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) under the United Nation’s Convention framework for Climate Change, which defines our commitment to climate action from now and until the year 2030. Costa Rica will center its climate change actions on increasing society’s resilience to the impact of climate change and strengthening the country’s capacity for a low emission development on the long term. Costa Rica will strengthen its climate action with efforts in reduction of emission of greenhouse effect gases, following scientific suggestions of what would be necessary to avoid the worst effect of climate change.', 'Costa Rica will strengthen its climate action with efforts in reduction of emission of greenhouse effect gases, following scientific suggestions of what would be necessary to avoid the worst effect of climate change. Climate action will be based on balanced efforts of adaptation to ensure that communities, especially vulnerable communities, become resilient to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Costa Rica is looking into becoming a laboratory for the world’s economy deep de-carbonization process, working with civil society, the private sector, academia, and the international community in order to accomplish it. Costa Rica has a long standing tradition of innovation on hydroelectric generation, in conservation and specially, on matters of climate change.', 'Costa Rica has a long standing tradition of innovation on hydroelectric generation, in conservation and specially, on matters of climate change. This tradition is well evidenced in the country’s commitment towards the United Nations’ Framework Convention for Climate Change (CMNUCC), to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system and the goal of “keeping the average temperature increase leveled at 2o and consider reducing this limit to 1.5o”. To accomplish it, global emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) need to stay below a total of 1000 Giga-tons of CO2 from 2012. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) represent the effort each country is willing to commit to build a new climate regime past 2020, based on their capacity and reality.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) represent the effort each country is willing to commit to build a new climate regime past 2020, based on their capacity and reality. To stay within the limits recommended by scientists to be able to accomplish this goal, such regime would have to be ambitious, be legally binding, set a fair price for carbon and have the necessary means of implementation to address climate change challenges. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS First, Costa Rica would like to reaffirm its aspiration of becoming a Carbon Neutral economy starting year 2021, as a culmination of its voluntary, pre-2020 action. Under this early action, Costa Rica proposed since 2007 to compensate its emissions through the removal or offsettingby the forest sector.', 'Under this early action, Costa Rica proposed since 2007 to compensate its emissions through the removal or offsettingby the forest sector. The goal proposed to achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2021 with total net emissions comparable to total emissions in 2005. Since then, the mitigation goals agreed by the Conference of the Parties have evolved, and the mitigation efforts must aspire to maintain the mean global temperature below 2°C. In this National Contribution, the date of 2021 will become the turning point Costa Rica’s emissions, as a continuation of its voluntary action and a landmark in the path towards de-carbonizing the economy.', 'In this National Contribution, the date of 2021 will become the turning point Costa Rica’s emissions, as a continuation of its voluntary action and a landmark in the path towards de-carbonizing the economy. Second, the country is committed to a maximum of 9,374,000 T CO2eq net emissions by 2030, with proposed emissions per capita of 1.73 net tons by 2030, 1.19 Net Tons per Capita by 2050 and -0.27 Net Tons per Capita by 2100. This numbers are consistent with the necessary global path to comply with 2°C goal. Costa Rica’s commitment includes an emissions reduction of GHG of 44%, of a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, and a reduction of 25% of emission compared to 2012 emissions.', 'Costa Rica’s commitment includes an emissions reduction of GHG of 44%, of a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, and a reduction of 25% of emission compared to 2012 emissions. To accomplish this goal Costa Rica would have to reduce 170,500 tons of GHG per year until the year 2030. Image 1. Total Net Emissions of GEG projected for Costa Rica 2012-20501 Proposed mitigation activities and context can be found in Appendix 1. Type 1 This chart is a lineal extrapolation of emission based on our Greenhouse Effect Gas National Inventory of 2012 and extended towards our goal in emissions for the year 2050. As a lineal representation, it shows a de-carbonization between 2012 and 2015 that has not happen.', 'As a lineal representation, it shows a de-carbonization between 2012 and 2015 that has not happen. The numbers will be updated based on the Bi-annual Update (BUR) set for the end of 2015. - Trayectoria de Emisiones (T CO2e) Projected EmissionsMaximum Net Emissions Limit for Greenhouse Gases. Scope 100% of national emissions accounted for in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Gases Included ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) ● Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) ● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ● Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Period Absolut Maximum Limit e by 2030 Transparency and Accountability Costa Rica has adopted an Open Government policy. It is looking into strengthening accountability mechanisms, information access and availability, and citizen participation.', 'It is looking into strengthening accountability mechanisms, information access and availability, and citizen participation. The National Environmental Information System (SINIA) was created under the National Geo- Environmental Information Center (CENIGA) at the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and is hoping to promote an open data policy for all relevant climate information available for any citizen. There will be, as well, two open participation councils, one technical-scientific and one multi-stakeholder platform which will accompany the government’s climate planning and management.', 'There will be, as well, two open participation councils, one technical-scientific and one multi-stakeholder platform which will accompany the government’s climate planning and management. Methodological Approximations and Assumptions ● The Paris Agreement coming out of the COP21, will be legally binding for Costa Rica starting in 2020, and it will comply with the necessary requirements to achieve a low emissions development ● Costa Rica’s emissions reduction goals will be driven by national scientific consensus, validated by the Intergovernmental Climate Change Panel’s criteria. They may be modified as needed as new scientific information becomes available.', 'They may be modified as needed as new scientific information becomes available. ● National Contribution is based on two complementary methodology approaches, a deductive one, based on future emissions scenarios modeling (forecasting) and the other one, inductive, based on the emissions goal for 2050 and which, determines a lineal reduction of emissions necessary to accomplish it (backcasting).● The AFOLU sector (agriculture, forestry, other land use) is included in the national goal for the Contribution. Costa Rica has been significantly improving metrics to quantify emissions and fixation in these sectors. Costa Rica will continue with improvements in metrics, deriving verifiable information through pilot actions such as NAMAs, Low Carbon Sector Strategies and the National REDD+ strategy, to define, with better accuracy, the sector contributions towards the National Contribution.', 'Costa Rica will continue with improvements in metrics, deriving verifiable information through pilot actions such as NAMAs, Low Carbon Sector Strategies and the National REDD+ strategy, to define, with better accuracy, the sector contributions towards the National Contribution. Using the International Market Mechanism Costa Rica reserves its sovereign right to use international compensation units to accomplish its goals within the National Contribution or, as well, within its Domestic Compensation Market. Any compensation units traded abroad will be registered in the National Emissions Inventory to avoid double accounting. CONTRIBUTION IN ADAPTATION Costa Rica has included an Adaptation to Climate Change component in its National Contribution, with clear commitments for 2030. The country is currently designing a road map for its National Adaptation Plan, and is committed to develop it before 2018.', 'The country is currently designing a road map for its National Adaptation Plan, and is committed to develop it before 2018. The country will continue with its Green and Inclusive Development policy through local actions in adaptation, such as, inter alia, the strengthening of conservation programs and expanding the environmental services payments program to include Ecosystem based Adaptation. Also, Costa Rica will continue to promote renewable energies, integral environment management through agro-forestry systems and watershed management, as well as municipal land use planning as tools to lower long term vulnerabilities of its population, enhance its food security and the resilience of its infrastructure.', 'Also, Costa Rica will continue to promote renewable energies, integral environment management through agro-forestry systems and watershed management, as well as municipal land use planning as tools to lower long term vulnerabilities of its population, enhance its food security and the resilience of its infrastructure. Climate Change Adaptation will have as one of its components the National Disaster Risk Management Policy, through capacity building for resilience and technology transfer (refer to Appendix 2 for more details on Contributions on Adaptation). NATIONAL SETTING Costa Rica has a century old tradition of investment in public education, and it’s one of the few countries in Latin America to invest 8% of GDP in public education.', 'NATIONAL SETTING Costa Rica has a century old tradition of investment in public education, and it’s one of the few countries in Latin America to invest 8% of GDP in public education. This becomes a unique opportunity to use that installed capacity to educate Costa Rican citizens of today and strengthen university research to develop science and technology needed to support the mitigation and adaptation goals proposed in the National Contribution. Over a century ago, Costa Rica, decided to take advantage of its hydro potential for generation, long before climate change was a critical element in decision making.', 'Over a century ago, Costa Rica, decided to take advantage of its hydro potential for generation, long before climate change was a critical element in decision making. Today, Costa Rica’s installed capacity for electricity generation in predominantly renewable, a product of 115 years of public investment and innovating policies to supply electricity to more than 98% of Costa Ricans. In the 1970s, the National Park Service was created, today; its protected areas cover25% of the territory and serve as an international tourism attraction, one of today’s main income activities for the country. Costa Rica selected from very early moments a path of sustainable development to provide wellness to its citizens of today and the future.', 'Costa Rica selected from very early moments a path of sustainable development to provide wellness to its citizens of today and the future. This path has taken the country in a continuous innovation and experimentation, where science has helped adjust periodically the public policy and development strategies’ goals. During the nineties, Costa Rica contributed to the global awareness on climate change, becoming part of the first joint implementation projects, helping use market tools and approaches to finance forestry activities even before the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism was adopted. Among some of these first projects, led to the internalization of environmental costs, through a pioneering Environmental Services Payment program (PSA).', 'Among some of these first projects, led to the internalization of environmental costs, through a pioneering Environmental Services Payment program (PSA). This last program became a world standard in matters of use of market mechanisms for forest conservation, which, together with the National Conservation Areas System (SINAC) and Forestry law #7575 of February 16th 1996, allowed Costa Rica to achieve a 52.4% of forest coverage by 2013. The total stock carbon stock, according to the national forestry inventory comes to 804,593,099 tons of carbon, 52% of which is contained underground.', 'The total stock carbon stock, according to the national forestry inventory comes to 804,593,099 tons of carbon, 52% of which is contained underground. The additional carbon dioxide sequestration potential is being evaluated under the light of more detailed metrics, the role of results-based-payments for reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation, the role of increased carbon stocks, carbon stock conservation and sustainable forest management which must be adapted to emerging objectives and requirements. Since 1990, Costa Rica has performed six emissions inventories for GHG led by the National Meteorology Institute (IMN). The definition of sound metrics based on methodologies sanctioned by the IPCC has helped build this national contribution based on accurate and verifiable data.', 'The definition of sound metrics based on methodologies sanctioned by the IPCC has helped build this national contribution based on accurate and verifiable data. A broad-based consultation process allowed for different sectors to provide inputs into this national effort, and be able to define their own internal policies for mitigation and adaptation. In 2007, Costa Rica´s National Climate Change Strategy was launched, supported by the creation of a Climate Change Department at the MINAE (Ministry of Environment and Energy), in charge of implementing and following up on international commitments and implementation of policies. Among these policies, Costa Rica announced its goal of achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2021, which aims to lower the country’s net emissions to the levels of 2005.', 'Among these policies, Costa Rica announced its goal of achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2021, which aims to lower the country’s net emissions to the levels of 2005. Through its C- Neutral Country Program, organizations may be awarded a C-Neutral Certification after submitting to an emissions assessment based on agreed standards and a reduction activities evaluation. This program offers the opportunity to compensate emissions, which could not be reduced due to financial balance or technology barriers, by offsetting them through investment in environmental services programs such as National Forestry Finance Fund (FONAFIFO). New options for compensation should be also made available through the Domestic Carbon Market of Costa Rica, which is in a pre-operation stage, by designing regulations, procedures and protocols.', 'New options for compensation should be also made available through the Domestic Carbon Market of Costa Rica, which is in a pre-operation stage, by designing regulations, procedures and protocols. MINAE is developing the regulatory framework and designing which institutions would be responsible for domestic market regulation. Costa Rica reserves the right to use the Domestic Carbon Market as an instrument to accomplish its mitigation goals, as a complement to national and sectorial policies for emissions reduction.The National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) which the MINAE has been developing, since 2010, is currently developing its Emissions Reduction Program under the Carbon Fund (FCPF), known as the National REDD+ Strategy since 2010.', 'Costa Rica reserves the right to use the Domestic Carbon Market as an instrument to accomplish its mitigation goals, as a complement to national and sectorial policies for emissions reduction.The National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) which the MINAE has been developing, since 2010, is currently developing its Emissions Reduction Program under the Carbon Fund (FCPF), known as the National REDD+ Strategy since 2010. Therefore, if Costa Rica receives payments for emission reduction from the Carbon Fund, it is expected for these carbon credits to be accounted starting in 2010.', 'Therefore, if Costa Rica receives payments for emission reduction from the Carbon Fund, it is expected for these carbon credits to be accounted starting in 2010. The metrics to assess the potential for removals through forest sinks in Costa Rica is currently under review and in continuous improvement by the country’s authorities, this data will be adjusted as part of the preparation of the Emissions Reduction Program (ERPA) of the Carbon Fund (FCPF). PLANNING PROCESS As a pioneer country in the search for alternative ways for decarbonizing the economy, Costa Rica has a range of political instruments, both in mitigation and adaptation.', 'PLANNING PROCESS As a pioneer country in the search for alternative ways for decarbonizing the economy, Costa Rica has a range of political instruments, both in mitigation and adaptation. In 2011, Costa Rica presented its Technological Needs Assessment (TNA) which posted a strategy for technological transfer and access to support greenhouse gas mitigation (GHG), and reduce vulnerability to adverse effects of climate change. In this evaluation, the following sectors and climate actions where prioritized: Public Transportation Integration and Decongestion, and Energy Conservation and Efficiency. In adaptation, two approaches were proposed, the adaptive co-management at the watershed level and detailed (sub-national) climate change scenarios. One of the approaches proposed with impacts both in mitigation and adaptation: Sustainable Agricultural Production.', 'One of the approaches proposed with impacts both in mitigation and adaptation: Sustainable Agricultural Production. Costa Rica has been reforming the structure of its Executive branch, especially, through the Environmental Law of 1995, which created the National Environmental Council. Almost a decade after this law, in 2014, a new structure for the executive branch was proposed, creating, among other organizations, the Environment, Energy, Sea and Land Use Sector Council, which brings together 14 autonomous and government organizations responsible for environmental policy. This Sectoral Council for the Environment has climate change and land use planning as its cornerstones.', 'This Sectoral Council for the Environment has climate change and land use planning as its cornerstones. A Climate Change Department under the Strategic Planning Department of the Environment and Energy Ministry, will work as a Secretariat to the Inter-ministerial Council for Climate Change, facilitating coordination between ministries to implement national and sectorial climate policies. The Inter-ministerial Council for Climate Change was created through the Executive Decree #35669 of January 6th of 2010, which defines the MINAE’s Organic Regulation and appoints MINAE’s Climate Change Department as the entity in charge of implementing climate change policies. The 2015-2018 National Development Plan sets the main policy objectives for the Solis Rivera Administration.', 'The 2015-2018 National Development Plan sets the main policy objectives for the Solis Rivera Administration. In matters of climate change, the National Development Plan proposes as a strategic objective the promotion of actions against global climate change, through citizen participation, technology changes, innovation, research, and knowledge to guarantee security, human safety and the country’s competitiveness.For such purpose, under the 2015-2018 National Development Plan, there are two relevant results relevant to climate change policies: 1. Reduce climate change’s impact and variability, increasing the adaptive capacity and disaster risk management, providing better resilience to vulnerable sectors. 2.', 'Reduce climate change’s impact and variability, increasing the adaptive capacity and disaster risk management, providing better resilience to vulnerable sectors. 2. Support the key sector emission reduction activities (transport, energy, agriculture, solid waste) to drive the low emission development transformation process to achieve the county’s Carbon-neutral goal within National Contribution framework under the Climate Change Convention Framework of the United Nations. As part of its “Open Government” policy, during 2015, a number of sector-wide dialogues were organized by Costa Rica’s government, bringing together key stakeholders to discuss the country’s greenhouse effect gas reduction goals, within the INDCs context. Theses dialogues have enabled a clearer definitions of the sectoral plans and programs needed to accomplish the country’s climate action goals.', 'Theses dialogues have enabled a clearer definitions of the sectoral plans and programs needed to accomplish the country’s climate action goals. The Climate Change Policy derived from the acquired commitments within this National Contribution, has a multi-sector focus, since we all agree that climate change, more than just and environmental problem, is a development matter which requires effective climate actions through activities in the transportation, energy, forestry, agricultural, livestock and waste management sectors. This will require strengthening the inter-sectorial coordination platforms, such as, the National Environmental Council, the Environment, Energy, Sea and Land Use Sectorial Council, and the Inter-ministerial Council for Climate Change.', 'This will require strengthening the inter-sectorial coordination platforms, such as, the National Environmental Council, the Environment, Energy, Sea and Land Use Sectorial Council, and the Inter-ministerial Council for Climate Change. The VIIth National Energy Plan 2015-2030, sets a clear path towards a low emission development pathways by strengthening policies on energy efficiency and the promotion of renewable energies. Confirms the country’s commitment to accomplish better energy efficiency, both in energy use and fuel end-use. In 2015, the Joint Commission between the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Agriculture was created to develop a common Agro-Environmental Agenda. The Vice-Ministries of Energy and Transportation have created an Ad-Hoc coordination mechanism which has allowed a better implementation of energy efficiency and mitigation policies within the transport sector.', 'The Vice-Ministries of Energy and Transportation have created an Ad-Hoc coordination mechanism which has allowed a better implementation of energy efficiency and mitigation policies within the transport sector. This change, within the country’s energy sector, was fully supported during the sectorial round tables. MINAE has also launched its Biodiversity National Strategy, which will have important components and relevant action to the country’s mitigation and adaptation goals. The National Action Plan was also used to fight land degradation, which will have significant contributions to rural environment management in mitigation and adaptation. As previously mentioned, Costa Rica reserves the right to use market mechanisms to accomplish its mitigation goals.', 'As previously mentioned, Costa Rica reserves the right to use market mechanisms to accomplish its mitigation goals. MINAE’s Executive Decree #37926-MINAE of November 11th of 2013, creates a Carbon Board, and decrees the Operation and Regulation of the Domestic Carbon Market, and MINAE’s decree #39099-MINAE of September 10th of 2015, outlining the Structure, Guidelines and Requirements to introduce actions into the Domestic Carbon Market and its digital access. These market mechanisms will be restructured to optimize them into an inter-sectorial implementation mechanism complementary to the previously mentionedinstitutional management driven by National Contribution and the Post 2020 International Climate Regime. In summary, the National Contribution will be implemented by the following entities: 1.', 'In summary, the National Contribution will be implemented by the following entities: 1. Inter-Ministerial Council for Climate Change, which will allow to discuss, define, and follow up on climate change policies. 2. Ad-Hoc Operational Coordination Mechanism such as: Joint Commissions (agriculture and forestry, transportation and energy), which will coordinate the inter-sectorial implementation agendas under the National Climate Change Strategy. 3. MINAE’s Climate Change Department, in charge of coordinating the implementation of the National Climate Change Strategy and supervising the definition of technical standards, closely coordinated with other sectorial directions and institutions related to MINAE (Energy Department, National Meteorological Institute, National Forestry Finance Fund, National Conservation Areas System, National Forestry Administration, among others). 4.', 'MINAE’s Climate Change Department, in charge of coordinating the implementation of the National Climate Change Strategy and supervising the definition of technical standards, closely coordinated with other sectorial directions and institutions related to MINAE (Energy Department, National Meteorological Institute, National Forestry Finance Fund, National Conservation Areas System, National Forestry Administration, among others). 4. The Climate Change Scientific Council will be created to advise the Environmental Sector Council, particularly its lead Ministry (MINAE). This Council will include international and national experts and academics, as well as members of the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), from the National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), from the National Council of Universities (CONARE), and from the National Geo- Environmental Information Center (CENIGA). 5.', 'This Council will include international and national experts and academics, as well as members of the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), from the National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), from the National Council of Universities (CONARE), and from the National Geo- Environmental Information Center (CENIGA). 5. The Climate Change Citizen Consultation Council, which will create a permanent citizen participation forum on climate change, with wide private sector participation, organized civil society and academia to provide continuity to subjects and workgroups emerging from the sectorial forums in climate change.', 'The Climate Change Citizen Consultation Council, which will create a permanent citizen participation forum on climate change, with wide private sector participation, organized civil society and academia to provide continuity to subjects and workgroups emerging from the sectorial forums in climate change. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Under the Paris Agreement reached at COP21, Costa Rica will be part of, starting in 2016 and until 2020, a process of legal, institutional and organizational change in order to facilitate the implementation of this National Contribution starting in January 1st of 2021.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Under the Paris Agreement reached at COP21, Costa Rica will be part of, starting in 2016 and until 2020, a process of legal, institutional and organizational change in order to facilitate the implementation of this National Contribution starting in January 1st of 2021. The pre-2020 period will be critical to improve metrics, test new productive low emission practices through NAMAs and the low emission sector-wide development strategies, and to develop the National Adaptation Plan, and to fine tune and negotiate the regulatory and institutional framework required to be able to implement these new climate change policies. The 2015-2020 period will also be used to align the allocation of financial resources with the mitigation and adaptation goals proposed in the National Contribution.', 'The 2015-2020 period will also be used to align the allocation of financial resources with the mitigation and adaptation goals proposed in the National Contribution. Although Costa Rica has been able to sustain a Sustainable Development Policy over the past decades, this would not have been possible without access to adequate means of implementation. This National Contribution will require renewed efforts in the allocation of financial, technical and institutional capacity development in order to improve its emission reduction and climate change adaptation technology access.In terms of financial resources, the emission reduction goal definition process, coordinated by MINAE, allowed for a first review of the marginal abatement costs of the identified main mitigation measures.', 'This National Contribution will require renewed efforts in the allocation of financial, technical and institutional capacity development in order to improve its emission reduction and climate change adaptation technology access.In terms of financial resources, the emission reduction goal definition process, coordinated by MINAE, allowed for a first review of the marginal abatement costs of the identified main mitigation measures. This review will become an important input for the definition of investment priorities within the most critical sectors for mitigation, such as transportation, energy and agricultural sectors. As an example, the construction of an inter-city electric train will require both fiscal resources as well as external financial resources that will need to be developed.', 'As an example, the construction of an inter-city electric train will require both fiscal resources as well as external financial resources that will need to be developed. As well, a cost estimate of the main adaptation measures will be performed within the drafting of the National Adaptation Plan. Costa Rica has made headway in the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and its recently approved readiness program will help to create the institutional and fiduciary structures and mechanism required for managing this new fund. These methods include the development of the technical and scientific capacity of the country, with a co- investment in research and development.', 'These methods include the development of the technical and scientific capacity of the country, with a co- investment in research and development. Through the Scientific Council, the Citizen Consultation Council and other ad hoc entities, Costa Rica will review the metrics and goal agreed upon for emission reduction and define the dates for the sector’s carbon neutrality, under a focus of continuous improvement. The Sectorial Dialogues on Climate Change organized during 2015 identified key measures for emission reduction by sector which will require additional policy planning and management processes supported on the inter-ministry coordination mechanisms mentioned above.', 'The Sectorial Dialogues on Climate Change organized during 2015 identified key measures for emission reduction by sector which will require additional policy planning and management processes supported on the inter-ministry coordination mechanisms mentioned above. These key climate change policies will build upon the consensus achieved within the different sectors on the road map for the National Contribution and will help deliver on the climate actions needed to make Costa Rica’s de-carbonization pathway and its Climate Change Adaptation Plan a reality. We expect to take full advantage of the existing institutional mechanisms, while continuing with design, application and collaborative evaluation of climate policies.', 'We expect to take full advantage of the existing institutional mechanisms, while continuing with design, application and collaborative evaluation of climate policies. The government will confirm its role as a facilitator of enabling conditions which will allow the different sectors, communities and society in general define their mitigation and adaptation goals, based on their own economic, social and cultural, gender sensitive options for the wellbeing of a low emission economy. EQUITY AND AMBITION Costa Rica believes its contribution is ambitious because it proposes a transformation into a low emissions economy. We have to consider the wide range of climate actions, adopted from very early on, to align Costa Rica onto a path consistent with a resilient, low emissions development.', 'We have to consider the wide range of climate actions, adopted from very early on, to align Costa Rica onto a path consistent with a resilient, low emissions development. The National Contribution looks to reinforce this historical commitment, increasing its emissions reduction goals to go beyond emission compensation from avoided deforestation, promote a low emission development, not only in the electricity sector, but also, in the transportation, agricultural and urban waste management sectors. Costa Rica’s long term goal is challenging because it’s looking to accomplish zero net emissions by 2085, with several opportunities to periodically review the national and sector strategies to ensure this long term goal. Costa Rica’s size located between two oceans make it a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Costa Rica’s size located between two oceans make it a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change. The adaptation goals proposed in this National Contributiontry to confront the challenge of recurrent loss and damage due to extreme hydro-meteorological events. This National Contribution looks to strengthen the country’s adaptation capacity, through an effective risk and adaptation management based in both the community and the ecosystems. Both climate policies and the actions that derive from them will base themselves in the country’s historical commitment to universal human rights and gender equality principles. Costa Rica favors a transformational approach to gender in public climate change policy, and supports the participation of women in policy making and climate actions implementation.', 'Costa Rica favors a transformational approach to gender in public climate change policy, and supports the participation of women in policy making and climate actions implementation. This will require a full compliance with Cancun’s safeguards on REDD, as well as, securing the indigenous people’s Prior, Free and Informed Consent. Also, it’s expected to increase citizen forums through the pre-2020 period to define the best climate governance arrangements to deliver on the commitments acquired in this National Contribution.APPENDIX 1: MITIGATION OPTIONS Costa Rica’s transition into a resilient and low emissions economy will require an integrated focus on energy and climate policy, based not only, on a cost-benefit analysis, but also on a broader assessment of the social and environmental costs of a sustainable development pathway.', 'Also, it’s expected to increase citizen forums through the pre-2020 period to define the best climate governance arrangements to deliver on the commitments acquired in this National Contribution.APPENDIX 1: MITIGATION OPTIONS Costa Rica’s transition into a resilient and low emissions economy will require an integrated focus on energy and climate policy, based not only, on a cost-benefit analysis, but also on a broader assessment of the social and environmental costs of a sustainable development pathway. The mitigation options proposed by Costa Rica in its National Contribution can be categorized into four broad policy options: Reducing energy demand and GHG emissions (Energy efficiency & conservation, low emissions development pathways) Decarbonizing energy supply (Electricity, liquids, gases) Fuel switching in end-uses (Buildings, transport, industry) Enhancing Carbon sinks (Land-use, reforestation) In the National Emissions Inventory of 2010, emissions from the energy are mostly caused by fossil fuels used in electric generation.', 'The mitigation options proposed by Costa Rica in its National Contribution can be categorized into four broad policy options: Reducing energy demand and GHG emissions (Energy efficiency & conservation, low emissions development pathways) Decarbonizing energy supply (Electricity, liquids, gases) Fuel switching in end-uses (Buildings, transport, industry) Enhancing Carbon sinks (Land-use, reforestation) In the National Emissions Inventory of 2010, emissions from the energy are mostly caused by fossil fuels used in electric generation. There are a lot of opportunities to work with the industrial sector on energy conservation and fuel switching in productive processes to reduce energy demand and decarbonize the energy supply. The VII National Energy Plan 2015-2030 defines energy efficiency and distributed generation as priorities.', 'The VII National Energy Plan 2015-2030 defines energy efficiency and distributed generation as priorities. The hopeful goal of this contribution is to achieve and maintain a 100% renewable energy matrix by 2030. The increase in energy efficiency in residential and industrial consumption will result in a reduced electrical demand from these sectors. On the other hand, we anticipate an increase in electricity consumption in the transportation sector. Most of the proposed emissions abatement measures hinge on a greater use of electric transportation, both public and private. These measures had a greater level of consensus in the transport and energy sector dialogues. Public Transportation needs to improve its fleet composition as well as its working design.', 'Public Transportation needs to improve its fleet composition as well as its working design. This can be accomplished through an Integrated Public Transportation system where routes are improved, train service strengthened, and availability of non-motorized transportation enhanced, etc. Costa Rica has made the intercity electric train a priority, which will provide a significant contribution to the country’s emission mitigation goals, creating new employment and low emissions mobility. It is necessary to improve the freight sector through multi-modal options. This will require an ambitious investment portfolio in sustainable transportation over the coming decades. The Costa Rican Agricultural sector is the second highest sector in compound emissions due to its Nitrous Oxide and Methane production.', 'The Costa Rican Agricultural sector is the second highest sector in compound emissions due to its Nitrous Oxide and Methane production. However, this is a sector that is looking earnestly into emission reduction through different measures which can both reduce emissions, while increasing productivity and the range of environmental services provided by agriculture and livestock production. During discussions with the agricultural sector, it was clear that an offer of environmental services requires investment, political will and a new inter-sectorial institutional arrangement.', 'During discussions with the agricultural sector, it was clear that an offer of environmental services requires investment, political will and a new inter-sectorial institutional arrangement. Among investment mechanisms available to improve acknowledgement of the agricultural sector’s contribution to emission reduction, the market may play an important role in financing, at the farm level, additional mitigation efforts, with a payment for results scheme,carbon auctions, and financial mechanism to promote initial investments and guarantee financial sustainability beyond international cooperation. The availability of credit and microcredit, as well as, incentives for clean energy use and water reductions will be critical to ensure the uptake of low emission technology development in the agricultural sector.', 'The availability of credit and microcredit, as well as, incentives for clean energy use and water reductions will be critical to ensure the uptake of low emission technology development in the agricultural sector. To be able to develop market incentives and commercialization of agricultural products with lower carbon footprint, it is necessary to strengthen local and national markets, with timely access to information. As an effort to improve inter-sector practice of mitigation measures and metrics, Costa Rica is promoting its NAMA in the coffee sector, and developing NAMA proposals for livestock and biomass, and for a very important sector of its economy, the Small and Medium Enterprises.', 'As an effort to improve inter-sector practice of mitigation measures and metrics, Costa Rica is promoting its NAMA in the coffee sector, and developing NAMA proposals for livestock and biomass, and for a very important sector of its economy, the Small and Medium Enterprises. The National Low Carbon Livestock Strategy sets goals for the country’s low carbon development in the milk and beef value chains, which will be benefited from technology and organizational innovation derived from the ongoing pilot programs within the Livestock NAMA. Other efforts such as the creation of a National Territorial Information System (SNIT), within the National Registry, should include land use change monitoring systems, which will significantly contribute to the Monitoring, Verifications and Reporting (MRV) systems improvement proposed under FONAFIFO’s Emission Reduction Program.', 'Other efforts such as the creation of a National Territorial Information System (SNIT), within the National Registry, should include land use change monitoring systems, which will significantly contribute to the Monitoring, Verifications and Reporting (MRV) systems improvement proposed under FONAFIFO’s Emission Reduction Program. Costa Rica is currently pursuing a green and inclusive development policy. The agricultural and forestry sectors share the same territory and require a harmonized environmental policy to be able to comply with rural development objectives, as well as, emission reduction and climate change adaptation. The integration of rural development agenda together with the REDD strategy will allow for an accurate and coordinated management of adaptation and mitigation actions in Costa Rican agriculture.', 'The integration of rural development agenda together with the REDD strategy will allow for an accurate and coordinated management of adaptation and mitigation actions in Costa Rican agriculture. FONAFIFO’s payment for environmental services program has contributed to maintain a million hectares under forest cover, outside of protected areas. Although the potential emission reduction in the forestry sector is lower than the previous estimates due to the country’s forest being manly mature forests with high carbon stocks, and lower carbon fixing capacity. With this in mind, it is important to remember that the forestry and agricultural areas of the country provide a range of environmental services (water, biodiversity, soil conservation) that go beyond just carbon sequestration.', 'With this in mind, it is important to remember that the forestry and agricultural areas of the country provide a range of environmental services (water, biodiversity, soil conservation) that go beyond just carbon sequestration. Sector discussion and forums related to the REDD+ Strategy revealed a consensus about the need for improvement of the country’s forestry resources governance, which will guarantee, over the long term, Costa Rica’s capacity for generating wealth, as well as environmental goods and services. To accomplish this goal, there is need to clearly define the rights over forest resources, carbon, and other environmental services provided by forest and agricultural systems in Costa Rica.', 'To accomplish this goal, there is need to clearly define the rights over forest resources, carbon, and other environmental services provided by forest and agricultural systems in Costa Rica. This goal needs to help manage forest health and set landscape natural restoration/regeneration objectives as an integral part of mitigation practice, while recognizing the adaptation co-benefits it may create. There are important synergies to be created between the agricultural sector, and the construction, tourism and industry sectors. Solid waste is the third biggest emission source and is continuously growing. The publication of Official Urban Development Plan for the Metropolitan Area and the Land Use Planning National Policy, involve critical measures that have a bearing on GHG emissions.', 'The publication of Official Urban Development Plan for the Metropolitan Area and the Land Use Planning National Policy, involve critical measures that have a bearing on GHG emissions. Costa Rica’s has begun the design of a Low Emission Development Strategy for the urban sector, together with potential NAMAs in transportation and waste management, sustainable housing, all togetherrepresent important steps to reduce emissions from cities. The strategies main stakeholders would be the Ministry of Housing (MIVAH), as the director for urban development, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), as the director in waste management, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the municipalities around the country, especially those located in the metropolitan area of San José.', 'The strategies main stakeholders would be the Ministry of Housing (MIVAH), as the director for urban development, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), as the director in waste management, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the municipalities around the country, especially those located in the metropolitan area of San José. The measures related to sustainable construction and targeted to reduce its carbon footprint, such as, construction waste reduction, through increased use of lumber, adoption of technology, new material and operations that are climate smart, combined with sustainable urban development measure may generate significant emission reductions.', 'The measures related to sustainable construction and targeted to reduce its carbon footprint, such as, construction waste reduction, through increased use of lumber, adoption of technology, new material and operations that are climate smart, combined with sustainable urban development measure may generate significant emission reductions. Among some of the abatement measures discussed during the sectoral dialogues, Integrated Waste Management was one that can help to address the growth in emissions from solid waste, which include waste segregation at the source and broader recycling and organic composting programs.APPENDIX 2: ADAPTATION OPTIONS Costa Rica defined in 2006, in its National Climate Change Strategy (ENCC), the strategic framework for climate change policies, setting six strategic pillars, Mitigation, Adaptation, Capacity Building, Financing, Public Awareness and Education, and Cultural Change, Metrics.', 'Among some of the abatement measures discussed during the sectoral dialogues, Integrated Waste Management was one that can help to address the growth in emissions from solid waste, which include waste segregation at the source and broader recycling and organic composting programs.APPENDIX 2: ADAPTATION OPTIONS Costa Rica defined in 2006, in its National Climate Change Strategy (ENCC), the strategic framework for climate change policies, setting six strategic pillars, Mitigation, Adaptation, Capacity Building, Financing, Public Awareness and Education, and Cultural Change, Metrics. This commitment related to climate change adaptation is part of Costa Rica’s National Contribution (INDC) under the United Nations’ Framework for Climate Change, and will be reviewed in 2016 as part of the National Climate Change Strategy.', 'This commitment related to climate change adaptation is part of Costa Rica’s National Contribution (INDC) under the United Nations’ Framework for Climate Change, and will be reviewed in 2016 as part of the National Climate Change Strategy. Costa Rica’s vulnerabilities to Climate Change In the past decades we have observed important changes in rainfall and increase of average temperature in Costa Rica, which adds to changes on land use and soil degradation processes. If the climate variability conditions continue to dominate the annual weather, there are multiple phenomena that may increase or lower their frequency or intensity. As a result, Costa Rica’s weather will be subject to simultaneous extreme drought and extreme rain.', 'As a result, Costa Rica’s weather will be subject to simultaneous extreme drought and extreme rain. As a result of climate change, the impact of hydrological events continues to increase. Considering only direct loss, these extreme climate events have created economic losses estimated around 1.13 Billion US Dollars of 2011, representing damages for 2005-2011. Regarding impact to sectors, road infrastructure has experienced the biggest impact, followed by power distribution networks, agriculture and housing; four vital activities for country development. It is estimated that 78.2% of these damages are in public infrastructure, while the rest is private property.', 'It is estimated that 78.2% of these damages are in public infrastructure, while the rest is private property. If the country continues to follow its current path, according to some studies, in 2030 losses will amount to more than 7 Billion US Dollars, accounted since 2006, and could reach by 2050 almost 30 Billion US Dollars. These losses are bound to have a greater impact on vulnerable groups like women, children and people in extreme poverty. Costa Rica has published a number of vulnerability assessments in agriculture, biodiversity, infrastructure, food security, freshwater resources and coastline sectors.', 'Costa Rica has published a number of vulnerability assessments in agriculture, biodiversity, infrastructure, food security, freshwater resources and coastline sectors. By far, the most vulnerable sectors are related to water supply and agriculture sector where increasing research and knowledge on climate change is considered a great challenge in order to increase their adaptation capacity. Ongoing efforts to develop adaptation measures for the water and biodiversity sectors, including the National Conservation Areas System (SINAC), have resulted in the launch of a National Ecosystem-based Adaptation Strategy. Increase focus will be given to building resilience from a sustainable development, food security and rural productivity perspective.', 'Increase focus will be given to building resilience from a sustainable development, food security and rural productivity perspective. Costa Rica’s Adaptation Action for 2016-2030Starting from an acknowledgement that synergies between adaptation and mitigation activities are highly desirable, through development of concrete climate actions, Costa Rica assumes, for 2016-2030, the following commitments in adaptation: Develop a National Adaptation Plan Although since 2006, the country has a National Climate Change Strategy, it has not developed as yet a National Adaptation Plan.', 'Costa Rica’s Adaptation Action for 2016-2030Starting from an acknowledgement that synergies between adaptation and mitigation activities are highly desirable, through development of concrete climate actions, Costa Rica assumes, for 2016-2030, the following commitments in adaptation: Develop a National Adaptation Plan Although since 2006, the country has a National Climate Change Strategy, it has not developed as yet a National Adaptation Plan. Costa Rica hereby assumes a commitment to have such a National Adaptation Plan ready by 2018, which will combine a sectoral and territorial focus, with at least ten plans for sectors and territories identified as priorities (Biodiversity, Agriculture, Water, Coastline, Fishery, Health, Infrastructure, Energy, Tourism, Cities), also, takes on the commitment to find sustainable financial sources to implement such plans.', 'Costa Rica hereby assumes a commitment to have such a National Adaptation Plan ready by 2018, which will combine a sectoral and territorial focus, with at least ten plans for sectors and territories identified as priorities (Biodiversity, Agriculture, Water, Coastline, Fishery, Health, Infrastructure, Energy, Tourism, Cities), also, takes on the commitment to find sustainable financial sources to implement such plans. Disaster Risk Reduction Costa Rica has internationally committed, through the Geneva Pledge signed in February and endorsed by 20 other countries, to develop an exchange of experiences on matters of Human Rights and Climate Change. One of the main threats to human safety in Costa Rica comes from the impact of extreme weather events.', 'One of the main threats to human safety in Costa Rica comes from the impact of extreme weather events. Although Costa Rica has improved in the past years its disaster risk management policies, it continues to experience negative consequences caused by extreme weather events. Costa Rica is finalizing its National Disaster Risk Management Policy 2016-2030 with the following pillars Risk Reduction, Disaster Response and Readiness, and Disaster Recovery, with climate change adaptation as a cross-cutting issue. Community Based Adaptation Aware of the fact that adaptation has to be a community-led process. Community based Adaptation seek looking to empower the population to face climate change impacts, by increasing the resilience agriculture producers, developing safeguards for securing water supply and sustainable coastal zone development.', 'Community based Adaptation seek looking to empower the population to face climate change impacts, by increasing the resilience agriculture producers, developing safeguards for securing water supply and sustainable coastal zone development. Costa Rica is committed to promote Green and Inclusive Development (DVI), which favors the implementation of sustainable productive systems, in rural areas with lower human development indexes and vulnerable to climate change in priority productive territories over a 10 year period between 2016 and 2026. Since 2014, Fundecooperación has been implementing a program financed by the Adaptation Fund which will provide resources and technical assistance to over 30 community based adaptation projects. Learnings from these pilot projects will enable feedback into Costa Rica’s National Adaptation Policy.', 'Learnings from these pilot projects will enable feedback into Costa Rica’s National Adaptation Policy. Ecosystem Based Adaptation In the past 30 years the country has been able to revert one negative effect of the agro-exporter model which reduced forests, been able to shift from 26% forest coverage to a 54.4% by 2013. To accomplish this shift, the country developed several strategies, a NationalProtected Area System (SINAC) was established which, today, covers 26.5% of the national territory, reforesting and private land forest management was promoted and facilitated, the Environmental Services Payment program was created and land use changes of forest lands were prohibited by law.', 'To accomplish this shift, the country developed several strategies, a NationalProtected Area System (SINAC) was established which, today, covers 26.5% of the national territory, reforesting and private land forest management was promoted and facilitated, the Environmental Services Payment program was created and land use changes of forest lands were prohibited by law. Costa Rica is committed to develop its adaptation practice from an ecosystem based adaptation focus, building on the commitment to increase forest coverage to 60%. At the same time, there are opportunities for exploring synergies between adaptation practices and the reduction of emissions through avoided deforestation.', 'At the same time, there are opportunities for exploring synergies between adaptation practices and the reduction of emissions through avoided deforestation. These include, inter alia, the consolidation of FONAFIFO’s Environmental Services Payments program and the Forest Certification program as a mechanism to promote the sustainable development forest resources and effective protection of water sources for all 81 counties of Costa Rica; the promotion of the National Biological Corridor System and the National Protected Areas System (SINAC). Local Planning and Management of Territory Adaptation For several years the country has recognized the urgency of having a national land use planning organization that would help guide land use policies in accordance to capacity and sustainable use of natural resources.', 'Local Planning and Management of Territory Adaptation For several years the country has recognized the urgency of having a national land use planning organization that would help guide land use policies in accordance to capacity and sustainable use of natural resources. A territorial approach to urban growth management would help minimize environmental impact caused by human activity, reduce disaster risk, and enhance resilience to climate change, as well as, providing participative instruments for informed decision making at the local, municipal level. This Territory and Urban Planning Organization will constitute a tool to reduce vulnerability over the long term.', 'This Territory and Urban Planning Organization will constitute a tool to reduce vulnerability over the long term. Under this approach, Costa Rica commits to having in every city, by 2020, and every coastline county in the country, a land use plan which considers vulnerabilities to climate change and measures for increasing adaptation and mitigation. Public Infrastructure Adaptation Record on loss and damage due to extreme weather event show that public infrastructure is the sector that is most affected, that is why the country commits to have by 2020, the methods to identify and correct physical vulnerabilities on infrastructure and human settlements.', 'Public Infrastructure Adaptation Record on loss and damage due to extreme weather event show that public infrastructure is the sector that is most affected, that is why the country commits to have by 2020, the methods to identify and correct physical vulnerabilities on infrastructure and human settlements. This will be achieved through the design of a national vulnerability monitoring program for infrastructure during floods, drought, landslides and sea level rising which may all be aggravated by the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'This will be achieved through the design of a national vulnerability monitoring program for infrastructure during floods, drought, landslides and sea level rising which may all be aggravated by the adverse impacts of climate change. Environmental Health as an Adaptation Measure With the understanding that environmental health in all of its components (Basic Sanitation, Integrated Waste Management, Water Quality for human consumption, sewers, storm drains and dangerous substance controls) is a condition needed to reduce future vulnerabilities of human population and wildlife, Costa Rica commits to, by 2030, increase the sewer and storm drain coverage, maintenance and sustainability up to a 90%; and set an environmental health surveillance program, by 2018, to follow up on pathologies associated with climate change.Capacity Building, Technology Transfer and financing Adaptation To implement adaptation actions during 2016-2030 it’s going to be necessary to identify sector and regional vulnerabilities, and establish priorities for targeting future studies and to develop practices to reduce these vulnerabilities.', 'Environmental Health as an Adaptation Measure With the understanding that environmental health in all of its components (Basic Sanitation, Integrated Waste Management, Water Quality for human consumption, sewers, storm drains and dangerous substance controls) is a condition needed to reduce future vulnerabilities of human population and wildlife, Costa Rica commits to, by 2030, increase the sewer and storm drain coverage, maintenance and sustainability up to a 90%; and set an environmental health surveillance program, by 2018, to follow up on pathologies associated with climate change.Capacity Building, Technology Transfer and financing Adaptation To implement adaptation actions during 2016-2030 it’s going to be necessary to identify sector and regional vulnerabilities, and establish priorities for targeting future studies and to develop practices to reduce these vulnerabilities. This will require processes to strengthen capacities and promoting a high degree of coordination and teamwork between different government and civil society entities.', 'This will require processes to strengthen capacities and promoting a high degree of coordination and teamwork between different government and civil society entities. Existing inter-ministerial coordination efforts will be important to guarantee synergies between entities in order accomplish this. As part of its commitment to greater transparency and open data, Costa Rica will initiate the consolidation of information systems under the National Territory Information System (SNIT) and the National Geo-Environmental Information Center (CENIGA). This will also require increased capacities by the National Meteorological Institute to follow-up in real time, extreme weather event to consolidate and strengthen existing early warning systems in close cooperation program with the National Emergency Commission.', 'This will also require increased capacities by the National Meteorological Institute to follow-up in real time, extreme weather event to consolidate and strengthen existing early warning systems in close cooperation program with the National Emergency Commission. Finally, this articulation between Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation Policies will require the country to develop specific methods and tools to evaluate climate change impact, vulnerabilities and adaptation of specific sectors and regions; promote technology transfer to help adaptation; and to increase country wide research budget on climate change.']

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Costa Rica

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https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NationalDecarbonizationPlan.pdf

Non-Annex I

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Latin America and the Caribbean

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['The National Decarbonization Plan is a response to the request of the President of the Republic of Costa Rica, Mr. Carlos Alvarado Quesada, to prepare a strategic document that would offer a Roadmap with key actions to consolidate the process towards the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy. The elaboration of this document was led by the Minister of Environment and Energy, Mr. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez and the Climate Change Directorate (DCC) team, technically supported by both a national and an international consultant team, and financed by NDC Invest and DDPLAC programs of the Inter-American Development Bank (IABD). The consultation process was also supported by funds from the German Cooperation through the Climate Action II project. Technical Coordination: Andrea Meza, Director of the Climate Change Directorate.', 'Technical Coordination: Andrea Meza, Director of the Climate Change Directorate. DCC team and advisors: Patricia Campos, Gretel Reyes, Kathia Aguilar, Iván A. Delgado, Felipe De León, Agripina Jenkins, Laura Mora, Ana Lucia Moya, Daniela Villalta and Francisco Vargas. IABD team: Adrien Vogt-Schilb and Marcela Jaramillo Consultant Team: Daniel Buira, Mónica Araya and Stephan Meyer. Modeling Team: Electric Power and Energy Research Laboratory (EPERLab) of the School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Costa Rica.', 'Modeling Team: Electric Power and Energy Research Laboratory (EPERLab) of the School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Costa Rica. We want to thank the participation and feedback of: Acknowledgements II • The Office of the First Lady • MINAE: The Vice-Ministers of Natural Resources; Energy; Environmental Management; and Water and Sea, the Coordinator of the National Environmental Council and the Directors of the following dependencies: IMN, FONAFIFO, SINAC, CONAGEBIO, SEPLASA, DIGECA and SEPSE • MAG: The Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Livestock and his team • MOPT: The Vice-Minister of Transport and Public Works and his planning team • ICE Group: The Executive President and her planning team • RECOPE: The Executive President and his planning team • MIDEPLAN: The Minister of National Planning and Economic PolicyIII • The Minister for Liaison with the Private Sector • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship • Central Bank • COMEX: Ministry of Foreign Trade • MEIC: Ministry of Economy, Industry and Trade • MIVAH: Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements • MINSALUD: Ministry of Health • INCOFER: Costa Rican Railway Institute • IFAM: Municipal Development and Advisory Institute • National Union of Local Governments • COSEVI: National Road Council • INAMU: National Women s Institute • INA: National Learning Institute • INDER: Institute of Rural Development • INTA: National Institute of Agricultural Technology • Technological Institute of Costa Rica • ARESEP: Public Services Regulatory Authority • FUNDECOR • FUNDECOOPERACIÓN • INCAE-CLADS • ACESOLAR: Costa Rican Solar Energy Association • FECON: Costa Rican Federation for Environmental Conservation • Representatives of the Citizen Consultative Council on Climate Change 5C.', 'We want to thank the participation and feedback of: Acknowledgements II • The Office of the First Lady • MINAE: The Vice-Ministers of Natural Resources; Energy; Environmental Management; and Water and Sea, the Coordinator of the National Environmental Council and the Directors of the following dependencies: IMN, FONAFIFO, SINAC, CONAGEBIO, SEPLASA, DIGECA and SEPSE • MAG: The Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Livestock and his team • MOPT: The Vice-Minister of Transport and Public Works and his planning team • ICE Group: The Executive President and her planning team • RECOPE: The Executive President and his planning team • MIDEPLAN: The Minister of National Planning and Economic PolicyIII • The Minister for Liaison with the Private Sector • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship • Central Bank • COMEX: Ministry of Foreign Trade • MEIC: Ministry of Economy, Industry and Trade • MIVAH: Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements • MINSALUD: Ministry of Health • INCOFER: Costa Rican Railway Institute • IFAM: Municipal Development and Advisory Institute • National Union of Local Governments • COSEVI: National Road Council • INAMU: National Women s Institute • INA: National Learning Institute • INDER: Institute of Rural Development • INTA: National Institute of Agricultural Technology • Technological Institute of Costa Rica • ARESEP: Public Services Regulatory Authority • FUNDECOR • FUNDECOOPERACIÓN • INCAE-CLADS • ACESOLAR: Costa Rican Solar Energy Association • FECON: Costa Rican Federation for Environmental Conservation • Representatives of the Citizen Consultative Council on Climate Change 5C. • GIZ s MiTransporte Project • World Bank PMR Project • UNDP NDC Support Programme Project • ICAT Climate Actions Transparency Initiative Project of the UNEP-DTU • UN Environment • NDC Partnership • CANABUS: National Chamber of Buses • Costa Rica Limpia • Center for Urban Sustainability • CANATRANS: National Chamber of Transport • ASOMOVE Costa Rican Electrical Mobility Association • Heredia Utility Company ESPH • Ad Astra Rocket • Chamber of Industries of Costa Rica • Costa Rican Institute of Cement and Concrete • National Chocolate Factory • FLOREX • Pelón Group • ASTEK: Aromas y Sabores Técnicos S.A. • Cargill • Green Energy Costa Rica • CEMEX • Holcim-Geocycle • CDG Consulting • ALIARSE • Aldi Eco Architecture • Municipality of San José • Municipality of Belén • CEGESTI: Foundation Center for Technological Management and Industrial Computing • Municipality of Coronado • EBI Costa Rica • Municipality of Montes de Oca • FORTECH • ACEPESA: Central American Association for the Economy, Health and the Environment • Municipality of Curridabat • Municipality of Desamparados • Municipality of La Unión • Municipality of Alajuela • CIRAD: Center for International Cooperation in Technological Research • CORFOGA: Livestock Corporation • CATIE: Tropical Agronomic Research Center and Teaching • EARTH University • ICAFÉ: Costa Rican Coffee Institute • National Chamber of Milk Producers • UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization • FAO: Food and Agriculture • National Forestry Office • ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean • Grüter Consulting • Federated College of Engineers and Architects • AIVEMA: Association of Vehicle and Machinery Importers • CANATRAC: National Chamber of Freight Forwarders • JASEC: Electricity Service Administrative Board Municipal of Cartago • BDA: Business Alliance for Development • ECA: Costa Rican Accreditation Body • COOPESANTOS • COOPELESCA • Tetra Pak • Bac Credomatic • ASEGIRE: Association of Entrepreneurs of Integral Management Electronic Waste • Costa Rican Association of the Soil Sciences • UCI: University of International Cooperation • Costa Rica Forever Association • LAICA: Sugar Cane Industrial Agricultural League • Agrícola El Cántaro S.A. • IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of NatureIV Section 1: Executive Summary 12 Section 2: Costa Rica aspires to have a green, resilient and equitable economy without emissions.', '• GIZ s MiTransporte Project • World Bank PMR Project • UNDP NDC Support Programme Project • ICAT Climate Actions Transparency Initiative Project of the UNEP-DTU • UN Environment • NDC Partnership • CANABUS: National Chamber of Buses • Costa Rica Limpia • Center for Urban Sustainability • CANATRANS: National Chamber of Transport • ASOMOVE Costa Rican Electrical Mobility Association • Heredia Utility Company ESPH • Ad Astra Rocket • Chamber of Industries of Costa Rica • Costa Rican Institute of Cement and Concrete • National Chocolate Factory • FLOREX • Pelón Group • ASTEK: Aromas y Sabores Técnicos S.A. • Cargill • Green Energy Costa Rica • CEMEX • Holcim-Geocycle • CDG Consulting • ALIARSE • Aldi Eco Architecture • Municipality of San José • Municipality of Belén • CEGESTI: Foundation Center for Technological Management and Industrial Computing • Municipality of Coronado • EBI Costa Rica • Municipality of Montes de Oca • FORTECH • ACEPESA: Central American Association for the Economy, Health and the Environment • Municipality of Curridabat • Municipality of Desamparados • Municipality of La Unión • Municipality of Alajuela • CIRAD: Center for International Cooperation in Technological Research • CORFOGA: Livestock Corporation • CATIE: Tropical Agronomic Research Center and Teaching • EARTH University • ICAFÉ: Costa Rican Coffee Institute • National Chamber of Milk Producers • UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization • FAO: Food and Agriculture • National Forestry Office • ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean • Grüter Consulting • Federated College of Engineers and Architects • AIVEMA: Association of Vehicle and Machinery Importers • CANATRAC: National Chamber of Freight Forwarders • JASEC: Electricity Service Administrative Board Municipal of Cartago • BDA: Business Alliance for Development • ECA: Costa Rican Accreditation Body • COOPESANTOS • COOPELESCA • Tetra Pak • Bac Credomatic • ASEGIRE: Association of Entrepreneurs of Integral Management Electronic Waste • Costa Rican Association of the Soil Sciences • UCI: University of International Cooperation • Costa Rica Forever Association • LAICA: Sugar Cane Industrial Agricultural League • Agrícola El Cántaro S.A. • IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of NatureIV Section 1: Executive Summary 12 Section 2: Costa Rica aspires to have a green, resilient and equitable economy without emissions. Section 3: The Costa Rican economy and public policy created a pattern of emissions that reflects great successes, but also new challenges Section 4: The goal of decarbonization planning is to go beyond an environmental agenda: it is to transform the economy Section 5: Short-, medium- and long-term goals and actions for the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy Decarbonization axis 1: Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes Decarbonization axis 2: Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to zero-emissions, boosted by renewable energy, not by fossil origin Decarbonization axis 3: Promotion of a freight transport that adopts modalities, technologies and energy sources until achieving zero or the lowest emissions possible Decarbonization axis 4: Consolidation of the national electricity system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence and resilience, necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at a competitive cost Decarbonization axis 5: Development of buildings of different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under high efficiency standards and low-emission processes Decarbonization axis 6: Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or others, sustainable and efficient, with low- and zero-emissions.', 'Section 3: The Costa Rican economy and public policy created a pattern of emissions that reflects great successes, but also new challenges Section 4: The goal of decarbonization planning is to go beyond an environmental agenda: it is to transform the economy Section 5: Short-, medium- and long-term goals and actions for the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy Decarbonization axis 1: Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes Decarbonization axis 2: Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to zero-emissions, boosted by renewable energy, not by fossil origin Decarbonization axis 3: Promotion of a freight transport that adopts modalities, technologies and energy sources until achieving zero or the lowest emissions possible Decarbonization axis 4: Consolidation of the national electricity system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence and resilience, necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at a competitive cost Decarbonization axis 5: Development of buildings of different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under high efficiency standards and low-emission processes Decarbonization axis 6: Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or others, sustainable and efficient, with low- and zero-emissions. Decarbonization axis 7: Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposal ContentsV Decarbonization axis 8: Promotion of highly efficient agri-food systems that generate low-carbon export and local consumption goods Decarbonization axis 9: Consolidation of a livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases Decarbonization axis 10: The management of the rural, urban and coastal territory will be oriented towards conservation and sustainable use, growing forestry resources and ecosystem services based on nature-based solutions Section 6: Institutional requirements and involvement for transformation 81 Section 7: Conclusions: Five priority actions 92 Annexes: Action Plan of the 10 decarbonization axes, for the period 2019-2022 95VI AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land uses AGDP Agricultural Gross Domestic Product ARESEP Public Services Regulatory Authority AyA Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers BANVHI Housing Mortgage Bank BAU Business-as-Usual BCCR Central Bank of Costa Rica °C Degree Celsius 4C Scientific Council on Climate Change 5C Citizen Advisory Council on Climate Change CFIA Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica CINDE Investment Promotion Agency of Costa Rica CO2 Carbon Dioxide COMEX Ministry of Foreign Trade of Costa Rica CONACE National Energy Conservation Commission CONAGEBIO National Commission for Biodiversity Management CORFOGA Livestock Corporation COSEVI Road Safety Council CR Costa Rica CTP Public Transport Council DCC Climate Change Directorate DIGECA Directorate of Environmental Quality Management DINADECO National Directorate of Community Development ECA Costa Rican Accreditation Body EGBC Low Carbon Livestock Strategy EIA Energy Information Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency of the Unites States LCA Life Cycle Assessment FDI Foreign Direct Investment FONAFIFO National Forest Financing Fund GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Fund GMA Greater Metropolitan Area GMAS General Algebraic Modeling System GHG Greenhouse gases GTFS General Transit Feed Specification ICAFE Coffee Institute of Costa Rica ICE Costa Rican Electricity Institute ICT Costa Rican Tourism Institute AcronymsVII IDB Inter-American Development Bank IFAM Municipal Development and Advisory Institute IMN National Meteorological Institute INA National Institute of Apprenticeship INAMU Women National Institute INCOFER Costa Rican Railway Institute INCOP Costa Rican Institute of Pacific Ports INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INDER Institute of Rural Development IWO International Work Organization INTECO Technical Standards Institute of Costa Rica INVU National Housing Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWM Integrated Waste Management LAICA Sugar Cane Industrial Agricultural League LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MAG Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock MEIC Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce MEP Ministry of Public Education MICITT Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunications MIDEPLAN Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy MINAE Ministry of Environment and Energy MINSALUD Ministry of Health MIVAH Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements MTCO2eq Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent MOPT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NOx Nitrous OxidesVIII NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NGO Non-Governmental Organization GWP Global Warming Potential PGAI Institutional Environmental Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Megatons OAW Organic Agricultural Waste PIMUS Integrated Plan for Sustainable Urban Mobility PM10 Suspended Particle with an aerodynamic diameter up to PM5 Suspended Particle with an aerodynamic diameter up to NAP National Adaptation Policy PBAE Ecological Blue Flag Program PITTA Programa de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agropecuaria PNDIP National Development and Public Investments Plan PPCN National Carbon Neutral Program PROCOMER National Promoter of Trade PES Payment for Environmental Services R&D Research and Development RECOPE Costa Rican Oil Refinery REDD+ Emission Reduction of greenhouse gases from the forests Deforestation and Degradation, through conservation and the increase of CO2 catches RITEVE Vehicles Technical Revision SBD Development Banking System SEPLASA Environmental Planning Secretariat SEPSE Energy Subsector Secretariat Planning SETENA National Environmental Technical Secretariat SME Small and Medium Enterprise SIMOCUTE National Monitoring System of Land and Ecosystem Cover and Use SINAC National System of Conservation Areas SINAMECC National Climate Change Metrics SystemIX SINIA National Environmental Information System SINIGIRH National System of Integrated Management of Water Resources tCO2 Tons of carbon dioxide tCO2eq Tons of carbon dioxide carbon equivalent TELCA Limon’s’ Electric Freight Train TIMES-CR Linear optimization of energy modelling system UCR University of Costa Rica UGL Union of Local Governments UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationThis Plan summarizes the strategic actions that the Bicentennial Government has identified to implement the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy.', 'Decarbonization axis 7: Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposal ContentsV Decarbonization axis 8: Promotion of highly efficient agri-food systems that generate low-carbon export and local consumption goods Decarbonization axis 9: Consolidation of a livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases Decarbonization axis 10: The management of the rural, urban and coastal territory will be oriented towards conservation and sustainable use, growing forestry resources and ecosystem services based on nature-based solutions Section 6: Institutional requirements and involvement for transformation 81 Section 7: Conclusions: Five priority actions 92 Annexes: Action Plan of the 10 decarbonization axes, for the period 2019-2022 95VI AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land uses AGDP Agricultural Gross Domestic Product ARESEP Public Services Regulatory Authority AyA Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers BANVHI Housing Mortgage Bank BAU Business-as-Usual BCCR Central Bank of Costa Rica °C Degree Celsius 4C Scientific Council on Climate Change 5C Citizen Advisory Council on Climate Change CFIA Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica CINDE Investment Promotion Agency of Costa Rica CO2 Carbon Dioxide COMEX Ministry of Foreign Trade of Costa Rica CONACE National Energy Conservation Commission CONAGEBIO National Commission for Biodiversity Management CORFOGA Livestock Corporation COSEVI Road Safety Council CR Costa Rica CTP Public Transport Council DCC Climate Change Directorate DIGECA Directorate of Environmental Quality Management DINADECO National Directorate of Community Development ECA Costa Rican Accreditation Body EGBC Low Carbon Livestock Strategy EIA Energy Information Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency of the Unites States LCA Life Cycle Assessment FDI Foreign Direct Investment FONAFIFO National Forest Financing Fund GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Fund GMA Greater Metropolitan Area GMAS General Algebraic Modeling System GHG Greenhouse gases GTFS General Transit Feed Specification ICAFE Coffee Institute of Costa Rica ICE Costa Rican Electricity Institute ICT Costa Rican Tourism Institute AcronymsVII IDB Inter-American Development Bank IFAM Municipal Development and Advisory Institute IMN National Meteorological Institute INA National Institute of Apprenticeship INAMU Women National Institute INCOFER Costa Rican Railway Institute INCOP Costa Rican Institute of Pacific Ports INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INDER Institute of Rural Development IWO International Work Organization INTECO Technical Standards Institute of Costa Rica INVU National Housing Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWM Integrated Waste Management LAICA Sugar Cane Industrial Agricultural League LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MAG Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock MEIC Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce MEP Ministry of Public Education MICITT Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunications MIDEPLAN Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy MINAE Ministry of Environment and Energy MINSALUD Ministry of Health MIVAH Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements MTCO2eq Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent MOPT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NOx Nitrous OxidesVIII NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NGO Non-Governmental Organization GWP Global Warming Potential PGAI Institutional Environmental Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Megatons OAW Organic Agricultural Waste PIMUS Integrated Plan for Sustainable Urban Mobility PM10 Suspended Particle with an aerodynamic diameter up to PM5 Suspended Particle with an aerodynamic diameter up to NAP National Adaptation Policy PBAE Ecological Blue Flag Program PITTA Programa de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agropecuaria PNDIP National Development and Public Investments Plan PPCN National Carbon Neutral Program PROCOMER National Promoter of Trade PES Payment for Environmental Services R&D Research and Development RECOPE Costa Rican Oil Refinery REDD+ Emission Reduction of greenhouse gases from the forests Deforestation and Degradation, through conservation and the increase of CO2 catches RITEVE Vehicles Technical Revision SBD Development Banking System SEPLASA Environmental Planning Secretariat SEPSE Energy Subsector Secretariat Planning SETENA National Environmental Technical Secretariat SME Small and Medium Enterprise SIMOCUTE National Monitoring System of Land and Ecosystem Cover and Use SINAC National System of Conservation Areas SINAMECC National Climate Change Metrics SystemIX SINIA National Environmental Information System SINIGIRH National System of Integrated Management of Water Resources tCO2 Tons of carbon dioxide tCO2eq Tons of carbon dioxide carbon equivalent TELCA Limon’s’ Electric Freight Train TIMES-CR Linear optimization of energy modelling system UCR University of Costa Rica UGL Union of Local Governments UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationThis Plan summarizes the strategic actions that the Bicentennial Government has identified to implement the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy. Decarbonization and resilience are recognized as the means to transform the current economic development model into one that is based on bioeconomy, green growth, inclusion, and on enhancing the well-being of all citizens.', 'Decarbonization and resilience are recognized as the means to transform the current economic development model into one that is based on bioeconomy, green growth, inclusion, and on enhancing the well-being of all citizens. The definition of the key actions was carried out based on the paradigm of transformational change - in contrast to the logic of incremental change - which is required to eradicate the use of fossil fuels in our economy. To bring the concept of decarbonization into practice, the implemented methodology is anchored in a long-term vision of Costa Rica. Costa Rica aims for a decarbonized economy with net-zero emissions in 2050, in a manner consistent with the long-term goal of limiting the increase of average global temperature to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels.', 'Costa Rica aims for a decarbonized economy with net-zero emissions in 2050, in a manner consistent with the long-term goal of limiting the increase of average global temperature to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. According to the best available science, the adoption of this objective has clear consequences, and a zero-emissions global economy must be reached by mid-century. As such, this would require an advanced level of implementation in order to effectively achieve the main transformational processes by 2050. A "backcasting" approach was applied based on this long-term goal, taking national circumstances into account to identify public policy and action packages that must begin implementation immediately to reach the 2050 target.', 'A "backcasting" approach was applied based on this long-term goal, taking national circumstances into account to identify public policy and action packages that must begin implementation immediately to reach the 2050 target. The actions are divided into three major stages: a) foundations stage (2018-2022), b) inflection stage (2023- 2030) and c) transformation normalization stage or massive deployment (2031-2050). PresentationHaving a 2050 time horizon sets long-term goals that clarify the actions that have to be implemented in the short-term, including the decisions that must be avoided in order not to divert from the country’s goal. This time horizon does not imply a postponing of actions, but a prioritization. This approach is different from the classic prognosis typically carried out by l public management processes.', 'This approach is different from the classic prognosis typically carried out by l public management processes. The Plan is, hence, a strategic and pragmatic input for the President and his Governing Council. As such, it is a starting point to provide feedback on short-, medium- and long- term planning processes that will be promoted by the Government. The planning and elaboration process of the Decarbonization Plan will thus immediately contribute to the elaboration of the key milestones in the National Development and Public Investments Plan (PNDIP 2018-2022) that have to be implemented during this four-year period.', 'The planning and elaboration process of the Decarbonization Plan will thus immediately contribute to the elaboration of the key milestones in the National Development and Public Investments Plan (PNDIP 2018-2022) that have to be implemented during this four-year period. This exercise has allowed an alignment with and improvement of the consistency of the PNDIP and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) – with the latter being defined as the commitment presented by the country to the international community in the promotion of goals set by the Paris Agreement. The Plan will also serve as a starting point for the elaboration of the long-term plan called "Strategic Plan Costa Rica 2050".', 'The Plan will also serve as a starting point for the elaboration of the long-term plan called "Strategic Plan Costa Rica 2050". This Plan will be led by the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (MIDEPLAN) and will allow a fostering of the vision pertaining to the economic development model of Costa Rica by 2050. This process will deepen quantitative and qualitative scenarios and be facilitated through consultations with various actors from the private sector, Academy, and the citizens. It is crucial to read this Plan in conjunction with other climate policies on emissions reduction and adaptation to climate impacts.', 'It is crucial to read this Plan in conjunction with other climate policies on emissions reduction and adaptation to climate impacts. Given the country s high vulnerability to such impacts, it is worth highlighting that the National Adaptation Policy (NAP) that was published in May 2018, as well as the National Adaptation Plan that is currently being elaborated, will provide the country with tools to improve resilience in key areas – and this would include: infrastructure, productive and fishing systems, tourism, water resources management, biodiversity and health. In this context, the Decarbonization Plan, the National Adaptation Plan and Policy, and the Strategic Plan Costa Rica 2050 will constitute a new set of climate and development policies aimed at transforming Costa Rican economic, social and territorial models.', 'In this context, the Decarbonization Plan, the National Adaptation Plan and Policy, and the Strategic Plan Costa Rica 2050 will constitute a new set of climate and development policies aimed at transforming Costa Rican economic, social and territorial models. It will seek to create decarbonization and resilience opportunities that will facilitate the effecting of a prosperous, sustainable and inclusive Bicentennial Costa Rica. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Minister of Environment and EnergyCosta Rica aspires to be a modern, green and emission-free economy - and to strengthen its leadership - In 2021, the country will celebrate its Bicentennial, and the current administration has proposed to lay the foundations of a new Costa Rican economy of the 21st century.', 'Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Minister of Environment and EnergyCosta Rica aspires to be a modern, green and emission-free economy - and to strengthen its leadership - In 2021, the country will celebrate its Bicentennial, and the current administration has proposed to lay the foundations of a new Costa Rican economy of the 21st century. In his inaugural speech on May 8th, President Carlos Alvarado expressed the aspiration of the country becoming a decarbonized bicentennial Costa Rica. ("Decarbonization is the greatest mission of our generation, and Costa Rica must be among the first countries of the world to achieve it, if not the first").', '("Decarbonization is the greatest mission of our generation, and Costa Rica must be among the first countries of the world to achieve it, if not the first"). Among the major changes facing the world economy, including the "fourth industrial revolution", the need to move towards a sustainable economy, one with an economic development approach that does not damage the natural capital, has been highlighted; this will also inform infrastructure investments to remain competitive. While the transition to a zero-emissions economy requires a deep transformation, it is worth noting that Costa Rica has already made significant progress during the previous decades, including an almost emissions-free electricity grid and very low rates of deforestation.', 'While the transition to a zero-emissions economy requires a deep transformation, it is worth noting that Costa Rica has already made significant progress during the previous decades, including an almost emissions-free electricity grid and very low rates of deforestation. Hence, decarbonizing is not a new concept for the country, even if the progress made to date has happened under a different name. Costa Rica commits to becoming a decarbonized economy with net-zero emissions by 2050 - This vision is the long-term goal underlying this National Decarbonization Plan. The target is consistent with the best available science, which have warned of the dangers of an increase of the average global temperature beyond 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This plan is consistent with that temperature target.', 'This plan is consistent with that temperature target. The Paris Agreement sets a global milestone, and Costa Rica can be a pioneer in this new international system - By establishing a goal that limits the increase in temperature to a range between 1.5 and 2°C, the Paris Agreement globalized a new logic of decarbonization: Parties commit to zero-emissions by the second half of the century. While most of the national commitments to the Agreement (or "NDCs") propose emissions reductions that are not up to the climate challenge, Costa Rica committed itself to a goal consistent with the decarbonization objectives of the Agreement.', 'While most of the national commitments to the Agreement (or "NDCs") propose emissions reductions that are not up to the climate challenge, Costa Rica committed itself to a goal consistent with the decarbonization objectives of the Agreement. In this international context, President Alvarado s call to lead has a practical meaning: Costa Rica may be a decarbonization "laboratory" for the world to reinforce what has been learned to date, and to progress in areas where others seek innovative examples. Now, the decarbonizing of the Costa Rican economy will require a strong planning effort, particularly one with a long-term vision and actions in several stages.', 'Now, the decarbonizing of the Costa Rican economy will require a strong planning effort, particularly one with a long-term vision and actions in several stages. Developing a decarbonization plan requires new planning methodologies to achieve transformational changes - Through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific community tells us that global emissions in 2050 should be net zero to reach the global goal of decarbonization and the 1.5°C target. This process must be achieved alongside a growing world economy: if the economy triples (an annual growth of 3% is expected for 40 years), the emissions intensity per Gross Domestic Product (GDP) should fall by more than 80%.', 'This process must be achieved alongside a growing world economy: if the economy triples (an annual growth of 3% is expected for 40 years), the emissions intensity per Gross Domestic Product (GDP) should fall by more than 80%. It is clear that, despite the uncertainties of these estimates, the required change cannot be achieved through incremental adjustments alone, but will require substantive technological, institutional, and economic changes. Thus, most of the energy and transport sectors activities, among others, must Section I: Executive Summarybe carried out with technologies different from the ones currently in use. This exemplifies the scale of the planning challenge that underlies a decarbonization strategy and the need to implement new methodologies to do address it.', 'This exemplifies the scale of the planning challenge that underlies a decarbonization strategy and the need to implement new methodologies to do address it. Decarbonization planning requires establishing clear long-term goal which makes it possible to identify a general pathway and then deduce the necessary actions in the short- and medium- term to reach the goal. - Planning for decarbonization guides us in the process of establishing goals towards achieving it in every sector between today and 2050; and to generate narratives of sectoral change though technological transformation, shifting from the existing state to the desired one.', '- Planning for decarbonization guides us in the process of establishing goals towards achieving it in every sector between today and 2050; and to generate narratives of sectoral change though technological transformation, shifting from the existing state to the desired one. Based on the above, the work begins by determining what changes - institutional, market, price, regulatory, among others - must be realized to fulfill the trajectory and allow it to permeate into the daily logic of the citizens, businesses, and investors. Simultaneously, just transition measures must be implemented so that people, communities and businesses that have to reorient their activities have the necessary support to do so. The actions are presented in the three stages: foundations (2018-2022), inflection (2023-2030) and massive deployment (2031-2050), each with different levels of detail.', 'The actions are presented in the three stages: foundations (2018-2022), inflection (2023-2030) and massive deployment (2031-2050), each with different levels of detail. Thirty years is a short time for a transformation of this magnitude. As such, no time can be wasted: the actions that must be avoided have to be identified – To do so, it must be highlighted that many investments have a lifespan that goes from 15 years (a car) to 40 years (a thermoelectric generator). Thus, the next investment or purchase made in an economic sector might still be operating by 2050. This means that some investment options, while able to reduce emissions in the short-term, should not be carried out because they would prevent the fulfillment of the final goal.', 'This means that some investment options, while able to reduce emissions in the short-term, should not be carried out because they would prevent the fulfillment of the final goal. In other words, there are investments that will not achieve the reductions in the scale required to decarbonize the economy during their lifespan.', 'In other words, there are investments that will not achieve the reductions in the scale required to decarbonize the economy during their lifespan. These investments, such as technologies that partially reduce the emissions from burning fossil fuels instead of totally eliminating them (an example is the shift from coal, bunker, fuel oil, or diesel, to natural gas in electricity generation or industry), will represent “lock-in” emissions (or committed emissions) and should be avoided, not only because they delay the transformation, but also due to the fact that they will compete for financing with truly decarbonized activities and ultimately result in a higher overall cost of decarbonization. The national economy has the structural forces - in education, openness and natural capital - to face change.', 'The national economy has the structural forces - in education, openness and natural capital - to face change. However historical shortcomings in infrastructure and fiscal constraints can slow the transition - Macroeconomic stability and openness have made Costa Rica into a country that is increasingly oriented towards the export of goods and services. The country has been efficiently converting its GDP growth into social progress, while the investment in natural capital has protected biodiversity and increased income from ecotourism. On the other hand, decades of little investment in infrastructure limit urban and rural mobility. In the absence of a strong public transport system, there is an increase of carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels intensifying in the wake of a growing vehicle fleet.', 'In the absence of a strong public transport system, there is an increase of carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels intensifying in the wake of a growing vehicle fleet. Of the economic sectors, the critical emissions come from the transport sector, which faces a backlog of infrastructure and standards. The electric sector is already zero-emissions and can lead the change but will need to reduce in its costs - The vehicle fleet, dominated by private vehicles, has tripled in the last 30 years without proportional investment in infrastructure, illustrates the country’s transport issues. Urban public transport suffers from routes that do not correspond to the demand, leading to a greater use of private vehicles, which, in turn, creates an increasing demand for gasoline imports.', 'Urban public transport suffers from routes that do not correspond to the demand, leading to a greater use of private vehicles, which, in turn, creates an increasing demand for gasoline imports. Transport is the sector with both the highest and fastest rising emission levels. In contrast, the electricity sector, which is another major emitter for many countries, is nearly 100% renewable. This puts the electrification of transport - public and private - as a clear measure of decarbonization, which must be achieved by keeping electrical generation clean and affordable.Planning decarbonization involves every sector of the economy.', 'This puts the electrification of transport - public and private - as a clear measure of decarbonization, which must be achieved by keeping electrical generation clean and affordable.Planning decarbonization involves every sector of the economy. The plan proposal is structured along 10 decarbonization axes that are derived from the pattern of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions - The axes correspond with the four major emission sources: energy (transport - collective, private and freight, electric system, residential and commercial sector and industrial sector), industrial processes, residues, agriculture, forestry and other land uses (cattle, agriculture and forests). For each axis, the Plan suggests a vision of transformation , as well as the measures for change, which are divided into short-, medium- and long-term.', 'For each axis, the Plan suggests a vision of transformation , as well as the measures for change, which are divided into short-, medium- and long-term. For each axis, the Plan contemplates policy packages that combine concrete planning, institutional or regulatory measures, project implementation, access to financing, ensuring citizen support, and avoiding lock-in - Decarbonization may face a series of barriers and in order to overcome them, the improvement areas must combine sets of complementary measures that can ensure a change in a coordinated and sequential way. Detailed policy packages are presented for each of the 10 axes in coordinated and orderly arrangements (which are complemented by implementation schedules ranging in the short-, medium-, and long-term, and can be found in the annex).', 'Detailed policy packages are presented for each of the 10 axes in coordinated and orderly arrangements (which are complemented by implementation schedules ranging in the short-, medium-, and long-term, and can be found in the annex). Decarbonization planning requires a clear model of governance, cross-cutting measures and impacts identification. - Defining the institutional requirements of decarbonization is crucial to responding with certainty to the question: what instance is responsible for decarbonizing the economy? Moreover, cross-cutting strategies must be explicit in order to enhance change.', 'Moreover, cross-cutting strategies must be explicit in order to enhance change. Hence, eight cross-cutting areas were identified: a) Comprehensive Reform for the New Institutionality of the Bicentennial, b) Green Tax Reform, c) Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction, d) Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy, e) “Just transition" Labor Strategies, f) Inclusion, Human Rights and Gender Equality, g) Metric and open data systems to evaluate the goals progress, and h) Education and Culture Strategy that contributes to the transition to a Bicentennial Costa Rica leader in the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy.', 'Hence, eight cross-cutting areas were identified: a) Comprehensive Reform for the New Institutionality of the Bicentennial, b) Green Tax Reform, c) Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction, d) Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy, e) “Just transition" Labor Strategies, f) Inclusion, Human Rights and Gender Equality, g) Metric and open data systems to evaluate the goals progress, and h) Education and Culture Strategy that contributes to the transition to a Bicentennial Costa Rica leader in the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy. Additionally, an impact analysis was advised to be carried out to support the management of the dimensions: a cost-benefit analysis of the main actions to identify the reforms’ positive and negative impacts – along with suggesting measures to minimize or avoid the negative aspects, while identifying the escalation of the development benefits that are associated with decarbonization.', 'Additionally, an impact analysis was advised to be carried out to support the management of the dimensions: a cost-benefit analysis of the main actions to identify the reforms’ positive and negative impacts – along with suggesting measures to minimize or avoid the negative aspects, while identifying the escalation of the development benefits that are associated with decarbonization. More particularly, to analyze both the impacts of decarbonization in the labor market and the best practices of a "just transition" towards the fourth industrial revolution and decarbonization, is offered.', 'More particularly, to analyze both the impacts of decarbonization in the labor market and the best practices of a "just transition" towards the fourth industrial revolution and decarbonization, is offered. Given the need to start the decarbonization pathway with concrete activities, 5 priorities for action are identified from the sets of sectoral actions, and cross-cutting measures, to be implemented from 2018: a) Triggering the transformation of public transport, b) Accelerating and scaling up transformation actions of the higher- emitting activities of the agricultural sector c) Laying the foundations of the electrification of the economy - not only in the transport sector but also in the industrial sector, d) Avoiding technological pathways in energy and transport that can contribute to a partial reduction of emissions but do not lead to "zero-emissions", e) Starting the process of two cross-cutting reforms in 2018, without which the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy will be unfeasible: The structural reform for a new national institutionality that will lay the foundations for a new system of sustainable consumption and production; and a green tax reform to promote actions towards sustainable development and growth without emissions, thereby reducing the negative externalities that deteriorate the natural capital.Costa Rica will celebrate its Bicentennial in 2021, and the Alvarado administration has set put to lay the foundations of a new Costa Rican economy, one in tune with the twenty-first century.', 'Given the need to start the decarbonization pathway with concrete activities, 5 priorities for action are identified from the sets of sectoral actions, and cross-cutting measures, to be implemented from 2018: a) Triggering the transformation of public transport, b) Accelerating and scaling up transformation actions of the higher- emitting activities of the agricultural sector c) Laying the foundations of the electrification of the economy - not only in the transport sector but also in the industrial sector, d) Avoiding technological pathways in energy and transport that can contribute to a partial reduction of emissions but do not lead to "zero-emissions", e) Starting the process of two cross-cutting reforms in 2018, without which the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy will be unfeasible: The structural reform for a new national institutionality that will lay the foundations for a new system of sustainable consumption and production; and a green tax reform to promote actions towards sustainable development and growth without emissions, thereby reducing the negative externalities that deteriorate the natural capital.Costa Rica will celebrate its Bicentennial in 2021, and the Alvarado administration has set put to lay the foundations of a new Costa Rican economy, one in tune with the twenty-first century. A successful transition will have to take advantage of the new opportunities presented to create prosperity, face risks and successfully navigate the deep transformations that are coming along with the "fourth industrial revolution" - a revolution accelerated by a fusion of technologies that will combine the physical, digital, and biological spheres1.', 'A successful transition will have to take advantage of the new opportunities presented to create prosperity, face risks and successfully navigate the deep transformations that are coming along with the "fourth industrial revolution" - a revolution accelerated by a fusion of technologies that will combine the physical, digital, and biological spheres1. One of the great tasks of Bicentennial Costa Rica will be to modernize the infrastructure so that economic growth is achieved without increasing pollution or damaging the natural capital.', 'One of the great tasks of Bicentennial Costa Rica will be to modernize the infrastructure so that economic growth is achieved without increasing pollution or damaging the natural capital. This significant Costa Rican transformation has to take place in an international context that already recognizes the need to make an unprecedented transition from a global economy anchored in fossil fuels - and vulnerable to climate impacts - towards a zero-emissions economy driven by renewable energy and resilient to the impacts of extreme climate conditions. No country has the exact formula to carry out this transformation. In his inaugural speech on May 8th 2018, President Carlos Alvarado set forth the aspiration to become a decarbonized and resilient bicentennial Costa Rica.', 'In his inaugural speech on May 8th 2018, President Carlos Alvarado set forth the aspiration to become a decarbonized and resilient bicentennial Costa Rica. The world took notice of the specific call to make Costa Rica a leader: "Decarbonization is the great task of our generation, and Costa Rica must be among the first countries in the world to achieve it, if not the first." However, the leadership gaps in decarbonization are profound - there is resistance to change - and while the country can fill this gap with pioneering actions, it is not fortuitously that his speech had an international resonance.', 'However, the leadership gaps in decarbonization are profound - there is resistance to change - and while the country can fill this gap with pioneering actions, it is not fortuitously that his speech had an international resonance. Costa Rica as a leader in decarbonization The Paris Agreement globalized a new logic of decarbonization, a term that refers to the process of separating economic growth from increased emissions, in order to achieve a balance between emissions and carbon sequestration that guarantees life on the planet. Although the term is still not well known outside expert circles, the actions needed to achieve decarbonization in certain sub sectors are not new to Costa Rica.', 'Although the term is still not well known outside expert circles, the actions needed to achieve decarbonization in certain sub sectors are not new to Costa Rica. Indeed, decarbonization has been successfully implemented for decades, especially in the electricity and natural resources sectors, although it was not called as such at the time. Guided by the search for energy security, investments in local renewable sources to generate electricity have already been made for decades. Today, the Costa Rican electricity system is one of the few decarbonized systems in the world: In 2017, 99.5% of the electricity in the country was generated without using fossil fuels - the highest percentage in 30 years. Another big bet - forest protection and payment for ecosystem services - sought to protect biodiversity.', 'Another big bet - forest protection and payment for ecosystem services - sought to protect biodiversity. This investment allowed for Costa Rican historical protection of forests to remain a central piece of the country s biodiversity and climate commitments. . Both the economy and the population grew while large emissions in the electric and forestry sectors were avoided. That is why President Alvarado s call makes sense for Costa Rica. The Section 2 - Costa Rica aspires to have a green, resilient and equitable economy without emissions. _______________________________ 1 Ver “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond” World Economic revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/process of decarbonization is at a stage in our country that some countries aspire to have in 30 years.', '_______________________________ 1 Ver “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond” World Economic revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/process of decarbonization is at a stage in our country that some countries aspire to have in 30 years. Consolidating Costa Rica as a leader in decarbonization adds value to the country, first and foremost, and contributes to the efforts of the international community. In Costa Rica, the world benefits from having a "decarbonization laboratory” that can reinforce what has been learned to date and demonstrate progress in other sectors, in which other countries are looking for successful examples that they can emulate. The green economy goes beyond the climate agenda.', 'The green economy goes beyond the climate agenda. However, it is worth noting that the Paris Agreement - with its clear goals and binding nature – left a definitive imprint in the approach to decarbonization: it is no longer a question of discretionary commitments or incremental improvements. The obligations, ratified by the world’s Congresses and Parliaments, transcend the improvements scope applied to the released technologies (for example, the measures for "cleaner" fossil fuels). A major transformation is thus necessary (for example, this could include setting a deadline to stop operating coal plants or a date from which only zero emission buses should be allowed). The country will not be alone. Being a pioneer will have benefits.', 'Being a pioneer will have benefits. Many countries, cities, and companies have already initiated innovative decarbonization processes in specific sectors, and many technologies are progressing faster than expected. There are opportunities to attract investment to the country. There is evidence of job creation which, in addition to the reality of the fourth industrial revolution, will force Costa Rica to examine new parameters to prepare a winning workforce for the coming economy: digital, green and resilient. What jobs will be necessary in this type of economy? This question will be one of the greatest of our society and one of the pillars that will be integrated into the education of the new generation of children of the bicentennial. Disruptions will also occur.', 'This question will be one of the greatest of our society and one of the pillars that will be integrated into the education of the new generation of children of the bicentennial. Disruptions will also occur. Thus, this transition must be gestated with the vision of building an inclusive and socially fair Costa Rica. However, the country cannot allow itself to be left behind, as this would diminish future competitiveness. Costa Rica towards the Paris Agreement Most countries have announced their plans to comply with the Paris Agreement. These plans (or nationally determined contributions, "NDCs") are, in general, of insufficient ambition to achieve the goal of containing the global temperature increase well below 2°C with respect to pre-industrial average and aiming toward 1.5°C.', 'These plans (or nationally determined contributions, "NDCs") are, in general, of insufficient ambition to achieve the goal of containing the global temperature increase well below 2°C with respect to pre-industrial average and aiming toward 1.5°C. This is due to the fact that, in general, these plans have been developed with an incremental approach, rather than a transformative one. The mitigation goals of several Latin American countries - reducing 20- 30% against an inertial scenario2 - imply that emission levels of 2030 could be comparable to the current ones. While this undoubtedly represents an important effort to stop the increase in emissions, it is insufficient.', 'While this undoubtedly represents an important effort to stop the increase in emissions, it is insufficient. In the framework of the previous analysis, compliance with the current NDCs will be problematic in many countries as it will create an important lock-in3 that will hinder the Agreement’s compliance. Fortunately, the Agreement includes an ambition mechanism that asks for NDCs to be updated on a regular basis. In addition, governments have to strive to formulate "long-term, low emission development strategies" that will comply with the Agreement.', 'In addition, governments have to strive to formulate "long-term, low emission development strategies" that will comply with the Agreement. As such, if countries carry out these strategies with decarbonization planning methodologies, like the one outlined in section 5, the steps to be followed in the short-, medium-, and long-term will be clear, and these countries will be able to update their NDCs by 2020 to better align themselves with the goal of the Agreement4. _______________________________ 2 In other words, it would be certain if no measure of decarbonization is adopted 3 Referring to the compromised emissions which are anchored in the economy 4 Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris AgreementFigure 1: Most governmental goals are incremental, and their sum is insufficient to comply with the Paris Agreement Goal.', '_______________________________ 2 In other words, it would be certain if no measure of decarbonization is adopted 3 Referring to the compromised emissions which are anchored in the economy 4 Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris AgreementFigure 1: Most governmental goals are incremental, and their sum is insufficient to comply with the Paris Agreement Goal. Source: Synthesis report on the accumulated effects of the INDCs, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretary, 2nd of May 2016 In this context, Costa Ricans should be proud to have already offered a national contribution compatible with the goal of the Paris Agreement. That being said, organizing and implementing the next versions of the NDCs will require a strong planning effort, as part of a long-term strategy.', 'That being said, organizing and implementing the next versions of the NDCs will require a strong planning effort, as part of a long-term strategy. This plan is the first step of that process in terms of mitigation, which will be complemented with the National Adaptation Plan in terms of adaptation and with the Costa Rica Strategic Plan 2050 as a general framework. The next section explains what decarbonization planning is and emphasizes the goal of transformation that provides the basis for its methodology.The economic structure and public policies determine the emission sources of a country. Therefore, there is no generic formula for the decarbonization of an economy.', 'Therefore, there is no generic formula for the decarbonization of an economy. In fact, as previously mentioned, the generation of electricity from fossil fuels is a large part of emissions in most countries.In Costa Rica, however, this is not the case and the biggest portion of carbon emissions originate in the transport sector, a fact which has implications for the national strategy.Understanding the Costa Rican greenhouse gas emissions inventory and its relation to the national economic structure is absolutely necessary. Our economy is open and increasingly oriented towards the export of goods and services. Macroeconomic stability - a low inflation and a stable exchange rate - and a competitive international export sector are among its major strengths.', 'Macroeconomic stability - a low inflation and a stable exchange rate - and a competitive international export sector are among its major strengths. The country has historically been one of the most efficient in converting its GDP growth into social progress: other countries have required higher levels of income per capita to achieve the level of social development achieved in Costa Rica. In addition, investments in health and education have also been significant. The focus on the sale of services has led to more than US$ 3,600 million in revenue from tourism in 2016, accounting for 45% of all service exports, a higher income generation than from the country’s main export products such as bananas, business services and medical products5.', 'The focus on the sale of services has led to more than US$ 3,600 million in revenue from tourism in 2016, accounting for 45% of all service exports, a higher income generation than from the country’s main export products such as bananas, business services and medical products5. The investment in natural capital – with a high conservation of biodiversity and national parks – has been rewarded by the income from ecotourism services and a country brand titled “Essential Costa Rica”, with great emphasis on the attribute of “green country” as a differentiator. However, the economic model also faces vulnerabilities in several fields. In the short-term, an unsustainable fiscal deficit requires an urgent political agreement in order to carry out a reform of the fiscal system.', 'In the short-term, an unsustainable fiscal deficit requires an urgent political agreement in order to carry out a reform of the fiscal system. Without it, employment and production will be impacted. Another vulnerability lies in the structural disconnection between growth and employment generation, as successful sectors with external orientation do not generate enough linkages with local sectors. The unemployment rate is currently at its highest in the last three decades. Moreover, the challenge of low productivity of the economy remains unsolved. The large investments in education, health and natural capital contrasts with the low investment in infrastructure (a problem which will be difficult to correct in the current context of acute fiscal deficit).', 'The large investments in education, health and natural capital contrasts with the low investment in infrastructure (a problem which will be difficult to correct in the current context of acute fiscal deficit). As such, the infrastructure deficit undermines the foundations of the economy in general and the green economy in particular, as it has resulted in an inefficient and unsustainable transportation model that generates congestion and pollution. Despite great advances in access to potable water and sewerage, the wastewater treatment infrastructure has been neglected, a situation which if further compounded by urban and real estate growth - as well as by tourism. In addition, another infrastructure gap is the poor management of solid waste. The vulnerability of the infrastructure in the face of climate impacts also exacerbates the above-mentioned challenges.', 'The vulnerability of the infrastructure in the face of climate impacts also exacerbates the above-mentioned challenges. In 2017, the General Comptroller of the Republic estimated that the cost of attending extreme weather events will be approximately 2.5% of the GDP in 2025. A successful green economy will indubitably require an infrastructure investment The Costa Rican economy and public policy created a pattern of emissions that reflects great successes, but also new challenges _______________________________ 5 Estado de la Nación 2017 of the Estado de la Nación Program, Costa Ricaapproach with the dual objective of simultaneously improves the national economy, along with environmental and climatic performances6. The decarbonization agenda has to contribute towards generating new resources and new "green" jobs. This focus is developed in section 6.', 'This focus is developed in section 6. Decarbonization challenges in Costa Rica Greenhouse gas emissions in Costa Rica are increasing. It has been estimated that if measures are not taken, Costa Rica s emissions will increase annually by 2.4%. Between 2015 and 2030, emissions will have increased by 60%, and would have increased by 132% in 2050, reaching a level of 29.6 million tons of CO2 equivalent7. According to the data of the national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon absorption, emissions were equivalent 11.2 million tons of CO2 in 2012, (compared to 9.6 million in 2010 and 7.6 million in 2005)8. _______________________________ 6 A set of actions to close this gap are elaborated in “Bridging Costa Rica’s Green Growth Gap” (2015) GIZ, ODI & CDKN.', '_______________________________ 6 A set of actions to close this gap are elaborated in “Bridging Costa Rica’s Green Growth Gap” (2015) GIZ, ODI & CDKN. 7 Referring to “Opciones de Reducción de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto de Invernadero en Costa Rica: Análisis Sectorial Potencial de Mitigación y Costos de Abatimiento 2015-2050” (2015) Luis Rivera, Germán Obando y Francisco Sancho. Report prepared by Dirección de Cambio Climático of the MINAE of Costa Rica with the support of the Partnership for Market Readiness y ESMAP Reduccion_de_Emisiones_de_Gases_de_Efecto_Invernadero_en_Costa_Rica_ 8 The official inventory can be access here: application/pdf/cri_ghg_profile.pdf FIGURE 2: Sectoral contribution to the carbonization in Costa Rica based on the 2012 Inventory.', 'Report prepared by Dirección de Cambio Climático of the MINAE of Costa Rica with the support of the Partnership for Market Readiness y ESMAP Reduccion_de_Emisiones_de_Gases_de_Efecto_Invernadero_en_Costa_Rica_ 8 The official inventory can be access here: application/pdf/cri_ghg_profile.pdf FIGURE 2: Sectoral contribution to the carbonization in Costa Rica based on the 2012 Inventory. Source: National Inventory of Greenhouses Gases and Carbon Absorption 2012The following segment presents the inventory categories, and the challenges within each category associated with the economic activities. Emissions Source 1: Energy The carbonization of the Costa Rican economy is primarily driven by the burning of fuels of private, public, and freight transportation. Between 2000 and 2010, the value of oil imports as a percentage of the GDP doubled. Diesel accounts for almost 40% of Costa Rica’s hydrocarbon purchases. This transport model carbonizes the country.', 'This transport model carbonizes the country. The carbon generated by the combustion of gasoline and diesel growing by 43% between 2002 and 2012. Public transport - As the economy grew, the importance of private transport has risen. The country went in 2015, of which 834,000 are private/ light-duty vehicles. The investment in public transport infrastructure has been low, given that most of the budget of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport are invested in roads and in supporting the use of private vehicles. Public transport governance is weak and has prevented the improvement of bus operators’ standards (for example, the absence of electronic payment and exclusive lanes).', 'Public transport governance is weak and has prevented the improvement of bus operators’ standards (for example, the absence of electronic payment and exclusive lanes). According to the analysis of the Integrated Plan for Sustainable Urban Mobility (PIMUS)9, there are 252 bus routes in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA), mostly within the center- periphery, served by 41 companies and 1,842 buses. A, a bus trip has on average duration that is 70% greater than a car trip (given that 40% of trips require a transfer, usually remote, to which waiting times are added). This inefficiency is explained by the lack of integrated payment, inadequate routes that don’t cater to the demand, and an uncoordinated system.', 'This inefficiency is explained by the lack of integrated payment, inadequate routes that don’t cater to the demand, and an uncoordinated system. Achieving improvements in public transport would reflect democratic improvements, as the services of large and socially more vulnerable populations are improved. Light-duty vehicles fleet - The growth of the vehicular fleet in Costa Rica has led to a high dependence on fossil- fuels. In twenty years (1996-2016), the country went from purchasing 6,424,561 barrels of oil to 20,208,666, representing a costly increase in both the oil bill and polluting emissions. The country’s fleet is old: vehicles are 15 years old on average (in comparison to Europe and the United States of America (USA), which are 7.4 and 11.6 years old, respectively).', 'The country’s fleet is old: vehicles are 15 years old on average (in comparison to Europe and the United States of America (USA), which are 7.4 and 11.6 years old, respectively). The private fleet consumes 50% of the total energy used in the transport sector, as compared to the 10.13% consumed by collective transport - which mobilizes more people. The burning of fossil fuels not only increases the carbonization of the country, but also damages air quality PM2.5 levels exceed the internationally recommended levels and the NO2 levels at the GMA and exceed the limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) in many of the locations where it was measured.', 'The burning of fossil fuels not only increases the carbonization of the country, but also damages air quality PM2.5 levels exceed the internationally recommended levels and the NO2 levels at the GMA and exceed the limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) in many of the locations where it was measured. _______________________________ 9 See the documents generated in the framework of the IDB GEF Sustainable Mobility Project for the Integral Plan for Sustainable Urban Mobility (PIMUS) for the Metropolitan Area of San Jose, Costa Rica, of MINAE, Ministry of Housing and Urban Settlements and MIDEPLAN (2017) HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICAThe cargo transport - heavy and light - In an open economy, the system involved for cargo transportation in products distribution is fundamental for the country s competitiveness.', '_______________________________ 9 See the documents generated in the framework of the IDB GEF Sustainable Mobility Project for the Integral Plan for Sustainable Urban Mobility (PIMUS) for the Metropolitan Area of San Jose, Costa Rica, of MINAE, Ministry of Housing and Urban Settlements and MIDEPLAN (2017) HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICAThe cargo transport - heavy and light - In an open economy, the system involved for cargo transportation in products distribution is fundamental for the country s competitiveness. However, the sector also generates negative externalities given that urban areas are impacted by freight transport, especially the GMA, from the cargo transit that leaves, or returns to this area.', 'However, the sector also generates negative externalities given that urban areas are impacted by freight transport, especially the GMA, from the cargo transit that leaves, or returns to this area. The generation and attraction of the freight transport in the San José Metropolitan Area mainly originates from industries, logistics centers, urban centers and entry or exit points of merchandise, such as ports or international crossings. There is an accelerated increase of emissions from the combustion of diesel, and a lack of national regulation for this sector in terms of carbon emissions and short-lived pollutants (such as PM, NOx), resulting in public health issues and premature deaths. Of the total energy consumption of the transport sector in Costa Rica, 36.5% originates from freight transport.', 'Of the total energy consumption of the transport sector in Costa Rica, 36.5% originates from freight transport. Although the sector represents 15% of the vehicle fleet, it is excluded from the obligations of the Decree that regulates transport emissions since 2016, as the sector has expressed concern regarding competitiveness loss against Central American companies that do not have equivalent environmental requirements. It is important to mention that a large part of freight transport, mainly the heavy one, passes through Central American regulations and plans, so the challenge of decarbonization and decontamination this sector – as opposed to the decarbonization axis 1 and 2 - will require efforts to modernize the region.', 'It is important to mention that a large part of freight transport, mainly the heavy one, passes through Central American regulations and plans, so the challenge of decarbonization and decontamination this sector – as opposed to the decarbonization axis 1 and 2 - will require efforts to modernize the region. The Costa Rican freight transport fleet is the oldest among national sub-fleets registered in the Vehicles Technical Revision (RITEVE) yearbook (Figure 4) with an average of 22 years old, a 6-year average above the average of all vehicles and higher than in other countries (for example, 12 years old in Europe and 14 years old in the USA).', 'The Costa Rican freight transport fleet is the oldest among national sub-fleets registered in the Vehicles Technical Revision (RITEVE) yearbook (Figure 4) with an average of 22 years old, a 6-year average above the average of all vehicles and higher than in other countries (for example, 12 years old in Europe and 14 years old in the USA). Source: RECOPE FIGURE 3: Oil barrel annually imported in Costa Rica (1985-2015) HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA FIGURE 4: Average age of annually revised vehicles Source: Yearbook of the Vehicle Technical Revision. 2017, MOPT-Riteve (2018) (elaborated by Ana Lucía Moya, DCC)The electricity system - Costa Rica presents a significant advantage: the electricity matrix is based on renewable sources and diversified (hydro, wind, geothermal, solar, biomass), which allows electricity supply to have virtually zero-emissions.', '2017, MOPT-Riteve (2018) (elaborated by Ana Lucía Moya, DCC)The electricity system - Costa Rica presents a significant advantage: the electricity matrix is based on renewable sources and diversified (hydro, wind, geothermal, solar, biomass), which allows electricity supply to have virtually zero-emissions. During the last four years, the percentage of renewable generation has exceeded 98% of power supply. These circumstances facilitate the transition from the use of hydrocarbons in the transport, industrial and other sectors to the use of electricity, thereby contributing to the decarbonization of the country s energy sector. The country has an electricity coverage of 99.4%, and a robust, reliable, and flexible electricity system. One of the challenges would be in guaranteeing the electricity supply keeps competitive prices, while maintaining a renewable, efficient and reliable matrix.', 'One of the challenges would be in guaranteeing the electricity supply keeps competitive prices, while maintaining a renewable, efficient and reliable matrix. Therefore, a restructuring of the system has to be promoted in order to allow it to face new challenges that arise from the demand increase, as transportation and other sectors are electrified. The configuration of the electrical system in 2050 will have to be characterized by its sustainability, flexibility and "intelligence", and through allowing the integration of storage systems, distributed generation and demand management. The commercial and residential sector -In these sectors, the emissions arise from the daily use of a series of services that serve towards adapting spaces to our use.', 'The commercial and residential sector -In these sectors, the emissions arise from the daily use of a series of services that serve towards adapting spaces to our use. It is necessary to profoundly modify how we invest in lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, cooking, and other technologies related to our building use. The first step will be to make these buildings more efficient, which depend on the buildings covers as well as the standards of the apparatus used. Significant advances in the design and implementation of regulations in these areas will be required in order to influence the markets more effectively and to begin to reverse current inefficiencies. In addition, it will be necessary to leave a modular thinking to move to an integral design of functional systems.', 'In addition, it will be necessary to leave a modular thinking to move to an integral design of functional systems. Industry - This sector is described in the following section: Source of emissions 2: Industry Energy in industry - The country has to take advantage of its relative strengths in education, governance, and macroeconomic stability to encourage investments and operations in high value-added industrial sectors, leading to sustained leadership within Latin American in new and more efficient manufacturing models. However, to stop and reverse emission increases from the sector, energy uses that have the technical option to be electrified should implement it, as this would bring benefits ranging from the increased competitiveness of renewable electric energy that will be achieved in the line of action 4 of decarbonization.', 'However, to stop and reverse emission increases from the sector, energy uses that have the technical option to be electrified should implement it, as this would bring benefits ranging from the increased competitiveness of renewable electric energy that will be achieved in the line of action 4 of decarbonization. Simultaneously, alternative sources to fossil fuels, such as biomass resulting from agricultural processes, have to be sought to supply energy for the processes that cannot be electrified. As a first step, a reduction in investment and the use of fossil fuel- based technologies has to begin from this point forth. Processes in industry – Several industries produce greenhouse gases due to the transformation processes that they entail and independently from their energy use.', 'Processes in industry – Several industries produce greenhouse gases due to the transformation processes that they entail and independently from their energy use. A typical case is cement, HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICAwhich in addition to requiring energy to burn raw material, releases CO2 through the chemical process that is carried out. Avoiding emissions of this nature has technological solutions on occasion, and several sectors have implemented innovation programs globally. Simultaneously, there must be willingness to replace processes, and even products, such as wood in construction or reinforced resins in automotive applications, to reduce the global demand for certain materials.', 'Simultaneously, there must be willingness to replace processes, and even products, such as wood in construction or reinforced resins in automotive applications, to reduce the global demand for certain materials. Finally, recognizing that the industrial sector should have some emissions allocation in the long-term inventory while these transitions are gradually handled is necessary, since the pathway to zero-emissions is less clear for this sector than it is for others, such as in the case of electricity generation. Source of emissions 3: Waste - Waste management in Costa Rica employs landfills that lead to the generation of methane from organic waste.', 'Source of emissions 3: Waste - Waste management in Costa Rica employs landfills that lead to the generation of methane from organic waste. The separation, recovery and treatment of organic waste with techniques such as compost requires organization, scale and coordination between the different municipalities and central level actors (such as the Ministry of Health (MINSALUD), Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and Municipal Development and Advisory Institute (IFAM), along with changes in citizen behavior required to achieve this at a manageable cost. It will also be crucial to consolidating the management of sanitary landfills to encourage the capture of methane either through active or passive techniques.', 'It will also be crucial to consolidating the management of sanitary landfills to encourage the capture of methane either through active or passive techniques. Source of emissions 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)11 Agriculture - In the agricultural sector, greenhouse gas emissions mainly come from four productive activities: coffee, sugarcane, and musaceas (predominantly bananas) in relation to nitrous oxide emissions; and rice cultivation, for methane emissions. From a productive landscape point of view, this sector has the capacity to absorb, capture and conserve carbon through agroforestry systems, precision agriculture, and forest conservation. The agricultural sector has taken a leadership role in the development of climate strategies, as it is also one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change impacts.', 'The agricultural sector has taken a leadership role in the development of climate strategies, as it is also one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change impacts. The challenge is to move from actions focused on two subsectors (coffee and livestock) to a sectoral approach (the set of agricultural and livestock activities). A pioneering step has been seen in the adoption of the sectoral agreement on emission reduction adopted between the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) and the MINAE, which was signed at the beginning of 2018. It’s biggest challenge is its operationalization, especially in terms of escalation, metrics and financing. Livestock - In the livestock sector, greenhouse gas emissions stem from enteric fermentation and excreta handling, and this corresponds to methane emissions.', 'Livestock - In the livestock sector, greenhouse gas emissions stem from enteric fermentation and excreta handling, and this corresponds to methane emissions. To a lesser extent, pastures fertilization, a primary but not exclusive practice for cattle bovine milk, has an impact on nitrous oxide emissions. It is a sector that has also the capacity to absorb, capture and conserve carbon to some extent, through the management of pastures, soil conservation, forests and silvopastoral systems. This sub-sector has a Low-Carbon Livestock Strategy and a program called the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (or NAMAs) implemented in its pilot phase. Its main challenge _______________________________ 10 Although it is an important issue in Costa Rica and for the green growth agenda, it does not address the issue of wastewater treatment since they represent relatively small emissions.', 'Its main challenge _______________________________ 10 Although it is an important issue in Costa Rica and for the green growth agenda, it does not address the issue of wastewater treatment since they represent relatively small emissions. 11 AFOLU: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use HIDRÓGENO: PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICAis to eliminate the set of barriers (scaling of the NAMA in its next phases). Deforestation and Absorption - Historically, Costa Rica has operated its national system of protected wild areas and program of Payments for Environmental Services (PES), which, in totality, covers 35% of the country and 70% of the forests. The achievements in the field of ecosystem and biodiversity conservation must be sustained over time in a context of profound resource constraints and public management.', 'The achievements in the field of ecosystem and biodiversity conservation must be sustained over time in a context of profound resource constraints and public management. According to the General Comptroller of the Republic, the majority of public entities associated with the protection of biodiversity do not have adequate Institutional Performance Index ratings, except for the National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO). As the threats to biodiversity increase over the years, a gap is created, and accordingly, investments must be carried out in a better institutional management context - one that guarantees the protection of the natural capital. The forest plays a vital role in guaranteeing the provision of ecosystem goods and services, and also functions as a net emission sink for the country (7.4 MtCO2eq according to the official inventory).', 'The forest plays a vital role in guaranteeing the provision of ecosystem goods and services, and also functions as a net emission sink for the country (7.4 MtCO2eq according to the official inventory). Consequently, it would be necessary to maintain and even increase the level of forest cover to at least 60% of the national territory.The magnitude of the challenge assumed by the world upon the entry into force of the Paris Agreement calls for a structural transformation of economic activities. This transformation is also a great opportunity for boosting the economy and to generate prosperity under green and circular growth approaches.', 'This transformation is also a great opportunity for boosting the economy and to generate prosperity under green and circular growth approaches. Today, the great imperative in Costa Rica - due to the Paris Agreement and the call from President Alvarado – would be to transform the emissions pattern of the economy into a net-zero emissions, or negative emissions (i.e., removals) society, in sectors where it is possible - and very low emissions where it is not possible to reach zero. In practice, this means that each sector will be transformed toward zero emissions, yet at different speeds.', 'In practice, this means that each sector will be transformed toward zero emissions, yet at different speeds. For example, the Costa Rican electric sector has almost achieved zero emissions, the transportation sector will achieve it as it adopts zero- emissions technologies that are already commercially viable, and the agricultural sector will probably be low in emissions for several decades while technical and technological changes continue to improve. The goal of decarbonization planning is to go beyond an environmental agenda: it is to transform the economy The decarbonization logic of the Paris Agreement Ratification. In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted, which entered into force in the record time of less than a year after.', 'In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted, which entered into force in the record time of less than a year after. In July 2018, 179 of the 197 signatory parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have ratified the Agreement, and collectively and bindingly committed themselves to maintain the increase of the Earth s average temperature to 1.5 °C and 2 °C above the pre-industrial era. The goal of 2°C and the year 2050. To understand what the fulfillment of this international commitment implies, it must be remembered that climate change is the result of the effects of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that is emitted into the atmosphere by human activity.', 'To understand what the fulfillment of this international commitment implies, it must be remembered that climate change is the result of the effects of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that is emitted into the atmosphere by human activity. Since the already accumulated emissions have caused a significant increase in temperature with respect to its value in the pre-industrial era, it is now necessary to rapidly reduce emissions to stop the warming process.', 'Since the already accumulated emissions have caused a significant increase in temperature with respect to its value in the pre-industrial era, it is now necessary to rapidly reduce emissions to stop the warming process. Concretely, the IPCC has established that in order to have a 66% probability that the average temperature does not exceed 2°C of the pre-industrial era, global emissions will have to be nil in the second half of the century, and approximately between 40% and 70% smaller in the year 2050 than they were in 2010. Intensity emissions of the GDP.', 'Intensity emissions of the GDP. This reduction is undoubtedly very important in absolute terms, since emissions have almost continuously increased since the industrial era, being driven by industrialization and urbanization of the increasing population and national GDP. However, the emissions reduction required by the Paris Agreement in relation to GDPs is even more ambitious. If we assume that the global economy of 2050 could have a GDP of three times its value of 2010, and requires the total emissions be half its amount, this would imply an approximate reduction of five sixths (that is, 83%) of the emission intensity per unit of GDP.', 'If we assume that the global economy of 2050 could have a GDP of three times its value of 2010, and requires the total emissions be half its amount, this would imply an approximate reduction of five sixths (that is, 83%) of the emission intensity per unit of GDP. More information on the science requirements to mitigate climate change in IPCC document: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group III, Summary for PolicymakersTherefore, it is necessary to apply a planning methodology in order to guide the transformation as well as the consequent set of actions in the short, medium and long-term.', 'More information on the science requirements to mitigate climate change in IPCC document: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group III, Summary for PolicymakersTherefore, it is necessary to apply a planning methodology in order to guide the transformation as well as the consequent set of actions in the short, medium and long-term. This document lays the foundations for the "Planning of decarbonization" in Costa Rica, anchored in a vision of transformation of each sectoral axis that defines the measures of change that must be executed between 2018 and 2050, and is organized in three phases (explained in section 5). Additionally, actions that should be avoided due to them being incompatible with the decarbonization required in the Paris Agreement are identified.', 'Additionally, actions that should be avoided due to them being incompatible with the decarbonization required in the Paris Agreement are identified. Fulfilling a goal by 2050 does not mean postponing actions, but developing fundamental transformations with urgency With the entry into force of the Agreement, the question for society, companies, and governments - including local ones – would be: what changes will be necessary to reduce emissions by 80 to 90% per unit of GDP worldwide? Simultaneously, it is crucial to evaluate the difficulties involve in achieving it. How much investment will be necessary and who will carry it out?', 'How much investment will be necessary and who will carry it out? It will also be crucial to improve the capacity to account for the benefits and costs associated with these measures in order to make a balance and identify a strategy to manage the impacts. The sectorial analysis of the changes suggests that between 70 and 80% of global emissions in recent decades come from energy consumption – and these come, for example, from the need to generate electricity, to boost transport, industrial and commercial activities and to provide heating during winter. Technological options to reduce emissions from energy to almost zero (with possible exceptions in industry, transport and aviation) already exist.', 'Technological options to reduce emissions from energy to almost zero (with possible exceptions in industry, transport and aviation) already exist. Non-energy emissions come from agriculture, livestock activity, forests and soils management, industrial processes, and waste management. While there is a potential for significant reduction and research to improve practices are making remarkable progress in the agriculture and livestock sectors, there are still no technologies and practices available reduce emissions to the level of almost zero in a similar fashion to what has been achieved in the energy sector.', 'While there is a potential for significant reduction and research to improve practices are making remarkable progress in the agriculture and livestock sectors, there are still no technologies and practices available reduce emissions to the level of almost zero in a similar fashion to what has been achieved in the energy sector. Given the above, decarbonizing the energy sectors as extensively as possible is crucial in order to reach zero-emissions in several sectors to ensure that the agreed limits in the future is not exceeded, since the other sectors have no technical potential to achieve the 80 to 90 % reduction for now.', 'Given the above, decarbonizing the energy sectors as extensively as possible is crucial in order to reach zero-emissions in several sectors to ensure that the agreed limits in the future is not exceeded, since the other sectors have no technical potential to achieve the 80 to 90 % reduction for now. In summary, to meet the goal, energy, transportation, urban, and rural production and lifestyle systems require transformations and deep structural changes in every aspect.', 'In summary, to meet the goal, energy, transportation, urban, and rural production and lifestyle systems require transformations and deep structural changes in every aspect. Fundamental to this process is the energy efficiency required to not demand more energy than necessary, and the electrification of energy consumption, since it is easier to generate and distribute zero-emissions electricity than to find solutions to capture or eliminate emissions in millions of small sources, such as internal combustion engines or boilers and stoves that currently use fossil fuels and generate emissions. Establishing a goal by 2050 does not mean that action is postponed until that date. On the contrary, there is an urgency to implement the changes immediately.', 'On the contrary, there is an urgency to implement the changes immediately. That is as it would be a mistake to think that we can act in the future as we have 32 years to reach the goal. To do so, it is essential to adopt an approach that takes into consideration the lifespan of technological investments. For example, in terms of energy generation and use, the lifespan varies between 15 years (for example, a car) to 40 years (for example, a thermoelectric generator). Other important infrastructure investments, such as bridges, roads, and dams, can have even longer lifespans. For this reason, and depending on the sector, the next investments or purchase or the one after that is made may be operating in 2050.', 'For this reason, and depending on the sector, the next investments or purchase or the one after that is made may be operating in 2050. The planning impact is straight: 2050 is much closer than it seems since it will occur in the lifespan of one or two assets, which is a short time period to carry out a fleet replacement by different technologies.', 'The planning impact is straight: 2050 is much closer than it seems since it will occur in the lifespan of one or two assets, which is a short time period to carry out a fleet replacement by different technologies. Later, this point is revisited to illustrate the risk of "transition technologies" that may delay the adoption of zero-emissions technologies that have to and can be driven with immediacy.A new tool: Planning for decarbonization Since the implementation of fundamental changes in multiple areas in such a short time is unusual, achieving this structural transformation presents a challenge for planners at government, municipality and company level.', 'Later, this point is revisited to illustrate the risk of "transition technologies" that may delay the adoption of zero-emissions technologies that have to and can be driven with immediacy.A new tool: Planning for decarbonization Since the implementation of fundamental changes in multiple areas in such a short time is unusual, achieving this structural transformation presents a challenge for planners at government, municipality and company level. Each country must prepare for a new stage of its economic development and decarbonization, and in order to effectively do so, new planning tools have to be implemented. Understanding the challenges requires the use of new tools12. Hence, the implementation of a decarbonization planning strategy is presented here.', 'Hence, the implementation of a decarbonization planning strategy is presented here. Given the depth of the climate challenge, the objectives would not be met through a traditional "incrementalist" approach that is focused on minimal and gradual improvements. It will also not be achieved with the exclusive use of traditional approaches that are based on optimization models (for example, to only foresee the "optimization" in the consumption of gasoline by state fleets being made to use less fuel would be insufficient). The methodology starts by recognizing that a political decision is required, one that involves a reconfiguration and structural changes of the economy.', 'The methodology starts by recognizing that a political decision is required, one that involves a reconfiguration and structural changes of the economy. For instance, under this vision, the question related to the state fleets would be: how can they be transformed so that the state fleet stops consuming fossil fuels? The planning is composed of two stages: What technological and market changes must occur? And what institutional, fiscal, regulatory and social changes must be achieved to enhance these technological changes? Planning for decarbonization sets the tone to answer both questions.', 'Planning for decarbonization sets the tone to answer both questions. Its main elements are: • To establish goals between the present and 2050 in all sectors that are, in aggregate, consistent with net zero emissions by 2050 • To generate narratives of sectoral change, to be able to communicate the transformation in a common language to all actors. • To draw a transformation pathway to move from the current state to the desired one in 2050, with detailed technological pathways and market conditions in every sector. In the case of Costa Rica, especially for the energy sector, optimization models have been used, which have allowed a definition of the most cost-effective routes that are coherent with the transformational vision and are able to avoid lock-in processes.', 'In the case of Costa Rica, especially for the energy sector, optimization models have been used, which have allowed a definition of the most cost-effective routes that are coherent with the transformational vision and are able to avoid lock-in processes. • To identify short- and medium-term actions to facilitate compliance with the pathways, _______________________________ 12 See for example “2050 Pathways, a Handbook” de Jim Williams (SDSN) y Henri Waisman (IDDRI) inemphasizing the institutional, regulatory and fiscal changes that will be required so that the technological transformation pathway can be fulfilled in expected times.', '• To identify short- and medium-term actions to facilitate compliance with the pathways, _______________________________ 12 See for example “2050 Pathways, a Handbook” de Jim Williams (SDSN) y Henri Waisman (IDDRI) inemphasizing the institutional, regulatory and fiscal changes that will be required so that the technological transformation pathway can be fulfilled in expected times. • To establish just transition measures, thereby allowing people, communities and companies that have to reorient their activities and make adjustments to have the necessary support to do so without losing sight of the diverse, often positive, impacts that it will have on the consumers and other sectors of the society. Achieving decarbonization of Costa Rica requires a large number of specific actions, aligned with the vision of a coherent change sustained over a period of three decades.', 'Achieving decarbonization of Costa Rica requires a large number of specific actions, aligned with the vision of a coherent change sustained over a period of three decades. A strategic and concise plan such as this one presents initial actions and indicates the route that should be followed to continue the process. That is, the planning elements that must be considered are provided in this initial roadmap. It is important to consider that this planning exercise is conceived as a flexible tool, since not all the necessary solutions required to achieve decarbonization in every sector are available yet, nor have they all been identified.', 'It is important to consider that this planning exercise is conceived as a flexible tool, since not all the necessary solutions required to achieve decarbonization in every sector are available yet, nor have they all been identified. It is a given that in the coming decades, there will be many cases of disruptive technological, economic and social changes that will force an update of the plan. Based on this vision, section 5 offers more concrete actions in the short-term, which are expanded upon in the Action Plan 2018-2022 located in the Annex, and more generic actions are offered towards the long-term, with the consideration that the Plan will remain relevant through periodic updates.', 'Based on this vision, section 5 offers more concrete actions in the short-term, which are expanded upon in the Action Plan 2018-2022 located in the Annex, and more generic actions are offered towards the long-term, with the consideration that the Plan will remain relevant through periodic updates. It is important to re-emphasize that this document will be part of a broader development planning process that MIDEPLAN will lead with the Costa Rica 2050 Strategic Plan and will also feed into the process of updating the NDC to be presented in 2020. Planning for decarbonization provides actions distributed into three stages of change This Decarbonization Plan is structured in three major stages.', 'Planning for decarbonization provides actions distributed into three stages of change This Decarbonization Plan is structured in three major stages. The first stage of foundations (2018 - 2022) covers the Presidential period of the Alvarado Administration and contains urgent and foundational actions, necessary not only for their immediate impacts, but also for generating conditions for a substantive transformation. Simultaneously, a blind spot in current debates is taken into consideration: the importance of avoiding decisions that seem to be beneficial in the short-term, but when taking into account their impacts in the medium- and long-term, hinder or delay progress towards the decarbonization goal. The actions of this period have been developed in an Action Plan and are presented in the annex.', 'The actions of this period have been developed in an Action Plan and are presented in the annex. The second stage of inflection (2023-2030) covers the remaining eight years of the 2020s, which is when the pathway change towards transformation must take place. Visions of change will focus on elements which will be agreed upon and detailed with various ministries and stakeholders. The interdependencies between different sectors will be carefully examined. With this knowledge and support, decisive interventions that will redirect the markets towards zero- emissions will be completed. The need for a set of actions and multiple adjustments for this evolution is thus recognized. In addition, deep institutional changes will be implemented to reduce the barriers for change.', 'In addition, deep institutional changes will be implemented to reduce the barriers for change. For the third stage of normalization of the change or mass deployment (2031 - 2050), the current knowledge available will inevitably be more limited as we do not know what the world will be like in the future. However, we do know that during this period, action implementation will be easier to appropriately execute as old assets, for example, equipment and facilities that have ended their usable lifespan, and will be replaced with new ones that will already be equipped with decarbonized technologies (the success of this stage will not be possible without having achieved profound changes in theprevious stages for this condition to be true). A constant drive must be maintained to achieve deep emissions reductions.', 'A constant drive must be maintained to achieve deep emissions reductions. For this stage, other countries would also be seeking to decarbonize their economies, there will be a greater market of zero-emissions technologies which will contribute to the transformation and will provide opportunities to the leading countries. Short-term Actions that should be avoided because they will delay a long term transformation must be identified Creating an economy compatible with the Paris Agreement has consequences for the measures that must be adopted, along with those that should not be adopted. Specifically, there are investments that will reduce some emissions in the short-term, but not enough to reach net-zero and fulfill the long-term goal.', 'Specifically, there are investments that will reduce some emissions in the short-term, but not enough to reach net-zero and fulfill the long-term goal. These are investments with long lifespans, and should therefore be avoided, since they will represent emissions that will impede timely change, postponing it beyond 2050. This problem is commonly referred to as "lock-in". The need to assess whether a measure is aligned with the Paris Agreement or not, in which case it should be avoided, applies to new actions, but it also crucially applies to plans conceptualized before the agreement was signed. As explained above, this creates a watershed moment: before its entry into force, a measure that reduced emissions was considered an improvement.', 'As explained above, this creates a watershed moment: before its entry into force, a measure that reduced emissions was considered an improvement. However, with its entry into force, the question is no longer a case of whether a technology improves, but whether the sum of the improvements is aligned with the trajectory of the decarbonization required to comply with the goals of the Agreement. It is a decisive change of focus that has direct consequences for investment decisions. Figure 5: The three temporal stages of the Decarbonization PlanClassic cases of "lock-in" (or committed emissions) occur when introducing technological changes into the energy sectors that allows for partial emission reductions. Examples can be the change of coal, bunker, fuel oil, or diesel, to natural gas in electrical or industrial generation.', 'Examples can be the change of coal, bunker, fuel oil, or diesel, to natural gas in electrical or industrial generation. In these cases, it was previously recognized that reducing emissions with respect to an inertial scenario was already progress. However, the need to reach net zero emissions , the question is no longer whether there is an improvement, but rather whether this progress generates a sufficient level of mitigation required to be able to operate the technology long enough in a carbon-constrained world to amortize the investment made over. A concrete example would be transportation. The global economy has a few years - 20 or 30 years maximum - to make the transition to zero-emissions transport to meet the goals.', 'The global economy has a few years - 20 or 30 years maximum - to make the transition to zero-emissions transport to meet the goals. This temporary window creates a new challenge for investments in relatively low-carbon (as opposed to zero-emission) assets, for example, investments in natural gas - which have lifespans of 20 to 30 years or more, too long to qualify as a temporary or "bridge" technology, which would be the only reason to justify their acquisition as part of decarbonization effort They are not advisable investments within a transformational decarbonization pathway. In addition to this limitation, a majority of countries have scarce capital to invest and this requires prioritizing the financing of cleaner and more transformative solutions instead of partial solutions that would delay the transition.', 'In addition to this limitation, a majority of countries have scarce capital to invest and this requires prioritizing the financing of cleaner and more transformative solutions instead of partial solutions that would delay the transition. Fortunately, many zero or near-zero emission technologies, such as renewable generation and electric transport are now available in the market. If the argument for partial solutions is attempted through short-term financial arguments, it will be necessary to make regulatory and fiscal corrections to redirect the investments so that they will be consistent with the vision of development without emissions. It is important to point out that we are currently working on the consolidation of dynamic models that involve the participation of both academic and institutional actors within MIDEPLAN, the Central Bank, and MINAE.', 'It is important to point out that we are currently working on the consolidation of dynamic models that involve the participation of both academic and institutional actors within MIDEPLAN, the Central Bank, and MINAE. These models, and the use of methodologies such as "robust decision-making", will allow the country to have deeper debates based on better information, science, and data in order to more clearly identify lock-in processes in order to avoid them. The use of Models in the current process An energy model with a linear system optimization called TIMES-CR was used as a complementary tool to the planning process based on the construction of the vision and goal of a decarbonized Costa Rica and the definition of policy packages applying a backcasting approach.', 'The use of Models in the current process An energy model with a linear system optimization called TIMES-CR was used as a complementary tool to the planning process based on the construction of the vision and goal of a decarbonized Costa Rica and the definition of policy packages applying a backcasting approach. The TIMES-CR model is an energy model, initially developed in the United States, which has been calibrated to characterize the Costa Rican energy sector. It has a structure of energy supply dimensioned at spatial and temporal levels, which has different primary sources of energy (for example, wind, solar, hydraulic, gasoline, diesel, etc.) and processes or technologies to transform them (for example , electric vehicles, buses, industrial energy processes, etc.', 'and processes or technologies to transform them (for example , electric vehicles, buses, industrial energy processes, etc. ), and thus satisfies the final energy requirement (for example, passenger mobility). Figure 6 shows a simplification of this energy system thus allowing an understanding of the relationships between the types of fuels which are inherent to the model.Figure 6: TIMES-CR Model structure13 _______________________________ 13 Reference work: Costa Rica – Assessing Mitigation Pathways to Support NDC Implementation (2017).TIMES-CR is a "bottom-up" linear optimization model to support long- term planning exercises, which considers technological transformation as a starting point. This optimization allows the choosing the lowest cost of investments that are aligned with a defined decarbonization goal.', 'This optimization allows the choosing the lowest cost of investments that are aligned with a defined decarbonization goal. The analysis is based on energy demands in the model which are linked to the projections of population and economic growth by 2050, as well as elasticities, trends and assumptions regarding efficiencies and costs, among others. These demands are then met with the least- cost option which meets the decarbonization goal and the policies proposed by the government. The main objective of using this model would be to establish a reference line that enables diverse efforts to be aligned in the right direction.', 'The main objective of using this model would be to establish a reference line that enables diverse efforts to be aligned in the right direction. Additional analyses pertaining to the management of uncertainty and to the relationships between the energy model and the rest of the sectors will be necessary in order to further refine the decarbonization pathways. 14. _______________________________ 14 The Power and Energy Research Laboratory (EPERLab) of the School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Costa Rica with the support of the IDB is currently working to improve current models with various methodologies under the Deep Decarbonization Pathways program. The energy model in TIMES CR is migrating to a new Osmosys tool, and is complementing new analysis processes under the Robust Decision Making (RDM) methodology.', 'The energy model in TIMES CR is migrating to a new Osmosys tool, and is complementing new analysis processes under the Robust Decision Making (RDM) methodology. For the Strategic Plan, it is expected to collaborate with MIDEPLAN with a more integral model that incorporates elements and links between water, soil, climate, energy - CLEW. Figura 7: TIMES-CR model process.For this reason, this work is not a forecast of the future, but an analysis of the requirements of the energy system needed to achieve emission goals which, when combined with estimates for decarbonized emissions from the other sectors , would in aggregate be aligned with what is necessary to keep the maximum increase in the average temperature of the planet to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'Figura 7: TIMES-CR model process.For this reason, this work is not a forecast of the future, but an analysis of the requirements of the energy system needed to achieve emission goals which, when combined with estimates for decarbonized emissions from the other sectors , would in aggregate be aligned with what is necessary to keep the maximum increase in the average temperature of the planet to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. For the analysis, the diagram shown in Figure 7 was used. This starts from a set of input parameters, such as energy demand and technology restrictions that adjust to the national reality. Subsequently, the VEDA- FE module generates a data structure to evaluate each scenario in TIMES, and this contains all the structures and relationships between technologies or processes and fuels.', 'Subsequently, the VEDA- FE module generates a data structure to evaluate each scenario in TIMES, and this contains all the structures and relationships between technologies or processes and fuels. Through a code in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), the optimization process is performed, and the result of this operation is transferred to the VEDA- BE module for the results visualization and the generation of output files. The process is iterative, and each output is analyzed by modelers in order to validate the coherence between the input data and the results. The inputs data in the TIMES model, as well as their respective sources, are those shown in Table 1. Many data used to calibrate the model have a high uncertainty in the long-term range.', 'Many data used to calibrate the model have a high uncertainty in the long-term range. For this reason, the results of this model are a guide that must be refined with robust analysis techniques that contemplate multiple possible scenarios. Modeling aims to guide investment decisions and identify the technology options which are most convenient and aligned with the set goals. Input data Energy balance 2015 Estimated economic growth Energy elasticities Technology costs Technological efficiencies Fuel costs Non-energy sector Energy balance 2015 Sources Energy Subsector Planning Secretariat (SEPSE). Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR). International Consultants (DecisionWare Group) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-US9RT database U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-US9RT database. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). National Meteorological Institute s National (IMN) GHG Inventory (2012) Data provided by the DCC.', 'National Meteorological Institute s National (IMN) GHG Inventory (2012) Data provided by the DCC. Table 3: Input data and analysis sourcesResults of the Model The results of the model, together with the inputs collected during the consultation processes, allowed a refinement of the public policy packages, both at the level of their vision-goals, and at the level of the specific actions and technologies that are to be incorporated. To evaluate the policy packages, three scenarios were generated: • BAU or Business as Usual Scenario: This projects the behavior of the emissions without considering public policy interventions. • Scenario 2°C: It is a scenario with public policy interventions that are compatible with the NDC s goals of Costa Rica.', '• Scenario 2°C: It is a scenario with public policy interventions that are compatible with the NDC s goals of Costa Rica. • Scenario 1.5°C: It is a scenario with public policy interventions that are compatible with net-zero emissions in 2050 and it is the goal of the National Decarbonization Plan. • Figure 8 shows the different trajectories of emissions from the base scenario and those corresponding to 1.5°C and 2°C. A sectoral contribution target by 2050 was established to determine the contributions by sector, and this took into account the proportions presented in the base case and under the premise of a fixed absorption value.', 'A sectoral contribution target by 2050 was established to determine the contributions by sector, and this took into account the proportions presented in the base case and under the premise of a fixed absorption value. In 2012, the maximum emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) of every sector, which are categorized in the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Inventory 2012, have a proportion of 64.13% for energy, 8.72% for industrial processes, 10.58% for AFOLU, and 16.57% for waste – this is taking into consideration the forestry sector absorption reported in the GHG inventory. These proportions remain constant, with a varying absorption of 2 Gg of CO2eq to 3.5 Gg of CO2eq in 2030; which will stay steady after 2030.', 'These proportions remain constant, with a varying absorption of 2 Gg of CO2eq to 3.5 Gg of CO2eq in 2030; which will stay steady after 2030. There is a high difficulty in defining the maximum emission capacity for each sector, and this is mainly due to the lack of tools to model the non-energy sector. For example, there is a high uncertainty in the carbon dioxide absorption value of the forestry sector in the future. Table 4 shows the main results of the simulations, which contemplate the energy system and the other sectors according to the GEI Inventory.', 'Table 4 shows the main results of the simulations, which contemplate the energy system and the other sectors according to the GEI Inventory. Sector Energy Industrial processes Agriculture Waste Net Forest area Total Base case scenario Scenario Reference GHG (IMN) Scenario Table 4: Emissions estimates for the generated scenariosThe evaluations show that the base scenario has a 45% growth in emissions in relation to the last GHG inventory, and that the scenarios of 2°C and 1.5 C are possible with a definition of clear goals associated with the electrification of transport. There is a more cost-effective transition period provided by technologies where Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and biofuels seem to play a role in retrofitting the current fleets and have long lifespans, particularly for the cargo transport segment, where zero emissions technological options are still not commercially available.', 'There is a more cost-effective transition period provided by technologies where Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and biofuels seem to play a role in retrofitting the current fleets and have long lifespans, particularly for the cargo transport segment, where zero emissions technological options are still not commercially available. Figure 9: Sectorial emissions for the 2°C scenario Figure 10: Sectoral emissions for the 1.5°C scenarioExchange and consultation with diverse actors The decarbonization planning methodology included a process with stakeholders from sectoral, autonomous, and subnational level institutions, as well as from the private sector, civil society, and Academy. First, the process included a series of bilateral meetings with key stakeholders and authorities at the level of Ministers and Executive Presidents of central institutions.', 'First, the process included a series of bilateral meetings with key stakeholders and authorities at the level of Ministers and Executive Presidents of central institutions. This exercise made it possible to understand visions, priorities, and establish a frame of reference for the long-term planning process. In this stage, high-level meetings with the President, Minister of Environment and Energy and the various teams they appointed took place.', 'In this stage, high-level meetings with the President, Minister of Environment and Energy and the various teams they appointed took place. Meetings were also held with the Office of the First Lady, the Minister of MIDEPLAN, representatives of the economic sector, Vice-Minister of Public Works and Transport, Vice-Minister of Agriculture, Vice-Minister of Energy, Directors of MINAE, representatives of the Secretariat of Environment Sector Planning, Executive President of RECOPE, and Executive President of Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE), as well as with representatives of the Chamber of Industries and sectoral experts, among others.', 'Meetings were also held with the Office of the First Lady, the Minister of MIDEPLAN, representatives of the economic sector, Vice-Minister of Public Works and Transport, Vice-Minister of Agriculture, Vice-Minister of Energy, Directors of MINAE, representatives of the Secretariat of Environment Sector Planning, Executive President of RECOPE, and Executive President of Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE), as well as with representatives of the Chamber of Industries and sectoral experts, among others. In a second stage, two series of workshops were held, the first during the week of the 22nd to 26th of October and the second during the week of the 13th to 16th of November 2018.', 'In a second stage, two series of workshops were held, the first during the week of the 22nd to 26th of October and the second during the week of the 13th to 16th of November 2018. During the first series of workshops, the Decarbonization Plan, the 10 axes and cross-cutting strategies were presented to participants, allowing for the collection of inputs for the design of the more detailed activities that were incorporated into the Action Plan. In the second series of workshops, the actions proposal was strengthened; and an exercise of prioritization and identification of links between the cross-cutting strategies were carried out.', 'In the second series of workshops, the actions proposal was strengthened; and an exercise of prioritization and identification of links between the cross-cutting strategies were carried out. Table 5: Participants in both series of exchange and consultation workshops First consultation (Total 154) Second consultation (Total 192) First consultation (Total 154) Date Axis Number of participants Second consultation (TotalBoth series of workshops evidenced the great interest that exists on the part of the stakeholders in seeking co-creation processes. The workshop sessions were complemented with visits to and presentation of the Plan in various sessions of boards of directors, among them the Public Transport Council, RECOPE, and ICE.', 'The workshop sessions were complemented with visits to and presentation of the Plan in various sessions of boards of directors, among them the Public Transport Council, RECOPE, and ICE. The initial exchange process evidenced the need to continue building during the following stages, whether it is associated with the initial implementation, the process of updating and/or the future adjustment that will be carried out. Workshop supporting materials and feedback can be accessed through the DCC platform at net-zero emissions economy by 2050. This goal is consistent with science and with the recent IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C.', 'This goal is consistent with science and with the recent IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C. The policy packages presented, and the planning processes developed, are considered as the starting actions, and will have to be complemented and updated in subsequent iterations under the principle of progresion, always consistent with the goal. It is recognized that decarbonizing all sectors of the economy will take time and that specific actions, aligned to a vision of consistent and coherent change must be executed, and this has to be in accordance with the maturity of zero-emissions technologies over a period of three decades.', 'It is recognized that decarbonizing all sectors of the economy will take time and that specific actions, aligned to a vision of consistent and coherent change must be executed, and this has to be in accordance with the maturity of zero-emissions technologies over a period of three decades. To initiate this process, this strategic plan is deliberately concise in order to identify ten axes of decarbonization in key sectors, with the initial actions being a part of the pathway that will be negotiated and deepened over time. In other words, there is no intention to list all the necessary measures, but to identify the essential ones, which will be presented in an abbreviated form.', 'In other words, there is no intention to list all the necessary measures, but to identify the essential ones, which will be presented in an abbreviated form. They will be further elaborated on in other policy instruments, such as the Costa Rica 2050 Strategic Plan, and in future iterations of Costa Rica’s Nationally Determined Contributions and of the Decarbonization Plan itself. There are uncertainties and factors that will be beyond the control of the country, and these could be strongly associated with disruptive technological processes, mobility, production and electrical distribution schemes, among others. For these reasons, the process and the plan are conceived as an adaptive approach that should be updated as these new conditions arise.', 'For these reasons, the process and the plan are conceived as an adaptive approach that should be updated as these new conditions arise. This is why more concrete actions are presented in the short-term and gradually become more generic when discussing the long-term. This section builds on the 10 axes of decarbonization derived from the greenhouse gases inventory. To identify the actions of each axis, the methodology "Decarbonization Planning" described in section 4 was carried out. The actions of change within each line are presented in three temporal stages: foundations (2018 - 2022), inflection (2023 - 2013) and massive deployment (2031 - 2050) - already described earlier - to achieve the vision of transformations that guide each sector.', 'The actions of change within each line are presented in three temporal stages: foundations (2018 - 2022), inflection (2023 - 2013) and massive deployment (2031 - 2050) - already described earlier - to achieve the vision of transformations that guide each sector. This is complemented with the actions that must be avoided in each axis so that the country does not enter into a technological trajectory from which it will be difficult to exit once an investment is made. This scenario has been elaborated upon in the previous section and it is known as "emissions lock-in".', 'This scenario has been elaborated upon in the previous section and it is known as "emissions lock-in". Short-, medium- and long-term goals and actions for the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy Cuadro 6: Linkages between the 10 decarbonization axiss and the emissions sources according to the National InventoryElaborated based on TIMES model data (EPER-Lab UCR, 2019) Elaborated based on TIMES model data (EPER-Lab UCR, 2019) Figure 12: Trend of reduction of emissions of the energy sector according to the interventions of the Decarbonization Plan Figure 11: Trend of emissions reduction by sector according to the interventions of the Decarbonization Plan. Decarbonization requires taking coordinated action to advance each result from several fronts.', 'Decarbonization requires taking coordinated action to advance each result from several fronts. Therefore, this document refers to "policy packages", which are packages defined as a set of measures that does not only plan a change, but also empower, finance and support institutional capacities and eliminate barriers that may hinder their adoption. For this plan, the categories of policy proposals forming the packages are: • Planning action and/or preparation of a strategy. Requires analysis, design, and political agreement. • Institutional or regulatory change action. Requires capacity building and/or approval, as well as an understanding of institutional barriers that need to be overcome. • Implementation of project or execution of initiative. Requires funds and execution capacity. • Obtaining/provision of financing.', 'Requires funds and execution capacity. • Obtaining/provision of financing. Requires the preparation of a clear economic proposal and access to markets and financial mechanisms. • Citizen acceptance and just transition. Requires the understanding of the barriers to change and the need for timely action in their undertakings. • Prevention of "lock-in". Strict decarbonization criteria need to be applied to actions that are incompatible with this plan because they move the country away from the goal. Policy packages aimed at coordinating actions and obtaining high-impact resultsTable 7: The 10 axes in the decarbonization and cross cutting strategy 10 axes of the decarbonization 1. Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport, and on active mobility schemes. 2.', 'Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport, and on active mobility schemes. 2. Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to have zero- emissions, sustained by renewable energy, not of fossil origin. 3. Promotion of a cargo transport that adopts modalities, technologies and sources of energy zero-emissions or the lowest emission possible. 4. Consolidation of the national electric system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence, and resilience necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at competitive cost. 5. Development of buildings for different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under the standards of high efficiency and low emission processes. 6. Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or other efficient and sustainable methods that have low or zero-emissions. 7.', 'Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or other efficient and sustainable methods that have low or zero-emissions. 7. Development of an integrated waste management system based on the separation, reuse, revaluation, and final disposal of maximum efficiency and low GHG emissions. 8. Promotion of highly efficient agro-food systems that generate low- carbon local consumption and export goods. 9. Consolidation of an eco-competitive livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of GHG. 10. Consolidation of a model of management for rural, urban, and coastal territories that facilitates the protection of biodiversity, the increase and maintenance of forest cover, and ecosystem services based on nature-based solutions Cross-cutting strategies A. Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial. B. Green Tax Reform.', 'Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial. B. Green Tax Reform. C. Funding strategy and investments attraction for transformation. D. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy. E. Labor strategies of "just transition". F. Inclusion, human rights and promotion of gender equality. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy. H. Education and Culture Strategy: the Bicentennial Costa Rica free of fossil fuels. In the next sections, the detailed activities of each line of action are presented.', 'In the next sections, the detailed activities of each line of action are presented. These are numbered to ease the reference to the timelines included in the Annex, in which the Action Plan 2018-2022 is presented.Transformation vision: • In 2035, 30% of the public transport fleet will be zero-emissions and the Passenger Electric Train will be in operation, running 100% on electricity • In 2050, the public transport system (Buses, Taxis, Passenger Electric Train) will operate in an integrated way, replacing the private automobile as the first option of mobility for the population in the GMA. • In 2050, 85% of the public transport fleet will be zero-emissions.', '• In 2050, 85% of the public transport fleet will be zero-emissions. • In 2050, Compact Cities will have been consolidated in the main urban areas of the GMA and main secondary cities of the country, with an increase of 10% of non-motorized journeys Activities to foster change: 1. To modernize public transport and to create an integrated and intermodal system Period goals • 8 main trunk lines in operation. • At least one public transport mode operates with a system of integrated electronic payment. • Electric Passenger Train tendered. Activities 1.1.1 To implement the sectorization of the public transport services, in bus modality, in a manner aligned with the mobility needs of the citizens and firstly focused on the GMA.', 'Activities 1.1.1 To implement the sectorization of the public transport services, in bus modality, in a manner aligned with the mobility needs of the citizens and firstly focused on the GMA. • To reorganize public transport routes; set trunk lines into operation in exclusive lanes. • To modernize the concession scheme for 2021, which will reward efficient and decarbonized service provision. • To develop a profitable and innovative financial model that promotes efficiency and transparency in the service operation. 1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services. 1.1.3 To adopt measures that promote intermodality. • To design and implement intermodal stations (train-bus-taxi- bicycles).', '• To design and implement intermodal stations (train-bus-taxi- bicycles). • To design and adjust the schedules for the provision of public transport services in a way that promotes systems integration. 1.1.4 To establish a governance model under the sustainable mobility system approach. • To strengthen the capacities and transparency of the Public Transport Council and the stewardship of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT). • To articulate joint approaches to land use planning and transport planning. Decarbonization axis 1: Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes1.1.5 To progress in the construction of the Electric Train under the most feasible model, connecting Cartago, San José, Heredia and Alajuela. • To carry out feasibility and environmental impact studies.', '• To carry out feasibility and environmental impact studies. • To design the construction plans. • To prepare international bidding documents for the design, construction and operation phase. • To bid for the concession of the electric train construction. • To develop a financial and technical strategy for the construction and commissioning of the Electric Train aligned with a vision of intermodality and sustainable mobility. 1.1.6 To implement campaigns that promotes the use of public transport and intermodality. 2. To promote the decarbonization of the public transport sector through the electrification and adoption of zero-emissions technologies Period goals • To implement electric buses pilot on at least 2 public transport routes. • Bus service concession contracts include specific goals and conditions associated with the use of electric or zero-emission buses.', '• Bus service concession contracts include specific goals and conditions associated with the use of electric or zero-emission buses. • To design and officialize the Roadmap for the consolidation of the Hydrogen Cluster. Activities 1.2.1 To establish the electrification of public transport program, which will include the implementation of three electric buses pilots, financing alternatives and incentives to test the process at the level of transportation companies, considering tariffs that facilitate the inclusion of the technology in the model of service provision. • To implement three electric buses pilots - launched in June 2018 on the GMA routes. • To design and approve the tariff scheme appropriate to the use of new technology in public transport, in order to ensure the affordability of the rates.', '• To design and approve the tariff scheme appropriate to the use of new technology in public transport, in order to ensure the affordability of the rates. • To design financing alternatives and incentives for proof of concept at the level of transport companies. • To define a joint and integral line of action. • To establish a schedule for the implementation of the fleet electrification. • To align concession contracts of 2021 with objectives and goals of the Decarbonization Plan and Law 9518: Incentives and Promotion for Electric Transportation. 1.2.2 To identify and evaluate the best options to electrify the taxi fleet. • To analyze the implications of the tariff scheme and identify improvements to facilitate technology adoption in taxis.', '• To analyze the implications of the tariff scheme and identify improvements to facilitate technology adoption in taxis. • To identify financing scheme to facilitate renewal of the taxi fleet. • To design a pilot program for the electrification of taxis. 1.2.3 To explore the technical and financial feasibility of creating a public fund to improve the conditions of the transition to electric public transport. 1.2.4 To design a plan to promote hydrogen and other zero-emissions technologies. • To define the Roadmap to consolidate a Research and Development (R&D) cluster in Hydrogen • To implement the inter-institutional action plan to promote the use of hydrogen in the transport sector.', '• To define the Roadmap to consolidate a Research and Development (R&D) cluster in Hydrogen • To implement the inter-institutional action plan to promote the use of hydrogen in the transport sector. • To conduct pre-feasibility studies of the identified key projects, and define a business model • To design the pilot project of hydrogen public buses • To publicize the lessons in terms of costs, performance and infrastructure.1.2.5 To analyze the options for new undertakings and business models to promote shared mobility schemes in the country. 1.2.6 To launch communication campaigns that promotes public transport and zero-emissions. • To communicate about the benefits of zero-emissions public transport in the long-term and its relationship with the goal of decarbonization.', '• To communicate about the benefits of zero-emissions public transport in the long-term and its relationship with the goal of decarbonization. • To raise awareness about pioneer bus companies with zero-emissions technologies. • To raise awareness about real-time information of an air quality monitoring system to warn the population about high contamination situations. 3. To promote low-emission urban development schemes through the integration of the "transportation-oriented development" approach into land planning and management instruments. Period goals • The implementation of transport-oriented development and low emissions practices in at least 3 municipalities. • The participation of 16 municipalities in the 2nd “cantonal” category of the National Carbon Neutral Program (PPCN).', '• The participation of 16 municipalities in the 2nd “cantonal” category of the National Carbon Neutral Program (PPCN). Activities 1.3.1 To review and adjust the Regulatory Plans and other territorial management tools in order to promote low-emissions development oriented to transport. • To adjust the regulatory plans and urban development regulations to ensure that their formulation promotes a low-emission and transport-oriented development. • To identify the necessary adjustments in the approved regulatory plans of the GMA to comply with the above statement. • To articulate the urban, residential and commercial development policies with the transportation plans and land use planning. 1.3.2 To promote dense and compact city models. • To promote cantons densification and compactness around the electric train.', '• To promote cantons densification and compactness around the electric train. • To design programs and incentives to promote the model of compact cities.1.3.3 To promote sustainable mobility in cities, with special emphasis on the promotion of active modes. • To design and implement walkable city plans in the major urban centers of the country, including intermediate cities. • To design and implement integrated plans to promote the use of bicycles, which consider cyclo-inclusive infrastructure. • To encourage innovation in the design and implementation of measures that promote sustainability in cities, in both the public and private sector, and in civil society. 1.3.4 To implement demand management measures. • To expand the plate-based vehicular restriction to other urban centers such as Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuela.', '• To expand the plate-based vehicular restriction to other urban centers such as Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuela. • To promote the development of parking policies on public roads to limit parking areas on them. 1.3.5 To actively involve municipalities in the transition to low- emission development. • To implement infrastructure construction plans for active mobility (sidewalks, bike lanes) in priority municipalities. • To increase the number of municipalities participating in the cantonal category of the "Cantonal Carbon Neutral Country Program 2.0”, as well as the development of mitigation strategies and pilot projects at a cantonal level in key sectors such as sustainable mobility, electric mobility and waste management.', '• To increase the number of municipalities participating in the cantonal category of the "Cantonal Carbon Neutral Country Program 2.0”, as well as the development of mitigation strategies and pilot projects at a cantonal level in key sectors such as sustainable mobility, electric mobility and waste management. To avoid “lock-in” To avoid the promotion and adoption of "transitional" transportation technologies that create barriers for the decarbonization of the transport system in the medium- and long-term. More modelling exercises have to be carried out to ensure informed decision-making. 1. To strengthen the modernization of public transport: • To consolidate the modernization process in the GMA. • To design and implement preliminary plans for the modernization, optimization and integration of public transport in interurban paths and others in intermediate cities outside the GMA.', '• To design and implement preliminary plans for the modernization, optimization and integration of public transport in interurban paths and others in intermediate cities outside the GMA. • To bid for the operation and to achieve the complete implementation of the Electric Train project between Cartago, San José, Heredia and Alajuela. 2. To implement a transformative plan to expand zero-emissions urban public transport • To integrate goals under different scenarios - according to the maturity of the technologies (according to the global deployment of electric buses, other zero emission technologies and dynamic prices). • To generate lessons learned based on experiences during the period (2018-2022) about the Electric Train project and outsourced electric buses in 2021 and integrate them into the actions of this stage.', '• To generate lessons learned based on experiences during the period (2018-2022) about the Electric Train project and outsourced electric buses in 2021 and integrate them into the actions of this stage. • To consolidate specific intervention areas to start densification. • To determine new pathways for transformation. • To identify the requirements to guarantee zero emission energy supply (strong planning link with the line of action 4 about the electrical system). • To establish a process to evaluate innovative technological options, including defining a transformative vision adapted to scale for the future uses of hydrogen and fuel cells as a complement to the other zero emission technologies. 3. To elaborate a transformative vision adapted to scale for a zero- emissions rural public transport.', 'To elaborate a transformative vision adapted to scale for a zero- emissions rural public transport. • To implement pilot projects of electric buses in rural areas.4. To intensify actions in Sustainable Mobility. • To realize concrete urban interventions in cantons where the 5. To innovate and to create integration and management capacities for an intermodal quality system, to explore the creation of an “Urban Transport Authority”. 6. To design and implement a funding strategy adapted to scale, taking advantage of the international leadership in decarbonization and sustainable transport to consolidate the fund for disruptive actions in zero-emissions transport.', 'To design and implement a funding strategy adapted to scale, taking advantage of the international leadership in decarbonization and sustainable transport to consolidate the fund for disruptive actions in zero-emissions transport. To avoid “lock-in” To include in bidding and purchase processes an analysis of the lifespan of the assets, both in fleet and auxiliaries, as well as in infrastructure investments, highlighting their contributions to the country s emissions pathway (committed emissions), and establishing hard thresholds to discard/disqualify proposals that are not consistent with the fulfillment of national goals. 1. To consolidate models of resilient cities oriented to zero-emissions: compact, oriented to public transport and non-motorized uses. 2. To expand projects adapted to scale, zero-emissions in public transport and shared mobility: fleets of buses, taxis, and train inside and outside the GMA. 3.', 'To expand projects adapted to scale, zero-emissions in public transport and shared mobility: fleets of buses, taxis, and train inside and outside the GMA. 3. To adapt to demographic challenges (to consider the implications of having an aging population that requires specific transport modalities). 4. To implement with flexibility new business models and other disruptive changes.Transformation vision:: • By 2025, the growth of the motorcycle fleet will have stabilized and standards will be adopted to shift to a zero-emissions fleet. • In 2035, 30% of the light vehicles fleet - private and institutional - will be electric. In 2050, 95% of the fleet will be zero-emissions. • By 2050, new models and shared mobility schemes will have been consolidated.', '• By 2050, new models and shared mobility schemes will have been consolidated. • By 2050, the country will have an extensive electric recharge network throughout the country and complementary infrastructure for zero emission technologies (e.g., hydrogen stations). Activities to foster change: 1. To accelerate the transition of the vehicle fleet towards zero- emissions technology Period goals • The National Electric Transportation Plan and complementary regulations to operationalize Law 9518 are published. • Zero-emissions fleets acquired in at least 3 public institutions. • 69 fast recharge centers operating by 2022. Activities 2.1.1 To publish a National Electric Transportation Plan and generate complementary regulations (guidelines, regulations and standards) to operationalize Law 9518 on incentives and promotion of the electric transport.', 'Activities 2.1.1 To publish a National Electric Transportation Plan and generate complementary regulations (guidelines, regulations and standards) to operationalize Law 9518 on incentives and promotion of the electric transport. • To progress on regulations prohibiting the importation of light- duty vehicles that use fossil fuels. 2.1.2 To promote the implementation of the Sectoral Agreement on Emissions Reduction in the Transport Sector. 2.1.3 To implement transition plans for zero-emissions transport in institutional fleets. • To adjust state procurement schemes. • To implement pilot programs to change institutional fleets. • To consolidate transformation program of commercial fleets in pilot sectors, e.g. : Tourism. 2.1.4 To consolidate programs for the repair and maintenance of zero- emissions vehicles. • To expand the INA capacity building programs in repair and maintenance of electric vehicles.', '• To expand the INA capacity building programs in repair and maintenance of electric vehicles. 2.1.5 To consolidate the "Fast Charge Network" for electric transport. • To set up fast recharge centers distributed throughout the country. • To analyze business models that encourage the private sector to accelerate the consolidation of fast recharging points. Decarbonization axis 2: Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to zero-emissions, boosted by renewable energy, not by fossil origin2. To improve the efficiency of the combustion fleet. Period Goals • Incorporation of 5% to 10% of ethanol in both gasolines. • Roadmap for production and use of biodiesel. • Eco-Labeling for vehicle efficiency designed. Activities 2.2.1 To launch zero-emissions transport promotion campaigns.', 'Activities 2.2.1 To launch zero-emissions transport promotion campaigns. To develop educational campaigns to cut down myths associated with electric technology in vehicles. 2.2.2 To design financing mechanisms for the energy transition, including banking and insurance facilities for zero emission technologies. 2.2.3 To launch vehicle scrapping pilot program. • To define a "roadmap" for the implementation of the scrappage model and business scheme. 2.2.4 To design a roadmap for the efficient management of electric vehicle batteries at the end of their life cycle. • To analyze possible business models under the circular economy approach. 2.2.5 To consolidate the development of the national biofuels industry. • To implement the National Biofuels Strategy. • To implement demonstration projects with the MAG.', '• To implement demonstration projects with the MAG. • To analyze potential vertical integration of RECOPE in agroindustrial chains, for example palm trees. • To mix ethanol of national origin with gasoline. • To mix biodiesel of national origin with diesel. 2.2.6 To design LPG Use Roadmap for specific niches coherent with global decarbonization goals. • To design adequate standards and regulations to regulate LPG conversion processes in the existing fleet. 2.2.7 To update regulations to improve the quality of fuels. • To adjust Central American regulations.2.2.8 To improve and update the energy efficiency regulations for the transport sector by updating the standards for the import and circulation of internal combustion engine vehicles, improving fleet standards.', '• To adjust Central American regulations.2.2.8 To improve and update the energy efficiency regulations for the transport sector by updating the standards for the import and circulation of internal combustion engine vehicles, improving fleet standards. • To implement an eco-labeling in electric and combustion vehicles to make visible the vehicles efficiency. To avoid “lock-in” To avoid the promotion and adoption of transport technologies called "transitional" that create barriers for the decarbonization of transport system in the medium- and long-term. 1. To promote price parity (linked to the green tax reform and carbon pricing strategies) and to implement policies to discourage and reduce the purchase and use of internal combustion vehicles to reach the goal of zero sales of this technology. 2.', 'To promote price parity (linked to the green tax reform and carbon pricing strategies) and to implement policies to discourage and reduce the purchase and use of internal combustion vehicles to reach the goal of zero sales of this technology. 2. To strengthen the massive deployment of smart grid to extract value and improve the prices for storage and demand management (linked to the line of action 4). 3. To give universal access to financing and insurance plans favorable to the purchase of zero-emissions vehicles, including for commercial uses (for example, for taxis). 4. To establish regulations so that the purchases of light vehicles for the Government are electric or zero-emissions. 5.', 'To establish regulations so that the purchases of light vehicles for the Government are electric or zero-emissions. 5. To implement programs to promote an attractive market for the early adoption of zero emission technologies to attract assemblers to the country. 6. To significantly increase sectorial electrification programs, for example: tourism and commercial fleets. 7. To strengthen user education. Avoid to “lock-in” To avoid investments in infrastructure that favor the use of private vehicles rather than public transport as reducing the growth of the light vehicles fleet will be an important factor in achieving high rates of technological change to zero-emissions vehicles. 1. To consolidate the scaling process of technology adoption: • To offer a wide range of electric vehicles. • To offer broad information for users.', '• To offer broad information for users. • To offer support systems (workshops, recharging stations). • To offer a national banking system lines of credit for the purchase of zero-emissions vehicles similar to a conventional product.Transformation vision: • By 2022, Limon’s’ Electric Freight Train (TELCA) in operation. • By 2030, 20% of the fleet operates with LPG. • In 2035 sustainable logistics models in major ports and urban areas of the country are consolidated. • By 2050, cargo transportation will be highly efficient and will have reduced emissions by 20% compared to 2018 emissions. Activities to foster change 1. To consolidate the program of cargo logistics to reduce emissions. Period Goals • At least 1 cargo logistics pilot project operates under low-emission parameters.', 'Period Goals • At least 1 cargo logistics pilot project operates under low-emission parameters. • Limon’s Electric Freight Train (TELCA) in operation. 3.1.1 To implement measures that improve the distribution of cargo in agreement with the Logistics and Cargo Plan. • To create consolidation centers or logistics activity zones (including scanners and other intelligent merchandise management systems) in the peripheries of the GMA and other emerging population centers. • To define peripheral routes and schedules that limit the access of heavy trucks to urban centers. • To establish pilot projects of centers of consolidation and final distribution that combine technologies and various modes of transportation, creating possible “low-emission areas”. • To adequately divide loads so that the size of the cargo vehicles that circulate in urban centers are proportional.', '• To adequately divide loads so that the size of the cargo vehicles that circulate in urban centers are proportional. 3.1.2 To generate open data to improve the planning of light and heavy cargo transport. • To generate the following open data: age of the fleet, types of vehicles, operating conditions, origins and destinations of the cargo, type of cargo, origin of the trucks (domestic or foreign). • To evaluate the feasibility of designing a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) scheme to measure the emissions from the sector and from the transformation to a decarbonized one. 3.1.3 To integrate the intensive use of rail transportation for the mobilization of merchandise in the major routes and demand in the distribution model and Pre-investment Study registered in MIDEPLAN cargo commercialization.', '3.1.3 To integrate the intensive use of rail transportation for the mobilization of merchandise in the major routes and demand in the distribution model and Pre-investment Study registered in MIDEPLAN cargo commercialization. • To develop the necessary regulatory instruments for the implementation of the TELCA, including the establishment of the rates, prices or fares required for its implementation. Decarbonization axis 3: Promotion of a freight transport that adopts modalities, technologies and energy sources until achieving zero or the lowest emissions possible2. To promote technological efficiency in heavy and light cargo transport sector Period goals • Plan to improve efficiency and reduce emissions in the freight transport sector. • 1 pilot project to improve the efficiency of the freight transport sector (use of biofuels and LPG).', '• 1 pilot project to improve the efficiency of the freight transport sector (use of biofuels and LPG). Activities 3.2.1 To design a plan for the technological efficiency improvement of the cargo transport sector, which will consider aspects such as technological improvement (LPG, for example), the use of filters, biofuels and other efficiency improvements. • To promote technologies such as LPG, use of filters, biofuels and other efficiency improvements. • To implement a pilot project of efficiency improvement of the cargo transport. 3.2.2 To implement a pilot project of efficiency improvement of the cargo transport. • To reinforce road emissions controls, of the compliance of standards and maintenance regulations for light and heavy cargo vehicles.', '• To reinforce road emissions controls, of the compliance of standards and maintenance regulations for light and heavy cargo vehicles. • To manage the strengthening of Central American and national regulations linked to efficiency standards, emissions, safety for light and heavy loads. 3.2.3 To adjust Law 9518 so that fiscal incentives also apply for electric light-duty vehicles. 3.2.4 To establish a Pilot Plan to involve companies in the cargo transport sector in the Carbon Neutrality Country Program 2.0. To avoid “lock-in” To limit the options that deepen dependence on fossil fuels or generate new dependencies. To generate improvements in the regulation and gradual standards that are consistent with the deep decarbonization process and which consider the availability of competitive technological options and the lifespan of assets. 1.', 'To generate improvements in the regulation and gradual standards that are consistent with the deep decarbonization process and which consider the availability of competitive technological options and the lifespan of assets. 1. To agree on a technical standard of efficiency and reduction of carbon emissions and pollutants that serve as a criteria for cargo trucks with an agenda and intermediate goals. • To establish a trajectory with reduction goals for 2026 and 2030 (for example, 20% reduction compared to 2018). • Not to invest in technological options that lead to compromised emissions incompatible with the Paris Agreement has to be cautiously considered. 2.', '• Not to invest in technological options that lead to compromised emissions incompatible with the Paris Agreement has to be cautiously considered. 2. To develop an advanced logistics approach to reduce tons- kilometers in order to meet the demand for cargo transport, both in Costa Rica and in the Central American region. 3. To prepare financial and technological feasibility studies for the electrification of cargo transport through hydrogen vehicles in the short- and medium-term. 4. To implement pilot projects with alternative technologies. To electrify and implement hydrogen technologies for the cargo transport. 5.', 'To electrify and implement hydrogen technologies for the cargo transport. 5. To formalize a Central American dialogue to generate comparative analysis that allow to evaluate with data the competitive concerns that are expected in the Costa Rican sector if the lower environmental standards remain in the rest of Central America.Avoid to “lock-in” To avoid investments in fuels or alternative energy options without evaluating first their contributions to the emissions trajectories. To identify other risks of technological or institutional "lock-in" as the sector evolves. 1. To implement a funding strategy for transformation adapted to scale. 2.', 'To implement a funding strategy for transformation adapted to scale. 2. To implement deployment actions, including regulations, incentives, information processes and consolidated financing under the assumption that zero-emissions technologies for recharge transport are viable at this stage.Transformation vision: • By 2025, an integrated intersectorial planning of the electrification process of the country’s different uses is implemented. • By 2030, the electricity matrix operates at 100% with renewable energy. • By 2050, electric power will be the primary source of energy for the transport, residential, commercial and industrial sectors. • By 2050, the institutional processes will be digitized and will facilitate efficiency and competitiveness. Activities to foster change: 1. To promote the modernization of the electrical system to face the challenges coming from decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization in the electricity production.', 'To promote the modernization of the electrical system to face the challenges coming from decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization in the electricity production. Period goals • Maintain an electric matrix above 95% renewable that favors the transition towards the decarbonization of other sectors. • At least 2 sectoral plans and/or electrification strategies (eg, transportation, industry) prepared and published. • The installation and operation of 274,240 smart meters. • Plan to improve the investment climate for the national electricity system. Activities 4.1.1 To promote the diversification of the system with non- conventional renewable sources. • To incorporate non-conventional renewable energies into the plans of generation expansion. • To promote research on non-conventional renewable sources, as well as energy storage. • To promote studies for the decarbonization of thermal energy support.', '• To promote studies for the decarbonization of thermal energy support. 4.1.2 To promote the electrification processes of key sectors. To link the electric sectoral planning with the sectoral planning of electric transport. • To promote the generation and exchange of information and databases between the different actors of intersectoral planning. • To estimate the demand projections between 2020 and 2050 under scenarios that include: energy management and storage technologies, electro-mobility, energy efficiency and other elements that affect demand. 4.1.3 To establish a national vision or strategy for the operation of smart grids. • To promote processes associated with digitization and establishment of smart networks. • To purchase and install smart meters. • To realize related investments in smart grid components.', '• To realize related investments in smart grid components. • To monitor and analyses database information that supply the meters. • To develop the strategy of institutional process digitalization and Decarbonization axis 4: Consolidation of the national electricity system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence and resilience, necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at a competitive costimpulse for the consolidation of smart networks. 4.1.4 To design a plan for the improvement of climate investment that includes: • To establish governance in energy matters: includes strengthening of the rectory, access to information. • To analyze current electrical legislation. • To analyze distributed generation. • To analyze system risks. • To review tariff structure. • To re-adapt the financing models of the productive assets.', '• To re-adapt the financing models of the productive assets. • To make visible the market of the auxiliary services of energy storage. 2. To promote energy efficiency. Period goals • An updated Energy Efficiency Law and complementary regulatory framework. • 20 macro public consumers have improved their energy efficiency. Activities 4.2.1 To promote energy efficiency: • To implement a more effective planning and coordination of energy efficiency. • To facilitate access to more efficient equipment by institutions, consumers and entrepreneurs. • To update the list of efficient energy equipment that can be exonerated. • To promote a culture of energy efficiency among citizens. • To stimulate energy efficiency in macro-consumers. • To promote energy consumption efficiency in the public sector.', '• To promote energy consumption efficiency in the public sector. • To adjust tariffs for the promotion of energy efficiency. To avoid "Lock-in" Avoid short-term investment aimed at lowering user rates without firstly evaluating their impact on emissions during their lifespan (of direct and indirect investments). 1. To implement strategies for the electrification and digitalization of the different sectors of the economy, including scenarios and routes of flexible investment. 2. To strengthen the renewable diversification program with a vision towards 2050, according to projected demand and costs. 3. To increase investments to expand the electro-mobility zero- emissions in the transport of commuters, cargo and light vehicles. 4. To realize investments in transmission and distribution that allow the development of different models of generation and demand management. 5.', 'To realize investments in transmission and distribution that allow the development of different models of generation and demand management. 5. To implement financing strategies to consolidate the energy transition process.To avoid " Lock-in" To avoid investing in the short-term to lower user rates without evaluating their impact on emissions during their lifespan (of direct and indirect investments). 1. To implement strategies to consolidate the energy transition process. 2. To adjust investment plans that allow adaptations to technological disruptions. 3. To continue investing to meet electricity demand, maintaining a diversified and low -emissions renewable energy matrix. 4. To maintain technological vigilance and innovation, which allows the implementation of new low-emissions models.Transformation vision: • By 2025, an increase of 10% in the use of wood, bamboo and other local materials in buildings.', 'To maintain technological vigilance and innovation, which allows the implementation of new low-emissions models.Transformation vision: • By 2025, an increase of 10% in the use of wood, bamboo and other local materials in buildings. • By 2030, 100% of the new buildings are designed and built adopting low-emission and resilience systems and technologies under bioclimatic parameters. • By 2050, 50% of commercial, residential and institutional buildings operate under emission standards (high electrification or use of renewable energy in cooking processes and water heating). Activities to foster change: 1. To strengthen the regulations, standards and incentives for the effective implementation of sustainable construction practices in buildings and other infrastructures.', 'To strengthen the regulations, standards and incentives for the effective implementation of sustainable construction practices in buildings and other infrastructures. Period goals • 20 new buildings applying environmental standards of a voluntary nature Activities 5.1.1 To create and improve the standards that promote low- emission sustainable construction practices, such as energy efficiency (e.g. : temperatures insulation, cooking systems, water heating, washing and/ or drying with electrical technologies, solar thermal, air conditioning or other more efficient and less polluting), efficient use of water, low carbon footprint materials (e.g., cement and green concrete, wood and bamboo, reuse of materials), among other sustainable practices that reduce the impact on emissions in the design, construction and operation of buildings and other infrastructures.', ': temperatures insulation, cooking systems, water heating, washing and/ or drying with electrical technologies, solar thermal, air conditioning or other more efficient and less polluting), efficient use of water, low carbon footprint materials (e.g., cement and green concrete, wood and bamboo, reuse of materials), among other sustainable practices that reduce the impact on emissions in the design, construction and operation of buildings and other infrastructures. • To generate regulations or promote the existing ones for certifications, both for the public and private sectors. • To strengthen the guidelines for low-emission sustainable construction for public buildings and social housing through public biddings among other identified effective mechanisms.', '• To strengthen the guidelines for low-emission sustainable construction for public buildings and social housing through public biddings among other identified effective mechanisms. • To evaluate the feasibility of establishing regulations for the adoption of sustainable low-emissions construction practices in different types of buildings, for example: affordable housing, commercial and residential buildings, among other buildings and infrastructure categories. 5.1.2 To identify incentive schemes to promote low-emission construction (green credits, subsidies review, acknowledgments, certifications, awards) to accelerate the adoption of these practices in private and public projects in accordance with the Sustainable Production and Consumption Policy, among other regulations. 5.1.3 To design a communication strategy that facilitates access to information and understanding about sustainable low-emissions construction. 2.', '5.1.3 To design a communication strategy that facilitates access to information and understanding about sustainable low-emissions construction. 2. To improve operating practices of existing buildings and other Decarbonization axis 5: Development of buildings of different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under high efficiency standards and low-emission processesinfrastructure that significantly reduce their impact on GHG emissions. Period goals • At least 20 existing buildings implementing at least one action to reduce their GHG emissions in their operation. Activities 5.2.1 To promote the implementation of energy efficiency practices in existing buildings. • To promote the use of efficient, solar and refrigeration equipment and natural or low Global Warming Potential (GWP) air- conditioning systems (in accordance with the Kigali Amendment) in existing buildings.', '• To promote the use of efficient, solar and refrigeration equipment and natural or low Global Warming Potential (GWP) air- conditioning systems (in accordance with the Kigali Amendment) in existing buildings. 5.2.2 To promote the implementation of recognition programs such as the National Carbon Neutral Program, and/or the Ecological Blue Flag Program (PBAE) in its categories: Sustainable Construction, Sustainable Homes, Communities and Neutral Climate Community. • To support the implementation of the Technical Regulation of Energy Efficiency and Labeling for the Regulation of Refrigerators, Refrigerators-Freezers and Freezers. 5.2.3 To promote the implementation of bioclimatic design, the reuse of materials, low carbon footprint materials such as cements and green concrete, as well as local inputs (wood from national plantations and / or bamboo).', '5.2.3 To promote the implementation of bioclimatic design, the reuse of materials, low carbon footprint materials such as cements and green concrete, as well as local inputs (wood from national plantations and / or bamboo). Avoid to "Lock-in" To avoid using carbonized technologies, e.g., LPG in cooking and water heating systems. 1. To strengthen the management capacity for the implementation of standards-technical regulations and labeling in urban planning areas, new buildings, existing buildings, equipment and devices. 2. To establish fiscal and consumer financing elements (Energy Transition Fund) to give access to efficient technologies – just transition approach – to all segments of the population including the most vulnerable groups. 3. To apply scaling of projects and programs, aligned with the Public Procurement System: • To raise awareness among users.', 'To apply scaling of projects and programs, aligned with the Public Procurement System: • To raise awareness among users. • To educate with a special emphasis on the suppliers of public institutions. • To scale the implementation of recognition programs for organizations, companies and public institutions (Blue Flag, Carbon Country Program Neutrality 2.0, Institutional Environmental Management Plans (PGAIs), and National Program for Environmental and Energy Labeling). 4. To promote the design and implementation of an MRV system for sustainable construction in both private and public projects and the establishment of an entity that centralizes the data derived from it. • To design urbanism. • To build new buildings. • To remodel existing buildings. • To purchase and monitor equipment and devices.', '• To purchase and monitor equipment and devices. • To accelerate the adoption of standards in construction/buildings and technologies of the sector, since an inefficient building or obsolete technologies are a clear case of lock-in, similar to an air conditioning device lesser efficient than the more demanding standards.1.The State Public Procurement System clearly notifies the market and operates under zero- emissions parameters. 2. To strengthen the fiscal elements of just transition and consumer finance to give access to efficient technologies to all, required to reach mass acceptance of all sustainable standards at least from 2040.Transformation vision: • By 2030, the sector will have innovative productive models of "cradle to cradle" or circular economy in the main productive chains of the agro- industry, services, construction, among others.', 'To strengthen the fiscal elements of just transition and consumer finance to give access to efficient technologies to all, required to reach mass acceptance of all sustainable standards at least from 2040.Transformation vision: • By 2030, the sector will have innovative productive models of "cradle to cradle" or circular economy in the main productive chains of the agro- industry, services, construction, among others. • By 2050, the industrial sector will have changed its energy sources to decouple its activity growth from its emissions. Activities to foster change: 1. To promote the process of low-emissions technological transformation of the industrial sector Period goals • At least 2 roadmaps for emissions reduction (1 per type of industry) developed and published (e.g., Cement Sector).', 'To promote the process of low-emissions technological transformation of the industrial sector Period goals • At least 2 roadmaps for emissions reduction (1 per type of industry) developed and published (e.g., Cement Sector). • At least 1 implemented pilot project to replace natural refrigerants. • An updated official list of exempted goods by the Article 38 of Law N ° 7447 on Regulation of the Rational Use of Energy. Activities 6.1.1 To update and reactivate the industrial climate change strategy. • To create a commission with the representation of the industrial sector and key public institutions to promote the strategy and Roadmaps. 6.1.2 To support the construction of Roadmaps for the reduction of emissions.', '6.1.2 To support the construction of Roadmaps for the reduction of emissions. • To define specific GHG reduction targets by type of industry (based on science) in the roadmaps, which can be translated into a commitment of the sector to reduce its GHG emissions (Roadmaps with respective Voluntary Agreements). • To characterize the different types of industry processes according to their energy requirements and to promote the replacement of the use of fossil energy by renewable electricity, bioenergy (generated from biomass or waste) and implement improvements in energy efficiency. 6.1.3 To promote energy efficiency in industrial processes: (See linkage with line of action 4). • To promote good practices in energy management (for example, ISO 50001).', '• To promote good practices in energy management (for example, ISO 50001). • To update the official list of exempted goods in accordance to the article 38 of the Regulation of the Rational Use of Energy, Law No. 7447 of November 3rd, 1994 and its amendments in accordance with article 10 of the executive decree No. 41121 of April 5th, 2018, through the inclusion of new equipment and technologies. • To develop technical regulations that ensure the energy efficiency of carbonized equipment. 6.1.4 To facilitate the substitution processes of refrigerants with low- or zero-GWP in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali amendment.', '6.1.4 To facilitate the substitution processes of refrigerants with low- or zero-GWP in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali amendment. • To align fiscal incentives (importation) to promote the use of Decarbonization axis 6: Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or others, sustainable and efficient, with low- and zero-emissions.natural refrigerants and the equipment that uses them and discourage the use of refrigerants with high GWP. • To support pilot projects. • To develop regulations for the adequate disposal of refrigerants and associated equipment. 2. To promote the development and consumption of products and services under circular economy models. Period goals • 2 circular economy pilot projects in the industry implemented and documented.', 'Period goals • 2 circular economy pilot projects in the industry implemented and documented. • At least 3 products have an environmental label or seal based on the official scheme of the Government of Costa Rica. Activities 6.2.1 To promote the production of sustainable goods and services that remove or reduce GHG emissions along the industry value chain. • To support the design of circular economy models that promote waste valorization, the generation of new raw materials and are inserted in the industrial and agroindustrial value chains (e.g., the use of waste from the agro-food industry as raw material or energy source in industrial processes).', '• To support the design of circular economy models that promote waste valorization, the generation of new raw materials and are inserted in the industrial and agroindustrial value chains (e.g., the use of waste from the agro-food industry as raw material or energy source in industrial processes). • To promote the use of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and life cycle approach to determine the raw materials, inputs, processes or others that minimize the products GHG emissions. 6.2.2 To promote the consumption of products and services with smaller footprints and environmental impact. • To standardize the definition of "green" products and services. • To implement the National Environmental and Energetic Labeling Program for products with an LCA approach.', '• To implement the National Environmental and Energetic Labeling Program for products with an LCA approach. • To develop and implement a Carbon Neutrality scheme in products under the Neutrality Carbon Country Program. • To improve the technical criteria used in sustainable public procurement to include the analysis of environmental labels recognized by the Costa Rican government. Avoid to "lock-in" To avoid the use of technologies that deepen the dependence on fossil fuels in the industry. 1. To implement long-term technological pathways, with significant replacement programs when it is necessary to reduce activities in a sector that can be replaced by another. 2.', 'To implement long-term technological pathways, with significant replacement programs when it is necessary to reduce activities in a sector that can be replaced by another. 2. To consolidate mechanisms for technical assistance, technology transfer, and financing mechanisms to promote investments in innovations and best practices in the various industrial sub-sectors (with special emphasis on boiler issues). 3. To implement new efficiency programs for industrial equipment in the country. 4. To agree on a reporting and monitoring system with relevant authorities to supply the National Climate Change Metrics System (SINAMECC), among others.', 'To agree on a reporting and monitoring system with relevant authorities to supply the National Climate Change Metrics System (SINAMECC), among others. Avoid to "lock-in": By converting high quality energy sources as alternatives to fossil fuels, the analysis of energy balance has to be realized in the future to ensure that the industrial demand is within the available options, such as, for example, agricultural waste. The above throughout his lifespan of industrial investments.1. To implement and update a finance strategy adapted to scale for the transformation of the industrial sector. 2. To implement and update investment pathways to ensure the modernization, transformation, and decarbonization of the sector. 3. During this period, very limited investment in fossil technologies will be carried out.', 'During this period, very limited investment in fossil technologies will be carried out. This investment will be realized along with a greater disablement and/or replacement of old fossil equipment with renewable options. As a result, year after year, the reduction of the use of fossil fuels and emissions from the industrial sector will be significant.Transformation vision: • By 2025, 10 municipalities implement the national composting strategy. • By 2040, areas of high population density have a 100% coverage of sanitary sewer and wastewater treatment. • By 2050, other priority areas have 100% coverage. • By 2050, 100% of the territory present solutions for the collection, separation, reuse, and disposal of waste. • By 2050, 20% of GMA s rivers have been restored. Activities to foster change: 1.', '• By 2050, 20% of GMA s rivers have been restored. Activities to foster change: 1. To present policies that promote the integral management of low-emission waste and circular economy Period goals • Launch of the National Composting Strategy • Reach a volume of 3,800 tons of solid waste that are managed daily. • Designed NAMA strategy to reduce emissions in the waste sector. Activities 7.1.1 To design a mitigation strategy for emissions in the waste sector (NAMA). This strategy will consider aspects such as: • The encouragement of the treatment of organic waste at household level. • The encouragement of the treatment of organic waste at industrial scale. • The promotion of the use of biodigestion as a treatment method for liquid and solid organic waste at large or multiple generators scale.', '• The promotion of the use of biodigestion as a treatment method for liquid and solid organic waste at large or multiple generators scale. • To have a selective collection of non-recoverable and recoverable waste (organic and inorganic) at the municipal level through a tariff scheme that allows to offer this public service in an efficient way. • To analyze the municipal tariff charged for the collection of solid waste and to identify improvements options to promote the improvement of the management. 7.1.2 To design technical and legal instruments to control the import, manufacture and marketing of products and materials that generate waste which are challenging to manage for the country, such as single- use plastics, or waste challenging to recycle, or with no valuation method.', '7.1.2 To design technical and legal instruments to control the import, manufacture and marketing of products and materials that generate waste which are challenging to manage for the country, such as single- use plastics, or waste challenging to recycle, or with no valuation method. 7.1.3 To review the technical and legal instruments that allow applying the principle of extended responsibility of the producer from the importation, manufacture and marketing of products and materials to strengthen its implementation.', '7.1.3 To review the technical and legal instruments that allow applying the principle of extended responsibility of the producer from the importation, manufacture and marketing of products and materials to strengthen its implementation. 7.1.4 To implement an environmental labeling system for the products and materials marketed in the country that allows consumers to Decarbonization axis 7 Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposalclearly identify if the product or material is recyclable or not; and in which category it should be recycled, using the color codes of the National Strategy for Separation, Recovery and Recovery of Waste. See linkage with the line of action 6.', 'See linkage with the line of action 6. 7.1.5 To create the enabling conditions to enhance the use of biogas generated in mechanized sanitary landfills for generating electricity or as a fuel for mobile and fixed sources. 7.1.6 To promote productive linkages through public-private partnerships to strengthen the recycling value chain from its source. Avoid to "lock-in": To avoid the implementation of waste treatment systems that implies dependence on their generation instead of promoting the reduction of their generation. To avoid obsolete technologies that delay compliance with the goals of this plan. 2. To strengthen the effective management of wastewater. Period goals The development of sanitary sewer projects in priority sectors: Palmares, Jacó, Golfito and Ciudad de Limón15.', 'Period goals The development of sanitary sewer projects in priority sectors: Palmares, Jacó, Golfito and Ciudad de Limón15. Activities 7.2.1 To strengthen the execution capacity and dialogue of the governing entities in the control and monitoring of the reports of water discharge without treatment or treatment plants and septic tanks malfunctioning through the existing regulatory instruments. 7.2.2 To strengthen the IT platform of the National System of Integrated Management of Water Resources (SINIGIRH) to collect data on the entities that generate wastewater. 7.2.3 To expand the coverage of sanitary sewer networks and treatment systems of ordinary residential wastewater in the country. 3.', '7.2.3 To expand the coverage of sanitary sewer networks and treatment systems of ordinary residential wastewater in the country. 3. To create enabling conditions to improve the integral management of solid and liquid waste at both residential and business levels Period goals • At least 1 executed dissemination and awareness campaign about avoiding, reducing, separating and treating the waste. • At least 3 capacity building processes for municipalities about integral waste management. • At least 1 circular economy model pilot project promoting integral waste management implemented. Activities 7.3.1 To massively launch dissemination and awareness campaigns on avoiding, reducing, separating and treating waste. 7.3.2 To strengthen metrics and access to information on waste management in open formats. • To standardize methodologies for measuring and publishing data.', '• To standardize methodologies for measuring and publishing data. • To publish data on waste management in an accessible manner. 7.3.3 To strengthen the capacities of the municipalities about waste management. • To design technical capacity building programs in low-emission waste management. • To strengthen the monitoring commissions Municipal Waste Plan. • To generate spaces to improve the intermunicipal articulation in waste management (transfer centers). _______________________________ 15 Goal aligned with the National Development and Public Investment Plan (PNDIP)• To strengthen the audit and report of the municipalities. • To create a database of municipal actions to exchange best and mal-practices of waste management. • To increase the involvement of the municipalities in the improvements of waste management as a measure to reduce emissions under the PPCN.', '• To increase the involvement of the municipalities in the improvements of waste management as a measure to reduce emissions under the PPCN. 7.3.4 To generate spaces for a greater involvement of the private sector. • To analyze the market of sellers and buyers of waste. • To make visible the “winners” of the private sector in their work at municipal level. • To determine the needs to promote the transformation of the sector and the search for circular economy models. See linkage with the line of action 6. Avoid to "lock-in": To avoid the implementation of waste treatment systems that generate dependence on their generation, instead of promoting the reduction of their generation. To avoid obsolete technologies that delay compliance with the goals of this plan. 1.', 'To avoid obsolete technologies that delay compliance with the goals of this plan. 1. To implement Phase I of NAMA Waste. 2. To promote the implementation of Municipal Waste Management Plans and the creation of Recycling Programs in Municipalities through pilot projects. • To determine the governance and institutional strengthening requirements necessary for the success of the plans, before financing and implementing them. 3. To improve the availability of data in the sector by improving data collection and supplying various Information Systems. 4. To promote pilot investments: • To implement a Regional Recovery and Transfer Centers that facilitates the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) by type. • To implement technologies for the capture of methane in landfills. • To implement a pilot composting plants (e.g.', '• To implement a pilot composting plants (e.g. compost using rotary drums and batteries, vermicompost). • To modernize the recollection systems, optimize the routes and improve the recollection vehicles. 5. To evaluate and promote the use of economic instruments, linking sectors under a circular economy approach: Agriculture with Organic Agricultural Waste (OAWS); Residential and Commercial with non- organic waste revaluation. 6. To promote education and awareness campaigns about the generation and management of waste with an emphasis on the established linkages with other objectives (for example, to reduce plastics to protect the oceans). To avoid "lock-in": Not to increase waste management through landfill more than allowed by the national trajectories and goals.1. To consolidate financing strategy to scale investments. 2.', 'To consolidate financing strategy to scale investments. 2. To significantly expand the use of more effective and consistent technologies with environmental parameters and zero-emissions trajectory.Transformation vision: • By 2030, the value chains for coffee, livestock, sugarcane, rice, and bananas use emission reduction technologies both at the farm and processing stage levels16. • By 2050, the most advanced methods and technologies are applied to achieve a sustainable, competitive, low-carbon, resilient agriculture with the lowest levels of contamination. Activities to foster change: 1 To develop innovative processes in the value chain of priority products that facilitate the generation of decarbonized agricultural goods. Period goals • At least 2 new NAMAs processes will be initiated. • At least 2 Board agreements present instructions to align programs and instruments to support the producers with decarbonization goals.', '• At least 2 Board agreements present instructions to align programs and instruments to support the producers with decarbonization goals. Activities: 8.1.1 To promote the decarbonization and vertical integration of the priority value chains. • To develop and consolidate processes-programs of NAMAs17 in priority products. Coffee: to consolidate the escalation stage, Banano-Musaceas: to boost the initial process, Sugarcane-rice: to initiate the processes. • To promote the identification, transfer and adoption of technologies that reduce emissions and improve competitiveness at farm and processing levels. • To promote actions that facilitate the commercialization of low- emission products (among others, to promote labeling and differentiation processes, promotional campaigns linked to the country brand). • To promote circular economy processes that promote the valuation and reuse of agricultural organic waste, and other waste generated along the value chain.', '• To promote circular economy processes that promote the valuation and reuse of agricultural organic waste, and other waste generated along the value chain. See linkages with the axes 7 and 8. 8.1.2 To align the current agro-environmental policies and plans with Decarbonization axis 8: Promotion of highly efficient agri-food systems that generate low-carbon export and local consumption goods _______________________________ 16 The prioritization of products is related to the agricultural sub sectors that generate the most emissions: livestock, coffee, sugar cane, bananas, rice.', '8.1.2 To align the current agro-environmental policies and plans with Decarbonization axis 8: Promotion of highly efficient agri-food systems that generate low-carbon export and local consumption goods _______________________________ 16 The prioritization of products is related to the agricultural sub sectors that generate the most emissions: livestock, coffee, sugar cane, bananas, rice. Other products could be incorporated if there is evidence of their impact on the generation of emissions within the agricultural sector 17 In the Costa Rican context NAMA is understood as a programmatic intervention that allows the identification of technologies for the reduction of emissions, it allows generating training at the level of key structures MAG, ICAFE, Chambers, and producers to promote adoption of technologies, encourages the development of MRV, and promotes vertical integration approaches to work equally with the commercialization processes.', 'Other products could be incorporated if there is evidence of their impact on the generation of emissions within the agricultural sector 17 In the Costa Rican context NAMA is understood as a programmatic intervention that allows the identification of technologies for the reduction of emissions, it allows generating training at the level of key structures MAG, ICAFE, Chambers, and producers to promote adoption of technologies, encourages the development of MRV, and promotes vertical integration approaches to work equally with the commercialization processes. At the national level, the learning of the NAMA Café and the NAMA Livestock will facilitate the start-up of the proposed new NAMAs.the decarbonization goals. • To implement the Sectoral Agreement to Reduce Emissions in the Agricultural Sector18.', '• To implement the Sectoral Agreement to Reduce Emissions in the Agricultural Sector18. The agreement includes: - To develop financial mechanisms aimed at the implementation of efficient low-carbon technologies. - To develop a system of recognition of the eco-benefits generated by the farms in their sustainable and climatically responsible production. - To consolidate the MRV system of the sector that supplies SINAMECC and GHG Inventory. • To establish board agreements in relevant institutions (for example: Institute of Rural Development (INDER), Costa Rican Institute of Pacific Ports (INCOP), Banking System for Development, National Directorate of Community Development (DINADECO), among others) to align and allocate resources for the development of decarbonization projects. • To align sub-sectoral policies and strategies with the decarbonization objectives (e.g., Policy / Strategy for coffee production, Musaceas, Caña, etc).', '• To align sub-sectoral policies and strategies with the decarbonization objectives (e.g., Policy / Strategy for coffee production, Musaceas, Caña, etc). Avoid to "Lock-in": To avoid extensive systems and crops that compete with forest and conservation areas. 1. To consolidate a national decarbonization strategy for the agricultural sector, that includes the axis 8 (agriculture) and axis 9 (livestock). 2. To implement Escalation Phases of NAMAs. 3. To contribute to the transition from a low-emission agricultural sector into bioeconomy-based, among other aspects, on the direct use and sustainable transformation of biological resources, including biomass waste generated in agricultural and agro-industrial processes, under a circular economy focus. 1.', 'To contribute to the transition from a low-emission agricultural sector into bioeconomy-based, among other aspects, on the direct use and sustainable transformation of biological resources, including biomass waste generated in agricultural and agro-industrial processes, under a circular economy focus. 1. To scale and transform for an agricultural system which is highly productive per production unit, low in carbon, resilient and that contributes to the Costa Rican bioeconomy. 18 The Agreement was signed in 2018 by both Ministers and has a term of 5 years. This agreement reflects the sectoral contribution to the national goal defined in the NDC. The agreement can be found at de-emisiones-sector-agropecuario/Transformation vision: • By 2025, a circular economy is promoted in livestock farms through the implementation of a biodigester program.', 'The agreement can be found at de-emisiones-sector-agropecuario/Transformation vision: • By 2025, a circular economy is promoted in livestock farms through the implementation of a biodigester program. • By 2030, 70% of the cattle herd and 60% of the areas dedicated to livestock implement low-carbon technologies. • By 2050, livestock activity uses the most advanced technology according to the standards of sustainability, competitiveness, low- emissions and resilience to the impacts of climate change. Activities to foster change: 1. To encourage the livestock sector to contribute to the decarbonization using efficient practices and carbon capture in farms, the protection of ecosystem services and the generation of resilience. Period goals • 1 guideline for the Low-Carbon Livestock Strategy generated. • 1773 livestock farms implementing NAMA technologies.', '• 1773 livestock farms implementing NAMA technologies. • 1 mechanism to provide technical support to the farms. • 1 education campaign on organic agricultural waste for producers and technicians. • 1 pilot project on the use of organic agricultural waste in the industrial sector and Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) in the food sector. Activities 9.1.1 To consolidate the Low Carbon Livestock Strategy (EGBC) as the policy to decarbonize the sector. • To generate a guideline that consolidates the EGBC as the governing policy of the livestock sector. 9.1.2 To promote an eco-competitive livestock approach by scaling up the NAMA Livestock, the implementation of efficient technologies, and technical support, among others. • To implement the first scaling of the NAMA Livestock.', '• To implement the first scaling of the NAMA Livestock. • To promote activities along the value chain that promote the implementation of efficient technology. • To strengthen capacity building, extension work and technology transfer. • To increase the biodiversity of the farms. • To develop a second-generation PES Environmental Services Payments model that recognizes the service coming from good land management in farms. • To design and implement a mechanism to provide technical support to livestock farms, this mechanism must actively integrate information technologies. 9.1.3 To develop and scale-up the meat and milk value chains with a circular economy approach for the generation of biomass from Organic Agricultural Waste (OWA).', '9.1.3 To develop and scale-up the meat and milk value chains with a circular economy approach for the generation of biomass from Organic Agricultural Waste (OWA). • To introduce experiences in the use of OWAs in the livestock Decarbonization axis 9: Consolidation of a livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gasessector (in particular, excreta and slurry in the production of biogas and fertilizers). • To implement pilot plans for the use of OWAs for the industrial sector (meat and dairy industry) and SMEs in the food sector. 2. To design and improve the metric system associated with the livestock production units Period goals • A roadmap designed to consolidate national research on emission factors. • 1700 farms implementing MRV.', '• 1700 farms implementing MRV. Activities 9.2.1 To enhance the calculation of the reduction generated with the measures and technologies of emission mitigation and to develop national emission factors. • To promote the realization of the necessary studies to develop national emission factors for the livestock sector. • To consolidate the MRV system of the subsector and supply the SINAMECC and the GHG Inventory, among other reports. • To implement the MRV system in the first escalation of the NAMA Livestock. Avoid to "Lock-in": • To prevent extensive livestock farming from competing with areas for forest and conservation. • To avoid feeding systems based on grains importation, which may increase the carbon footprint. 1. To consolidate a sectorial pathway aligned with the objectives of the NDC and the Paris Agreement.', 'To consolidate a sectorial pathway aligned with the objectives of the NDC and the Paris Agreement. • To evaluate the actions and goals established by the sector in the Sectoral Agreement for the Reduction of Emissions in the Agricultural Sector considering the goal of decarbonization of the sector set in the NDC to 2030 and 2050 and in the context of the Paris Agreement. To reduce the contribution to 30-45 kg CO2eq per unit of the Agricultural GDP (AGDP). To establish a level of ambition in agreement with the national goals and the Paris Agreement. To propose a broad scaling strategy is crucial because it is valid for 5 years (2018-2023).', 'To propose a broad scaling strategy is crucial because it is valid for 5 years (2018-2023). • To evaluate the "NAMA Cattle Livestock" model as a mitigation instrument (for example, financing model, cost of climate technologies and governance). 2. Based on the evaluation, to review and update the Strategy for Low-Carbon Livestock in Costa Rica (2015-2034). 3. To start a second scaling to initially benefit 10,000 additional farms, eventually covering around 33% of the livestock farms. This goal could be adjusted once the analysis of the level of ambition and trajectory of the sector has been carried out in order to comply with the decarbonization goals of the NDC and the Paris Agreement. 4.', 'This goal could be adjusted once the analysis of the level of ambition and trajectory of the sector has been carried out in order to comply with the decarbonization goals of the NDC and the Paris Agreement. 4. To examine the technological options of food management and methanogenesis reduction and the handling of excreta and waters to not invest in options incompatible with decarbonization goals. 1. To implement a finance strategy at an adapted scale. 2. To scale up the transformation projects to consolidate an eco- competitive, densified, low carbon livestock, free of deforestation in the entire national territory.Transformation vision: • By 2030, the current forest cover is maintained, and new areas are restored to increase the cover to 60%, without competing with the agricultural sector.', 'To scale up the transformation projects to consolidate an eco- competitive, densified, low carbon livestock, free of deforestation in the entire national territory.Transformation vision: • By 2030, the current forest cover is maintained, and new areas are restored to increase the cover to 60%, without competing with the agricultural sector. • By 2050, 4,500 hectares of green areas operate as recreational parks in the GMA, and a system of environmental-pedestrian networks that acts as biological corridors and pedestrian corridors is consolidated. • By 2050, the rural and coastal landscape allows the restoration and protection of other high carbon ecosystems (Mangroves, wetlands, peatlands, soils). Activities to foster change: 1.', '• By 2050, the rural and coastal landscape allows the restoration and protection of other high carbon ecosystems (Mangroves, wetlands, peatlands, soils). Activities to foster change: 1. To implement the REDD+ Strategy to encourage the reduction of emissions from deforestation, to avoid degradation, and to preserve forests and ecosystems in both rural and urban areas. Period goals • REDD+ strategy completed and financing initiated. • At least 3 kilometers of restored urban corridors. • Payment for Ecosystem Service System PES 2.0. • SIMOCUTE 1.0 in operation and integrated with SINAMECC and SINIA. Activities 10.1.1. To promote the growth of forest cover and the restoration of ecosystems. • To turn green and regenerate urban space (example increase of recreational parks, interurban corridors, river corridors).', '• To turn green and regenerate urban space (example increase of recreational parks, interurban corridors, river corridors). • To implement tree planting productive systems (fences, agroforestry systems, marine-coastal zones in strategies and restoration actions). • To stop deforestation. • To strengthen the conservation of ecosystems inside and outside the protected areas. • To regenerate degraded lands through forest restoration and reforestation. • To accelerate actions to address forest fires. • To promote a landscape management with a restoration approach in rural, coastal and urban areas. • To design and launch new generation of Payments for Ecosystem Services PES to PES 2.0. • To align the sale strategy of forest emission reduction consistent with the NDC and Decarbonization Plan. 10.1.2. To establish a sustainable management of forestry resources.', 'To establish a sustainable management of forestry resources. • To promote the consumption of national wood from plantations and agroforestry systems (See linkages with the line of action 5). • To open a space of dialogue to discuss the issue of exploitation of secondary forests. • To consolidate the Forest Monitoring system and ecosystems. • To establish a system of custody chain and traceability of wood. Decarbonization axis 10 The management of the rural, urban and coastal territory will be oriented towards conservation and sustainable use, growing forestry resources and ecosystem services based on nature-based solutions• To improve data on emissions reduction accounting for m3 of wood consumed in the national territory. 2. To promote the protection, restoration and management of other high carbon ecosystems.', 'To promote the protection, restoration and management of other high carbon ecosystems. Period goals • At least 2 pilot projects in management and protection of wetlands and mangroves implemented. • Analysis of other high carbon ecosystems realized. Activity 10.2.1 To strengthen carbon capture in other high carbon ecosystems • To consolidate the program of wetland and mangrove protection and management. • To analyze strategies options associated with blue carbon. • To promote information gathering (mapping, status, etc.) of other high carbon ecosystems (peat bogs, etc). • To promote soil management and restoration processes. Avoid to " Lock-in": To avoid investments that encourages an expansive urban model and destruction of forest areas. To avoid expansive investments (real estate, agricultural activities) that lead to the destruction of forest areas, mangroves, wetlands. 1.', 'To avoid expansive investments (real estate, agricultural activities) that lead to the destruction of forest areas, mangroves, wetlands. 1. To implement the REDD + Strategy Scaling Phase. 2. To consolidate the synergies between the strategies of the three conventions (climate change, biodiversity, soil degradation). To implement projects focused on the three conventions. 3. To implement Urban Landscape Project with Environmental, Pedestrian and Cycling Networks. 4. To encourage the involvement of Municipalities in the landscape management processes of the biological and river corridors. 5. To develop a financing strategy at scale. 6.', 'To develop a financing strategy at scale. 6. To deploy projects adapted to scale.The implementation of actions fostering change, such as those described in the previous section, not only requires visionary public policies (based on data and with appropriate finance) but also a management capacity that lives up to the leadership the country needs to achieve decarbonization. Undoubtedly, Costa Rica has institutions that have achieved great milestones - in issues like education, health and trade. However, the country must also modernize and modify its institutional and regulatory structure to adjust it to the proposed change. This aspect is consistent with the pressing reform aimed at modernizing public management of the Costa Rican State. Without adequate public management, an execution of the decarbonization agenda will be challenging.', 'Without adequate public management, an execution of the decarbonization agenda will be challenging. Currently, many ministries and autonomous entities seem to lack the efficient mechanisms required to respond to society s expectations. The best-known example is the shortcomings that have accumulated over the years in the transport sector, which is characterized by being disjointed, unsustainable and inefficient. This has to invite reflection on the imperative changes necessary to advance the modernization of the country and the decarbonization of the economy. Given the previous statement, planning this decarbonization requires a need to identify actions that foster change aimed at achieving decarbonization and complemented by (a) institutional requirements, (b) cross-cutting measures and (c) considerations on impact management. These are discussed below.', 'Given the previous statement, planning this decarbonization requires a need to identify actions that foster change aimed at achieving decarbonization and complemented by (a) institutional requirements, (b) cross-cutting measures and (c) considerations on impact management. These are discussed below. Institutional requirements for transformation One of the fundamental institutional questions, given the transformational nature of decarbonization and the inclusion of actions within all sectors, is: who is responsible for the decarbonization of the economy? Is it the responsibility of the President or a particular minister? Should there be a high-level commission that would take charge of the decisions and monitor progress? There is no universal model and each country should decide based on its governance model.', 'There is no universal model and each country should decide based on its governance model. In the case of Costa Rica, the governance and monitoring of progress requires an institutional innovation that goes beyond the environmental and/or climate sector. For example, given the high dependence on oil and the urgent need to transform the existing transportation model, there is a crucial need to design a model that directly involves the economic sector. Simultaneously, to create an architecture guided by the spirit of the aforementioned presidential message will be necessary to facilitate the country’s transformation into one of the first decarbonized countries in the world.', 'Simultaneously, to create an architecture guided by the spirit of the aforementioned presidential message will be necessary to facilitate the country’s transformation into one of the first decarbonized countries in the world. As such, the team in charge of the agenda must insist on the debate of how to gestate the changes; to get out of the inertia of traditional debates (reiterated in the paralysis and inability to generate a certain change or reform, or to contravene the procedure of institutional use). Indeed, the purpose of the instructional requirements for transformation, answers the question of what model of government management is required in order for carbonization to be reversed? In this context, an identification of the need to design institutional governance options at the level of the required structural change is relevant.', 'In this context, an identification of the need to design institutional governance options at the level of the required structural change is relevant. Some changes that are proposed will require laws adjustments that will take time. Hence, while they are developed, an initial or transitory proposal of articulation is required to further promote the Decarbonization Agenda, and this would include the following structures: Institutional requirements and involvement for transformation• A "Government Center" team will operate from the Presidency to facilitate the implementation of the Plan. This group will be composed of political authorities and their appointed technical teams and will have representation from the Presidency, MIDEPLAN, Finance and MINAE.', 'This group will be composed of political authorities and their appointed technical teams and will have representation from the Presidency, MIDEPLAN, Finance and MINAE. • To facilitate the implementation of the first policy package (2019- 2022) of the plan, the coordination will be carried out in two ways: • With MIDEPLAN and the Treasury, to review, align and prioritize public investment processes will be carried out. • With the Strategic Areas of Presidential Coordination, the creation of work teams responsible for promoting the implementation of key actions for the period 2018-2022 will be boosted. The teams must then coordinate from the strategic areas of presidential articulation.', 'The teams must then coordinate from the strategic areas of presidential articulation. Strategic Area of Presidential Articulation Innovation and Competitiveness: Its objective is to offer and coordinate policies that promote innovation as a means to revitalize the national productivity and the generation of quality employment at the central, regional and international levels, as well as knowledge transfer. Infrastructure, Mobility, and Territorial Planning: aims to generate the necessary conditions of urban planning, territorial ordering, infrastructure and mobility to achieve resilient, sustainable and inclusive urban and rural spaces .', 'Infrastructure, Mobility, and Territorial Planning: aims to generate the necessary conditions of urban planning, territorial ordering, infrastructure and mobility to achieve resilient, sustainable and inclusive urban and rural spaces . Human Security: aims to devise and develop policies and strategies that allow for conditions that favor human development and the construction and preservation of protective environments Health and Social Security: aims to establish a comprehensive strategy for the prevention and care of the people’s health, as well as for the consolidation of an equitable and sustainable social security system.', 'Human Security: aims to devise and develop policies and strategies that allow for conditions that favor human development and the construction and preservation of protective environments Health and Social Security: aims to establish a comprehensive strategy for the prevention and care of the people’s health, as well as for the consolidation of an equitable and sustainable social security system. Education for Sustainable Development and Coexistence: aims to establish articulation strategies that promote the development of capacities for an effective coexistence in society and incorporation into the market labor, as well as to allow a preparatory stance in facing the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution.', 'Education for Sustainable Development and Coexistence: aims to establish articulation strategies that promote the development of capacities for an effective coexistence in society and incorporation into the market labor, as well as to allow a preparatory stance in facing the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution. Economic for Stability and Inclusive Growth: Its objective is to define, coordinate and monitor macroeconomic policies for economic stability, the promotion of production, public investment and the reduction of inequality.', 'Economic for Stability and Inclusive Growth: Its objective is to define, coordinate and monitor macroeconomic policies for economic stability, the promotion of production, public investment and the reduction of inequality. Territorial Development: aims to articulate, coordinate and monitor projects that generate inclusive growth and sources of employment, based on the particularities of each territory Reform Commission of the State Cross-cutting Strategy • Knowledge-based digitization • Investment Attraction Strategy • Information and Transparency, and open data • Inclusion, Human rights and equality • Just Transition • Education and Culture for the Bicentennial • Green Tax Reform • Financing for transformation • Integral Institutional Reform Plan Decarbonization Axis 4: Renewable electricity at competitive cost 5: Sustainable Construction 6: Low Emissions Industry 1: Mobility and sustainable public transport 2: Zero-emissions light transport 3: Freight Transport and Sustainable Logistics.', 'Territorial Development: aims to articulate, coordinate and monitor projects that generate inclusive growth and sources of employment, based on the particularities of each territory Reform Commission of the State Cross-cutting Strategy • Knowledge-based digitization • Investment Attraction Strategy • Information and Transparency, and open data • Inclusion, Human rights and equality • Just Transition • Education and Culture for the Bicentennial • Green Tax Reform • Financing for transformation • Integral Institutional Reform Plan Decarbonization Axis 4: Renewable electricity at competitive cost 5: Sustainable Construction 6: Low Emissions Industry 1: Mobility and sustainable public transport 2: Zero-emissions light transport 3: Freight Transport and Sustainable Logistics. Linked to line of action 10 7: Integral Waste Management 8: Agriculture Low in emissions 9: Eco-competitive Livestock 10: Territory management with solutions based on nature Table 5: Presidential Articulation - Decarbonization Axis - Cross-cutting Strategies• To monitor the Plan, an agenda and a tracking and monitoring mechanism will be designed by the Government Center team.', 'Linked to line of action 10 7: Integral Waste Management 8: Agriculture Low in emissions 9: Eco-competitive Livestock 10: Territory management with solutions based on nature Table 5: Presidential Articulation - Decarbonization Axis - Cross-cutting Strategies• To monitor the Plan, an agenda and a tracking and monitoring mechanism will be designed by the Government Center team. The technical proposal for tracking and monitoring will be designed by the Climate Change Directorate, together with a MIDEPLAN team. The Government Center team will endorse it and will issue instructions for its initial implementation.', 'The Government Center team will endorse it and will issue instructions for its initial implementation. • The monitoring and coordination process will be reinforced with a multi-sectorial and multi-dimensional coordination from the Presidential Environmental Council, and this would be in collaboration with the other structures of the so-called climate change system which is comprised of: the Climate Change Coordination of the Environmental Sector Council, the Climate Change Directorate, the Interministerial Technical Committee, the Citizen Advisory Council on Climate Change (5C), and the Scientific Council on Climate Change (4C). Eight cross-cutting strategies to promote change In addition to the governance model for decarbonization that will execute the plans and lead in this field, cross-cutting tasks are required in at least eight areas: A.', 'Eight cross-cutting strategies to promote change In addition to the governance model for decarbonization that will execute the plans and lead in this field, cross-cutting tasks are required in at least eight areas: A. Comprehensive reform for the new Institutionality of the Bicentennial The country needs to develop the project of institutional reform in order to endow the country with a modern, digitized, flexible institutionality with the capacity to manage the disruptive changes that the new economy entails. The changes must be seen in an integral way and include institutions of the central level, along with autonomous institutions, and municipalities. The new institutional framework must base its actions on results (to guarantee natural capital) and not on processes, have an adaptive capacity, and a culture of service to citizens.', 'The new institutional framework must base its actions on results (to guarantee natural capital) and not on processes, have an adaptive capacity, and a culture of service to citizens. It requires the use of technological tools, the internet of things, open data, and a capacity for multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional articulation. The priority reforms proposed are as follows: • The modernization of RECOPE: The institution must make use of the transition to modernize and to contribute to the country s energy independence in the context of a deep decarbonization of the economy. The impacts of decarbonization on the fuel market – on the short-, medium- and long-term - have to be evaluated to better identify the opportunities for the transition of RECOPE to an energy system without emissions.', 'The impacts of decarbonization on the fuel market – on the short-, medium- and long-term - have to be evaluated to better identify the opportunities for the transition of RECOPE to an energy system without emissions. Research and development (R&D), the supply of new services related to zero-emissions fuels, as well as the requirements of the workforce to drive these changes have to be further explored. This may include an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of biofuels and an analysis of the use of hydrogen in different applications. As it is a state company, law reforms and specific work strategies have to be promoted with the institution.', 'As it is a state company, law reforms and specific work strategies have to be promoted with the institution. • New institutional framework for sustainable mobility: Given the importance of shifting the city model and the inclusion of new paradigms, such as a public transport-oriented development, the redesigning of the institutional framework associated with public transport and urban planning is necessary. It aims to have the capacity to integrate and manage urban planning, development, and transportation planning processes. Governance options have to be evaluated based on examples and international best practices, and their advantages and disadvantages in the Costa Rican context have to be taken into consideration. Of the options to be explored, there includes the creation of an Urban Transport Authority, amongst others, to better consolidate the processes of transport-oriented development.', 'Of the options to be explored, there includes the creation of an Urban Transport Authority, amongst others, to better consolidate the processes of transport-oriented development. For these processes, macro aspects will be analyzed within theframework of the Committee of Notables and will be coordinated with RECOPE, MOPT, the Public Transport Council (CTP) and others, and they will be involved according to the specific proposals to be promoted. B. Green Tax Reform It will be necessary to disengage the revenues of the State from gasoline sales before boosting the massive electrification of the light- vehicle fleet. New revenue sources should be identified to replace gasoline and automobile sales, and this should be done with a focus on taxing negative externalities, such as air pollution.', 'New revenue sources should be identified to replace gasoline and automobile sales, and this should be done with a focus on taxing negative externalities, such as air pollution. This reform would be of great importance as a first step in starting the process of setting a carbon price in Costa Rica. The implementation of a carbon price will be an important driver in this transition, as it will create an (increasing) price signal , with an effect that will impact multiple sectors. The price may start with the green tax reform and the debate on the economic valuation of negative externalities, such as pollution.', 'The price may start with the green tax reform and the debate on the economic valuation of negative externalities, such as pollution. The process must respond to an integral analysis of the country tax structure and define actions that allow coherency to the public policy packages of decarbonization, taking into account the distributive costs of the various measures. The priority actions are: • A comprehensive analysis of the tax system and tax charges towards consolidating a process of alignment of incentives and taxes with decarbonization objectives. • The implementation of carbon pricing schemes, such as the Emissions Levy, to mobile and fixed sources.', '• The implementation of carbon pricing schemes, such as the Emissions Levy, to mobile and fixed sources. • The consolidation process of the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies The institution in charge of leading this strategy is the Ministry of Finance (with collaborations from MINAE). C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation Promoting the transition process will require public and private investments, for which the design of financing strategies that include "financial engineering" models, promotion of public-private partnerships to support the portfolio of priority actions, projects, and change catalysts will be carried out. On the one hand, it will be key to align international cooperation with public investment efforts and the mobilization of private funds.', 'On the one hand, it will be key to align international cooperation with public investment efforts and the mobilization of private funds. Furthermore, the prospect of the international cooperation promoting soft actions for the generation of capacities, build enabling environments and implementing pilot projects is considered; this must subsequently be scaled according to public and private international and national financing programs. The actions include integrated strategies to access climate facilities financing (among other the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Fund (GEF), the Adaptation Fund, and work with binational and multilateral cooperators, investment funds, and financial systems.', 'The actions include integrated strategies to access climate facilities financing (among other the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Fund (GEF), the Adaptation Fund, and work with binational and multilateral cooperators, investment funds, and financial systems. Likewise, work will be carried out on the design of strategies that will attract direct foreign investment to engage companies that promote linkages and a consolidation of ecosystems innovation in key areas, such as electric mobility, digitalization, data centers, smart cities, circular economy and climate-smart agriculture. Work with the national and international financial sector under innovative approaches to promote the investments attraction will be carried out, and the creation of conditions that favor investment in key areas will be addressed, and these would be consistent with the vision of the Plan.', 'Work with the national and international financial sector under innovative approaches to promote the investments attraction will be carried out, and the creation of conditions that favor investment in key areas will be addressed, and these would be consistent with the vision of the Plan. As part of the priority actions, the following stand out: • To consolidate the Portfolio of Priority Investments for the NDC. • To design an Investment Attraction Plan aligned with the vision of transforming the country into a Laboratory for Decarbonization and Resilience.', '• To design an Investment Attraction Plan aligned with the vision of transforming the country into a Laboratory for Decarbonization and Resilience. • To design tools aimed at facilitating the alignment and prioritization of the public investment system with key projects.• To consolidate a structure to access Climate Financing or National Designated Authority based on the Public Investment System of the country (Ministry of Finance, MIDEPLAN, Central Bank, MINAE). • To analyze the feasibility of establishing funds or innovative financial schemes which consider the limited ceiling of fiscal indebted-ness. Some of the requirements identified include: Energy Transition Fund, Key Infrastructure Fund for Decarbonization, Nature Based Solutions Fund.', 'Some of the requirements identified include: Energy Transition Fund, Key Infrastructure Fund for Decarbonization, Nature Based Solutions Fund. For this process, international cooperation issues will be articulated with MIDEPLAN and the Foreign Ministry, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) issues with the Ministry of Foreign Trade of Costa Rica (COMEX), the Investment Promotion Agency of Costa Rica (CINDE) and National Promoter of Trade (PROCOMER), the public investment issues with the Treasury, MIDEPLAN; and the Central Bank for the processes associated with international cooperation and indebted-ness. D. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy The country must progress within a strategy that allows the accumulation, processing, and analysis of data to allow it to have competitive conditions in the new context of a knowledge-based economy.', 'D. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy The country must progress within a strategy that allows the accumulation, processing, and analysis of data to allow it to have competitive conditions in the new context of a knowledge-based economy. Hence, the country must improve in digital connectivity processes, in the development of tools for analysis and use of digital data, and in the availability of data centers infrastructure, fiber optics, submarine cables, and interconnection with the region. The country has excellent conditions in which to establish a "cluster" of data centers and operate as a regional hub. These conditions will allow the country to take advantage of new trends in the sectors that are committed towards the consumption of renewable energy and the establishing of smaller data centers that are closer to the demand points.', 'These conditions will allow the country to take advantage of new trends in the sectors that are committed towards the consumption of renewable energy and the establishing of smaller data centers that are closer to the demand points. The digitization processes, together with the provision of data center services and the internet of things, will allow a consolidation of smart city systems and teleworking schemes, along with improve productive and commercial processes efficiency. The priority actions are: • To design and implement a digitalization strategy for institutional processes. • To consolidate a "cluster" of data centers that promotes regional development outside the GMA. • To consolidate a data center that supports the government cloud as part of the anchor project. • To develop an Investment Attraction Strategy by data centers.', '• To develop an Investment Attraction Strategy by data centers. • To support and promote the establishment of smart cities. The Institution in charge of leading the strategy will be the Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT) with the support of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) Group, MINAE, CINDE and PROCOMER. E. Labor strategies of "just transition" The decarbonization of the economy will impact on the productive sectors and the labor markets associated with them.', 'E. Labor strategies of "just transition" The decarbonization of the economy will impact on the productive sectors and the labor markets associated with them. Costa Rica has, for the Bicentennial, been an imperative of "just transition" that goes beyond the dimension of decarbonization because the country is part of a transformation - and disruption – that is broader than many of those summarized under the concept of "Fourth Industrial Revolution", which are derived from the transition to the digital economy. Therefore, the political viability of these major transitions will be associated with the process of adapting to the opportunities and challenges that will arise in the labor market (ranging from the automation of a port to the transition to an economy of services that is digitized) must be recognized.', 'Therefore, the political viability of these major transitions will be associated with the process of adapting to the opportunities and challenges that will arise in the labor market (ranging from the automation of a port to the transition to an economy of services that is digitized) must be recognized. To identify the international best practices of just transition processes, evaluating their applicability in the Costa Rican context is necessary. Relevant plans to the sectors that are exposed to the greatest impacts will be elaborated. A funding strategy must be included, sinceintervention and communication strategies must be designed to cater for the sectors that are directly affected.', 'A funding strategy must be included, sinceintervention and communication strategies must be designed to cater for the sectors that are directly affected. The institution in charge of leading this strategy is the Ministry of Labor (with the collaboration of MINAE, MIDEPLAN and with research support from the Central Bank regarding labor impacts on a macro level). F. Inclusion, human rights and promotion of gender equality The transformation processes will be carried out under integral strategic considerations with a focus on human rights and gender equality, thereby guaranteeing a respect for diversity and the promotion of inclusion.', 'F. Inclusion, human rights and promotion of gender equality The transformation processes will be carried out under integral strategic considerations with a focus on human rights and gender equality, thereby guaranteeing a respect for diversity and the promotion of inclusion. On the one hand, the decarbonization of the economy will generate opportunities and challenges that will potentially affect the most vulnerable groups differently, and for this reason, national policies, programs and projects with differentiated approaches and disaggregated indicators should be designed to measure the participation and the impact on these groups.', 'On the one hand, the decarbonization of the economy will generate opportunities and challenges that will potentially affect the most vulnerable groups differently, and for this reason, national policies, programs and projects with differentiated approaches and disaggregated indicators should be designed to measure the participation and the impact on these groups. Likewise, women, youth, indigenous peoples and other groups can play a key role as change actors in specific processes linked to energy transformation and independence, the rescue of cities and sustainable mobility approaches, models and technologies for the management of natural heritage (solutions based on nature).', 'Likewise, women, youth, indigenous peoples and other groups can play a key role as change actors in specific processes linked to energy transformation and independence, the rescue of cities and sustainable mobility approaches, models and technologies for the management of natural heritage (solutions based on nature). The country must continue its leadership in this area and promote the incorporation of human rights and gender approach in multilateral processes, particularly in environmental conventions (Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Desertification) and should articulate novel national processes that operationalize these approaches, thus strengthening structures, such as those of the Citizen Advisory Council on Climate Change 5C, where there is representation of several of these groups. The immediate actions are: • To promote representativeness and gender parity in the current governance structures of the climate change system.', 'The immediate actions are: • To promote representativeness and gender parity in the current governance structures of the climate change system. • To include the National Women s Institute (INAMU) in the inter- institutional governance structures of the climate system. • To launch an international strategy to promote the issue of human rights and gender in the international agenda. • To consolidate processes for the formulation of new climate policies with a focus on human rights and gender. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy To measure the decarbonization of the country, the National Metrics of Climate Change System (SINAMECC) has to be consolidated as a sub-module of the National Environmental Information System (SINIA).', 'G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy To measure the decarbonization of the country, the National Metrics of Climate Change System (SINAMECC) has to be consolidated as a sub-module of the National Environmental Information System (SINIA). This system has to be robust, efficient and flexible, along with facilitating an access to information for citizens, businessmen, municipalities and various public institutions. The SINAMECC must continue to formulate indicators of the transformational processes, since emissions are already a delayed indicator or "lagging indicator"; and progress needs to be monitored in order to rectify actions before it is too late(other methods could include the import of oil barrels and vehicle fleet growth, given the direct impact that it has on carbon emissions).', 'The SINAMECC must continue to formulate indicators of the transformational processes, since emissions are already a delayed indicator or "lagging indicator"; and progress needs to be monitored in order to rectify actions before it is too late(other methods could include the import of oil barrels and vehicle fleet growth, given the direct impact that it has on carbon emissions). The digital revolution must rise along with a socialization strategy of the metric in order to serve as a useful management tool, rather than as a downloadable document to indicate how last year’s emissions fared. Excellent information precedents exist in the Central Bank and the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, and this can serve as a quality standard to supply open and updated data on the performance of the decarbonization agenda.', 'Excellent information precedents exist in the Central Bank and the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, and this can serve as a quality standard to supply open and updated data on the performance of the decarbonization agenda. Important steps have already been taken in that direction. The institution in charge of leading this strategy is MINAE (with the collaboration of the Climate Change Directorate, Secretariat of Planning of the Energy Subsector, ICE, RECOPE, MAG, MIDEPLAN). H. Education and Culture Strategy: a Bicentennial Costa Rica free of fossil fuels President Alvarado made a cultural call in his inaugural speech bystating that "we have the titanic and beautiful task of abolishing the use of fossil fuels in our economy to create a pathway for the use of clean and renewable energies.', 'H. Education and Culture Strategy: a Bicentennial Costa Rica free of fossil fuels President Alvarado made a cultural call in his inaugural speech bystating that "we have the titanic and beautiful task of abolishing the use of fossil fuels in our economy to create a pathway for the use of clean and renewable energies. Decarbonization is the great task of our generation, and Costa Rica must be among the first countries in the world to achieve it, if not the first". While this goal requires a decarbonization strategy that is armed with concrete sectorial actions, it also requires educational campaigns which ascribes to the best international practices for consumers and users in order to promote acceptance in the value proposal of technologies and modalities.', 'While this goal requires a decarbonization strategy that is armed with concrete sectorial actions, it also requires educational campaigns which ascribes to the best international practices for consumers and users in order to promote acceptance in the value proposal of technologies and modalities. Inspiring approaches can be explored to make schools and colleges a part of this transition (for example, in science and civics). At the same time, linking elements of decarbonization in the communication strategy of the "Costa Rica Bicentennial" can also be considered. In practice, a partnership between the State and civil society to inform cultural and educational initiatives is possible. The institution in charge of leading this strategy is the Ministry of Public Education (with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture, MINAE and MICITT).', 'The institution in charge of leading this strategy is the Ministry of Public Education (with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture, MINAE and MICITT). Indicative examples of links between the 10 decarbonization lines of action and the 8 transversal strategies The "Costa Rica 2050 Plan" that MIDEPLAN is heading will deepen the links that exist between the decarbonization lines of action and the 8 transversal strategies. Some linkages are very visible and will call for the coordination between key institutions of various lines of action and transversal strategies.', 'Some linkages are very visible and will call for the coordination between key institutions of various lines of action and transversal strategies. For example, the increase in electricity demand that will result from the electrification of buses, a possible electric train and a zero-emissions vehicle fleet (line of action 2) and the actions of line 4, which focuses on strengthening the electrical system - and the creation of a recharge infrastructure. In other cases, the integration task will be more complex. Simultaneously, a delineation of the times and impetus level of the transversal strategies found within the transformation periods that are associated with the 10 lines of action is necessary.', 'Simultaneously, a delineation of the times and impetus level of the transversal strategies found within the transformation periods that are associated with the 10 lines of action is necessary. The creation of a tax associated with carbon emissions will depend on the green tax reform. Once created, it will result in a possible source of financing for the lines of action. For example, it could be a motor for change that is offered in the industry and stimulate investments so that the productive sector makes investments in zero- and/or low emissions technologies.', 'For example, it could be a motor for change that is offered in the industry and stimulate investments so that the productive sector makes investments in zero- and/or low emissions technologies. With regard to the transport line of action (1, 2, 3), strong links can be created with the transversal educational and cultural strategy as an educational campaign for students that would allow the uniting of clean transportation issues with the aspiration of the Costa Rica Bicentennial, as mentioned by the President in his inaugural speech. I.e. being free of fossil fuels.Analysis of impacts Managing the impacts of the transition is crucial for the practical success of the economy decarbonization strategy.', 'being free of fossil fuels.Analysis of impacts Managing the impacts of the transition is crucial for the practical success of the economy decarbonization strategy. The vision of the Administration Alvarado Quesada contains a strong call for Costa Rica to make a successful transition to the so-called "Fourth Industrial Revolution" - and the decarbonization that it entails - which must be socially fair. A first step toward the "transition management" would be to identify the main impacts. For instance, on the labor market level and at province level, the identification of these impacts should take into account the recognition that they can show differently in the urban and rural economy. To do so, the National Decarbonization Plan must be complemented with several detailed impact analyses.', 'To do so, the National Decarbonization Plan must be complemented with several detailed impact analyses. These analyses include at least two types of questions: Analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the main decarbonization measures At the international level, there is a growing effort to quantify the health benefits that are derived from decarbonization policies. For example, the International Energy Agency has calculated that with a 7% increase in the investment required to achieve clean air policies by 2040, 3 million people can be saved from premature death. In the US alone, 175,000 people will be saved from dying prematurely by 2030 if their country implements climate policies with an emphasis on renewable energy.', 'In the US alone, 175,000 people will be saved from dying prematurely by 2030 if their country implements climate policies with an emphasis on renewable energy. This type of quantification is vital in addressing the bias found in public debates that tends to focus narrowly on a single piece of data: the incremental cost of clean technology (for example, the higher price of an electric bus versus a diesel one). To overcome this bias, it is important to count on the quantification of the economic benefits that come from reducing oil consumption or the diseases associated with polluted air.', 'To overcome this bias, it is important to count on the quantification of the economic benefits that come from reducing oil consumption or the diseases associated with polluted air. The UN Environment estimates that if all buses and taxis in San José were made to run on electricity by 2030, 406 deaths associated with poor air quality would be avoided, $436 million would not be spent on international fuel purchases and the equivalent of 4 million tons of carbon would not be emitted 19. In Costa Rica, this type of quantification has begun. For example, PIMUS, a project of the IDB _______________________________ 19 MOVE, “E-Mobility Assessments” ¿Te imaginas tu Ciudad con Transporte Público 100% Eléctrico?', 'For example, PIMUS, a project of the IDB _______________________________ 19 MOVE, “E-Mobility Assessments” ¿Te imaginas tu Ciudad con Transporte Público 100% Eléctrico? : San José” Julio 30, 2018.and the Government of Costa Rica, established a cost of the negative externalities associated with the transport model of the GMA - inefficient, uncoordinated and polluting - for the country. It was estimated at $ 2,864 million per year: $ 17 million for greenhouse gas emissions, $ 177 million for poor air quality, $ 112 million for noise, $ 1,864 million for accidents and accidents and, $ 691 million for congestion. To change the current transport system, an approximate investment of $ 3,500 million is required.', 'To change the current transport system, an approximate investment of $ 3,500 million is required. If the PIMUS is applied, it is calculated that 70% of the negative impacts would be reduced by 2035. This type of quantification is necessary to show that it is not only a "cost" for the country but that the investment could be recovered in two years of PIMUS application if the negative externalities suffered by the population are accounted for, such as the damages to their health and the economy, due to accidents, pollution and congestion. Analysis of the impact of decarbonization in the labor market A decarbonized economy creates jobs. The International Work Organization (IWO) estimates that the renewable energy sector will create 64 million jobs worldwide. However, other jobs will inadvertently disappear.', 'However, other jobs will inadvertently disappear. Therefore, methodologies have been defined in order to determine the net impact on the labor market. In Costa Rica, this type of analysis has to be carried out by sector and for the entire economy. For example, methodologies could be applied to evaluate the impact of the transport decarbonization on the labor market in order to find out the net effect on both the transportation and fossil fuels associated when making the transition from internal combustion engines to electric motors. In Spain, an analysis of the economic impact of the electrification of all transport by 2030 has been completed in 2018, and it determined the expected net gain of jobs (quantifying both the jobs created, and the jobs removed) .', 'In Spain, an analysis of the economic impact of the electrification of all transport by 2030 has been completed in 2018, and it determined the expected net gain of jobs (quantifying both the jobs created, and the jobs removed) . For example, the study showed that the transition could create up to 23,185 net jobs while reducing CO2 emissions by 28% in 2030, along with reducing emissions of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides particles, by up to 92% and 89%, respectively. The efficiency improvement and the use of zero-emissions vehicles will also reduce CO2 emissions, as well as generate an estimated GDP benefit increase of 3.191 million euros. By importing less oil, less capital leaves the country, reducing these incurred costs on capital by € 4,583 million.', 'By importing less oil, less capital leaves the country, reducing these incurred costs on capital by € 4,583 million. This type of analysis should be carried out in the Decarbonization Plan of Costa Rica, and should make use of the methodologies that are already used internationally. Analysis of the best practices that emerge in the context of a "just transition" towards the fourth revolution and zero-emissions economy At an international level, the IWO has initiated a dialogue with other institutions to create guidelines that not only identify the creation of "green jobs" but also guide just transition processes in the context of a transition to a green economy.', 'Analysis of the best practices that emerge in the context of a "just transition" towards the fourth revolution and zero-emissions economy At an international level, the IWO has initiated a dialogue with other institutions to create guidelines that not only identify the creation of "green jobs" but also guide just transition processes in the context of a transition to a green economy. The international debate points to the importance of creating transition and adaptation strategies for businesses, communities and workers that are affected by the changes made towards new technological paradigms. Some international experiences have suggested the need for early lessons.', 'Some international experiences have suggested the need for early lessons. For example, transitions lessons to avoid adverse impacts at work have been gleaned from coal and industrial transformations: anticipation of the process (not denying it), developing local economic resilience, investing in human capital, and coordinating with local affected parties. The "Just Transition Center", which was created in 2017, focuses on _______________________________ 20 See “Repostando hacia el Futuro: Como Propulsar la Economía Dejando Atrás el Carbono” (2018) por ECODES, Transport & The Environment and Cambridge Econometrics.decent jobs and climate protection to help its affiliates with just transition policies.', 'The "Just Transition Center", which was created in 2017, focuses on _______________________________ 20 See “Repostando hacia el Futuro: Como Propulsar la Economía Dejando Atrás el Carbono” (2018) por ECODES, Transport & The Environment and Cambridge Econometrics.decent jobs and climate protection to help its affiliates with just transition policies. For example, the Netherlands unions agreed to a strategy to phase out coal plants if accompanied with a process was designed to identify and finance retraining needs.Successful decarbonization requires the establishing of a pragmatic agenda and priorities. Short-, medium- and long-term actions are required in the 10 decarbonization axes along with the 8 cross-cutting strategies with strong institutional arrangements. A frequent question among decision makers between 2018-2022 would thus be: what are the 5 priority actions starting this month?', 'A frequent question among decision makers between 2018-2022 would thus be: what are the 5 priority actions starting this month? Given the presidential mandate to place Costa Rica in a leadership role, it is essential to prioritize two sectors that contribute the most to carbonization of the Costa Rican economy – the transport and agricultural sectors - through an implementation of actions that could generate benefits for citizenship and the productive sector: 1. 1. To set off the transformation of public transport with an emphasis on creating route systems adjusted to present and future demand and these would provide rapid and direct routes to users within a modern urban model.', 'To set off the transformation of public transport with an emphasis on creating route systems adjusted to present and future demand and these would provide rapid and direct routes to users within a modern urban model. The most concrete step of this investment in public transport would be bus electrification, which will improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases emissions. 2.', 'The most concrete step of this investment in public transport would be bus electrification, which will improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases emissions. 2. To accelerate and scale the actions in the agricultural sector activities that produce the most emissions - in particular, implement mitigation actions in coffee and livestock (known as "NAMAS") - without losing sight of the need to identify or to develop additional options of decarbonization in these sectors – thereby ensuring that Costa Rican agriculture is one of the most sustainable in the world, and allowing for its differentiation and commercial benefits. The foundation must be laid for the electrification of the economy - not only in transportation but also in the industrial sector. 3.', 'The foundation must be laid for the electrification of the economy - not only in transportation but also in the industrial sector. 3. The energy policy will have to establish guidelines so that electricity supply planning can consider both new technological supply options and the transformations of the medium- and long-term demand. In the short-term, the premise must be that the public electricity supply service is competitive with regards to energy alternatives with a greater carbon component. For this purpose, the tariff policy of the different energy sources has to be reviewed; and the distortions that are against the decarbonization process, as well as the inefficiencies of the electrical development that affect its competitiveness, have to be rectified. 4.', 'For this purpose, the tariff policy of the different energy sources has to be reviewed; and the distortions that are against the decarbonization process, as well as the inefficiencies of the electrical development that affect its competitiveness, have to be rectified. 4. To avoid technological pathways in energy and transport that present limited opportunities to partially reduce emissions and are not aimed at a transition of "zero-emissions". These may postpone or hinder the change to clean technologies which are in line with the goal of decarbonization. The period is too short to invest in "bridge" technologies as they result in committed emissions and will divert investment capital from being aligned with the decarbonization goal.', 'The period is too short to invest in "bridge" technologies as they result in committed emissions and will divert investment capital from being aligned with the decarbonization goal. Given that the decarbonization agenda is part of a wider green economy agenda, it is vital to start the process of two cross- cutting reforms in 2019, without which the decarbonization of the Costa Rican economy will not be viable: 5.The first is the environmental institutional reform, which starts with the reform of RECOPE and the institutional Conclusions: Five priority actionsframework to promote sustainable mobility approaches to lay the foundations of a deep decarbonization process. The second is the green tax reform aimed at promoting the actions of sustainable development and green growth.', 'The second is the green tax reform aimed at promoting the actions of sustainable development and green growth. The latter is vital in a Costa Rican context, particularly as a new 21st century fiscal model is debated. In the reform, tax collection would increase based on pollution and other negative externalities, and fiscal benefits would be offered to activities that contribute to decarbonization and green economy. The task that Costa Rica has ahead requires substantial changes. This requires adapting institutions and procedures to changes, and would also be an opportunity to make transformations that - if they are achieved - will bring concrete benefits for the country in terms of life quality and job creation, along with in efficiency and leadership.', 'This requires adapting institutions and procedures to changes, and would also be an opportunity to make transformations that - if they are achieved - will bring concrete benefits for the country in terms of life quality and job creation, along with in efficiency and leadership. Fundamental changes are necessary to move towards a successful Bicentennial Costa Rica. Therefore, it is worth reiterating the words that President Alvarado so eloquently noted on May 8: "This country was not built by always repeating the same ideas". It is a reminder that it is time to take the first steps; not towards becoming one of the first decarbonized countries in the world, but towards becoming the first.ANNEXESF.', 'It is a reminder that it is time to take the first steps; not towards becoming one of the first decarbonized countries in the world, but towards becoming the first.ANNEXESF. Reinforcement of the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality: - To ensure that fares guarantee a universal access to public transport. A. Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial: - Efficient organization of the transport sector and territorial planning with an integrated governance system G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy. - To develop strategies innovative to capture Mobilization data from the population. - To make available in open data format on routes and service of public transport in real time (such as General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS). Quantity of operating sectorized trunks Number of public transport modes with an operational electronic payment 1.1 To modernize public transport and to create an integrated and intermodal system.', 'Quantity of operating sectorized trunks Number of public transport modes with an operational electronic payment 1.1 To modernize public transport and to create an integrated and intermodal system. • 8 main trunk lines inoperation At least one public transport mode operates with a system of integrated electronic payment. 1.1.1 To implement the sectorization of the public transport services, in bus modality, in a manner aligned with the mobility needs of the citizens, and firstly focused on the GMA. o To reorganize public transport routes; set trunk lines into operation in exclusive lanes. o To modernize the concession scheme for 2021, which will reward efficient and decarbonized service provision. o To develop a profitable and innovative financial model that promotes efficiency and transparency in the service operation. 1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services.', '1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services. 1.1.3 To adopt measures that promote intermodality. o To design and implement intermodal stations (train-bus-taxi-bicycles). o To design and adjust the schedules for the provision of public transport services in a way that promotes systems integration. 1.1.4 To establish a governance model under the sustainable mobility system approach. 1.1.4 To establish a governance model under the sustainable mobility system approach. o To strengthen the capacities and transparency of the Public Transport Council and the stewardship of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actors MOPT CTP ARESEP INCOFER MINAE Private sector Users Bank MIVAH IFAM MOPT CTP Central Bank INCOFER ARESEP Operators MOPT CTP INCOFER IFAM MOPT CTP ARESEP INCOFER MINAE Private sector Usuarios 1. Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes.', 'Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes. *Avoid the lock- in: •-Avoid el fomento y la adopción de las tecnologías de transporte “transicionales” que creen barreras para la descarbonizació n del sistema de transporte en el mediano y largo plazo. F. Reinforcement of the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality: - To ensure that fares guarantee a universal access to public transport. Electric train • To implement electric pilot buses on at least 2 public transport routes. • To realize contracts of concession of bus service which includes specific goals and conditions associated with the use of electric buses or zero- emissions. Electric Train document Number of routes with working pilot electrical buses Concession contract document Bus mode includes specific goals and conditions associated with the use of electric buses or zero-emissions buses (MOPT). o To articulate joint approaches to land use d planning and transport planning.', 'o To articulate joint approaches to land use d planning and transport planning. 1.1.5 To progress in the construction of the Electric Train under the most feasible model, connecting Cartago, San José, Heredia and Alajuela. o To carry out feasibility and environmental impact studies. o To design the construction plans. o To prepare international bidding documents for the design, construction and operation phase. o To bid for the concession of the electric train construction • To develop a financial and technical strategy for the construction and commissioning of the Electric Train aligned with a vision of intermodality and sustainable mobility. 1.1.6. C6 To implement campaigns that promotes the use of public transport and intermodality.', 'C6 To implement campaigns that promotes the use of public transport and intermodality. (Quick Win) 1.2.1 To establish the electrification of public transport program, which will include the implementation of three electric buses pilots, financing alternatives and incentives to test the process at the level of transportation companies level, considering tariffs that facilitate the inclusion of the technology in the model of service provision. o To implement three electric buses pilots - launched in June 2018 on the GMA routes. o To design and approve the tariff scheme INCOFER Presidency MOPT ICE Municipalities MOPT MINAE Presidency MINAE MOPT CTP ARESEP ICE Buses Operators Users Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsC. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - To establish financial strategies that promote the efficient transition to technologies zero-emissions. - To encourage the supply of green credits. - To explore subsidies.', '- To encourage the supply of green credits. - To explore subsidies. - To explore the implementation of innovative operating models for electric buses and taxis, such as leasing. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To ensure transparency and accountability in the provision of the licensed public transport service. - To generate open data about the performance of the different technologies *Avoid lock-in: --Avoid the promotion and adoption of To design and officialize a Roadmap for the consolidation of the Hydrogen Cluster. Cluster Roadmap Document appropriate to the use of new technology in public transport, in order to ensure the affordability of the rates. o To design financing alternatives and incentives for concept proof at the level of transport companies. o To define a joint and integral line of action. o To establish a schedule for the implementation of the fleet electrification.', 'o To establish a schedule for the implementation of the fleet electrification. o To align concession contracts of 2021 with objectives and goals of the Decarbonization Plan and Law 9518: Incentives and Promotion for Electric Transportation. 1.2.2 To identify and evaluate the best options to electrify the taxi fleet. o To analyze the implications of the tariff scheme and identify improvements to facilitate technology adoption in taxis. o To identify financing scheme to facilitate renewal of the taxi fleet. o To design a pilot program for the electrification of taxis. 1.2.3. To explore the technical and financial feasibility of creating a public fund to improve the conditions of the transition to electric public transport. 1.2.4. To design a plan to promote hydrogen and other zero-emission technologies.', 'To design a plan to promote hydrogen and other zero-emission technologies. o To define the Roadmap to consolidate a Research and Development (R&D) cluster in Hydrogen o To implement the inter-institutional action plan to promote the use of hydrogen in the transport sector. MOPT CTP ARESEP MINAE ICE Cooperativas de Taxistas Bank MOPT CTP ARESEP MINAE Bank Multilateral y nacional MINAE MOPT RECOPE ARESEP Bank Academy Private companies Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsThe implementation of transport-oriented development and low emissions practices in at least 3 municipalities. The participation of 16 municipalities in the 2nd “cantonal” category of the National Carbon Neutral Program (PPCN). Number of municipalities implementing transport-oriented development practices Number of municipalities participating in the Carbon Neutral Program o To conduct pre-feasibility studies of the identified key projects, and define a business model o To design the pilot project of hydrogen public buses o To publicize the lessons in terms of costs, performance and infrastructure.', 'Number of municipalities implementing transport-oriented development practices Number of municipalities participating in the Carbon Neutral Program o To conduct pre-feasibility studies of the identified key projects, and define a business model o To design the pilot project of hydrogen public buses o To publicize the lessons in terms of costs, performance and infrastructure. 1.2.5 To analyze the options for new undertakings and business models to promote shared mobility schemes in the country. 1.2.6. To launch communication campaigns that promotes public transport and zero- emissions. o To communicate about the benefits of zero-emissions public transport in the long- term and its relationship with the goal of decarbonization. o To raise awareness about pioneer bus companies with zero-emission technologies. o To raise awareness about real-time information of an air quality monitoring system to warn the population about high contamination situations.', 'o To raise awareness about real-time information of an air quality monitoring system to warn the population about high contamination situations. (Quick Win): 1.3.1 To review and adjust the Regulatory Plans and other territorial management tools in order to promote low-emissions development oriented to transport. o To adjust the regulatory plans and urban development regulations to ensure that their formulation promotes a low-emission and transport-oriented development. o To identify the necessary adjustments in the approved regulatory plans of the GMA to comply with the above statement. MOPT MINAE MEIC MICITT Business incubators MOPT CTP MINAE Presidency Municipalities INVU MIVAH IFAM MINAE transport technologies "that create barriers to decarbonisation of the transport system in the medium and long- term. More modelling exercises must be realized for informed decision-making A. Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial: - Efficient organization of the transport sector and territorial planning with an integrated governance system.', 'Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial: - Efficient organization of the transport sector and territorial planning with an integrated governance system. - Alignment of the plans goals and projects associated with spatial planning in order to promote sustainable cities. G. . Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: -To promote the generation and publication of more open data at the cantonal level to Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsimprove environmental, climate and urban management and city planning. H. Education and culture strategy: A Bicentennial Costa Rica free of fossil fuels - To promote cultural change towards the use of sustainable mobilization modes, with an emphasis on active mobility. - To communicate about the benefits of living in compact cities and their associated inhabitants’ rights. *Avoid el lock-in: -To avoid the promotion and adoption of "transitional" transportation technologies that create barriers for the decarbonization of the transport system in the medium- and -long term.', '*Avoid el lock-in: -To avoid the promotion and adoption of "transitional" transportation technologies that create barriers for the decarbonization of the transport system in the medium- and -long term. o To articulate the urban, residential and commercial development policies with the transportation plans and land use planning 1.3.2. To promote dense and compact city models. o To promote cantons densification and compactness around the electric train. o To design programs and incentives to promote the model of compact cities. 1.3.3. To promote sustainable mobility in cities, with special emphasis on the promotion of active modes. o To design and implement walkable city plans in the major urban centers of the country, including intermediate cities. o To design and implement integrated plans to promote the use of bicycles, which consider cyclo-inclusive infrastructure.', 'o To design and implement integrated plans to promote the use of bicycles, which consider cyclo-inclusive infrastructure. o To encourage innovation in the design and implementation of measures that promote sustainability in cities, in both the public and private sector, and in civil society. 1.3.4. To implement demand management measures. o To expand the plate-based vehicular restriction to other urban centers such as Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuela. o To promote the development of parking policies on public roads to limit parking areas on them Municipalities Presidency INVU MIVAH IFAM INCOFER MOPT MINAE Municipalities INVU MIVAH IFAM MINAE MOPT Presidency Municipalities MOPT MIVAH IFAM MINAE Presidency Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actors1.3.5 To actively involve municipalities in the transition to low-emission development. o To implement infrastructure construction plans for active mobility (sidewalks, bike lanes) in priority municipalities.', 'o To implement infrastructure construction plans for active mobility (sidewalks, bike lanes) in priority municipalities. o To increase the number of municipalities participating in the cantonal category of the "Cantonal Carbon Neutral Country Program 2.0”, as well as the development of mitigation strategies and pilot projects at a cantonal level in key sectors such as sustainable mobility, electric mobility and waste management. . (Quick Win) Municipalities Presidency MIVAH IFAM MINAE MOPT Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsF. Strengthening of the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality: - To create a system that does not punish the socially vulnerable populations. B. Green Tax Reform: - To reduce the fossil fuel dependence of the State revenue. - The principle "The one that pollutes pays" is considered E. “Just Transition" labor strategies: - To train mechanics and other populations who need support for the transition.', '- The principle "The one that pollutes pays" is considered E. “Just Transition" labor strategies: - To train mechanics and other populations who need support for the transition. H. Education and culture strategy: A Bicentennial Costa Rica free of Fossil Fuels - To communicate about the benefits of The National Electric Transportation Plan and complementary regulations to operationalize Law 9518 are published. Zero-emissions fleets acquired in at least 3 public institutions 69 fast recharge centers operating by 2022. Published documents (Plans and norms) Number of zero- emissions institutional fleets Number of operating recharge centers 2.1.1 To publish a National Electric Transportation Plan and generate complementary regulations (guidelines, regulations and standards) to operationalize Law 9518 on incentives and promotion of the electric transport. To progress on regulations prohibiting the importation of light-duty vehicles that use fossil fuels. 2.1.2 To promote the implementation of the Sectoral Agreement on Emissions Reduction in the Transport Sector.', '2.1.2 To promote the implementation of the Sectoral Agreement on Emissions Reduction in the Transport Sector. 2.1.3 To implement transition plans for zero- emissions transport in institutional fleets. o To adjust state procurement schemes. o To implement pilot programs to change institutional fleets. o To consolidate transformation program of commercial fleets in pilot sectors, e.g. : Tourism. 2.1.4 To consolidate programs for the repair and maintenance of zero-emissions vehicles. (Quick win) o To expand the INA capacity building programs in repair and maintenance of electric vehicles. 2.1.5 To consolidate the "Fast Charge Network" for electric transport. o To set up fast recharge centers distributed throughout the country. o To analyze business models that encourage the private sector to accelerate the consolidation of fast recharging points. 2.2.1 To launch zero-emissions transport promotion campaigns.', '2.2.1 To launch zero-emissions transport promotion campaigns. (Quick win) o To develop educational campaigns to cut down myths associated with electric technology in vehicles. Presidency MINAE- SEPSE MOPT Legislative Assembly Importers Presidency MOPT MINAE Presidency MINAE- SEPSE MOPT MINSALUD INA Private businesses MINAE ICE Electric distribution companies MINAE MINAE- SEPSE MOPT MINSalud Presidency 2.1. To accelerate the transition of the vehicle fleet towards zero- emissions technology 2. Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to zero-emissions, boosted by renewable energy, not by fossil origin Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsmigrating to zero- emissions transport To avoid "lock-in" To avoid the promotion and adoption of transport technologies called "transitional" that create barriers for the decarbonization of transport system in the medium- and long-term. E. "Just Transition" labor strategies: - To ensure that biofuel production does not relocate agri-food land or encourage land use change. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To make available, in open format, data on vehicle efficiency and Incorporation of 5% to 10% of ethanol in both gasolines by 2022. Roadmap for production and use of biodiesel.', 'Roadmap for production and use of biodiesel. Percentage of ethanol mixed with gasoline Roadmap document 2.2.2 To design financing mechanisms for the energy transition, including banking and insurance facilities for zero emission technologies. 2.2.3 To launch vehicle scrapping pilot program. o To define a "roadmap" for the implementation of the scrappage model and business scheme. 2.2.4 To design a roadmap for the efficient management of electric vehicle batteries at the end of their life cycle. • To analyze possible business models under the circular economy approach. 2.2.5 To consolidate the development of the national biofuels industry. o To implement the National Biofuels Strategy. o To implement demonstration projects with the MAG. o To analyze potential vertical integration of RECOPE in agroindustrial chains, for example palm trees.', 'o To analyze potential vertical integration of RECOPE in agroindustrial chains, for example palm trees. o To mix ethanol of national origin with gasoline. o To mix biodiesel of national origin with diesel. 2.2.6 To design LPG Use Roadmap for specific niches coherent with global decarbonization goals. o To design adequate standards and regulations to regulate LPG conversion processes in the existing fleet. 2.2.7 To update regulations to improve the quality of fuels. o To adjust Central American regulations. MINAE Min of Financy Multilateral y national Bank MINAE MOPT Ministerio de Salud Importers vehículos MINAE- SEPSE MOPT Ministerio de Salud Private businesses RECOPE MINAE SEPSE ARESEP MAG Producer Chambers MOPT MINAE SEPSE RECOPE MINAE Min Salud MOPT COMEx 2.2. To improve the efficiency of the combustion fleet. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actors 2.', 'Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actors 2. Transformation of the light-duty vehicles fleet to zero-emissions, boosted by renewable energy, not by fossil originfactory model data, such as driving efficiency and other variables. . Eco-Labeling of the efficiency of designed vehicle. 2.2.8 To improve and update the energy efficiency regulations for the transport sector by updating the standards for the import and circulation of internal combustion engine vehicles, improving fleet standards. o To implement an eco-labeling in electric and combustion vehicles to make visible the vehicles efficiency. MINAE MINSALUD MOPT COMEx 2.2. To improve the efficiency of the combustion fleet. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsD. Digitalization and Economy-Based Strategy: - Use of data from load mobilization to improve strategies planning that lead the sector to be more competitive and decarbonized. E. "Just transition" labor strategy - Working conditions of the drivers of cargo vehicles.', 'E. "Just transition" labor strategy - Working conditions of the drivers of cargo vehicles. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To make available in open format, updated data on behavior and performance of the light and heavy cargo mobility. *Avoid lock-in: To limit the options that deepen dependence on fossil fuels or generate new dependencies. At least 1 cargo logistics pilot project operates under low-emission parameters. Limon’s Electric Freight Train (TELCA) in operation Cargo logistics pilot project Limon’s Electric Freight Train (TELCA) operating 3.1.1 To implement measures that improve the distribution of cargo in agreement with the Logistics and Cargo Plan. To create consolidation centers or logistics activity zones (including scanners and other intelligent merchandise management systems) in the peripheries of the GMA and other emerging population centers. o To define peripheral routes and schedules that limit the access of heavy trucks to urban centers.', 'o To define peripheral routes and schedules that limit the access of heavy trucks to urban centers. o To establish pilot projects of centers of consolidation and final distribution that combine technologies and various modes of transportation, creating possible “low- emission areas”. o To adequately divide loads so that the size of the cargo vehicles that circulate in urban centers are proportional. 3.1.2. To generate open data to improve the planning of light and heavy cargo transport . (Quick Win) o To generate the following open data: age of the fleet, types of vehicles, operating conditions, origins and destinations of the cargo, type of cargo, origin of the trucks (domestic or foreign).', '(Quick Win) o To generate the following open data: age of the fleet, types of vehicles, operating conditions, origins and destinations of the cargo, type of cargo, origin of the trucks (domestic or foreign). o To evaluate the feasibility of designing a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) scheme to measure the emissions from the sector and from the transformation to a decarbonized one. 3.1.3 To integrate the intensive use of rail transportation for the mobilization of merchandise in the major routes and demand in the distribution model and Pre-investment Study registered in MIDEPLAN cargo commercialization. o To develop the necessary regulatory instruments for the implementation of Presidency MOPT COMEX MEIC Private sector Municipalities IFAM MOPT MINAE COMEX Private sector Riteve INCOFER MOPT Presidency ARESEP COMEX ICOP Private sector 3.1. To consolidate the program of cargo logistics to reduce emissions. 3.', 'To consolidate the program of cargo logistics to reduce emissions. 3. Promotion of a freight transport that adopts modalities, technologies and energy sources until achieving zero or the lowest emissions possible Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsF. Strengthening the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality - To ensure that regulatory improvements do not shift the cost to primary commodities, such as food. A. Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial - Efficient organization of the cargo transport sector, to implement changes in regulations and their enforcement. *Avoid el lock-in: To generate improvements in the regulation and gradual standards that are consistent with the deep decarbonization process and which consider the availability of competitive technological options and the lifespan of assets. Plan to improve efficiency and reduce emissions in the freight transport sector. 1 pilot project to improve the efficiency of the freight transport sector (use of biofuels and LPG).', '1 pilot project to improve the efficiency of the freight transport sector (use of biofuels and LPG). Plan elaborated Pilot project started the TELCA, including the establishment of the rates, prices or fares required for its implementation. 3.2.1 To design a plan for the technological efficiency improvement of the cargo transport sector, which will consider aspects such as technological improvement (LPG, for example), the use of filters, biofuels and other efficiency improvements. o To promote technologies such as LPG, use of filters, biofuels and other efficiency improvements. o To implement a pilot project of efficiency improvement of the cargo transport. 3.2.2 To implement a pilot project of efficiency improvement of the cargo transport. o To reinforce road emissions controls, of the compliance of standards and maintenance regulations for light and heavy cargo vehicles.', 'o To reinforce road emissions controls, of the compliance of standards and maintenance regulations for light and heavy cargo vehicles. o To manage the strengthening of Central American and national regulations linked to efficiency standards, emissions, safety for light and heavy loads. 3.2.3. To adjust Law 9518 so that fiscal incentives also apply for electric light-duty vehicles 3.2.4. To establish a Pilot Plan to involve companies in the cargo transport sector in the Carbon Neutrality Country Program 2.0. RECOPE MINAE SEPSE MOPT COMEX Private sector MOPT COMEX SEPSE Presidency MINAE Presidency Legislative Assembly MINAE Ministery of financy MINAE MOPT Private sector 3.2 To promote technological efficiency in heavy and light cargo transport sector 3. Promotion of a freight transport that adopts modalities, technologies and energy sources until achieving zero or the lowest emissions possible. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsC.', 'Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsC. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: To assess the possibility of creating an Energy Transition Fund D. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy The upkeeping of a renewable electric matrix above 95% that boosts the transition towards the decarbonization of other sectors. At least 2 sectoral plans and/or electrification strategies (eg, transportation, industry) prepared and published The installation and operation of 274,240 of smart meters. Percentage of generation with renewable energies Plan or strategy elaborated Number of smart meters installed and in operation 4.1.1 To promote the diversification of the system with non-conventional renewable sources. o To incorporate non-conventional renewable energies into the plans of generation expansion. o To promote research on non-conventional renewable sources, as well as energy storage. o To promote studies for the decarbonization of thermal energy support. 4.1.2To promote the electrification processes of key sectors.', '4.1.2To promote the electrification processes of key sectors. o To link the electric sectoral planning with the sectoral planning of electric transport. o To promote the generation and exchange of information and databases between the different actors of intersectoral planning. o To estimate the demand projections between 2020 and 2050 under scenarios that include: energy management and storage technologies, electro-mobility, energy efficiency and other elements that affect demand. 4.1.3 To establish a national vision or strategy for the operation of smart grids. o To promote processes associated with digitization and establishment of smart networks. o To purchase and install smart meters. o To realize related investments in smart grid components. o To monitor and analyses database information that supply the meters.', 'o To monitor and analyses database information that supply the meters. o To develop the strategy of institutional process digitalization and impulse for the consolidation of smart networks. MINAE SEPSE CONACE ICE Academy ARESEP Private sector MINAE SEPSE MOPT INCOFER Private sector ICE Academy CONACE MICIT 4.1 To promote the modernization of the electrical system to face the challenges coming from decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization in the electricity production. 4. Consolidation of the national electricity system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence and resilience, necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at a competitive cost Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsPlan to improve climate investments for the national electricity system. An updated Energy Efficiency Law and complementary regulatory framework. 20 macro public consumers have improved their energy efficiency.', '20 macro public consumers have improved their energy efficiency. Improvement Plan Approved Draft Law Number of consumers improving energy efficiency Measurement of the effectiveness of the implemented energy efficiency measures 4.1.4 To design a plan for the improvement of climate investment that includes: o To establish governance in energy matters: includes strengthening of the rectory, access to information. o To analyze current electrical legislation. o To analyze distributed generation. o To analyze system risks. o To review tariff structure. o To re-adapt the financing models of the productive assets. 4.2.1 4.2.2 To promote energy efficiency: o To implement a more effective planning and coordination of energy efficiency. o To facilitate access to more efficient equipment by institutions, consumers and entrepreneurs. o To update the list of efficient energy equipment that can be exonerated. o To promote a culture of energy efficiency among citizens.', 'o To promote a culture of energy efficiency among citizens. o To stimulate energy efficiency in macro- consumers. o To promote energy consumption efficiency in the public sector. o To adjust tariffs for the promotion of energy efficiency. MINAE SEPSE CONACE ICE ARESEP CINDE Private sector Bank MINAE CONACE 4.2 To promote energy efficiency 4. Consolidation of the national electricity system with capacity, flexibility, intelligence and resilience, necessary to supply and manage renewable energy at a competitive cost Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsB. Green Tax Reform: - To consider increasing taxes on the most polluting materials. C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - To develop mechanisms to encourage sustainable construction. E. "Just transition" labor strategies: - To analyze the social impacts of changes in subsidies on materials or equipment. • 20 new buildings applying environmental standards of a voluntary nature. Number of buildings that voluntary adopt environmental standards to improve their performance 21.', 'Number of buildings that voluntary adopt environmental standards to improve their performance 21. 5.1.1 To create and improve the standards that promote low-emission sustainable construction practices , such as energy efficiency (e.g. : temperatures insulation, cooking systems, water heating, washing and/or drying with electrical technologies, solar thermal, air conditioning or other more efficient and less polluting), efficient use of water, low carbon footprint materials (e.g., cement and green concrete, wood and bamboo, reuse of materials), among other sustainable practices that reduce the impact on emissions in the design, construction and operation of buildings and other infrastructures. o To generate regulations or promote the existing ones for certifications, both for the public and private sectors. o To strengthen the guidelines for low-emission sustainable construction, for public buildings and social housing through public biddings among other identified effective mechanisms.', 'o To strengthen the guidelines for low-emission sustainable construction, for public buildings and social housing through public biddings among other identified effective mechanisms. o To evaluate the feasibility of establishing regulations for the adoption of sustainable low-emissions construction practices in different types of buildings, for example: affordable housing, commercial and residential buildings, among other buildings and infrastructure categories. 5.1.2 To identify incentive schemes to promote low-emission construction (green credits, subsidies review, acknowledgments, certifications, awards) to accelerate the adoption of these practices in private and public projects in accordance with the Sustainable Production and Consumption Policy, among other regulations. MIVAH INVU BANVHI MINAE CFIA ECA INTECO Private sector MIVAH Ministery of financy MINAE Bank Private sector INVU BHANVI 5.1.To strengthen the regulations, standards and incentives for the effective implementation of sustainable construction practices in buildings and other infrastructures 5.', 'MIVAH INVU BANVHI MINAE CFIA ECA INTECO Private sector MIVAH Ministery of financy MINAE Bank Private sector INVU BHANVI 5.1.To strengthen the regulations, standards and incentives for the effective implementation of sustainable construction practices in buildings and other infrastructures 5. .Development of buildings of different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under high efficiency standards and low- emission processes _______________________________ 20 Voluntary environmental standards are considered the following: Ecological Blue Flag Program Sustainable Construction Category (recognition), standards and certifications: RESET, EDGE and LEED. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsC. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: -To revise the formulation of the electricity tariff in order to encourage a greater electrification in new and existing buildings. - To analyze the feasibility of developing an Energy Transition Fund to replace and renew more efficient equipment. *Avoid lock-in: -To avoid using carbonized technologies, e.g., LPG in cooking and water heating systems. At least 20 existing buildings implementing at least one action to reduce their GHG emissions in their operation.', 'At least 20 existing buildings implementing at least one action to reduce their GHG emissions in their operation. Number of existing buildings that implement at least one GHG emission reduction action in their operation within the framework of one of the recognized voluntary mechanisms. 5.1.3 To design a communication strategy that facilitates access to information and understanding about sustainable low-emissions construction. • To communicate about existing regulations, standards, certifications and awards that promote low-emission sustainable construction, as well as bioclimatic design and technology options and their benefits. • To progress in the environmental labeling of sustainable materials and efficient equipment, in line with the National Environmental and Energy Labeling Program. • To promote communication and awareness- raising campaigns for people who will live in sustainable construction 5.2.1 To promote the implementation of energy efficiency practices in existing buildings.', '• To promote communication and awareness- raising campaigns for people who will live in sustainable construction 5.2.1 To promote the implementation of energy efficiency practices in existing buildings. • To promote the use of efficient, solar and refrigeration equipment and natural or low Global Warming Potential (GWP) air- conditioning systems (in accordance with the Kigali Amendment) in existing buildings. 5.2.2 To promote the implementation of recognition programs such as the National Carbon Neutral Program, and/or the Ecological Blue Flag Program (PBAE) in its categories: Sustainable Construction, Sustainable Homes, Communities and Neutral Climate Community. (Quick win) • To support the implementation of the Technical Regulation of Energy Efficiency and Labeling for the Regulation of Refrigerators, Refrigerators-Freezers and Freezers.', '(Quick win) • To support the implementation of the Technical Regulation of Energy Efficiency and Labeling for the Regulation of Refrigerators, Refrigerators-Freezers and Freezers. 5.2.3 To promote the implementation of bioclimatic design, the reuse of materials, low carbon footprint materials such as cements and green concrete, as well as local inputs (wood from national plantations and / or bamboo). MINAE AYA- Comisión PBAE SEPSE MINAE ICE Private sector Comisión PBAE MIVAH INVU CFIA Academy MINAE- SETENA AYA 5.1. To strengthen the regulations, standards and incentives for the effective implementation of sustainable construction practices in buildings and other infrastructures. 5.2. To improve operating practices of existing buildings and other infrastructure that significantly reduce their impact on GHG emissions. 5. .Development of buildings of different uses (commercial, residential, institutional) under high efficiency standards and low- emission processes Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsB. Reforma Fiscal Verde: • Exoneraciones o incentivos para calderas eléctricas. • Reglamentar la exoneración de equipos eficientes.', '• Reglamentar la exoneración de equipos eficientes. D. Estrategia de financiamiento y atracción de inversiones para la transformación: • Fondo de Transición Energética. G. Estrategia de transparencia, métrica y datos abiertos • Crear una plataforma de consulta y verificación y de “benchmarks” de resultados, informes y buenas prácticas empresariales. *Avoid el lock-in: • Avoid el uso de tecnologías que profundicen la dependencia a los combustibles fósiles en la industria. Al menos 2 de hojas de ruta para la reducción de emisiones ( 1 por tipo de industria) desarrollada y publicada Lista oficial de bienes exonerados conforme al artículo 38 de la Ley N° 7447 del y sus reformas actualizada Documento de Hoja de Ruta Documento de Lista de bienes exonerados con inclusión de nuevos equipos y tecnologías 6.1.1 Actualizar y reactivar la estrategia industrial de cambio climático. • Se deberá crear una comisión con representación del sector industrial, instituciones públicas claves para impulsar la estrategia y las Hojas de Ruta.', '• Se deberá crear una comisión con representación del sector industrial, instituciones públicas claves para impulsar la estrategia y las Hojas de Ruta. 6.1.2 Apoyar en la construcción de Hojas de Ruta para la reducción de Emisiones. • Las Hojas de ruta definirán metas de reducción de GEI específicas por tipo de industria (basadas en la ciencia), que puedan traducirse en un compromiso del sector para reducir emisiones de GEI (Hojas de Ruta con respectivos Acuerdos Voluntarios). (Quick Win) • Caracterizarán los diferentes tipos de procesos de la industria de acuerdo con sus requerimientos energéticos y fomentarán la salida del uso de energía fósil por electricidad renovable, bioenergía (generada a partir de biomasa o residuos) y mejoras en eficiencia energética.', '(Quick Win) • Caracterizarán los diferentes tipos de procesos de la industria de acuerdo con sus requerimientos energéticos y fomentarán la salida del uso de energía fósil por electricidad renovable, bioenergía (generada a partir de biomasa o residuos) y mejoras en eficiencia energética. 6.1.3 Impulsar la eficiencia energética en los procesos industriales: (Ver vínculo con Eje 4) • Promover buenas prácticas en la gestión de la energía (por ejemplo ISO 50001). • Actualizar mediante la inclusión de nuevos equipos y tecnologías lista oficial de bienes exonerados conforme al artículo 38 de la Ley de Regulación del Uso Racional de la Energía, Ley N° 7447 del 03 de noviembre de 1994 y sus reformas de acuerdo al artículo 10 del decreto ejecutivo N° 41121 del 5 de abril del 2018.', '• Actualizar mediante la inclusión de nuevos equipos y tecnologías lista oficial de bienes exonerados conforme al artículo 38 de la Ley de Regulación del Uso Racional de la Energía, Ley N° 7447 del 03 de noviembre de 1994 y sus reformas de acuerdo al artículo 10 del decreto ejecutivo N° 41121 del 5 de abril del 2018. • Desarrollar reglamentos técnicos que aseguren la eficiencia energética de los equipos carbonizados. MINAE MEIC MIDEPLAN MICITT MINSALUD Chambers Empresariales Bank Academy 6.1 Impulsar el proceso de transformación tecnológica de bajas emisiones del sector industrial the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or others, sustainable and efficient, with low- and zero-emissions. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsD. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy - Strategies for exploring new materials, LCA. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy - To create a platform of query and verification, benchmarks of results, reports and business best practices.', 'G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy - To create a platform of query and verification, benchmarks of results, reports and business best practices. At least 2 roadmaps for emissions reduction (1 per type of industry) developed and published (e.g., Cement Sector). • An updated official list of exempted goods by the Article 38 of Law N ° 7447 on Regulation of the Rational Use of Energy. Roadmap document List of exempted goods including new equipment and technologies 6.1.4 To facilitate the substitution processes of refrigerants with low- or zero-GWP in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali amendment. o To align fiscal incentives (importation) to promote the use of natural refrigerants and the equipment that uses them, and discourage the use of refrigerants with a high GWP. o To support pilot projects. o To develop regulations for the adequate disposal of refrigerants and associated equipment.', 'o To develop regulations for the adequate disposal of refrigerants and associated equipment. (Quick Win) 6.2.1 To promote the production of sustainable goods and services that remove or reduce GHG emissions along the industry value chain. o To support the design of circular economy models that promote waste valorization, the generation of new raw materials and are inserted in the industrial and agroindustrial value chains (e.g., the use of waste from the agro-food industry as raw material or energy source in industrial processes). o To promote the use of the LCA and life cycle approach to determine the raw materials, inputs, processes or others that minimize the products GHG emissions. MEIC OMEX PROCOMEINAE MINSALUD Chambers Empresariales MAG MICITT Hacienda Academy ECA INTECO 6.1 . To promote the process of low- emissions technological transformation of the industrial sector 6.2 To promote the development and consumption of products and services under circular economy models. 6.', 'To promote the process of low- emissions technological transformation of the industrial sector 6.2 To promote the development and consumption of products and services under circular economy models. 6. Transformation of the industrial sector through processes and technologies that use energy from renewable sources or others, sustainable and efficient, with low- and zero-emissions. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsH. Education and culture Strategy: a Bicentennial Costa Rica free of fossil fuels: - Campaign to promote a circular economy which includes proper waste management. At least 3 products have an environmental label or seal based on the official scheme of the Government of Costa Rica. Quantity of products with an environmental label recognized by the Government of Costa Rica 6.2.2To promote the consumption of products and services with smaller footprints and environmental impact. • To standardize the definition of "green" products and services (Quick Win).', '• To standardize the definition of "green" products and services (Quick Win). • To implement the National Environmental and Energetic Labeling Program for products with an LCA approach. (Quick Win). •o To develop and implement a Carbon Neutrality scheme in products under the Neutrality Carbon Country Program. (Quick Win). •o To improve the technical criteria used in sustainable public procurement to include the analysis of environmental labels recognized by the Costa Rican government. . 6.2 To promote the development and consumption of products and services under circular economy models. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsF. Strengthening the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality: - Inclusion of women and vulnerable populations in formal jobs throughout the integrated waste management chain. B.', 'Strengthening the principles of inclusion, respect for human rights and promotion of gender equality: - Inclusion of women and vulnerable populations in formal jobs throughout the integrated waste management chain. B. Green Tax Reform - To evaluate the possibility of establishing tax incentives for the importation of technologies for the integral management of waste with a focus on low emissions C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - Opening of special credit lines for technology purchase for the integral management of waste with a technology approach low emissions tons of solid waste are managed daily. Indicator aligned with the National Development and Public Investment Plan: Number of tons of solid waste managed in an integral way on a daily basis. NAMA Waste Development process 7.1.1. To design a mitigation strategy for emissions in the waste sector (NAMA). This strategy will consider aspects such as: o The encouragement of the treatment of organic waste at household level. o The encouragement of the treatment of organic waste at industrial scale.', 'o The encouragement of the treatment of organic waste at industrial scale. o The promotion of the use of biodigestion as a treatment method for liquid and solid organic waste at large or multiple generators scale. o To have a selective collection of non- recoverable and recoverable waste (organic and inorganic) at the municipal level through a tariff scheme that allows to offer this public service in an efficient way. o To analyze the municipal tariff charged for the collection of solid waste and to identify improvements options to promote the improvement of the management. 7.1.2.', 'o To analyze the municipal tariff charged for the collection of solid waste and to identify improvements options to promote the improvement of the management. 7.1.2. To design technical and legal instruments to control the import, manufacture and marketing of products and materials that generate waste which are challenging to manage for the country, such as single-use plastics, or waste challenging to recycle, or with no valuation method. 7.1.3. To review the technical and legal instruments that allow applying the principle of extended responsibility of the producer from the importation, manufacture and marketing of products and materials to strengthen its implementation. Municipalities MIN Salud IFAM UGL MINAE Grupo ICE Private sector Sociedad Civil MINSalud MINAE Ministery of financy COMEX CINDE Private sector Sociedad Civil Ministerio de Salud MINAE Ministery of financy COMEX CINDE Private sector 7.1. To present policies that promote the integral management of low-emission waste and circular economy 7.', 'To present policies that promote the integral management of low-emission waste and circular economy 7. Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposal _______________________________ 21 2017: 3,720 tonnes per day integrally managed Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsE. “Just Transition" labor strategies: - To formally include the core sectors of the waste recovery value chain within municipal waste management processes. H. Education and culture Strategy: - To involve civil society organizations in the creation of a National Communication Strategy on Integrated Waste Management. To avoid lock-in: To avoid the implementation of waste systems treatment that implies dependence on their generation instead of promoting the reduction of their generation. To avoid obsolete technologies that delay compliance with the goals of this plan. Launch of the National Composting Strategy Designed NAMA strategy to reduce emissions in the waste sector. 7.1.4.', 'Launch of the National Composting Strategy Designed NAMA strategy to reduce emissions in the waste sector. 7.1.4. To implement an environmental labeling system for the products and materials marketed in the country that allows consumers to clearly identify if the product or material is recyclable or not; and in which category it should be recycled, using the color codes of the National Strategy for Separation, Recovery and Recovery of Waste. See linkage with the line of action 6. 7.1.5. To create the enabling conditions to enhance the use of biogas generated in mechanized sanitary landfills for generating electricity or as a fuel for mobile and fixed sources. (Quick Win) 7.1.6. To promote productive linkages through public-private partnerships to strengthen the recycling value chain from its source. 7.2.1.', 'To promote productive linkages through public-private partnerships to strengthen the recycling value chain from its source. 7.2.1. To strengthen the execution capacity and dialogue of the governing entities in the control and monitoring of the reports of water discharge without treatment or treatment plants and septic tanks malfunctioning through the existing regulatory instruments. Sociedad Civil Ministerio de Salud MINAE Ministery of financy COMEX CINDE Private sector Sociedad Civil MINSalud MINAE Ministery of financy COMEX CINDE Private sector Sociedad Civil MINSalud MINAE Ministery of financy COMEX CINDE Private sector Sociedad Civil AyA MINSalud Municipalities IFAM MINAE 7.1. Fortalecer la implementación de políticas, estrategias y planes que promuevan la gestión integral de residuos con un enfoque de bajas emisiones de GEI bajo el concepto de economía circular 7. Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposal. Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsA.', 'Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsA. Comprehensive reform for the new institutionality of the Bicentennial: - To evaluate whether it is necessary to modify the Law of Integral Management of Water Resources in order to improve the sanitation of wastewater. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy - To strengthen the National Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management (SINIGIRH). . H. Strategy in education and culture: - To involve civil society organizations, municipalities and the business sector processes of Goal aligned with PNDIP in priority sectors: Palmares, City of Jacó Garabito, Golfito and Ciudad de Limón22 . At least 1 executed dissemination and awareness campaign about avoiding, reducing, separating and treating the waste. Indicator aligned with the PNDIP: Percentage of progress in sanitary sewerage projects. Number of outreach and awareness-raising campaigns on avoiding, reducing, separating and treating waste. 7.2.2.', 'Number of outreach and awareness-raising campaigns on avoiding, reducing, separating and treating waste. 7.2.2. To strengthen the IT platform of the National System of Integrated Management of Water Resources (SINIGIRH) to collect data on the entities that generate wastewater. 7.2.3. To expand the coverage of sanitary sewer networks and treatment systems of ordinary residential wastewater in the country. o To strengthen the wastewater treatment infrastructure in the zones established by the National Plan for Development and Public Investments. These zones are: Palmares, Quepos, Jacó, Golfito and Ciudad de Limón. 7.3.1. To massively launch dissemination and awareness campaigns on avoiding, reducing, separating and treating waste. (Quick Win) AyA Ministerio de Salud Municipalities IFAM MINAE AyA MINSalud Municipalities IFAM MINAE MINSalud MEP MINAE MEIC Ministerio de Comunicación 7. Development of an integrated system of maximum efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions waste management based on the separation, reuse, revaluation and final disposal 7.2. To strengthen the effective management of wastewater. 7.3.', 'To strengthen the effective management of wastewater. 7.3. To create enabling conditions to improve the integral management of solid and liquid waste at both residential and business levels _______________________________ 22 Baseline: Palmares: Al 30-06-2018: 5,61% . Ciudad de Jacó, Garabito: Al 30-06-2018: 6,24% . Quepos: Al 30-06-2018: 5,30% . Golfito: Al 30-06-2018: 5,30% . Ciudad de Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsawareness-raising and training about integrated waste management. G. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: To strengthen the National Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management (SINIGIRH). To avoid lock-in: To avoid the implementation of waste treatment systems that generate dependence on their generation, instead of promoting the reduction of their generation. To avoid obsolete technologies that delay compliance with the goals of this plan. At least 3 capacity building processes for municipalities about integral waste management. At least 1 circular economy model pilot project promoting integral waste management implemented. Number of capacity building processes for municipalities on integrated waste management.', 'Number of capacity building processes for municipalities on integrated waste management. Pilot projects of circular economy models generated to enhance integrated waste management 7.3.2.To strengthen metrics and access to information on waste management in open formats. o To standardize methodologies for measuring and publishing data. o To publish data on waste management in an accessible manner. 7.3.3. To strengthen the capacities of the municipalities about waste management. o To design technical capacity building programs in low-emission waste management. o To strengthen the monitoring commissions Municipal Waste Plan. o To generate spaces to improve the intermunicipal articulation in waste management (transfer centers). o To strengthen the audit and report of the municipalities. o To create a database of municipal actions to exchange best and mal-practices of waste management.', 'o To create a database of municipal actions to exchange best and mal-practices of waste management. o To increase the involvement of the municipalities in the improvements of waste management as a measure to reduce emissions under the PPCN. 7.3.4. To generate spaces for a greater involvement of the private sector. o To analyze the market of sellers and buyers of waste. o To make visible the “winners” of the private sector in their work at municipal level. o To determine the needs to promote the transformation of the sector and the search for circular economy models. See linkage with the line of action 6. MINAE MINSalud Sociedad Civil MINSalud Public and private Universities MINAE Municipalities Private sector Bank MINSalud Universidades públicas y privadas. MINAE Municipalities Private sector Bank MEIC 7.3. To create enabling conditions to improve the integral management of solid and liquid waste at both residential and business levels 7.', 'To create enabling conditions to improve the integral management of solid and liquid waste at both residential and business levels 7. Desarrollo de un sistema de gestión integrada de residuos basado en la separación, reutilización, revalorización y disposición final de máxima eficiencia y bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsAt least 2 new NAMAs processes will be initiated NAMA Proposal signed between representatives producers and MAG and MINAE MAG MINAE INDER MEIC PROCOMER Academy Chambers SBD Bank MAG MINAE INDER MEIC PROCOMER 8.1 To develop innovative processes in the value chain of priority products23 that facilitate the generation of decarbonized agricultural goods. 8. Promotion of highly efficient agri-food systems that generate low-carbon export goods and local consumption goods _______________________________ 23 Product prioritization is related to the agricultural subsectors that generate the most emissions: livestock, coffee, sugar cane, bananas, rice. Other products could be incorporated if there is evidence of their impact on the generation of emissions within the agricultural sector.', 'Other products could be incorporated if there is evidence of their impact on the generation of emissions within the agricultural sector. 24 In the Costa Rican context, NAMA is understood as a programmatic intervention that allows the identification of technologies for the reduction of emissions, allows the generation of training at the level of key structures MAG, ICAFE, Chambers, and producers to promote the adoption of technologies, encourages the development of MRV, and power vertical integration approaches to work equally with the marketing processes. At the national level, the learning of NAMA Café and NAMA Livestock will facilitate the operation of the proposed new NAMAs.', 'At the national level, the learning of NAMA Café and NAMA Livestock will facilitate the operation of the proposed new NAMAs. C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation - To align available financial instruments for the agricultural sector D. Digitalization and Knowledge-based Economy Strategy - Precision agriculture, traceability technologies, Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) To promote the decarbonization and vertical integration of the priority value chains. o To develop and consolidate processes- programs of NAMAs24 in priority products. Coffee: to consolidate the escalation stage, Banano-Musaceas: to boost the initial process, Sugarcane-rice: to initiate the processes. o To promote the identification, transfer and adoption of technologies that reduce emissions and improve competitiveness at farm and processing levels. o To promote actions that facilitate the commercialization of low-emission products (among others, to promote labeling and differentiation processes, promotional campaigns linked to the country brand).', 'o To promote actions that facilitate the commercialization of low-emission products (among others, to promote labeling and differentiation processes, promotional campaigns linked to the country brand). o To promote circular economy processes that promote the valuation and reuse of agricultural organic waste, and other waste generated along the value chain. See linkages with the axes 7 and 8. 8.1.2 To align the current agro-environmental policies and plans with the decarbonization goals. o To implement the Sectoral Agreement to Reduce Emissions in the Agricultural Sector. The agreement includes: Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsAcademy Chambers SBD Bank 8.1 To develop innovative processes in the value chain of priority products that facilitate the generation of decarbonized agricultural goods. 8. Fomento de sistemas agroalimentarios eficientes que generen bienes de exportación y consumo local bajos en carbono • To develop financial mechanisms aimed at the implementation of efficient low-carbon technologies.', 'Fomento de sistemas agroalimentarios eficientes que generen bienes de exportación y consumo local bajos en carbono • To develop financial mechanisms aimed at the implementation of efficient low-carbon technologies. • To develop a system of recognition of the eco-benefits generated by the farms in their sustainable and climatically responsible production. • To consolidate the MRV system of the sector that supplies SINAMECC and GHG Inventory. o To establish board agreements in relevant institutions (for example: INDER, INCOP, Banking System for Development, DINADECO, among others) to align and allocate resources for the development of decarbonization projects. (Quick Win) o To align sub-sectoral policies and strategies with the decarbonization objectives (e.g., Policy / Strategy for coffee production, Musaceas, Caña, etc). _______________________________ 25 El Acuerdo se firmó en el 2018 por ambos Ministros y tiene una vigencia de 5 años.', '_______________________________ 25 El Acuerdo se firmó en el 2018 por ambos Ministros y tiene una vigencia de 5 años. Este acuerdo refleja la contribución sectorial a la meta nacional definida en la NDC. El acuerdo se puede encontrar en Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsC. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - To create credits to support the strategy - To integrate environmental and social risk analysis into the financial sector. *Avoid lock-in: •To prevent extensive livestock farming from competing with areas for forest and conservation. To avoid feeding systems based on grains importation, which may increase the carbon footprint. • 1 guideline generated for the Low-Carbon Livestock Strategy. • 1773 livestock farms implementing NAMA technologies. • 1 mechanism to provide technical support to the farms. • 1 education campaign on organic agricultural waste for producers and technicians.', '• 1 education campaign on organic agricultural waste for producers and technicians. • 1 pilot project on the use of organic agricultural waste in the industrial sector and (Small and Medium Enterprise) SMEs in the food sector. Number of guidelines generated Number of livestock farms implementing the NAMA model Technological solution to provide technical support to livestock farms Number of education campaigns on the use of OAWs Number of pilot schemes for the use of OAWs in the industrial sector and SMEs in the food sector 9.1.1 To consolidate the Low Carbon Livestock Strategy (EGBC) as the policy to decarbonize the sector. o To generate a guideline that consolidates the EGBC as the governing policy of the livestock sector. (Quick Win) 9.1.2 To promote an eco-competitive livestock approach by scaling up the NAMA Livestock, the implementation of efficient technologies, and technical support, among others. o To implement the first scaling of the NAMA Livestock.', 'o To implement the first scaling of the NAMA Livestock. o To promote activities along the value chain that promote the implementation of efficient technology. o To strengthen capacity building, extension work and technology transfer. o To increase the biodiversity of the farms. o To develop a second-generation PES Environmental Services Payments model that recognizes the service coming from good land management in farms. o To design and implement a mechanism to provide technical support to livestock farms, this mechanism must actively integrate information technologies. (Quick Win) 9.1.3 To develop and scale-up the meat and milk value chains with a circular economy approach for the generation of biomass from organic agricultural waste (OWA).', '(Quick Win) 9.1.3 To develop and scale-up the meat and milk value chains with a circular economy approach for the generation of biomass from organic agricultural waste (OWA). o To introduce experiences in the use of Organic Agricultural Waste (OWAs) in the livestock sector (in particular, excreta and slurry in the production of biogas and fertilizers). o To implement pilot plans for the use of OWAs for the industrial sector (meat and dairy industry) and SMEs in the food sector. MAG INTA MINAE CORFOGA Livestock sector Chamber of Milk Producers National Livestock Council Regional Commissions Academia Companies PITTA 9.1 To encourage the livestock sector to contribute to the decarbonization using efficient practices and carbon capture in farms, the protection of ecosystem services and the generation of resilience. 9.', 'MAG INTA MINAE CORFOGA Livestock sector Chamber of Milk Producers National Livestock Council Regional Commissions Academia Companies PITTA 9.1 To encourage the livestock sector to contribute to the decarbonization using efficient practices and carbon capture in farms, the protection of ecosystem services and the generation of resilience. 9. Consolidation of a livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsTransparency, metrics and open data strategy - To unify the criteria for the definition and "forest" and agroforestry livestock agroforestry systems. D. Digitalization and Economy-Based Strategy: - Precision agriculture. A roadmap designed to consolidate national research on emission factors. implementing MRV. Roadmap to consolidate resources for national emission factors research A consolidated MRV system for the livestock sector in 2022 (Quick Win) 9.2.1. To enhance the calculation of the reduction generated with the measures and technologies of emission mitigation and to develop national emission factors. o To promote the realization of the necessary studies to develop national emission factors for the livestock sector.', 'o To promote the realization of the necessary studies to develop national emission factors for the livestock sector. o To consolidate the MRV system of the subsector and supply the SINAMECC and the GHG Inventory, among other reports. o To implement the MRV system in the first escalation of the NAMA Livestock. MAG MINAE IMN DCC 9.2 To design and improve the metric system associated with the livestock production units. 9. Consolidation of a livestock model based on productive efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsG. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To consolidate the National Monitoring System of Land and Ecosystem Cover and Use (SIMOCUTE) with SINIA and SINAMECC. B. Green Tax Reform: - To identify new sources to maintain the PES system. C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - To establish access strategy to climate finance for the forest sector aligned with NDC targets.', 'C. Funding Strategy and Investment Attraction for transformation: - To establish access strategy to climate finance for the forest sector aligned with NDC targets. To avoid Lock-in To avoid investments that encourages an expansive urban model and destruction of forest areas. REDD+ strategy completed and financing initiated At least 3 kilometres of restored urban corridors Payment for Ecosystem Service System PES 2.0 designed and officialized SIMOCUTE 1.0 in operation and integrated with SINAMECC and SINIA Document with the Warsaw Framework and safeguards completed Intervened and improved urban area Officialized System Document Working operating system 10.1.1. To promote the growth of forest cover and the restoration of ecosystems. o To turn green and regenerate urban space (example increase of recreational parks, interurban corridors, river corridors). o To implement tree planting productive systems (fences, agroforestry systems, marine- coastal zones in strategies and restoration actions). o To stop deforestation. o To strengthen the conservation of ecosystems inside and outside the protected areas.', 'o To strengthen the conservation of ecosystems inside and outside the protected areas. o To regenerate degraded lands through forest restoration and reforestation. o To accelerate actions to address forest fires. o To promote a landscape management with a restoration approach in rural, coastal and urban areas. o To design and launch new generation of Payments for Ecosystem Services PES to PES 2.0. o To align the sale strategy of forest emission reduction consistent with the NDC and Decarbonization Plan. 10.1.2. To establish a sustainable management of the forestry resources. o To promote the consumption of national wood from plantations and agroforestry systems (See linkages with the line of action 5). o To open a space of dialogue to discuss the issue of exploitation of secondary forest.', 'o To open a space of dialogue to discuss the issue of exploitation of secondary forest. o To consolidate the Forest Monitoring system and ecosystems. o To establish a system of custody chain and traceability of wood. o To improve data on emissions reduction accounting for m3 of wood consumed in the national territory. FONAFIFO MAG INDER Indigenous sector Private sector 10.1 To implement the REDD+ Strategy to encourage the reduction of emissions from deforestation, to avoid degradation, and to preserve forests and ecosystems in both rural and urban areas. 10. The management of the rural, urban and coastal territory will be oriented towards conservation and sustainable use, growing forest resources and ecosystem services based on nature-based solutions Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsG. Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To improve data and related documents on wetlands, peatlands, soils and other high carbon ecosystems.', 'Transparency, metrics and open data strategy: - To improve data and related documents on wetlands, peatlands, soils and other high carbon ecosystems. - To make forest and land use data and projections available in open format. To avoid Lock-in To avoid expansive investments (real estate, agricultural activities) that lead to the destruction of forest areas, mangroves, wetlands • At least 2 pilot projects in management and protection of wetlands and mangroves implemented. • Analysis of other high carbon ecosystems realized. en carbono generado Project document and field activities Analysis document 10.2.1. To strengthen carbon capture in other high carbon ecosystems o To consolidate the program of wetland and mangrove protection and management. o To analyze strategies options associated with blue carbon. o To promote information gathering (mapping, status, etc.) of other high carbon ecosystems (peat bogs, etc). o To promote soil management and restoration processes. MINAE MAG Academy ONGS Private sector 10.2 To promote the protection, restoration and management of other high carbon ecosystems.', 'MINAE MAG Academy ONGS Private sector 10.2 To promote the protection, restoration and management of other high carbon ecosystems. 10. Se gestionará el territorio rural, urbano y costero orientado a conservación y uso sostenible incrementando los recursos forestales y servicios ecosistémicos a partir de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actorsCréditos fotográficos: Achivo de fotos de: PROCOMER Florian Koop / GIZ GIZ / Ann-Kathrin Schloenvoigt ICAFE, Instituto del Café de Costa Rica CORFOGA, Corporación Ganadera Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)Diseñado e ilustrado por Canal Creativo S.A Tels: (506) 2291-1942 /6109-9906 / 8375-1575 • p.villaroel@canalcreativosa.com / m.jaramillo@canalcreativosa.com']

en-US

CRI

Costa Rica

Updated NDC

2020-12-29 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Contribucio%CC%81n%20Nacionalmente%20Determinada%20de%20Costa%20Rica%202020%20-%20Versio%CC%81n%20Completa.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/998f3ff7cc23504457b2b6635a957ba8620f4c2f01971d89c0a7ae3476fb06d6.pdf

['Contribución Nacionalmente DeterminadaTabla de acrónimos I. Prólogo II. Visión general de la transformación del país i. Metas titulares en mitigación ii. Meta titular en adaptación III. Transición justa, justicia social y climática IV. Principales áreas de acción 1. Movilidad y transporte 2. Desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial 4. Infraestructura y construcción 5. Industria, comercio y servicios 6. Gestión integrada de residuos 8. Bosques y biodiversidad terrestre 9. Océanos, recurso hídrico y biodiversidad azul 10. Acción para el empoderamiento climático 11. Transparencia y mejora continua 13. Políticas, estrategias y planes de cambio climático V. Comunicación sobre la Adaptación 1. Circunstancias y arreglos institucionales nacionales 2. Efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad del país ante el cambio climático 3. Prioridades de la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación 4. Necesidades de implementación y de prestación de apoyo 5. Referencias bibliográficas de la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación VI. Sobre este proceso VII.', 'Referencias bibliográficas de la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación VI. Sobre este proceso VII. Información para Facilitar la Claridad, Transparencia y la Comprensión ÍndiceTabla de acrónimos Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CNE Comisión Nacional de Emergencia dióxido de carbono equivalente Conagebio Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad CTICC Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático EHE Eventos Hidrometeorológicos Extremos ELP Estrategia de Largo Plazo GEI Gases de efecto invernadero IMN Instituto Meteorológico Nacional INCOPESCA Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático, por sus siglas en inglés Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020MAG MInisterio de Agricultura y Ganadería MIDEPLAN Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica MINAE Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía MIVAH Ministerio de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos MTSS Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social NAMA Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas, por sus siglas en inglés NDC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, por sus siglas en inglés ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible PNACC Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático RCP Trayectoria de concentración representativa (RCP, por sus siglas en inglés) REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación del bosque más la conservación /gestión sostenible de los bosques y aumento de las reservas de carbono forestal SINAC Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SINAMECC Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Costa Rica está comprometida con promover el bienestar de todas las personas y de la naturaleza del país y reconoce que el mejor camino para hacerlo es reforzando los compromisos adquiridos en su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, presentada ante la comunidad internacional cinco años atrás.', 'Información para Facilitar la Claridad, Transparencia y la Comprensión ÍndiceTabla de acrónimos Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CNE Comisión Nacional de Emergencia dióxido de carbono equivalente Conagebio Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad CTICC Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático EHE Eventos Hidrometeorológicos Extremos ELP Estrategia de Largo Plazo GEI Gases de efecto invernadero IMN Instituto Meteorológico Nacional INCOPESCA Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático, por sus siglas en inglés Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020MAG MInisterio de Agricultura y Ganadería MIDEPLAN Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica MINAE Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía MIVAH Ministerio de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos MTSS Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social NAMA Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas, por sus siglas en inglés NDC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, por sus siglas en inglés ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible PNACC Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático RCP Trayectoria de concentración representativa (RCP, por sus siglas en inglés) REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación del bosque más la conservación /gestión sostenible de los bosques y aumento de las reservas de carbono forestal SINAC Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SINAMECC Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Costa Rica está comprometida con promover el bienestar de todas las personas y de la naturaleza del país y reconoce que el mejor camino para hacerlo es reforzando los compromisos adquiridos en su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, presentada ante la comunidad internacional cinco años atrás. Este documento contiene la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020, una actualización y mejora de la primera contribución, presentada en 2015.', 'Este documento contiene la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020, una actualización y mejora de la primera contribución, presentada en 2015. La presente actualización aumenta la ambición y compromete a Costa Rica a tomar acciones alineadas con una trayectoria consistente con la meta global de limitar el aumento de la temperatura media mundial a 1.5 °C. Ese es un aumento de ambición con respecto a la contribución anterior, que estaba alineada con la meta de 2 °C. Al mismo tiempo, las acciones resultantes de las contribuciones planteadas en este documento aumentan la capacidad de adaptación del país, fortalecen la resiliencia y reducen su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.', 'Al mismo tiempo, las acciones resultantes de las contribuciones planteadas en este documento aumentan la capacidad de adaptación del país, fortalecen la resiliencia y reducen su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Costa Rica acepta el reto visionario planteado por la comunidad internacional en 2015, y de cuya formulación fuimos parte activa, y reconoce que la transformación requerida para evitar las peores consecuencias del cambio climático será compleja, pero necesaria y posible. Es compleja por lo entrelazadas que están las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) con el desarrollo económico en nuestras sociedades contemporáneas. Es necesaria porque las condiciones planetarias se verían fundamentalmente alteradas si los países no toman las medidas estructurales imprescindibles.', 'Es necesaria porque las condiciones planetarias se verían fundamentalmente alteradas si los países no toman las medidas estructurales imprescindibles. Es posible porque la mayoría de las soluciones técnicas para evitar los peores impactos del cambio climático están disponibles; el gran pendiente es ahora en materia de cambio político, social y cultural. Ante esta transformación compleja, pero necesaria y posible, el país requiere visualizar el futuro deseado y dar un salto que le permita establecer políticas públicas ambiciosas y alineadas con la ciencia y movilizar los profundos cambios de valores, hábitos y comportamientos —es decir, el cambio cultural— que se requiere. Esta contribución es, en esencia, un recuento de las acciones necesarias para alcanzar el cambio que queremos.', 'Esta contribución es, en esencia, un recuento de las acciones necesarias para alcanzar el cambio que queremos. Un cambio que, para ser verdaderamente transformacional, tendrá que combinar las reducciones de emisiones que exige la ciencia con un impacto positivo en el bienestar de todas las personas y comunidades, particularmente las más vulnerables, para generar un punto de inflexión sistémico que haga estos cambios permanentes. Esta Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 está informada por instrumentos de política pública creados en Costa Rica luego de la firma del Acuerdo de París en 2015 y de su respectiva ratificación en el 2016 y por lo tanto está influenciada por los compromisos ahí adquiridos. Desde la presentación de su primera Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, Costa Rica ha desarrollado un nuevo marco legal e institucional para la acción climática.', 'Desde la presentación de su primera Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, Costa Rica ha desarrollado un nuevo marco legal e institucional para la acción climática. Los dos pilares en adaptación y mitigación, respectivamente, son la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de Costa Rica, presentada en 2018, y el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, lanzado en 2019 y I. Prólogo Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020presentado ese mismo año ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) como la Estrategia de Largo Plazo (ELP) del país bajo el Acuerdo de París. Así, esta contribución está explícitamente relacionada con la ELP. A su vez, esta contribución aborda el desarrollo nacional de manera integral y conecta con instrumentos de política pública nacionales que le permiten amplificar y tener un mayor impacto en sus esfuerzos.', 'A su vez, esta contribución aborda el desarrollo nacional de manera integral y conecta con instrumentos de política pública nacionales que le permiten amplificar y tener un mayor impacto en sus esfuerzos. Un instrumento central es el cuatrienal Plan Nacional de Desarrollo e Inversión Pública 2019 - 2022, que está enfocado en la articulación intersectorial y la territorialización del desarrollo. Otro insumo clave es el Plan Estratégico Nacional Costa Rica 2050, que está en desarrollo y cuyo punto de partida es la Estrategia Económica Territorial Costa Rica: hacia una economía inclusiva y descarbonizada 2020-2050, que se presentará a inicios del 2021.', 'Otro insumo clave es el Plan Estratégico Nacional Costa Rica 2050, que está en desarrollo y cuyo punto de partida es la Estrategia Económica Territorial Costa Rica: hacia una economía inclusiva y descarbonizada 2020-2050, que se presentará a inicios del 2021. Esta NDC 2020 está también informada por vínculos con otras agendas nacionales e internacionales, incluyendo pero no limitado a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, las acciones bajo la Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal, el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030, las acciones bajo el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, las acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta, las acciones en apoyo de la transición justa, las soluciones basadas en naturaleza y el respeto por las cosmovisiones y los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas y de las comunidades Afrodescendientes.', 'Esta NDC 2020 está también informada por vínculos con otras agendas nacionales e internacionales, incluyendo pero no limitado a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, las acciones bajo la Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal, el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030, las acciones bajo el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, las acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta, las acciones en apoyo de la transición justa, las soluciones basadas en naturaleza y el respeto por las cosmovisiones y los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas y de las comunidades Afrodescendientes. Estas contribuciones están identificadas por íconos en la sección IV, para evidenciar el impacto de la agenda climática sobre el bienestar de todas las personas y la naturaleza.', 'Estas contribuciones están identificadas por íconos en la sección IV, para evidenciar el impacto de la agenda climática sobre el bienestar de todas las personas y la naturaleza. Esta contribución está también alineada con la visión establecida en la Política Nacional de Derechos Culturales 2014 - 2023. Así, este documento reconoce el patrimonio cultural, los valores simbólicos e identitarios, el arte y la creatividad como factores de cohesión social, seguridad humana e inclusión, especialmente para Pueblos Indígenas, la comunidad Afrodescendiente, jóvenes y mujeres, comunidades vulnerables. Esta NDC 2020 también prioriza la generación de empleos verdes que brinden oportunidades económicas a estas poblaciones y a la vez ayuden a reducir las emisiones y fortalecer la adaptación y la resiliencia.', 'Esta NDC 2020 también prioriza la generación de empleos verdes que brinden oportunidades económicas a estas poblaciones y a la vez ayuden a reducir las emisiones y fortalecer la adaptación y la resiliencia. Esto incluye la diversificación económica a partir de elementos de proximidad física, como por ejemplo el turismo sostenible o la puesta en valor de las cocinas y los sistemas agroalimentarios tradicionales o innovadores. La contribución de Costa Rica y su ambición no está condicionada por la disponibilidad de financiamiento climático internacional, pues el país se encuentra comprometido con la acción climática y reconoce que esta es la única vía para el desarrollo sostenible y el bienestar de las personas y comunidades.', 'La contribución de Costa Rica y su ambición no está condicionada por la disponibilidad de financiamiento climático internacional, pues el país se encuentra comprometido con la acción climática y reconoce que esta es la única vía para el desarrollo sostenible y el bienestar de las personas y comunidades. Sin embargo, el país señala que tiene importantes necesidades de apoyo financiero, de transferencia tecnológica y de creación de capacidades para lograr sus metas, particularmente en las condiciones de crisis sanitaria y económica tras la pandemia global provocada por el COVID-19. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020COSTA RICA COMPROMETIDA COMPROMETIDA COMPROMETIDA COMPROMETIDA COMPROMETIDA COMPROMETIDA Estructura del documento Este documento está estructurado de la siguiente manera. Esta primera sección funciona como prólogo e introduce al documento.', 'Esta primera sección funciona como prólogo e introduce al documento. La segunda sección plantea de manera concreta la visión general de la transformación país y contiene las metas titulares en mitigación y en adaptación. La tercera sección detalla la visión de transición justa y de justicia social y climática en la que se enmarca la contribución. Esta sección plantea que Costa Rica reconoce que la transformación de su economía y sociedad son urgentes e impostergables y reafirma que ninguna persona puede ser dejada atrás por atender este sentido de urgencia. La cuarta sección detalla los elementos operativos de la contribución, con metas y acciones detalladas en 13 áreas temáticas prioritarias. Esta sección enmarca los compromisos en la lógica de la acción climática, que integra las medidas de mitigación y adaptación.', 'Esta sección enmarca los compromisos en la lógica de la acción climática, que integra las medidas de mitigación y adaptación. Por esto, esta sección de la contribución no está dividida entre uno y otro. Esta sección contiene metas en océanos, en soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y en contaminantes de vida corta, entre otras contribuciones innovadoras, al tiempo que incluye metas en sectores tradicionales de la acción climática costarricense, como transporte, residuos y sector agropecuario. La quinta sección contiene la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación, de acuerdo con los compromisos adquiridos por el país en el artículo 7, párrafo 10, del Acuerdo de París. Esta sección incluye las circunstancias nacionales, los efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad del país ante el cambio climático, las prioridades de la Comunicación y las necesidades de implementación.', 'Esta sección incluye las circunstancias nacionales, los efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad del país ante el cambio climático, las prioridades de la Comunicación y las necesidades de implementación. La sexta sección contiene un breve recuento del proceso de creación de este documento. La sétima sección contiene las tablas que detallan la información relacionada con la Información para Facilitar la Claridad, Transparencia y la Comprensión. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Visión general de la transformación del país Costa Rica reconoce que es indispensable cerrar las brechas sociales y territoriales que aquejan al país para lograr un desarrollo sostenible, incluyendo una economía descarbonizada, adaptada y resiliente.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Visión general de la transformación del país Costa Rica reconoce que es indispensable cerrar las brechas sociales y territoriales que aquejan al país para lograr un desarrollo sostenible, incluyendo una economía descarbonizada, adaptada y resiliente. También reconoce que la mejor forma de cerrar estas brechas es aprovechando las ventajas competitivas que tiene para seguir liderando la transición global hacia la descarbonización y la resiliencia, y hacerlo con el espíritu solidario, multilateralista e inclusivo que ha caracterizado sus mayores victorias históricas. Por último, reconoce que ser un laboratorio de descarbonización profunda a escala país es además el mayor aporte que el país puede hacer al esfuerzo global por limitar la temperatura del planeta a las metas acordadas ante la comunidad internacional.', 'Por último, reconoce que ser un laboratorio de descarbonización profunda a escala país es además el mayor aporte que el país puede hacer al esfuerzo global por limitar la temperatura del planeta a las metas acordadas ante la comunidad internacional. En virtud de lo anterior Costa Rica se propone demostrar la descarbonización justa, adaptada y resiliente como la forma de lograr la mejor versión de nuestro país en términos de reactivación económica a corto plazo y de bienestar general a mediano y largo plazo, permitiéndonos satisfacer plenamente los derechos humanos de todas las personas dentro de los límites del planeta y prosperar en balance.', 'En virtud de lo anterior Costa Rica se propone demostrar la descarbonización justa, adaptada y resiliente como la forma de lograr la mejor versión de nuestro país en términos de reactivación económica a corto plazo y de bienestar general a mediano y largo plazo, permitiéndonos satisfacer plenamente los derechos humanos de todas las personas dentro de los límites del planeta y prosperar en balance. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Costa Rica se compromete a un máximo absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 de 9.11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero correspondiente.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Costa Rica se compromete a un máximo absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 de 9.11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero correspondiente. Esta meta es consistente con la trayectoria del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, la Estrategia de Largo Plazo presentada por Costa Rica en 2019, que busca emisiones netas cero en 2050 y es a su vez consistente con la trayectoria de 1.5 °C.', 'Esta meta es consistente con la trayectoria del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, la Estrategia de Largo Plazo presentada por Costa Rica en 2019, que busca emisiones netas cero en 2050 y es a su vez consistente con la trayectoria de 1.5 °C. Costa Rica se compromete a un presupuesto máximo absoluto de emisiones netas para el periodo 2021 al 2030 de 106.53 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero correspondiente.', 'Costa Rica se compromete a un presupuesto máximo absoluto de emisiones netas para el periodo 2021 al 2030 de 106.53 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero correspondiente. i. Metas titulares en mitigación Costa Rica se compromete a fortalecer las condiciones de resiliencia social, económica y ambiental del país ante los efectos del cambio climático, mediante el desarrollo de capacidades e información para la toma de decisiones, la inclusión de criterios de adaptación en instrumentos de financiamiento y planificación, la adaptación de los servicios públicos, sistemas productivos e infraestructura y la implementación de soluciones basadas en naturaleza.', 'i. Metas titulares en mitigación Costa Rica se compromete a fortalecer las condiciones de resiliencia social, económica y ambiental del país ante los efectos del cambio climático, mediante el desarrollo de capacidades e información para la toma de decisiones, la inclusión de criterios de adaptación en instrumentos de financiamiento y planificación, la adaptación de los servicios públicos, sistemas productivos e infraestructura y la implementación de soluciones basadas en naturaleza. Con base en el párrafo 11 del artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París, y siguiendo las indicaciones de la Decisión 9/CMA.1 de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, Costa Rica ha decidido presentar su Comunicación sobre la Adaptación como parte de esta NDC. Esta Comunicación sobre la Adaptación se puede encontrar en la Sección V. ii.', 'Esta Comunicación sobre la Adaptación se puede encontrar en la Sección V. ii. Meta titular en adaptación Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Esta NDC 2020 está informada por vínculos con otras agendas nacionales e internacionales, incluyendo pero no limitados a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, las acciones bajo la Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal, el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030, las acciones bajo el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, las acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta y las acciones en apoyo de la transición justa, en las soluciones basadas en naturaleza, el respeto por las cosmovisiones y los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas y de las comunidades Afrodescendientes.', 'Meta titular en adaptación Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Esta NDC 2020 está informada por vínculos con otras agendas nacionales e internacionales, incluyendo pero no limitados a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, las acciones bajo la Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal, el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030, las acciones bajo el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, las acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta y las acciones en apoyo de la transición justa, en las soluciones basadas en naturaleza, el respeto por las cosmovisiones y los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas y de las comunidades Afrodescendientes. Estas contribuciones están identificadas por íconos en esta sección, siguiendo la leyenda presentada a continuación.', 'Estas contribuciones están identificadas por íconos en esta sección, siguiendo la leyenda presentada a continuación. Íconos representativos del impacto sobre el bienestar Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas y en todo el mundo. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades. Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos. Lograr la igualdad de género y empoderar a todas las mujeres y las niñas. Garantizar la disponibilidad y la gestión sostenible del agua y el saneamiento para todos. Garantizar el acceso a una energía asequible, fiable, sostenible y moderna para todos.', 'Garantizar el acceso a una energía asequible, fiable, sostenible y moderna para todos. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovación Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030 Reducir la desigualdad en los países y entre ellos. Lograr que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles. Adoptar medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos. Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible.', 'Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad. Promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y construir a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces e inclusivas que rindan cuentas. Fortalecer los medios de implementación y revitalizar la Alianza Mundial para el Desarrollo Sostenible.', 'Fortalecer los medios de implementación y revitalizar la Alianza Mundial para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal COMUNIDADES AFRO marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030 Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación Acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta Acciones en apoyo de la transición justa Soluciones basadas en naturaleza Aportes de los Pueblos Indígenas y respeto por sus cosmovisiones y sus derechos Aportes de las comunidades Afrodescendientes y respeto por sus cosmovisiones y sus derechosTransición justa, justicia social y climática En apego con nuestra cultura democrática, libre, independiente inclusiva, multiétnica y pluricultural y basada en una tradición de inclusión y absoluto respeto a los derechos humanos, Costa Rica reconoce que la transformación de su economía y sociedad son urgentes e impostergables y reafirma que nadie puede quedarse atrás por atender este sentido de urgencia.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal COMUNIDADES AFRO marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030 Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación Acciones en carbono negro y contaminantes de vida corta Acciones en apoyo de la transición justa Soluciones basadas en naturaleza Aportes de los Pueblos Indígenas y respeto por sus cosmovisiones y sus derechos Aportes de las comunidades Afrodescendientes y respeto por sus cosmovisiones y sus derechosTransición justa, justicia social y climática En apego con nuestra cultura democrática, libre, independiente inclusiva, multiétnica y pluricultural y basada en una tradición de inclusión y absoluto respeto a los derechos humanos, Costa Rica reconoce que la transformación de su economía y sociedad son urgentes e impostergables y reafirma que nadie puede quedarse atrás por atender este sentido de urgencia. Hasta los procesos más rápidos deben tomar en consideración las necesidades y oportunidades de todas las personas, sin perder el sentido de urgencia que la situación exige.', 'Hasta los procesos más rápidos deben tomar en consideración las necesidades y oportunidades de todas las personas, sin perder el sentido de urgencia que la situación exige. Por esto, una transición justa y una perspectiva de justicia social y climática son centrales para no ampliar las brechas sociales existentes, sino reducirlas. Las oportunidades son enormes. Si están bien gestionadas, tal como señala la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, las transiciones hacia economías ambiental y socialmente sostenibles pueden constituir un importante motor para la creación de puestos de trabajo, la conservación y regeneración de nuestros ecosistemas, la mejora de la calidad del empleo, la justicia social y la erradicación de la pobreza.', 'Si están bien gestionadas, tal como señala la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, las transiciones hacia economías ambiental y socialmente sostenibles pueden constituir un importante motor para la creación de puestos de trabajo, la conservación y regeneración de nuestros ecosistemas, la mejora de la calidad del empleo, la justicia social y la erradicación de la pobreza. Ante este potencial, Costa Rica entiende la transición justa como un proceso de toda la economía que produce los planes, políticas e inversiones que llevan a un futuro en el que todos los empleos son verdes y decentes, las emisiones netas son cero, la pobreza ha sido erradicada y las comunidades son prósperas y resilientes. Costa Rica reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones aumentan su vulnerabilidad ante Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Costa Rica reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones aumentan su vulnerabilidad ante Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020los impactos del cambio climático. Entre los grupos más vulnerabilizados se encuentran las personas con discapacidad, las personas transgénero, las personas adultas mayores, las mujeres y la juventud y niñez, los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes. Al mismo tiempo, los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes resguardan un conocimiento y tradiciones basadas en sus respectivas cosmovisiones y las relaciones con la naturaleza que estas conllevan que son invaluables, y que deben ser la base del abordaje de la acción climática con estas poblaciones.', 'Al mismo tiempo, los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes resguardan un conocimiento y tradiciones basadas en sus respectivas cosmovisiones y las relaciones con la naturaleza que estas conllevan que son invaluables, y que deben ser la base del abordaje de la acción climática con estas poblaciones. Costa Rica ve la transición justa, centrada en la justicia social y climática como el mejor vehículo para construir una mejor Costa Rica, de manera que el país logre maximizar la descarbonización y aumentar la resiliencia al tiempo que se potencie la prosperidad.', 'Costa Rica ve la transición justa, centrada en la justicia social y climática como el mejor vehículo para construir una mejor Costa Rica, de manera que el país logre maximizar la descarbonización y aumentar la resiliencia al tiempo que se potencie la prosperidad. A través de las acciones detalladas en esta NDC, el país busca redoblar su esfuerzo por catalizar los cambios transformacionales necesarios para maximizar la creación de valor público colectivo, incorporando los aportes diferenciados que hacen a la economía sus cuatro ámbitos principales: el mercado, el estado, los bienes comunes y los hogares, y fortaleciendo las sinergias entre estos.', 'A través de las acciones detalladas en esta NDC, el país busca redoblar su esfuerzo por catalizar los cambios transformacionales necesarios para maximizar la creación de valor público colectivo, incorporando los aportes diferenciados que hacen a la economía sus cuatro ámbitos principales: el mercado, el estado, los bienes comunes y los hogares, y fortaleciendo las sinergias entre estos. Además, esta NDC incorpora esfuerzos de seguimiento, análisis y prospectiva con el fin de contar con herramientas para evaluar y corregir la trayectoria conforme evolucionen las circunstancias y las opciones tecnológicas disponibles para buscar continuamente el camino de mayor bienestar hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos. Los elementos de transición justa están integrados de manera transversal a través de toda la NDC y señalados con un icono específico en la sección IV para visibilizar su relación con la agenda climática.', 'Los elementos de transición justa están integrados de manera transversal a través de toda la NDC y señalados con un icono específico en la sección IV para visibilizar su relación con la agenda climática. Adicionalmente, Costa Rica presenta las siguientes contribuciones principales en materia de transición justa: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 20201. Al 2022 Costa Rica habrá oficializado su “Ciclo Nacional de Ambición” con el que establece oficialmente las bases de un proceso continuo, iterativo e inclusivo, que incorpore las diversas cosmovisiones y conocimientos y basado en la mejor ciencia disponible y que haga los esfuerzos necesarios para incorporar de manera apropiada a los grupos más vulnerabilizados ante el cambio climático, para el monitoreo y actualización de sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas y su Estrategia a Largo Plazo bajo el Acuerdo de París.', 'Al 2022 Costa Rica habrá oficializado su “Ciclo Nacional de Ambición” con el que establece oficialmente las bases de un proceso continuo, iterativo e inclusivo, que incorpore las diversas cosmovisiones y conocimientos y basado en la mejor ciencia disponible y que haga los esfuerzos necesarios para incorporar de manera apropiada a los grupos más vulnerabilizados ante el cambio climático, para el monitoreo y actualización de sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas y su Estrategia a Largo Plazo bajo el Acuerdo de París. Este Ciclo ayudará a actualizar las metas de los diferentes instrumentos, buscando la mejor estrategia para mantener la trayectoria de emisiones hacia la meta de la Descarbonización del 2050 y el presupuesto de emisiones definido en esta NDC para el periodo 2021 y 2030, así como la definición de metas y presupuestos de emisiones para períodos futuros, manteniendo el enfoque de justicia climática y social y de transición justa y las consideraciones de bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas.', 'Este Ciclo ayudará a actualizar las metas de los diferentes instrumentos, buscando la mejor estrategia para mantener la trayectoria de emisiones hacia la meta de la Descarbonización del 2050 y el presupuesto de emisiones definido en esta NDC para el periodo 2021 y 2030, así como la definición de metas y presupuestos de emisiones para períodos futuros, manteniendo el enfoque de justicia climática y social y de transición justa y las consideraciones de bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas. 2. A 2022, Costa Rica habrá llevado a cabo un diagnóstico de empleos verdes y azules en Costa Rica, que analice el estado del empleo verde en el país, incluyendo la identificación de empleo verde y azul vinculado a las principales cadenas de valor existentes y potenciales.', 'A 2022, Costa Rica habrá llevado a cabo un diagnóstico de empleos verdes y azules en Costa Rica, que analice el estado del empleo verde en el país, incluyendo la identificación de empleo verde y azul vinculado a las principales cadenas de valor existentes y potenciales. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO3. Al 2022 Costa Rica habrá establecido un esquema de Gobernanza de Transición Justa liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), el Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano e Inclusión Social (MDHS) y el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (MTSS) para los sectores contemplados en la NDC.', 'Al 2022 Costa Rica habrá establecido un esquema de Gobernanza de Transición Justa liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), el Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano e Inclusión Social (MDHS) y el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (MTSS) para los sectores contemplados en la NDC. Este esquema incluirá una comisión de trabajo entre los dos ministerios para lograr un entendimiento común de la transición justa y para coordinar acciones conjuntas, así como espacios de diálogo permanentes y ad hoc que permitan fomentar el diálogo social tripartito entre gobierno, representantes de empleadores y de trabajadores, así como un diálogo social amplio que integre a las mujeres y a las personas jóvenes desde una perspectiva interseccional, a los Pueblos Indígenas y a las comunidades Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades y territorios.', 'Este esquema incluirá una comisión de trabajo entre los dos ministerios para lograr un entendimiento común de la transición justa y para coordinar acciones conjuntas, así como espacios de diálogo permanentes y ad hoc que permitan fomentar el diálogo social tripartito entre gobierno, representantes de empleadores y de trabajadores, así como un diálogo social amplio que integre a las mujeres y a las personas jóvenes desde una perspectiva interseccional, a los Pueblos Indígenas y a las comunidades Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades y territorios. 4.', 'Este esquema incluirá una comisión de trabajo entre los dos ministerios para lograr un entendimiento común de la transición justa y para coordinar acciones conjuntas, así como espacios de diálogo permanentes y ad hoc que permitan fomentar el diálogo social tripartito entre gobierno, representantes de empleadores y de trabajadores, así como un diálogo social amplio que integre a las mujeres y a las personas jóvenes desde una perspectiva interseccional, a los Pueblos Indígenas y a las comunidades Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades y territorios. 4. Al 2024, Costa Rica habrá elaborado una Estrategia de Transición Justa para el país, acompañada de una Política Nacional de Empleos Verdes y de los mecanismos para darles seguimiento y evaluarlas, incluyendo el desarrollo y la implementación de las funciones necesarias en el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático (SINAMECC) para estimar el empleo verde, la evolución de la transición justa y el impacto de la acción climática sobre el empleo y los grupos vulnerables, así como para prever y anticipar cambios en la demanda ocupacional causados por la misma.', 'Al 2024, Costa Rica habrá elaborado una Estrategia de Transición Justa para el país, acompañada de una Política Nacional de Empleos Verdes y de los mecanismos para darles seguimiento y evaluarlas, incluyendo el desarrollo y la implementación de las funciones necesarias en el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático (SINAMECC) para estimar el empleo verde, la evolución de la transición justa y el impacto de la acción climática sobre el empleo y los grupos vulnerables, así como para prever y anticipar cambios en la demanda ocupacional causados por la misma. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROPrincipales áreas de acción Costa Rica concibe la descarbonización y la resiliencia como medios para transformar su modelo de desarrollo a uno basado en la inclusión social, el bienestar de la ciudadanía, la economía circular, la bioeconomía, la economía creativa y cultural y el crecimiento verde.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROPrincipales áreas de acción Costa Rica concibe la descarbonización y la resiliencia como medios para transformar su modelo de desarrollo a uno basado en la inclusión social, el bienestar de la ciudadanía, la economía circular, la bioeconomía, la economía creativa y cultural y el crecimiento verde. La acción climática costarricense integra la descarbonización, la adaptación y la resiliencia de manera sectorial y territorial. Las principales políticas públicas en cada área de acción están conducidas a aportar tanto a la reducción de emisiones como a la disminución de la vulnerabilidad climática. Las contribuciones que Costa Rica presenta en esta NDC siguen esta lógica de acción climáti- ca integral y por áreas temáticas prioritarias.', 'Las contribuciones que Costa Rica presenta en esta NDC siguen esta lógica de acción climáti- ca integral y por áreas temáticas prioritarias. A continuación, se presentan las contribuciones de Costa Rica en 13 áreas temáticas priorita- rias de su sociedad y economía. ÁREAS TEMÁTICAS Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020y transporte Costa Rica está comprometida a desarrollar un sistema de movilidad basado en la movilidad activa y un sistema de transporte público seguro, eficiente, impulsado con energía renovable y accesible para todas las personas, incluyendo aquellas con discapacidades; con una flota de vehículos ligeros cero emisiones y un transporte de carga eficiente. La contribución de Costa Rica en transporte representa una profunda transformación de un sistema centrado en vehículos particulares a uno centrado en el bienestar de las personas.', 'La contribución de Costa Rica en transporte representa una profunda transformación de un sistema centrado en vehículos particulares a uno centrado en el bienestar de las personas. En el área temática de transporte, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN 1.1. Durante el periodo de cumplimiento de esta NDC entrará en operación el Tren Eléctrico de Pasajeros en el Gran Área Metropolitana, impulsado por energía eléctrica renovable. 1.2. En el 2021 se renovarán las concesiones de autobuses públicos con criterios de descarbonización, incluyendo la sectorización, el pago electrónico y la integración multimodal de medios de transporte público y activo. 1.3. Durante el periodo de cumplimiento de esta NDC, el Tren Eléctrico Limonense de Carga (TELCA) estará en operación para el año 2022. 1.4.', 'Durante el periodo de cumplimiento de esta NDC, el Tren Eléctrico Limonense de Carga (TELCA) estará en operación para el año 2022. 1.4. En el año 2030, al menos el 8% de la flota de transporte público del país será cero emisiones. Carbono negro Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa Carbono negro Transición justa Carbono negro Transición justa1.6. Para el año 2025, el país habrá adoptado estándares para migrar hacia una flota de motocicletas cero emisiones y la estabilización del crecimiento de flota de motocicletas. 1.7. En el año 2030, al menos el 8% de la flota de vehículos ligeros —privados e institucionales— será eléctrica. 1.8.', 'En el año 2030, al menos el 8% de la flota de vehículos ligeros —privados e institucionales— será eléctrica. 1.8. En el año 2025 se habrá iniciado el establecimiento de modelos de logística sostenible en los principales puertos, zonas urbanas y centros de consolidación logística del país, en consonancia con el Plan Estratégico Nacional Costa Rica 2050. PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro Carbono negro Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 1.5. En el año 2030, se habrá ampliado y mejorado la infraestructura para aumentar en al menos un 5% los viajes en movilidad no motorizada (incluyendo movilidad peatonal y en bicicleta) con respecto a la trayectoria actual. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Carbono negro Transición justa Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Carbono negro 1.9.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Carbono negro Transición justa Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Carbono negro 1.9. Al año 2030, el país habrá reducido significativamente su brecha digital y tecnológica, con particular énfasis en poblaciones social y económicamente vulnerables, mediante un modelo solidario, contemplando aspectos como conectividad a Internet, equipamiento y apropiación digital. Esto será un habilitador para cerrar las brechas sociales y económicas mediante prácticas digitales como teletrabajo, comercio electrónico y turismo virtual (que reducen la necesidad de desplazamientos), aumentando la eficiencia y el dinamismo económico nacional. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada y ordenamiento territorial Costa Rica se compromete a impulsar un ordenamiento espacial del territorio que contribuya decididamente a reducir el riesgo climático en las diferentes regiones del país, comprendiendo que los diversos territorios presentan condiciones disímiles entre sí, y que además contribuya a catalizar un desarrollo territorial basado en la descarbonización.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada y ordenamiento territorial Costa Rica se compromete a impulsar un ordenamiento espacial del territorio que contribuya decididamente a reducir el riesgo climático en las diferentes regiones del país, comprendiendo que los diversos territorios presentan condiciones disímiles entre sí, y que además contribuya a catalizar un desarrollo territorial basado en la descarbonización. La contribución del país en desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial se basa en fomentar criterios de adaptación y descarbonización en los diferentes instrumentos que regulan la planificación de los territorios, lo que resulta clave para reducir vulnerabilidades y exposición tanto de personas como de sistemas productivos ante eventos climáticos actuales y futuros, y para impulsar un desarrollo bajo en emisiones. En el área temática de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:2.1.', 'En el área temática de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:2.1. Al 2030, se habrán incorporado criterios de adaptación en distintos instrumentos de planificación territorial, entre estos los planes regionales de desarrollo, los planes reguladores cantonales y costeros, los planes maestros y los planes generales de manejo de áreas silvestres protegidas y de corredores biológicos, entre otros, con apego a las normas establecidas y las competencias institucionales. 2.2. Al 2030, se habrán incorporado criterios de desarrollo orientado al transporte en distintos instrumentos de planificación territorial, entre estos el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano, los planes regionales de desarrollo y los planes reguladores cantonales y costeros; estos se implementan de manera que articulen los modos de movilidad sostenible con el modelo de ciudades compactas.', 'Al 2030, se habrán incorporado criterios de desarrollo orientado al transporte en distintos instrumentos de planificación territorial, entre estos el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano, los planes regionales de desarrollo y los planes reguladores cantonales y costeros; estos se implementan de manera que articulen los modos de movilidad sostenible con el modelo de ciudades compactas. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 9 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida a aprovechar sus acciones tempranas y pioneras en generación eléctrica renovable para consolidar su sistema eléctrico con la capacidad flexibilidad, inteligencia, y resiliencia necesaria para abastecer y gestionar energía renovable a costo competitivo.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 9 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida a aprovechar sus acciones tempranas y pioneras en generación eléctrica renovable para consolidar su sistema eléctrico con la capacidad flexibilidad, inteligencia, y resiliencia necesaria para abastecer y gestionar energía renovable a costo competitivo. La contribución de Costa Rica en energía está centrada en acelerar la electrificación de diferentes usos en el país, limitar y reducir la utilización de combustibles fósiles, promover la eficiencia energética e innovar en fuentes de energía. En el área temática de energía, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:3.1. La meta aspiracional de esta contribución es alcanzar y mantener una generación eléctrica 100% renovable al 2030.', 'La meta aspiracional de esta contribución es alcanzar y mantener una generación eléctrica 100% renovable al 2030. El país mantendrá la capacidad térmica necesaria para asegurar la confiabilidad del sistema, procurando eliminarla en cuanto existan otras alternativas técnica y económicamente viables. 3.2. Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar, durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, una planificación integrada intersectorial del proceso de electrificación de la demanda energética, que incorporará las necesidades de los diversos sectores y la diversidad de fuentes renovables de energía disponibles en las diferentes regiones del país. 3.3.', 'Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar, durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, una planificación integrada intersectorial del proceso de electrificación de la demanda energética, que incorporará las necesidades de los diversos sectores y la diversidad de fuentes renovables de energía disponibles en las diferentes regiones del país. 3.3. Para el año 2030 Costa Rica habrá desarrollado y/o actualizado los estándares y regulaciones de eficiencia energética de las tecnologías de uso final (incluyendo, pero no limitada a, equipos de refrigeración y aire acondicionado, calderas, bombas de calor, vehículos, maquinaria y otros equipos de alto consumo energético) para asegurar su consistencia con la trayectoria de descarbonización del país para ser emisiones netas cero al 2050. Carbono negro Carbono negro Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa Transición justa3.5.', 'Carbono negro Carbono negro Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa Transición justa3.5. Para el año 2022 Costa Rica habrá desarrollado una estrategia para el desarrollo y promoción del hidrógeno verde en el país. 3.6. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica impulsará que se eleve a rango de ley la moratoria de exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos en el territorio nacional. Carbono negro Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 3.4. Para el año 2030, las medidas de sustitución tecnológica y de eficiencia energética en los sectores de transporte de pasajeros, de carga e industrial reducirán las emisiones de carbono negro un 20% con respecto a las emisiones del 2018.', 'Para el año 2030, las medidas de sustitución tecnológica y de eficiencia energética en los sectores de transporte de pasajeros, de carga e industrial reducirán las emisiones de carbono negro un 20% con respecto a las emisiones del 2018. Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Transición justa Transición justa Transición justa Convenio Diversidad biológica PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida con transformar su sistema de infraestructura hacia uno resiliente, sostenible con estándares de alta eficiencia y procesos bajos en emisiones, que incorpore soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y privilegie la economía circular.', 'Carbono negro Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Transición justa Transición justa Transición justa Convenio Diversidad biológica PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida con transformar su sistema de infraestructura hacia uno resiliente, sostenible con estándares de alta eficiencia y procesos bajos en emisiones, que incorpore soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y privilegie la economía circular. La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática de infraestructura está centrada en la evaluación del riesgo y la incorporación de la adaptación en todas las etapas del ciclo de vida de proyectos, de manera que la protección de la infraestructura y la continuidad de los servicios contribuyan a la resiliencia de las poblaciones y comunidades, y en la adopción de materiales y prácticas bajas en emisiones y sostenibles. En el área temática de infraestructura y construcción, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: y construcción4.1.', 'En el área temática de infraestructura y construcción, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: y construcción4.1. El país incrementará el uso en edificaciones de madera, bambú y otros materiales locales, incluyendo aquellos de plantaciones de bosques manejados sosteniblemente, hasta aumentar un mínimo de 10% en 2025 sobre la línea base del 2018. En este esfuerzo favorecerá el conocimiento y los oficios tradicionales. sobre estos materiales a través de su transferencia generacional, reconocimiento y diálogo con saberes afines. 4.2. En el año 2030, el 100% de nuevas edificaciones se diseñarán y construirán adoptando sistemas y tecnologías de bajas emisiones y resiliencia bajo parámetros bioclimáticos. 4.3. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país incorporará criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en normas y lineamientos para la inversión pública, de manera que se asegure su robustez ante impactos climáticos.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país incorporará criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en normas y lineamientos para la inversión pública, de manera que se asegure su robustez ante impactos climáticos. 4.4. Al 2030, se habrán desarrollado aplicaciones de lineamientos con criterios de adaptación, esfuerzos de articulación institucional y mejoras en la capacidad de respuesta, entre otros, que permitan garantizar la protección de la infraestructura y la continuidad de los servicios públicos vitales (salud, educación, agua y saneamiento, energía, transporte) ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos.', 'Al 2030, se habrán desarrollado aplicaciones de lineamientos con criterios de adaptación, esfuerzos de articulación institucional y mejoras en la capacidad de respuesta, entre otros, que permitan garantizar la protección de la infraestructura y la continuidad de los servicios públicos vitales (salud, educación, agua y saneamiento, energía, transporte) ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Transición justa marco de sendai Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a apoyar la evolución de los modelos económicos de sus sectores productivos a modelos más eficientes, bajos o cero emisiones, circulares, resilientes y sostenibles.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Transición justa marco de sendai Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a apoyar la evolución de los modelos económicos de sus sectores productivos a modelos más eficientes, bajos o cero emisiones, circulares, resilientes y sostenibles. El compromiso de Costa Rica para el área temática industrial está centrado en su transformación mediante procesos y tecnologías eficientes y sostenibles que utilicen energía de fuentes renovables u otras fuentes cero emisiones. En el área temática de industria, comercio y servicios, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: comercio y servicios5.1.', 'En el área temática de industria, comercio y servicios, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: comercio y servicios5.1. En el año 2030, el área temática de industria, comercio y servicios contará con modelos innovadores productivos de “cuna a cuna” o con un enfoque de economía circular en las principales cadenas productivas de la agro-industria, servicios, construcción y economía creativa y cultural, entre otros. 5.2. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica creará y habrá comenzado la implementación de objetivos y metas basados en ciencia y alineados a las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas y al Plan Nacional de Descarbonización para las actividades productivas de los sectores de industria, comercio y servicios que generan mayor impacto en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. 5.3.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica creará y habrá comenzado la implementación de objetivos y metas basados en ciencia y alineados a las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas y al Plan Nacional de Descarbonización para las actividades productivas de los sectores de industria, comercio y servicios que generan mayor impacto en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. 5.3. Al 2030, se reportarán las acciones y resultados concretos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático de empresas y cadenas de valor de los productos que más impacto generan en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, por medio del Programa País de Carbono Neutralidad y el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático. 5.4.', 'Al 2030, se reportarán las acciones y resultados concretos en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático de empresas y cadenas de valor de los productos que más impacto generan en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, por medio del Programa País de Carbono Neutralidad y el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático. 5.4. Costa Rica confirma los compromisos establecidos en la Enmienda de Kigali del Protocolo de Montreal para reducir progresivamente los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC) y promover los refrigerantes de bajo poder de calentamiento global. Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica COMUNIDADES AFRO PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Carbono negro Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 5.5.', 'Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica COMUNIDADES AFRO PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Carbono negro Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 5.5. Al 2030, se habrán generado las condiciones necesarias para promover la innovación, inversión, eco competitividad y resiliencia de la economía ante los efectos adversos producidos por el cambio climático. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN marco de sendaiContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar un sistema de gestión integral de residuos basado en evitar, reducir, reutilizar, valorizar, tratar y disponer de estos adecuadamente con la máxima eficiencia y bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN marco de sendaiContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar un sistema de gestión integral de residuos basado en evitar, reducir, reutilizar, valorizar, tratar y disponer de estos adecuadamente con la máxima eficiencia y bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática de residuos está centrada en la gestión integral de residuos, en particular los orgánicos, y en la modernización de su sistema de alcantarillado y tratamiento de aguas residuales, en particular en áreas urbanas. En el área temática de gestión integrada de residuos, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: integrada de residuos6.1. En el año 2025, al menos 10 municipalidades implementan el Plan Nacional de Compostaje. 6.2.', 'En el año 2025, al menos 10 municipalidades implementan el Plan Nacional de Compostaje. 6.2. Al 2030, se alcanzará al menos el 50% de cobertura de alcantarillado sanitario en las áreas de alta densidad poblacional, incorporando criterios de resiliencia al cambio climático. 6.3. En el año 2030, al menos el 50% de las aguas residuales en las áreas de alta densidad poblacional recibirán tratamiento. 6.4. En los primeros dos años del período de implementación de esta NDC, Costa Rica lanzará su instrumento de política pública para la promoción de la economía circular. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Convenio Diversidad biológica Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 6.5.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Convenio Diversidad biológica Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 6.5. Durante los primeros dos años de implementación de esta NDC, Costa Rica habrá publicado e iniciado implementación de sus instrumentos de política pública, como el Plan de Acción para la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos 2021-2026 y el Plan Nacional de Compostaje 2020- 2050, articulando los esfuerzos de reducción de emisiones, con un enfoque de transformación al hacia la economía circular y la bioeconomía.', 'Durante los primeros dos años de implementación de esta NDC, Costa Rica habrá publicado e iniciado implementación de sus instrumentos de política pública, como el Plan de Acción para la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos 2021-2026 y el Plan Nacional de Compostaje 2020- 2050, articulando los esfuerzos de reducción de emisiones, con un enfoque de transformación al hacia la economía circular y la bioeconomía. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓNContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar sistemas agroalimentarios altamente eficientes que generen bienes de exportación y consumo local bajos en carbono y a consolidar un modelo ganadero basado en la eficiencia productiva y disminución de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓNContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a desarrollar sistemas agroalimentarios altamente eficientes que generen bienes de exportación y consumo local bajos en carbono y a consolidar un modelo ganadero basado en la eficiencia productiva y disminución de gases de efecto invernadero. La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática agropecuaria está centrada en la transformación del sector productivo, mediante la adopción de tecnologías de reducción de emisiones y de políticas y prácticas adaptativas. En el área temática agropecuaria, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:Convenio Diversidad biológica 7.1. En el año 2030, las cadenas de valor de café, ganadería, caña de azúcar, arroz y musáceas aplicarán sistemas productivos bajos en emisiones de GEI y que incorporan medidas de adaptación y resiliencia tanto a nivel de finca como a nivel de etapa de procesamiento. 7.2.', 'En el año 2030, las cadenas de valor de café, ganadería, caña de azúcar, arroz y musáceas aplicarán sistemas productivos bajos en emisiones de GEI y que incorporan medidas de adaptación y resiliencia tanto a nivel de finca como a nivel de etapa de procesamiento. 7.2. En el año 2025, el país impulsará un sistema de economía circular de las fincas agropecuarios considerando integralmente el proceso de biodigestión y la recarbonización del suelo a través del uso de tecnologías para aumentar los niveles de carbono orgánico en suelo (COS), entre otros. 7.3. En el año 2030, el 70% del hato ganadero y 60% del área dedicada a la ganadería implementarán sistemas productivos bajos en emisiones y que incorporan medidas de adaptación y resiliencia. 7.4.', 'En el año 2030, el 70% del hato ganadero y 60% del área dedicada a la ganadería implementarán sistemas productivos bajos en emisiones y que incorporan medidas de adaptación y resiliencia. 7.4. Al 2026, se habrá desarrollado un estudio sobre impactos derivados del cambio climático en sistemas productivos agropecuarios y pesqueros, incluyendo afectaciones en sanidad agropecuaria, y cuyos resultados son compartidos de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza convenio contra LA desertificación Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Convenio Diversidad biológica Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 7.6.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza convenio contra LA desertificación Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Convenio Diversidad biológica Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 7.6. Al 2030, se mantendrá una reducción del área total de pastos a una tasa anual del 1% y un aumento del área de pastos con buen manejo a una tasa de 1 a 2% anual sobre la tendencia en la línea base. 7.7. Al 2030, se habrán incorporado prácticas adaptativas y resilientes en sistemas de producción agropecuaria, mediante lineamientos técnicos de resiliencia, certificación y capacitación de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. 7.5. Al 2024, el sector agropecuario contará con su propio plan sectorial de adaptación al cambio climático en implementación.', 'Al 2024, el sector agropecuario contará con su propio plan sectorial de adaptación al cambio climático en implementación. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai marco de sendai SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai 7.8. Al 2022 se habrán desarrollado las “Guías Alimentarias Adaptadas” en dos territorios del país con mapas e información que promueva el consumo de productos agrícolas y alimenticios autóctonos y tradicionales de temporada, resaltando su valor nutricional, su aporte a la protección del patrimonio cultural, a la reducción de emisiones y a la seguridad alimentaria.', 'Al 2022 se habrán desarrollado las “Guías Alimentarias Adaptadas” en dos territorios del país con mapas e información que promueva el consumo de productos agrícolas y alimenticios autóctonos y tradicionales de temporada, resaltando su valor nutricional, su aporte a la protección del patrimonio cultural, a la reducción de emisiones y a la seguridad alimentaria. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Transición justa Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a gestionar el territorio rural, urbano y costero orientado a la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos forestales, y aumentando y manteniendo los servicios ecosistémicos (incluyendo los servicios de abastecimiento de recursos, servicios de regulación, servicios culturales y servicios de apoyo) a partir de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Transición justa Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a gestionar el territorio rural, urbano y costero orientado a la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos forestales, y aumentando y manteniendo los servicios ecosistémicos (incluyendo los servicios de abastecimiento de recursos, servicios de regulación, servicios culturales y servicios de apoyo) a partir de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza. La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática de bosques y biodiversidad terrestre está centrada en sostener y aumentar su cobertura forestal, implementar medidas adaptativas dentro y fuera de áreas protegidas y fortalecer los incentivos, incluyendo la transición de su Programa de Pago por Servicios Ambientales a uno de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos que reconozca de manera más integral el aporte de los ecosistemas y reconozca el empoderamiento, la generación de capacidades y la responsabilidad proactiva de personas, sectores y grupos poblacionales.', 'La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática de bosques y biodiversidad terrestre está centrada en sostener y aumentar su cobertura forestal, implementar medidas adaptativas dentro y fuera de áreas protegidas y fortalecer los incentivos, incluyendo la transición de su Programa de Pago por Servicios Ambientales a uno de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos que reconozca de manera más integral el aporte de los ecosistemas y reconozca el empoderamiento, la generación de capacidades y la responsabilidad proactiva de personas, sectores y grupos poblacionales. En el área temática de bosques y biodiversidad terrestre, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: y biodiversidad terrestre8.1. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica se compromete a potenciar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza como un pilar central de su acción climática y a incluirlas en sus políticas públicas relacionadas con el cambio climático.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica se compromete a potenciar las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza como un pilar central de su acción climática y a incluirlas en sus políticas públicas relacionadas con el cambio climático. CCD 8.2. Al año 2030, Costa Rica habrá gestionado acciones, incluyendo el fortalecimiento del sistema cultural indígena de conservación, que le permitan mantener o aumentar la capacidad de captura y/o reducción de emisiones provenientes de los ecosistemas terrestres como los ecosistemas forestales, agroforestales y las turberas, entre otros. 8.3. Al año 2030, Costa Rica habrá mantenido y mejorado el programa de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos incluyendo otros servicios y ecosistemas no cubiertos hasta ahora incluyendo de manera prioritaria los suelos, turberas y demás ecosistemas con alto potencial de secuestro de carbono, identificando y aumentando las fuentes de financiamiento. 8.4.', 'Al año 2030, Costa Rica habrá mantenido y mejorado el programa de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos incluyendo otros servicios y ecosistemas no cubiertos hasta ahora incluyendo de manera prioritaria los suelos, turberas y demás ecosistemas con alto potencial de secuestro de carbono, identificando y aumentando las fuentes de financiamiento. 8.4. En el año 2030, el país aumentará y mantendrá su cobertura boscosa al 60%, al tiempo que este tipo de cobertura no compite con el sector agropecuario. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa CCD convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 8.6.', 'SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa CCD convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 8.6. Al 2030, se habrá fomentado la adaptación basada en ecosistemas dentro y fuera del Patrimonio Natural del Estado por medio de la conservación de biodiversidad en corredores biológicos, reservas privadas, territorios indígenas, fincas agropecuarias, y de la gestión integral de patrimonio natural y cultural, entre otros. 8.7. Al 2030, se incrementará en 69,500 hectáreas la aplicación de sistemas silvopastoriles y agroforestales completos. 8.8. Al 2030, se habrán intervenido 1,000,000 hectáreas de cobertura boscosa, incluyendo bosque de crecimiento secundario, para evitar degradación de la tierra y favorecer la biodiversidad.', 'Al 2030, se habrán intervenido 1,000,000 hectáreas de cobertura boscosa, incluyendo bosque de crecimiento secundario, para evitar degradación de la tierra y favorecer la biodiversidad. CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN 8.5. En el año 2030, el país mantendrá una tasa de deforestación cero en bosque maduro. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa Transición justa Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 8.9. Al 2030, Costa Rica ejecuta los Planes Ambientales Forestales Territoriales estarán en ejecución, de manera conjunta con los territorios indígenas, como instrumento de implementación de las medidas establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional REDD+; estos planes serán construidos mediante el proceso de consulta conforme al marco establecido para tal fin en la legislación nacional e internacional.', 'Al 2030, Costa Rica ejecuta los Planes Ambientales Forestales Territoriales estarán en ejecución, de manera conjunta con los territorios indígenas, como instrumento de implementación de las medidas establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional REDD+; estos planes serán construidos mediante el proceso de consulta conforme al marco establecido para tal fin en la legislación nacional e internacional. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada y recurso hídrico Costa Rica se compromete a contar con ecosistemas marinos y costeros sanos, adaptados y resilientes, que permitan una utilización sostenible de los recursos naturales y cuyo manejo esté centrado en el bienestar de las personas y de la naturaleza.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada y recurso hídrico Costa Rica se compromete a contar con ecosistemas marinos y costeros sanos, adaptados y resilientes, que permitan una utilización sostenible de los recursos naturales y cuyo manejo esté centrado en el bienestar de las personas y de la naturaleza. Además, se compromete a hacer más resilientes los sistemas de utilización de recurso hídrico tanto en términos de cuidar las fuentes de agua superficial y subterránea como de recuperación, tratamiento y almacenamiento de la lluvia, incluyendo por medio de técnicas de cosecha de agua.', 'Además, se compromete a hacer más resilientes los sistemas de utilización de recurso hídrico tanto en términos de cuidar las fuentes de agua superficial y subterránea como de recuperación, tratamiento y almacenamiento de la lluvia, incluyendo por medio de técnicas de cosecha de agua. La contribución de Costa Rica está centrada en la protección y conservación de los océanos y las zonas costeras, reconociendo su valor en mitigación, sus aportes en adaptación al cambio climático y el papel fundamental que juegan en la vida y el bienestar de muchas personas y comunidades en el país. En el área temática de océanos, recurso hídrico y biodiversidad azul, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:9.1. Al 2022, el 30% de nuestro océano se encontrará bajo algún esquema oficial de protección. 9.2.', 'Al 2022, el 30% de nuestro océano se encontrará bajo algún esquema oficial de protección. 9.2. Al 2030, se habrá fomentado la seguridad y sostenibilidad hídrica ante el cambio climático, así como el adecuado e integrado manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, por medio de la protección y el monitoreo de fuentes considerando tanto aguas superficiales como subterráneas. 9.3. Como ambición general de su meta de carbono azul, Costa Rica seguirá liderando en la conservación, el uso responsable y la restauración de humedales costeros a través de la profundización del conocimiento científico de los servicios ecosistémicos que estos hábitats proveen y tomará pasos para proteger mejor y restaurar estos espacios en el futuro.', 'Como ambición general de su meta de carbono azul, Costa Rica seguirá liderando en la conservación, el uso responsable y la restauración de humedales costeros a través de la profundización del conocimiento científico de los servicios ecosistémicos que estos hábitats proveen y tomará pasos para proteger mejor y restaurar estos espacios en el futuro. SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS marco de sendai COMUNIDADES AFRO CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 9.4. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, Costa Rica se compromete a una protección y conservación mejorada de los ecosistemas de carbono azul existentes. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa 9.5.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa 9.5. El país protegerá y conservará el 100% de los humedales costeros incluidos y reportados en el Inventario Nacional de Humedales (en el período 2016-2018) para el año 2025 y aumentará el área de humedales estuarinos registrados en al menos 10% para el año 2030, para así proteger y conservar estos ecosistemas. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN 9.6. Costa Rica se asegurará que las áreas de humedales costeros estén manejadas y monitoreadas de manera efectiva, y continuará desarrollando mecanismos para continuar el aprovechamiento comunitario sostenible de áreas de manglares clave para el sustento y sostenimiento local. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN9.7.', 'Costa Rica se asegurará que las áreas de humedales costeros estén manejadas y monitoreadas de manera efectiva, y continuará desarrollando mecanismos para continuar el aprovechamiento comunitario sostenible de áreas de manglares clave para el sustento y sostenimiento local. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN9.7. Costa Rica aspira a detener o revertir la pérdida neta de humedales costeros para el 2030, mediante la atención a los principales causantes de la deforestación y la degradación que amenaza la propia existencia, salud y vitalidad de los humedales costeros, según el Inventario Nacional Forestal. 9.8.', 'Costa Rica aspira a detener o revertir la pérdida neta de humedales costeros para el 2030, mediante la atención a los principales causantes de la deforestación y la degradación que amenaza la propia existencia, salud y vitalidad de los humedales costeros, según el Inventario Nacional Forestal. 9.8. Para el 2025 y en el marco de la restauración de ecosistemas de carbono azul, Costa Rica se compromete a restaurar las áreas de humedales costeros priorizadas, según están identificadas en el plan de implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Restauración del Paisaje, con un porcentaje adicional de área establecido por la estrategia para el 2030. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa 9.9.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa 9.9. En el marco de la restauración de ecosistemas de carbono azul, Costa Rica se compromete a garantizar que estas las áreas de humedales costeros priorizadas se gestionen y supervisen de forma eficaz, incluso mediante la integración con los planes de gestión existentes. Costa Rica seguirá desarrollando mecanismos para permitir la gestión comunitaria sostenible de las áreas de manglares clave para el sustento y los medios de vida locales. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN9.10.', 'Costa Rica seguirá desarrollando mecanismos para permitir la gestión comunitaria sostenible de las áreas de manglares clave para el sustento y los medios de vida locales. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN9.10. Costa Rica se compromete a explorar mecanismos innovadores de financiamiento de la conservación, incluida la expansión potencial de los modelos terrestres de Pago por Servicios de los Ecosistemas, sujeto a mejoras, para apoyar la implementación de los objetivos de carbono azul. 9.11. Costa Rica explorará el potencial de las inversiones público-privadas para apoyar la protección y restauración de los manglares. 9.12. Costa Rica se compromete a promover actividades de pesca sostenible, incluidos esquemas de maricultura, de valor agregado de la pesca artesanal y tradicional y de ordenamiento espacial marino para impulsar el desarrollo de una economía azul.', 'Costa Rica se compromete a promover actividades de pesca sostenible, incluidos esquemas de maricultura, de valor agregado de la pesca artesanal y tradicional y de ordenamiento espacial marino para impulsar el desarrollo de una economía azul. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 10. Acción para el empoderamiento climático Costa Rica se compromete a promover el empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, sector público, privado y academia en materia de cambio climático para que se apropien de la acción climática y puedan liderar desde sus espacios de acción.', 'Acción para el empoderamiento climático Costa Rica se compromete a promover el empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, sector público, privado y academia en materia de cambio climático para que se apropien de la acción climática y puedan liderar desde sus espacios de acción. Asimismo, el país se compromete a abordar la acción para el empoderamiento climático desde un enfoque multidimensional, intercultural y de derechos humanos, acorde con las cosmovisiones y las tradiciones de las distintas poblaciones y las realidades geográficas y socioculturales de sus territorios. La contribución de Costa Rica en el área temática de acción para el empoderamiento climático está centrada en la creación de mecanismos oficiales y dedicados y el fortalecimiento de espacios existentes como el Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático (5C). En el área temática de acción para el empoderamiento climático, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:10.1.', 'En el área temática de acción para el empoderamiento climático, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:10.1. En los primeros dos años del período de implementación de esta contribución estará en operación una estrategia nacional para el empoderamiento climático con acciones en educación, formación, sensibilización social, acceso a la información, participación ciudadana y cooperación internacional. Esta estrategia será creada de manera inclusiva y participativa, incluyendo con los sectores de Cultura y Educación, y seguirá las mejores prácticas internacionales para su creación, incluyendo aquellas de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO).', 'Esta estrategia será creada de manera inclusiva y participativa, incluyendo con los sectores de Cultura y Educación, y seguirá las mejores prácticas internacionales para su creación, incluyendo aquellas de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). Esta estrategia tendrá indicadores y métricas específicas, planteará propuestas de financiamiento, incluirá de manera central a las personas jóvenes, al Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático, a los Pueblos Indígenas y a las comunidades Afrodescendientes, cuyas cosmovisiones, tradiciones y conocimientos son invaluables para informar un desarrollo nacional verdaderamente sostenible. 10.2.', 'Esta estrategia tendrá indicadores y métricas específicas, planteará propuestas de financiamiento, incluirá de manera central a las personas jóvenes, al Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático, a los Pueblos Indígenas y a las comunidades Afrodescendientes, cuyas cosmovisiones, tradiciones y conocimientos son invaluables para informar un desarrollo nacional verdaderamente sostenible. 10.2. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país revisará los currículos de educación en primer y segundo ciclo educativo para incluir o ampliar materia sobre cambio climático, la transición justa, y el empleo verde, creará alianzas entre actores clave del sector educación formal y no formal —entre ellos el Ministerio de Educación Pública, organizaciones de sociedad civil y organizaciones comunales que tengan la capacidad de implementar programas de educación dirigidos a la ciudadanía en general— y creará un proceso con universidades públicas y privadas para incluir en sus programas o fortalecer contenidos relacionados con el cambio climático y la formación de competencias para el empleo verde con base en las exigencias profesionales previstas.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país revisará los currículos de educación en primer y segundo ciclo educativo para incluir o ampliar materia sobre cambio climático, la transición justa, y el empleo verde, creará alianzas entre actores clave del sector educación formal y no formal —entre ellos el Ministerio de Educación Pública, organizaciones de sociedad civil y organizaciones comunales que tengan la capacidad de implementar programas de educación dirigidos a la ciudadanía en general— y creará un proceso con universidades públicas y privadas para incluir en sus programas o fortalecer contenidos relacionados con el cambio climático y la formación de competencias para el empleo verde con base en las exigencias profesionales previstas. Estos procesos se llevaran a cabo tomando en cuenta las perspectivas de distintos grupos, entre ellos, las personas jóvenes, los Pueblos Indígenas y personas Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades.', 'Estos procesos se llevaran a cabo tomando en cuenta las perspectivas de distintos grupos, entre ellos, las personas jóvenes, los Pueblos Indígenas y personas Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO COMUNIDADES AFRO Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS10.4. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país habrá implementado acciones de comunicación, participación y empoderamiento de la ciudadanía para promover la integración de las perspectivas de distintos grupos, entre ellos, las personas jóvenes, los Pueblos Indígenas y personas Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. 10.3.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país habrá implementado acciones de comunicación, participación y empoderamiento de la ciudadanía para promover la integración de las perspectivas de distintos grupos, entre ellos, las personas jóvenes, los Pueblos Indígenas y personas Afrodescendientes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. 10.3. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país desarrollará programas de capacitación específicos para mujeres, personas jóvenes, personas Afrodescendientes, personas indígenas y otros grupos históricamente excluidos del sector laboral, a fin de facilitar el acceso a empleos verdes, incluyendo áreas como la de la energía renovable, la agricultura regenerativa y de precisión, la construcción sostenible y la recuperación de valorizables, en las que a menudo están subrepresentados. 10.5.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país desarrollará programas de capacitación específicos para mujeres, personas jóvenes, personas Afrodescendientes, personas indígenas y otros grupos históricamente excluidos del sector laboral, a fin de facilitar el acceso a empleos verdes, incluyendo áreas como la de la energía renovable, la agricultura regenerativa y de precisión, la construcción sostenible y la recuperación de valorizables, en las que a menudo están subrepresentados. 10.5. Al 2030, se han fortalecido las capacidades en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático de tomadores de decisión de los diferentes niveles de gobierno, así como de líderes comunales y de las personas jóvenes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades.', 'Al 2030, se han fortalecido las capacidades en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático de tomadores de decisión de los diferentes niveles de gobierno, así como de líderes comunales y de las personas jóvenes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO10.6. Al 2030, se habrán incorporado acciones de sensibilización y creación de capacidades para personas tomadoras de decisiones con un énfasis en el modelo de innovación de triple hélice para promover el desarrollo económico y social a través de la interacción del sector empresarial, el sector público, la academia para el desarrollo de una economía inclusiva, descarbonizada y resiliente. 10.7.', 'Al 2030, se habrán incorporado acciones de sensibilización y creación de capacidades para personas tomadoras de decisiones con un énfasis en el modelo de innovación de triple hélice para promover el desarrollo económico y social a través de la interacción del sector empresarial, el sector público, la academia para el desarrollo de una economía inclusiva, descarbonizada y resiliente. 10.7. Al 2030, se habrá impulsado la gestión y participación comunitaria en la adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades al cambio climático de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. 10.8. Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país tomará acciones de comunicación y participación ciudadana alineadas a la Estrategia Nacional de Consumo y Producción Responsable para reducir el consumismo, específicamente de productos de consumo individual con huella de carbono alta.', 'Durante el período de implementación de esta contribución, el país tomará acciones de comunicación y participación ciudadana alineadas a la Estrategia Nacional de Consumo y Producción Responsable para reducir el consumismo, específicamente de productos de consumo individual con huella de carbono alta. En este esfuerzo favorecerá el conocimiento y los oficios tradicionales a través de su transferencia generacional, reconocimiento y diálogo con saberes afines. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO COMUNIDADES AFRO10.10. Al 2022, el país ha generado un Plan para la Integración de las Juventudes en la Acción Climática. 10.11.', 'Al 2022, el país ha generado un Plan para la Integración de las Juventudes en la Acción Climática. 10.11. Al 2024 se fortalecerán las estructuras para la incorporación de las juventudes y la niñez dentro de las acciones para el empoderamiento climático, incluyendo el establecimiento de un Foro Anual para Juventudes en Acción Climática como parte del eje de acción climática de la Política Pública de la Persona Joven 2020-2024. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 10.9.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 10.9. A partir del 2021, el país desarrollará espacios de diálogo y participación, tanto virtuales como presenciales para grupos particularmente vulnerabilizados ante el cambio climático, incluyendo a la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas con discapacidad y personas adultas mayores de manera apropiada y accesible a las realidades, cosmovisiones y tradiciones de las distintas comunidades y poblaciones.', 'A partir del 2021, el país desarrollará espacios de diálogo y participación, tanto virtuales como presenciales para grupos particularmente vulnerabilizados ante el cambio climático, incluyendo a la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas con discapacidad y personas adultas mayores de manera apropiada y accesible a las realidades, cosmovisiones y tradiciones de las distintas comunidades y poblaciones. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a asegurar la transparencia y apertura de información clave relacionada con los impactos del cambio climático y de los avances en acción climática, integrando diversos sectores en la acción climática, robusteciendo la planificación y la toma de decisiones basadas en datos.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica se compromete a asegurar la transparencia y apertura de información clave relacionada con los impactos del cambio climático y de los avances en acción climática, integrando diversos sectores en la acción climática, robusteciendo la planificación y la toma de decisiones basadas en datos. La contribución de Costa Rica está centrada en la articulación, apertura y mejora de datos climáticos que integren a las poblaciones más vulnerables, hilvanando análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos para la toma de decisiones basadas en datos. En el área temática de transparencia y mejora continua, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: y mejora continua11.1.', 'En el área temática de transparencia y mejora continua, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: y mejora continua11.1. Al 2022 Costa Rica ha implementado el sistema de monitoreo para el seguimiento de los avances de la NDC, de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación, el Plan Nacional de Adaptación y el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, permitiendo el acceso a los datos de manera abierta y apropiada para las distintas comunidades y poblaciones. 11.2. Al 2022 Costa Rica habrá establecido procesos y arreglos institucionales que le permitan contar con una capacidad permanente de análisis, prospectiva y publicación técnica independiente en acción climática. El país hará esfuerzos específicos para hacer esta información disponible de manera apropiada a las diferentes comunidades y poblaciones. 11.3.', 'El país hará esfuerzos específicos para hacer esta información disponible de manera apropiada a las diferentes comunidades y poblaciones. 11.3. Para el año 2030, el país dará seguimiento a los indicadores requeridos para garantizar la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de la comunidad Afrodescendiente, los grupos organizados de mujeres, las juventudes, la comunidad transexual, los Pueblos Indígenas, las personas con discapacidad y las personas adultas mayores en la agenda climática en los sectores de acción. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO11.5.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO11.5. Al 2030, se han habilitado plataformas que faciliten acceso a información y servicios climáticos a todo tipo de público utilizando lenguaje y ejemplos relevantes y apropiados para las diferentes realidades y cosmovisiones del país. 11.6.', 'Al 2030, se han habilitado plataformas que faciliten acceso a información y servicios climáticos a todo tipo de público utilizando lenguaje y ejemplos relevantes y apropiados para las diferentes realidades y cosmovisiones del país. 11.6. Como acción de apoyo transversal, Costa Rica dar cuenta de los flujos (emisiones y absorciones) de gases de efecto invernadero de los humedales costeros mediante la integración en el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero y la armonización con otros sistemas de Medición, Reporte y Verificación como REDD+, utilizando las guías de buenas prácticas de gases de efecto invernadero del IPCC más robusto al menos en el 2024, cuando presente el primer Informe Bienal de Transparencia, dadas las circunstancias especiales para los países en desarrollo otorgadas en virtud del Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París para 2030.', 'Como acción de apoyo transversal, Costa Rica dar cuenta de los flujos (emisiones y absorciones) de gases de efecto invernadero de los humedales costeros mediante la integración en el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero y la armonización con otros sistemas de Medición, Reporte y Verificación como REDD+, utilizando las guías de buenas prácticas de gases de efecto invernadero del IPCC más robusto al menos en el 2024, cuando presente el primer Informe Bienal de Transparencia, dadas las circunstancias especiales para los países en desarrollo otorgadas en virtud del Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París para 2030. CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 11.4.', 'CCD SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 11.4. Para el año 2030 el país contará con datos diferenciados sobre la realidad de los grupos históricamente excluidos y más vulnerabilizados ante los efectos del cambio climático incluyendo como mínimo a la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas con discapacidad y personas adultas mayores. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO11.8. Al 2030, el país contará con una política de datos climáticos abiertos, tanto del sector público como privado, que facilite su generación, acceso por todo tipo de público utilizando lenguaje y ejemplos relevantes y apropiados para las diferentes realidades y cosmovisiones del país, y uso para la toma de decisiones de todos los sectores. 11.9.', 'Al 2030, el país contará con una política de datos climáticos abiertos, tanto del sector público como privado, que facilite su generación, acceso por todo tipo de público utilizando lenguaje y ejemplos relevantes y apropiados para las diferentes realidades y cosmovisiones del país, y uso para la toma de decisiones de todos los sectores. 11.9. Al 2030, se habrá fortalecido el conocimiento, monitoreo y respuesta de los servicios de vigilancia sanitaria en salud pública. 11.10. Al 2030, se habrá consolidado el Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo Forestal, incluyendo la plataforma del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo de Cobertura y Uso de la Tierra y Ecosistemas (SIMOCUTE) y su vínculo con el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático (SINAMECC) y otros sistemas nacionales de reporte ambiental y sus salvaguardas.', 'Al 2030, se habrá consolidado el Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo Forestal, incluyendo la plataforma del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo de Cobertura y Uso de la Tierra y Ecosistemas (SIMOCUTE) y su vínculo con el Sistema Nacional de Métrica de Cambio Climático (SINAMECC) y otros sistemas nacionales de reporte ambiental y sus salvaguardas. marco de sendai Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 11.7. Al 2030, el país, con el apoyo del Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático (4C) habrá implementado políticas para promover la investigación científica, la recolección sistemática de datos, y el análisis actual y prospectivo de información sobre riesgos, impactos, pérdidas y daños por amenazas hidrometeorológicas.', 'Al 2030, el país, con el apoyo del Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático (4C) habrá implementado políticas para promover la investigación científica, la recolección sistemática de datos, y el análisis actual y prospectivo de información sobre riesgos, impactos, pérdidas y daños por amenazas hidrometeorológicas. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida con apoyar al sector financiero a reconocer y asimilar las implicaciones, tanto las oportunidades como los riesgos, de los impactos del cambio climático y de la transformación social y económica necesaria para hacerle frente. De esta manera, el país busca contar con un sector financiero y un sistema financiero descarbonizados y resilientes en sí mismos, y no que solo incorporen criterios de cambio climático en sus operaciones y productos existentes.', 'De esta manera, el país busca contar con un sector financiero y un sistema financiero descarbonizados y resilientes en sí mismos, y no que solo incorporen criterios de cambio climático en sus operaciones y productos existentes. De esta manera busca incentivar la inversión extranjera y el financiamiento en la generación de negocios verdes, impulsando la creación de negocios verdes y fortaleciendo las relaciones de intercambio de productos verdes nacionales en el exterior. La contribución de Costa Rica está centrada en desarrollar un sector financiero que esté en capacidad de reconocer y gestionar los riesgos asociados al cambio climático y a las acciones para enfrentarla a la vez que toma un papel activo en apoyar la acción climática a lo largo de la economía. En el área temática de finanzas, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:12.1.', 'En el área temática de finanzas, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones:12.1. Al 2030 Costa Rica habrá implementado al menos un instrumento de reforma fiscal verde consistente con la trayectoria necesaria para la descarbonización. 12.2. Al 2025 el país habrá desarrollado las herramientas, instrumentos, reglamentos e incentivos para acompañar al sector financiero en el análisis, revelación y gestión de los riesgos e impactos del cambio climático en su sector. 12.3. Movilizar el sistema financiero, incluyendo el Sistema de Banca para Desarrollo para que al 2030 existan en el mercado productos financieros en apoyo de la descarbonización y resiliencia. 12.4. Costa Rica se compromete con fortalecer instrumentos financieros tales como pago de servicios ecosistémicos, cánones y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono, así como seguros e instrumentos tarifarios y fiscales, para financiar las necesidades de adaptación y mitigación.', 'Costa Rica se compromete con fortalecer instrumentos financieros tales como pago de servicios ecosistémicos, cánones y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono, así como seguros e instrumentos tarifarios y fiscales, para financiar las necesidades de adaptación y mitigación. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Transición justa 12.5. Costa Rica se compromete a identificar acciones climáticas en los ejercicios presupuestarios anuales, con el fin de contar con medidas de protección financiera ante impactos de la variabilidad y cambio climático. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN12.6. Para el 2022 Costa Rica publicará el primer Análisis de inversión del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización y del Plan de Adaptación (aún a ser presentado), que serán actualizados cada 5 años. 12.7.', 'Para el 2022 Costa Rica publicará el primer Análisis de inversión del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización y del Plan de Adaptación (aún a ser presentado), que serán actualizados cada 5 años. 12.7. Al 2024 se han incorporado criterios de infraestructura sostenible, descarbonizada, resiliente y que promueva la creación de empleos verdes para priorización de la inversión pública, en consonancia con el Plan Estratégico Nacional 2050. 12.8. Durante el periodo de ejecución de esta NDC, Costa Rica habrá desarrollado un instrumento de apoyo financiero con el sistema bancario nacional para impulsar la transición energética. 12.9.', 'Durante el periodo de ejecución de esta NDC, Costa Rica habrá desarrollado un instrumento de apoyo financiero con el sistema bancario nacional para impulsar la transición energética. 12.9. Al 2024 se habrá lanzado el Mecanismo de Compensación de Costa Rica (MCCR) como sucesor del Mercado Doméstico de Carbono, con el objetivo de apoyar y facilitar la movilización de fondos, principalmente nacionales, en procura de la descarbonización del país mediante la generación de Unidades Costarricenses de Compensación generados por Proyectos, Programas de Actividades o Actividades incorporadas a un Programa, que reduce o secuestra emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el territorio nacional.', 'Al 2024 se habrá lanzado el Mecanismo de Compensación de Costa Rica (MCCR) como sucesor del Mercado Doméstico de Carbono, con el objetivo de apoyar y facilitar la movilización de fondos, principalmente nacionales, en procura de la descarbonización del país mediante la generación de Unidades Costarricenses de Compensación generados por Proyectos, Programas de Actividades o Actividades incorporadas a un Programa, que reduce o secuestra emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el territorio nacional. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa Carbono negro Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Carbono negroContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida con abordar la acción climática de manera integral y con un abordaje de modelo de desarrollo que mejore el bienestar de las personas y comunidades a largo y ancho del territorio.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa Carbono negro Carbono negro SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Carbono negroContribución Nacionalmente Determinada Costa Rica está comprometida con abordar la acción climática de manera integral y con un abordaje de modelo de desarrollo que mejore el bienestar de las personas y comunidades a largo y ancho del territorio. La contribución de Costa Rica está centrada en desarrollar e implementar los instrumentos de política necesarios para cerrar las brechas socioeconómicas y territoriales a la vez que reduce las emisiones de GEI y aumenta la resiliencia. En el área temática de políticas, estrategias y planes de cambio climático, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: estrategias y planes de cambio climático13.1.', 'En el área temática de políticas, estrategias y planes de cambio climático, Costa Rica ofrece las siguientes contribuciones: estrategias y planes de cambio climático13.1. En el año 2021 Costa Rica publicará la Estrategia Económica Territorial Costa Rica: hacia una economía inclusiva y descarbonizada 2020-2050 y el Plan Estratégico Nacional 2050 como instrumentos de planificación a largo plazo orientado a lograr un desarrollo económico inclusivo y descarbonizado. 13.2. El país se compromete a hacer las gestiones necesarias durante el periodo de implementación de esta NDC para buscar la ratificación del Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe (Acuerdo de Escazú) y las formas de implementación con normativa a nivel nacional. 13.3.', 'El país se compromete a hacer las gestiones necesarias durante el periodo de implementación de esta NDC para buscar la ratificación del Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe (Acuerdo de Escazú) y las formas de implementación con normativa a nivel nacional. 13.3. Al 2030, el Programa Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos, y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono e instrumentos fiscales y tarifarios, habrán desarrollado nuevos mecanismos de financiamiento para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático en consonancia con la Estrategia Nacional REDD+. PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Transición justa SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO13.5.', 'PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación marco de sendai Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Carbono negro ENMIENDA DE kigali Transición justa SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO13.5. En el 2021, se iniciará la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Bioeconomía de Costa Rica 2020-2030 para cimentar una Costa Rica con producción sostenible de alto valor agregado en todas sus regiones y biociudades emergentes, basada en el aprovechamiento justo y equitativo de su biodiversidad, el uso circular de la biomasa y en el progreso biotecnológico del país como sociedad del conocimiento. 13.6. En 2021 Costa Rica habrá incorporado al Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano e Inclusión, al Ministerio de Educación Pública y al Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud al Consejo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático, estableciendo agendas específicas de cooperación con cada uno.', 'En 2021 Costa Rica habrá incorporado al Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano e Inclusión, al Ministerio de Educación Pública y al Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud al Consejo Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático, estableciendo agendas específicas de cooperación con cada uno. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 13.4. Al 2022 se habrán establecido los lineamientos y se pondrá en operación el Fondo Inclusivo de Desarrollo Sostenible con un capital semilla de 1,2 millones de dólares estadounidenses para promover el reconocimiento financiero de los espacios productivos de las mujeres rurales y su contribución a la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Carbono negro PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO13.8.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa Carbono negro PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO13.8. Al 2022, se encuentra en implementación el Plan de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres 2021-2025. 13.9. Al 2022, se habrán elaborado, de manera participativa con los Consejos Regionales de Desarrollo y sus Comités Intersectoriales Regionales y considerando sus prioridades, planes de acción para las seis regiones socioeconómicas del país, en donde se identifiquen medidas de adaptación prioritarias para cada región, así como los arreglos institucionales necesarios para su implementación. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 13.7. Al 2022, se habrá formulado, aprobado y se ha iniciado la implementación del Plan de Acción de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Plan Nacional de Adaptación).', 'Al 2022, se habrá formulado, aprobado y se ha iniciado la implementación del Plan de Acción de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Plan Nacional de Adaptación). marco de sendai SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Transición justa marco de sendai SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa marco de sendai PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFRO Transición justa13.12. Costa Rica continuará su posición de liderazgo en el High Ambition Coalition for People and Nature como foro estratégico para promover las sinergias entre la acción climática y la protección de la biodiversidad. 13.13. Costa Rica continuará su posición de liderazgo con los San Jose Principles for High Ambition and Integrity in International Carbon Markets buscando generar momentum para lograr un resultado de alta ambición para el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 13.11.', 'Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 13.11. Costa Rica en el 2022 iniciará la implementación de su Plan de Acción de Igualdad de Género y Cambio Climático bajo el marco de la Política Nacional para la Igualdad Efectiva entre Mujeres y Hombres, el Plan Nacional de Adaptación y el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización y la Estrategia Nacional REDD+, incluyendo capacitación y fortalecimiento de capacidades respecto a la afectación diferenciada del cambio climático por condición de género a mujeres y población sexualmente diversa, en especial de poblaciones históricamente excluidas desde una perspectiva interseccional, a las instituciones que trabajan con cambio climático y particularmente para las personas tomadoras de decisiones y que trabajan directamente con la población. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN 13.10.', 'Costa Rica en el 2022 iniciará la implementación de su Plan de Acción de Igualdad de Género y Cambio Climático bajo el marco de la Política Nacional para la Igualdad Efectiva entre Mujeres y Hombres, el Plan Nacional de Adaptación y el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización y la Estrategia Nacional REDD+, incluyendo capacitación y fortalecimiento de capacidades respecto a la afectación diferenciada del cambio climático por condición de género a mujeres y población sexualmente diversa, en especial de poblaciones históricamente excluidas desde una perspectiva interseccional, a las instituciones que trabajan con cambio climático y particularmente para las personas tomadoras de decisiones y que trabajan directamente con la población. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN 13.10. Al 2030, se han incorporado criterios y lineamientos de adaptación en los instrumentos de planificación sectorial, regional y local de ordenamiento territorial, marino y costero, a distintas escalas.', 'Al 2030, se han incorporado criterios y lineamientos de adaptación en los instrumentos de planificación sectorial, regional y local de ordenamiento territorial, marino y costero, a distintas escalas. Impacto sobre el bienestar CONTRIBUCIÓN marco de sendai SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación SOLUCIONES BASADAS EN LA NATURALEza Convenio Diversidad biológica convenio contra LA desertificación Transición justa PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS COMUNIDADES AFROV. Comunicación Nacional sobre la AdaptaciónCircunstancias y arreglos institucionales nacionales i.Circunstancias nacionales Las siguiente tabla resume las condiciones nacionales bajo las cuales se trabaja la agenda climática de Costa Rica.', 'Comunicación Nacional sobre la AdaptaciónCircunstancias y arreglos institucionales nacionales i.Circunstancias nacionales Las siguiente tabla resume las condiciones nacionales bajo las cuales se trabaja la agenda climática de Costa Rica. Pobreza: Coeficiente Gini por persona (2020): 0.518 Personas pobres, nivel de pobreza multidimensional (2020): 1.027.561 (20.1%) Población: Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Personas con primaria incompleta: 449.710 Personas con secundaria incompleta: 882.251 Personas con educación superior (posgrado): 94.225 Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Social Educación: De un total de 4.117.346 personas: Personas con primaria completa: 964.792 Personas con secundaria completa: 661.538 Personas con educación superior (pregrado y grado): 777.982 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Subempleo mujeres 17.7% y hombres 17.5% Empleo: Población desempleada mujeres 26% y hombres 16.3% Brecha de salario: Mujeres percibieron 12% menos salario que los hombres en 2016 Fuente: (INEC, 2020b) Zona Económica Exclusiva: 530.903,60 Aguas Interiores: 12.897,71 Uso de la tierra: Área sembrada de productos agrícolas Área sembrada de productos orgánicos certificados Población que recibe agua de calidad potable Pago por servicios ambientales en reforestación Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en la GAM Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en cantones costeros Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en el resto del país Fuente: (IGN, 2020) Fuente: (PEN, 2020) Fuente: (INAMU, 2019) Ambiente Extensión territorial (en Km2): Superficie Continental: 51.079,25 Superficie Insular: 94,29 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Fuente: (Programa REDD+/ CCAD-GIZ - SINAC, 2015, citado por MINAE & IMN, 2019) Fuente: (Programa REDD+/- CCAD-GIZ - SINAC, 2015), citado por MINAE & IMN, 2019) Superficie total y por tipo de bosque: (2015, en km2): Bosque maduro: Bosque secundario: Rodales de mangle: Bosque de palmas: Pasto con árboles: Plantaciones forestales: Fuente: (PEN, 2020) Áreas silvestres protegidas: Áreas marinas protegidas: Áreas en la Red de Reservas Privadas: Pago por servicios ambientales en protección de bosque: Pago por servicios ambientales en protección del recurso hídrico: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Comercio de bienes Exportaciones de bienes por sector (2019, millones de US$): Principales productos en el valor de las exportaciones del sector (2019): Preparaciones compuestas para la industria de las bebidas: 9% Café oro: 5,8% Salsas y preparaciones: 2,3% Fuente: (COMEX, 2020) Fuente: (SEPSA, 2020) Distribución porcentual de fincas por actividad (2014): Ganado vacuno: 24,3% Granos básicos: 8,4% Cantidad de fincas (2014): 93.017 Fuente: (INEC, 2015) Agropecuario Fuente: (BCCR, n.d.) Exportaciones de bienes por subsector industrial (2019, millones de US$): Equipo de precisión y médico: 3.660,4 Eléctrica y electrónica 565,4 Economía Producto Interno Bruto, 2020: Producto interno bruto a precios de mercado (millones de colones): Ingreso nacional bruto (millones de colones): Ingreso nacional disponible bruto (millones de colones): Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Para mayor detalle, Costa Rica reportó de manera exhaustiva sus circunstancias nacionales ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en el II Informe Bianual de Actualización ante la CMNUCC, presentado en diciembre de 2019. ii.', 'Pobreza: Coeficiente Gini por persona (2020): 0.518 Personas pobres, nivel de pobreza multidimensional (2020): 1.027.561 (20.1%) Población: Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Personas con primaria incompleta: 449.710 Personas con secundaria incompleta: 882.251 Personas con educación superior (posgrado): 94.225 Fuente: (INEC, 2020a) Social Educación: De un total de 4.117.346 personas: Personas con primaria completa: 964.792 Personas con secundaria completa: 661.538 Personas con educación superior (pregrado y grado): 777.982 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Subempleo mujeres 17.7% y hombres 17.5% Empleo: Población desempleada mujeres 26% y hombres 16.3% Brecha de salario: Mujeres percibieron 12% menos salario que los hombres en 2016 Fuente: (INEC, 2020b) Zona Económica Exclusiva: 530.903,60 Aguas Interiores: 12.897,71 Uso de la tierra: Área sembrada de productos agrícolas Área sembrada de productos orgánicos certificados Población que recibe agua de calidad potable Pago por servicios ambientales en reforestación Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en la GAM Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en cantones costeros Área en permisos de nuevas construcciones en el resto del país Fuente: (IGN, 2020) Fuente: (PEN, 2020) Fuente: (INAMU, 2019) Ambiente Extensión territorial (en Km2): Superficie Continental: 51.079,25 Superficie Insular: 94,29 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Fuente: (Programa REDD+/ CCAD-GIZ - SINAC, 2015, citado por MINAE & IMN, 2019) Fuente: (Programa REDD+/- CCAD-GIZ - SINAC, 2015), citado por MINAE & IMN, 2019) Superficie total y por tipo de bosque: (2015, en km2): Bosque maduro: Bosque secundario: Rodales de mangle: Bosque de palmas: Pasto con árboles: Plantaciones forestales: Fuente: (PEN, 2020) Áreas silvestres protegidas: Áreas marinas protegidas: Áreas en la Red de Reservas Privadas: Pago por servicios ambientales en protección de bosque: Pago por servicios ambientales en protección del recurso hídrico: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Comercio de bienes Exportaciones de bienes por sector (2019, millones de US$): Principales productos en el valor de las exportaciones del sector (2019): Preparaciones compuestas para la industria de las bebidas: 9% Café oro: 5,8% Salsas y preparaciones: 2,3% Fuente: (COMEX, 2020) Fuente: (SEPSA, 2020) Distribución porcentual de fincas por actividad (2014): Ganado vacuno: 24,3% Granos básicos: 8,4% Cantidad de fincas (2014): 93.017 Fuente: (INEC, 2015) Agropecuario Fuente: (BCCR, n.d.) Exportaciones de bienes por subsector industrial (2019, millones de US$): Equipo de precisión y médico: 3.660,4 Eléctrica y electrónica 565,4 Economía Producto Interno Bruto, 2020: Producto interno bruto a precios de mercado (millones de colones): Ingreso nacional bruto (millones de colones): Ingreso nacional disponible bruto (millones de colones): Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Para mayor detalle, Costa Rica reportó de manera exhaustiva sus circunstancias nacionales ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en el II Informe Bianual de Actualización ante la CMNUCC, presentado en diciembre de 2019. ii. Arreglos institucionales y marco normativo Costa Rica ha avanzado decididamente en la última década en la creación de un marco jurídico e institucional que permita la adecuada gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático en el país.', 'Arreglos institucionales y marco normativo Costa Rica ha avanzado decididamente en la última década en la creación de un marco jurídico e institucional que permita la adecuada gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático en el país. Las bases para avanzar en materia de adaptación se cimentaron en el 2011 con la creación de la Dirección de Cambio Climático como parte del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (DCC MINAE), a través del Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 36437-MINAET, y con la generación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2010-2021. En los años 2015 y 2016, el país alcanzó hitos importantes con la ratificación del Acuerdo de París y la primera NDC de Costa Rica. La decisión de incluir un capítulo de adaptación en esa primera NDC dio impulso para que el país acelerara sus esfuerzos en este rubro.', 'La decisión de incluir un capítulo de adaptación en esa primera NDC dio impulso para que el país acelerara sus esfuerzos en este rubro. Debido a las características transectoriales propias de la temática de adaptación, el país también cuenta con un cuerpo de políticas y planes sectoriales que incorporan elementos importantes para impulsar la resiliencia de Costa Rica ante el cambio climático.', 'Debido a las características transectoriales propias de la temática de adaptación, el país también cuenta con un cuerpo de políticas y planes sectoriales que incorporan elementos importantes para impulsar la resiliencia de Costa Rica ante el cambio climático. Las siguientes son algunas de las políticas que incluyen componentes de adaptación: Plan Nacional de Desarrollo e Inversión Pública, Política Nacional de Humedales, Política Nacional del Mar, Plan Nacional de Inversiones en Saneamiento, Política Nacional de Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales, Política y Plan Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial, Política Nacional de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos, Estrategia y Plan de Acción para la adaptación del sector biodiversidad de Costa Rica al cambio climático, Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad, Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, Política y Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres, Política de Desarrollo Rural Territorial, Estrategia para la Ganadería Baja en Carbono, Estrategia y Plan de Acción REDD+, Plan Sectorial Agropecuario, Pesquero y Rural; y Política Nacional de Áreas de Protección de Ríos Quebradas, Arroyos y Nacientes; entre otras.', 'Las siguientes son algunas de las políticas que incluyen componentes de adaptación: Plan Nacional de Desarrollo e Inversión Pública, Política Nacional de Humedales, Política Nacional del Mar, Plan Nacional de Inversiones en Saneamiento, Política Nacional de Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales, Política y Plan Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial, Política Nacional de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos, Estrategia y Plan de Acción para la adaptación del sector biodiversidad de Costa Rica al cambio climático, Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad, Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, Política y Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres, Política de Desarrollo Rural Territorial, Estrategia para la Ganadería Baja en Carbono, Estrategia y Plan de Acción REDD+, Plan Sectorial Agropecuario, Pesquero y Rural; y Política Nacional de Áreas de Protección de Ríos Quebradas, Arroyos y Nacientes; entre otras. Sin embargo, el mayor avance en términos de política pública en adaptación que el país reporta al momento de entregar este documento es la oficialización de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC), en 2018.', 'Sin embargo, el mayor avance en términos de política pública en adaptación que el país reporta al momento de entregar este documento es la oficialización de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC), en 2018. Esta política se asienta sobre seis ejes claves para impulsar la adaptación. Tres de estos son instrumentales: (a) conocimientos, servicios climáticos y desarrollo de capacidades; (b) planificación para adaptación, e (c) inversión y seguridad financiera. Los otros tres son sustantivos: (a) servicios ecosistémicos para la adaptación, (b) servicios públicos adaptados e infraestructura resiliente y (c) sistemas productivos resilientes y eco-competitivos. Cada uno de esos ejes cuenta con una serie de lineamientos que detallan los temas necesarios a ser abordados para asegurar la adaptación al cambio climático. La presente NDC se encuentra alineada a la PNACC y sus lineamientos.', 'La presente NDC se encuentra alineada a la PNACC y sus lineamientos. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Figura 1: Línea de tiempo de antecedentes en institucionalidad y principales políticas sobre adaptación en Costa Rica. Fuente: Elaboración propia DCC Estrategia Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático Eje central es la meta de alcanzar la Carbono Neutralidad al 2021. Decreto Ejecutivo 42465-MOPT-MINAE-MIVAH Lineamientos generales para incorporación de las medidas de resiliencia en infraestructura pública. Estrategia y plan de acción para la adaptación del sector biodiversidad de Costa Rica al cambio climático Dirige los esfuerzos del país en materia de biodiversidad. Reconoce la importancia de la participación ciudadana y la gobernanza para la adaptación, el aumento de resilencia y la reducción de vulnerabilidad.', 'Reconoce la importancia de la participación ciudadana y la gobernanza para la adaptación, el aumento de resilencia y la reducción de vulnerabilidad. Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Costa Rica Proyección a mediano y largo plazo, contiene las metas del país en materia climática de aquí al 2030 y defiende su compromiso en estas acciones ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático. Política Nacional de Adaptación Marco rector que orienta las acciones en materia de adaptación. Busca articular los esfuerzos del país en la adaptación al cambio climático. Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo Orienta las acciones de gestión del riesgo, que contribuyan a cumplir la aspiración de un desarrollo nacional seguro y sustentable.', 'Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo Orienta las acciones de gestión del riesgo, que contribuyan a cumplir la aspiración de un desarrollo nacional seguro y sustentable. Política de Acción de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático Hoja de ruta, establece las pautas y obligatoriedad de planificar y ejecutar acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Plan de Acción de Gestión del Riesgo Instrumento de enfoque estratégico destinado a orientar a todos los actores de la actividad nacional en el cumplimiento de la Política Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo.', 'Plan de Acción de Gestión del Riesgo Instrumento de enfoque estratégico destinado a orientar a todos los actores de la actividad nacional en el cumplimiento de la Política Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020El país también cuenta con una serie de instancias que son parte importante de la gobernanza del cambio climático, como lo son: El Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (CTICC), creado por el Decreto Ejecutivo 36823-MINAET, de 2011, y que funge como “un órgano asesor y de apoyo al MINAE para el seguimiento de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, el mismo tiene un carácter permanente, y tiene por sede la Dirección de Cambio Climático” (Reglamento de Creación y Funcionamiento Del Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático, 2011) El Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático (4C), creado por el Decreto Ejecutivo 40615-MINAE, del 2017, como “órgano para asesorar al Gobierno en investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico en cambio climático” (Creación Del Consejo Científico de Cambio Ejecutivo 40616-MINAE, del 2017, como una “plataforma de participación ciudadana para colaborar con la implementación de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional” (Creación Del Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático, 2017) Finalmente, el país cuenta con el Sistema Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo que, bajo la rectoría de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia (CNE), opera como instancia multi-institucional a todos los niveles del Estado.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020El país también cuenta con una serie de instancias que son parte importante de la gobernanza del cambio climático, como lo son: El Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático (CTICC), creado por el Decreto Ejecutivo 36823-MINAET, de 2011, y que funge como “un órgano asesor y de apoyo al MINAE para el seguimiento de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, el mismo tiene un carácter permanente, y tiene por sede la Dirección de Cambio Climático” (Reglamento de Creación y Funcionamiento Del Comité Técnico Interministerial de Cambio Climático, 2011) El Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático (4C), creado por el Decreto Ejecutivo 40615-MINAE, del 2017, como “órgano para asesorar al Gobierno en investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico en cambio climático” (Creación Del Consejo Científico de Cambio Ejecutivo 40616-MINAE, del 2017, como una “plataforma de participación ciudadana para colaborar con la implementación de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional” (Creación Del Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático, 2017) Finalmente, el país cuenta con el Sistema Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo que, bajo la rectoría de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia (CNE), opera como instancia multi-institucional a todos los niveles del Estado. Los Comités Municipales y Comités Locales para la Gestión del Riesgo, así como el Comité de Asesores Técnicos de la CNE son las instancias que conforman el sistema.', 'Los Comités Municipales y Comités Locales para la Gestión del Riesgo, así como el Comité de Asesores Técnicos de la CNE son las instancias que conforman el sistema. Se cuenta también con el Foro Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo. El marco internacional en el que se encuadra el trabajo de la gestión de riesgo de desastres del país es el Marco Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO CLIMÁTICO CLIMÁTICO CLIMÁTICO CLIMÁTICO Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad del país ante el cambio climático Temperatura y precipitación Se ha registrado un aumento en la temperatura en Costa Rica desde 1960, congruentemente con lo que ocurre en el planeta. Entre 1960 y 2017, se registró un incremento de 0,2 °C comparado con el período base entre 1900 y 1959.', 'Entre 1960 y 2017, se registró un incremento de 0,2 °C comparado con el período base entre 1900 y 1959. Las distribuciones por mes también han sufrido modificaciones, como se puede observar en la Figura 2 (en el Anexo), en donde se observa que los meses de enero, febrero, marzo, abril y diciembre son los meses que mayores variaciones han sufrido (PEN, 2020). Por otro lado, también se han detectado cambios en las precipitaciones. A partir de 1960 se observa una tendencia generalizada hacia la disminución en el promedio mensual de precipitación en el país. En los meses que se consideran secos, o sea, entre noviembre y abril, la tendencia es curiosamente al incremento del promedio mensual de lluvias (ver Figura 3 en el Anexo).', 'En los meses que se consideran secos, o sea, entre noviembre y abril, la tendencia es curiosamente al incremento del promedio mensual de lluvias (ver Figura 3 en el Anexo). Sin embargo, para los meses lluviosos, entre mayo y octubre, es donde se presenta una disminución marcada (PEN, 2020). Eventos Hidrometeorológicos Extremos (EHE) Los riesgos que el país enfrentará por cambio climático están intrínsecamente ligados a eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos (EHE). Aunque no todos los EHE son atribuibles al cambio climático, la tendencia es hacia un aumento en su frecuencia e intensidad por cambio climático. En las últimas décadas se ha registrado un aumento marcado de este tipo de eventos, y en donde las vulnerabilidades sociales existentes incrementan las posibilidades de riesgo de desastres (Retana, 2012).', 'En las últimas décadas se ha registrado un aumento marcado de este tipo de eventos, y en donde las vulnerabilidades sociales existentes incrementan las posibilidades de riesgo de desastres (Retana, 2012). Los cinco fenómenos meteorológicos extremos (FME) que causan los EHE más frecuentes del país son las ondas del este o tropicales, las depresiones, los frentes fríos, la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical, y las vaguadas. De estas, la onda tropical es la que registra más frecuencia. De la misma manera, los EHE que registran mayor frecuencia son: lluvias intensas, temporal, tormenta convectiva y granizo. De estos, las lluvias intensas son el evento más recurrente (81%), seguido de temporales, tormentas convectivas y granizos. (Morales, 2020). Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 2.Las sequías tienen una alta relevancia para la planificación de la adaptación en el país.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 2.Las sequías tienen una alta relevancia para la planificación de la adaptación en el país. En Costa Rica, estos eventos están mayoritariamente vinculados al fenómeno ENOS (CHHR, 2008), aunque se han detectado otros fenómenos relacionados al Océano Atlántico que provocan sequías (Navarro, 2019). Esos eventos afectan principalmente a la Región Caribe y a la Zona Norte del país. Las pérdidas que generan las sequías son sustantivas. En el caso de la región Chorotega, casi todos los cantones han registrado pérdidas económicas de ¢450 a ¢6.253 millones desde 1988 a 2018 (Borge et al., 2020). Mortalidad y afectaciones por EHE Los EHE ocasionan inundaciones, deslizamientos, vientos fuertes y cabezas de agua, lo cual se traduce en pérdidas de vidas humanas. Entre 1980 y 2017, se contabilizaron 546 muertes asociadas a EHE.', 'Entre 1980 y 2017, se contabilizaron 546 muertes asociadas a EHE. De estos, 48% eran hombres, 26,2% mujeres y 25,8% no fueron identificados. Los efectos de los huracanes son los que más han cobrado vidas en el país. El Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) ha comprobado que existe una relación entre la cantidad de decesos y los meses en que los EHE tienen mayor probabilidad de ocurrir, siendo octubre el mes de mayor cantidad de muertes. En lo que respecta a las provincias, Puntarenas, San José y Limón son las provincias que registran más decesos históricos (Carvajal, 2020). Se han contabilizado 1,3 millones de personas afectadas (contando damnificados, evacuados y personas que sufrieron efectos indirectos de un desastre) por EHE de 1980 a 2017, siendo julio y octubre los meses que más afectaciones registran.', 'Se han contabilizado 1,3 millones de personas afectadas (contando damnificados, evacuados y personas que sufrieron efectos indirectos de un desastre) por EHE de 1980 a 2017, siendo julio y octubre los meses que más afectaciones registran. Puntarenas es, por mucho, la provincia que mayor afectaciones presentó, con 964.797, siendo los cantones de Osa y Corredores los más afectados, con 596.851 y 339.419 respectivamente. Los cantones de Siquirres de Limón y Turrialba de Cartago les siguen, con 48.097 y 26.557 afectaciones respectivamente (Jiménez, 2020). En cuanto a afectaciones en vivienda, los cantones de Golfito, Osa, Parrita, Puntarenas, Upala, Santa Cruz y Alajuela son los más impactados por eventos hidrometeorológicos. Por otro lado, el sector agropecuario es uno de los sectores más golpeados por los EHE.', 'Por otro lado, el sector agropecuario es uno de los sectores más golpeados por los EHE. Según el Estado de la Nación 2020, “en el período 1988-2019 se registraron 5.994 afectaciones en el sector agropecuario, generadas por fenómenos naturales. El 98,8% fue causado por eventos hidrometeorológicos”. Además, se evidencia una clara tendencia al aumento de afectaciones causadas por fenómenos climáticos al sector agropecuario en los últimos 30 años. Mientras que en la década de 1988 a 1997 los eventos duraban en promedio 4,4 días, de 2008 a 2019 esa cifra alcanzó los 8,9 días (PEN, 2020). Costos de reparación y reconstrucción por EHE Los EHE también ejercen una preocupante presión sobre la hacienda pública.', 'Costos de reparación y reconstrucción por EHE Los EHE también ejercen una preocupante presión sobre la hacienda pública. La Contraloría General de la República determinó que los costos de reparación y reconstrucción de infraestructura afectada por EHE, ya sea inundaciones, temporales o sequías, pasaron millones en 2010. Este último dato equivale al 1.01% del PIB de ese año. Las afectaciones se presentan en carreteras, puentes, acueductos y otra infraestructura relevante. Además, el costo de reparación por EHE es claramente creciente (ver Figura 4, en Anexos), siendo cada trimestre un 3% más costoso que el anterior. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Las proyecciones de los costos por EHE a futuro tampoco son alentadoras. La Contraloría General de la República calcula que, de continuar la tendencia actual de los eventos como inundaciones, temporales o sequías, los costos seguirán aumentando.', 'La Contraloría General de la República calcula que, de continuar la tendencia actual de los eventos como inundaciones, temporales o sequías, los costos seguirán aumentando. Se crearon dos escenarios, uno conservador y otro alternativo. En el escenario conservador los costos oscilarán entre 0,68% y 1,05% del PIB. En el escenario alternativo, mientras tanto, los costos se encontrarían entre 1,64% y 2,5% del PIB. Este último escenario incluye la variabilidad propia del fenómeno estudiado, y por tanto se considera más completa. Escenarios de cambio climático Costa Rica cuenta con escenarios climáticos regionalizados tomando en cuenta el forzamiento radiativo recomendado por el IPCC: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 y RCP8.5. El IMN realizó los primeros escenarios regionalizados de cambio climático en 2012, y en el 2017 realizó una actualización de estos utilizando el modelo regional PRECIS.', 'El IMN realizó los primeros escenarios regionalizados de cambio climático en 2012, y en el 2017 realizó una actualización de estos utilizando el modelo regional PRECIS. Las variables meteorológicas consideradas fueron la precipitación, la temperatura (mínima, media y máxima), la humedad relativa, la radiación solar (irradiancia) y la velocidad del viento. En 2020, se realizó un nuevo ejercicio utilizando modelos regionales del experimento CORDEX, así como dos modelos estadísticos: análogos y regresión. Los resultados de este último se pueden acceder a través del Visor de Escenarios de Cambio Climático de Centroamérica: 2070-2099.', 'Los horizontes de tiempo de estas 2070-2099. Uno de los parámetros que mejor refleja el calentamiento global en Costa Rica es el aumento en el número de noches cálidas, definido como el número de días al año cuya temperatura mínima supera el percentil 90 del periodo climático de referencia 1971-2000. En el modelo CORDEX, con el escenario de bajas emisiones (RCP 2.6) el número de noches cálidas se duplica hacia finales del siglo, o se triplica para el mismo periodo con el escenario de altas emisiones (RCP 8.5).', 'En el modelo CORDEX, con el escenario de bajas emisiones (RCP 2.6) el número de noches cálidas se duplica hacia finales del siglo, o se triplica para el mismo periodo con el escenario de altas emisiones (RCP 8.5). En los resultados del modelo regional PRECIS, los cambios de temperatura (escenario futuro menos el clima de control) de los tres horizontes de tiempo manifiestan en todos los casos un aumento de la temperatura del orden de 1° C a 2° C. En cuanto a los escenarios de precipitación, en comparación con el clima actual, se observa a corto plazo un incremento de las lluvias en el Caribe Norte y la Zona Norte; y el mismo comportamiento se presenta en la península de Nicoya, partes bajas del Pacífico Central y el sector más sur del Pacífico Sur.', 'En los resultados del modelo regional PRECIS, los cambios de temperatura (escenario futuro menos el clima de control) de los tres horizontes de tiempo manifiestan en todos los casos un aumento de la temperatura del orden de 1° C a 2° C. En cuanto a los escenarios de precipitación, en comparación con el clima actual, se observa a corto plazo un incremento de las lluvias en el Caribe Norte y la Zona Norte; y el mismo comportamiento se presenta en la península de Nicoya, partes bajas del Pacífico Central y el sector más sur del Pacífico Sur. En el resto de las regiones por el contrario se observa una disminución de las precipitaciones.', 'En el resto de las regiones por el contrario se observa una disminución de las precipitaciones. En el Anexo (figuras 6, 7, 8 y 9) se incluyen algunas figuras mostrando los resultados de proyecciones de la lluvia anual y comparativos de la temperatura media anual para el corto y mediano plazo. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Prioridades de la comunicación sobre la adaptación Costa Rica está comprometida con el fortalecimiento de las condiciones de resiliencia social, económica y ambiental del país ante los efectos del cambio climático. El país planea hacerlo mediante el desarrollo de capacidades e información para la toma de decisiones, la inclusión de criterios de adaptación en instrumentos de financiamiento y planificación, la adaptación de los servicios públicos, sistemas productivos e infraestructura, y la implementación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza.', 'El país planea hacerlo mediante el desarrollo de capacidades e información para la toma de decisiones, la inclusión de criterios de adaptación en instrumentos de financiamiento y planificación, la adaptación de los servicios públicos, sistemas productivos e infraestructura, y la implementación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza. Las prioridades de adaptación al cambio climático de Costa Rica se encuentran alineadas con las metas y lineamientos de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático 2018-2030. Al 2030, se han habilitado plataformas que faciliten acceso a información y servicios climáticos a todo tipo de público utilizando lenguaje y ejemplos relevantes y apropiados para las diferentes realidades y cosmovisiones del país. Metas: 1.1. Al 2022, el país cuenta con un Sistema de Monitoreo de Cobertura, Uso de la Tierra y Ecosistemas, establecido, con financiamiento, y vinculado al SINAMECC.', 'Al 2022, el país cuenta con un Sistema de Monitoreo de Cobertura, Uso de la Tierra y Ecosistemas, establecido, con financiamiento, y vinculado al SINAMECC. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 3.1.2. Al 2026, SINAMECC cuenta con un sistema para el monitoreo y evaluación del avance en el cumplimiento de metas de adaptación establecidas en distintos niveles. 1.3. Al 2026, se cuenta con un visor geoespacial que incluya los mapas de riesgos climáticos actuales y futuros de todos los cantones del país, actualizados a partir de datos censales y escenarios climáticos más recientes, y vinculado a SINAMECC. 1.4. Al 2030, el país cuenta con un sistema integrado de alerta temprana de inundaciones para las cuencas que presentan mayor vulnerabilidad e incremento de la precipitación e incidencia de eventos extremos, tomando en cuenta los escenarios climáticos. 1.5.', 'Al 2030, el país cuenta con un sistema integrado de alerta temprana de inundaciones para las cuencas que presentan mayor vulnerabilidad e incremento de la precipitación e incidencia de eventos extremos, tomando en cuenta los escenarios climáticos. 1.5. Al 2030, el país cuenta con un sistema de alerta temprana de sequías para monitorear riesgos de sequías a nivel nacional y regional. 1.6. Al 2030, el Sistema Nacional de Métrica en Cambio Climático (SINAMECC) se ha fortalecido con la información climática necesaria para los diferentes sectores, como escenarios climáticos, mapas de riesgo climático, sistemas de alerta temprana, y sistemas de monitoreo. Al 2030, se ha promovido la investigación científica, la recolección sistemática de datos, y el análisis actual y prospectivo de información sobre riesgos, impactos, pérdidas y daños por amenazas hidrometeorológicas. Metas: 2.1.', 'Al 2030, se ha promovido la investigación científica, la recolección sistemática de datos, y el análisis actual y prospectivo de información sobre riesgos, impactos, pérdidas y daños por amenazas hidrometeorológicas. Metas: 2.1. Al 2022, se contará con al menos un estudio sobre los riesgos e impactos del cambio climático en poblaciones vulnerables, con especial atención a impactos diferenciados por género. 2.2. Al 2026, se habrá realizado un estudio que estime los costos de la inacción asociados al cambio climático, con especial atención a los grupos más vulnerables, y cuyos resultados sean divulgados a tomadores de decisión y al público en general. 2.3. Al 2030, se cuenta con estudios de otros fenómenos climáticos como olas de calor y aumento en el nivel del mar, y cuyos resultados hayan sido divulgados al público. 2.4.', 'Al 2030, se cuenta con estudios de otros fenómenos climáticos como olas de calor y aumento en el nivel del mar, y cuyos resultados hayan sido divulgados al público. 2.4. Al 2030, el país ha desarrollado un programa de investigación orientado al desarrollo de servicios climáticos para infraestructura, articulando el sector público, privado, ONGs, y académico. 2.5. Al 2030, el 100% de los cantones del país cuentan con mapas geoespaciales de riesgo climático actual y futuro, y han recibido capacitación para la utilización de los mismos durante procesos de toma de decisiones. 2.6. Al 2030, el país cuenta con una política de datos climáticos abiertos, tanto del sector público como privado, que facilite su generación, acceso, y uso para la toma de decisiones de todos los sectores. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 20202.7.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 20202.7. Al 2030, Costa Rica cuenta con una red nacional de monitoreo hidro-meteorológico unificada técnicamente, sostenible financieramente, con un adecuado mantenimiento, con participación del sector privado, y cuyos datos son abiertos y metodológicamente comparables, contribuyendo con la generación de balances hídricos. Al 2030, se han fortalecido las capacidades en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático de tomadores de decisión de los diferentes niveles de gobierno, así como de líderes comunales y de las personas jóvenes de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Metas: 3.1. Al 2022, se han desarrollado habilidades y conocimientos para transformar la planificación municipal con visión de adaptación y riesgos climáticos en 20 municipalidades del país. 3.2.', 'Al 2022, se han desarrollado habilidades y conocimientos para transformar la planificación municipal con visión de adaptación y riesgos climáticos en 20 municipalidades del país. 3.2. Al 2026, se habrá desarrollado una plataforma de capacitación virtual en cambio climático y gestión de riesgos climáticos para tomadores de decisión del ámbito nacional, cantonal y sectorial, así como líderes comunitarios y población en general. 3.3. Al 2026, los responsables técnicos designados de los sectores de finanzas públicas, infraestructura y agropecuario se encuentran capacitados en el desarrollo de evaluación de riesgo climático, con el fin avanzar en la implementación de medidas de adaptación en los territorios para reducir pérdidas y daños por eventos climáticos.', 'Al 2026, los responsables técnicos designados de los sectores de finanzas públicas, infraestructura y agropecuario se encuentran capacitados en el desarrollo de evaluación de riesgo climático, con el fin avanzar en la implementación de medidas de adaptación en los territorios para reducir pérdidas y daños por eventos climáticos. Al 2030, se ha impulsado la gestión y participación comunitaria en la adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades al cambio climático de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Metas: 4.1.', 'Al 2030, se ha impulsado la gestión y participación comunitaria en la adaptación para reducir la vulnerabilidad de las comunidades al cambio climático de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Metas: 4.1. Al 2030, los Comités Comunales de Emergencias, Comités de Vigilancia de Recursos Naturales, Consejos Territoriales Locales, Asociaciones de Desarrollo y/o ASADAS, han incorporado acciones de adaptación al cambio climático en sus planes y operaciones, de acuerdo a las necesidades, recursos y capacidades locales Al 2030, se cuentan con los planes y políticas necesarios para impulsar la adaptación al cambio climático en el país, además de incorporar criterios y lineamientos de adaptación en los instrumentos de planificación sectorial, regional y de ordenamiento territorial, marino y costero, a distintas escalas. Metas: 5.1.', 'Al 2030, los Comités Comunales de Emergencias, Comités de Vigilancia de Recursos Naturales, Consejos Territoriales Locales, Asociaciones de Desarrollo y/o ASADAS, han incorporado acciones de adaptación al cambio climático en sus planes y operaciones, de acuerdo a las necesidades, recursos y capacidades locales Al 2030, se cuentan con los planes y políticas necesarios para impulsar la adaptación al cambio climático en el país, además de incorporar criterios y lineamientos de adaptación en los instrumentos de planificación sectorial, regional y de ordenamiento territorial, marino y costero, a distintas escalas. Metas: 5.1. Al 2022, se ha formulado, aprobado e iniciado la implementación del Plan de Acción de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Climático (Plan Nacional de Adaptación) 5.2. Al 2022, se encuentra en implementación el Plan de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres 5.3.', 'Al 2022, se encuentra en implementación el Plan de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres 5.3. Al 2022, el país contará con un Plan de Acción de Género y Cambio Climático 5.4. Al 2022, se habrán elaborado planes de acción para las seis regiones socioeconómicas del país, en donde se identifiquen medidas de adaptación prioritarias para cada región, así como los arreglos institucionales necesarios para su implementación. 5.5. Al 2022, se ha consolidado un mecanismo de coordinación interinstitucional entre MAG, INCOPESCA, MINAE, SINAC, MIVAH, Conagebio, Guardacostas, y otros entes, para implementar la Estrategia y Plan de Acción para la Biodiversidad de Costa Rica al Cambio Climático. 5.6. Al 2026, el 100% de los planes de manejo de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Áreas Marinas Protegidas, así como Áreas Marinas de Pesca Responsable, incluyen análisis de riesgo climático y criterios de adaptación climática.', 'Al 2026, el 100% de los planes de manejo de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Áreas Marinas Protegidas, así como Áreas Marinas de Pesca Responsable, incluyen análisis de riesgo climático y criterios de adaptación climática. 5.7. Al 2030, el sector agropecuario cuenta con su propio plan sectorial de adaptación al cambio climático. 5.8. Al 2030, otras instituciones públicas de sectores con importantes afectaciones por cambio climático (turismo, infraestructura, vivienda, salud, biodiversidad, agricultura, etc.) integran medidas de adaptación en sus instrumentos de planificación.', 'integran medidas de adaptación en sus instrumentos de planificación. Al 2030, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación en los instrumentos de planificación territorial, incluyendo los planes regionales de desarrollo, los planes de desarrollo rural territorial, planes reguladores cantonales y costeros, planes estratégicos y de desarrollo humano cantonal, planes maestros, planes generales de manejo de áreas silvestres protegidas y corredores biológicos interurbanos, entre otros, con apego a las normas establecidas y las competencias institucionales. Metas: 6.1. Al 2022, los gobiernos locales cuentan con lineamientos para la integración de criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial. 6.2. Al 2022, 120 Asociaciones Administradoras de los Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales, incorporan procesos de planificación para la gestión integral del agua, con visión de resiliencia climática. 6.3.', 'Al 2022, 120 Asociaciones Administradoras de los Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales, incorporan procesos de planificación para la gestión integral del agua, con visión de resiliencia climática. 6.3. Al 2026, los gobiernos locales cuentan con guías metodológicas para planificar acciones de adaptación al cambio climático, así como para priorizar acciones de adaptación a partir del análisis multicriterio. 6.4. Al 2030, 100% de los cantones del país han integrado criterios de adaptación en alguno de Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020sus instrumentos de planificación (plan regulador, plan regulador costero, plan estratégico municipal, plan de desarrollo humano cantonal, plan operativo anual, entre otros).', 'Al 2030, 100% de los cantones del país han integrado criterios de adaptación en alguno de Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020sus instrumentos de planificación (plan regulador, plan regulador costero, plan estratégico municipal, plan de desarrollo humano cantonal, plan operativo anual, entre otros). Al 2030, se ha fomentado la adaptación basada en ecosistemas dentro y fuera del patrimonio natural del Estado, por medio de la conservación de biodiversidad en corredores biológicos, reservas privadas, territorios indígenas, fincas agropecuarias, y de la gestión integral de patrimonio natural y cultural, entre otros. Metas: 7.1. Al 2022, se cuenta con un atlas de servicios ecosistémicos de la Gran Área Metropolitana, que informe a los tomadores de decisiones de ordenamiento urbano, Asamblea Legislativa, entre otros, y concientice sobre la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos en el área urbana. 7.2.', 'Al 2022, se cuenta con un atlas de servicios ecosistémicos de la Gran Área Metropolitana, que informe a los tomadores de decisiones de ordenamiento urbano, Asamblea Legislativa, entre otros, y concientice sobre la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos en el área urbana. 7.2. Al 2022, el Gran Área Metropolitana cuenta con planes de gestión para 2 corredores biológicos interurbanos. 7.3. Al 2022, se han restaurado 300 hectáreas de paisajes y micro-corredores urbanos. 7.4. Al 2022, se ha incrementado en 100 hectáreas la cobertura forestal en zonas de protección asociadas a fuentes de agua en las regiones con riesgo hídrico como Chorotega y Norte-Norte, con base en proyecciones climáticas. 7.5. Al 2022, 3000 hectáreas de deforestación evitada en la zona de amortiguamiento del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico. 7.6.', 'Al 2022, 3000 hectáreas de deforestación evitada en la zona de amortiguamiento del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico. 7.6. Al 2026, El MAG e INCOPESCA incorporan el enfoque de adaptación basada en ecosistemas en sus instrumentos de planificación, como planes operativos anuales y otros planes institucionales que lo requieran. 7.7. Al 2030, el Golfo de Nicoya cuenta con el 80% de las áreas de manglar con potencial de rehabilitación en proceso de restauración. 7.8. Al 2030, se mantiene una reducción del área total de pastos a una tasa anual del 1% y del aumento del área de pastos con buen manejo, a una tasa de 1 a 2% anual sobre la tendencia en la línea base. 7.9. Al 2026, al menos 6 corredores biológicos gestionarán refugios climáticos, definidos por el SINAC. 7.10.', 'Al 2026, al menos 6 corredores biológicos gestionarán refugios climáticos, definidos por el SINAC. 7.10. Al 2030, se habrán intervenido 1,000,000 hectáreas de cobertura boscosa- paisajes para evitar degradación de la tierra y favorecer la biodiversidad. 7.11. Al 2030, se ha desarrollado una guía metodológica sobre soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en infraestructura (infraestructura verde), para promover prácticas constructivas que mantengan un paisaje integrado. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 20207.12. Al 2030, se han implementado otras acciones con enfoque de adaptación basada en ecosistemas que ayuden al país a reducir sus vulnerabilidades ante el cambio climático Al 2030, se ha fomentado la seguridad y sostenibilidad hídrica ante el cambio climático, así como el adecuado e integrado manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, por medio de la protección y el monitoreo de fuentes, considerando tanto aguas superficiales como subterráneas. Metas: 8.1.', 'Al 2030, se han implementado otras acciones con enfoque de adaptación basada en ecosistemas que ayuden al país a reducir sus vulnerabilidades ante el cambio climático Al 2030, se ha fomentado la seguridad y sostenibilidad hídrica ante el cambio climático, así como el adecuado e integrado manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, por medio de la protección y el monitoreo de fuentes, considerando tanto aguas superficiales como subterráneas. Metas: 8.1. Al 2026, se cuenta con una norma técnica para la adaptación de las concesiones de agua en condiciones de sequía. 8.2. Al 2026, se habrá actualizado el monto base del canon de aprovechamiento de agua, vertidos de aguas residuales y servicios ambientales, bajo consideraciones de cambio climático y criterios de eficiencia en el uso. 8.3.', 'Al 2026, se habrá actualizado el monto base del canon de aprovechamiento de agua, vertidos de aguas residuales y servicios ambientales, bajo consideraciones de cambio climático y criterios de eficiencia en el uso. 8.3. Al 2026, se disminuye un 17% el porcentaje de pérdidas de agua en redes de distribución a nivel nacional. 8.4. Al 2030, se ha desarrollado el 50% de cobertura de alcantarillado sanitario y tratamiento de aguas residuales en las áreas de alta densidad poblacional, incorporando criterios de resiliencia al cambio climático. Al 2030, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en normas y lineamientos para la inversión pública, de manera que se asegure su robustez ante impactos climáticos. Metas: 9.1.', 'Al 2030, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en normas y lineamientos para la inversión pública, de manera que se asegure su robustez ante impactos climáticos. Metas: 9.1. Al 2030, el país cuenta con y aplica lineamientos de orden general, para la evaluación del riesgo a la variabilidad y cambio climático (considerando escenarios presentes y proyecciones) para las decisiones técnicas y administrativas aplicables en todas las etapas del ciclo de vida de proyectos de infraestructura, de manera que la protección de la infraestructura y la continuidad de los servicios, contribuyan a la resiliencia de las poblaciones y comunidades. 9.2. Al 2026, las guías metodológicas para proyectos de inversión pública de MIDEPLAN incorporan criterios para la evaluación del riesgo climático y la identificación de medidas de adaptación.', 'Al 2026, las guías metodológicas para proyectos de inversión pública de MIDEPLAN incorporan criterios para la evaluación del riesgo climático y la identificación de medidas de adaptación. Al 2030, se ha garantizado la continuidad de los servicios públicos vitales (salud, educación, agua y saneamiento, energía, transporte) ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático, mediante la aplicación de normas y lineamientos con criterios de adaptación. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Metas: 10.1. Al 2022, 140 Asociaciones Administradoras de los Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales, han realizado mejoras en su infraestructura bajo un enfoque de reducción del riesgo de desastres y adaptación al cambio climático. 10.2. Al 2030, se han desarrollado 85 proyectos de aprovechamiento de agua a través de la tarifa hídrica ambiental. 10.3.', 'Al 2030, se han desarrollado 85 proyectos de aprovechamiento de agua a través de la tarifa hídrica ambiental. 10.3. Al 2030, el país cuenta con y aplica una política de continuidad de servicios que demande la evaluación del riesgo climático en la operación y el mantenimiento de la infraestructura y los servicios públicos vitales, aplicable a cada una de las instituciones y empresas prestatarias de estos servicios. Al 2030, se ha fortalecido el conocimiento, monitoreo y respuesta de los servicios de vigilancia sanitaria en salud pública. Metas: 11.1. Al 2026, se habrá generado un estudio para el desarrollo de modelos predictivos del comportamiento de enfermedades vectoriales y zoonosis, asociadas al cambio climático. 11.2. Al 2030, al menos dos estudios de impacto de la crisis alimentaria, energética y el cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. 11.3.', 'Al 2030, al menos dos estudios de impacto de la crisis alimentaria, energética y el cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. 11.3. Al 2030, se estarán implementando estrategias de prevención y promoción para el abordaje de las enfermedades transmisibles por vectores sensibles al cambio climático. 11.4. Al 2030, se cuenta con al menos un estudio de seguimiento de los indicadores de salud ambiental vinculados al cambio climático y al estado de salud de la población, incluyendo información relacionada a la carga de enfermedades asociadas al cambio climático. Al 2030, se ha fortalecido el conocimiento, el monitoreo y la respuesta de los servicios de vigilancia sanitaria en salud agropecuaria. Metas: 12.1.', 'Al 2030, se ha fortalecido el conocimiento, el monitoreo y la respuesta de los servicios de vigilancia sanitaria en salud agropecuaria. Metas: 12.1. Al 2026, se ha desarrollado un estudio sobre impactos derivados del cambio climático en sistemas productivos agropecuarios y pesqueros, incluyendo afectaciones en sanidad agropecuaria, y cuyos resultados son compartidos de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Al 2030, se han incorporado prácticas adaptativas en sistemas de producción agropecuaria , mediante lineamientos técnicos de resiliencia, certificación y capacitación de manera apropiada a las realidades y cosmovisiones de las distintas comunidades. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Metas: 13.1. Al 2026, se han fomentado las buenas prácticas agropecuarias mediante el diseño y adaptación de al menos un estándar que incentive la integración del riesgo y la adaptación climática en procesos de producción y capacitación.', 'Al 2026, se han fomentado las buenas prácticas agropecuarias mediante el diseño y adaptación de al menos un estándar que incentive la integración del riesgo y la adaptación climática en procesos de producción y capacitación. 13.2. Al 2026, se han aplicado buenas prácticas agrícolas para evitar la disminución de polinizadores por el uso inadecuado de insecticidas o prácticas culturales. 13.3. Al 2030, se incrementan en 69,500 hectáreas la aplicación de sistemas silvopastoriles y agroforestales completos. Al 2030, se han generado las condiciones necesarias para promover la innovación, inversión, eco competitividad y resiliencia de la economía ante el cambio climático. Metas: 14.1. Al 2026, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación al cambio climático a la Certificación para la Sostenibilidad Turística y al Programa País de Carbono Neutralidad. 14.2.', 'Al 2026, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación al cambio climático a la Certificación para la Sostenibilidad Turística y al Programa País de Carbono Neutralidad. 14.2. Al 2026, se han incorporado criterios de adaptación al cambio climático dentro de los protocolos de licenciamiento para la utilización de la Marca país (Esencial COSTA RICA) empleada oficialmente por Costa Rica para proyectar su imagen internacional. Al 2030, se han identificado acciones climáticas en los ejercicios presupuestarios anuales, con el fin de contar con medidas de protección financiera ante impactos de la variabilidad y cambio climático. Metas: 15.1. Al 2026, el Ministerio de Hacienda cuenta con un clasificador que permita identificar el gasto en gestión de riesgos ante la variabilidad y el cambio climático. 15.2.', 'Al 2026, el Ministerio de Hacienda cuenta con un clasificador que permita identificar el gasto en gestión de riesgos ante la variabilidad y el cambio climático. 15.2. Al 2030, el Ministerio de Hacienda ha realizado una toma física de activos que pueden ser objeto de protección financiera ante impactos del cambio y la variabilidad climática. 15.3. Al 2030, el Ministerio de Hacienda cuenta con una propuesta de medidas de protección financiera ante impactos del cambio y la variabilidad climática aplicable a los activos públicos. Al 2030, se han fortalecido instrumentos financieros tales como pago de servicios ambientales, seguros y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono, tarifarios y fiscales, para financiar las necesidades de adaptación Metas: 16.1.', 'Al 2030, se han fortalecido instrumentos financieros tales como pago de servicios ambientales, seguros y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono, tarifarios y fiscales, para financiar las necesidades de adaptación Metas: 16.1. Al 2026, se cuenta con una estrategia para Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020movilizar recursos financieros para la implementación del Plan de Acción de la Política Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Plan Nacional de Adaptación). 16.2. Al 2030, se han fortalecido instrumentos financieros tales como Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos, cánones y otros instrumentos de precio al carbono, así como seguros e instrumentos tarifarios y fiscales, para financiar las necesidades de adaptación. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Necesidades de implementación y de prestación de apoyo 4.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Necesidades de implementación y de prestación de apoyo 4. Como parte de su compromiso por incrementar la resiliencia al cambio climático, Costa Rica ya ha movilizado recursos nacionales para la implementación de acciones de adaptación. Sin embargo, los procesos y acciones necesarias para aumentar la resiliencia implican gastos que superan los recursos y capacidades locales, máxime si se toma en cuenta que Costa Rica se encuentra en una zona geográfica que será fuertemente impactada por el cambio climático. Por lo tanto el país considera que requerirá de recursos internacionales a nivel financiero, tecnológico y de creación de capacidades.', 'Por lo tanto el país considera que requerirá de recursos internacionales a nivel financiero, tecnológico y de creación de capacidades. Costa Rica se encuentra actualmente desarrollando instrumentos que facilitaran la identificación de estas necesidades más concretas de implementación y de prestación de apoyo , como lo son: Estimación de costos de implementación de las prioridades de adaptación plasmadas en instrumentos de planificación así como una estrategia para movilizar recursos financieros para su implementación. Plan de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres 2021-2025. Plan de Acción de la Política Nacional de Adaptación 2018-2030 (Plan Nacional de Adaptación). Planes de acción en adaptación para las seis regiones socioeconómicas del país.', 'Planes de acción en adaptación para las seis regiones socioeconómicas del país. Mapas de riesgo climático actual y futuro para todos los cantones del país, así como capacitación de manera que se faciliten la utilización de los mismos en procesos de identificación de medidas de adaptación prioritarias en cada cantón. Una vez estos procesos estén finalizados, en el año 2022, Costa Rica contará con información más concreta sobre las necesidades y costos de implementación de las acciones prioritarias para cumplir con las metas del país en adaptación. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020BCCR. (n.d.). Producto Interno Bruto e Ingreso per cápita a precios corrientes. Banco Central de Costa Rica. Recuperado Diciembre 9, 2020, de Borge, C., Gómez, R., & Quesada, L. (2020). Diagnósticos regionales y medidas de adaptación preliminares. Carvajal, K. (2020).', 'Diagnósticos regionales y medidas de adaptación preliminares. Carvajal, K. (2020). Análisis de la mortalidad ocasionada por el impacto de eventos hidrome teorológicos extremos en Costa Rica, periodo 1980-2017. Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 19(1), 66. Creación del Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático, no. N° 40615-MINAE (2017). Creación del Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático, no. N° 40616-MINAE Creación y operación del Sistema Nacional de Métrica del cambio Climático, no. 41127-MI NAE (2018). CNE. (2015). Estrategia Nacional de Contingencia para Enfrentar los Efectos de El Niño en Costa Rica, período 2014-2015. Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias. COMEX. (2020). Informe Anual de Labores Mayo 2019 – Abril 2020 (p. 108). Ministerio de Comercio Exterior. Contraloría General de la República. (2017).', 'Contraloría General de la República. (2017). Presión sobre la Hacienda Pública en un contex to de variabilidad y cambio climático:desafíos para mejorar las condiciones presentes y reducir los impactos futuros (DFOE-AE-OS-00001-2017; p. 42). Contraloría General de la República de Costa Rica. 5. Referencias bibliográ cas Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020CRRH. (2008). El clima, su variabilidad y cambio climático en Costa Rica. Instituto Meteoroló gico Nacional. tico/climaVariabilidadCambioClimaticoCR.pdf EUROCLIMA+. (2020). Visor de Escenarios de Cambio Climático en Centroamérica. Eurocli ma +, FIIAPP, AEMET. Proyecto: Generación de escenarios regionalizados de cambio IGN. (2020, 12 Febrero). Datos oficiales de la superficie continental y marina de Costa Rica. les-de-la-superficie-continental-y-marina-de-Costa-Rica.pdf IMN & MINAE. (2017). RCP Escenarios de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'RCP Escenarios de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Proyecto: Apoyo al programa nacional en cambio climático de Costa Rica: Mejora de la capacidad de mitigación y de adaptación de Costa Rica. DCC-MIDEPLAN-AECID. INAMU. (2019, September 26). Se mantienen desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres en la educación y el trabajo. Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. se-mantienen-desigualdades-entre-hombres-y-mujeres-en-la-educacion-y-el-trabajo INEC. (2015). VI Censo Nacional Agropecuario (No. 1). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y INEC. (2020a). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. cional-de-hogares INEC. (2020b, 16 Julio). Tasa de Empleo se sitúa en 20,1%. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. IPCC. (2015). Fifth Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Jiménez, G. (2020). Análisis de afectados por eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en Costa Rica, en el periodo 1980-2017. Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 19(1), 84.', 'Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 19(1), 84. Lineamientos para incorporación de medidas de resiliencia en infraestructura pública, no. 42465-MOPT-MINAE-MIVAH (2020). MINAE, & Dirección de Cambio Climático. (2019a). Informe de Labores DCC MINAE (p. 61) [Informe de labores]. Ministerio de Ambiente y Energia. MINAE & IMN. (2019). 2do. Informe Bienal de Actualización ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (Informe de Actualización No. 2). Minis terio de Ambiente y Energía. Contribución Nacionalmente DeterminadaMINAE, & IMN. (2014). Costa Rica 2014: Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (Comunicación Nacional No. 3; p. 112). Ministerio de Ambiente y Energia. Morales, R. (2020).', 'Ministerio de Ambiente y Energia. Morales, R. (2020). Análisis descriptivo de los fenómenos y eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos de mayor frecuencia en Costa Rica en el período 1980-2017. Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 19(1), 46. Navarro, A. (2019, March). Fuerte sequía en Costa Rica va más allá del Fenómeno del Niño. Noticias Monumental. quia-en-costa-rica-va-mas-alla-del-fenomeno-del-nino/ PEN. (2020). Informe Estado de la Nación. Programa Estado de la Nación. cion.or.cr/informes/ Programa REDD- CCAD-GIZ. (2014). Memoria de cálculo y principales resultados del Inventa rio Nacional Forestal de Costa Rica. CCAD & GIZ. SULTADOS-Y-MEMORIA-DE-CALCULO-INF-CR.pdf Reglamento de creación y funcionamiento del Comité Técnico Interministerial de cambio climático, no. 36823-MINAET (2011). Retana, J. (2012). Eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos lluviosos en Costa Rica desde la perspectiva de la adaptación al cambio en el clima.', 'Eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos lluviosos en Costa Rica desde la perspectiva de la adaptación al cambio en el clima. Revista de Ciencias Ambientales, Retana, J., Calvo, M., Sanabria, N., Córdoba, J., Calderón, K., & Cordero, K. (2017). Análisis de riesgo ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en Costa Rica. Casos de estudio: Liberia, Carrillo, Matina y Talamanca. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. SEPSA. (2020). Comercio Exterior del Sector Agropecuario 2018-2019. Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria.', 'Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Distribución de la temperatura por mes, 1900-2017 Fuente: Chaverri (2020) citado por PEN (2020) Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre °C Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C) Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Precipitación promedio por mes, 1900-2017 Fuente: Chaverri (2020) citado por PEN (2020) Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre cm Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre Precipitación (cm) Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Escenario alternativo costos por eventos hidrometeorológicos y climáticos extremos para el período 2011-2025 Fuente: (Contraloría General de la República, 2017) Tendencia + ciclo % del PIB Tendencia + ciclo + aumento prob. Fuente: (Contraloría General de la República, 2017) Tendencia anual de los costos asociados a eventos hidrometeorológicos y climáticos extremos en Costa Rica.', 'Fuente: (Contraloría General de la República, 2017) Tendencia anual de los costos asociados a eventos hidrometeorológicos y climáticos extremos en Costa Rica. Periodo 1988-2010 Millones de colones Millones de colones Exponencial (millones de colones) Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de promedio anual de precipitación para las décadas 2020-2030 y 2040-2050 usando el escenario de emisiones RCP2.6.', 'Periodo 1988-2010 Millones de colones Millones de colones Exponencial (millones de colones) Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de promedio anual de precipitación para las décadas 2020-2030 y 2040-2050 usando el escenario de emisiones RCP2.6. Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Ver imagen B aquí: Ver imagen A aquí: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de promedio anual de precipitación para las décadas 2020-2030 y 2040-2050 usando el escenario de emisiones RCP8.5 Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Ver imagen B aquí (8.5 2050): Ver imagen A aquí (8.5 2030): Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones para el corto plazo (2010-2039) y mediano plazo (2040-2069) de la temperatura media anual usando el escenario de emisiones RCP2.6 Ver imagen A aquí: Ver imagen B aquí: Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de corto (2010-2039) y mediano plazo (2040 - 2069) de la temperatura media anual usando el escenario de emisiones RCP8.5 Ver imagen A aquí: Ver imagen B aquí: Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020El proceso de actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica (NDC 2020) se ha llevado a cabo combinando elementos cuantitativos de modelos de acción climática y elementos cualitativos desarrollados por medio de un proceso de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos.', 'Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Ver imagen B aquí: Ver imagen A aquí: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de promedio anual de precipitación para las décadas 2020-2030 y 2040-2050 usando el escenario de emisiones RCP8.5 Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Ver imagen B aquí (8.5 2050): Ver imagen A aquí (8.5 2030): Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones para el corto plazo (2010-2039) y mediano plazo (2040-2069) de la temperatura media anual usando el escenario de emisiones RCP2.6 Ver imagen A aquí: Ver imagen B aquí: Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Proyecciones de corto (2010-2039) y mediano plazo (2040 - 2069) de la temperatura media anual usando el escenario de emisiones RCP8.5 Ver imagen A aquí: Ver imagen B aquí: Fuente: MINAE-IMN, 2017 Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020El proceso de actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica (NDC 2020) se ha llevado a cabo combinando elementos cuantitativos de modelos de acción climática y elementos cualitativos desarrollados por medio de un proceso de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos. Los elementos cuantitativos de citados en esta NDC 2020 fueron desarrollados con base en los modelos de acción climática desarrollados principalmente personal académico de la Universidad de Costa Rica, bajo el liderazgo del equipo técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático (DCC) y con el aporte de numerosas personas y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales.', 'Los elementos cuantitativos de citados en esta NDC 2020 fueron desarrollados con base en los modelos de acción climática desarrollados principalmente personal académico de la Universidad de Costa Rica, bajo el liderazgo del equipo técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático (DCC) y con el aporte de numerosas personas y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales. Las trayectorias de descarbonización de Costa Rica son las mismas utilizadas para la elaboración del análisis del costo beneficio del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización 2019-2050 que puede descargarse en este enlace: Para más información sobre este tema se sugiere revisar las tablas ICTU, sección VII del presente documento.', 'Para más información sobre este tema se sugiere revisar las tablas ICTU, sección VII del presente documento. En el caso de la Comunicación sobre la Adaptación, se desarrolló además un análisis de las políticas públicas del país y una consulta con expertos sectoriales para generar los insumos que fueron utilizados en las sesiones de los escenarios futuros. Las sesiones de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos permitieron explorar futuras incertidumbres que podrían impactar el paisaje futuro de Costa Rica al 2050 e influir sobre la posibilidad de alcanzar las metas climáticas. En este proceso, actores claves de los sectores incluidos en la NDC crearon una serie de escenarios narrativos socioeconómicos y ambientales basados en factores contextuales de cambio y describieron las posibles implicaciones de estos cambios para sus sectores.', 'En este proceso, actores claves de los sectores incluidos en la NDC crearon una serie de escenarios narrativos socioeconómicos y ambientales basados en factores contextuales de cambio y describieron las posibles implicaciones de estos cambios para sus sectores. Posteriormente, probaron la factibilidad de las políticas climáticas actuales de estos sectores en los escenarios futuros, y dieron recomendaciones para aumentar su robustez. Los videos de las sesiones, las estadisticas sobre participación y demás materiales de apoyo se pueden encontrar en el sitio web de la DCC ( El personal técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático preparó un primer borrador VI. Sobre este proceso Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 AQUÍpara consulta con base en los insumos del proceso de modelación y del proceso de escenarios futuros exploratorios.', 'Sobre este proceso Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 AQUÍpara consulta con base en los insumos del proceso de modelación y del proceso de escenarios futuros exploratorios. El Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) sometió dicho borrador a conocimiento y consulta de las instituciones y público en general el viernes 27 de noviembre a las 18:00. El documento estuvo disponible para consultas hasta el viernes 11 de diciembre de 2020, a las 18:00 hora de Costa Rica en el sitio web de la DCC. Para fortalecer este proceso de consulta pública, la Dirección de Cambio Climático organizó en noviembre y diciembre de 2020 una serie de conversaciones con comunidades y grupos vulnerabilizados por la crisis climática y que tienen menor representación en espacios de tomas de decisiones.', 'Para fortalecer este proceso de consulta pública, la Dirección de Cambio Climático organizó en noviembre y diciembre de 2020 una serie de conversaciones con comunidades y grupos vulnerabilizados por la crisis climática y que tienen menor representación en espacios de tomas de decisiones. Estas conversaciones tenían como fin divulgar la NDC 2020 para recibir retroalimentación y comentarios. La DCC organizó conversaciones con la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas con discapacidad y personas adultas mayores. En total, el proceso de consulta arrojó más de 165 comentarios, que el equipo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía procesó entre el 11 de diciembre y el 18 de diciembre. El registro de esos comentarios puede encontrarse en el sitio web de la DCC.', 'El registro de esos comentarios puede encontrarse en el sitio web de la DCC. El Consejo de Gobierno aprobó las metas titulares y la versión de consulta de esta NDC 2020 en su sesión del 8 de diciembre del 2020. Una primera versión de esta NDC 2020, que contenía solo las metas titulares de mitigación y adaptación, fue presentada ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático el 12 de diciembre mientras el grueso de los comentarios eran procesados.', 'Una primera versión de esta NDC 2020, que contenía solo las metas titulares de mitigación y adaptación, fue presentada ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático el 12 de diciembre mientras el grueso de los comentarios eran procesados. El presente documento es el resultado de la incorporación al borrador de consulta de las mejoras recolectadas por medio del proceso de consulta pública, de los insumos aportados por los y las Ministras durante y después del Consejo de Gobierno y de los comentarios recibidos durante las conversaciones con las comunidades. Esta versión de la NDC se presentó el 28 de diciembre de 2020. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020VII.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020VII. Información para Facilitar la Claridad, Transparencia y la Comprensión En línea con lo solicitado en el artículo 4.8 del Acuerdo de París y según las orientaciones adicionales de la decisión 4/CMA.1, Anexo 1, el país informa lo siguiente con respecto a la meta transversal a la economía en materia de mitigación: Información para Facilitar la Claridad, Transparencia y Entendimiento de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Costa Rica a. Año de referencia, año base, período de referencia u otro punto de inicio. b. Información cuantificable sobre los indicadores de referencia, sus valores en el año de referencia, año base, período, de referencia u otro punto de inicio, según corresponda, en el año objetivo. La contribución de Costa Rica no considera un punto de referencia comparativo.', 'La contribución de Costa Rica no considera un punto de referencia comparativo. La meta del país está compuesta de dos submetas planteadas de la siguiente manera: - Un máximo absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 de 9.11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) ; - Un presupuesto máximo absoluto de emisiones netas para el periodo 2021 al 2030 de 106.53 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e). Por lo tanto, no se tiene una meta relativa a un año de inicio o referencia. c. Para las estrategias, planes y acciones a que se refiere el Artículo 4 párrafo 6 del Acuerdo de París, o las políticas y medidas como componentes de las NDC donde el párrafo 1 anterior no es aplicable, las Partes deben proporcionar otra información relevante.', 'c. Para las estrategias, planes y acciones a que se refiere el Artículo 4 párrafo 6 del Acuerdo de París, o las políticas y medidas como componentes de las NDC donde el párrafo 1 anterior no es aplicable, las Partes deben proporcionar otra información relevante. No aplica para la NDC de Costa Rica. La contribución del país es transversal a la economía y está compuesta por un límite absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 y un límite neto de emisiones del periódo 2021 - 2030. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 1. Información cuantificada sobre el punto de referencia, incluido, según corresponde, un año based. Objetivo relativo al indicador de referencia, expresado numéricamente, por ejemplo, en porcentaje o cantidad de reducción. No aplica para la NDC de Costa Rica.', 'No aplica para la NDC de Costa Rica. La contribución del país es transversal a la economía y está compuesta por un límite absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 y un límite neto de emisiones del periódo 2021 - 2030. e. Información sobre las fuentes de datos utilizadas para cuantificar los puntos de referencia. No aplica para la NDC de Costa Rica. La contribución del país es transversal a la economía y está compuesta por un límite absoluto de emisiones netas en el 2030 y un límite neto de emisiones del periodo 2021 - 2030. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Marco de tiempo y o período para la implementación, incluida la fecha de inicio y finalización, de acuerdo con cualquier otra decisión relevante adoptada por la CMA.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Marco de tiempo y o período para la implementación, incluida la fecha de inicio y finalización, de acuerdo con cualquier otra decisión relevante adoptada por la CMA. El periodo de implementación de la NDC comprende desde el 1 de enero de 2021 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2030, inclusive. b. Si se trata de un objetivo de un año o de varios años, según corresponda. La contribución del país en mitigación está compuesta de dos submetas con la siguiente estructura: - Año específica (Single year): Límite absoluto de emisiones netas en un año (2030); - Multi año (Multi year): Límite neto de emisiones del periódo 2021-2030 bajo la forma de presupuesto de carbono. 2.', 'La contribución del país en mitigación está compuesta de dos submetas con la siguiente estructura: - Año específica (Single year): Límite absoluto de emisiones netas en un año (2030); - Multi año (Multi year): Límite neto de emisiones del periódo 2021-2030 bajo la forma de presupuesto de carbono. 2. Plazos y/o periodos de tiempo para la implementaciónContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Descripción general del objetivo. La contribución del país en mitigación está compuesta de las siguientes dos submetas: - Costa Rica se compromete a un máximo absoluto de emisiones netas al 2030 de 9.11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones correspondiente.', 'La contribución del país en mitigación está compuesta de las siguientes dos submetas: - Costa Rica se compromete a un máximo absoluto de emisiones netas al 2030 de 9.11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones correspondiente. - Costa Rica se compromete a un presupuesto máximo de emisiones netas en el periodo 2021 al 2030 de 106.53 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) incluyendo todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones correspondiente. 3. Alcance y cobertura b. Sectores, gases, categorías y agrupaciones cubiertos por la contribución determinada a nivel nacional, incluidos, según corresponda, de conformidad con las directrices del IPCC.', 'Alcance y cobertura b. Sectores, gases, categorías y agrupaciones cubiertos por la contribución determinada a nivel nacional, incluidos, según corresponda, de conformidad con las directrices del IPCC. La contribución de Costa Rica incluye todas las emisiones y todos los sectores cubiertos por el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del país, calculado según las directrices del IPCC 2006. Los sectores cubiertos son: Energía, Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra y Residuos. Los gases cubiertos son: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), hidrocarburos volátiles diferentes del metano (NMVOC) y dióxido de azufre (SO2). Adicionalmente se incluye carbono negro.', 'Adicionalmente se incluye carbono negro. El carbono negro se estimó por primera vez en el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero publicado en el 2019.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 c. Cómo la Parte ha tenido en cuenta los párrafos 31 (c) y (d) de la decisión 1/CP.21. Se incluyen todas las categorías emisiones antropogénicas y todos los gases. d. Co beneficios de mitigación resultantes de las acciones de adaptación de las Partes y o planes de diversificación económica, incluida la descripción de proyectos, medidas e iniciativas específicas de las acciones de adaptación y o planes de diversificación económica de las Partes. No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica.', 'No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica. a. Información sobre los procesos de planificación que llevó a cabo la Parte para preparar su NDC y, si está disponible, sobre los planes de implementación de la Parte. i) Arreglos interinstitucionales domésticos, participación pública e involucramiento con comunidades locales y poblaciones indígenas de una manera género responsiva. ii) Aspectos de contexto, entre otros, según corresponda: - Circunstancias nacionales, como geografía, clima, economía, desarrollo sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza. - Mejores prácticas y experiencias relacionadas con la preparación de la NDC. - Otras aspiraciones de contexto y prioridades reconocidas al unirse al Acuerdo de París.', '- Otras aspiraciones de contexto y prioridades reconocidas al unirse al Acuerdo de París. El proceso de actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica (NDC 2020) se ha llevado a cabo combinando elementos cuantitativos de modelos de acción climática y elementos cualitativos desarrollados por medio de un proceso de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos. Los elementos cuantitativos de citados en esta NDC 2020 fueron desarrollados con base en los modelos de acción climática desarrollados principalmente por personal académico de la Universidad de Costa Rica, bajo el liderazgo del equipo técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático (DCC) y con el aporte de numerosas personas y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales.', 'Los elementos cuantitativos de citados en esta NDC 2020 fueron desarrollados con base en los modelos de acción climática desarrollados principalmente por personal académico de la Universidad de Costa Rica, bajo el liderazgo del equipo técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático (DCC) y con el aporte de numerosas personas y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales. Las trayectorias de descarbonización de Costa Rica son las mismas utilizadas para la elaboración del análisis del costo beneficio del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización 2019-2050 que puede descargarse en este enlace: Para más información sobre este tema se sugiere revisar la sección 5.f. de esta tabla. Las sesiones de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos, desarrolladas con el apoyo de profesionales de la Universidad para la 4.', 'Las sesiones de planificación basada en escenarios futuros explorativos, desarrolladas con el apoyo de profesionales de la Universidad para la 4. Proceso de PlanificaciónContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Cooperación Internacional, permitieron explorar futuras incertidumbres que podrían impactar el paisaje futuro de Costa Rica al 2050 e influir sobre la posibilidad de alcanzar las metas climáticas. En este proceso, actores claves de los sectores incluidos en la NDC crearon una serie de escenarios narrativos socioeconómicos y ambientales basados en factores contextuales de cambio y describieron las posibles implicaciones de estos cambios para sus sectores. Posteriormente, probaron la factibilidad de las políticas climáticas actuales de estos sectores en los escenarios futuros, y dieron recomendaciones para aumentar su robustez.', 'Posteriormente, probaron la factibilidad de las políticas climáticas actuales de estos sectores en los escenarios futuros, y dieron recomendaciones para aumentar su robustez. En el siguiente link se encuentran compiladas las herramientas, presentaciones, grabaciones, y principales resultados de esre proceso: ndc/ El personal técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático preparó un primer borrador para consulta con base en los insumos del proceso de modelación y del proceso de escenarios futuros exploratorios. El Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) sometió dicho borrador a conocimiento y consulta de las instituciones y público en general el viernes 27 de noviembre a las 18:00. El documento estuvo disponible para consultas hasta el viernes 11 de diciembre de 2020, a las 18:00 hora de Costa Rica en el sitio web de la DCC.', 'El documento estuvo disponible para consultas hasta el viernes 11 de diciembre de 2020, a las 18:00 hora de Costa Rica en el sitio web de la DCC. Para fortalecer este proceso de consulta pública, la Dirección de Cambio Climático organizó en noviembre y diciembre de 2020 una serie de conversaciones con comunidades y grupos vulnerabilizados por la crisis climática y que tienen menor representación en espacios de tomas de decisiones. Estas conversaciones tenían como fin divulgar la NDC 2020 para recibir retroalimentación y comentarios. La DCC organizó conversaciones con la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas condiscapacidad y personas adultas mayores.', 'La DCC organizó conversaciones con la comunidad Afrodescendiente, grupos organizados de mujeres, juventudes, comunidad transexual, Pueblos Indígenas, personas condiscapacidad y personas adultas mayores. En total, el proceso de consulta arrojó más de 165 comentarios, que el equipo del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía procesó entre el 11 de diciembre y el 18 de diciembre. El registro de esos comentarios puede encontrarse en el sitio web de la DCC. El Consejo de Gobierno aprobó las metas titulares y la versión de consulta de esta NDC 2020 en su sesión del 8 de diciembre del 2020.', 'El Consejo de Gobierno aprobó las metas titulares y la versión de consulta de esta NDC 2020 en su sesión del 8 de diciembre del 2020. Una primera versión de esta NDC 2020, que contenía solo las metas titulares de mitigación y adaptación, fue presentada ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático el 12 de diciembre mientras el grueso de los comentarios eran procesados. El presente documento es el resultado de la incorporación al borrador de consulta de las mejoras recolectadas por medio del proceso de consulta pública, de los insumos aportados por los y las Ministras durante y después del Consejo de Gobierno y de los comentarios recibidos durante las conversaciones con las comunidades.', 'El presente documento es el resultado de la incorporación al borrador de consulta de las mejoras recolectadas por medio del proceso de consulta pública, de los insumos aportados por los y las Ministras durante y después del Consejo de Gobierno y de los comentarios recibidos durante las conversaciones con las comunidades. La versión final de este documento fue presentada el 29 de diciembre de 2020. Alineación con la visión de largo plazo: - La meta de esta NDC al 2030 es consistente con la trayectoria del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, la Estrategia de Largo Plazo presentada por Costa Rica en 2019 y que busca emisiones netas cero en el 2050 y es consistente con la trayectoria de 1.5 °C.', 'Alineación con la visión de largo plazo: - La meta de esta NDC al 2030 es consistente con la trayectoria del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, la Estrategia de Largo Plazo presentada por Costa Rica en 2019 y que busca emisiones netas cero en el 2050 y es consistente con la trayectoria de 1.5 °C. - Costa Rica plantea en la NDC el desarrollo de un proceso formal para apoyar la actualización de la NDC del país cada 5 años, el Ciclo de Ambición.', '- Costa Rica plantea en la NDC el desarrollo de un proceso formal para apoyar la actualización de la NDC del país cada 5 años, el Ciclo de Ambición. Éste ayudará a actualizar las metas de la NDC, buscando la mejor estrategia para mantener la trayectoria de emisiones hacia la meta de la Descarbonización del 2050 y el presupuesto de emisiones definido en esta NDC para el periódo 2021 y 2030, incluyendo además consideraciones de bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas.', 'Éste ayudará a actualizar las metas de la NDC, buscando la mejor estrategia para mantener la trayectoria de emisiones hacia la meta de la Descarbonización del 2050 y el presupuesto de emisiones definido en esta NDC para el periódo 2021 y 2030, incluyendo además consideraciones de bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 b. Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que han llegado a un acuerdo para actuar conjuntamente de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafo 2 del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que acordaron actuar conjuntamente y los términos del acuerdo de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafos 16 18 de la AP.', 'Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 b. Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que han llegado a un acuerdo para actuar conjuntamente de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafo 2 del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que acordaron actuar conjuntamente y los términos del acuerdo de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafos 16 18 de la AP. No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica. c Cómo la preparación de la Parte de su NDC ha sido informada por los resultados del balance global, de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafo 9 del Acuerdo de París. No aplica para esta contribución.', 'No aplica para esta contribución. d. Cada Parte con un NDC que incluya acciones de adaptación y o planes de diversificación económica que resulten en co beneficios de mitigación consistentes con el Artículo 4 párrafo 7 de la AP presentaran información sobre: i)Cómo se han considerado las consecuencias económicas y sociales de las medidas de respuesta al desarrollar el NDC. ii)Proyectos específicos, medidas, actividades a ser implementadas para contribuir a los beneficios secundarios de mitigación y acciones de diversificación económica. No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI correspondientes a la NDC de la Parte, de conformidad con la decisión 1/CP.21 párrafo 31 y la orientación contable adoptada por la CMA.', 'No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI correspondientes a la NDC de la Parte, de conformidad con la decisión 1/CP.21 párrafo 31 y la orientación contable adoptada por la CMA. Costa Rica contabiliza las emisiones utilizando en el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, el cual se calcula con base en las metodologías del IPCC para Inventarios de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del 2006, las guías de buenas prácticas sobre incertidumbre y manejo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero y el suplemento del 2013 a las guías del 2006. Para la contabilidad se consideran los potenciales de calentamiento global del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (1995).', 'Para la contabilidad se consideran los potenciales de calentamiento global del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (1995). El detalle metodológico y los supuestos clave utilizados para estimar las emisiones se registra en el Reporte Nacional del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. El último publicado puede ser consultado en el siguiente link: las emisiones antropogénicas de GEI y, según corresponda, las eliminaciones: b. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar la implementación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en el NDC. El detalle del enfoque metodológico que se usará para contabilizar la implementación de las políticas y medidas de la NDC se incluirá en el primer BTR junto con el reporte del avance de la implementación de la NDC.', 'El detalle del enfoque metodológico que se usará para contabilizar la implementación de las políticas y medidas de la NDC se incluirá en el primer BTR junto con el reporte del avance de la implementación de la NDC. c. Si corresponde, información sobre cómo la Parte tendrá en cuenta los métodos y la orientación existentes en virtud del Convenio para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas, de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafo 14 de la AP, según corresponda.', 'c. Si corresponde, información sobre cómo la Parte tendrá en cuenta los métodos y la orientación existentes en virtud del Convenio para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas, de conformidad con el Artículo 4 párrafo 14 de la AP, según corresponda. Costa Rica estima el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero con base en las metodologías del IPCC para Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del 2006, las guías de buenas prácticas sobre incertidumbre y manejo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero y el suplemento del 2013 a las guías del 2006.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 d. Metodologías y métricas del IPCC utilizadas para estimar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI.', 'Costa Rica estima el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero con base en las metodologías del IPCC para Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del 2006, las guías de buenas prácticas sobre incertidumbre y manejo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero y el suplemento del 2013 a las guías del 2006.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 d. Metodologías y métricas del IPCC utilizadas para estimar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI. Las emisiones de Costa Rica se estiman con base en las metodologías IPCC 2006. e. Supuestos metodologías y enfoques específicos del sector, categoría o actividad, consistentes con la orientación del IPCC, según corresponda, incluyendo, i) Enfoque para abordar las emisiones y las posteriores remociones de las perturbaciones naturales en tierras gestionadas.', 'Las emisiones de Costa Rica se estiman con base en las metodologías IPCC 2006. e. Supuestos metodologías y enfoques específicos del sector, categoría o actividad, consistentes con la orientación del IPCC, según corresponda, incluyendo, i) Enfoque para abordar las emisiones y las posteriores remociones de las perturbaciones naturales en tierras gestionadas. ii) Enfoque utilizado para tener en cuenta las emisiones y absorciones de productos de madera cosechada. iii) Enfoque utilizado para abordar los efectos de la estructura de clases de edad en los bosques. El detalle metodológico y los supuestos clave utilizados para estimar las emisiones se registra en el Reporte Nacional del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'El detalle metodológico y los supuestos clave utilizados para estimar las emisiones se registra en el Reporte Nacional del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. El último publicado puede ser consultado en el siguiente link: Algunas consideraciones sobre el enfoque metodológico según solicitado: - Enfoque del abordaje de perturbaciones naturales en tierras gestionadas: Costa Rica asume que los bosques primarios no están gestionados y, en consecuencia, las emisiones y absorciones no se estiman para los bosques primarios excepto cuando están deforestados, supuesto alineado con las directrices del IPCC de 2006. Las áreas sujetas a perturbaciones naturales no se consideraron relevantes para la deforestación antropogénica y también se excluyeron.', 'Las áreas sujetas a perturbaciones naturales no se consideraron relevantes para la deforestación antropogénica y también se excluyeron. Las áreas sujetas a perturbaciones naturales, como actividad volcánica, terremotos, inundaciones y cambios en los cursos de los ríos, y las áreas cubiertas por nubes y sombras en las imágenes de teledetección fueron excluidas. - Enfoque utilizado para tener en cuenta las emisiones y absorciones de productos de madera cosechada: Para la evaluación de productos de madera: se consideró el capítulo 12 del volumen 4 de las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 para Inventarios Nacionales de GEI sobre Productos de Madera Recolectada. Algunas decisiones metodológicas tomaron como base las Directrices del 2013 de Buenas Prácticas y Métodos Complementarios que surgen del Protocolo de Kioto (IPCC, 2014).', 'Algunas decisiones metodológicas tomaron como base las Directrices del 2013 de Buenas Prácticas y Métodos Complementarios que surgen del Protocolo de Kioto (IPCC, 2014). Acorde al método de producción que fue seleccionado para el cálculo, se considera que el depósito de Productos de Madera Recolectada está relacionado con lasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 actividades del bosque y, por lo tanto, no supone la oxidación instantánea de la madera en el año de la recolección. - Enfoque efectos de estructura de clases: Las emisiones por deforestación se calculan por separado para bosque primario y bosque secundario. Se estima una reserva de carbono diferente por área para cada tipo de bosque, así como para diferentes clases de edad para los bosques secundarios.', 'Se estima una reserva de carbono diferente por área para cada tipo de bosque, así como para diferentes clases de edad para los bosques secundarios. La mejora de las existencias de carbono forestal incluye cambios netos en las existencias de carbono en la categoría de bosque secundario. Esta categoría consiste en bosque secundario existente en 1986 y nueva expansión de bosque desde 1986. Los nuevos bosques solo se incluyen después de que son visibles mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales, y esto ocurre cuando los árboles en nuevas áreas de bosque tienen cuatro años, o para algunos tipos de bosques, ocho años. Las plantaciones forestales se mapean como bosques secundarios.', 'Las plantaciones forestales se mapean como bosques secundarios. La tala rasa como parte del ciclo de aprovechamiento de las plantaciones forestales se detecta como deforestación y, después de la replantación, la ganancia de carbono se detecta como un aumento de las reservas de carbono forestal.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 f. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender el NDC y, si corresponde, estimar las emisiones y absorciones correspondientes, que incluyen: i)Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando corresponda, los niveles de referencia específicos del sector, la categoría o la actividad, incluidos, por ejemplo, parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados. ii)Para las Partes con NDC que contienen componentes que no son GEI, información sobre supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según corresponda.', 'ii)Para las Partes con NDC que contienen componentes que no son GEI, información sobre supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según corresponda. iii)Para los forzadores climáticos incluidos en los NDC no cubiertos por las pautas del IPCC, información sobre cómo se estiman los forzadores climáticos. iv)Información técnica adicional, según sea necesario. En materia climática, Costa Rica mantiene la posición de que las decisiones deben basarse sobre la mejor ciencia disponible. A nivel global, esto implica aceptar el consenso científico de que debemos limitar el aumento en la temperatura promedio del planeta a 1,5°C para evitar los peores impactos de la crisis climática. A nivel local, implica priorizar las acciones climáticas sobre cuán eficientes son para reducir emisiones y mejorar el bienestar humano.', 'A nivel local, implica priorizar las acciones climáticas sobre cuán eficientes son para reducir emisiones y mejorar el bienestar humano. Para hacer esto Costa Rica ha trabajado desde hace varios años y con el apoyo de muchas personas y organizaciones, locales e internacionales para desarrollar las herramientas y capacidades necesarias para llevar a cabo este tipo de análisis. La siguiente figura muestra un resumen de la evolución de las capacidades de modelación de acción climática en Costa Rica; más información al respecto se encuentra disponible en: osta-Rica.pdf. Nuevos inputs a las capacidades de modelación.', 'Nuevos inputs a las capacidades de modelación. Nuevas iteraciones de los modelos climáticos o de tomas de decisiones Aplicación a políticas climáticas o resultados Modelación de energía y transporte Modelación de energía, incluyendo para transporte Modelación del uso de la tierra y el agua Toma de decisiones robustas (RDM) TIMES - CR OSeMOSYS - CR CLEW - CR (sobre las bases de OSeMOSYS - CR) Modelo Integrado de trayectorias de Descarbonización de Costa Rica Informe el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización Moderniza la modelación en código abierto Amplia la modelación fuera de energía Informe NDC 2020 y analiza costo/beneficio del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización TiempoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 El Modelo Integrado de Trayectorias de Descarbonización de Costa Rica (CR-DPIM, por sus siglas en inglés) integra los diferentes modelos de acción climática de Costa Rica y es el conjunto de modelación más completo que tiene el país.', 'Nuevas iteraciones de los modelos climáticos o de tomas de decisiones Aplicación a políticas climáticas o resultados Modelación de energía y transporte Modelación de energía, incluyendo para transporte Modelación del uso de la tierra y el agua Toma de decisiones robustas (RDM) TIMES - CR OSeMOSYS - CR CLEW - CR (sobre las bases de OSeMOSYS - CR) Modelo Integrado de trayectorias de Descarbonización de Costa Rica Informe el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización Moderniza la modelación en código abierto Amplia la modelación fuera de energía Informe NDC 2020 y analiza costo/beneficio del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización TiempoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 El Modelo Integrado de Trayectorias de Descarbonización de Costa Rica (CR-DPIM, por sus siglas en inglés) integra los diferentes modelos de acción climática de Costa Rica y es el conjunto de modelación más completo que tiene el país. El CR-DPIM utiliza proyecciones internamente consistentes de la actividad económica nacional, desarrolladas con el Modelo de Equilibrio General de la economía costarricense—Plataforma de Modelación Económico-Ambiental Integrado (IEEM)— facilitado por el Banco Central de Costa Rica BCCR), para proyectar el nivel de actividad en los diferentes sectores de la economía y luego hace una optimización lineal multivariable con previsión perfecta utilizando los modelos de sectores y sub-sectores que componen el CR-DPIM para estimar los costos y beneficios asociados a satisfacer esas demandas dentro de los límites de recursos y emisiones establecidos.', 'El CR-DPIM utiliza proyecciones internamente consistentes de la actividad económica nacional, desarrolladas con el Modelo de Equilibrio General de la economía costarricense—Plataforma de Modelación Económico-Ambiental Integrado (IEEM)— facilitado por el Banco Central de Costa Rica BCCR), para proyectar el nivel de actividad en los diferentes sectores de la economía y luego hace una optimización lineal multivariable con previsión perfecta utilizando los modelos de sectores y sub-sectores que componen el CR-DPIM para estimar los costos y beneficios asociados a satisfacer esas demandas dentro de los límites de recursos y emisiones establecidos. Debido a la complejidad del sistema fue necesario desarrollar una herramienta para explorar sus supuestos que se encuentra disponible en la siguiente dirección: 633-1/visualization.html.', 'Debido a la complejidad del sistema fue necesario desarrollar una herramienta para explorar sus supuestos que se encuentra disponible en la siguiente dirección: 633-1/visualization.html. Las trayectorias de descarbonización de Costa Rica son las mismas utilizadas para la elaboración del análisis de costo beneficio del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización 2019-2050 que puede descargarse en este enlace: refiere a la magnitud de emisiones nacionales netas en el año 2030 según la trayectoria “base” (resaltada en verde oscuro en la siguiente figura) de modelación de la descarbonización.', 'Específicamente, la meta para el año 2030 se refiere a la magnitud de emisiones nacionales netas en el año 2030 según la trayectoria “base” (resaltada en verde oscuro en la siguiente figura) de modelación de la descarbonización. El presupuesto para el periodo se refiere a la sumatoria de las magnitudes anuales de emisiones nacionales netas para cada año del 2021 al 2030 según la trayectoria de modelación más generosa con emisiones de 9.11 millones de toneladas de CO2e en el 2030 (resaltada en rojo en la siguiente figura). Cabe recalcar que cumplir la meta del periodo no necesariamente garantiza cumplir la meta para el año, y viceversa, por lo queContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 g. La intención de utilizar la cooperación voluntaria bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si corresponde.', 'Cabe recalcar que cumplir la meta del periodo no necesariamente garantiza cumplir la meta para el año, y viceversa, por lo queContribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 g. La intención de utilizar la cooperación voluntaria bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si corresponde. Costa Rica pretende lograr las metas titulares de mitigación de esta NDC, así como la meta de ser un país de emisiones netas cero al 2050 por medio de esfuerzos domésticos de reducir las emisiones brutas de gases de efecto invernadero y maximizar el potencial de secuestro de los sumideros naturales. El país continuará participando en distintas formas de cooperación internacional voluntaria, incluyendo bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, como complemento a sus esfuerzos domésticos de descarbonización adaptada y resiliente.', 'El país continuará participando en distintas formas de cooperación internacional voluntaria, incluyendo bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, como complemento a sus esfuerzos domésticos de descarbonización adaptada y resiliente. Costa Rica aplicará los “Principios de San José para la Alta Ambición e Integridad en los Mercados Internacionales de Carbono” en todas las transacciones y esquemas asociados a los mercados de emisiones de GEI en los que participe y en 2021 iniciará conversaciones formales con sus socios en este sentido. será importante monitorear el cumplimiento de ambos elementos a lo largo del periodo de la NDC.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Cómo la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales.', 'será importante monitorear el cumplimiento de ambos elementos a lo largo del periodo de la NDC.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 a. Cómo la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales. Con la presente contribución, Costa Rica aumentó su ambición con respecto a la primera contribución presentada por Costa Rica ante la CMUCCC en el 2015. A continuación se describen los principales aspectos que lo evidencian: - Las metas de mitigación están alineadas con la trayectoria de la Estrategia de Largo Plazo de Costa Rica, el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, presentada por Costa Rica en 2019 y que busca emisiones netas cero en 2050 y es consistente con la trayectoria 1.5 °C.', 'A continuación se describen los principales aspectos que lo evidencian: - Las metas de mitigación están alineadas con la trayectoria de la Estrategia de Largo Plazo de Costa Rica, el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, presentada por Costa Rica en 2019 y que busca emisiones netas cero en 2050 y es consistente con la trayectoria 1.5 °C. - El país pasó de tener una meta de emisiones absolutas netas máxima al 2030 de 9.37 a 9.11 millones de toneladas de CO2e. De manera que Costa Rica se compromete a reducir 0,26 millones de toneladas de CO2e más para el año 2030. - Costa Rica incluyó por primera vez una meta con un presupuesto máximo de emisiones netas para el periódo 2021-2030.', '- Costa Rica incluyó por primera vez una meta con un presupuesto máximo de emisiones netas para el periódo 2021-2030. Esta meta busca ser consistente con la mejor ciencia disponible y con lo requerido para alcanzar lo planteado en el Acuerdo de París (Artículo 2.1). - La NDC incluye una sección sobre justicia social, climática y transición justa. Costa Rica ve el proceso de transformación que implica la descarbonización como el mejor vehículo para construir una mejor Costa Rica, de manera que el país logre maximizar la descarbonización, aumente la resiliencia, mejorando también el bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas. 6.', 'Costa Rica ve el proceso de transformación que implica la descarbonización como el mejor vehículo para construir una mejor Costa Rica, de manera que el país logre maximizar la descarbonización, aumente la resiliencia, mejorando también el bienestar de las personas y los ecosistemas. 6. Cómo la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 b. Consideraciones de justicia, incluida una reflexión sobre la equidad. Costa Rica incluye en su NDC una sección sobre transición justa, justicia social y climática, reconociendo que la transformación de su economía y sociedad son urgentes e impostergables y reafirma que nadie puede quedarse atrás por atender este sentido de urgencia. Hasta los procesos más rápidos deben tomar en consideración las necesidades y oportunidades de todas las personas.', 'Hasta los procesos más rápidos deben tomar en consideración las necesidades y oportunidades de todas las personas. Por esto, una transición justa y una perspectiva de justicia social y climática son centrales para no ampliar las brechas sociales existentes, sino reducirlas. Las oportunidades son enormes. Si están bien gestionadas, tal como señala la Organización Internacional del Trabajo , las transiciones hacia economías ambiental y socialmente sostenibles pueden constituir un importante motor para la creación de puestos de trabajo, la conservación y regeneración de nuestros ecosistemas, la mejora de la calidad del empleo, la justicia social y la erradicación de la pobreza.', 'Si están bien gestionadas, tal como señala la Organización Internacional del Trabajo , las transiciones hacia economías ambiental y socialmente sostenibles pueden constituir un importante motor para la creación de puestos de trabajo, la conservación y regeneración de nuestros ecosistemas, la mejora de la calidad del empleo, la justicia social y la erradicación de la pobreza. Ante este potencial, Costa Rica entiende la transición justa como un proceso de toda la economía que produce los planes, políticas e inversiones que llevan a un futuro en el que todos los empleos son verdes y decentes, las emisiones netas son cero, la pobreza ha sido erradicada y las comunidades son prósperas y resilientes. Además, Costa Rica reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones, aumentan la vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Además, Costa Rica reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones, aumentan la vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático. Organización Internacional del Trabajo [OIT] (2016) Directrices de política para una transición justa hacia economías y sociedades ambientalmente sostenibles para todos. Ginebra: OIT. Disponible en: International Trade Union Confederation [ITUC] (2017a) Just Transition - Where are we now and what’s next? A Guide to National Policies and International Climate Governance. Bruselas: ITUC. Disponible en: Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Entre los grupos más vulnerables se encuentran las personas con discapacidad, las personas adultas mayores, las personas transgénero, los pueblos indígenas, las comunidades afro y las mujeres.', 'Disponible en: Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 Entre los grupos más vulnerables se encuentran las personas con discapacidad, las personas adultas mayores, las personas transgénero, los pueblos indígenas, las comunidades afro y las mujeres. Al mismo tiempo, se reconoce que los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes resguardan un conocimiento y tradiciones basadas en sus respectivas cosmovisiones y las relaciones con la naturaleza que estas conllevan que son invaluables, y que deben ser la base del abordaje de la acción climática con estas poblaciones. c. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4 párrafo 3 del Acuerdo de París. La presente contribución representa una progresión con respecto a la primera presentada por Costa Rica en el 2015.', 'La presente contribución representa una progresión con respecto a la primera presentada por Costa Rica en el 2015. A continuación se describen los principales aspectos que lo evidencian: - Se aumentó la ambición de la meta de mitigación, reduciendo las emisiones comprometidas máximas a ser emitidas en el año 2030 y comprometiéndose a una nueva meta asociada a un presupuesto máximo de emisiones para el periódo 2021 a 2030, según descrito en la sección 6.a . - Se robustecieron las metas sobre la adaptación al cambio climático. Esto se logró por medio de la realización de un mapeo exhaustivo de acciones de adaptación ya incorporadas en políticas, planes, programas o iniciativas existentes,incluyendo la Política Nacional de Adaptación 2018-2030.', 'Esto se logró por medio de la realización de un mapeo exhaustivo de acciones de adaptación ya incorporadas en políticas, planes, programas o iniciativas existentes,incluyendo la Política Nacional de Adaptación 2018-2030. Utilizando este mapeo como punto de partida, se aprovechó el proceso de creación participativa de escenarios futuros exploratorios para analizar y robustecer estas acciones, así como para agregar acciones adicionales que actualmente no estén plasmadas en instrumentos de política o iniciativas en implementación, pero que se hubiesen identificado como indispensables para elevar laambición climática y asegurar la resiliencia del país ante el cambio climático. - Se plantea un enfoque integrado entre las metas de mitigación y adaptación, esto con el fin de aprovechar las sinergias y potencial su impacto.', '- Se plantea un enfoque integrado entre las metas de mitigación y adaptación, esto con el fin de aprovechar las sinergias y potencial su impacto. - Se integran metas climáticas en instrumentos de desarrollo del país, por ejemplo la Política Nacional de Adaptación, el Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, el Plan de Descarbonización, entre otros. - Se incorpora la justicia social, climática y transición justa como un aspecto central de la transición buscada con la NDC y la estrategia de largo plazo del país incluyendo compromisos específicos en estas dimensiones así como su incorporación a través de toda la NDC. - Se reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones aumentan su vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático.', '- Se reconoce que las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas de algunas poblaciones aumentan su vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático. Entre los grupos más vulnerabilizados se encuentran las personas con discapacidad, las personas transgénero, las personas adultas mayores, las mujeres y la juventud y niñez, los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes y se hacen esfuerzos especificos para integrarles de maneras apropiadas en el diseño de los instrumentos de acción climática y de la NDC en particular. - Al mismo tiempo, se reconoce que los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes resguardan un conocimiento y tradiciones basadas en sus respectivas cosmovisiones y las relaciones con la naturaleza que estas conllevan que son invaluables, y que deben ser la base del abordaje de la acción climática con estas poblaciones.', '- Al mismo tiempo, se reconoce que los Pueblos Indígenas y las comunidades Afrodescendientes resguardan un conocimiento y tradiciones basadas en sus respectivas cosmovisiones y las relaciones con la naturaleza que estas conllevan que son invaluables, y que deben ser la base del abordaje de la acción climática con estas poblaciones. - Se incorpora el uso de modelos cuantitativos con un enfoque de toma de decisiones robustas bajo Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Costa Rica 2020 incertidumbre profunda para el análisis de rutas de descarbonización y para el planteamiento de las metas de mitigación. - Se incluye un mayor detalle sobre los planes y políticas previstas para la implementación de las metas descritas en el NDC.', '- Se incluye un mayor detalle sobre los planes y políticas previstas para la implementación de las metas descritas en el NDC. - Se mejora la transparencia de la NDC, incorporando las presentes tablas ICTU para mejorar su claridad, transparencia y entendimiento. d. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4 párrafo 4 del Acuerdo de París. La contribución presentada por el país es transversal a la economía, con una meta de emisiones absolutas netas para el año 2030 y una meta de emisiones netas para el periódo 2021 al 2030. e. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4 párrafo 6 del Acuerdo de París. No aplica para la contribución de Costa Rica.Costa Rica agradece el apoyo de:']

es-ES

CIV

Côte D'Ivoire

1st NDC

2016-10-25 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_CI_22092015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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['CONTRIBUTIONS PREVUES DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE 1. Contexte national Données clés Climat Sud : climat équatorial, chaud et humide. Nord : climat tropical plus sec Population 22,67 millions dont 41,5% de moins de 15 ans (RGPH, 2014) PNB 34,25 milliards USD (2014) Poids dans le PIB mondial 0,06% Parité de Pouvoir d’Achat (PPA) constant en 2011 Part de l’agriculture dans le PIB 24% Consommation d’énergie primaire /h 0,64 tep en 2012 Accès à l’électricité 56% des ménages Sources : RGPH 2014, PND 2016-2020, BAD, Banque Mondiale, EDS 2011-2012, AIE, PNIA 2010-2015 Après une décennie de crise politico-militaire qui a entrainé une profonde fracture sociale, la Côte d’Ivoire s’est donné pour objectif de devenir un pays émergent à l’horizon 2020.', 'Nord : climat tropical plus sec Population 22,67 millions dont 41,5% de moins de 15 ans (RGPH, 2014) PNB 34,25 milliards USD (2014) Poids dans le PIB mondial 0,06% Parité de Pouvoir d’Achat (PPA) constant en 2011 Part de l’agriculture dans le PIB 24% Consommation d’énergie primaire /h 0,64 tep en 2012 Accès à l’électricité 56% des ménages Sources : RGPH 2014, PND 2016-2020, BAD, Banque Mondiale, EDS 2011-2012, AIE, PNIA 2010-2015 Après une décennie de crise politico-militaire qui a entrainé une profonde fracture sociale, la Côte d’Ivoire s’est donné pour objectif de devenir un pays émergent à l’horizon 2020. Pour impulser et coordonner les multiples facettes de son développement, la Côte d’Ivoire a renoué avec sa tradition de planification.', 'Pour impulser et coordonner les multiples facettes de son développement, la Côte d’Ivoire a renoué avec sa tradition de planification. Le pays a également renoué avec une croissance rapide (de l’ordre de 8% par an), dans un contexte de paix, de sécurité fortement améliorée et d’une meilleure gouvernance. Les populations commencent également à tirer profit du dynamisme retrouvé, grâce aux efforts de redistribution et de correction des inégalités réalisés dans les différents secteurs. Le PND 2016-2020 en cours de finalisation vise à consolider cette trajectoire vers l’émergence et l’industrialisation. Cette planification s’inscrit dans une vision à plus long-terme. L’Etude Nationale Prospective « Côte d’Ivoire 2040 » est également en voie de finalisation.', 'L’Etude Nationale Prospective « Côte d’Ivoire 2040 » est également en voie de finalisation. La stratégie nationale de développement du pays conjuguée à une forte croissance démographique conduirait à une augmentation substantielle des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). En outre, la Côte d’Ivoire est vulnérable aux impacts du changement climatique qui touchent tous les secteurs essentiels de son développement. Pour relever ces défis, la Côte d’Ivoire a mis en place en 2012 le Programme National Changement Climatique (PNCC) afin de coordonner, proposer et promouvoir des mesures et stratégies en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Une Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques 2015-2020 a été adoptée fin 2014.', 'Une Stratégie Nationale de Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques 2015-2020 a été adoptée fin 2014. Au travers de cette Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN / INDC), la Côte d’Ivoire entend : marquer sa volonté de réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des “co-bénéfices“ élevés (Section 2 : Atténuation) ; renforcer la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques (Section 3 : Adaptation) ; mettre en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles et renforcer son dispositif et ses outils de mise en œuvre pour faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs (Section 4) ; et mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens pertinents, notamment de financement, tant nationaux qu’internationaux (Section 5).2.1.', 'Au travers de cette Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN / INDC), la Côte d’Ivoire entend : marquer sa volonté de réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement en privilégiant des options d’atténuation présentant des “co-bénéfices“ élevés (Section 2 : Atténuation) ; renforcer la résilience du pays aux changements climatiques (Section 3 : Adaptation) ; mettre en cohérence ses politiques sectorielles et renforcer son dispositif et ses outils de mise en œuvre pour faciliter l’atteinte de ces objectifs (Section 4) ; et mobiliser à cet effet tous les moyens pertinents, notamment de financement, tant nationaux qu’internationaux (Section 5).2.1. Contribution de la Côte d’Ivoire Tout en prenant en compte la nécessité de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la Côte d’Ivoire, à l’instar des économies africaines doit relever le défi du développement afin d’améliorer le niveau et la qualité de vie de sa population.', 'Contribution de la Côte d’Ivoire Tout en prenant en compte la nécessité de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la Côte d’Ivoire, à l’instar des économies africaines doit relever le défi du développement afin d’améliorer le niveau et la qualité de vie de sa population. L’impérieuse nécessité de ce développement qui passe notamment par l’accroissement de la production agricole, la transformation agro-industrielle, la lutte contre la déforestation et la poursuite, voire l’accélération de la mise à disposition d’énergie moderne à tous les habitants, n’entame en rien la volonté politique du pays de contribuer à la réduction des émissions de GES. Toutefois, la Côte d’Ivoire a besoin d’être appuyée pour poursuivre la voie d’un développement durable, respectueux de l’environnement et soucieux des enjeux des changements climatiques.', 'Toutefois, la Côte d’Ivoire a besoin d’être appuyée pour poursuivre la voie d’un développement durable, respectueux de l’environnement et soucieux des enjeux des changements climatiques. Les INDC de la Côte d’Ivoire se déclinent donc en une contribution basée sur les efforts de réduction de GES contenus dans les plans stratégiques sectoriels de développement prévoyant l’appui des partenaires techniques et financiers. Type de contribution Combinaison d’objectifs et d’actions d’atténuation Objectif national à long terme sur les émissions de GES Scénario bas carbone Réduction des émissions de GES par rapport aux émissions de l’année cible (2030) dans un scénario de base (Business As Usual ou BAU).', 'Type de contribution Combinaison d’objectifs et d’actions d’atténuation Objectif national à long terme sur les émissions de GES Scénario bas carbone Réduction des émissions de GES par rapport aux émissions de l’année cible (2030) dans un scénario de base (Business As Usual ou BAU). Année cible 2030 Année de base 2012 Réduction cumulée des émissions d’ici Scénario bas carbone Objectifs sectoriels Scénario bas carbone • Composition du mix électrique : 26% de charbon, 32% de gaz naturel en cycle combiné, 26% d’hydroélectricité et 16% des autres énergies de sources renouvelables (EnR), soit un cumul de 42% d’EnR dans le mix électrique en 2030. • Intensification et mécanisation de l’agriculture et de la production animale. • Réduction des émissions de GES dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. • Gestion durable et valorisation des déchets.', '• Gestion durable et valorisation des déchets. Equité de la Contribution - La Côte d’Ivoire est peu émettrice de GES avec seulement 0,81 tCO2/hab (hors foresterie) - Le développement nécessaire de la Côte d’Ivoire (+8,4% de croissance du PIB d’ici 2030) s’accompagnerait d’une augmentation des émissions à 1,17 tCO2/hab (+44,4%) en 2030. Ambition de la Contribution La Côte d’Ivoire s’engage à : - Porter à 42% la part des EnR dans le mix électrique (incluant la grande hydroélectricité). - Mettre en œuvre la stratégie de réduction des émissions de GES issues de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts en plus de la gestion durable des forêts et des politiques ambitieuses de reboisement (REDD+).', '- Mettre en œuvre la stratégie de réduction des émissions de GES issues de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts en plus de la gestion durable des forêts et des politiques ambitieuses de reboisement (REDD+). La baisse de 28% des émissions du scénario bas-carbone par rapport à un scénario de base (BAU) représente un effort significatif pour un pays dont le PIB/hab se situe au 148ème rang mondial (2014, en base PPA). Polluants atmosphériques de courte durée de vie (PCDV/SLCP) La Côte d’Ivoire s est engagée à réduire les polluants atmosphériques de courte durée de vie ayant un impact sur le climat en plus des GES de longue durée.', 'Polluants atmosphériques de courte durée de vie (PCDV/SLCP) La Côte d’Ivoire s est engagée à réduire les polluants atmosphériques de courte durée de vie ayant un impact sur le climat en plus des GES de longue durée. Le pays développera à cet effet, d’ici à 2018, un plan d’action national de réduction des PCDV / SLCP dont les contributions au réchauffement climatique sont clairement établies par le PNUE dans son rapport de 2011. 2.2.', 'Le pays développera à cet effet, d’ici à 2018, un plan d’action national de réduction des PCDV / SLCP dont les contributions au réchauffement climatique sont clairement établies par le PNUE dans son rapport de 2011. 2.2. Scénarios de base et de développement sobre en carbone La figure ci-dessous présente (i) les émissions de l’année de base 2012, (ii) un scénario Business As Usual (cours normal des affaires) et (iii) un scénario de développement sobre en carbone montrant l’impact des grandes actions sectorielles dont la mise en œuvre pourrait être assujettie à des appuis extérieurs additionnels.Total émissions (ktonne équiv. CO2 Le tableau ci-dessous présente les parts relatives des différents sous-secteurs dans les émissions de GES. Sous-secteurs 2012 BAU (2030) Scénario bas carbone Emissions (ktonne ) Emissions (ktonne ) Pourcentage de hausse par rapport Emission (ktonne ) Pourcentage de baisse par rapport à BAU Approvisionnement en énergie - ktonne équiv. CO22.3.', 'Sous-secteurs 2012 BAU (2030) Scénario bas carbone Emissions (ktonne ) Emissions (ktonne ) Pourcentage de hausse par rapport Emission (ktonne ) Pourcentage de baisse par rapport à BAU Approvisionnement en énergie - ktonne équiv. CO22.3. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques Type d’objectif Réduction en % par rapport aux émissions de l’année cible dans un scénario de base. Début de mise en œuvre de l’INDC 2016. Couverture (du pays) Tout le pays. Gaz couverts Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), Méthane (CH4), Oxyde nitreux (N2O). Secteurs/sources couverts Agriculture, Energie, Déchets, UTCATF (Foresterie : non incluse dans les inventaires). Scénario de base (BAU) Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 par secteur d’activité en fonction des stratégies actuelles de développement du Gouvernement.', 'Scénario de base (BAU) Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 par secteur d’activité en fonction des stratégies actuelles de développement du Gouvernement. Scénario d’atténuation (bas carbone) Ce scénario décrit l’évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 sur la base d’orientations bas-carbone dans les principaux secteurs d’activité, notamment, énergie, agriculture et déchets. Sources pour les scénarios (BAU et Bas carbone) ENP 2040, PND 2016-2020, Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030, PNIA 2010-2015, Politique industrielle (2013). PRG Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées par le Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l’évolution du Climat (GIEC, SAR). Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de base (BAU) L’inventaire de l’année de base (2012) est celui de la Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN).', 'Méthodologie de projection des émissions du scénario de base (BAU) L’inventaire de l’année de base (2012) est celui de la Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN). Le scénario de base (BAU) est construit en appliquant aux émissions des différents secteurs des hypothèses d’évolution dépendant des taux de croissance annuels sectoriels, de l’évolution de la population, du mix électrique et de l’évolution tendancielle de l’efficacité du secteur. Méthodologie de projection pour le scénario bas carbone Le scénario bas carbone est construit en appliquant aux émissions sectorielles du scénario de base, une estimation des gains liés à la mise en place des politiques et projets du secteur.', 'Méthodologie de projection pour le scénario bas carbone Le scénario bas carbone est construit en appliquant aux émissions sectorielles du scénario de base, une estimation des gains liés à la mise en place des politiques et projets du secteur. Approche concernant les émissions relatives à l’Utilisation des Terre, Changements d’Affectation des Terre et Foresterie (UTCATF) Les émissions de ce secteur important en Côte d’Ivoire devront faire l’objet d’une analyse plus précise d’ici à 2020 pour pouvoir être intégrées à l’objectif général. Cela pourra se faire grâce à la meilleure connaissance des superficies par type de sols grâce à l’imagerie satellitaire couplée avec l’exploitation des données de terrain.2.4.', 'Cela pourra se faire grâce à la meilleure connaissance des superficies par type de sols grâce à l’imagerie satellitaire couplée avec l’exploitation des données de terrain.2.4. Actions d’atténuation La Côte d’Ivoire entend mettre en œuvre les Actions d’atténuation suivantes1 : Agriculture / Foresterie Grands enjeux de l agriculture: (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance et de la sécurité alimentaires et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité Grand enjeu du secteur forestier: Gestion durable des forêts et Objectif de 20% de couverture nationale forestière dans le Code forestier 2014 Message clef : Concept « Agriculture zéro déforestation » Orientation Mesures /actions Co-bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Mise en cohérence de la planification nationale et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture et le secteur forestier Mise en cohérence des Plans Nationaux d Investissement Agricole (PNIA) avec les stratégies de limitation de la déforestation (processus REDD+) à travers un schéma directeur d’aménagement du territoire à 2030 (sécurisation du foncier) en concertation avec chacune des filières agricoles et les territoires Bonification des avantages économiques du PNIA et des plans de développement forestier - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Inclusion sociale - Réduction des émissions de GES - Accroissement global du carbone forestier - Maintien de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques Rédaction d’un schéma régional d’aménagement du territoire pour les différentes régions avec l’implication des communautés locales Développement économique des régions Réduction des conflits sociaux Accroissement des services écosystémiques Délimitation des territoires villageois et matérialisation des limites avec des essences forestières Maitrise du foncier et de la dynamique spatiale de l’occupation des terres - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Inclusion sociale Accroissement des services écosystémiques Sécurisation du foncier avec l’implication des interprofessions agricoles, des coopératives et du secteur privé pour faciliter les procédures et la réalisation d’économies d’échelle Faciliter l’investissement dans le secteur de l’utilisation des terres - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Cohésion sociale Accroissement des services écosystémiques Développement agricole sans extension sur les surfaces forestières restantes et moins émettrice de GES Découplage de la production agricole et de la déforestation via la promotion de pratiques agricoles intensives à impacts réduits sur l’environnement et l’agroforesterie - Amélioration de la productivité et de la création de richesses - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Stimulation de la création d’industries légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural - Effets positifs sur l’économie sociale : création d’emplois en milieu rural (environ agricoles attendus pour le PNIA en cours) - Réduction de la pauvreté - Réduction des émissions de GES - Maintien des services éco- systémiques Concrétisation du concept « Agriculture zéro déforestation » et valorisation des produits associés - Amélioration de la productivité des facteurs - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Création d’emploi - Réduction des émissions de GES 1 Ces actions sont formulées à un niveau élevé d’agrégation en cohérence avec l’esprit de l’INDC, qui ne doit pas consister en un catalogue de programmes et de projets.', 'Actions d’atténuation La Côte d’Ivoire entend mettre en œuvre les Actions d’atténuation suivantes1 : Agriculture / Foresterie Grands enjeux de l agriculture: (i) Recherche de l’autosuffisance et de la sécurité alimentaires et (ii) Amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité Grand enjeu du secteur forestier: Gestion durable des forêts et Objectif de 20% de couverture nationale forestière dans le Code forestier 2014 Message clef : Concept « Agriculture zéro déforestation » Orientation Mesures /actions Co-bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Mise en cohérence de la planification nationale et de l’aménagement de l’espace rural pour développer l agriculture et le secteur forestier Mise en cohérence des Plans Nationaux d Investissement Agricole (PNIA) avec les stratégies de limitation de la déforestation (processus REDD+) à travers un schéma directeur d’aménagement du territoire à 2030 (sécurisation du foncier) en concertation avec chacune des filières agricoles et les territoires Bonification des avantages économiques du PNIA et des plans de développement forestier - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Inclusion sociale - Réduction des émissions de GES - Accroissement global du carbone forestier - Maintien de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques Rédaction d’un schéma régional d’aménagement du territoire pour les différentes régions avec l’implication des communautés locales Développement économique des régions Réduction des conflits sociaux Accroissement des services écosystémiques Délimitation des territoires villageois et matérialisation des limites avec des essences forestières Maitrise du foncier et de la dynamique spatiale de l’occupation des terres - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Inclusion sociale Accroissement des services écosystémiques Sécurisation du foncier avec l’implication des interprofessions agricoles, des coopératives et du secteur privé pour faciliter les procédures et la réalisation d’économies d’échelle Faciliter l’investissement dans le secteur de l’utilisation des terres - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Cohésion sociale Accroissement des services écosystémiques Développement agricole sans extension sur les surfaces forestières restantes et moins émettrice de GES Découplage de la production agricole et de la déforestation via la promotion de pratiques agricoles intensives à impacts réduits sur l’environnement et l’agroforesterie - Amélioration de la productivité et de la création de richesses - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Stimulation de la création d’industries légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural - Effets positifs sur l’économie sociale : création d’emplois en milieu rural (environ agricoles attendus pour le PNIA en cours) - Réduction de la pauvreté - Réduction des émissions de GES - Maintien des services éco- systémiques Concrétisation du concept « Agriculture zéro déforestation » et valorisation des produits associés - Amélioration de la productivité des facteurs - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Création d’emploi - Réduction des émissions de GES 1 Ces actions sont formulées à un niveau élevé d’agrégation en cohérence avec l’esprit de l’INDC, qui ne doit pas consister en un catalogue de programmes et de projets. Un travail subséquent sera nécessaire pour traduire ces orientations en programmes opérationnels.naturels de production (terre, facteurs climatiques) - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction de la pauvreté rurale - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan - Accroissement du carbone forestier - Maintien de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques Développement des infrastructures de base qui permettront d’améliorer la logistique des transports de produits agricoles, d’élevage et de pisciculture - Baisse des pertes post- récolte et accroissement des revenus - Stimulation de la création d’industries légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural - Accroissement des emplois - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant d’éviter la déforestation Promotion et intensification de la production et de l’utilisation de semences à haut rendement et résistantes notamment aux facteurs climatiques et aux maladies (hors OGM et hybrides) Accroissement de la productivité et des revenus Création de chaines de valeur durables et d’emplois Réduction de la pression sur les terres agricoles Renforcement des partenariats et des collaborations sur l’analyse des sols pour améliorer leur productivité et améliorer la mise en œuvre des innovations agricoles Accroissement de l’innovation agricole et des rendements Création d’emplois Maintien des services écosystémiques Rationalisation de l’utilisation des intrants chimiques et facilitation de l’emploi des intrants biologiques Réduction des coûts médicaux liés à l’utilisation non contrôlée des intrants chimiques Réduction des risques sanitaires liés aux intrants chimiques Réduction des dommages environnementaux dus aux intrants chimiques Développement d’une mécanisation efficiente de l agriculture et amélioration des infrastructures de conditionnement, de récolte et de conservation Baisse des pertes post- récolte et accroissement des revenus Création d’emploi Maintien des services écosystémiques Promotion des pratiques durables et intégrées permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu Promotion de l’association agriculture-élevage, de l’agroforesterie, et de l agriculture de conservation en particulier au niveau des plantations communautaires et privées Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles Réduction des conflits sociaux Amélioration de la biodiversité Réduction maximale de la submersion rizicole permettant de limiter les émissions de méthane Maintien des rendements agricoles Maintien des emplois Réduction des émissions de GES Gestion durable des sols organiques - Amélioration de la productivité et de la création de richesses - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Maintien des emplois - Maintien des services écosystémiques Renforcement et vulgarisation des résultats de la recherche scientifique sur la gestion des ressources naturelles (notamment les sciences du sol et la physiologie pathologie et technologie post récolte) Amélioration des calendriers culturaux, et des techniques de production Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Maintien des emplois Développement du secteur forestier à travers la gestion durable des Mise en œuvre du mécanisme d’Applications des réglementations forestières, Gouvernance et Echanges commerciaux (FLEGT) Relance de l’économie forestière Amélioration de la gouvernance forestière Maintien des services écosystémiquesforêts et l’amélioration de la Gouvernance forestière Rédaction et mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement et de gestion participative des forêts classées Diversification des revenus des communautés locales Participation des populations à la gestion des forêts Maintien des services écosystémiques Stabilisation de l’extension des surfaces agricoles dans les forêts classées Sécurisation du revenu des paysans Création d’emplois Préservation de la biodiversité Restauration des forêts classées avec l’implication des communautés locales Diversification des revenus des communautés locales Création d’emploi Accroissement des stocks de carbone Renforcement de la gestion durable des forêts classées et des aires protégées, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres - Maintien des rendements agricoles liés au micro climat - Stimulation d’activités écotouristiques - Création d’emploi écotouristiques - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes - Préservation et valorisation de la biodiversité et des habitats naturels - Maintien des services écosystémiques Facilitation de la réhabilitation des terres dégradées et du reboisement des zones de savanes, et renforcer les stocks de carbone dans les forêts dégradées à travers la promotion du reboisement villageois - Diversification des sources de revenus - Crédit carbone disponible - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Accroissement des emplois - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan - Restauration de la biodiversité et des habitats naturels - Accroissement des services écosystémiques Mise en place d’un système d’incitation de type paiement pour service environnementaux (PSE) afin encourager le reboisement villageois et la conservation des forêts naturelles dans le domaine rural et soutenir les petits producteurs à adopter des pratiques de production durable Accroissement des revenus des communautés Création d’emploi - Accroissement des stocks de carbone - Accroissement des services écosystémiques Développement de solutions énergétiques domestiques durables pour les besoins de cuisson des populations Reboisement avec des essences à croissance rapide à vocation bois énergie ; Promotion de foyers améliorés et Promotion des alternatives en charbon de bois à travers la valorisation de la biomasse agricole Diversification des revenus des communautés locales - Création d’emploi vert - Amélioration des conditions de vie de la femme en milieu rural Réduction des émissions de GES Coûts Le coût global du PNIA 2010-2015 est évalué à 2 040 milliards de FCFA, dont 1 565 milliards pour la période 2012 - 2015 (même ordre de grandeur pour PNIA 2016-2020).', 'Un travail subséquent sera nécessaire pour traduire ces orientations en programmes opérationnels.naturels de production (terre, facteurs climatiques) - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction de la pauvreté rurale - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan - Accroissement du carbone forestier - Maintien de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques Développement des infrastructures de base qui permettront d’améliorer la logistique des transports de produits agricoles, d’élevage et de pisciculture - Baisse des pertes post- récolte et accroissement des revenus - Stimulation de la création d’industries légères à vocation agricole dans le milieu rural - Accroissement des emplois - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan Intensification d une production agricole, animale et halieutique respectueuse de l environnement et permettant d’éviter la déforestation Promotion et intensification de la production et de l’utilisation de semences à haut rendement et résistantes notamment aux facteurs climatiques et aux maladies (hors OGM et hybrides) Accroissement de la productivité et des revenus Création de chaines de valeur durables et d’emplois Réduction de la pression sur les terres agricoles Renforcement des partenariats et des collaborations sur l’analyse des sols pour améliorer leur productivité et améliorer la mise en œuvre des innovations agricoles Accroissement de l’innovation agricole et des rendements Création d’emplois Maintien des services écosystémiques Rationalisation de l’utilisation des intrants chimiques et facilitation de l’emploi des intrants biologiques Réduction des coûts médicaux liés à l’utilisation non contrôlée des intrants chimiques Réduction des risques sanitaires liés aux intrants chimiques Réduction des dommages environnementaux dus aux intrants chimiques Développement d’une mécanisation efficiente de l agriculture et amélioration des infrastructures de conditionnement, de récolte et de conservation Baisse des pertes post- récolte et accroissement des revenus Création d’emploi Maintien des services écosystémiques Promotion des pratiques durables et intégrées permettant d améliorer les capacités de production agricole et valoriser les ressources du milieu Promotion de l’association agriculture-élevage, de l’agroforesterie, et de l agriculture de conservation en particulier au niveau des plantations communautaires et privées Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles Réduction des conflits sociaux Amélioration de la biodiversité Réduction maximale de la submersion rizicole permettant de limiter les émissions de méthane Maintien des rendements agricoles Maintien des emplois Réduction des émissions de GES Gestion durable des sols organiques - Amélioration de la productivité et de la création de richesses - Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Maintien des emplois - Maintien des services écosystémiques Renforcement et vulgarisation des résultats de la recherche scientifique sur la gestion des ressources naturelles (notamment les sciences du sol et la physiologie pathologie et technologie post récolte) Amélioration des calendriers culturaux, et des techniques de production Accroissement des rendements et revenus agricoles - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Maintien des emplois Développement du secteur forestier à travers la gestion durable des Mise en œuvre du mécanisme d’Applications des réglementations forestières, Gouvernance et Echanges commerciaux (FLEGT) Relance de l’économie forestière Amélioration de la gouvernance forestière Maintien des services écosystémiquesforêts et l’amélioration de la Gouvernance forestière Rédaction et mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement et de gestion participative des forêts classées Diversification des revenus des communautés locales Participation des populations à la gestion des forêts Maintien des services écosystémiques Stabilisation de l’extension des surfaces agricoles dans les forêts classées Sécurisation du revenu des paysans Création d’emplois Préservation de la biodiversité Restauration des forêts classées avec l’implication des communautés locales Diversification des revenus des communautés locales Création d’emploi Accroissement des stocks de carbone Renforcement de la gestion durable des forêts classées et des aires protégées, notamment grâce au suivi spatial des terres - Maintien des rendements agricoles liés au micro climat - Stimulation d’activités écotouristiques - Création d’emploi écotouristiques - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes - Préservation et valorisation de la biodiversité et des habitats naturels - Maintien des services écosystémiques Facilitation de la réhabilitation des terres dégradées et du reboisement des zones de savanes, et renforcer les stocks de carbone dans les forêts dégradées à travers la promotion du reboisement villageois - Diversification des sources de revenus - Crédit carbone disponible - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Accroissement des emplois - Réduction de l’exode des jeunes et rajeunissement du monde paysan - Restauration de la biodiversité et des habitats naturels - Accroissement des services écosystémiques Mise en place d’un système d’incitation de type paiement pour service environnementaux (PSE) afin encourager le reboisement villageois et la conservation des forêts naturelles dans le domaine rural et soutenir les petits producteurs à adopter des pratiques de production durable Accroissement des revenus des communautés Création d’emploi - Accroissement des stocks de carbone - Accroissement des services écosystémiques Développement de solutions énergétiques domestiques durables pour les besoins de cuisson des populations Reboisement avec des essences à croissance rapide à vocation bois énergie ; Promotion de foyers améliorés et Promotion des alternatives en charbon de bois à travers la valorisation de la biomasse agricole Diversification des revenus des communautés locales - Création d’emploi vert - Amélioration des conditions de vie de la femme en milieu rural Réduction des émissions de GES Coûts Le coût global du PNIA 2010-2015 est évalué à 2 040 milliards de FCFA, dont 1 565 milliards pour la période 2012 - 2015 (même ordre de grandeur pour PNIA 2016-2020). L orientation bas carbone des futurs plans devra être distillée sur toutes les composantesEnergie/Transport Grands enjeux de l énergie : (i) Améliorer l accès des populations à l électricité et à l énergie à un prix accessible ; et (ii) Accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité Message clef : « 42 % d énergies renouvelables incluant la grande hydroélectricité dans le mix électrique » Orientation Mesures /actions Effets /Bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Maîtrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité énergétique volontariste incluant les EnR Mesures transversales Investissement dans l’efficacité énergétique et amélioration du taux de participation des EnR dans le mix électrique à l’horizon - Gains de productivité et amélioration de la compétitivité - Diversification des sources d’énergie primaire - Réduction de la dépendance vis- à-vis des énergies fossiles - Amélioration de l’accès à des sources d’énergie sûre et abondante - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel et règlementaire en matière d’EnR et d’efficacité énergétique Amélioration de l’environnement autour du secteur énergétique - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Renforcement de l intégration de la Côte d Ivoire dans le marché Régional de l Energie, à travers l interconnexion avec les autres pays de la région - Accroissement du revenu national - Renforcement de la part de la Côte d’Ivoire dans le PIB de l’UEMOA - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Industrie Mise en place d’une stratégie de réduction des gaspillages dans la consommation énergétique des industries à travers : - le diagnostic ou l’audit énergétique pour établir un bilan de la consommation et des usages énergétiques ; - le comptage pour disposer de données fiables et continues sur - la consommation.', 'L orientation bas carbone des futurs plans devra être distillée sur toutes les composantesEnergie/Transport Grands enjeux de l énergie : (i) Améliorer l accès des populations à l électricité et à l énergie à un prix accessible ; et (ii) Accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité Message clef : « 42 % d énergies renouvelables incluant la grande hydroélectricité dans le mix électrique » Orientation Mesures /actions Effets /Bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Maîtrise de la consommation énergétique des systèmes par une politique d efficacité énergétique volontariste incluant les EnR Mesures transversales Investissement dans l’efficacité énergétique et amélioration du taux de participation des EnR dans le mix électrique à l’horizon - Gains de productivité et amélioration de la compétitivité - Diversification des sources d’énergie primaire - Réduction de la dépendance vis- à-vis des énergies fossiles - Amélioration de l’accès à des sources d’énergie sûre et abondante - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel et règlementaire en matière d’EnR et d’efficacité énergétique Amélioration de l’environnement autour du secteur énergétique - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Renforcement de l intégration de la Côte d Ivoire dans le marché Régional de l Energie, à travers l interconnexion avec les autres pays de la région - Accroissement du revenu national - Renforcement de la part de la Côte d’Ivoire dans le PIB de l’UEMOA - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Amélioration des taux de couverture et d’accès des populations aux services énergétiques - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Industrie Mise en place d’une stratégie de réduction des gaspillages dans la consommation énergétique des industries à travers : - le diagnostic ou l’audit énergétique pour établir un bilan de la consommation et des usages énergétiques ; - le comptage pour disposer de données fiables et continues sur - la consommation. - Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Gains de revenus - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de l’empreinte écologique Encouragement des entreprises à investir dans des équipements énergétiquement plus performants - Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturellesEvaluer les potentiels de substitution ou d optimisation (par exemple cogénération ou valorisation) ; - Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Sous-secteur Bâtiments Développement d’une réglementation nationale sur l’efficacité thermique des bâtiments (construction et rénovation) - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Formation de tous les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur à la construction basse consommation - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Sous-secteur Transports Amélioration de la mobilité et développement des offres de transport bas-carbone - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Intégration d’une dimension énergie/climat dans les documents de planification territoriale afin de limiter les distances, de travailler sur la mixité fonctionnelle et de proposer des politiques de transport en commun efficiente - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Accompagnement des communes dans l élaboration de plans de transport urbain (exemple du train urbain dans le district d Abidjan) - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Facilitation de l achat de véhicules peu polluants et mise au rebut des plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables Mettre en place un cadre incitatif pour le développement des énergies renouvelables (appel d offre, FIT, défiscalisation, .) - Diversification des sources d’énergie primaire - Réduction de la dépendance énergétique vis-à-vis des énergies fossiles - Amélioration de l’accès à des sources d’énergie sûre et abondante - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturellesLever les barrières à l investissement (renforcement du cadre institutionnel, sécurisation des investissements, formation des banques, .) - Gains de productivité et amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Investir dans la R&D, notamment par le renforcement des capacités de l Institut de Recherche sur les Energies Renouvelables (IREN) et évaluer l’opportunité de créer une Agence de Promotion des Energies Renouvelables - Elargissement du champ de connaissances sur l’efficacité énergétique - Amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Faciliter le développement de projets sur les filières pertinentes: - Petite hydroélectricité - Méthanisation (déchets, résidus agricoles.) - Photovoltaïque (promotion des Kits PV solaire, système de pompage PV.) - Biomasse (exploitation durable de bois énergie) - Elargissement du champ de connaissances sur l’efficacité énergétique - Gains de revenus - Amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Déchets Grands enjeux des déchets : (i) Améliorer la salubrité urbaine ; et (ii) Assurer la gestion durable et la valorisation des déchets Orientations Mesures/actions Effets/Bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire Développer et mettre en œuvre une politique et une stratégie de gestion durable des déchets incluant l’aspect valorisation - Accroissement des revenus et de la richesse nationale - Contribution à la modernisation de l’économie et gains de productivité - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois - Amélioration de la qualité de vie des populations - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES ; - Amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement - Diminution des pressions sur les ressources naturelles Développer des actions d économie circulaire : - Eco-conception des produits - Récupération/utilisation et recyclage des déchets (agricoles, forestiers et ménagers) - Compostage - Valorisation des eaux usées - Accroissement des revenus et de la richesse nationale - Contribution à la modernisation de l’économie et gains de productivité - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois - Amélioration de la qualité de vie des populations - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES ; - Amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement - Diminution des pressions sur les ressources naturelles Coûts Le Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030 précise que le montant total des investissements production-transport pour la période 2014- 2030, s’élève à 8 000 milliards FCFA.', '- Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Gains de revenus - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de l’empreinte écologique Encouragement des entreprises à investir dans des équipements énergétiquement plus performants - Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturellesEvaluer les potentiels de substitution ou d optimisation (par exemple cogénération ou valorisation) ; - Gains de productivité - Amélioration de la compétitivité - Réduction de la facture énergétique Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Sous-secteur Bâtiments Développement d’une réglementation nationale sur l’efficacité thermique des bâtiments (construction et rénovation) - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Formation de tous les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur à la construction basse consommation - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Mesures sous-sectorielles : Sous-secteur Transports Amélioration de la mobilité et développement des offres de transport bas-carbone - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Intégration d’une dimension énergie/climat dans les documents de planification territoriale afin de limiter les distances, de travailler sur la mixité fonctionnelle et de proposer des politiques de transport en commun efficiente - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Accompagnement des communes dans l élaboration de plans de transport urbain (exemple du train urbain dans le district d Abidjan) - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Facilitation de l achat de véhicules peu polluants et mise au rebut des plus polluants via des normes, incitations ou obligations - Réduction de la facture énergétique - Gains de revenus Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Développement de la production d énergie à partir de sources renouvelables Mettre en place un cadre incitatif pour le développement des énergies renouvelables (appel d offre, FIT, défiscalisation, .) - Diversification des sources d’énergie primaire - Réduction de la dépendance énergétique vis-à-vis des énergies fossiles - Amélioration de l’accès à des sources d’énergie sûre et abondante - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturellesLever les barrières à l investissement (renforcement du cadre institutionnel, sécurisation des investissements, formation des banques, .) - Gains de productivité et amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Impact sur la santé et amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Investir dans la R&D, notamment par le renforcement des capacités de l Institut de Recherche sur les Energies Renouvelables (IREN) et évaluer l’opportunité de créer une Agence de Promotion des Energies Renouvelables - Elargissement du champ de connaissances sur l’efficacité énergétique - Amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Faciliter le développement de projets sur les filières pertinentes: - Petite hydroélectricité - Méthanisation (déchets, résidus agricoles.) - Photovoltaïque (promotion des Kits PV solaire, système de pompage PV.) - Biomasse (exploitation durable de bois énergie) - Elargissement du champ de connaissances sur l’efficacité énergétique - Gains de revenus - Amélioration de la compétitivité de l’économie - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois qualifiés - Amélioration de la qualité de vie - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES, notamment de CO2 - Diminution de la pression sur les ressources naturelles Déchets Grands enjeux des déchets : (i) Améliorer la salubrité urbaine ; et (ii) Assurer la gestion durable et la valorisation des déchets Orientations Mesures/actions Effets/Bénéfices Economiques Sociaux Environnementaux Valorisation efficiente des ressources pour tendre vers une économie circulaire Développer et mettre en œuvre une politique et une stratégie de gestion durable des déchets incluant l’aspect valorisation - Accroissement des revenus et de la richesse nationale - Contribution à la modernisation de l’économie et gains de productivité - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois - Amélioration de la qualité de vie des populations - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES ; - Amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement - Diminution des pressions sur les ressources naturelles Développer des actions d économie circulaire : - Eco-conception des produits - Récupération/utilisation et recyclage des déchets (agricoles, forestiers et ménagers) - Compostage - Valorisation des eaux usées - Accroissement des revenus et de la richesse nationale - Contribution à la modernisation de l’économie et gains de productivité - Développement de nouvelles filières d’emplois - Amélioration de la qualité de vie des populations - Réduction des conflits sociaux - Réduction des niveaux d’émissions de GES ; - Amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement - Diminution des pressions sur les ressources naturelles Coûts Le Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030 précise que le montant total des investissements production-transport pour la période 2014- 2030, s’élève à 8 000 milliards FCFA. Les investissements additionnels liés au secteur minier coûteraient en outre près de 1 600 Milliards FCFA.Cadre de l’action Description Impacts et vulnérabilité – Impacts : inondations, tempêtes, glissements de terrain, sécheresses-canicules, feux de brousse, baisse du débit des fleuves et amenuisement du volume des eaux de surface, raccourcissement de la durée moyenne des périodes de croissance végétative et exposition accrue des plantes au stress hydrique, faible croissance de la biomasse végétale, réduction des potentialités productives des écosystèmes, diminution des terres arables due à leur dégradation, érosion côtière jusqu’à 3 mètres par an pouvant atteindre 6 à 12 mètres lors de tempêtes, atténuation du phénomène de l’upwelling saisonnier ont des impacts sur : agriculture et élevage, utilisation des terres, forêts, ressources en eau, énergie, zones côtières, pêche, infrastructures (habitats), transport, santé publique et genre.', 'Les investissements additionnels liés au secteur minier coûteraient en outre près de 1 600 Milliards FCFA.Cadre de l’action Description Impacts et vulnérabilité – Impacts : inondations, tempêtes, glissements de terrain, sécheresses-canicules, feux de brousse, baisse du débit des fleuves et amenuisement du volume des eaux de surface, raccourcissement de la durée moyenne des périodes de croissance végétative et exposition accrue des plantes au stress hydrique, faible croissance de la biomasse végétale, réduction des potentialités productives des écosystèmes, diminution des terres arables due à leur dégradation, érosion côtière jusqu’à 3 mètres par an pouvant atteindre 6 à 12 mètres lors de tempêtes, atténuation du phénomène de l’upwelling saisonnier ont des impacts sur : agriculture et élevage, utilisation des terres, forêts, ressources en eau, énergie, zones côtières, pêche, infrastructures (habitats), transport, santé publique et genre. Onze secteurs vulnérables indiqués en mai 2013 par le Ministre de l’Environnement, de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable (MINESUDD) dans le but de proposer un Plan National d’Adaptation Vulnérabilité forte Vulnérabilité moyenne ou faible: • Agriculture/Elevage/Aquaculture • Utilisation des terres • Forêts • Ressources en eau • Energie • Zones côtières • Pêche • Infrastructures (habitats) • Transport (routes) • Santé publique • Genre Actions à planifier pour un développement résilient au climat SECTORIELLES Ressources en eau : Maîtriser et gérer les ressources en eau (renforcement de la planification et de la coordination des bassins versants, développement de barrages agropastoraux, aménagement de nouveaux sites hydro-agricoles et de retenues d’eau, amélioration de l’efficacité de l’irrigation, valorisation des eaux pluviales et de crues… Agriculture / Elevage /Pêche : Améliorer les technologies de production, renforcer les capacités des acteurs Forêts et utilisation des terres : améliorer les espèces sylvicoles, promouvoir le reboisement et l’agro-écologie, restaurer les terres dégradées, promouvoir les techniques d’amélioration de la fertilité et de la conservation des sols Zones côtières : Réglementer la construction et l’extraction de sable sur le littoral, déménager et reconstruire les ouvrages en danger sur une ligne de repli, construire des ouvrages de protection active (épis, brise-lames), passive, de restauration (rideaux pare vent, revégétalisation, voire reboisement –mangroves-).', 'Onze secteurs vulnérables indiqués en mai 2013 par le Ministre de l’Environnement, de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable (MINESUDD) dans le but de proposer un Plan National d’Adaptation Vulnérabilité forte Vulnérabilité moyenne ou faible: • Agriculture/Elevage/Aquaculture • Utilisation des terres • Forêts • Ressources en eau • Energie • Zones côtières • Pêche • Infrastructures (habitats) • Transport (routes) • Santé publique • Genre Actions à planifier pour un développement résilient au climat SECTORIELLES Ressources en eau : Maîtriser et gérer les ressources en eau (renforcement de la planification et de la coordination des bassins versants, développement de barrages agropastoraux, aménagement de nouveaux sites hydro-agricoles et de retenues d’eau, amélioration de l’efficacité de l’irrigation, valorisation des eaux pluviales et de crues… Agriculture / Elevage /Pêche : Améliorer les technologies de production, renforcer les capacités des acteurs Forêts et utilisation des terres : améliorer les espèces sylvicoles, promouvoir le reboisement et l’agro-écologie, restaurer les terres dégradées, promouvoir les techniques d’amélioration de la fertilité et de la conservation des sols Zones côtières : Réglementer la construction et l’extraction de sable sur le littoral, déménager et reconstruire les ouvrages en danger sur une ligne de repli, construire des ouvrages de protection active (épis, brise-lames), passive, de restauration (rideaux pare vent, revégétalisation, voire reboisement –mangroves-). Energie : Organiser la filière bois-énergie, éviter l’ensablement des cours d’eau, reprofiler et restaurer les écoulements dans les lits mineurs des cours d’eau.', 'Energie : Organiser la filière bois-énergie, éviter l’ensablement des cours d’eau, reprofiler et restaurer les écoulements dans les lits mineurs des cours d’eau. Vulgariser la construction et l’usage des foyers améliorés en milieu rural Pertes et dommages Pertes humaines : pertes liées aux catastrophes hydrométéorologiques, maladies vectorielles (aux maladies –paludisme, maladies hydriques, maladies respiratoires) et liées aux feux de brousse ; Pertes liées à l’érosion côtière : Coûts compris entre 2,355 à 6,75 milliards de FCFA (4,0 à 6,75 millions d’US $) pour les pertes de terre en cas de submersion comprise entre 0,5 et 2 mètres Pertes productions agricoles (au minimum 10 % de la production rizicole annuelle soit 50 milliards de FCFA ou 85,6 millions d’US $ -basé sur le coût de l’importation de riz-, 10 % de la production cacaoyère annuelle, soit environ 202 millions d’US $ établi sur le prix de l’exportation du cacao, « destruction d’importantes surfaces de palmiers à huile et de coco dans les régions d’Abidjan.', 'Vulgariser la construction et l’usage des foyers améliorés en milieu rural Pertes et dommages Pertes humaines : pertes liées aux catastrophes hydrométéorologiques, maladies vectorielles (aux maladies –paludisme, maladies hydriques, maladies respiratoires) et liées aux feux de brousse ; Pertes liées à l’érosion côtière : Coûts compris entre 2,355 à 6,75 milliards de FCFA (4,0 à 6,75 millions d’US $) pour les pertes de terre en cas de submersion comprise entre 0,5 et 2 mètres Pertes productions agricoles (au minimum 10 % de la production rizicole annuelle soit 50 milliards de FCFA ou 85,6 millions d’US $ -basé sur le coût de l’importation de riz-, 10 % de la production cacaoyère annuelle, soit environ 202 millions d’US $ établi sur le prix de l’exportation du cacao, « destruction d’importantes surfaces de palmiers à huile et de coco dans les régions d’Abidjan. Précision à faire Pertes en infrastructures (habitations, routes, etc.).', 'Précision à faire Pertes en infrastructures (habitations, routes, etc.). « La réduction des ressources en eau et l’incidence sur la production de nourriture ainsi que sur l’habitat sont à évaluer, de même que les incidences sur la santé publique ». Obstacles, lacunes et besoins pour réussir les actions d’adaptation Obstacles : - le manque d’intégration des politiques des changements climatiques dans les politiques nationales et sectorielles - la faible capacité des moyens d’existence (physique, national, social, institutionnel,…) des communautés rurales Lacunes : - la faible compréhension du concept des changements climatiques. - l’analphabétisme. Besoins :- le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, financières et le transfert des technologies.', 'Besoins :- le renforcement des capacités humaines, institutionnelles, techniques, financières et le transfert des technologies. Activités Objectifs et Description Co-bénéfices Coût (milliards de FCFA ou millions de US$) Ressources en eau Maîtriser et gérer les ressources en eau Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroître la résilience - Mettre en œuvre la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) - Mettre en œuvre pour les bassins versants (BV) nationaux et renforcer pour les BV transfrontaliers la planification et la coordination - Développer les barrages agropastoraux pour faciliter l’abreuvement du cheptel - Aménager des sites hydro-agricoles et des retenues d’eau pour améliorer les productions vivrières - Améliorer l’efficacité de l’irrigation pour limiter la consommation d’eau - Valoriser les eaux pluviales et de crues (captage et stockage des eaux de ruissellement) - Renforcer les capacités des paysans et autres utilisateurs en matière d’irrigation - Planification des productions permettant la stabilisation des prix à la consommation et des revenus des producteurs - Les retenues d’eau permettent d’augmenter les ressources halieutiques, d’évoluer vers des systèmes de production intégrés - Disponibilité en eau potable suffisante pour les besoins humains PNIA (Aménager les terres pour les cultures intensives 84,86 milliards de FCFA – US $14,3 millions-, faciliter l’accès au petit matériel d’irrigation, 1,8 milliards de FCFA – US $ 3,03 millions -, réaliser les aménagements hydro-agricoles 28,37 milliards de FCFA – US $ 47,8 millions-, appuyer la maintenance des aménagements et équipements d’irrigation 0,6 milliards de FCFA – US $ 0,1 millions-, réhabiliter les barrages pastoraux et les retenues d’eau 3 milliards de FCFA.', 'Activités Objectifs et Description Co-bénéfices Coût (milliards de FCFA ou millions de US$) Ressources en eau Maîtriser et gérer les ressources en eau Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroître la résilience - Mettre en œuvre la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) - Mettre en œuvre pour les bassins versants (BV) nationaux et renforcer pour les BV transfrontaliers la planification et la coordination - Développer les barrages agropastoraux pour faciliter l’abreuvement du cheptel - Aménager des sites hydro-agricoles et des retenues d’eau pour améliorer les productions vivrières - Améliorer l’efficacité de l’irrigation pour limiter la consommation d’eau - Valoriser les eaux pluviales et de crues (captage et stockage des eaux de ruissellement) - Renforcer les capacités des paysans et autres utilisateurs en matière d’irrigation - Planification des productions permettant la stabilisation des prix à la consommation et des revenus des producteurs - Les retenues d’eau permettent d’augmenter les ressources halieutiques, d’évoluer vers des systèmes de production intégrés - Disponibilité en eau potable suffisante pour les besoins humains PNIA (Aménager les terres pour les cultures intensives 84,86 milliards de FCFA – US $14,3 millions-, faciliter l’accès au petit matériel d’irrigation, 1,8 milliards de FCFA – US $ 3,03 millions -, réaliser les aménagements hydro-agricoles 28,37 milliards de FCFA – US $ 47,8 millions-, appuyer la maintenance des aménagements et équipements d’irrigation 0,6 milliards de FCFA – US $ 0,1 millions-, réhabiliter les barrages pastoraux et les retenues d’eau 3 milliards de FCFA. –US $ 5,05 millions Agriculture Renforcer les productions agricoles, animales et halieutiques (secteur % du PIB sur la période Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience - Développer l’approche agro-écologique (pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, développement de l’utilisation des engrais organiques et du compost issus des déchets ménagers, l’association agriculture-élevage) - Améliorer les technologies de production grâce à l’accès aux intrants améliorés et adaptés (semences vivrières, fourragères, sylvicoles résistantes à la sécheresse, banque de gènes animale, alevins de qualité, gestion du fumier et du compost pour améliorer la fertilité des sols, etc.)', '–US $ 5,05 millions Agriculture Renforcer les productions agricoles, animales et halieutiques (secteur % du PIB sur la période Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience - Développer l’approche agro-écologique (pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols, développement de l’utilisation des engrais organiques et du compost issus des déchets ménagers, l’association agriculture-élevage) - Améliorer les technologies de production grâce à l’accès aux intrants améliorés et adaptés (semences vivrières, fourragères, sylvicoles résistantes à la sécheresse, banque de gènes animale, alevins de qualité, gestion du fumier et du compost pour améliorer la fertilité des sols, etc.) - Développer les unités de stockage et de conservation pour limiter les pertes élevées post- récolte - Promouvoir et vulgariser des espèces cultivées résilientes au changement climatique - Développer les prévisions saisonnières qui renforcent la résilience au changement climatique des pratiques culturales - Favoriser l’accès des femmes au foncier rural - Autosuffisance alimentaire grâce à une amélioration des rendements (30 % pour le riz avec des semences améliorés) - Lutte contre la pauvreté et maintien de la paix sociale par l’amélioration du pouvoir d’achat des communautés rurales, la création d’emplois doit être un point entier.', '- Développer les unités de stockage et de conservation pour limiter les pertes élevées post- récolte - Promouvoir et vulgariser des espèces cultivées résilientes au changement climatique - Développer les prévisions saisonnières qui renforcent la résilience au changement climatique des pratiques culturales - Favoriser l’accès des femmes au foncier rural - Autosuffisance alimentaire grâce à une amélioration des rendements (30 % pour le riz avec des semences améliorés) - Lutte contre la pauvreté et maintien de la paix sociale par l’amélioration du pouvoir d’achat des communautés rurales, la création d’emplois doit être un point entier. - Réduction de la dépendance aux importations et amélioration des exportations des produits agricoles (SNDCV indique 40 % des recettes d’exportation) - Prise en compte de l’aspect genre (femmes) SNDCV (plan de développement semencier agricole12,05 milliards de FCFA –US $ 20,3 millions, appui direct aux activités de production 540 milliards de FCFA –US $ 909,9 millions) SNDR (appui technique à la production –semences riz, intrants et mécanisation : 299 milliards de FCFA – US $ 503,8 millions).', '- Réduction de la dépendance aux importations et amélioration des exportations des produits agricoles (SNDCV indique 40 % des recettes d’exportation) - Prise en compte de l’aspect genre (femmes) SNDCV (plan de développement semencier agricole12,05 milliards de FCFA –US $ 20,3 millions, appui direct aux activités de production 540 milliards de FCFA –US $ 909,9 millions) SNDR (appui technique à la production –semences riz, intrants et mécanisation : 299 milliards de FCFA – US $ 503,8 millions). PSDEPA (amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité 80,948 milliards de FCFA – US $ 136,4 millions dont 2,18 milliards – US $ 3,7 millions- pour la production de fourrage et de semences, préservation de la diversité génétique aquacole 7,45 milliards de FCFA – US $ 12,6 millions) Forêts et utilisation des terres Lutter contre la déforestation Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience -Lutte contre la pauvreté (exploitation des produits forestiers non ligneux, PF (Réduction de l’impact changement climatique 33,64 milliards de FCFA.- US $ 20 milions)et la dégradation des terres -Améliorer les espèces sylvicoles, promouvoir l’agroforesterie, restaurer les terres dégradées.', 'PSDEPA (amélioration de la productivité et de la compétitivité 80,948 milliards de FCFA – US $ 136,4 millions dont 2,18 milliards – US $ 3,7 millions- pour la production de fourrage et de semences, préservation de la diversité génétique aquacole 7,45 milliards de FCFA – US $ 12,6 millions) Forêts et utilisation des terres Lutter contre la déforestation Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroitre la résilience -Lutte contre la pauvreté (exploitation des produits forestiers non ligneux, PF (Réduction de l’impact changement climatique 33,64 milliards de FCFA.- US $ 20 milions)et la dégradation des terres -Améliorer les espèces sylvicoles, promouvoir l’agroforesterie, restaurer les terres dégradées. -Promouvoir la gestion durable des terres par les techniques d’amélioration de la conservation des eaux et du sol (CES). - Développer l’approche paysagère pour la gestion durable des terres et la conservation des eaux et des sols.', '- Développer l’approche paysagère pour la gestion durable des terres et la conservation des eaux et des sols. amélioration des rendements agricoles, recours à la pharmacopée traditionnelle). -Préservation de la diversité faunique et floristique terrestre. - Durabilité de la qualité des sols PNIA (appuyer la diffusion d’innovations technologiques 0,43 milliards de FCFA –US $ 0,7 millions-, techniques CES 5 milliards de FCFA –US $ 8,4 millions-).', '- Durabilité de la qualité des sols PNIA (appuyer la diffusion d’innovations technologiques 0,43 milliards de FCFA –US $ 0,7 millions-, techniques CES 5 milliards de FCFA –US $ 8,4 millions-). Gestion des catastrophes hydrométéorologique Construire la résilience notamment par la lutte contre l’érosion côtière Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroître la résilience, notamment pour la section Sassandra - Vridi – Port- Bouët - Evaluer les risques hydrométéorologiques et mettre en œuvre les mesures d’atténuation - Mettre en place un système d’alertes multirisques - Mettre en place un plan de contingence et des plans de réponse efficients - Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques hydrométéorologiques - Renforcer les capacités des acteurs en matière de Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes (RRC) et de gestion de catastrophes - Evaluer de manière systématique les pertes et dommages et assurer le relèvement et la construction post-catastrophe - Développer l’observation du trait de côte et identifier les territoires à risque d’érosion (surveillance de l’érosion côtière).', 'Gestion des catastrophes hydrométéorologique Construire la résilience notamment par la lutte contre l’érosion côtière Réduire la vulnérabilité et accroître la résilience, notamment pour la section Sassandra - Vridi – Port- Bouët - Evaluer les risques hydrométéorologiques et mettre en œuvre les mesures d’atténuation - Mettre en place un système d’alertes multirisques - Mettre en place un plan de contingence et des plans de réponse efficients - Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques hydrométéorologiques - Renforcer les capacités des acteurs en matière de Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes (RRC) et de gestion de catastrophes - Evaluer de manière systématique les pertes et dommages et assurer le relèvement et la construction post-catastrophe - Développer l’observation du trait de côte et identifier les territoires à risque d’érosion (surveillance de l’érosion côtière). -Protéger l’habitat (faire appliquer la réglementation sur la construction et l’extraction de sable sur le littoral, déménager et reconstruire les ouvrages en danger sur une ligne de repli, construire des ouvrages de protection active -épis, brise-lames, passive, de restauration -rideaux pare vent, revégétalisation, voire reboisement –mangroves-).', '-Protéger l’habitat (faire appliquer la réglementation sur la construction et l’extraction de sable sur le littoral, déménager et reconstruire les ouvrages en danger sur une ligne de repli, construire des ouvrages de protection active -épis, brise-lames, passive, de restauration -rideaux pare vent, revégétalisation, voire reboisement –mangroves-). -Mettre en place un fonds microprojets expérimentaux de protection locale contre l’érosion - Préservation de l’agriculture (zone de plantations de palmiers à huile, d’ananas, de bananiers, d’hévéas et de cocotiers). - Préservation de la diversité biologique lagunaire et côtière. - Préservation de l’habitat - Préservation des zones côtières vulnérables SACCL (modélisation dynamique du profil littoral 0,184 milliard de FCFA –US $ 0,31 million-, reboisement de mangroves et autres espèces appropriées 0 ,65 milliard de FCFA –US $ 1,1 millions, mise en place d’un fonds 1,95 milliards de FCFA –US $ 3,3 millions-.', '- Préservation de l’habitat - Préservation des zones côtières vulnérables SACCL (modélisation dynamique du profil littoral 0,184 milliard de FCFA –US $ 0,31 million-, reboisement de mangroves et autres espèces appropriées 0 ,65 milliard de FCFA –US $ 1,1 millions, mise en place d’un fonds 1,95 milliards de FCFA –US $ 3,3 millions-. SACCL considère secondaire l’aménagement contre l’érosion à Assinie 19,97 milliards FCFA –US $ 33,6-, autour du canal de Vridi, l’ouverture de la sortie du Comoé 22,55 milliards de FCFA –US $ 38 millions-.4. Processus de planification, mise en œuvre et suivi de l’INDC La Côte d’Ivoire prendra les mesures suivantes pour mettre en œuvre ces INDC, en assurer le suivi et le cas échéant l’actualisation/révision2.', 'Processus de planification, mise en œuvre et suivi de l’INDC La Côte d’Ivoire prendra les mesures suivantes pour mettre en œuvre ces INDC, en assurer le suivi et le cas échéant l’actualisation/révision2. Description Objectif Cadre législatif et règlement aire Adoption de textes juridiques relatifs à la mise en œuvre, au suivi-évaluation des INDC et aux résolutions de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC.', 'Description Objectif Cadre législatif et règlement aire Adoption de textes juridiques relatifs à la mise en œuvre, au suivi-évaluation des INDC et aux résolutions de la Conférence des Parties à la CCNUCC. Pérenniser les actions de développement sobre en carbone à travers les divers gouvernements successifs Cadre institu- tionnel Création d’un Comité Interministériel des Changements Climatiques (CICC) réunissant les ministres en charge des secteurs pertinents, présidé par le Premier Ministre et chargé notamment du suivi de la mise en œuvre des INDC Assurer une mise en œuvre efficace d’une politique nationale transversale en matière de climat Création d’un Secrétariat du CICC (SCICC) ancré au MINESUDD et chargé d’appuyer techniquement le CICC dans la planification, la coordination de la mise en œuvre, le suivi et l’évaluation des INDC et doté d’une feuille de route claire calée sur la périodicité des PND Opération- nalisation des INDC Evaluation de l’impact climat de toute loi ou politique/programme/projet public nouveau (étude d’impact) Intégrer les considérations d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les processus de décision publique Traduction des INDC en programmes opérationnels sectoriels articulés avec/repris dans le PND Opérationnaliser les INDC notamment via le processus de planification nationale Intégration des Changements Climatiques (CC) dans la planification nationale (PND) et les politiques sectorielles ainsi que la planification locale.', 'Pérenniser les actions de développement sobre en carbone à travers les divers gouvernements successifs Cadre institu- tionnel Création d’un Comité Interministériel des Changements Climatiques (CICC) réunissant les ministres en charge des secteurs pertinents, présidé par le Premier Ministre et chargé notamment du suivi de la mise en œuvre des INDC Assurer une mise en œuvre efficace d’une politique nationale transversale en matière de climat Création d’un Secrétariat du CICC (SCICC) ancré au MINESUDD et chargé d’appuyer techniquement le CICC dans la planification, la coordination de la mise en œuvre, le suivi et l’évaluation des INDC et doté d’une feuille de route claire calée sur la périodicité des PND Opération- nalisation des INDC Evaluation de l’impact climat de toute loi ou politique/programme/projet public nouveau (étude d’impact) Intégrer les considérations d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les processus de décision publique Traduction des INDC en programmes opérationnels sectoriels articulés avec/repris dans le PND Opérationnaliser les INDC notamment via le processus de planification nationale Intégration des Changements Climatiques (CC) dans la planification nationale (PND) et les politiques sectorielles ainsi que la planification locale. Mettre en cohérence les PND et les plans et politiques sectoriels (par exemple PNIA) en particulier avec la réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles avec les objectifs et actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation du pays formulés dans ces INDC Quelques études complémentaires (à réaliser après soumission des INDC) : - Consolider l’inventaire national des émissions de GES - Affiner les coûts des Actions des INDC - Renforcer la connaissance de l’utilisation et de la gestion des terres en Côte d’Ivoire (images satellites + enquête terrain) - Etudier le potentiel d’EnR en Côte d’Ivoire3 - Elaborer une stratégie climat-énergie - Etudier le renforcement de la prise en compte de l’énergie et du climat dans la politique agricole en prévision de l’élaboration du PNIAC [Plan National d’Investissement Agriculture et Climat] 2020-2030 - Proposer un réseau optimal de référence de surveillance de variations de niveaux de nappes d’eau à partir de piézomètres existants traduisant la relation climat / régime hydrologique des cours d’eau - Etudier l’opportunité d’un prix et d’un marché carbone au niveau domestique et régional (cf.', 'Mettre en cohérence les PND et les plans et politiques sectoriels (par exemple PNIA) en particulier avec la réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles avec les objectifs et actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation du pays formulés dans ces INDC Quelques études complémentaires (à réaliser après soumission des INDC) : - Consolider l’inventaire national des émissions de GES - Affiner les coûts des Actions des INDC - Renforcer la connaissance de l’utilisation et de la gestion des terres en Côte d’Ivoire (images satellites + enquête terrain) - Etudier le potentiel d’EnR en Côte d’Ivoire3 - Elaborer une stratégie climat-énergie - Etudier le renforcement de la prise en compte de l’énergie et du climat dans la politique agricole en prévision de l’élaboration du PNIAC [Plan National d’Investissement Agriculture et Climat] 2020-2030 - Proposer un réseau optimal de référence de surveillance de variations de niveaux de nappes d’eau à partir de piézomètres existants traduisant la relation climat / régime hydrologique des cours d’eau - Etudier l’opportunité d’un prix et d’un marché carbone au niveau domestique et régional (cf. infra) Chiffrer et affiner la description des Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation des INDC Etude de la faisabilité d’un système de codage des dépenses liées au CC dans le budget de l’Etat Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national - Amélioration des systèmes d’établissement et de collecte des données sur les émissions de GES - Réalisation d’un inventaire annuel de GES Obtenir des données fiables sur les émissions de GES Création d’un Observatoire de la qualité de l’air (CO, SO, etc.)', 'infra) Chiffrer et affiner la description des Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation des INDC Etude de la faisabilité d’un système de codage des dépenses liées au CC dans le budget de l’Etat Suivi des recettes et dépense climat dans le budget national - Amélioration des systèmes d’établissement et de collecte des données sur les émissions de GES - Réalisation d’un inventaire annuel de GES Obtenir des données fiables sur les émissions de GES Création d’un Observatoire de la qualité de l’air (CO, SO, etc.) et de suivi des GES Suivi de la qualité de l’air Renforcement des actions de recherche-développement et de transfert en matière de technologies propres.', 'et de suivi des GES Suivi de la qualité de l’air Renforcement des actions de recherche-développement et de transfert en matière de technologies propres. Communi- cation - Démarrage d’une campagne de communication fin 2015 sur les INDC et la COP 21, notamment en direction du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales ; - Renforcement des capacités des acteurs locaux avant les campagnes de sensibilisation ; - Mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / INDC où les indicateurs supra seront publiés Actualisati on/Révi- sion des INDC Périodicité : Révision à la lumière des résultats de la COP21, si nécessaire.', 'Communi- cation - Démarrage d’une campagne de communication fin 2015 sur les INDC et la COP 21, notamment en direction du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales ; - Renforcement des capacités des acteurs locaux avant les campagnes de sensibilisation ; - Mise en place d’un site internet dédié sur la politique nationale en matière de changement climatique / INDC où les indicateurs supra seront publiés Actualisati on/Révi- sion des INDC Périodicité : Révision à la lumière des résultats de la COP21, si nécessaire. Tous les 5 ans en lien avec le PND sauf indication contraire issue des COP Responsable : Secrétariat SCICC 2 Selon l’issue des négociations sur l’élaboration d’un nouvel accord international sur le climat. 3 LA Côte d’Ivoire mène actuellement une étude sur le potentiel de la bioénergie.5.', '3 LA Côte d’Ivoire mène actuellement une étude sur le potentiel de la bioénergie.5. Moyens de mise en œuvre Financement La Côte d’Ivoire entend mobiliser les sources suivantes pour financer les Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de ces INDC : Finance privée La Côte d’Ivoire entend mobiliser des financements privés internationaux ou domestiques (fonds propres et prêts) dans toute la mesure du possible pour le co-financement d’actions pertinentes de ces INDC, particulièrement les actions pouvant générer une rentabilité financière acceptable pour le secteur privé.', 'Moyens de mise en œuvre Financement La Côte d’Ivoire entend mobiliser les sources suivantes pour financer les Actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation de ces INDC : Finance privée La Côte d’Ivoire entend mobiliser des financements privés internationaux ou domestiques (fonds propres et prêts) dans toute la mesure du possible pour le co-financement d’actions pertinentes de ces INDC, particulièrement les actions pouvant générer une rentabilité financière acceptable pour le secteur privé. A cet effet, la Côte d’Ivoire s’attachera à augmenter le taux de bancarisation, stimuler la formation de l’épargne, et renforcer les marchés financiers et système bancaire domestiques, ainsi que l’attractivité de la Côte d’Ivoire pour les investissements étrangers (climat des investissements) Budget national La Côte d’Ivoire prendra sa part dans le financement des actions de ces INDC qui relèvent du budget de l’Etat.', 'A cet effet, la Côte d’Ivoire s’attachera à augmenter le taux de bancarisation, stimuler la formation de l’épargne, et renforcer les marchés financiers et système bancaire domestiques, ainsi que l’attractivité de la Côte d’Ivoire pour les investissements étrangers (climat des investissements) Budget national La Côte d’Ivoire prendra sa part dans le financement des actions de ces INDC qui relèvent du budget de l’Etat. Cet effort de l’Etat peut prendre la forme soit de dépenses budgétaires directes soit transiter par des fonds spécifiques financés notamment à partir du budget de l’Etat. Bailleurs de fonds / PTF La Côte d’Ivoire sollicitera l’appui des bailleurs de fonds et PTF (dons, prêts et assistance technique) pour le financement des actions de ces INDC. L’accès aux prêts souverains des Institutions financières de développement (IFD) sera crucial.', 'L’accès aux prêts souverains des Institutions financières de développement (IFD) sera crucial. Fonds vert pour le climat La Côte d’Ivoire réfléchit à l’opportunité de mettre en place une entité nationale accréditée au Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC). Elle a déjà entrepris son processus de préparation pour l’opérationnalisation du FVC au niveau national (Readiness Programme) Marchés du carbone La Côte d Ivoire soutient l inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone tels que le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP) dans un accord post 2020 sur le climat et propose qu’un tel instrument, couplé à un régime comptable approprié (MRV), puisse être utilisé pour aider à financer certains investissements dans les infrastructures sobres en carbone et résilientes au changement climatique.', 'Elle a déjà entrepris son processus de préparation pour l’opérationnalisation du FVC au niveau national (Readiness Programme) Marchés du carbone La Côte d Ivoire soutient l inclusion des marchés internationaux du carbone tels que le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP) dans un accord post 2020 sur le climat et propose qu’un tel instrument, couplé à un régime comptable approprié (MRV), puisse être utilisé pour aider à financer certains investissements dans les infrastructures sobres en carbone et résilientes au changement climatique. La Côte d Ivoire considère que certaines des options de développement sobres en carbone contenues dans ces INDC, ou des actions supplémentaires, pourraient être financées entièrement ou en partie, par le transfert international d’actifs carbone en tenant compte des considérations d intégrité de l environnement et de transparence.', 'La Côte d Ivoire considère que certaines des options de développement sobres en carbone contenues dans ces INDC, ou des actions supplémentaires, pourraient être financées entièrement ou en partie, par le transfert international d’actifs carbone en tenant compte des considérations d intégrité de l environnement et de transparence. Autres instruments économiques L’opportunité de déployer des outils permettant de générer un signal prix sur le coût social du carbone (marché ou taxe carbone) et ainsi d’internaliser l’externalité carbone sera explorée Première tranche quinquennale Une première tranche quinquennale d’Actions à financer est en préparation et sera présentée lors du 4èmetrimestre de 2015. Elle sera cohérente avec, et reflétée dans, le PND 2016-2020.', 'Elle sera cohérente avec, et reflétée dans, le PND 2016-2020. Renforcement des capacités Atténuation - A tous les niveaux : lien entre développement, réduction de risques de catastrophes naturelles, énergie et changement climatique - Pour les décideurs : intérêts d’intégrer la réflexion énergie-climat dans toutes les politiques sectorielles - Pour les opérateurs: mise en œuvre du développement bas-carbone, par exemple : Agriculteurs : Pratiques agricoles permettant une intensification soutenable de la production ; modes de gestion et valorisation des résidus agricoles. Entrepreneurs : Les clefs du succès pour développer un projet d’énergie renouvelable en milieu rural ; valorisation de produits issus d’une agriculture soutenable. Adaptation Le renforcement des capacités des acteurs (surtout femmes, agriculteurs, etc.) porte sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre des modes de productions intensifiés et durables.', 'porte sur de nouveaux itinéraires techniques dans le cadre des modes de productions intensifiés et durables. Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques - Renforcer le système d’observation des phénomènes météorologiques à travers les stations synoptiques - Mettre en place un système d’alertes précoces multi-risques - Renforcer les capacités nationales et locales en matière de réduction des risques de catastrophes et de préparations d’urgence en cas de catastrophes Système de Gestion de l’Information Environnementale -Créer un centre de gestion de la qualité de l’air chargé des activités suivantes : - Assurer la veille sur la pollution de l’air ambiant - Evaluer les rejets de polluants à la source - Informer le public sur l’état de la qualité de l’air - Fournir à l’Etat des rapports sur la pollution de l’air pour une prise de décision - Favoriser la mise en place d’un observatoire de la qualité de l’air - Renforcer la coopération régionale et internationale dans le domaine de la qualité de l’air- Former un(e) responsable de cet observatoire / centre de gestion de la qualité de l’air.', 'Informer, éduquer et communiquer sur les risques climatiques - Renforcer le système d’observation des phénomènes météorologiques à travers les stations synoptiques - Mettre en place un système d’alertes précoces multi-risques - Renforcer les capacités nationales et locales en matière de réduction des risques de catastrophes et de préparations d’urgence en cas de catastrophes Système de Gestion de l’Information Environnementale -Créer un centre de gestion de la qualité de l’air chargé des activités suivantes : - Assurer la veille sur la pollution de l’air ambiant - Evaluer les rejets de polluants à la source - Informer le public sur l’état de la qualité de l’air - Fournir à l’Etat des rapports sur la pollution de l’air pour une prise de décision - Favoriser la mise en place d’un observatoire de la qualité de l’air - Renforcer la coopération régionale et internationale dans le domaine de la qualité de l’air- Former un(e) responsable de cet observatoire / centre de gestion de la qualité de l’air. - Créer un réseau d’observation et de suivi de la dynamique du trait de côte à l’échelle nationale afin d’identifier les territoires à risque d’érosion côtière et examen d’un ou de plusieurs indicateurs traduisant la relation climat / érosion côtière Transferts et développement de technologie, R&D - Développement des partenariats entre les entreprises et les centres de recherche sur le développement de solutions bas-carbone.', '- Créer un réseau d’observation et de suivi de la dynamique du trait de côte à l’échelle nationale afin d’identifier les territoires à risque d’érosion côtière et examen d’un ou de plusieurs indicateurs traduisant la relation climat / érosion côtière Transferts et développement de technologie, R&D - Développement des partenariats entre les entreprises et les centres de recherche sur le développement de solutions bas-carbone. - Meilleur accès à des outils (par exemple calage des cycles culturaux à la saison pluvieuse) Principales abréviations BAD Banque Africaine de Développement CC Changements Climatiques CES Conservation des Eaux et du Sol COP Conférence des Parties (à la CCNUCC) CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée au plan National EE Efficacité Energétique ENP Etude Nationale Prospective Côte d’Ivoire 2040 EnR Energies renouvelables FCFA Franc CFA GES Gaz à Effet de Serre IFD Institutions Financières de Développement INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (CPDN) IREN Institut de Recherche sur les Energies Renouvelables NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions OCDE Organisation pour la Coopération Economique et le Développement PF Politique Forestière et Plan Stratégique de mise en œuvre PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PND Plan National de Développement PNIA Plan National d Investissement Agricole PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement PPA Parité de Pouvoir d’Achat (Purchasing Power Parity) PSDEPA Plan Stratégique Développement de l’Elevage, de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers REDD+ Réduction des Emissions des GES issus de la Déforestation et de la Dégradation des forêts (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) SACCL Stratégie d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique sur le Littoral de Côte d’Ivoire SCECCI Stratégie de Gestion de l’Environnement Côtier en Côte d’Ivoire et Plan d’Action National SNDCV Stratégie Nationale de Développement Cultures Vivrières autres que le Riz SNDR Stratégie Nationale révisée de Développement de la filière Riz US $ Dollar des Etats Unis UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changements d’affectation des terres et forêtsRéférences Général/transversal Planification - Plan national de développement (PND) 2012-2015 - Projet de PND 2016-2020 - Etude Nationale Prospective « Côte d’ivoire 2040 » (projet) Données pays - Fiche pays BAD et Délégation de l’Union européenne - Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples 2011-2012 (juin 2013) Atténuation Général - Première communication nationale auprès de la CCNUCC de 2000 - Deuxième communication nationale auprès de la CCNUCC de 2010 - Projet de Troisième communication nationale (en cours de finalisation) Agriculture - PNIA 2010-2015 - Stratégies filières (SNDR, SNDCV, 3e Plan Palmier, Plan Hévéa, Plan Cacao) Energie - Code de l’électricité - Projet de Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030 - Plan d’Action pour les Energies Renouvelables (PANER), - Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE) - Agenda d’Action pour l’Énergie Durable Pour Tous (SE4ALL) Forêt - Nouveau code de la forêt 2014 - ONU-REDD+ (R-PP) Industrie - Politique industrielle Adaptation Cadre de l’action - Plan National de Développement 2011-2015 et 2016-2020 (PND).', '- Meilleur accès à des outils (par exemple calage des cycles culturaux à la saison pluvieuse) Principales abréviations BAD Banque Africaine de Développement CC Changements Climatiques CES Conservation des Eaux et du Sol COP Conférence des Parties (à la CCNUCC) CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée au plan National EE Efficacité Energétique ENP Etude Nationale Prospective Côte d’Ivoire 2040 EnR Energies renouvelables FCFA Franc CFA GES Gaz à Effet de Serre IFD Institutions Financières de Développement INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (CPDN) IREN Institut de Recherche sur les Energies Renouvelables NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions OCDE Organisation pour la Coopération Economique et le Développement PF Politique Forestière et Plan Stratégique de mise en œuvre PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PND Plan National de Développement PNIA Plan National d Investissement Agricole PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement PPA Parité de Pouvoir d’Achat (Purchasing Power Parity) PSDEPA Plan Stratégique Développement de l’Elevage, de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers REDD+ Réduction des Emissions des GES issus de la Déforestation et de la Dégradation des forêts (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) SACCL Stratégie d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique sur le Littoral de Côte d’Ivoire SCECCI Stratégie de Gestion de l’Environnement Côtier en Côte d’Ivoire et Plan d’Action National SNDCV Stratégie Nationale de Développement Cultures Vivrières autres que le Riz SNDR Stratégie Nationale révisée de Développement de la filière Riz US $ Dollar des Etats Unis UTCATF Utilisation des terres, changements d’affectation des terres et forêtsRéférences Général/transversal Planification - Plan national de développement (PND) 2012-2015 - Projet de PND 2016-2020 - Etude Nationale Prospective « Côte d’ivoire 2040 » (projet) Données pays - Fiche pays BAD et Délégation de l’Union européenne - Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples 2011-2012 (juin 2013) Atténuation Général - Première communication nationale auprès de la CCNUCC de 2000 - Deuxième communication nationale auprès de la CCNUCC de 2010 - Projet de Troisième communication nationale (en cours de finalisation) Agriculture - PNIA 2010-2015 - Stratégies filières (SNDR, SNDCV, 3e Plan Palmier, Plan Hévéa, Plan Cacao) Energie - Code de l’électricité - Projet de Plan Directeur Production et Transport d’Energie Electrique 2014-2030 - Plan d’Action pour les Energies Renouvelables (PANER), - Plan d’Action pour l’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE) - Agenda d’Action pour l’Énergie Durable Pour Tous (SE4ALL) Forêt - Nouveau code de la forêt 2014 - ONU-REDD+ (R-PP) Industrie - Politique industrielle Adaptation Cadre de l’action - Plan National de Développement 2011-2015 et 2016-2020 (PND). - Programme National d’Investissement Agricole 2010-2015 (PNIA).', '- Programme National d’Investissement Agricole 2010-2015 (PNIA). - Stratégie Nationale de Développement Cultures Vivrières autres que le riz 2013-2020 (SNDCV). - Stratégie nationale révisée de développement de la filière riz 2012-2020 (SNDR) - Plan stratégique développement de l’élevage, de la pêche et de l’aquaculture 2014-2020 (PSDEPA) - Stratégie de Gestion de l’Environnement Côtier en Côte d’Ivoire et Plan d’Action National 2016-2020 (SGECCI) de 2015. - Communication Nationale initiale de la Côte d’Ivoire à la CCNUCC (2000) - Deuxième Communication Nationale de la Côte d’Ivoire à la CCNUCC (2010) - Programme National Changement Climatique 2015-2020 (PNCC). - Politique nationale de l’environnement 2011.', '- Politique nationale de l’environnement 2011. Vulnérabilité - ABBOTT, P. (2013), Filières cacao et coton en Afrique de l’Ouest: Rôles des politiques et des institutions dans l’intégration des petits agriculteurs aux systèmes des marchés, Dans : Reconstruire le potentiel alimentaire de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, A. Elbehri (ed. ), FAO/FIDA. - AHOSSANE K., JALLOH A., NELSON G., THOMAS T.S. (2012) : Agriculture Ouest Africaine et changement climatique : analyse exhaustive – Côte d’Ivoire. - AGBRI L. (2014) : L’agriculture intelligente face au climat en Côte d’Ivoire : état des lieux et besoins d’appui pour mieux intégrer l’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) dans le PNIA.', '- AGBRI L. (2014) : L’agriculture intelligente face au climat en Côte d’Ivoire : état des lieux et besoins d’appui pour mieux intégrer l’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) dans le PNIA. - YAO N’GUETTIA R. (2013) : Etude de la vulnérabilité du secteur agricole face aux changements climatiques en Côte d’Ivoire mise-en Actions - Centre du commerce international (2011) : Coton et changement climatique, impacts et options de réduction et d’adaptation. - FIDA (2014) : Projet d’appui à la production agricole et à la commercialisation – extension Ouest (PROPACOM-Ouest). Rapport de conception finale. Rapport principal et appendices. - SALVA-TERRA (2013) : Etude coûts - bénéfices de la REDD+ en Côte d’Ivoire et mobilisation des acteurs des grandes filières agricoles et forestières.', '- SALVA-TERRA (2013) : Etude coûts - bénéfices de la REDD+ en Côte d’Ivoire et mobilisation des acteurs des grandes filières agricoles et forestières. - Stratégie d’adaptation au CC pour le littoral de Côte d’Ivoire, 2012.']

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CIV

Côte D'Ivoire

2nd NDC

2022-05-09 00:00:00

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NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN_CIV_2022.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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['Contributions Déterminées au niveau National CDN-COTE D’IVOIREAVEC LE SOUTIEN DU &PREFACE Patrick Jérôme ACHI Premier Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement Notre planète fait actuellement face à des problèmes environnementaux majeurs telles que la dégradation des zones côtières, la perte de la biodiversité, la modification des saisons culturales, l’accentuation de la sécheresse. Le modèle de développement économique actuel utilisant les énergies conventionnelles sans tenir compte des principes de développement durable risque de causer des dommages importants sur l’environnement. En revanche, une politique de développement écono- mique plus responsable et sobre en carbone pourrait permettre de limiter les impacts négatifs sur l’environne- ment et garantir une planète plus viable aux générations futures.', 'En revanche, une politique de développement écono- mique plus responsable et sobre en carbone pourrait permettre de limiter les impacts négatifs sur l’environne- ment et garantir une planète plus viable aux générations futures. Consciente de ces enjeux, la Côte d’Ivoire a ratifié la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Change- ments Climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1994, de même que le Protocole de Kyoto en 2005. Par la suite, la Côte d’Ivoire a adhéré au Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP) en 2005, au Mécanisme REDD+ en 2012 ainsi qu’à la Coalition pour le Climat et l’Air Pur (CCAC) en 2012. Avec la fin de la période d’engagement du Protocole de Kyoto, l’Accord de Paris, a été adopté.', 'Avec la fin de la période d’engagement du Protocole de Kyoto, l’Accord de Paris, a été adopté. Son objectif princi- pal est de maintenir l’augmentation de la température mondiale “bien en dessous” de 2°C en s’efforçant de la limiter à 1,5°C. Aussi, la Côte d’Ivoire s’est-elle résolument engagée à contribuer à l’atteinte de cet objectif mondial, en tenant compte non seulement des enjeux de transformation structurelle de son économie et de développement durable, mais aussi en adoptant une trajectoire de déve- loppement bas-carbone dans un contexte de relance économique post-Covid19. « Le changement climatique constitue une réelle préoccu- pation (…) nous devons agir vite et avec responsabilité, si nous voulons préserver notre cadre de vie et notre planète ».', '« Le changement climatique constitue une réelle préoccu- pation (…) nous devons agir vite et avec responsabilité, si nous voulons préserver notre cadre de vie et notre planète ». Cette déclaration faite par SEM Alassane Ouattara, Président de la République de Côte d’Ivoire , à l’occasion de la 72ème Session de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies, tenue en septembre 2017, inspire toute l’action climatique du Gouvernement Ivoirien. La Côte d’Ivoire a déjà soumis trois (3) Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques, successive- ment en 2000, 2010 et 2017. La Quatrième Communica- tion Nationale (QCN) est en cours d’élaboration.', 'La Quatrième Communica- tion Nationale (QCN) est en cours d’élaboration. En 2015, en amont de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat, la Côte d’Ivoire a soumis à la CCNUCC ses premières Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) dont l’objectif était de réduire ses émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 28,25 %. Pour répondre à l’appel du relèvement de l’ambition climatique, la Côte d’Ivoire a entrepris de rehausser ses objectifs d atténuation, de renforcer sa résilience d adap- tation et d’accélérer les réformes forestières, foncières, énergétiques pour contribuer de manière efficace à la lutte contre la pauvreté.', 'Pour répondre à l’appel du relèvement de l’ambition climatique, la Côte d’Ivoire a entrepris de rehausser ses objectifs d atténuation, de renforcer sa résilience d adap- tation et d’accélérer les réformes forestières, foncières, énergétiques pour contribuer de manière efficace à la lutte contre la pauvreté. Son ambition actuelle est de réduire de 30,41% ses émissions de GES et ce, (en prenant en compte le secteur de la Foresterie non visé dans les premières Contributions Déterminées au niveau National de 2015), pour un coût global estimé à vingt-deux (22) milliards de dollars américains. L’option du charbon a été également abandonnée au profit d’un mix énergétique qui comprend une forte proportion d’énergies renouvelables (45%) et des centrales à gaz naturel.', 'L’option du charbon a été également abandonnée au profit d’un mix énergétique qui comprend une forte proportion d’énergies renouvelables (45%) et des centrales à gaz naturel. La politique clima- tique du Gouvernement Ivoirien met également l’accent sur la résilience des couches les plus vulnérables notam- ment, les femmes et les jeunes à travers la création d’emplois verts et les enjeux de financement. Le Gouvernement veillera à ce que les efforts en matière de préservation de l’environnement aboutissent à la réduction des impacts néfastes du changement climatique sur l’économie nationale et à l’amélioration des condi- tions de vie des populations. De ce fait, la Côte d’Ivoire est fière de présenter ses Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) révisées pour la période 2021- 2030.', 'De ce fait, la Côte d’Ivoire est fière de présenter ses Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) révisées pour la période 2021- 2030. Elle réaffirme ainsi son engagement à contribuer à l’effort mondial de réduction des Gaz à Effet de Serre. Cet engagement se traduit dans sa politique de reconstitution et de préservation de son massif forestier, son potentiel énergétique avec son réseau hydrographique, ses centrales de gaz naturel à cycle combiné et l’utilisation accrue des énergies renouvelables. Il en résulte que notre pays a tout le potentiel pour devenir un véritable puits de carbone.TABLE DES MATIERES PREFACE TABLE DES MATIERES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES RESUME EXECUTIF SITUATION NATIONALE EN MATIERE DE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Ambition de la Côte d’Ivoire Engagements de la Côte d’Ivoire CHAPITRE 1 : ATTENUATION 1.1. Scenario de référence 1.2. Objectif global : mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles 1.3. Répartition sectorielle 1.4.', 'Objectif global : mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles 1.3. Répartition sectorielle 1.4. Co-bénéfices de l atténuation des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) et des autres polluants atmosphériques CHAPITRE 2 : ADAPTATION 2.1. Impacts et vulnérabilité 2.2. Objectifs à l’horizon 2030 2.3. Effets du changement climatique sur les secteurs prioritaires 2.4. Secteurs prioritaires et leurs objectifs 2.5. Obstacles et lacunes des mesures d’adaptation des secteurs prioritaires 2.6. Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) CHAPITRE 3 : MISE EN OEUVRE DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL 3.1. Dispositif de gouvernance des CDN 3.2. Plans de mise en œuvre et suivi des CDN 3.2.1. Sources et mécanismes de financement 3.2.2. Plan de partenariat pour la mise en œuvre des CDN 3.3. Budget global des CDN 3.3.1. Méthodologie d’estimation des coûts 3.3.2.', 'Budget global des CDN 3.3.1. Méthodologie d’estimation des coûts 3.3.2. Coût global des CDN ANNEXESLISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Projections des émissions totales de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 2012 à 2030 pour le scénario de base (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ) Figure 2 : Trajectoires inconditionnelles et conditionnelles des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures d atténuation visant les émissions de GES, de SLCP et de polluants atmosphériques (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ) Figure 3 : Partenaires de mise en œuvre des CDN (adapté au plan de partenariat) Figure 4 : Répartition des ressources entre l’adaptation et l’atténuation pour la mise en œuvre des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau I : Grandes priorités sectorielles de la Côte d’Ivoire Tableau II : Nombre de mesures d’atténuation par secteur Tableau III : Répartition entre secteurs de l’effort global d’atténuation (inconditionnelle et conditionnelle) en 2030 (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO )SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AFAT AFD AMCC+ BAD BaU BIT BOAD CAEP CCNUCC CCAC CDN CEDEAO CGECI CO COP DGTTC DLCC DEVRSO FAO FAT FEM FIDA FVC GES GGGI GIEC GIZ GUA HFC IISD LEAP MEF MINEF MINEDD MPD MoU NDC Partnership N O ODD OMS OIPR ONUDI PIAIC PIB PNA PND PNGEC PNIA PNGDS PNS PNUD PNUE PTF REDD+ SICTA SLCP SPREF TCN UE UNCDF Agriculture Foresterie et Autres utilisation des Terres Agence Française de Développement Alliance Mondiale contre les Changements Climatiques + Banque Africaine de Développement Business as Usual (Scénario de référence) Bureau International du Travail Banque Ouest Africaine pour le Développement Climate Action Enhancement Package (Initiative pour l’amélioration de l’action climatique) Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques Climate and Clean Air Coalition (Coalition pour le Climat et l’Air Pur) Contributions Déterminées au niveau National Communauté Economique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Confédération Générale des Entreprises de Côte d’Ivoire Méthane Dioxyde de carbone Conference Of Parties (Conférence des Parties) Direction Générale des Transports Terrestres et de la Circulation Direction de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques Direction de l’Economie Verte et de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Organisations Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Agriculture et l’Alimentation Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial Fonds International de Développement Agricole Fonds Vert pour le Climat Gaz à Effet de Serre Global Green Growth Institute (Institut Mondial pour la Croissance Verte) Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (Agence Allemande pour la Coopération Internationale) Guichet Unique Automobile Hydrofluorocarbure Institut International de Développement Durable Low Emission Analysis Platform (Plateforme d’Analyse des Émissions bas Carbone) Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances Ministère des Eaux et Forêts Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable Ministère du Plan et du Développement Memorandum of Understanding (Mémorandum d’Entente) Partenariat pour la mise en œuvre des Contributions Déterminées au niveau National Oxyde nitreux ou Peroxyde d’azote Objectifs de Développement Durable Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves Organisation des Nations Unies pour le Développement Industriel Presidential Initiative for Artificial Intelligence and Computing (Initiative Présidentielle pour l Intelligence Artificielle et l Informatique) Produit Intérieur Brut Plan National d’Adaptation Plan National de Développement Programme National de Gestion de l’Environnement Côtier Programme National d’Investissement Agricole Programme National de Gestion des Déchets Solides Plan National de la Salubrité Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Réduction des Emissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre dues à la déforestation et à la Dégradation des Forêts Société Ivoirienne de Contrôle Technique Automobiles et Industriels Short Lived Climate Pollutants (Polluants Climatiques de Courte Durée de Vie) Stratégie de Préservation, de Réhabilitation et d’Extension des Forêts Troisième Communication Nationale Union Européenne United Nations Capital Development Fund (Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies)RESUME EXECUTIF En 2015, la Côte d’Ivoire s’est engagée, à travers ses premières Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) en prélude à la COP21 de Paris, à réduire ses émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 28,25%, soit un abattement d’environ dix (10) millions de tonnes équivalent CO à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au Business as Usual ou scénario de référence.', 'Coût global des CDN ANNEXESLISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Projections des émissions totales de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 2012 à 2030 pour le scénario de base (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ) Figure 2 : Trajectoires inconditionnelles et conditionnelles des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures d atténuation visant les émissions de GES, de SLCP et de polluants atmosphériques (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ) Figure 3 : Partenaires de mise en œuvre des CDN (adapté au plan de partenariat) Figure 4 : Répartition des ressources entre l’adaptation et l’atténuation pour la mise en œuvre des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau I : Grandes priorités sectorielles de la Côte d’Ivoire Tableau II : Nombre de mesures d’atténuation par secteur Tableau III : Répartition entre secteurs de l’effort global d’atténuation (inconditionnelle et conditionnelle) en 2030 (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO )SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AFAT AFD AMCC+ BAD BaU BIT BOAD CAEP CCNUCC CCAC CDN CEDEAO CGECI CO COP DGTTC DLCC DEVRSO FAO FAT FEM FIDA FVC GES GGGI GIEC GIZ GUA HFC IISD LEAP MEF MINEF MINEDD MPD MoU NDC Partnership N O ODD OMS OIPR ONUDI PIAIC PIB PNA PND PNGEC PNIA PNGDS PNS PNUD PNUE PTF REDD+ SICTA SLCP SPREF TCN UE UNCDF Agriculture Foresterie et Autres utilisation des Terres Agence Française de Développement Alliance Mondiale contre les Changements Climatiques + Banque Africaine de Développement Business as Usual (Scénario de référence) Bureau International du Travail Banque Ouest Africaine pour le Développement Climate Action Enhancement Package (Initiative pour l’amélioration de l’action climatique) Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques Climate and Clean Air Coalition (Coalition pour le Climat et l’Air Pur) Contributions Déterminées au niveau National Communauté Economique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Confédération Générale des Entreprises de Côte d’Ivoire Méthane Dioxyde de carbone Conference Of Parties (Conférence des Parties) Direction Générale des Transports Terrestres et de la Circulation Direction de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques Direction de l’Economie Verte et de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Organisations Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Agriculture et l’Alimentation Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial Fonds International de Développement Agricole Fonds Vert pour le Climat Gaz à Effet de Serre Global Green Growth Institute (Institut Mondial pour la Croissance Verte) Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (Agence Allemande pour la Coopération Internationale) Guichet Unique Automobile Hydrofluorocarbure Institut International de Développement Durable Low Emission Analysis Platform (Plateforme d’Analyse des Émissions bas Carbone) Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances Ministère des Eaux et Forêts Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable Ministère du Plan et du Développement Memorandum of Understanding (Mémorandum d’Entente) Partenariat pour la mise en œuvre des Contributions Déterminées au niveau National Oxyde nitreux ou Peroxyde d’azote Objectifs de Développement Durable Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves Organisation des Nations Unies pour le Développement Industriel Presidential Initiative for Artificial Intelligence and Computing (Initiative Présidentielle pour l Intelligence Artificielle et l Informatique) Produit Intérieur Brut Plan National d’Adaptation Plan National de Développement Programme National de Gestion de l’Environnement Côtier Programme National d’Investissement Agricole Programme National de Gestion des Déchets Solides Plan National de la Salubrité Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Réduction des Emissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre dues à la déforestation et à la Dégradation des Forêts Société Ivoirienne de Contrôle Technique Automobiles et Industriels Short Lived Climate Pollutants (Polluants Climatiques de Courte Durée de Vie) Stratégie de Préservation, de Réhabilitation et d’Extension des Forêts Troisième Communication Nationale Union Européenne United Nations Capital Development Fund (Fonds d’Equipement des Nations Unies)RESUME EXECUTIF En 2015, la Côte d’Ivoire s’est engagée, à travers ses premières Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) en prélude à la COP21 de Paris, à réduire ses émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 28,25%, soit un abattement d’environ dix (10) millions de tonnes équivalent CO à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au Business as Usual ou scénario de référence. L’évaluation desdites CDN a révélé quelques insuffi- sances notamment la non prise en compte de la fores- terie dans les estimations et le manque de dispositif de suivi-évaluation des performances au regard des enga- gements climatiques du pays.', 'L’évaluation desdites CDN a révélé quelques insuffi- sances notamment la non prise en compte de la fores- terie dans les estimations et le manque de dispositif de suivi-évaluation des performances au regard des enga- gements climatiques du pays. Ainsi, conformément aux exigences de l’Accord de Paris, l’Etat de Côte d’Ivoire a procédé à une révision de ses CDN en actualisant les efforts de réduction des GES (atténuation) ainsi que l’évaluation de sa vulnérabilité et des options d’adaptation face aux changements climatiques. Ce processus de révision, démarré en février 2020, a permis une large consultation des parties prenantes nationales stratégiques notamment les ministères clés, le secteur privé, la société civile et les collectivités térritoriales.', 'Ce processus de révision, démarré en février 2020, a permis une large consultation des parties prenantes nationales stratégiques notamment les ministères clés, le secteur privé, la société civile et les collectivités térritoriales. A l’issue de ces consultations, la Côte d Ivoire rehausse son ambition climatique à 30,41% correspondant à un abattement de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de tous les secteurs, y compris la Foresterie et les autres Affectations des Terres (FAT), à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence.', 'A l’issue de ces consultations, la Côte d Ivoire rehausse son ambition climatique à 30,41% correspondant à un abattement de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de tous les secteurs, y compris la Foresterie et les autres Affectations des Terres (FAT), à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence. Cette contribution inconditionnelle se compose d une réduction de 13,2 millions de tonnes des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures dans les secteurs de l énergie, des déchets et de l agriculture (correspondant à une réduction de 10,5% des émissions nationales totales de GES en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence), et d une réduction de 23,8 millions de tonnes des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures dans le secteur de la Foresterie et les autres Affectations des Terres (correspondant à une réduction de 19,6% des émissions nationales totales de GES en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence).', 'Cette contribution inconditionnelle se compose d une réduction de 13,2 millions de tonnes des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures dans les secteurs de l énergie, des déchets et de l agriculture (correspondant à une réduction de 10,5% des émissions nationales totales de GES en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence), et d une réduction de 23,8 millions de tonnes des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures dans le secteur de la Foresterie et les autres Affectations des Terres (correspondant à une réduction de 19,6% des émissions nationales totales de GES en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence). La Côte d Ivoire pourrait accroître son ambition en matière d atténuation des émissions de GES, à condition de bénéficier de soutiens financiers internationaux supplémentaires.', 'La Côte d Ivoire pourrait accroître son ambition en matière d atténuation des émissions de GES, à condition de bénéficier de soutiens financiers internationaux supplémentaires. Ainsi, pour les secteurs de l énergie, des déchets et de l agriculture, l ambition d atténuation des GES pourrait passer d une réduction globale des émissions de 13,2 à 17,2 millions de tonnes équivalent CO en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. En outre, l inclusion de mesures supplémentaires dans le secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres pourrait porter l ambition globale d atténuation des GES à une réduction de 98,95 % des émissions totales en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, engageant résolument le pays vers la neutralité carbone à partir de 2030.', 'En outre, l inclusion de mesures supplémentaires dans le secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres pourrait porter l ambition globale d atténuation des GES à une réduction de 98,95 % des émissions totales en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, engageant résolument le pays vers la neutralité carbone à partir de 2030. Le volet atténuation comprend trente-huit (38) mesures dont vingt-sept (27) inconditionnelles et onze (11) conditionnelles dont la mise en œuvre est estimée à environ dix (10) milliards de dollar US$. S’agissant du volet adaptation, il vise à atteindre à l’horizon 2030 une réduction de la forte vulnérabilité et à accroître la résilience des secteurs identifiés que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, l’élevage et l’aquaculture, la foresterie, l’utilisation des terres, la santé ainsi que les zones côtières.', 'S’agissant du volet adaptation, il vise à atteindre à l’horizon 2030 une réduction de la forte vulnérabilité et à accroître la résilience des secteurs identifiés que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, l’élevage et l’aquaculture, la foresterie, l’utilisation des terres, la santé ainsi que les zones côtières. La mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation est évaluée à environ douze (12) milliards de dollar US$. Au-delà des volets atténuation et adaptation, la révision des CDN a également pris en compte des aspects transversaux tels que les emplois verts et la transition juste, le genre, les collectivités territoriales, et les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) dont la réduction permettrait en plus, d’éviter plus de 7 000 décès prématurés par an à l’horizon 2030.', 'Au-delà des volets atténuation et adaptation, la révision des CDN a également pris en compte des aspects transversaux tels que les emplois verts et la transition juste, le genre, les collectivités territoriales, et les polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) dont la réduction permettrait en plus, d’éviter plus de 7 000 décès prématurés par an à l’horizon 2030. Aussi, la mise en œuvre de ces CDN s’appuiera t-elle sur (i) un plan d’investissement qui permettra de préciser les coûts et de mobiliser tous les moyens adéquats tant au niveau national qu’international, (ii) un plan de partenariat qui mettra en exergue les besoins sectoriels clés, (iii) un plan de suivi-évaluation pour une mise en œuvre optimale et efficiente des mesures définies et, (iv) une stratégie de communication pour vulgariser les résultats.SITUATION NATIONALE EN MATIERE DE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Ambition de la Côte d’Ivoire L’Accord de Paris, en tant que nouvel instrument univer- sel de mise en œuvre de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), s’est fixé comme objectif de limiter l’aug- mentation du réchauffement à 2°C, voire 1,5°C à l’hori- zon 2100.', 'Aussi, la mise en œuvre de ces CDN s’appuiera t-elle sur (i) un plan d’investissement qui permettra de préciser les coûts et de mobiliser tous les moyens adéquats tant au niveau national qu’international, (ii) un plan de partenariat qui mettra en exergue les besoins sectoriels clés, (iii) un plan de suivi-évaluation pour une mise en œuvre optimale et efficiente des mesures définies et, (iv) une stratégie de communication pour vulgariser les résultats.SITUATION NATIONALE EN MATIERE DE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Ambition de la Côte d’Ivoire L’Accord de Paris, en tant que nouvel instrument univer- sel de mise en œuvre de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), s’est fixé comme objectif de limiter l’aug- mentation du réchauffement à 2°C, voire 1,5°C à l’hori- zon 2100. Au regard de cet objectif, les pays ont pris des engagements qui devraient être révisés périodiquement chaque cinq (5) ans.', 'Au regard de cet objectif, les pays ont pris des engagements qui devraient être révisés périodiquement chaque cinq (5) ans. Dans ce contexte, la Côte d’Ivoire, à l’instar des pays-parties à la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, a élaboré et soumis, en 2015 ses Contributions Détermi- nées au niveau National (CDN). Celles-ci prévoyaient essentiellement : i) une réduction de 28,25% des émis- sions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) d’ici 2030 par rapport à un scénario de référence ; et ii) l’amélioration de la résilience de onze (11) secteurs stratégiques de développement vulnérables aux changements clima- tiques. Le pays a ainsi marqué sa volonté de s’engager sur une trajectoire de développement bas carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques.', 'Le pays a ainsi marqué sa volonté de s’engager sur une trajectoire de développement bas carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris, la Côte d’Ivoire apporte des éléments de réponses aux insuffisances identifiées dans ses premières CDN à la faveur de son processus de revision. En effet, l’une des difficultés majeures des premières CDN était l’impossibi- lité de faire un suivi et une évaluation des initiatives mises en œuvre en lien avec l’objectif final. Par cette révision, le pays entend réitérer sa volonté de réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement en privilé- giant les mesures d’atténuation, en renforçant sa résilience face aux changements climatiques et en déve- loppant une stratégie cohérente de mise en œuvre.', 'Par cette révision, le pays entend réitérer sa volonté de réduire l’empreinte carbone de son développement en privilé- giant les mesures d’atténuation, en renforçant sa résilience face aux changements climatiques et en déve- loppant une stratégie cohérente de mise en œuvre. Le pays entend également renforcer son dispositif de plani- fication et de suivi de ses engagements sous l’Accord de Paris en vue d’une mise en œuvre effective de sa politique climatique. La nouvelle contribution de la Côte d Ivoire, fruit d’un processus inclusif et participatif, présente une ambition inconditionnelle de 30,41% correspondant à un abatte- ment de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO en 2030 par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence.', 'La nouvelle contribution de la Côte d Ivoire, fruit d’un processus inclusif et participatif, présente une ambition inconditionnelle de 30,41% correspondant à un abatte- ment de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO en 2030 par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence. Cette contribution inconditionnelle s’appuie sur la mise en œuvre des vingt-sept (27) mesures sur les trente-huit (38) mesures d’atténuation évaluées dans le cadre de cette révision. La Côte d Ivoire pourrait accroître son ambition en matière d atténuation des émissions de GES, à condition de bénéficier de niveaux appropriés de soutiens financiers internationaux.', 'La Côte d Ivoire pourrait accroître son ambition en matière d atténuation des émissions de GES, à condition de bénéficier de niveaux appropriés de soutiens financiers internationaux. En effet, l inclusion de onze (11) mesures conditionnelles supplémentaires dans la mise en œuvre des CDN pourrait porter l ambition globale d atténuation des GES à une réduction de 98,95% des émissions totales en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, engageant ainsi résolument le pays vers la neutralité carbone à partir de 2030. S’agissant du volet adaptation, il vise à atteindre à l’horizon 2030 une réduction de la vulnérabilité et un renforcement de la résilience des secteurs identifiés que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, l’élevage et l’aquaculture, la foresterie, l’utilisation des terres, la santé ainsi que les zones côtières.', 'S’agissant du volet adaptation, il vise à atteindre à l’horizon 2030 une réduction de la vulnérabilité et un renforcement de la résilience des secteurs identifiés que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, l’élevage et l’aquaculture, la foresterie, l’utilisation des terres, la santé ainsi que les zones côtières. Ainsi, la nouvelle CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire représente une contribution beaucoup plus ambitieuse et équilibrée des efforts que le pays entend entreprendre pour contribuer à l’effort mondial.', 'Ainsi, la nouvelle CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire représente une contribution beaucoup plus ambitieuse et équilibrée des efforts que le pays entend entreprendre pour contribuer à l’effort mondial. S’appuyant sur les conclusions des récents rapports du Groupe d’experts Intergouverne- mental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC), la Côte d’Ivoire élargit l’éventail des mesures et secteurs considérés ainsi que les gaz ciblés, permettant de rehausser de près de quatre (4) fois (10 millions vs 37 millions équivalent CO , l’ambition initiale de réduction des Gaz à Effet Serre (GES) tout en dégageant les perspectives pour l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone et le développement durable à partir de 2030.', 'S’appuyant sur les conclusions des récents rapports du Groupe d’experts Intergouverne- mental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC), la Côte d’Ivoire élargit l’éventail des mesures et secteurs considérés ainsi que les gaz ciblés, permettant de rehausser de près de quatre (4) fois (10 millions vs 37 millions équivalent CO , l’ambition initiale de réduction des Gaz à Effet Serre (GES) tout en dégageant les perspectives pour l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone et le développement durable à partir de 2030. Engagements de la Côte d’Ivoire La Côte d’Ivoire à l’instar des pays Parties à la Conven- tion-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), ne cesse de réitérer son engage- ment à œuvrer avec l’ensemble des pays à l’atteinte des objectifs de ladite Convention, inscrits en son Article 2 et renforcé par l’Article 2 de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat.', 'Engagements de la Côte d’Ivoire La Côte d’Ivoire à l’instar des pays Parties à la Conven- tion-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), ne cesse de réitérer son engage- ment à œuvrer avec l’ensemble des pays à l’atteinte des objectifs de ladite Convention, inscrits en son Article 2 et renforcé par l’Article 2 de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat. Ainsi, l’action de la Côte d’Ivoire en matière de changement climatique s’articule autour d’une vision CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA COTE D’IVOIREPRISE EN COMPTE DES QUESTIONS LIEES AU GENRE DANS L ACTION CLIMATIQUE EN COTE D IVOIRE Afin de prendre en compte les questions liées au genre dans l’action climatique conformément aux dispositions de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MINEDD), a développé des initiatives de mobilisation et d’engagement des parties prenantes clés au niveau national, lesquelles ont abouti à l’élaboration en 2019 d’une Stratégie Nationale Genre et Changements Climatiques (2020-2024).', 'Ainsi, l’action de la Côte d’Ivoire en matière de changement climatique s’articule autour d’une vision CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DE LA COTE D’IVOIREPRISE EN COMPTE DES QUESTIONS LIEES AU GENRE DANS L ACTION CLIMATIQUE EN COTE D IVOIRE Afin de prendre en compte les questions liées au genre dans l’action climatique conformément aux dispositions de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), le Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (MINEDD), a développé des initiatives de mobilisation et d’engagement des parties prenantes clés au niveau national, lesquelles ont abouti à l’élaboration en 2019 d’une Stratégie Nationale Genre et Changements Climatiques (2020-2024). Il faut noter, entre autres, la mise en place de mécanismes de discussion, de partage d’expériences et de renforcement des capacités sur le lien entre le genre et le climat qui ont conduit à un « dialogue structuré ».', 'Il faut noter, entre autres, la mise en place de mécanismes de discussion, de partage d’expériences et de renforcement des capacités sur le lien entre le genre et le climat qui ont conduit à un « dialogue structuré ». Cette dynamique est renforcée par un Mémorandum d’Entente (MoU) signé par le Ministre de l’Environnement et du Dévelop- pement Durable et la Ministre de la Femme, de la Famille et de l’Enfant, le 25 octobre 2021. Cet engagement politique de haut niveau vise à renforcer le processus de plaidoyer pour l’intégration systématique du nexus genre et climat dans les planifications sectorielles, les documents stratégiques et de politique au niveau national.', 'Cet engagement politique de haut niveau vise à renforcer le processus de plaidoyer pour l’intégration systématique du nexus genre et climat dans les planifications sectorielles, les documents stratégiques et de politique au niveau national. Dans le cadre de l’intégration de la thématique genre et climat, la prise en compte du genre se fait de façon transversale à tous les secteurs prioritaires identifiés dans le cadre des CDN.', 'Dans le cadre de l’intégration de la thématique genre et climat, la prise en compte du genre se fait de façon transversale à tous les secteurs prioritaires identifiés dans le cadre des CDN. Ainsi, il s’agit d’analyser : (i) en matière d’atténuation, la responsabilité différenciée des hommes et des femmes dans les mécanismes d’émissions et/ou de réduction des Gaz à Effet de Serre et (ii) en matière d’adaptation, la situation différenciée des hommes et des femmes en lien avec les risques de vulnérabilité et les chaînes d’impact afin de renforcer le volet genre dans le Plan National d’Adaptation.', 'Ainsi, il s’agit d’analyser : (i) en matière d’atténuation, la responsabilité différenciée des hommes et des femmes dans les mécanismes d’émissions et/ou de réduction des Gaz à Effet de Serre et (ii) en matière d’adaptation, la situation différenciée des hommes et des femmes en lien avec les risques de vulnérabilité et les chaînes d’impact afin de renforcer le volet genre dans le Plan National d’Adaptation. commune qui est de "mettre en place un cadre de développement socio-économique durable qui intègre les défis des changements climatiques dans tous les secteurs et qui contribue à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations et leur résilience". En effet, depuis 1994, le pays a adhéré aux protocoles et plans d’actions internationaux visant la mise en œuvre opérationnelle de la Convention.', 'En effet, depuis 1994, le pays a adhéré aux protocoles et plans d’actions internationaux visant la mise en œuvre opérationnelle de la Convention. Laquelle adhésion s’est manifestée par la ratification de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (1994) et de ses protocoles notamment le Protocole de Kyoto (2007) et l’Accord de Paris (2016). Cet engagement s’est traduit par la mise en place en 2005, d’une Autorité Nationale en charge du Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (AN-MDP) issu du protocole de Kyoto. Ensuite, en 2011, l’Etat de Côte d’Ivoire a adhéré au Mécanisme de Réduction des Emis- sions de Gaz à Effet de Serre, issues de la Déforestation et de la Dégradation des Forêts (REDD+).', 'Ensuite, en 2011, l’Etat de Côte d’Ivoire a adhéré au Mécanisme de Réduction des Emis- sions de Gaz à Effet de Serre, issues de la Déforestation et de la Dégradation des Forêts (REDD+). Cet engage- ment s’est ensuite consolidé en 2012, par la création d’un Programme National de lutte contre les Change- ments Climatiques (PNCC) suivi par l’adhésion en 2013 à la Coalition pour le Climat et l’Air Pur (CCAC) en vue de la réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP). En 2015, le pays s’est engagé dans le processus du Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA).', 'En 2015, le pays s’est engagé dans le processus du Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA). Au lendemain de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, l’encadre- ment de l’action climatique en Côte d’Ivoire prend un tournant décisif par la création d’une Direction centrale en charge de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques (DLCC) en 2016 en vue de coordonner l’action climatique. Ce qui réaffirme la volonté de la Côte d’Ivoire d’élever les changements climatiques au rang de priorité nationale. D’ailleurs, en élaborant le Plan National de Développe- ment (PND) 2021-2025 qui est le document de référence en matière de planification du développement national, l’Etat a consacré l’un des six (06) axes prioritaires notamment l’axe 5 à la lutte contre les changements climatiques.', 'D’ailleurs, en élaborant le Plan National de Développe- ment (PND) 2021-2025 qui est le document de référence en matière de planification du développement national, l’Etat a consacré l’un des six (06) axes prioritaires notamment l’axe 5 à la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Le présent document des CDN révisées se veut un outil d’aide à l’identification et à l’évaluation des besoins et moyens d’intégration des actions de lutte contre les changements climatiques dans les plans et politiques sectoriels (voir Tableau I).', 'Le présent document des CDN révisées se veut un outil d’aide à l’identification et à l’évaluation des besoins et moyens d’intégration des actions de lutte contre les changements climatiques dans les plans et politiques sectoriels (voir Tableau I). Malgré cette volonté politique manifeste, beaucoup reste à faire tant au niveau de la mobilisation des acteurs publics et privés qu’au plan de l’opérationnalisation de politiques et stratégies d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques y compris les questions liées au genre (voir Encadré 1 et 2).TABLEAU I : LES GRANDES PRIORITES SECTORIELLES DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE VOLETS Atténuation Adaptation Energie • Améliorer l accès des populations à l électricité et à l énergie à un prix accessible ; • Accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité ; • Améliorer l’efficacité énergétique ; • Renouveler et diversifier le parc automobile ivoirien ; • Promouvoir le transport de masse.', 'Malgré cette volonté politique manifeste, beaucoup reste à faire tant au niveau de la mobilisation des acteurs publics et privés qu’au plan de l’opérationnalisation de politiques et stratégies d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques y compris les questions liées au genre (voir Encadré 1 et 2).TABLEAU I : LES GRANDES PRIORITES SECTORIELLES DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE VOLETS Atténuation Adaptation Energie • Améliorer l accès des populations à l électricité et à l énergie à un prix accessible ; • Accroître l utilisation des énergies renouvelables dans la production d électricité ; • Améliorer l’efficacité énergétique ; • Renouveler et diversifier le parc automobile ivoirien ; • Promouvoir le transport de masse. Déchets • Améliorer la collecte des déchets et la salubrité urbaine ; • Assurer la gestion durable et la valorisation des déchets.', 'Déchets • Améliorer la collecte des déchets et la salubrité urbaine ; • Assurer la gestion durable et la valorisation des déchets. SECTEURS PRINCIPAUX ENJEUX Agriculture Foresterie • Rechercher l’autosuffisance et la sécurité alimentaire ; • Améliorer la productivité et la compétitivité. Agriculture, Forêts et utilisation des terres ; Ressources en eau, Santé et Zones côtières. • Réduire significativement la déforestation ; • Accroitre le stock carbone. • Réduire la vulnérabilité des populations ; • Accroitre la résilience aux changements climatiques.', '• Réduire la vulnérabilité des populations ; • Accroitre la résilience aux changements climatiques. POINTS SAILLANTS DES CDN REVISEES EN MATIERE D’ATTENUATION L’objectif global actualisé de la Côte d’Ivoire représente une réduction des émissions de GES à l’échelle de son économie de 30,41 % en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, en se servant des moyens nationaux, et une réduction conditionnelle de 98,95 % à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, sous réserve d un soutien financier international approprié. Le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif global de 30,41% dont la mise en œuvre est estimée à dix (10) milliards de dollars US$ pourrait créer environ 34800 emplois dans tous les secteurs.', 'Le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif global de 30,41% dont la mise en œuvre est estimée à dix (10) milliards de dollars US$ pourrait créer environ 34800 emplois dans tous les secteurs. EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION L’adaptation est une priorité pour la Côte d’Ivoire au regard de sa grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique. Le coût de la mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus affectés est estimé à près de 12 milliards de dollars US$. Les secteurs prioritaires concernés sont les ressources en eau, l’agriculture y compris l’élevage et l’aquaculture, la foresterie et l’utilisation des terres, la santé et les zones côtières. Les mesures d’adaptations aux nombres de vingt (20) pourraient créer 580 000 à 870 000 emplois.', 'Les mesures d’adaptations aux nombres de vingt (20) pourraient créer 580 000 à 870 000 emplois. ASPECTS TRANSVERSAUX La prise en compte des aspects transversaux tels que le genre, la territorialisation de l’action climatique, les emplois verts, la santé et la pollution de l’air dans la mise en œuvre des CDN engendrerait des co-bénéfices importants. Ainsi, la prise en compte du genre peut significativement améliorer la gouvernance climatique notamment en milieu rural. Quant à la territoria- lisation des CDN, elle permettra d’intégrer les préoccupations climatiques dans les plans, politiques et stratégies de dévelop- pement local.', 'Quant à la territoria- lisation des CDN, elle permettra d’intégrer les préoccupations climatiques dans les plans, politiques et stratégies de dévelop- pement local. S’agissant des emplois verts, ils constituent une double aubaine par la participation à la réduction du chômage d’une part, et le développement d’un modèle économique plus respectueux de l’environnement et de l’être humain d’autre part. Enfin, la réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) permettrait en plus de contribuer significati-vement à l’atténuation des GES, d’éviter plus de 7 000 décès prématurés dus à l’exposition aux particules fines à l’horizon 2030, contribuant ainsi à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, la santé des populations et au développement durable.', 'Enfin, la réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) permettrait en plus de contribuer significati-vement à l’atténuation des GES, d’éviter plus de 7 000 décès prématurés dus à l’exposition aux particules fines à l’horizon 2030, contribuant ainsi à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, la santé des populations et au développement durable. FINANCEMENT ET FLUX D’INVESTISSEMENT La mise en œuvre des CDN nécessite des investissements importants qui surpassent la capacité de l’Etat ivoirien. Elle requiert donc une coopération renforcée entre l’Etat ivoirien, le secteur privé et les institutions financières internationales y compris les nouveaux mécanismes financiers climatiques tels que le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC) et les instruments financiers des banques multilatérales de développement.', 'Elle requiert donc une coopération renforcée entre l’Etat ivoirien, le secteur privé et les institutions financières internationales y compris les nouveaux mécanismes financiers climatiques tels que le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC) et les instruments financiers des banques multilatérales de développement. Par ailleurs, la Côte d’Ivoire considère, comme étant primordiale, la mise en place de mécanismes de marché et non marché de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les pays, tel que prévu à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris notamment, en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures édicté à l’article 2 dudit Accord.', 'Par ailleurs, la Côte d’Ivoire considère, comme étant primordiale, la mise en place de mécanismes de marché et non marché de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les pays, tel que prévu à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris notamment, en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures édicté à l’article 2 dudit Accord. ABANDON DU CHARBON COMME SOURCE D’ENERGIE La construction de la centrale à charbon de San-Pedro était l’un des derniers grands projets liés à l’utilisation du charbon comme source d’énergie en Afrique. Avec une capacité initiale de 1400 MW réduite ensuite à 700 MW, elle devrait voir le jour en 2024.', 'Avec une capacité initiale de 1400 MW réduite ensuite à 700 MW, elle devrait voir le jour en 2024. La centrale était censée approvisionner en électricité les infrastructures industrielles de San-Pedro ainsi qu’une grande partie de la Côte d’Ivoire. Cependant, compte tenu des enjeux envirronnementaux et climatiques, le combustible gaz naturel a été subsituté au charbon. L’abandon du combustible charbon réitère clairement la nouvelle vision de la Côte d’Ivoire de privilégier les énergies propres en vue d’aller vers un modèle économique bas carbone.CHAPITRE 1 : ATTENUATION Le développement économique de la Côte d’Ivoire repose sur l’accroissement et l’intensification de la production agricole, la transformation agro-industrielle, le développement du transport, du commerce et des services.', 'L’abandon du combustible charbon réitère clairement la nouvelle vision de la Côte d’Ivoire de privilégier les énergies propres en vue d’aller vers un modèle économique bas carbone.CHAPITRE 1 : ATTENUATION Le développement économique de la Côte d’Ivoire repose sur l’accroissement et l’intensification de la production agricole, la transformation agro-industrielle, le développement du transport, du commerce et des services. Cette impérieuse nécessité de développement n’entache en rien la volonté politique du pays à contri- buer à la réduction des émissions de GES par la préser- vation de l’environnement et l’accélération de l’utilisa- tion des énergies propres. Cette volonté est traduite dans des plans stratégiques sectoriels et des stratégies nationales sur lesquels les CDN révisées s’appuient. 1.1.', 'Cette volonté est traduite dans des plans stratégiques sectoriels et des stratégies nationales sur lesquels les CDN révisées s’appuient. 1.1. SCENARIO DE REFERENCE Les objectifs d’atténuation des CDN révisées sont expri- més par rapport à un scénario de référence correspon- dant à une évolution des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030, partant de l’année 2012 comme l’année de base. Ce choix se justifie par deux raisons principales : • 2012 est l’année la plus récente ayant servi à l’élaboration des inventaires de GES dans la Troisième Communication Nationale (TCN). Cepen- dant, selon le premier rapport biennal actualisé de la Côte d’Ivoire (BUR1), les inventaires des émissions de GES ont été évalués sur la période 1990-2014.', 'Cepen- dant, selon le premier rapport biennal actualisé de la Côte d’Ivoire (BUR1), les inventaires des émissions de GES ont été évalués sur la période 1990-2014. Les données des années 2013 et 2014 dans le secteur Energie n’étant pas disponibles, elles ont par conséquent été reconstituées. • 2012 est l’année de base de la première version des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire qui n’incluait pas la foresterie. Sur cette base, 2012 constitue une référence de comparaison entre les deux versions des CDN. Le scénario de référence reflète un taux de croissance démographique d environ 2,5 % par an et un taux de croissance économique d environ 6 % par an, confor- mément à la croissance historique récente du PIB en Côte d Ivoire. L’année cible de notre nouvelle ambition demeurera 2030 en accord avec les CDN initiales.', 'L’année cible de notre nouvelle ambition demeurera 2030 en accord avec les CDN initiales. Cependant, les émissions de GES seront évaluées chaque année entre l’année de base 2012 et l’année cible 2030 pour tous les scenarios afin d’assurer un meilleur suivi de la mise en œuvre de nos CDN. La Figure 1 présente le scénario de référence global des émissions de GES de l’ensemble des secteurs pour la période 2012-2030.', 'La Figure 1 présente le scénario de référence global des émissions de GES de l’ensemble des secteurs pour la période 2012-2030. Une description complète des méthodes et des approches sectorielles utilisées pour quantifier les sources et les puits de GES de tous les secteurs est fournie dans le rapport " Évaluation intégrée des Gaz à Effet de Serre, des polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie et des polluants atmosphériques en Côte d Ivoire: Recommandations pour la révision des CDN ", qui résume l évaluation de l atténuation des GES réalisée pour informer cette mise à jour des CDN. 1.2. OBJECTIF GLOBAL : MESURES INCONDITIONNELLES ET CONDITIONNELLES Le scénario des mesures inconditionnelles d’atténua- tion comprend vingt-sept (27) mesures sur lesquelles la Côte d’Ivoire s’engage dans le cadre de ses CDN tenant compte de ses circonstances et capacités nationales.', 'OBJECTIF GLOBAL : MESURES INCONDITIONNELLES ET CONDITIONNELLES Le scénario des mesures inconditionnelles d’atténua- tion comprend vingt-sept (27) mesures sur lesquelles la Côte d’Ivoire s’engage dans le cadre de ses CDN tenant compte de ses circonstances et capacités nationales. Quant aux mesures conditionnelles d’atténuation, elles sont au nombre de onze (11). Leur mise en œuvre est tributaire de soutiens et appuis financiers extérieurs accrus. Les CDN révisées présentent un objectif inconditionnel d’atténuation de 30,41% correspondant à un abatte- ment de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équiva- lent CO à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence ; tandis que l’objectif conditionnel est porté à 98,95% (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence.', 'Les CDN révisées présentent un objectif inconditionnel d’atténuation de 30,41% correspondant à un abatte- ment de trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équiva- lent CO à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence ; tandis que l’objectif conditionnel est porté à 98,95% (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. Ce nouvel objectif marque une augmentation exception- nelle de l’ambition d’atténuation par rapport à la première version des CDN tout en dégageant les pers- pectives pour l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2030.', 'Ce nouvel objectif marque une augmentation exception- nelle de l’ambition d’atténuation par rapport à la première version des CDN tout en dégageant les pers- pectives pour l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2030. L’ensemble des mesures permettant d’atteindre cet objectif global d’atténuation est présenté dans l’Annexe I.SECTEURS MESURES INCONDITIONNELLES MESURES CONDITIONNELLES TOTAL Energie Déchets Agriculture Foresterie Procédés Industriels Total Figure 1 : Projections des émissions totales de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) de 2012 à 2030 pour le scénario de référence (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ) Figure 2 : Trajectoires inconditionnelles et conditionnelles des émissions de GES résultant de la mise en œuvre de mesures d atténuation visant les émissions de GES, (unité : millions de tonnes équivalent CO ). TABLEAU II: NOMBRE DE MESURES D’ATTENUATION PAR SECTEUR 1.3.', 'TABLEAU II: NOMBRE DE MESURES D’ATTENUATION PAR SECTEUR 1.3. REPARTITION SECTORIELLE Les CDN révisées comprennent trente-huit (38) mesures d’atténuation (vingt-sept (27) mesures incon- ditionnelles et onze (11) mesures conditionnelles) comme indiqué en Annexe I. Concernant les vingt-sept (27) mesures inconditionnelles, plusieurs sont déjà partiellement ou totalement mises en œuvre. Celles-ci continueront d’atténuer les émissions de GES sur la période 2020-2030.', 'Celles-ci continueront d’atténuer les émissions de GES sur la période 2020-2030. Millions de tonnes eq CO -37 millions teqCO -120 millions teqCOTABLEAU III : REPARTITION ENTRE SECTEURS DE L’EFFORT GLOBAL D’ATTENUATION (INCONDITIONNELLE ET CONDITIONNELLE) EN 2030 (MILLIONS DE TONNES EQUIVALENT CO ) Bien que la transition vers une économie sobre en carbone soit un projet transversal reposant sur un large éventail de mesures d’atténuation dans tous les secteurs, les secteurs de la foresterie, de l’énergie, des déchets et de l’agriculture demeurent le fer de lance de la décarbonation de l’économie ivoirienne. Cependant le secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) représente largement plus de la moitié de l’effort national d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, se positionnant comme un levier essentiel pour la décarbonisation et l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone.', 'Cependant le secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) représente largement plus de la moitié de l’effort national d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, se positionnant comme un levier essentiel pour la décarbonisation et l’atteinte de la neutralité carbone. Les détails de l’ensemble des mesures, toutes catégo- ries confondues, sont présentés en annexe I. Le tableau III présente la répartition par secteur de l’effort global d’atténuation, toutes catégories confondues. SECTEUR EMISSION DE GES 2012 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) BASELINE EMISSION DE GES 2030 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) EMISSION DE GES MESURES INCONDITION- NELLES 2030 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) EMISSION DE GES MESURES INCONDITIONNELLES + CONDITIONNELLES (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) ENERGIE AGRICULTURE DECHETS FORESTERIE TOTAL (SANS FORESTERIE) TOTAL (AVEC FORESTERIE) 1.4.', 'SECTEUR EMISSION DE GES 2012 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) BASELINE EMISSION DE GES 2030 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) EMISSION DE GES MESURES INCONDITION- NELLES 2030 (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) EMISSION DE GES MESURES INCONDITIONNELLES + CONDITIONNELLES (MILLIONS DE TONNES ÉQUIVALENT CO ) ENERGIE AGRICULTURE DECHETS FORESTERIE TOTAL (SANS FORESTERIE) TOTAL (AVEC FORESTERIE) 1.4. CO-BENEFICES DE L ATTENUATION DES POLLUANTS CLIMATIQUES DE COURTE DUREE DE VIE (SLCP) ET DES AUTRES POLLUANTS ATMOSPHÉRIQUES En entreprenant l évaluation de l atténuation des GES pour cette mise à jour des CDN, la réduction des émis- sions de polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) et de polluants atmosphériques résultant de la mise en œuvre des mesures d atténuation a également été quantifiée.', 'CO-BENEFICES DE L ATTENUATION DES POLLUANTS CLIMATIQUES DE COURTE DUREE DE VIE (SLCP) ET DES AUTRES POLLUANTS ATMOSPHÉRIQUES En entreprenant l évaluation de l atténuation des GES pour cette mise à jour des CDN, la réduction des émis- sions de polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie (SLCP) et de polluants atmosphériques résultant de la mise en œuvre des mesures d atténuation a également été quantifiée. La Côte d Ivoire prend acte des résultats du rapport 2018 du Groupe d experts Intergouverne- mental sur l Evolution du Climat (GIEC) sur le réchauf- fement de la planète à 1,5 degré Celcius, qui indique qu il n y a aucune voie pour limiter l augmentation de la température à moins de 1,5 °C sans des réductions à grande échelle des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie comme le méthane, le carbone noir et les hydrofluorocarbures.', 'La Côte d Ivoire prend acte des résultats du rapport 2018 du Groupe d experts Intergouverne- mental sur l Evolution du Climat (GIEC) sur le réchauf- fement de la planète à 1,5 degré Celcius, qui indique qu il n y a aucune voie pour limiter l augmentation de la température à moins de 1,5 °C sans des réductions à grande échelle des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie comme le méthane, le carbone noir et les hydrofluorocarbures. La population de la Côte d Ivoire subit également les effets des émissions de polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie et de polluants atmos- phériques sur sa santé, en raison de l exposition à des niveaux élevés de pollution intérieure et extérieure.', 'La population de la Côte d Ivoire subit également les effets des émissions de polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie et de polluants atmos- phériques sur sa santé, en raison de l exposition à des niveaux élevés de pollution intérieure et extérieure. Selon l Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), plus de 34 000 décès prématurés par an en Côte d Ivoire sont associés à l exposition à la pollution atmosphérique. En tant que membre de la Coalition pour le Climat et l Air Pur (CCAC) depuis 2013, la Côte d Ivoire s est engagée à prendre des mesures intégrées qui améliorent simultanément la qualité de l air en Côte d Ivoire, tout en atténuant le changement climatique. En 2020, la Côte d Ivoire a publié son plan national de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie.', 'En 2020, la Côte d Ivoire a publié son plan national de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie. Ce plan identifiait 16 mesures spécifiques ciblant les principales sources de polluants atmosphériques et de polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie, susceptibles de réduire considérablement les émissions de carbone noir, de méthane, de particules fines, mais aussi de réduire simultanément le dioxyde de carbone. La mise en œuvre du plan national de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie de la Côte d Ivoire pourrait donc contribuer de manière substantielle à la réalisation des objectifs actualisés décrits dans ces CDN. L évaluation de l atténuation des GES pour cette mise à jour des CDN a intégré certaines des mesures d atténuation incluses dans le plan national de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie.', 'L évaluation de l atténuation des GES pour cette mise à jour des CDN a intégré certaines des mesures d atténuation incluses dans le plan national de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie. En conséquence, la mise en œuvre des CDN révisées de la Côte d Ivoire devrait permettre d obtenirENCADRE 3 : VOLET ATTENUATION COMPARAISON CDN 2015 / CDN REVISEES Dans les CDN de la Côte d Ivoire, l’objectif de réduction des émissions de GES en 2030 était d’environ dix (10) millions de tonnes équivalent CO par rapport au scénario de référence de 2015. Cet objectif correspondait à un abattement de 28,25%. Ces réductions d émissions étaient réparties entre sept (07) secteurs (Production d électricité, Transport, Industrie, Approvisionnement en énergie, Bâtiments, Agriculture, Déchets).', 'Ces réductions d émissions étaient réparties entre sept (07) secteurs (Production d électricité, Transport, Industrie, Approvisionnement en énergie, Bâtiments, Agriculture, Déchets). Cependant, plusieurs sources clés et secteurs transversaux stratégiques n étaient pas inclus dans les CDN de 2015 et ont été pris en compte dans cette révision des CDN.', 'Cependant, plusieurs sources clés et secteurs transversaux stratégiques n étaient pas inclus dans les CDN de 2015 et ont été pris en compte dans cette révision des CDN. Les principales différences entre les CDN révisées et les CDN de 2015 sont les suivantes : • Les sept (07) secteurs considérés dans le volet atténuation des CDN de 2015 pour évaluer les émissions de GES ont été regroupés en quatre (04) secteurs stratégiques que sont : Energie (production d’électricité, transport, industrie et bâtiments), Déchets, Agriculture et Foresterie ; • L inclusion du secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres fournit une bonne base pour accroitre davantage l ambition d atténuation des GES, par la réalisation des objectifs de la Stratégie de Préservation, de Réhabili- tation et d’Extension des Forêts de la Côte d Ivoire ; • La prise en compte du nouveau plan directeur de production et de transport d’électricité consacrant l’abandon du charbon au profit du gaz naturel comme une source d’énergie pour la future centrale thermique de San-Pédro ; • Les efforts de réduction chiffrés à environ 10 millions de tonnes équivalent CO (28,25%) ont évolués.', 'Les principales différences entre les CDN révisées et les CDN de 2015 sont les suivantes : • Les sept (07) secteurs considérés dans le volet atténuation des CDN de 2015 pour évaluer les émissions de GES ont été regroupés en quatre (04) secteurs stratégiques que sont : Energie (production d’électricité, transport, industrie et bâtiments), Déchets, Agriculture et Foresterie ; • L inclusion du secteur de la Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres fournit une bonne base pour accroitre davantage l ambition d atténuation des GES, par la réalisation des objectifs de la Stratégie de Préservation, de Réhabili- tation et d’Extension des Forêts de la Côte d Ivoire ; • La prise en compte du nouveau plan directeur de production et de transport d’électricité consacrant l’abandon du charbon au profit du gaz naturel comme une source d’énergie pour la future centrale thermique de San-Pédro ; • Les efforts de réduction chiffrés à environ 10 millions de tonnes équivalent CO (28,25%) ont évolués. Dans les CDN révisées, l’ensemble des mesures inconditionnelles sans la foresterie représente 13,2 millions de tonnes équivalent CO (25 %) de réduction des GES par rapport au nouveau niveau de référence (sans les émissions du secteur FAT) ; En ajoutant la foresterie, les efforts de réduction représentent trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO (30,41 %) de réduction par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence ; des avantages substantiels en matière de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie et des polluants atmosphériques, en générales et d amélioration de la qualité de l air et de santé publique.', 'Dans les CDN révisées, l’ensemble des mesures inconditionnelles sans la foresterie représente 13,2 millions de tonnes équivalent CO (25 %) de réduction des GES par rapport au nouveau niveau de référence (sans les émissions du secteur FAT) ; En ajoutant la foresterie, les efforts de réduction représentent trente-sept (37) millions de tonnes équivalent CO (30,41 %) de réduction par rapport au nouveau scénario de référence ; des avantages substantiels en matière de réduction des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie et des polluants atmosphériques, en générales et d amélioration de la qualité de l air et de santé publique. Ainsi les CDN révisées devraient permettre, par rapport au scénario de référence, de réduire : • Les émissions de carbone noir (BC) de 58% en 2030 ; • Les émissions de méthane (CH4) de 30 % en 2030 ; • Les émissions de particules (PM) de 64 % en 2030 ; • Les émissions des oxydes d azote (NOx) de 42% en 2030.', 'Ainsi les CDN révisées devraient permettre, par rapport au scénario de référence, de réduire : • Les émissions de carbone noir (BC) de 58% en 2030 ; • Les émissions de méthane (CH4) de 30 % en 2030 ; • Les émissions de particules (PM) de 64 % en 2030 ; • Les émissions des oxydes d azote (NOx) de 42% en 2030. En outre, les émissions de HydroFluoroCarbures (HFC) seraient réduites de 20 %en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence, car la Côte d Ivoire commence à mettre en œuvre l amendement de Kigali. Ces réduc- tions d émissions seraient encore accrues après 2030, conformément au calendrier d élimination progressive de HFC prévu par l amendement de Kigali.', 'Ces réduc- tions d émissions seraient encore accrues après 2030, conformément au calendrier d élimination progressive de HFC prévu par l amendement de Kigali. En raison de la réduction simultanée des SLCP et des polluants atmosphériques en plus des GES au fur et à mesure que la Côte d Ivoire met en œuvre ses CDN, les effets d’amélioration de la qualité de l air intérieur et extérieur ont été estimés à environ 7 000 décès préma- turés évités par an en 2030, améliorant ainsi considéra- blement la santé publique. Les principales mesures d atténuation des CDN révisées de la Côte d Ivoire qui conduisent à des réductions substantielles des SLCP et d autres polluants atmosphériques sont présentées à l annexe I.• Dans les CDN révisées, il est prévu d’actualiser et de mettre en œuvre le plan national de réduction des SLCP.', 'Les principales mesures d atténuation des CDN révisées de la Côte d Ivoire qui conduisent à des réductions substantielles des SLCP et d autres polluants atmosphériques sont présentées à l annexe I.• Dans les CDN révisées, il est prévu d’actualiser et de mettre en œuvre le plan national de réduction des SLCP. Cette réduction pourrait renforcer l ambition d atténuation ainsi qu offrir des co-bénéfices substantiels pour l amélioration qualitative de l air et de la santé humaine (plus de 7 000 décès prématurés évités par an à l’horizon 2030) grâce une réduction de la pollution atmosphérique ; • Outre les réductions de méthane et de HFC qui contribuent à l atténuation globale des GES, les émissions de polluants atmosphériques tels que carbone noir, les oxydes d’azote et les particules fines peuvent être réduites considérablement grâce à la mise en œuvre de mesures d atténuation notamment le passage à des combustibles plus propres pour la cuisson, le transport, la production d’électricité et les industries ; • Les secteurs stratégiques comme les Emplois verts, la Territorialisation et le Genre ont permis de ressortir les co-bénéfices et d’apporter une valeur ajoutée qualitative aux mesures définies dans les CDN révisées.CHAPITRE 2 : ADAPTATION 1 GIEC, 2007 : Bilan 2007 des changements climatiques.', 'Cette réduction pourrait renforcer l ambition d atténuation ainsi qu offrir des co-bénéfices substantiels pour l amélioration qualitative de l air et de la santé humaine (plus de 7 000 décès prématurés évités par an à l’horizon 2030) grâce une réduction de la pollution atmosphérique ; • Outre les réductions de méthane et de HFC qui contribuent à l atténuation globale des GES, les émissions de polluants atmosphériques tels que carbone noir, les oxydes d’azote et les particules fines peuvent être réduites considérablement grâce à la mise en œuvre de mesures d atténuation notamment le passage à des combustibles plus propres pour la cuisson, le transport, la production d’électricité et les industries ; • Les secteurs stratégiques comme les Emplois verts, la Territorialisation et le Genre ont permis de ressortir les co-bénéfices et d’apporter une valeur ajoutée qualitative aux mesures définies dans les CDN révisées.CHAPITRE 2 : ADAPTATION 1 GIEC, 2007 : Bilan 2007 des changements climatiques. Contribution des Groupes de travail I, II et III au quatrième Rapport d’évaluation du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat [Équipe de rédaction principale, Pachauri, R.K. et Reisinger, A.', 'Contribution des Groupes de travail I, II et III au quatrième Rapport d’évaluation du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat [Équipe de rédaction principale, Pachauri, R.K. et Reisinger, A. (publié sous la direction de~)]. GIEC, Genève, Suisse, …, 103 pages 2 Banque Mondiale, 2018. Rapport annuel 2018 de la Banque mondiale. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. License : CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.” 3 CIMA, UNISDR (2018). Profil de Risque de Catastrophe en Côte d Ivoire. 2.1. IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE Classée 144ème sur 169 pays pour son indice ND- GAIN, la Côte d’Ivoire figure parmi les pays les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques du fait de sa situation géographique, de sa structuration écono- mique et sa faible préparation à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques.', 'IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE Classée 144ème sur 169 pays pour son indice ND- GAIN, la Côte d’Ivoire figure parmi les pays les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques du fait de sa situation géographique, de sa structuration écono- mique et sa faible préparation à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. L’agriculture, représentant ¼ du PIB du pays et plus de la moitié des emplois, constitue l’une des principales sources d’émission de Gaz à Effet de Serre. Elle est par ailleurs négativement impactée par la hausse des températures et le changement du régime des précipitations avec des répercussions négatives sur la productivité agricole et plus généralement sur la sécurité alimentaire. De plus, à l’échelle de l’Afrique, la superficie des terres arides et semi-arides pourrait augmenter de 5 à 8 % d’ici à 2080 1.', 'De plus, à l’échelle de l’Afrique, la superficie des terres arides et semi-arides pourrait augmenter de 5 à 8 % d’ici à 2080 1. Les plaines côtières littorales, abritant 30 % de la population ivoirienne et 80% des activités économiques du pays, subissent déjà fortement les effets néfastes des changements climatiques qui accen- tuent l’élévation du niveau de la mer et l’érosion côtière mettant ainsi en péril les vies humaines, en particulier pour les personnes vivant sur le littoral.', 'Les plaines côtières littorales, abritant 30 % de la population ivoirienne et 80% des activités économiques du pays, subissent déjà fortement les effets néfastes des changements climatiques qui accen- tuent l’élévation du niveau de la mer et l’érosion côtière mettant ainsi en péril les vies humaines, en particulier pour les personnes vivant sur le littoral. A l’échelle du pays, les changements climatiques menacent de faire basculer près d’un million d’ivoiriens supplémentaires dans l’extrême pauvreté 2 , d’augmen- ter le risque de stress hydrique, avec de plus en plus de régions qui devraient voir plus de 10 % de leur popula- tion en pénurie d eau, et d’augmenter la recrudescence des maladies associées à l’air et à l’eau 3 parmi les populations sensibles.', 'A l’échelle du pays, les changements climatiques menacent de faire basculer près d’un million d’ivoiriens supplémentaires dans l’extrême pauvreté 2 , d’augmen- ter le risque de stress hydrique, avec de plus en plus de régions qui devraient voir plus de 10 % de leur popula- tion en pénurie d eau, et d’augmenter la recrudescence des maladies associées à l’air et à l’eau 3 parmi les populations sensibles. Les femmes sont particulière- ment vulnérables aux conséquences négatives du chan- gement climatique du fait de la division du travail et des rôles de genre, des disparités économiques et des déséquilibres de pénibilité et de temps dédié aux tâches domestiques qui pénalisent leurs opportunités d’adaptation. 2.2.', 'Les femmes sont particulière- ment vulnérables aux conséquences négatives du chan- gement climatique du fait de la division du travail et des rôles de genre, des disparités économiques et des déséquilibres de pénibilité et de temps dédié aux tâches domestiques qui pénalisent leurs opportunités d’adaptation. 2.2. OBJECTIFS A L’HORIZON 2030 L’objectif à l’horizon 2030 du volet adaptation est de réduire la vulnérabilité et d’accroître la résilience des cinq (5) secteurs identifiés comme prioritaires à savoir : (i) Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture ; (ii) Forêts et utilisation des terres ; (iii) Ressources en eau; (iv) Santé ; (v) Zones côtières. Le genre, la biodiversité et la territorialisation sont considérés comme des priorités transversales à tous les secteurs.', 'Le genre, la biodiversité et la territorialisation sont considérés comme des priorités transversales à tous les secteurs. L’ensemble des mesures permettant de réduire la vulnérabilité, de renforcer la résilience et les capacités adaptations des secteurs, des communautés locales et des acteurs nationaux est présenté dans l’annexe 2. 2.3. EFFETS DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE SUR LES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES En Côte d’Ivoire, les répercussions négatives des chan- gements climatiques sont perceptibles dans de nom- breux secteurs dont les principaux sont les suivants : • Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture : (i) modifica- tion du calendrier agricole, baisse des volumes de production pour certaines cultures, (ii) change- ments des zones climatiques favorables aux cultures, (iii) dégradation et diminution des pâtu- rages et augmentation des risques de mortalité du bétail.', 'EFFETS DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE SUR LES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES En Côte d’Ivoire, les répercussions négatives des chan- gements climatiques sont perceptibles dans de nom- breux secteurs dont les principaux sont les suivants : • Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture : (i) modifica- tion du calendrier agricole, baisse des volumes de production pour certaines cultures, (ii) change- ments des zones climatiques favorables aux cultures, (iii) dégradation et diminution des pâtu- rages et augmentation des risques de mortalité du bétail. • Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) dépérissement des forêts, (ii) augmentation du risque de feux de forêts et augmentation de la dégradation des sols et de la désertification qui vont renforcer les inégalités de genre surtout en matière d’accès aux terres arables.', '• Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) dépérissement des forêts, (ii) augmentation du risque de feux de forêts et augmentation de la dégradation des sols et de la désertification qui vont renforcer les inégalités de genre surtout en matière d’accès aux terres arables. • Ressources en eau : (i) baisse de la disponibilité en eau de surface pour les fleuves Bandama et Sassandra, (ii) forte baisse de la charge en eaux souterraines, (iii) augmentation de l’évapotranspira- tion des eaux de surface (notamment dans la Comoé), (iv) mauvaise répartition spatio-temporelle des ressources en eau et augmentation des risques de sécheresse.• Santé : (i) augmentation de la température de l air, couplé avec la sécheresse et la poussière (sable, pollen…) peut entraîner la recrudescence ou le développement de maladies respiratoires (asthme) et cardiovasculaires, (ii) augmentation des vagues de chaleur extrêmes avec des effets intenses sur les femmes enceintes et les femmes en phase de ménopause, (iii) variabilité de - fortes - précipita- tions pourraient amplifier les risques de maladies vectorielles (paludisme, dengue), et l’insuffisance de canaux d’évacuation, peut être vectrice de bactéries entraînant des maladies d’origine hydrique et diarrhéiques (choléra).', '• Ressources en eau : (i) baisse de la disponibilité en eau de surface pour les fleuves Bandama et Sassandra, (ii) forte baisse de la charge en eaux souterraines, (iii) augmentation de l’évapotranspira- tion des eaux de surface (notamment dans la Comoé), (iv) mauvaise répartition spatio-temporelle des ressources en eau et augmentation des risques de sécheresse.• Santé : (i) augmentation de la température de l air, couplé avec la sécheresse et la poussière (sable, pollen…) peut entraîner la recrudescence ou le développement de maladies respiratoires (asthme) et cardiovasculaires, (ii) augmentation des vagues de chaleur extrêmes avec des effets intenses sur les femmes enceintes et les femmes en phase de ménopause, (iii) variabilité de - fortes - précipita- tions pourraient amplifier les risques de maladies vectorielles (paludisme, dengue), et l’insuffisance de canaux d’évacuation, peut être vectrice de bactéries entraînant des maladies d’origine hydrique et diarrhéiques (choléra). • Zones côtières : (i) intensification de l’érosion côtière ces dernières décennies en Côte d Ivoire avec une érosion préoccupante de la côte basse sablonneuse enregistrant des vitesses de recul de la ligne de rivage de l ordre de 1 à 3 mètres voire plus par endroits (Abidjan, Grand-Lahou), (ii) augmenta- tion des risques d’inondations et de submersions marine.', '• Zones côtières : (i) intensification de l’érosion côtière ces dernières décennies en Côte d Ivoire avec une érosion préoccupante de la côte basse sablonneuse enregistrant des vitesses de recul de la ligne de rivage de l ordre de 1 à 3 mètres voire plus par endroits (Abidjan, Grand-Lahou), (ii) augmenta- tion des risques d’inondations et de submersions marine. 2.4.', '• Zones côtières : (i) intensification de l’érosion côtière ces dernières décennies en Côte d Ivoire avec une érosion préoccupante de la côte basse sablonneuse enregistrant des vitesses de recul de la ligne de rivage de l ordre de 1 à 3 mètres voire plus par endroits (Abidjan, Grand-Lahou), (ii) augmenta- tion des risques d’inondations et de submersions marine. 2.4. OBSTACLES ET LACUNES DANS LES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES Les principaux obstacles et lacunes rencontrés dans la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation concernent les secteurs suivants : • Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture : (i) insuffi- sance de sensibilisation et de formation des agricul- teurs en termes de commercialisation des produits agricoles (organisation), (ii) non prise en compte des besoins spécifiques des femmes dans les programmes d’encadrement technique, (iii) non-maitrise des ressources en eau, (iv) faible accès aux biofertilisants et manque de planification, (v) insuffisance de données d’observation et de services climatiques appropriés.', 'OBSTACLES ET LACUNES DANS LES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES Les principaux obstacles et lacunes rencontrés dans la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation concernent les secteurs suivants : • Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture : (i) insuffi- sance de sensibilisation et de formation des agricul- teurs en termes de commercialisation des produits agricoles (organisation), (ii) non prise en compte des besoins spécifiques des femmes dans les programmes d’encadrement technique, (iii) non-maitrise des ressources en eau, (iv) faible accès aux biofertilisants et manque de planification, (v) insuffisance de données d’observation et de services climatiques appropriés. • Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) pratiques anthropiques inadaptées, (ii) insuffisance de capacités techniques, de ressources financières de structures étatiques et des communautés, (iii) précarité du système foncier engendrant des conflits fonciers, (iv) faible connaissances sur les sols.', '• Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) pratiques anthropiques inadaptées, (ii) insuffisance de capacités techniques, de ressources financières de structures étatiques et des communautés, (iii) précarité du système foncier engendrant des conflits fonciers, (iv) faible connaissances sur les sols. • Ressources en eau : (i) difficultés de coordination entre les agences étatiques, (ii) insuffisance en matière d’informations fiables et pertinentes notam- ment en termes de réseaux hydrométriques fonctionnels et de réseaux hydrométéorologiques.', '• Ressources en eau : (i) difficultés de coordination entre les agences étatiques, (ii) insuffisance en matière d’informations fiables et pertinentes notam- ment en termes de réseaux hydrométriques fonctionnels et de réseaux hydrométéorologiques. • Santé : (i) faible mémoire institutionnelle en termes d archivage des données, (ii) faible propor- tion du budget de l’Etat allouée au secteur de la santé, (iii) faible diffusion et application des procé- dures de gestion des infrastructures et équipements de la santé, (iv) insuffisance de personnel médical, (v) insuffisance des systèmes d’alerte épidémiolo- giques pour anticiper les maladies liées au climat, (vi) faible connaissance sur les liens entre changement climatique et santé.', '• Santé : (i) faible mémoire institutionnelle en termes d archivage des données, (ii) faible propor- tion du budget de l’Etat allouée au secteur de la santé, (iii) faible diffusion et application des procé- dures de gestion des infrastructures et équipements de la santé, (iv) insuffisance de personnel médical, (v) insuffisance des systèmes d’alerte épidémiolo- giques pour anticiper les maladies liées au climat, (vi) faible connaissance sur les liens entre changement climatique et santé. • Zones côtières : (i) faible prise en compte des mesures d’adaptation dans les zones côtières liées au coût élevé des infrastructures à construires, (ii) action destructrice de l’homme sur les écosystèmes telles que les mangroves, (iii) instabilité des embouchures. 2.5.', '• Zones côtières : (i) faible prise en compte des mesures d’adaptation dans les zones côtières liées au coût élevé des infrastructures à construires, (ii) action destructrice de l’homme sur les écosystèmes telles que les mangroves, (iii) instabilité des embouchures. 2.5. MESURES D’ADAPTATION DANS LES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES Les mesures identifiées dans les différents secteurs prioritaires du volet adaptation sont les suivantes : • Agriculture, élevage, aquaculture : (i) mettre en place des mesures de protection contre les risques climatiques, (ii) promouvoir les pratiques agricoles protectrices des sols, (iii) soutenir des systèmes agropastoraux et halieutiques intelligents face au climat et protecteurs des ressources naturelles. • Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) améliorer la gouvernance foncière, (ii) renforcer la protection des forêts et lutter contre la dégradation des terres, (iii) restaurer les terres et forêts dégradées.', '• Forêts et utilisation des terres : (i) améliorer la gouvernance foncière, (ii) renforcer la protection des forêts et lutter contre la dégradation des terres, (iii) restaurer les terres et forêts dégradées. • Ressources en eau : (i) appuyer la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE), (ii) renfor- cer les transferts de technologies pour une meilleure gestion des ressources en eau. • Santé : (i) renforcer la surveillance des maladies sensibles liées au changement climatique, (ii) renforcer les capacités techniques pour faire face à une récrudescense des maladies liées au change- ments climatique, (iii) renforcer les capacités institutionnelles et la collaboration intersectorielle.', '• Santé : (i) renforcer la surveillance des maladies sensibles liées au changement climatique, (ii) renforcer les capacités techniques pour faire face à une récrudescense des maladies liées au change- ments climatique, (iii) renforcer les capacités institutionnelles et la collaboration intersectorielle. • Zones côtières : (i) renforcement des capacités techniques et financières des institutions et de toutes les parties prenantes pour la gestion intégrée des zones côtières, (ii) mise en place d’un système d’alertes précoces, (iii) soutenir les communautés les plus vulnérables à travers des investissements physiques et sociaux.2.6. PLAN NATIONAL D’ADAPTATION (PNA) La loi d’orientation sur le développement durable N°2014-390 du 20 juin 2014 fournit une base juridique au PNA qui s’inscrit dans une approche plus large et intégrée de la protection de l environnement et du déve loppement durable.', 'PLAN NATIONAL D’ADAPTATION (PNA) La loi d’orientation sur le développement durable N°2014-390 du 20 juin 2014 fournit une base juridique au PNA qui s’inscrit dans une approche plus large et intégrée de la protection de l environnement et du déve loppement durable. Ainsi en 2015, année de soumission des premières CDN du pays, le processus PNA a démarré par des consultations en vue de l’élaboration d’une feuille de route avec le soutien du programme d appui mondial au PNA. En mars 2017, une proposition de projet de renforcement de l’intégration de l’adaptation aux chan- gements climatiques dans la planification du dévelop- pement en Côte d’Ivoire fût soumise au Fonds Vert Climat via la fenêtre « Readiness Adaptation », approuvée en février 2019. Ainsi, plusieurs activités ont été entreprises en prélude à l’élaboration du PNA.', 'Ainsi, plusieurs activités ont été entreprises en prélude à l’élaboration du PNA. Il s’agit d’études spécifiques sur l’adaptation, le secteur privé, les rôles et responsabili- tés des acteurs dans le cycle d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre du PNA, les guides méthodologiques et les rapports d’évaluation des risques climatiques, de quan- tification des impacts et des coûts des options d’adap- tation. Des synergies avec d’autres partenaires techniques et financiers sont en cours, en vue de l’élaboration de projets structurants sur l’adaptation, de la structuration de l’approche verticale de l’adaptation et sur la durabilité de certaines interventions. En outre la faisabilité de certains instruments finan- ciers, appliqués à l’adaptation, telle que l’assurance climatique sont réalisés.', 'En outre la faisabilité de certains instruments finan- ciers, appliqués à l’adaptation, telle que l’assurance climatique sont réalisés. Plusieurs consultations ont été engagées sur le volet Genre et ont abouti à la mise en place d’une plate-forme genre et changements climatique et à l’élaboration d’un plaidoyer à l’attention du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable et du Ministère en charge de la Femme, de la Famille et de l’Enfant. Ce plaidoyer a abouti à la signature d’un Mémorandum d’Entente sur le genre et les changements climatiques, en 2020 entre les deux ministères. Des ateliers de formation sur la base de programmes ciblés ont été déployés. L’amélioration du cadre institu- tionnel à travers une meilleure connaissance sur les mandants liés au processus PNA a été engagée.', 'L’amélioration du cadre institu- tionnel à travers une meilleure connaissance sur les mandants liés au processus PNA a été engagée. Des analyses sur le dispositif Mesure-Notification-Vérifica- tion (MNV) pour l’adaptation ont été engagées. Les limites, les gaps, les obstacles, les opportunités, les leçons apprises, les bonnes pratiques et les perspec- tives seront également identifiés. A terme, le PNA sera disponible en 2022, en complément du volet adaptation des présentes CDN.', 'A terme, le PNA sera disponible en 2022, en complément du volet adaptation des présentes CDN. ENCADRE 4 : VOLET ADAPTATION COMPARAISON CDN2015 / CDN REVISEES Dans le cadre de la révision des CDN de la Côte d Ivoire, une mise à jour des secteurs vulnérables a été effectuée sur la base des quatre (4) critères suivants : l’indice ND-GAIN de l’Université Notre Dame (Notre Dame Globale Adaptation Initiative), les études de vulnérabilités sectorielles, les priorités politiques et les perceptions des acteurs de territoire sur les vulnérabilités sectorielles.', 'ENCADRE 4 : VOLET ADAPTATION COMPARAISON CDN2015 / CDN REVISEES Dans le cadre de la révision des CDN de la Côte d Ivoire, une mise à jour des secteurs vulnérables a été effectuée sur la base des quatre (4) critères suivants : l’indice ND-GAIN de l’Université Notre Dame (Notre Dame Globale Adaptation Initiative), les études de vulnérabilités sectorielles, les priorités politiques et les perceptions des acteurs de territoire sur les vulnérabilités sectorielles. Ainsi, dans les CDN révisées cinq secteurs (05) vulnérables ont été identifiés comme prioritaires pour lesquels le renforcement de la résilience est primordial : • Agriculture, élevage et aquaculture ; • Forêts et utilisation des terres ; • Ressources en eau ; • Santé ; • Zones côtières.', 'Ainsi, dans les CDN révisées cinq secteurs (05) vulnérables ont été identifiés comme prioritaires pour lesquels le renforcement de la résilience est primordial : • Agriculture, élevage et aquaculture ; • Forêts et utilisation des terres ; • Ressources en eau ; • Santé ; • Zones côtières. Ensuite, pour chacun de ces 5 secteurs vulnérables prioritaires, ont été déclinés des axes stratégiques et actions prioritaires. Les objectifs d’adaptation par secteur ont été établis sur les bases des politiques sectorielles afin de garantir la cohérence et la vision à long terme.', 'Les objectifs d’adaptation par secteur ont été établis sur les bases des politiques sectorielles afin de garantir la cohérence et la vision à long terme. Enfin, les synergies avec les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD), entre autres, l’ODD 2 Lutte contre la faim, l’ODD 3 Santé et Bien-être et l’ODD 5 Egalité entre les sexes ont été mises en évidence.CHAPITRE 3 : MISE EN OEUVRE DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL 3.1. DISPOSITIF DE GOUVERNANCE DES CDN En Côte d’Ivoire, la mise en œuvre des CDN est placée sous l’égide du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable.', 'DISPOSITIF DE GOUVERNANCE DES CDN En Côte d’Ivoire, la mise en œuvre des CDN est placée sous l’égide du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable. Pour le fonctionnement efficace d’un dispositif de gouvernance des CDN, une attention particulière doit être accordée aux principes suivants : Le principe d’inclusion : tous les acteurs intervenant dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques doivent être associés à la mise en œuvre des CDN ; Le principe de l’appropriation : tous les acteurs inter- venant dans la lutte contre les changements clima- tiques doivent s’investir davantage dans la mise en œuvre des CDN ; Le principe de coordination : les rôles et responsabili- tés de tous les acteurs intervenant dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques doivent être clairement définis. 3.2.', 'Pour le fonctionnement efficace d’un dispositif de gouvernance des CDN, une attention particulière doit être accordée aux principes suivants : Le principe d’inclusion : tous les acteurs intervenant dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques doivent être associés à la mise en œuvre des CDN ; Le principe de l’appropriation : tous les acteurs inter- venant dans la lutte contre les changements clima- tiques doivent s’investir davantage dans la mise en œuvre des CDN ; Le principe de coordination : les rôles et responsabili- tés de tous les acteurs intervenant dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques doivent être clairement définis. 3.2. PLANS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE ET DE SUIVI DES CDN Le processus de révision des CDN inclut l’élaboration d’un plan d’investissement assorti d’une stratégie de mobilisation des ressources.', 'PLANS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE ET DE SUIVI DES CDN Le processus de révision des CDN inclut l’élaboration d’un plan d’investissement assorti d’une stratégie de mobilisation des ressources. Ces documents viendront apporter plus de précisions sur les coûts estimatifs mentionnés dans le budget global des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire. Pour la mise en œuvre des CDN, il est également prévu la mise en place d’un cadre de suivi et évaluation. Les résultats de ce processus de révision indiquent la nécessité d’impliquer des acteurs de trois niveaux dans le suivi de la mise en œuvre que sont : le niveau politique, le niveau technique et le niveau administratif. Aussi, dans le but de diffuser les acquis en matière de changement climatique, une stratégie de communication sera t-elle élaborée.', 'Aussi, dans le but de diffuser les acquis en matière de changement climatique, une stratégie de communication sera t-elle élaborée. Cette stratégie permettra de mieux communiquer en vue sensibiliser, de diffuser l’information climatique aux populations et de présenter les résultats des CDN. 3.2.1. SOURCES ET MECANISMES DE FINANCEMENT La Côte d’Ivoire entend financer les mesures d’atténua- tion et d’adaptation de ses CDN révisées au moyen de diverses sources. Sources endogènes • Budget national : il s’agira de mobiliser des ressources financières à travers l’alignement des mesures des CDN avec les plans nationaux de déve- loppement ainsi que l’inscription de ces mesures aux programmes d’investissements publics. • Finance privée : la participation du secteur privé au financement de la mise en œuvre des CDN constitue un élément essentiel.', '• Finance privée : la participation du secteur privé au financement de la mise en œuvre des CDN constitue un élément essentiel. Elle permettra notamment de développer des financements innovants tels que les marchés carbones locaux. Sources exogènes • Finance climatique : le développement de la finance climatique internationale constitue un réel espoir pour les pays en développement et la Côte d’Ivoire en particulier. L’accroissement de la capitali- sation des fonds climat tels que le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC) et le Fonds pour l’Adaptation (FA) ainsi que les décaissements en direction des pays en développement constituent une attente primordiale.', 'L’accroissement de la capitali- sation des fonds climat tels que le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC) et le Fonds pour l’Adaptation (FA) ainsi que les décaissements en direction des pays en développement constituent une attente primordiale. • Partenaires techniques et financiers : l’accompa- gnement des partenaires techniques et financiers à la réalisation des ambitions environnementales de la Côte d’Ivoire a été déterminant depuis les premières évaluations environnementales ayant abouti à l’élaboration du Plan National d’Action pour l’Environnement (PNAE) de 1994, en passant par l’évaluation environnementale post-conflit de 2015, jusqu’à l’élaboration des Contributions Déterminées au niveau National (CDN) de 2022. Le maintien et le renforcement de ces appuis sont plus que nécessaires au regard des urgences liées à l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques dans les prochaines décennies.', 'Le maintien et le renforcement de ces appuis sont plus que nécessaires au regard des urgences liées à l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques dans les prochaines décennies. Autres instruments économiques : la Côte d’Ivoire, à l’instar d’autres pays entend diversifier ses instruments économiques pour le financement de ses actions environnementales et climatiques. A ce titre, elle s’estAGENCES DE MISE EN ŒUVRE PARTENAIRES FINANCIERS récemment engagée dans un processus de préparation et d’émission d’obligations vertes sur les marchés sous-régionaux et internationaux. 3.2.2. PLAN DE PARTENARIAT POUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN Le plan de partenariat (annexe 3), développé par le pays dans le cadre du partenariat mondial pour la mise œuvre des CDN (NDC Partnership), identifie les partenaires d’appui à la mise en œuvre et au suivi des CDN.', 'PLAN DE PARTENARIAT POUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN Le plan de partenariat (annexe 3), développé par le pays dans le cadre du partenariat mondial pour la mise œuvre des CDN (NDC Partnership), identifie les partenaires d’appui à la mise en œuvre et au suivi des CDN. Ce plan a défini des mesures et une planification concrète pour la mise en œuvre desdites mesures autour de quatre (4 ) piliers stratégiques. Cette mise en œuvre s’étend sur la période de 2022-2030 et mobilisera plusieurs acteurs et partenaires de mise en œuvre (Figure 3). Figure 3 : Partenaires de mise en œuvre des CDN Partenaires Techniques et Financiers GOUVERNANCE ET STRATÉGIE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN COMMUNICATION GENRE - Primature, - Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, - Ministère du Plan et du Développement, - Ministères sectoriels.', 'Figure 3 : Partenaires de mise en œuvre des CDN Partenaires Techniques et Financiers GOUVERNANCE ET STRATÉGIE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN COMMUNICATION GENRE - Primature, - Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, - Ministère du Plan et du Développement, - Ministères sectoriels. - Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, - Ministères Sectoriels, - Secteur Privé, - Organisations de la Société Civile. - Primature, - Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de la Communication, - Secteur Privé, - Organisations de la Société Civile. - Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, - Ministère de la Famille de la Femme et de l’Enfant, - Observatoire National de l’Equité et du Genre, - Secteur Privé, - Organisations de la Société Civile. Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable Partenaires Techniques et Financiers État ivoirien Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Partenaires Techniques et Financiers12 Milliards en US$ Budget adaptation 10 Milliards en US$ Budget atténuation 3.3. BUDGET GLOBAL DES CDN 3.3.1.', 'Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable Partenaires Techniques et Financiers État ivoirien Partenaires Techniques et Financiers Partenaires Techniques et Financiers12 Milliards en US$ Budget adaptation 10 Milliards en US$ Budget atténuation 3.3. BUDGET GLOBAL DES CDN 3.3.1. METHODOLOGIE D’ESTIMATION DES COUTS Malgré les contraintes d’ordre techniques et méthodo- logiques, il est important de pouvoir chiffrer au mieux les engagements pris dans les CDN révisées. A ce titre, un premier chiffrage qui a pour vocation de donner un ordre de grandeur des investissements nécessaires pour réaliser les engagements pris dans ces CDN a été réalisé. Pour cela, les coûts des actions prioritaires ont été estimés à partir de : (i) une revue des documents de politique et programme budgétisés existants, (ii) une revue des coûts des projets existants et en cours de préparation et (iii) des consultations des parties prenantes.', 'Pour cela, les coûts des actions prioritaires ont été estimés à partir de : (i) une revue des documents de politique et programme budgétisés existants, (ii) une revue des coûts des projets existants et en cours de préparation et (iii) des consultations des parties prenantes. A titre d’exemple, le coût de la dégradation des zones côtières en Côte d’Ivoire, selon une évaluation de la Banque Mondiale, s’élèverait à 1,985 millions (soit 992 500 000 000 de FCFA)* de dollars par an. Tandis que les coûts des dommages d’une élévation de 20 cm du niveau de la mer d’ici 2050 dans la seule ville d’Abidjan, évalué dans le cadre du programme WACA, a été estimé à environ 460 milliards de FCFA par an.', 'Tandis que les coûts des dommages d’une élévation de 20 cm du niveau de la mer d’ici 2050 dans la seule ville d’Abidjan, évalué dans le cadre du programme WACA, a été estimé à environ 460 milliards de FCFA par an. Figure 4 : Répartition des ressources entre l’adaptation et l’atténuation pour la mise en œuvre des CDN de la Côte d Ivoire. La mise à jour des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire a été un processus participatif et inclusif qui a nécessité beaucoup d’informations pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de ce document des CDN révisées (cf annexe 5).', 'La mise à jour des CDN de la Côte d’Ivoire a été un processus participatif et inclusif qui a nécessité beaucoup d’informations pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de ce document des CDN révisées (cf annexe 5). Cependant cette première estimation des coûts a mis en exergue un besoin de renforcement des éléments de prospective à court et moyen termes (horizons 2030 et 2050) et d’identification des besoins en financement dans les secteurs prioritaires, en particulier pour le secteur de la santé qui a fait l’objet de peu d’études. Ainsi, le plan d’investissement viendra affiner les coûts des actions contenues dans les CDN. 3.3.2.', 'Ainsi, le plan d’investissement viendra affiner les coûts des actions contenues dans les CDN. 3.3.2. COÛT GLOBAL DES CDN Le coût global pour la mise en œuvre des CDN révisées représente une enveloppe budgétaire totale d’environ vingt-deux (22) milliards de dollars US$. Ils sont répartis de la façon suivante : • Dix (10) milliards de dollars US$ pour le volet atténuation, soit 5 000 milliards de FCFA* ; • Douze (12) milliards de dollars US$ soit 6 000 milliards de FCFA*. (*) Avec une parité de 1 dollar = 500 FCFAANNEXESDIRECTION DE LA LUTTE CONTRE LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES']

fr-FR

CUB

Cuba

1st NDC

2016-12-30 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Republic%20of%20Cuba-NDCs-Nov2015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/68fe18026fd94ce0fcd322d2713b7fe9af50ae64122762ca443cdfe9e8351081.pdf

['REPÚBLICA DE CUBA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO En concordancia con las decisiones 1 CP 19 y 1 CP 20, de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República de Cuba se complace en presentar su “Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada” (INDC, por sus siglas en inglés). 1. Acciones de Cuba para un desarrollo sostenible. La estrategia de desarrollo económico y social de la República de Cuba, se caracteriza por darle prioridad a las aspiraciones y necesidades del ser humano y tiene como objetivo principal la constante elevación del nivel y la calidad de vida de la población. El país, al propio tiempo busca crecer económicamente, preservando el medio ambiente y en un marco de equidad social.', 'El país, al propio tiempo busca crecer económicamente, preservando el medio ambiente y en un marco de equidad social. La protección del medio ambiente y el uso sostenible de sus recursos naturales han constituido siempre una prioridad para el Estado cubano. Para ello hemos debido enfrentar grandes retos. Al Triunfo de la Revolución, el primero de enero de 1959, había un millón de analfabetos, no contábamos con ningún centro de investigación científica y existían solo cuatro estaciones experimentales con menos de cien personas empleadas. No se disponía de programas de investigación-desarrollo financiados por el gobierno o por las empresas, ya fuesen nacionales o extranjeras. La nación tenía tres universidades.', 'No se disponía de programas de investigación-desarrollo financiados por el gobierno o por las empresas, ya fuesen nacionales o extranjeras. La nación tenía tres universidades. Tan temprano como el 15 de enero de 1960, el entonces primer ministro cubano Fidel Castro Ruz afirmó: “El futuro de nuestra patria tienen que ser necesariamente un futuro de hombres de ciencia, tieneque ser un futuro de hombres de pensamiento, porque precisamente es lo que más estamos sembrando; lo que más estamos sembrando son oportunidades a la inteligencia”. En tan solo un año, el país desarrolló una masiva campaña para enseñar al pueblo a leer y a escribir, que dio inició al desarrollo impetuoso de la educación cubana.', 'En tan solo un año, el país desarrolló una masiva campaña para enseñar al pueblo a leer y a escribir, que dio inició al desarrollo impetuoso de la educación cubana. En paralelo se inició la reforma universitaria, los hospitales se convirtieron en instituciones docentes y de investigación y se crearon los primeros institutos bajo la dirección del Ministerio de Industrias y de la naciente Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Durante las primeras tres décadas de Revolución, se impulsó la formación de la infraestructura y el capital humano especializado en las esferas medioambientales, lo que permitió ir conociendo el inventario y estado de los recursos naturales del país.', 'Durante las primeras tres décadas de Revolución, se impulsó la formación de la infraestructura y el capital humano especializado en las esferas medioambientales, lo que permitió ir conociendo el inventario y estado de los recursos naturales del país. Se crearon o perfeccionaron redes temáticas que fueron engrosando las bases de datos de servicios científico-tecnológicos; tales como el meteorológico, hidrológico, sismológico, geodésico, oceanográfico, radiológico, y sanitarios, por solo citar algunos. En 1976, y por Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros, se crea la Comisión Nacional de Protección del Medio Ambiente y Conservación de los Recursos Naturales (COMARNA), integrada por los órganos, organismos e instituciones más directamente vinculadas con la protección del medio ambiente y el uso racional de los recursos naturales.', 'En 1976, y por Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros, se crea la Comisión Nacional de Protección del Medio Ambiente y Conservación de los Recursos Naturales (COMARNA), integrada por los órganos, organismos e instituciones más directamente vinculadas con la protección del medio ambiente y el uso racional de los recursos naturales. El 10 de enero de 1981, la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular aprobó la Ley No. 33, de Protección del Medio Ambiente y el Uso Racional de los Recursos Naturales, que estableció los principios básicos en este campo y creó el Sistema Nacional de Protección del Medio Ambiente y del uso Racional de los Recursos Naturales.', '33, de Protección del Medio Ambiente y el Uso Racional de los Recursos Naturales, que estableció los principios básicos en este campo y creó el Sistema Nacional de Protección del Medio Ambiente y del uso Racional de los Recursos Naturales. El discurso del entonces Presidente, Fidel Castro Ruz, en Río de Janeiro (1992), en ocasión de la Cumbre de la Tierra, marcó un hito enel pensamiento medioambiental, al denunciar las causas más profundas del problema: la necesidad de una mejor distribución de las riquezas y de la aplicación de la tecnología para el desarrollo humano y no para el lujo y el despilfarro que promueven las sociedades consumistas.', 'El discurso del entonces Presidente, Fidel Castro Ruz, en Río de Janeiro (1992), en ocasión de la Cumbre de la Tierra, marcó un hito enel pensamiento medioambiental, al denunciar las causas más profundas del problema: la necesidad de una mejor distribución de las riquezas y de la aplicación de la tecnología para el desarrollo humano y no para el lujo y el despilfarro que promueven las sociedades consumistas. Apenas concluida la Cumbre de Río en el año 1992 y tomando como base los compromisos contraídos por el país, Cuba modificó el Artículo 27 de la Constitución de la República, en el que se incorpora el concepto de desarrollo sostenible.', 'Apenas concluida la Cumbre de Río en el año 1992 y tomando como base los compromisos contraídos por el país, Cuba modificó el Artículo 27 de la Constitución de la República, en el que se incorpora el concepto de desarrollo sostenible. En ese mismo año se firman la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica y la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. En 1994, se crea el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), Organismo de la Administración Central del Estado que se encarga de proponer la política ambiental y dirigir su ejecución sobre la base de la coordinación y control de la gestión ambiental del país.', 'En 1994, se crea el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), Organismo de la Administración Central del Estado que se encarga de proponer la política ambiental y dirigir su ejecución sobre la base de la coordinación y control de la gestión ambiental del país. Posteriormente, en 1997, la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular aprobó la Ley 81 del medio ambiente, que ha servido de base a importantes legislaciones complementarias, normas y otros instrumentos de la gestión ambiental, lo que incluye los elementos regulatorios y de supervisión estatal. Entre las herramientas principales con que ha contado el país para la implementación de su política ambiental, han estado la Estrategia Ambiental Nacional, las Sectoriales y las Territoriales.', 'Entre las herramientas principales con que ha contado el país para la implementación de su política ambiental, han estado la Estrategia Ambiental Nacional, las Sectoriales y las Territoriales. Estas herramientas han devenido en instrumentos eficaces, dirigidos a ejecutar acciones a favor de mejorar el desempeño ambiental. En su concepción y aplicación, estas estrategias interrelacionan los aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, lo que las convierte en estrategias para el desarrollo sostenible. Cuba alcanzó las metas trazadas por los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, gracias a la voluntad del gobierno que estableció desde el triunfo mismo de la revolución en enero de 1959 una política socialinclusiva y humanitaria.', 'Cuba alcanzó las metas trazadas por los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, gracias a la voluntad del gobierno que estableció desde el triunfo mismo de la revolución en enero de 1959 una política socialinclusiva y humanitaria. El esfuerzo y el interés de las autoridades han posibilitado que hoy todos los cubanos, sin excepción, tengan acceso a derechos humanos fundamentales como la educación, la salud y la seguridad alimentaria, entre otros. La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación ha destacado nuestros avances en la lucha contra el hambre y la desnutrición.', 'La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación ha destacado nuestros avances en la lucha contra el hambre y la desnutrición. Cuba se ha convertido en un referente de la seguridad alimentaria en América Latina y el Caribe, ya que se trata de uno de los ocho países de la región que han logrado erradicar completamente el hambre. Los esfuerzos de Cuba, en pos del desarrollo sostenible, cuentan también con otros reconocimientos internacionales. En 2006 Cuba fue referida por el Informe “Planeta Vivo”, (informe bianual de la Fundación Mundial de la Naturaleza (WWF por sus siglas en inglés), como el único país en el mundo con condiciones para llevar adelante las metas del desarrollo sostenible.', 'En 2006 Cuba fue referida por el Informe “Planeta Vivo”, (informe bianual de la Fundación Mundial de la Naturaleza (WWF por sus siglas en inglés), como el único país en el mundo con condiciones para llevar adelante las metas del desarrollo sostenible. En 2015 la Red de la Huella Ecológica Global (Global Footprint Network), identifica a Cuba entre los ocho países que cumplen las dos condiciones esenciales para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible, en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible adoptados por Naciones Unidas, al combinar un bienestar alto, con una Huella Ecológica inferior a 1.7 hectáreas.', 'En 2015 la Red de la Huella Ecológica Global (Global Footprint Network), identifica a Cuba entre los ocho países que cumplen las dos condiciones esenciales para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible, en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible adoptados por Naciones Unidas, al combinar un bienestar alto, con una Huella Ecológica inferior a 1.7 hectáreas. Para alcanzar estos resultados, el país debió superar ingentes obstáculos, en primer lugar el bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos contra Cuba desde hace 55 años, que permanece intacto a pesar del reciente restablecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre ambos países y de algunas limitadas medidas tomadas por el Presidente estadounidense, que inciden sobre su aplicación.', 'Para alcanzar estos resultados, el país debió superar ingentes obstáculos, en primer lugar el bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos contra Cuba desde hace 55 años, que permanece intacto a pesar del reciente restablecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre ambos países y de algunas limitadas medidas tomadas por el Presidente estadounidense, que inciden sobre su aplicación. El bloqueo le ha impuesto a Cuba serias dificultades para acceder a los recursos, tecnologías, equipamientos y conocimientos científicos y técnicos requeridos, para su desarrollo sostenible.2. Circunstancias nacionales Para Cuba el enfrentamiento al cambio climático es una alta prioridad. El archipiélago cubano es muy vulnerable al cambio climático global, dado su condición de pequeño estado insular situado en la región tropical del planeta.', 'El archipiélago cubano es muy vulnerable al cambio climático global, dado su condición de pequeño estado insular situado en la región tropical del planeta. El cambio climático viene agravando y agravará en el futuro, los problemas ambientales1 acumulados en la nación, convirtiéndose paulatinamente en un factor determinante del desarrollo sostenible. El clima en Cuba es hoy más cálido y extremo. Desde mediados del siglo pasado la temperatura promedio anual ha aumentado en 0.9 grados Celsius. La última década del pasado siglo y la primera del presente, han sido las más cálidas, de acuerdo a las mediciones históricas de la temperatura. Se ha registrado el ascenso del nivel del mar, en los últimos cuarenta años, según mediciones en varios puntos del archipiélago cubano.', 'Se ha registrado el ascenso del nivel del mar, en los últimos cuarenta años, según mediciones en varios puntos del archipiélago cubano. La estimación de la velocidad promedio de la elevación del nivel medio del mar relativo ha sido determinada en 1,43 mm/año. El ritmo de retroceso de la línea de costas de playas arenosas, ha sido determinado en 1,2 metros promedio por año. Se ha observado una gran variabilidad en la actividad ciclónica y en la actualidad estamos en una etapa muy activa. Desde el 2001 y hasta la fecha han afectado a Cuba 8 huracanes intensos, hecho sin precedentes en la historia. El régimen de lluvias está variando. En las últimas décadas las lluvias en el período seco han aumentado.', 'En las últimas décadas las lluvias en el período seco han aumentado. La frecuencia y extensión de las sequías se ha incrementado significativamente desde 1960; con daños mayores en la región oriental. 1 La Estrategia Ambiental Nacional vigente reconoce como problemas ambientales: Degradación de los suelos, afectaciones a la cobertura forestal, la contaminación, la pérdida de la diversidad biológica y la carencia del agua.Se han observado cambios en la disponibilidad de agua y se estima una disminución del potencial hídrico. Otras afectaciones se han estado observando o midiendo, en los sectores de la agricultura y la salud humana, así como en la biodiversidad.', 'Otras afectaciones se han estado observando o midiendo, en los sectores de la agricultura y la salud humana, así como en la biodiversidad. En el caso del nivel medio del mar, las proyecciones futuras indican ascensos que implicarían una disminución lenta de la superficie emergida del país y la salinización paulatina de los acuíferos subterráneos, por el avance de la llamada “cuña salina”. Por su parte la sobreelevación del nivel del mar debido a los huracanes intensos y otros eventos meteorológicos extremos, continuará representando el principal peligro del cambio climático para el archipiélago cubano por las inundaciones costeras y la destrucción del patrimonio natural y humano cercano a la costa.', 'Por su parte la sobreelevación del nivel del mar debido a los huracanes intensos y otros eventos meteorológicos extremos, continuará representando el principal peligro del cambio climático para el archipiélago cubano por las inundaciones costeras y la destrucción del patrimonio natural y humano cercano a la costa. Los estudios indican que quedaría sumergida de forma permanente, el 2,45 % de la superficie terrestre para el 2050, con una elevación del nivel del mar de 27cm y de 5,80 % para el 2100 con una elevación del nivel medio del mar 85 cm, sin considerar los cayos. Respecto a los asentamientos humanos, se estiman afectaciones parciales para 78 asentamientos en 2050 y 107 para el 2100, mientras la cifra de afectaciones totales es de 15 y 6, respectivamente.', 'Respecto a los asentamientos humanos, se estiman afectaciones parciales para 78 asentamientos en 2050 y 107 para el 2100, mientras la cifra de afectaciones totales es de 15 y 6, respectivamente. Lo anterior implicará afectaciones sensibles, si no se toman medidas de adaptación. Los impactos que ya hoy se hacen sentir, asociados a la variabilidad climática y la vulnerabilidad del país, implican una carga económica de grandes dimensiones para Cuba. Las pérdidas por 16 huracanes desde 1998 al 2008 se cifraron en 20 mil 564 millones de dólares2, sin incluir las cuantiosas afectaciones ocasionadas por la sequía.', 'Las pérdidas por 16 huracanes desde 1998 al 2008 se cifraron en 20 mil 564 millones de dólares2, sin incluir las cuantiosas afectaciones ocasionadas por la sequía. 2 Fuente: Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución (2011).En ese contexto, el Gobierno cubano reconoce como prioridad de su política la adaptación al cambio climático y ha incentivado la creación de capacidades dirigidas al conocimiento y enfrentamiento de los impactos del cambio climático para el presente siglo. El potencial científico-tecnológico desarrollado en las esferas del medio ambiente ha llevado a cabo, desde 1991, los estudios que han evidenciado cambios del clima en Cuba; sus impactos y vulnerabilidades; así como importantes proyectos relacionados con el cambio climático y su evaluación a niveles global, nacional y local.', 'El potencial científico-tecnológico desarrollado en las esferas del medio ambiente ha llevado a cabo, desde 1991, los estudios que han evidenciado cambios del clima en Cuba; sus impactos y vulnerabilidades; así como importantes proyectos relacionados con el cambio climático y su evaluación a niveles global, nacional y local. En octubre del año 2007, el Consejo de Ministros analizó por primera vez el tema del cambio climático y aprobó un programa compuesto por seis tareas generales, que priorizó la adaptación en los sectores económicos y sociales, enfocada hacia la zona costera y vinculada con la reducción de desastres.', 'En octubre del año 2007, el Consejo de Ministros analizó por primera vez el tema del cambio climático y aprobó un programa compuesto por seis tareas generales, que priorizó la adaptación en los sectores económicos y sociales, enfocada hacia la zona costera y vinculada con la reducción de desastres. En el 2007 se realiza el primer mapa de alerta sobre el peligro y las vulnerabilidades del ascenso del nivel medio del mar para Cuba, el cual derivó en un conjunto de investigaciones, que se integran lo que se conoce como el Macroproyecto “Peligros y Vulnerabilidad Costera para los años 2050-2100¨, bajo el cual se ha compilado, procesado y producido un amplio volumen de información, y una diversidad de mapas e informes sobre el estado y las perspectivas del archipiélago cubano, frente a los impactos del cambio climático, con especial atención al ascenso del nivel medio del mar, y los eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos.', 'En el 2007 se realiza el primer mapa de alerta sobre el peligro y las vulnerabilidades del ascenso del nivel medio del mar para Cuba, el cual derivó en un conjunto de investigaciones, que se integran lo que se conoce como el Macroproyecto “Peligros y Vulnerabilidad Costera para los años 2050-2100¨, bajo el cual se ha compilado, procesado y producido un amplio volumen de información, y una diversidad de mapas e informes sobre el estado y las perspectivas del archipiélago cubano, frente a los impactos del cambio climático, con especial atención al ascenso del nivel medio del mar, y los eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos. En estas investigaciones, se actualizan las predicciones futuras del ascenso del nivel medio del mar a consecuencia del cambio climático, los peligros y vulnerabilidades, y las posibles medidas generales de adaptación para la zona costera cubana.', 'En estas investigaciones, se actualizan las predicciones futuras del ascenso del nivel medio del mar a consecuencia del cambio climático, los peligros y vulnerabilidades, y las posibles medidas generales de adaptación para la zona costera cubana. Los Estudios de Peligro, Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo (PVR), iniciados en 2006, contemplan los peligros de origen natural tanto climáticos yotros como incendios rurales, deslizamientos y sismos; así como los peligros tecnológicos y los sanitarios. En el 2011 se culminó la primera fase de la ejecución de estos estudios (inundaciones por intensas lluvias, inundaciones por penetraciones costeras y afectaciones por fuertes vientos).', 'En el 2011 se culminó la primera fase de la ejecución de estos estudios (inundaciones por intensas lluvias, inundaciones por penetraciones costeras y afectaciones por fuertes vientos). La aplicabilidad de estos estudios es diversa e incluye su utilización en los planes de reducción de desastres, en los análisis de inversiones, proyectos y programas económicos y sociales, en las evaluaciones de apreciación de peligros, como información de consulta para la toma de decisiones a nivel de gobierno y sectores, en la aplicación en los planes de ordenamiento territorial, como información base para la educación, y la divulgación ambiental y en el desarrollo de estudios e investigaciones.', 'La aplicabilidad de estos estudios es diversa e incluye su utilización en los planes de reducción de desastres, en los análisis de inversiones, proyectos y programas económicos y sociales, en las evaluaciones de apreciación de peligros, como información de consulta para la toma de decisiones a nivel de gobierno y sectores, en la aplicación en los planes de ordenamiento territorial, como información base para la educación, y la divulgación ambiental y en el desarrollo de estudios e investigaciones. Como resultado de la presentación del Macroproyecto: “Peligros y Vulnerabilidad Costera (2050-2100)” al Consejo de Ministros, en febrero del 2011, fueron aprobadas seis Directivas y un Plan de Acción, producto de las conclusiones y recomendaciones científico- tecnológicas disponibles hasta ese momento.', 'Como resultado de la presentación del Macroproyecto: “Peligros y Vulnerabilidad Costera (2050-2100)” al Consejo de Ministros, en febrero del 2011, fueron aprobadas seis Directivas y un Plan de Acción, producto de las conclusiones y recomendaciones científico- tecnológicas disponibles hasta ese momento. Los “Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución” aprobados el 18 de abril de 2011, plantean la actualización del modelo económico y social para consolidar una sociedad socialista próspera y sostenible. Respecto a la mitigación, la contribución de Cuba a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero es mínimo, y no rebasa el 0,08 %3.', 'Respecto a la mitigación, la contribución de Cuba a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero es mínimo, y no rebasa el 0,08 %3. Pese al bajo impacto de las emisiones y la prioridad y el costo que para el país significa la adaptación, Cuba ha desarrollado y financiado sistemáticamente acciones de mitigación asociadas al ahorro, el empleo de energías renovables, la eficiencia energética y la 3 Correspondiente al Inventario GEI para el año 2010reforestación, las que en algunos casos han tenido un papel destacado, respecto a las tendencias internacionales.', 'Pese al bajo impacto de las emisiones y la prioridad y el costo que para el país significa la adaptación, Cuba ha desarrollado y financiado sistemáticamente acciones de mitigación asociadas al ahorro, el empleo de energías renovables, la eficiencia energética y la 3 Correspondiente al Inventario GEI para el año 2010reforestación, las que en algunos casos han tenido un papel destacado, respecto a las tendencias internacionales. A partir de 1990, se observa una brusca reducción en las emisiones del país, como una consecuencia de la aguda crisis económica resultante del efecto combinado de la desaparición de los principales vínculos y condiciones comerciales que durante varios años sostuvo Cuba con los países de Europa del Este y la agudización del bloqueo por parte de los Estados Unidos.', 'A partir de 1990, se observa una brusca reducción en las emisiones del país, como una consecuencia de la aguda crisis económica resultante del efecto combinado de la desaparición de los principales vínculos y condiciones comerciales que durante varios años sostuvo Cuba con los países de Europa del Este y la agudización del bloqueo por parte de los Estados Unidos. Si bien la disminución en términos del Producto Interno Bruto alcanzó 35% en estos años, la producción en general decayó en más del 45%, afectando de forma generalizada las actividades económicas y sociales y en especial, renglones económicos fundamentales como la agroindustria azucarera.', 'Si bien la disminución en términos del Producto Interno Bruto alcanzó 35% en estos años, la producción en general decayó en más del 45%, afectando de forma generalizada las actividades económicas y sociales y en especial, renglones económicos fundamentales como la agroindustria azucarera. También fueron afectados sectores de gran peso en las emisiones de GEI, como la generación de electricidad, la industria siderúrgica, la extracción y procesamiento de níquel, así como la industria de materiales de construcción, el transporte y otras actividades agropecuarias 3. Visión de País sobre las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas y respecto a las prioridades en el proceso negociador.', 'Visión de País sobre las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas y respecto a las prioridades en el proceso negociador. Cuba percibe las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas como un proceso en curso, que se inicia con la Convención en 1992, y continua hoy bajo los principios y mandatos de la Convención, en particular las obligaciones diferenciadas que estipula el Artículo 4 de este instrumento legal. Dado que el Acuerdo de París está en negociación, las contribuciones que más adelante se declaran por parte de Cuba, son un aporte al debate previo que hoy está ocurriendo. En consecuencia, una vez concluya la negociación en Paris y en dependencia de los resultados que allí se alcancen, en particular respecto a los medios deimplementación, Cuba reconsiderará la información a someter a la Convención.', 'En consecuencia, una vez concluya la negociación en Paris y en dependencia de los resultados que allí se alcancen, en particular respecto a los medios deimplementación, Cuba reconsiderará la información a someter a la Convención. Para alcanzar los resultados esperados en las negociaciones climáticas y en la implementación de las contribuciones nacionales, es esencial considerar los siguientes elementos: las finanzas climáticas y la transferencia de tecnologías son un aspecto crucial de las negociaciones con vista a la adopción de un acuerdo global vinculante y aplicable a todos en París. El acceso a recursos financieros nuevos y adicionales, y a tecnologías ambientalmente idóneas ha sido un reclamo histórico de los países en desarrollo para avanzar por la senda del desarrollo sostenible.', 'El acceso a recursos financieros nuevos y adicionales, y a tecnologías ambientalmente idóneas ha sido un reclamo histórico de los países en desarrollo para avanzar por la senda del desarrollo sostenible. Este reclamo ha quedado refrendado en las distintas cumbres sobre medio ambiente y desarrollo y temas afines, desde la Cumbre de la Tierra, en Río de Janeiro (1992), como un aspecto básico de la aplicación de los principios de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y la equidad. En el contexto de las negociaciones sobre cambio climático, estos temas se han mantenido en el primer plano de las discusiones y en los acuerdos logrados desde la adopción de la Convención y el Protocolo de Kioto. Sin embargo, su avance en la práctica ha sido limitado.', 'Sin embargo, su avance en la práctica ha sido limitado. Sin la determinación de un compromiso claro y prospectivo en cuanto al comportamiento de las finanzas climáticas y para el apoyo tecnológico, no será posible una mayor contribución de los países en desarrollo ni un acuerdo global perdurable. Si bien se ha avanzado en la conceptualización acerca de estos temas, aún persisten importantes brechas por cubrir, y la materialización de los requerimientos de transferencia derecursos financieros y tecnologías desde los países desarrollados a los países en desarrollo queda en niveles muy por debajo de las necesidades y del compromiso internacional de la comunidad de donantes.', 'Si bien se ha avanzado en la conceptualización acerca de estos temas, aún persisten importantes brechas por cubrir, y la materialización de los requerimientos de transferencia derecursos financieros y tecnologías desde los países desarrollados a los países en desarrollo queda en niveles muy por debajo de las necesidades y del compromiso internacional de la comunidad de donantes. En este sentido, los montos comprometidos (incluidos los recursos anunciados para el Fondo Verde Climático) son extremadamente limitados con relación a las necesidades de adaptación y mitigación identificadas en los países en desarrollo, y muchas veces más que recursos frescos se trata de fondos “reciclados” o sustraídos de los flujos de Ayuda Oficial para el Desarrollo que, por demás, distan de los compromisos de los países desarrollados en esta materia.', 'En este sentido, los montos comprometidos (incluidos los recursos anunciados para el Fondo Verde Climático) son extremadamente limitados con relación a las necesidades de adaptación y mitigación identificadas en los países en desarrollo, y muchas veces más que recursos frescos se trata de fondos “reciclados” o sustraídos de los flujos de Ayuda Oficial para el Desarrollo que, por demás, distan de los compromisos de los países desarrollados en esta materia. Un área de particular interés para los países en desarrollo, sobre todo los menos adelantados y los pequeños Estados insulares, es el acceso a financiamiento y tecnologías en condiciones preferenciales para enfrentar los enormes retos de la adaptación al cambio climático, así como la cobertura de las pérdidas y daños.', 'Un área de particular interés para los países en desarrollo, sobre todo los menos adelantados y los pequeños Estados insulares, es el acceso a financiamiento y tecnologías en condiciones preferenciales para enfrentar los enormes retos de la adaptación al cambio climático, así como la cobertura de las pérdidas y daños. Estos temas, dada su alta prioridad, deben ser debidamente atendidos como parte de la concreción de los medios de implementación, y los compromisos de los países desarrollados en esta materia. La definición de una hoja de ruta transparente para el apoyo financiero de los países desarrollados a las acciones de respuesta al cambio climático de los países en desarrollo, sigue siendo un tema pendiente.', 'La definición de una hoja de ruta transparente para el apoyo financiero de los países desarrollados a las acciones de respuesta al cambio climático de los países en desarrollo, sigue siendo un tema pendiente. Esta hoja de ruta indicaría metas a cumplir desde el presente hasta al objetivo de 100 mil millones de dólares comprometidos como base por los países desarrollados para 2020, y más allá. Si bien todas las fuentes, incluidos fondos públicos y flujos privados, bilaterales y multilaterales, entre otros, pueden contribuir con aportes al necesario financiamiento que requierenlos países en desarrollo, debe darse prioridad al financiamiento público.', 'Si bien todas las fuentes, incluidos fondos públicos y flujos privados, bilaterales y multilaterales, entre otros, pueden contribuir con aportes al necesario financiamiento que requierenlos países en desarrollo, debe darse prioridad al financiamiento público. No se puede sobredimensionar el papel de los flujos privados de financiamiento e inversión, dada la inestabilidad y volatilidad de tales flujos, como la que ha predominado desde el año 2008. Lo sucedido en los mercados globales de carbono durante este período de contracción y desaceleración económica revela lo antes expuesto.', 'Lo sucedido en los mercados globales de carbono durante este período de contracción y desaceleración económica revela lo antes expuesto. Con relación al acceso a tecnologías idóneas por parte de los países en desarrollo -incluidas aquellas con baja intensidad de carbono- se requerirá de parte de los países desarrollados, entre otras cosas, remover barreras comerciales que afectan estos flujos, como aquellas asociadas a normas más estrictas y uniformes de protección de la propiedad intelectual. También debe priorizarse el apoyo a las inversiones básicas en I+D en países en desarrollo, como precondición para avanzar en las trayectorias resilientes de desarrollo sostenible.', 'También debe priorizarse el apoyo a las inversiones básicas en I+D en países en desarrollo, como precondición para avanzar en las trayectorias resilientes de desarrollo sostenible. Sobre la base de los principios y conceptos antes enunciados, y en el contexto de su proyecto socialista y el desarrollo económico y social sostenible, Cuba continuará contribuyendo a los esfuerzos por fortalecer la implementación de la Convención, tanto en adaptación como en mitigación. 4. Elementos específicos de la Contribución Nacional de Cuba. ADAPTACIÓN Los elementos sobre adaptación incluidos en esta contribución, se presentan para indicar las prioridades de Cuba, de acuerdo con sus circunstancias, y no indican en modo alguno una obligación internacional del país, en el contexto de las negociaciones climáticas.Acciones principales La adaptación constituye una prioridad para Cuba.', 'ADAPTACIÓN Los elementos sobre adaptación incluidos en esta contribución, se presentan para indicar las prioridades de Cuba, de acuerdo con sus circunstancias, y no indican en modo alguno una obligación internacional del país, en el contexto de las negociaciones climáticas.Acciones principales La adaptación constituye una prioridad para Cuba. En correspondencia con los estudios y evaluaciones realizados hasta el momento, las acciones principales de adaptación que pueden constituir contribuciones del país son: 1. Disminuir la vulnerabilidad costera para los asentamientos amenazados por el aumento del nivel del mar y la sobreelevación de este por los huracanes y el oleaje. 2. Recuperar las áreas de manglares más afectadas del archipiélago cubano y detener en lo posible el deterioro de las crestas de arrecifes de coral. 3.', 'Recuperar las áreas de manglares más afectadas del archipiélago cubano y detener en lo posible el deterioro de las crestas de arrecifes de coral. 3. Incorporar la dimensión de la adaptación a los programas, planes y proyectos vinculados a la producción de alimentos, el manejo integral del agua, ordenamiento del territorio, forestal, pesca, el turismo y la salud. 4. Conformar una red de monitoreo ambiental, que permita la evaluación sistemática de las tendencias climáticas y medioambientales para la toma de decisiones. 5. Reducir la vulnerabilidad en el sector de la salud, a partir de un mejor conocimiento y entendimiento de las relaciones entre la variabilidad del clima, el cambio climático y la salud humana, en dos ejes esenciales: las enfermedades infecciosas y el Sistema de Vigilancia y Alerta Temprana del sector. 6.', 'Reducir la vulnerabilidad en el sector de la salud, a partir de un mejor conocimiento y entendimiento de las relaciones entre la variabilidad del clima, el cambio climático y la salud humana, en dos ejes esenciales: las enfermedades infecciosas y el Sistema de Vigilancia y Alerta Temprana del sector. 6. Sostener y desarrollar investigacionesintegrales para proteger, conservar y rehabilitar el medio ambiente y adecuar la política ambiental a las nuevas proyecciones del entorno económico y social. Priorizar estudios encaminados al enfrentamiento al cambio climático y, en general, a la sostenibilidad del desarrollo del país. Enfatizar la conservación y uso racional de recursos naturales como los suelos, el agua, las playas, la atmósfera, los bosques y la biodiversidad, así como el fomento de la educación ambiental4.', 'Enfatizar la conservación y uso racional de recursos naturales como los suelos, el agua, las playas, la atmósfera, los bosques y la biodiversidad, así como el fomento de la educación ambiental4. Financiación de las acciones de adaptación Cuba identifica expresamente, en el Plan Anual de la Economía, recursos destinados a la adaptación. Estas cifras hacia futuro tendrán el nivel que permitan las posibilidades financieras del país. Para responder a los crecientes impactos del cambio climático se requerirán montos muy superiores. Estas y otras áreas asociadas al desarrollo económico y social del país, demandarán de recursos financieros, tecnología y creación de capacidades, provenientes de la cooperación internacional, y del cumplimiento de las obligaciones de los países industrializados bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático.', 'Estas y otras áreas asociadas al desarrollo económico y social del país, demandarán de recursos financieros, tecnología y creación de capacidades, provenientes de la cooperación internacional, y del cumplimiento de las obligaciones de los países industrializados bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático. MITIGACIÓN Compromiso sostenido de Cuba, con los objetivos de Cuba ha realizado un esfuerzo importante en la conducción de programas que conllevan a la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. 4 Corresponde al Lineamiento 133 de los Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución.mitigación de la Convención Fue uno de los primeros países en el mundo en iniciar el reemplazo de las bombillas incandescentes (2005), y ha mantenido desde 1959 un incremento sostenido de su cubierta boscosa.', '4 Corresponde al Lineamiento 133 de los Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución.mitigación de la Convención Fue uno de los primeros países en el mundo en iniciar el reemplazo de las bombillas incandescentes (2005), y ha mantenido desde 1959 un incremento sostenido de su cubierta boscosa. En 1997 se crea el Programa de Ahorro de Electricidad en Cuba (PAEC) y desde 2006 se implementan los Programas de la Revolución Energética en Cuba que incluyeron: El cambio de: 9,4 millones de bombillos incandescentes por bombillos ahorradores; 2,6 millones de refrigeradores; un millón de ventiladores; 260 mil motobombas; 247 mil televisores; 230 mil aires acondicionados; instalación de 2400 MW de generación distribuida con motores de alta eficiencia (fuel y diesel). La rehabilitación de las redes de distribución eléctricas.', 'La rehabilitación de las redes de distribución eléctricas. El fortalecimiento del ahorro y uso eficiente de la energía en el sector estatal, principalmente en los altos consumidores. Campañas de divulgación para la promoción de las políticas de ahorro en la población y con los niños en las escuelas sobre el uso eficiente de la energía. En el 2012 se crea la Oficina Nacional para el Control del Uso Racional de la Energía (ONURE) y se fortalece la inspección estatal al uso eficiente de los portadores energéticos.', 'En el 2012 se crea la Oficina Nacional para el Control del Uso Racional de la Energía (ONURE) y se fortalece la inspección estatal al uso eficiente de los portadores energéticos. El desarrollo de las energías renovables ha sido una prioridad para el país durante décadas.Perfil de las emisiones actuales De acuerdo al último inventario de GEI, con cierre estadístico 2010, las emisiones brutas ascendían aproximadamente a 40 millones de toneladas de CO2 eq, lo que equivale al 84 % de las emisiones con respecto al año base 1990. Del total de GEI emitidos en el año 2010, aproximadamente el 76 % correspondió al sector de energía, el cual abarca todas las emisiones por concepto de quema de combustibles (generación energía, transporte, industrias).', 'Del total de GEI emitidos en el año 2010, aproximadamente el 76 % correspondió al sector de energía, el cual abarca todas las emisiones por concepto de quema de combustibles (generación energía, transporte, industrias). Le sigue en importancia el sector agricultura con el 15 % del total de emisiones, y el resto es repartido entre desechos e industria (9 %). Los bosques influyen grandemente dentro de las emisiones netas de inventario de GEI en Cuba, al remover aproximadamente 14,3 millones de toneladas de CO2 de acuerdo a los datos del último inventario. Ello es fruto del crecimiento sostenido de la cubierta boscosa en Cuba, desde un 13,9% del territorio, al triunfo de la Revolución, hasta 29.4% en 2014.', 'Ello es fruto del crecimiento sostenido de la cubierta boscosa en Cuba, desde un 13,9% del territorio, al triunfo de la Revolución, hasta 29.4% en 2014. Consideraciones generales sobre las contribuciones de mitigación de Cuba Cuba continuará mostrando su compromiso con la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, en correspondencia con sus circunstancias nacionales y con los recursos financieros y tecnológicos de que disponga, dirigidos a la modernización y el desarrollo tecnológico sobre bases de sostenibilidad, así como el fortalecimiento de sus capacidades. El monto de su contribución dependerá del cumplimiento de las obligaciones internacionales establecidas bajo la ConvenciónPara toda acción que se considere, se valorarán los posibles cobeneficios en adaptación.', 'El monto de su contribución dependerá del cumplimiento de las obligaciones internacionales establecidas bajo la ConvenciónPara toda acción que se considere, se valorarán los posibles cobeneficios en adaptación. Contribución (es) propuesta (s) Teniendo como base el potencial de fuentes renovables disponible en el país, se prevé la instalación de 2 144 MW de potencia conectada a la red eléctrica nacional, que incluye la construcción de: 19 bioeléctricas anexas a los centrales azucareros con 755 MW a partir de la biomasa cañera y forestal. 13 parques eólicos con 633 MW. 700 MW Fotovoltaicos y, 74 pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas Se estima que la realización de estos programas permitirá la generación de más de 7 mil GWh al año con fuentes renovables, dejando de emitir a la atmósfera más de 6 millones de toneladas de CO2.', '700 MW Fotovoltaicos y, 74 pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas Se estima que la realización de estos programas permitirá la generación de más de 7 mil GWh al año con fuentes renovables, dejando de emitir a la atmósfera más de 6 millones de toneladas de CO2. La ejecución de estos programas demanda un monto financiero no menor de 4 mil millones de dólares. En adición, se trabaja en otros proyectos que incluyen: La instalación de 200 mil m2 de calentadores solares en los sectores residencial e industrial. La instalación de bombas solares en la agricultura. El aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos para la producción de biogás y la obtención de bioabonos que remplazan fertilizantes químicos coadyuvará a la reducción de las emisiones y a la disminución de la contaminación de cuencas hidrográficas y bahías.', 'La instalación de bombas solares en la agricultura. El aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos para la producción de biogás y la obtención de bioabonos que remplazan fertilizantes químicos coadyuvará a la reducción de las emisiones y a la disminución de la contaminación de cuencas hidrográficas y bahías. Especial atención tienen los residuos de la producción animal, la industria y los sólidos urbanos. Por otra parte, para incrementar la eficiencia en el uso de la energía, la nueva política energética prevé, entre otras acciones, las siguientes: La instalación de tecnología LED con la distribución de 13 millones de lámparas en el sector residencial y de 250 mil luminarias para el alumbrado público. La sustitución de 2 millones de cocinas eléctricas de resistencia por cocinas de inducción.', 'La sustitución de 2 millones de cocinas eléctricas de resistencia por cocinas de inducción. El desarrollo y encadenamiento de la industria nacional con estos programas, es un objetivo esencial de la política para la asimilación, desarrollo y producción de equipos y medios para el aprovechamiento de las fuentes renovables y la elevación de la eficiencia energética. Tipo de contribución Las contribuciones que asumiría el país en las circunstancias actuales son del tipo de políticas y proyectos. Año meta El horizonte de tiempo de la contribución nacional es el año 2030. En función del resultado de las negociaciones del Acuerdo de Paris, en la sección sobre periodos, Cuba estudiará la posibilidad decomunicar metas indicativas en otros períodos intermedios.', 'En función del resultado de las negociaciones del Acuerdo de Paris, en la sección sobre periodos, Cuba estudiará la posibilidad decomunicar metas indicativas en otros períodos intermedios. Sectores priorizados (Ámbito) Teniendo en cuenta el aporte sectorial al inventario nacional de GEI, los sectores priorizados para la reducción de emisiones, que pueden constituir en la etapa actual contribuciones, son el sector de energía y la agricultura. Gases previstos (Cobertura) Entre los GEI reconocidos por el protocolo de Kioto, las acciones de reducción de emisiones previstas se refieren principalmente a tres gases: O. Requerimientos en medios de implementación para la(s) contribución (es) La realización de las acciones identificadas para la adaptación y la mitigación, demandan el apoyo de la cooperación internacional y de los mecanismos de financiación para cambio climático.', 'Gases previstos (Cobertura) Entre los GEI reconocidos por el protocolo de Kioto, las acciones de reducción de emisiones previstas se refieren principalmente a tres gases: O. Requerimientos en medios de implementación para la(s) contribución (es) La realización de las acciones identificadas para la adaptación y la mitigación, demandan el apoyo de la cooperación internacional y de los mecanismos de financiación para cambio climático. Se requiere también incrementar el acceso al Mecanismo de Tecnología (Comité Ejecutivo de Tecnología y Centro y Red de Tecnología del Clima) de la Convención, para facilitar el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología, mediante el apoyo al despliegue de tecnologías de mitigación y adaptación. CONTRIBUCIÓN DE CUBA ANTE LA COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL. A partir de la experiencia acumulada, nuestro país ha compartido sus resultados con otras naciones en vías de desarrollo, en especial los pequeños estados insulares.', 'A partir de la experiencia acumulada, nuestro país ha compartido sus resultados con otras naciones en vías de desarrollo, en especial los pequeños estados insulares. Las vías han sido diversas, desde la colaboración bilateral hasta acciones con el apoyo de países desarrollados y organizaciones internacionales.Con asistencia internacional, Cuba cuenta hoy con Centro de Creación de Capacidades para Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres y la Adaptación al Cambio Climático, que ha realizado múltiples actividades y alberga aún mayores potencialidades, para continuar impulsando la cooperación Sur - Sur.', 'Las vías han sido diversas, desde la colaboración bilateral hasta acciones con el apoyo de países desarrollados y organizaciones internacionales.Con asistencia internacional, Cuba cuenta hoy con Centro de Creación de Capacidades para Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres y la Adaptación al Cambio Climático, que ha realizado múltiples actividades y alberga aún mayores potencialidades, para continuar impulsando la cooperación Sur - Sur. Cuba considera que estas son acciones nacionales que contribuyen a la implementación efectiva de la Convención, y reafirma su voluntad para seguir cooperando en el desarrollo de capacidades en el enfrentamiento al cambio climático, incluyendo: Asistencia técnica en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales y los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero. Desarrollo de la modelación y las proyecciones climáticas.', 'Desarrollo de la modelación y las proyecciones climáticas. Realización e implementación de Estudios de Peligro, Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo. Evaluaciones sobre vulnerabilidad costera e impactos de eventos extremos y del cambio climático, como parte de la evaluación de impacto ambiental de obras y proyectos de desarrollo. DERECHO SOBERANO A MODIFICAR LA CONTRIBUCIÓN DE ACUERDO A LAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES Cuba se reserva el derecho a ajustar sus contribuciones: o En caso de afectaciones graves por un fenómeno natural extremo u otro caso de fuerza mayor. o Cuando no se disponga de un apoyo adecuado en forma de financiación, transferencia de tecnología y fomento de la capacidad, de conformidad con los compromisos establecidos para los países industrializados en la Convención.']

es-ES

CUB

Cuba

Updated NDC

2020-09-17 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Cuban%20First%20NDC%20Summary%20(Updated%20submission).pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/292b3cf6cd20280cb1b80f5e466a6c24aae533cbb45ece16d49c1e6d372c7592.pdf

['SUMMARY OF THE FIRST NDC UPDATED (2020-2030) REPUBLIC OF CUBA The present document is a summary of the updated version of the First Nationally Determined Contribution of Cuba, submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and is in accordance with the Articles 3 and 4 of the Paris Agreement, paragraphs 22 and 24 of the Decision 1 CP21. 1. Context of the updated version of the First Nationally Determined Contribution in Cuba Cuba is highly committed to the global endeavors to combat climate change and its devastating effects.', 'Context of the updated version of the First Nationally Determined Contribution in Cuba Cuba is highly committed to the global endeavors to combat climate change and its devastating effects. There is a proven political willingness in the Cuban government that is perceived in its ethical behavior, as well as in the permanent efforts towards the promotion and implementation of national actions to combat climate change and to honor international commitments. Cuba is also committed to the sharing of experiences and good practices with other nations as evidence of cooperation and solidarity advocated by the Cuban revolution.', 'Cuba is also committed to the sharing of experiences and good practices with other nations as evidence of cooperation and solidarity advocated by the Cuban revolution. In this context, the country has achieved important milestones, despite the prevalence of extreme challenges inherited from the condition of being a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) under a sturdy economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States of America, which has been intensified to record levels in the last few years by the Trump Administration – the latter being the main obstacle to the achievement of major progress when facing climate change and national development. Following the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the Cuban Government reinforced its national efforts and has built an ambitious framework for actions and mitigation.', 'Following the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the Cuban Government reinforced its national efforts and has built an ambitious framework for actions and mitigation. By stating its increased ambition in this update, Cuba reiterates its position that the content of the Nationally Determined Contribution is established by each country on a voluntary and non-prescriptive basis, and should be viewed in the broader context identified by Article 3 of the Paris Agreement. The mentioned contributions are to be assessed in the context of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities of the Parties of the Convention, meaning the claim of financial resources, the transfer of technology and capacity building, in accordance with the obligations established in the UN Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement. 2.', 'The mentioned contributions are to be assessed in the context of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities of the Parties of the Convention, meaning the claim of financial resources, the transfer of technology and capacity building, in accordance with the obligations established in the UN Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement. 2. National circumstances pertinent to this Contribution The new Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, approved by the people’s referendum in 2019, explicitly mentions climate change in the context of international relations.First Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated) of Cuba The Bases of the Economic and Social National Development Plan up to the year 2030, is the main tool to achieve prosperous development, that is economically and socially sustainable, resilient, and less intensive in carbon emissions.', 'National circumstances pertinent to this Contribution The new Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, approved by the people’s referendum in 2019, explicitly mentions climate change in the context of international relations.First Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated) of Cuba The Bases of the Economic and Social National Development Plan up to the year 2030, is the main tool to achieve prosperous development, that is economically and socially sustainable, resilient, and less intensive in carbon emissions. The Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the State and the Revolution approved by the People’s Power National Assembly in July 2016, tackles as a priority, the issues related to climate change.', 'The Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the State and the Revolution approved by the People’s Power National Assembly in July 2016, tackles as a priority, the issues related to climate change. In April 2017, the Cuban Government adopted the State Plan to confront Climate Change, known as “Tarea Vida” (Life Task) as the main instrument to combat climate change. 2.1 Climate profile (vulnerabilities, adaptation) The Cuban archipelago is highly vulnerable to global climate change, given its status of being a small island state located in the tropical area of the planet. Climate change is becoming worse and will continue to worsen in the future, gradually turning into a determining factor for sustainable development. Several currents and projected impacts are characterized in this update NDC.', 'Several currents and projected impacts are characterized in this update NDC. 2.2 Intensification of the economic, commercial and financial blockade and strengthening of the hostility from the United States government towards Cuba As mentioned, the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed, for almost 6 decades, by the United States government on Cuba, is the main hurdle for development in the country, as it deleteriously impacts all spheres and sectors of Cuban life and society. Moreover, it has a negative impact on program policies and actions aimed at confronting climate change and its impact. The blockade, aggravated during President Donald Trump administration’s, is the fundamental barrier for Cuba to access international financial resources, supplies and technologies. 3.', 'The blockade, aggravated during President Donald Trump administration’s, is the fundamental barrier for Cuba to access international financial resources, supplies and technologies. 3. General features of the Cuban Nationally Determined Contribution The following table shows the general features of the updated Nationally Determined Contribution:INDICATORS DESCRIPTION 1.1. Goals in adaptation Voluntary 1.2. Goals in mitigation Actions and policies type 3. Reference points In all contributions the base years or reference are specified. 4. Scope and coverage Sectors: Energy; Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Uses (AFOLU) Gases: CO2; CH4; N2O. 5. Intensification of ambitions Expressed in: • The current goals are prepared in agreement with those established in the framework of public policies passed after 2015, which considers the basis of the country’s projections of development that is resilient and less intensive in carbon emissions.', 'Intensification of ambitions Expressed in: • The current goals are prepared in agreement with those established in the framework of public policies passed after 2015, which considers the basis of the country’s projections of development that is resilient and less intensive in carbon emissions. • The update and accuracy of the principal lines of action with regard to adaptation will continue to be a priority when confronting climate change in the country. • The update and expansion of mitigation goals, in addition to what was expressed in 2015 with regards to renewable energy and energy efficiency, now includes contributions on transportation and forestry. • In the information related to the contributions on mitigation there is more precision (transparency).First Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated) of Cuba 6. Other elements.', '• In the information related to the contributions on mitigation there is more precision (transparency).First Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated) of Cuba 6. Other elements. • There is no Measurement, Report and Verification system in place, in accordance with the Paris Agreement Enhanced Transparency Framework, an objective that is being worked on today, in order to timely report on the progress of this contribution; in virtue of the finally agreed upon rules and in the context of the of flexibilities granted to SIDS.', '• There is no Measurement, Report and Verification system in place, in accordance with the Paris Agreement Enhanced Transparency Framework, an objective that is being worked on today, in order to timely report on the progress of this contribution; in virtue of the finally agreed upon rules and in the context of the of flexibilities granted to SIDS. • In the event that a satisfactory covenant is achieved in the negotiations under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Cuba intends to use cooperative approaches that involve the use of mitigation results of international transfer in accordance with the mentioned Article.3.1 Contributions in mitigation Considering the sectors’ contribution to the national inventory of greenhouse gases, agriculture and energy are currently the sectors that are prioritized for emissions reduction.', '• In the event that a satisfactory covenant is achieved in the negotiations under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Cuba intends to use cooperative approaches that involve the use of mitigation results of international transfer in accordance with the mentioned Article.3.1 Contributions in mitigation Considering the sectors’ contribution to the national inventory of greenhouse gases, agriculture and energy are currently the sectors that are prioritized for emissions reduction. It is in those sectors where all the efforts of the country are focused, to implement mitigation actions that will require financial support in technology transfer and capacity building. A summary of the contributions in mitigation, by sector, that constitute the NDCs is tabulated below: No. Contribution Sector Expected results 1.', 'A summary of the contributions in mitigation, by sector, that constitute the NDCs is tabulated below: No. Contribution Sector Expected results 1. Increase to 24% of electricity generation based on Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the Cuban electricity matrix by 2030. Energy (electricity generation) 24% of electricity generation based on renewable energy sources by the year 2030. It is estimated that the contribution will avoid the emission of 30.6 million ktCO2eq. into the atmosphere in the period 2014 – 2030. 2. Increase of energy efficiency and saving Energy (Other sectors: commercial /institutional, residential, agriculture) It is estimated that the contribution will avoid the emission of 700 thousand ktCO2eq. into the atmosphere in the period 2014 – 2030. 3. Less carbon intensive ground transportation Energy (Combustion, moveable sources, land transportation). It is estimated that the contribution will avoid the emission of one million ktCO2eq. annually. 4. Increase of forest coverage in the country AFOLU (Forestry) Increasing forest coverage by 2030.', 'Increase of forest coverage in the country AFOLU (Forestry) Increasing forest coverage by 2030. Removing 169,9 million tons of atmospheric CO2 in the period 2019-2030. 5. Reduction of greenhouse effect gases emissions in the swine industry in Cuba AFOLU (Agriculture, Livestock) Treatment of 100% of waste waters in the Cuban swine sector, reducing 8 million ktCO2eq. in emissions annually in the period of 2020- 2030.First Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated) of Cuba 4. Cuba’s contribution to the international cooperation Taking into account accrued experiences, Cuba has shared outcomes with other developing nations, especially with other SIDS, by way of bilateral collaboration and actions supported by developed countries and international organizations.', 'Cuba’s contribution to the international cooperation Taking into account accrued experiences, Cuba has shared outcomes with other developing nations, especially with other SIDS, by way of bilateral collaboration and actions supported by developed countries and international organizations. Cuba considers that these are national actions that will contribute towards the effective implementation of the Convention and reaffirms the willingness of the country to keep collaborating in capacity development in order to confront the challenges of climate change. Several areas for cooperation are highlighted in the NDC.', 'Several areas for cooperation are highlighted in the NDC. Cuba, in correspondence with the national circumstances, will continue to be committed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in the context of the application of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and in the scope of its goals for sustainable development, as provided by the Paris Agreement. The compliance and the perspectives of greater ambitions in the Cuban Contribution will depend on the fulfillment of international obligations established under the Convention.', 'The compliance and the perspectives of greater ambitions in the Cuban Contribution will depend on the fulfillment of international obligations established under the Convention. In preserving its sovereign rights, Cuba has the right to adjust the Contribution: • In the event of serious impacts due to natural extreme disasters or any other force majeure, • In the event of inadequate financial support or technology transfer and capacity building, in agreement with the commitments undertaken for developing countries in the Convention and the Paris Agreement, • As a consequence of the negative impact of the strengthening of the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States of America onto Cuba.']

en-US

CZE

Czech Republic

Updated NDC

2018-01-15 00:00:00

covered by EU NDC

https://unfccc.int/files/na/application/pdf/cze_climate_protection_policy_summary.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4f77b4e95b9b1236b12bc1dc38cfaa7c5ddb082d5acaf903bbc8b1c7cd372007.pdf

['CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Executive summaryCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic was prepared by the Ministry of the Environment in a cooperation with the inter-ministerial working group on climate change issues. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic was adopted by the Government resolution No. 207 of 22nd March 2017. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic represents a strategy in the field of climate protection up to 2030 as well as a plan which contributes towards gradual transition to low emission economy up to 2050.', 'The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic represents a strategy in the field of climate protection up to 2030 as well as a plan which contributes towards gradual transition to low emission economy up to 2050. It focuses on measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and therefor it is a complementary to the approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change. The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023. approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change.', 'The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023. approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change. The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Content 2. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic 4 3. Objectives and priorities of the Czech Republic in reducing greenhouse gas emissions 5 4. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 8 6.', 'Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 8 6. Policies and measures 10 6.2 The energy sector 10 6.3 Final energy consumption 11 6.5 Agriculture and forestry 11 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries 13 7.1 Increasing climate finance 14 8. Estimated costs of the EU ETS and revenues from the emission allowances auctions 14 9. Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic 15 10. Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic 16CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Broad international cooperation is crucial among countries in order to effectively achieve global climate targets, including the involvement of private entities, municipalities and individuals.', 'Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic 16CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Broad international cooperation is crucial among countries in order to effectively achieve global climate targets, including the involvement of private entities, municipalities and individuals. For that purpose, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in 1992, being the first to internationally set the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system of the Earth. Even the subsequent binding emission reduction goals for developed countries in the Kyoto Protocol did not reduce significantly the global production of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Even the subsequent binding emission reduction goals for developed countries in the Kyoto Protocol did not reduce significantly the global production of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2015, a new international agreement was adopted in Paris, which involves a wide range of countries and newly counts on efforts by developed as well as developing countries. The main goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature well below 2° C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), the Paris Agreement focuses on adapting to the negative climate change impacts (adaptation), financing climate actions in developing countries, applying modern technologies and capacity building in developing countries.', 'In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), the Paris Agreement focuses on adapting to the negative climate change impacts (adaptation), financing climate actions in developing countries, applying modern technologies and capacity building in developing countries. The Czech Republic as a Member State of the European Union is fully involved in the common European efforts and contributes to the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions set for 2020 and 2030. The Czech Republic‘s approach to climate change can be divided into a policy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and into a policy of adaptation and strengthening resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change1.', 'The Czech Republic‘s approach to climate change can be divided into a policy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and into a policy of adaptation and strengthening resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change1. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic (the „Policy“) specifies the objectives in the field of climate protection up to 2030 with an outlook up to 2050 and represents a long-term strategy of a low- emission development, which will lead to cost-effective achievement of the national targets. The Policy defines policies and measures for the gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the specific areas, i.e.', 'The Policy defines policies and measures for the gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the specific areas, i.e. especially in the energy sector, final energy consumption, industry, transport, agriculture and forestry, waste management, science and research and voluntary instruments, with respect to the economically exploitable potential. The Policy proposes efficient and effective measures, including their contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, and describes the pathways that lead to the transition to a low-emission economy by 2050. The Policy does not replace the various national sectoral policies and strategies, but it suitably complements and develops them.', 'The Policy does not replace the various national sectoral policies and strategies, but it suitably complements and develops them. 1 This area is addressed in the following strategic documents: Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic, the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change and the Drought Protection ConceptCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 2. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic Total aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic have been declining in the long term, and in 2014 they were (excluding sinks from the LULUCF2 sector) lower by 36.7% compared to the baseline year 1990, to which the national commitments under the Kyoto Protocol relate.', 'Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic Total aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic have been declining in the long term, and in 2014 they were (excluding sinks from the LULUCF2 sector) lower by 36.7% compared to the baseline year 1990, to which the national commitments under the Kyoto Protocol relate. In the same period, greenhouse gas emissions of the EU-28 fell by more than 19%. The most significant greenhouse gas in the emission inventory of the Czech Republic is carbon dioxide which accounted for more than 82% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2014. It is followed by methane with almost 11% share and nitrous oxide with a share of almost 5%. Fluorinated gases contribute to the total emissions with less than 2%.', 'Fluorinated gases contribute to the total emissions with less than 2%. Between 1990 and 2014, carbon dioxide emissions decreased by more than 35%, methane emissions by more than 27% and nitrous oxide by more than 43%, while the emissions of fluorinated gases increased 35 times in the same period. The dominant emission category is the sector of Fuel Combustion, which includes, in addition to the energy industry, all combustion of fuels in transport, households and services. The share of this sector in 2014 accounted for more than 82% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The sector of Industrial Processes and Product Use accounted in 2014 for more than 11% and the Agriculture sector approximately for 6.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals.', 'The sector of Industrial Processes and Product Use accounted in 2014 for more than 11% and the Agriculture sector approximately for 6.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The Waste sector had more than 4% share in the total emissions and removals and the LULUCF sector removed nearly 4% of greenhouse gas emissions by sinks. Trends of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–2014 according to specific sectors thous. t CO2eq.', 'Trends of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–2014 according to specific sectors thous. t CO2eq. Energy \x07 Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture LULUCF Waste 2 LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 The most significant emission reductions occurred in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–1994 particularly in connection with the national economy restructuring, the transition to a market based economy and a significant fall in the heavy industry production. From 1998, emissions fluctuated around the value of 140 million tonnes of CO2-eq. After 2008, there was a downward trend again, related to the economic recession and economic slowdown.', 'After 2008, there was a downward trend again, related to the economic recession and economic slowdown. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced significantly due to decreasing of the fossil fuels burning in the manufacturing and the energy sector where coal-fired power production started to be gradually replaced with nuclear and renewable energy sources (RES). Despite the overall increase, greenhouse gas emissions from transport have also been decreasing since 2008. Emissions from agriculture have been reduced by about a half compared to the 1990 levels. 3.', 'Emissions from agriculture have been reduced by about a half compared to the 1990 levels. 3. Objectives and priorities of the Czech Republic in reducing greenhouse gas emissions The main objectives of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic The main objective of the Policy is to determine an appropriate mix of cost-effective policies and measures in key sectors that will lead to achieving the greenhouse gas reduction targets. Due to the sufficient time needed to prepare and implement the different policies and measures, the Policy and its setting must be conceived in the long term perspective, assuming that regular evaluation and updates will be carried out every 5, and 7 years respectively.', 'Due to the sufficient time needed to prepare and implement the different policies and measures, the Policy and its setting must be conceived in the long term perspective, assuming that regular evaluation and updates will be carried out every 5, and 7 years respectively. The time horizon setting of the Policy � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2020 by at least 32 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2030 by at least 44 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 70 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2040; � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 39 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2050.', 'The time horizon setting of the Policy � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2020 by at least 32 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2030 by at least 44 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 70 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2040; � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 39 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2050. Primary emission reduction targets: Long-term indicative emission reduction targets:CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 respects the three basic levels of needs and requirements in the area of climate protection, i.e. at the national level and in the context of European and international politics.', 'at the national level and in the context of European and international politics. The greenhouse gas emission reduction goal for 2020 expects to reduce emissions in absolute terms by approximately 32 Mt CO2-eq3 compared to 146 Mt CO2-eq in 20054. At the EU level, the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990 by 2030 is further divided to reduce emissions by 43% in the EU ETS and by 30% in non-ETS sectors compared to 2005.', 'At the EU level, the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990 by 2030 is further divided to reduce emissions by 43% in the EU ETS and by 30% in non-ETS sectors compared to 2005. However, the distribution of the 30% target among the Member States, where the main criterion is the GDP per capita, is still under negotiations and a draft of the legislation was submitted by the European 3 Mt CO2-eq – million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission equivalent 4 Excluding LULUCF The objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 and 2030 are implemented through the European legislation for greenhouse gas emissions covered by the EU ETS and non-ETS sectors.', 'However, the distribution of the 30% target among the Member States, where the main criterion is the GDP per capita, is still under negotiations and a draft of the legislation was submitted by the European 3 Mt CO2-eq – million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission equivalent 4 Excluding LULUCF The objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 and 2030 are implemented through the European legislation for greenhouse gas emissions covered by the EU ETS and non-ETS sectors. The EU adopted the following emission reduction targets: � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at least by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 In the longer term, the EU plans to shift to low-emission economy: � to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80–95% by 2050 compared to 1990 National commitments reflect the EU commitmentsCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Commission in mid-2016.', 'The EU adopted the following emission reduction targets: � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at least by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 In the longer term, the EU plans to shift to low-emission economy: � to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80–95% by 2050 compared to 1990 National commitments reflect the EU commitmentsCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Commission in mid-2016. If the specific target for the Czech Republic is set at 13% reduction compared to 2005, the maximum level of total emissions produced should reach approximately 102.3 Mt CO2-eq in 2030, which is almost 48% reduction compared to the 1990 baseline.', 'If the specific target for the Czech Republic is set at 13% reduction compared to 2005, the maximum level of total emissions produced should reach approximately 102.3 Mt CO2-eq in 2030, which is almost 48% reduction compared to the 1990 baseline. In the first update of the Policy, a revision of the emission reduction target by 2030 is expected following the adoption of the relevant EU legislation. The linear trajectory for the period 2030–2050 is proposed with regard to the intended maximum emissions of the Czech Republic in 2050 corresponding to at least 80% emission reduction compared to 1990 levels. This corresponds to the maximum indicative emission level at 39.1 Mt CO2-eq in absolute terms.', 'This corresponds to the maximum indicative emission level at 39.1 Mt CO2-eq in absolute terms. The emission balance demonstrates that the Czech Republic succeeded in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 36.7% between the years 1990 and 2014. The current projections show that the targets for 2020 or 2030 can be implemented in the Czech Republic on the basis of existing or additional measures in the individual sectors. Any achievement of longer term indicative targets beyond 2030 is not possible without the adoption of new structural measures and a parallel use of all available policies helping to utilize the economic potential of low-carbon technologies in various sectors.', 'Any achievement of longer term indicative targets beyond 2030 is not possible without the adoption of new structural measures and a parallel use of all available policies helping to utilize the economic potential of low-carbon technologies in various sectors. Illustrative trajectory of reducing greenhouse gas emissions up to 2050 Total EU ETS non-ETS Mt CO2eq.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 4. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 The emission projections up to 2030 envisage effective application and implementation of already adopted policies and measures in all sectors. The projection in Fig. 2 is based on estimated fossil fuels consumption, on a growing share of renewable energy sources, energy system modernization, industry, transport and building stock in the 2030 perspective.', '2 is based on estimated fossil fuels consumption, on a growing share of renewable energy sources, energy system modernization, industry, transport and building stock in the 2030 perspective. In the energy sector, the projections are in line with the so-called optimized scenario of the State Energy Policy (SEP), which was adopted in May 2015 by the Czech government. The basic emission projections up to 2020 assume an annual increase in GDP by 3.3%, and by 2.4% up to 2030, which respects the presumption of the optimized SEC scenario about an average annual GDP growth between 2012 and 2040. The scenario with the existing measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 39% and in 2030 by 47% compared to 1990.', 'The scenario with the existing measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 39% and in 2030 by 47% compared to 1990. The scenario with the additional measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 42% and in 2030 by 49% compared to 1990. The emission trajectory required to achieve the indicative target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 is close to the scenario with additional measures. In the sectors covered by the EU ETS, emissions were reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 28% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 29% in the scenario with additional measures.', 'In the sectors covered by the EU ETS, emissions were reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 28% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 29% in the scenario with additional measures. By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 37% with the existing measures and by 38.5% with additional measures. In the non-ETS sectors, emissions are reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 8% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 14.5% in the scenario with additional measures. By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 19% with the existing measures and by 26% with additional measures. 5.', 'By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 19% with the existing measures and by 26% with additional measures. 5. CO2 Calculator and an outlook In order to gradually reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 compared to 1990 in accordance with the indicative target set in the Policy and in accordance with the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy by 2050”, the period 2020–2030 and also the subsequent years should be performed in the form of fundamental structural and technological changes in all sectors of the national economy, including changes in the habits, behaviour and mind- set of the society.', 'CO2 Calculator and an outlook In order to gradually reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 compared to 1990 in accordance with the indicative target set in the Policy and in accordance with the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy by 2050”, the period 2020–2030 and also the subsequent years should be performed in the form of fundamental structural and technological changes in all sectors of the national economy, including changes in the habits, behaviour and mind- set of the society. In the perspective until 2050 it is very difficult to propose concrete measures, therefore all scenarios of possible development are mainly based on different combinations and choices of the currently known technologies and their useable potential in the Czech Republic.', 'In the perspective until 2050 it is very difficult to propose concrete measures, therefore all scenarios of possible development are mainly based on different combinations and choices of the currently known technologies and their useable potential in the Czech Republic. The scenarios were compiled on theCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 basis of a CO2 calculator adjusted and calibrated for the specific national conditions of the Czech Republic. It is an interactive tool that shows the impacts of various strategies and scenarios of CO2 emission reduction on the energy balance, costs, emissions and safety and diversity of sources.', 'It is an interactive tool that shows the impacts of various strategies and scenarios of CO2 emission reduction on the energy balance, costs, emissions and safety and diversity of sources. With regard to the marginal conditions, eight different scenarios have been defined, that can be divided into three categories: Scenarios of energy sector development, regardless of climate change (reference scenario A) \x07 Scenarios not meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked B) \x07 Category B includes 4 scenarios: 1) SEP extrapolation scenario, 2) nuclear scenario 3) green scenario, and 4) an economic recession scenario.', 'With regard to the marginal conditions, eight different scenarios have been defined, that can be divided into three categories: Scenarios of energy sector development, regardless of climate change (reference scenario A) \x07 Scenarios not meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked B) \x07 Category B includes 4 scenarios: 1) SEP extrapolation scenario, 2) nuclear scenario 3) green scenario, and 4) an economic recession scenario. \x07 Scenarios meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked C) \x07 Category C includes 3 scenarios: 1) The import of electricity and biomass, 2) the development of CCS technology, and 3) development of RES, nuclear energy and energy savings.', '\x07 Scenarios meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked C) \x07 Category C includes 3 scenarios: 1) The import of electricity and biomass, 2) the development of CCS technology, and 3) development of RES, nuclear energy and energy savings. The above mentioned scenarios are intended to be illustrative and are primarily in order to show that the 2050 target cannot be achieved without the combination of many different measures, especially in the energy production and consumption. i i iCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6. Policies and measures Industrial processes are the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and account roughly for 7% of the total EU emissions.', 'Policies and measures Industrial processes are the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and account roughly for 7% of the total EU emissions. In the Czech Republic, it is the second most important emission sector with 11% share in the total emissions. According to the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050”, emissions in this sector should gradually fall by up to 80%. The volume of emissions produced in this sector largely depends on the production volume (higher production leads to higher emissions). A key policy which significantly reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions from industry is the EU ETS and Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED).', 'A key policy which significantly reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions from industry is the EU ETS and Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED). At the national level, the emissions reduction is addressed by the State Environmental Policy of the Czech Republic 2012–2020, and amendment to Act No 406/2000 Coll., on energy management, which extends the obligation to prepare energy audits or to implement a system of energy management according to ISO 50001 for entrepreneurs. 6.2 The energy sector Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Czech Republic (in addition to heat generation and distribution) is the largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions.', '6.2 The energy sector Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Czech Republic (in addition to heat generation and distribution) is the largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions. The combined production of electricity and heat is widespread in the Czech Republic; in the large and medium sized combustion plants, the proportion of cogeneration is less than 70% of the total gross heat production. According to the Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy, emissions in this sector should gradually fall nearly to zero in 2050. An important tool which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the EU ETS under which manufacturers must surrender emission allowances corresponding to the equivalent of emissions produced.', 'An important tool which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the EU ETS under which manufacturers must surrender emission allowances corresponding to the equivalent of emissions produced. At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the SEP which reflects the state objectives in the energy economy in line with the needs of economic and social development, including the climate and environment protection.', 'At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the SEP which reflects the state objectives in the energy economy in line with the needs of economic and social development, including the climate and environment protection. SEP also takes into account the European policies and legislation adopted by the European Parliament and the Council.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6.3 Final energy consumption In the Czech Republic, there is a great potential for reducing energy intensity in buildings for housing as well as for state administration and local governments, for implementation of energy management ISO 50001 at the regional level and the implementation of energy management at the municipal level.', 'SEP also takes into account the European policies and legislation adopted by the European Parliament and the Council.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6.3 Final energy consumption In the Czech Republic, there is a great potential for reducing energy intensity in buildings for housing as well as for state administration and local governments, for implementation of energy management ISO 50001 at the regional level and the implementation of energy management at the municipal level. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings has an impact on the construction, renovation and use of buildings.', 'Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings has an impact on the construction, renovation and use of buildings. By 2030, implementation of the Directive should lead to emissions reduction per unit of the floor area of a building by 25 to 40% compared to 2010. At the state level, the attainment of the objectives in energy efficiency is addressed by the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAP EE), which defines the planned measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and the expected or achieved energy savings, including savings in the supply, transmission or transport and energy distribution as well as in the final energy use.', 'At the state level, the attainment of the objectives in energy efficiency is addressed by the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAP EE), which defines the planned measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and the expected or achieved energy savings, including savings in the supply, transmission or transport and energy distribution as well as in the final energy use. The share of transport in total carbon dioxide emissions in the Czech Republic has gradually grown since 1990. This trend is mainly related to growth in the volumes of private motor vehicle transport and road freight transport. The number of passenger cars registered between 1990 and 2014 doubled.', 'The number of passenger cars registered between 1990 and 2014 doubled. At the national level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Transport Policy of the Czech Republic (for the period 2014–2020, with a perspective until 2050) and the Action Plan for Clean Mobility. These strategies envisage a gradual increase in the share of alternative propulsion and fuels in road transport and further electrification of railways, a gradual shift of freight transportation from road to rail or water transport. 6.5 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture contributed about 6% in 2014 to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic. At the same time, however, CO2 sinks resulting from land use, land use change and forestry reduce total greenhouse gas emissions annually by about 4%.', 'At the same time, however, CO2 sinks resulting from land use, land use change and forestry reduce total greenhouse gas emissions annually by about 4%. This kind of CO2 storage is still far from reaching its potential, even though the volume of carbon stored in soil and wood products is substantial.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Action Plan for Biomass in the Czech Republic for the period 2012–2020, which envisages the possibility to achieve by 2020 annual production of energy from agricultural land and by-products of agricultural production and from processing of agricultural products ranging from 133.9 to 186.8 petajoules (PJ).', 'This kind of CO2 storage is still far from reaching its potential, even though the volume of carbon stored in soil and wood products is substantial.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Action Plan for Biomass in the Czech Republic for the period 2012–2020, which envisages the possibility to achieve by 2020 annual production of energy from agricultural land and by-products of agricultural production and from processing of agricultural products ranging from 133.9 to 186.8 petajoules (PJ). Carbon fixation in the soil helps to meet the mandatory standards of Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) and to observe Statutory Management Requirements (SMRs).', 'Carbon fixation in the soil helps to meet the mandatory standards of Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) and to observe Statutory Management Requirements (SMRs). Another tool is the local support for afforestation of agricultural land provided by the Rural Development Program. Greenhouse gas emissions from waste sector increased by 25% in the Czech Republic between 1990– 2012. This negative trend was mainly caused by the growth of emissions from landfills. The main pillar of the EU waste policy is the waste hierarchy, which is defined in the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste.', 'The main pillar of the EU waste policy is the waste hierarchy, which is defined in the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. In the Czech Republic, emissions reduction is addressed by the Waste Management Plan of the Czech Republic for the period 2015–2024 (WMP CR), which also delivers and further elaborates the State Environmental Policy 2012–2020. WMP CR also includes a requirement to establish in legislation a ban on landfill of mixed municipal waste, recyclable and reusable waste, starting in 2024.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries The Czech Republic has kept records of climate expenditure for national and international purposes since 2010.', 'WMP CR also includes a requirement to establish in legislation a ban on landfill of mixed municipal waste, recyclable and reusable waste, starting in 2024.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries The Czech Republic has kept records of climate expenditure for national and international purposes since 2010. The funds are allocated mostly through bilateral and multilateral foreign development cooperation of the Czech Republic (FDC), where the total annual amount for the reporting period increased by more than CZK 97 mil. An overview of funds spent on foreign development cooperation is provided in Table 1.', 'An overview of funds spent on foreign development cooperation is provided in Table 1. Climate finance provided in the period 2010–2015 in CZK Year Bilateral cooperation Multilateral cooperation Total * Estimate of funds expended Source: MoE As part of multilateral FDC, the climate funds include contributions to the Global Environment Fund (GEF), and since 2013 also the contributions to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), to which the Czech Republic has committed to contribute CZK 110 mil. in the period 2014–2018. In late 2014, the Czech Republic has also concluded a cooperation agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany under the Climate Finance Readiness programme (the Programme), which is implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit).', 'In late 2014, the Czech Republic has also concluded a cooperation agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany under the Climate Finance Readiness programme (the Programme), which is implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit). Czech Republic‘s contribution to this Program for the period 2015–2018 is CZK 40 mil. The goal of the Programme is to create in selected developing countries appropriate conditions for the identification and implementation of projects so that those countries are prepared to effectively spend GCF funding for specific projects and programmes in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and capacity building. Czech experts contribute to the implementation of the Programme in four selected countries – Vietnam, Peru, Tajikistan and Georgia.', 'Czech experts contribute to the implementation of the Programme in four selected countries – Vietnam, Peru, Tajikistan and Georgia. Under the bilateral FDC, the Czech Development Agency finances projects in the following developing countries: Armenia, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Mongolia, Moldova, Georgia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Yemen. Approximately 70% of the funds were aimed at adaptation projects which are implemented in the sectors of water management, agriculture and forestry. The remaining part is used to finance mitigation projects, especially in the areas of energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy source installations.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7.1 Increasing climate finance The amount of climate finance in 2014 reached CZK 170.9 mil., representing approximately 0.004% of the national GDP.', 'The remaining part is used to finance mitigation projects, especially in the areas of energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy source installations.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7.1 Increasing climate finance The amount of climate finance in 2014 reached CZK 170.9 mil., representing approximately 0.004% of the national GDP. For comparison, other developed countries in 20125 spent for this purpose an average of 0.042% of GDP, which is approximately 10 times more than the Czech Republic. Achieving the level of the global average is a long-term objective of the Czech Republic for the period up to 2030. In quantitative terms, this objective corresponds to CZK 1.789 billion.', 'In quantitative terms, this objective corresponds to CZK 1.789 billion. The Czech Republic should achieve that amount in 2030, the indicative targets for 2020 and 2025 are CZK 634 mil., and CZK 1.211 billion respectively. The year-on-year increase of finance in the period 2017–2030 corresponds to CZK 115.4 mil. 8. Estimated costs of the EU ETS and revenues from the emission allowances auctions The Ministry of the Environment has prepared an outlook in the EU ETS. After 2020, a higher value of the linear reduction factor will be applied by which the cap on the emissions within the EU ETS decreases (along with the amount of annually generated EUAs).', 'After 2020, a higher value of the linear reduction factor will be applied by which the cap on the emissions within the EU ETS decreases (along with the amount of annually generated EUAs). The preliminary calculations show that between 2015 and 2020 the revenues of the Czech Republic from the emission allowances auctions could reach about CZK 33 billion and in the years 2021–2030, either about CZK 82 or about 148 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue in the free allocation of allowances (i.e. derogation) for the electricity sector.', 'The preliminary calculations show that between 2015 and 2020 the revenues of the Czech Republic from the emission allowances auctions could reach about CZK 33 billion and in the years 2021–2030, either about CZK 82 or about 148 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue in the free allocation of allowances (i.e. derogation) for the electricity sector. Based on estimated emissions production and allowance prices influenced by Market Stability Reserve (MSR), it is possible to predict the costs incurred by the business sector of the Czech Republic associated with the purchase of emission allowances (estimated emissions of the Czech Republic in the sectors covered by the EU ETS up to 2030 were taken from the Commission publication „EU Energy, transport and GHG emissions – Trends to 2050“).', 'Based on estimated emissions production and allowance prices influenced by Market Stability Reserve (MSR), it is possible to predict the costs incurred by the business sector of the Czech Republic associated with the purchase of emission allowances (estimated emissions of the Czech Republic in the sectors covered by the EU ETS up to 2030 were taken from the Commission publication „EU Energy, transport and GHG emissions – Trends to 2050“). In the years 2015–2020 they should amount to about CZK 37 billion, in the years 2021–2030 to about CZK 169 or about 103 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue to allocate free allowances to electricity generators.', 'In the years 2015–2020 they should amount to about CZK 37 billion, in the years 2021–2030 to about CZK 169 or about 103 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue to allocate free allowances to electricity generators. 5 2012 was chosen as a reference year because information on climate finance provided by developed countries is publicly available for that year on aggregate and individual basis.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 9. Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, is bound by a uniform, transparent, consistent and controllable manner of national greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals.', 'Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, is bound by a uniform, transparent, consistent and controllable manner of national greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals. For this reason, the National Inventory System (NIS) has been built, which must be managed in accordance with the rules adopted by the UNFCCC and/or the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, EU Member States are bound by the obligations arising from the European Parliament and Council Regulation No 525/2013 of 21 May 2013 and the related implementing EU legislation. Since 2015, rules and regulations require Member States to submit broader reporting or completely new reporting obligations compared to the original requirements that regulated the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring.', 'Since 2015, rules and regulations require Member States to submit broader reporting or completely new reporting obligations compared to the original requirements that regulated the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring. The new requirements include providing annual reports on the inventory of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the preparation and reporting of emission projections (every two years), Biennial Reports and National Communications (i.e. detailed reports, submitted every two or four years, containing all key information as regards national conditions, policies and measures related to climate policy in all sectors of the economy).', 'detailed reports, submitted every two or four years, containing all key information as regards national conditions, policies and measures related to climate policy in all sectors of the economy). Responsibility for the functioning of the NIS is borne by the Ministry of the Environment (MoE), which has conferred on the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) the responsibility for coordinating the preparation of the greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals. Other obligations arising from the UNFCCC rules or EU regulations are the preparation of the National Low Emission Strategy and the establishment of a national system for policies, measures and projections.', 'Other obligations arising from the UNFCCC rules or EU regulations are the preparation of the National Low Emission Strategy and the establishment of a national system for policies, measures and projections. The new platform for policies and measures should contribute, among other things, to improving cooperation, information and coordination in the implementation of specific measures and policies at the level of the various ministries, which need to be reported under the reporting obligations. The national system for policies, measures and projections, set up in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 525/2013 as of 9 July 2015, establishes the coordinating role of the MoE and CHMI, the role of sectoral NIS experts and involvement of the Interministerial Working Group for Climate Protection.', 'The national system for policies, measures and projections, set up in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 525/2013 as of 9 July 2015, establishes the coordinating role of the MoE and CHMI, the role of sectoral NIS experts and involvement of the Interministerial Working Group for Climate Protection. This system must be, however, further developed and deepened in order to meet the demanding requirements regarding consistency and completeness of the reported data and information.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 10. Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic Based on a government resolution of March 2017, the first evaluation of the Policy must be drawn up by 31 December 2021.', 'Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic Based on a government resolution of March 2017, the first evaluation of the Policy must be drawn up by 31 December 2021. The resolution also imposes an obligation to update it no later than on 31 December 2023.Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic: Executive summary Published by the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, Vršovická 1442/65, Prague www.mzp.cz/en Editors: Pavel Zámyslický, Kateřina Suchá, Zdeněk Bidrman (Department of Energy and Climate Protection, MoE) Photo credits: Photography contest Moje Magické Místo and other sources of MoE First Edition, 17 pages The publication was not submitted to language or stylistic proof. Copyright © 2017 Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic ISBN 978-80-7212-625-5 (First Czech Ed.', 'Copyright © 2017 Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic ISBN 978-80-7212-625-5 (First Czech Ed. – Politika ochrany klimatu v ČR: Manažerské shrnutí)']

en-US

CZE

Czech Republic

LTS

2018-01-15 00:00:00

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/files/na/application/pdf/cze_climate_protection_policy_summary.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

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../data/downloaded_documents/4f77b4e95b9b1236b12bc1dc38cfaa7c5ddb082d5acaf903bbc8b1c7cd372007.pdf

['CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Executive summaryCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic was prepared by the Ministry of the Environment in a cooperation with the inter-ministerial working group on climate change issues. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic was adopted by the Government resolution No. 207 of 22nd March 2017. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic represents a strategy in the field of climate protection up to 2030 as well as a plan which contributes towards gradual transition to low emission economy up to 2050.', 'The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic represents a strategy in the field of climate protection up to 2030 as well as a plan which contributes towards gradual transition to low emission economy up to 2050. It focuses on measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and therefor it is a complementary to the approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change. The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023. approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change.', 'The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023. approved Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (released 2015) which focuses on the adaptation to climate change. The implementation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic will be evaluated by the end of 2021 and updated by the end of 2023.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Content 2. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic 4 3. Objectives and priorities of the Czech Republic in reducing greenhouse gas emissions 5 4. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 8 6.', 'Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 8 6. Policies and measures 10 6.2 The energy sector 10 6.3 Final energy consumption 11 6.5 Agriculture and forestry 11 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries 13 7.1 Increasing climate finance 14 8. Estimated costs of the EU ETS and revenues from the emission allowances auctions 14 9. Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic 15 10. Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic 16CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Broad international cooperation is crucial among countries in order to effectively achieve global climate targets, including the involvement of private entities, municipalities and individuals.', 'Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic 16CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Broad international cooperation is crucial among countries in order to effectively achieve global climate targets, including the involvement of private entities, municipalities and individuals. For that purpose, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in 1992, being the first to internationally set the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system of the Earth. Even the subsequent binding emission reduction goals for developed countries in the Kyoto Protocol did not reduce significantly the global production of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Even the subsequent binding emission reduction goals for developed countries in the Kyoto Protocol did not reduce significantly the global production of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2015, a new international agreement was adopted in Paris, which involves a wide range of countries and newly counts on efforts by developed as well as developing countries. The main goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature well below 2° C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), the Paris Agreement focuses on adapting to the negative climate change impacts (adaptation), financing climate actions in developing countries, applying modern technologies and capacity building in developing countries.', 'In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), the Paris Agreement focuses on adapting to the negative climate change impacts (adaptation), financing climate actions in developing countries, applying modern technologies and capacity building in developing countries. The Czech Republic as a Member State of the European Union is fully involved in the common European efforts and contributes to the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions set for 2020 and 2030. The Czech Republic‘s approach to climate change can be divided into a policy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and into a policy of adaptation and strengthening resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change1.', 'The Czech Republic‘s approach to climate change can be divided into a policy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and into a policy of adaptation and strengthening resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change1. The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic (the „Policy“) specifies the objectives in the field of climate protection up to 2030 with an outlook up to 2050 and represents a long-term strategy of a low- emission development, which will lead to cost-effective achievement of the national targets. The Policy defines policies and measures for the gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the specific areas, i.e.', 'The Policy defines policies and measures for the gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the specific areas, i.e. especially in the energy sector, final energy consumption, industry, transport, agriculture and forestry, waste management, science and research and voluntary instruments, with respect to the economically exploitable potential. The Policy proposes efficient and effective measures, including their contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, and describes the pathways that lead to the transition to a low-emission economy by 2050. The Policy does not replace the various national sectoral policies and strategies, but it suitably complements and develops them.', 'The Policy does not replace the various national sectoral policies and strategies, but it suitably complements and develops them. 1 This area is addressed in the following strategic documents: Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic, the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change and the Drought Protection ConceptCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 2. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic Total aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic have been declining in the long term, and in 2014 they were (excluding sinks from the LULUCF2 sector) lower by 36.7% compared to the baseline year 1990, to which the national commitments under the Kyoto Protocol relate.', 'Trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic Total aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic have been declining in the long term, and in 2014 they were (excluding sinks from the LULUCF2 sector) lower by 36.7% compared to the baseline year 1990, to which the national commitments under the Kyoto Protocol relate. In the same period, greenhouse gas emissions of the EU-28 fell by more than 19%. The most significant greenhouse gas in the emission inventory of the Czech Republic is carbon dioxide which accounted for more than 82% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2014. It is followed by methane with almost 11% share and nitrous oxide with a share of almost 5%. Fluorinated gases contribute to the total emissions with less than 2%.', 'Fluorinated gases contribute to the total emissions with less than 2%. Between 1990 and 2014, carbon dioxide emissions decreased by more than 35%, methane emissions by more than 27% and nitrous oxide by more than 43%, while the emissions of fluorinated gases increased 35 times in the same period. The dominant emission category is the sector of Fuel Combustion, which includes, in addition to the energy industry, all combustion of fuels in transport, households and services. The share of this sector in 2014 accounted for more than 82% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The sector of Industrial Processes and Product Use accounted in 2014 for more than 11% and the Agriculture sector approximately for 6.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals.', 'The sector of Industrial Processes and Product Use accounted in 2014 for more than 11% and the Agriculture sector approximately for 6.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The Waste sector had more than 4% share in the total emissions and removals and the LULUCF sector removed nearly 4% of greenhouse gas emissions by sinks. Trends of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–2014 according to specific sectors thous. t CO2eq.', 'Trends of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–2014 according to specific sectors thous. t CO2eq. Energy \x07 Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture LULUCF Waste 2 LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 The most significant emission reductions occurred in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–1994 particularly in connection with the national economy restructuring, the transition to a market based economy and a significant fall in the heavy industry production. From 1998, emissions fluctuated around the value of 140 million tonnes of CO2-eq. After 2008, there was a downward trend again, related to the economic recession and economic slowdown.', 'After 2008, there was a downward trend again, related to the economic recession and economic slowdown. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced significantly due to decreasing of the fossil fuels burning in the manufacturing and the energy sector where coal-fired power production started to be gradually replaced with nuclear and renewable energy sources (RES). Despite the overall increase, greenhouse gas emissions from transport have also been decreasing since 2008. Emissions from agriculture have been reduced by about a half compared to the 1990 levels. 3.', 'Emissions from agriculture have been reduced by about a half compared to the 1990 levels. 3. Objectives and priorities of the Czech Republic in reducing greenhouse gas emissions The main objectives of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic The main objective of the Policy is to determine an appropriate mix of cost-effective policies and measures in key sectors that will lead to achieving the greenhouse gas reduction targets. Due to the sufficient time needed to prepare and implement the different policies and measures, the Policy and its setting must be conceived in the long term perspective, assuming that regular evaluation and updates will be carried out every 5, and 7 years respectively.', 'Due to the sufficient time needed to prepare and implement the different policies and measures, the Policy and its setting must be conceived in the long term perspective, assuming that regular evaluation and updates will be carried out every 5, and 7 years respectively. The time horizon setting of the Policy � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2020 by at least 32 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2030 by at least 44 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 70 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2040; � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 39 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2050.', 'The time horizon setting of the Policy � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2020 by at least 32 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to reduce national emissions by 2030 by at least 44 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 70 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2040; � \x07 to pursue the indicative level of 39 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2050. Primary emission reduction targets: Long-term indicative emission reduction targets:CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 respects the three basic levels of needs and requirements in the area of climate protection, i.e. at the national level and in the context of European and international politics.', 'at the national level and in the context of European and international politics. The greenhouse gas emission reduction goal for 2020 expects to reduce emissions in absolute terms by approximately 32 Mt CO2-eq3 compared to 146 Mt CO2-eq in 20054. At the EU level, the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990 by 2030 is further divided to reduce emissions by 43% in the EU ETS and by 30% in non-ETS sectors compared to 2005.', 'At the EU level, the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990 by 2030 is further divided to reduce emissions by 43% in the EU ETS and by 30% in non-ETS sectors compared to 2005. However, the distribution of the 30% target among the Member States, where the main criterion is the GDP per capita, is still under negotiations and a draft of the legislation was submitted by the European 3 Mt CO2-eq – million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission equivalent 4 Excluding LULUCF The objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 and 2030 are implemented through the European legislation for greenhouse gas emissions covered by the EU ETS and non-ETS sectors.', 'However, the distribution of the 30% target among the Member States, where the main criterion is the GDP per capita, is still under negotiations and a draft of the legislation was submitted by the European 3 Mt CO2-eq – million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission equivalent 4 Excluding LULUCF The objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 and 2030 are implemented through the European legislation for greenhouse gas emissions covered by the EU ETS and non-ETS sectors. The EU adopted the following emission reduction targets: � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at least by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 In the longer term, the EU plans to shift to low-emission economy: � to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80–95% by 2050 compared to 1990 National commitments reflect the EU commitmentsCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Commission in mid-2016.', 'The EU adopted the following emission reduction targets: � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 � \x07 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at least by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 In the longer term, the EU plans to shift to low-emission economy: � to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80–95% by 2050 compared to 1990 National commitments reflect the EU commitmentsCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 Commission in mid-2016. If the specific target for the Czech Republic is set at 13% reduction compared to 2005, the maximum level of total emissions produced should reach approximately 102.3 Mt CO2-eq in 2030, which is almost 48% reduction compared to the 1990 baseline.', 'If the specific target for the Czech Republic is set at 13% reduction compared to 2005, the maximum level of total emissions produced should reach approximately 102.3 Mt CO2-eq in 2030, which is almost 48% reduction compared to the 1990 baseline. In the first update of the Policy, a revision of the emission reduction target by 2030 is expected following the adoption of the relevant EU legislation. The linear trajectory for the period 2030–2050 is proposed with regard to the intended maximum emissions of the Czech Republic in 2050 corresponding to at least 80% emission reduction compared to 1990 levels. This corresponds to the maximum indicative emission level at 39.1 Mt CO2-eq in absolute terms.', 'This corresponds to the maximum indicative emission level at 39.1 Mt CO2-eq in absolute terms. The emission balance demonstrates that the Czech Republic succeeded in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 36.7% between the years 1990 and 2014. The current projections show that the targets for 2020 or 2030 can be implemented in the Czech Republic on the basis of existing or additional measures in the individual sectors. Any achievement of longer term indicative targets beyond 2030 is not possible without the adoption of new structural measures and a parallel use of all available policies helping to utilize the economic potential of low-carbon technologies in various sectors.', 'Any achievement of longer term indicative targets beyond 2030 is not possible without the adoption of new structural measures and a parallel use of all available policies helping to utilize the economic potential of low-carbon technologies in various sectors. Illustrative trajectory of reducing greenhouse gas emissions up to 2050 Total EU ETS non-ETS Mt CO2eq.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 4. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2030 The emission projections up to 2030 envisage effective application and implementation of already adopted policies and measures in all sectors. The projection in Fig. 2 is based on estimated fossil fuels consumption, on a growing share of renewable energy sources, energy system modernization, industry, transport and building stock in the 2030 perspective.', '2 is based on estimated fossil fuels consumption, on a growing share of renewable energy sources, energy system modernization, industry, transport and building stock in the 2030 perspective. In the energy sector, the projections are in line with the so-called optimized scenario of the State Energy Policy (SEP), which was adopted in May 2015 by the Czech government. The basic emission projections up to 2020 assume an annual increase in GDP by 3.3%, and by 2.4% up to 2030, which respects the presumption of the optimized SEC scenario about an average annual GDP growth between 2012 and 2040. The scenario with the existing measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 39% and in 2030 by 47% compared to 1990.', 'The scenario with the existing measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 39% and in 2030 by 47% compared to 1990. The scenario with the additional measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 42% and in 2030 by 49% compared to 1990. The emission trajectory required to achieve the indicative target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 is close to the scenario with additional measures. In the sectors covered by the EU ETS, emissions were reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 28% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 29% in the scenario with additional measures.', 'In the sectors covered by the EU ETS, emissions were reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 28% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 29% in the scenario with additional measures. By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 37% with the existing measures and by 38.5% with additional measures. In the non-ETS sectors, emissions are reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 8% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 14.5% in the scenario with additional measures. By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 19% with the existing measures and by 26% with additional measures. 5.', 'By 2030, compared with 2005, emissions are reduced by 19% with the existing measures and by 26% with additional measures. 5. CO2 Calculator and an outlook In order to gradually reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 compared to 1990 in accordance with the indicative target set in the Policy and in accordance with the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy by 2050”, the period 2020–2030 and also the subsequent years should be performed in the form of fundamental structural and technological changes in all sectors of the national economy, including changes in the habits, behaviour and mind- set of the society.', 'CO2 Calculator and an outlook In order to gradually reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 compared to 1990 in accordance with the indicative target set in the Policy and in accordance with the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy by 2050”, the period 2020–2030 and also the subsequent years should be performed in the form of fundamental structural and technological changes in all sectors of the national economy, including changes in the habits, behaviour and mind- set of the society. In the perspective until 2050 it is very difficult to propose concrete measures, therefore all scenarios of possible development are mainly based on different combinations and choices of the currently known technologies and their useable potential in the Czech Republic.', 'In the perspective until 2050 it is very difficult to propose concrete measures, therefore all scenarios of possible development are mainly based on different combinations and choices of the currently known technologies and their useable potential in the Czech Republic. The scenarios were compiled on theCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 basis of a CO2 calculator adjusted and calibrated for the specific national conditions of the Czech Republic. It is an interactive tool that shows the impacts of various strategies and scenarios of CO2 emission reduction on the energy balance, costs, emissions and safety and diversity of sources.', 'It is an interactive tool that shows the impacts of various strategies and scenarios of CO2 emission reduction on the energy balance, costs, emissions and safety and diversity of sources. With regard to the marginal conditions, eight different scenarios have been defined, that can be divided into three categories: Scenarios of energy sector development, regardless of climate change (reference scenario A) \x07 Scenarios not meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked B) \x07 Category B includes 4 scenarios: 1) SEP extrapolation scenario, 2) nuclear scenario 3) green scenario, and 4) an economic recession scenario.', 'With regard to the marginal conditions, eight different scenarios have been defined, that can be divided into three categories: Scenarios of energy sector development, regardless of climate change (reference scenario A) \x07 Scenarios not meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked B) \x07 Category B includes 4 scenarios: 1) SEP extrapolation scenario, 2) nuclear scenario 3) green scenario, and 4) an economic recession scenario. \x07 Scenarios meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked C) \x07 Category C includes 3 scenarios: 1) The import of electricity and biomass, 2) the development of CCS technology, and 3) development of RES, nuclear energy and energy savings.', '\x07 Scenarios meeting the goal of achieving a minimum 80% emissions reduction between the years 1990–2050 (scenarios marked C) \x07 Category C includes 3 scenarios: 1) The import of electricity and biomass, 2) the development of CCS technology, and 3) development of RES, nuclear energy and energy savings. The above mentioned scenarios are intended to be illustrative and are primarily in order to show that the 2050 target cannot be achieved without the combination of many different measures, especially in the energy production and consumption. i i iCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6. Policies and measures Industrial processes are the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and account roughly for 7% of the total EU emissions.', 'Policies and measures Industrial processes are the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and account roughly for 7% of the total EU emissions. In the Czech Republic, it is the second most important emission sector with 11% share in the total emissions. According to the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050”, emissions in this sector should gradually fall by up to 80%. The volume of emissions produced in this sector largely depends on the production volume (higher production leads to higher emissions). A key policy which significantly reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions from industry is the EU ETS and Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED).', 'A key policy which significantly reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions from industry is the EU ETS and Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED). At the national level, the emissions reduction is addressed by the State Environmental Policy of the Czech Republic 2012–2020, and amendment to Act No 406/2000 Coll., on energy management, which extends the obligation to prepare energy audits or to implement a system of energy management according to ISO 50001 for entrepreneurs. 6.2 The energy sector Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Czech Republic (in addition to heat generation and distribution) is the largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions.', '6.2 The energy sector Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Czech Republic (in addition to heat generation and distribution) is the largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions. The combined production of electricity and heat is widespread in the Czech Republic; in the large and medium sized combustion plants, the proportion of cogeneration is less than 70% of the total gross heat production. According to the Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon EU economy, emissions in this sector should gradually fall nearly to zero in 2050. An important tool which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the EU ETS under which manufacturers must surrender emission allowances corresponding to the equivalent of emissions produced.', 'An important tool which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the EU ETS under which manufacturers must surrender emission allowances corresponding to the equivalent of emissions produced. At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the SEP which reflects the state objectives in the energy economy in line with the needs of economic and social development, including the climate and environment protection.', 'At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the SEP which reflects the state objectives in the energy economy in line with the needs of economic and social development, including the climate and environment protection. SEP also takes into account the European policies and legislation adopted by the European Parliament and the Council.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6.3 Final energy consumption In the Czech Republic, there is a great potential for reducing energy intensity in buildings for housing as well as for state administration and local governments, for implementation of energy management ISO 50001 at the regional level and the implementation of energy management at the municipal level.', 'SEP also takes into account the European policies and legislation adopted by the European Parliament and the Council.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 6.3 Final energy consumption In the Czech Republic, there is a great potential for reducing energy intensity in buildings for housing as well as for state administration and local governments, for implementation of energy management ISO 50001 at the regional level and the implementation of energy management at the municipal level. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings has an impact on the construction, renovation and use of buildings.', 'Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings has an impact on the construction, renovation and use of buildings. By 2030, implementation of the Directive should lead to emissions reduction per unit of the floor area of a building by 25 to 40% compared to 2010. At the state level, the attainment of the objectives in energy efficiency is addressed by the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAP EE), which defines the planned measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and the expected or achieved energy savings, including savings in the supply, transmission or transport and energy distribution as well as in the final energy use.', 'At the state level, the attainment of the objectives in energy efficiency is addressed by the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAP EE), which defines the planned measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and the expected or achieved energy savings, including savings in the supply, transmission or transport and energy distribution as well as in the final energy use. The share of transport in total carbon dioxide emissions in the Czech Republic has gradually grown since 1990. This trend is mainly related to growth in the volumes of private motor vehicle transport and road freight transport. The number of passenger cars registered between 1990 and 2014 doubled.', 'The number of passenger cars registered between 1990 and 2014 doubled. At the national level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Transport Policy of the Czech Republic (for the period 2014–2020, with a perspective until 2050) and the Action Plan for Clean Mobility. These strategies envisage a gradual increase in the share of alternative propulsion and fuels in road transport and further electrification of railways, a gradual shift of freight transportation from road to rail or water transport. 6.5 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture contributed about 6% in 2014 to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic. At the same time, however, CO2 sinks resulting from land use, land use change and forestry reduce total greenhouse gas emissions annually by about 4%.', 'At the same time, however, CO2 sinks resulting from land use, land use change and forestry reduce total greenhouse gas emissions annually by about 4%. This kind of CO2 storage is still far from reaching its potential, even though the volume of carbon stored in soil and wood products is substantial.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Action Plan for Biomass in the Czech Republic for the period 2012–2020, which envisages the possibility to achieve by 2020 annual production of energy from agricultural land and by-products of agricultural production and from processing of agricultural products ranging from 133.9 to 186.8 petajoules (PJ).', 'This kind of CO2 storage is still far from reaching its potential, even though the volume of carbon stored in soil and wood products is substantial.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 At the state level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Action Plan for Biomass in the Czech Republic for the period 2012–2020, which envisages the possibility to achieve by 2020 annual production of energy from agricultural land and by-products of agricultural production and from processing of agricultural products ranging from 133.9 to 186.8 petajoules (PJ). Carbon fixation in the soil helps to meet the mandatory standards of Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) and to observe Statutory Management Requirements (SMRs).', 'Carbon fixation in the soil helps to meet the mandatory standards of Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) and to observe Statutory Management Requirements (SMRs). Another tool is the local support for afforestation of agricultural land provided by the Rural Development Program. Greenhouse gas emissions from waste sector increased by 25% in the Czech Republic between 1990– 2012. This negative trend was mainly caused by the growth of emissions from landfills. The main pillar of the EU waste policy is the waste hierarchy, which is defined in the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste.', 'The main pillar of the EU waste policy is the waste hierarchy, which is defined in the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. In the Czech Republic, emissions reduction is addressed by the Waste Management Plan of the Czech Republic for the period 2015–2024 (WMP CR), which also delivers and further elaborates the State Environmental Policy 2012–2020. WMP CR also includes a requirement to establish in legislation a ban on landfill of mixed municipal waste, recyclable and reusable waste, starting in 2024.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries The Czech Republic has kept records of climate expenditure for national and international purposes since 2010.', 'WMP CR also includes a requirement to establish in legislation a ban on landfill of mixed municipal waste, recyclable and reusable waste, starting in 2024.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7. Financing climate protection measures in developing countries The Czech Republic has kept records of climate expenditure for national and international purposes since 2010. The funds are allocated mostly through bilateral and multilateral foreign development cooperation of the Czech Republic (FDC), where the total annual amount for the reporting period increased by more than CZK 97 mil. An overview of funds spent on foreign development cooperation is provided in Table 1.', 'An overview of funds spent on foreign development cooperation is provided in Table 1. Climate finance provided in the period 2010–2015 in CZK Year Bilateral cooperation Multilateral cooperation Total * Estimate of funds expended Source: MoE As part of multilateral FDC, the climate funds include contributions to the Global Environment Fund (GEF), and since 2013 also the contributions to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), to which the Czech Republic has committed to contribute CZK 110 mil. in the period 2014–2018. In late 2014, the Czech Republic has also concluded a cooperation agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany under the Climate Finance Readiness programme (the Programme), which is implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit).', 'In late 2014, the Czech Republic has also concluded a cooperation agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany under the Climate Finance Readiness programme (the Programme), which is implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit). Czech Republic‘s contribution to this Program for the period 2015–2018 is CZK 40 mil. The goal of the Programme is to create in selected developing countries appropriate conditions for the identification and implementation of projects so that those countries are prepared to effectively spend GCF funding for specific projects and programmes in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and capacity building. Czech experts contribute to the implementation of the Programme in four selected countries – Vietnam, Peru, Tajikistan and Georgia.', 'Czech experts contribute to the implementation of the Programme in four selected countries – Vietnam, Peru, Tajikistan and Georgia. Under the bilateral FDC, the Czech Development Agency finances projects in the following developing countries: Armenia, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Mongolia, Moldova, Georgia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Yemen. Approximately 70% of the funds were aimed at adaptation projects which are implemented in the sectors of water management, agriculture and forestry. The remaining part is used to finance mitigation projects, especially in the areas of energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy source installations.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7.1 Increasing climate finance The amount of climate finance in 2014 reached CZK 170.9 mil., representing approximately 0.004% of the national GDP.', 'The remaining part is used to finance mitigation projects, especially in the areas of energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy source installations.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 7.1 Increasing climate finance The amount of climate finance in 2014 reached CZK 170.9 mil., representing approximately 0.004% of the national GDP. For comparison, other developed countries in 20125 spent for this purpose an average of 0.042% of GDP, which is approximately 10 times more than the Czech Republic. Achieving the level of the global average is a long-term objective of the Czech Republic for the period up to 2030. In quantitative terms, this objective corresponds to CZK 1.789 billion.', 'In quantitative terms, this objective corresponds to CZK 1.789 billion. The Czech Republic should achieve that amount in 2030, the indicative targets for 2020 and 2025 are CZK 634 mil., and CZK 1.211 billion respectively. The year-on-year increase of finance in the period 2017–2030 corresponds to CZK 115.4 mil. 8. Estimated costs of the EU ETS and revenues from the emission allowances auctions The Ministry of the Environment has prepared an outlook in the EU ETS. After 2020, a higher value of the linear reduction factor will be applied by which the cap on the emissions within the EU ETS decreases (along with the amount of annually generated EUAs).', 'After 2020, a higher value of the linear reduction factor will be applied by which the cap on the emissions within the EU ETS decreases (along with the amount of annually generated EUAs). The preliminary calculations show that between 2015 and 2020 the revenues of the Czech Republic from the emission allowances auctions could reach about CZK 33 billion and in the years 2021–2030, either about CZK 82 or about 148 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue in the free allocation of allowances (i.e. derogation) for the electricity sector.', 'The preliminary calculations show that between 2015 and 2020 the revenues of the Czech Republic from the emission allowances auctions could reach about CZK 33 billion and in the years 2021–2030, either about CZK 82 or about 148 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue in the free allocation of allowances (i.e. derogation) for the electricity sector. Based on estimated emissions production and allowance prices influenced by Market Stability Reserve (MSR), it is possible to predict the costs incurred by the business sector of the Czech Republic associated with the purchase of emission allowances (estimated emissions of the Czech Republic in the sectors covered by the EU ETS up to 2030 were taken from the Commission publication „EU Energy, transport and GHG emissions – Trends to 2050“).', 'Based on estimated emissions production and allowance prices influenced by Market Stability Reserve (MSR), it is possible to predict the costs incurred by the business sector of the Czech Republic associated with the purchase of emission allowances (estimated emissions of the Czech Republic in the sectors covered by the EU ETS up to 2030 were taken from the Commission publication „EU Energy, transport and GHG emissions – Trends to 2050“). In the years 2015–2020 they should amount to about CZK 37 billion, in the years 2021–2030 to about CZK 169 or about 103 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue to allocate free allowances to electricity generators.', 'In the years 2015–2020 they should amount to about CZK 37 billion, in the years 2021–2030 to about CZK 169 or about 103 billion, depending on whether the Czech Republic will continue to allocate free allowances to electricity generators. 5 2012 was chosen as a reference year because information on climate finance provided by developed countries is publicly available for that year on aggregate and individual basis.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 9. Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, is bound by a uniform, transparent, consistent and controllable manner of national greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals.', 'Reporting obligations of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, is bound by a uniform, transparent, consistent and controllable manner of national greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals. For this reason, the National Inventory System (NIS) has been built, which must be managed in accordance with the rules adopted by the UNFCCC and/or the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, EU Member States are bound by the obligations arising from the European Parliament and Council Regulation No 525/2013 of 21 May 2013 and the related implementing EU legislation. Since 2015, rules and regulations require Member States to submit broader reporting or completely new reporting obligations compared to the original requirements that regulated the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring.', 'Since 2015, rules and regulations require Member States to submit broader reporting or completely new reporting obligations compared to the original requirements that regulated the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring. The new requirements include providing annual reports on the inventory of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the preparation and reporting of emission projections (every two years), Biennial Reports and National Communications (i.e. detailed reports, submitted every two or four years, containing all key information as regards national conditions, policies and measures related to climate policy in all sectors of the economy).', 'detailed reports, submitted every two or four years, containing all key information as regards national conditions, policies and measures related to climate policy in all sectors of the economy). Responsibility for the functioning of the NIS is borne by the Ministry of the Environment (MoE), which has conferred on the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) the responsibility for coordinating the preparation of the greenhouse gases inventory for emissions and removals. Other obligations arising from the UNFCCC rules or EU regulations are the preparation of the National Low Emission Strategy and the establishment of a national system for policies, measures and projections.', 'Other obligations arising from the UNFCCC rules or EU regulations are the preparation of the National Low Emission Strategy and the establishment of a national system for policies, measures and projections. The new platform for policies and measures should contribute, among other things, to improving cooperation, information and coordination in the implementation of specific measures and policies at the level of the various ministries, which need to be reported under the reporting obligations. The national system for policies, measures and projections, set up in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 525/2013 as of 9 July 2015, establishes the coordinating role of the MoE and CHMI, the role of sectoral NIS experts and involvement of the Interministerial Working Group for Climate Protection.', 'The national system for policies, measures and projections, set up in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 525/2013 as of 9 July 2015, establishes the coordinating role of the MoE and CHMI, the role of sectoral NIS experts and involvement of the Interministerial Working Group for Climate Protection. This system must be, however, further developed and deepened in order to meet the demanding requirements regarding consistency and completeness of the reported data and information.CLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 10. Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic Based on a government resolution of March 2017, the first evaluation of the Policy must be drawn up by 31 December 2021.', 'Updates and evaluation of the Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic Based on a government resolution of March 2017, the first evaluation of the Policy must be drawn up by 31 December 2021. The resolution also imposes an obligation to update it no later than on 31 December 2023.Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic: Executive summary Published by the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, Vršovická 1442/65, Prague www.mzp.cz/en Editors: Pavel Zámyslický, Kateřina Suchá, Zdeněk Bidrman (Department of Energy and Climate Protection, MoE) Photo credits: Photography contest Moje Magické Místo and other sources of MoE First Edition, 17 pages The publication was not submitted to language or stylistic proof. Copyright © 2017 Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic ISBN 978-80-7212-625-5 (First Czech Ed.', 'Copyright © 2017 Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic ISBN 978-80-7212-625-5 (First Czech Ed. – Politika ochrany klimatu v ČR: Manažerské shrnutí)']

en-US

PRK

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

1st NDC

2016-10-03 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/DPRK-INDC%20by%202030.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/c2b7cfb9e0f92f3adf2dafbc5b89b371a711036feea449db7ad3ccfd0b9444b2.pdf

['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 1 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea) has always paid a great attention to the environment protection work in constructing the socialist power.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 1 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea) has always paid a great attention to the environment protection work in constructing the socialist power. The respected Comrade Kim Jong Un said: “Environmental protection work should be improved so as to protect and increase the country’s resources and keep its air, rivers and seas completely free from pollution” Under the wise guidance of the respected Comrade Kim Jong Un, chairman of the State Affairs Commission of DPR Korea, the Republic recently has made much progress in conducting the forest restoration campaign, thus has achieved a great success in establishing the sufficient material and technical foundation for environment protection, afforestation and enclosing-with-park throughout the country.', 'The respected Comrade Kim Jong Un said: “Environmental protection work should be improved so as to protect and increase the country’s resources and keep its air, rivers and seas completely free from pollution” Under the wise guidance of the respected Comrade Kim Jong Un, chairman of the State Affairs Commission of DPR Korea, the Republic recently has made much progress in conducting the forest restoration campaign, thus has achieved a great success in establishing the sufficient material and technical foundation for environment protection, afforestation and enclosing-with-park throughout the country. Besides, large or medium and small hydro power stations including the Paektusan Hero Youth Power Station were constructed and much progress has been made in improving the efficiency of electricity generation and consumption, as well as in scaling up the utilization of the renewable energy.', 'Besides, large or medium and small hydro power stations including the Paektusan Hero Youth Power Station were constructed and much progress has been made in improving the efficiency of electricity generation and consumption, as well as in scaling up the utilization of the renewable energy. All these efforts resulted in the advances towards the protection of air pollution and climate change. Many scientific and technological advances including the cycling production system in agricultural sector and zero-energy, zero-carbon architecture in construction sector have been achieved so as to accelerate the sustainable development of social and economic sectors.', 'Many scientific and technological advances including the cycling production system in agricultural sector and zero-energy, zero-carbon architecture in construction sector have been achieved so as to accelerate the sustainable development of social and economic sectors. In addition, DPR Korea has established the legal and policy framework to respond the climate change by supplementing the Law on Environment Protection with the contentsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 2 related to climate change and newly enacting the Law on Environment Impact Assessment.', 'In addition, DPR Korea has established the legal and policy framework to respond the climate change by supplementing the Law on Environment Protection with the contentsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 2 related to climate change and newly enacting the Law on Environment Impact Assessment. Especially, in order to contribute to international efforts to address climate change issues, DPR Korea ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 5 December 1994, the Kyoto Protocol on 27 April 2005 and the Paris Agreement on 1 August 2016.', 'Especially, in order to contribute to international efforts to address climate change issues, DPR Korea ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 5 December 1994, the Kyoto Protocol on 27 April 2005 and the Paris Agreement on 1 August 2016. As a non-Annex I Party, DPR Korea prepared the First National Communication and Second National Communication in cooperation with the UNEP and under the coordination of the National Coordinating Committee for Environment, and submitted them to the UNFCCC secretariat respectively in September 2002 and February 2013. DPR Korea is now making progress towards initiating the enabling activities to prepare the Third National Communication and the First Biennial Update Report under international support.', 'DPR Korea is now making progress towards initiating the enabling activities to prepare the Third National Communication and the First Biennial Update Report under international support. In 1999, the least-cost GHG abatement strategy was developed under the support of the UNDP/GEF. Integrating climate change considerations into relevant socio-economic development strategies and plans is considered as one of the important measures to ensure the sustainable development in DPR Korea. Especially in accordance with five-year strategy for national economic development, national energy and climate change issues are simultaneously to be addressed by improving the efficiency of electric power generating facilities and by scaling up the utilization of renewable energy.', 'Especially in accordance with five-year strategy for national economic development, national energy and climate change issues are simultaneously to be addressed by improving the efficiency of electric power generating facilities and by scaling up the utilization of renewable energy. Pursuant to decisions 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 and 1/CP.21 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, the Government of the DPR Korea is pleased to prepare its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). DPR Korea’s INDC includes a mitigation and an adaptation component. The mitigation component includes both unconditional and conditional contributions. The unconditional contributions are measures that will be implemented using domestic resources.', 'The unconditional contributions are measures that will be implemented using domestic resources. With domestic resources, GHG emissions will be reduced by 8.0% by 2030 compared to theIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 3 Business as Usual scenario (BAU). The conditional contributions are measures that could be implemented if additional international financial support, technology transfer and capacity building are received. The national contribution could be increased up to 40.25% with international support. The adaptation component describes the adaptation needs raised in terms of institutional arrangement, financing, capacity building and technology transfer by 2030. It also presents the prioritized adaptation measures.', 'It also presents the prioritized adaptation measures. When considering the development priorities and adaptation needs in DPR Korea as one of developing countries, international support for developing countries under the Paris Agreement is required to encourage DPR Korea to scale up his mitigation measures to the level contributable to addressing climate change, an international issue on a global scale. DPR Korea will continue to make efforts to achieve the contribution beyond the level committed in this report, based on the effective mobilization of domestic resources and international support, and thus will actively contribute to achieving the objectives of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 4 2.', 'DPR Korea will continue to make efforts to achieve the contribution beyond the level committed in this report, based on the effective mobilization of domestic resources and international support, and thus will actively contribute to achieving the objectives of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 4 2. GHG Mitigation Component 2.1 Contribution to GHG Emissions Mitigation Type of contribution GHG emission reduction compared to the Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) BAU scenario approach was adopted, given that DPR Korea has no obligation to reduce its emission regarding a base year under Coverage - Sectors covered: all 2006 IPCC sectors Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Waste - Geographical coverage: 100 percent geographical coverage - Percentage of national emissions covered, as reflected in the most recent national GHG inventory: 100% Greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, Sulfur hexafluoride Methodologies and tools to estimate GHG emissions and data - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Inventory Software - Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) - Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO) - Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) - IPCC SAR GWP values (Carbon Dioxide; 1, Methane; 21, Nitrous Oxide; 310) Planning process The INDC has been prepared by a participatory and transparent process through stakeholder consultations, taking into consideration the national socio-economic development plans, including the five-year strategy for national economic development Business-As- Usual scenario (BAU) DPR Korea’s BAU scenario for GHG emissions was developed based on the assumption of economic growth in the absence of climate change policies.', 'GHG Mitigation Component 2.1 Contribution to GHG Emissions Mitigation Type of contribution GHG emission reduction compared to the Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) BAU scenario approach was adopted, given that DPR Korea has no obligation to reduce its emission regarding a base year under Coverage - Sectors covered: all 2006 IPCC sectors Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Waste - Geographical coverage: 100 percent geographical coverage - Percentage of national emissions covered, as reflected in the most recent national GHG inventory: 100% Greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, Sulfur hexafluoride Methodologies and tools to estimate GHG emissions and data - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Inventory Software - Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) - Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO) - Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) - IPCC SAR GWP values (Carbon Dioxide; 1, Methane; 21, Nitrous Oxide; 310) Planning process The INDC has been prepared by a participatory and transparent process through stakeholder consultations, taking into consideration the national socio-economic development plans, including the five-year strategy for national economic development Business-As- Usual scenario (BAU) DPR Korea’s BAU scenario for GHG emissions was developed based on the assumption of economic growth in the absence of climate change policies. - GHG emission projections for 2020: 116.36 million tCO2 e - GHG emission projections for 2030: 187.73 million tCO2 e The BAU scenario projection will be revised to include more accurate information with preparation of the National Communications and Biennial Update.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 5 Unconditional contribution Based the on national circumstances, common but differentiated responsibility and its capability, DPR Korea will reduce GHG emissions by 8.0% compared to BAU scenario, by 2030 with domestic resources.', '- GHG emission projections for 2020: 116.36 million tCO2 e - GHG emission projections for 2030: 187.73 million tCO2 e The BAU scenario projection will be revised to include more accurate information with preparation of the National Communications and Biennial Update.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 5 Unconditional contribution Based the on national circumstances, common but differentiated responsibility and its capability, DPR Korea will reduce GHG emissions by 8.0% compared to BAU scenario, by 2030 with domestic resources. Conditional contribution DPR Korea could achieve the additional contribution equivalent to 32.25% of the GHG emission in the BAU scenario by 2030 if international support is received through international cooperation including the financial support under the Paris Agreement.', 'Conditional contribution DPR Korea could achieve the additional contribution equivalent to 32.25% of the GHG emission in the BAU scenario by 2030 if international support is received through international cooperation including the financial support under the Paris Agreement. 2.2 Fair and Ambitious DPR Korea’s GHG emission is 65 714GgCO2 e in 2000, which accounts for 0.16% of the World GHG emission in 2000 (40GtCO2 e). With the GHG emission of 2.9tCO2 e per capita in 2000, DPR Korea is one of low GHG emitting countries in terms of emissions per capita. GHG emission per capita will be increased to 6.5tCO2 e in 2030, but it will be still below the world average.', 'GHG emission per capita will be increased to 6.5tCO2 e in 2030, but it will be still below the world average. Considering the significance of energy issues in ensuring the sustainable development, DPR Korea continue to give national development priority on the work to keep energy production ahead of economic development. But there are no domestic oil and natural gas resources in DPR Korea. Thus domestic coal accounts now for a comparatively large shareIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 6 of energy consumption in energy and industrial sector. This share has a tendency to increase with the activation of the national economy in the near future.', 'This share has a tendency to increase with the activation of the national economy in the near future. In order to make national contribution to mitigation of climate change fair and ambitious in this development context, DPR Korea attaches the mitigation priorities to the energy and industrial sector in where it is possible to pursue synergy with adaptation to climate change, and thus expects to decrease GHG emission per final energy use and GDP. DPR Korea’s GDP per capita is 462US$ in 2000. This implies that capability of DPR Korea for mitigation measures with only domestic resource is not sufficient to contribute to responding the climate change, an issue on a global scale.', 'This implies that capability of DPR Korea for mitigation measures with only domestic resource is not sufficient to contribute to responding the climate change, an issue on a global scale. Especially, international support has a great potential to encourage mitigation measures in DPR Korea, because this INDC expects that conditional contribution takes about 80% of the national GHG emissions mitigation target in 2030. 2.3 Legal and Policy Framework to Support the Implementation of National GHG Mitigation Measures DPR Korea has strengthened national legal and policy framework for responding climate change in a way of integrating climate change into various laws and mid- or long-term strategies.', '2.3 Legal and Policy Framework to Support the Implementation of National GHG Mitigation Measures DPR Korea has strengthened national legal and policy framework for responding climate change in a way of integrating climate change into various laws and mid- or long-term strategies. Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation target during 2021-2030 will be supported by the following relevant laws and policies in the fields of environment protection, energy and forest sector.', 'Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation target during 2021-2030 will be supported by the following relevant laws and policies in the fields of environment protection, energy and forest sector. - Law on Environment Protection, Law on Environment Impact Assessment, Law on Air Pollution Protection - Law on Wastes Disposal, Law on Sewer - Law on Energy Management, Law on Coal, Law on Electric Power, Law on Residential Fuel, Law on Medium and Small Power Plant, Law on Crude Oil, Law on Renewable Energy - Law on Forest, Law on Land, Law on Land Use Planning, Land on Landscape, Law on Nature Reserve - Law on Science and Technology, Law on City Management - National Energy Strategy - Strategy for Agriculture Development - National Strategy for Science and Technology DevelopmentIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 7 2.4 Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation targets of the INDC DPR Korea will exert efforts in implementing the following measures to achieve the target of the INDC.', '- Law on Environment Protection, Law on Environment Impact Assessment, Law on Air Pollution Protection - Law on Wastes Disposal, Law on Sewer - Law on Energy Management, Law on Coal, Law on Electric Power, Law on Residential Fuel, Law on Medium and Small Power Plant, Law on Crude Oil, Law on Renewable Energy - Law on Forest, Law on Land, Law on Land Use Planning, Land on Landscape, Law on Nature Reserve - Law on Science and Technology, Law on City Management - National Energy Strategy - Strategy for Agriculture Development - National Strategy for Science and Technology DevelopmentIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 7 2.4 Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation targets of the INDC DPR Korea will exert efforts in implementing the following measures to achieve the target of the INDC. 1) Strengthen the national framework on climate change - Strengthen laws and regulations on climate change - Formulate and implement the national strategy on climate change - Integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans - Develop the national GHG inventory system - Establish systems for measuring, reporting and verification at the national and sectoral levels in order to monitor and supervise GHG emissions activities - Formulate long-term, low GHG emissions development strategy 2) Improve energy use efficiency and reduce energy consumption - Encourage the use of energy efficient appliances in the residential sector - Conserve firewood in residential sector - Reduce electric power consumption for irrigation water pumping by effective water resource management plans - Improve the energy efficiency of technologies and processes in industrial sector - Establish and improve standards on energy consumption of major technologies and products - Improve the fuel-economics of the vehicles - Restrict excessive use of the private transportation by the permitting system of car service by day of the week and a day’s interval - Expand and encourage public transport facilities 3) Improve energy efficiency and encourage the use of alternative energy in electric power industry - Increase electric power generating efficiency in the existing coal-fired power plants - Construct eco-friendly large, medium and small scale hydro power station, and improve electric power generating efficiency in hydro power stations - Strengthen the national integrated electric power management system - Complete the flexible electric power transmission system - Introduce ultra-high tension transmission technologiesIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 8 - Build nuclear power stations 4) Scale up the utilization of renewable energy development - Build and scale up the power plants based on renewable energy resources - Generalize off-grid power generating system based on the renewable energy - Disseminate the technologies for zero-energy, zero carbon architecture 5) Manage and develop forest in the sustainable manner - Modernize nurseries with the object of scientification, industrializing, intensifying, automatizing, mechanizing the production of young trees - Introduce advanced technologies for afforestation and reforestation - Introduce and scale up the technologies and methodologies for sustainable forest management including agroforestry 6) Introduce advanced technologies and methodologies for sustainable agricultural development - Conduct scientific research for and develop methodologies of GHG emission reduction in agriculture and livestock breeding - Widely introduce recycling technologies of agricultural residuals for the production of biogas and organic fertilizer 7) Introduce sustainable waste management system - Prepare waste management plans - Promote the reduction and recycling of waste - Building capacity for waste management and introduce technologies for the advanced waste management - Introduce methane recovery and destruction technologies from industrial waste 8) Raise public awareness and accelerate participatory process for responding climate change - Intensify the all-inclusive mass movement for planting trees such as the period of the spring and autumn general mobilization for land management and the Reforestation Day - Strengthen activities for energy conservation such as the May and October Electricity Saving Months - Reinforce afforestation activities of the Youth’s Forest and Children’s Union ForestIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 9 - Strengthen propagation campaign for public awareness and education of climate change mitigation - Encourage participation in mitigation of climate change 9) Enhance international cooperation for mitigation of climate change - Strengthen international cooperation for preparing and implementing climate policies and strategies - Reinforce joint research, sci-tech knowledge exchange and demonstration activities among scientific research institutions, within the framework of international technical mechanism, for the purpose of promoting climate-related technology dissemination - Intensify international cooperation for capacity building and knowledge experience of the experts in the fields of responding climate change 10) Increase financial support for mitigation measures - To further increase budgetary support to mitigation measures - To actively innovate the application of funds and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for low-carbon development Particularly, a high priority is attached to the following measures with great mitigation potential in implementing conditional contributions to the mitigation of climate change.', '1) Strengthen the national framework on climate change - Strengthen laws and regulations on climate change - Formulate and implement the national strategy on climate change - Integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans - Develop the national GHG inventory system - Establish systems for measuring, reporting and verification at the national and sectoral levels in order to monitor and supervise GHG emissions activities - Formulate long-term, low GHG emissions development strategy 2) Improve energy use efficiency and reduce energy consumption - Encourage the use of energy efficient appliances in the residential sector - Conserve firewood in residential sector - Reduce electric power consumption for irrigation water pumping by effective water resource management plans - Improve the energy efficiency of technologies and processes in industrial sector - Establish and improve standards on energy consumption of major technologies and products - Improve the fuel-economics of the vehicles - Restrict excessive use of the private transportation by the permitting system of car service by day of the week and a day’s interval - Expand and encourage public transport facilities 3) Improve energy efficiency and encourage the use of alternative energy in electric power industry - Increase electric power generating efficiency in the existing coal-fired power plants - Construct eco-friendly large, medium and small scale hydro power station, and improve electric power generating efficiency in hydro power stations - Strengthen the national integrated electric power management system - Complete the flexible electric power transmission system - Introduce ultra-high tension transmission technologiesIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 8 - Build nuclear power stations 4) Scale up the utilization of renewable energy development - Build and scale up the power plants based on renewable energy resources - Generalize off-grid power generating system based on the renewable energy - Disseminate the technologies for zero-energy, zero carbon architecture 5) Manage and develop forest in the sustainable manner - Modernize nurseries with the object of scientification, industrializing, intensifying, automatizing, mechanizing the production of young trees - Introduce advanced technologies for afforestation and reforestation - Introduce and scale up the technologies and methodologies for sustainable forest management including agroforestry 6) Introduce advanced technologies and methodologies for sustainable agricultural development - Conduct scientific research for and develop methodologies of GHG emission reduction in agriculture and livestock breeding - Widely introduce recycling technologies of agricultural residuals for the production of biogas and organic fertilizer 7) Introduce sustainable waste management system - Prepare waste management plans - Promote the reduction and recycling of waste - Building capacity for waste management and introduce technologies for the advanced waste management - Introduce methane recovery and destruction technologies from industrial waste 8) Raise public awareness and accelerate participatory process for responding climate change - Intensify the all-inclusive mass movement for planting trees such as the period of the spring and autumn general mobilization for land management and the Reforestation Day - Strengthen activities for energy conservation such as the May and October Electricity Saving Months - Reinforce afforestation activities of the Youth’s Forest and Children’s Union ForestIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 9 - Strengthen propagation campaign for public awareness and education of climate change mitigation - Encourage participation in mitigation of climate change 9) Enhance international cooperation for mitigation of climate change - Strengthen international cooperation for preparing and implementing climate policies and strategies - Reinforce joint research, sci-tech knowledge exchange and demonstration activities among scientific research institutions, within the framework of international technical mechanism, for the purpose of promoting climate-related technology dissemination - Intensify international cooperation for capacity building and knowledge experience of the experts in the fields of responding climate change 10) Increase financial support for mitigation measures - To further increase budgetary support to mitigation measures - To actively innovate the application of funds and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for low-carbon development Particularly, a high priority is attached to the following measures with great mitigation potential in implementing conditional contributions to the mitigation of climate change. № Mitigation measures prioritized for conditional contribution 1 To reduce power transmission and distribution losses to 6% 2 To build 2 000MW nuclear power station 3 To install a total of 1 000MW grid connected solar PV systems To build a total of 500MW West Sea off –shore wind farms at the Korean West Sea 5 To build a total of 500MW on-shore wind farms To use energy-efficient air conditioners and heat pumps instead of coal-fired space heating at households and offices To use biogas from livestock manure and domestic sewage instead of coal or firewood for cooking 8 To replace coal use for hot water with solar hot water system at households To replace conventional wood stoves for cooking with efficient wood stoves at rural householdsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 10 № Mitigation measures prioritized for conditional contribution 10 To build the rice husk cogeneration plants To building centralized compositing facilities to collect and treat municipal solid waste To replace the old subcritical coal power stations with ultra-supercritical coal power stations To increase additives (blast furnace slag or fly ash) from 15% to 50% in blended cement 14 To build biogas plants treating municipal solid waste To replace conventional coal stoves for cooking with efficient electric cookers at the households To reduce 25% of energy consumption in industry through technical modernization by 2030 17 To replace tunnel brick kilns with vertical shaft brick kilns 18 To introduce the Bus Rapid Transit systems in large cities 19 To scale up agroforestry and sustainable forest management 2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the GHG mitigation component to achieve mitigation goals formulated in the INDC will be reflected in the National Communications and Biennial Updated Reports submitted to the UNFCCC.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 11 3.', '№ Mitigation measures prioritized for conditional contribution 1 To reduce power transmission and distribution losses to 6% 2 To build 2 000MW nuclear power station 3 To install a total of 1 000MW grid connected solar PV systems To build a total of 500MW West Sea off –shore wind farms at the Korean West Sea 5 To build a total of 500MW on-shore wind farms To use energy-efficient air conditioners and heat pumps instead of coal-fired space heating at households and offices To use biogas from livestock manure and domestic sewage instead of coal or firewood for cooking 8 To replace coal use for hot water with solar hot water system at households To replace conventional wood stoves for cooking with efficient wood stoves at rural householdsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 10 № Mitigation measures prioritized for conditional contribution 10 To build the rice husk cogeneration plants To building centralized compositing facilities to collect and treat municipal solid waste To replace the old subcritical coal power stations with ultra-supercritical coal power stations To increase additives (blast furnace slag or fly ash) from 15% to 50% in blended cement 14 To build biogas plants treating municipal solid waste To replace conventional coal stoves for cooking with efficient electric cookers at the households To reduce 25% of energy consumption in industry through technical modernization by 2030 17 To replace tunnel brick kilns with vertical shaft brick kilns 18 To introduce the Bus Rapid Transit systems in large cities 19 To scale up agroforestry and sustainable forest management 2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the GHG mitigation component to achieve mitigation goals formulated in the INDC will be reflected in the National Communications and Biennial Updated Reports submitted to the UNFCCC.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 11 3. Adaptation Component Annual mean temperature in DPR Korea rose by 1.9oC over the 20th century.', 'Adaptation Component Annual mean temperature in DPR Korea rose by 1.9oC over the 20th century. It is over 3 times compared to the rate of global warming. In the late 21st century, annual mean temperature in DPR Korea is expected to rise by 2.8oC to 4.7oC compared to the average (8.2oC, 1971-2000). Sea level in DPR Korea by 2100 is expected to rise by 0.67m to 0.89m compared to 2000. Thus coastlines in the East and the West Sea may retreat by 67m to 89m and 670m to 890m over 100 years, respectively. In the late 21st century, water resources (surface water) in DPR Korea are expected to be almost the same as the average (1971-2000) or decrease by 7.9%.', 'In the late 21st century, water resources (surface water) in DPR Korea are expected to be almost the same as the average (1971-2000) or decrease by 7.9%. In the future, it is expected that severer flood than the present will appear during rainy season, severe drought that the present will appear in spring. In addition, loss in land resources and land degradation will be accelerated by increase of flood, landslide and draught events. The general goal of adaptation strategy to climate change in DPR Korea is to recover degraded natural eco-environment, improve its function, establish economic, social and environmental structures coping with climate change, and raise up adaptation capacity to negative impacts of climate change into the advanced level.', 'The general goal of adaptation strategy to climate change in DPR Korea is to recover degraded natural eco-environment, improve its function, establish economic, social and environmental structures coping with climate change, and raise up adaptation capacity to negative impacts of climate change into the advanced level. Especially, the basic direction of the strategy is Firstly, to establish the whole social spirit for adaptation to climate change through strengthening public awareness raising and technology transfer, and through supplementing and completing laws, regulations, institutions and management systems related to adaptation to climate change. Secondly, to carry out adaptation measures to minimize negative impacts to climate change, reflecting them to the national strategy for development of science and technology, energy and agriculture, etc.', 'Secondly, to carry out adaptation measures to minimize negative impacts to climate change, reflecting them to the national strategy for development of science and technology, energy and agriculture, etc. Thirdly, to ensure investment for the work to minimize loss of life and property, and build the national capacity for prevention of disastrous events through establishment of theIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 12 national real time monitoring system, early warning system and enhancement of corresponding capacity of central and Government bodies to natural disasters such as flood, draught, forest fire, landslide, typhoon, and tidal wave, etc., caused by climate change.', 'Thirdly, to ensure investment for the work to minimize loss of life and property, and build the national capacity for prevention of disastrous events through establishment of theIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 12 national real time monitoring system, early warning system and enhancement of corresponding capacity of central and Government bodies to natural disasters such as flood, draught, forest fire, landslide, typhoon, and tidal wave, etc., caused by climate change. Fourthly, to build research and development capacity related to adaptation to climate change and to train technicians and experts through various opportunities and processes such as university education, training and practice, etc., and to contribute to improvement of people’s living and sustainable development of the country through concentration on research, development and introduction of advanced adaptation technologies and methods.', 'Fourthly, to build research and development capacity related to adaptation to climate change and to train technicians and experts through various opportunities and processes such as university education, training and practice, etc., and to contribute to improvement of people’s living and sustainable development of the country through concentration on research, development and introduction of advanced adaptation technologies and methods. Fifthly, to establish the system for efficient water resources management, scientific agricultural production and advanced medical care corresponding to negative impacts of climate change. Sixthly, to encourage the work to effectively cope with negative impacts of climate change so as to draw all social members into, and to actively speed up bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation with international organizations and other countries.', 'Sixthly, to encourage the work to effectively cope with negative impacts of climate change so as to draw all social members into, and to actively speed up bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation with international organizations and other countries. The measures in the following table are prioritized among adaptation measures for a purpose of successful implementation of the adaptation strategy.', 'The measures in the following table are prioritized among adaptation measures for a purpose of successful implementation of the adaptation strategy. Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Cross-cutting \uf09f Increase in damages from natural disasters \uf09f Strengthening research capacity for adaptation to climate change \uf09f Improvement of climate information service and observation network in DPR Korea \uf09f Development of educational curriculum for negotive impacts and adaptation options \uf09f Capacity building for improving the community-based disaster management system \uf09f Establishment of the early warning system in the major basinsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 13 Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Water resource \uf09f Decrease in water availability \uf09f Deterioration of water quality \uf09f Increase in frequency and intensity of floods, droughts and landslides \uf09f Introduction of technologies for water pollution prevention and efficient water purification \uf09f Capacity building for integrated water resources management in the major basins \uf09f Establishment of systems for rational distribution and consumption of water resources \uf09f Capacity building for management of reservior and rivers Agriculture \uf09f Changes in regions suitable for cultivation \uf09f Changes in the length of growing season \uf09f Decline in crop productivity \uf09f Increase in damages from harmful insects \uf09f Promotion of development and dissemination of advanced agricultural technologies coping with climate change \uf09f Establishment of integrated and sustainable management system of arable soil \uf09f Establishment of integrated system for prevention of harmful insects and weed management Coastal zone \uf09f Coastal flooding \uf09f Retreat of coastline \uf09f Salt water intrusion \uf09f Increase in damages from flood \uf09f Capacity building for integrated management of coastal zone \uf09f Construction of infrastructures such as seawalls and protective facilities in coastal zone \uf09f Rearrangement of population and economic activities Public health \uf09f Increase in incidence of infectious diseases \uf09f Strengthening of hygienic and anti-epidemic work \uf09f Strengthening of medical services related to the diseases caused by hot weather \uf09f Establishment of database for various infectious diseases and sustainable monitoring system for diseasesIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 14 Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Ecosystems \uf09f Shift in the structure of biological communities \uf09f Changes in the number and range of species \uf09f Loss of habitats for species \uf09f Increase in damages from forest pests \uf09f Recovery of degraded forest and firewood forest managment in community areas \uf09f Control of forest pests outbreaks by climate change and integrated forest pest management \uf09f Improvement of ecosystem conservation system in coastal zone of the Korea West Sea \uf09f Improvement of management system for existing nature reserves DPR Korea will exert efforts in strengthening national financial and technical capacity to make progress in the implementation of these measures, in order to successfully responding the posible negative impacts of the climate change.', 'Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Cross-cutting \uf09f Increase in damages from natural disasters \uf09f Strengthening research capacity for adaptation to climate change \uf09f Improvement of climate information service and observation network in DPR Korea \uf09f Development of educational curriculum for negotive impacts and adaptation options \uf09f Capacity building for improving the community-based disaster management system \uf09f Establishment of the early warning system in the major basinsIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 13 Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Water resource \uf09f Decrease in water availability \uf09f Deterioration of water quality \uf09f Increase in frequency and intensity of floods, droughts and landslides \uf09f Introduction of technologies for water pollution prevention and efficient water purification \uf09f Capacity building for integrated water resources management in the major basins \uf09f Establishment of systems for rational distribution and consumption of water resources \uf09f Capacity building for management of reservior and rivers Agriculture \uf09f Changes in regions suitable for cultivation \uf09f Changes in the length of growing season \uf09f Decline in crop productivity \uf09f Increase in damages from harmful insects \uf09f Promotion of development and dissemination of advanced agricultural technologies coping with climate change \uf09f Establishment of integrated and sustainable management system of arable soil \uf09f Establishment of integrated system for prevention of harmful insects and weed management Coastal zone \uf09f Coastal flooding \uf09f Retreat of coastline \uf09f Salt water intrusion \uf09f Increase in damages from flood \uf09f Capacity building for integrated management of coastal zone \uf09f Construction of infrastructures such as seawalls and protective facilities in coastal zone \uf09f Rearrangement of population and economic activities Public health \uf09f Increase in incidence of infectious diseases \uf09f Strengthening of hygienic and anti-epidemic work \uf09f Strengthening of medical services related to the diseases caused by hot weather \uf09f Establishment of database for various infectious diseases and sustainable monitoring system for diseasesIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Page 14 Sector Climate Change Impact Prioritized Adaptaiton Measures Ecosystems \uf09f Shift in the structure of biological communities \uf09f Changes in the number and range of species \uf09f Loss of habitats for species \uf09f Increase in damages from forest pests \uf09f Recovery of degraded forest and firewood forest managment in community areas \uf09f Control of forest pests outbreaks by climate change and integrated forest pest management \uf09f Improvement of ecosystem conservation system in coastal zone of the Korea West Sea \uf09f Improvement of management system for existing nature reserves DPR Korea will exert efforts in strengthening national financial and technical capacity to make progress in the implementation of these measures, in order to successfully responding the posible negative impacts of the climate change. However, international support has a great potential to help implementation of adaptation measures in DPR Korea, one of developing countries experiencing now limitation for adaptation to climate change, in terms of financial resource, capacity building and technology transfer.', 'However, international support has a great potential to help implementation of adaptation measures in DPR Korea, one of developing countries experiencing now limitation for adaptation to climate change, in terms of financial resource, capacity building and technology transfer. It will also contribute to the mobilizing domestic resources and strengthening the political framework for mitigation of climate change. The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the adaptation component will be reflected in the National Communications and the Biennial Updated Reports submitted to the UNFCCC.']

en-US

PRK

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Updated NDC

2019-09-19 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/2019.09.19_DPRK%20letter%20to%20SG%20special%20envoy%20for%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Asia

0

0

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[]

az-AZ

COD

Democratic Republic of the Congo

1st NDC

2017-12-13 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CPDN%20-%20R%C3%A9p%20D%C3%A9m%20du%20Congo.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/73ec65a83ab699314cd4e46cb44cd7d0943c4e62789178e4e88a6035268ee1a3.pdf

['REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO SOUMISSION DE LA CONTRIBUTION NATIONALE PREVUE DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES. Résumé Année de référence : 2000. Période d’engagement : 2021 – 2030. Type de contribution : Conditionnel. Secteurs pris en compte : Agriculture, Forêts et Energie. Gaz concernés : CO2 O. Niveau de réduction : 17%. Les besoins en financement de la CPDN de la République Démocratique du Congo : 21,622 milliards USD, dont : \uf0a7 Adaptation : 9,082 milliards USD ; \uf0a7 Atténuation : 12,540 milliards USD. 1. But, priorités de développement et contexte national des changements climatiques. 1.1.', 'But, priorités de développement et contexte national des changements climatiques. 1.1. But et plans de développement durable Avec ses 2.345.000 km² de superficie, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), se caractérise par (i) sa richesse en ressources naturelles exceptionnelles (forêts, mines, ressources hydriques, biodiversité, énergie), (ii) son dense réseau hydrographique, dont le Bassin du fleuve Congo est le plus dominant (3,7 millions de km²), et (iii) sa population estimée à environ 75 millions d’habitants, avec une croissance démographique de 3,1%, dont les revenus proviennent essentiellement du secteur informel.', 'But et plans de développement durable Avec ses 2.345.000 km² de superficie, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), se caractérise par (i) sa richesse en ressources naturelles exceptionnelles (forêts, mines, ressources hydriques, biodiversité, énergie), (ii) son dense réseau hydrographique, dont le Bassin du fleuve Congo est le plus dominant (3,7 millions de km²), et (iii) sa population estimée à environ 75 millions d’habitants, avec une croissance démographique de 3,1%, dont les revenus proviennent essentiellement du secteur informel. La stratégie nationale de développement durable et le programme d’action du gouvernement pour la période 2012-2016 ainsi que la prospective d’émergence 2030 s’articulent autour des axes prioritaires comprenant les secteurs mines, agriculture, forêts et le développement du tissu industriel dans un cadre davantage décentralisé.', 'La stratégie nationale de développement durable et le programme d’action du gouvernement pour la période 2012-2016 ainsi que la prospective d’émergence 2030 s’articulent autour des axes prioritaires comprenant les secteurs mines, agriculture, forêts et le développement du tissu industriel dans un cadre davantage décentralisé. L’intégration des préoccupations environnementales, en général, du développement durable et des changements climatiques en particulier, dans toutes les stratégies sectorielles et la planification nationale de développement demeurent un enjeu clé.1.2. Principaux défis de développement socio-économique et environnemental. Sur le plan économique, le pays enregistre des progrès dans la croissance moyenne du PIB qui a atteint 5,6% sur la période 2006-2010, et 8,1% entre 2011 et 2013.', 'Sur le plan économique, le pays enregistre des progrès dans la croissance moyenne du PIB qui a atteint 5,6% sur la période 2006-2010, et 8,1% entre 2011 et 2013. Les investissements du secteur privé national ont peu augmenté (moins de 5% du PIB entre 1990 et 2010). Au cours de ces 10 dernières années, les dépenses publiques se sont concentrées sur le développement des infrastructures nécessaires au développement économique. En outre, le secteur agricole, qui occupe près de 70% de la population active du pays, contribue à l’économie nationale à hauteur de 50% (PNUD, 2010).', 'En outre, le secteur agricole, qui occupe près de 70% de la population active du pays, contribue à l’économie nationale à hauteur de 50% (PNUD, 2010). Malgré les progrès réalisés, il se fait cependant que : \uf0d8 la RDC connaît une situation précaire sur le plan social qui ne semble pas s’être significativement améliorée au cours des vingt dernières années selon les chiffres issus du rapport sur les OMD1.', 'Malgré les progrès réalisés, il se fait cependant que : \uf0d8 la RDC connaît une situation précaire sur le plan social qui ne semble pas s’être significativement améliorée au cours des vingt dernières années selon les chiffres issus du rapport sur les OMD1. Elle est marquée par une pauvreté de la population, contrastant avec l’immensité des potentialités naturelles du pays, plus accentuée par une forte croissance démographique pesant sur la demande de services sociaux tant en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain, avec une inégale répartition entre les provinces; \uf0d8 le pays reste celui connaissant l’indice de développement humain le plus bas des 187 pays, selon le rapport sur le développement humain de 2014.', 'Elle est marquée par une pauvreté de la population, contrastant avec l’immensité des potentialités naturelles du pays, plus accentuée par une forte croissance démographique pesant sur la demande de services sociaux tant en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain, avec une inégale répartition entre les provinces; \uf0d8 le pays reste celui connaissant l’indice de développement humain le plus bas des 187 pays, selon le rapport sur le développement humain de 2014. La proportion de la population n’atteignant pas le niveau minimal d’apport calorique a augmenté au cours des années 90, passant de 31% à 73%.', 'La proportion de la population n’atteignant pas le niveau minimal d’apport calorique a augmenté au cours des années 90, passant de 31% à 73%. Ainsi donc, l’insécurité alimentaire reste forte et touche aujourd’hui 76% de la population congolaise2, alors que l’alimentation représente 62,3% des dépenses totales des ménages congolais3; \uf0d8 le taux d accès de la population à l électricité reste très faible : 15% sur le plan national (1% en milieu rural, 30% pour les villes) alors que la moyenne en Afrique subsaharienne est de \uf0d8 le taux d’accès à l’eau potable est de 47%, le taux d’accès au service d’assainissement est de 14% (MICS, 2010) ; l’accès des populations au service de gestion de déchets demeure insignifiant dans le milieu urbain et quasiment absent dans les zones rurales ; \uf0d8 enfin, le chômage, surtout des jeunes (15-24 ans), alimenté par la forte croissance démographique, reste à un niveau très élevé, 18% au niveau national, et touche 1 RDC, 2010.', 'Ainsi donc, l’insécurité alimentaire reste forte et touche aujourd’hui 76% de la population congolaise2, alors que l’alimentation représente 62,3% des dépenses totales des ménages congolais3; \uf0d8 le taux d accès de la population à l électricité reste très faible : 15% sur le plan national (1% en milieu rural, 30% pour les villes) alors que la moyenne en Afrique subsaharienne est de \uf0d8 le taux d’accès à l’eau potable est de 47%, le taux d’accès au service d’assainissement est de 14% (MICS, 2010) ; l’accès des populations au service de gestion de déchets demeure insignifiant dans le milieu urbain et quasiment absent dans les zones rurales ; \uf0d8 enfin, le chômage, surtout des jeunes (15-24 ans), alimenté par la forte croissance démographique, reste à un niveau très élevé, 18% au niveau national, et touche 1 RDC, 2010. Les chiffres qui suivent sont issus de ce rapport.', 'Les chiffres qui suivent sont issus de ce rapport. 3 RDC, 2011.particulièrement les jeunes urbains (32%). L’insuffisance des financements, tant internes qu’externes, pour la mise en œuvre effective des stratégies et de plans d’actions à grande échelle dans divers domaines ainsi que de principales réformes légales et institutionnelles constituent un défi majeur. Aussi, l’absence de véritable politique d’interventions intersectorielles dans un contexte de lutte contre les conflits de compétences entre différents secteurs (miniers, agricoles, forestiers) ne facilite pas la mise en œuvre d’actions en matière de changements climatiques dans un cadre fédérateur des programmes tant pour l’atténuation que pour l’adaptation.', 'Aussi, l’absence de véritable politique d’interventions intersectorielles dans un contexte de lutte contre les conflits de compétences entre différents secteurs (miniers, agricoles, forestiers) ne facilite pas la mise en œuvre d’actions en matière de changements climatiques dans un cadre fédérateur des programmes tant pour l’atténuation que pour l’adaptation. Depuis quelques années, la RDC développe sa vision de développement vers l’émergence à l’horizon 2060 et ce, dans le cadre de la matérialisation de la Révolution de la modernité dont la planification est séquencée en trois phases, à savoir : \uf0a7 entre 2012 et 2020, la RDC devra passer d’un pays à faible revenu à celui de pays à revenu intermédiaire grâce à la transformation de l’agriculture ; \uf0a7 entre 2020 et 2030, la RDC passera au statut de pays émergent par une industrialisation intensive grâce au développement du secteur énergétique en appui aux secteurs des industries minière et agricole ; \uf0a7 entre 2030 et 2060, la RDC devra passer du statut de pays émergent à celui de pays développé, notamment par une économie verte et une société de connaissances.', 'Depuis quelques années, la RDC développe sa vision de développement vers l’émergence à l’horizon 2060 et ce, dans le cadre de la matérialisation de la Révolution de la modernité dont la planification est séquencée en trois phases, à savoir : \uf0a7 entre 2012 et 2020, la RDC devra passer d’un pays à faible revenu à celui de pays à revenu intermédiaire grâce à la transformation de l’agriculture ; \uf0a7 entre 2020 et 2030, la RDC passera au statut de pays émergent par une industrialisation intensive grâce au développement du secteur énergétique en appui aux secteurs des industries minière et agricole ; \uf0a7 entre 2030 et 2060, la RDC devra passer du statut de pays émergent à celui de pays développé, notamment par une économie verte et une société de connaissances. Toutefois, il est à noter que la RDC est à ce jour un pays à faible émission carbone, avec des particularités qui la distinguent des autres territoires : le capital naturel que constitue sa forêt, son potentiel hydro-électrique et ses capacités d’interconnexion avec les pays de la sous-région, son potentiel de croissance très important.', 'Toutefois, il est à noter que la RDC est à ce jour un pays à faible émission carbone, avec des particularités qui la distinguent des autres territoires : le capital naturel que constitue sa forêt, son potentiel hydro-électrique et ses capacités d’interconnexion avec les pays de la sous-région, son potentiel de croissance très important. Vu la trajectoire de développement national envisagé, le pays devra orienter son développement dans une perspective de développement à long terme, durable et respectueux de l’environnement. 1.3. Contexte national des changements climatiques La RDC a ratifié la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et le Protocole de Kyoto, respectivement en 1997 et 2005.', 'Contexte national des changements climatiques La RDC a ratifié la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et le Protocole de Kyoto, respectivement en 1997 et 2005. Depuis, elle a réalisé une série d’activités dans les domaines suivants : \uf0a7 l’Inventaire de ses émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2001, 2009 et 2014 ;\uf0a7 l’adoption de la loi N°011/2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code Forestier; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du Programme National Environnement, Forêts, Eaux et Biodiversité ; \uf0a7 l’évaluation des risques et de la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques en 2006 et la mise en œuvre des projets d’adaptation, particulièrement dans le secteur agricole depuis 2010 ; \uf0a7 l’identification des potentialités en atténuation et les besoins technologiques en 2007 ; \uf0a7 la mise en œuvre des processus de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts (REDD, 2009) : (i) l’engagement dans le programme d’investissement dans le secteur forestier (2010); (ii) l’adoption de la Stratégie Cadre nationale sur la REDD+ (2012); (iii) la création du Fonds National REDD+ en 2012; \uf0a7 le lancement du processus de formulation de la politique, stratégie nationale et plan d’action en matière des changements climatiques qui comprend trois piliers, à savoir : (i) la stratégie de développement sobre en carbone (2012) ; (ii) le Plan National d’Adaptation de la RDC aux changements climatiques (2014); (iii) l’intégration transversale dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du document de politique du secteur de l’électricité, y compris l’Atlas des énergies renouvelables en RDC.', 'Depuis, elle a réalisé une série d’activités dans les domaines suivants : \uf0a7 l’Inventaire de ses émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2001, 2009 et 2014 ;\uf0a7 l’adoption de la loi N°011/2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code Forestier; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du Programme National Environnement, Forêts, Eaux et Biodiversité ; \uf0a7 l’évaluation des risques et de la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques en 2006 et la mise en œuvre des projets d’adaptation, particulièrement dans le secteur agricole depuis 2010 ; \uf0a7 l’identification des potentialités en atténuation et les besoins technologiques en 2007 ; \uf0a7 la mise en œuvre des processus de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts (REDD, 2009) : (i) l’engagement dans le programme d’investissement dans le secteur forestier (2010); (ii) l’adoption de la Stratégie Cadre nationale sur la REDD+ (2012); (iii) la création du Fonds National REDD+ en 2012; \uf0a7 le lancement du processus de formulation de la politique, stratégie nationale et plan d’action en matière des changements climatiques qui comprend trois piliers, à savoir : (i) la stratégie de développement sobre en carbone (2012) ; (ii) le Plan National d’Adaptation de la RDC aux changements climatiques (2014); (iii) l’intégration transversale dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du document de politique du secteur de l’électricité, y compris l’Atlas des énergies renouvelables en RDC. 1.4.', 'Depuis, elle a réalisé une série d’activités dans les domaines suivants : \uf0a7 l’Inventaire de ses émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2001, 2009 et 2014 ;\uf0a7 l’adoption de la loi N°011/2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code Forestier; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du Programme National Environnement, Forêts, Eaux et Biodiversité ; \uf0a7 l’évaluation des risques et de la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques en 2006 et la mise en œuvre des projets d’adaptation, particulièrement dans le secteur agricole depuis 2010 ; \uf0a7 l’identification des potentialités en atténuation et les besoins technologiques en 2007 ; \uf0a7 la mise en œuvre des processus de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts (REDD, 2009) : (i) l’engagement dans le programme d’investissement dans le secteur forestier (2010); (ii) l’adoption de la Stratégie Cadre nationale sur la REDD+ (2012); (iii) la création du Fonds National REDD+ en 2012; \uf0a7 le lancement du processus de formulation de la politique, stratégie nationale et plan d’action en matière des changements climatiques qui comprend trois piliers, à savoir : (i) la stratégie de développement sobre en carbone (2012) ; (ii) le Plan National d’Adaptation de la RDC aux changements climatiques (2014); (iii) l’intégration transversale dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles; \uf0a7 l’élaboration du document de politique du secteur de l’électricité, y compris l’Atlas des énergies renouvelables en RDC. 1.4. Système national de gestion des inventaires des GES.', 'Système national de gestion des inventaires des GES. Le Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD), à travers la Direction de Développement Durable (DDD), organe gouvernemental des négociations internationales, chargée de la coordination et du suivi de la mise en œuvre harmonieuse et cohérente de l’action du gouvernement en matière des changements climatiques, assure la gestion des inventaires des GES. Un comité national des changements climatiques, sous la supervision du Secrétaire Général à l’Environnement et Développement Durable, dans une approche intersectorielle et interdisciplinaire, donne les principales orientations en matière de mise en œuvre des programmes et projets en matière des changements climatiques.', 'Un comité national des changements climatiques, sous la supervision du Secrétaire Général à l’Environnement et Développement Durable, dans une approche intersectorielle et interdisciplinaire, donne les principales orientations en matière de mise en œuvre des programmes et projets en matière des changements climatiques. Sous la supervision de la DDD, des équipes d’experts, provenant des ministères et services gouvernementaux, des universités et centres de recherche nationaux, des institutions privées et des organisations non gouvernementales, sont chargées de la définition des approches méthodologiques et de l’exécution des travaux d’estimation des émissions des GES et de l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité aux effets des changements climatiques, ainsi que des besoins technologiques. La responsabilité de l’approbation formelle des rapports d’inventaires desémissions des GES incombe spécifiquement au Comité National Climat qui le soumet au Gouvernement.', 'La responsabilité de l’approbation formelle des rapports d’inventaires desémissions des GES incombe spécifiquement au Comité National Climat qui le soumet au Gouvernement. Un système national de surveillance, suivi, vérification et notification lié aux activités REDD+ a été développé au sein du MEDD. Des cellules techniques opérationnelles travaillent sur trois piliers de ce système. Il s’agit de (i) Système de Surveillance des Terres par Satellite (SSTS), (ii) Inventaire Forestier National (IFN) et (iii) Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre (IGES). A ce jour, chacun de ces trois piliers réalise des progrès considérables en termes de produits et de renforcement des capacités techniques et humaines.', 'A ce jour, chacun de ces trois piliers réalise des progrès considérables en termes de produits et de renforcement des capacités techniques et humaines. Un système similaire de suivi des émissions hors forêts est en cours de formulation dans le cadre du processus d’élaboration de la stratégie de développement sobre en carbone et de formulation des projets NAMAs. 2. Contribution liée à l’adaptation 2.1. Justification de la prise en compte de l’adaptation dans le processus de développement de la CPDN. L’inventaire des gaz à effet de serre réalisé en RDC (MEDD, 2015) fait apparaître les principaux secteurs émetteurs. Il s’agit principalement de l’Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et foresterie, suivi de loin de l’agriculture, de l’énergie. Pour le reste, les émissions sont négligeables.', 'Pour le reste, les émissions sont négligeables. Le Programme national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, PANA (MECNT, 2006) a établi une cartographie limitée de la vulnérabilité de la RDC face aux impacts des changements climatiques. Il a cependant révélé d’énormes préoccupations en matière d’agriculture, de ressources en eau et de zones côtières, qui induisent une forte vulnérabilité dans les domaines de la sécurité alimentaire et de la santé. 2.2. Résumé des tendances, impacts et vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques.', 'Résumé des tendances, impacts et vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques. Les analyses menées ont permis de dégager les observations ci-après : a) les projections des variations des températures à l’horizon 2050 sont de l’ordre de 1 à 2°C et de 1,5 à 3°C à l’horizon 2100 dans le cadre du scénario d émissions faibles B1 (Van Garderen et Ludwig, 2013) ; b) les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la simulation de Pitman sur la station de Bukama pour la période 2046-2065 montrent une augmentation de l’évapotranspiration actuelle et potentielle de l’ordre de 10 à 15% ;c) sur la base des analyses de l’historique climatique du site de Kinshasa N’Djili, il apparait que : \uf0a7 la fréquence des épisodes extrêmes humides et extrêmes sèches devient plus importante à l’horizon 2081-2100 ; \uf0a7 une perturbation importante de la distribution saisonnière des pluies aux horizons 2046- d) sous le modèle hydrologique Pitman pour la station Bukama, il ressort que : \uf0a7 une légère augmentation du stock de l’humidité du sol de 3,1%, qui serait le résultat d’une augmentation de précipitation de 10,6% ; \uf0a7 une légère diminution du ruissellement total qui serait due à une diminution de la recharge et du ruissellement de surface.', 'Les analyses menées ont permis de dégager les observations ci-après : a) les projections des variations des températures à l’horizon 2050 sont de l’ordre de 1 à 2°C et de 1,5 à 3°C à l’horizon 2100 dans le cadre du scénario d émissions faibles B1 (Van Garderen et Ludwig, 2013) ; b) les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la simulation de Pitman sur la station de Bukama pour la période 2046-2065 montrent une augmentation de l’évapotranspiration actuelle et potentielle de l’ordre de 10 à 15% ;c) sur la base des analyses de l’historique climatique du site de Kinshasa N’Djili, il apparait que : \uf0a7 la fréquence des épisodes extrêmes humides et extrêmes sèches devient plus importante à l’horizon 2081-2100 ; \uf0a7 une perturbation importante de la distribution saisonnière des pluies aux horizons 2046- d) sous le modèle hydrologique Pitman pour la station Bukama, il ressort que : \uf0a7 une légère augmentation du stock de l’humidité du sol de 3,1%, qui serait le résultat d’une augmentation de précipitation de 10,6% ; \uf0a7 une légère diminution du ruissellement total qui serait due à une diminution de la recharge et du ruissellement de surface. e) l’analyse des résultats de simulation de Schellnhuber et al.', 'e) l’analyse des résultats de simulation de Schellnhuber et al. (2013), stipulent une augmentation du niveau de la mer d’environ 10% par rapport au niveau actuel le long des lignes côtières du continent Africain. Pour la RDC, cette augmentation sera de l’ordre de 60-70 cm pour les scenarios de 2°C d’élévation de température (RCP 2.6). Les cinq principaux risques climatiques (pluies intenses, érosion côtière, inondations, crises caniculaires, et sécheresses saisonnières) à grand impact qui menacent le vécu quotidien des populations et causent notamment des pertes en vies humaines, la destruction des infrastructures, les érosions, la destruction des habitats particulièrement des pauvres en zones urbaines et accentuent la vulnérabilité due aux maladies hydriques. Les sécheresses saisonnières provoquent de graves perturbations des calendriers agricoles. 2.3.', 'Les sécheresses saisonnières provoquent de graves perturbations des calendriers agricoles. 2.3. Notification de la vision, buts et cibles d’adaptation à court et long terme. La vision de la RDC pour la mise en œuvre de l’adaptation est ancrée dans le cadre du Programme d’Action National d Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA, 2006). Ce programme a permis d’identifier trois axes d’interventions prioritaires en matière d’adaptation : i. la sécurisation des moyens de subsistance et des modes de vie des communautés rurales/urbaines ; ii. la gestion rationnelle des ressources forestières, et iii. la protection et préservation des écosystèmes vulnérables des zones côtières.', 'la protection et préservation des écosystèmes vulnérables des zones côtières. Depuis 2014, un processus d’actualisation des orientations du PANA et d’intégration de la problématique d’adaptation dans les politiques et stratégies sectoriels, dans une approcheparticipative et pluridisciplinaire, a été initié dans le cadre du Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNA). 2.4. Notification sur les initiatives et l’appui actuels et planifiés en matière d’adaptation. Le pays a déjà déployé des efforts afin de développer des actions urgentes d’adaptation dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, du relèvement communautaire et de la lutte contre l’érosion côtière.', 'Le pays a déjà déployé des efforts afin de développer des actions urgentes d’adaptation dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, du relèvement communautaire et de la lutte contre l’érosion côtière. Il s’agit de : \uf0a7 PANA-ASA (2010-2013) : projet d’adaptation du secteur agricole qui s’est focalisé sur l’amélioration de la résilience de ce secteur, au niveau de 4 provinces pilotes ; \uf0a7 PANA-ASA 2 « Projet pour la croissance économique résiliente et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques en RDC » qui sera mis en œuvre à partir de 2016, consiste à une dissémination des acquis de PANA-ASA dans des nouvelles zones cibles.', 'Il s’agit de : \uf0a7 PANA-ASA (2010-2013) : projet d’adaptation du secteur agricole qui s’est focalisé sur l’amélioration de la résilience de ce secteur, au niveau de 4 provinces pilotes ; \uf0a7 PANA-ASA 2 « Projet pour la croissance économique résiliente et l’adaptation aux changements climatiques en RDC » qui sera mis en œuvre à partir de 2016, consiste à une dissémination des acquis de PANA-ASA dans des nouvelles zones cibles. Ce projet visera à créer un environnement habilitant pour l adaptation et améliorer les pratiques de production agro-écologiques ; \uf0a7 PANA-AFE (2015-2020): ce projet en cours capitalise les acquis de PANA-ASA en renforçant la résilience des femmes et des enfants face aux changements climatiques, dans les anciennes zones d’intervention de PANA-ASA.', 'Ce projet visera à créer un environnement habilitant pour l adaptation et améliorer les pratiques de production agro-écologiques ; \uf0a7 PANA-AFE (2015-2020): ce projet en cours capitalise les acquis de PANA-ASA en renforçant la résilience des femmes et des enfants face aux changements climatiques, dans les anciennes zones d’intervention de PANA-ASA. Il vise l’engagement de la RDC à protéger les groupes les plus vulnérables des risques climatiques ; \uf0a7 PANA Zone côtière (2015-2020) : ce projet en cours vise le renforcement de la résilience des communautés face aux changements climatiques par la mise en œuvre des moyens de lutte contre l’érosion côtière, la mise en place d’un système d’alertes précoces et la diversification des activités génératrices de revenus en faveur des communautés vulnérables. 2.5.', 'Il vise l’engagement de la RDC à protéger les groupes les plus vulnérables des risques climatiques ; \uf0a7 PANA Zone côtière (2015-2020) : ce projet en cours vise le renforcement de la résilience des communautés face aux changements climatiques par la mise en œuvre des moyens de lutte contre l’érosion côtière, la mise en place d’un système d’alertes précoces et la diversification des activités génératrices de revenus en faveur des communautés vulnérables. 2.5. Lacunes et barrières La RDC est confrontée à divers défis de développement au plan socio-économique, auxquels s’ajoute sa vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques. En outre, elle doit faire face à des défis majeurs à travers l’étendue de son territoire pour le développement d’un programme cohérent d’adaptation.', 'En outre, elle doit faire face à des défis majeurs à travers l’étendue de son territoire pour le développement d’un programme cohérent d’adaptation. Il s’agit notamment de: \uf0a7 l’insuffisance des données climatiques fiables pour une analyse et interprétation réaliste de l’évolution climatique ; \uf0a7 la faiblesse des capacités technique, institutionnelle et juridique pour soutenir le développement de l intégration horizontale de la dimension « adaptation » aux niveaux national, régional et local ; \uf0a7 l’insuffisance financière pour accompagner la mise en œuvre des initiatives d’adaptation.2.6.', 'Il s’agit notamment de: \uf0a7 l’insuffisance des données climatiques fiables pour une analyse et interprétation réaliste de l’évolution climatique ; \uf0a7 la faiblesse des capacités technique, institutionnelle et juridique pour soutenir le développement de l intégration horizontale de la dimension « adaptation » aux niveaux national, régional et local ; \uf0a7 l’insuffisance financière pour accompagner la mise en œuvre des initiatives d’adaptation.2.6. Résumé des besoins Les besoins concernent principalement le secteur d agriculture, le secteur d énergie et du transport avec un accès sur le renforcement de l alimentation en eau potable, de l assainissement et de la gestion des déchets, le renforcement des mesures de conservation de la biodiversité et d intégration des population dans le secteur forestier et la protection intégrée des zones côtières".', 'Résumé des besoins Les besoins concernent principalement le secteur d agriculture, le secteur d énergie et du transport avec un accès sur le renforcement de l alimentation en eau potable, de l assainissement et de la gestion des déchets, le renforcement des mesures de conservation de la biodiversité et d intégration des population dans le secteur forestier et la protection intégrée des zones côtières". Les besoins totaux en investissement se lèvent à 9,082 milliards USD dont : \uf02d secteur de l agriculture : 1.563,90 millions USD \uf02d secteur Energie et Transport : 7.350,00 millions USD \uf02d secteur forestier : 50,00 millions USD \uf02d secteur côtier et littoral (zone vulnérable Banana-Nsianfumu 26 km) : 118,000 millions USD 2.7.', 'Les besoins totaux en investissement se lèvent à 9,082 milliards USD dont : \uf02d secteur de l agriculture : 1.563,90 millions USD \uf02d secteur Energie et Transport : 7.350,00 millions USD \uf02d secteur forestier : 50,00 millions USD \uf02d secteur côtier et littoral (zone vulnérable Banana-Nsianfumu 26 km) : 118,000 millions USD 2.7. Mécanisme du suivi et de la notification Le pays reconnaît que le suivi-évaluation des politiques et programmes d’adaptation revêt une importance cruciale pour faire en sorte que les ressources soient ciblées sur les mesures qui donneront les meilleures chances d’accroître la résilience de sa population. Le développement d’indicateurs clés d’adaptation a déjà été exploré dans le cadre du projet PANA-ASA et sera poursuivi au cours de la mise en œuvre des projets PANA-AFE et PANA Zone côtière.', 'Le développement d’indicateurs clés d’adaptation a déjà été exploré dans le cadre du projet PANA-ASA et sera poursuivi au cours de la mise en œuvre des projets PANA-AFE et PANA Zone côtière. Les principaux enseignements à retenir seront mis en commun avec l’ensemble des programmes. L’objectif consiste à intégrer des indicateurs d’adaptation et de vulnérabilité dans le système national de suivi, notification et vérification (MRV) qui sera développé. Figure 1 : Répartition du coût d’adaptation par secteur (en milliards USD).3. Contribution liée à l’atténuation. 3.1. Calendrier : 2021 à 2030. 3.2.', 'Calendrier : 2021 à 2030. 3.2. Type de contribution La contribution de la RDC en matière d’atténuation sera basée sur des mesures, couplée à un effort minimal de réduction des émissions par rapport à la projection des émissions à l’horizon 2030 en cas du maintien du statu quo. 3.3. Niveau ciblé Eu égard aux volumes des investissements nécessaires pour atteindre l’objectif d’atténuation visé par la RDC, au regard des priorités nationales de développement, seule une partie minimale de sa contribution pourra être financée par ses ressources propres. Ces actions seront conditionnées par la mise à disposition d’un appui adéquat correspondant en termes de ressources financières, de transfert de technologie et de renforcement de la capacité nationale.', 'Ces actions seront conditionnées par la mise à disposition d’un appui adéquat correspondant en termes de ressources financières, de transfert de technologie et de renforcement de la capacité nationale. Pour cela, il est important que l’accès aux ressources facilitant la mise en œuvre des activités reprises au sein de la CPDN de la RDC soit favorisé. 3.4. Réduction des émissions des GES La RDC s’engage à réduire ses émissions de 17% d’ici 2030 par rapport aux émissions du scénario des émissions du statu quo (430 Mt CO2 e), soit une réduction d’un peu plus de 70 Mt e évités (Ministère de l’Environnement, 2009).', 'Réduction des émissions des GES La RDC s’engage à réduire ses émissions de 17% d’ici 2030 par rapport aux émissions du scénario des émissions du statu quo (430 Mt CO2 e), soit une réduction d’un peu plus de 70 Mt e évités (Ministère de l’Environnement, 2009). En effet, le contexte national se présente comme suit : (i) superficie forestière de la RDC de l’ordre de 152 millions d’ha en 2010 (MEDD, 2015), (ii) taux de déforestation observée entre 1990 et 2010 de l’ordre de 0,32% (MEDD, 2015) ; (iii) déforestation et dégradation forestière essentiellement provoquée par l’agriculture commerciale (~40%) et vivrière (~20%) et par la coupe du bois de chauffe (~20%)(4).', 'En effet, le contexte national se présente comme suit : (i) superficie forestière de la RDC de l’ordre de 152 millions d’ha en 2010 (MEDD, 2015), (ii) taux de déforestation observée entre 1990 et 2010 de l’ordre de 0,32% (MEDD, 2015) ; (iii) déforestation et dégradation forestière essentiellement provoquée par l’agriculture commerciale (~40%) et vivrière (~20%) et par la coupe du bois de chauffe (~20%)(4). Il est prévu l’appui des projets permettant de planter environ 3 millions d’hectares de forêt au plus tard en 2025 dans le cadre des programmes d’afforestation et de reforestation5, ce qui permettrait de séquestrer environ 3 millions des tonnes de CO2 .', 'Il est prévu l’appui des projets permettant de planter environ 3 millions d’hectares de forêt au plus tard en 2025 dans le cadre des programmes d’afforestation et de reforestation5, ce qui permettrait de séquestrer environ 3 millions des tonnes de CO2 . (4) - Potentiel REDD+ de la RDC, Décembre 2009, Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme ; 5 Programme d’Action du Gouvernement 2012-2016Figure 2 : Evolution des émissions des GES de 2000 à 2030. Les principaux leviers d’interventions identifiés portent sur les secteurs Agriculture, UTCATF et Energie Figure 3 : Potentiel de réduction des émissions par levier en Mt CO2 e. 3.5.', 'Les principaux leviers d’interventions identifiés portent sur les secteurs Agriculture, UTCATF et Energie Figure 3 : Potentiel de réduction des émissions par levier en Mt CO2 e. 3.5. Moyens de mise en œuvre Le coût total pour l’ensemble des leviers de mitigation et de séquestration de carbone dans les trois secteurs concernés est estimé à 12,54 milliards de USD.Figure 4 : Répartition du coût d’abattement des émissions par levier (en millions USD). 3.6. Secteurs et gaz concernés. Les secteurs concernés sont l’UTCATF, l’Agriculture et l’Energie. Les GES concernés sont le CO2 , O. Les secteurs Procédés Industriels et Déchets ne sont pas pris en compte étant donné leur contribution minime au bilan des émissions des GES en RDC. 3.7. Méthodologie de comptage.', 'Les GES concernés sont le CO2 , O. Les secteurs Procédés Industriels et Déchets ne sont pas pris en compte étant donné leur contribution minime au bilan des émissions des GES en RDC. 3.7. Méthodologie de comptage. Conformément aux règles de comptabilisation et de notification des émissions des GES, la CPDN de la RDC s’est basée sur les Lignes directrices 1996 révisées et Lignes directrices de 2006 du GIEC, les orientations méthodologiques de la Convention en matière d’estimation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) et de notification ainsi que les méthodologies complémentaires ALU (Agriculture et autres Utilisations des Terres) et Guides de bonnes pratiques (GIEC 2000 et 2003). 3.8. Mise en œuvre des arrangements institutionnels.', 'Mise en œuvre des arrangements institutionnels. Pour la mise en œuvre de son CPDN, étant donné que le Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD) a la responsabilité technique de la mise en œuvre de la politique environnementale du pays, la RDC va s’appuyer sur le mécanisme déjà en place pour la mise en œuvre de l’action du gouvernement en matière des changements climatiques, à travers laDirection de Développement Durable (DDD). Pour la mise en œuvre des différentes initiatives des projets, la DDD met en place une équipe multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire d’experts pour la définition et la conception des méthodologies, collecte, traitement des données, ainsi que la constitution des bases des données et l’exécution des tâches relatives aux changements climatiques.', 'Pour la mise en œuvre des différentes initiatives des projets, la DDD met en place une équipe multisectorielle et multidisciplinaire d’experts pour la définition et la conception des méthodologies, collecte, traitement des données, ainsi que la constitution des bases des données et l’exécution des tâches relatives aux changements climatiques. Cette équipe est mise en place comme groupe de concertation et d information pour assurer la cohérence des méthodes proposées. 3.9. Equité et ambition La RDC fait partie des Pays les Moins Avancés et est le pays ayant l’indice de développement humain le plus bas selon le rapport sur le développement humain de 2014. Le pays doit donc faire face à de nombreux défis en termes de développement socio-économique.', 'Le pays doit donc faire face à de nombreux défis en termes de développement socio-économique. Par ailleurs, le pays doit en priorité minimiser les risques d’impacts des changements climatiques, en raison de l’importante vulnérabilité de certaines activités économiques, comme l’agriculture et la foresterie. La contribution de la RDC aux émissions globales des GES est très basse (environ 0.5% en 2010). Par ailleurs l’intensité de GES par rapport au Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) est aussi très faible. Le pays, de par sa très grande couverture forestière de l’ordre de 152 millions d’ha en 2010 (MEDD, 2015), est un puit net de carbone. Malgré cela, la RDC propose de mettre en œuvre des actions d´atténuation de façon à réduire ses émissions de 17%.', 'Malgré cela, la RDC propose de mettre en œuvre des actions d´atténuation de façon à réduire ses émissions de 17%. Dans ce contexte, la République Démocratique du Congo considère que sa Contribution est ambitieuse et équitable.']

fr-FR

COD

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Updated NDC

2021-12-28 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20Revis%C3%A9e%20de%20la%20RDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fae0263866c1bf7e9d78428dbfe7f4b641b7774ab87d26eb352dda6a871e52a7.pdf

['REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO Vice-Primature Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale révisée Kinshasa, Octobre 2021Table des matières Acronymes . 4 Résumé exécutif 8 1.1. Contexte national de développement . 23 1.1.1. Objectifs et plans nationaux de développement 23 1.1.2. Principaux défis de développement socio-économique et environnemental . 26 2. Circonstances nationales . 28 2.1. Profil géographique et ressources naturelles . 28 2.2. Profil climatique 31 2.3. Profil économique . 32 2.3.2. Foresterie et autres affectations des terres . 33 3. Vision de la RDC dans le domaine des changements climatiques 36 4. Processus de révision de la CDN . 37 4.1.1. Prévision des émissions du statu quo (BAU) 38 4.1.2. Modélisation des émissions nationales 38 5. Contribution à l atténuation . 42 5.1.', 'Contribution à l atténuation . 42 5.1. Analyse des tendances des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES). 43 5.2. Mesures d’atténuation des GES sur la période 2021-2030 45 5 Contribution à l’adaptation 63 6.1. Analyse de la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques de RDC . 63 6.1.1. Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques . 63 6.1.1.1. Projection et évolution des précipitations et des températures jusqu’à 2100 63 6.1.1.2. Evolution des précipitations et des températures jusqu’à 2100 . 64 6.1.1.3. Indicateurs d’exposition et des Impacts potentiels 64 6.1.1.4. Les changements climatiques attendus en RDC 65 6.2. Priorités d adaptation et de résilience 67 6.2.1. Conservation des écosystèmes foresters et de la biodiversité́ 68 6.2.2. Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole 69 6.2.3.', 'Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole 69 6.2.3. Gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne 706.2.4. Réduction des risques des catastrophes et protection des zones côtières 70 6.2.5. Gestion des ressources en eau et assainissement du milieu . 70 6.2.6. Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de la santé 71 7. Cadre de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV) 84 7.1 Cadre de transparence 84 7.2 Gestion des données et des informations du MNV de la CDN . 86 8. Moyens de mise en œuvre . 96 8.4. Mécanismes politiques et arrangements institutionnels 96 8.6. Egalité de genre, participation de jeunes et des Peuples Autochtones 96 8.8. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies 97 8.9. Engagement du secteur privé. 97 8.10.', 'Engagement du secteur privé. 97 8.10. Besoins financiers 98 Tableaux et figures Tableau 1: Actions prioritaires d adaptation 18 Tableau 2: Évolution des émissions de GES de la RDC par secteurs pour la période 2000-2018 (Mt éq- Tableau 3: Contribution des secteurs hors forêts à la tendance des émissions 44 Tableau 4 : Synthèse des options d’atténuation des émissions des GES et coûts estimatifs associés.', 'Besoins financiers 98 Tableaux et figures Tableau 1: Actions prioritaires d adaptation 18 Tableau 2: Évolution des émissions de GES de la RDC par secteurs pour la période 2000-2018 (Mt éq- Tableau 3: Contribution des secteurs hors forêts à la tendance des émissions 44 Tableau 4 : Synthèse des options d’atténuation des émissions des GES et coûts estimatifs associés. 53 Tableau 5 : Zones climatiques . 64 Tableau 6 : Inventaire des risques climatiques les plus courants pour la RDC 65 Tableau 7 : Détails des cinq sous-zones 66 Tableau 8: Synthèse des interventions dans le domaine d’adaptation et leurs coûts estimatifs 72 Tableau 9: liste des acteurs pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN . 88 Figure 1: Emissions historiques et projetées au niveau national et du secteur forestier 13 Figure 2: Émissions de GES de la RDC, 2000-2018 et émissions projetées (avec mesures) 14 Figure 3: Projection des émissions et cible de réduction à l horizon 2030 14 Figure 4: Projections des émissions du secteur Déchets . 15 Figure 5: Projections des émissions du secteur Agriculture 16 Figure 6: Evolution des émissions du secteur Energie 16 Figure 7: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN de la RDC 21 Figure 8: Carte administrative de la RDC . 29 Figure 9:Relief de la RDC . 30 Figure 10: Bilan énergétique de la RDC pour l’année 2018 . 34 Figure 11: Etendue des tourbières en RDC . 49 Figure 12: Projection des émissions du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (BAU) . 51 Figure 13: réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT 51 Figure 14: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Energie . 52 Figure 15: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Déchets 52 Figure 16:Répartition des zones climatique dans le Bassin du Congo 66 Figure 17: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN 86Acronymes Acronymes Significations % Pourcentage °C Degré Celsius AFAT Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Affectations des Terres AFAT Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres AGR Activités Régénératrices des Revenus AGR Activités Génératrices de Revenus ANATAC Alliance Nationale des Autorités Traditionnelles du Congo BAU Business as Usual (Cours normal des affaires) BCC Banque Centrale du Congo CCNUCC Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale CEDEN Cercle pour la défense de l environnement CN Communications Nationales CN Communications Nationales CODELT Conseil pour la Défense Environnementale par la Légalité et la Traçabilité COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d Afrique Centrale COPEMECO Confédération des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises COVID-19 Pandémie à Coronavirus, apparue en 2019 CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale DAS Direction de l’Assainissement DDD Direction de Développement Durable DGPA Dynamique du Groupe des Peuples Autochtones DIAF Direction d’Aménagement et des Inventaires Forestiers EDC Electricité du Congo EFIR Exploitation Forestière à Impact Réduit ENERKA Energie du Kasaï ENK Electricité du Nord Kivu ERAIFT École Régionale postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de gestion Intégrée des Forêts Tropicales EVA Ecole et Village Assainis FAO Organisation des Nations unies pour l alimentation FAT Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FIB Fédération des Industriels du Bois FONAREDD Fonds National REDD+ GDT Gestion Durable des Terres GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du Climat GPL Gaz de Pétrole Liquéfié GTCRR Groupe de Travail Climat REDD+ Rénové GW Gigawatt Ha Hectare HPS Lampes à vapeur de sodium sous haute pression (SHP ou en anglais HPS)Acronymes Significations IDE Investissements Directs Etrangers IDH Indice du Développement Humain INERA Institut National d Etudes et de Recherches Agronomiques INS Institut national de la statistique ISF Indice Synthétique de Fécondité Kg Kilogramme Km Kilomètre Km² Kilomètre Carré LED Light-Emitting Diode (en français : DEL: diode électroluminescente) LEDS Stratégie de Développement Sobre en Carbone/Low Emissions Development Strategy LINAPYCO Ligue nationale des Associations Autochtones Pygmées du Congo LPS Les lampes à vapeur de sodium sous basse pression m3 Mètre Cube MAAN (NAMAS) Mesures d’Atténuation Appropriée au niveau National MAED Modèle pour l’Analyse de la Demande d’Énergie MAGICC-ScenGen Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change Md USD/US$ Milliard de Dollars Américains MDP Mécanisme de Développement Propre MECNT-DD Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Développement Durable MEDD Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable MIBA Société Minière de Bakwanga MINAGRI Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture MINAT Ministère en charge de l’Aménagement du Territoire MITPR Ministère des Infrastructures, Travaux publics et Reconstruction MNV Mesures, Notification et Vérification Mt Mégatonnes Mt éq-CO2 Mégatonne Equivalent Carbone MW Megawatt ND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, ou Indice mondial d adaptation Notre-Dame Nm3 Normaux mètre cube OCEAN Organisation Congolaise des Ecologistes et Amis de la Nature/Asbl ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable OVD Office de Voirie et de Drainage PANA Programme d Action National d Adaptation PDGIE Programme de Développement de Gestion Informatique Energétique PDGIE Programme de Développement et Gestion de l’Information Energetique PDP Plan de Développement Provincial PDP Plan de Développement Provincial PEA Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles PERENCO Compagnie pétrolière indépendante franco-britannique PFNL Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux PGE Plan de Gestion Environnementale PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des ProduitsAcronymes Significations PNA Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PNEFEB Programme National Environnement, Forets, Eaux et Biodiversité PNG Politique Nationale Genre PNIA Plan National d’Investissement Agricole PNSAR Programme National de relance du Secteur Agricole et Rural PNSD Plan National Stratégique de Développement PONA Politique Nationale d’Assainissement PSPA-CC Politique, Stratégie et Plan d Actions en matière de lutte contre les Changements Climatiques RBA Rapport Biennal Actualisé RDC République Démocratique du Congo REBAC Réseau Ecclésial de la forêt du Bassin du Congo REDD+ Réduction des Émissions issues de la Déforestation et de Dégradation des forêts, y compris la conservation, la gestion durable des forêts et le renforcement de puits de carbone REDD+ Réduction des Emissions par la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forets REFADD Réseau Femmes Africaines pour le Développement Durable REPALEF-RDC Réseau des Populations Autochtones et Locales pour la Gestion Durable des Ecosystèmes Forestiers de la RDC RRN Réseau Ressources Naturelles SAFBOIS Société Africaine du Bois Sarl Société par Action à Responsabilité Limitée SCTP Société Congolaise des Transports et Ports SE4ALL-RDC Initiative Énergie durable pour tous (SE4ALL acronyme en anglais) SENOKI Société d’Electricité du Nord-Kivu SIFORCO Société Industrielle et Forestière du Congo SNCC Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo SNEL Société Nationale d’Electricité SNSF Système National de Surveillance des Forêts SOKIMO Société Minière de Kilo Moto TCN Troisième Communication Nationale TIC Technologie d’Information et Communication UNIKIN Université de Kinshasa US United State USD/US$ Dollar Américain ZCIT Zone de Convergence Intertropicale ZES Zones Économiques SpécialesPRÉFACE La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est Partie à la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), depuis 1997.', '53 Tableau 5 : Zones climatiques . 64 Tableau 6 : Inventaire des risques climatiques les plus courants pour la RDC 65 Tableau 7 : Détails des cinq sous-zones 66 Tableau 8: Synthèse des interventions dans le domaine d’adaptation et leurs coûts estimatifs 72 Tableau 9: liste des acteurs pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN . 88 Figure 1: Emissions historiques et projetées au niveau national et du secteur forestier 13 Figure 2: Émissions de GES de la RDC, 2000-2018 et émissions projetées (avec mesures) 14 Figure 3: Projection des émissions et cible de réduction à l horizon 2030 14 Figure 4: Projections des émissions du secteur Déchets . 15 Figure 5: Projections des émissions du secteur Agriculture 16 Figure 6: Evolution des émissions du secteur Energie 16 Figure 7: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN de la RDC 21 Figure 8: Carte administrative de la RDC . 29 Figure 9:Relief de la RDC . 30 Figure 10: Bilan énergétique de la RDC pour l’année 2018 . 34 Figure 11: Etendue des tourbières en RDC . 49 Figure 12: Projection des émissions du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (BAU) . 51 Figure 13: réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT 51 Figure 14: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Energie . 52 Figure 15: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Déchets 52 Figure 16:Répartition des zones climatique dans le Bassin du Congo 66 Figure 17: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN 86Acronymes Acronymes Significations % Pourcentage °C Degré Celsius AFAT Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Affectations des Terres AFAT Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres AGR Activités Régénératrices des Revenus AGR Activités Génératrices de Revenus ANATAC Alliance Nationale des Autorités Traditionnelles du Congo BAU Business as Usual (Cours normal des affaires) BCC Banque Centrale du Congo CCNUCC Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CDN Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale CEDEN Cercle pour la défense de l environnement CN Communications Nationales CN Communications Nationales CODELT Conseil pour la Défense Environnementale par la Légalité et la Traçabilité COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d Afrique Centrale COPEMECO Confédération des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises COVID-19 Pandémie à Coronavirus, apparue en 2019 CPDN Contribution Prévue Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale DAS Direction de l’Assainissement DDD Direction de Développement Durable DGPA Dynamique du Groupe des Peuples Autochtones DIAF Direction d’Aménagement et des Inventaires Forestiers EDC Electricité du Congo EFIR Exploitation Forestière à Impact Réduit ENERKA Energie du Kasaï ENK Electricité du Nord Kivu ERAIFT École Régionale postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de gestion Intégrée des Forêts Tropicales EVA Ecole et Village Assainis FAO Organisation des Nations unies pour l alimentation FAT Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FIB Fédération des Industriels du Bois FONAREDD Fonds National REDD+ GDT Gestion Durable des Terres GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du Climat GPL Gaz de Pétrole Liquéfié GTCRR Groupe de Travail Climat REDD+ Rénové GW Gigawatt Ha Hectare HPS Lampes à vapeur de sodium sous haute pression (SHP ou en anglais HPS)Acronymes Significations IDE Investissements Directs Etrangers IDH Indice du Développement Humain INERA Institut National d Etudes et de Recherches Agronomiques INS Institut national de la statistique ISF Indice Synthétique de Fécondité Kg Kilogramme Km Kilomètre Km² Kilomètre Carré LED Light-Emitting Diode (en français : DEL: diode électroluminescente) LEDS Stratégie de Développement Sobre en Carbone/Low Emissions Development Strategy LINAPYCO Ligue nationale des Associations Autochtones Pygmées du Congo LPS Les lampes à vapeur de sodium sous basse pression m3 Mètre Cube MAAN (NAMAS) Mesures d’Atténuation Appropriée au niveau National MAED Modèle pour l’Analyse de la Demande d’Énergie MAGICC-ScenGen Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change Md USD/US$ Milliard de Dollars Américains MDP Mécanisme de Développement Propre MECNT-DD Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Développement Durable MEDD Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable MIBA Société Minière de Bakwanga MINAGRI Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture MINAT Ministère en charge de l’Aménagement du Territoire MITPR Ministère des Infrastructures, Travaux publics et Reconstruction MNV Mesures, Notification et Vérification Mt Mégatonnes Mt éq-CO2 Mégatonne Equivalent Carbone MW Megawatt ND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, ou Indice mondial d adaptation Notre-Dame Nm3 Normaux mètre cube OCEAN Organisation Congolaise des Ecologistes et Amis de la Nature/Asbl ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable OVD Office de Voirie et de Drainage PANA Programme d Action National d Adaptation PDGIE Programme de Développement de Gestion Informatique Energétique PDGIE Programme de Développement et Gestion de l’Information Energetique PDP Plan de Développement Provincial PDP Plan de Développement Provincial PEA Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles PERENCO Compagnie pétrolière indépendante franco-britannique PFNL Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux PGE Plan de Gestion Environnementale PIB Produit Intérieur Brut PIUP Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des ProduitsAcronymes Significations PNA Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques PNEFEB Programme National Environnement, Forets, Eaux et Biodiversité PNG Politique Nationale Genre PNIA Plan National d’Investissement Agricole PNSAR Programme National de relance du Secteur Agricole et Rural PNSD Plan National Stratégique de Développement PONA Politique Nationale d’Assainissement PSPA-CC Politique, Stratégie et Plan d Actions en matière de lutte contre les Changements Climatiques RBA Rapport Biennal Actualisé RDC République Démocratique du Congo REBAC Réseau Ecclésial de la forêt du Bassin du Congo REDD+ Réduction des Émissions issues de la Déforestation et de Dégradation des forêts, y compris la conservation, la gestion durable des forêts et le renforcement de puits de carbone REDD+ Réduction des Emissions par la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forets REFADD Réseau Femmes Africaines pour le Développement Durable REPALEF-RDC Réseau des Populations Autochtones et Locales pour la Gestion Durable des Ecosystèmes Forestiers de la RDC RRN Réseau Ressources Naturelles SAFBOIS Société Africaine du Bois Sarl Société par Action à Responsabilité Limitée SCTP Société Congolaise des Transports et Ports SE4ALL-RDC Initiative Énergie durable pour tous (SE4ALL acronyme en anglais) SENOKI Société d’Electricité du Nord-Kivu SIFORCO Société Industrielle et Forestière du Congo SNCC Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo SNEL Société Nationale d’Electricité SNSF Système National de Surveillance des Forêts SOKIMO Société Minière de Kilo Moto TCN Troisième Communication Nationale TIC Technologie d’Information et Communication UNIKIN Université de Kinshasa US United State USD/US$ Dollar Américain ZCIT Zone de Convergence Intertropicale ZES Zones Économiques SpécialesPRÉFACE La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est Partie à la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), depuis 1997. Elle vise entre-autres, la stabilisation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à un niveau qui empêche toutes perturbations du système climatique mondial.', 'Elle vise entre-autres, la stabilisation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à un niveau qui empêche toutes perturbations du système climatique mondial. Avec la fin de la période d’engagement du Protocole de Kyoto, l’Accord de Paris, a été adopté. Son objectif principal est de maintenir l’augmentation de la température mondiale “bien en dessous” de 2°C en s’efforçant de la limiter à 1,5°C. A cet effet, la RDC s’est résolument engagée à contribuer à l’atteinte de cet objectif mondial, tout en prenant en compte les enjeux de la modernisation et de développement durable, y compris les efforts de l’adoption d’une trajectoire de développement à faible émission carbone et ce, dans un contexte d’émergence.', 'A cet effet, la RDC s’est résolument engagée à contribuer à l’atteinte de cet objectif mondial, tout en prenant en compte les enjeux de la modernisation et de développement durable, y compris les efforts de l’adoption d’une trajectoire de développement à faible émission carbone et ce, dans un contexte d’émergence. La RDC a déjà soumis trois Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques et réalisé plusieurs initiatives, notamment le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation ; la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale pour la Réduction des Emissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts ; le Niveau des Emissions de Référence des Forêts ; et le Plan National d’Adaptation.', 'La RDC a déjà soumis trois Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques et réalisé plusieurs initiatives, notamment le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation ; la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale pour la Réduction des Emissions dues à la Déforestation et la Dégradation des Forêts ; le Niveau des Emissions de Référence des Forêts ; et le Plan National d’Adaptation. En 2015, en amont de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, la RDC avait soumis à la CCNUCC sa Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) dont la cible de réduction des émissions était de 17%, et visait principalement trois gaz, à savoir : le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) des secteurs Energie ; Agriculture ; et Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres.', 'En 2015, en amont de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, la RDC avait soumis à la CCNUCC sa Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) dont la cible de réduction des émissions était de 17%, et visait principalement trois gaz, à savoir : le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) des secteurs Energie ; Agriculture ; et Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres. Pour répondre à l’appel au relèvement de l’ambition, la RDC a entrepris de rehausser ses objectifs d atténuation et d adaptation, et accélérer les reformes forestières, foncières, et d’aménagement du territoire pour contribuer de manière efficace à la lutte contre la pauvreté.', 'Pour répondre à l’appel au relèvement de l’ambition, la RDC a entrepris de rehausser ses objectifs d atténuation et d adaptation, et accélérer les reformes forestières, foncières, et d’aménagement du territoire pour contribuer de manière efficace à la lutte contre la pauvreté. Sa cible actuelle est de réduire de 21% ses émissions et ce, en prenant en compte secteur Déchets non visé dans la première soumission, pour un coût global estimé à quarante-huit virgule soixante-huit (48,68) milliards des dollars américains.', 'Sa cible actuelle est de réduire de 21% ses émissions et ce, en prenant en compte secteur Déchets non visé dans la première soumission, pour un coût global estimé à quarante-huit virgule soixante-huit (48,68) milliards des dollars américains. En ma qualité de Vice-Premier Ministre, Ministre de l’Environnement et Développement Durable, je veillerai à ce que les efforts fournis par le Gouvernement congolais en matière de préservation de l’environnement aboutissent à la réduction des impacts néfastes du changement climatique sur l’économie nationale et à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations.', 'En ma qualité de Vice-Premier Ministre, Ministre de l’Environnement et Développement Durable, je veillerai à ce que les efforts fournis par le Gouvernement congolais en matière de préservation de l’environnement aboutissent à la réduction des impacts néfastes du changement climatique sur l’économie nationale et à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations. De ce fait, je suis fière de présenter la Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) révisée pour la période 2021-2030, par laquelle le pays réaffirme son caractère de Pays-solution à travers son immense massif forestier, son dense réseau hydrographique, son potentiel énergétique et ses minerais stratégiques.', 'De ce fait, je suis fière de présenter la Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) révisée pour la période 2021-2030, par laquelle le pays réaffirme son caractère de Pays-solution à travers son immense massif forestier, son dense réseau hydrographique, son potentiel énergétique et ses minerais stratégiques. Maître Ève BAZAIBA MASUDI Vice-Premier Ministre, Ministre de l’Environnement et Développement DurableRésumé exécutif Introduction Ce document présente la Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) révisée de la République Démocratique du Congo en matière d atténuation et d adaptation à l’horizon 2030.', 'Maître Ève BAZAIBA MASUDI Vice-Premier Ministre, Ministre de l’Environnement et Développement DurableRésumé exécutif Introduction Ce document présente la Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) révisée de la République Démocratique du Congo en matière d atténuation et d adaptation à l’horizon 2030. Les contributions décrites dans ce document s appuient sur une actualisation de la soumission de la CDN de 2015, les informations compilées pour l’élaboration de la troisième Communication nationale de la RDC sur les changements climatiques soumise à la CCNUCC, les politiques sectorielles actuelles planifiées et implémentées, telle que la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD (MEDD, 2012), le Plan National Stratégique de Développement (PNSD 2019-2023), le Plan National Adaptation (2020-2024) et les autres documents nationaux clés d orientation, et reflètent les travaux ultérieurs d élaboration d objectifs quantifiables d atténuation et d adaptation.', 'Les contributions décrites dans ce document s appuient sur une actualisation de la soumission de la CDN de 2015, les informations compilées pour l’élaboration de la troisième Communication nationale de la RDC sur les changements climatiques soumise à la CCNUCC, les politiques sectorielles actuelles planifiées et implémentées, telle que la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD (MEDD, 2012), le Plan National Stratégique de Développement (PNSD 2019-2023), le Plan National Adaptation (2020-2024) et les autres documents nationaux clés d orientation, et reflètent les travaux ultérieurs d élaboration d objectifs quantifiables d atténuation et d adaptation. Ce document s’appuie également sur la hiérarchisation des interventions à la fois dans les domaines de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation.', 'Ce document s’appuie également sur la hiérarchisation des interventions à la fois dans les domaines de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation. La CDN révisée représente une évaluation plus détaillée des mesures d atténuation et d adaptation en RDC, fondée sur une une collecte de données améliorée, une couverture plus étendue des secteurs énergie, AFAT et déchet, une analyse technique approfondie et un engagement étendu des parties prenantes et des objectifs plus ambitieux en termes de réduction d’émission des GES.', 'La CDN révisée représente une évaluation plus détaillée des mesures d atténuation et d adaptation en RDC, fondée sur une une collecte de données améliorée, une couverture plus étendue des secteurs énergie, AFAT et déchet, une analyse technique approfondie et un engagement étendu des parties prenantes et des objectifs plus ambitieux en termes de réduction d’émission des GES. Vision de la RDC dans le domaine des changements climatiques La vision de la RDC en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques est de promouvoir une économie verte, résiliente et à faible émission de carbone en gérant rationnellement et durablement ses importantes ressources naturelles afin de garantir l’équilibre écologique et le bien-être social, économique, culturel et environnemental de sa population.', 'Vision de la RDC dans le domaine des changements climatiques La vision de la RDC en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques est de promouvoir une économie verte, résiliente et à faible émission de carbone en gérant rationnellement et durablement ses importantes ressources naturelles afin de garantir l’équilibre écologique et le bien-être social, économique, culturel et environnemental de sa population. La RDC a ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1997, le Protocole de Kyoto en 2005 et l Accord de Paris en 2017. A cet effet, la RDC s est résolument engagée à prendre des mesures urgentes pour atténuer ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et s adapter aux effets des changements climatiques, conformément à l’article 41 de l Accord de Paris.', 'A cet effet, la RDC s est résolument engagée à prendre des mesures urgentes pour atténuer ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et s adapter aux effets des changements climatiques, conformément à l’article 41 de l Accord de Paris. Elle a également soumis ses trois premières Communications nationales sur les changements climatiques à la CCNUCC, respectivement en 2001, en 2009 et en 2015 et est en train de préparer sa quatrième Communication nationale et de finaliser son premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé (RBA).', 'Elle a également soumis ses trois premières Communications nationales sur les changements climatiques à la CCNUCC, respectivement en 2001, en 2009 et en 2015 et est en train de préparer sa quatrième Communication nationale et de finaliser son premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé (RBA). Bien que ses émissions provenant essentiellement de la foresterie et de l utilisation des terres, suivie de la gestion de déchets, l’agriculture et la consommation d énergie constituent une part importante de son empreinte carbone pour exiger une action climatique appropriée elles sont parmi les plus faibles au monde (MEDD, 2015). Cependant, elle reste très vulnérable aux impacts des changements climatiques. Par conséquent, l adaptation aux changements climatiques est une préoccupation majeure et une priorité pour le pays.', 'Par conséquent, l adaptation aux changements climatiques est une préoccupation majeure et une priorité pour le pays. 1 Décision 1/CP.21 relative à l’adoption de l’Accord de ParisProcessus de révision de la CDN La RDC a soumis sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CPDN) à la CCNUCC en 2015, définissant ses objectifs d adaptation et d atténuation. Avec la ratification par la RDC de l Accord de Paris en 2017, la CPDN devînt sa première Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN). La cible de réduction conditionnelle visée sous la soumission de 2015 était de 17% à l’horizon 2030 prenant en compte trois principaux secteurs dont Energie, Agriculture et Forêt associés aux émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4) et protoxyde d’azote (N2O).', 'La cible de réduction conditionnelle visée sous la soumission de 2015 était de 17% à l’horizon 2030 prenant en compte trois principaux secteurs dont Energie, Agriculture et Forêt associés aux émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4) et protoxyde d’azote (N2O). La présente CDN, dont la cible de réduction est fixée à 21 % avec les interventions conditionnelles à 19%, et inconditionnelle à 2%, actualise et renforce la première en termes des contributions à l atténuation et à l adaptation, d’une part, et par une collecte de données améliorée, une analyse technique approfondie et un engagement étendu des parties prenantes, d’autre part. Elle inclut, outre les trois secteurs précités (Agriculture, Forêts et Energie), celui de Déchets et concerne les mêmes gaz.', 'Elle inclut, outre les trois secteurs précités (Agriculture, Forêts et Energie), celui de Déchets et concerne les mêmes gaz. Le budget de cette CDN révisée est estimé à USD 48,68 milliards, dont USD 25,60 milliards pour la mise en œuvre des initiatives d atténuation annoncées et USD 23,08 milliards destinés aux mesures prioritaires d adaptation. Contribution à l atténuation Les mesures d atténuation mises en œuvre par la RDC portent principalement sur le secteur de la foresterie, notamment la mise en œuvre de sa stratégie nationale de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts (REDD+). Outre la stratégie REDD+, la contribution déterminée à l’échelle nationale de la RDC, présente certaines mesures et actions d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie (y compris les transports), de l agriculture et des déchets.', 'Outre la stratégie REDD+, la contribution déterminée à l’échelle nationale de la RDC, présente certaines mesures et actions d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie (y compris les transports), de l agriculture et des déchets. Malheureusement, à ce jour, ces peu d’initiatives dans les secteurs moins émetteurs de GES sont moins documentées. Toutefois, la RDC s est engagée à améliorer son système de collecte et de gestion des données et à formaliser les arrangements institutionnels qui soutiennent la collecte, l analyse, le traitement et la communication d informations sur une base régulière et à long terme sur les mesures d atténuation et les efforts pour explorer les co-bénéfices y associés.', 'Toutefois, la RDC s est engagée à améliorer son système de collecte et de gestion des données et à formaliser les arrangements institutionnels qui soutiennent la collecte, l analyse, le traitement et la communication d informations sur une base régulière et à long terme sur les mesures d atténuation et les efforts pour explorer les co-bénéfices y associés. La RDC se veut pays émergeant à l’horizon 2030 et ce, dans une vision de développement vers une économie de plus en plus décarbonnée. Vue la dynamique de développement dans laquelle la RDC s’engage à l’horizon 2030, ses efforts devront se matérialiser dans la mise en œuvre des diverses mesures d atténuation dans tous les secteurs.', 'Vue la dynamique de développement dans laquelle la RDC s’engage à l’horizon 2030, ses efforts devront se matérialiser dans la mise en œuvre des diverses mesures d atténuation dans tous les secteurs. La contribution inconditionnelle et conditionnelle combinée est ainsi une réduction de 21% des émissions totales des GES par rapport au BAU en 2030 (dont 19% conditionnel et 2%inconditionnel); cela équivaut à un niveau d atténuation estimé jusqu à 650 Mt CO2e à l’horizon 2030. Le tableau ci-après montre les principaux leviers d’intervention identifiés et les coûts associés par secteur ainsi que le potentiel de reduction des émissions en 2030. Au total, 30 actions d atténuation des émissions des GES sont proposées, classées en fonction des secteurs prioritaires.', 'Au total, 30 actions d atténuation des émissions des GES sont proposées, classées en fonction des secteurs prioritaires. Le tableau ci-dessous présente la synthèse des principaux leviers d’intervention, les émissions évitées et des coûts y associés par secteur en 2030 susceptible d’atteindre la cible de réduction visée.', 'Le tableau ci-dessous présente la synthèse des principaux leviers d’intervention, les émissions évitées et des coûts y associés par secteur en 2030 susceptible d’atteindre la cible de réduction visée. Secteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Energie Électrifier les zones rurales, péri- urbaines et urbaines par des sources d’énergies renouvelables Faciliter l’utilisation des foyers améliorés & améliorer les techniques de carbonisation pour la rendre plus efficace Accroitre la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique national Promouvoir l’utilisation des GPL et cuisinnière électrique Développer des plantations industrielles - Bois-énergie Assurer le développement du secteur de transport avec un accent sur le transports de masse et ce, à travers le tramway, autobus, train… Agriculture Promouvoir les pratiques agro- forestières et la rotation des cultures et cultures pérennes particulièrement dans les zones forestières, y compris les zones humides Intégrer l’agriculture dans le plan national d’aménagement du territoire Promouvoir l’agriculture intensive dans les zones savanicoles en vue de limiter la pression sur les forêts naturellesSecteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Promouvoir l’exploitation rationnelle et durable des espaces de production agricole pour préserver les conditions agroécologiques et assurer la stabilité du couvert forestier Intensifier la production agricole vivrière (glucides, oléagineux, légumineuses) en savane anthropique et en forêt dégradée, y compris en zone forestière (sauf dans les zones où la disponibilité des terres ne permet guère d’éviter la destruction au moins partielle de la forêt) Vulgariser et disséminer les pratiques agricoles résilientes, et autres paquets technologiques (usage des semences climato-sensibles, gestion des sols et gestion de l’eau) Améliorer la gestion des élevages intensifs et extensifs Intensifier la production agricole de rente en forêt secondaire ou primaire et en savane, mais avec des systèmes durables agroforestiers (cacao, café, bananier, cultures spéciales) permettant de valoriser les avantages comparatifs de la paysannerie pour ces cultures Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre Promouvoir les techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelles et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts Appuyer le développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural Restaurer les zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage Valoriser les outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant laSecteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées Appuyer les initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages Renforcer la gouvernance forestière, notamment la lutte contre l’exploitation illégale du bois d’œuvre et autres ressources forestières en tenant compte des études, analyses et outils produits dans la mise en œuvre des différents processus forestiers pertinents tels que les APV-FLEGT Gérer durablement l’exploitation de bois d œuvre Gérer durablement et réhabiliter les exploitations minières et pétrolières 23 Lutter contre les feux de brousse 0,11 24 Cartographier et évaluer les tourbières 0,52 Déchets Renforcer le cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets Mettre en place un programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets Promouvoir l’utilisation des gaz de décharges Promouvoir la valorisation énergétique des déchets (réduction des émissions de CH4 des sites d enfouissement) 29 Promouvoir le compostage aérobie 0,21Secteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Promouvoir la production d’énergie et d’engrais organiques à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues fécales Les figures ci-après illustrent les projections d’émissions pour le scénario de référence BAU du secteur Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) et Déchets.', 'Secteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Energie Électrifier les zones rurales, péri- urbaines et urbaines par des sources d’énergies renouvelables Faciliter l’utilisation des foyers améliorés & améliorer les techniques de carbonisation pour la rendre plus efficace Accroitre la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique national Promouvoir l’utilisation des GPL et cuisinnière électrique Développer des plantations industrielles - Bois-énergie Assurer le développement du secteur de transport avec un accent sur le transports de masse et ce, à travers le tramway, autobus, train… Agriculture Promouvoir les pratiques agro- forestières et la rotation des cultures et cultures pérennes particulièrement dans les zones forestières, y compris les zones humides Intégrer l’agriculture dans le plan national d’aménagement du territoire Promouvoir l’agriculture intensive dans les zones savanicoles en vue de limiter la pression sur les forêts naturellesSecteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Promouvoir l’exploitation rationnelle et durable des espaces de production agricole pour préserver les conditions agroécologiques et assurer la stabilité du couvert forestier Intensifier la production agricole vivrière (glucides, oléagineux, légumineuses) en savane anthropique et en forêt dégradée, y compris en zone forestière (sauf dans les zones où la disponibilité des terres ne permet guère d’éviter la destruction au moins partielle de la forêt) Vulgariser et disséminer les pratiques agricoles résilientes, et autres paquets technologiques (usage des semences climato-sensibles, gestion des sols et gestion de l’eau) Améliorer la gestion des élevages intensifs et extensifs Intensifier la production agricole de rente en forêt secondaire ou primaire et en savane, mais avec des systèmes durables agroforestiers (cacao, café, bananier, cultures spéciales) permettant de valoriser les avantages comparatifs de la paysannerie pour ces cultures Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre Promouvoir les techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelles et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts Appuyer le développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural Restaurer les zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage Valoriser les outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant laSecteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées Appuyer les initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages Renforcer la gouvernance forestière, notamment la lutte contre l’exploitation illégale du bois d’œuvre et autres ressources forestières en tenant compte des études, analyses et outils produits dans la mise en œuvre des différents processus forestiers pertinents tels que les APV-FLEGT Gérer durablement l’exploitation de bois d œuvre Gérer durablement et réhabiliter les exploitations minières et pétrolières 23 Lutter contre les feux de brousse 0,11 24 Cartographier et évaluer les tourbières 0,52 Déchets Renforcer le cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets Mettre en place un programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets Promouvoir l’utilisation des gaz de décharges Promouvoir la valorisation énergétique des déchets (réduction des émissions de CH4 des sites d enfouissement) 29 Promouvoir le compostage aérobie 0,21Secteur N⁰ Actions Potentiel de réduction en 2030 (en Mt CO2e) Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Promouvoir la production d’énergie et d’engrais organiques à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues fécales Les figures ci-après illustrent les projections d’émissions pour le scénario de référence BAU du secteur Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) et Déchets. L’analyse de la tendance historique des émissions de GES de la RDC montre que, durant la période de 2000-2018, les émissions nationales sont prédominées par le secteur « Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) » avec près de 86% des émissions, suivi de loin par les secteurs Déchet, Energie et Agriculture avec respectivement 11%, 0,86% et 0,61%.', 'L’analyse de la tendance historique des émissions de GES de la RDC montre que, durant la période de 2000-2018, les émissions nationales sont prédominées par le secteur « Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) » avec près de 86% des émissions, suivi de loin par les secteurs Déchet, Energie et Agriculture avec respectivement 11%, 0,86% et 0,61%. Les secteurs AFAT et de l énergie sont les deux plus grandes sources de émissions de dioxyde de carbone. Les secteurs de l AFAT et des déchets sont les principales sources d émissions de méthane. La figure 1 ci-dessous montre que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres ont été estimées à 529,22 MtCO2e en 2018.', 'La figure 1 ci-dessous montre que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres ont été estimées à 529,22 MtCO2e en 2018. Les émissions de 2018 sont 36 % inférieures aux les niveaux d émissions précédemment déclarés sur la période 2010- 2014 en raison des investissements soutenu par diverses initiatives et programmes REDD+, y compris les changements structurels dans gestion forestière en RDC. Le secteur AFAT est identifié comme étant systématiquement la plus importante source d émission de gaz à effet de serre en RDC.', 'Le secteur AFAT est identifié comme étant systématiquement la plus importante source d émission de gaz à effet de serre en RDC. Figure 1: Emissions historiques et projetées au niveau national et du secteur forestierConsidérant les différentes mesures identifiées au niveau national, la réduction des émissions de GES devrait atteindre près de 21% à l horizon 2030 (Figure 2), celle attribuable au secteur AFAT atteindrait 28 % (Figure 3).', 'Figure 1: Emissions historiques et projetées au niveau national et du secteur forestierConsidérant les différentes mesures identifiées au niveau national, la réduction des émissions de GES devrait atteindre près de 21% à l horizon 2030 (Figure 2), celle attribuable au secteur AFAT atteindrait 28 % (Figure 3). Figure 2: Émissions de GES de la RDC, 2000-2018 et émissions projetées (avec mesures) Figure 3: Projection des émissions et cible de réduction à l horizon 2030 Le secteur déchet est caractérisé par une progression des émissions imputables (i) à l’évacuation de déchets solides (90,4%) de toutes natures générés par les ménages, les collectivités et les entreprises (commerces, industries, construction, les résidus agricoles, etc. ), (ii) au rejet des eaux usées domestiques (6,8%), et à la combustion à l’air libre.', '), (ii) au rejet des eaux usées domestiques (6,8%), et à la combustion à l’air libre. Ces émissions représentent environ 11% en moyenne de l’ensemble des émissions nationales de 2000 à 2018. Les figures ci-dessous montrent que les émissions des secteurs Agriculture, Déchets et Energie diminueront, à l horizon 2030, respectivement 43%, 20% et 11%. La pleine mise en œuvre des différents leviers identifiés dans ces secteurs conduirait à terme à des réductions significatives des émissions.Figure 4: Projections des émissions du secteur Déchets Les émissions de déchets provenant des décharges continueront de diminuer à mesure que davantage de déchets sont éliminés de préférence par d autres moyens, tels que le brûlage à l air libre, le traitement biologique des déchets et le recyclage.', 'La pleine mise en œuvre des différents leviers identifiés dans ces secteurs conduirait à terme à des réductions significatives des émissions.Figure 4: Projections des émissions du secteur Déchets Les émissions de déchets provenant des décharges continueront de diminuer à mesure que davantage de déchets sont éliminés de préférence par d autres moyens, tels que le brûlage à l air libre, le traitement biologique des déchets et le recyclage. Bien que la gestion des déchets soit à petite échelle, la politique de la RDC en la matière encourage la mise en décharge qui contribue à faire avancer cette politique de gestion des déchets.', 'Bien que la gestion des déchets soit à petite échelle, la politique de la RDC en la matière encourage la mise en décharge qui contribue à faire avancer cette politique de gestion des déchets. Elle devrait se poursuivre avec de petites améliorations de l efficacité des décharges et ensuite s étendre à la valorisation de ces gisements de déchets mis en décharge autour des grandes villes.', 'Elle devrait se poursuivre avec de petites améliorations de l efficacité des décharges et ensuite s étendre à la valorisation de ces gisements de déchets mis en décharge autour des grandes villes. Comme on s attend à ce que la proportion de déchets mis en décharge continue d augmenter même si les réductions d émissions devraient se poursuivre pendant un certain temps, car les émissions sont en retard par rapport à l élimination de déchets.Figure 5: Projections des émissions du secteur Agriculture Figure 6: Evolution des émissions du secteur Energie Contribution à l’adaptation La RDC est vulnérable aux effets divers dus aux changements climatiques et ne dispose pas de capacités adéquates pour y faire face.', 'Comme on s attend à ce que la proportion de déchets mis en décharge continue d augmenter même si les réductions d émissions devraient se poursuivre pendant un certain temps, car les émissions sont en retard par rapport à l élimination de déchets.Figure 5: Projections des émissions du secteur Agriculture Figure 6: Evolution des émissions du secteur Energie Contribution à l’adaptation La RDC est vulnérable aux effets divers dus aux changements climatiques et ne dispose pas de capacités adéquates pour y faire face. En effet, l’indice ND-GAIN place la RDC au 5e rang mondial des pays les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques vis-à-vis de leur capacité d’adaptation2.', 'En effet, l’indice ND-GAIN place la RDC au 5e rang mondial des pays les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques vis-à-vis de leur capacité d’adaptation2. Les impacts des changements climatiques sont déjà perceptibles à travers le pays, notamment par la persistance des vagues de chaleurs, des pluies violentes, la dégradation des terres, particulièrement par des érosions, l’allongement de la saison sèche, l’augmentation des séquences de sécheresse pendant les saisons de pluie, et les inondations3. Les projections climatiques en RDC au cours des prochaines décennies prévoient une augmentation des températures de l’ordre de 3ºC à 5ºC à l’horizon 2100, une diminution des précipitations et une augmentation de leur variabilité, ainsi qu’une augmentation des phénomènes extrêmes4. Ces variations climatiques auront un impact significatif sur les principaux secteurs économiques du pays.', 'Ces variations climatiques auront un impact significatif sur les principaux secteurs économiques du pays. Le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA, 2006) a identifié les actions urgentes et prioritaires en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les secteurs des ressources en eau, de la foresterie, de l’agriculture et de la zone côtière.', 'Le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA, 2006) a identifié les actions urgentes et prioritaires en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les secteurs des ressources en eau, de la foresterie, de l’agriculture et de la zone côtière. Le processus du Programme National d’Adaptation (PNA, 2021) consiste à intégrer la dimension adaptation dans la planification du développement national et provincial en mettant l’accent sur neuf objectifs prioritaires ci-après : - Gérer les écosystèmes forestiers et la biodiversité́ ; - Renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole ; 3 Seconde communication nationale, 2009.- Gérer les risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne ; - Réduire les risques des catastrophes et protéger les zones côtières ; - Assurer la gestion des ressources en eau et l’assainissement du milieu ; - Renforcer la résilience du secteur de la santé ; - - Garantir l accès des populations à l énergie ; - Protéger les infrastructures de production d’énergie ; et - Améliorer l’efficacité énergetique.', 'Le processus du Programme National d’Adaptation (PNA, 2021) consiste à intégrer la dimension adaptation dans la planification du développement national et provincial en mettant l’accent sur neuf objectifs prioritaires ci-après : - Gérer les écosystèmes forestiers et la biodiversité́ ; - Renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole ; 3 Seconde communication nationale, 2009.- Gérer les risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne ; - Réduire les risques des catastrophes et protéger les zones côtières ; - Assurer la gestion des ressources en eau et l’assainissement du milieu ; - Renforcer la résilience du secteur de la santé ; - - Garantir l accès des populations à l énergie ; - Protéger les infrastructures de production d’énergie ; et - Améliorer l’efficacité énergetique. Cinquante-deux (52) actions prioritaires d adaptation sont proposées dans le tableau ci-dessous.', 'Cinquante-deux (52) actions prioritaires d adaptation sont proposées dans le tableau ci-dessous. Sur la base des expériences en matière de rapports au niveau mondial et au niveau national, les indicateurs ont le potentiel de positionner l engagement et les efforts robustes envisagés par la RDC pour relever les défis de l adaptation au changement climatique.Tableau 1: Actions prioritaires d adaptation Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Forêt 1 Élaboration des projets de valorisation des ressources forestières avec les communautés locales et peuples autochtones en veillant sur l’application des dispositions légales 1,15 2 Reboisement des zones dégradées avec des espèces à grande valeur écologique et économique 1,61 3 Développement des plantations agroforestières dans les zones dégradées 0,58 4 soutien des microprojets de pêche artisanale durable et de la pisciculture 0,23 5 Promotion des projets à impact réduit sur les écosystèmes forestiers en vue de la diversification des revenus des 6 implication des populations locales dans la gestion des écosystèmes forestiers sur leur territoire 0,06 7 Valorisation des savoirs traditionnels des populations locales liés à la conservation des écosystèmes 0,06 8 Coordination stratégique des programmes, plans, initiatives en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques 0,06 9 Promotion de gestion durable des terres 0,50 Agriculture 10 Intégration du changement climatique dans la planification et la budgétisation de tous les secteurs à différentes échelles (nationale, provinciale et locale) 1,27 11 Production et diffusion des semences résilientes aux changements climatiques 0,92 12 Elaboration d un programme de zonage en vue de circonscrire les zones à allouer spécifiquement aux activités 13 Collecte, traitement et diffusion régulière des données climatiques par l’INERA et le METTELSAT en vue des prévisions saisonnières 0,23 14 Vulgarisation des techniques de gestion des sol et de l’eau dans l’agriculture 0,69 15 Appui à la structuration des organisations paysannes en vue d’améliorer la gouvernance agricole 0,29 16 Appui à la mise en place des chaines de production et de commercialisation de produits agricoles en vue d améliorer les revenus des agriculteurs ruraux 0,17 17 Création et Réhabilitation des pistes de dessertes agricoles 0,69 18 Promotion (i) des pratiques culturales permettant la sédentarisation des activités agricoles, (ii) des semences résilientes, et (iii) des techniques de gestion des sols et de l eau en agriculture 0,23 19 Réhabilitation et renforcement des stations d’observation météorologiques à travers le pays 0,17 20 Renforcement des capacités pour l’autonomisation des femmes 0,23 21 Développement d alternatives au bois énergie afin de protéger la forêt (solaire, gaz, ou au moins foyers améliorés, 22 Renforcement des capacités d adaptation aux impacts du changement climatique sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire 0,06 23 Appui à la recherche et à l innovation pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole aux effets du changement 0,23Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) climatique 24 Création des Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles et promotion de l’agro-business 0,46 25 Mise en place des systèmes d’alerte précoce 0,58 26 Mise en place des mesures de riposte en cas de catastrophes naturelles 2,88 27 Mise en place de mécanismes de subventions des producteurs ruraux en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro Zone côtière 28 Évaluation de la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes littoraux et des besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelles 0,58 29 Mise en place de système d alerte précoce des zones littorales (inondations, sécheresse, érosion des sols, glissements de terrain) 0,29 30 Mise en œuvre des mesures de lutte contre l érosion dans la zone côtière, notamment la zone située entre Banana et 31 Appui aux activités résilientes du changement climatique générant un revenu du ménage 0,83 32 Développement de programmes éducatifs et d information sensibles aux catastrophes et aux risques climatiques 0,23 Ressources en eau 33 Elaboration de la stratégie et politique sur l’assainissement 0,01 34 Elaboration des schémas d aménagement et de gestion des ressources en eau par bassin hydrologique 0,35 35 Création/Réhabilitation des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages 0,92 36 Aménagement et gestion des cours d eau et fleuve intégrant les enjeux environnementaux.', 'Sur la base des expériences en matière de rapports au niveau mondial et au niveau national, les indicateurs ont le potentiel de positionner l engagement et les efforts robustes envisagés par la RDC pour relever les défis de l adaptation au changement climatique.Tableau 1: Actions prioritaires d adaptation Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Forêt 1 Élaboration des projets de valorisation des ressources forestières avec les communautés locales et peuples autochtones en veillant sur l’application des dispositions légales 1,15 2 Reboisement des zones dégradées avec des espèces à grande valeur écologique et économique 1,61 3 Développement des plantations agroforestières dans les zones dégradées 0,58 4 soutien des microprojets de pêche artisanale durable et de la pisciculture 0,23 5 Promotion des projets à impact réduit sur les écosystèmes forestiers en vue de la diversification des revenus des 6 implication des populations locales dans la gestion des écosystèmes forestiers sur leur territoire 0,06 7 Valorisation des savoirs traditionnels des populations locales liés à la conservation des écosystèmes 0,06 8 Coordination stratégique des programmes, plans, initiatives en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques 0,06 9 Promotion de gestion durable des terres 0,50 Agriculture 10 Intégration du changement climatique dans la planification et la budgétisation de tous les secteurs à différentes échelles (nationale, provinciale et locale) 1,27 11 Production et diffusion des semences résilientes aux changements climatiques 0,92 12 Elaboration d un programme de zonage en vue de circonscrire les zones à allouer spécifiquement aux activités 13 Collecte, traitement et diffusion régulière des données climatiques par l’INERA et le METTELSAT en vue des prévisions saisonnières 0,23 14 Vulgarisation des techniques de gestion des sol et de l’eau dans l’agriculture 0,69 15 Appui à la structuration des organisations paysannes en vue d’améliorer la gouvernance agricole 0,29 16 Appui à la mise en place des chaines de production et de commercialisation de produits agricoles en vue d améliorer les revenus des agriculteurs ruraux 0,17 17 Création et Réhabilitation des pistes de dessertes agricoles 0,69 18 Promotion (i) des pratiques culturales permettant la sédentarisation des activités agricoles, (ii) des semences résilientes, et (iii) des techniques de gestion des sols et de l eau en agriculture 0,23 19 Réhabilitation et renforcement des stations d’observation météorologiques à travers le pays 0,17 20 Renforcement des capacités pour l’autonomisation des femmes 0,23 21 Développement d alternatives au bois énergie afin de protéger la forêt (solaire, gaz, ou au moins foyers améliorés, 22 Renforcement des capacités d adaptation aux impacts du changement climatique sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire 0,06 23 Appui à la recherche et à l innovation pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole aux effets du changement 0,23Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) climatique 24 Création des Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles et promotion de l’agro-business 0,46 25 Mise en place des systèmes d’alerte précoce 0,58 26 Mise en place des mesures de riposte en cas de catastrophes naturelles 2,88 27 Mise en place de mécanismes de subventions des producteurs ruraux en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro Zone côtière 28 Évaluation de la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes littoraux et des besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelles 0,58 29 Mise en place de système d alerte précoce des zones littorales (inondations, sécheresse, érosion des sols, glissements de terrain) 0,29 30 Mise en œuvre des mesures de lutte contre l érosion dans la zone côtière, notamment la zone située entre Banana et 31 Appui aux activités résilientes du changement climatique générant un revenu du ménage 0,83 32 Développement de programmes éducatifs et d information sensibles aux catastrophes et aux risques climatiques 0,23 Ressources en eau 33 Elaboration de la stratégie et politique sur l’assainissement 0,01 34 Elaboration des schémas d aménagement et de gestion des ressources en eau par bassin hydrologique 0,35 35 Création/Réhabilitation des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages 0,92 36 Aménagement et gestion des cours d eau et fleuve intégrant les enjeux environnementaux. 0,46 37 Renforcement de la résilience au changement climatique des communautés rurales à travers de programmes écoles et villages assainis 0,35 38 Intégration des risques climatiques pour la mise en place d infrastructures et de services d assainissement 0,22 39 Production, gestion et diffusion de l information sur les ressources en eau et les aménagements agro-hydrauliques 0,06 40 Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement de base, ainsi que des pratiques d’hygiène pour les populations rurales et périurbaines 0,23 41 Amélioration de l accès aux services de gestion durables des déchets et à l assainissement des eaux usées 0,20 42 Amélioration de l’accessibilité de la voirie et les espaces publics et désenclavement des zones rurales 0,32 Santé 43 Construction/réhabilitation d établissements de santé 0,92 44 Renforcement des capacités pour l’accès des populations vulnérables aux services de santé de base 0,88 45 Intégration de l approche genre dans la prise en compte des questions de changement climatique 0,23 46 Intégration des impacts des changements climatiques dans les politiques nationale du secteur santé 0,06 47 Evaluation de la vulnérabilité sanitaire et renforcement de la préparation des systèmes de santé à faire face à la charge de morbidité attribuable aux maladies sensibles aux conditions climatiques 0,06 Energie 48 Promotion de modèle économique de soutien aux énergies renouvelables (systèmes solaire, éolien, biomasse) 0,40Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) 49 Amélioration des techniques de modélisation de la transition énergétique vers des modèles écoénergétiques à l échelle nationale et provinciale 0,23 50 Aménagement des bassins de rétention d eau, construction des digues de protection des infrastructures de production 51 Promotion de l usage rationnel de l énergie électrique, amélioration de la gestion du système de réseaux de distribution énergétique 0,17Cadre de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV) La mise en œuvre réussie de la CDN de la RDC nécessite un système efficace de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV), permettant au pays de contrôler l efficacité de ses mesures d atténuation et d adaptation et de faciliter son accès au financement climatique.', '0,46 37 Renforcement de la résilience au changement climatique des communautés rurales à travers de programmes écoles et villages assainis 0,35 38 Intégration des risques climatiques pour la mise en place d infrastructures et de services d assainissement 0,22 39 Production, gestion et diffusion de l information sur les ressources en eau et les aménagements agro-hydrauliques 0,06 40 Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement de base, ainsi que des pratiques d’hygiène pour les populations rurales et périurbaines 0,23 41 Amélioration de l accès aux services de gestion durables des déchets et à l assainissement des eaux usées 0,20 42 Amélioration de l’accessibilité de la voirie et les espaces publics et désenclavement des zones rurales 0,32 Santé 43 Construction/réhabilitation d établissements de santé 0,92 44 Renforcement des capacités pour l’accès des populations vulnérables aux services de santé de base 0,88 45 Intégration de l approche genre dans la prise en compte des questions de changement climatique 0,23 46 Intégration des impacts des changements climatiques dans les politiques nationale du secteur santé 0,06 47 Evaluation de la vulnérabilité sanitaire et renforcement de la préparation des systèmes de santé à faire face à la charge de morbidité attribuable aux maladies sensibles aux conditions climatiques 0,06 Energie 48 Promotion de modèle économique de soutien aux énergies renouvelables (systèmes solaire, éolien, biomasse) 0,40Secteur N⁰ Actions Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) 49 Amélioration des techniques de modélisation de la transition énergétique vers des modèles écoénergétiques à l échelle nationale et provinciale 0,23 50 Aménagement des bassins de rétention d eau, construction des digues de protection des infrastructures de production 51 Promotion de l usage rationnel de l énergie électrique, amélioration de la gestion du système de réseaux de distribution énergétique 0,17Cadre de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV) La mise en œuvre réussie de la CDN de la RDC nécessite un système efficace de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV), permettant au pays de contrôler l efficacité de ses mesures d atténuation et d adaptation et de faciliter son accès au financement climatique. La RDC développera un cadre MNV conformément aux exigences de l Accord de Paris qui permettra au gouvernement de surveiller efficacement les progrès des activités d atténuation et d adaptation identifiées dans cette CDN mise à jour, conformément aux normes de notification de la CCNUCC, et mettra en place un cadre de suivi-évaluation continue afin de s’assurer que le pays progresse vers l’atteinte de ses objectifs à l’horizon 2030.', 'La RDC développera un cadre MNV conformément aux exigences de l Accord de Paris qui permettra au gouvernement de surveiller efficacement les progrès des activités d atténuation et d adaptation identifiées dans cette CDN mise à jour, conformément aux normes de notification de la CCNUCC, et mettra en place un cadre de suivi-évaluation continue afin de s’assurer que le pays progresse vers l’atteinte de ses objectifs à l’horizon 2030. Ce qui constituera un indicateur pour chacun des principaux secteurs émetteurs, qui pourrait être utilisé pour les rapports internationaux ainsi que pour le suivi national de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Ce cadre indicateur permettra aussi de surveiller les émissions de référence (scénario BAU) ainsi que les émissions résultant de la mise en œuvre des mesures d atténuation de la CDN.', 'Ce cadre indicateur permettra aussi de surveiller les émissions de référence (scénario BAU) ainsi que les émissions résultant de la mise en œuvre des mesures d atténuation de la CDN. Le mécanisme de suivi des flux de financements climatiques sera établi. La figure 4 ci-dessous résume les dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN, y compris le processus MNV national des CDN.', 'La figure 4 ci-dessous résume les dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN, y compris le processus MNV national des CDN. Figure 7: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN de la RDC Moyens de mise en œuvre Pour atteindre les objectifs conditionnels, la RDC attend un soutien financier, technologique et de renforcement des capacités de la part de ses partenaires techniques et financiers, des fonds mondiaux et des agences bilatérales/multilatérales et des partenaires de développement.Ces fonds seront utilisés pour renforcer les ressources nationales limitées et les capacités techniques pour intensifier l action climatique en RDC.', 'Figure 7: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN de la RDC Moyens de mise en œuvre Pour atteindre les objectifs conditionnels, la RDC attend un soutien financier, technologique et de renforcement des capacités de la part de ses partenaires techniques et financiers, des fonds mondiaux et des agences bilatérales/multilatérales et des partenaires de développement.Ces fonds seront utilisés pour renforcer les ressources nationales limitées et les capacités techniques pour intensifier l action climatique en RDC. Les activités de la CDN révisée seront mises en œuvre pendant 10 ans (2021-2030) en les intégrant dans les planifications budgétaires annuelles au niveau national ou provincial en tant que diverses politiques de subvention des projets et des programmes.', 'Les activités de la CDN révisée seront mises en œuvre pendant 10 ans (2021-2030) en les intégrant dans les planifications budgétaires annuelles au niveau national ou provincial en tant que diverses politiques de subvention des projets et des programmes. Les éléments clés de la mise en œuvre de NDC sont : 1) La gouvernance : Les principales lois et réglementations devraient être promulguées et les capacités institutionnelles renforcées pour faciliter la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 2) Les Finances : Un cadre de financement et d investissement pour la CDN devrait être élaboré, ainsi qu une stratégie visant à rationaliser l accès au fonds publique tout en mobilisant les investissements du secteur privé.', '2) Les Finances : Un cadre de financement et d investissement pour la CDN devrait être élaboré, ainsi qu une stratégie visant à rationaliser l accès au fonds publique tout en mobilisant les investissements du secteur privé. Ce cadre de financement devrait faciliter un accès efficace aux fonds climatiques internationaux, y compris le programme de financements climatiques verte. 3) Le Mécanisme institutionnel : La mise en œuvre de la CDN se fera sous le leadership du Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD), en collaboration avec différents ministères sectoriels concernés au niveau local, provincial et national et les autres parties prenantes notamment les jeunes, les femmes et les populations autochtones.', '3) Le Mécanisme institutionnel : La mise en œuvre de la CDN se fera sous le leadership du Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD), en collaboration avec différents ministères sectoriels concernés au niveau local, provincial et national et les autres parties prenantes notamment les jeunes, les femmes et les populations autochtones. 4) Le renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies : Il sera nécessaire d identifier les besoins en renforcement des capacités tant au niveau d expertise que technologique pour permettre la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes et pour optimiser la collaboration entre les institutions et partenaires clés.', '4) Le renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies : Il sera nécessaire d identifier les besoins en renforcement des capacités tant au niveau d expertise que technologique pour permettre la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes et pour optimiser la collaboration entre les institutions et partenaires clés. 5) Equité du genre, participation de jeunes et peuples autochtones : il s agit de maximaliser l implication des femmes, des jeunes, des peuples autochtones et autres groupes marginalisés dans la réalisation des différentes interventions prévues, notamment dans la prise de décision et le partage des avantages découlant de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', '5) Equité du genre, participation de jeunes et peuples autochtones : il s agit de maximaliser l implication des femmes, des jeunes, des peuples autochtones et autres groupes marginalisés dans la réalisation des différentes interventions prévues, notamment dans la prise de décision et le partage des avantages découlant de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 6) La communication : il sera nécessaire de développer des lignes de communication claires entre les différents niveaux de gouvernance (local, provincial, national et international) et entre les différents secteurs et parties prenantes, y compris les femmes, les populations autochtones et les jeunes.1.1. Contexte national de développement 1.1.1.', '6) La communication : il sera nécessaire de développer des lignes de communication claires entre les différents niveaux de gouvernance (local, provincial, national et international) et entre les différents secteurs et parties prenantes, y compris les femmes, les populations autochtones et les jeunes.1.1. Contexte national de développement 1.1.1. Objectifs et plans nationaux de développement La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), à cheval sur l’équateur, s étend sur 2 345 409 km² et couvre la majeure partie du bassin du Congo, estimé à 3,7 millions de km². Sa population est estimée à 91,994 millions5 d’habitants, avec un taux de croissance démographique environnant 3,1%.', 'Sa population est estimée à 91,994 millions5 d’habitants, avec un taux de croissance démographique environnant 3,1%. La RDC s’est engagée dans l’agenda 2030 et s’est dotée de son Plan National Stratégique de Développement pour la période 2019-2023 (PNSD), qui s’aligne autour des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD). En effet, à travers ce PNSD, la vision de la RDC vers l émergence à l horizon 2050 est séquencée en trois phases, à savoir : - Atteindre le statut de pays à revenu intermédiaire en 2028, le PIB par habitant porté à 1050 USD ; - Atteindre le statut de pays émergeant en 2040, avec un PIB par habitant de 4000 USD ; - Rejoindre le club des pays développés en 2050, pour un PIB par habitant de 12.000 USD.', 'En effet, à travers ce PNSD, la vision de la RDC vers l émergence à l horizon 2050 est séquencée en trois phases, à savoir : - Atteindre le statut de pays à revenu intermédiaire en 2028, le PIB par habitant porté à 1050 USD ; - Atteindre le statut de pays émergeant en 2040, avec un PIB par habitant de 4000 USD ; - Rejoindre le club des pays développés en 2050, pour un PIB par habitant de 12.000 USD. Le PNSD, avec ses déclinaisons au niveau provincial, Plan de Développement Provincial (PDP), s’articule autour de cinq (5) principaux piliers ci-après : - Pilier 1. Valorisation du capital humain, développement social et culturel ; - Pilier 2.', 'Valorisation du capital humain, développement social et culturel ; - Pilier 2. Renforcement de la gouvernance, restauration de l’autorité de l’Etat et consolidation de la paix ; - Pilier 3. Consolidation de la croissance économique, diversification et transformation de l’économie ; - Pilier 4. Aménagement du territoire, reconstruction et modernisation des infrastructures ; et - Pilier 5. Protection de l’environnement, lutte contre les changements climatiques et développement durable et équilibré. Le pilier protection de l environnement et lutte contre les changements climatiques, est par essence transversal, vise à intégrer les enjeux environnementaux et les préoccupations des changements climatiques dans toutes les politiques et stratégies sectorielles afin de parvenir à un développement résilient et sobre en carbone.', 'Le pilier protection de l environnement et lutte contre les changements climatiques, est par essence transversal, vise à intégrer les enjeux environnementaux et les préoccupations des changements climatiques dans toutes les politiques et stratégies sectorielles afin de parvenir à un développement résilient et sobre en carbone. La conservation des forêts tropicales est un enjeu clé qui s’inscrit dans le cadre des efforts nationaux de réduction des émissions provenant de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, y compris la conservation, la gestion durable des forêts et le renforcement de puits de carbone (REDD+). La RDC a dressé un inventaire des risques et menaces climatiques les plus courants dus au changement climatique et a pris des mesures pour y faire face.', 'La RDC a dressé un inventaire des risques et menaces climatiques les plus courants dus au changement climatique et a pris des mesures pour y faire face. À cette fin, le ministère de l Environnement et du Développement durable a coordonné l élaboration de la Politique, stratégie et plan d action de lutte contre les changements climatiques (PSPA-CC ; version révisée 2020). Un 5 www.ins.cd (2021) ; INS, Annuaire statistique 2017 de la RDCPlan national d adaptation (PNA), pour la période 2022-2026, a également été élaboré. Ce plan vise principalement, dans une approche concertée et multisectorielle, à renforcer la résilience du pays et l intégration de préoccupation d adaptation aux changements climatique dans la planification et la budgétisation tant au niveau national que provincial.', 'Ce plan vise principalement, dans une approche concertée et multisectorielle, à renforcer la résilience du pays et l intégration de préoccupation d adaptation aux changements climatique dans la planification et la budgétisation tant au niveau national que provincial. La stratégie nationale de développement durable et le programme d action du gouvernement 2021- 2023 s articulent autour de 4 secteurs avec 62 domaines d intervention prioritaires dont, entre autres : (i) la gouvernance et la sécurité, (ii) l accès à l énergie et à l eau potable, (iii) la protection de l environnement et des ressources naturelles (renouvelables et non renouvelables), (iv) les transports, (v) le logement, (vi) l économie, (vii) l éducation, la formation et la santé. Il sied également de signaler que d’autres politiques et stratégies sectorielles ont été adoptées afin de soutenir l’action gouvernementale.', 'Il sied également de signaler que d’autres politiques et stratégies sectorielles ont été adoptées afin de soutenir l’action gouvernementale. Il s’agit entre autres de : (i) Politique d’aménagement du territoire et sécurisation foncière En vue de promouvoir une utilisation rationnelle et durable des ressources naturelles qui implique le maintien des processus écologiques, protection de la biodiversité et adoption des systèmes de production durable, la RDC a élaboré et adopté en 2020 une politique nationale d’aménagement du territoire. Cette politique devrait conduire au zonage et à la définition de plan directeur d affectation optimale du territoire, mettant en place des établissements humains durables et instaurant ainsi un cadre de vie de qualité.', 'Cette politique devrait conduire au zonage et à la définition de plan directeur d affectation optimale du territoire, mettant en place des établissements humains durables et instaurant ainsi un cadre de vie de qualité. Dans le plans d’aménagement du territoire, la RDC s assura de l’intégration systématique des ressources forestières, y compris les tourbières et ce, dans un processus de concertation transparente, afin de maintenir la cohérence dans la publication de tous les contrats d’affectations des terres (agriculture, forêts, mines, hydrocarbures). En ce qui concerne le secteur forêts et autres affectations de terres, en tenant compte de la mise en œuvre des solutions basées sur la nature, la RDC assurera des synergies avec l’aménagement du territoire et la sécurisation foncière.', 'En ce qui concerne le secteur forêts et autres affectations de terres, en tenant compte de la mise en œuvre des solutions basées sur la nature, la RDC assurera des synergies avec l’aménagement du territoire et la sécurisation foncière. De plus, dans le domaine du foncier, la RDC s’est engagée à mener une revue légale des concessions foncières de plus de cinq hectares dans des provinces pilotes. (ii) Politique nationale genre La RDC a élaboré et adopté en 2008 sa politique nationale genre (PNG) et sa stratégie genre pour intégrer cette dimension dans les plans de développement sectoriels, notamment les secteurs Agriculture et Développement Rural, etc. L égalité et l autonomisation des femmes restent une préoccupation des autorités congolaises.', 'L égalité et l autonomisation des femmes restent une préoccupation des autorités congolaises. A cet effet, plusieurs efforts restent à faire pour matérialiser cette volonté politique d améliorer la situation du genre en RDC. (iii)Plan national d’investissement agricole (PNIA) La RDC a élaboré son Plan National d Investissement Agricole (PNIA), 2013-2020. Son objectif global est de stimuler une croissance annuelle soutenue du secteur agricole de plus de 6%, indispensable pour réduire la pauvreté, assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations congolaises et générer des emplois et des revenus durables. Ce plan constitue le cadre fédérateur de tous les programmes et projets en cours et à venir dans le secteur agricole.', 'Ce plan constitue le cadre fédérateur de tous les programmes et projets en cours et à venir dans le secteur agricole. Ce document, en cours de révision, constitue le cadre national de planification des fonds nationaux et extérieurs pour le secteur agricole et le développement rural. (iv) Politique énergétique nationale Depuis 2009, la politique de l’électricité a été validé techniquement par l ensemble des parties prenantes. Les efforts actuels sont concentrés sur le développement de stratégies de cuisson propre. En 2014, la loi n° 14/011 du 17 juin 2014 relative au secteur électricité a été promulguée.', 'En 2014, la loi n° 14/011 du 17 juin 2014 relative au secteur électricité a été promulguée. Il institue la libéralisation et l ouverture totale du marché de l’électricité au secteur privé et permet également : \uf02d la répartition des compétences concurrentes dans le secteur, entre l Etat, les provinces et les collectivités territoriales décentralisées ; et \uf02d la création d une Autorité de régulation du secteur de l’électricité et de l Agence nationale de l électrification et des services énergétiques en milieu rural et périurbain. (v) Politique de la jeunesse En 2009, la RDC a développé sa politique nationale de la jeunesse articulée autour de 15 domaines. Il vise à protéger la jeunesse congolaise contre tout ce qui peut affecter son éducation, sa santé, son développement intégral et son épanouissement.', 'Il vise à protéger la jeunesse congolaise contre tout ce qui peut affecter son éducation, sa santé, son développement intégral et son épanouissement. Le 9ème domaine de cette politique, intitulé « Jeunesse, protection de l environnement et développement durable », dont l objectif spécifique consiste à améliorer le cadre de vie et l environnement des jeunes, s articule autour de trois axes principaux ci-après : \uf02d L’éducation des jeunes à la protection de l environnement ; \uf02d L’amélioration du cadre de vie des jeunes, notamment le logement, l eau potable, l énergie, l assainissement ; et \uf02d La promotion de la protection de l environnement et du volontariat chez les jeunes.', 'Le 9ème domaine de cette politique, intitulé « Jeunesse, protection de l environnement et développement durable », dont l objectif spécifique consiste à améliorer le cadre de vie et l environnement des jeunes, s articule autour de trois axes principaux ci-après : \uf02d L’éducation des jeunes à la protection de l environnement ; \uf02d L’amélioration du cadre de vie des jeunes, notamment le logement, l eau potable, l énergie, l assainissement ; et \uf02d La promotion de la protection de l environnement et du volontariat chez les jeunes. (vi) Politique Nationale d’Assainissement (PONA) La Politique Nationale d Assainissement (PONA), élaborée en 2013, vise à contribuer à améliorer l accès de la population aux services et infrastructures d assainissement adéquats.', '(vi) Politique Nationale d’Assainissement (PONA) La Politique Nationale d Assainissement (PONA), élaborée en 2013, vise à contribuer à améliorer l accès de la population aux services et infrastructures d assainissement adéquats. Spécifiquement, il s agit, entre autres de : - Promouvoir le secteur de l assainissement auprès de toutes les parties prenantes ; - Mettre en place des mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources financières endogènes et exogènes dans le secteur de l assainissement ; - Améliorer la gouvernance du secteur de l assainissement ; - Conduire un changement de mentalité et de comportement en matière d assainissement ; - Harmoniser les différentes approches du secteur de l assainissement ; et - Promouvoir l élaboration et la mise en œuvre de programmes sous-sectoriels.', 'Spécifiquement, il s agit, entre autres de : - Promouvoir le secteur de l assainissement auprès de toutes les parties prenantes ; - Mettre en place des mécanismes de mobilisation des ressources financières endogènes et exogènes dans le secteur de l assainissement ; - Améliorer la gouvernance du secteur de l assainissement ; - Conduire un changement de mentalité et de comportement en matière d assainissement ; - Harmoniser les différentes approches du secteur de l assainissement ; et - Promouvoir l élaboration et la mise en œuvre de programmes sous-sectoriels. Le ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD) à travers sa direction de l’Assainissement (DAS) est responsable national du secteur de l’assainissement, notamment de la gestion des déchets municipaux, et est en ce sens chargé de réglementer ce secteur.', 'Le ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD) à travers sa direction de l’Assainissement (DAS) est responsable national du secteur de l’assainissement, notamment de la gestion des déchets municipaux, et est en ce sens chargé de réglementer ce secteur. Plusieurs ministères interviennent dans la gestion des déchets solides. Il s’agit notamment du ministère des Infrastructures, Travaux publics et Reconstruction (MITPR) via l’Office de voirie et de drainage (OVD) qui intervient dans le curage des caniveaux, des rivières et des grands collecteurs. En raison du déversement des déchets au bord des routes et dans les canalisations, l’environnement sanitaire des zones résidentielles modestes ou pauvres est particulièrement mauvais. 1.1.2.', 'En raison du déversement des déchets au bord des routes et dans les canalisations, l’environnement sanitaire des zones résidentielles modestes ou pauvres est particulièrement mauvais. 1.1.2. Principaux défis de développement socio-économique et environnemental Malgré l’élaboration de nombreux documents stratégiques et de plans d’actions dans divers domaines, l’insuffisance de financement a limité la mise en œuvre d’actions à grande échelle. La plupart des actions menées dans le domaine de la protection de l environnement et de la lutte contre le changement climatique ont été financées par différents partenaires au développement, et ont porté sur la conservation des forêts et de la biodiversité, en renforçant les capacités, notamment le développement d outils de planification, la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés.', 'La plupart des actions menées dans le domaine de la protection de l environnement et de la lutte contre le changement climatique ont été financées par différents partenaires au développement, et ont porté sur la conservation des forêts et de la biodiversité, en renforçant les capacités, notamment le développement d outils de planification, la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et le renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés. Dans ce domaine, les principaux défis demeurent : (i) la mobilisation de moyens financiers pour la mise en œuvre des principales réformes légales et institutionnelles ; (ii) l élaboration de texte de mise en œuvre de la loi-cadre sur l environnement en RDC ; (iii) renforcement de la collaboration et de la coordination intersectorielle entre les différents secteurs (mines, agriculture, foresterie) ; (iv) la définition de véritable politique dans ce secteur, et (v) la définition d une véritable politique dans le secteur forestier, et (v) la mise en œuvre effective de projets comme le projet Ibi Batéké inscrit au Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) ; les projets d amélioration de la carbonisation et de récupération du gaz de torchage à Muanda dans le cadre du processus de mesures d atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMA) ; et la formulation de la Stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone (LEDS), tous planifiés.', 'Dans ce domaine, les principaux défis demeurent : (i) la mobilisation de moyens financiers pour la mise en œuvre des principales réformes légales et institutionnelles ; (ii) l élaboration de texte de mise en œuvre de la loi-cadre sur l environnement en RDC ; (iii) renforcement de la collaboration et de la coordination intersectorielle entre les différents secteurs (mines, agriculture, foresterie) ; (iv) la définition de véritable politique dans ce secteur, et (v) la définition d une véritable politique dans le secteur forestier, et (v) la mise en œuvre effective de projets comme le projet Ibi Batéké inscrit au Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) ; les projets d amélioration de la carbonisation et de récupération du gaz de torchage à Muanda dans le cadre du processus de mesures d atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMA) ; et la formulation de la Stratégie de développement à faible émission de carbone (LEDS), tous planifiés. Sur le plan économique, il a été noté une baisse continue du taux de croissance économique de la RDC atteignant 0,8% en 2020, exacerbée par la pandémie de COVID-19, alors qu il était de 4,4%en 2019.', 'Sur le plan économique, il a été noté une baisse continue du taux de croissance économique de la RDC atteignant 0,8% en 2020, exacerbée par la pandémie de COVID-19, alors qu il était de 4,4%en 2019. Cependant, il est rapporté que la croissance du secteur minier a augmenté de 6,9 % en 2020 (contre 1 % en 2019). En revanche, d autres secteurs économiques se sont contractés de 1,6% (contre 5,7% en 2019) en raison des restrictions dues à la pandémie, au confinement de l activité commerciale et de la limitation des dépenses publiques.', 'En revanche, d autres secteurs économiques se sont contractés de 1,6% (contre 5,7% en 2019) en raison des restrictions dues à la pandémie, au confinement de l activité commerciale et de la limitation des dépenses publiques. On estime que les dépenses publiques du secteur agricole et rural atteignent 5,9%, ce qui est encore loin du critère de Maputo d’allouer au moins 10% du budget national au secteur agricole et rural, cible difficile à atteindre pour la RDC. Le secteur agricole et rural occupe près de 70% de la population active du pays.', 'Le secteur agricole et rural occupe près de 70% de la population active du pays. Par ailleurs, son développement reste primordial pour la réduction de la pauvreté, car il est établi que la production agricole progresserait plus rapidement que le scénario tendanciel retenu par le PNIA (2013-2020) qui prévoit que «si les tendances actuelles se confirment, le secteur agricole va continuer à croître à un taux modeste de 3% par an ». Les efforts qui seront nécessaires pour accélérer la croissance agricole (+6%/an) pour conduire la RDC à une alimentation équilibrée en 2025 (pour nourrir 116 millions de consommateurs) ne seront pas possibles sans une modernisation rapide de l agriculture.', 'Les efforts qui seront nécessaires pour accélérer la croissance agricole (+6%/an) pour conduire la RDC à une alimentation équilibrée en 2025 (pour nourrir 116 millions de consommateurs) ne seront pas possibles sans une modernisation rapide de l agriculture. Il faudra doubler les surfaces cultivées de 8 à 16 millions d hectares, ce qui représenterait une croissance annuelle d environ 6%, alors que le nombre de ménages agricoles croît moins vite (+ 2%/an) que le taux de croissance moyen de la population (+ 3 %/an), caractérisé par un taux d urbanisation rapide (+5%/an)6. Ce secteur contribue à 38% à la formation du PIB et participe pour plus de 60% à la création d emplois.', 'Ce secteur contribue à 38% à la formation du PIB et participe pour plus de 60% à la création d emplois. Bien qu il soit le principal moyen de subsistance dans les zones rurales, il ne parvient pas à assurer l indépendance alimentaire du pays et à générer des revenus suffisants et des emplois durables. Le secteur agricole est essentiellement caractérisé par des systèmes culturaux rudimentaires et itinérants sur brûlis pour une production de subsistance, exacerbés par la rareté des intrants agricoles, l’enclavement des zones de production, notamment du fait de la dégradation des pistes rurales, la paupérisation croissante de la masse paysanne, le déficit d encadrement et les impacts de changements climatiques.', 'Le secteur agricole est essentiellement caractérisé par des systèmes culturaux rudimentaires et itinérants sur brûlis pour une production de subsistance, exacerbés par la rareté des intrants agricoles, l’enclavement des zones de production, notamment du fait de la dégradation des pistes rurales, la paupérisation croissante de la masse paysanne, le déficit d encadrement et les impacts de changements climatiques. Malgré les progrès réalisés, il se fait cependant que : \uf0a7 La RDC se trouve dans une situation sociale précaire qui ne semble pas s être améliorée de manière significative au cours des deux dernières décennies selon le rapport ODD7.', 'Malgré les progrès réalisés, il se fait cependant que : \uf0a7 La RDC se trouve dans une situation sociale précaire qui ne semble pas s être améliorée de manière significative au cours des deux dernières décennies selon le rapport ODD7. Elle se caractérise par la pauvreté de la population, contrastant avec l immensité du potentiel naturel du pays, plus accentuée dans les zones rurales à forte croissance démographique pesant sur la demande de services sociaux, avec une répartition inégale entre les provinces ; \uf0a7 La RDC reste l un des pays ayant l indice développement humain le plus bas parmi 175 pays, selon le Rapport sur le développement humain 2020.', 'Elle se caractérise par la pauvreté de la population, contrastant avec l immensité du potentiel naturel du pays, plus accentuée dans les zones rurales à forte croissance démographique pesant sur la demande de services sociaux, avec une répartition inégale entre les provinces ; \uf0a7 La RDC reste l un des pays ayant l indice développement humain le plus bas parmi 175 pays, selon le Rapport sur le développement humain 2020. La proportion de la population n atteignant pas le niveau minimum d apport calorique est passée de 31 % à 73 % au cours des années 90. Bien qu elle ait diminué par la suite, l insécurité alimentaire reste élevée et (6) Etude du secteur agricole, Phase II, Plan directeur de développement agricole et rural, Document Synthèse des Plans Provinciaux, Rapport final, 2010. (7) RDC, 2010.', 'Bien qu elle ait diminué par la suite, l insécurité alimentaire reste élevée et (6) Etude du secteur agricole, Phase II, Plan directeur de développement agricole et rural, Document Synthèse des Plans Provinciaux, Rapport final, 2010. (7) RDC, 2010. Les chiffres qui suivent sont issus de ce rapport.touche aujourd hui environ 76% de la population, tandis que l alimentation représente 62,3% des dépenses totales des ménages congolais8; \uf0a7 Le taux d accès de la population à l électricité reste très faible : 9 % au niveau national (1 % en milieu rural, 30 % pour les villes) alors que la moyenne en Afrique subsaharienne est de 24,6 % ; \uf0a7 Enfin, le chômage, surtout des jeunes (15-24 ans9), dû à une forte croissance démographique, reste à un niveau très élevé - 18% au niveau national - et touche particulièrement les jeunes urbains (32%).', 'Les chiffres qui suivent sont issus de ce rapport.touche aujourd hui environ 76% de la population, tandis que l alimentation représente 62,3% des dépenses totales des ménages congolais8; \uf0a7 Le taux d accès de la population à l électricité reste très faible : 9 % au niveau national (1 % en milieu rural, 30 % pour les villes) alors que la moyenne en Afrique subsaharienne est de 24,6 % ; \uf0a7 Enfin, le chômage, surtout des jeunes (15-24 ans9), dû à une forte croissance démographique, reste à un niveau très élevé - 18% au niveau national - et touche particulièrement les jeunes urbains (32%). Les nombreuses réformes entreprises et la forte croissance économique enregistrée au cours de la dernière décennie témoignent d une amélioration significative des conditions socio-économiques de la population dont les revenus proviennent principalement du secteur informel.', 'Les nombreuses réformes entreprises et la forte croissance économique enregistrée au cours de la dernière décennie témoignent d une amélioration significative des conditions socio-économiques de la population dont les revenus proviennent principalement du secteur informel. 2. Circonstances nationales 2.1. Profil géographique et ressources naturelles La RDC s’étend entre 5°20’ de latitude Nord et 13°17’ de latitude Sud ; et les longitudes 12°15’ et 31°15 à l’Est du méridien de Greenwich. Elle partage ses 9.165 km de frontières avec neuf pays dont la République du Congo, la République Centrafricaine, le Soudan du Sud, l’Ouganda, le Rwanda, le Burundi, la Tanzanie, la Zambie et l’Angola, et près de 40 km de littoral sur la façade atlantique.', 'Elle partage ses 9.165 km de frontières avec neuf pays dont la République du Congo, la République Centrafricaine, le Soudan du Sud, l’Ouganda, le Rwanda, le Burundi, la Tanzanie, la Zambie et l’Angola, et près de 40 km de littoral sur la façade atlantique. En vertu de la constitution révisée de février 2006, la République Démocratique du Congo est composée de la Ville de Kinshasa et de dix (25) provinces, dotées chacune de la personnalité juridique (figure 1). Son relief est dominé à l’Est par deux chaînes des montagnes (Virunga et Mitumba) et une région des grands lacs dans le grand rift et des plateaux étagés déterminant au centre une large dépression, la « Cuvette centrale ».', 'Son relief est dominé à l’Est par deux chaînes des montagnes (Virunga et Mitumba) et une région des grands lacs dans le grand rift et des plateaux étagés déterminant au centre une large dépression, la « Cuvette centrale ». Celle-ci est couverte d’une forêt dense tropicale, dominée par d’importantes zones humides et des lacs intérieurs (Tumba et Mai-Ndombe au centre-ouest).', 'Celle-ci est couverte d’une forêt dense tropicale, dominée par d’importantes zones humides et des lacs intérieurs (Tumba et Mai-Ndombe au centre-ouest). Le bassin du fleuve Congo, le plus grand des trois (les bassins du fleuve Congo, du Nil et de Shiloango), collecte plus de 80% de ses eaux des affluents (une trentaine de grandes rivières) du fleuve Congo, long de 4.700 km, avec un débit moyen de 41.000 m³ d’eau par seconde à son exutoire dans l’océan Atlantique, On compte également à travers le pays 15 lacs qui représentent une superficie totale de 180.000 km2. Son réseau hydrographique dense bénéficie d’un régime pluviométrique bien réparti à travers le territoire national. 8 RDC, 2011.', 'Son réseau hydrographique dense bénéficie d’un régime pluviométrique bien réparti à travers le territoire national. 8 RDC, 2011. 9 Jonas Kibala Kuma (2020), Pauvreté et chômage en RDC : état de lieux, analyses et perspectives, p. 14Figure 8: Carte administrative de la RDC Source : MEDD, juin 2021 Les sols de la RDC sont très variés et représentent environ 227 millions d’hectares. Leur classement a été effectué d après un système morphogénétique qui combine des critères morphologiques observables ou mesurables sur le profil avec des considérations génétiques déduites d observations chimiques, minéralogiques, géomorphologiques, climatologiques et autres. Ils sont groupés en cinq principaux types (ferralsols, nitosols, gleysols, vertisols et andosols) dont les plus dominant sont les ferralsols et les nitosols (figure 2).', 'Ils sont groupés en cinq principaux types (ferralsols, nitosols, gleysols, vertisols et andosols) dont les plus dominant sont les ferralsols et les nitosols (figure 2). Par ailleurs, la cuvette centrale du Bassin du Congo qui regroupe la RDC et le République du Congo regorge la grande tourbière tropicale du monde. Celle-ci couvre une superficie de près de 145.000 km2 avec un important stock de carbone et une source potentielle des GES estimé à 30 gigatonnes, soit l’équivalent de deux (2) ans d’émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre (GES).', 'Celle-ci couvre une superficie de près de 145.000 km2 avec un important stock de carbone et une source potentielle des GES estimé à 30 gigatonnes, soit l’équivalent de deux (2) ans d’émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre (GES). La RDC, elle seule, dispose des 2/3 de cette tourbière, soit environ 101.500Km2.Figure 9:Relief de la RDC Source : US Geological Survey, 2003 La RDC est dotée d’immenses ressources naturelles, notamment : - une richesse diversifiée du sous-sol, telles que l’uranium, le cuivre, le zinc, le cobalt, l’or, le diamant, l’étain, la colombo-tantalite (coltan), le chrome, le manganèse,, le wolframite, l’argent, , le cadmium, le Lithium, le charbon et le pyrochlore; etc. - du pétrole offshore sur la côte atlantique.', '- du pétrole offshore sur la côte atlantique. - une richesse floristique diversifiée : o environ 152 millions d’hectares de forêts naturelles (10 % de l’ensemble des forêts tropicales du monde et 67% du territoire national ; les forêts denses humides couvrant près de 99 millions d’hectares, dont un peu plus de 83 millions en basse altitude) (De Wasseige et al., 2009) ; o la végétation est dominée par des grandes formations comprenant les forêts marécageuses, ombrophiles, les afro-montagnardes, sèches et les savanes ; o tous les embranchements confondus, comptent près de 377 familles, 2.196 genres et 10.324 espèces.', '- une richesse floristique diversifiée : o environ 152 millions d’hectares de forêts naturelles (10 % de l’ensemble des forêts tropicales du monde et 67% du territoire national ; les forêts denses humides couvrant près de 99 millions d’hectares, dont un peu plus de 83 millions en basse altitude) (De Wasseige et al., 2009) ; o la végétation est dominée par des grandes formations comprenant les forêts marécageuses, ombrophiles, les afro-montagnardes, sèches et les savanes ; o tous les embranchements confondus, comptent près de 377 familles, 2.196 genres et 10.324 espèces. - une importante richesse faunique (MEDD, 2013)10 caractérisée par: o 352 espèces des reptiles dont 33 endémiques ; 168 espèces d’amphibiens, 10 Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme, 2013, Programme National Environnement, Forets, Eaux et Biodiversité « PNEFEB » -2eme générationo 1086 espèces d’oiseaux dont 23 endémiques ; o 421 espèces de mammifères dont 28 endémiques, et plus d’un millier d’espèces des poissons.', '- une importante richesse faunique (MEDD, 2013)10 caractérisée par: o 352 espèces des reptiles dont 33 endémiques ; 168 espèces d’amphibiens, 10 Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme, 2013, Programme National Environnement, Forets, Eaux et Biodiversité « PNEFEB » -2eme générationo 1086 espèces d’oiseaux dont 23 endémiques ; o 421 espèces de mammifères dont 28 endémiques, et plus d’un millier d’espèces des poissons. 2.2. Profil climatique La RDC est située dans la zone de Convergence Intertropicale (ZCIT), ce qui crée une variabilité climatique extrême dans le pays. Elle est caractérisée par un climat chaud et humide sur la plus grande étendue de son territoire et une pluviosité abondante, avec 140 à 160 jours de pluie par an.', 'Elle est caractérisée par un climat chaud et humide sur la plus grande étendue de son territoire et une pluviosité abondante, avec 140 à 160 jours de pluie par an. Son système climatique se présente comme suit : - au centre de la cuvette centrale, les précipitations se situent entre 1800 et 2200 mm par an avec une température moyenne annuelle de 27 °C ; - au-delà des latitudes 3°N et 3°S, on retrouve le climat tropical avec une saison sèche dont la durée augmente en s’éloignant de l’équateur (4 mois dans la partie Ouest et plus 5 mois dans le Sud-est, où on enregistre moins de 1000 mm des précipitations par an); - dans les régions montagneuses de l’Est, les conditions atmosphériques varient avec l’altitude, où les précipitations peuvent atteindre 3000 mm par an et où la température moyenne peut chuter jusqu’à 1°C quand l’altitude monte de 180 m ; - dans la zone côtière, on rencontre le climat le plus sec (810 mm à Banana), là où les effets du courant froid de Benguela sont ressentis.', 'Son système climatique se présente comme suit : - au centre de la cuvette centrale, les précipitations se situent entre 1800 et 2200 mm par an avec une température moyenne annuelle de 27 °C ; - au-delà des latitudes 3°N et 3°S, on retrouve le climat tropical avec une saison sèche dont la durée augmente en s’éloignant de l’équateur (4 mois dans la partie Ouest et plus 5 mois dans le Sud-est, où on enregistre moins de 1000 mm des précipitations par an); - dans les régions montagneuses de l’Est, les conditions atmosphériques varient avec l’altitude, où les précipitations peuvent atteindre 3000 mm par an et où la température moyenne peut chuter jusqu’à 1°C quand l’altitude monte de 180 m ; - dans la zone côtière, on rencontre le climat le plus sec (810 mm à Banana), là où les effets du courant froid de Benguela sont ressentis. La température annuelle moyenne a légèrement augmenté à un taux de +0,17°C par décennie au cours des 30 dernières années.', 'La température annuelle moyenne a légèrement augmenté à un taux de +0,17°C par décennie au cours des 30 dernières années. Pour l avenir, les projections des modèles climatiques mondiaux suggèrent une augmentation moyenne forte de la température. Pour la fin du siècle, un réchauffement de l ordre de +1,7 à +4,5 °C (par rapport à la période de référence de 1971 à 2000) est probable. En outre, on prévoit une forte augmentation de la durée des vagues de chaleur ainsi qu une forte réduction de la durée des périodes de froid (Haensler et all., 2013)11. En ce qui concerne les quantités totales de précipitations annuelles, aucun changement substantiel n a été observé au cours des 30 dernières années.', 'En ce qui concerne les quantités totales de précipitations annuelles, aucun changement substantiel n a été observé au cours des 30 dernières années. Pour l avenir, la majorité des modèles climatiques prévoient une tendance à une légère augmentation des précipitations totales annuelles. Pour la fin du siècle, un changement des précipitations totales annuelles de l ordre de 0 à +8% (par rapport à la période de référence de 1971 à 2000) est probable. En outre, les projections suggèrent une tendance à des précipitations plus intenses et considérablement plus fréquentes, alors qu aucune tendance claire n est prévue en ce qui concerne la durée des périodes de sécheresse (idem).', 'En outre, les projections suggèrent une tendance à des précipitations plus intenses et considérablement plus fréquentes, alors qu aucune tendance claire n est prévue en ce qui concerne la durée des périodes de sécheresse (idem). 11 Haensler, A., Saeed, F. and Jacob, D. (2013): Assessment of projected climate change signals over central Africa based on a multitude of global and regional climate projections. In: Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin. [Haensler A., Jacob D., Kabat P., Ludwig F. (eds.)]. Climate Service Center Report No. 11, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN: 2192-4058.2.3. Profil économique Malgré l’immensité de ses ressources naturelles, la RDC demeure encore parmi les pays les moins avancés, avec près de 70% de la population dépendant quasi exclusivement de l’agriculture et des ressources forestières pour leur survie.', 'Profil économique Malgré l’immensité de ses ressources naturelles, la RDC demeure encore parmi les pays les moins avancés, avec près de 70% de la population dépendant quasi exclusivement de l’agriculture et des ressources forestières pour leur survie. Environ 67% du territoire national est couvert de forêts tropicales, représentant 60% des forêts du Bassin du Congo et près de 10% de cette ressource au niveau mondial. La RDC est ainsi le second pays forestier tropical au monde. La RDC a connu plusieurs crises multiformes depuis les années 1970 qui n’ont épargné aucun secteur de la vie nationale.', 'La RDC a connu plusieurs crises multiformes depuis les années 1970 qui n’ont épargné aucun secteur de la vie nationale. Ces crises répétitives ont plongé le pays dans une grave situation économique et sociale qui est, entre autres à la base de l’état de pauvreté généralisée de la population et qui classe la RDC au bas de l’échelle sur l’indice du développement humain (IDH), soit 179ème sur 189 pays (PNUD, 2019). La RDC dispose de plus de 80 millions d’hectares de terres arables dont 10% seulement sont actuellement exploitées. La diversité de son système climatique et son important réseau hydrographique permettent de pratiquer une gamme variée des spéculations agricoles.', 'La diversité de son système climatique et son important réseau hydrographique permettent de pratiquer une gamme variée des spéculations agricoles. Les étendues des savanes tant herbeuses que boisées sont susceptibles de supporter un élevage de plus ou moins 40 millions de têtes de gros bétail (12). Ce secteur a subi un long déclin exacerbé par les conflits et l’abandon des grandes exploitations, la productivité agricole s’est réduite de 60% entre 1960 et 2006. La pratique agricole est essentiellement pluviale et paysanne avec une production vivrière de subsistance (autosubsistance) utilisant un matériel de production rudimentaire avec un faible rendement et à faibles consommateurs d’intrants.', 'La pratique agricole est essentiellement pluviale et paysanne avec une production vivrière de subsistance (autosubsistance) utilisant un matériel de production rudimentaire avec un faible rendement et à faibles consommateurs d’intrants. Ces exploitations se répartissent sur plus ou moins 4 à 7 millions d’hectares et sont organisées par des ménages agricoles, exploitant chacun, en moyenne 1,5 hectare par an (13). L’augmentation de la production est plus due à l’accroissement des superficies emblavées qu’à l’amélioration des rendements. A la différence avec d’autres systèmes sur le continent, ce mode d’exploitation n’est pas associé à l’élevage, source de matière organique. La production animale nationale provient essentiellement des élevages du petit et gros bétail ainsi que de la volaille.', 'La production animale nationale provient essentiellement des élevages du petit et gros bétail ainsi que de la volaille. Leur contribution est respectivement de 34,5% pour les porcins, 24% pour les caprins, 22,3% pour les bovins, 15% pour les volailles et 3,9% pour les ovins (14). (12) Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture (2009), Notes de politique agricole (14) Programme national de relance du secteur agricole et rural (PNSAR) 1997-2001 : monographie, Volume 1.Le petit bétail et la volaille ont l’avantage d’offrir aux paysans des produits, de manière régulière et rapprochée, leur permettant de maintenir un certain niveau de revenu et d’améliorer leur régime alimentaire.', '(12) Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture (2009), Notes de politique agricole (14) Programme national de relance du secteur agricole et rural (PNSAR) 1997-2001 : monographie, Volume 1.Le petit bétail et la volaille ont l’avantage d’offrir aux paysans des produits, de manière régulière et rapprochée, leur permettant de maintenir un certain niveau de revenu et d’améliorer leur régime alimentaire. La production halieutique annuelle de la RDC, estimée à environ 220.000 tonnes en moyenne sur un potentiel exploitable annuellement de 707.000 tonnes, soit un peu plus de 30%, correspond à une disposition moyenne annuelle de 5,2 kg par habitant, une disponibilité nettement inférieure à la norme internationale fixée à 13 kg par habitant (15). 2.3.2.', 'La production halieutique annuelle de la RDC, estimée à environ 220.000 tonnes en moyenne sur un potentiel exploitable annuellement de 707.000 tonnes, soit un peu plus de 30%, correspond à une disposition moyenne annuelle de 5,2 kg par habitant, une disponibilité nettement inférieure à la norme internationale fixée à 13 kg par habitant (15). 2.3.2. Foresterie et autres affectations des terres Les forêts congolaises sont réparties de part et d’autre de la ligne équatoriale et comprennent ainsi des écosystèmes variés.', 'Foresterie et autres affectations des terres Les forêts congolaises sont réparties de part et d’autre de la ligne équatoriale et comprennent ainsi des écosystèmes variés. Les forêts humides sempervirentes et semi-décidues occupent une bonne partie des régions du centre et de l’ouest, de vastes étendues de forêts édaphiques poussent dans le nord-ouest, le long du fleuve Congo et de ses affluents, tandis que des forêts de pré-montagne et de montagne s’étendent sur les plateaux de l’est et sur les versants des Monts Mitumba. Le massif forestier le plus riche et d’un seul tenant (environ 100 millions d’hectares) est circonscrit dans la cuvette centrale.', 'Le massif forestier le plus riche et d’un seul tenant (environ 100 millions d’hectares) est circonscrit dans la cuvette centrale. Estimées à environ 152 millions d’hectares de forêts naturelles (MEDD, 2016), elles représentent environ 10 % de l’ensemble des forêts tropicales du monde et plus de 62 % de celles de l’Afrique. On estime son taux de déforestation, relativement faible sur les 30 dernières années, entre 0,4% en 2001 et 0,32% en 2005, en comparaison à celui d’autres pays forestiers tropicaux (MEDD, 2018). Afin de lutter contre l’exploitation illégale des forêts et de préserver ce qui reste des espaces naturels, la RDC a adopté la Loi 011-2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code forestier qui traite du défrichement, dégradation des forêts, et des problèmes d’érosion.', 'Afin de lutter contre l’exploitation illégale des forêts et de préserver ce qui reste des espaces naturels, la RDC a adopté la Loi 011-2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code forestier qui traite du défrichement, dégradation des forêts, et des problèmes d’érosion. Le code interdit « tout acte de déboisement des zones exposées au risque d’érosion et d’inondation ; tout déboisement sur une distance de 50 mètres de part et d’autre des cours d’eau et dans un rayon de 100 mètres autour de leurs sources ». En outre le code précise que « tout déboisement doit être compensé par un reboisement équivalent en qualité et en superficie au couvert forestier initial (…) et exige l’obtention d’un permis de déboisement pour une superficie supérieure à 2 ha ».', 'En outre le code précise que « tout déboisement doit être compensé par un reboisement équivalent en qualité et en superficie au couvert forestier initial (…) et exige l’obtention d’un permis de déboisement pour une superficie supérieure à 2 ha ». Le secteur forestier en RDC est susceptible de contribuer de manière significative tant à la diversification qu’au redressement de l’économie nationale. En dépit de son énorme potentiel, la contribution de ce secteur à la réduction de la pauvreté des populations congolaises reste encore timide voire insignifiante.', 'En dépit de son énorme potentiel, la contribution de ce secteur à la réduction de la pauvreté des populations congolaises reste encore timide voire insignifiante. Cette situation est due, en partie, au fait que depuis plusieurs décennies, le secteur forestier n’avait pas suscité beaucoup d’intérêts auprès des décideurs politiques ; ce qui n’a pas permis à ce secteur de bénéficier de toute l’attention à laquelle il a légitimement droit à l’instar d’autres secteurs d’économie nationale, en l’occurrence le secteur minier.', 'Cette situation est due, en partie, au fait que depuis plusieurs décennies, le secteur forestier n’avait pas suscité beaucoup d’intérêts auprès des décideurs politiques ; ce qui n’a pas permis à ce secteur de bénéficier de toute l’attention à laquelle il a légitimement droit à l’instar d’autres secteurs d’économie nationale, en l’occurrence le secteur minier. (15) Ministère de l’Agriculture, 2009, Notes de la politique Agricole, 71p.La RDC regorge d’énormes potentialités, diversifiées en ressources énergétiques16 dont la gestion durable constitue des enjeux majeurs qui comprennent entre autres : - les ressources hydroélectrique avec un potentiel estimé à 110 GW (44 % sont concentrées dans le seul site d’Inga, situé dans la Province du Kongo-Central) équivalant à 30 millions de tonnes de pétrole par an ; - la biomasse avec environ 152 millions d’hectares de forêts naturelles ; - le charbon minéral avec des réserves estimées à 720 millions de tonnes, - le pétrole avec des réserves estimées à 1,5 milliards de barils, - les réserves en gaz méthane dans le Bassin Côtier, évaluées à 10 milliards de m³ en mer et à 20 milliards de m³ dans le lac Kivu (près de 50 millions de Normaux mètre cube (Nm3)), - le minerai d’uranium avec d’importantes réserves, - les ressources géothermiques ; - des schistes bitumineux et des sables asphaltiques dont les réserves sont mal connues ; et - un potentiel solaire dont la bande d’ensoleillement est située entre 3500 et 6000 Wc/m2/j Le rapport PDGIE (2018) renseigne en termes de consommation d’énergie une prédominance du bois énergie qui représentait en 2018 une part de 94,2%.', '(15) Ministère de l’Agriculture, 2009, Notes de la politique Agricole, 71p.La RDC regorge d’énormes potentialités, diversifiées en ressources énergétiques16 dont la gestion durable constitue des enjeux majeurs qui comprennent entre autres : - les ressources hydroélectrique avec un potentiel estimé à 110 GW (44 % sont concentrées dans le seul site d’Inga, situé dans la Province du Kongo-Central) équivalant à 30 millions de tonnes de pétrole par an ; - la biomasse avec environ 152 millions d’hectares de forêts naturelles ; - le charbon minéral avec des réserves estimées à 720 millions de tonnes, - le pétrole avec des réserves estimées à 1,5 milliards de barils, - les réserves en gaz méthane dans le Bassin Côtier, évaluées à 10 milliards de m³ en mer et à 20 milliards de m³ dans le lac Kivu (près de 50 millions de Normaux mètre cube (Nm3)), - le minerai d’uranium avec d’importantes réserves, - les ressources géothermiques ; - des schistes bitumineux et des sables asphaltiques dont les réserves sont mal connues ; et - un potentiel solaire dont la bande d’ensoleillement est située entre 3500 et 6000 Wc/m2/j Le rapport PDGIE (2018) renseigne en termes de consommation d’énergie une prédominance du bois énergie qui représentait en 2018 une part de 94,2%. Figure 10: Bilan énergétique de la RDC pour l’année 2018 La production de l’électricité est assurée en grande partie par la Société Nationale d’Electricité (SNEL) avec une puissance installée de 2 456 MW.', 'Figure 10: Bilan énergétique de la RDC pour l’année 2018 La production de l’électricité est assurée en grande partie par la Société Nationale d’Electricité (SNEL) avec une puissance installée de 2 456 MW. Quelques producteurs indépendants privées tels que Electricité du Congo (EDC) pour la ville de Tshikapa ; SENOKI à Butembo, SOKIMO, Energie du Kasaï (ENERKA) pour la ville de Mbuji-Mayi, Electricité du Nord Kivu (ENK), Virunga Sarl, NURU Sarl, Caritas Développement…, et quelques auto producteurs tels que la Sucrière de Kwilu-Ngongo, PERENCO, MIBA, Kibali Gold Mining, Gécamines certaines confessions religieuses, la Société Nationale des Chemins de fer (SNCC), etc. totalisent une capacité installée en hydroélectricité de 364 MW.', 'totalisent une capacité installée en hydroélectricité de 364 MW. Cependant, le taux d’accès de la population à l’électricité, l’un des plus faibles du monde, est estimé à 9% (SE4ALL-RDC, 2019). 16 ATLAS des énergies renouvelables de la RDC 2ème Edition 2016Les infrastructures de transport en RDC sont parmi les moins denses, délabrées et impraticables. Dans de nombreuses provinces du pays, les connectivités vers la capitale, Kinshasa, par la route sont difficiles et la plupart des provinces ne sont pas liées entre-elles. En dépit d’avoir l’un des plus grands réseaux fluviaux dans le monde, le transport fluvial est souvent entravé par des niveaux élevés d’ensablement, de longs temps d attente dans les ports en raison de l’insuffisance des infrastructures et de la gouvernance.', 'En dépit d’avoir l’un des plus grands réseaux fluviaux dans le monde, le transport fluvial est souvent entravé par des niveaux élevés d’ensablement, de longs temps d attente dans les ports en raison de l’insuffisance des infrastructures et de la gouvernance. Le transport terrestre en RDC se compose principalement de véhicules routiers motorisés, car il n existe pas d infrastructure appropriée pour les véhicules non motorisés (c est-à-dire des voies cyclables, un stockage sûr et des locations de vélos pratiques et abordables) et le réseau ferroviaire est quasi abandonné ou détruit. Les véhicules motorisés dépendent principalement des voitures particulières personnelles. Les statistiques de la flotte de véhicules jusqu’en 2015 indiquent un total de 1,64 million de véhicules immatriculés sur l’ensemble du territoire national, principalement constitués de voitures particulières (INS, 2015).', 'Les statistiques de la flotte de véhicules jusqu’en 2015 indiquent un total de 1,64 million de véhicules immatriculés sur l’ensemble du territoire national, principalement constitués de voitures particulières (INS, 2015). Le transport en commun comprend des bus publics et privés, des mini-fourgonnettes ainsi que des taxis exclusifs et partagés, tous fonctionnant sans aucune coordination, entraînant des taux d occupation très faibles. La part de marché des transports de masse en RDC est faible en raison de l impraticabilité, du manque de sécurité et de la portée limitée des transports publics par rapport à l attrait de posséder une automobile privée. Les habitudes de conduite en RDC sont caractérisées par une autonomie relativement faible avec un taux élevé de congestion et des arrêts fréquents à de courts intervalles de temps.', 'Les habitudes de conduite en RDC sont caractérisées par une autonomie relativement faible avec un taux élevé de congestion et des arrêts fréquents à de courts intervalles de temps. On estime que 50% des trajets ont une distance inférieure à 10 km, 25% des arrêts sont inférieurs à 20 secondes et le temps total d arrêt par trajet correspond à plus de 15% du temps de trajet. De plus, ces observations reflètent les modèles de conduite à arrêts et départs continus, entraînant ainsi un fonctionnement inefficace des moteurs à combustion interne, et un taux élevé de consommation de carburant et d émissions de polluants en conséquence.', 'De plus, ces observations reflètent les modèles de conduite à arrêts et départs continus, entraînant ainsi un fonctionnement inefficace des moteurs à combustion interne, et un taux élevé de consommation de carburant et d émissions de polluants en conséquence. Le réseau routier de la RDC comprend au total 153.209 km (INS, 2014) de routes répartis comme suit : 58.509 km de routes d’intérêt général, dont environ 3.000 km sont revêtus. 7.400 km de voiries urbaines ; 87.300 km de routes d’intérêt local ou de desserte agricole En termes d activités aéronautiques, la RDC est dotée de dix-neuf (19) aéroports commerciaux dont quatre internationaux en service (Kinshasa/N’djili, Goma, Kisangani et Lubumbashi).', '7.400 km de voiries urbaines ; 87.300 km de routes d’intérêt local ou de desserte agricole En termes d activités aéronautiques, la RDC est dotée de dix-neuf (19) aéroports commerciaux dont quatre internationaux en service (Kinshasa/N’djili, Goma, Kisangani et Lubumbashi). Au moins onze compagnies aériennes (Congo Airways) et privées, opèrent pour le vol de passagers et l affrètement des marchandises vers tous les aéroports situés en RDC. En 2016, plus de 1,77 millions de passagers aériens ont été dénombrées contre 1,61 en 2010 (Rapport ODD, 2020).Quant aux activités fluviales et lacustres, la RDC dispose de près de vingt ports services ou ports commerciaux fonctionnels dont notamment Matadi, Boma, Kinshasa, Ilebo, Kalemie, Uvira, Goma, Bukavu, Kisangani, Mbandaka, Ubundu, Kindu, et Mushimbakye à Baraka, etc.', 'En 2016, plus de 1,77 millions de passagers aériens ont été dénombrées contre 1,61 en 2010 (Rapport ODD, 2020).Quant aux activités fluviales et lacustres, la RDC dispose de près de vingt ports services ou ports commerciaux fonctionnels dont notamment Matadi, Boma, Kinshasa, Ilebo, Kalemie, Uvira, Goma, Bukavu, Kisangani, Mbandaka, Ubundu, Kindu, et Mushimbakye à Baraka, etc. Ces ports sont pour la plupart sous l’autorité de la Société Congolaise des Transports et Ports (SCTP). Les principaux ports dans le Sud-Est du pays sont régis par la Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo (SNCC). Le port de Matadi est le point d entrée et de sortie industriel du pays. Il est relié au port de Kinshasa par la route et le chemin de fer.', 'Il est relié au port de Kinshasa par la route et le chemin de fer. Le port de Kinshasa accueille environ 78% des bateaux en provenance de l’intérieur du pays. Bien que le tissu industriel de la RDC demeure embryonnaire, ce secteur, tout comme l’agriculture, les infrastructures, l’énergie, la santé, l’enseignement, l’habitat et d’autres, est une priorité du Gouvernement de la RDC. La stratégie de développement du secteur industriel est principalement axée sur la création des Zones Économiques Spéciales (ZES), des parcs agro- industriels et des pôles de croissance. Le déficit en infrastructure influe sur le développement industriel de la RDC, particulièrement de la manufacture. Cette dernière ne représente que 14% du PIB en 2018, soit moins de 12 USD par habitant.', 'Cette dernière ne représente que 14% du PIB en 2018, soit moins de 12 USD par habitant. Ce faible niveau illustre les difficultés évidentes que rencontrent les entrepreneurs, notamment sur le plan d’accès à l’électricité et des infrastructures de transports publiques (routes, voies ferrées, aéroports, fluvial et lacustre). Les répercussions sont éloquentes notamment en termes de compétitivité économique et d’emplois créés. L’emploi dans la manufacture ne représente que moins de 7% de l’emploi total. L’enjeu pour le Gouvernement est de poursuivre la diversification des sources de croissance et d’emploi en accompagnant de manière volontariste ce sous-secteur et d’améliorer le climat des affaires pour attirer davantage d’investissements directs étrangers (IDE) (Rapport ODD, 2020).', 'L’enjeu pour le Gouvernement est de poursuivre la diversification des sources de croissance et d’emploi en accompagnant de manière volontariste ce sous-secteur et d’améliorer le climat des affaires pour attirer davantage d’investissements directs étrangers (IDE) (Rapport ODD, 2020). En ce qui concerne la production minière, la RDC est « un scandale géologique » tant ses ressources minières sont importantes et diverses (Cuivre, cobalt, colombo-tantalite, or, diamants). Moteur de croissance et important contributeur au Budget national, le secteur minier de la RDC compte parmi les secteurs stratégiques du pays. Selon les statistiques, de 2003 à 2017, la production minière est passée de 9.370 tonnes à plus d’un million de tonnes de cuivre ! Soit un accroissement de 10,75 % (INS, 2017). 3.', 'Soit un accroissement de 10,75 % (INS, 2017). 3. Vision de la RDC dans le domaine des changements climatiques La vision de la RDC en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques est de promouvoir une économie verte, à faible émission de carbone et résiliente aux impacts des changements climatiques, tout en gérant rationnellement et durablement ses importantes ressources naturelles afin de garantir l’équilibre écologique et le bien-être social, économique, culturel et environnemental de sa population.En effet, la RDC, comme l’ensemble des Parties à la CCNUCC, s est résolument engagée à prendre des mesures urgentes pour atténuer ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et s adapter aux effets des changements climatiques, conformément à l Accord de Paris spécialement dans son article 4. 17.', 'Vision de la RDC dans le domaine des changements climatiques La vision de la RDC en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques est de promouvoir une économie verte, à faible émission de carbone et résiliente aux impacts des changements climatiques, tout en gérant rationnellement et durablement ses importantes ressources naturelles afin de garantir l’équilibre écologique et le bien-être social, économique, culturel et environnemental de sa population.En effet, la RDC, comme l’ensemble des Parties à la CCNUCC, s est résolument engagée à prendre des mesures urgentes pour atténuer ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et s adapter aux effets des changements climatiques, conformément à l Accord de Paris spécialement dans son article 4. 17. A cet effet, la RDC a ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1997, le Protocole de Kyoto en 2005 et l Accord de Paris en 2017.', 'A cet effet, la RDC a ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) en 1997, le Protocole de Kyoto en 2005 et l Accord de Paris en 2017. En outre, elle a soumis à la CCNUCC ses trois premières communications nationales à la CCNUCC, respectivement en 2001, en 2009 et en 2015 et son Programme d Action National d Adaptation (PANA) en 2006. Elle a également soumis son Niveau des Emissions de Référence des Forêts (NERF) en 2018. Bien que ses émissions des gaz à effet de serre soient parmi les plus faibles au monde (MEDD, 2015), la RDC est très vulnérable aux impacts des changements climatiques. Par conséquent, l adaptation aux changements climatiques est une préoccupation majeure et une priorité pour le pays.', 'Par conséquent, l adaptation aux changements climatiques est une préoccupation majeure et une priorité pour le pays. La contribution de la RDC aux changements climatiques en termes d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) est relativement faible, bien que les émissions provenant de l agriculture, de la déforestation, de l utilisation des terres, de la consommation d énergie, et des déchets constituent une part importante de son empreinte carbone, pour exiger une action climatique appropriée. 4. Processus de révision de la CDN En 2015, la RDC a soumis à la CCNUCC sa Contribution Prévue Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CPDN), définissant ses objectifs d adaptation et d atténuation. Celle-ci devînt en 2017 sa première CDN et ce, conformément à l Accord de Paris.', 'Celle-ci devînt en 2017 sa première CDN et ce, conformément à l Accord de Paris. Cette première CDN a reposé sur la troisième communication nationale de la RDC soumise à la CCNUCC en 2014, ainsi que sur d autres politiques sectorielles, telle que la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD+ (MEDD, 2012) et autres documents nationaux clés d orientation. La cible visée de réduction, entièrement conditionnelle, était de 17% prenant en compte trois principaux secteurs que sont Energie, Agriculture et Forêt associés aux gaz suivants : le CO2, le CH4 et le N2O sur la période 2021-2030.', 'La cible visée de réduction, entièrement conditionnelle, était de 17% prenant en compte trois principaux secteurs que sont Energie, Agriculture et Forêt associés aux gaz suivants : le CO2, le CH4 et le N2O sur la période 2021-2030. La présente CDN, dont la cible de réduction fixée à 21% (conditionnelle à 19%, et inconditionnelle à 2%), actualise et renforce la première en termes des contributions à l atténuation et à l adaptation, d’une part, et par une collecte de données améliorée, une analyse technique approfondie et un engagement étendu des parties prenantes d’autre part. Elle inclut, outre les trois secteurs précités (Agriculture, Forêts et Energie), celui de Déchets. 17 Accord de Paris, adopté par la décision 1/CP.214.1.1.', '17 Accord de Paris, adopté par la décision 1/CP.214.1.1. Prévision des émissions du statu quo (BAU) Les contributions à l atténuation présentées dans cette CDN révisée sont basées sur la prospective d une réduction relative des émissions de GES entre 2018-2030 par rapport aux émissions de référence estimées en utilisant les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC18 représentant la trajectoire nationale en l absence des mesures d atténuation (BAU). Cela nécessite l élaboration de prévisions sectorielles BAU des activités et des émissions associées tout au long de la période d’engagement de la CDN ; le suivi ultérieur des progrès par rapport à cette base de référence grâce à la mise en œuvre de projets d atténuation nécessitera la mise à jour continue du scénario d’abattement.', 'Cela nécessite l élaboration de prévisions sectorielles BAU des activités et des émissions associées tout au long de la période d’engagement de la CDN ; le suivi ultérieur des progrès par rapport à cette base de référence grâce à la mise en œuvre de projets d atténuation nécessitera la mise à jour continue du scénario d’abattement. Les projections utilisées dans cette CDN révisée sont construites grâce à une extrapolation des émissions de la période de référence du premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé et des inventaires nationaux des gaz à effet de serre de la RDC.', 'Les projections utilisées dans cette CDN révisée sont construites grâce à une extrapolation des émissions de la période de référence du premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé et des inventaires nationaux des gaz à effet de serre de la RDC. Celle-ci est une projection linéaire, simple, transparente, intuitive et facilement reproductible à moyen terme jusqu en 2030, basée sur la méthodologie de niveau 1 du GIEC, dont elles évolueront selon un scénario de type business-as- usual (cours normal des affaires sans mesures d’atténuation). Une modélisation spécifique au secteur de l’énergie, basée sur le Modèle pour l’Analyse de la Demande d’Énergie (logiciel MAED-2, IAEA, 2007), a été entreprise pour estimer le potentiel actuel d atténuation dans ce secteur.', 'Une modélisation spécifique au secteur de l’énergie, basée sur le Modèle pour l’Analyse de la Demande d’Énergie (logiciel MAED-2, IAEA, 2007), a été entreprise pour estimer le potentiel actuel d atténuation dans ce secteur. Le logiciel MAED-2 évalue la demande future en énergie sur la base de scénarios de développement socio-économique, technologique et démographique à moyen et long-terme. Dans ce cadre deux scénarios ont été élaborés : le scénario BAU et le scénario d’abattement. Le modèle relie de manière systématique la demande spécifique d’énergie pour produire différents biens et services identifiés dans le modèle, aux facteurs sociaux, économiques et technologiques correspondants qui affectent cette demande. Pour les autres secteurs les scénarios BAU et d’abattement ont été construits à partir des outils de modélisation linéaire. 4.1.2.', 'Pour les autres secteurs les scénarios BAU et d’abattement ont été construits à partir des outils de modélisation linéaire. 4.1.2. Modélisation des émissions nationales Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PNSD de la RDC, trois scénarios de développement possibles ont été envisagés pour caractériser les évolutions possibles de l’économie : le scénario de la continuité aussi appelé scénario de cours normal des affaires - BAU, le scénario qui traduit la vision du gouvernement (scénario optimiste) et le scénario intermédiaire entre les deux premiers, scénario alternatif. (i) Scénario de la continuité19 Ce scénario se fonde sur une continuité de la situation actuelle dans laquelle le rythme de croissance économique est certes important mais pâtit des fluctuations liées aux tournures hasardeuses des marchés mondiaux.', '(i) Scénario de la continuité19 Ce scénario se fonde sur une continuité de la situation actuelle dans laquelle le rythme de croissance économique est certes important mais pâtit des fluctuations liées aux tournures hasardeuses des marchés mondiaux. A la lumière du profil de croissance, la RDC ne pourra pas devenir un pays émergeant en 2030 et un pays développé en 2050 si des changements profonds ne sont pas envisagés dans la conduite des politiques publiques. Les réformes demandent à être approfondies pour une gouvernance plus efficace. Des transformations de taille devraient être opérées au niveau de l’appareil de production, de même faudra-t-il accroître de manière substantielle la qualité du capital humain.', 'Des transformations de taille devraient être opérées au niveau de l’appareil de production, de même faudra-t-il accroître de manière substantielle la qualité du capital humain. Les principales hypothèses sur lesquelles repose ce scénario sont les suivantes : - Le secteur minier continue à être le principal levier de la croissance économique mais voit sa contribution diminuer progressivement ; - L’activité agricole continue à se développer mais son expansion n’est pas très importante ; - L’industrie manufacturière continue à jouer un rôle marginal dans la croissance économique et continue à subir les affres de la concurrence étrangère ; - Le secteur des services continue son expansion, essentiellement à partir du commerce de gros et de détail (sur fond d’une détérioration du compte courant) et des transports et télécoms ; - Les recettes fiscales issues de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles demeurent marginales ; - Les progrès s’observent dans le domaine de la gouvernance (politique et économique) mais ils sont relativement lents et limitent le taux d’investissement total ; - La population continue à croître au taux moyen annuel de 3 % comme ce fût le cas durant ces quinze dernières années, ce qui suppose que l’indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) n’a pratiquement pas changé ; - Les mouvements de populations dû aux conflits se résorbe et le tissu social se reconstruit ; - La situation politico-sécuritaire du pays est stable ainsi que celle de la région Afrique- centrale.', 'Les principales hypothèses sur lesquelles repose ce scénario sont les suivantes : - Le secteur minier continue à être le principal levier de la croissance économique mais voit sa contribution diminuer progressivement ; - L’activité agricole continue à se développer mais son expansion n’est pas très importante ; - L’industrie manufacturière continue à jouer un rôle marginal dans la croissance économique et continue à subir les affres de la concurrence étrangère ; - Le secteur des services continue son expansion, essentiellement à partir du commerce de gros et de détail (sur fond d’une détérioration du compte courant) et des transports et télécoms ; - Les recettes fiscales issues de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles demeurent marginales ; - Les progrès s’observent dans le domaine de la gouvernance (politique et économique) mais ils sont relativement lents et limitent le taux d’investissement total ; - La population continue à croître au taux moyen annuel de 3 % comme ce fût le cas durant ces quinze dernières années, ce qui suppose que l’indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) n’a pratiquement pas changé ; - Les mouvements de populations dû aux conflits se résorbe et le tissu social se reconstruit ; - La situation politico-sécuritaire du pays est stable ainsi que celle de la région Afrique- centrale. (ii) Scénario traduisant la vision du gouvernement.', '(ii) Scénario traduisant la vision du gouvernement. Ce deuxième scénario est optimiste en ce qu’il se propose de mettre en évidence les différents efforts à conjuguer par les autorités. Pour que la RDC se développe en 2050 suivant les séquences définies par le gouvernement, il faudrait envisager – courageusement et sans relâche – un ensemble d’actions cohérentes et soutenues dans le temps pour changer son paysage tant politique qu’institutionnel, économique et financier. Le maintien de la paix et le renforcement de la sécurité des personnes et de leurs biens constituent deux éléments fondamentaux de l’action à mener par le gouvernement pour bien engager le pays sur la trajectoire du développement.', 'Le maintien de la paix et le renforcement de la sécurité des personnes et de leurs biens constituent deux éléments fondamentaux de l’action à mener par le gouvernement pour bien engager le pays sur la trajectoire du développement. Au plan macroéconomique, il faudrait que l’inflation soit contenue et que le taux de change ne connaisse pas de glissements majeurs. Il faudrait pour ce faire, élargir considérablement l’espace budgétaire 19 Vision de la RDC à l’horizon 2050, (PNSD, 2016)de l’Etat, améliorer la qualité (ou l’efficacité) de la dépense publique, constituer d’importants stabilisateurs budgétaires et les utiliser à bon escient, en cas de chocs exogènes. (iii) Scénario alternatif.', 'Il faudrait pour ce faire, élargir considérablement l’espace budgétaire 19 Vision de la RDC à l’horizon 2050, (PNSD, 2016)de l’Etat, améliorer la qualité (ou l’efficacité) de la dépense publique, constituer d’importants stabilisateurs budgétaires et les utiliser à bon escient, en cas de chocs exogènes. (iii) Scénario alternatif. Dans ce troisième scénario, qualifié d’alternatif, on postule que le pays devient un pays à revenu intermédiaire en 2025 et émergeant en 2030 au lieu de 2030. En 2050, le pays devient développé. Ce changement d’horizons temporels des progrès escomptés a une incidence sur les taux de croissance à afficher par l’économie ainsi que sur les politiques à mener.', 'Ce changement d’horizons temporels des progrès escomptés a une incidence sur les taux de croissance à afficher par l’économie ainsi que sur les politiques à mener. En dépit du changement de la longueur de la première séquence de la trajectoire, il faudrait conjuguer des efforts considérables pour que la RDC progresse comme l’entend son gouvernement. Au plan macroéconomique, il y aura nécessité de maintenir la rigueur dans la gestion des finances publiques et d’avoir de la flexibilité dans la conduite de la politique monétaire car les performances en termes de croissance requièrent une inflation ne dépassant pas 3,5 % en moyenne et un taux de change dont le glissement ne dépasserait pas 1,5 %.', 'Au plan macroéconomique, il y aura nécessité de maintenir la rigueur dans la gestion des finances publiques et d’avoir de la flexibilité dans la conduite de la politique monétaire car les performances en termes de croissance requièrent une inflation ne dépassant pas 3,5 % en moyenne et un taux de change dont le glissement ne dépasserait pas 1,5 %. Les principales hypothèses retenues pour développer ce scénario sont les suivantes : - L’agriculture subit des transformations majeures et devient l’un des principaux piliers de la croissance économique et de la création des emplois ; - Les industries extractives continuent à être dynamiques grâce à un élargissement de la chaîne de création des valeurs et une plus grande exploitation efficace des hydrocarbures ; - Le secteur de la construction et travaux publics connaît une expansion remarquable grâce aux efforts conjugués pour élargir l’espace fiscal de l’Etat et mobiliser de nouvelles sources de financement des infrastructures (PPP et emprunts souverains viables) ; - Les industries manufacturières se développent à un rythme soutenu et arrivent à pénétrer d’autres marchés ; - Le secteur tertiaire reste dynamique grâce aux effets de la reconstruction, de la modernisation et du développement des infrastructures ; - La structure du PIB change progressivement (le secteur secondaire deviendra le principal pilier de la croissance en 2050) ; - La gouvernance connaît des améliorations rapides et soutenues sur fond d’un ensemble cohérent de réformes qui touchent les institutions et le fonctionnement de l’économie ; - Des politiques sociales sont efficacement mises en œuvre pour baisser l’ISF et tirer meilleure partie du dividende démographique ; - Le retour des populations déplacées est possible ; - Le contexte politico-sécuritaire est serein aussi bien dans le pays qu’en Afrique centrale.', 'Les principales hypothèses retenues pour développer ce scénario sont les suivantes : - L’agriculture subit des transformations majeures et devient l’un des principaux piliers de la croissance économique et de la création des emplois ; - Les industries extractives continuent à être dynamiques grâce à un élargissement de la chaîne de création des valeurs et une plus grande exploitation efficace des hydrocarbures ; - Le secteur de la construction et travaux publics connaît une expansion remarquable grâce aux efforts conjugués pour élargir l’espace fiscal de l’Etat et mobiliser de nouvelles sources de financement des infrastructures (PPP et emprunts souverains viables) ; - Les industries manufacturières se développent à un rythme soutenu et arrivent à pénétrer d’autres marchés ; - Le secteur tertiaire reste dynamique grâce aux effets de la reconstruction, de la modernisation et du développement des infrastructures ; - La structure du PIB change progressivement (le secteur secondaire deviendra le principal pilier de la croissance en 2050) ; - La gouvernance connaît des améliorations rapides et soutenues sur fond d’un ensemble cohérent de réformes qui touchent les institutions et le fonctionnement de l’économie ; - Des politiques sociales sont efficacement mises en œuvre pour baisser l’ISF et tirer meilleure partie du dividende démographique ; - Le retour des populations déplacées est possible ; - Le contexte politico-sécuritaire est serein aussi bien dans le pays qu’en Afrique centrale. Des trois scénarii du PNSD seul le scénario alternatif a été pris en compte dans le secteur de l’énergie et considéré comme le scénario BAU.', 'Des trois scénarii du PNSD seul le scénario alternatif a été pris en compte dans le secteur de l’énergie et considéré comme le scénario BAU. L analyse utilisée pour développer cette CDN révisée a impliqué l identification d une gamme d options d atténuation (Scénario Abattement) au sein de chacun des secteurs de la CDN pour un examen plus approfondi et une analyse quantitative.Scénario Abattement Ce scénario se propose de mettre en évidence les différents efforts à conjuguer par le gouvernement de la RDC pour arriver à une diminution progressive et sensible des émissions de GES dans les principaux secteurs émetteurs.', 'L analyse utilisée pour développer cette CDN révisée a impliqué l identification d une gamme d options d atténuation (Scénario Abattement) au sein de chacun des secteurs de la CDN pour un examen plus approfondi et une analyse quantitative.Scénario Abattement Ce scénario se propose de mettre en évidence les différents efforts à conjuguer par le gouvernement de la RDC pour arriver à une diminution progressive et sensible des émissions de GES dans les principaux secteurs émetteurs. Les abattements utilisés dans cette CDN révisée s appuient sur les hypothèses ci-dessous et la renforcent de plusieurs manières : - Dans le domaine de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres, l’hypothèse est basée sur la stratégie REDD + qui s’est appuyée sur les études de McKinsey et al (2009)20 et aussi des hypothèses envisagées dans le document du NERF dont les projections de la croissance annuelle des émissions dues à la déforestation sont estimée à 50 MtCO2e ; - Dans ce secteur forestier, on pourrait obtenir un cumul de réduction des émissions de 2,2 à - La part des émissions ne pouvant pas faire l’objet d’une réduction pourra être compensée par les effets des projets d’afforestation et de reforestation destinés à la séquestration de carbone, à hauteur d’un potentiel cumulé de séquestration estimé de 1,2 à 1,4 Gt CO2e ; - A l’horizon 2030, l’effet conjugué des leviers d’atténuation et de séquestration potentiels pourrait à la fois compenser le total des émissions estimées de 410 à 700 Mt CO2e selon le scénario de référence BAU, et constituer un puits de carbone d’une capacité de l’ordre de - Le scénario de référence BAU de l’évolution de la dégradation et de la déforestation en RDC et des émissions y afférentes, a été développé sur la base d’hypothèses ‘volontaristes’ de développement socio-économique et démographique du pays.', 'Les abattements utilisés dans cette CDN révisée s appuient sur les hypothèses ci-dessous et la renforcent de plusieurs manières : - Dans le domaine de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres, l’hypothèse est basée sur la stratégie REDD + qui s’est appuyée sur les études de McKinsey et al (2009)20 et aussi des hypothèses envisagées dans le document du NERF dont les projections de la croissance annuelle des émissions dues à la déforestation sont estimée à 50 MtCO2e ; - Dans ce secteur forestier, on pourrait obtenir un cumul de réduction des émissions de 2,2 à - La part des émissions ne pouvant pas faire l’objet d’une réduction pourra être compensée par les effets des projets d’afforestation et de reforestation destinés à la séquestration de carbone, à hauteur d’un potentiel cumulé de séquestration estimé de 1,2 à 1,4 Gt CO2e ; - A l’horizon 2030, l’effet conjugué des leviers d’atténuation et de séquestration potentiels pourrait à la fois compenser le total des émissions estimées de 410 à 700 Mt CO2e selon le scénario de référence BAU, et constituer un puits de carbone d’une capacité de l’ordre de - Le scénario de référence BAU de l’évolution de la dégradation et de la déforestation en RDC et des émissions y afférentes, a été développé sur la base d’hypothèses ‘volontaristes’ de développement socio-économique et démographique du pays. Dans ce scénario, la déforestation atteindrait 12 à 13 millions ha d’ici 2030, et la dégradation 21 à 22 millions ha.', 'Dans ce scénario, la déforestation atteindrait 12 à 13 millions ha d’ici 2030, et la dégradation 21 à 22 millions ha. - En agriculture, il est envisagé de doubler les superficies cultivées de 8 à 16 millions d’hectares, pour observer une croissance accélérée (+6%/an) et ainsi assurer l’équilibre alimentaire d’ici 2025 (nourrir 116 millions de consommateurs) et ce, grâce à une modernisation du secteur. - Dans le secteur Energie, les efforts d’atténuation pourront être concentrés dans le secteur industries, transport et résidentiel avec les hypothèses suivantes : \uf02d Diminution plus accentuée des intensités énergétiques des produits pétroliers, des utilisations spécifiques de l’électricité, de l’utilisation de la chaleur. Ceci traduit une amélioration de l’intensité énergetique beaucoup plus efficace de l’économie.', 'Ceci traduit une amélioration de l’intensité énergetique beaucoup plus efficace de l’économie. \uf02d Dans le secteur agricole l’abattement va beaucoup plus concerner la gestion des résidus agricoles car le programme de développement agricole prévoit une augmentation des superficies \uf02d Dans le secteur déchet, pour le scénario d’abattement (organisation du secteur : accès des 60% de ménages au système de gestion de déchets et ce, en développant des mécanismes opérationnels dans au moins 10 provinces. 20 Méthodologie provenant de la « McKinsey GHG Abatement Cost Curve V2.0 », McKinsey & Company, 2009Pour ce volet adaptation, l’approche méthodologique a consisté à un examen approfondi des documents pertinents sur l adaptation aux changements climatiques.', '20 Méthodologie provenant de la « McKinsey GHG Abatement Cost Curve V2.0 », McKinsey & Company, 2009Pour ce volet adaptation, l’approche méthodologique a consisté à un examen approfondi des documents pertinents sur l adaptation aux changements climatiques. Les différentes communications nationales soumises par la RDC à la CCNUC nous ont permis d’avoir un aperçu plus ou moins large sur le degré de vulnérabilité des différents acteurs et secteurs économiques directement affectés par les changements climatiques et les risques de catastrophes ainsi que les mesures proposées pour y faire face.', 'Les différentes communications nationales soumises par la RDC à la CCNUC nous ont permis d’avoir un aperçu plus ou moins large sur le degré de vulnérabilité des différents acteurs et secteurs économiques directement affectés par les changements climatiques et les risques de catastrophes ainsi que les mesures proposées pour y faire face. Les leçons apprises du PANA (agriculture, protection de la zone côtière et femmes et enfants) ont permis de comprendre la pertinence des actions envisagées et les mesures à envisager pour plus d’efficacité et d’efficience dans le renforcement de la résilience face aux effets des changements climatiques.', 'Les leçons apprises du PANA (agriculture, protection de la zone côtière et femmes et enfants) ont permis de comprendre la pertinence des actions envisagées et les mesures à envisager pour plus d’efficacité et d’efficience dans le renforcement de la résilience face aux effets des changements climatiques. De plus, les résultats du processus d’élaboration du PNA initial de la RDC et des différentes études spécifiques menées à cet effet, notamment (i) l’évaluation institutionnelle des entraves et besoins pour l’intégration de l’adaptation dans la planification du développement ; (ii) l’évaluation des besoins en capacités humaines ; (iii) la prise en compte du genre et des Peuples Autochtones dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation ; et (iv) les opportunités de l’implication du secteur privé dans le financement de l’adaptation, ont permis d’approfondir la réflexion sur les actions pertinentes envisagées dans cette CDN et l’établissement des besoins de financement.', 'De plus, les résultats du processus d’élaboration du PNA initial de la RDC et des différentes études spécifiques menées à cet effet, notamment (i) l’évaluation institutionnelle des entraves et besoins pour l’intégration de l’adaptation dans la planification du développement ; (ii) l’évaluation des besoins en capacités humaines ; (iii) la prise en compte du genre et des Peuples Autochtones dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation ; et (iv) les opportunités de l’implication du secteur privé dans le financement de l’adaptation, ont permis d’approfondir la réflexion sur les actions pertinentes envisagées dans cette CDN et l’établissement des besoins de financement. Enfin, la sélection des interventions d adaptation, des paramètres comprenant les indicateurs, les bases de référence, les jalons et les cibles a été menée à travers des ateliers, suivie de consultations approfondies avec des équipes d experts sectoriels à travers diverses discussions itératives avec des acteurs de différents ministères sectoriels et les délégués de la société civile.', 'Enfin, la sélection des interventions d adaptation, des paramètres comprenant les indicateurs, les bases de référence, les jalons et les cibles a été menée à travers des ateliers, suivie de consultations approfondies avec des équipes d experts sectoriels à travers diverses discussions itératives avec des acteurs de différents ministères sectoriels et les délégués de la société civile. 5. Contribution à l atténuation La RDC, Partie à la CCNUCC, a initié des efforts pour mettre en œuvre des activités qui conduisent à une réduction des émissions en fonction de ses circonstances et capacités nationales. Cette section est constituée d’un bref rappel sur l’analyse de la tendance des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les secteurs dont les mesures sont identifiées et propose des stratégies d’atténuation conséquentes.', 'Cette section est constituée d’un bref rappel sur l’analyse de la tendance des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les secteurs dont les mesures sont identifiées et propose des stratégies d’atténuation conséquentes. Elle présente en plus les autres initiatives relatives aux actions d’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre en RDC. Les mesures d atténuation mises en œuvre par la RDC portent principalement sur le secteur de la foresterie, notamment la mise en œuvre de sa stratégie nationale de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts (REDD+). Outre la stratégie REDD+, la contribution déterminée à l’échelle nationale de la RDC, présente certaines mesures et actions d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie, des transports, de l agriculture et des déchets.', 'Outre la stratégie REDD+, la contribution déterminée à l’échelle nationale de la RDC, présente certaines mesures et actions d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie, des transports, de l agriculture et des déchets. Cependant, à ce jour, ces peu d’initiatives sont moins documentées. Toutefois, la RDC s est engagée à améliorer son système de collecte et de gestion des données et à formaliser les arrangementsinstitutionnels qui soutiennent la collecte, l analyse, le traitement et la communication d informations à long terme sur les mesures d atténuation et les efforts pour explorer les co-bénéfices y associés. En outre, la RDC ne dispose pas de méthodologie spécifique et hypothèses associées pour évaluer les effets des actions envisagées.', 'En outre, la RDC ne dispose pas de méthodologie spécifique et hypothèses associées pour évaluer les effets des actions envisagées. Par conséquent, le renforcement des capacités en faveur des promoteurs des projets et différentes parties prenantes s’avère indispensable au niveau national pour améliorer le suivi et la notification des activités sectorielles d atténuation. 5.1. Analyse des tendances des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES). Les Lignes Directrices 1996 révisées du GIEC ont été mises en œuvre pour l’estimation des émissions de GES reportées dans les trois précédentes Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques de la RDC.', 'Les Lignes Directrices 1996 révisées du GIEC ont été mises en œuvre pour l’estimation des émissions de GES reportées dans les trois précédentes Communications Nationales sur les changements climatiques de la RDC. Le premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé par contre est basée sur l’approche de niveau 1 du GIEC conformément aux Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et ses améliorations21. . L’analyse de la tendance historique des émissions des GES, réalisée dans le cadre du 1er Rapport Biennal Actualisé de la RDC, qui se veut pays émergeant à l’horizon 2030 et ce, dans une vision de développement vers une économie de plus en plus décarbonnée, montre que, durant la période de 2000-2018 (tableau 3), les émissions du pays sont prédominées par le secteur « Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) » avec près de 86% des émissions, suivi de loin par les secteurs Déchet, Energie et Agriculture avec respectivement 11%, 0,86% et 0,61%.', 'Le premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé par contre est basée sur l’approche de niveau 1 du GIEC conformément aux Lignes Directrices 2006 du GIEC et ses améliorations21. . L’analyse de la tendance historique des émissions des GES, réalisée dans le cadre du 1er Rapport Biennal Actualisé de la RDC, qui se veut pays émergeant à l’horizon 2030 et ce, dans une vision de développement vers une économie de plus en plus décarbonnée, montre que, durant la période de 2000-2018 (tableau 3), les émissions du pays sont prédominées par le secteur « Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (FAT) » avec près de 86% des émissions, suivi de loin par les secteurs Déchet, Energie et Agriculture avec respectivement 11%, 0,86% et 0,61%. Tableau 2: Évolution des émissions de GES de la RDC par secteurs pour la période 2000-2018 (Mt éq-CO2) Energie PIUP22 Agriculture Foret Déchet 21IPCC 2019, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds).', 'Tableau 2: Évolution des émissions de GES de la RDC par secteurs pour la période 2000-2018 (Mt éq-CO2) Energie PIUP22 Agriculture Foret Déchet 21IPCC 2019, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland.', 'Tableau 2: Évolution des émissions de GES de la RDC par secteurs pour la période 2000-2018 (Mt éq-CO2) Energie PIUP22 Agriculture Foret Déchet 21IPCC 2019, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland. 22 Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des ProduitsEnergie PIUP22 Agriculture Foret Déchet La tendance à l’augmentation des émissions des GES des secteurs hors forêt, c’est-à-dire l’énergie avec les transports, le résidentiel, et l’industrie manufacturière, les Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des produits (PIUP), l’agriculture et le traitement des déchets, est expliquée dans le tableau 2 ci-après : Tableau 3: Contribution des secteurs hors forêts à la tendance des émissions Secteur Catégories Contributions aux émissions Energie Transport La flotte des véhicules est constituée essentiellement des véhicules de seconde main mais aussi, par l’augmentation de possession de véhicule personnelle Industrie manufacturière La mise en service sporadique des centrales thermiques pour compenser les coupures intempestives de la fourniture de l’hydroélectricité dans les industries Agriculture Fermentation entérique Types de fourrages à base d’herbe (herbe fraîche), les émissions de méthane par kg de matière sèche ingérée varient assez peu.', '22 Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des ProduitsEnergie PIUP22 Agriculture Foret Déchet La tendance à l’augmentation des émissions des GES des secteurs hors forêt, c’est-à-dire l’énergie avec les transports, le résidentiel, et l’industrie manufacturière, les Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des produits (PIUP), l’agriculture et le traitement des déchets, est expliquée dans le tableau 2 ci-après : Tableau 3: Contribution des secteurs hors forêts à la tendance des émissions Secteur Catégories Contributions aux émissions Energie Transport La flotte des véhicules est constituée essentiellement des véhicules de seconde main mais aussi, par l’augmentation de possession de véhicule personnelle Industrie manufacturière La mise en service sporadique des centrales thermiques pour compenser les coupures intempestives de la fourniture de l’hydroélectricité dans les industries Agriculture Fermentation entérique Types de fourrages à base d’herbe (herbe fraîche), les émissions de méthane par kg de matière sèche ingérée varient assez peu. En fait, les fourrages les plus digestibles émettent plus par kg de matière sèche ingérée que les fourrages les moins digestibles, mais ils fournissent également plus de nutriments énergétiques (acides gras volatils).', 'En fait, les fourrages les plus digestibles émettent plus par kg de matière sèche ingérée que les fourrages les moins digestibles, mais ils fournissent également plus de nutriments énergétiques (acides gras volatils). Gestion des sols agricoles Augmentation continue des superficies agricoles, plus caractérisées par une augmentation du nombre d’exploitations agricoles, constituées des abattis dans la zone forestière et le long des grands cours d’eau à l’intérieur du pays, tout ceci étant lié à un fort taux de croissance démographique Brulage de résidus agricoles La culture du riz Augmentation de périmètre irrigué de riziculture et de la demande Déchets Sites d’évacuation de déchets solides Liée à l’augmentation de la population et la non-organisation du secteurSecteur Catégories Contributions aux émissions Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des produits La production du ciment Augmentation de la demande immobilière et du nombre d’unité de production du ciment à travers le pays La production de chaux L’augmentation des émissions de méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) dans le secteur résidentiel, due à la croissance démographique est consécutive à la forte demande du bois énergie, notamment pour la satisfaction de besoins de cuisson dans les ménages.', 'Gestion des sols agricoles Augmentation continue des superficies agricoles, plus caractérisées par une augmentation du nombre d’exploitations agricoles, constituées des abattis dans la zone forestière et le long des grands cours d’eau à l’intérieur du pays, tout ceci étant lié à un fort taux de croissance démographique Brulage de résidus agricoles La culture du riz Augmentation de périmètre irrigué de riziculture et de la demande Déchets Sites d’évacuation de déchets solides Liée à l’augmentation de la population et la non-organisation du secteurSecteur Catégories Contributions aux émissions Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des produits La production du ciment Augmentation de la demande immobilière et du nombre d’unité de production du ciment à travers le pays La production de chaux L’augmentation des émissions de méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) dans le secteur résidentiel, due à la croissance démographique est consécutive à la forte demande du bois énergie, notamment pour la satisfaction de besoins de cuisson dans les ménages. 5.2.', 'Gestion des sols agricoles Augmentation continue des superficies agricoles, plus caractérisées par une augmentation du nombre d’exploitations agricoles, constituées des abattis dans la zone forestière et le long des grands cours d’eau à l’intérieur du pays, tout ceci étant lié à un fort taux de croissance démographique Brulage de résidus agricoles La culture du riz Augmentation de périmètre irrigué de riziculture et de la demande Déchets Sites d’évacuation de déchets solides Liée à l’augmentation de la population et la non-organisation du secteurSecteur Catégories Contributions aux émissions Procédés Industriels et Utilisations des produits La production du ciment Augmentation de la demande immobilière et du nombre d’unité de production du ciment à travers le pays La production de chaux L’augmentation des émissions de méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) dans le secteur résidentiel, due à la croissance démographique est consécutive à la forte demande du bois énergie, notamment pour la satisfaction de besoins de cuisson dans les ménages. 5.2. Mesures d’atténuation des GES sur la période 2021-2030 Vue la dynamique de développement dans laquelle la RDC s’engage à l’horizon 2030, ses efforts devront se matérialiser dans la mise en œuvre des diverses mesures d atténuation, principalement dans les secteurs Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres, et Déchets suivi de l’Energie et l’Agriculture.', 'Mesures d’atténuation des GES sur la période 2021-2030 Vue la dynamique de développement dans laquelle la RDC s’engage à l’horizon 2030, ses efforts devront se matérialiser dans la mise en œuvre des diverses mesures d atténuation, principalement dans les secteurs Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres, et Déchets suivi de l’Energie et l’Agriculture. C’est dans ce contexte que la RDC a élaboré sa Stratégie-cadre nationale REDD+ et celle de développement sobre en carbone pour laquelle deux mesures d’atténuation dans le cadre de l’initiative des mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMAs) ont été identifiées dans le secteur Énergie portant sur la récupération de gaz torché des plateformes d’exploitation pétrolière, à Muanda, et sur l’amélioration des techniques de carbonisation.', 'C’est dans ce contexte que la RDC a élaboré sa Stratégie-cadre nationale REDD+ et celle de développement sobre en carbone pour laquelle deux mesures d’atténuation dans le cadre de l’initiative des mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMAs) ont été identifiées dans le secteur Énergie portant sur la récupération de gaz torché des plateformes d’exploitation pétrolière, à Muanda, et sur l’amélioration des techniques de carbonisation. Aussi, la RDC compte mettre en œuvre une politique énergétique nationale cadre en matière d’énergie visant spécifiquement les stratégies de cuisson propre (GPL, cuisinière électrique, etc. ), tout en y associant les préoccupations de l’augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans son mix énergétique, de la promotion de l’efficacité énergétique, de l’amélioration des transports publics, et de la valorisation énergétique des déchets.', '), tout en y associant les préoccupations de l’augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans son mix énergétique, de la promotion de l’efficacité énergétique, de l’amélioration des transports publics, et de la valorisation énergétique des déchets. Ainsi, la RDC s’engage pour une contribution inconditionnelle et conditionnelle combinée à hauteur de 21% de réduction des émissions totale des GES par rapport au BAU en 2030 (19% conditionnel et 2% inconditionnel) équivalant à un niveau d atténuation estimé jusqu à 650 Mt CO2e à l’horizon 2030. Les principaux leviers d’intervention identifiés portent essentiellement sur : A. Volet I : Foresterie et activités liées à la forêt : Ce volet devrait contribuer de 182 à 192 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation des émissions en 2030 (McKinsey et al.,2009).', 'Les principaux leviers d’intervention identifiés portent essentiellement sur : A. Volet I : Foresterie et activités liées à la forêt : Ce volet devrait contribuer de 182 à 192 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation des émissions en 2030 (McKinsey et al.,2009). Ce potentiel a été estimé par activité forestière comme suit :i) Exploitation légale industrielle et artisanale : environ 19 Mt CO2e grâce à la réduction des volumes d’exploitation par ha à des niveaux d’exploitation durable et à émissions très limitées (de 15 à 10 m³ par hectare). ii) Exploitation illégale : potentiel de réduction d’environ 22 à 23 Mt CO2e. Ce potentiel se décompose en plusieurs leviers aux spécificités régionales.', 'Ce potentiel se décompose en plusieurs leviers aux spécificités régionales. Le premier porte sur l’éradication de l’exploitation illégale à destination des pays voisins (Rwanda, Burundi, Ouganda) grâce au renforcement des contrôles d’ici 2030 dans les provinces Nord et Sud Kivu ainsi que les provinces Tshopo, Ituri, Haut-Uele, Bas-Uele, et du Kongo-Central. Le second levier d’atténuation consiste à convertir l’exploitation illégale destinée aux marchés locaux en exploitation légale durable. Le troisième levier est la reforestation pour fournir durablement du bois d’œuvre de moindre qualité aux marchés locaux, essentiellement aux populations urbaines. iii)Autres activités de dégradation et déforestation liées aux activités de la population (chasse durable par exemple) ou à l’utilisation des techniques de lutte contre les feux de brousse.', 'iii)Autres activités de dégradation et déforestation liées aux activités de la population (chasse durable par exemple) ou à l’utilisation des techniques de lutte contre les feux de brousse. iv) Afforestation ou boisement : potentiel de réduction des émissions de 61 à 65 Mt CO2e sur des aires marginales (savanes arbustives et mosaïques savanes forêts) de l’ordre de 7 millions d’ha. v) Reforestation (reboisement) : potentiel de réduction des émissions de 80 à 84 Mt CO2e dans 4 millions d’ha de forêts dégradées ou déboisées. Dans ce contexte, la RDC envisage identifier spatialement ces forêts et les intégrer dans la législation nationale d’ici 2025 et ainsi procéder à l’établissement d’au moins 2,5 millions d’hectares de concessions forestières communautaires locales d’ici 2025, suivant un guide de bonnes pratiques approuvé d’ici 2023.', 'Dans ce contexte, la RDC envisage identifier spatialement ces forêts et les intégrer dans la législation nationale d’ici 2025 et ainsi procéder à l’établissement d’au moins 2,5 millions d’hectares de concessions forestières communautaires locales d’ici 2025, suivant un guide de bonnes pratiques approuvé d’ici 2023. B. Volet II : Agriculture et Elevage en milieu forestier : quatre leviers d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 180 à 187 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation (McKinsey et i) Agriculture vivrière : principalement itinérante et sur brûlis : potentiel de réduction des émissions de 15 à 17 Mt CO2e en 2030, fondé sur un programme d’amélioration de la productivité touchant 50% des exploitations vivrières.', 'B. Volet II : Agriculture et Elevage en milieu forestier : quatre leviers d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 180 à 187 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation (McKinsey et i) Agriculture vivrière : principalement itinérante et sur brûlis : potentiel de réduction des émissions de 15 à 17 Mt CO2e en 2030, fondé sur un programme d’amélioration de la productivité touchant 50% des exploitations vivrières. ii) Agriculture commerciale extensive à petite échelle, destinée principalement au marché local : potentiel de réduction d’environ 65 à 70 Mt CO2e, lié à la mise en place de deux types de programmes pour l’accroissement de la productivité et touchant environ 75% des exploitations.', 'ii) Agriculture commerciale extensive à petite échelle, destinée principalement au marché local : potentiel de réduction d’environ 65 à 70 Mt CO2e, lié à la mise en place de deux types de programmes pour l’accroissement de la productivité et touchant environ 75% des exploitations. Le premier programme touchant environ 25% des exploitations vise la mise en place de programmes de vulgarisation et la fourniture d’intrants sur une période de 20 ans. Le deuxième programme vise à mettre en place des projets d’agrégation touchant 50% de la population. iii)Agriculture commerciale intensive, destinée principalement à l’export (huile de palme, cacao et café) : potentiel de réduction d’environ 80 Mt CO2e.', 'iii)Agriculture commerciale intensive, destinée principalement à l’export (huile de palme, cacao et café) : potentiel de réduction d’environ 80 Mt CO2e. Cette réduction découle de la relocalisation en savanes arbustives ou mosaïques savanes-forêts de nouvelles plantations qui auraient été établies dans des forêts primaires (causant une déforestation de 1,6 à 3 millions d’ha dans le scénario de référence). Les plantations réhabilitées sur des anciens sites (environ 1,6 million d’ha) ne sont pas considérées dans ce potentiel d’atténuation des émissions.iv) Elevage : potentiel de réduction d’environ 20 Mt CO2e.', 'Les plantations réhabilitées sur des anciens sites (environ 1,6 million d’ha) ne sont pas considérées dans ce potentiel d’atténuation des émissions.iv) Elevage : potentiel de réduction d’environ 20 Mt CO2e. Dans le cadre de la Lettre d’intention prévue pour signature entre la RDC et l’Initiative pour les forêts de l’Afrique centrale (CAFI) pour la période 2022-2031, la RDC s’engage à ne pas attribuer de concessions agricoles industrielles dans les forêts de grande valeur (dont la définition sera élaborée à travers un processus participatif national) et dans les tourbières ; à orienter le développement agricole en priorité vers les savanes.', 'Dans le cadre de la Lettre d’intention prévue pour signature entre la RDC et l’Initiative pour les forêts de l’Afrique centrale (CAFI) pour la période 2022-2031, la RDC s’engage à ne pas attribuer de concessions agricoles industrielles dans les forêts de grande valeur (dont la définition sera élaborée à travers un processus participatif national) et dans les tourbières ; à orienter le développement agricole en priorité vers les savanes. C. Volet III : Impacts de la croissance urbaine et des secteurs industriels sur la forêt : un levier d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 45 à 55 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation : Réduction de la demande en bois de chauffe non-durable, destiné principalement à la consommation de la population urbaine : environ 45 à 55 Mt CO2e (McKinsey et al.,2009).', 'C. Volet III : Impacts de la croissance urbaine et des secteurs industriels sur la forêt : un levier d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 45 à 55 Mt CO2e au potentiel total d’atténuation : Réduction de la demande en bois de chauffe non-durable, destiné principalement à la consommation de la population urbaine : environ 45 à 55 Mt CO2e (McKinsey et al.,2009). Cet objectif sera appuyé par l’engagement de la RDC dans la Lettre d’intention prévue pour signature avec CAFI pour la période 2022-2031, de diminution de 10% la part du bois-énergie non durable dans deux grands centres urbains d’ici 2025 et de 50% dans six grands centres urbains d’ici 2031.', 'Cet objectif sera appuyé par l’engagement de la RDC dans la Lettre d’intention prévue pour signature avec CAFI pour la période 2022-2031, de diminution de 10% la part du bois-énergie non durable dans deux grands centres urbains d’ici 2025 et de 50% dans six grands centres urbains d’ici 2031. Trois programmes sont susceptibles d’être développés, dans le cadre de la stratégie, visant les ménages urbains et périurbains : le premier s’appuie sur la réduction de la demande à travers l’approvisionnement d’environ 5 millions de ménages en fours améliorés ou efficients (permettant de réduire d’environ 50% la consommation de bois de chauffe).', 'Trois programmes sont susceptibles d’être développés, dans le cadre de la stratégie, visant les ménages urbains et périurbains : le premier s’appuie sur la réduction de la demande à travers l’approvisionnement d’environ 5 millions de ménages en fours améliorés ou efficients (permettant de réduire d’environ 50% la consommation de bois de chauffe). Le deuxième programme vise la promotion de l’utilisation de l’hydroélectricité en lieu et place du bois-énergie à travers la prise en charge d’une partie de la facture de fourniture d’électricité pour 5 millions de ménages, situés principalement dans les provinces du Sud (Haut-Katanga, Tanganyika, Lualaba, Haut-Lomami, Lomami, Sankuru, Kasaï, Kasaï Central, Kasaï-Oriental).', 'Le deuxième programme vise la promotion de l’utilisation de l’hydroélectricité en lieu et place du bois-énergie à travers la prise en charge d’une partie de la facture de fourniture d’électricité pour 5 millions de ménages, situés principalement dans les provinces du Sud (Haut-Katanga, Tanganyika, Lualaba, Haut-Lomami, Lomami, Sankuru, Kasaï, Kasaï Central, Kasaï-Oriental). Le troisième programme consiste à boiser les zones marginales autour des villes dans le but d’assurer la production et l’utilisation durable de bois de chauffe à travers les foyers améliorés.', 'Le troisième programme consiste à boiser les zones marginales autour des villes dans le but d’assurer la production et l’utilisation durable de bois de chauffe à travers les foyers améliorés. D. Transport : deux leviers d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 27 à 37 Mt CO2e (McKinsey et al.,2009) au potentiel total d’atténuation se focaliseront sur l’amélioration du transport public urbain et interurbain tout en développant des plans directeurs de transport et la promotion du transport multimodal pour les passagers et les marchandises. E. Gestion des déchets : deux leviers d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 37 Mt CO2e (McKinsey et al.,2009) au potentiel total d’atténuation.', 'E. Gestion des déchets : deux leviers d’atténuation contribuant à hauteur de 37 Mt CO2e (McKinsey et al.,2009) au potentiel total d’atténuation. Quatre actions majeures sont envisagées, dans le cadre de la stratégie, visant les ménages urbains et périurbains : la première s’appuie sur le renforcement du cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets ; la seconde portera sur un programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets ; la troisième action consistera à un programme de valorisation énergétique des déchets basé sur la promotion de la cuisson éco-énergétique visant l’utilisation des déchets ménagers biodégradables et la récupération de biogaz des décharges ; la quatrième action visera le développement de systèmes de compostage aérobie à l échelle commerciale ; et la dernière consistera à la production d’énergie et engrais organique à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues.F.', 'Quatre actions majeures sont envisagées, dans le cadre de la stratégie, visant les ménages urbains et périurbains : la première s’appuie sur le renforcement du cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets ; la seconde portera sur un programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets ; la troisième action consistera à un programme de valorisation énergétique des déchets basé sur la promotion de la cuisson éco-énergétique visant l’utilisation des déchets ménagers biodégradables et la récupération de biogaz des décharges ; la quatrième action visera le développement de systèmes de compostage aérobie à l échelle commerciale ; et la dernière consistera à la production d’énergie et engrais organique à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues.F. Solutions fondées sur la nature : En réponse aux préoccupations de la CCNUCC, la RDC développe déjà des solutions fondées sur la nature23 depuis des décennies.', 'Solutions fondées sur la nature : En réponse aux préoccupations de la CCNUCC, la RDC développe déjà des solutions fondées sur la nature23 depuis des décennies. Actrice active dans les processus environnementaux et l’apport sur l’atténuation du climat mondial, la RDC a pris des engagements sous différentes conventions. Il s’en suit que : a. Au terme de la Convention sur la biodiversité, la RDC a déjà affecté 13% de son territoire national à l’érection des parcs nationaux, soit 30.483.180 Ha ; b. Des progrès considérables sont réalisés, avec l’engagement de la RDC de restaurer 8 millions d’ha des terres dégradées, aux termes du Défi de Bonn.', 'Des progrès considérables sont réalisés, avec l’engagement de la RDC de restaurer 8 millions d’ha des terres dégradées, aux termes du Défi de Bonn. A cela s’ajoute également le projet « 1 Milliard d’arbres », avec la participation des jeunes, notamment les élèves ; c. Dans les termes de la Conférence des Parties de Bali avec un focus sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serres et ainsi que sur le renforcement du stock de carbone forestier, la Stratégie-cadre nationale REDD+ de la RDC vise la stabilisation du couvert forestier à 63,5% ; le pays cherche de fait une augmentation de son couvert forestier de 6,5%, soit 15.242.500 d’ha.', 'A cela s’ajoute également le projet « 1 Milliard d’arbres », avec la participation des jeunes, notamment les élèves ; c. Dans les termes de la Conférence des Parties de Bali avec un focus sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serres et ainsi que sur le renforcement du stock de carbone forestier, la Stratégie-cadre nationale REDD+ de la RDC vise la stabilisation du couvert forestier à 63,5% ; le pays cherche de fait une augmentation de son couvert forestier de 6,5%, soit 15.242.500 d’ha. d. le Gouvernement de la RDC s’engage à sécuriser les limites des aires protégées et, le cas échéant, conditionner tout déclassement pour cause d’utilité publique à l application stricte du cadre légal en vigueur24.', 'd. le Gouvernement de la RDC s’engage à sécuriser les limites des aires protégées et, le cas échéant, conditionner tout déclassement pour cause d’utilité publique à l application stricte du cadre légal en vigueur24. Le Gouvernement s’engage également à atteindre, d’ici 2030, l’objectif d’au moins 30% d’espaces nationaux sous statut de protection, sous différents modes, tels que reconnus par la loi (les aires protégées et leurs zones tampon, les concessions de conservation, les zones dédiées par les communautés locales à la préservation des forêts dans les plans simples d’aménagement du territoire définis de manière participative, les séries de conservation dans les concessions forestières, les zones de restriction des plans d’aménagement, etc.', 'Le Gouvernement s’engage également à atteindre, d’ici 2030, l’objectif d’au moins 30% d’espaces nationaux sous statut de protection, sous différents modes, tels que reconnus par la loi (les aires protégées et leurs zones tampon, les concessions de conservation, les zones dédiées par les communautés locales à la préservation des forêts dans les plans simples d’aménagement du territoire définis de manière participative, les séries de conservation dans les concessions forestières, les zones de restriction des plans d’aménagement, etc. ), selon les recommandations de l’initiative 30x30 dans le cadre de la Coalition pour une Grande Ambition25, à laquelle la RDC est partie. Les différents paysages de haute valeur de conservation dont regorge la RDC sont une preuve additionnelle des services écosystémiques rendus par les forêts de la RDC à l’ensemble de l’humanité.', 'Les différents paysages de haute valeur de conservation dont regorge la RDC sont une preuve additionnelle des services écosystémiques rendus par les forêts de la RDC à l’ensemble de l’humanité. A tous ces apports s’ajoutent les tourbières comme une importante solution fondée sur la nature, rehaussant ainsi les ambitions climatiques ainsi que les apports du pays aux politiques, engagements et conventions. Pour cela, les mesures d’atténuation prévues pour le secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre dans le présent document intègrent la restauration des zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage, ainsi que la cartographie et l’évaluation des tourbières.', 'Pour cela, les mesures d’atténuation prévues pour le secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre dans le présent document intègrent la restauration des zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage, ainsi que la cartographie et l’évaluation des tourbières. Si les études approfondies confirment l’ampleur des tourbières de la République Démocratique du Congo, leur apport en termes de contribution basée sur la nature devra rehausser l’ambition de la 23 Selon l’IUCN (2016), les solutions fondées sur la nature sont des « actions visant à protéger, gérer de manière durable et restaurer des écosystèmes naturels ou modifiés, pour relever directement les enjeux de société de manière efficace et adaptative tout en assurant le bien-être humain et des avantages pour la biodiversité ».', 'Si les études approfondies confirment l’ampleur des tourbières de la République Démocratique du Congo, leur apport en termes de contribution basée sur la nature devra rehausser l’ambition de la 23 Selon l’IUCN (2016), les solutions fondées sur la nature sont des « actions visant à protéger, gérer de manière durable et restaurer des écosystèmes naturels ou modifiés, pour relever directement les enjeux de société de manière efficace et adaptative tout en assurant le bien-être humain et des avantages pour la biodiversité ». 24 Insérer référence à la Loi 2014 25 High Ambition Coalition – Initiative 30x30 : nature-et-les-peuples-fr#fact.contribution nationale.', '24 Insérer référence à la Loi 2014 25 High Ambition Coalition – Initiative 30x30 : nature-et-les-peuples-fr#fact.contribution nationale. En effet, des estimations préliminaires26 réalisées par Greifswald Mire Centre (figure 4), il ressort qu’en dehors des tourbières de la cuvette centrale sur la carte ci- dessous), la République Démocratique du Congo dispose d’autres formes des tourbières non encore évaluées jusqu’ici. C’est le cas les tourbières de la forêt de plaine de l Ouest, de la Côte Atlantique, de la Vallées rift Albertine ainsi que du Plateau de Katanga.', 'C’est le cas les tourbières de la forêt de plaine de l Ouest, de la Côte Atlantique, de la Vallées rift Albertine ainsi que du Plateau de Katanga. Figure 11: Etendue des tourbières en RDC Les connexions entre les tourbières et les différents mécanismes que sont la stratégie REDD+, les réformes en cours particulièrement l’aménagement du territoire et la réforme foncière, étant importantes, la RDC prévoit de : i. Définir clairement les principes de protection juridique et des protocoles pour le chevauchement d’usages des terres en zones de tourbières dans la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières et/ou les inclure dans la réforme en cours de l’aménagement du territoire ; ii.', 'Figure 11: Etendue des tourbières en RDC Les connexions entre les tourbières et les différents mécanismes que sont la stratégie REDD+, les réformes en cours particulièrement l’aménagement du territoire et la réforme foncière, étant importantes, la RDC prévoit de : i. Définir clairement les principes de protection juridique et des protocoles pour le chevauchement d’usages des terres en zones de tourbières dans la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières et/ou les inclure dans la réforme en cours de l’aménagement du territoire ; ii. Adopter des dispositions claires de protection des tourbières dans la révision envisagée du Code forestier, en capitalisant sur le Programme de Gestion Durable des Forêts (PGDF) et le nouveau plan d investissement REDD+ de la RDC pour 2021-2030, dans le cadre de la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD+, appuyés par CAFI, avec pour objectif de considérer la valeur élevée des forêts de tourbières dans la séquestration du carbone et la fourniture d autres services écosystémiques d’importance majeure ; iii.', 'Adopter des dispositions claires de protection des tourbières dans la révision envisagée du Code forestier, en capitalisant sur le Programme de Gestion Durable des Forêts (PGDF) et le nouveau plan d investissement REDD+ de la RDC pour 2021-2030, dans le cadre de la Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD+, appuyés par CAFI, avec pour objectif de considérer la valeur élevée des forêts de tourbières dans la séquestration du carbone et la fourniture d autres services écosystémiques d’importance majeure ; iii. A travers la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières, clarifier et mettre en œuvre, dans la mesure du possible, les engagements pris par le biais des conventions et initiatives internationales en faveur de la protection et de la gestion durable des tourbières, dont la Convention de Ramsar ; iv.', 'A travers la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières, clarifier et mettre en œuvre, dans la mesure du possible, les engagements pris par le biais des conventions et initiatives internationales en faveur de la protection et de la gestion durable des tourbières, dont la Convention de Ramsar ; iv. Investir dans le renforcement des capacités et de l expertise nationales, aussi bien sur le plan institutionnel que sur plan technique, relativement à la gestion durable des tourbières ; 26 La carte ci-dessous est une estimation faite par Greifswald Mire Centre. La République Démocratique du Congo va initier un travail d’harmonisation des différentes cartes avec les données issues de l’étude de base ainsi que la carte produite par CongoPeat.v.', 'La République Démocratique du Congo va initier un travail d’harmonisation des différentes cartes avec les données issues de l’étude de base ainsi que la carte produite par CongoPeat.v. Mettre à contribution l intérêt actuel pour les tourbières du bassin du Congo en vue de faire avancer le programme et les priorités actuels du gouvernement de la RDC en matière de valorisation et de protection des tourbières ; vi. Définir un plan de Communication, Information et Éducation en connexion avec le programme de renforcement des capacités nationales sur les tourbières ; vii. Assurer une meilleure connexion entre la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières et les différentes initiatives internationales, sous régionales et nationales, en rapport avec la gestion et la valorisation des tourbières.', 'Assurer une meilleure connexion entre la Stratégie Nationale des Tourbières et les différentes initiatives internationales, sous régionales et nationales, en rapport avec la gestion et la valorisation des tourbières. En plus des mesures de restauration des tourbières, les mesures d’atténuation prévues pour le secteur forestier dans le présent document s’appuient d’autres solutions fondées sur la nature.', 'En plus des mesures de restauration des tourbières, les mesures d’atténuation prévues pour le secteur forestier dans le présent document s’appuient d’autres solutions fondées sur la nature. Il s’agit notamment des mesures suivantes : - Promotion des techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelle et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts ; - Appui au développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural ; - Valorisation des outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant la valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées ; et - Appui aux initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages.', 'Il s’agit notamment des mesures suivantes : - Promotion des techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelle et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts ; - Appui au développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural ; - Valorisation des outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant la valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées ; et - Appui aux initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages. En mettant en application ces mesures, la RDC s’appuiera sur le Standard mondial pour les solutions fondées sur la nature27.', 'En mettant en application ces mesures, la RDC s’appuiera sur le Standard mondial pour les solutions fondées sur la nature27. La figure 4 ci-dessous illustre les projections d’émissions pour le scénario de référence BAU des émissions du secteur AFAT, totalement corrélées au bilan national des émissions. Le graphique montre que les émissions ont plus que doublé sur la période 2010 à 2014, atteignant 830,53 Mt éCO2. Entre la période 2014 et 2018, il s’est observé une nette tendance à la réduction des émissions, de l’ordre de 36%, qui se justifierait aux importants investissements et aux changements structurels (des mesures et réglementations) de gestion dans le secteur visant les moteurs de la déforestation et ayant pour but d’infléchir la courbe de déforestation.', 'Entre la période 2014 et 2018, il s’est observé une nette tendance à la réduction des émissions, de l’ordre de 36%, qui se justifierait aux importants investissements et aux changements structurels (des mesures et réglementations) de gestion dans le secteur visant les moteurs de la déforestation et ayant pour but d’infléchir la courbe de déforestation. L’année 2015 a ainsi constitue le démarrage de la phase de mise en œuvre de la REDD+, communément appelée phase 2 de la REDD+.Figure 12: Projection des émissions du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (BAU) L’estimation de réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT, visée à 28% (Figure 12), est basée sur la réalisation de 27 mesures d’atténuation intégrées d’ici 2030 (Tableau 4).', 'L’année 2015 a ainsi constitue le démarrage de la phase de mise en œuvre de la REDD+, communément appelée phase 2 de la REDD+.Figure 12: Projection des émissions du secteur Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (BAU) L’estimation de réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT, visée à 28% (Figure 12), est basée sur la réalisation de 27 mesures d’atténuation intégrées d’ici 2030 (Tableau 4). Figure 13: réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT Les figures 9 et 10 montrent l’évolution des projections des émissions des secteurs Energie, Agriculture et Déchets au même horizon dans les scénarios BAU et avec mesures.Figure 14: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Energie Le secteur déchet est caractérisé par une progression des émissions imputables (i) à l’évacuation de déchets solides (90,4%) de toute nature générés par les ménages, les collectivités et les entreprises (commerces, industries, construction, les résidus agricoles, etc.', 'Figure 13: réductions de GES dans le secteur AFAT Les figures 9 et 10 montrent l’évolution des projections des émissions des secteurs Energie, Agriculture et Déchets au même horizon dans les scénarios BAU et avec mesures.Figure 14: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Energie Le secteur déchet est caractérisé par une progression des émissions imputables (i) à l’évacuation de déchets solides (90,4%) de toute nature générés par les ménages, les collectivités et les entreprises (commerces, industries, construction, les résidus agricoles, etc. ), (ii) au rejet des eaux usées domestiques (6,8%), et à la combustion à l’air libre. Ces émissions représentent environ 11% en moyenne de l’ensemble des émissions nationales.', 'Ces émissions représentent environ 11% en moyenne de l’ensemble des émissions nationales. Figure 15: Evolution de projections des émissions du secteur Déchets La mise en œuvre intégrale de ces différents leviers entraînerait à terme des réductions significatives des émissions. Le tableau 4 présente la synthèse des interventions que la RDC compte mettre en œuvre pour pouvoir atteindre la cible de réduction visé à l’horizon 2030.Tableau 4 : Synthèse des options d’atténuation des émissions des GES et coûts estimatifs associés.', 'Le tableau 4 présente la synthèse des interventions que la RDC compte mettre en œuvre pour pouvoir atteindre la cible de réduction visé à l’horizon 2030.Tableau 4 : Synthèse des options d’atténuation des émissions des GES et coûts estimatifs associés. Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Energie Réduire la demande en bois énergie et faciliter l’accès à l’électricité Électrification rurale, péri- urbain et urbaine par des sources d’énergies renouvelables (i) Pour l’hydroélectricité de 3GW en 2020 à (ii) Pour éolien, solaire et géothermique de 2,9 MW en 2020 à 42,7 MW en 2030 (iii) 8 à 10 unités installées Promotion des foyers améliorés & amélioration de la carbonisation -30% de rendement (ii) 3 millions de ménages disposent des unités de Promotion des énergies renouvelables (i) Loi de 2014 sur les énergies renouvelables modifiée (ii) Nombre des résidences et les institutions, les industries manufacturières équipés des systèmes solaires photovoltaïques 28 Coût estimatif de la tonne CO2 équivalant autour de 100 à 130 USD 29 Foyers améliorésSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Transision vers la cuission écoénergétique Nombre des ménages utilisant des technologies des biogaz, de GPL ; et briquettes à base des résidus agricoles ou des déchets ménagers biodégradables Plantations industrielles - Bois-énergie 130.000 ha de plantations à but énergétique Développer et améliorer le transport urbain et interurbain Promotion de transport de masse (i) Au 10 centres urbains (cités et villes) dotés de : plan directeur de circulation ; (ii) Nouveau système de transport public (Bus, Rail, etc.)', 'Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Energie Réduire la demande en bois énergie et faciliter l’accès à l’électricité Électrification rurale, péri- urbain et urbaine par des sources d’énergies renouvelables (i) Pour l’hydroélectricité de 3GW en 2020 à (ii) Pour éolien, solaire et géothermique de 2,9 MW en 2020 à 42,7 MW en 2030 (iii) 8 à 10 unités installées Promotion des foyers améliorés & amélioration de la carbonisation -30% de rendement (ii) 3 millions de ménages disposent des unités de Promotion des énergies renouvelables (i) Loi de 2014 sur les énergies renouvelables modifiée (ii) Nombre des résidences et les institutions, les industries manufacturières équipés des systèmes solaires photovoltaïques 28 Coût estimatif de la tonne CO2 équivalant autour de 100 à 130 USD 29 Foyers améliorésSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Transision vers la cuission écoénergétique Nombre des ménages utilisant des technologies des biogaz, de GPL ; et briquettes à base des résidus agricoles ou des déchets ménagers biodégradables Plantations industrielles - Bois-énergie 130.000 ha de plantations à but énergétique Développer et améliorer le transport urbain et interurbain Promotion de transport de masse (i) Au 10 centres urbains (cités et villes) dotés de : plan directeur de circulation ; (ii) Nouveau système de transport public (Bus, Rail, etc.) ; (iii) Nombre de infrastructures voies de communication routière, ferroviaire (interconnexion), fluviales et lacustres construites/réhabilitées ; (iv) Nombre d’unités de montage de véhicules neufs à faibles émissions localement (en termes de transfert deSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD technologies) Agriculture Sédentariser l’agriculture Promotion des itinéraires techniques visant la sédentarisation des agriculteurs particulièrement dans les zones forestières, y compris les zones humides (i) 1 million d’ha des périmètres irrigués aménagés et équipés (ii) Environ 150 organisations des agriculteurs et coopératives paysannes établies ; (iii) Nombre d’agriculteurs utilisant le guide de bonnes pratiques agricole pour la gestion des jachères, et l’utilisation des fertilisants naturels ; (iv) Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation agricole par an e Intégration de l’agriculture dans le plan national d’aménagement du territoire, développé dans la mise en œuvre de la Existence de : - la politique d’aménagement du territoire ; - un plan national d’aménagement du territoireSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD stratégie REDD+ Promotion de l’agriculture intensive dans les zones savanicoles en vue de limiter la pression sur les forêts naturelles (i) 1,6 millions d’ha de terres à usage agricole intensif aménagés (ii) Nombre des ménages agricoles utilisant les des déchets et des sous-produits de l’élevage sous forme de biogaz et de fertilisants naturels Promotion d’une exploitation rationnelle et durable des espaces de production agricole pour préserver les conditions agroécologiques en vue d’assurer la stabilité du couvert forestier Intensification de la production agricole vivrière (glucides, oléagineux, légumineuses) en zone savanicole et enSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD forêt dégradée Intensification de la production agricole de rente en forêt secondaire et en savane, mais avec des systèmes durables agroforestiers (cacao, café, bananier, cultures spéciales) permettant de valoriser les avantages comparatifs de la paysannerie pour ces cultures Nombre de nouvelles plantations des cultures pérennes et agroforesterie en savanes arbustives ou mosaïques savanes- forêts Vulgarisation et sensibilisation sur les bonnes pratiques - Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation sur les bonnes pratiques agricole par an Développement de l élevage intensif - Nombre de fermes et systèmes agrosylvopastoraux,Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre Réduire la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts Promotion des techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelle et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts - 760 milles ha de forêts restaurés - 15% de 7 millions d’ha d’aires marginales reboisées e (soit Appui au développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural - Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation d’exploitation forestière à impact réduit (EFIR) 1,5 Restauration des zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage Superficie des zones humides mis en défens et/ou restaurée Valorisation des outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Nombre de campagnes de formations, sensibilisation et vulgarisationSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant la valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées Appui aux initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages Textes juridiques mettant en place la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts Renforcement de la gouvernance forestière, notamment la lutte contre l’exploitation illégale du bois d’œuvre et autres ressources forestières en Existence de dispositif de surveillance et de répression de la fraudeSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD tenant compte des études, analyses et outils produits dans la mise en œuvre des différents processus forestiers pertinents tels que les APV- FLEGT Renforcer le stock de carbone Gestion durable de l’exploitation de bois d œuvre Gestion durable et réhabilitation des exploitations minières et pétrolières Superficie des anciennes exploitations minières et pétrolières réhabilitées/restaurées conformément au Plan de gestion Environnementale (PGE) Lutte contre les feux de brousse - Superficie mise en défens ; - Existence de systèmes de surveillance et de plan de gestion des feux de broussesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Cartographie et évaluation des tourbières Existence de carte de location de zones de tourbières Déchets Améliorer l accès aux services de gestion des déchets Renforcement du cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets Existence de textes légaux règlementant la gestion de déchets e Programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets Valoriser les déchets valorisation énergétique des déchets (réduction des émissions de des sites d enfouissement) - Nombre de Kwh produit issus de la récupération des gaz de décharge - Nombre des ménages ayant accès à cette technologie Utilisation des gaz de déchargesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Compostage aérobie - Nombre des digesteurs disponibles ; - Nombre d usines de récupération d énergie et autres que le gaz de décharges dans différentes zones urbaines.', '; (iii) Nombre de infrastructures voies de communication routière, ferroviaire (interconnexion), fluviales et lacustres construites/réhabilitées ; (iv) Nombre d’unités de montage de véhicules neufs à faibles émissions localement (en termes de transfert deSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD technologies) Agriculture Sédentariser l’agriculture Promotion des itinéraires techniques visant la sédentarisation des agriculteurs particulièrement dans les zones forestières, y compris les zones humides (i) 1 million d’ha des périmètres irrigués aménagés et équipés (ii) Environ 150 organisations des agriculteurs et coopératives paysannes établies ; (iii) Nombre d’agriculteurs utilisant le guide de bonnes pratiques agricole pour la gestion des jachères, et l’utilisation des fertilisants naturels ; (iv) Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation agricole par an e Intégration de l’agriculture dans le plan national d’aménagement du territoire, développé dans la mise en œuvre de la Existence de : - la politique d’aménagement du territoire ; - un plan national d’aménagement du territoireSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD stratégie REDD+ Promotion de l’agriculture intensive dans les zones savanicoles en vue de limiter la pression sur les forêts naturelles (i) 1,6 millions d’ha de terres à usage agricole intensif aménagés (ii) Nombre des ménages agricoles utilisant les des déchets et des sous-produits de l’élevage sous forme de biogaz et de fertilisants naturels Promotion d’une exploitation rationnelle et durable des espaces de production agricole pour préserver les conditions agroécologiques en vue d’assurer la stabilité du couvert forestier Intensification de la production agricole vivrière (glucides, oléagineux, légumineuses) en zone savanicole et enSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD forêt dégradée Intensification de la production agricole de rente en forêt secondaire et en savane, mais avec des systèmes durables agroforestiers (cacao, café, bananier, cultures spéciales) permettant de valoriser les avantages comparatifs de la paysannerie pour ces cultures Nombre de nouvelles plantations des cultures pérennes et agroforesterie en savanes arbustives ou mosaïques savanes- forêts Vulgarisation et sensibilisation sur les bonnes pratiques - Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation sur les bonnes pratiques agricole par an Développement de l élevage intensif - Nombre de fermes et systèmes agrosylvopastoraux,Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Foresterie et autres Affectations de Terre Réduire la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts Promotion des techniques d’afforestation et reforestation traditionnelle et moderne en vue de préserver les forêts - 760 milles ha de forêts restaurés - 15% de 7 millions d’ha d’aires marginales reboisées e (soit Appui au développement de la foresterie communautaire comme outil de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre la perte du couvert forestier en milieu rural - Nombre de campagnes de sensibilisation et vulgarisation d’exploitation forestière à impact réduit (EFIR) 1,5 Restauration des zones humides, notamment les tourbières utilisées en agriculture et en élevage Superficie des zones humides mis en défens et/ou restaurée Valorisation des outils MEOR (Méthodologie pour l Évaluation des Opportunités de Nombre de campagnes de formations, sensibilisation et vulgarisationSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Restauration) à l’échelle nationale en y intégrant la valorisation des connaissances traditionnelles dans la conservation de la biodiversité autour des aires protégées Appui aux initiatives permettant la mise en place de la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts et des paysages Textes juridiques mettant en place la plate-forme sur la restauration des forêts Renforcement de la gouvernance forestière, notamment la lutte contre l’exploitation illégale du bois d’œuvre et autres ressources forestières en Existence de dispositif de surveillance et de répression de la fraudeSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD tenant compte des études, analyses et outils produits dans la mise en œuvre des différents processus forestiers pertinents tels que les APV- FLEGT Renforcer le stock de carbone Gestion durable de l’exploitation de bois d œuvre Gestion durable et réhabilitation des exploitations minières et pétrolières Superficie des anciennes exploitations minières et pétrolières réhabilitées/restaurées conformément au Plan de gestion Environnementale (PGE) Lutte contre les feux de brousse - Superficie mise en défens ; - Existence de systèmes de surveillance et de plan de gestion des feux de broussesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Cartographie et évaluation des tourbières Existence de carte de location de zones de tourbières Déchets Améliorer l accès aux services de gestion des déchets Renforcement du cadre institutionnel et légal pour la gestion de déchets Existence de textes légaux règlementant la gestion de déchets e Programme de gestion rationnelle des déchets Valoriser les déchets valorisation énergétique des déchets (réduction des émissions de des sites d enfouissement) - Nombre de Kwh produit issus de la récupération des gaz de décharge - Nombre des ménages ayant accès à cette technologie Utilisation des gaz de déchargesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Potentiel de réduction Co-bénéfices d adaptation Coût estimatif (Mds Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Compostage aérobie - Nombre des digesteurs disponibles ; - Nombre d usines de récupération d énergie et autres que le gaz de décharges dans différentes zones urbaines. Production d’énergie et engrais organique à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues fécales5 Contribution à l’adaptation 6.1.', 'Production d’énergie et engrais organique à partir de déchets solides, eaux usées et boues fécales5 Contribution à l’adaptation 6.1. Analyse de la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques de RDC La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est vulnérable aux effets divers dus aux changements climatiques et ne dispose pas des capacités adéquates pour y faire face. En effet, l’indice ND-GAIN place la RDC au 5e rang mondial des pays les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques vis-à-vis de leur capacité d’adaptation30. Les impacts des changements climatiques sont déjà perceptibles à travers le pays, notamment par la persistance des fortes chaleurs, des pluies violentes, la dégradation des terres, particulièrement par des érosions, l’allongement de la saison sèche, l’augmentation des séquences de sécheresse pendant les saisons de pluie, et les inondations31.', 'Les impacts des changements climatiques sont déjà perceptibles à travers le pays, notamment par la persistance des fortes chaleurs, des pluies violentes, la dégradation des terres, particulièrement par des érosions, l’allongement de la saison sèche, l’augmentation des séquences de sécheresse pendant les saisons de pluie, et les inondations31. Les projections climatiques en RDC au cours des prochaines décennies prévoient une augmentation des températures de 3ºC à 5ºC, une diminution des précipitations et une augmentation de leur variabilité, ainsi qu’une augmentation des phénomènes extrêmes32. Ces variations climatiques auront un impact significatif sur les principaux secteurs économiques du pays sensibles au climat.', 'Ces variations climatiques auront un impact significatif sur les principaux secteurs économiques du pays sensibles au climat. Le Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA, 2006) identifie à cet effet les secteurs des ressources en eau, la foresterie, l’agriculture et la zone côtière comme les plus vulnérables aux effets des changements climatiques. 6.1.1. Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques 6.1.1.1.', 'Impacts, risques et vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques 6.1.1.1. Projection et évolution des précipitations et des températures jusqu’à 2100 Les études d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité et des risques climatiques en RDC, réalisées dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de PANA (2006), tenant compte de la perception populaire en général que des considérations scientifiques, ont identifié cinq risques climatiques majeurs : 1. les pluies intenses ; 2. l’érosion côtière ; 3. les inondations riveraines ; 4. les crises caniculaires ; et 5. les sécheresses saisonnières. 31 Seconde communication nationale, 2009.6.1.1.2.', '31 Seconde communication nationale, 2009.6.1.1.2. Evolution des précipitations et des températures jusqu’à 2100 A l’issu d’application des projections du MAGICC-ScenGen, sur l’évolution des pluies (saison des pluies), et de la température maximale moyenne annuelle les quatre zones climatiques ont été définies telle que présenté au Tableau 4 (PANA, 2006). Tableau 5 : Zones climatiques Source : Seconde Communication Nationale (2009 :79) Sur l’ensemble de la RDC, les évolutions annuelles de la température indiquent une augmentation progressive.', 'Tableau 5 : Zones climatiques Source : Seconde Communication Nationale (2009 :79) Sur l’ensemble de la RDC, les évolutions annuelles de la température indiquent une augmentation progressive. Par contre, les pluies vont connaître deux situations différentes : une augmentation surtout dans la Cuvette et une baisse des précipitations ailleurs avec le raccourcissement de la saison des pluies, au fur et à mesure que l’on s’avance vers l’extrême Sud, le Katanga notamment connaîtrait, à la longue, dès 2020 – moins de 5 mois de saison des pluies contre 7 actuellement. 6.1.1.3. Indicateurs d’exposition et des Impacts potentiels Le tableau 5 fourni quelques détails sur la répartition spatiale et temporelle des indicateurs d’exposition et des impacts.', 'Indicateurs d’exposition et des Impacts potentiels Le tableau 5 fourni quelques détails sur la répartition spatiale et temporelle des indicateurs d’exposition et des impacts. Zone Ville/repère Longitude Est Latitude Sud Années Pluies (mm) Température II KinshasaTableau 6 : Inventaire des risques climatiques les plus courants pour la RDC Risque Impact Pertes en vie Humaines Durée (jours) Etendue Fréquence (%) Tendance Pluies Intenses Inondations Riveraines Crise Caniculaire Source ; PANA (2006 :16) Légende : les estimations sont calculées sur une échelle potentielle. Perte en vie humaine : 1 = 1 personne par événement, 2 = 10 personnes, Durée : 1 = 1 jour, 2 = 2 jours, 3 = 100jours (une saison), 4 = 1.000 jours (plus d’un an) Fréquence : 1 = 1% de probabilité (certaines années), 2 = 10 % de probabilité, 3 = 100 % de probabilité (annuelle) Les indicateurs de tendance : : augmentation moyenne ; augmentation importante 6.1.1.4.', 'Perte en vie humaine : 1 = 1 personne par événement, 2 = 10 personnes, Durée : 1 = 1 jour, 2 = 2 jours, 3 = 100jours (une saison), 4 = 1.000 jours (plus d’un an) Fréquence : 1 = 1% de probabilité (certaines années), 2 = 10 % de probabilité, 3 = 100 % de probabilité (annuelle) Les indicateurs de tendance : : augmentation moyenne ; augmentation importante 6.1.1.4. Les changements climatiques attendus en RDC Une autre étude du COMIFAC, confirme les tendances exprimées dans PANA, sur base du modèle MAGICC-SCenGen.', 'Les changements climatiques attendus en RDC Une autre étude du COMIFAC, confirme les tendances exprimées dans PANA, sur base du modèle MAGICC-SCenGen. Cette évaluation des changements climatiques, à l échelle du bassin du Congo33, basée sur un ensemble multi-modèle et multi-scénario ultra moderne, utilisé pour des prévisions mondiales et régionales de changements climatiques, indique une robuste augmentation de la température moyenne dans l ensemble du bassin du Congo, indépendamment du scénario d émission de base. Outre les températures moyennes, des variations majeures des extrêmes de température sont également projetées. S agissant des précipitations totales annuelles, l ensemble étudié ne révèle aucun changement majeur dans la zone couverte par le projet, une fois de plus, indépendamment du scénario d émissions de base. Cependant, il est à prévoir des variations des caractéristiques des précipitations.', 'Cependant, il est à prévoir des variations des caractéristiques des précipitations. Les prévisions de variations, en termes d intensité des fortes précipitations, indiquent une forte augmentation sur la majeure partie de cette zone. De même, une recrudescence d épisodes de 3333 Haensler, A., Saeed, F. et Jacob, D. (2013): Assessment of projected climate change signals over central Africa based on a multitude of global and regional climate projections. In: Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin. [Haensler A., Jacob D., Kabat P., Ludwig F. (eds.)]. Climate Service Centre Report No. 11, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN: 2192-4058.sécheresse en saison pluvieuse est fort probable.', '11, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN: 2192-4058.sécheresse en saison pluvieuse est fort probable. Tous ces changements pourraient avoir un impact considérable sur les systèmes agricoles et hydro-énergétiques de la région, même si la disponibilité moyenne annuelle des ressources en eau reste constante. Ainsi les caractéristiques climatiques dans ce domaine particulier, subdivisées en cinq zones climatiques (Tableau 6) dont trois couvrent la RDC (Figure 7), montrent beaucoup de variations. Par exemple, la saison des pluies qui passe de la saison JJA (Juin-Juillet-Août) dans les parties septentrionales à la saison DJF (Décembre-Janvier-Février) dans les parties méridionales, et d un régime unimodal (Nord et Sud) à un régime bimodal dans le centre.', 'Par exemple, la saison des pluies qui passe de la saison JJA (Juin-Juillet-Août) dans les parties septentrionales à la saison DJF (Décembre-Janvier-Février) dans les parties méridionales, et d un régime unimodal (Nord et Sud) à un régime bimodal dans le centre. En outre, les changements climatiques sont prédominants en gros, avec des conditions d humidité dans le centre du domaine par rapport aux régions limitrophes du nord et du sud. Tableau 7 : Détails des cinq sous-zones Figure 16:Répartition des zones climatique dans le Bassin du Congo Source : Haensler et al., 2013 Les couleurs dans la carte mettent en évidence les différents climats qu’on trouve dans cette région allant des types de climat tropical au centre aux régions arides même le long des marges septentrionales.', 'Tableau 7 : Détails des cinq sous-zones Figure 16:Répartition des zones climatique dans le Bassin du Congo Source : Haensler et al., 2013 Les couleurs dans la carte mettent en évidence les différents climats qu’on trouve dans cette région allant des types de climat tropical au centre aux régions arides même le long des marges septentrionales. La classification est basée sur la classification climatique de Koeppen-Geiger.La Troisième Communication Nationale (MECNT, 2014) montre que les impacts du changement climatique sur L’évapotranspiration actuelle et l’évapotranspiration potentielle, simulées à l’horizon 2046-2065 grâce au modèle hydrologique PITMAN pour la station de référence Bukama, montrent une augmentation de l’ordre de 10 à 15 % en comparaison à la période historique de référence.', 'La classification est basée sur la classification climatique de Koeppen-Geiger.La Troisième Communication Nationale (MECNT, 2014) montre que les impacts du changement climatique sur L’évapotranspiration actuelle et l’évapotranspiration potentielle, simulées à l’horizon 2046-2065 grâce au modèle hydrologique PITMAN pour la station de référence Bukama, montrent une augmentation de l’ordre de 10 à 15 % en comparaison à la période historique de référence. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des tendances futures des pluies à différent intervalle de temps (interannuelle et décennale) montre qu’il y a une légère différence entre les moyennes annuelles aux horizons 2046-2065 et 2081-2100, ce qui refléterait les tendances de la variabilité de la période historique de référence. Cependant, il y a lieu de noter une perturbation importante de la distribution saisonnière des pluies aux horizons 2046-2065 et 2081-2100.', 'Cependant, il y a lieu de noter une perturbation importante de la distribution saisonnière des pluies aux horizons 2046-2065 et 2081-2100. Ce changement dans la distribution des caractéristiques des pluies associées à l’augmentation des températures entrainera la recrudescence des phénomènes hydrologiques extrêmes, tels que les inondations et sécheresses, l’érosion ravinante des sols et des glissements de terrain, et la perturbation des services rendus par les écosystèmes aquatiques ; à savoir : fournir l’eau domestique, hydroélectricité, irrigation, navigation, etc.', 'Ce changement dans la distribution des caractéristiques des pluies associées à l’augmentation des températures entrainera la recrudescence des phénomènes hydrologiques extrêmes, tels que les inondations et sécheresses, l’érosion ravinante des sols et des glissements de terrain, et la perturbation des services rendus par les écosystèmes aquatiques ; à savoir : fournir l’eau domestique, hydroélectricité, irrigation, navigation, etc. Quant aux scenarios d’élévation du niveau de la Mer, dans son analyse de la série temporelle de la hauteur du niveau de la mer sur la zone côtière de janvier 1993 à décembre 2012, Longandjo34 montre une tendance à l’élévation du niveau de la mer d’environ 2,2 mm par an, soit une élévation d’environ 4,00 cm sur deux décennies 6.2.', 'Quant aux scenarios d’élévation du niveau de la Mer, dans son analyse de la série temporelle de la hauteur du niveau de la mer sur la zone côtière de janvier 1993 à décembre 2012, Longandjo34 montre une tendance à l’élévation du niveau de la mer d’environ 2,2 mm par an, soit une élévation d’environ 4,00 cm sur deux décennies 6.2. Priorités d adaptation et de résilience La RDC a élaboré un Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA) en 2006. Ce programme évalue les risques et la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques au niveau national et identifie les activités d’adaptation urgentes et immédiates qui répondent aux effets néfastes actuels et anticipés des changements climatiques, y compris les événements extrêmes.', 'Ce programme évalue les risques et la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques au niveau national et identifie les activités d’adaptation urgentes et immédiates qui répondent aux effets néfastes actuels et anticipés des changements climatiques, y compris les événements extrêmes. Les principaux secteurs identifiés concernent les ressources en eau, la foresterie, l’agriculture et la zone côtière.', 'Les principaux secteurs identifiés concernent les ressources en eau, la foresterie, l’agriculture et la zone côtière. Le processus d’identification des axes d’intervention urgente et immédiate a permis de sélectionner dix options prioritaires d’adaptation ci-après : - l’électrification des milieux urbains et ruraux ; - le captage et forage des puits d’eau ; - l’aménagement des réservoirs d’eau ; - la lutte contre les érosions et les inondations ; - la gestion rationnelle des ressources forestières ; - la protection des zones côtières ; - la construction et la réhabilitation des voies de communication (routes, voies ferrées et fluviales) - la sédentarisation en milieu rural ; - le renforcement de la capacité des productions agricoles ; et 34 Cité par Fils, Stratégie nationale et Plan d’action 2017-2023 de Réduction des risques naturels et de catastrophes en RD.', 'Le processus d’identification des axes d’intervention urgente et immédiate a permis de sélectionner dix options prioritaires d’adaptation ci-après : - l’électrification des milieux urbains et ruraux ; - le captage et forage des puits d’eau ; - l’aménagement des réservoirs d’eau ; - la lutte contre les érosions et les inondations ; - la gestion rationnelle des ressources forestières ; - la protection des zones côtières ; - la construction et la réhabilitation des voies de communication (routes, voies ferrées et fluviales) - la sédentarisation en milieu rural ; - le renforcement de la capacité des productions agricoles ; et 34 Cité par Fils, Stratégie nationale et Plan d’action 2017-2023 de Réduction des risques naturels et de catastrophes en RD. Congo- le renforcement des capacités des services météorologiques nationaux.', 'Congo- le renforcement des capacités des services météorologiques nationaux. La RDC a déjà déployé plusieurs efforts pour mettre en œuvre des actions urgentes d’adaptation dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, du relèvement communautaire et de la lutte contre l’érosion côtière, notamment dans le cadre de certains projets d’adaptation mis en œuvre conformément aux axes d’intervention identifiés dans le PANA. Depuis 2014, un processus d’actualisation des orientations du PANA et d’intégration de la problématique d’adaptation dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles, suivant une approche participative et pluridisciplinaire, a été initié dans le cadre du Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNA).', 'Depuis 2014, un processus d’actualisation des orientations du PANA et d’intégration de la problématique d’adaptation dans les politiques et stratégies sectorielles, suivant une approche participative et pluridisciplinaire, a été initié dans le cadre du Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNA). Alors que le PANA visait à identifier les actions urgentes et prioritaires en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, dans le cadre du PNA, il s’agit d’intégrer la dimension adaptation dans la planification du développement national et provincial en considérant les secteurs prioritaires suivants : (i) Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers et de la biodiversité́ (ii) Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole (iii) Gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne (iv) Réduction des risques des catastrophes et protection des zones côtières (v) Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de la santé 6.2.1.', 'Alors que le PANA visait à identifier les actions urgentes et prioritaires en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, dans le cadre du PNA, il s’agit d’intégrer la dimension adaptation dans la planification du développement national et provincial en considérant les secteurs prioritaires suivants : (i) Conservation des écosystèmes forestiers et de la biodiversité́ (ii) Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole (iii) Gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne (iv) Réduction des risques des catastrophes et protection des zones côtières (v) Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de la santé 6.2.1. Conservation des écosystèmes foresters et de la biodiversité́ L’adaptation de la gestion forestière aux changements climatiques permettra de garantir l offre énergétique et les moyens de subsistance.', 'Conservation des écosystèmes foresters et de la biodiversité́ L’adaptation de la gestion forestière aux changements climatiques permettra de garantir l offre énergétique et les moyens de subsistance. Des mesures de conservation devraient être mises en place dans les sites spécifiques où les écosystèmes présentent des risques de dégradation. Certaines actions pourront être entreprises, notamment : - Inventaire et suivi plus efficaces des forêts en tenant comptes des capacités présentes. Différents systèmes de suivi ont déjà̀ été mis au point.', 'Différents systèmes de suivi ont déjà̀ été mis au point. Ils peuvent, toutefois, faire l objet d améliorations, en tenant compte des impacts potentiels des changements climatiques ; - Mesures de conservation devraient être mises en place dans les sites spécifiques où les écosystèmes présentent des risques de dégradation ; - Implication des Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones dans les négociations des clauses sociales avec les exploitants forestiers et miniers ; - Sensibilisation des différents acteurs concernés par l’exploitation forestière sur les violences et les droits humains des hommes et des femmes ; - Initiation des projets Pilotes sur les filières des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) avec les Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones ; - Reboisement et domestication des espèces à grande valeur écologique, économique et culturelle, etc.6.2.2.', 'Ils peuvent, toutefois, faire l objet d améliorations, en tenant compte des impacts potentiels des changements climatiques ; - Mesures de conservation devraient être mises en place dans les sites spécifiques où les écosystèmes présentent des risques de dégradation ; - Implication des Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones dans les négociations des clauses sociales avec les exploitants forestiers et miniers ; - Sensibilisation des différents acteurs concernés par l’exploitation forestière sur les violences et les droits humains des hommes et des femmes ; - Initiation des projets Pilotes sur les filières des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) avec les Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones ; - Reboisement et domestication des espèces à grande valeur écologique, économique et culturelle, etc.6.2.2. Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole Des actions spécifiques suivantes sont envisagées pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole face aux effets des changements climatiques : - Réalisation d’un zonage pour une affectation des terres, en vue de circonscrire les zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles ; - Promotion des bonnes pratiques culturales durables, distribution aux paysans des semences améliorées et résilientes et vulgarisation des techniques d’enrichissement du sol ; - Appui à l’organisation des circuits de commercialisation et à une politique des prix des ventes de produits agricoles rémunérateurs aux producteurs ; - Encadrement et soutien des paysans dans leurs activités agricoles ; - Renforcement de la vulgarisation agricole ; - Promotion de la recherche agronomique ; - Développement d outils et procédures de gestion des situations de crises climatiques agricoles ; - Multiplication des stations d’observation météorologiques ; - Implication de l Etat, au titre de solidarité́ nationale, en cas d accidents climatiques exceptionnels, pour assurer l indemnisation des risques ; - Subvention des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro écologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations ; - Sélection de variétés résilientes au niveau des centres des recherches agronomiques et des universités ; - Promotion des filières agricoles durables ; - Constitution des réserves stratégiques des produits alimentaires ; développement et diffusion des produits de la recherche ; - Structuration des organisations paysannes et amélioration de la gouvernance agricole ; - Intégration de l’approche genre ; - Renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles ; - Renforcement des capacités des organisations paysannes.', 'Renforcement de la résilience du secteur agricole Des actions spécifiques suivantes sont envisagées pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole face aux effets des changements climatiques : - Réalisation d’un zonage pour une affectation des terres, en vue de circonscrire les zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles ; - Promotion des bonnes pratiques culturales durables, distribution aux paysans des semences améliorées et résilientes et vulgarisation des techniques d’enrichissement du sol ; - Appui à l’organisation des circuits de commercialisation et à une politique des prix des ventes de produits agricoles rémunérateurs aux producteurs ; - Encadrement et soutien des paysans dans leurs activités agricoles ; - Renforcement de la vulgarisation agricole ; - Promotion de la recherche agronomique ; - Développement d outils et procédures de gestion des situations de crises climatiques agricoles ; - Multiplication des stations d’observation météorologiques ; - Implication de l Etat, au titre de solidarité́ nationale, en cas d accidents climatiques exceptionnels, pour assurer l indemnisation des risques ; - Subvention des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro écologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations ; - Sélection de variétés résilientes au niveau des centres des recherches agronomiques et des universités ; - Promotion des filières agricoles durables ; - Constitution des réserves stratégiques des produits alimentaires ; développement et diffusion des produits de la recherche ; - Structuration des organisations paysannes et amélioration de la gouvernance agricole ; - Intégration de l’approche genre ; - Renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles ; - Renforcement des capacités des organisations paysannes. - Multiplication des stations d’observation météorologiques ; - Etablissement d’un calendrier agricole dynamique pour chaque culture avec l’implication des agro-météorologistes et des agronomes.', '- Multiplication des stations d’observation météorologiques ; - Etablissement d’un calendrier agricole dynamique pour chaque culture avec l’implication des agro-météorologistes et des agronomes. - Le renforcement des efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention au niveau de la recherche agronomique et technologique, de la mise en cohérence des soutiens publics aux investissements de prévention, de développement d outils et de procédures de gestion des situations de crises climatiques agricoles ; - Le développement de capacité́ à mutualiser les risques, dans le temps et dans l espace, avec un grand nombre possible d exploitations agricoles PA et autres adhérées à la mutuelle ;6.2.3.', '- Le renforcement des efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention au niveau de la recherche agronomique et technologique, de la mise en cohérence des soutiens publics aux investissements de prévention, de développement d outils et de procédures de gestion des situations de crises climatiques agricoles ; - Le développement de capacité́ à mutualiser les risques, dans le temps et dans l espace, avec un grand nombre possible d exploitations agricoles PA et autres adhérées à la mutuelle ;6.2.3. Gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne - Mise en place des solutions d’alerte précoce par : (i) l’amélioration de l accès des populations aux dispositifs d alerte rapide multirisques et aux informations et évaluations relatives aux risques de catastrophe ; (ii) l’établissement des partenariats autour des services météorologiques relatifs aux besoins en alerte précoce des femmes rurales et à la sécheresse ; (iii) l’identification des solutions de prévention face aux glissements de terres agricoles ; et (iv) l’élaboration des schémas d’intervention pour la mise en œuvre du système d’alerte précoce pour les femmes en agriculture vivrière.', 'Gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne - Mise en place des solutions d’alerte précoce par : (i) l’amélioration de l accès des populations aux dispositifs d alerte rapide multirisques et aux informations et évaluations relatives aux risques de catastrophe ; (ii) l’établissement des partenariats autour des services météorologiques relatifs aux besoins en alerte précoce des femmes rurales et à la sécheresse ; (iii) l’identification des solutions de prévention face aux glissements de terres agricoles ; et (iv) l’élaboration des schémas d’intervention pour la mise en œuvre du système d’alerte précoce pour les femmes en agriculture vivrière. - Mise en place des solutions de riposte par l’aménagement hydroagricole et la schématisation des programmes de mise en œuvre des technologies de maîtrise de l’eau agricole ; - Renforcement de capacités des vulgarisateurs, tout en tenant compte du genre, dans les stations radio-rurales pour les alertes de risques climatiques ; - Usage de l’agro-météorologie pour prévenir les risques climatiques.', '- Mise en place des solutions de riposte par l’aménagement hydroagricole et la schématisation des programmes de mise en œuvre des technologies de maîtrise de l’eau agricole ; - Renforcement de capacités des vulgarisateurs, tout en tenant compte du genre, dans les stations radio-rurales pour les alertes de risques climatiques ; - Usage de l’agro-météorologie pour prévenir les risques climatiques. - Subvention des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agroécologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations. 6.2.4.', '- Subvention des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agroécologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations. 6.2.4. Réduction des risques des catastrophes et protection des zones côtières - Analyse, évaluation et cartographie des risques hydro-climatiques ; - Evaluation des vulnérabilités et des capacités ; - Surveillance et alerte précoce en matière des risques hydro-climatiques (inondations, sécheresse, érosion des sols (urbains et agricoles), glissements de terrain, etc.) ; - Elaboration des documents d’informations et de communication des risques climatiques et leur diffusion.', '; - Elaboration des documents d’informations et de communication des risques climatiques et leur diffusion. - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et réglementaires de gestion intégrée des zones littorales vulnérables ; - Mise en œuvre des mesures de lutte contre l’érosion côtière dans la zone située entre Banana et Nsiamfumu (26 km) ; - Appui aux activités résilientes génératrices de revenu et renforcement du système d’alerte précoce des zones littorales vulnérables au changement climatique. 6.2.5. Gestion des ressources en eau et assainissement du milieu - Dragages supplémentaires ou élargissements, de sorte que le surplus d eau s écoule librement.', 'Gestion des ressources en eau et assainissement du milieu - Dragages supplémentaires ou élargissements, de sorte que le surplus d eau s écoule librement. - Adoption des techniques de stabilisation du fleuve dans les zones à risques - Amélioration de la prévention des événements météorologiques extrêmes et des inondations (par exemple) à travers des systèmes d’alerte précoces et renforcement de la résilience des ressources en eau à travers les innovations et les modifications despratiques des ressources d’eau (construction des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages : puits, réhabilitation des sources, déviation des rivières, etc.).', '- Adoption des techniques de stabilisation du fleuve dans les zones à risques - Amélioration de la prévention des événements météorologiques extrêmes et des inondations (par exemple) à travers des systèmes d’alerte précoces et renforcement de la résilience des ressources en eau à travers les innovations et les modifications despratiques des ressources d’eau (construction des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages : puits, réhabilitation des sources, déviation des rivières, etc.). - Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau salubre, à l’assainissement et à l’hygiène en milieu rural et péri-urbain ; - Appui au programme Ecole et Village Assainis (EVA), établi à l’échelle nationale en développant une stratégie centrée autour de la communauté et de ses besoins et qui donne aux familles l’opportunité de faire des choix informés tout en renforçant leur résilience.', '- Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau salubre, à l’assainissement et à l’hygiène en milieu rural et péri-urbain ; - Appui au programme Ecole et Village Assainis (EVA), établi à l’échelle nationale en développant une stratégie centrée autour de la communauté et de ses besoins et qui donne aux familles l’opportunité de faire des choix informés tout en renforçant leur résilience. 6.2.6. Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de la santé Amélioration de l’accès aux services de santé publique des populations pauvres vulnérables aux changements climatiques par : (i) l’amélioration, la construction, la réhabilitation et entretien des infrastructures et équipements de santé ; (ii) l’amélioration de l’accès des populations aux services de santé de base afin de réduire les risques.6.4.', 'Renforcement de la résilience du secteur de la santé Amélioration de l’accès aux services de santé publique des populations pauvres vulnérables aux changements climatiques par : (i) l’amélioration, la construction, la réhabilitation et entretien des infrastructures et équipements de santé ; (ii) l’amélioration de l’accès des populations aux services de santé de base afin de réduire les risques.6.4. Plan de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation Le tableau 7 présente la synthèse des interventions que la RDC compte mettre en œuvre pour pouvoir atteindre ses objectifs prioritaires d’adaptation aux impacts des changements climatiques à l’horizon 2030. Les principaux secteurs identifiés concernent les ressources en eau, la foresterie, l’agriculture et la zone côtière.', 'Les principaux secteurs identifiés concernent les ressources en eau, la foresterie, l’agriculture et la zone côtière. Tableau 8: Synthèse des interventions dans le domaine d’adaptation et leurs coûts estimatifs Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Forêt Gérer de manière durable les écosystèmes forestiers et la biodiversité́ Développement des projets de valorisation des ressources forestières (PFNL, foresterie communautaire etc.)', 'Tableau 8: Synthèse des interventions dans le domaine d’adaptation et leurs coûts estimatifs Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Forêt Gérer de manière durable les écosystèmes forestiers et la biodiversité́ Développement des projets de valorisation des ressources forestières (PFNL, foresterie communautaire etc.) avec les Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones en veillant sur l’application des dispositions légales Nombre de projets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Reboisement des zones dégradées avec des espèces à grande valeur écologique, économique et culturelle pour les communautés Superficie reboisée Restauration des écosystèmes dégradés Développement des plantations agroforestières dans les zones dégradées Superficie des zones occupées par les plantations agroforestières Restauration des terres dégradées Accompagnement et soutien des microprojets de la pêche durable et de la pisciculture Nombre de microprojets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois - Amélioration de la sécurité 0,23Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD alimentaire et nutritionnelle Promotion des projets permettant de réorienter les populations vers des activités économiques à impact réduit sur les écosystèmes forestiers Nombre de projets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Implication des populations locales dans la gestion des écosystèmes forestiers de leur terroir Nombre de personnes impliquées - Protection des écosystèmes Valorisation des savoirs traditionnels des populations locales liés à la conservation des écosystèmes Type de savoir capitalisé -Protection des écosystèmes Coordination stratégique des programmes, plans, initiatives en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Existence d’une structure de coordination -Gouvernace renforcée Promotion de la gestion durable des terres (GDT) 8 M d’ha à restaurer et à gérer durablement Restauration des terres agricoles, sylvicolesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Agriculture Renforcer de la résilience du secteur agricole Intégration des préoccupations de la lutte contre les changements climatiques dans la planification et la budgétisation du secteur à toutes les échelles (national, provincial et local) Nombre de plans de développement prenant en compte l’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles et régulation des cycles de carbone et d’azote à travers une production agricole Production et diffusion des semences résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques -Nombre de semences résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques adoptés -Innovation et productivité agricole Développement du programme de zonage en vue de circonscrire les zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles Superficie des zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles Collecte et traitement des données climatiques par l’INERA et le METTELSAT et diffusion régulière des bulletins météorologiques et de prévision saisonnière Nombre de bulletins météorologiqu es et de prévision saisonnière publiés - Innovation et productivité - Connaissance renforcée sur le climatSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Vulgarisation des techniques de gestion des sol et de l’eau dans l’agriculture -Nombre de personnes touchées -Taux de rendement par spéculation Gestion durable/restaur ation des sols dégradés Appui à la structuration des organisations paysannes et la gouvernance agricole Pourcentage de la population ciblée, ventilé par sexe, âge et province Gouvernace agricole renforcée Appui à l’organisation des circuits de commercialisation et une politique des prix des ventes de produits agricoles rémunérateurs aux producteurs agricoles Pourcentage de la population ciblée Gouvernace agricole renforcée Création et réhabilitation des pistes de dessertes agricoles Nombre de kilomètres de pistes de dessertes agricoles crées et réhabilitées Distribution et usages des ressources efficaces Promotion (i) des pratiques culturales permettant une sédentarisation des activités agricoles, (ii) des semences améliorées et/ou résilientes, et (iii) des techniques de gestion des sols et de l’eau dans l’agriculture accessibles aux paysans -Nombre de pratiques culturales -Nombre de semences améliorées et/ou résilientes - Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Développement et dissémination des stations d’observation météorologiques à travers le pays Nombre de stations d’observation météorologiqu es installées Gouvernace agricole renforcée Renforcement les capacités et autonomisation des femmes Nombre de femmes ayant bénéficié du renforcement des capacités Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Développement des énergies alternatives au bois énergie en vue de protégé la forêt (solaire, gaz, ou au moins foyers améliorés, etc) Nombre de types d’énergies alternatives au bois énergie développés Protection des écosystèmes Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation et de gestion des impacts des changements climatiques sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire Nombre de ménages ayant bénéficié du renforcement des capacités Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Appui à la recherche et à l’innovation pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques Nombre et type d’appuis apportés à la recherche et l’innovation Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Création des Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles (PEA) et promotion de l’agro- business Nombre d’entreprises créées Création d’emplois Assurer la gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne Mise en place des systèmes d’alerte précoce Nombre de schémas d’intervention pour la mise en œuvre du système d’alerte précoce pour les femmes en agriculture vivrière élaborés Innovation et productivité Mise en place des mesures de riposte en cas de catastrophes naturelles -Nombre d’aménagemen ts hydro- agricoles réalisés - Nombre de programmes de conservation d’eaux et de terres (lutte anti-érosive) développés Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Développement de mécanismes de subventions des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro écologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations Nombre de petits producteurs paysans ayant bénéficié des subventions Création d’emplois Distribution et usages des ressources efficaces Zone côtière Réduire les risques des catastrophes et protéger les zones côtières Evaluation des vulnérabilités et des besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelles Nombre d’études réalisées sur les vulnérabilités et les besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelle s Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Renforcement de système d alerte précoce des zones littorales vulnérables et des zones des risques hydro- climatiques (inondations, sécheresse, érosion des sols (urbains et agricoles), glissements de terrain, éruption volcanique, etc.)', 'avec les Communautés Locales et Peuples Autochtones en veillant sur l’application des dispositions légales Nombre de projets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Reboisement des zones dégradées avec des espèces à grande valeur écologique, économique et culturelle pour les communautés Superficie reboisée Restauration des écosystèmes dégradés Développement des plantations agroforestières dans les zones dégradées Superficie des zones occupées par les plantations agroforestières Restauration des terres dégradées Accompagnement et soutien des microprojets de la pêche durable et de la pisciculture Nombre de microprojets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois - Amélioration de la sécurité 0,23Secteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD alimentaire et nutritionnelle Promotion des projets permettant de réorienter les populations vers des activités économiques à impact réduit sur les écosystèmes forestiers Nombre de projets mis en œuvre -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Implication des populations locales dans la gestion des écosystèmes forestiers de leur terroir Nombre de personnes impliquées - Protection des écosystèmes Valorisation des savoirs traditionnels des populations locales liés à la conservation des écosystèmes Type de savoir capitalisé -Protection des écosystèmes Coordination stratégique des programmes, plans, initiatives en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques Existence d’une structure de coordination -Gouvernace renforcée Promotion de la gestion durable des terres (GDT) 8 M d’ha à restaurer et à gérer durablement Restauration des terres agricoles, sylvicolesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Agriculture Renforcer de la résilience du secteur agricole Intégration des préoccupations de la lutte contre les changements climatiques dans la planification et la budgétisation du secteur à toutes les échelles (national, provincial et local) Nombre de plans de développement prenant en compte l’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles et régulation des cycles de carbone et d’azote à travers une production agricole Production et diffusion des semences résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques -Nombre de semences résilientes aux effets des changements climatiques adoptés -Innovation et productivité agricole Développement du programme de zonage en vue de circonscrire les zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles Superficie des zones à affecter spécifiquement aux activités agricoles Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles Collecte et traitement des données climatiques par l’INERA et le METTELSAT et diffusion régulière des bulletins météorologiques et de prévision saisonnière Nombre de bulletins météorologiqu es et de prévision saisonnière publiés - Innovation et productivité - Connaissance renforcée sur le climatSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Vulgarisation des techniques de gestion des sol et de l’eau dans l’agriculture -Nombre de personnes touchées -Taux de rendement par spéculation Gestion durable/restaur ation des sols dégradés Appui à la structuration des organisations paysannes et la gouvernance agricole Pourcentage de la population ciblée, ventilé par sexe, âge et province Gouvernace agricole renforcée Appui à l’organisation des circuits de commercialisation et une politique des prix des ventes de produits agricoles rémunérateurs aux producteurs agricoles Pourcentage de la population ciblée Gouvernace agricole renforcée Création et réhabilitation des pistes de dessertes agricoles Nombre de kilomètres de pistes de dessertes agricoles crées et réhabilitées Distribution et usages des ressources efficaces Promotion (i) des pratiques culturales permettant une sédentarisation des activités agricoles, (ii) des semences améliorées et/ou résilientes, et (iii) des techniques de gestion des sols et de l’eau dans l’agriculture accessibles aux paysans -Nombre de pratiques culturales -Nombre de semences améliorées et/ou résilientes - Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Développement et dissémination des stations d’observation météorologiques à travers le pays Nombre de stations d’observation météorologiqu es installées Gouvernace agricole renforcée Renforcement les capacités et autonomisation des femmes Nombre de femmes ayant bénéficié du renforcement des capacités Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Développement des énergies alternatives au bois énergie en vue de protégé la forêt (solaire, gaz, ou au moins foyers améliorés, etc) Nombre de types d’énergies alternatives au bois énergie développés Protection des écosystèmes Renforcement des capacités d’adaptation et de gestion des impacts des changements climatiques sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire Nombre de ménages ayant bénéficié du renforcement des capacités Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Appui à la recherche et à l’innovation pour renforcer la résilience du secteur agricole face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques Nombre et type d’appuis apportés à la recherche et l’innovation Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Création des Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles (PEA) et promotion de l’agro- business Nombre d’entreprises créées Création d’emplois Assurer la gestion des risques climatiques dans l’agriculture paysanne Mise en place des systèmes d’alerte précoce Nombre de schémas d’intervention pour la mise en œuvre du système d’alerte précoce pour les femmes en agriculture vivrière élaborés Innovation et productivité Mise en place des mesures de riposte en cas de catastrophes naturelles -Nombre d’aménagemen ts hydro- agricoles réalisés - Nombre de programmes de conservation d’eaux et de terres (lutte anti-érosive) développés Innovation et productivitéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD Développement de mécanismes de subventions des petits producteurs paysans, de plus en plus vulnérables, en vue d’adopter les nouvelles pratiques agro écologiques à même de pérenniser leurs exploitations Nombre de petits producteurs paysans ayant bénéficié des subventions Création d’emplois Distribution et usages des ressources efficaces Zone côtière Réduire les risques des catastrophes et protéger les zones côtières Evaluation des vulnérabilités et des besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelles Nombre d’études réalisées sur les vulnérabilités et les besoins en capacités humaines et institutionnelle s Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Renforcement de système d alerte précoce des zones littorales vulnérables et des zones des risques hydro- climatiques (inondations, sécheresse, érosion des sols (urbains et agricoles), glissements de terrain, éruption volcanique, etc.) Nombre de dispositifs d alerte précoce des zones littorales vulnérables et des zones des risques hydro- climatiques installés Innovation et productivité Mise en œuvre des mesures de lutte contre l érosion côtière dans les zones littorales vulnérables, notamment la zone située entre Banana et Nsiamfumu Nombre de mesures de lutte contre l érosion côtière dans Préservation des espaces naturelsSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD les zones littorales mises en place entre Banana et Nsiamfumu Protection des zones érosives par le recours aux techniques de lutte antiérosive adaptées Superficie des zones érosives protées par le recours aux techniques de lutte antiérosive adaptées Préservation des espaces naturels Appui aux activités résilientes génératrices de revenus des ménages Nombre de personnes /mé nages ayant reçu des appuis pour les AGR -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Éducation, Information et sensibilisation sur les catastrophes et les risques climatiques.', 'Nombre de dispositifs d alerte précoce des zones littorales vulnérables et des zones des risques hydro- climatiques installés Innovation et productivité Mise en œuvre des mesures de lutte contre l érosion côtière dans les zones littorales vulnérables, notamment la zone située entre Banana et Nsiamfumu Nombre de mesures de lutte contre l érosion côtière dans Préservation des espaces naturelsSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD les zones littorales mises en place entre Banana et Nsiamfumu Protection des zones érosives par le recours aux techniques de lutte antiérosive adaptées Superficie des zones érosives protées par le recours aux techniques de lutte antiérosive adaptées Préservation des espaces naturels Appui aux activités résilientes génératrices de revenus des ménages Nombre de personnes /mé nages ayant reçu des appuis pour les AGR -Création d’emplois -Protection des écosystèmes Éducation, Information et sensibilisation sur les catastrophes et les risques climatiques. Nombre de plan de communicatio n mis en œuvre Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles Ressources en eau Gérer les ressources en eau de manière durable et assainir le Elaboration de la stratégie et la loi sur l’assainissement Nombre de lois élaborées sur l’assainisseme nt Gouvernace climatique renforcéeSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD milieu Elaboration des schémas d’aménagement et de gestion des ressources en eau par bassin ou sous bassin Nombre de schémas d’aménagemen t et de gestion des eaux par bassin ou sous bassin Gouvernace climatique renforcée Création/Réhabilitation des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages Nombre de structures d’approvisionn ement en eau installées Gouvernace climatique renforcée Promotion des techniques de stabilisation du fleuve dans les zones à risques Nombre de zones à risques du fleuve stabilisées Innovation Renforcement de la résilience des populations vulnérables (femmes et enfants) par un appui au programme Ecole et Village Assainis Nombre de programme Ecole et Village Assainis mis en œuvre Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle renforcée Promotion des approches pro-pauvres pour la mise en place des infrastructures et des services d’assainissement Nombre d’infrastructur es et des services d’assainisseme Protection des écosystèmesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD nt installés dans le cadre des approches pro-pauvres Production, gestion et diffusion de l’information sur les ressources en eau et les aménagements hydrauliques/agro- hydrauliques Nombre de plan de communicatio n mis en œuvre Gouvernace climatique renforcée Amélioration de l accès à l eau potable Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’eau potable (milieu rural, milieu urbain) Amélioration de l’habitat Amélioration de l accès aux services de gestion durables des déchets et à l assainissement des eaux usées Nombre de ménages ayant accès aux services d’assainisseme nt Amélioration de l’habitat Amélioration à l accès à la communication (voiries et TIC) et désenclavement des zones rurales vulnérables Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’information Amélioration de la qualité de vie Santé Faciliter l’accès aux services de santé et améliorer la Construction/réhabilitation et équipement des établissements de santé Nombre d’établissemen ts de santé construits, réhabilités ou Amélioration de la santéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD qualité de la vie équipés Renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles et facilitation de l’accès des populations vulnérables aux services de santé de base Nombre de personnes ayant accès aux services de santé de base Amélioration de la santé Promotion de l’intégration de l’approche genre/Jeunesse/groupes vulnérables dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques Nombre de personnes et d’institutions formés Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Intégration des impacts potentiels des changements climatiques sur la santé publique dans les politiques et plans de développement Nombre de plans ou programmes Gouvernance climatique renforcée Développement des synergies avec d’autres initiatives sur les plans de la santé publique Types de synergie créés Nombre et qualité d’acteurs engagés Gouvernance climatique renforcée Energie Faciliter l’accès des ménages à une énergie propre et à un coût Promotion de mode de production alternative d énergie (installation des systèmes solaire, éolien, biomasse), Nombre de ménages ayant accès aux énergies alternatives Protection des écosystèmesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD abordable Amélioration des techniques de modélisation du climat à l’échelle locale pour mieux prévoir les impacts futurs Scenario climatique identifié Protection des écosystèmes Aménagement des bassins de rétention d eau, construction des digues de protection des infrastructures de production Nombre de bassins versants aménagés Protection des écosystèmes Promotion de l usage rationnel de l énergie électrique, amélioration de la gestion du système de réseaux de distribution énergétique Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’énergie électrique Protection des écosystèmes7.', 'Nombre de plan de communicatio n mis en œuvre Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles Ressources en eau Gérer les ressources en eau de manière durable et assainir le Elaboration de la stratégie et la loi sur l’assainissement Nombre de lois élaborées sur l’assainisseme nt Gouvernace climatique renforcéeSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD milieu Elaboration des schémas d’aménagement et de gestion des ressources en eau par bassin ou sous bassin Nombre de schémas d’aménagemen t et de gestion des eaux par bassin ou sous bassin Gouvernace climatique renforcée Création/Réhabilitation des structures d’approvisionnement en eau dans les villages Nombre de structures d’approvisionn ement en eau installées Gouvernace climatique renforcée Promotion des techniques de stabilisation du fleuve dans les zones à risques Nombre de zones à risques du fleuve stabilisées Innovation Renforcement de la résilience des populations vulnérables (femmes et enfants) par un appui au programme Ecole et Village Assainis Nombre de programme Ecole et Village Assainis mis en œuvre Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle renforcée Promotion des approches pro-pauvres pour la mise en place des infrastructures et des services d’assainissement Nombre d’infrastructur es et des services d’assainisseme Protection des écosystèmesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD nt installés dans le cadre des approches pro-pauvres Production, gestion et diffusion de l’information sur les ressources en eau et les aménagements hydrauliques/agro- hydrauliques Nombre de plan de communicatio n mis en œuvre Gouvernace climatique renforcée Amélioration de l accès à l eau potable Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’eau potable (milieu rural, milieu urbain) Amélioration de l’habitat Amélioration de l accès aux services de gestion durables des déchets et à l assainissement des eaux usées Nombre de ménages ayant accès aux services d’assainisseme nt Amélioration de l’habitat Amélioration à l accès à la communication (voiries et TIC) et désenclavement des zones rurales vulnérables Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’information Amélioration de la qualité de vie Santé Faciliter l’accès aux services de santé et améliorer la Construction/réhabilitation et équipement des établissements de santé Nombre d’établissemen ts de santé construits, réhabilités ou Amélioration de la santéSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD qualité de la vie équipés Renforcement des capacités humaines et institutionnelles et facilitation de l’accès des populations vulnérables aux services de santé de base Nombre de personnes ayant accès aux services de santé de base Amélioration de la santé Promotion de l’intégration de l’approche genre/Jeunesse/groupes vulnérables dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques Nombre de personnes et d’institutions formés Capacités humaines et institutionnelle s renforcées Intégration des impacts potentiels des changements climatiques sur la santé publique dans les politiques et plans de développement Nombre de plans ou programmes Gouvernance climatique renforcée Développement des synergies avec d’autres initiatives sur les plans de la santé publique Types de synergie créés Nombre et qualité d’acteurs engagés Gouvernance climatique renforcée Energie Faciliter l’accès des ménages à une énergie propre et à un coût Promotion de mode de production alternative d énergie (installation des systèmes solaire, éolien, biomasse), Nombre de ménages ayant accès aux énergies alternatives Protection des écosystèmesSecteur Objectif Actions Indicateurs Co-bénéfices d atténuation Coût estimatif (Milliards USD) Période de mise en œuvre Alignement avec les ODD abordable Amélioration des techniques de modélisation du climat à l’échelle locale pour mieux prévoir les impacts futurs Scenario climatique identifié Protection des écosystèmes Aménagement des bassins de rétention d eau, construction des digues de protection des infrastructures de production Nombre de bassins versants aménagés Protection des écosystèmes Promotion de l usage rationnel de l énergie électrique, amélioration de la gestion du système de réseaux de distribution énergétique Nombre de ménages ayant accès à l’énergie électrique Protection des écosystèmes7. Cadre de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV) 7.1 Cadre de transparence Le nouveau cadre de transparence amélioré exige que le système MNV de la CDN rende compte de façon transparente des progrès réalisés vers les objectifs définis dans la CDN de la RDC et de suivre les progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation - ainsi que l utilisation et les résultats des moyens de mise en œuvre et de soutien, y compris le renforcement des capacités, le transfert de technologie et le financement.', 'Cadre de Mesure, Notification et vérification (MNV) 7.1 Cadre de transparence Le nouveau cadre de transparence amélioré exige que le système MNV de la CDN rende compte de façon transparente des progrès réalisés vers les objectifs définis dans la CDN de la RDC et de suivre les progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation - ainsi que l utilisation et les résultats des moyens de mise en œuvre et de soutien, y compris le renforcement des capacités, le transfert de technologie et le financement. Le système MNV prend également en compte les impacts non-GES sur les impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques des actions de la CDN qui conduiraient à un changement transformationnel vers la réalisation des objectifs nationaux de développement durable.', 'Le système MNV prend également en compte les impacts non-GES sur les impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques des actions de la CDN qui conduiraient à un changement transformationnel vers la réalisation des objectifs nationaux de développement durable. Dans le cas de la RDC, cela doit prendre en compte l intégration de la dimension genre et de la jeunesse qui sont au cœur du Plan National de Développement Stratégique (PNSD) du pays. Ces exigences nationales et internationales pour les trois dimensions de MNV se chevauchent et il est utile de démontrer leurs liens au sein du système national MNV. Par exemple, le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le soutien technique ont un impact direct sur la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation.', 'Par exemple, le financement, le renforcement des capacités et le soutien technique ont un impact direct sur la mise en œuvre des actions d atténuation et d adaptation. Par conséquent, le système national MNV de la CDN de la RDC sera utile pour suivre et rendre compte des progrès et de l utilisation du soutien, ainsi que pour faciliter l identification des défis afin d informer les changements de politique essentiels pour améliorer la mise en œuvre. En RDC, le mandat de coordination et de suivi de la mise en œuvre harmonieuse de l’action environnementale en général, de l’action climatique en particulier est confié au Ministère de l’environnement et développement durable (MEDD).', 'En RDC, le mandat de coordination et de suivi de la mise en œuvre harmonieuse de l’action environnementale en général, de l’action climatique en particulier est confié au Ministère de l’environnement et développement durable (MEDD). Le MEDD, à travers la Direction de Développement Durable (DDD), assure la coordination de l’ensemble de la dynamique de la mise en œuvre et de suivi de toutes les questions relatives aux changements climatiques. Il est le point focal de la convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC).', 'Il est le point focal de la convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). A ce titre, la DDD assure la préparation et la production des rapports nationaux d’inventaires des gaz à effet de serre (GES) et ce, en collaboration avec les différentes institutions nationales (le ministère des finances, de l intérieur, de l agriculture, transport, des travaux publics et infrastructures, Industrie, de commerce, de développement rural, de l’aménagement du territoire, de la recherche scientifique, du plan, du Budget, de la santé publique, de l’élevage, hydrocarbures, économie, Mines ; hydraulique et électricité, genre, des universités) et autres organisations, tant au niveau national qu’international. Le Ministère de l environnement et Développement Durable impulse également l’intégration des politiques et stratégies environnementales et les questions de changement climatique dans les plans de développement nationaux.', 'Le Ministère de l environnement et Développement Durable impulse également l’intégration des politiques et stratégies environnementales et les questions de changement climatique dans les plans de développement nationaux. Sous le leadership du Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable, un Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques est institué. Il rassemble les délégués desdifférentes Administrations et institutions publiques, des universités, centres de recherches, des organisations nationales et de la Société Civile en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative. Un Comité Technique de Coordination et de Groupes thématiques de travail sont mis en place pour la réalisation des différentes activités, études et rapports.', 'Un Comité Technique de Coordination et de Groupes thématiques de travail sont mis en place pour la réalisation des différentes activités, études et rapports. Le Comité Technique de Coordination se veut un organe de concertation et un espace de dialogue, d’échanges et d’orientation entre les parties prenantes pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Il rassemble les délégués des différentes administrations publiques, institutions et organisations en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative.', 'Il rassemble les délégués des différentes administrations publiques, institutions et organisations en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative. Les fonctions du Comité Technique de Coordination sont déterminées comme suit : (i) S’assurer du développement de la CDN en un seul processus national rationalisé sous la responsabilité technique du MEDD ; (ii) Faciliter la coordination avec les autorités compétentes tant au niveau national, provincial que local ; (iii) Définir les orientations et les directives du processus CDN et décider des actions à mener (iv) Statuer globalement sur l état d avancement des activités des différents projets et initiatives connexes à la CDN ; (v) Revoir et échanger les points de vue sur des questions majeures relatives à la mise en œuvre des projets susmentionnés, ainsi que proposer des mesures correctives ; et (vi) Assurer le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise œuvre du processus CDN.', 'Les fonctions du Comité Technique de Coordination sont déterminées comme suit : (i) S’assurer du développement de la CDN en un seul processus national rationalisé sous la responsabilité technique du MEDD ; (ii) Faciliter la coordination avec les autorités compétentes tant au niveau national, provincial que local ; (iii) Définir les orientations et les directives du processus CDN et décider des actions à mener (iv) Statuer globalement sur l état d avancement des activités des différents projets et initiatives connexes à la CDN ; (v) Revoir et échanger les points de vue sur des questions majeures relatives à la mise en œuvre des projets susmentionnés, ainsi que proposer des mesures correctives ; et (vi) Assurer le suivi et l’évaluation de la mise œuvre du processus CDN. La DDD assure l’ensemble de la notification et de la communication au Comité Technique de Coordination et au Gouvernement, à travers le MEDD, afin d informer les politiques et les décisions stratégiques qui garantissent que le MNV de la CDN soutient efficacement le développement durable du pays conformément à son Plan National de Développement Stratégique (PNSD).', 'La DDD assure l’ensemble de la notification et de la communication au Comité Technique de Coordination et au Gouvernement, à travers le MEDD, afin d informer les politiques et les décisions stratégiques qui garantissent que le MNV de la CDN soutient efficacement le développement durable du pays conformément à son Plan National de Développement Stratégique (PNSD). Les points suivants sont des domaines clés qui font partie du mandat du Comité : - Examiner et établir les objectifs du comité, le mandat, la composition et les modalités générales de travail du comité dont le principal est l approbation et le rapport ultérieur de MNV de la CDN aux niveaux national et mondial ; - Fournir des conseils et un retour d information sur la portée, le calendrier, les coûts et les préoccupations de qualité, ou des orientations sur les priorités du programme, qui surviennent au cours de la planification, de la conception et de la mise en œuvre des projets liés à la CDN ; - Faciliter l accès aux ressources nécessaires pour examiner et rendre compte de MNV de la CDN et approuver les projets aux étapes clés ; - Réviser et examiner les études, les activités de recherche en ligne avec la CDN pour faciliter l assurance qualité et l alignement avec les priorités stratégiques ;- Développer et rendre opérationnel un plan de communication efficace sur le MNV de la CDN.', 'Les points suivants sont des domaines clés qui font partie du mandat du Comité : - Examiner et établir les objectifs du comité, le mandat, la composition et les modalités générales de travail du comité dont le principal est l approbation et le rapport ultérieur de MNV de la CDN aux niveaux national et mondial ; - Fournir des conseils et un retour d information sur la portée, le calendrier, les coûts et les préoccupations de qualité, ou des orientations sur les priorités du programme, qui surviennent au cours de la planification, de la conception et de la mise en œuvre des projets liés à la CDN ; - Faciliter l accès aux ressources nécessaires pour examiner et rendre compte de MNV de la CDN et approuver les projets aux étapes clés ; - Réviser et examiner les études, les activités de recherche en ligne avec la CDN pour faciliter l assurance qualité et l alignement avec les priorités stratégiques ;- Développer et rendre opérationnel un plan de communication efficace sur le MNV de la CDN. La figure 8 ci-dessous résume les dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN, y compris le processus MNV national des CDN.', 'La figure 8 ci-dessous résume les dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN, y compris le processus MNV national des CDN. Figure 17: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN Le tableau 12 suivant présente une liste des acteurs pertinents qui seront impliqués dans la préparation et la mise en œuvre ultérieure de la CDN, conformément à leur rôle ou responsabilité nationale et leur rôle dans le processus de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'Figure 17: Dispositions institutionnelles pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN Le tableau 12 suivant présente une liste des acteurs pertinents qui seront impliqués dans la préparation et la mise en œuvre ultérieure de la CDN, conformément à leur rôle ou responsabilité nationale et leur rôle dans le processus de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. En outre, au cours de la phase de préparation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, il sera possible de considérer la participation d autres institutions spécialisées telles que l’Institut National d’Etudes et Recherches Agronomiques (INERA), l’Agence Nationale de Météorologie et Télédétection par Satellite (METTELSAT), le Service National de Statistiques Agricoles (SNSA), l’Observatoire National de l’Aménagement du Territoire (ONAT), etc.', 'En outre, au cours de la phase de préparation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, il sera possible de considérer la participation d autres institutions spécialisées telles que l’Institut National d’Etudes et Recherches Agronomiques (INERA), l’Agence Nationale de Météorologie et Télédétection par Satellite (METTELSAT), le Service National de Statistiques Agricoles (SNSA), l’Observatoire National de l’Aménagement du Territoire (ONAT), etc. 7.2 Gestion des données et des informations du MNV de la CDN Le système de suivi et d évaluation axé sur les résultats sera le principal référentiel et, par conséquent, la plateforme appropriée pour le suivi et la gestion des informations et des données pour le secteur de l environnement et des ressources naturelles, présidé par le MEDD.', '7.2 Gestion des données et des informations du MNV de la CDN Le système de suivi et d évaluation axé sur les résultats sera le principal référentiel et, par conséquent, la plateforme appropriée pour le suivi et la gestion des informations et des données pour le secteur de l environnement et des ressources naturelles, présidé par le MEDD. Ainsi, toutes les données relatives au changement climatique, y compris le MNV de la CDN géré et rapporté par le comité technique de travail MNV de la CDN, seront traitées et accessibles par le système de suivi et d évaluation axé sur les résultats. L évaluation et ladéfinition des sources de données les plus adaptées seront importantes pour que tout système MNV soit efficace.', 'L évaluation et ladéfinition des sources de données les plus adaptées seront importantes pour que tout système MNV soit efficace. Le comité technique de travail pour le MNV de la CDN qui sera mis en place jouera un rôle essentiel dans la production et le rapportage des données et des informations au niveau national et de rapports et sera impliqué de manière significative dans la collecte de données, la transparence et la vérification. Le comité s assurera que le système MNV de la RDC relie l atténuation, l adaptation et le financement, ainsi que le soutien au renforcement des capacités et le transfert de technologie en tant qu aspects critiques de la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'Le comité s assurera que le système MNV de la RDC relie l atténuation, l adaptation et le financement, ainsi que le soutien au renforcement des capacités et le transfert de technologie en tant qu aspects critiques de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Les données primaires seront généralement collectées au niveau provincial et les secteurs/institutions auront des liens directs avec les niveaux provinciaux pour obtenir des données et des informations spécifiques au secteur/à l action prioritaire, y compris le MNV de la CDN. Ceci sera fait avec le soutien des parties prenantes au niveau provincial, une opportunité pour l engagement des ONG, du secteur privé et des partenaires du développement pour fournir des contributions au processus MNV de la CDN.', 'Ceci sera fait avec le soutien des parties prenantes au niveau provincial, une opportunité pour l engagement des ONG, du secteur privé et des partenaires du développement pour fournir des contributions au processus MNV de la CDN. Le ministère de l’environnement et développement durable (MEDD) assurera la supervision et la coordination en facilitant les flux de gestion des données des gouvernements provinciaux vers les institutions du niveau central. La Division Changements Climatiques au sein de la Direction de Développement Durable du MEDD est le point focal technique pour la collecte, le traitement, la saisie et l analyse des données liées au MNV de la CDN.', 'La Division Changements Climatiques au sein de la Direction de Développement Durable du MEDD est le point focal technique pour la collecte, le traitement, la saisie et l analyse des données liées au MNV de la CDN. L Institut national des statistiques (INS) de la RDC sera au cœur des processus de production de données nationales et aura le rôle ultime de valider les statistiques nationales par l authentification des données et de l information, et donc l approbation des statistiques nationales partagées avec différents utilisateurs.', 'L Institut national des statistiques (INS) de la RDC sera au cœur des processus de production de données nationales et aura le rôle ultime de valider les statistiques nationales par l authentification des données et de l information, et donc l approbation des statistiques nationales partagées avec différents utilisateurs. L Institut national de la statistique (INS) facilitera l élaboration et l application de protocoles de collecte données et révisera annuellement les normes et les lignes directrices nationales pour l entrée et l agrégation des données afin d orienter les données et l information sur l atténuation et l adaptation produites par les secteurs.Tableau 9: liste des acteurs pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère de l Environnement et du Développement durable (MEDD) Le MEDD dirige et est le principal coordinateur national des activités liées à l environnement et aux changements climatiques en RDC au nom du gouvernement.', 'L Institut national de la statistique (INS) facilitera l élaboration et l application de protocoles de collecte données et révisera annuellement les normes et les lignes directrices nationales pour l entrée et l agrégation des données afin d orienter les données et l information sur l atténuation et l adaptation produites par les secteurs.Tableau 9: liste des acteurs pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère de l Environnement et du Développement durable (MEDD) Le MEDD dirige et est le principal coordinateur national des activités liées à l environnement et aux changements climatiques en RDC au nom du gouvernement. Il est responsable de l élaboration de rapports nationaux et internationaux (inventaires nationaux de GES, communications nationales sur les changements climatiques, Rapports biennaux de mise à jour (BUR), CDN, plans nationaux sur les changements climatiques, etc.', 'Il est responsable de l élaboration de rapports nationaux et internationaux (inventaires nationaux de GES, communications nationales sur les changements climatiques, Rapports biennaux de mise à jour (BUR), CDN, plans nationaux sur les changements climatiques, etc. ), ainsi que de la gestion des données liées au secteur forestier. Il agit en tant que Point Focal de la CCNUCC, du FEM et du FVC. Responsable du Système national de surveillance des forêts, inventaires forestiers nationaux. Elle constitue une source importante d’informations sur la dynamique forestière en RDC. Elle sera l’une des parties prenantes consultées pour l’échange de connaissances, la collecte de données et la diffusion sur le Niveau de référence des forets en RDC.', 'Elle sera l’une des parties prenantes consultées pour l’échange de connaissances, la collecte de données et la diffusion sur le Niveau de référence des forets en RDC. Il coordonnera toutes les activités de préparation et de mise en œuvre des interventions du projet, ainsi que celles liées au suivi, à l établissement de rapports et à l amélioration de la transparence. Ministère en charge de l Agriculture (MINAGRI) Responsable de la conception, formulation, de la coordination, de la promotion, du suivi et de l évaluation des politiques de développement agricole. Il est en charge de la gestion de toutes les données relatives à l agriculture publiées dans les annuaires SNSA (production animale et végétale).', 'Il est en charge de la gestion de toutes les données relatives à l agriculture publiées dans les annuaires SNSA (production animale et végétale). Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et le reporting des activités agricoles.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère du Développement Rural (MINDER) Responsable de l atteinte de la sécurité alimentaire et de l amélioration durable et effective des conditions de vie des populations rurales. Il coordonnera les activités et la gestion des données liées aux activités rurales et en raison de sa représentation à travers le pays, il donnera des informations opérationnelles et techniques pour tous les aspects du secteur AFAT à différents niveaux.', 'Il coordonnera les activités et la gestion des données liées aux activités rurales et en raison de sa représentation à travers le pays, il donnera des informations opérationnelles et techniques pour tous les aspects du secteur AFAT à différents niveaux. Ministère de la Pêche et de l Élevage Responsable de la gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et animales et de leur contribution à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle de la population. Il est en charge de la gestion de toutes les données relatives à l élevage et à la pêche. Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités de pêche et d élevage.', 'Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités de pêche et d élevage. Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire Responsable de planification (zonage) de l’utilisation rationnelle des terres - Evaluer les potentialités du territoire en ce qui concerne les ressources naturelles renouvelables et non renouvelables du sol et du sous-sol national - Contrôler et surveiller de manière permanente de l’utilisation de l’espace physique du pays - Partager les données de l’Observation national de l’AT avec l’INS pour leur capitalisation dans le suivi- évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère des Affaires foncières Responsable de la gestion du régime général des biens, régime foncier et immobilier - Faciliter l’accès et sécuriser les terres des communautés locales et Peuples Autochtones - Sécuriser le foncier en vue de promouvoir une gestion rationnelle et durable des ressources naturelles Ministère en charge de la Plannification (Ministère du Plan) Responsable de la production des statistiques nationales et de la gestion de toutes les données liées à la planification nationale et régionale.', 'Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire Responsable de planification (zonage) de l’utilisation rationnelle des terres - Evaluer les potentialités du territoire en ce qui concerne les ressources naturelles renouvelables et non renouvelables du sol et du sous-sol national - Contrôler et surveiller de manière permanente de l’utilisation de l’espace physique du pays - Partager les données de l’Observation national de l’AT avec l’INS pour leur capitalisation dans le suivi- évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère des Affaires foncières Responsable de la gestion du régime général des biens, régime foncier et immobilier - Faciliter l’accès et sécuriser les terres des communautés locales et Peuples Autochtones - Sécuriser le foncier en vue de promouvoir une gestion rationnelle et durable des ressources naturelles Ministère en charge de la Plannification (Ministère du Plan) Responsable de la production des statistiques nationales et de la gestion de toutes les données liées à la planification nationale et régionale. Il veillera au respect des normes statistiques nationales.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère de la Santé Mettre en œuvre la politique du Gouvernement dans le domaine de la santé - Contribuer à réduire les pressions environnementales qui pourraient entraîner des migrations et leurs effets sur la santé et le bien-être.', 'Il veillera au respect des normes statistiques nationales.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère de la Santé Mettre en œuvre la politique du Gouvernement dans le domaine de la santé - Contribuer à réduire les pressions environnementales qui pourraient entraîner des migrations et leurs effets sur la santé et le bien-être. - Mobiliser les secteurs de la santé face à des risques environnementaux majeurs, notamment les changements climatiques, la pollution de l’air, l’eau et l’assainissement, la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, les déchets et l’exposition aux produits chimiques dangereux et toxiques - Stimuler et accroître l’échange de bonnes pratiques, de données d’expérience et de compétences techniques en vue de renforcer la santé, d’améliorer le suivi de la santé et la protection de l’environnement Ministères en charge des affaires étrangères et de la coopération internationale Rechercher, négocier et mobiliser des réssources extérieures en faveur du développement national.', '- Mobiliser les secteurs de la santé face à des risques environnementaux majeurs, notamment les changements climatiques, la pollution de l’air, l’eau et l’assainissement, la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, les déchets et l’exposition aux produits chimiques dangereux et toxiques - Stimuler et accroître l’échange de bonnes pratiques, de données d’expérience et de compétences techniques en vue de renforcer la santé, d’améliorer le suivi de la santé et la protection de l’environnement Ministères en charge des affaires étrangères et de la coopération internationale Rechercher, négocier et mobiliser des réssources extérieures en faveur du développement national. Organiser les réunions des partenaires bi et multilatéraux et de mettre en place un cadre permanent de concertation au niveau national. Ministères en charge de l’intérieur et des affaires sociales Gérer les catastrophes et calamités naturelles Coordonner la commission interministérielle sur les catastrophes et calamités naturelles.', 'Ministères en charge de l’intérieur et des affaires sociales Gérer les catastrophes et calamités naturelles Coordonner la commission interministérielle sur les catastrophes et calamités naturelles. Ministère de la recherche scientifique Promouvoir la recherche scientifique et le transfert de technologie dans le domaine des changements climatiques - Orienter la recherche scientifique et technologie vers l’appui aux efforts de lutte contre les changements climatiques - Publier et diffuser les résultats de la recherche scientifique et technologique en lien avec la lutte contre les changements climatiquesParties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN INS L Institut national de la statistique (INS) de la RDC est au cœur des processus de données nationales et a le rôle ultime de valider les statistiques nationales par l authentification des données et de l information, et donc l approbation des statistiques nationales partagées avec l extérieur.', 'Ministère de la recherche scientifique Promouvoir la recherche scientifique et le transfert de technologie dans le domaine des changements climatiques - Orienter la recherche scientifique et technologie vers l’appui aux efforts de lutte contre les changements climatiques - Publier et diffuser les résultats de la recherche scientifique et technologique en lien avec la lutte contre les changements climatiquesParties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN INS L Institut national de la statistique (INS) de la RDC est au cœur des processus de données nationales et a le rôle ultime de valider les statistiques nationales par l authentification des données et de l information, et donc l approbation des statistiques nationales partagées avec l extérieur. L Institut national de la statistique (INS) facilitera l élaboration et l application de protocoles de données et révisera annuellement les normes et les lignes directrices nationales pour l entrée et l agrégation des données afin d orienter les données et l information sur l atténuation et l adaptation produites par les secteurs.', 'L Institut national de la statistique (INS) facilitera l élaboration et l application de protocoles de données et révisera annuellement les normes et les lignes directrices nationales pour l entrée et l agrégation des données afin d orienter les données et l information sur l atténuation et l adaptation produites par les secteurs. Ministère des Finances (Ministère des Finances) Responsable de la planification budgétaire nationale; il participe activement à diverses activités liées à la revue des dépenses publiques et à la gestion des finances. Il garantira l effectivité de la contribution financière de la RDC à ce projet.', 'Il garantira l effectivité de la contribution financière de la RDC à ce projet. Ministère du Genre, de la Famille et de l Enfance Il a été créé pour élaborer et coordonner la mise en œuvre des mesures gouvernementales liées à la promotion et au respect des droits des femmes et à la protection de la famille, pour gérer et coordonner les aspects sociaux. Il est chargé d améliorer le cadre juridique et institutionnel pour assurer la participation des femmes au développement, la représentation des femmes à tous les niveaux et l intégration du genre dans les politiques et programmes du pays.', 'Il est chargé d améliorer le cadre juridique et institutionnel pour assurer la participation des femmes au développement, la représentation des femmes à tous les niveaux et l intégration du genre dans les politiques et programmes du pays. Il soutiendra l intégration dans le projet d éléments qui contribuent à combler l écart entre les sexes dans les activités d adaptation et d atténuation du changement climatique, ainsi qu un accès plus équilibré entre les hommes et les femmes aux ressources nationales. Il soutiendra également l élaboration de stratégies visant à réduire l écart entre les sexes dans les activités du projet, en particulier celles liées au renforcement des capacités. Ministère en charge de l’Energie (Ressources hydrauliques et Electricité), ) Responsable de la gestion des statistiques de l’approvisionnement, de production et consommation des ressources énergétiques au niveau national.', 'Ministère en charge de l’Energie (Ressources hydrauliques et Electricité), ) Responsable de la gestion des statistiques de l’approvisionnement, de production et consommation des ressources énergétiques au niveau national. Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités d’approvisionnement, de production et consommation de combustibles.', 'Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités d’approvisionnement, de production et consommation de combustibles. Ministère en charge des Hydrocarbures Responsable de la gestion des statistiques de l’approvisionnement, de production et consommation des hydrocarbures au niveau national Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités d’approvisionnement, de production et consommation de combustibles liquides.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère des transports Il est en charge de la gestion de toutes les données relatives à la flotte des véhicules (véhicules roulants, aviation, navigation fluviale et lacustres) Il sera chargé de coordonner toutes les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la notification des activités du secteur transport Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques À l’heure actuelle, les orientations de mise en oeuvre des projets et programmes sont suivi dans le cadre de comités de pilotage distincts Partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative.', 'Ministère en charge des Hydrocarbures Responsable de la gestion des statistiques de l’approvisionnement, de production et consommation des hydrocarbures au niveau national Il sera chargé de coordonner les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la déclaration des activités d’approvisionnement, de production et consommation de combustibles liquides.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Ministère des transports Il est en charge de la gestion de toutes les données relatives à la flotte des véhicules (véhicules roulants, aviation, navigation fluviale et lacustres) Il sera chargé de coordonner toutes les tâches liées à la collecte et à l amélioration des données pour le suivi et la notification des activités du secteur transport Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques À l’heure actuelle, les orientations de mise en oeuvre des projets et programmes sont suivi dans le cadre de comités de pilotage distincts Partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative. Comité technique de coordination et de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Il a un rôle opérationnel et de concertation entre les entités clés des ministères sectoriels et les partenaires techniques impliqués dans les différentes composantes de la CDN.', 'Comité technique de coordination et de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN Il a un rôle opérationnel et de concertation entre les entités clés des ministères sectoriels et les partenaires techniques impliqués dans les différentes composantes de la CDN. Son rôle est de contribuer à analyser et valider techniquement l ensemble des données et informations techniques produites dans le cadre de la CDN. Le Comité Technique de Coordination se veut un organe de concertation et d’orientation entre les parties prenantes pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'Le Comité Technique de Coordination se veut un organe de concertation et d’orientation entre les parties prenantes pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Il rassemble les délégués des différentes administrations publiques, institutions et organisations en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative Il soutiendra les aspects liés à l information associée à la CDN pour les secteurs Energie, AFAT et Déchets et la réalisation de sa mise en œuvre.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Comité (technique) provincial sur les changements climatiques Son rôle est de contribuer à analyser et valider techniquement l ensemble des données et informations techniques produites au niveau provincial dans le cadre de la CDN.', 'Il rassemble les délégués des différentes administrations publiques, institutions et organisations en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative Il soutiendra les aspects liés à l information associée à la CDN pour les secteurs Energie, AFAT et Déchets et la réalisation de sa mise en œuvre.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Comité (technique) provincial sur les changements climatiques Son rôle est de contribuer à analyser et valider techniquement l ensemble des données et informations techniques produites au niveau provincial dans le cadre de la CDN. Le Comité Technique de Coordination se veut un organe de concertation et d’orientation entre les parties prenantes au niveau provincial.', 'Le Comité Technique de Coordination se veut un organe de concertation et d’orientation entre les parties prenantes au niveau provincial. Il rassemble les délégués des différentes administrations publiques rpvinciales, institutions et organisations en vue de partager une vision et compréhension commune dans la mise en œuvre des projets susceptible d’assurer l’avancement des interventions, initiatives et activités dans le domaine des changements climatiques dans une ambiance harmonieuse et collaborative Universités et centres de recherche Ils sont responsables de la recherche, de l innovation et de la formation formelle dans tous les domaines, y compris ceux liés aux changements climatiques, ainsi que des mesures d adaptation et d atténuation. Ils fourniront des informations sur le changement climatique, les méthodologies et les approches de surveillance, d estimation des GES et de suivi des progrès dans la mise en œuvre des CDN.', 'Ils fourniront des informations sur le changement climatique, les méthodologies et les approches de surveillance, d estimation des GES et de suivi des progrès dans la mise en œuvre des CDN. Ils seront invités à participer à des formations, des ateliers et des réunions afin d avoir un échange efficace de connaissances et de bonnes pratiques. En outre, les universités pourraient soutenir les processus de formation et l inclusion de ces sujets dans les programmes des diplômes universitaires.', 'En outre, les universités pourraient soutenir les processus de formation et l inclusion de ces sujets dans les programmes des diplômes universitaires. Ce partenariat avec des institutions universitaires permettra la diffusion des bases scientifiques sur le besoin de comptabilisation du capital naturel et de législation pour diverses initiatives dans le cadre de ce processus.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN Organisations de la société civile Ells jouent un rôle important au niveau local pour l organisation, la sensibilisation, le renforcement des capacités et l exécution d actions spécifiques d adaptation et d atténuation au changement climatique. Certaines organisations qui seront impliquées dans le projet seront : CEDEN, CODELT, GTCRR, LINAPYCO, Logos Premier, OCEAN, REBAC, REFADD, REPALEF-RDC, RRN, entre autres.', 'Certaines organisations qui seront impliquées dans le projet seront : CEDEN, CODELT, GTCRR, LINAPYCO, Logos Premier, OCEAN, REBAC, REFADD, REPALEF-RDC, RRN, entre autres. Elles seront invitées à participer à des activités liées à la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur les changements climatiques, le renforcement des capacités et la production/collecte de données et d informations pertinentes pour le fonctionnement du système MRV et les inventaires de GES. Organisations du secteur privé Ils sont un acteur clé dans la réalisation des CDN et la mise en œuvre des activités d adaptation et d atténuation du changement climatique, car ils en subissent également les effets.', 'Organisations du secteur privé Ils sont un acteur clé dans la réalisation des CDN et la mise en œuvre des activités d adaptation et d atténuation du changement climatique, car ils en subissent également les effets. Quelques exemples d organisations du secteur privé sont la COPEMECO (Confédération des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises), FIB (Fédération des Industriels du Bois), FEC (Fédération des Entreprises du Congo), SAFBOIS et SIFORCO, et les agro-industries.', 'Quelques exemples d organisations du secteur privé sont la COPEMECO (Confédération des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises), FIB (Fédération des Industriels du Bois), FEC (Fédération des Entreprises du Congo), SAFBOIS et SIFORCO, et les agro-industries. Sa participation est requise pour rendre possible la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur le changement climatique, à la fois pour l application des mesures d atténuation et/ou d adaptation et la réalisation des CDN et pour la fourniture de données et d informations pour le fonctionnement du MRV et du GES inventaires.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN La Banque Centrale de la RD Congo (BCC) définir et mettre en œuvre la politique monétaire du pays dont l’objectif principal est d’assurer la stabilité du niveau général des prix.', 'Sa participation est requise pour rendre possible la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur le changement climatique, à la fois pour l application des mesures d atténuation et/ou d adaptation et la réalisation des CDN et pour la fourniture de données et d informations pour le fonctionnement du MRV et du GES inventaires.Parties prenantes Responsabilité/rôle Rôle dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN La Banque Centrale de la RD Congo (BCC) définir et mettre en œuvre la politique monétaire du pays dont l’objectif principal est d’assurer la stabilité du niveau général des prix. - Veiller à ce que les changements climatiques soient pris en compte dans les modèles et méthodes de projections macroéconomiques et dans les évaluations des risques ; - sensibiliser les banques commerciales aux risques liés aux changements climatiques, et s’assurer ainsi qu’elles sont en mesure de gérer ces risques de manière appropriée ; - Investir dans des obligations vertes dans le cadre d’achats d’actifs afin d’éviter les distorsions de marché ; - Mesurer et estimer les risques que les changements climatiques font peser sur le système financier national et en communiquer les conclusions.', '- Veiller à ce que les changements climatiques soient pris en compte dans les modèles et méthodes de projections macroéconomiques et dans les évaluations des risques ; - sensibiliser les banques commerciales aux risques liés aux changements climatiques, et s’assurer ainsi qu’elles sont en mesure de gérer ces risques de manière appropriée ; - Investir dans des obligations vertes dans le cadre d’achats d’actifs afin d’éviter les distorsions de marché ; - Mesurer et estimer les risques que les changements climatiques font peser sur le système financier national et en communiquer les conclusions. Les services spécialisés (INERA, METELSAT, SNSA, ONAT)8.', 'Les services spécialisés (INERA, METELSAT, SNSA, ONAT)8. Moyens de mise en œuvre Caractérisé par une très basse contribution aux émissions globales des GES, une très faible intensité de GES par rapport au Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB), et un indice de développement humain le plus bas selon le rapport sur le développement humain de 2020 (PNUD, 2020), la RDC doit donc faire face à de nombreux défis en termes de développement socio- économique. Par ailleurs, le pays doit en priorité minimiser les risques d’impacts des changements climatiques, en raison de l’importante vulnérabilité de certaines activités économiques, comme l’agriculture et la foresterie.', 'Par ailleurs, le pays doit en priorité minimiser les risques d’impacts des changements climatiques, en raison de l’importante vulnérabilité de certaines activités économiques, comme l’agriculture et la foresterie. Cette section donne un aperçu de moyens de mise en œuvre en termes (i) d’arrangements institutionnels ; (ii) de renforcement des capacités, (iii) de transfert des technologies, et (iv) de besoin des financements pertinents susceptibles de faciliter et accélérer la mise en œuvre des mesures d atténuation et d adaptation. 8.4. Mécanismes politiques et arrangements institutionnels La mise en œuvre de la CDN se fera, sous le leadership du Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD), en collaboration avec différents ministères sectoriels concernés au niveau local, provincial, national et les autres parties prenantes notamment les jeunes, les femmes et les populations autochtones.', 'Mécanismes politiques et arrangements institutionnels La mise en œuvre de la CDN se fera, sous le leadership du Ministère de l’Environnement et Développement Durable (MEDD), en collaboration avec différents ministères sectoriels concernés au niveau local, provincial, national et les autres parties prenantes notamment les jeunes, les femmes et les populations autochtones. Les résultats des études spécifiques alimenteront régulièrement la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, et des lois et règlements clés seront promulgués, notamment la loi sur les changements climatiques et la loi sur l’aménagement du territoire. Un texte juridique sera pris, établissant les arrangements institutionnels appropriés afin d’assurer la coordination des actions intersectorielles concernant la lutte contre les changements climatiques. 8.6.', 'Un texte juridique sera pris, établissant les arrangements institutionnels appropriés afin d’assurer la coordination des actions intersectorielles concernant la lutte contre les changements climatiques. 8.6. Egalité de genre, participation de jeunes et des Peuples Autochtones L’opérationnalisation de la CDN ne sera possible que dans une approche inclusive, garantissant l’équité de genre, l’égalité des droits entre les femmes et les hommes, les garçons et les filles, intégrant les enfants, les jeunes, les Peuples Autochtones et les autres groupes vulnérables. Depuis 2009, pour se conformer aux engagements relatifs à la promotion des droits des femmes et de l’égalité de genre auxquels il a souscrit, le Gouvernement s’est doté d’une Politique nationale genre assortie d’un plan d’action.', 'Depuis 2009, pour se conformer aux engagements relatifs à la promotion des droits des femmes et de l’égalité de genre auxquels il a souscrit, le Gouvernement s’est doté d’une Politique nationale genre assortie d’un plan d’action. En 2020 un rapport sur l’analyse de la prise en compte du genre dans la planification de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques ainsi qu’un plan de renforcement de la résilience des femmes autochtones face aux effets des changements climatiques.La RDC dispose aussi d’une Politique de la jeunesse et son Plan stratégique de mise en œuvre. Récemment, un projet de loi portant principes fondamentaux relatifs aux droits des Peuples Autochtones Pygmées a été adopté à l’Assemblée Nationale.', 'Récemment, un projet de loi portant principes fondamentaux relatifs aux droits des Peuples Autochtones Pygmées a été adopté à l’Assemblée Nationale. Des lignes de communication claires seront développées à différents niveaux (local, provincial, national et international) et entre les différents secteurs et parties prenantes, en veillant sur l’égalité de genre, la participation de jeunes et des Peuples Autochtones. 8.8. Renforcement des capacités et transfert de technologies Dans le cadre de l Accord de Paris, les pays développés se sont engagés à faciliter le transfert de technologies et renforcement des capacités vers les pays en développement. De nombreux pays en développement ont exprimer leurs besoins en capacités pour soutenir et identifier les lacunes tant au niveau technologique que de l’expertise permettant de s’assurer de suivi de ressources bilatérales et multilatérales.', 'De nombreux pays en développement ont exprimer leurs besoins en capacités pour soutenir et identifier les lacunes tant au niveau technologique que de l’expertise permettant de s’assurer de suivi de ressources bilatérales et multilatérales. Il est essentiel que les dispositions de l Accord de Paris sur le renforcement des capacités soient mises en œuvre avec succès. Le transfert de technologie et le renforcement des capacités seront nécessaires pour mettre pleinement en œuvre Contributions de la RDC à l atténuation et à l adaptation.', 'Le transfert de technologie et le renforcement des capacités seront nécessaires pour mettre pleinement en œuvre Contributions de la RDC à l atténuation et à l adaptation. Besoins spécifiques identifiés dans ce cadre comprennent entre autres : - L accès et la levée des barrières à la diffusion de technologies propres appropriées ; - Construire des systèmes d information climatique ; - Promotion des énergies renouvelables et de l efficacité énergétique, y compris l implication du secteur privé ; - Mise en place de partenariats public-privé. 8.9. Engagement du secteur privé. Les organisations du secteur privé sont des acteurs clés dans la réalisation des interventions de la CDN et dans la mise en œuvre transparente des activités d adaptation et d atténuation aux changements climatiques, sans négliger les aspects sociaux et environnementaux.', 'Les organisations du secteur privé sont des acteurs clés dans la réalisation des interventions de la CDN et dans la mise en œuvre transparente des activités d adaptation et d atténuation aux changements climatiques, sans négliger les aspects sociaux et environnementaux. Leur participation est nécessaire pour rendre possible la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur les changements climatiques, à la fois pour l application des mesures d atténuation et la réalisation des interventions de la CDN et pour la fourniture de données et d informations pour le fonctionnement du système MRV et la réalisation des inventaires nationaux de GES.', 'Leur participation est nécessaire pour rendre possible la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur les changements climatiques, à la fois pour l application des mesures d atténuation et la réalisation des interventions de la CDN et pour la fourniture de données et d informations pour le fonctionnement du système MRV et la réalisation des inventaires nationaux de GES. Au cours de la phase de préparation de la feuille de route pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN, la participation des organisations du secteur privé sera définie, ainsi que les activités de la CDNdans lesquelles ces organisations seront impliquées, bien qu il soit prévisible qu elles soient liées à la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur les changements climatiques et des contributions sur les processus de production/collecte de données et d informations pertinentes pour le système MRV et les inventaires nationaux de GES.', 'Au cours de la phase de préparation de la feuille de route pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN, la participation des organisations du secteur privé sera définie, ainsi que les activités de la CDNdans lesquelles ces organisations seront impliquées, bien qu il soit prévisible qu elles soient liées à la mise en œuvre de la politique et de la loi sur les changements climatiques et des contributions sur les processus de production/collecte de données et d informations pertinentes pour le système MRV et les inventaires nationaux de GES. L’implication des acteurs privés sera notamment pertinente en réalisant des projets permettant d’atteindre les objectifs des secteurs énergie et agriculture.', 'L’implication des acteurs privés sera notamment pertinente en réalisant des projets permettant d’atteindre les objectifs des secteurs énergie et agriculture. Par ailleurs, la participation des représentants du secteur privé en RDC est actuellement assurée par deux entités : la Fédération des Entreprises Commerciales (FEC) et la Fédération de l Industrie du Bois (FIB). Cependant, le gouvernement met en œuvre l identification et la cartographie des représentants supplémentaires des principales parties prenantes, leurs principaux domaines d intervention et intérêts, afin de définir les incitations décisives qui pourraient leur permettre de mieux et davantage participer à la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 8.10.', 'Cependant, le gouvernement met en œuvre l identification et la cartographie des représentants supplémentaires des principales parties prenantes, leurs principaux domaines d intervention et intérêts, afin de définir les incitations décisives qui pourraient leur permettre de mieux et davantage participer à la mise en œuvre de la CDN. 8.10. Besoins financiers Dans le cadre du processus de révision des CDN, une analyse approfondie et des consultations des différentes parties prenantes et experts sectoriels ont été engagés pour produire des estimations de coûts conditionnelles et inconditionnelles pour les mesures d atténuation et d adaptation jusqu en 2021 et 2030.', 'Besoins financiers Dans le cadre du processus de révision des CDN, une analyse approfondie et des consultations des différentes parties prenantes et experts sectoriels ont été engagés pour produire des estimations de coûts conditionnelles et inconditionnelles pour les mesures d atténuation et d adaptation jusqu en 2021 et 2030. Le coût total estimé à environ vingt-cinq virgule six (25,6) milliards de dollars américains pour les 30 mesures d atténuation identifiées de la CDN, et plus de vingt-trois virgule zéro huit (23,08) milliards de dollars américains pour les 52 priorités d adaptation, ce qui représente un besoin de financement d environ quarante-huit virgule soixante-huit (48,68) milliards de dollars américains (USD).', 'Le coût total estimé à environ vingt-cinq virgule six (25,6) milliards de dollars américains pour les 30 mesures d atténuation identifiées de la CDN, et plus de vingt-trois virgule zéro huit (23,08) milliards de dollars américains pour les 52 priorités d adaptation, ce qui représente un besoin de financement d environ quarante-huit virgule soixante-huit (48,68) milliards de dollars américains (USD). Compte tenu des nombreuses contraintes budgétaires auxquelles la RDC est soumise, seule une partie minimale de sa contribution, mesures inconditionnelles pour l atténuation et l adaptation combinées, représentant environ deux pourcent (2%) du financement total estimé, pourra être financée par les ressources propres.', 'Compte tenu des nombreuses contraintes budgétaires auxquelles la RDC est soumise, seule une partie minimale de sa contribution, mesures inconditionnelles pour l atténuation et l adaptation combinées, représentant environ deux pourcent (2%) du financement total estimé, pourra être financée par les ressources propres. En effet, les innombrables priorités de développement aux plans social, économique, éducatif, sanitaire, infrastructures, etc., recevront une allocation prioritaire des ressources mobilisées au niveau national et ne devront en rien subir la concurrence du financement de la CDN. Il peut toutefois y avoir des situations où les objectifs prioritaires de développement de la RDC seront alignés avec ceux de la CDN. Seul un tel cas de figure justifierait le financement des activités de la CDN sur fonds propres.', 'Seul un tel cas de figure justifierait le financement des activités de la CDN sur fonds propres. Conformément à la Déclaration de Paris sur l’efficacité de l’aide publique au développement, la RDC encourage les bailleurs qui souhaitent appuyer la mise en œuvre de sa CDN à s’aligner aux objectifs du Gouvernement. Ces objectifs intègrent, en plus de ceux présentés dans la CDN, notamment ceux de la Stratégie nationale REDD+ et son Plan d’investissement, ainsi que les politiques sectorielles élaborées dans le cadre des interventions REDD+ financéssous ledit Plan d’investissement, notamment la Politique nationale d’aménagement du territoire. 6.3.', 'Ces objectifs intègrent, en plus de ceux présentés dans la CDN, notamment ceux de la Stratégie nationale REDD+ et son Plan d’investissement, ainsi que les politiques sectorielles élaborées dans le cadre des interventions REDD+ financéssous ledit Plan d’investissement, notamment la Politique nationale d’aménagement du territoire. 6.3. Financement de la CDN à travers les marchés de carbone Tenant compte du fait que la RDC possède la deuxième plus grande superficie de forêts tropicales dans le monde, représentant à elle seule plus de 60% de la forêt tropicale du bassin du Congo, le plus grand bassin avec une absorption nette de gaz à effet de serre, le pays joue un rôle crucial pour l’atténuation du changement climatique au niveau mondial.', 'Financement de la CDN à travers les marchés de carbone Tenant compte du fait que la RDC possède la deuxième plus grande superficie de forêts tropicales dans le monde, représentant à elle seule plus de 60% de la forêt tropicale du bassin du Congo, le plus grand bassin avec une absorption nette de gaz à effet de serre, le pays joue un rôle crucial pour l’atténuation du changement climatique au niveau mondial. La perte de cette forêt représenterait une libération considérable de gaz à effet de serre. Ainsi, compte tenu de son potentiel carbone et de l’émergence progressive du marché carbone, le gouvernement de la RDC a validé en conseil des ministres dix mesures urgentes relatives à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles forestières.', 'Ainsi, compte tenu de son potentiel carbone et de l’émergence progressive du marché carbone, le gouvernement de la RDC a validé en conseil des ministres dix mesures urgentes relatives à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles forestières. Parmi ces mesures, l’institutionnalisation de la taxe carbone et la création de l’Autorité de régulation du marché carbone viennent en priorité. Celles-ci visent à faire bénéficier l’économie nationale de capitaux internationaux découlant de la finance carbone.', 'Celles-ci visent à faire bénéficier l’économie nationale de capitaux internationaux découlant de la finance carbone. En effet, le captage des recettes issues de la vente des crédits carbones contribuera notamment : (i) à l’accroissement du budget national ; (ii) à la compensation des services écosystémique de séquestration et de stockage du carbone atmosphérique par les forêts de la RDC et ; (iii) au financement des mesures prévues dans la Contribution Déterminée à l’échelle Nationale (CDN) dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris. La RDC réitère l’importance de ce que les négociations sur l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris soient finalisées pour que le pays puisse vendre des crédits de carbone à travers le marché international de carbone et ainsi de financer les mesures de sa CDN.', 'La RDC réitère l’importance de ce que les négociations sur l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris soient finalisées pour que le pays puisse vendre des crédits de carbone à travers le marché international de carbone et ainsi de financer les mesures de sa CDN. Également, en vue de permettre au pays de bénéficier d’une compensation adéquate pour ses efforts de réduction et d’évitements des émissions de carbone issues de la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts, qui serviront le monde entier, il est indispensable qu’un prix de carbone juste et robuste soit instauré au niveau mondial. Dans cette optique, dans ses contrats de vente des réductions des émissions sur les marchés de carbone, la RDC se réserve le droit de négocier un prix adéquat.', 'Dans cette optique, dans ses contrats de vente des réductions des émissions sur les marchés de carbone, la RDC se réserve le droit de négocier un prix adéquat. En RDC, la régulation et le droit de propriété et de transfert de propriété applicable aux Unités de Réduction d’Emissions de Carbone (UREC) est établi par l’Arrêté d’homologation de 2018. Il en résulte que ces droits carbone, dont le statut juridique est défini à l’article 3 dudit Arrêté d’homologation, doivent être matérialisés de manière exclusive dans le Registre national REDD+ prévu à cet effet.', 'Il en résulte que ces droits carbone, dont le statut juridique est défini à l’article 3 dudit Arrêté d’homologation, doivent être matérialisés de manière exclusive dans le Registre national REDD+ prévu à cet effet. La RDC a décidé de développer son propre Registre des transactions de réductions d émissions afin d’éviter les déclarations multiples de réductions d’émissions de la forêt, soit du double-comptage, visant à y intégrer l’ensemble de programmes/projets REDD+ développés dans le pays. Ce Registre permettra de suivre et de contrôler toutes les réductions d émissions générées par chaque programme/projet et fournirarégulièrement des informations sur les délivrances, les transferts et les ventes de réductions d’émissions.', 'Ce Registre permettra de suivre et de contrôler toutes les réductions d émissions générées par chaque programme/projet et fournirarégulièrement des informations sur les délivrances, les transferts et les ventes de réductions d’émissions. Partant d’un niveau d’émissions par habitant et par PIB très faible, il sera difficile pour la RDC de matérialiser ses engagements de réductions d’émissions et contribution à l’effort global tout en transférant la propriété de ces réductions d’émissions. Par conséquent, la RDC souhaite pouvoir comptabiliser les réductions des émissions générées dans le cadre de sa CDN.', 'Par conséquent, la RDC souhaite pouvoir comptabiliser les réductions des émissions générées dans le cadre de sa CDN. Ensuite, la RDC espère vendre les réductions des émissions générées dans le cadre de sa CDN à des acheteurs – publics tant que privés – qui aient des objectifs ambitieux d’atténuation de leurs propres émissions, basés sur la science et publiquement disponibles dans une CDN mise à jour ou un plan d’action climat. 6.4. Paiements pour services écosystémiques L’un des mécanismes qui pourront être utilisés dans le financement des mesures de la CDN de la RDC est celui des paiements pour services écosystémiques (PSE). Les PSE constituent une source de financement potentiellement importante pour la RDC, cette dernière fournissant des services écosystémiques à valeur mondiale.', 'Les PSE constituent une source de financement potentiellement importante pour la RDC, cette dernière fournissant des services écosystémiques à valeur mondiale. Comme la RDC abrite la deuxième forêt tropicale au monde en termes de superficie, et une biodiversité qui la qualifie en tant qu’un des 17 pays méga-divers au monde, elle fournit des services écosystémiques qui bénéficient le monde entier, y inclus les pays développés, entre autres : - La fourniture d’un service écosystémique géographiquement défini, soit la conservation d’une biodiversité riche et unique, n’existant pas ailleurs qu’en RDC ; et - La fourniture d’un service écosystémique aux bénéfices multiples, soit la séquestration de carbone, la régulation hydrique et la rétention des sols, et en conséquent la régulation du climat régional et mondial.', 'Comme la RDC abrite la deuxième forêt tropicale au monde en termes de superficie, et une biodiversité qui la qualifie en tant qu’un des 17 pays méga-divers au monde, elle fournit des services écosystémiques qui bénéficient le monde entier, y inclus les pays développés, entre autres : - La fourniture d’un service écosystémique géographiquement défini, soit la conservation d’une biodiversité riche et unique, n’existant pas ailleurs qu’en RDC ; et - La fourniture d’un service écosystémique aux bénéfices multiples, soit la séquestration de carbone, la régulation hydrique et la rétention des sols, et en conséquent la régulation du climat régional et mondial. La RDC prévoit de monter un programme national PSE, afin d’assurer que ces services écosystémiques, fournis par la RDC, pourront être compensés à travers des mécanismes PSE qui réduisent les incitations à la déforestation, en vue de conserver la biodiversité et les habitats ainsi que les puits de carbones au sein des écosystèmes forestiers.', 'La RDC prévoit de monter un programme national PSE, afin d’assurer que ces services écosystémiques, fournis par la RDC, pourront être compensés à travers des mécanismes PSE qui réduisent les incitations à la déforestation, en vue de conserver la biodiversité et les habitats ainsi que les puits de carbones au sein des écosystèmes forestiers. Par exemple, ce programme pourra payer les propriétaires des ressources forestières, soit les communautés forestières, les gouvernements locaux ou nationaux, les entreprises forestières ou les agriculteurs, pour préserver les ressources forestières, établir des corridors fauniques et/ou maintenir les variétés de culture les plus favorables aux écosystèmes naturels.', 'Par exemple, ce programme pourra payer les propriétaires des ressources forestières, soit les communautés forestières, les gouvernements locaux ou nationaux, les entreprises forestières ou les agriculteurs, pour préserver les ressources forestières, établir des corridors fauniques et/ou maintenir les variétés de culture les plus favorables aux écosystèmes naturels. Dans un objectif de régénération, un tel mécanisme pourrait encourager les installations agricoles en savanes, les modes de culture sous ombrage, ou les énergies alternatives qui pourraient réduire la consommation de bois de chauffe.', 'Dans un objectif de régénération, un tel mécanisme pourrait encourager les installations agricoles en savanes, les modes de culture sous ombrage, ou les énergies alternatives qui pourraient réduire la consommation de bois de chauffe. En montant des mécanismes PSE en RDC en vue de financer les mesures proposées dans la CDN, il sera crucial d’assurer un ancrage dans les outils d’aménagement du territoire, un lien avec la sécurisation foncière ainsi que des synergies entre la lutte contre la déforestation et la réduction de la pauvreté, en vue d’éviter des effets néfastes.Référence bibliographique 1. MEDD. Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changement 2. Ministère du Plan. Plan National Stratégique de Développement. 2018 3. MEDD. Troisième Communication Nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques. 2014 4. MEDD.', 'Troisième Communication Nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques. 2014 4. MEDD. Premier Rapport Biennal Actualisé. Inédit 5. MEDD. Stratégie-Cadre Nationale REDD+ de la République Démocratique du Congo. Décembre, 2012 6. MEDD. Niveau d’Emissions de Référence des Forêts pour la Réduction des émissions dues à la Déforestation en République Démocratique du Congo. Janvier, 2018 7. MEDD. Plan National d’adaptation aux impacts des changements climatiques. 8. PNUD. Rapport sur le développement humain. 2019 9. De Wasseige et al Atlas forestier interactif de la République Démocratique du 10. Ministère de l’Energie et Ressources Hydrauliques. Rapport PDGIE.2018 12. Organisation des Nations Unies. Rapport sur les objectifs de développement durable. 13. Commission Nationale de l’Energie du Ministère de l’Energie et ressources 14. Groupe Consultatif d’Experts.', 'Commission Nationale de l’Energie du Ministère de l’Energie et ressources 14. Groupe Consultatif d’Experts. Manuel traitant des dispositions institutionnelles à l’appui des outils de mesure, notification et vérification (MNV)/ de la transparence à l’action climatique et du soutien à l’action climatique. Juin, 2020 15. Groupe Consultatif d’Experts. Vers un Cadre de Transparence renforcée dans le Cadre de l’Accord de Paris. Juin, 2020. 16. MEDD. Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National de la RDC. 2015 17. Ministère de l’Agriculture. Plan National d’Investissement Agricole de la RDC. 2013 18. MEDD. Politique, Stratégie et Plan d’actions en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Révisée en 2020 19. Ministère de l’Energie. Politique énergétique nationale. 2009 20. Ministère du genre, femmes, familles et enfants. Politique Nationale Genre. 2008 21. Ministère de la jeunesse, sports et loisirs.', 'Ministère de la jeunesse, sports et loisirs. Politique de la jeunesse. 2009 22. MEDD. Politique Nationale d’Assainissement. 2013 23. Ministère de l’Aménagement du territoire. Politique Nationale d’Aménagement du 24. Ministère de l’Energie. Loi n0 14/011 relative à l’électricité. Juin, 2014 25. MEDD. Loi 011-2002 du 29 août 2002 portant Code forestier. Août, 2002 26. Jonas Kibala Kuma (2020), Pauvreté et chômage en RDC : état de lieux, analyses et perspectives, p. 1427. PNUD, 2020, Le Rapport sur le développement humain 2020, Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 États-Unis, 40p']

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Denmark

LTS

2020-12-30 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ClimateProgramme2020-Denmarks-LTS-under-the%20ParisAgreement_December2020_.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/9f895f16312a49726adbff46104470f59d20fd2f6c9c05f4241ae819ff12cee0.pdf

['Climate Programme 2020 Denmark’s Mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy – submitted under the Paris AgreementContents The Minister’s preface Denmark’s long-term strategy 2 Update by December 2020 4 Climate Programme 20201 Green milestones since the change of government 7 1. Summary and assessment 9 2. The Danish Climate Act 29 3. Latest climate-science developments 35 4. Status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s national climate targets and international commitments 5. Principles of green transition 54 5.1 Smart and effective climate action 54 5.2 Decoupling growth from greenhouse gas emissions 59 5.3 Future export potential 61 6. Cross-cutting climate efforts 63 6.1 The Government’s climate-policy working method 63 6.2 Cross-cutting EU initiatives and approaches 67 6.3 Green research strategy 70 6.4 Denmark’s Green Future Fund 73 6.5 Green tax reform 74 7.', 'Cross-cutting climate efforts 63 6.1 The Government’s climate-policy working method 63 6.2 Cross-cutting EU initiatives and approaches 67 6.3 Green research strategy 70 6.4 Denmark’s Green Future Fund 73 6.5 Green tax reform 74 7. A wise green transition 78 7.1 Energy and industry sector 78 7.4 Agricultural and forestry sector 122 9. The Danish Council on Climate Change’s recommendations and the Govern- ment’s position Annex 1: The Danish Climate Act, Act. No 965 of 26 June 2020 155 Annex 2: “A Green and Sustainable World: The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate action”, October 2020 1 Translation of the Danish Government’s ”Klimaprogram 2020” of 29 September 2020.', 'No 965 of 26 June 2020 155 Annex 2: “A Green and Sustainable World: The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate action”, October 2020 1 Translation of the Danish Government’s ”Klimaprogram 2020” of 29 September 2020. Information on recent developments since September is included on page 4-6.Denmark’s long-term strategy The national Climate Act adopted by the Danish parliament defines legally binding targets and has laid down a solid foundation for continued and ambitious climate action. Not just for the next ten years, but towards 2050. The Danish Climate Act sets a near-term target of reducing Denmark s total green- house gas emissions by 70% by 2030 compared to the 1990 level and sets a long- term target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest.', 'The Danish Climate Act sets a near-term target of reducing Denmark s total green- house gas emissions by 70% by 2030 compared to the 1990 level and sets a long- term target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest. We are proud to present Denmark’s long-term strategy. I sincerely hope that Den- mark s climate targets and efforts will inspire other countries in their efforts to solve the climate crisis. On behalf of the Danish government, we are looking forward to working with partners across the world to secure a green and prosperous future. The list of climate-related initiatives spurred by the Government is growing long.', 'The list of climate-related initiatives spurred by the Government is growing long. We will establish two so-called energy hubs by 2030 with a total capacity of 5 GW and with interconnections to other European countries in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. The immediate emission effects of these decisions are not huge. How- ever, it is our hope that by investing now, we can lay the foundations for the devel- opment of a cost competitive Power-to-X production that can help us bridge the gap to a fossil free society towards 2050. In addition, Denmark has recently made a historic decision on the future of fossil extraction in the North Sea.', 'In addition, Denmark has recently made a historic decision on the future of fossil extraction in the North Sea. A broad majority in the Parliament has agreed on a fi- nal phase-out date of fossil extraction in the North Sea by 2050. We consider it an important step for our joint, global effort to curb demand of fossil fuels, and we are now calling on friends and allies around the world to do the same. The path to achieving the 70% target is not only a question of the efforts made by the Danish Government and Parliament. It is a common task of Danish society with active roles for individuals, municipalities, trade unions, civil society and the busi- ness community.', 'It is a common task of Danish society with active roles for individuals, municipalities, trade unions, civil society and the busi- ness community. It requires us to rethink the way we formulate and integrate cli- mate measures across policy areas. To this end, the Government established thir- teen Climate Partnerships with Danish private sector organizations. They have pre- sented more than 400 recommendations for the green transition. In addition, we have established a Climate Assembly and invited 99 randomly selected Danish citi- zens to recommend specific climate policy changes. We have given climate policy a significantly higher priority in the Government’s other areas of work, and integrated green considerations across all policy areas.', 'We have given climate policy a significantly higher priority in the Government’s other areas of work, and integrated green considerations across all policy areas. This includes a Government committee for green transition, initiating efforts to come up with green financial models and drawing up guidelines for calculating the emission-related consequences of all relevant bills. 2020 has been a special year that will be remembered for the human and financial costs of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. We face a giant task of recovering the global economy. However, it also provides us a unique opportunity to find a greenerway out of the crisis. This requires us to make the green transition the driving force in the economic recovery. It requires action, also outside of Denmark.', 'It requires action, also outside of Denmark. In the spring of 2020, the Government together with the International Energy Agency (IEA) hosted a series of ministerial roundtables that emphasized the importance of a green recovery in the re-start of the world’s economies. In the EU, we continue to promote an ambitious climate law, higher climate targets and a ban on petrol and diesel vehicles. With the unanimous decision of the Euro- pean Council in December 2020 to enhance the 2030 climate target from at least 40 pct. to at least 55 pct., the EU will update the EU’s nationally determined contri- bution and lend credence to efforts to persuade other major emitters to follow suit.', 'to at least 55 pct., the EU will update the EU’s nationally determined contri- bution and lend credence to efforts to persuade other major emitters to follow suit. Hopefully, the ambitious targets and efforts in Denmark and in the EU can inspire other countries and regions to raise the ambitions in the updating of their nationally determined contributions. Only with strengthened joint efforts can we achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. Copenhagen, December 2020 Dan Jørgensen Minister for Climate, Energy and UtilitiesUpdate by December 2020 In June 2020, the Danish parliament adopted the new legal framework for Den- mark’s climate policy proposed by the Danish government. Long-term strategies play a key role in reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'Long-term strategies play a key role in reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement. The objective is to bridge the policies of today with future climate action in line with Denmark’s com- mitments under the Paris Agreement. Denmark’s long-term target is clear: Denmark must reach climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest. The pathway to a climate-neutral society entails that Denmark must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 (compared to 1990 lev- els). These targets are legally binding targets adopted in Parliament. However, Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions amount to only 0.1% of global emissions. Even if Denmark could achieve climate neutrality here and now, it would not affect the global climate significantly. Therefore, the objective of the govern- ment is to inspire others by example.', 'Therefore, the objective of the govern- ment is to inspire others by example. The government want to show how high climate ambitions can be translated into specific and concrete actions. How a green transition is carried through in a way that supports growth, welfare, just transition and development of green technologi- cal solutions that the world needs. The ambitions as laid out in the climate act are high: Over the next 10 years, Den- mark’s emissions in 2030 are to be reduced by as much as Denmark has managed to cut emissions over the past 30 years. In total, under the current government, Denmark has made decisions by December 2020 that reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030.', 'In total, under the current government, Denmark has made decisions by December 2020 that reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. This corresponds approximately to one third of what must be achieved by 2030 to fulfil the Danish climate act. Moreover, a broad majority of the Danish Parliament has reached an agreement on the future of fossil extraction in the North Sea, leading to the cancellation of the on- going eighth licensing round and all future rounds to extract oil and gas. The agree- ment also establishes a final phase-out date of fossil extraction by 2050 and lays out plans for a just transition for impacted workers.', 'The agree- ment also establishes a final phase-out date of fossil extraction by 2050 and lays out plans for a just transition for impacted workers. Overall, and in line with the Danish Council on Climate Change, the Government believes that the path to the 70% target follows two tracks: an implementation track and a development track. The implementation track focuses on well-known measures that are necessary to ensure early emission reductions. This track requires Denmark to make smart in- vestments in solutions that will reduce emissions in the short term. In this regard, Denmark is already under way.', 'In this regard, Denmark is already under way. For instance, measures have been adopted that will replace gas-fired and oil-fired boilers, convert arable land on organic soils, improve the energy efficiency in buildings, phase out coal and recycle waste.Parliament has also agreed on a measure of initiatives regarding the transport sec- tor. This includes a blend in requirement for the use of renewable energy fuels in 2021, future taxation of passenger cars and vans, and a displacement requirement concerning renewable energy fuels in the transport sector.', 'This includes a blend in requirement for the use of renewable energy fuels in 2021, future taxation of passenger cars and vans, and a displacement requirement concerning renewable energy fuels in the transport sector. With the changes in tax- ation in the transport sector, the increase in incentives for buying and using zero or low-emission vehicles is expected to lead to 775.000 zero or low -emission passen- ger cars and vans in the Danish vehicles fleet by 2030. Furthermore, it has been decided to implement a distance-based toll for heavy-duty vehicles from 2025 that is expected to be based on a differentiation according to CO2e-emissions.', 'Furthermore, it has been decided to implement a distance-based toll for heavy-duty vehicles from 2025 that is expected to be based on a differentiation according to CO2e-emissions. In con- junction with the displacement requirement of 7 % in 2030, the agreement is ex- pected to reduce CO2e-emissions by 2.1 million tonnes by 2030. With Denmark’s 2021 Finance Act and its focus on a green recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, a number of green initiatives will be launched across sectors with an effect of 0.2 million tonnes of CO2e in 2025 and 2030. It will support the green transition in Denmark and contribute to the development of new green technolo- gies. Agreement on a green tax reform was also reached in December 2020.', 'Agreement on a green tax reform was also reached in December 2020. The reform ensures a CO2e reduction of approximately 0.5 million tonnes fully phased in by 2025. The reform is to ensure that the tax system supports the green transition and largely reflects the costs that emissions from business and households impose on society. In this connection, an expert group is established to prepare proposals for the design of a uniform CO2e regulation for the next phase of the tax reform. All measures in the implementation track will provide a reduction effect in the short term. The development track requires the Danish Government to make early decisions now that will lead to reductions in the longer term.', 'The development track requires the Danish Government to make early decisions now that will lead to reductions in the longer term. Therefore, the Government has decided to invest significantly in carbon capture, energy hubs and Power-to-X in ac- cordance with the sector strategies for waste, energy and industry. These decisions do not deliver an immediate reduction effect. But the decisions are necessary for ensuring the maturation of the technologies and delivering the reduc- tions that will achieve the targets in the long term. To support the development track, the Government has launched a green research strategy focussing on the re- search efforts in the areas with the greatest potential for green technological devel- opment.', 'To support the development track, the Government has launched a green research strategy focussing on the re- search efforts in the areas with the greatest potential for green technological devel- opment. In October 2020, the Government reached an agreement Parliament to in- crease the level of the state s investments in green research and innovation in 2021.', 'In October 2020, the Government reached an agreement Parliament to in- crease the level of the state s investments in green research and innovation in 2021. In the present document (published in Danish in September), you will find infor- mation on a long range of climate-related issues: The Danish Climate Act, the latest climate-science developments in a Danish perspective, and a status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s national climate targets and international commitments to name a few.Furthermore, you will find information on the principles of the green transition, the Government’s climate-policy working method, cross-cutting climate efforts such as green taxes, research activities and efforts to support climate-friendly behaviour and the governments sector strategies within the energy and industry sector, the waste sector, the transport sector, and the agricultural and forestry sector.', 'In the present document (published in Danish in September), you will find infor- mation on a long range of climate-related issues: The Danish Climate Act, the latest climate-science developments in a Danish perspective, and a status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s national climate targets and international commitments to name a few.Furthermore, you will find information on the principles of the green transition, the Government’s climate-policy working method, cross-cutting climate efforts such as green taxes, research activities and efforts to support climate-friendly behaviour and the governments sector strategies within the energy and industry sector, the waste sector, the transport sector, and the agricultural and forestry sector. As well as information on the Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate action adopted in October and information regarding the recommendations of Dan- ish Council on Climate Change and the Government’s position.1.', 'As well as information on the Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate action adopted in October and information regarding the recommendations of Dan- ish Council on Climate Change and the Government’s position.1. Summary and assessment The Danish Climate Act defines a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70% in Denmark by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. In the long term, Denmark must be a climate-neutral society by no later than 2050. The Climate Act also establishes that the climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles, see box 1 and chapter 2). Every year, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must prepare a climate programme for the Danish Parliament, the Folketing.', 'Every year, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must prepare a climate programme for the Danish Parliament, the Folketing. The Climate Programme 2020 is the first since the act was passed in June 2020, and thus the first overall pro- gramme to describe how the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities will substanti- ate the probability of achieving Climate Act targets. The Climate Act sets out a number of requirements for the contents of the pro- gramme (see box 2). The assessment of whether it appears probable the national climate targets in the Climate Act will be reached is based on an overall assessment of the effects of initi- atives in the short and long term.', 'The assessment of whether it appears probable the national climate targets in the Climate Act will be reached is based on an overall assessment of the effects of initi- atives in the short and long term. For some initiatives, it will be possible to estimate a tangible reduction effect, whereas for others, this will require an assessment of the expectations of the reduction effect based on technical assumptions. Guiding principles for the climate effort, see agreement on a Climate Act of 6 December 2019 “The climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles: 1) The climate challenges are a global problem.', 'Guiding principles for the climate effort, see agreement on a Climate Act of 6 December 2019 “The climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles: 1) The climate challenges are a global problem. Therefore, Denmark must be a leading nation in the in- ternational climate effort, a nation that can inspire and influence the rest of the world. Furthermore, Denmark has both a historical and a moral responsibility to take the lead. 2) The realisation of Denmark’s climate targets must be as cost effective as possible, taking into account the long-term green transition, sustainable business development and Danish competitiveness, sound public finances and employment, and that Danish business must be developed rather than diminished.', '2) The realisation of Denmark’s climate targets must be as cost effective as possible, taking into account the long-term green transition, sustainable business development and Danish competitiveness, sound public finances and employment, and that Danish business must be developed rather than diminished. 3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohesion and social balance are secured.', '3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohesion and social balance are secured. 4) The initiatives to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must result in real domestic reduc- tions, but it must also be ensured that Danish measures do not simply relocate all of the greenhouse gas emissions out-side of Denmark’s borders.” The Climate Act s requirements for the content of the climate programme Section 7(2) The climate programme must include the following: 1) A status report on fulfilment of the national climate targets; chapter 4 2) The planned climate initiatives and measures, including the short-term and long-term effects and the projected future effect thereof; chapters 6 and 7 3) A report on the Danish Council on Climate Change’s recommendations and the position of the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on these recommendations: chapter 9 4) A status report on research and development of new climate initiatives: chapters 6 and 7 5) A status report on developments in climate science, including the latest reports from the IPCC: 6) A description and status report on fulfilment of international climate targets: chapter 4 7) A global climate strategy: chapter 8The Climate Act defines that the climate effort must adhere to the guiding principles outlined in the Act.', '4) The initiatives to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must result in real domestic reduc- tions, but it must also be ensured that Danish measures do not simply relocate all of the greenhouse gas emissions out-side of Denmark’s borders.” The Climate Act s requirements for the content of the climate programme Section 7(2) The climate programme must include the following: 1) A status report on fulfilment of the national climate targets; chapter 4 2) The planned climate initiatives and measures, including the short-term and long-term effects and the projected future effect thereof; chapters 6 and 7 3) A report on the Danish Council on Climate Change’s recommendations and the position of the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on these recommendations: chapter 9 4) A status report on research and development of new climate initiatives: chapters 6 and 7 5) A status report on developments in climate science, including the latest reports from the IPCC: 6) A description and status report on fulfilment of international climate targets: chapter 4 7) A global climate strategy: chapter 8The Climate Act defines that the climate effort must adhere to the guiding principles outlined in the Act. Accordingly, the consideration of these principles underlies the Minister’s assessment.', 'Accordingly, the consideration of these principles underlies the Minister’s assessment. The substantiation also includes that the Government – as set out below – will present new initiatives to help achieve the Climate Act targets later in 2020 and subsequently. Status report on the fulfilment of climate targets Denmark has reduced greenhouse gas emissions through many years. In 2018, Denmark emitted 54.8 million tonnes of CO2e2. Thus, total greenhouse gas emis- sions were reduced by 29% in 2018 compared to 1990 (UN base year). The reduc- tion is mainly driven by developments in the energy sector where emissions de- clined by 65% from 1990 to 2018. However, the target of a 70% reduction by 2030 presupposes significantly higher reductions of emissions towards 2030.', 'However, the target of a 70% reduction by 2030 presupposes significantly higher reductions of emissions towards 2030. Achieving the target requires securing the same reduction volumes over the next ten years as have been achieved over the past thirty years with the energy sector transition. With the 2020 Finance Act, agreements on sector strategies for energy, industry and waste, the green housing agreement, the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland and the Fynsværket power station’s decision to discontinue coal firing, Danish greenhouse gas emis- sions will be reduced by around 5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. This means that we are currently 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e short of achieving the 70% reduction target.', 'This means that we are currently 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e short of achieving the 70% reduction target. In other words, the Government and broad parliamentary majorities, to- gether with the business community and stakeholders, have achieved reductions corresponding to almost a quarter of the goal to be reached by 2030 in one year. The Government’s climate initiative for road transport is expected to deliver an ad- ditional one million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and the Government will present addi- tional proposals for agriculture, a green tax reform, etc., in 2020 The Government will follow developments closely and will regularly consider new initiatives as technology and society develops. The climate programme outlines how the Government will substantiate the realisa- tion of the remaining reductions towards 2030 and beyond.', 'The climate programme outlines how the Government will substantiate the realisa- tion of the remaining reductions towards 2030 and beyond. 2 2018 is the most recent year for which final energy statistics have been published.The Government’s approach The green transition is not only beneficial for the climate and the environment but it can also contribute to sustainable growth and new, green jobs. A smart and ambi- tious green transition, ensuring real greenhouse gas reductions without compromis- ing on our welfare society and business sector competitiveness, will also make Denmark a leading nation. A leading nation that can show the way for other coun- tries, both technologically and as a society. If others follow our lead, it can multiply the effects of actions taken to counteract global emissions.', 'If others follow our lead, it can multiply the effects of actions taken to counteract global emissions. For this reason, the guiding principles of the Climate Act that define the framework for a green transition in Denmark that is financially responsible and socially balanced are key to the Dan- ish Government’s approach to the green transition. The Government’s climate effort is based on acting now by investing in specific measures and development initiatives, which, in addition to general technological developments, will reduce the transition costs and ensure specific reductions to- wards 2030 and beyond. We must implement all initiatives that make sense to im- plement right now and that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But the specific measures whose implementation and reduction effects are known cannot stand alone.', 'But the specific measures whose implementation and reduction effects are known cannot stand alone. We lack cost-effective and scalable measures to take us all the way to the goal. The new solutions will not come about on their own but require investments in technological development and regulation today. We must build on the successes of recent decades of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining eco- nomic growth (see chapter 5). Specific measures and development initiatives to- gether constitute an investment path that will ensure fulfilment of the Climate Act targets combined with a wealthy and equal society in Denmark.', 'Specific measures and development initiatives to- gether constitute an investment path that will ensure fulfilment of the Climate Act targets combined with a wealthy and equal society in Denmark. The Government therefore views the climate effort as continuous where many deci- sions are made early in the period but where development initiatives must be fol- lowed up with the implementation of specific measures later. Total emissions by sector, 1990–2030, million tonnes of CO2 eDecisions and effect are not necessarily simultaneous. Firstly, measures imple- mented now have a phasing-in period. By way of example, the Danish Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry, etc., results in a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes by 2030, while the effect is 1.3 million in 2025.', 'By way of example, the Danish Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry, etc., results in a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes by 2030, while the effect is 1.3 million in 2025. Secondly, development initiatives launched today and followed up regularly by political decisions will not have a re- duction effect until in the longer term. The Government is also working on strength- ening the framework for a smart green transition of Denmark through enhanced global and European climate regulation and partnerships with the business sector, municipalities, regions and the civil society. Overall, this will result in a reduction curve where reduction measures are implemented regularly, but where the specific reduction effect occurs later in the commitment period, as illustrated in figure 2.', 'Overall, this will result in a reduction curve where reduction measures are implemented regularly, but where the specific reduction effect occurs later in the commitment period, as illustrated in figure 2. However, the decision curve will be steep in the first years towards 2030, as illus- trated by the Government s adopted and planned policies. The combined effect of the Government’s climate action plan for 2020 will therefore only materialise over a range of years. This means that the Government will meet the Climate Act targets by making ambitious decisions already in 2020 with spe- cific, measurable results in the short term while concurrently starting a number of development initiatives that will ensure further reductions towards 2030 and be- yond.', 'This means that the Government will meet the Climate Act targets by making ambitious decisions already in 2020 with spe- cific, measurable results in the short term while concurrently starting a number of development initiatives that will ensure further reductions towards 2030 and be- yond. This approach, supported by the Climate Act, ensures regular follow-up on the Government’s climate effort several times a year so that Danish climate policy re- mains directed at fulfilling the national climate targets.', 'This approach, supported by the Climate Act, ensures regular follow-up on the Government’s climate effort several times a year so that Danish climate policy re- mains directed at fulfilling the national climate targets. Decisions are required today to realise reductions before 2030Costs will decline over time Society in general will benefit from the positive climate effects of a reduction effort but there will be costs associated with the implementation of measures that can re- duce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to achieving the 70% reduction tar- get by 2030. The Danish Council on Climate Change and CEPOS have previously estimated the reduction costs for the national economy of achieving the 70% reduction target to be DKK 15–20 billion by 2030 and DKK 26 billion by 2030, respectively.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change and CEPOS have previously estimated the reduction costs for the national economy of achieving the 70% reduction target to be DKK 15–20 billion by 2030 and DKK 26 billion by 2030, respectively. The calcu- lations were based on the then reduction deficit and a shadow price of DKK 800 and DKK 1,370, respectively, per tonne of CO2 reduced. Based on the current reduction deficit of 16.1 million tonnes by 2030, a realisation with an average shadow price of DKK 1,000–1,500 per tonne will amount to DKK 16–24 billion, thus constituting a reduction cost for society of 0.7–0.1% of the current GDP per year.', 'Based on the current reduction deficit of 16.1 million tonnes by 2030, a realisation with an average shadow price of DKK 1,000–1,500 per tonne will amount to DKK 16–24 billion, thus constituting a reduction cost for society of 0.7–0.1% of the current GDP per year. This should be seen in the context of estimated average an- nual growth rates for the Danish economy of 1.4% towards 2030. The Government also takes the approach that the green transition must be achieved without making Denmark poorer. The green transition must support sustainable growth and new, green jobs. Estimates of reduction costs to society are subject to great uncertainty due to the currently available technologies and regulatory mechanisms.', 'Estimates of reduction costs to society are subject to great uncertainty due to the currently available technologies and regulatory mechanisms. However, the above figures illustrate that it will be very costly to implement specific measures for realis- ing the entire deficit early in the commitment period. The costs will be shouldered by businesses, households and/or the Government, depending on the measures selected. For instance, duties and technology-specific requirements impose costs on the business sector and consumers. Subsidies may compensate for such costs but leave a bill to be footed by the state, which will ultimately be financed, by con- sumers and businesses. The costs vary greatly across areas, depending on issues such as the maturity of green technologies, see figure 3.', 'The costs vary greatly across areas, depending on issues such as the maturity of green technologies, see figure 3. The figure compares the total cost to society of a given measure that reduces one tonne of CO2e (the so-called shadow price). By way of example, facilities that absorb carbon from large point sources carry an ap- proximate reduction cost of DKK 1,350 per tonne of CO2 reduced, while the costs of reducing emissions from passenger vehicle transport – depending on the number of EVs – are DKK 200–3,800/tonne.Costs of selected green measures in the individual sectors Note: Shadow prices for restructuring of vehicle registration duties are stated for the 2030 new registration year. The shadow price is higher for the 2021 new registration year, for instance.', 'The shadow price is higher for the 2021 new registration year, for instance. * The shadow prices for increas- ing process energy tax indicate marginal shadow prices. Source: The Danish Ministry of Taxation, the Danish Ministry of Climate Energy and Utilities and the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food. Figure 3 shows that the shadow prices of the green transition are generally highest in the transport sector and lower for agriculture and industry, for instance. In addi- tion, there are considerable differences in the abilities of individual business sectors to reduce emissions.', 'In addi- tion, there are considerable differences in the abilities of individual business sectors to reduce emissions. The shadow prices are lower for the agricultural sector than for the transport sector, but accelerating the green transition by imposing of high re- quirements and duties in this area will also entail a great risk of the greenhouse gas emissions being shifted abroad. This consequence will benefit neither Denmark nor the climate. Furthermore, we still do not know all the specific measures for meeting the 70% objective, but the Government’s development efforts chart the path.', 'Furthermore, we still do not know all the specific measures for meeting the 70% objective, but the Government’s development efforts chart the path. However, costs are generally expected to decline over time as the technologies de- velop and become globally available in the same way as the prices of solar cells, offshore wind and batteries have declined drastically in recent years (see chapter 5.1). We can therefore expect that measures, which are currently available but cost-intensive, become more cost-effective later in the commitment period due to developments.', 'We can therefore expect that measures, which are currently available but cost-intensive, become more cost-effective later in the commitment period due to developments. The Government’s climate policy In keeping with the assessment of the Danish Council on Climate Change, the Gov- ernment’s climate policy is based on two tracks: implementation and development.The implementation track involves decisions on efforts that generate specific green- house gas reductions in the short and long term for all sectors, see next section. The development track comprises several concurrent efforts. Firstly, the Govern- ment already this year launches a number of development initiatives that support the development of green technologies and enable reductions towards 2030 and beyond.', 'Firstly, the Govern- ment already this year launches a number of development initiatives that support the development of green technologies and enable reductions towards 2030 and beyond. We currently have a vast number of green technologies but many needs to become significantly cheaper before being commercialised. Some sectors are not yet aware of measures that can reduce emissions strikingly while observing the guiding principles of the Climate Act. The Government’s development initiatives therefore aim to contribute to developing and scaling up green technologies in the same way as Denmark has succeeded in developing and scaling up offshore wind technology to a competitive and eventually unsubsidised technology of a global scale.', 'The Government’s development initiatives therefore aim to contribute to developing and scaling up green technologies in the same way as Denmark has succeeded in developing and scaling up offshore wind technology to a competitive and eventually unsubsidised technology of a global scale. The development track is supported by the Government s green research strategy, which ensures a targeted, strengthened Danish research effort in the green area, see chapter 6.3. Among the instruments in the strategy are new research missions in which accelerated research can contribute to promoting solutions that can re- duce greenhouse gas emissions, thus contributing to fulfilling the Climate Act tar- gets. Another important element in the development track is the Government s interna- tional climate policy.', 'Another important element in the development track is the Government s interna- tional climate policy. Higher ambitions on a global scale and in the EU can contrib- ute to the green transition in Denmark and the rest of the EU, see chapter 6.2. The effort to secure ambitious, cost-effective climate regulation in the EU and globally thus contributes to both reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving the national targets set out in the Climate Act, among other things because com- mon EU regulation ensures equal competitive conditions for Danish and other Eu- ropean companies and safeguards long-term framework conditions.', 'The effort to secure ambitious, cost-effective climate regulation in the EU and globally thus contributes to both reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving the national targets set out in the Climate Act, among other things because com- mon EU regulation ensures equal competitive conditions for Danish and other Eu- ropean companies and safeguards long-term framework conditions. At the same time, Denmark is advocating a high level of ambition in international climate regula- tion, which will minimise the risk of Danish companies and jobs relocating to coun- tries with lower climate ambitions, see chapter 8. At the same time, the Government launches a number of initiatives to support a na- tion-wide contribution to the green transition.', 'At the same time, the Government launches a number of initiatives to support a na- tion-wide contribution to the green transition. Among other things, the Government enhances green transition partnerships with businesses, civil society and private in- dividuals, which is also conducive to achieving the goal. By way of example, the Danish business community has set ambitious visions for the green transition through the Government s 13 Climate partnerships and is committed to implement- ing a number of reduction measures independently of governmental initiatives. These will be realised in the form of sector roadmaps later in the year, see chapter 6.1. The Government has also presented a range of initiatives to help inspire more climate-friendly behaviour among citizens and enterprises, see chapter 7.5.', 'The Government has also presented a range of initiatives to help inspire more climate-friendly behaviour among citizens and enterprises, see chapter 7.5. The Government’s overall approach to the green transition is illustrated in figure 4.Effects and potentials in the Government’s climate policy The Government has initiated – and agreed with a broad majority of the parties of the Danish Parliament – a number of initiatives in the implementation and develop- ment tracks, which will contribute to achieving the ambitious climate targets. Firstly, the Government has implemented a series of measures to contribute to changing the way of developing and implementing climate policy in Denmark – such as by setting up a new green Government committee.', 'Firstly, the Government has implemented a series of measures to contribute to changing the way of developing and implementing climate policy in Denmark – such as by setting up a new green Government committee. At the same time, the Government has launched a series of crosscutting efforts, several of which have been agreed by a majority of Parliament. The efforts include the Government’s ap- proach to central EU initiatives, research, launching Denmark’s Green Future Fund and the Government s Climate partnerships and the Citizens’ Assembly, see the box above.', 'The efforts include the Government’s ap- proach to central EU initiatives, research, launching Denmark’s Green Future Fund and the Government s Climate partnerships and the Citizens’ Assembly, see the box above. In addition, the Government and a parliamentary majority have launched many initi- atives for the individual sectors which will have an effect over a number years, such as agreements relating to the 2020 Finance Act, Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry, etc., and Climate Plan for a Green Waste Sector and Circular Economy. The sectors will also see the launch of a number of development initiatives that are expected to contribute further reductions towards 2030 as the technologies mature, see table 1.', 'The sectors will also see the launch of a number of development initiatives that are expected to contribute further reductions towards 2030 as the technologies mature, see table 1. Table 1 shows the effects of all the decisions made during this Government’s term of office, which have significantly lowered the reduction deficit towards 2030. The decisions made in this term of office have brought about a significant decline of the The Government’s approach to the green transitionreduction deficit towards 2030 of approximately 5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. The initiatives have reduced the deficit to approximately 16 million tonnes. The Government s climate initiative for road transport is expected to reduce emissions by an additional one million tonnes of CO2e by 2030.', 'The Government s climate initiative for road transport is expected to reduce emissions by an additional one million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. The Government has also recently presented a climate initiative for road transport; a long-term global strategy (A green and sustainable world)3 and a green research strategy4. By the end of the year, an agricultural sector strategy will follow5, to- gether with strategies for green public procurement6 and sustainable construction7. The Government will also propose a green tax reform that will further contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in all parts of Danish society8.', 'The Government will also propose a green tax reform that will further contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in all parts of Danish society8. Alto- gether, the sector strategies make up the 2020 climate action plan, which charts the course for the green transition of individual sectors on the path towards achiev- ing the 70% reduction target. This means that more reductions will follow as the rest of the 2020 climate action plan is rolled out. With reduction efforts so far of 5 million tonnes CO2e, the Govern- ment’s transport initiative of one million tonnes and coming initiatives in 2020, the Government is thus well underway already in the first year of the Climate Act.', 'With reduction efforts so far of 5 million tonnes CO2e, the Govern- ment’s transport initiative of one million tonnes and coming initiatives in 2020, the Government is thus well underway already in the first year of the Climate Act. It has not been possible to close the gap using known measures, which is why the Government has – with broad majorities in the Danish Parliament and through the Government s green research strategy – launched a number of development 3 Agreement on green road transport was reached on 4 December 2020. 4 Presented by the Government on 28 September 2020. 5 Will follow in 2021. 6 Presented by the Government on 29 October 2020. 7 Presented by the Government on 9 December 2020.', '7 Presented by the Government on 9 December 2020. 8 Agreement on a green tax reform was reached on 8 December 2020. Reduction decisions in the current government period e) Effect in 2030 (CO2 e) 2020 Finance Act - 0.5* Decision to discontinue coal firing at Fynsværket by 2022 0.5* Sector strategy for waste 0.1 0.7 Sector strategy for energy and industry 1.3 2.7 Green housing agreement - 0.05 Cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland 0.25 0.5 Climate initiative for road transport - 1** Coming climate initiatives in 2020 Sector strategy for agriculture and forestry Green tax reform Strategy for sustainable construction Strategy for green public procurement Notes: *Included in Baseline Projection 20. **See the footnote on the transport agreement.initiatives that are presented in the Climate Programme 2020.', '**See the footnote on the transport agreement.initiatives that are presented in the Climate Programme 2020. The development ini- tiatives hold major potential that can be realised through development and scaling up in the years towards 2030 and beyond, see table 2. By way of example, the climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., earmarks DKK 2.5 billion up to 2030 for targeted conversions from fossil energy and subsi- dies for energy-efficiency improvements. Investments are also made in the devel- opment of carbon capture and storage solutions. A technology that has the poten- tial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 4–9 million tonnes by 2030.', 'A technology that has the poten- tial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 4–9 million tonnes by 2030. Transport emissions can be reduced both through a greener selection of fuels, changed transportation habits and vehicle replacement, supported by specific initia- tives such as lower EV taxes, CO2 displacement9 requirements for fuels and a pool to promote the proliferation of green buses. The Government has also charted a specific course for Denmark, by significantly expanding offshore wind power, to support the development of Power-to-X (PtX), which has the potential to reduce emissions from the transport sector by 0.5–3.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 through the production of sustainable fuels.', 'The Government has also charted a specific course for Denmark, by significantly expanding offshore wind power, to support the development of Power-to-X (PtX), which has the potential to reduce emissions from the transport sector by 0.5–3.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 through the production of sustainable fuels. There is also a similar potential for bio- fuels, which are being promoted through measures such as the Government’s pro- posed CO2 displacement requirements for fuels and strategy for renewable energy and biofuels10. In the agricultural sector, it is also deemed possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by developing new technologies and solutions capable of reducing cli- mate and environmental impact of food production and farming.', 'In the agricultural sector, it is also deemed possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by developing new technologies and solutions capable of reducing cli- mate and environmental impact of food production and farming. A number of new technologies and solutions are being developed, with selected research projects having great technical reduction potential, including in particular feed additives, slurry additives and biorefining. Agriculture is a focal point of the Government s green research strategy. The Government will also focus on development initiatives in its coming sector strategy for agriculture. In addition, the Government is working for higher EU climate ambitions, which are expected to support greenhouse gas reductions in Denmark.', 'In addition, the Government is working for higher EU climate ambitions, which are expected to support greenhouse gas reductions in Denmark. The European Com- mission proposes to increase EU’s climate target to at least 55% greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2030 compared to 199011, implemented by means of a strengthened and possibly expanded emission trading system (ETS) and by sup- portive sector legislations such as increased CO2 standards for light and heavy ve- hicles Depending on how a possibly higher target will be implemented, this could lead to reductions in Denmark through for instance higher emission allowances prices and more energy-efficient vehicles. 9 ”CO2 displacement” in relation to transport means well-to-wheel greenhouse gas reduction.', '9 ”CO2 displacement” in relation to transport means well-to-wheel greenhouse gas reduction. 10 The transport agreement of 4 December 2020 replaces the current fuel requirements for biofuels blend in with a CO2 displacement requirement. The latter is a long-term, technology-neutral regulation that promotes the use of fuels with a high displacement of CO2 . This includes i.a. more advanced biofu- els and new fuels such as Power-to-X. The estimated effect of the agreement is a reduction of 2.1 mil- lion tonnes of CO2 e by 2030.', 'The estimated effect of the agreement is a reduction of 2.1 mil- lion tonnes of CO2 e by 2030. 11 On 11 December 2020, the 27 European leaders met and made a specific, clear and ambitious com- mitment - the ambition to reduce EU emissions by at least 55% by 2030 from 1990.The great potential associated with the Government’s development track, together with the implementation track, helps demonstrate the probability of achieving the climate targets. The Danish Council on Climate Change assesses that the implementation track can provide a reduction of 10.9 million tonnes, equating to approximately 60%, us- ing known measures, while the development track must account for the remaining 10 percentage points.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change assesses that the implementation track can provide a reduction of 10.9 million tonnes, equating to approximately 60%, us- ing known measures, while the development track must account for the remaining 10 percentage points. The climate programme shows that the Government has taken significant steps along the implementation track during the first year of the Government’s existence. At the same time, the programme shows that there will be significant technical and economic barriers to implementing measures to eliminate most of the deficit in the initial years. For this reason, the Government will regularly return to the sectors and the specific development initiatives launched towards 2030, with a view to specific decisions being made on further reductions towards 2030 and beyond.', 'For this reason, the Government will regularly return to the sectors and the specific development initiatives launched towards 2030, with a view to specific decisions being made on further reductions towards 2030 and beyond. Technical reduction potential towards 2030 (million tonnes of CO2 e) Potential by 2030 Carbon capture, utilisation or storage 4-9 - Power-to-X (and 1.5-7.5 in a long-term perspective) ** - Biofuels (and 1.5-7.5 in a long-term perspective) ** - Biogas 0.6 Electrification and energy efficient in the industrial sector Examples of development projects in the agricul- tural and forestry sector - Feed additives 1 - Slurry additives 1 - Carbon binding in soil with biochar 2 Recycling and reduction of plastic waste 0.15 Cooperation agreements with businesses 0.2-0.4 Total (adjusted for overlaps) 9-16½ Note: As the potentials overlap, summing them up does not yield the total.', 'Technical reduction potential towards 2030 (million tonnes of CO2 e) Potential by 2030 Carbon capture, utilisation or storage 4-9 - Power-to-X (and 1.5-7.5 in a long-term perspective) ** - Biofuels (and 1.5-7.5 in a long-term perspective) ** - Biogas 0.6 Electrification and energy efficient in the industrial sector Examples of development projects in the agricul- tural and forestry sector - Feed additives 1 - Slurry additives 1 - Carbon binding in soil with biochar 2 Recycling and reduction of plastic waste 0.15 Cooperation agreements with businesses 0.2-0.4 Total (adjusted for overlaps) 9-16½ Note: As the potentials overlap, summing them up does not yield the total. The total takes ac- count of these overlaps. * An expected overlap with the transport initiative of 0.8 million tonnes has been deducted from ‘Green fuels’ but not from the sub-categories as the dis- tribution is uncertain.', '* An expected overlap with the transport initiative of 0.8 million tonnes has been deducted from ‘Green fuels’ but not from the sub-categories as the dis- tribution is uncertain. ** Including 1-4 million tonnes in international shipping and aviation which are not included in the 70% reduction target. Source: Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (KEFM) and Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark (MFVM)The estimated technical reduction potentials are subject to considerable uncer- tainty, in terms of both size and overlaps between potentials. The estimated poten- tials do not take account of the costs of the technologies but are focused on tech- nical feasibility and the theoretically assessed realisable scope by 2030.', 'The estimated poten- tials do not take account of the costs of the technologies but are focused on tech- nical feasibility and the theoretically assessed realisable scope by 2030. This means that the reduction potentials only give a picture of technical and theoretical possibilities for the technologies and solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the segments for which the technologies are deemed most relevant. Major tech- nological advances, etc., can also result in significant reductions in other areas.', 'Major tech- nological advances, etc., can also result in significant reductions in other areas. The Government’s substantiation As mentioned, the Climate Act requires the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utili- ties to provide an assessment, in the climate programme, of whether it can be ren- dered probable that the national climate targets – a 70% reduction of Danish green- house gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 and climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest – are achievable. Since the change of government in June 2019, initiatives have been adopted to re- duce the deficit by approximately 5 million tonnes of CO2e. Today, the deficit amounts to approximately 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e.', 'Today, the deficit amounts to approximately 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e. The Government has also put forward a transport initiative providing an addition one million tonnes of reduc- tions, and the Government will put forward additional initiatives during 2020 that will involve decisions on additional reductions in the implementation track. In addition, the Government has invested in a number of development initiatives with significant potential, which are eventually expected to be scaled up and con- verted into additional specific reductions.', 'In addition, the Government has invested in a number of development initiatives with significant potential, which are eventually expected to be scaled up and con- verted into additional specific reductions. Thus, it is the overall assessment of the Government that – with a climate effort based on specific measures here and now, combined with targeted investments in a multitude of development initiatives that can translate into specific reductions later in the commitment period, if followed up with policy decisions – it can be rendered probable that the Climate Act targets are achievable, see figure 5.The Government’s assessmentOverview of climate initiatives adopted since the Government took office Cross-cutting initiatives The Government’s climate policy working method · Government-internal processes o Green Committee.', 'Thus, it is the overall assessment of the Government that – with a climate effort based on specific measures here and now, combined with targeted investments in a multitude of development initiatives that can translate into specific reductions later in the commitment period, if followed up with policy decisions – it can be rendered probable that the Climate Act targets are achievable, see figure 5.The Government’s assessmentOverview of climate initiatives adopted since the Government took office Cross-cutting initiatives The Government’s climate policy working method · Government-internal processes o Green Committee. This Government committee aims to ensure that climate, environment and nature considerations are strengthened and integrated into Governmental policies. o Legislative programme. The Government screens its annual legislative programme for green effects as a regular procedure.', 'The Government screens its annual legislative programme for green effects as a regular procedure. o Guidance on assessment of impact on climate, environment and nature. Determines guidelines for im- pact assessments on climate, environment and nature and for when initiatives must be presented to the Green Committee. o Green economic models. A new economic model (Green REFORM) is being prepared to assess the impact of economic activity on the environment, nature and climate and the economic impact of environ- mental, nature and climate policy initiatives. · Government cooperation forums o 13 Climate Partnerships.', '· Government cooperation forums o 13 Climate Partnerships. Cooperation with the business community focused on how businesses and the Government can join forces to address climate challenges in a manner that also supports Danish com- petitiveness, export, jobs, welfare and prosperity without increasing inequity. Embedded in the Green Business Forum, the partnerships will contribute to strengthening dialogue between Government, busi- ness community and trade union organisations on possibilities and barriers in the green business transi- tion. o Citizens’ Assembly. The Citizens’ Assembly has 99 members who will discuss dilemmas and solutions associated with citizen-centric climate challenges over the next two years. o Youth Climate Council. The Youth climate Council aims to infuse innovative thinking into Danish climate policy with input for future climate solutions.', 'The Youth climate Council aims to infuse innovative thinking into Danish climate policy with input for future climate solutions. Appointed for two-year periods, the members come from all over Denmark, have different educational backgrounds and represent different approaches to climate challenges. Cross-cutting EU initiatives and approaches · Denmark is working for an ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal. · Denmark is working for an ambitious European climate law. · Denmark is working for an increase of the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% and for a cost-efficient implementation.', '· Denmark is working for an increase of the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% and for a cost-efficient implementation. Green research strategy · Carbon capture, utilisation or storage (CCUS) Mission: Denmark will develop cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can be used to reduce CO2 emissions and create negative emissions from large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants and biomass-based CHPs. Together with hydrogen gen- erated by renewables, captured CO2 can provide carbon for new climate-neutral solutions. The technical reduction potential for CCUS is estimated to amount to 4-9 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. It should be noted that there is an overlap with the PtX potential.', 'It should be noted that there is an overlap with the PtX potential. · Power-to-X – Green fuels and fuels for transport and industry Mission: Solutions must be developed to convert electricity from renewable sources into products that can be used to reduce emissions from those segments of the transport and industrial sector that have no cost-effective alternatives to fossil-based energy. The technical reduction potential for PtX is estimated to amount to 0.5-3.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and in the longer term 1.5-7.5 (including 1-4 in international shipping and aviation which are not included in the 70% re- duction target). It should be noted that there is an overlap with the CCUS potential.', 'It should be noted that there is an overlap with the CCUS potential. · Climate and eco-friendly agriculture and food production Mission: Research and innovation efforts must target the development of technologies and solutions that can significantly mitigate the climate and environmental impact of conventional and organic food production and farming, including emissions from farm animals, use of fertiliser and soils, and reduce derivative effects on nature. Examples include technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for sequestration of carbon in soils and forests, bio refining, including pyrolysis, new food and feed prod- ucts with a lower climate and environmental footprint, plant breeding and supporting knowledge needs related to effective regulation, including documentation of emissions.', 'Examples include technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for sequestration of carbon in soils and forests, bio refining, including pyrolysis, new food and feed prod- ucts with a lower climate and environmental footprint, plant breeding and supporting knowledge needs related to effective regulation, including documentation of emissions. A number of new technologies and solutions are being developed, with particular potential promised by research projects within feed addi- tives, slurry additives and bio refining.· Recycling and reduction of plastic waste Mission: Research efforts must be directed at developing new technologies and production meth- ods to ensure waste reduction and improve sorting and recycling of plastic waste into new plastic products.', 'A number of new technologies and solutions are being developed, with particular potential promised by research projects within feed addi- tives, slurry additives and bio refining.· Recycling and reduction of plastic waste Mission: Research efforts must be directed at developing new technologies and production meth- ods to ensure waste reduction and improve sorting and recycling of plastic waste into new plastic products. Development of plastic-containing products designed for recycling or reuse, both in terms of the chemical composition of the raw plastic product and additives as well as the compo- sition of materials in the individual product.', 'Development of plastic-containing products designed for recycling or reuse, both in terms of the chemical composition of the raw plastic product and additives as well as the compo- sition of materials in the individual product. Technologies and solutions that yield high quality products in the recycled phase and low material loss, as well as sorting, reprocessing and reuse of plastic-containing textiles are deemed capable of reducing the amount of plastic and fossil tex- tile waste by approximately 53,000 tonnes in addition to the reduction set out in Agreement on a Green Waste Sector and Circular Economy.', 'Technologies and solutions that yield high quality products in the recycled phase and low material loss, as well as sorting, reprocessing and reuse of plastic-containing textiles are deemed capable of reducing the amount of plastic and fossil tex- tile waste by approximately 53,000 tonnes in addition to the reduction set out in Agreement on a Green Waste Sector and Circular Economy. If additional volume is taken out of the incineration cycle, Denmark will achieve its target of eliminating 80% of plastic waste from incineration by 2030, thus removing approximately 0.15 million tonnes of CO2e from the waste incineration pro- cess by 2030. Denmark’s Green Future Fund · Vaekstfonden.', 'Denmark’s Green Future Fund · Vaekstfonden. DKK 4 billion for Vaekstfonden, the Danish state’s investment fund, will be used to launch a broad, long-term effort to build up a market for green venture capital. It will facilitate loan raising and equity financing for green entrepreneurs and growth companies to support the com- panies’ development and convert good, green ideas into green jobs. Vaekstfonden will mainly invest in funds and directly in companies but can also provide loan financing. · · EKF Denmark’s Export Credit Agency. DKK 14 billion will be earmarked for EKF Denmark’s Ex- port Credit Agency to strengthen EKF’s guarantees for Danish companies’ exports of green tech- nologies and solutions to the entire world.', 'DKK 14 billion will be earmarked for EKF Denmark’s Ex- port Credit Agency to strengthen EKF’s guarantees for Danish companies’ exports of green tech- nologies and solutions to the entire world. EKF Denmark’s Export Credit Agency offers export financing to Danish exporters in the form of loans and guarantees. · · The Danish Green Investment Fund. The Danish Green Investment Fund will receive DKK 6 bil- lion to co-finance investments promoting the green transition of Danish society, including energy savings, renewable energy installations and resource efficiency. The Fund offers loans and guar- antees to private companies, social housing organisations and public undertakings and institu- tions, etc. · · Investment Fund for Developing Countries.', '· · Investment Fund for Developing Countries. DKK 1 billion for the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU) will be used to promote investments and loans for green solutions in developing countries, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and securing clean water. IFU offers advice and venture capital to companies that want to do business in developing countries and emerging markets. Green tax reform · The Government will prepare a proposal for a green tax reform and convene negotiations about this in the autumn of 2020.', 'Green tax reform · The Government will prepare a proposal for a green tax reform and convene negotiations about this in the autumn of 2020. Sector initiatives Energy sector, construction and industry Individual heating Measures: · The electrical heating tax will be reduced to the EU minimum rates · Mandatory consumer connection to the natural gas grid will be eliminated and the socio-economic requirement will be adjusted (see also the box about main initiatives for district heating) · Subsidy pools for phasing out oil and gas-fired boilers from 2020, including a pool for disconnec- tion from the natural gas grid and roll-out of district heating.', 'Sector initiatives Energy sector, construction and industry Individual heating Measures: · The electrical heating tax will be reduced to the EU minimum rates · Mandatory consumer connection to the natural gas grid will be eliminated and the socio-economic requirement will be adjusted (see also the box about main initiatives for district heating) · Subsidy pools for phasing out oil and gas-fired boilers from 2020, including a pool for disconnec- tion from the natural gas grid and roll-out of district heating. · Initiatives targeted at consumer safety and safe implementation · Energy-efficiency improvements Development initiatives: · Study of whether a special loan scheme can be set up for citizens without access to funding · Effort to map oil and gas-fired boilers in municipal and regional buildings · Analysis of potential for phasing out oil and natural gas from household heating · Among the elements of the Green Research Strategy are a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· Initiatives targeted at consumer safety and safe implementation · Energy-efficiency improvements Development initiatives: · Study of whether a special loan scheme can be set up for citizens without access to funding · Effort to map oil and gas-fired boilers in municipal and regional buildings · Analysis of potential for phasing out oil and natural gas from household heating · Among the elements of the Green Research Strategy are a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials aswell as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include energy-efficient build- ings, for instance, and the funds can thus support the development of solutions to reduce energy consumption and potentially greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The themes include energy-efficient build- ings, for instance, and the funds can thus support the development of solutions to reduce energy consumption and potentially greenhouse gas emissions. · At European level, the Government is working to strengthening and extending the EU Emission Trading System to road transport and buildings to ensure a more uniform price signal across sec- tors and a more cost-effective climate regulation. · Energy efficiency is also an EU priority for the Government. The Government supports the princi- ple of “energy efficiency first” and cost-effective energy-efficiency efforts, particularly at reducing fossil energy consumption contributing towards the EU 2030 climate target and the climate-neu- trality target by 2050 at the latest.', 'The Government supports the princi- ple of “energy efficiency first” and cost-effective energy-efficiency efforts, particularly at reducing fossil energy consumption contributing towards the EU 2030 climate target and the climate-neu- trality target by 2050 at the latest. There are also a range of EU requirements for energy utilities and buildings as well as for energy-using products such as boilers, household appliances, etc., which is a smart and cost-effective way to vastly reduce energy consumption. · In Q3 2020, the European Commission is expected to launch a strategy to trigger “Aa Renovation Wave for Europe” aiming to break down long-standing barriers to energy and resource-efficient renovation.', '· In Q3 2020, the European Commission is expected to launch a strategy to trigger “Aa Renovation Wave for Europe” aiming to break down long-standing barriers to energy and resource-efficient renovation. that the Renovation Wave will contribute to at least a doubling of the renovation rate, with guidance on applying the principle of “energy efficiency first” to follow in 2021. District heating Measures: · The district heating sector s production bindings will be modernised, which includes rescinding the fuel binding to natural gas and the CHP requirement. The socio-economic requirement will also be adjusted so that district heating projects can be approved without having to compare them to fos- sil alternatives.', 'The socio-economic requirement will also be adjusted so that district heating projects can be approved without having to compare them to fos- sil alternatives. · The obligation to purchase district heating will be modernised to facilitate higher utilisation of ex- cess heat and own RE production. · The electrical heating tax will be reduced to the EU minimum rates, which involves eliminating the tax on electricity-based excess heat. · The excess heat tax will be eliminated if the excess heat is certified or subject to a similar agree- ment scheme, that ensures energy-efficiency improvements at the excess heat provider. · The agreement on increased utilisation of excess heating of 28 March 2019 is confirmed, includ- ing the price adjustment of excess heat.', '· The agreement on increased utilisation of excess heating of 28 March 2019 is confirmed, includ- ing the price adjustment of excess heat. Development initiatives: · An analysis will be launched to illustrate the consequences of a possible ban on oil and natural gas for district heat production from 2030, including for security of supply, electricity and heating prices. · The consequences of restricting consumption of biomass for electricity and heat production must be studied. · An annual amount of DKK 2 million will be set aside for supporting initiatives in 2021 and 2022. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include intelligent solutions for integrating RE into heat production. Electricity Measures: · Transition to market-driven expansion of solar panels and onshore wind power. Public procedures for onshore wind power, solar power and other green technologies will continue until 2021, and the support requirement will be analysed to qualify subsidy requirements in the future. · Support for testing and demonstration. An additional DKK 237 million will be set aside for experi- mental wind turbines in 2021-24, with an analysis of how to best support the future framework for testing and demonstration.', 'An additional DKK 237 million will be set aside for experi- mental wind turbines in 2021-24, with an analysis of how to best support the future framework for testing and demonstration. · Administrative barriers will be removed to enable enterprises to increase their solar energy invest- ments. · Offshore wind turbine expansion. Advancement of farm 2 from the 2018 energy agreement, which will be located at Hesselø. Development initiatives: · Establishment of the world s first offshore renewable energy hubs. Establishment of offshore wind farms of 3 GW and 2 GW. Green power from the hubs and other sources will be used directly but eventually also converted into sustainable fuels (Power-to-X) that can decarbonise sectors which cannot be directly electrified, e.g. aviation, heavy-duty transport, certain industrial processes, etc.', 'aviation, heavy-duty transport, certain industrial processes, etc. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include cost-effective renewable energy tech- nologies for energy production with a potential to eventually reduce emissions in the industrial and transport sectors. · Conclusion of one or more partnerships with Denmark’s neighbouring countries about interna- tional links to ensure the establishment and profitability of the energy islands. · Denmark participates actively in the North Seas Energy Cooperation (NSEC) with eight other countries and the Commission to expand offshore wind and grid development in the North Sea.', '· Denmark participates actively in the North Seas Energy Cooperation (NSEC) with eight other countries and the Commission to expand offshore wind and grid development in the North Sea. Under the Danish presidency in December 2019, a new work programme for NSEC was adopted,and the countries agreed, at the ministerial meeting in July 2020, on a joint declaration on the im- portance of offshore wind power for combating climate change. In the declaration, the North Sea countries also urge the European Commission to develop a legislative framework for cost-effec- tive promotion of wind power. · Influence the European Commission to develop a legislative framework for cost-effective promo- tion of wind power.', '· Influence the European Commission to develop a legislative framework for cost-effective promo- tion of wind power. · In early 2021, the Government will present an electrification strategy with scenarios relating to the 70% reduction target. Industry Measures: · Green transition and higher energy-efficiency improvements of the fossil production in the busi- ness sector. DKK 2.5 billion has been set aside towards 2030, targeted at conversions away from fossil energy, subsidies for energy-efficiency improvements of processes, etc., that cannot cur- rently be converted into electricity as well as electrification and energy-efficiency improvements of internal transport (forklift trucks, tractors, etc.) in manufacturing industries, agriculture, etc. · Support for biogas and other green gases.', '· Support for biogas and other green gases. DKK 12.8 billion has been set aside over a 20-year period for a new scheme supporting biogas and other green gases that can be used where electri- fication is not possible. Development initiatives: · Analysis of green transition options where electrification is not possible. An analysis will be con- ducted to identify potentials and barriers to phasing out fossil fuels in industries, including the parts of the companies’ consumption of energy for processing purposes where possibilities of phasing out fossil fuel are currently limited, e.g. high-temperature processes. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include energy-efficient industrial production, green fuels and materials for transport and industry that can eventually advance the phasing-out of fossil fuels in industry. Future technologies Measures: · Market-based technology-neutral pool of DKK 800 million a year, phased in from 2024 for carbon capture and storage. The pool will contribute to cost-effective carbon reductions by enabling cap- ture and storage. The pool can help reduce those emissions that are otherwise difficult to reduce, and carbon capture and storage from biomass can generate negative emissions.', 'The pool can help reduce those emissions that are otherwise difficult to reduce, and carbon capture and storage from biomass can generate negative emissions. The pool is ex- pected to contribute reductions of 0.9 million tonnes of CO2/year from 2030 through capture and storage. · Denmark has entered into a partnership with the Netherlands. The partnership will generate pro- ceeds of at least DKK 750 million. The proceeds will finance a large-scale hydrogen production (PtX) subsidy scheme that will contribute to driving down hydrogen prices and boost Denmark’s areas of expertise and competitiveness within energy. Development initiatives: · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', 'Development initiatives: · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include green fuels and materials for transport and industry, hydrogen production and CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). · Overall PtX/CCUS strategy. The strategy will support the dissemination and development of green solutions for the future. The Climate partnerships and central stakeholders in relevant sectors will be involved in the work regularly. · Green mission: PtX – Development of green fuels for transport and industry.', '· Green mission: PtX – Development of green fuels for transport and industry. Develop solutions to convert power generated by renewable sources into products that can be used to reduce emis- sions from segments of the transport and industrial sector that have no cost-effective alternatives to fossil energy. · Green mission: Develop cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can be ap- plied to reducing CO2 emissions and creating negative emissions from large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants and biomass-based CHPs. Together with hydrogen gen- erated by renewables, captured CO2 can provide carbon for new climate-neutral solutions.', 'Together with hydrogen gen- erated by renewables, captured CO2 can provide carbon for new climate-neutral solutions. · At European level, the Government is promoting a decarbonised European energy system by 2050 with particular focus on increasing the use of renewable energy and the electrification of fos- sil energy consumption, such as by using Power-to-X technologies for the production of green hy- drogen and other hydrogen-based products (e-fuels). Power-to-X technologies enable renewable energy to be converted into hydrogen, thus helping to decarbonise sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as heavy-duty transport and industry.', 'Power-to-X technologies enable renewable energy to be converted into hydrogen, thus helping to decarbonise sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as heavy-duty transport and industry. A European focus on green gases and their reconversion can accelerate technological development, upscaling and price reductions of green solutions for the benefit of Danish companies and the national green transition.Measures in other agreements · Agreement on municipal and regional economies for 2021. Earlier this year, the Government and Local Government Denmark agreed to abolish the investment ceiling for 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis.', 'Earlier this year, the Government and Local Government Denmark agreed to abolish the investment ceiling for 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis. The Government and Local Government Denmark further develop this agree- ment in these exceptional circumstances by raising the investment ceiling for 2021 to DKK 21.6 billion, including a DKK 1 billion allowance for green investments, enabling municipalities to make green renovations of schools, nursing homes and roads and conduct energy renovations, etc. The Government and Danish Regions have also agreed to extraordinarily raise the regions’ investment ceiling for 2021 by DKK 1 billion for green investments. · Political agreement on green renovation of social housing. The agreement earmarks DKK 30.2 billion from the National Building Foundation for social housing sector renovation in 2020-2026.', 'The agreement earmarks DKK 30.2 billion from the National Building Foundation for social housing sector renovation in 2020-2026. The agreement secures healthy, up-to-date social housing for the benefit of tenants and the re- covery of Denmark’s economy. Green renovations of social housing reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 47,000 tonnes of CO2e and generate 2,200 full-time equivalents in 2020, increasing to 5,900 in 2021 and 3,500 in 2022. Waste Measures: · Increased and streamlined waste sorting. The Danish populace must sort their waste in the same way at home or at work, regardless of their respective municipality. The sorting comprises ten types of waste, and both households and businesses must use the same sorting guidelines and waste pic- tograms. · Increased recycling of plastic waste.', '· Increased recycling of plastic waste. A requirement will be introduced for a recycling rate of at least 60% for collected plastic waste, sector partnerships with the restaurant industry and the agriculture and construction sectors. · Strong recycling sector. The waste flows from households and businesses are to be gathered and organised more homogeneously. The framework conditions for the waste sector must be designed to facilitate investment in recycling plants rather than incineration plants. · Less incineration and less import of waste for incineration. The capacity of Danish incineration plants must be reduced to match Denmark’s waste volumes, which are expected to decrease once Danes separate more waste for recycling.', 'The capacity of Danish incineration plants must be reduced to match Denmark’s waste volumes, which are expected to decrease once Danes separate more waste for recycling. · The impact of the public water sector must be rendered more neutral in terms of energy and climate by reducing nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater, incentivising the public water sector to opti- mise the use of its own resources and other measures. Selected development initiatives: · The launch of an analysis into how waste taxes can help support further greenhouse gas emission reductions in the waste management sector and the transition to a circular economy. · The establishment of a partnership to support the use of new technologies and digital solutions in the waste management sector to increase waste recycling.', '· The establishment of a partnership to support the use of new technologies and digital solutions in the waste management sector to increase waste recycling. · The launch of efforts to look into the possibilities of increasing the percentage of recycled plastic in new products. · The Government supports the Commission’s aim to achieve a circular economy in the EU which can support the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050 and the decoupling of growth from the consumption of resources, as resource extraction and processing are major sources of EU greenhouse gas emissions and because the transition can help ensure the EU’s competitive- ness in the long term.', '· The Government supports the Commission’s aim to achieve a circular economy in the EU which can support the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050 and the decoupling of growth from the consumption of resources, as resource extraction and processing are major sources of EU greenhouse gas emissions and because the transition can help ensure the EU’s competitive- ness in the long term. · The Government is promoting the European Commission’s expected quantitative waste reduc- tion target proposal, and Denmark will be given quantitative reduction targets when such goals are set in the EU.', '· The Government is promoting the European Commission’s expected quantitative waste reduc- tion target proposal, and Denmark will be given quantitative reduction targets when such goals are set in the EU. · The Government backs the idea that the EU should stop exporting waste from the EU and sup- ports an ambitious revision of the EU Transport Regulation for cross-border transfer of waste to create a real single market for trading in secondary raw materials. · The incineration of plastic in particular should be reduced in the EU. Accordingly, Denmark sup- ports more ambitious goals for recycling of plastic and financing of recycling capacity in Europe as well as better product designs.', 'Accordingly, Denmark sup- ports more ambitious goals for recycling of plastic and financing of recycling capacity in Europe as well as better product designs. · The Government supports the establishment of standardised methods for efficiently collecting and sharing data between companies throughout the supply chain with a view to supporting their data-based business development possibilities and a common single market for secondary raw materials. · The Government supports the Commission’s focus on a coherent legal framework for a sustain- able product policy that will support resource efficiency, circularity, security and a reduced cli- mate and environmental footprint.', '· The Government supports the Commission’s focus on a coherent legal framework for a sustain- able product policy that will support resource efficiency, circularity, security and a reduced cli- mate and environmental footprint. Expanding the Ecodesign Directive to include additional prod- uct groups and criteria to support the circular economy, whilst continuing to pursue progress related to energy efficiency, and build on lessons learnt from the EU Flower Ecolabel and theCommission s new life-cycle method Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) can be instrumen- tal in this development. · The Government supports the Commission’s ambitions to revise the urban wastewater treat- ment and sewage sludge directives to intensify focus on energy production and recycling of nu- trients.', '· The Government supports the Commission’s ambitions to revise the urban wastewater treat- ment and sewage sludge directives to intensify focus on energy production and recycling of nu- trients. Transport Measures (road transport): · DKK 180 million to cancel tax increases on electric vehicles and reduce the process energy tax on EV electricity. · DKK 25 million to introduce a deduction in the tax basis for green company cars to reduce the price of green driving to and from work. · DKK 75 million to accelerate the transition to green buses. · DKK 100 million to promote cycling and a pool of DKK 50 million from which municipalities can apply for cycling project funding in return for a 50% co-funding.', '· DKK 100 million to promote cycling and a pool of DKK 50 million from which municipalities can apply for cycling project funding in return for a 50% co-funding. · Implementation of DKK 50 million for charging points and DKK 24 million to promote commercial carriage and DKK 1 million to analyse the potential for transitioning domestic ferries to renewable energy as part of the realisation of the green transport pool in 2020 and an analysis of the pricing structure for publicly accessible charging points.', '· Implementation of DKK 50 million for charging points and DKK 24 million to promote commercial carriage and DKK 1 million to analyse the potential for transitioning domestic ferries to renewable energy as part of the realisation of the green transport pool in 2020 and an analysis of the pricing structure for publicly accessible charging points. · Advancement of the remaining implementation of the green transport pool for 2020 and 2021, as well as enlarging the pool by an additional DKK 50 million, so that total priorities amount to DKK 425 million in 2020 and 2020 for charging points, promotion of green commercial carriage and transitioning to green ferries.', '· Advancement of the remaining implementation of the green transport pool for 2020 and 2021, as well as enlarging the pool by an additional DKK 50 million, so that total priorities amount to DKK 425 million in 2020 and 2020 for charging points, promotion of green commercial carriage and transitioning to green ferries. · The Government’s climate initiative for road transport defines the framework for the future regula- tion of road transport that will generate a total reduction of one million tonnes of CO2e across initi- atives in the area of passenger cars and heavy transport. Development initiatives and EU regulation: · The Government will work out a strategy for the further development of the renewable fuels market in Denmark as a transitional scheme towards 2035.', 'Development initiatives and EU regulation: · The Government will work out a strategy for the further development of the renewable fuels market in Denmark as a transitional scheme towards 2035. · The Government is working for a strengthened emission trading (ETS) system that will be ex- panded to include road transport. · The Government has encouraged the Commission to present a strategy for how the EU can promote the green transition of the transport sector, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars in the EU.', '· The Government has encouraged the Commission to present a strategy for how the EU can promote the green transition of the transport sector, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars in the EU. · The Government is working to adjust the European rules to support phasing out of petrol and diesel cars from 2030, including more ambitious CO2 emissions standards for light and heavy vehicles, inclusion of road transport in the ETS sector, the necessary infrastructure, promotion of alternative fuels, including Power-to-X, and an ambitious approach to batteries. · The Government will also work to forge an alliance between like-minded EU member states that can promote the phase-out agenda in the EU.', '· The Government will also work to forge an alliance between like-minded EU member states that can promote the phase-out agenda in the EU. · Among the Government’s initiatives to reduce aviation emissions is a call for the Commission to submit proposals for putting a price tag on aviation emissions, possibly including duties to en- sure more sustainable air transport, and for the European Commission to analyse the possibility of reducing free allocations across sectors without leading to carbon leakage. · The Government is actively working to ensure that potential future EU initiatives in the maritime sector will benefit the climate without jeopardising the competitiveness of Europe’s maritime sector. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include transport, etc. The Green Research Strategy also singles out a mission on e-fuels – Power-to-X – which will develop solutions to con- vert electricity from renewable sources to products that can be used to reduce emissions from segments of the transport and industrial sectors that have no cost-effective alternatives to fossil energy. · Agricultural and forestry sector Measures (Finance Act 2020): · Restoration of carbon-rich farmland. The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocates DKK 2 billion to- wards 2029 for restoration of carbon-rich farmland.', 'The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocates DKK 2 billion to- wards 2029 for restoration of carbon-rich farmland. The implementation is expected to contribute to the setting aside of roughly 15,000 ha of farmland. The expected climate impact will be 270,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. · Afforestation. The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocated DKK 100 million to establish a climate forest fund enabling companies and individuals to contribute to the reduction effort. The fund’s activities are expected to realise greenhouse gas absorption of 50,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. The implementation of the 2021 rural development programme also includes a decision to double the funding of the existing private afforestation aid scheme to a total of DKK 70 million.', 'The implementation of the 2021 rural development programme also includes a decision to double the funding of the existing private afforestation aid scheme to a total of DKK 70 million. It is assessed that the implementation will result in 2,000 ha of private afforestation. Afforestation of an additional 1,000 ha is assessed to increase greenhouse gas absorption by 5,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. · Reduction of nitrogen losses. It has been decided to introduce stricter exploitation requirements on livestock manure and reduce the nitrogen standards for crops cultivated on carbon-rich soils.In addition, a ban on spraying, fertilisation and conversion of section 3 areas has been introduced.', 'It has been decided to introduce stricter exploitation requirements on livestock manure and reduce the nitrogen standards for crops cultivated on carbon-rich soils.In addition, a ban on spraying, fertilisation and conversion of section 3 areas has been introduced. Together, the initiatives are expected to provide an annual climate effect of 90,000 tonnes of CO2e by 2030. · Farm accounts. The sector strategy for energy and industry allocates DKK 5 million in 2021 to contribute to the development of climate accounts at farm level that will support a cost-effective regulation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, but a major research effort remains to be done to facilitate the preparation of true and fair climate accounts at farm level. · Research.', 'The sector strategy for energy and industry allocates DKK 5 million in 2021 to contribute to the development of climate accounts at farm level that will support a cost-effective regulation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, but a major research effort remains to be done to facilitate the preparation of true and fair climate accounts at farm level. · Research. The Government has started ten research projects with a budget of DKK 90 million to help identify future solutions for agriculture-related reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The fund- ing comes from the climate research programme and is allocated for the period 2019–2021.', 'The fund- ing comes from the climate research programme and is allocated for the period 2019–2021. Development initiatives: · Greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector are currently not regulated in the EU but have been left to the Member States with differentiated national reduction targets for the non-ETS sectors. This reduces the incentive for climate friendly activities and entails challenges of carbon leakage risks internally in the EU. At European level, the Government is therefore working for a common European reduction commitment and strengthened regulation regulation of agriculture and its LULUCF activities. The Government is working to ensure that the reform of the EU s com- mon agricultural policy is used to support climate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector.', 'The Government is working to ensure that the reform of the EU s com- mon agricultural policy is used to support climate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector. · A mission defined in the Government’s green research strategy is the development of new tech- nologies and solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food and agricultural production. To reduce the agricultural climate impact without just reducing agricultural production, it is neces- sary to develop new technologies and solutions that can reduce the climate impact per unit pro- duced. · Current research includes biorefining whereby biomass can be converted into biochar, oil and gas through pyrolysis.', '· Current research includes biorefining whereby biomass can be converted into biochar, oil and gas through pyrolysis. The biochar is worked into the ground where the carbon bound in the biochar degrades very slowly, thereby removing it from the atmosphere for many years. Subject to consid- erable uncertainty, the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) assesses that carbon binding from biochar has a technical reduction potential of up to 6 million tonnes of CO2e a year. The Danish Council on Climate Change assesses that a third of the potential can be realised by 2030 if the technology works and can be scaled up. · Other research projects seek to reduce methane emissions from farm animals’ digestion through feed additives.', '· Other research projects seek to reduce methane emissions from farm animals’ digestion through feed additives. For instance, researchers are developing the substance “x” which initial trials have indicated can lower methane emissions from cattle by 35–40%. If the substance can reduce me- thane emissions from cows’ digestion by 40% and is applicable to all dairy cows, it has the poten- tial to reduce emissions by about one million tonnes of CO2e. In September 2019, an application was lodged for EU authorisation of the feed additive Bovaer, which is expected to be fed to con- ventional dairy cattle to reduce methane emissions from this source.', 'In September 2019, an application was lodged for EU authorisation of the feed additive Bovaer, which is expected to be fed to con- ventional dairy cattle to reduce methane emissions from this source. The substance can poten- tially reduce methane emissions by up to 30% and is expected to be marketed in 2030 after com- pleting the EU authorisation process. · Finally, efforts are being made to develop slurry additives that can reduce greenhouse gas emis- sions. A current substance researched is “NoGas” with a preliminary potential to reduce methane emissions from slurry in animal housing and storage facilities by up to 50%, corresponding to ap- proximately one million tonnes of CO2e if used to treat half of all slurry in Denmark.', 'A current substance researched is “NoGas” with a preliminary potential to reduce methane emissions from slurry in animal housing and storage facilities by up to 50%, corresponding to ap- proximately one million tonnes of CO2e if used to treat half of all slurry in Denmark. · It should be noted that these reduction potentials are subject to very great uncertainty, both in terms of effect, including overlaps, documentation and dissemination potential.2. The Danish Climate Act The Government and Venstre (Liberal Party of Denmark, Dansk Folkeparti (Danish People’s Party), Radikale Venstre (the Danish Social-Liberal Party) Socialistisk Folkeparti (Socialist People s Party), Det Konservative Folkeparti (Conservative People’s Party) and Alternativet (the Alternative) concluded the Agreement on a Climate Act of 6 December 2019.', 'The Danish Climate Act The Government and Venstre (Liberal Party of Denmark, Dansk Folkeparti (Danish People’s Party), Radikale Venstre (the Danish Social-Liberal Party) Socialistisk Folkeparti (Socialist People s Party), Det Konservative Folkeparti (Conservative People’s Party) and Alternativet (the Alternative) concluded the Agreement on a Climate Act of 6 December 2019. The agreement is implemented in the Climate Act adopted by the Danish Parliament on 26 June 2020. The Climate Act sets a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Denmark by 70% by 2030 compared to a 1990 baseline, which is one of the most ambitious climate targets in the world.', 'The Climate Act sets a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Denmark by 70% by 2030 compared to a 1990 baseline, which is one of the most ambitious climate targets in the world. At the same time, the Climate Act sets a long-term target for Denmark to be a climate- neutral society by 2050 at the latest, taking into account the Paris Agreement target of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. For the first time, Denmark thus has a legally binding climate target. The Climate Act targets and guiding principles The Climate Act mandates the setting of a new national climate target every five years, with a 10-year perspective. This means that a new legally binding climate target for 2035 must be set in 2025.', 'This means that a new legally binding climate target for 2035 must be set in 2025. At the same time, the Climate Act stipulates that a new climate target must be no less ambitious than the most recently set tar- get. This is in alignment with the “no backsliding” principle of the Paris Agreement. The Agreement on a Climate Act also sets out that in connection with the 2020 cli- mate action plan, the Government must propose an indicative target for 2025. The green transition of society entails multiple dilemmas and considerations that must be evaluated and prioritised. The parties to the agreement behind the Climate Act agree that the climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles, see box 5.', 'The parties to the agreement behind the Climate Act agree that the climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles, see box 5. The climate effort must take account of the long-term green transition, cost- effectiveness, sustainable business development, Danish competitiveness, sound public finances, employment and the welfare state s cohesion and social balance. At the same time, the Climate Act emphasises that climate challenges are global and that Danish climate solutions must inspire imitation and be implemented in a manner that does not simply move Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions and jobs abroad. The Government’s climate policy efforts are based on the framework and require- ments defined by the Climate Act.', 'The Government’s climate policy efforts are based on the framework and require- ments defined by the Climate Act. In other words the work – as described in this cli- mate programme –represents an ambitious strategy for achieving the reduction tar- gets in the Climate Act with due consideration of the principles that are also part of the act.Guiding principles for the climate effort, see agreement on a Climate Act of 6 December 2019 The climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles: 1) The climate challenges are a global problem. Therefore, Denmark must be a leading nation in the in- ternational climate effort, a nation that can inspire and influence the rest of the world.', 'Therefore, Denmark must be a leading nation in the in- ternational climate effort, a nation that can inspire and influence the rest of the world. Furthermore, Denmark has both a historical and a moral responsibility to take the lead. 2) The realisation of Denmark’s climate targets must be as cost effective as possible, taking into account the long-term green transition, sustainable business development and Danish competitiveness, sound public finances and employment, and that Danish business must be developed rather than diminished. 3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohesion and social balance are secured.', '3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohesion and social balance are secured. 4) The initiatives to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must result in real domestic reduc- tions, but it must also be ensured that Danish measures do not simply relocate all of the greenhouse gas emissions out-side of Denmark’s borders. Climate action plans at least once every five years The Climate Act requires the Government to present a climate action plan with a ten-year perspective, at least once every five years, and, as a minimum, in connec- tion with setting the climate targets. This climate programme is published as the 2020 Climate action plan is being prepared.', 'This climate programme is published as the 2020 Climate action plan is being prepared. The green transition of the waste management, energy and industrial sectors has already begun. The Government and a wide swath of Denmark’s political parlia- mentary spectrum have agreed on the Climate plan for a green waste sector and circular economy and Climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., 2020. The Government has also presented a climate initiative for road transport, a long-term global strategy A green and sustainable world and a strategy for green research.', 'The Government has also presented a climate initiative for road transport, a long-term global strategy A green and sustainable world and a strategy for green research. In addition, the Government has reached agreement on a 2020 Finance Act that gives priority to a stronger green transition, an agreement on a green renovation of social housing and cooperation agreements with the largest municipalities in Denmark on ambitious plans for the green transition of the public bus fleet. In addition, the Government has entered into a cooperation agreement with the Aal- borg Portland cement factory that secures greenhouse gas emission reductions of 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. Later this year, an agricultural sector strategy will follow, together with strategies for green public procurement and sustainable construction.', 'Later this year, an agricultural sector strategy will follow, together with strategies for green public procurement and sustainable construction. At the same time, the Gov- ernment will present a proposed green tax reform. Together, the sector strategies make up the 2020 climate action plan that charts the direction for the green transition in the individual sectors. Figure 6 lists the ele- ments of the 2020 Climate Action Plan.Elements of the 2020 Climate Action Plan The global dimension of the Climate Act Denmark must be a leading nation in the international climate effort that can inspire and influence the rest of the world. Accordingly, the Climate Act has an interna- tional perspective as well.', 'Accordingly, the Climate Act has an interna- tional perspective as well. The act stipulates that Denmark must work actively for realisation of the Paris Agreement target of limiting the global rise in temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The act also requires annual status reporting in the climate programme of Denmark’s international obligations and presentation of a global cli- mate strategy and that the annual climate status and projection must contain a sep- arate global report on the international effects of the Danish climate effort. This includes information about reductions in international shipping and aviation and reductions from export of electricity from renewable sources.', 'This includes information about reductions in international shipping and aviation and reductions from export of electricity from renewable sources. It could also in- clude the effects of the Danish bilateral energy partnerships with large greenhouse gas emitters, and efforts are also made to illustrate the effects of Danish import and consumption. In addition, information the Danish climate finance for developing countries must be included. The purpose of the reporting is to make Denmark’s global impact on the climate visible.', 'The purpose of the reporting is to make Denmark’s global impact on the climate visible. This will include adverse and positive impacts alike, such as from consumption and specific bilateral country partnerships, respec- tively, where Denmark helps the countries’ energy sectors, etc., in the transition process.Climate Act year wheel The Climate Act gives Denmark a fixed year wheel for Danish climate policy that obliges the incumbent Government at any time to work to meet the Climate Act tar- gets. The year wheel elements are illustrated and explored in box 6. According to the year wheel, the Danish Council on Climate Change must advise the Govern- ment on the climate action.', 'According to the year wheel, the Danish Council on Climate Change must advise the Govern- ment on the climate action. As part of the 2020 Finance Act Agreement, The Dan- ish Council on Climate Change has received increased funding to enhance the Council’s climate-technical skills and capacity to assess socio-economic conse- quences of climate policy proposals. Climate Act year wheel Annual recommendations from the Danish Council on Climate Change The Council on Climate Change will advise the Government on climate efforts. The Climate Act strengthens this role by requiring the Council to annually assess the Government’s climate efforts and make recommen- dations on the action going forward.', 'The Climate Act strengthens this role by requiring the Council to annually assess the Government’s climate efforts and make recommen- dations on the action going forward. In each year’s climate programme, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must report on these recommendations and state the Minister’s position on the recommendations. The Council on Climate Change must also assess whether the Government’s climate efforts make it proba- ble that the climate targets will be reached. Climate status and projection The Danish Energy Agency prepares each year a projection of the Danish greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Climate status and projection The Danish Energy Agency prepares each year a projection of the Danish greenhouse gas emissions. The climate status and projection will provide an overall situation report on the expected emissions after incorpo- rating the measures decided in the past year and any new knowledge in the form of technological develop- ments, framework conditions or new knowledge of the impact of activities on greenhouse gas emissions. The annual climate status and projection will include a separate global reporting on the international effects of the Danish climate effort. Climate programme The Climate Act requires the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities to annually present a climate pro- gramme to the Danish Parliament, see below on the annual climate programme.', 'Climate programme The Climate Act requires the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities to annually present a climate pro- gramme to the Danish Parliament, see below on the annual climate programme. Finance Act process The climate programme will be presented to the Danish Parliament in September to enable it to be taken into consideration during Finance Act deliberations.Climate programme and duty to take action The Climate Act requires the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities to prepare a climate programme for the Danish Parliament each year. The Climate Programme 2020 is the first since the act was adopted and was thus written before the Climate Act year wheel had turned a full year.', 'The Climate Programme 2020 is the first since the act was adopted and was thus written before the Climate Act year wheel had turned a full year. The act makes requirements on the content of the programme to support regular follow-up on the aggregate climate effort in the period until the next sub-target. For instance, the climate programme provides a status report on the fulfilment of Den- mark’s climate targets and commitments and presents the Government’s planned climate initiatives. The climate programme also has a global chapter that sets out the Government s long-term strategy for global climate action with specific initia- tives to be launched in the coming year.', 'The climate programme also has a global chapter that sets out the Government s long-term strategy for global climate action with specific initia- tives to be launched in the coming year. Box 7 illustrates the Climate Act require- ments for the contents of the climate programme and where these elements can be found in the Climate Programme 2020. In addition to these requirements of the climate programme, the Minister for Cli- mate, Energy and Utilities must, in the climate programme, provide an assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets will be reached.', 'In addition to these requirements of the climate programme, the Minister for Cli- mate, Energy and Utilities must, in the climate programme, provide an assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets will be reached. Report to the Danish Parliament After the annual Finance Act agreement, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must present a report on the effects of the Government’s climate policy and, in this connection, answer questions at an interpella- tion debate in the Danish Parliament. This enables the Parliament to annually assess whether the Govern- ment’s initiatives are sufficient for the Parliament to assess that the obligation to act is fulfilled, see below on the annual climate programme.', 'This enables the Parliament to annually assess whether the Govern- ment’s initiatives are sufficient for the Parliament to assess that the obligation to act is fulfilled, see below on the annual climate programme. The Climate Act s requirements on the content of the climate programme Section 7(2) The climate programme must include the following: 1) A status report on fulfilment of the national climate targets (chapter 4) 2) The planned climate initiatives and measures, including short- and long-term effect and the projected future effect thereof (chapter 7) 3) A report on The Council on Climate Change’s recommendations and the position of the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on these recommendations (chapter 9) 4) A status report on research and development of new climate initiatives (chapters 6 and 7) 5) A status report on developments in climate science, including the latest IPCC reports (chapter 3) 6) A description and status report on fulfilment of international climate targets (chapter 4) 7) A global climate strategy (chapter 8) The Climate Act on duty to take action The Act features the following elements: In the climate programme, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must provide her/his assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets mentioned in Arti- cle 1 will be reached.', 'The Climate Act s requirements on the content of the climate programme Section 7(2) The climate programme must include the following: 1) A status report on fulfilment of the national climate targets (chapter 4) 2) The planned climate initiatives and measures, including short- and long-term effect and the projected future effect thereof (chapter 7) 3) A report on The Council on Climate Change’s recommendations and the position of the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on these recommendations (chapter 9) 4) A status report on research and development of new climate initiatives (chapters 6 and 7) 5) A status report on developments in climate science, including the latest IPCC reports (chapter 3) 6) A description and status report on fulfilment of international climate targets (chapter 4) 7) A global climate strategy (chapter 8) The Climate Act on duty to take action The Act features the following elements: In the climate programme, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must provide her/his assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets mentioned in Arti- cle 1 will be reached. If it cannot be deemed probable that the national climate targets will be reached, in the cli- mate programme the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must present new initiatives with a reduction effect in the shorter term and initiatives with a reduction effect in the longer term, which together chart a path toward fulfilment of the national climate targets.In accordance with the Climate Act requirements, the Government demonstrates the fulfilment of the target by means of two tracks as illustrated in chapter 1.3.', 'If it cannot be deemed probable that the national climate targets will be reached, in the cli- mate programme the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must present new initiatives with a reduction effect in the shorter term and initiatives with a reduction effect in the longer term, which together chart a path toward fulfilment of the national climate targets.In accordance with the Climate Act requirements, the Government demonstrates the fulfilment of the target by means of two tracks as illustrated in chapter 1.3. Latest climate-science developments Every year, the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), the Government’s climate science adviser, will provide a status report in the climate programme on the latest climate-sci- ence developments based on recent research and the latest conclusions from IPCC.', 'Latest climate-science developments Every year, the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), the Government’s climate science adviser, will provide a status report in the climate programme on the latest climate-sci- ence developments based on recent research and the latest conclusions from IPCC. DMI is Denmark’s Focal Point of contact with the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), thereby ensuring visibility of Danish research internationally as well as embedment and dissemination of the latest international knowledge in a Danish context. DMI thus represents Denmark at IPCC meetings and keeps Danish scientists updated on how they can contribute to the preparation of IPCC reports. DMI also communicates knowledge from IPCC to the Danish Government and population.', 'DMI also communicates knowledge from IPCC to the Danish Government and population. DMI is currently en- gaged in more than 70 national and international research projects, most of which are cli- mate research activities, including research in oceanic climate conditions. In this year’s climate programme, DMI concludes, based on several IPCC reports, that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal and that the dominant cause is anthro- pogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Current research also indicates that the melting of ice sheets and glaciers is causing sea levels to rise at an increasing rate with conse- quences for Denmark and the rest of the world. Global temperature trends according to IPCC and the latest research Warming of the climate system is unequivocal12.', 'Global temperature trends according to IPCC and the latest research Warming of the climate system is unequivocal12. Since the 1970s, the average global temperature has continuously increased decade by decade. The five latest years are the warmest ever recorded, and 19 out of the 20 warmest years have occurred since the year 2000, see figure 7. Note: Observed global mean temperature from 1850 to 2020. The graph shows temperature trends rela- tive to the 1850-1900 reference period. Data from six different scientific sources are shown. The differ- ent data sets all show the same long-term trend and year-to-year variability.', 'The differ- ent data sets all show the same long-term trend and year-to-year variability. Source: Average temperature trends, 1850–2020Figure 7 shows clear interannual variability of the global mean temperature due to the natural variability of the climate system, such as the El Niño phenomenon in the Pacific region. How- ever, since the middle of the last century, there has been substantial warming due to the funda- mental energy imbalance in the climate: the Earth receives more energy from the sun than it emits back to space. This is due to anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect13. The future trend of the global mean temperature depends on the emission of greenhouse gases.', 'The future trend of the global mean temperature depends on the emission of greenhouse gases. IPCC, assesses14 that the global temperature increase by the end of the 21st century will be between 1.0 °C in a low emissions scenario (referred to as RCP2.615) and 3.7 °C in a high emissions scenario (referred to as RCP8.516) compared to the 1986–2005 reference period. Figure 8 shows the significant differences in warming around the globe. Warming is greater over land than over oceans, and the warming is more than twice the global average in the Arctic17. Note: Annual average temperature 2081-2100 compared to 1986-2005; in low and high emission scenarios, re- spectively (RCP2.6 left, RCP8.5 right). The expected average global warming is 1.0°C for RCP2.6 and 3.7°C for RCP8.5.', 'The expected average global warming is 1.0°C for RCP2.6 and 3.7°C for RCP8.5. If the warming is instead viewed in relation to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900), this adds an additional warming of 0.6°C. Sea level The sea level in general and specifically along Denmark’s coastline is rising due to a warmer climate. Figure 9 shows the global average. The water column expands when ocean temperatures rise, and Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and glaci- ers worldwide experience increased melt. The increasing melt of the Greenland ice sheet and minor glaciers in the Arctic has contributed roughly one-third of the global sea level rise observed in the period 1992–201718. The IPCC assesses that anthropogenic activity is the primary cause of the rise in sea level since 197019.', 'The IPCC assesses that anthropogenic activity is the primary cause of the rise in sea level since 197019. 15 RCP 2.6 is a low emissions scenario with comprehensive reduction measures, achieving global net zero emissions before the end of the century. 16 RCP 8.5 is a high emissions scenario without undertaking comprehensive reduction measures, in which emissions continue to increase towards the end of the century. 17 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 18 AMAP, Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. 19 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 Projections of average temperatures, 2081–2100Note: Global sea level trends from 1993 to today. The mean sea level has risen by 2.5 mm on average annually throughout the period.', 'The mean sea level has risen by 2.5 mm on average annually throughout the period. However, the rise in the past five years has been roughly 4 mm per year. The graph shows the sea level relative to the 1993-2010 reference period, based on satellite data from five scientific sources. The different data sets all show the same long-term trend and year-to-year variability. Source: The sea level is expected to rise at an increasing pace20. This trend is expected to continue for several centuries to come, but the extent and rate will depend on greenhouse gas emissions. From mid-century and onwards, there will be a sub- stantial difference in the extent and speed of the sea level rise, depending on greenhouse gas emissions, see figure 10.', 'From mid-century and onwards, there will be a sub- stantial difference in the extent and speed of the sea level rise, depending on greenhouse gas emissions, see figure 10. In the low emission scenario, the sea level is expected to rise by an additional 0.43 m towards 2100, whereas a high emission scenario will result in an expected rise of 0.84 m21. There is also a small, yet not insignificant, risk of considerably higher sea level rise, particularly due to po- tentially unstable ice masses in West Antarctica22. In the long term (towards the year 2300), there is large uncertainty as to whether the deglaciation of Antarctica and Greenland will pass critical thresholds that initiate an irreversible loss of ice, resulting in major sea level rise.', 'In the long term (towards the year 2300), there is large uncertainty as to whether the deglaciation of Antarctica and Greenland will pass critical thresholds that initiate an irreversible loss of ice, resulting in major sea level rise. The threshold for trigger- ing these potential tipping points could be global temperature increases of 1.5– 2°C23. 20 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 21 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 22 IPCC SROCC Chapter 4 2019 and Bamber et al. “Ice Sheet Contributions to Future Sea-Level Rise from Structured Expert Judgment” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019. Sea level trend, 1993-2020Note: Projections of global sea level towards the year 2300; low emission scenario RCP2.6 (blue) and high emission scenario RCP8.5 (red).', 'Sea level trend, 1993-2020Note: Projections of global sea level towards the year 2300; low emission scenario RCP2.6 (blue) and high emission scenario RCP8.5 (red). The curves indicate the best estimates, and the shaded areas in- dicate the range of uncertainty. The two points: 0.84 m and 0.43 m indicate the expected sea level rise by 2100 for each scenario. Source: IPCC SROCC 2019 Figure SPM.1 panel m Other global consequences of climate change In recent decades, global warming has already changed the climate in a way that impacts natural and human systems on all continents and oceans. A continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and permanent changes to the climate system. As air gets warmer, it can hold more water vapour.', 'As air gets warmer, it can hold more water vapour. More water vapour in the at- mosphere will result in heavier and more severe rain showers and cloudbursts. This means that heavy precipitation events will generally become more extreme and fre- quent as global warming intensifies. The risk of flooding may increase. Due to the rising sea level throughout the 21st century and onwards, coastlines and low-lying areas will increasingly experience flooding and coastal erosion as well. The frequency of droughts will probably increase in current dry areas. There are large regional variations in the future risk of drought. The Mediterranean, south- western USA and southern Africa are at increased risk of drought as the climate warms24.', 'The Mediterranean, south- western USA and southern Africa are at increased risk of drought as the climate warms24. As a consequence of warming and higher risk of heatwaves, droughts and less precipitation, several areas will also be at increased risk of wildfires. This risk is expected to increase with warming which is why a gradually larger proportion of the Earth’s landmass will be more exposed to wildfires25. In addition, climate change will significantly reduce water resources in the driest subtropical areas. The proportion of the world’s population that experiences water shortages will therefore increase concurrent with global warming in the 21st century26. Future sea levelClimate change also threatens biodiversity.', 'Future sea levelClimate change also threatens biodiversity. A large proportion of land and freshwa- ter-dwelling species may risk extinction due to the projected climate change in this century and beyond. This is particularly the case when considering climate change together with other factors such as habitat change, over-exploitation of natural re- sources, pollution, invasive species and ocean acidification27. The risk increases with the magnitude and rate of climate change28. Tropical forests and rainforests have potential tipping points for warming beyond which a drying process begins that can cascade into abrupt, widespread forest dieback, e.g. in the Amazon29. In addition, the consequences of climate change are expected to increase the num- ber of displaced people during the 21st century.', 'In addition, the consequences of climate change are expected to increase the num- ber of displaced people during the 21st century. Climate change may indirectly lead to a higher risk of violent conflicts by aggravating poverty and economic crises30. Latest special reports from the IPCC The IPCC regularly publishes reports specifying the latest knowledge on climate change, as described in this section. Among the issues highlighted by the IPCC is that we must reach zero global greenhouse gas emissions by around year 2050 to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. In another special report, IPCC estimates that sus- tainable land management integrated with climate change adaptation and control can increase resilience to the consequences of climate change.', 'In another special report, IPCC estimates that sus- tainable land management integrated with climate change adaptation and control can increase resilience to the consequences of climate change. The special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate highlights the rising global sea level at an ever-increasing pace. Box 9 presents the latest special reports.', 'Box 9 presents the latest special reports. Future climate in Denmark The average temperature in Denmark for the entire year has increased by approxi- mately 1°C when comparing the last 30 years with the preceding 30 years (1991– 27 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 Latest special reports from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC special report on 1.5 °C It matters greatly to the magnitude and consequences of climate change whether the temperature rise is limited to 1.5 °C or 2 °C. Even temporary warming above 1.5 °C may lead to long-lasting or irreversible change such as gradual, but irreversible melt of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and loss of eco- systems.', 'Even temporary warming above 1.5 °C may lead to long-lasting or irreversible change such as gradual, but irreversible melt of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and loss of eco- systems. With the current ambitions reported by the countries of the world during the global climate nego- tiations, global warming will reach approximately 3 °C by the end of the century. Global carbon reductions of 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 are required to limit the warming to 1.5 °C by the end of the century, and emissions must reach zero by 2050. IPCC special report on climate change and land Agriculture, forestry and other land use activities represent 23% of anthropogenic emissions of green- house gases globally.', 'IPCC special report on climate change and land Agriculture, forestry and other land use activities represent 23% of anthropogenic emissions of green- house gases globally. The report establishes that climate change creates pressure on land with negative impacts on food security and biodiversity. Food production also has a significant climate impact. Sustaina- ble land management integrated with climate change adaptation and control can increase resilience to the consequences of climate change. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate Oceans warm and suffer from acidification and oxygen loss. At the same time, the sea level is rising faster than before, particularly due to the melting of glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.', 'At the same time, the sea level is rising faster than before, particularly due to the melting of glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Since 1993, ocean warming has more than doubled, and the global sea level is rising at an ever-increasing rate.2020 compared to 1961–1990). Danish scientists make it clear that the temperature in Denmark will continue to rise in the future. DMI’s Danish Climate Atlas31 shows that in a high emission scenario, the annual average temperature will increase by 3.4 ˚C leading up to year 2100 (compared to 1981–2010). Precipitation amounts will increase with warming, particularly in winter when precipitation is expected to rise by almost 25%, of which an increasing proportion will be rain.', 'Precipitation amounts will increase with warming, particularly in winter when precipitation is expected to rise by almost 25%, of which an increasing proportion will be rain. Summer precipitation is expected to remain broadly unchanged, but will increas- ingly be in the form of heavy showers. Cloudburst events are expected to increase by 70% and the heaviest precipitation incidents will increase in intensity, see figure 11. Sea level may rise by approximately 50 cm by the end of the century and the rising sea level will increase the frequency of high water levels and storm surges. Storm surges that at present statistically occur once every twenty years could occur every one or two years.', 'Storm surges that at present statistically occur once every twenty years could occur every one or two years. Percentage change in mean precipitation and cloudburstsNote: Percentage change in Denmark’s annual precipitation between 1981-2010 and the future periods 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 with a moderately low (RCP4.5, blue) and a high (RCP8.5, red) emission scenario. Average precipitation for the entire year (left), cloudburst frequency (right). The ex- pected change by the end of the century for RCP8.5 is 14% (2-25%) for average precipitation and 70% (20-150%) for cloudbursts.', 'The ex- pected change by the end of the century for RCP8.5 is 14% (2-25%) for average precipitation and 70% (20-150%) for cloudbursts. Source: DMI’s Danish Climate Atlas, Danish climate change research at the north and south poles The National Centre for Climate Research at DMI gathers the climate research ca- pacities of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands and initiates research pro- jects aiming to fill the knowledge gaps in the field of climate research, including the impact of climate change on ice loss processes in Greenland and from Arctic and Antarctic glaciers, see box 10. National Centre for Climate Research The National Centre for Climate Research (NCKF) was established at DMI in 2020 with a grant from the research reserve.', 'National Centre for Climate Research The National Centre for Climate Research (NCKF) was established at DMI in 2020 with a grant from the research reserve. The centre gathers the climate research capacities of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands and initiates interdisciplinary research collaboration embracing universities, agencies, insti- tutions and decision-makers. The NCKF research projects aim to fill the gaps in international knowledge of climate change. Among the issues requiring deeper understanding are the processes causing the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic and Antarctic glaciers which greatly impact global sea level changes. We also need to conduct research into the impact of climate change on the circulation of North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean currents.', 'We also need to conduct research into the impact of climate change on the circulation of North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean currents. NCKF has initiated a number of research projects that aim to enhance the knowledge within these important fields of climate science. Both the Arctic and Antarctic regions are undergoing striking changes due to cli- mate change which affect the entire globe – particularly in terms of contributing to a rising sea level32. In recent years, Danish scientists have contributed to a great number of international studies on ice loss at the poles.', 'In recent years, Danish scientists have contributed to a great number of international studies on ice loss at the poles. One of these projects shows that Arctic warming over the past four decades has taken place at a rate that has only previously occurred in rare periods of sudden warming during the last ice age33. Another detailed study of the Greenland Ice Sheet concluded that the actual ice loss up to now has followed the high emission scenario (RCP 8,5)34. Arctic temperatures are rising two or three times faster than the global average35.', 'Arctic temperatures are rising two or three times faster than the global average35. The latest research emphasises that warming has already resulted in significant changes in the Arctic: reduced sea-ice cover, shorter snow cover season, in- creased melting of the ice sheet and smaller glaciers, increased water flow in Arctic rivers and wider vegetation cover in the Arctic tundra36. Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet raises the global sea level by 0.7 mm per year on average (equating 250 billion tonnes of ice)36. Rising temperatures, changing snow and sea-ice cover and new weather extremes are affecting Arctic flora and fauna, both in the ocean and on land37.', 'Rising temperatures, changing snow and sea-ice cover and new weather extremes are affecting Arctic flora and fauna, both in the ocean and on land37. The IPCC mentions the Arctic and the region’s indigenous people as par- 32 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 and AMAP, Climate Change Update 2019 33 Jansen et al., “Past Perspectives on the Present Era of Abrupt Arctic Climate Change.” Nature Cli- mate Change, 2020. 34 The IMBIE Team. “Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018.” Nature, 2019. 36 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 and AMAP Climate Change Update 2019 and NOAA Arctic Report Card 2019 ( 37 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019ticularly endangered and unique systems which are at particularly high risk if warm- ing continues38.', '37 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019ticularly endangered and unique systems which are at particularly high risk if warm- ing continues38. The latest climate models indicate that we will see the first sea-ice free summer in the Arctic by 2050 – even with a rapid, significant reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions39. Figure 12 illustrates this mass loss from the ice sheets at the north and south poles. Mass change in Greenland and Antarctica observed by GRACE satellite measurements Note: The figure shows month-by-month mass changes for the Greenland (blue) and Antarctic ice sheets (red). The changes are stated in gigatonnes (1 gigatonne = 1 billion tonnes). 100 gigatonnes equals 0.28 mm global sea level rise. Based on satellite data from GRACE until 2016 and GRACE-Fol- low On after 2016.', 'Based on satellite data from GRACE until 2016 and GRACE-Fol- low On after 2016. Source: DTU-Space and polarportal.dk The estimated future sea level rise is greater than previously assumed due to a higher than expected contribution from Antarctica40. The Antarctic ice sheet, com- pared to the Greenland Ice Sheet, has a larger influence on the sea level along the coasts of Denmark. Antarctic melting has increased in recent years: Since 2012, the ice sheet has lost about 200 billion tonnes of ice a year. Overall, the Antarctic ice sheet alone has caused a rise in the global sea level of approximately 7.5 mm since 199241. Parts of the Antarctic ice sheet are in direct contact with the ocean and can therefore also be impacted by increasing ocean temperatures.', 'Parts of the Antarctic ice sheet are in direct contact with the ocean and can therefore also be impacted by increasing ocean temperatures. In West Antarctica, this entails a risk of rapid retreat, irreversible ice loss and a significant rise in sea level. Available data and current knowledge are insufficient for a quanti- tative assessment, but it is highly improbable that this will lead to a complete loss of 39 SIMIP Community. “Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6” Geophysical Research Letters, 2020. 40 IPCC SROCC SPM 2019 41 The IMBIE team. “Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017” Nature, 2018.the ice sheet during this century, however42.', '“Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017” Nature, 2018.the ice sheet during this century, however42. The Antarctic ice sheet is the primary cause of uncertainty in the current projections of the global sea level; nevertheless, the melting from Antarctica is expected to be the biggest contributing factor to rising sea levels in the 21st century43. 43 IPCC SROCC SPM 20194. Status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s national climate targets and international commitments Denmark’s climate commitments relate to both the national targets on the path to a climate-neutral society, defined in the Climate Act, and international commitments following from the Paris Agreement’s global temperature targets and Denmark’s EU commitments.', 'Status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s national climate targets and international commitments Denmark’s climate commitments relate to both the national targets on the path to a climate-neutral society, defined in the Climate Act, and international commitments following from the Paris Agreement’s global temperature targets and Denmark’s EU commitments. There are also other international commitments that impact green- house gas reductions in Denmark, such as target percentages for RE and energy- efficiency improvements. This chapter provides an overall status report of Denmark’s fulfilment of its climate targets and commitments, including that the agreements on sector strategies for waste, energy and industry and the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland set out additional reductions of 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e towards achieving the 70% reduction target by 2030.', 'This chapter provides an overall status report of Denmark’s fulfilment of its climate targets and commitments, including that the agreements on sector strategies for waste, energy and industry and the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland set out additional reductions of 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e towards achieving the 70% reduction target by 2030. This chapter also illustrates the great uncertainty as- sociated with making projections that extend many years into the future. International climate targets The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) from 1992 and the Paris Agreement adopted at COP21 in 2015 define the future frame- work for global climate action.', 'International climate targets The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) from 1992 and the Paris Agreement adopted at COP21 in 2015 define the future frame- work for global climate action. The overarching target of the Paris Agreement is to keep the global temperature rise well below 2 degrees C and strive to limit it to 1.5 degrees C, become more resilient to the consequences of climate change, redirect financing flows towards low-carbon societies and achieve climate neutrality in the last half of this century. The Paris Agreement commits the parties to present Na- tionally Determined Contributions (NDC), which will contribute to the overall reduc- tion of greenhouse gas emissions. Denmark negotiates through the EU in the cli- mate negotiations.', 'Denmark negotiates through the EU in the cli- mate negotiations. This means that the EU has presented a single combined cli- mate contribution on behalf of Denmark and the other member states: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to the 1990 base- line. Denmark is working to get the EU to boost its 2030 climate contribution to at least 55% and to achieve climate neutrality in both the EU and its member states by 2050 at the latest. In addition to the EU’s NDC, many European countries have set national sub-tar- gets and long-term reduction targets, see table 3.', 'In addition to the EU’s NDC, many European countries have set national sub-tar- gets and long-term reduction targets, see table 3. The targets do not compare di- rectly, as they may include different emissions, for instance, but the box shows that Denmark is not alone in its ambitious green-transition targets. By leading the way with an ambitious, socially balanced and cost-effective green transition, Denmark and other EU member states can inspire others to raise their ambitions, too.Denmark’s national climate targets and international climate commitments In an effort to drive the national and international climate agendas, Denmark has committed to a number of national and international climate objectives. Table 4 gives an overall view of the targets.', 'Table 4 gives an overall view of the targets. Denmark has also set a number of targets for energy and transport, including the phasing out of coal for power generation towards 2030, which the Danish Energy National climate targets in other EU member states Country Long-term target* Sub-target Finland 80% greenhouse gas reductions by 2050 Climate neutrality by France Climate neutrality by 2050 with a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 83.3% Republic of Ireland Climate neutrality by 2050 51% by 2030 Netherlands 95% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Portugal Climate neutrality by 2050 - Spain Climate neutrality by 2050 (including at least a 90% reduction of greenhouse gas emis- sions) Sweden Climate neutrality by 2045 Germany Climate neutrality by 2050 55% by 2030 Hungary Climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest 40% by 2030 Austria Climate neutrality by 2040 Note: *: Targets stated relative to the 1990 level.', 'Denmark has also set a number of targets for energy and transport, including the phasing out of coal for power generation towards 2030, which the Danish Energy National climate targets in other EU member states Country Long-term target* Sub-target Finland 80% greenhouse gas reductions by 2050 Climate neutrality by France Climate neutrality by 2050 with a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 83.3% Republic of Ireland Climate neutrality by 2050 51% by 2030 Netherlands 95% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Portugal Climate neutrality by 2050 - Spain Climate neutrality by 2050 (including at least a 90% reduction of greenhouse gas emis- sions) Sweden Climate neutrality by 2045 Germany Climate neutrality by 2050 55% by 2030 Hungary Climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest 40% by 2030 Austria Climate neutrality by 2040 Note: *: Targets stated relative to the 1990 level. Not all targets are comparable due to differences in scope and methodology.', 'Not all targets are comparable due to differences in scope and methodology. Source: Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Denmark’s climate policy commitments Long-term framework commitments Keep the average global temperature rise well below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial levels with the intent to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 °C. The EU reduction target for 2030: at least a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions relative to a 1990 baseline. EU commitments 39% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions relative to 2005 in the non- ETS sectors. Danish commitments 70% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions relative to 1990. EU commitments The EU has set a target for the EU as a whole to be climate-neutral by 2050.', 'EU commitments The EU has set a target for the EU as a whole to be climate-neutral by 2050. Danish commitments The Climate Act s long-term objective of climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest.Agency assesses to be achieved without new initiatives in its latest Baseline Pro- jection. Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions – historical perspective Denmark emitted 54.8 million tonnes of CO2e in 201844, see figure 13. This repre- sented a reduction of Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 by 29% compared to 1990 (Denmark’s UNFCCC baseline year). This reduction is mainly driven by developments in the energy sector whose emissions are down by 65% from 1990 to 2018, corresponding to a decrease in emissions from this sector of some 20 million tonnes of CO2e over the period.', 'This reduction is mainly driven by developments in the energy sector whose emissions are down by 65% from 1990 to 2018, corresponding to a decrease in emissions from this sector of some 20 million tonnes of CO2e over the period. Status report on the achievement of the Climate Act targets The latest projection of Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions indicates that without new measures, the emissions will amount to 43.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 203045, see figure 14.', 'Status report on the achievement of the Climate Act targets The latest projection of Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions indicates that without new measures, the emissions will amount to 43.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 203045, see figure 14. This corresponds to a 44% reduction of Danish greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, of which the measures in the 2020 Finance Act and the Fynsværket power station’s decision to discontinue coal firing by 2022 44 2018 is the most recent year for which final energy statistics have been published. The figure covers total emissions, including LULUCF 45This figure does not include sectoral strategies for waste and energy.', 'The figure covers total emissions, including LULUCF 45This figure does not include sectoral strategies for waste and energy. Total emissions by sector 1990-2030, millions of tonnes of CO2 econtribute a reduction of Danish greenhouse gas emissions of some one million tonnes of CO2e. The sector strategies for waste and energy from June 2020 are estimated to help reduce Danish greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 3.4 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, see table 5. On top of this are the agreement on green renovation of social housing made by the Government in May 2020, which provide reductions of about 0.05 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, and the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland that reduces 2030 emissions by 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e.', 'On top of this are the agreement on green renovation of social housing made by the Government in May 2020, which provide reductions of about 0.05 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, and the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland that reduces 2030 emissions by 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e. This brings the 2030 greenhouse gas emissions down to 39.2 million tonnes of CO2e. In- cluding these agreements, emissions will consequently have been reduced by about 49% in 2030 compared to 1990.', 'In- cluding these agreements, emissions will consequently have been reduced by about 49% in 2030 compared to 1990. Total expected emissions in 2030 by sector, millions of tonnes of CO2 eA situational snapshot of the reduction deficit for achieving the Climate Act targets of a 70% reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 shows that greenhouse gas emis- sions will be reduced by an additional 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 after in- corporating the sector strategy for waste and energy and industry and the coopera- tion agreement with Aalborg Portland, see table 546.', 'Total expected emissions in 2030 by sector, millions of tonnes of CO2 eA situational snapshot of the reduction deficit for achieving the Climate Act targets of a 70% reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 shows that greenhouse gas emis- sions will be reduced by an additional 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 after in- corporating the sector strategy for waste and energy and industry and the coopera- tion agreement with Aalborg Portland, see table 546. Indicative sub-target for 2025 To ensure climate action in the short term as required by the Agreement on a Cli- mate Act, the Government must propose an indicative sub-target for 2025 following the recommendation of the Danish Council on Climate Change in connection with the 2020 climate action plan.', 'Indicative sub-target for 2025 To ensure climate action in the short term as required by the Agreement on a Cli- mate Act, the Government must propose an indicative sub-target for 2025 following the recommendation of the Danish Council on Climate Change in connection with the 2020 climate action plan. New legally binding climate targets with a ten-year perspective must subsequently be set every five years. The Council on Climate Change recommends that the indicative sub-target for 2025 be set at a 50-54% reduction by 2025 compared to 1990. The Council identi- fies known transition elements of approximately 5.4 million tonnes of CO2e, corre- sponding to a reduction of some 50% by 2025 compared to 1990.', 'The Council identi- fies known transition elements of approximately 5.4 million tonnes of CO2e, corre- sponding to a reduction of some 50% by 2025 compared to 1990. In the view of the Council, it is difficult to make do with less than a 50% reduction by 2025 if Denmark is to stay the cost-effective course to the 70% reduction target. A reduction of 54% by 2025 will follow a linear reduction path from 2020 towards the 70% reduction tar- get in 2030. The Council on Climate Change estimates that achieving a 54% reduc- tion by 2025 will require either lower industrial or agricultural production or re- strictions on vehicular traffic and that this will entail major socio-economic costs, contrary to the Climate Act principles.', 'The Council on Climate Change estimates that achieving a 54% reduc- tion by 2025 will require either lower industrial or agricultural production or re- strictions on vehicular traffic and that this will entail major socio-economic costs, contrary to the Climate Act principles. The costs to the state, businesses, house- holds, etc., of a 50–54% reduction by 2025 have not been assessed. With the Government’s actions so far, emissions are expected to be at 44.1 million tonnes CO2e by 2025, corresponding to a reduction of 43% by 2025 compared to 46 After publication of Denmark’s Climate Programme 2020 in September 2020, additional policies and measures have been adopted as mentioned in the preface.', 'With the Government’s actions so far, emissions are expected to be at 44.1 million tonnes CO2e by 2025, corresponding to a reduction of 43% by 2025 compared to 46 After publication of Denmark’s Climate Programme 2020 in September 2020, additional policies and measures have been adopted as mentioned in the preface. These additional policies and measures are estimated to deliver around additional 2 million tonnes of CO2 e reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Agreements with a climate effect over the last year Agreement Effect in 2025 (million tonnes CO2 e) Effect in 2030 (million tonnes CO2 e) 2020 Finance Act - 0.5* Sector strategy for waste 0.1 0.7 Sector strategy for energy and industry 1.3 2.7 Green housing agreement - 0.05 Cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland Note: *Included in Baseline Projection 20.1990.', 'Agreements with a climate effect over the last year Agreement Effect in 2025 (million tonnes CO2 e) Effect in 2030 (million tonnes CO2 e) 2020 Finance Act - 0.5* Sector strategy for waste 0.1 0.7 Sector strategy for energy and industry 1.3 2.7 Green housing agreement - 0.05 Cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland Note: *Included in Baseline Projection 20.1990. In addition, there are the future initiatives towards 2025. To achieve reduc- tions matching the Council on Climate Change’s recommended range of 50-54%, we will need to find an additional 5.5-8.6 million tonnes CO2e by 2025. However, the Government’s efforts do not necessarily follow a linear reduction path as the Government’s climate efforts are continuous and the Government will revert to and address greenhouse gas emissions in individual sectors regularly concurrent with technological developments or as other conditions change.', 'However, the Government’s efforts do not necessarily follow a linear reduction path as the Government’s climate efforts are continuous and the Government will revert to and address greenhouse gas emissions in individual sectors regularly concurrent with technological developments or as other conditions change. The aim is to ensure a reduction growth in accordance with the Climate Act principles. Greenhouse gas emission trends from 1990 and forward towards climate neutrality Note: The figure does not include the effects of the sector strategy for waste and energy and in- dustry as well as the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland.', 'Greenhouse gas emission trends from 1990 and forward towards climate neutrality Note: The figure does not include the effects of the sector strategy for waste and energy and in- dustry as well as the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland. Source: Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities Status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s EU commitments In addition to the national 70% reduction target set out in the Climate Act, Denmark has a commitment under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) to deliver a 39% re- duction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 relative to 2005 in the non-ETS sec- tors.', 'Source: Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities Status report on the fulfilment of Denmark’s EU commitments In addition to the national 70% reduction target set out in the Climate Act, Denmark has a commitment under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) to deliver a 39% re- duction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 relative to 2005 in the non-ETS sec- tors. Where the national 70% reduction target is set as a point target for 2030, the non- ETS target is set as a total reduction commitment for the years 2021-2030.', 'Where the national 70% reduction target is set as a point target for 2030, the non- ETS target is set as a total reduction commitment for the years 2021-2030. All EU Member States have a reduction path defined for the years 2021-2030 in the non-ETS sector, and Denmark s reduction deficit will be stated as the difference be- tween the defined reduction path and expected emissions in the years 2021-2030. The shaded area in figure 16 shows the accumulated deficit towards 2030, showing that Denmark must reduce non-ETS emissions by a total of 34 million tonnes of CO2e in the years 2021-2030. The reduction effects of the sector strategies for waste, energy and industry have not yet been taken into account.', 'The reduction effects of the sector strategies for waste, energy and industry have not yet been taken into account. Nor has the ef- fects of Denmark’s access to the ESR flexibility mechanisms under which Denmarkcan use LULUCF credits and cancellation of ETS emission allowances to fulfil its EU ESR commitments. This indicates that a decision to exercise the two flexibility mechanisms will be able to reduce the deficit in 2021-2030 to 11 million tonnes of CO2e. The Climate Act states that the parties to the agreement do not wish to use reduc- tion mechanisms to achieve the 70% reduction target.', 'The Climate Act states that the parties to the agreement do not wish to use reduc- tion mechanisms to achieve the 70% reduction target. The parties to the agreement agree that if it turns out, in the last years leading up to 2030, that we cannot achieve the 70% reduction target while observing the principles set out in the Cli- mate Act, the parties must convene to discuss whether they can agree to use flexi- ble mechanisms and other measures. As a result of the differences between the national target for 2030 and the non-ETS commitments 2021-2030, the national reduction deficit does not compare directly with the non-ETS deficit.', 'As a result of the differences between the national target for 2030 and the non-ETS commitments 2021-2030, the national reduction deficit does not compare directly with the non-ETS deficit. In mid-September, the European Commission presented a plan for raising the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% in relation to 1990 levels. The Danish Govern- ment has taken the lead with other climate-ambitious countries in a focused effort to ensure an increase of the EU 2030 target to at least 55%. Major uncertainties in the projection It is always important to take into consideration the uncertainties that are associ- ated with projections of future trends. Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions are Non-ETS reduction deficit 2021-2030projected annually to enable tracking of future developments.', 'Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions are Non-ETS reduction deficit 2021-2030projected annually to enable tracking of future developments. The Energy Agency’s 2020 Baseline Projection presents developments under a so-called frozen policy scenario up to 2030 (the so-called With Existing Measures scenario). This only in- cludes measures that have already been politically decided until May 2020. The projection therefore becomes a qualified estimate of future developments in climate and energy-related factors in the absence of new policy measures. Predicting the future will always be subject to great uncertainty, particularly in a time in which the technology and the awareness of reducing greenhouse gas emissions have never been greater. The potential outcome can vary in either direction by several million tonnes CO2e a year in both 2025 and 2030.', 'The potential outcome can vary in either direction by several million tonnes CO2e a year in both 2025 and 2030. The Baseline Projection assumes a certain level of technology costs, but the pro- jection cannot foresee actual technological game changers. We could see a tech- nological development that suddenly accelerates much faster than assumed, an entirely new solution or behavioural changes. By way of example, we have seen the cost of wind power and batteries drop dramatically which has been crucial for the green transition. Most recently, the lockdown in spring showed how an extraor- dinary, significant behavioural change caused by COVID-19 reduced Danish en- ergy consumption by 10% in the first half of 2020 compared to the previous year.', 'Most recently, the lockdown in spring showed how an extraor- dinary, significant behavioural change caused by COVID-19 reduced Danish en- ergy consumption by 10% in the first half of 2020 compared to the previous year. The decline was driven by large reductions in the use of jet fuel and petrol because transport consumption dropped sharply during the lockdown. The uncertainty of the projection is due to various aspects. Work is being done to continuously improve the underlying data and projections based on improving methodologies, technological developments differing from today s best practice or changes to other framework conditions.', 'Work is being done to continuously improve the underlying data and projections based on improving methodologies, technological developments differing from today s best practice or changes to other framework conditions. The methodological uncertainty is currently assessed to be greatest for the projection of emissions in the agricultural and LU- LUCF sectors, where the projection is based on relatively complex computation methods related to different activities in the sector. The variations in the statements of emissions and sequestration from soils and forests underpin the uncertainty, see the illustration in figure 17. In addition to the methodological uncertainty, emissions will vary considerably depending on the weather in a given year and changed be- havioural patterns. The agricultural sector’s emissions are also sensitive to agricultural production changes.', 'The agricultural sector’s emissions are also sensitive to agricultural production changes. For instance, the Baseline Projection for 2020 indicates that a 15% change in the number of dairy cows by 2030 will increase or reduce annual green- house gas emissions from agriculture by at least 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e. There is a similar, great uncertainty in the transport sector about technological de- velopments and thus the specific projection for the trend in expected sales of elec- tric vehicles up to 2030. The Baseline Projection basic development predicts an EV share of new car sales of 36% by 2030.', 'The Baseline Projection basic development predicts an EV share of new car sales of 36% by 2030. However, the outcome will range between 18% and 65% in case of variations in technological developments and consumer preferences, see figure 18.Note: Positive figures are emissions, negative figures are sequestration. Uncertainty of determining the EV share Emissions and sequestration from forests and other areas 1990-2030, millions of tonnes of CO2 e.External framework conditions also impact the individual assessments made in the project, particularly in relation to energy prices, CO2 prices and economic growth. This year’s projection is subject to unique uncertainty arising from the COVID-19 pandemic which was not possible to take into consideration in the projection up to 2030.', 'This year’s projection is subject to unique uncertainty arising from the COVID-19 pandemic which was not possible to take into consideration in the projection up to 2030. The Danish Economic Survey from August 2020 also points out that it can be difficult to predict how and when certain impacts on the economy, such as the COVID-19 crisis, will be corrected. For this reason, it also remains uncertain how the COVID-19 pandemic will potentially affect greenhouse gas emissions from busi- nesses and industry in particular up to 2030. New climate projection As illustrated in chapter 2, the Climate Act establishes a year wheel according to which the annual climate status report and projection will be published in April. The climate status report and projection replace the current Baseline Projection.', 'The climate status report and projection replace the current Baseline Projection. Each year, the climate status report and projection will provide an overall situational re- port on the expected emissions after incorporating the measures decided in the past year and new knowledge in terms of technological developments, framework conditions or the impact of activities on greenhouse gas emissions, see the section above on projection uncertainty. In addition to providing an updated trend picture for emissions up to 2030, the new climate projection is envisaged to be elaborated with more detailed descriptions of the remaining emissions as time goes by. A more detailed understanding of the re- maining emissions will be an essential tool for supporting ongoing launches of new initiatives towards target achievement in 2030.', 'A more detailed understanding of the re- maining emissions will be an essential tool for supporting ongoing launches of new initiatives towards target achievement in 2030. Separate global reporting Together with the new climate status report and projection in April, separate annual public reporting will be made of Denmark’s climate efforts in relation to global emis- sions. This includes information about reductions in international shipping and avia- tion and reductions from export of electricity from renewable sources. It could also include the effects of the Danish bilateral energy partnerships with large CO2 emit- ters and efforts are also made to illustrate the effects of Danish import and con- sumption. In addition, information the Danish climate finance for developing coun- tries must be included.', 'In addition, information the Danish climate finance for developing coun- tries must be included. The purpose of the reporting is to make Denmark’s global impact on the climate visible. There will be negative impacts, for instance in relation to consumption, but also positive impacts, for instance in relation to specific bilateral country partner- ships where Denmark contributes with transitioning the countries’ energy sectors, etc.5. Principles of green transition A smart green transition is not only beneficial for the climate and the environment but can also increase green exports and contribute new, green jobs. Denmark be- comes a leading nation by implementing a smart and ambitious green transition that does not relocate jobs and emissions abroad, thus straining the social balance.', 'Denmark be- comes a leading nation by implementing a smart and ambitious green transition that does not relocate jobs and emissions abroad, thus straining the social balance. Towards this end, the Climate Act principles (see chapter 2) set out a central framework for the Government’s green transition approach. The Climate Act requires the green transition in Denmark to be implemented so that the measures for achieving the 70% reduction target generally secure a so- cially balanced, cost-effective transition in accordance with the Climate Act princi- ples. The effort must also be guided by the long-term target of climate neutrality.', 'The effort must also be guided by the long-term target of climate neutrality. The climate efforts is therefore based on specific measures and development initia- tives which, in addition to general technological developments, will reduce transition costs and ensure specific reductions towards 2030 and beyond. Many of the measures will also increase their effect and only reach their full impact after some time. This means that the green transition will follow a curve with investments now and on an ongoing basis whereas most of the reductions will occur later in the com- mitment period. The 2020 climate action plan consequently helps lay the framework that will ensure further reductions later in the commitment period to reach the overall objective by 2030.', 'The 2020 climate action plan consequently helps lay the framework that will ensure further reductions later in the commitment period to reach the overall objective by 2030. 5.1 Smart and effective climate action Reducing greenhouse gas emissions usually requires changes to consumption or production. Reduction efforts will therefore impose costs on businesses, house- holds and/or the Government, depending on the measures selected. For instance, duties and technology-specific requirements impose costs on the business sector and consumers. Financial support may compensate for such costs but leaves a bill to be footed by the state, which will ultimately be financed by in- struments such as higher taxes or lower public spending.', 'Financial support may compensate for such costs but leaves a bill to be footed by the state, which will ultimately be financed by in- struments such as higher taxes or lower public spending. This is why an attempt is made to structure the reduction effort as cost-effectively as possible with a view to social balance and corporate competitiveness in keeping with the Climate Act prin- ciples. Cost-effective measures The cost-effectiveness associated with achieving the climate policy objectives in- creases when the reductions are obtained at the least cost to society.', 'Cost-effective measures The cost-effectiveness associated with achieving the climate policy objectives in- creases when the reductions are obtained at the least cost to society. This means impacting the public sector, private individuals and businesses as little as possible in light of the desired target.In socio-economic terms, it would be most expedient to advance the green transi- tion by means of international objectives and international regulation so as to avoid carbon leakage. Danish companies compete with foreign enterprises and measures in Denmark, which is why there is risk of moving emissions abroad if they entail dis- proportionately high costs for the sector. This will also lead to job losses in the af- fected sectors in Denmark.', 'This will also lead to job losses in the af- fected sectors in Denmark. However, if Denmark s national targets and climate regulation are more ambitious than can be agreed globally, the green transition cannot be driven by international regulation alone. This means that the target of 70% greenhouse gas reduction by 2030 relative to 1990 and climate neutrality by no later than 2050 cannot be achieved by international regulation alone. To identify which measures are more cost-effective than others, the models use CO2e shadow prices (or just shadow prices). The shadow price indicates the socio- economic cost of the measure per tonne of greenhouse gas reduced. The lower the shadow price, the cheaper (more cost-effective) the measure.', 'The lower the shadow price, the cheaper (more cost-effective) the measure. The shadow prices represent a snapshot in the sense that they reflect the costs un- der current technologies and their associated expenses. The shadow prices will change if technological developments increase the efficiency or reduce the price of current measures, for instance. Technological developments may also bring about new measures that are more competitive (have lower shadow prices). The costs vary greatly across areas, depending on issues such as the maturity of green technologies, see figure 19.', 'The costs vary greatly across areas, depending on issues such as the maturity of green technologies, see figure 19. By way of example, facilities that absorb carbon from large point sources carry an approximate reduction cost of DKK 1,350 per tonne of CO2 reduced, while the costs of reducing emissions from passenger car transport – depending on the number of EVs – are DKK 200–3,800 a tonne in 2030. It can also be seen that the shadow prices of the green transition are generally highest in the transport sector and lower for agriculture and industry, for instance.', 'It can also be seen that the shadow prices of the green transition are generally highest in the transport sector and lower for agriculture and industry, for instance. To this should be added that there are also considerable variations in the possibili- ties of the individual business structures to actually change behaviour using current technologies.Costs of selected green measures Note: Shadow prices for restructuring of vehicle registration duties are stated for the 2030 new reg- istration year. The shadow price is higher for the 2021 new registration year, for instance. * The shadow prices for increas-ing process energy tax indicate marginal shadow prices. Source: Ministry of Taxation, Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and Ministry of the Environ- ment and Food.', 'Source: Ministry of Taxation, Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and Ministry of the Environ- ment and Food. The costs are expected to decrease as the technologies develop and become glob- ally available in the same way as the price of solar cells, offshore wind and batter- ies has sharply dropped in recent years, see figure 20. This means that we can ex- pect the development of currently available, but cost-intensive measures, to be- come more cost-effective later in the commitment period. Offhand, the Climate Act’s principle of cost-effectiveness would mean that investments in the green tran- sition are organised to take account of technological developments and maturing of technologies.', 'Offhand, the Climate Act’s principle of cost-effectiveness would mean that investments in the green tran- sition are organised to take account of technological developments and maturing of technologies. Society will benefit from the positive climate effects of a reduction effort but there will be costs associated with the implementation of measures that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to achieving the 70% reduction target by 2030. The Danish Council on Climate Change and CEPOS have previously esti- mated the reduction costs for society from the achievement of the 70% reduction target to be DKK 15–20 billion by 2030 and DKK 26 billion by 2030, respectively.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change and CEPOS have previously esti- mated the reduction costs for society from the achievement of the 70% reduction target to be DKK 15–20 billion by 2030 and DKK 26 billion by 2030, respectively. The calculations were based on the then reduction deficit and a shadow price of DKK 800 and DKK 1,370, respectively, per tonne of reduced CO2e. Based on the current reduction deficit of 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, a realisation with an average shadow price of between DKK 1,000 and 1,500 per tonne will amount to DKK 16-24 billion, thus constituting a cost for society of 0.7-0.1% of the currentGDP per year.', 'Based on the current reduction deficit of 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, a realisation with an average shadow price of between DKK 1,000 and 1,500 per tonne will amount to DKK 16-24 billion, thus constituting a cost for society of 0.7-0.1% of the currentGDP per year. This should be seen in the context of estimated average annual growth rates for the Danish economy of 1.4% towards 2030. Historical technology cost trends Figure 20.a: Offshore wind price Figure 20, b: battery costs Source: Danish Energy Agency and DTU The cost-efficiency also increases if the conversion to green technologies takes place when existing technologies are due to be replaced.', 'Historical technology cost trends Figure 20.a: Offshore wind price Figure 20, b: battery costs Source: Danish Energy Agency and DTU The cost-efficiency also increases if the conversion to green technologies takes place when existing technologies are due to be replaced. By way of example, the socio-economic costs of converting from a natural gas boiler to heat pumps will be significantly higher if it entails the decommission of existing, yet well-functioning gas boilers. However, this still may be necessary to achieve the 70% reduction tar- get as a number of technologies and assets have service lives that extend beyond 2030, see table 6.', 'However, this still may be necessary to achieve the 70% reduction tar- get as a number of technologies and assets have service lives that extend beyond 2030, see table 6. This means that we must take decisions now and invest in long-term frameworks for the green transition that will have an impact later on in terms of incentivisingconversion as and when companies and consumers need to reinvest in new forms of heating, modes of transport, process technologies, etc.', 'This means that we must take decisions now and invest in long-term frameworks for the green transition that will have an impact later on in terms of incentivisingconversion as and when companies and consumers need to reinvest in new forms of heating, modes of transport, process technologies, etc. Examples of technical life Facility/vehicle Service life (years) Passenger cars 15 Heavy duty vehicles 10 Animal housing 25 Gas-fired boilers 20 Combined heat and power plants 25 Forklift trucks 20 Source: Examples of assumptions applied based on technical estimates from the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, DCE (2017) and the Ministry of Transport and Housing Shadow prices are essential to facilitate comparisons between the cost-effective- ness of various measures. Conversely, shadow prices do not provide information about the distribution consequences or carbon leakage, for instance.', 'Conversely, shadow prices do not provide information about the distribution consequences or carbon leakage, for instance. The climate challenge is global, and decisions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Denmark may therefore result in carbon leakage or higher emissions in other countries. This happens when a measure imposes higher costs on companies and they choose to move their production abroad. The risk of this depends on the trad- ing and emission-intensity of a business sector. The higher the competition with other countries and the higher the cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the greater the risk of losing market shares when implementing emission-reducing initi- atives.', 'The higher the competition with other countries and the higher the cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the greater the risk of losing market shares when implementing emission-reducing initi- atives. Common EU rules also create a level playing field and reduce the risk of compa- nies, jobs and, thus, greenhouse gas emissions moving out of the country. The joint EU efforts and an ambitious green EU policy are consequently important precondi- tions for Denmark’s ability to realise the green ambitions and for them to be cost- effective with due consideration of growth and workplaces in accordance with the Climate Act principles. In addition, the EU represents around 10% of global emis- sions, which is why ambitious climate efforts in the EU has the potential to signifi- cantly reduce global emissions.', 'In addition, the EU represents around 10% of global emis- sions, which is why ambitious climate efforts in the EU has the potential to signifi- cantly reduce global emissions. The climate transition may impact differently across income groups, rural and urban settings, etc. Climate action that does not consider the social balance in keeping with Climate Act principles may lead to some groups shouldering a significantly higher burden than others, which could affect social cohesion.The Climate Act also stipulates that the structuring of the climate effort must ac- commodate sound public finances. It must be ensured that we can still afford fund- ing Denmark’s welfare system, for instance.', 'It must be ensured that we can still afford fund- ing Denmark’s welfare system, for instance. Finally, the Climate Target both de- fines a reduction target for 2030 and a target of climate neutrality by 2050 at the lat- est. This means that the climate effort must also take into account the long-term green transition, whereby some initiatives will have different perspectives and costs in the long term than in the short term. Summary The Climate Act’s targets, its principles and the costs incidental to the green transi- tion require an overall, balanced, gradual national and international approach that involves short-term decisions to ensure a level playing field in Denmark and the EU and provides specific reductions.', 'Summary The Climate Act’s targets, its principles and the costs incidental to the green transi- tion require an overall, balanced, gradual national and international approach that involves short-term decisions to ensure a level playing field in Denmark and the EU and provides specific reductions. At the same time, it involves decisions supporting technological developments that reduce costs and bring technologies closer to market terms so that they can even- tually provide specific reductions to achieve the reduction targets in the Climate Act. Overall, this approach will enable us to build on the successes of recent dec- ades of decoupling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, which has made Denmark a pioneering country for the rest of world in the past.', 'Overall, this approach will enable us to build on the successes of recent dec- ades of decoupling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, which has made Denmark a pioneering country for the rest of world in the past. 5.2 Decoupling growth and greenhouse gas emissions Denmark has historically been a green leader. Economic activity has been decou- pled from the scope of greenhouse gas emissions over the past decades which is the prerequisite for achieving the 70% reduction target by 2030 while observing the principles in the Climate Act. Denmark’s economy has thus increased approxi- mately 60% from 1990 to 2017 while greenhouse gas emissions have been re- duced by 32% in the same period, see figure 21.', 'Denmark’s economy has thus increased approxi- mately 60% from 1990 to 2017 while greenhouse gas emissions have been re- duced by 32% in the same period, see figure 21. Note: Greenhouse gas emissions follows the UNFCCC inventory, excluding land use and for- estry (LULUCF). Source: Statistics Denmark and own calculations. GDP, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissionsThe decoupling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions reflects both that the economy has grown without increased energy consumption and that the generation of energy now has fewer emissions. Thus, it is the energy sector that has achieved a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the past.', 'Thus, it is the energy sector that has achieved a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the past. Economic growth is fundamentally borne out of increases in productivity that can originate from various sources and are often not contingent on higher energy use. This could be higher levels of education, technological advances through research and development, strengthened framework conditions, trading gains and keener competition. These circumstances and many more can contribute to economic growth without a corresponding increase in energy consumption. Energy-efficiency improvements have also played a significant role. The utilities sector of today can generate energy with far lower emissions, and companies and households have improved their energy-utilisation efficiency, thus saving energy. Finally, the business structure has shifted towards less energy-intensive industries, such as various service sectors.', 'Finally, the business structure has shifted towards less energy-intensive industries, such as various service sectors. This all contributes to facilitating higher economic activity without a corresponding greenhouse gas emissions footprint. The ongoing developments in the costs of biomass, wind power and other renewa- ble sources have been crucial for the decoupling growth from greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy sources (RES) are expected to become increasingly competitive with other technologies, and there are also examples of non-subsidised public tender procedures for onshore wind and solar power projects. Consequently, RES subsidies, particularly for wind turbines and solar panels, are expected to de- crease significantly towards 2030, see figure 22. Note: 2021 figures. Impact of climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., incorporated.', 'Impact of climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., incorporated. Source: The Danish Energy Agency Lower subsidy costsThe decoupling of growth from greenhouse gas emissions will therefore be able to continue in the years ahead, among other things because GDP will continue to be driven by factors that do not require higher energy consumption. The continued ex- pansion of renewable energy and technological developments will also be able to further reduce the costs of the emission reductions. It is therefore a key element for target achievement in consideration of the Climate Act principles to invest in the development of technologies that will eventually re- duce the cost of producing green technologies, thus potentially enhancing their competitiveness in relation to fossil and greenhouse gas-emitting technologies, see chapter 6.', 'It is therefore a key element for target achievement in consideration of the Climate Act principles to invest in the development of technologies that will eventually re- duce the cost of producing green technologies, thus potentially enhancing their competitiveness in relation to fossil and greenhouse gas-emitting technologies, see chapter 6. It may also pave the way for exports of new, green solutions. 5.3 Future export potential The Danish wind turbine industry is a good example of how the green transition can provide scope for new business opportunities in which companies become increas- ing experienced in utilising and commercialising green technologies. Wind power for electricity generation has become a Danish position of strength supported by public investments in research and development, creating green jobs and export.', 'Wind power for electricity generation has become a Danish position of strength supported by public investments in research and development, creating green jobs and export. These initiatives have contributed to Denmark’s current leading role in the wind in- dustry, employing around 33,000 in all of Denmark with exports totalling DKK 54 billion in 2018, according to Wind Denmark s industry statistics. Note: The statement is based on the definitions to be used in green national accounts and fol- lows the same principles across countries. Source: Eurostat and own calculations. Denmark is well positioned to benefit from the green transition, and Danish compa- nies are leading the way in the green field.', 'Denmark is well positioned to benefit from the green transition, and Danish compa- nies are leading the way in the green field. Danish exports of green commodities and services make up 6.5% of total exports according to the green national ac- counts, which is a proportionately large share compared to other EU member states, see figure 23. Share of green export, 2016Exports from Denmark particularly concern the environmental objective of renewa- ble energy production (especially wind turbines) that comprised most of the exports in 2018 in the amount of DKK 50 billion. Commodities and consultancy with re- duced energy and heat consumption as the objective (e.g. insulation and energy- efficient technologies) was the runner up with exports totalling DKK 11 billion.', 'insulation and energy- efficient technologies) was the runner up with exports totalling DKK 11 billion. Ex- ports related to waste management and recovery amounted to DKK 5 billion. Denmark has a strong point of departure as an energy-technology pioneer with a comparatively large production and exports of green goods and services. This can provide new opportunities for growth and export and attract foreign investment in accordance with the Climate Act principles. This should be considered in the context of global investments in RES and energy efficiency being expected to double in the future if global temperature rises are to be kept below 2 degrees (following from the Paris Agreement).', 'This should be considered in the context of global investments in RES and energy efficiency being expected to double in the future if global temperature rises are to be kept below 2 degrees (following from the Paris Agreement). Global investments in RES and energy efficiency currently total DKK 4,300 billion, which is expected to rise to DKK 9,500 billion annually by 2030 to fulfil the Paris Agreement. However, it is not necessarily essential for new technologies to be developed in Denmark. New technologies developed abroad are also needed to reduce emis- sions. However, the commitment to help develop the green solutions of the future serves to achieve reduction targets pursuant to the Climate Act principles if imple- mented smartly.', 'However, the commitment to help develop the green solutions of the future serves to achieve reduction targets pursuant to the Climate Act principles if imple- mented smartly. Maintaining the green positions of strength requires the Danish labour force and business structure to remain adaptable so that resources do not become dead- locked in outdated technologies. A good regulatory framework for private-sector de- velopment and innovation will also facilitate green investments in Denmark, benefit- ing growth and the green transition.6. Cross-cutting climate efforts The Government has launched a number of initiatives that will contribute to achiev- ing the ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets while also taking ac- count of the principles in the Climate Act.', 'Cross-cutting climate efforts The Government has launched a number of initiatives that will contribute to achiev- ing the ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets while also taking ac- count of the principles in the Climate Act. Firstly, the Government has implemented a number of measures to contribute to changing the way of developing and imple- menting climate policy in Denmark. The Government has also initiated a range of crosscutting efforts, such as the Government’s approach to central EU initiatives, the approach to research, the activation of Denmark’s Green Future Fund and the Government’s Climate partnerships. It also includes a green tax reform, which is presented in this chapter. 6.1.', 'It also includes a green tax reform, which is presented in this chapter. 6.1. The Government’s climate-policy working method The Government’s initiatives aim to support a strong, continuous climate effort by helping change the way we develop and implement climate policy in Denmark. Box 11 shows the elements of the Government’s climate policy working method. Climate policy in the central government administration The Government has established a Green Committee tasked with ensuring that cli- mate, environment and nature considerations are strengthened and integrated into the Government’s policies. The committee will support a targeted, comprehensive and coordinated effort to ensure a socially balanced approach to the challenges and create the basis for green growth and new Danish position of strength in a rap- idly growing global green technology market.', 'The committee will support a targeted, comprehensive and coordinated effort to ensure a socially balanced approach to the challenges and create the basis for green growth and new Danish position of strength in a rap- idly growing global green technology market. The committee’s permanent members are the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities (chair), the Minister for the Envi- ronment, the Minister for Taxation, the Minister for Transport, the Minister for Higher Education and Science and the Minister for Business. The Government’s climate policy working method Government-internal processes · Green Committee This government committee aims to ensure that climate, environment and na- ture considerations are strengthened and integrated into the Government s policies. · Legislative programme.', 'The Government’s climate policy working method Government-internal processes · Green Committee This government committee aims to ensure that climate, environment and na- ture considerations are strengthened and integrated into the Government s policies. · Legislative programme. The Government screens its annual legislative programme for climate, environment and nature effects as a regular procedure. · Guidance on assessment of impact on climate, environment and nature. Determines guidelines for impact assessments on climate, environment and nature. The guidance also describes when measures must be submitted to the Green Committee. · Green economic models. A new economic model (Green REFORM) will be able to assess im- pacts on the environment, nature and climate of economic activity and assess the economic im- pact on environment, nature and climate policy initiatives.', 'A new economic model (Green REFORM) will be able to assess im- pacts on the environment, nature and climate of economic activity and assess the economic im- pact on environment, nature and climate policy initiatives. Government cooperation forums · 13 Climate Partnerships Cooperation with the business community focused on how businesses and the Government can join forces to address climate challenges in a manner that also supports Danish competitiveness, export, jobs, welfare and prosperity without increasing inequity. · Citizens’ Assembly. The Citizens’ Assembly has 99 members who will discuss dilemmas and so- lutions associated with citizen-centric climate challenges over the next two years. · Youth Climate Council. The Youth Climate Council aims to infuse innovative thinking into Danish climate policy with input for future climate solutions.', 'The Youth Climate Council aims to infuse innovative thinking into Danish climate policy with input for future climate solutions. Appointed for two-year terms, the members come from all over Denmark, have different educational backgrounds and represent different ap- proaches to climate challenges.The Green Committee prepares issues such as the Government’s proposals relat- ing to climate, environment and nature, and the committee supports the implemen- tation of the governmental policies and that due consideration is given to climate, environment and nature impacts in other relevant policy agreements in the area.', 'Appointed for two-year terms, the members come from all over Denmark, have different educational backgrounds and represent different ap- proaches to climate challenges.The Green Committee prepares issues such as the Government’s proposals relat- ing to climate, environment and nature, and the committee supports the implemen- tation of the governmental policies and that due consideration is given to climate, environment and nature impacts in other relevant policy agreements in the area. Calculations and impact assessments The Green Committee’s contribution to ensuring green considerations across the Government policies is also supported by a screening of the Government s annual legislative programme for green effects and by a number of specific tools, including Guidance on assessment of impact on climate, environment and nature and devel- opment of a new green economic model (Green REFORM).', 'Calculations and impact assessments The Green Committee’s contribution to ensuring green considerations across the Government policies is also supported by a screening of the Government s annual legislative programme for green effects and by a number of specific tools, including Guidance on assessment of impact on climate, environment and nature and devel- opment of a new green economic model (Green REFORM). These tools aim to in- tegrate the green focus in the daily work of Government and the civil service sys- tem. Guidance on assessing the impact on climate, environment and nature thus lays down guidelines as to when and how political measures must be reviewed in order to identify their impact on climate, environment and nature. The guidance also de- scribes when measures must be submitted to the Green Committee.', 'The guidance also de- scribes when measures must be submitted to the Green Committee. Joint cross-cutting climate efforts – Climate partnerships, Green Business Forum, Citizens’ Assembly and Youth Climate Council In addition to the embedment of green considerations in internal governmental pro- cesses, the Government takes part in external cooperation forums with the busi- ness community, civil society and private individuals. Achieving the Government s ambitious reduction targets requires the provision of new green solutions and implementing them. It is necessary to cooperate on com- mon solutions to the green transition challenges faced by society and businesses. To this end, the Government has entered into 13 Climate partnerships with all seg- ments of the Danish business community.', 'To this end, the Government has entered into 13 Climate partnerships with all seg- ments of the Danish business community. The purpose is to ensure that the busi- ness community will contribute to reducing greenhouse gases in Denmark using methods that take into account Danish competitiveness, exports, jobs and welfare, see figure 24. Embedded in the Green Business Forum, the Government’s Climate partnerships will contribute to strengthening dialogue between Government, the business com- munity and trade unions on opportunities and obstacles in the green business tran- sition. The forum will follow the work of the 13 Climate partnerships in the various business sectors, focusing on progress in the sector roadmaps and synergies, and beneficial cooperation between the different Climate partnerships on issues such as technological developments and research.', 'The forum will follow the work of the 13 Climate partnerships in the various business sectors, focusing on progress in the sector roadmaps and synergies, and beneficial cooperation between the different Climate partnerships on issues such as technological developments and research. The forum will discuss specific paths to achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions through business-community ini- tiatives and policy action and discuss the business potential for Danish green-sec- tor companies.', 'The forum will discuss specific paths to achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions through business-community ini- tiatives and policy action and discuss the business potential for Danish green-sec- tor companies. Green Business Forum meets semi-annually and its members in- clude a wide range of directors and chairpersons from leading Danish companies and professional bodies and a wide selection of Government representatives.The Government’s 13 Climate partnerships Note: Permanent ministers in the Green Business Forum include the Minister for Business, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister for Taxation, The Minister for Food, Fisheries and Equal Opportunities47, the Minister for Health and Elderly, Minister for Transport, Minister for Higher Education and Science, the Minister for Housing and the Minister for the Environment.', 'Green Business Forum meets semi-annually and its members in- clude a wide range of directors and chairpersons from leading Danish companies and professional bodies and a wide selection of Government representatives.The Government’s 13 Climate partnerships Note: Permanent ministers in the Green Business Forum include the Minister for Business, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister for Taxation, The Minister for Food, Fisheries and Equal Opportunities47, the Minister for Health and Elderly, Minister for Transport, Minister for Higher Education and Science, the Minister for Housing and the Minister for the Environment. In addition, the directors of the Confederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Chamber of Commerce, Danish Energy, the Danish Agriculture & Food Council and the chairpersons of FH - Danish Trade Union Confederation, the Danish Metalworkers Union, 3F, Concito, the Council on Climate Change and the chairpersons of the (13) Climate partnerships set up by the Government.', 'In addition, the directors of the Confederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Chamber of Commerce, Danish Energy, the Danish Agriculture & Food Council and the chairpersons of FH - Danish Trade Union Confederation, the Danish Metalworkers Union, 3F, Concito, the Council on Climate Change and the chairpersons of the (13) Climate partnerships set up by the Government. Source: Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (KEFM) The partnerships have submitted more than 400 recommendations to the Govern- ment. Several of the recommendations are already reflected in the sector strategies for waste and energy and industry. The other recommendations will be included in the Government’s work on future proposed climate action. The Climate partnerships are also tasked with providing emission reduction recom- mendations to be realised by the individual sectors.', 'The Climate partnerships are also tasked with providing emission reduction recom- mendations to be realised by the individual sectors. In this connection, several companies have launched initiatives to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and invest massively in the green transition, see box 12. This includes Aalborg Portland, which recently became the first of a number of companies to enter into a cooperation agreement with the Government on signifi- cantly reducing its emissions. A milestone for the Government’s new approach to stronger climate cooperation with Danish business, the agreement will contribute significantly to the green transition.', 'A milestone for the Government’s new approach to stronger climate cooperation with Danish business, the agreement will contribute significantly to the green transition. The Government intends for the cooperation agreement with Aalborg Portland to serve as a template for future cooperation 47 As of 19 November 2020: The Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheriesagreements with other large Danish emitters. Such agreements are assessed to entail a reduction potential of 0.2–0.4 million tonnes of CO2e that can help achieve the climate targets set out in the Climate Act in consideration of the principles out- lined in the act. Examples of independent business sector initiatives · The Government has made an agreement with Aalborg Portland for the company to reduce its emissions by 660,000 tonnes of CO2e up to 2030.', 'Examples of independent business sector initiatives · The Government has made an agreement with Aalborg Portland for the company to reduce its emissions by 660,000 tonnes of CO2e up to 2030. The agreement will reduce the annual emission in 2030 by 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e. · The Danish pensions industry has announced that it will invest DKK 350 billion in the green transi- tion up to 2030. This figure equates to more than 10% of the total Danish GDP. · Finance Denmark implements an initiative to better equip financial advisers to inform Danish homeowners of the financial savings available by making climate-friendly choices and making their homes more energy efficient.', '· Finance Denmark implements an initiative to better equip financial advisers to inform Danish homeowners of the financial savings available by making climate-friendly choices and making their homes more energy efficient. · WWF and the VELUX group have launched the Lifetime Carbon Neutral initiative to ensure that VELUX covers all its historical and future greenhouse gas emissions through forest projects. This equates a total of 5.6 million tonnes of CO2 in forest projects to be developed and operated by WWF. · Ørsted, Mærsk, Haldor Topsøe, DSV, SAS, Copenhagen Airports and DFDS have teamed up to establish a historical large-scale hydrogen plant with a capacity of up to 1.3 GW. It is set to gener- ate sustainable hydrogen for aircraft, vessels, lorries and buses using Danish wind power.', 'It is set to gener- ate sustainable hydrogen for aircraft, vessels, lorries and buses using Danish wind power. The parties behind the plant expect its production to reduce CO2 emissions by 850,000 tonnes a year by 2030. · Some 20% of Danes’ climate footprint comes from the food we eat. As the first retail group in Denmark, Coop now enables their customers to track their own climate footprint from the products they buy. The Government and the Climate partnerships continue their future collaboration along the three tracks, see box 13. Examples of independent climate partnership initiatives · Input for future sector strategies: The Government will assess and make policy decisions on the climate partnership recommendations in connection with the autumn’s sector strategies.', 'Examples of independent climate partnership initiatives · Input for future sector strategies: The Government will assess and make policy decisions on the climate partnership recommendations in connection with the autumn’s sector strategies. This in- cludes computing all material recommendations using the ministries’ usual economic calculation principles. The Climate partnerships continue working on their own schedules and initiatives. · Implementation: The Government will work with the Climate partnerships to implement recom- mendations from existing and future climate agreements. At first, this concerns specific initiatives from the climate agreement for energy and industry.', 'At first, this concerns specific initiatives from the climate agreement for energy and industry. · Four new cross-cutting collaborations, see below (box 14) The Green Business Forum has also decided to set up four new cross-cutting col- laborations tasked with creating coherence and synergies between climate efforts of relevance to several organisations and Climate Partnerships, see box 14. Four new cross-cutting business collaborations · Collaboration on implementation of climate initiatives from the climate agreement on energy and industry, etc.', 'Four new cross-cutting business collaborations · Collaboration on implementation of climate initiatives from the climate agreement on energy and industry, etc. includes a partnership on developing the strategy for the further development of PtX and CCS in Denmark as well as a partnership on the efficient utilisation of subsidies of DKK 2.5 billion in 2020–2030 allocated for the green transition of industry.The Government also wishes to activate the Danish population – young and old alike. To achieve this, the Government has set up a Citizens’ Assembly, and there is already a Youth Climate Council in the area of climate, energy and utilities. The Citizens’ Assembly consists of 99 citizens with different backgrounds in terms of age, gender, geography, education and income.', 'The Citizens’ Assembly consists of 99 citizens with different backgrounds in terms of age, gender, geography, education and income. Their task is to discuss citizen- centric dilemmas associated with the green transition and to provide input and rec- ommendations for the green agenda. Thus, the Citizens’ Assembly will provide an additional opportunity for private individuals to be heard in the organisation of the climate policy. The first meeting of the assembly has been cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not yet known when it will be safe to hold meetings of the Citizens’ Assembly.', 'It is not yet known when it will be safe to hold meetings of the Citizens’ Assembly. At the meetings of the Citizens’ Assembly, relevant experts will present insights to citizens, who will discuss inputs and recommendations with a view to presenting them to the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities and the Danish Parliament’s Climate, Energy and Utilities Committee. The Youth Climate Council is tasked with contributing to the green agenda by col- lecting input and ideas on Danish climate action, disseminating youth requests for specific policy proposals and raising awareness of the green agenda among young and older people alike.', 'The Youth Climate Council is tasked with contributing to the green agenda by col- lecting input and ideas on Danish climate action, disseminating youth requests for specific policy proposals and raising awareness of the green agenda among young and older people alike. Since taking office, the Government has strengthened the Youth Climate Council by adding members, and the Council has submitted their recommendations on the structure of Danish climate policy with particular focus on food, climate taxes, the North Sea and green recovery to the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities. Thus, the Government is contributing to providing greater scope for public debate on the structure of Danish climate policy with perspectives for individuals, the busi- ness community and civil society alike.', 'Thus, the Government is contributing to providing greater scope for public debate on the structure of Danish climate policy with perspectives for individuals, the busi- ness community and civil society alike. 6.2 Cross-cutting EU initiatives and approaches Realising the European Green Deal and ensure ambitious and cost-effective cli- mate efforts in the EU can drive the green transition in Denmark and the EU, while also leveraging global action by inspiring countries to increase their contribution to the Paris Agreement. At the same time, common EU regulation ensures a level · Collaboration on a common method for specifying greenhouse gas emissions based on a volun- tary, quantitative model for the financial sector can compute the climate impact of the activities it finances in Danish companies, etc.', 'At the same time, common EU regulation ensures a level · Collaboration on a common method for specifying greenhouse gas emissions based on a volun- tary, quantitative model for the financial sector can compute the climate impact of the activities it finances in Danish companies, etc. This work is headed by the financial sector climate partnership with Finance Denmark at the helm and is being developed in close cooperation with the business community and relevant authorities. The model will reflect future regulatory information require- ments of businesses’ carbon footprint that the financial sector will demand from its customers.', 'The model will reflect future regulatory information require- ments of businesses’ carbon footprint that the financial sector will demand from its customers. · Collaboration on the development of a more climate-friendly diet includes strengthening existing partnerships on more climate-friendly diets and food waste as one of its elements, ensuring that the green transition reaches all the way to Danish plates – by focusing on production, consump- tion and export. · Collaboration on green skills concerns job creation and skills upgrades to ensure the availability of the skills required for implementing the many green initiatives.', '· Collaboration on green skills concerns job creation and skills upgrades to ensure the availability of the skills required for implementing the many green initiatives. The green transition will also result in new skill-sets and various types of jobs that cannot be predicted as yet.playing field and reduces the risk of companies and jobs moving abroad and thus moving emissions from one country to another. EU climate regulation The EU’s current greenhouse gas emissions reduction target is at least 40% by 2030, compared to 1990. The EU target is divided into: · A common European reduction target for the ETS sector (emissions from energy use for electric- ity generation, district heating, large industrial installations, oil and gas production and air transport).', 'The EU target is divided into: · A common European reduction target for the ETS sector (emissions from energy use for electric- ity generation, district heating, large industrial installations, oil and gas production and air transport). · National burden-sharing targets for the non-ETS sector (emissions from road transport, house- holds with individual heating, waste and agriculture). This means that each country has its own reduction target. The countries also have commitments in the form of sector targets for renewable energy, energy-effi- ciency improvements and transport. The sectors are regulated by substantial EU legislation that will con- tribute to advancing the green transition, for instance by promoting energy saving efforts and a green transport sector through emissions standards for new vehicles.', 'The sectors are regulated by substantial EU legislation that will con- tribute to advancing the green transition, for instance by promoting energy saving efforts and a green transport sector through emissions standards for new vehicles. The Danish Government has pushed for climate policy to become a key priority for the current European Commission that took office in December 2019. Among its first actions in December 2019, the Commission presented the European Green Deal, which sets out a detailed roadmap of ambitious climate targets and green ini- tiatives in all sectors up to 2030 to set the EU on track towards climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 at the latest.', 'Among its first actions in December 2019, the Commission presented the European Green Deal, which sets out a detailed roadmap of ambitious climate targets and green ini- tiatives in all sectors up to 2030 to set the EU on track towards climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 at the latest. A new European climate law and an increase of the EU’s 2030 climate target are among the central elements of the plan that will pro- vide the overall EU framework for realising the climate effort in the years to come. The Commission has tabled the first specific proposal under the European Green Deal and more will follow over the next years.', 'The Commission has tabled the first specific proposal under the European Green Deal and more will follow over the next years. Negotiating EU proposals in the Council and the European Parliament often takes a few years, followed by Member States implementation. This means that new EU measures cannot be expected to take effect before in a few years leading towards 2030. However, the European Green Deal offers significant potential to contribute to a significantly reduction effort in Denmark up to 2030 and thus contribute to achieving the 70% reduction target, see chapter 1. Ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal The Government takes the lead in the EU and works with like-minded countries to secure the most ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal.', 'Ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal The Government takes the lead in the EU and works with like-minded countries to secure the most ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal. COVID-19 has dealt a severe blow to the EU and thrown the member state economies into a tangible crisis. It is important for the Government that the recovery of the EU econ- omy strengthens, rather than delays climate actions. This is why the Government took the initiative in the spring of 2020 to gather 19 member states in sending a shared message to the European Commission, encouraging a high level of mo- mentum in the EU climate ambitions, not least by raising the EU 2030 climate tar- get before the end of 2020.', 'This is why the Government took the initiative in the spring of 2020 to gather 19 member states in sending a shared message to the European Commission, encouraging a high level of mo- mentum in the EU climate ambitions, not least by raising the EU 2030 climate tar- get before the end of 2020. This helped ensure that the European Green Deal re- mains pivotal for a green recovery of the EU economy that promotes the green transition and creates sustainable growth and green jobs.In this summer’s negotiations on the EU budget for 2021-2027 and the EU recovery package, Denmark has also helped ensure that at least 30% of the total EU funds in the coming period will be applied to measures that benefit the climate.', 'This helped ensure that the European Green Deal re- mains pivotal for a green recovery of the EU economy that promotes the green transition and creates sustainable growth and green jobs.In this summer’s negotiations on the EU budget for 2021-2027 and the EU recovery package, Denmark has also helped ensure that at least 30% of the total EU funds in the coming period will be applied to measures that benefit the climate. In this context, the Government will work to achieve the greatest possible climate return on the funds as the multiannual EU budget is deployed. The European Climate Law In the spring of 2020, the European Commission presented its t proposal for the first European Climate Law.', 'The European Climate Law In the spring of 2020, the European Commission presented its t proposal for the first European Climate Law. Denmark’s Climate Act provides a good starting point for impacting the European Climate Law in the right direction. The Government is working to ensure that a European Climate Law will be as ambitious as possible, helps the EU achieve its target of climate neutrality by 2050 and meets its commit- ments under the Paris Agreement. This is why the Government is working to ensure that the law establishes a proper framework within which the EU and Member States can achieve the goal of climate neutrality and ensure that a process is in place for setting the intermediate targets on the road to climate neutrality.', 'This is why the Government is working to ensure that the law establishes a proper framework within which the EU and Member States can achieve the goal of climate neutrality and ensure that a process is in place for setting the intermediate targets on the road to climate neutrality. The law will also ensure that the climate-neutrality target applies to all EU member states and it should signal that the EU must aim for net-negative emissions after achieving climate neutrality by 2050. In addition, it is important for the Government that a clear framework will be created for how carbon capture and storage can be integrated into the EU climate effort.', 'In addition, it is important for the Government that a clear framework will be created for how carbon capture and storage can be integrated into the EU climate effort. Increasing the EU 2030 climate target to at least 55% In mid-September 2020, the European Commission presented an ambitious plan for raising the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% compared to the 1990 level. The Government has taken the lead with other climate-ambitious countries in a fo- cused effort to ensure an ambitious increase of the EU 2030 target to at least 55%. An EU target of at least 55% will reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of approximately 20 times Denmark’s total emissions in 2018.', 'An EU target of at least 55% will reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of approximately 20 times Denmark’s total emissions in 2018. This shows that Denmark can make a difference when everyone pulls in the same direc- tion. The Danish Government will work to ensure that the EU adopts the new 2030 target in time to submit an updated Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement by the end of the year. The EU must lead the way for other major emit- ters if we are to fulfil the global climate ambitions of the Paris Agreement. At the same time, the Government is working for a cost-effective and modernised climate regulation to deliver on the target.', 'At the same time, the Government is working for a cost-effective and modernised climate regulation to deliver on the target. The Commission s plan is to a large ex- tent aligned with the Danish Government’s priorities, see box 16. The Government is now continuing its work to ensure that the Commission’s plan is translated into a concrete and ambitious EU regulation that correspond with the Danish priorities.Central elements of the European Commission s 2030 plan The Commission has proposed to increase the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% and charted the course for a fundamental modernisation of European climate and energy regulation.', 'The Government is now continuing its work to ensure that the Commission’s plan is translated into a concrete and ambitious EU regulation that correspond with the Danish priorities.Central elements of the European Commission s 2030 plan The Commission has proposed to increase the EU’s 2030 climate target to at least 55% and charted the course for a fundamental modernisation of European climate and energy regulation. The Com- mission envisages a larger role for common European instruments and market-based regulation in all sectors up to 2030 and 2050 to promote a more cost-effective green transition.', 'The Com- mission envisages a larger role for common European instruments and market-based regulation in all sectors up to 2030 and 2050 to promote a more cost-effective green transition. The plan also includes different scenarios for the implementation, including focusing on the following areas: · strengthening the EU’s Emission Trading System · possibly extending emissions trading to more sectors, such as road transport and buildings · increased energy efficiency · higher ambitions for renewable energy · reduction of transport emissions, including stricter CO2 emission standards for new cars · integrated approach to climate regulation of agricultural emissions and sequestration in soils and forests (LULUCF) · adjustment of national effort sharing targets in the non-ETS sector The Government’s efforts to secure an ambitious, cost-effective implementation of the European Green Deal for the individual sectors are outlined in chapter 7 on en- ergy and industry, transport and agriculture, respectively.', 'The plan also includes different scenarios for the implementation, including focusing on the following areas: · strengthening the EU’s Emission Trading System · possibly extending emissions trading to more sectors, such as road transport and buildings · increased energy efficiency · higher ambitions for renewable energy · reduction of transport emissions, including stricter CO2 emission standards for new cars · integrated approach to climate regulation of agricultural emissions and sequestration in soils and forests (LULUCF) · adjustment of national effort sharing targets in the non-ETS sector The Government’s efforts to secure an ambitious, cost-effective implementation of the European Green Deal for the individual sectors are outlined in chapter 7 on en- ergy and industry, transport and agriculture, respectively. The Government’s ap- proach to an ambitious realisation of Green Deal is summed up in box 17.', 'The Government’s ap- proach to an ambitious realisation of Green Deal is summed up in box 17. The Government’s approach to an ambitious realisation of Green Deal The Commission s 2030 Climate Target Plan is a cornerstone of the realisation of the European Green Deal. As part of the implementation of a higher 2030 climate target, the Government is advocating for a change of EU climate regulation with a significant strengthening and extension of the EU ETS to include road transport and heating of buildings. Concurrently, a separate pillar for agricultural emissions and its LULUCF activites must be set up to significantly boost incentives for climate-friendly agricultural produc- tion.', 'Concurrently, a separate pillar for agricultural emissions and its LULUCF activites must be set up to significantly boost incentives for climate-friendly agricultural produc- tion. This will strengthen the incentive for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the areas that offer most potential across countries and sectors. In the European Green Deal and the practical application of a higher 2030 climate target, the Government will also continue working for an ambitious sector regulation of road transport and heating of buildings. By way of example, the Government has long encouraged the phasing out of petrol and diesel cars in the EU. It is positive that the Commission has been responsive in its presentation of the 2030 plan and will now consider an end date for the phase-out.', 'It is positive that the Commission has been responsive in its presentation of the 2030 plan and will now consider an end date for the phase-out. The following priorities in the Green Deal deserve mention: · more sustainable energy in the EU, e.g. in the form of wind islands in the North Sea. · a green, integrated energy system across borders and sectors. · higher CO2 requirements on light and heavy vehicles. · reduction of aviation emissions. · future EU initiatives in the maritime area that will support a global solution under the auspices of IMO, will benefit the climate and will not jeopardise the competitiveness of the European maritime sector.', '· future EU initiatives in the maritime area that will support a global solution under the auspices of IMO, will benefit the climate and will not jeopardise the competitiveness of the European maritime sector. · introduction of climate regulation of agriculture and its LULUCF activites in the EU. · strengthened energy-efficiency efforts, e.g. by means of product requirements. 6.3. Green research strategy With the strategy Future green solutions – Strategy for investments in green re- search, technology and innovation, the Government sets a long-term direction for green research, development and demonstration in Denmark. The strategy will in-form clear policy priorities for efforts going forward, thereby supporting the develop- ment of technologies that will eventually help achieve the Climate Act targets and realise its principles.', 'The strategy will in-form clear policy priorities for efforts going forward, thereby supporting the develop- ment of technologies that will eventually help achieve the Climate Act targets and realise its principles. The strategy identifies research needs and potentials with the most perspective for the green transition in different sectors and areas – such as in the form of develop- ing existing green technologies and more innovative research. A mission-driven effort will accelerate the development of new solutions To support a focused development of future technologies, the Government sets up four specific green missions, see box 19. The Government will apply a mission- driven effort to accelerate the development of technologies that must be deployed to propel us towards the Climate Act targets while observing the principles of the act.', 'The Government will apply a mission- driven effort to accelerate the development of technologies that must be deployed to propel us towards the Climate Act targets while observing the principles of the act. The strategy identifies challenges (“pick the challenge”) to be overcome with a strategic and coherent green research effort ranging from basic research and all the way to commercialisation of new solutions across public and private stakehold- ers, keeping the business sector’s research and innovation needs and strengths in mind, see box 18. Criteria for green missions Green potential Target specific challenges in sectors that have the greatest need for new solutions and potential for achieving green objectives in Denmark and globally.', 'Criteria for green missions Green potential Target specific challenges in sectors that have the greatest need for new solutions and potential for achieving green objectives in Denmark and globally. Business strengths and potentials Target challenges where the Danish business community has strong prerequisites for developing green solutions and gaining a clear competitive edge. A growing global market for green solutions, products and services gives Danish scientists, businesses and entrepreneurs an opportunity to turn challenges into new business potential and disseminate global solutions around the world. Scientific strengths Target challenges where Danish scientific players have strengths and prerequisites for entering into col- laboration and partnerships with scientists and knowledge institutions globally, obtain knowledge and at- tract research funding, particularly from EU research programmes.', 'Scientific strengths Target challenges where Danish scientific players have strengths and prerequisites for entering into col- laboration and partnerships with scientists and knowledge institutions globally, obtain knowledge and at- tract research funding, particularly from EU research programmes. Partnership potential The missions must be able to form the basis for green research and innovation partnerships that support cooperation between universities, businesses, Authorised Technological Service Institutes, authorities, etc. They must specify and target the research and innovation effort to accelerate the rate at which con- crete outcomes are realised for the green transition. The Government aims to prioritise significant funding for the four missions with the highest assessed need for new solutions and the greatest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Denmark and globally.', 'The Government aims to prioritise significant funding for the four missions with the highest assessed need for new solutions and the greatest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Denmark and globally. This focuses the missions on the effort to achieve the Climate Act targets. At the same time, these are areas with an assessed potential for creating new jobs and exports of green solutions that will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions globally, see box 19. Additional missions may be identified over the coming years.In concrete terms, the green missions will be carried out by green research and in- novation partnerships. This is a new research and innovation measure introduced by the Green Research Strategy.', 'This is a new research and innovation measure introduced by the Green Research Strategy. The green research and innovation partnerships will gather knowledge institutions, businesses, public parties and innovation actors around a common research and innovation effort targeting the accomplishment of a specific mission. This means that the green transition goes hand in hand with the effort to create Danish jobs and strengthen the competitiveness in accordance with the Climate Act’s consideration of sustainable business development. The four missions of the green research strategy Carbon capture, utilisation or storage Mission: Denmark will develop cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can be applied towards reducing carbon emissions and creating negative emissions from large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants and biomass-based CHPs.', 'The four missions of the green research strategy Carbon capture, utilisation or storage Mission: Denmark will develop cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can be applied towards reducing carbon emissions and creating negative emissions from large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants and biomass-based CHPs. Together with hydrogen generated by renew- ables, captured CO2 can provide carbon for new climate-neutral solutions. The technical reduction poten- tial for CC(U)S is estimated to amount to 4–9 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. It should be noted that this overlaps the PtX potential.', 'It should be noted that this overlaps the PtX potential. Power-to-X – Green fuels and fuels for transport and industry Mission: Solutions must be developed to convert power from renewable sources to products that can be used to reduce emissions from transport and industrial segments with no cost effective alternatives to fos- sil energy. The technical reduction potential for PtX is estimated at 0.5-3.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and in the longer term 1.5–7.5 million tonnes of CO2e (including 1-4 million tonnes in international shipping and aviation which are not included in the pursuit of Denmark s national 70% reduction target). It should be noted that this overlaps with the CC(U)S potential.', 'It should be noted that this overlaps with the CC(U)S potential. Climate and eco-friendly agriculture and food production Mission: The research and innovation effort must target the development of technologies and solutions that can significantly mitigate the climate and environmental impact of conventional and organic food pro- duction and farming, including emissions from livestock, application of fertiliser and land, and reduce de- rived effects on nature. This could be through technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for capturing carbon in soils and forests, biorefining, including pyrolysis, new food and feed products with a lower climate and environmental footprint, plant breeding and support of knowledge requirements in rela- tion to effective regulation, including documentation of emissions.', 'This could be through technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for capturing carbon in soils and forests, biorefining, including pyrolysis, new food and feed products with a lower climate and environmental footprint, plant breeding and support of knowledge requirements in rela- tion to effective regulation, including documentation of emissions. A number of new technologies and solu- tions are being developed, with particular potential promised by research projects within feed additives, slurry additives and biorefining. Recycling and reduction of plastic waste* Mission: Research efforts must target new technologies and production methods to ensure waste reduc- tion and improve the sorting and recycling of plastic waste into new plastic products.', 'Recycling and reduction of plastic waste* Mission: Research efforts must target new technologies and production methods to ensure waste reduc- tion and improve the sorting and recycling of plastic waste into new plastic products. Development of plas- tic-containing products that are designed for recycling or reuse, both in terms of the chemical composition of the raw plastic product and additives as well as the composition of materials in the individual product.', 'Development of plas- tic-containing products that are designed for recycling or reuse, both in terms of the chemical composition of the raw plastic product and additives as well as the composition of materials in the individual product. Technologies and solutions that heighten the quality of reuse and lessen material loss, as well as sorting, reprocessing and reuse of plastic-containing textiles are assessed as being able to reduce the volume of plastic and fossil textile waste by approximately 53,000 tonnes in addition to the reduction set out in the Agreement on a Green Waste Sector and Circular Economy.', 'Technologies and solutions that heighten the quality of reuse and lessen material loss, as well as sorting, reprocessing and reuse of plastic-containing textiles are assessed as being able to reduce the volume of plastic and fossil textile waste by approximately 53,000 tonnes in addition to the reduction set out in the Agreement on a Green Waste Sector and Circular Economy. By removing this additional quantity from in- cineration, Denmark will achieve its target of removing 80% of plastic waste from incineration by 2030, which will result in a reduction of approximately 0.15 million tonnes of CO2e from waste incineration by 2030.', 'By removing this additional quantity from in- cineration, Denmark will achieve its target of removing 80% of plastic waste from incineration by 2030, which will result in a reduction of approximately 0.15 million tonnes of CO2e from waste incineration by 2030. * Note: In connection with the negotiations on the distribution of the research reserve in 2021, the parties in the agreement agreed that the fourth mission from the government s green research strategy on recycling and reduction of plastic waste be extended to include circular economy, including with special focus on plastics and textiles: The mission will help promote circular economy through the development of solutions to improve resource productivity, reduce the amount of waste, increase the amount and quality of recycling, and reduce environmental and climate impact from products.', '* Note: In connection with the negotiations on the distribution of the research reserve in 2021, the parties in the agreement agreed that the fourth mission from the government s green research strategy on recycling and reduction of plastic waste be extended to include circular economy, including with special focus on plastics and textiles: The mission will help promote circular economy through the development of solutions to improve resource productivity, reduce the amount of waste, increase the amount and quality of recycling, and reduce environmental and climate impact from products. There will be a special focus on plastics and textiles. Solu- tions may include e.g. changed design and production methods as well as changed forms of consumption.', 'changed design and production methods as well as changed forms of consumption. Other solutions include developing technologies that can improve the traceability of materials through the value chain and sorting e.g. plastic waste for high quality recycling. It also includes the development of new solutions for more sustainable design of e.g. textiles that minimize the con- sumption of natural resources and ensure longer life of textiles, as well as technologies that can increase the recycling of e.g. textile waste. At the same time, there will be a focus on increased use of renewable and recycled raw materials instead of newly extracted fossil raw materials.', 'At the same time, there will be a focus on increased use of renewable and recycled raw materials instead of newly extracted fossil raw materials. General note: A memorandum on methods is available at the Ministry s website.To accelerate and support the successful maturation of promising green research and technologies in Denmark, the partnerships must, to the greatest extent possi- ble, forge a strong bond between partnership activities, public subsidy schemes such as the demonstration programmes and the Innovation Fund and Denmark’s Green Future Fund and private investor environments.', 'General note: A memorandum on methods is available at the Ministry s website.To accelerate and support the successful maturation of promising green research and technologies in Denmark, the partnerships must, to the greatest extent possi- ble, forge a strong bond between partnership activities, public subsidy schemes such as the demonstration programmes and the Innovation Fund and Denmark’s Green Future Fund and private investor environments. The goal is to develop promising green research and development projects under the partnerships wher- ever possible so they can nourish new green growth successes which are upscala- ble in Denmark with funding from Denmark’s Green Future Fund and private inves- tors or a combination.', 'The goal is to develop promising green research and development projects under the partnerships wher- ever possible so they can nourish new green growth successes which are upscala- ble in Denmark with funding from Denmark’s Green Future Fund and private inves- tors or a combination. In coordination and dialogue with the other relevant stakeholders, including Den- mark’s Green Future Fund, Innovation Fund Denmark will head the practical de- ployment of the mission-driven green research and innovation partnerships. The funds are subject to a public tender procedure.', 'The funds are subject to a public tender procedure. In the years ahead, the Green Re- search Strategy, including the research needs and potentials mapped by the strat- egy, will form the basis for the green research effort in the Government’s annual proposal for research funding priorities as part of the agreement on the distribution of the research reserve, etc. 6.4. Denmark’s Green Future Fund The parties behind the 2020 Finance Act have allocated DKK 25 billion to Den- mark’s Green Future Fund which will contribute to a national and global green tran- sition, including developing and spreading new technologies, converting energy systems into renewable energy, storing and efficiently using energy, etc., and pro- moting global exports of green technologies, such as wind power and energy-effi- ciency improvement solutions.', 'Denmark’s Green Future Fund The parties behind the 2020 Finance Act have allocated DKK 25 billion to Den- mark’s Green Future Fund which will contribute to a national and global green tran- sition, including developing and spreading new technologies, converting energy systems into renewable energy, storing and efficiently using energy, etc., and pro- moting global exports of green technologies, such as wind power and energy-effi- ciency improvement solutions. Through its four underlying institutions (Vaekstfonden, EKF Denmark’s Export Credit Agency, the Danish Green Investment Fund and the Investment Fund for Developing Countries), the fund will also contribute to fulfilling the Paris Agreement temperature target and achieving national climate targets and will thus actively fi- nance and invest in measures to reduce the impact on climate, nature and environ- ment, including measures directed at water scarcity, food deprivation and sustaina- ble food production, see box 20.', 'Through its four underlying institutions (Vaekstfonden, EKF Denmark’s Export Credit Agency, the Danish Green Investment Fund and the Investment Fund for Developing Countries), the fund will also contribute to fulfilling the Paris Agreement temperature target and achieving national climate targets and will thus actively fi- nance and invest in measures to reduce the impact on climate, nature and environ- ment, including measures directed at water scarcity, food deprivation and sustaina- ble food production, see box 20. Four underlying institutions in Denmark’s Green Future Fund Vaekstfonden DKK 4 billion for Vaekstfonden, the Danish state’s investment fund, must be used to launch a broad, long-term effort to build up a market for green venture capital.', 'Four underlying institutions in Denmark’s Green Future Fund Vaekstfonden DKK 4 billion for Vaekstfonden, the Danish state’s investment fund, must be used to launch a broad, long-term effort to build up a market for green venture capital. This will facilitate loan-raising and equity financing for green entrepreneurs and growth companies to support the companies’ development and convert good, green ideas into green jobs. Vaekstfonden will mainly invest in funds and directly in companies but can also provide loan financing.As a rule, Denmark’s Green Future Fund will always seek co-financing with private- sector operators, such as pension companies, venture capital funds or business angels.', 'Vaekstfonden will mainly invest in funds and directly in companies but can also provide loan financing.As a rule, Denmark’s Green Future Fund will always seek co-financing with private- sector operators, such as pension companies, venture capital funds or business angels. This means that the Future Fund will also mobilise significant private capital funding, resulting in an overall boost for the green capital ecosystem and making it easier for green companies and projects to obtain funding. 6.5. Green tax reform With the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry 2020, a broad parliamentary majority has agreed that the Government is to prepare a proposal for a green tax reform, including short-term adjustments to the energy taxation aimed at a homoge- neous CO2e tax in the long term.', 'Green tax reform With the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry 2020, a broad parliamentary majority has agreed that the Government is to prepare a proposal for a green tax reform, including short-term adjustments to the energy taxation aimed at a homoge- neous CO2e tax in the long term. Taxes and duties are generally an effective tool for obtaining the reductions at the lowest socio-economic cost. With correct taxation, the price of CO2e emissions re- flects the costs incurred on society by households and businesses. This provides an economic incentive for reducing CO2e emissions to save on tax.', 'This provides an economic incentive for reducing CO2e emissions to save on tax. Taxation can also target CO2e emissions, which is difficult to achieve with subsi- dies, for instance, as this requires knowing which technologies yield the most cost- effective reductions and should thus be supported. However, it is still important for a green conversion of the tax and duty system to balance the considerations that apply to the green transition of society in general in accordance with the Climate Act principles. Current tax system Current CO2e taxes include energy taxes on fossil fuels, a CO2 tax, primarily in the non-EU ETS sector, and a CO2 quota price in the sectors regulated under the EU emission trading system.', 'Current tax system Current CO2e taxes include energy taxes on fossil fuels, a CO2 tax, primarily in the non-EU ETS sector, and a CO2 quota price in the sectors regulated under the EU emission trading system. In addition, there are taxes on air pollution from fuels EKF – Denmark’s Export Credit Agency DKK 14 billion for EKF must be used to strengthen EKF’s scope for guaranteeing of Danish companies’ exports of green technologies and solutions all over the world. EKF provides export financing to Danish exporters in the form of loans and guarantees. The Danish Green Investment Fund DKK 6 billion for the Danish Green Investment Fund to co-finance investments promoting the green transition of Danish society, including energy efficiency measures, renewable energy systems and installations and resource efficiency.', 'The Danish Green Investment Fund DKK 6 billion for the Danish Green Investment Fund to co-finance investments promoting the green transition of Danish society, including energy efficiency measures, renewable energy systems and installations and resource efficiency. The Fund provides loans and guarantees to private-sector companies, social housing organisations and public-sector undertakings and institutions, etc. Investment Fund for Developing Countries DKK 1 billion for the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU) must be used to promote investments and loans for green solutions in developing countries, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, food production and safeguarding clean water. IFU provides advice and venture capital to companies seeking to do business in developing countries and emerging markets. (NOX and sulphur), and the vehicle registration taxes differentiate according to vehi- cles’ CO2 emissions.', '(NOX and sulphur), and the vehicle registration taxes differentiate according to vehi- cles’ CO2 emissions. Energy taxes make up the largest proportion with revenues of some 4.5% of the total tax and duty revenues of about DKK 1,000 billion. The tax system structure is designed to take account of a number of different con- cerns, including carbon emissions, but also issues such as industries’ competitive situation. CO2e emissions are exempt from all taxation in a number of areas. This means that CO2e emissions in the current system are regulated with highly in- congruous pricing across sectors and uses. The taxation of land transport and households as well as industrial space heating (comfort heating and cooling, etc.) is relatively high.', 'The taxation of land transport and households as well as industrial space heating (comfort heating and cooling, etc.) is relatively high. Conversely, the taxation on production is comparatively low and dif- ferentiated further, with some areas being exempt from taxation. In addition, non- energy-related emissions from e.g. agriculture (methane and nitrous oxide) are not subject to tax or other direct regulation. In specific terms, the effective rate of taxa- tion varies between 0 and 2,000 (measured in DKK per tonne of CO2e emitted). This results in great variation in shadow prices, i.e. the socio-economic cost per tonne of CO2e reduced as illustrated in table 7. The shadow price will go up with the rate of taxation.', 'The shadow price will go up with the rate of taxation. Marginal shadow prices for possible measures Initiative, energy Shadow price (DKK/t CO2e) Space heating tax 1,270 Process energy tax 0-260 Note: The total tax and allowance costs related to carbon emissions are shown for a tax increase of DKK 1 per tonne of carbon. For space heating and process energy, the basis applied is natural gas, including agreed increases in the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry.', 'For space heating and process energy, the basis applied is natural gas, including agreed increases in the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry. Consequences of a green tax reform There are many opportunities for converting taxes in connection with a green tax reform, which will result in very different consequences for citizens and businesses depending on the specific model, including whether CO2 taxes are homogenised across sectors, whether the existing differentiations are maintained or whether cer- tain sectors are exempt.', 'Consequences of a green tax reform There are many opportunities for converting taxes in connection with a green tax reform, which will result in very different consequences for citizens and businesses depending on the specific model, including whether CO2 taxes are homogenised across sectors, whether the existing differentiations are maintained or whether cer- tain sectors are exempt. Regardless of the model for a green tax reform, tax on business sectors will impact their competitiveness, see the example in table 8.Immediate consequences for selected industries of an increase of total CO2 e taxes by e Selected industries Current rules DKK per employee/year Increase DKK per employee/year Agriculture, horticulture, forestry Food, beverage and tobacco industry Plastic, glass and concrete industry Note: Increasing total CO2 taxes from approximately DKK 250/tonne of CO2 to approximately DKK 350/tonne of CO2 (when increasing the energy tax on process energy in the industry sector) involves considerable increases for the production sectors.', 'Regardless of the model for a green tax reform, tax on business sectors will impact their competitiveness, see the example in table 8.Immediate consequences for selected industries of an increase of total CO2 e taxes by e Selected industries Current rules DKK per employee/year Increase DKK per employee/year Agriculture, horticulture, forestry Food, beverage and tobacco industry Plastic, glass and concrete industry Note: Increasing total CO2 taxes from approximately DKK 250/tonne of CO2 to approximately DKK 350/tonne of CO2 (when increasing the energy tax on process energy in the industry sector) involves considerable increases for the production sectors. The consequences are shown in DKK per employee. It is estimated that such an in- crease will reduce CO2 emissions by 0.5 million tonnes. Source: Ministry of Taxation calculations.', 'Source: Ministry of Taxation calculations. All else being equal, higher CO2e taxation will result in generally lower production and job rates and affect sectors selling products in foreign competition. In the longer term, the competitiveness of the Danish business community is ex- pected to be restored and employment rates will mostly return to the same level. In this process, the business structure will be adjusted so that highly taxed sectors ex- posed to competition will be reduced for the benefit of other sectors where jobs will be created. This is because higher taxes will carry over and ultimately lead to lower wages (and possibly lower land prices).', 'This is because higher taxes will carry over and ultimately lead to lower wages (and possibly lower land prices). For the segments of domestic production that are not exposed to foreign competi- tion, tax increases could be passed on to higher consumer prices. However, the taxes will also lead to potentially considerable displacements between industries so that activities and employment in emission-intensive trades (such as certain manu- facturing industries, horticulture and agriculture) will decline, while emission-light trades (services, etc.) will increase their levels of activity and employment. It will ultimately be households that bear the costs of achieving the goal in the form of lower real income.', 'It will ultimately be households that bear the costs of achieving the goal in the form of lower real income. The share of the burden that is passed down through wages can be expected to be fairly broadly dispersed while the distribution of the share that is passed on to prices will depend on who purchases the goods in question. There will be adjustment costs in the period until the new equilibrium sets in. All other factors being equal, they will be higher in times of recession than in boom times.', 'All other factors being equal, they will be higher in times of recession than in boom times. Implementation of a green tax reform Denmark has a long tradition of using taxes to curb pollution and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, etc., under the ‘polluter pays’ principle.However, a green tax reform that aims to be a main driver in the reduction of CO2e emissions throughout Danish society through the general pricing of greenhouse gas emissions will have considerable consequences for private individuals and businesses. Companies with limited alternatives will primarily reduce their produc- tion, for instance, meaning that jobs and emissions will move abroad. There will also be major displacements in the current business structure as well as impacts on distribution and revenue.', 'There will also be major displacements in the current business structure as well as impacts on distribution and revenue. At the same time, there are considerable challenges of introducing a broad-based CO2e tax which requires substantial development efforts, particularly in sectors where it is not yet possible to document the basis for the level of CO2e taxation. This is exemplified by agriculture’s non-energy-related emissions. This makes it essential to introduce the green transition gradually so private individ- uals and companies can adapt to the new initiatives, such as a restructuring of the tax system. A gradual transition also ensures that new taxes can be implemented and managed.', 'A gradual transition also ensures that new taxes can be implemented and managed. The Government is therefore laying the groundwork for a green tax reform that moves in the direction of higher and more uniform taxation of CO2e emissions. This must be seen in the context of the agreed increase on the tax on fossil space heating to promote greener forms of heating in the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry 2020. It was also agreed in effect to abolish the electric heat tax, mak- ing it easier to use green wind power for heating, for instance.7. A wise green transition The green transition offers opportunities and challenges in all sectors, but their na- ture varies greatly. In particular, the cost levels of the available technologies differ immensely.', 'In particular, the cost levels of the available technologies differ immensely. The costs incidental to the transition therefore vary considerably among the different sectors, and there are different technical barriers obstructing the imple- mentation of such measures. In accordance with the Agreement on a Climate Act, the Government pursues a sector by sector approach to transitioning to a climate- neutral Denmark. Sector action plans will prepared in 2020-2021 for all major sec- tors, including agriculture, transport, energy, construction, waste and industry. This approach aims to accommodate the special circumstances of the individual sectors. 7.1 Energy and industry sector There is an outstanding reduction challenge in the industrial sector and for parts of heating production. Developing the future energy sector can also support the green transition in other sectors.', 'Developing the future energy sector can also support the green transition in other sectors. The Government therefore agreed a sector strategy for energy and industry in June 2020 with a broad parliamentary majority. The plan in- cludes specific initiatives that will result in reductions by 2030. At the same time, the agreement contains a significant development track for developing and matur- ing CCS and PtX technologies, which is backed by the Government s green re- search strategy. This will lead to further reductions as the technologies mature. In early 2021, the Government will also present an electrification strategy with scenar- ios relating to the 70% reduction target.', 'In early 2021, the Government will also present an electrification strategy with scenar- ios relating to the 70% reduction target. Finally, the Government will strengthen the efforts for a common European energy market while ensuring continued close dia- logue with the Climate partnerships for energy and industry to conclude coopera- tion agreements with the Climate partnerships on future reduction efforts. Figure 25 illustrates the Government’s plan for the green transition in the sector. The Government’s approach to transition of the energy and industry sectorThe sector’s greenhouse gas emissions In 2030, energy and industry sector emissions are expected to be mainly attributa- ble to fossil fuels for heating and industrial processes.', 'The Government’s approach to transition of the energy and industry sectorThe sector’s greenhouse gas emissions In 2030, energy and industry sector emissions are expected to be mainly attributa- ble to fossil fuels for heating and industrial processes. Figure 26 shows the ex- pected distribution of energy and industry emissions in 2030 before agreeing the sector strategy for energy and industry on 22 June. Greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector will be reduced significantly up to 2030. The sector’s emissions are expected to decline by 9.5 million tonnes of CO2e without incorporating reduc- tions that follow from the conclusion of the sector strategy for energy and industry of 22 June. The remaining energy sector emissions by 2030 are expected to almost exclusively come from heating production.', 'The remaining energy sector emissions by 2030 are expected to almost exclusively come from heating production. After entering into the sector strategy on 22 June, individual oil and gas-fired boilers are expected to still emit one million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. Emissions from individual oil and gas-fired boilers in 2030 should be seen in the light of the Government’s sector strategy for energy and industry al- ready securing greenhouse gas reductions of 0.7 million tonnes of CO2e. Including expected developments, 180,000–240,000 oil and gas boilers are expected to have been phased out by 2030. Some oil and gas boilers are expected to remain in 2030, however, for many rea- sons.', 'Some oil and gas boilers are expected to remain in 2030, however, for many rea- sons. Many owners of gas boilers will still have a relatively new, well-functioning boiler and the natural time to replace them has yet to come. For some, the financial incentive to replace even a worn-out gas boiler with district heating or a heat pump will be limited. A few oil-fired boilers are expected to remain in 2030 that are difficult to phase out. This could be due to considerable difficulty and costs of replacing these oil boilers with a heat pump or district heating for the individual homeowner despite the high average personal financial gain of converting to a heat pump, for instance.', 'This could be due to considerable difficulty and costs of replacing these oil boilers with a heat pump or district heating for the individual homeowner despite the high average personal financial gain of converting to a heat pump, for instance. District heat production emissions are expected to decline by 0.05 million tonnes of CO2e in 2020 and 0.02 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 due to the sector strategy. The remaining greenhouse gas emissions in the district heating sector, at an ex- pected 0.50 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, are mainly attributable to firing of natu- ral gas and oil for peak and reserve-load production of heat and combined heat and power.', 'The remaining greenhouse gas emissions in the district heating sector, at an ex- pected 0.50 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, are mainly attributable to firing of natu- ral gas and oil for peak and reserve-load production of heat and combined heat and power. Though technically possible, the costs of an accelerated transition of the last emissions can be relatively high. This is because peak and reserve-load facili- ties operate for very few hours and therefore are plants with low investments and slightly higher marginal operating costs. This means that, e.g., natural gas-fired plants will remain attractive, also because it is technically feasible to start up and shut them down quickly. Electrical heat pumps require large investments and are therefore unsuitable for peak and reserve loads.', 'Electrical heat pumps require large investments and are therefore unsuitable for peak and reserve loads. Biomass plants can be used, but also come at relatively high investment costs. Initiatives affecting CHPs can also af- fect the security of electricity supply due to the close integration of the Danish power and heating systems. Investments in renewable energy (RE) in Denmark have steadily lowered green- house gas emissions. This particularly applies to power production where the shareof RE is expected to exceed power consumption by 2030.', 'This particularly applies to power production where the shareof RE is expected to exceed power consumption by 2030. However, it is assessed that there will still be a need to expand RE capacity in addition to already agreed in- itiatives, as society’s demand for electricity is expected to increase considerably due to increased electrification, conversion to green alternative fuels and increased prevalence of major power consumers (e.g. data centres). This means that the fu- ture energy sector could support green transitions in other sectors, particularly in- dustry and transport, by generating and distributing green electricity and green fuels. Greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and business sectors mainly derive from the concrete industry, the petrochemical sector and manufacturing industries.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and business sectors mainly derive from the concrete industry, the petrochemical sector and manufacturing industries. There are also industrial emissions from the construction industry which uses fossil fuels for internal transport and from energy used by agriculture and horticulture which involves fossil fuels for internal transport and heating of animal housing, etc. The industrial sector is expected to emit 8.6 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030, though this level is expected to be reduced by several of the initiatives from the sector strategy for energy and industry of 22 June. This will be achieved through support for increased biogas production, increased electrification and energy-efficiency im- provements of industrial processes, etc.', 'This will be achieved through support for increased biogas production, increased electrification and energy-efficiency im- provements of industrial processes, etc. The funds for increased biogas production and for electrification and energy-efficiency improvements of industrial processes are expected to reduce emissions by an additional 0.9 million tonnes of CO2e, pri- marily from industrial emissions. In addition to the initiatives from the sector strat- egy for energy and industry of 22 June, the cooperation agreement between the Government and Aalborg Portland is also expected to contribute a separate reduc- tion of industrial emissions up to 2030 of 0.5 million tonnes of CO2 . Where will energy and industry sector greenhouse gas emissions come from in 2030? Note: * Etc. covers terrace heaters, mowers and urban gas.', 'covers terrace heaters, mowers and urban gas. Emissions from the 2020 Baseline Projection, i.e. before agreeing the sector strategy for energy and industry of 22 June 2020. Source: The Danish Energy AgencySome of the remaining industrial emissions will be possible to reduce by means of additional electrification and changing over from fossil fuels and gas to biogas in the long term. However, there are major technological barriers to obtaining signifi- cant reductions of industrial greenhouse gas emissions as it is currently not possi- ble to use heat pumps for high-temperature processes, for instance. In addition, some process emissions, such as from the production of concrete, cannot be re- duced by electrification or replacing fossil fuels.', 'In addition, some process emissions, such as from the production of concrete, cannot be re- duced by electrification or replacing fossil fuels. Instead, these emissions must be addressed by means of new green technologies that capture carbon and subse- quently store it or use for generating green fuels, or by developing more sustaina- ble products with lower process emissions. The expectations of the use of biogas, costs of subsidy expenses and climate effect are being consolidated. The energy agreement from 2018 put a halt to admission of new subsidy recipients in the existing biogas schemes. All existing and future bio- gas projects had to apply before 1 July 2020 to receive a commitment with a deter- mination of the terms of subsidy.', 'All existing and future bio- gas projects had to apply before 1 July 2020 to receive a commitment with a deter- mination of the terms of subsidy. The Danish Energy Agency is currently pro- cessing the cases. Individual heating – green heating There are currently some 80,000 oil boilers and 380,000 gas boilers in Denmark. Emissions from individual heating are estimated to be 2.6 million tonnes of CO2e in 2018, declining to 1.7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 without additional initiatives (i.e. exclusive of the sector strategy of 22 June). In 2030, emissions from oil and gas boilers will comprise most of the heating sector emissions. In most instances, oil and gas boilers can be replaced by green district heating or electric heat pumps.', 'In most instances, oil and gas boilers can be replaced by green district heating or electric heat pumps. A barrier to the transition is that a heat pump requires an aver- age initial investment of almost DKK 90,000, which can be economically challenging for homeowners. Before the sector strategy for energy and industry, gas boiler own- ers did not have clear financial incentives for replacing their boilers, and consumer binding to the gas system also meant that some gas customers were obliged to either use gas or contribute to the gas system. The socio-economic requirement also con- stituted a barrier to conversion of gas areas to district heating.', 'The socio-economic requirement also con- stituted a barrier to conversion of gas areas to district heating. With the sector strategy for energy and industry, the parties to the agreement have therefore agreed to make the green choice more financially palatable by introducing taxes that increase the price of fossil fuel heating and reduce the price of electrical heating, and allocate a total of DKK 4.1 billion (including derived lost taxes) up to 2030 in the form of subsidies for phasing out oil and gas boilers.', 'With the sector strategy for energy and industry, the parties to the agreement have therefore agreed to make the green choice more financially palatable by introducing taxes that increase the price of fossil fuel heating and reduce the price of electrical heating, and allocate a total of DKK 4.1 billion (including derived lost taxes) up to 2030 in the form of subsidies for phasing out oil and gas boilers. The parties to the agreement will repeal the consumer binding to natural gas and also adjust the socio- economic requirement so that district heating projects can be approved without hav- ing to submit a comparison with fossil alternatives, and natural gas areas can be converted to district heating.', 'The parties to the agreement will repeal the consumer binding to natural gas and also adjust the socio- economic requirement so that district heating projects can be approved without hav- ing to submit a comparison with fossil alternatives, and natural gas areas can be converted to district heating. The total effort to phase out oil and gas boilers in the sector strategy for energy and industry is expected to result in reductions of 0.7 mil- lion tonnes of CO2e by 2030.Oil and gas boilers are expected to continue emitting one million tonnes of CO2e in 2030, for many reasons. Many gas boilers will still function in 2030, meaning that the natural time of replacement has yet to come.', 'Many gas boilers will still function in 2030, meaning that the natural time of replacement has yet to come. It should be noted that the age profile for gas boilers indicates that many boilers will have to be replaced in the period 2030– 2035. With the sector strategy for industry and energy of 22 June 2020, it is expected that more gas boiler owners will find a financial incentive to switch to district heating or a heat pump when the gas boiler breaks, but this is not expected to apply to eve- ryone. There will be a few oil boilers remaining by 2030 that can be difficult to phase out.', 'There will be a few oil boilers remaining by 2030 that can be difficult to phase out. The reasons can include that it is very difficult and costly for the relevant oil boiler owners to change their heating system despite the high average personal financial gains of replacing the oil-fired boiler. A possible measure for phasing out the last remaining boilers is various forms of bans or requirements. However, Denmark is bound by EU law in this area, and it is not deemed possible to ban the actual boiler under current EU regulation. In addition, a ban on or requirement to refrain from using oil and gas boilers will entail large costs for some of the homeowners who still own such a boiler.', 'In addition, a ban on or requirement to refrain from using oil and gas boilers will entail large costs for some of the homeowners who still own such a boiler. There are also other ave- nues than bans, and the sector strategy is expected to increase the profitability of replacing a worn-out gas boiler. The parties behind the sector strategy have agreed to carry out an analysis of the potential for phasing out oil and natural gas from household heating. It should also be added that in relation to phasing out of gas boilers, the time frame for the phase-out will have a profound impact on the remaining gas customers (mainly manufacturing companies).', 'It should also be added that in relation to phasing out of gas boilers, the time frame for the phase-out will have a profound impact on the remaining gas customers (mainly manufacturing companies). This is because the gas system operations are funded by consumer tariffs and a rapid phase-out of natural gas for the benefit of individual heating will leave a bill that must be shared by fewer gas consumers. With- out time for adjustment, this will lead to significant price increases for the remaining gas customers. The costs are assessed to be significantly larger if the phase-out takes place before 2030 instead of after 2035. Green EU energy policy A significant step has been taken towards a common energy policy in the EU with the EU Energy Union.', 'Green EU energy policy A significant step has been taken towards a common energy policy in the EU with the EU Energy Union. Additional initiatives follow from the European Green Deal, both in terms of renewable energy, energy efficiency and new green technologies such as PtX, hydrogen and CCS/CCU. Our international links and electricity grid connect Denmark closely to our neighbouring countries, and the steadily increasing Accelerated transition of oil and gas boilers Emissions from oil and gas boilers are estimated to be one million tonnes of CO2e in 2030 (according to the sector strategy for energy and industry of 22 June 2020). A complete phase-out by 2030 through bans is not deemed possible under current EU rules.', 'A complete phase-out by 2030 through bans is not deemed possible under current EU rules. The options and possible alternative initiatives will be dis- cussed in more detail as agreed in the sector strategy. A complete phase-out of the remaining oil and gas boilers by 2030 will also incur derived tax losses on the state under current tax rules. Under the sector strategy, a CO2 reduction of 0.7 million tonnes of CO2 from phasing out of oil and gas boilers thus results in total tax losses of DKK 1.9 billion up to 2030.', 'Under the sector strategy, a CO2 reduction of 0.7 million tonnes of CO2 from phasing out of oil and gas boilers thus results in total tax losses of DKK 1.9 billion up to 2030. Transitioning the remaining oil and gas boilers to other heating forms by 2030 as well as using requirements, bans or the like will lead to higher tax losses, possi- bly prompting a need to allocate additional subsidies.RE availability in both Denmark and the EU engenders a requirement for common European solutions to safeguard a cost-effective green transition of our energy sys- tem.', 'Transitioning the remaining oil and gas boilers to other heating forms by 2030 as well as using requirements, bans or the like will lead to higher tax losses, possi- bly prompting a need to allocate additional subsidies.RE availability in both Denmark and the EU engenders a requirement for common European solutions to safeguard a cost-effective green transition of our energy sys- tem. The energy renovation wave and the “Energy efficiency first principle” in the EU The Government supports the Green Deal’s “energy efficiency first principle”, which makes energy efficiency key for cost-effective energy policy-making in the EU, and the European Commission’s proposed energy renovation wave and the Commis- sion s emphasis on energy-efficiency standards as a crucial element. This entails enormous potential exports for Danish companies.', 'This entails enormous potential exports for Danish companies. The Government is working for stricter EU requirements for the energy efficiency of products and for targeting en- ergy-efficiency efforts particularly at reducing fossil energy. Box 22 summarises the individual heating initiatives taken so far. Electric and district heating – excess heat, green district heating and phasing out coal In 2018, the district heating sector (including CHPs producing electricity and heat) emitted 8.5 million tonnes of CO2e (not including emissions from waste incinera- tion). The emissions are expected to be reduced to 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 if no additional initiatives are implemented.', 'The emissions are expected to be reduced to 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 if no additional initiatives are implemented. The remaining emissions are Overview of main individual heating initiatives Measures: · The electric heat tax will be reduced to minimum EU rates · Mandatory consumer connection to the natural gas grid will be eliminated and the socio-economic requirement will be adjusted (see also box about main initiatives for district heating) · Subsidy pools for phasing out oil and gas-fired boilers from 2020, including a pool for disconnec- tion from the natural gas grid and roll-out of district heating.', 'The remaining emissions are Overview of main individual heating initiatives Measures: · The electric heat tax will be reduced to minimum EU rates · Mandatory consumer connection to the natural gas grid will be eliminated and the socio-economic requirement will be adjusted (see also box about main initiatives for district heating) · Subsidy pools for phasing out oil and gas-fired boilers from 2020, including a pool for disconnec- tion from the natural gas grid and roll-out of district heating. · Initiatives targeted at consumer safety and safe implementation · Energy-efficiency improvements · Development initiatives: · Study of whether a special loan scheme can be set up for individuals without access to funding · Effort to map oil and gas boilers in municipal and regional buildings · Analysis of potential for phasing out oil and natural gas from household heating · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· Initiatives targeted at consumer safety and safe implementation · Energy-efficiency improvements · Development initiatives: · Study of whether a special loan scheme can be set up for individuals without access to funding · Effort to map oil and gas boilers in municipal and regional buildings · Analysis of potential for phasing out oil and natural gas from household heating · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The se- lection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as business and research strengths and potentials. The themes include energy-efficient buildings, for instance, and the funds can thus support the development of solutions to reduce energy consumption and poten- tially CO2e emissions.', 'The themes include energy-efficient buildings, for instance, and the funds can thus support the development of solutions to reduce energy consumption and poten- tially CO2e emissions. · At European level, the Government is working to strengthen and broaden the EU emission trading system to include areas such as road transport and buildings to improve the consistency of CO2e price signals across sectors and ensure more cost-effective climate regulation. · Energy efficiency is also an EU priority for the Government. The Government is working to aim energy-efficiency efforts particularly at reducing fossil energy consumption so that the effort con- tributes to the EU 2030 climate target and the net zero emissions target by 2050 at the latest.', 'The Government is working to aim energy-efficiency efforts particularly at reducing fossil energy consumption so that the effort con- tributes to the EU 2030 climate target and the net zero emissions target by 2050 at the latest. There are also a range of EU requirements on energy utilities and buildings as well as on energy- using products such as boilers, household appliances, etc., which is a smart and cost-effective path to widespread energy efficiency.', 'There are also a range of EU requirements on energy utilities and buildings as well as on energy- using products such as boilers, household appliances, etc., which is a smart and cost-effective path to widespread energy efficiency. · In Q3 2020, the European Commission is expected to launch a renovation wave initiative that will contribute to at least doubling the rate of renovation with guidance on the application of the en- ergy efficiency first principle to follow in 2021.mainly attributable to the firing of natural gas and oil for peak and reserve-load pro- duction of heat and combined heat and power. Though technically possible, the costs of an accelerated transition of the last emis- sions can be relatively high.', 'Though technically possible, the costs of an accelerated transition of the last emis- sions can be relatively high. Initiatives affecting CHPs can also affect the reliability of electricity supply due to the close integration of the Danish power and heating systems. It is challenging that the sector is characterised by limited competition and outdated regulation. It is important that the framework conditions for the district heating sector support giving households and the business community access to green district heating at consumer-friendly prices. This is one of the reasons why the sector strategy for en- ergy and industry initiates a modernisation of the sector s production commitments, which will give district heating producers a greater say over their own investments.', 'This is one of the reasons why the sector strategy for en- ergy and industry initiates a modernisation of the sector s production commitments, which will give district heating producers a greater say over their own investments. This includes phasing out the combined heat and power requirement and the fuel commitment to natural gas. An analysis will also be launched to illustrate the conse- quences of a possible ban on oil and natural gas for district heat production from 2030, including possible consequences for reliability of supply, electricity and heating prices. A large number of the major coal-fired CHPs have already been converted to or re- placed by biomass-fired blocks.', 'A large number of the major coal-fired CHPs have already been converted to or re- placed by biomass-fired blocks. This development is promoted through financial in- centives, including subsidies for biomass-generated power (“15 øre” (DKK 0.15)), and the option for the heating and power sectors to agree on cost allocation. Invest- ment decisions and plans are also in place for the remaining plants that use coal as their primary fuel, involving the expected phasing out of coal from electricity and heat production by the end of 2028. It is expected that coal will be phased out at the Fynsværket power station and Ørsted’s power stations in 2022 and 2023, re- spectively, whereas the Nordjyllandsværket CHP plans to phase out the use of coal in 2028.', 'It is expected that coal will be phased out at the Fynsværket power station and Ørsted’s power stations in 2022 and 2023, re- spectively, whereas the Nordjyllandsværket CHP plans to phase out the use of coal in 2028. It is generally the case that an accelerated phase-out is deemed to entail relatively high costs that can increase heating costs for consumers, and there may be technical challenges of meeting large-scale heating requirements without the use of fossil fuels. Biomass represents most of the RE solutions (primarily in the form of straw, wood pellets and wood chips). The Climate partnerships have recommended a statutory framework for sustainable biomass to ensure, among other things, that biomass gen- uinely contributes to CO2 reduction and complies with the biodiversity requirements.', 'The Climate partnerships have recommended a statutory framework for sustainable biomass to ensure, among other things, that biomass gen- uinely contributes to CO2 reduction and complies with the biodiversity requirements. The parties to the sector strategy for energy and industry agree to make statutory requirements for the sustainability of wood biomass for energy and documentation and verification requirements to maximise the sustainability of electricity and heat production with due regard to reliability of supply.In the specific case, the utilisation of excess heat can be an effective and inexpen- sive way to displace fossil fuels in the district heating sector.', 'The parties to the sector strategy for energy and industry agree to make statutory requirements for the sustainability of wood biomass for energy and documentation and verification requirements to maximise the sustainability of electricity and heat production with due regard to reliability of supply.In the specific case, the utilisation of excess heat can be an effective and inexpen- sive way to displace fossil fuels in the district heating sector. With the sector strat- egy for energy and industry, the parties agree to lower the electrical heating tax to the EU minimum rates thereby eliminating the tax on electricity-based excess heat.', 'With the sector strat- egy for energy and industry, the parties agree to lower the electrical heating tax to the EU minimum rates thereby eliminating the tax on electricity-based excess heat. The excess heat tax will also be eliminated if the excess heat is certified or subject to a similar agreement scheme that ensures energy-efficiency improvements at the excess heat provider. The parties also confirm the agreement on excess heat of 28 March 2019, including the price adjustment of excess heat. Box 24 summarises the initiatives taken in the area of district heating so far.', 'Box 24 summarises the initiatives taken in the area of district heating so far. Electricity and district heating – green power The power sector’s role in the green transition is to generate sufficient RE-based electricity to also enable other sectors to phase out the use of fossil energy sources. The power sector has already been very successful at achieving the green transition as Denmark’s electricity consumption is expected to be made up of 100% green power by 2027. The power sector emissions are thereby extremely limited, Accelerated transition of district heat production The Nordjyllandsværket CHP uses coal to generate power and district heating in Aalborg.', 'The power sector emissions are thereby extremely limited, Accelerated transition of district heat production The Nordjyllandsværket CHP uses coal to generate power and district heating in Aalborg. There are plans to shut down the plant by the end of 2028, and advancing the closure to 2025 will result in additional costs. Firstly, the plant has debts that will not be written off by 2025. Secondly, moving investments forward in the district heat production plants that will replace heat production from Nordjyllandsværket will result in added costs. Aalborg Municipality estimates the total costs of moving investments forward to be DKK 500 million. This cost must be shouldered by heating consumers in Aalborg, unless the state subsidises the conversion, which will entail a significant cost for the state.', 'This cost must be shouldered by heating consumers in Aalborg, unless the state subsidises the conversion, which will entail a significant cost for the state. On top of this, the tax loss to the state is estimated to be DKK 100–150 million. Overview of main initiatives in the area of district heating Measures: · The district heating sector production bindings will be modernised, including removing the fuel binding to natural gas and the CHP requirement. The socio-economic requirement will also be adjusted so that district heating projects can be approved without having to provide compari- sons with fossil alternatives. · The obligation to purchase district heating will be modernised to facilitate higher utilisation of excess heat and own RE production.', '· The obligation to purchase district heating will be modernised to facilitate higher utilisation of excess heat and own RE production. · The electrical heating tax will be reduced to the EU minimum rates, which involves eliminating the tax on electricity-based excess heat. The excess heat tax will be eliminated if the excess heat is certified or subject to a similar agreement scheme that ensures energy-efficiency im- provements at the excess heat provider. · The agreement on increased utilisation of excess heat of 28 March 2019 is confirmed, including a price adjustment of excess heat.', '· The agreement on increased utilisation of excess heat of 28 March 2019 is confirmed, including a price adjustment of excess heat. Development initiatives: · An analysis will be launched to illustrate the consequences of a possible ban against oil and natural gas for district heat production from 2030, including for security of supply, electricity and heating prices. · A study will be made of consequences of restricting consumption of biomass for electricity and heat production. · An annual amount of DKK 2 million will be allocated for supporting initiatives in 2021 and 2022. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '· The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as busi- ness and research strengths and potentials and include, for instance, intelligent solutions for integrating RE in heating production.mainly deriving from peak loads (a total of 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e from electrical and district heating by 2030). An additional expansion of RE power production com- pared to what is already expected to be constructed up to 2030 will therefore not in itself lead to additional greenhouse gas reductions in the power sector but may contribute to reducing emissions in other sectors by means of conversion. The many peak-load units (e.g. gas turbines, diesel-powered generators, etc.)', 'gas turbines, diesel-powered generators, etc.) in the electricity area are only rarely in operation but play a major role in the reliability of power supply when consumption exceeds production, e.g. at times when the wind is not blowing and the sun is not shining. This means that it may be necessary to maintain peak-load units in the power system during a transitional period to safe- guard the power supply until we have suitable technologies and storage solutions and until the consumption of power is made more flexible. Emissions may be miti- gated, if necessary, by the use of non-fossil fuels such as bio-oil and green gas, but at a significantly higher cost than current fossil fuels.', 'Emissions may be miti- gated, if necessary, by the use of non-fossil fuels such as bio-oil and green gas, but at a significantly higher cost than current fossil fuels. An analysis on the effects on security of power supply from the initiatives in the sector strategy for energy and in- dustry of 22 June will examine these matters more closely. The scope for further expansion of onshore wind power and solar power is mainly limited by geography, including considerations for citizens and the possibilities for getting approval for locations. At the end of 2019, the Government and a broad par- liamentary majority agreed to improve conditions for neighbours of future RE instal- lations to increase local support for a continued expansion of onshore RE.', 'At the end of 2019, the Government and a broad par- liamentary majority agreed to improve conditions for neighbours of future RE instal- lations to increase local support for a continued expansion of onshore RE. It was decided in the climate agreement for energy and industry to increase two of the RE schemes (Green Pool and RE bonus). The grid may eventually become a limiting factor for the expansion of onshore RE. A prerequisite for increasing power consumption is that the electrical grid must be able to convey sufficient power to sustain traditional power consumption as well as new types of consumption (such as heating and transport) and maintain compara- tively high security of supply in spite of changed consumption patterns and produc- tion forms.', 'A prerequisite for increasing power consumption is that the electrical grid must be able to convey sufficient power to sustain traditional power consumption as well as new types of consumption (such as heating and transport) and maintain compara- tively high security of supply in spite of changed consumption patterns and produc- tion forms. This not only requires reinforcements of the existing grid, but also im- proved grid utilisation with focus on flexibility of consumption and production. As the first country in the world, Denmark will embark on a new era of offshore wind expansion with a paradigm shift from individual offshore wind farms to energy islands by 2030 in order to create the energy sector of the future.', 'As the first country in the world, Denmark will embark on a new era of offshore wind expansion with a paradigm shift from individual offshore wind farms to energy islands by 2030 in order to create the energy sector of the future. This will secure more effi- cient utilisation of non-coastal offshore wind resources and a relatively smaller need for new land-based power pylons. It can support an electrification of Denmark and contribute to Europe’s green transition by means of Danish export and pan-European integration of electricity markets. The sector strategy for energy and industry provides for the establishment of two energy islands by 2030.', 'The sector strategy for energy and industry provides for the establishment of two energy islands by 2030. One island will be established in the North Sea with 3 GW of offshore wind power connected and space for at least 10 GW in the long term, while Bornholm will be made a Baltic Sea energy island by connecting up to 2 GWof offshore wind power. An already adopted 1 GW offshore wind farm at Hesselø will also be moved forward and is scheduled for grid connection in 2027 instead of 2028. The total expansion of 6 GW is three times larger than Denmark’s current offshore wind capacity.', 'The total expansion of 6 GW is three times larger than Denmark’s current offshore wind capacity. The expansion of onshore renewable energy will also be continued, with decisions already in place for significant additional green power expansion in Denmark. It is essential that we can also utilise all this green power. The power grid must be able to keep up with the increasing supply of green power and the higher demand, and the Government will therefore present initiatives to continue the grid expansion. A tightly meshed energy market with a cost-effective renewable energy expansion The Government is working for the EU to maintain and further develop the Euro- pean electricity market, thus ensuring cross-border energy supplies.', 'A tightly meshed energy market with a cost-effective renewable energy expansion The Government is working for the EU to maintain and further develop the Euro- pean electricity market, thus ensuring cross-border energy supplies. The integration of our energy markets can increase the volume of renewable energy while main- taining high security of supply. This will require intensified cooperation across bor- ders, both onshore and offshore. The EU has identified a need for offshore wind power of up to 450 GW by 2050 in order to keep climate-changed induced temperature rises below 1.5 °C. This is a twentyfold increase of the current capacity.', 'This is a twentyfold increase of the current capacity. Denmark is working with the other EU countries to define a framework for offshore wind expansion in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in order to exploit this potential. In this context, the future Danish en- ergy islands are aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy in Europe while also tying the member states even closer together. The EU’s coming strategy for offshore wind power is also important for Denmark due to our unique positions of strength in this field and our ambitious offshore wind expansion plans in the coming years.', 'The EU’s coming strategy for offshore wind power is also important for Denmark due to our unique positions of strength in this field and our ambitious offshore wind expansion plans in the coming years. The future revision of the TEN-E Regulation will also help improve European power and gas energy infrastructures to facilitate easier transport of renewable energy from the north, such as North Sea and Baltic Sea wind power, across the borders to areas in Europe with a high demand for en- ergy and a challenging security of supply. Box 25 summarises the initiatives taken so far for electrical power. Overview of the main initiatives in the area of electricity Measures: · Transition to market-driven expansion of solar cells and onshore wind power.', 'Overview of the main initiatives in the area of electricity Measures: · Transition to market-driven expansion of solar cells and onshore wind power. Public tender procedures for onshore wind power, solar power and other green technologies will continue until 2021, and the support requirement will be analysed to qualify subsidy requirements in the future. · Support for testing and demonstration. An additional DKK 237 million will be set aside for ex- perimental turbines in 2021-2024, with an analysis of how to best support frameworks for test- ing and demonstration in the future. · Administrative barriers will be removed to enable enterprises to increase their solar energy in- vestments. · Offshore wind turbine expansion. Speeding up farm 2, from the 2018 energy agreement, to be located at Hesselø.', 'Speeding up farm 2, from the 2018 energy agreement, to be located at Hesselø. Development initiatives:Industry The possibilities of reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions depend greatly on the possibilities of converting from fossil fuels to electricity or other forms of renewa- ble energy, as well as the scope for energy-efficiency improvements. The sector strategy for energy and industry therefore allocates DKK 2.5 billion (including derived tax losses) for 2020–2030 for a subsidy pool for electrification and energy-efficiency improvements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the Danish business sec- tor. The greatest potential for electrification is related to production of medium and low- temperature heat of up to 150 degrees Celsius in manufacturing sectors, agriculture, horticulture, etc. Internal industry transport at the companies also offers electrification opportunities.', 'Internal industry transport at the companies also offers electrification opportunities. However, it is a challenge that conversions may represent major in- vestment decisions and that the market price of fossil fuels is relatively low. This means that there is often limited economic incentive to reduce greenhouse gas emis- sions in manufacturing sectors and agriculture. Other industrial areas currently have limited technological possibilities of using power. An example is high-temperature processes as electricity (heat pumps) can- not easily heat to temperatures above 150 degrees Celsius (e.g. production of con- crete, metal processes, etc.). The electrification of these industrial processing ele- ments’ energy consumption will require continued technological developments in the use of industrial heat pumps.', 'The electrification of these industrial processing ele- ments’ energy consumption will require continued technological developments in the use of industrial heat pumps. In addition, certain production processes require direct firing with a fuel, which would exclude the use of electricity. The biggest po- tential reductions for these production processes is currently within energy-effi- ciency improvements and the possible increased use of green gases, which is why the sector strategy allocates a total of DKK 12.8 billion over a twenty-year period for a new subsidy scheme for biogas and other green gases that can be used where electrification is not an option.', 'The biggest po- tential reductions for these production processes is currently within energy-effi- ciency improvements and the possible increased use of green gases, which is why the sector strategy allocates a total of DKK 12.8 billion over a twenty-year period for a new subsidy scheme for biogas and other green gases that can be used where electrification is not an option. The climate partnership for energy and utilities and the climate partnership for energy-intensive industry point to enlarging the produc- tion of biogas as a necessary tool for reaching the 70% reduction target. · Establishment of the world’s first energy islands. Establishment of offshore 3 GW and 2 GW wind farms.', 'Establishment of offshore 3 GW and 2 GW wind farms. Green power from energy islands and other sources will be used directly but even- tually also converted into sustainable fuels (Power-to-X) that can decarbonise sectors which are unable to use the power directly, e.g. aviation, most heavy-duty transport, certain industrial processes, etc. · The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as busi- ness and research strengths and potentials. The themes include cost-effective renewable en- ergy technologies for energy production with a potential to eventually reduce emissions in the industrial and transport sectors.', 'The themes include cost-effective renewable en- ergy technologies for energy production with a potential to eventually reduce emissions in the industrial and transport sectors. · Entering into one or more partnerships with Denmark’s neighbouring countries about interna- tional links to ensure the establishment and profitability of the energy islands. · Denmark participates actively in the North Seas Energy Cooperation (NSEC) with eight other countries and the Commission to expand offshore wind and grid development in the North Sea. Under the Danish presidency in December 2019, a new work programme for NSEC was adopted, and, at the ministerial meeting in July 2020, the countries agreed on a joint declara- tion on the importance of offshore wind power for combating climate change.', 'Under the Danish presidency in December 2019, a new work programme for NSEC was adopted, and, at the ministerial meeting in July 2020, the countries agreed on a joint declara- tion on the importance of offshore wind power for combating climate change. In the declara- tion, the North Sea countries also encourage the European Commission to develop a legisla- tive framework for cost-effective promotion of wind power. · Influence the European Commission to develop a legislative framework for cost-effective pro- motion of wind power.The guiding principles of the Climate Act require the 70% reduction target to be achieved while taking into consideration issues such as cost-effectiveness, sustain- able business development, Danish competitiveness and jobs.', '· Influence the European Commission to develop a legislative framework for cost-effective pro- motion of wind power.The guiding principles of the Climate Act require the 70% reduction target to be achieved while taking into consideration issues such as cost-effectiveness, sustain- able business development, Danish competitiveness and jobs. Reduction initiatives for industrial greenhouse gas emissions must also ensure real domestic reductions and not just cause greenhouse gas emission to move out of Denmark. Ensuring a level playing field for companies across borders is thus key for promoting ambitious international regulations in the climate area. Box 27 summarises the initiatives taken in the area of industrial activities so far.', 'Box 27 summarises the initiatives taken in the area of industrial activities so far. Accelerated transition of industrial activities There is currently only a limited number of manufacturing companies (10-15) that still use coal in their pro- duction. In 2018, they used a total of 5.2 PJ of coal, equating to 6% of the total energy used in manufacturing sectors. A small number of farms and horticultural businesses also used coal, totalling 0.4 PJ of coal in 2018. Together, emissions from burning coal make up 1.1 million tonnes of CO2 for manufacturing companies and 0.04 million tons of CO2 for agriculture. Many of the companies using coal require high-temperature heat, so conversion to power through heat pumps is not an alternative.', 'Many of the companies using coal require high-temperature heat, so conversion to power through heat pumps is not an alternative. Conversion to power, biogas, waste or, initially, natural gas is a possible alter- native to coal. However, the import price of coal is comparatively low compared to alternative fuels. Con- version to gas also requires it to be available to the company, and the company s location must therefore facilitate connection to the gas grid. A ban on the use of coal in industry and businesses in 2025 will there- fore entail business-economic consequences that can undermine competitiveness due to higher fuel prices.', 'A ban on the use of coal in industry and businesses in 2025 will there- fore entail business-economic consequences that can undermine competitiveness due to higher fuel prices. This can slow down production and result in possible shutdowns as well as carbon leakage effects with production and thus emissions shifting to other countries that possibly have lower standards for cli- mate-friendly production.', 'This can slow down production and result in possible shutdowns as well as carbon leakage effects with production and thus emissions shifting to other countries that possibly have lower standards for cli- mate-friendly production. Overview of main initiatives in the area of industrial activities Measures: - Green transition and higher energy-efficiency improvements of the fossil production in the busi- ness sector DKK 2.5 billion has been set aside towards 2030, targeted at conversions away from fossil en- ergy, subsidies for energy-efficiency improvements of processes, etc., that cannot currently be converted into electrical power, as well as electrification and energy-efficiency improvements of internal transport (forklift trucks, tractors, etc.) in manufacturing industries, agriculture, etc.', 'in manufacturing industries, agriculture, etc. - Support for biogas and other green gases DKK 12.8 billion has been set aside over a 20-year period for a new support scheme for biogas and other green gases that can be used where electrification is not possible. Development initiatives: - Analysis of green transition options where electrification is not possible. An analysis will be conducted to identify potentials and barriers to phasing out fossil fuels in in- dustries, including the segments of companies’ that use energy for processing purposes where the possibilities of phasing out fossil fuel is currently limited, e.g. high-temperature processes - The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', 'high-temperature processes - The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as busi- ness and research strengths and potentials. The themes include energy-efficient industrial pro- duction, green fuels and materials for transport and industry that can eventually advance the phasing-out of fossil fuels in industry.The North Sea Exploration and production of oil and gas in the Danish sector of the North Sea lead to emissions that are considered part of business-sector emissions. It is relevant to distinguish between emissions from the actual production process – relating to in- ternal consumption and flaring – and emissions associated with the consumption of the oil and gas produced.', 'It is relevant to distinguish between emissions from the actual production process – relating to in- ternal consumption and flaring – and emissions associated with the consumption of the oil and gas produced. The first are included in the national emissions, whereas the latter are not, as the oil and gas are sold on a global market. Internal consump- tion is energy consumed by the production process whereas flaring covers the di- rect burning of natural gas, etc., for various reasons. Emissions amounted to 2.5 million tonnes of CO2e48 in 2018. Based on the forecast for the continued produc- tion from 2019, emissions are expected to be 2.2 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030.', 'Based on the forecast for the continued produc- tion from 2019, emissions are expected to be 2.2 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. There is a technical potential for reducing emissions from internal consumption by electrifying the production process and through increased efficiency. However, electrifying the production process entails large costs for both the state and the companies. The possible costs to the state are associated with connection to either the land power grid, a future energy island or an independent offshore wind farm. The companies will incur costs for technical modifications at their facilities. Neither the size of the potential nor the exact cost level is known. It is expected that it will not be possible to electrify the entire production process.', 'It is expected that it will not be possible to electrify the entire production process. The latest forecast for the future production of oil and gas from September 2020 in- dicates that Denmark will still be a net oil importer but that we will be net exporters of gas until after 2035, except for 2020 and 2021. Future technologies in the energy and industry sector CC (Carbon Capture) is a common name for a range of technologies that capture carbon directly from the source of emission, for instance in industrial sector and waste incineration plants. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) enables emission re- ductions that are otherwise difficult to achieve, as well as negative emissions.', 'Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) enables emission re- ductions that are otherwise difficult to achieve, as well as negative emissions. The latter is obtained by capturing and storing carbon from sustainable carbon sources or directly from the atmosphere. It is also possible to use the captured carbon for various purposes (Carbon Capture and Utilisation – CCU). This could be the pro- duction of green fuels in which CO2 is coupled with hydrogen produced from renew- able energy (PtX). We have not yet gained experience with CCS in Denmark, but the technology is be- ing used in other countries, such as Norway. The potential for carbon capture from large Danish point sources is extensive but depends on the specific development of the individual sources.', 'The potential for carbon capture from large Danish point sources is extensive but depends on the specific development of the individual sources. It is assessed that the Danish subsoil can potentially accom- modate up to 500 times the current total annual Danish CO2 emissions. The poten- tial for carbon capture in 2030-2040 is difficult to determine precisely and depends on factors such as the development in the sectors for which the technology can be relevant.', 'The poten- tial for carbon capture in 2030-2040 is difficult to determine precisely and depends on factors such as the development in the sectors for which the technology can be relevant. The potential for using the technology as a tool to achieve Denmark’s cli- mate targets is assessed to be able to provide reductions of 4-9 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030 (in addition to the expected reduction from the CCS pool in the sector 48 Source: 2020 Baseline Projection.strategy for energy and industry) in the industrial, energy and waste sectors and by carbon capture from biogas plants. The assessment is based on the expected de- velopments in the individual sectors and will be determined more accurately during the continued efforts in the coming CC(U)S strategy work.', 'The assessment is based on the expected de- velopments in the individual sectors and will be determined more accurately during the continued efforts in the coming CC(U)S strategy work. Carbon capture and storage or use is an efficient societal tool for achieving Den- mark’s climate objectives, but the companies that may be able to use the technol- ogy lack a personal finance incentive to do so. Thus, the financial incentive is cur- rently not big enough to achieve the full reduction potentials of the technologies without subsidy. The sector strategy for energy and industry therefore allocates a market-based funding pool corresponding to DKK 800 million a year, phased in from 2024, for re- ducing CO2 emissions through capture and storage or capture and use.', 'The sector strategy for energy and industry therefore allocates a market-based funding pool corresponding to DKK 800 million a year, phased in from 2024, for re- ducing CO2 emissions through capture and storage or capture and use. The fund- ing pool will run for 20 years and is expected to result in annual CO2 reductions of 0.9 million tonnes by 2030. It is not always possible to use electricity directly, such as in high-temperature pro- cesses in parts of the industry and long-distance flights and shipping routes. This leaves a need to convert power into another end product in order to accelerate the transition of parts of the transport sector, such as aviation, shipping and segments of heavy-duty road transport. Higher electrification towards 2030 can also happen indirectly, i.e.', 'Higher electrification towards 2030 can also happen indirectly, i.e. by converting power to green fuels using different technologies, col- lectively referred to as PtX, which can also constitute an important element in the vision for hybrid projects such as energy islands. Electrolysis (hydrogen production) is technologically mature for market roll-out, but the demand and regulatory setting for green hydrogen are still not sufficient for large-scale expansion. One of the rea- sons for the low demand is that fossil fuels remain more competitive than green hy- drogen and other green gases. Several PtX technologies for converting hydrogen into other types of fuel are transitioning from research to development and demon- stration level whereas others are at a higher stage of technological development.', 'Several PtX technologies for converting hydrogen into other types of fuel are transitioning from research to development and demon- stration level whereas others are at a higher stage of technological development. Subject to considerable uncertainty, it is assessed that PtX has a technical potential to contribute with a reduction of 0.5–3.5 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030 and in the longer term 1.5-7.5 million tonnes of CO2 (including 1-4 million tonnes of CO2 in in- ternational shipping and aviation which are not included in the 70% reduction tar- get). A technical potential means that, CO2 reduction potential is estimated on the basis of technical feasibility. Research and development, up-scaling of the more market-mature technologies and higher demand for e-fuels are needed to realise this potential.', 'Research and development, up-scaling of the more market-mature technologies and higher demand for e-fuels are needed to realise this potential. In addition, it has been agreed under the sector strategy for energy and industry that Denmark must have an overall strategy for PtX and CC(U)S and that at least DKK 750 million must be allocated to a subsidy scheme through public tendering of PtX-projects.Green research missions for both CC(U)S and PtX With the Green Research Strategy, the Government will initiate a mission-based re- search and development effort for both CC(U)S and PtX.', 'In addition, it has been agreed under the sector strategy for energy and industry that Denmark must have an overall strategy for PtX and CC(U)S and that at least DKK 750 million must be allocated to a subsidy scheme through public tendering of PtX-projects.Green research missions for both CC(U)S and PtX With the Green Research Strategy, the Government will initiate a mission-based re- search and development effort for both CC(U)S and PtX. The objective of the CC(U)S mission is for scientists, companies, authorities and other parties to join forces in developing cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can potentially provide reductions, negative emissions and carbon for new climate- neutral materials such as textiles and aviation fuels.', 'The objective of the CC(U)S mission is for scientists, companies, authorities and other parties to join forces in developing cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can potentially provide reductions, negative emissions and carbon for new climate- neutral materials such as textiles and aviation fuels. The objective of the PtX mis- sion is to boost the development of green fuels for transport and industry, see chapter 6. A decarbonised European energy system by means of sector coupling and PtX In order to optimise utilisation of renewable energy and CO2 displacement from the European energy system, the Government has worked to place focus on sector coupling and promotion of renewable PtX/hydrogen in the EU. The European Com- mission has responded to this by presenting strategies for hydrogen and energy system integration.', 'The European Com- mission has responded to this by presenting strategies for hydrogen and energy system integration. The Government will work to maintain focus on technologies and solutions that can contribute to up-scaling and lowering prices of, e.g., produc- tion and continued conversion of renewable hydrogen using Power-to-X technolo- gies. This has the potential to support achieving the 70% reduction target for sec- tors that are difficult to electrify, e.g. heavy transport such as heavy-duty vehicles, planes and vessels as well as energy-intensive industry. Box 28 summarises the initiatives taken so far for future technologies. Overview of main initiatives for future technologies Measures: - Market-based technology-neutral pool of DKK 800 million a year, phased in from 2024 for car- bon capture and storage.', 'Overview of main initiatives for future technologies Measures: - Market-based technology-neutral pool of DKK 800 million a year, phased in from 2024 for car- bon capture and storage. The pool will contribute to cost-effective CO2 reductions by enabling capture and storage. The pool can help reduce those emissions that are otherwise difficult to reduce, and carbon capture and storage from biomass can generate negative emissions. The pool is expected to contribute reductions of 0.9 million tonnes of CO2 per year from 2030 through capture and storage. - Denmark has entered into a partnership with the Netherlands. The partnership will generate revenues for at least DKK 750 million.', 'The partnership will generate revenues for at least DKK 750 million. The revenues will finance a large-scale hydrogen produc- tion (PtX) subsidy scheme that will contribute to driving down hydrogen prices and boost Den- mark’s expertise and competitiveness within the energy sector. Development initiatives: - Overall PtX/CC(U)S strategy. The strategy will support the dissemination and development of green solutions for the future. The Climate partnerships and central stakeholders in relevant sectors will be involved in the work regularly. - Green mission: PtX – Development of green fuels for transport and industry. Develop solutions to convert power from renewable energy sources into products that can be used to reduce emissions from segments of the transport and industrial sector with no cost-effective alterna- tives to fossil energy.', 'Develop solutions to convert power from renewable energy sources into products that can be used to reduce emissions from segments of the transport and industrial sector with no cost-effective alterna- tives to fossil energy. - Green mission: Develop cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage that can be ap- plied to reducing CO2 emissions and creating negative emissions from large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants and biomass-based CHPs. Together with hydrogen generated by renewables, captured CO2 can provide carbon for new climate-neutral solutions. - The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation.', '- The Green Research Strategy lists a number of themes for green research and innovation. The selection of themes is guided by green research requirements and potentials as well as busi- ness and research strengths and potentials and include green fuels and materials for transport and industry, hydrogen production and CCS – Carbon Capture and Storage. - At European level, the Government is promoting a decarbonised European energy system by 2050 with particular focus on increased use of renewable energy and the electrification of fossilAdditional initiatives The sector strategy for energy and industry includes a range of initiatives that to- gether ensure more efficient energy use up to 2030, including subsidies for phasing out oil and gas boilers and transitioning the industry.', '- At European level, the Government is promoting a decarbonised European energy system by 2050 with particular focus on increased use of renewable energy and the electrification of fossilAdditional initiatives The sector strategy for energy and industry includes a range of initiatives that to- gether ensure more efficient energy use up to 2030, including subsidies for phasing out oil and gas boilers and transitioning the industry. The agreement also allocates almost DKK 0.5 billion in the period 2021-2030 for targeted energy-efficiency im- provement efforts. The efforts will include energy-saving standards for central gov- ernment buildings and contribute to taking the energy-efficiency measures into the digital age.', 'The efforts will include energy-saving standards for central gov- ernment buildings and contribute to taking the energy-efficiency measures into the digital age. The Government has also made a number of agreements over the past year that will improve the energy efficiency of buildings, see box 29. In the autumn, the Government will present a strategy for sustainable construction that will help ensure more sustainable and high-quality construction that is also fi- nancially responsible. Table 9 illustrates the varying costs of implementing measures in the energy and industry sector. Electrification and energy-efficiency improvements are often the least expensive path to greenhouse gas reductions in the industry and energy sector, as many of the technologies are tried and tested. Less mature technologies such as CC(U)S and PtX are more cost-intensive.', 'Less mature technologies such as CC(U)S and PtX are more cost-intensive. The reduction potential for CCS is deemed great as it is a well-known technology, and the allocated funds for capture and storage or use are expected to help achieve annual greenhouse gas reductions of 0.9 million tonnes of CO2 from 2030. Tapping the potential requires storage options in or close to Denmark, which are expected to be ready around 2024. energy consumption, such as by using Power-to-X technologies for the production of green hy- drogen and other hydrogen-based products (e-fuels). Power-to-X technologies enable renewa- ble energy to be reconverted into hydrogen, thus helping to decarbonise sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as heavy-duty transport and industry.', 'Power-to-X technologies enable renewa- ble energy to be reconverted into hydrogen, thus helping to decarbonise sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as heavy-duty transport and industry. A European focus on green gases and their reconversion can accelerate technological developments, up-scaling and price reductions of green solutions to the benefit of Danish companies and support the national green transition. Measures in other agreements - Agreement on municipal and regional economies for 2021. Earlier this year, the Government and Local Government Denmark agreed to abolish the investment ceiling for 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis.', 'Earlier this year, the Government and Local Government Denmark agreed to abolish the investment ceiling for 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis. The Government and Local Government Denmark further develop this agree- ment by extraordinarily raising the investment ceiling for 2021 to DKK 21.6 billion, including a DKK 1 billion allowance for green investments, enabling municipalities to make green renova- tions of schools, nursing homes, roads and conduct energy renovations, etc. The Government and Danish Regions have also agreed to extraordinarily raise the regions’ investment ceiling for 2021 by DKK 1 billion for green investments. - Political agreement on green renovation of social housing. In May, the Government made an agreement on green renovation of social housing.', 'In May, the Government made an agreement on green renovation of social housing. The agreement earmarks DKK 30.2 billion from the National Building Foundation for social housing sector renovation in 2020–2026 and secures healthy, up-to-date social housing for the benefit of tenants and the recovery of Den- mark s economy. Green renovations of social housing reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 47,000 tonnes of CO2e and generate 2,200 full-time equivalents in 2020, in- creasing to 5,900 in 2021 and 3,500 in 2022.Joint climate action The business community also contributes to the green transition of energy use and industry. Danish companies are leaders in energy technology and show their deep commitment to cooperating on the continued green transition of business and in- dustry.', 'Danish companies are leaders in energy technology and show their deep commitment to cooperating on the continued green transition of business and in- dustry. The climate partnership for energy-intensive industry has reported a poten- tial for reducing emissions of 30%, for instance. This can be done by switching to green gas, the production of and demand for sustainable solutions, carbon capture from the largest point-source emitters and increased utilisation of excess heat. The climate partnership for energy and utilities also points to a great potential for reduc- tions with a 95% reduction from 1990 to 2030 in the energy and utilities sector, by means of substantial electrification and expansion with renewable energy, etc. Box 30 emphasises other reported business sector reduction initiatives.', 'Box 30 emphasises other reported business sector reduction initiatives. Overview of key measures in the Climate Plan for energy and industry: CO2 e effect and financial consequences Measures Carbon reduction Costs (DKK millions) Shadow price Million tonnes of State House- holds Businesses DKK per tonne of CO2 displaced (with side- effects) (without side-effects) Measures Market-based subsidy pool for CCS Tax changes (space heating higher, electrical heating lower) Phasing out of oil and gas boilers (subsidy, repeal of consumer bind- ing to the natural gas grid, mod- ernisation of the socio-economic requirement and supporting initia- tives) Subsidy pool for industrial CO2 re- ductions Support pool for biogas and other green gases Note: Costs for businesses and households are stated as the support funding with respect to sub- sidy pools. *Compared to current emissions, the fully phased-in partial effect of tax changes is calculated to be 0.6 million tonnes of CO2 , subject to great uncertainty.', '*Compared to current emissions, the fully phased-in partial effect of tax changes is calculated to be 0.6 million tonnes of CO2 , subject to great uncertainty. The uncertainty concerns issues such as the projection of the expected use of fossil fuels in heat produc- tion. Based on the Baseline Projection and coherence with other initiatives, the tax changes are assessed, subject to great uncertainty, to result in emission reductions of 0.35 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030. It is emphasised that the initiative should be seen in a context of the combined package of initiatives in the area of heating and the isolated effect stated is therefore a technical calculation only. The aggregate effects of a heating area package will not necessarily be the sum of the individual initiatives.', 'The aggregate effects of a heating area package will not necessarily be the sum of the individual initiatives. **Marginal shadow price for space heating. The shadow price is negative for electrical heating.Energy-sector efforts - Aalborg Portland has entered into an agreement with the Government under which Aalborg Portland undertakes to reduce CO2 emissions by 0.5 million tonnes and to cooperate on further reductions. - Fynsværket has decided to stop using coal from 2022, providing reductions of upwards of 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. - Ørsted has decided to phase out coal at all plants by 2023.', '- Ørsted has decided to phase out coal at all plants by 2023. - Ørsted has entered into a partnership with other relevant actors and the City of Copenhagen to develop a large-scale plant (1.2 GW electrolysis capacity by 2030) in Greater Copenhagen aimed at generating hydrogen and e-fuels. - Shell and Everfuel are behind the HySynergy project on a large-scale PtX plant at Fredericia refinery (up to 1 GW electrolysis capacity).7.2 Waste sector In the absence of new initiatives, the waste sector will account for 5.4% of total emissions in Denmark by 2030. The Government’s plan for the green transition of the sector follows four tracks.', 'The Government’s plan for the green transition of the sector follows four tracks. Firstly, the Government and a wide circle of parties in the Danish Parliament have reached an agreement on a sector strategy for waste - The Climate Plan for a green waste sector and circular economy, which reduces annual sector emissions by 0.7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and sets out a vi- sion for a climate-neutral waste sector in 2030. The strategy also contains a num- ber of initiatives in the development track. Secondly, the Government s green re- search strategy identifies recycling and reduction of plastic as one of four research missions, and thirdly, Denmark is working for increased recycling in the EU as well.', 'Secondly, the Government s green re- search strategy identifies recycling and reduction of plastic as one of four research missions, and thirdly, Denmark is working for increased recycling in the EU as well. Finally, at the same time, the industry is also making an effort to drive the green transition of the sector. The Climate partnership for waste, water and circular econ- omy has a vision for Denmark to be the world s leading circular economy by 2030 that blazes the trail for climate neutrality by 2050. Figure 27 illustrates the Government’s plan for the green transition in the sector.', 'Figure 27 illustrates the Government’s plan for the green transition in the sector. The sector’s greenhouse gas emissions In the absence of new initiatives, the waste sector is expected to emit 2.3 million tonnes of CO2e in 2030, corresponding to 5.4% of national CO2e emissions. The emissions will come from waste incineration (1.5 million tonnes of CO2e), landfill (0.4 million tonnes of CO2e), biological waste treatment (0.35 million tonnes of CO2e) and the wastewater sector (0.12 million tonnes of CO2e). Figure 28 shows the sources of waste sector emissions. The Government’s approach to transition of the waste sectorMost waste sector emissions come from the incineration of waste, in other words.', 'The Government’s approach to transition of the waste sectorMost waste sector emissions come from the incineration of waste, in other words. There are two main barriers to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste in- cineration today: 1) The existing framework conditions in the sector have resulted in significant excess capacity for waste incineration and hampered investments in re- cycling plants; and 2) not enough waste is sorted out for recycling, and too much is sent for incineration, partly because the municipalities currently have different col- lection schemes, which result in small and varied waste flows for recycling. It is necessary to address both challenges simultaneously to achieve reductions in the incineration sector.', 'It is necessary to address both challenges simultaneously to achieve reductions in the incineration sector. Based on this, the Government and the following parties in the Danish Parliament: Venstre (The Liberal Party of Denmark), Radikale Venstre (The Danish Social-Lib- eral Party), Socialistisk Folkeparti (The Socialist People s Party), Enhedslisten (The Red-Green Alliance), Det Konservative Folkeparti (The Conservative People’s Party) Liberal Alliance (The Liberal Alliance) and Alternativet (The Alternative) in June 2020 reached an agreement on a sector strategy for waste – The Climate plan for a green waste sector and circular economy.', 'Based on this, the Government and the following parties in the Danish Parliament: Venstre (The Liberal Party of Denmark), Radikale Venstre (The Danish Social-Lib- eral Party), Socialistisk Folkeparti (The Socialist People s Party), Enhedslisten (The Red-Green Alliance), Det Konservative Folkeparti (The Conservative People’s Party) Liberal Alliance (The Liberal Alliance) and Alternativet (The Alternative) in June 2020 reached an agreement on a sector strategy for waste – The Climate plan for a green waste sector and circular economy. The strategy sets out a vision for a climate-neutral waste sector by 2030 and for 80% of Danish plastic waste to avoid incineration by 2030 and for turning the waste curve in the direction of less waste, less wastage and more recycling.', 'The strategy sets out a vision for a climate-neutral waste sector by 2030 and for 80% of Danish plastic waste to avoid incineration by 2030 and for turning the waste curve in the direction of less waste, less wastage and more recycling. There are also a number of initiatives for increased and streamlined waste sorting, increased recycling and adjustment of incineration capacity, see box 31. What will be the source of waste sector greenhouse gas emissions in 2030? Note: *The sub-components stated with one decimal place sum up to 2.3 million tonnes of CO2e and not the total emissions of 2.4 million tonnes of CO2e. This is due to rounding.', 'This is due to rounding. Source: The Danish Energy AgencyFurthermore, the strategy is expected to result in approximately 65% less plastic waste in incineration plants by 2030 compared to 2020. The strategy accommodates a number of the recommendations made by the Climate partnership for waste, water and circular economy, including streamlined waste sorting, mandatory waste collec- tion and market access to recyclable waste. Waste incineration Fossil CO2 emissions from waste incineration mainly come from incineration of Danish plastic waste and imported plastic waste. For that reason, the emissions can be reduced, partly by adjusting the capacity at the waste incineration plants to the volume of national waste, and partly by reducing the amount of waste, and sort- ing more waste, including plastic, in order to increase recycling.', 'For that reason, the emissions can be reduced, partly by adjusting the capacity at the waste incineration plants to the volume of national waste, and partly by reducing the amount of waste, and sort- ing more waste, including plastic, in order to increase recycling. The specific measures in the sector strategy for waste are associated with varying levels of additional costs compared to waste incineration, see table 10.', 'The specific measures in the sector strategy for waste are associated with varying levels of additional costs compared to waste incineration, see table 10. The shadow prices for the individual measures vary, as can be seen in table 10, and the shadow prices are negative for several measures due to the strategy removing a number of Overview of the key elements in Climate plan for a green waste sector and circular economy · Increased and streamlined waste sorting The Danes must sort their waste in the same way at home or at work, regardless of where they live. The sorting comprises ten types of waste, and both households and businesses must use the same sorting guidelines and waste pictograms.', 'The sorting comprises ten types of waste, and both households and businesses must use the same sorting guidelines and waste pictograms. · Increased recycling of plastic waste A requirement will be introduced for at least a 60% recycling rate for collected plastic waste, and sector partnerships with the restaurant industry and the agriculture and construction sectors will be initiated. · A strong recycling sector The waste flows from households and businesses are collected and organised more uniformly. The framework conditions for the waste sector must be set up to encourage investment in recycling facili- ties rather than incineration plants.', 'The framework conditions for the waste sector must be set up to encourage investment in recycling facili- ties rather than incineration plants. · Less incineration and less import of waste for incineration The capacity of Danish incineration plants must be reduced to match Denmark’s volume of waste which is expected to decrease as the Danes begin sorting more waste for recycling. Selected development initiatives: · Analysis of waste taxes An analysis will be launched into how taxes on waste can support additional CO2e-reductions in the waste sector and the transition to a circular economy. · Partnership A partnership will established to support the use of new technologies and digital solutions in the waste sector that can increase waste recycling.', '· Partnership A partnership will established to support the use of new technologies and digital solutions in the waste sector that can increase waste recycling. · Increasing the share of recycled plastic Work will be initiated to look at possibilities of increasing the share of recycled plastic in new prod- ucts.barriers to efficient operation and use of resources, which helps reduce the costs of the green transition. Overview of central measures in the sector strategy for waste: CO2 e reduction effect and finan- cial consequences e reduction Costs (DKK millions) – 2030 Shadow price Million tonnes State Municipal costs* Busi- nesses** DKK per dis- placed tonne of CO2 (with side- effects) Measures 1. New organisation of the waste sector 2. Streamlining of sorting and collection of the industry s household-like waste 3.', 'Streamlining of sorting and collection of the industry s household-like waste 3. Streamlining and mandatory collection schemes for house- hold waste - including synergy effects with existing schemes and efficiency gains (2% efficiency gain – be- haviour) - - 4. Streamlining with mandatory collection scheme for house- hold s textile waste*** 6. Removing bulk waste from the incineration plant 7. More direct reuse and clear rules for municipal second-hand shops 8. Requirement of lower loss rates for recycling of plastic 9. 50% reduction target for cer- tain plastic take-away food pack- aging by 2026 10. National implementation of extended producer responsibility for packaging 11. Increased recycling of plastic from the agricultural sector 12. Increased recycling of plastic in the construction sector 13. New model for waste super- visory authority to ensure in- creased recycling 14.', 'New model for waste super- visory authority to ensure in- creased recycling 14. Productivity gain from in- creased recycling of plastic from the synergy effects of getting clear rules for the sector, allow- ing market access to both household and business waste and increasing and streamlining waste flows. 15. Voluntary return schemes for companies that want to take back their own products - - - <10 - 16. Standardised demolition plans for construction - - - <10 - 17. Cap on nitrous oxide emis- sions from large treatment plants*** Subtotal including redistribution for producer responsibility Total excluding redistributionNote: Minus indicates a gain, plus indicates a cost. The consequences are stated for 2025 and 2030, 2020 prices. *Municipal costs comprise both costs to waste actors and municipalities passed on to citizens in the form of charges.', '*Municipal costs comprise both costs to waste actors and municipalities passed on to citizens in the form of charges. **The costs for the business sector are partially passed on to consumers through pricing. *** The shadow price is not included in the total shadow price **** As there have only been minor pilot tests of collecting textile waste from citizens, the underlying data are not good enough for computing the economic consequences of the initiative. It is currently difficult to remove all waste sector emissions of greenhouse gases, because even with increased recycling, there will still be residual waste containing fossil carbon that has to be incinerated.', 'It is currently difficult to remove all waste sector emissions of greenhouse gases, because even with increased recycling, there will still be residual waste containing fossil carbon that has to be incinerated. It is expected that there will still be recyclable waste in residual waste from households and business, and there are currently prod- ucts containing plastics that are difficult to separate from other materials (e.g. dis- posable diapers or combined packaging). Ideally, the Danish waste for incineration will eventually mainly contain waste with environmentally problematic substances, clinical risk waste and other waste that is not suitable for recycling and cannot be deposited in landfills.', 'Ideally, the Danish waste for incineration will eventually mainly contain waste with environmentally problematic substances, clinical risk waste and other waste that is not suitable for recycling and cannot be deposited in landfills. It may therefore be necessary to capture and either store or use (CCS and CCU) greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration in order for the sector to move towards climate neutrality. In addition, the development of product design and treat- ment technologies can lead to improved sorting and more recycling of plastic waste. If improved sorting and recycling technologies are developed, it will help to achieve climate neutrality in the sector. Recycling of plastics is a mission in the Government s green research strategy, see the below section on future green solutions in the waste area.', 'Recycling of plastics is a mission in the Government s green research strategy, see the below section on future green solutions in the waste area. Landfill Landfill facilities are expected to emit approximately 0.4 million tonnes of CO2e in 2030. Around 3% of total waste generated in Denmark is deposited in landfills, cor- responding to about 416,000 tonnes of waste in 2018. Today, landfill sites are only used if the waste cannot be prepared for reuse, recycling or incineration. Examples include asbestos from roofs and ceilings, soft PVC plastics and contaminated soil. Prior to 1997, it was allowed to deposit combustible waste in Denmark, including organic waste that generates methane in oxygen-free conditions.', 'Prior to 1997, it was allowed to deposit combustible waste in Denmark, including organic waste that generates methane in oxygen-free conditions. It is assessed that there will be a CO2e reduction of 76% in 2030 compared to 1990 without additional policy action. The reduction is mainly due to the 1997 ban, which means that old waste disposal sites are slowly degassing, thereby emitting gradually less CO2 and methane. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has a current bio-cover scheme aimed at reducing emissions from Danish landfill sites. However, the potential for establishing bio-covers is far lower than originally expected as the methane emis- sions have proved to be lower than expected at several of the sites examined.', 'However, the potential for establishing bio-covers is far lower than originally expected as the methane emis- sions have proved to be lower than expected at several of the sites examined. In- vestigations have also been made of various models for imposing specific reduction requirements on the landfill sites. The models examined were expected to provide reductions of about 0.011 and 0.045 million tonnes of CO2e and result in additionalcosts of DKK 67-362 million in the period 2024-2027. Considering the downward trend in emissions already seen, it is expected to be cost-intensive to make specific reduction requirements of the smaller landfill sites in particular, and the real effect will also be subject to widespread uncertainty.', 'Considering the downward trend in emissions already seen, it is expected to be cost-intensive to make specific reduction requirements of the smaller landfill sites in particular, and the real effect will also be subject to widespread uncertainty. The sector strategy for waste therefore launches alternative initiatives that are ex- pected to result in local socio-economic reduction initiatives at landfills and waste treatment facilities. The initiatives involve dialogue with municipalities and sites about implementation of CO2e reduction initiatives, clarification of the possibility of implementing and incorporating these initiatives in the charges and guidance mate- rial to support the effort. Biological waste management Biological treatment of waste will lead to emissions of 0.35 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 in the form of methane, CO2 and nitrous oxide.', 'Biological waste management Biological treatment of waste will lead to emissions of 0.35 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 in the form of methane, CO2 and nitrous oxide. Approximately 0.2 million tonnes of CO2e come from composting. Composting of garden and park waste makes up more than 80% of the emissions from composting. The possibility of imposing requirements on incineration of garden and park waste has been examined, as incineration of organic matter is considered as carbon-neu- tral. Incineration of certain types of garden and park waste is in contravention of the Waste Directive and may potentially have adverse environmental consequences and make it difficult to meet the EU recycling targets.', 'Incineration of certain types of garden and park waste is in contravention of the Waste Directive and may potentially have adverse environmental consequences and make it difficult to meet the EU recycling targets. The possibility of bio-gasifica- tion of garden and park waste has also been examined, but not all garden and park waste is suitable for decomposition in biogas plants. Instead, the sector strategy for waste sets in motion a detailed analysis of the area in order to identify initiatives that can ensure greenhouse gas emission reductions from garden and park waste of at least 20%. The remaining 0.1 million tonnes of CO2e emissions from biological treatment of waste come from leakage from biogas plants49.', 'The remaining 0.1 million tonnes of CO2e emissions from biological treatment of waste come from leakage from biogas plants49. Biogas Denmark established a vol- untary measurement programme for methane leakage from biogas plants in 2016 under which the plants use measurements and systematic self-monitoring to iden- tify and reduce their methane leakage. The programme aims to achieve a level of total leakage below 1% of the biogas production by 2020. In extension of this, the Danish Energy Agency has started a comprehensive measurement programme to determine the loss to qualify an assessment of whether statutory requirements are needed. In this connection, it is assessed how and when demands can be made to minimise methane leakage.', 'In this connection, it is assessed how and when demands can be made to minimise methane leakage. 49It is noted that the Baseline Projection for emissions of leakage from biogas plants in 2030 of 0.1 mil- lion tonnes CO2 e already takes into account the effect of the Energy Agency’s measurement programme and a possible future statutory requirement of minimising leakage from biogas plants.Wastewater Treatment of wastewater will lead to emissions of 0.12 million tonnes of CO2e in 2030 in the form of methane and nitrous oxide at the current values50. Nitrous oxide emissions from treatment plant processes are by far the largest contributor of CO2e emissions from the water sector.', 'Nitrous oxide emissions from treatment plant processes are by far the largest contributor of CO2e emissions from the water sector. Studies show that there are relatively low costs associated with improving process management and reducing nitrous oxide losses at treatments plants. The sector strategy for waste therefore introduces threshold values for emissions of nitrous oxide from plants that treat wastewater corresponding to the discharge of waste from at least 30,000 people (PE). The threshold values comprise some 65% of the wastewater volumes and 75% of nitrous gas emissions from the process. Discussions will be held by no later than 2025 with the parties to the agreement about possibly reducing the threshold from 30,000 person equivalents (PE) to a lower level, based on the lessons learned.', 'Discussions will be held by no later than 2025 with the parties to the agreement about possibly reducing the threshold from 30,000 person equivalents (PE) to a lower level, based on the lessons learned. The initiative is expected to bring about reductions of 0.02 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 at a shadow price of DKK 504 per displaced CO2e, see the above table 10. Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater overflows will also be analysed. Potential measures for treatment of the methane loss from septic tanks have also been examined. However, the figure for methane loss from septic tanks is very uncertain, and the initiatives are expected to have little effect, be cost-intensive and have a socially imbalanced impact.', 'However, the figure for methane loss from septic tanks is very uncertain, and the initiatives are expected to have little effect, be cost-intensive and have a socially imbalanced impact. A rural smallholding will typically have to invest DKK 60–80,000 in improved waste water treatment. The use of septic tanks will also be reduced due to sewage installations under the river basin management plans – over the last 15 years, 15-20% of septic tanks have been removed due to installation of sewerage, etc., and this trend is ex- pected to continue in the years ahead. The sector strategy for waste also includes a number of initiatives to support the goal of an energy- and climate-neutral water sector.', 'The sector strategy for waste also includes a number of initiatives to support the goal of an energy- and climate-neutral water sector. That includes the implemention of a “Paris Model” for an energy- and climate-neutral water sector and an examina- tion of whether the economic regulation can be designed to give drinking-water and wastewater companies stronger incentives to utilise their own resources effectively for the benefit of consumers, for instance in relation to degasification. Future green solutions in the waste sector To reduce the climate impact from incineration of waste and contamination of our nature, we must reduce the quantities of plastic waste and reuse and recycle more plastic. Recycling and reduction of plastic waste thus comprise one of the four mis- sions in the Government’s green research strategy.', 'Recycling and reduction of plastic waste thus comprise one of the four mis- sions in the Government’s green research strategy. Research efforts must be di- rected towards new technologies and production methods to ensure waste reduc- tion and improve sorting and recycling of plastic waste into new plastic products. Plastic-containing products thatare designed for recycling or reuse must be devel- 50Preliminary figures from the Nitrous Oxide Pool at the Danish Environmental Protection Agency indi- cate that the actual emission of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment processes is underestimated.', 'Plastic-containing products thatare designed for recycling or reuse must be devel- 50Preliminary figures from the Nitrous Oxide Pool at the Danish Environmental Protection Agency indi- cate that the actual emission of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment processes is underestimated. The real figure for nitrous oxide emissions from processes is three times larger than stated, according to provisional figures.oped, both in terms of the chemical composition of the raw plastic product and ad- ditives, as well as the composition of materials in the individual product. The mis- sion will thus support the sector strategy vision for 80% of plastic waste to be re- moved from incineration processes by 2030.', 'The mis- sion will thus support the sector strategy vision for 80% of plastic waste to be re- moved from incineration processes by 2030. Technologies and solutions are expected to hold significant potential for reducing the amount of waste comprising plastic and textiles made from fossil fuels. These include designing and producing plastic packaging and products for reuse and re- cycling; tracking and recognition technologies for labelling plastic products and packaging; sorting and reprocessing technologies that provide high-quality recy- cling and low material loss; and sorting, reprocessing and recycling of plastic-con- taining textiles . These technologies and solutions must be complimentary to en- sure a high level of recycling of plastic materials with plastic repeatedly re-entering the cycle.', 'These technologies and solutions must be complimentary to en- sure a high level of recycling of plastic materials with plastic repeatedly re-entering the cycle. Achieving the technical reduction potential of 53,000 tonnes of plastic re- quires both research efforts and the necessary investments in and implementation of solutions, as well as cooperation between value-chain actors. Realising the tech- nical reduction potential will reduce CO2e from waste incineration by 0.15 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030. Reducing the amount of combustible waste in Denmark may well have, all other things being equal, secondary effects in relation to im- ported waste that are not included in this calculation. Common European framework for the waste sector and circular economy A common European framework may reduce the costs of the Danish effort.', 'Common European framework for the waste sector and circular economy A common European framework may reduce the costs of the Danish effort. The Government is therefore working actively to also set more ambitious targets at EU level for reducing waste volumes, increasing recycling and restricting imports of plastic for incineration. The Government consequently finds it positive that the Commission’s Circular Economy Action Plan focuses on strengthening efforts to reduce waste, increase recycling and increase and improve re-utilisation, including in particular for plastics and textiles. The Government supports quantitative waste reduction targets, includ- ing for selected types of waste such as household-like waste, increased harmonisa- tion across the EU and improved terms for use of recycled materials.', 'The Government supports quantitative waste reduction targets, includ- ing for selected types of waste such as household-like waste, increased harmonisa- tion across the EU and improved terms for use of recycled materials. The Government remains open to investigating the possibility of making demands on the content of recycled plastic in products such as packaging, building materials and cars. The Government also finds it positive that the Commission wants to sup- port the development of solutions for high-quality sorting facilities. Both of these el- ements can support a market for recycled plastic and increase the attractiveness of establishing sorting facilities for different plastic types in the EU member states.', 'Both of these el- ements can support a market for recycled plastic and increase the attractiveness of establishing sorting facilities for different plastic types in the EU member states. Circularity is an important component of the industry’s contribution to climate neu- trality and its continued competitiveness, and it supports the Commission s intention of promoting the use of digital technologies to track, trace and map resource flows and qualities in value chains.Ecodesign and energy labelling are estimated to have accounted for 50% of the EU’s 2020 energy saving target. Expanding the scope of Ecodesign could conse- quently bring about major energy and environmental savings and disseminate the approach to a circular economy.', 'Expanding the scope of Ecodesign could conse- quently bring about major energy and environmental savings and disseminate the approach to a circular economy. A coherent legal framework for sustainable prod- ucts should therefore comprise the many other product regulations that already ex- ist. This will ensure consistency in climate impact requirements across product ar- eas throughout the life cycle and promote the use of renewable resources and the protection of health and environment for all products made in the EU. This is the only way to create sustainable material cycles. Longer product life, optimisation of resources and increased recyclability of products, increased use of secondary raw materials and substitution of harmful chemicals must be central elements in the co- herent legal framework. Box 32 summarises the Government’s EU efforts.', 'Box 32 summarises the Government’s EU efforts. Joint climate action The industry also assists in the transitioning of the waste sector. The climate part- nership for waste, water and circular economy is working to make Denmark’s circu- lar economy world-leading by 2030, blazing the trail for climate neutrality by 2050.', 'The climate part- nership for waste, water and circular economy is working to make Denmark’s circu- lar economy world-leading by 2030, blazing the trail for climate neutrality by 2050. The partnership leads the way with specific recommendations on how the sector can drive developments across action areas such as longer product service life and More ambitious EU regulation of the waste area and circular economy · The Government supports the Commission’s ambition to achieve a circular economy in the EU which can support realising climate neutrality by 2050 and the decoupling of growth from re- source consumption, as resource extraction and processing are major sources of EU green- house gas emissions and because the green transition can help secure the EU s long-term competitiveness.', 'The partnership leads the way with specific recommendations on how the sector can drive developments across action areas such as longer product service life and More ambitious EU regulation of the waste area and circular economy · The Government supports the Commission’s ambition to achieve a circular economy in the EU which can support realising climate neutrality by 2050 and the decoupling of growth from re- source consumption, as resource extraction and processing are major sources of EU green- house gas emissions and because the green transition can help secure the EU s long-term competitiveness. · The Government backs the idea that the EU should stop exporting waste from the EU and sup- ports an ambitious revision of the EU Transport Regulation for cross-border transfer of waste to create a genuine internal market for trading in secondary raw materials.', '· The Government backs the idea that the EU should stop exporting waste from the EU and sup- ports an ambitious revision of the EU Transport Regulation for cross-border transfer of waste to create a genuine internal market for trading in secondary raw materials. · The incineration of plastic in particular should be reduced within the EU. Therefore, Denmark supports more ambitious goals for the recycling of plastic and the financing of recycling capacity in Europe, as well as better product designs. · The Government backs quantitative waste-reduction targets, including for household-like waste.', '· The Government backs quantitative waste-reduction targets, including for household-like waste. · The Government supports the establishment of standardised methods for efficient collection and sharing of data between companies throughout the supply chain with a view to supporting their data-based business development possibilities and supporting a common single market for secondary raw materials. · The Government supports the Commission’s focus on a coherent legal framework for a sustain- able product policy that will support resource efficiency, circularity, security and a reduced cli- mate and environmental footprint.', '· The Government supports the Commission’s focus on a coherent legal framework for a sustain- able product policy that will support resource efficiency, circularity, security and a reduced cli- mate and environmental footprint. Expanding the Ecodesign Directive to include additional product groups and criteria to support the circular economy and build on lessons learnt from the EU Flower Ecolabel and the Commission s new life-cycle method Product Environmental Foot- print (PEF) can be instrumental in this development. · The Government supports the Commission s ambitions to revise the urban wastewater treat- ment and sewage sludge directives to intensify focus on energy production and recycling of nu- trients.circular business models. Box 33 highlights different examples of recommendations for waste sector effort.', 'Box 33 highlights different examples of recommendations for waste sector effort. Examples of recommendations for the waste sector’s own efforts · Design of circular products and implementation of business models based on recycling and re- pair to extend product life. · Management of recyclable waste by means of producer responsibility obligations and focus on improved sorting of waste from service, industry and construction sites to maximise recycling of all materials. · Utilisation of excess heat and expansion of biogas production at treatment plants.7.3 Transport sector The green transition of passenger cars, vans and heavy duty vehicles is the pri- mary challenge for the transport sector in relation to national greenhouse gas emis- sions.', '· Utilisation of excess heat and expansion of biogas production at treatment plants.7.3 Transport sector The green transition of passenger cars, vans and heavy duty vehicles is the pri- mary challenge for the transport sector in relation to national greenhouse gas emis- sions. Other modes of transport only represent a minor share of transport sector emissions with limited reduction potentials in Denmark. At present, there are major challenges in the green transition of the transport sector up to 2030 and beyond. The green transition of transport is characterised by a broad range of challenges across areas.', 'The green transition of transport is characterised by a broad range of challenges across areas. One example is the low rate of transition for passenger cars (the average useful life for passenger cars is 15 years), and an- other that electric vehicles, the current alternative, are not competitively priced compared to conventional cars. It is also a challenge for the transition of conven- tional heavy duty vehicles, ferries and aircraft that the green technologies are not mature at present. Thus, the potential for reducing emissions is, on the one hand, to work to minimise emissions from conventional vehicles, etc., until they are replaced, which could be affected by blending in biofuels, for instance.', 'Thus, the potential for reducing emissions is, on the one hand, to work to minimise emissions from conventional vehicles, etc., until they are replaced, which could be affected by blending in biofuels, for instance. On the other hand, the potential is a long term transition from fossil fuelled vehicles to zero and low-emission vehicles and the development of technologies that can compete with current fossil fuel sources in shipping and aviation. The current regulatory framework is expected to facilitate the phasing in of about 400,000 zero or low emission passenger cars up to 203051. The total vehicle fleet in Denmark is expected to grow from 2.7 million pas- senger cars today to about 3.3 million by 2030.', 'The total vehicle fleet in Denmark is expected to grow from 2.7 million pas- senger cars today to about 3.3 million by 2030. The market-based phase-in of zero or low emission vehicles, for instance, is expected to be very limited for heavy duty vehicles and vans. In the short term, transport sector emissions can be reduced through increased en- ergy efficiency (e.g. EU emission standards for new vehicles) and the use of greener fuels in the existing vehicle fleet. The potential for reducing emissions by reducing the demand for transport or transfer to more climate-friendly modes of transport such as trains and buses is expected to be limited. With the 2020 Finance Act, the Government has clarified the situation for vehicle registration taxes for green cars in 202052.', 'With the 2020 Finance Act, the Government has clarified the situation for vehicle registration taxes for green cars in 202052. The Government’s climate initiative for road transport provides long-term framework conditions for the automotive industry and car owners in the green transition of passenger cars based on the recommen- dations by the Commission for a transition to green passenger cars (the EV Com- mission). In addition, there are real reductions in emissions from existing road transport by means of a more long-term and future-proof regulation of RE fuels and conversion of lorry traffic taxes in order for the taxes to increasingly reflect the so- cio-economic costs of heavy transport, including by means of differentiated taxation based on vehicular energy efficiency.', 'In addition, there are real reductions in emissions from existing road transport by means of a more long-term and future-proof regulation of RE fuels and conversion of lorry traffic taxes in order for the taxes to increasingly reflect the so- cio-economic costs of heavy transport, including by means of differentiated taxation based on vehicular energy efficiency. 51 According to the Transport Agreement of 4 December 2020 the new regulatory framework is expected to facilitate the phasing in of about 775,000 zero or low emission passenger cars up to 2030. 52 According to the Transport Agreement of 4 December 2020, the situation has been clarified until 2030.Based on this, figure 29 illustrates the Government’s plan for the green transition in the sector53.', '52 According to the Transport Agreement of 4 December 2020, the situation has been clarified until 2030.Based on this, figure 29 illustrates the Government’s plan for the green transition in the sector53. The sector’s greenhouse gas emissions The transport sector is estimated to account for about one-third of Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, in the absence of new initiatives. Road transport comprises 92% of total domestic emissions from the transport sector. 53 As of 29 September 2020. The plan shown has been superseded by the Transport Agreement of 4 December 2020.', 'The plan shown has been superseded by the Transport Agreement of 4 December 2020. The Government’s approach to transition of the transport sector 53 Where will transport sector greenhouse gas emissions come from in 2030?Greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector primarily come from the use of fossil fuels, with 92% of the transport sector’s energy use being based on fossil fuels. Road transport Road transport currently emits 12.5 million tonnes of CO2e a year, corresponding to 92% of total transport sector greenhouse gas emissions. By 2030, road transport is expected to emit 12.6 million tonnes of CO2e, i.e. also in 2030 corresponding to 92% of total transport sector emissions in 2030, see figure 30.', 'also in 2030 corresponding to 92% of total transport sector emissions in 2030, see figure 30. A significant challenge to road transport is that a large proportion of the vehicle fleet in 2030 (passenger cars, vans and heavy-duty vehicles) is still expected to com- prise conventional cars. The purchase price of both passenger cars, vans and heavy-duty vehicles (less vehicle registration tax) running on alternative fuels is also expected to be significantly higher than corresponding petrol and diesel vehi- cles in 2030. The Government’s climate initiative for road transport defines the framework for the future regulation of road transport that will generate total reductions of one million tonnes of CO2e across initiatives for passenger cars and heavy transport by road.', 'The Government’s climate initiative for road transport defines the framework for the future regulation of road transport that will generate total reductions of one million tonnes of CO2e across initiatives for passenger cars and heavy transport by road. Tax adjustments address the fact that the production costs of EVs remain consider- ably higher than for conventional costs. The Government also proposes incentives for the use of greener fuels in the conventional car fleet. In addition, the Govern- ment proposes preparing the establishment of mileage-based road taxes for heavy duty vehicles from 2025 so that heavy-duty vehicles become increasingly taxed on the socio-economic costs of lorry traffic with a more targeted focus.', 'In addition, the Govern- ment proposes preparing the establishment of mileage-based road taxes for heavy duty vehicles from 2025 so that heavy-duty vehicles become increasingly taxed on the socio-economic costs of lorry traffic with a more targeted focus. It is also pro- posed to differentiate the tax according to the CO2 emission of the individual vehicle along with a geographical differentiation of rates. Finally, the Government proposes that a strategy be prepared for the further development of the RE fuel market in Denmark53. The Government is working to for more ambitious EU regulation of the transport sector, see box 34.', 'The Government is working to for more ambitious EU regulation of the transport sector, see box 34. Within the EU, the Government will also work to strengthen the emission trading system so that it will deliver a greater share of the EU’s total re- duction effort and so that the emission trading system will be expanded to include road transport. More ambitious EU regulation of the transport sector The Government is working to ensure that the Commission presents a strategy for how the EU can pro- mote the green transition of the transport sector, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars in the EU.', 'More ambitious EU regulation of the transport sector The Government is working to ensure that the Commission presents a strategy for how the EU can pro- mote the green transition of the transport sector, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars in the EU. The Government is working to strengthen the emission trading system so that it will be expanded to in- clude road transport.Passenger cars Passenger cars are expected to account for 7.3 million tonnes of CO2e emissions by 2030, equating to 53% of the transport sector s emissions. The transition to more climate-friendly alternatives is directly and technically feasible for passenger car transport, whereas battery-operated electric vehicles are expected to be the most competitive alternatives to conventional cars up to 2030.', 'The transition to more climate-friendly alternatives is directly and technically feasible for passenger car transport, whereas battery-operated electric vehicles are expected to be the most competitive alternatives to conventional cars up to 2030. In the longer term, technologies such as hydrogen are expected to play a greater role for passenger cars. However, the purchase price for most electric vehicles remains higher than for corresponding conventional cars despite existing tax relief measures. Nevertheless, differences remain between conventional cars and EVs, other than the financial reasons for choosing an EV. For instance, electric vehicles have a shorter range than conventional cars and charging an electric vehicle takes consid- erably longer than filling petrol and gas cars.', 'For instance, electric vehicles have a shorter range than conventional cars and charging an electric vehicle takes consid- erably longer than filling petrol and gas cars. Also, the reliability of supply is lower, which contributes to uncertainty in terms of using electric vehicles. Due to these dif- ferences, electric vehicles are still not a real alternative for all user groups. This means that the practical restrictions in relation to traditional driving patterns remain challenging and are not solely a matter of the costs. However, there is growing ap- preciation of EVs’ amenities concurrent with an increasing number of these types of cars on the roads. Production limitations are still a barrier to increasing the number of electric vehicles.', 'Production limitations are still a barrier to increasing the number of electric vehicles. Many operators also point to the roll-out of a charging infrastructure as a challenge to the spread of electric vehicles. Several studies show that the amount of publicly accessible charging options is a key parameter for the decision to buy electric vehi- cles. It is therefore necessary to sufficiently develop a publicly accessible charging infrastructure to support an increase in the demand for EVs. This particularly ap- plies to consumers without access to home charging or those who need to charge on longer trips. By the turn of the year 2020/2021, the EV Commission will submit its second and final interim report with the charging infrastructure as one of its fo- cus points.', 'By the turn of the year 2020/2021, the EV Commission will submit its second and final interim report with the charging infrastructure as one of its fo- cus points. The Government is working to adjust the European rules to support the phase-out of petrol and diesel cars from 2030, including stricter CO2 standards for light and heavy vehicles, the necessary infrastruc- ture, promotion of alternative fuels, including Power-to-X and an ambitious approach to the development of batteries. The Government will work to set up an alliance between like-minded EU member states that can apply pressure to promote the phasing-out agenda in the EU.', 'The Government will work to set up an alliance between like-minded EU member states that can apply pressure to promote the phasing-out agenda in the EU. Among the Government’s initiatives to reduce aviation emissions is a call for the Commission to pro- pose pricing of aviation emissions, possibly including taxes to ensure more sustainable air transport, and for the Commission to analyse the possibility of reducing free allocations across sectors without leading to carbon leakage.', 'Among the Government’s initiatives to reduce aviation emissions is a call for the Commission to pro- pose pricing of aviation emissions, possibly including taxes to ensure more sustainable air transport, and for the Commission to analyse the possibility of reducing free allocations across sectors without leading to carbon leakage. The Government is actively working to ensure that potential future EU initiatives in the maritime area will support a global solution under the auspices of IMO, benefit the climate and not jeopardise the competi- tiveness of the European maritime sector.The parties behind the 2018 energy agreement have decided to expend almost DKK 50 million from the green transport pool on charging stations.', 'The Government is actively working to ensure that potential future EU initiatives in the maritime area will support a global solution under the auspices of IMO, benefit the climate and not jeopardise the competi- tiveness of the European maritime sector.The parties behind the 2018 energy agreement have decided to expend almost DKK 50 million from the green transport pool on charging stations. In the 2020 Cli- mate agreement for energy and industry, etc., the parties also agreed that the re- maining funds in the green transport pool should target the charging infrastructure, heavy transport and ferries.', 'In the 2020 Cli- mate agreement for energy and industry, etc., the parties also agreed that the re- maining funds in the green transport pool should target the charging infrastructure, heavy transport and ferries. With the Climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., the parties have agreed to move forward the realisation of the remaining funds in the green transport pool to 2020 and 2021 and increase the funding by DKK 50 million with specific priorities of DKK 100 million in 2020 and DKK 375 million in 2021.', 'With the Climate agreement for energy and industry, etc., the parties have agreed to move forward the realisation of the remaining funds in the green transport pool to 2020 and 2021 and increase the funding by DKK 50 million with specific priorities of DKK 100 million in 2020 and DKK 375 million in 2021. Vehicle registration taxes and the choice of passenger car One way to induce more people to choose an electric vehicle over a petrol or diesel car is therefore to reduce the cost of EVs compared to petrol and diesel cars and make the purchase and use of petrol and diesel cars more expensive to offset some of the other differences through economic incentives.', 'Vehicle registration taxes and the choice of passenger car One way to induce more people to choose an electric vehicle over a petrol or diesel car is therefore to reduce the cost of EVs compared to petrol and diesel cars and make the purchase and use of petrol and diesel cars more expensive to offset some of the other differences through economic incentives. In addition to the purchase price, the purchase decision should include considera- tions of the cost of ownership and consumption, where zero and low-emission cars have significantly lower fuel and maintenance costs. Sales of zero and low-emission vehicles in Denmark reached 9,400 in 2019. By mid-September 2020, 16,000 zero and low-emission vehicles had been sold.', 'By mid-September 2020, 16,000 zero and low-emission vehicles had been sold. Sales of EVs and low-emission vehicles are estimated to increase significantly up to 2030 as the prices fall, the range of models grows and knowledge of the new technolo- gies improves, etc. It is therefore expected that there will be about 400,000 zero and low-emission cars in Denmark by 2030 under the current rules, and, subject to great uncertainty, more than 1 million zero and low-emission cars by 2035. Comparison of prices before tax in 2019 Car segment Micro Small Medium Large Premium Conventional cars VW Up! Hyundai Kona Nissan Qashqai Audi A5 Audi A7 Price before registration tax (DKK) Purchase price includ- ing registration tax (DKK) Electric vehicles VW e-Up!', 'Hyundai Kona Nissan Qashqai Audi A5 Audi A7 Price before registration tax (DKK) Purchase price includ- ing registration tax (DKK) Electric vehicles VW e-Up! Hyundai Kona Nissan Leaf Tesla 3 Tesla S Price before registration tax (DKK) Purchase price includ- ing registration tax (DKK) Note: Based on average of car models sold in Denmark in 2019. Source: Commission for a Transition to Green Passenger Cars (the EV Commission).A fundamental challenge of a green transition of passenger cars is that consumers must replace a high-tax product (conventional cars) with a more expensive, but lower-tax, product (zero and low-emission cars). A major shift from conventional cars to electric vehicles involves costs for both the state and for the consumers in the purchase situation.', 'A major shift from conventional cars to electric vehicles involves costs for both the state and for the consumers in the purchase situation. At the same time, the technical service life of vehicles means that the individual will suffer a loss if the car fleet replacement is advanced in relation to the life of the vehicles. Furthermore, the international EV market re- mains limited. Forcing the development will therefore be associated with significant costs for the state and households alike. A greater proliferation of zero and low-emission cars requires a wider and more competitive selection of zero and low-emission cars, particularly in the small-car segments as about half of all new cars bought by Danes in 2019 cost less than DKK 250,000, including VAT and vehicle registration tax.', 'A greater proliferation of zero and low-emission cars requires a wider and more competitive selection of zero and low-emission cars, particularly in the small-car segments as about half of all new cars bought by Danes in 2019 cost less than DKK 250,000, including VAT and vehicle registration tax. About 300 different mod- els of conventional cars were marketed in Denmark in 2019 and about 45 different models of zero and low-emission cars. Generally, an advancement will also entail distribution consequences for house- holds, as most sales of zero and low-emission cars are in the more expensive car segments that are typically purchased by high-income groups.', 'Generally, an advancement will also entail distribution consequences for house- holds, as most sales of zero and low-emission cars are in the more expensive car segments that are typically purchased by high-income groups. It is also in these segments that tax relief will have the greatest effect as the tax component of smaller, conventional cars is relatively low. It will therefore have distribution conse- quences if taxes on conventional cars are increased to promote zero and low-emis- sion cars in small-car segments in which zero and low-emission cars are less prev- alent.', 'It will therefore have distribution conse- quences if taxes on conventional cars are increased to promote zero and low-emis- sion cars in small-car segments in which zero and low-emission cars are less prev- alent. Promoting zero and low-emission cars by making these cars less expensive without raising the tax on conventional cars will significantly lower the tax revenue for the state (taxpayers) which must, all other factors being equal, be financed by lower public spending or by raising other taxes or duties. The state will experience lower revenue of DKK 115,000–125,000 per EV sold, even with a fully phased-in registration tax for EVs, because the EV, due to high energy efficiency, qualifies for a big deduction in the registration tax and a low mo- tor vehicle tax.', 'The state will experience lower revenue of DKK 115,000–125,000 per EV sold, even with a fully phased-in registration tax for EVs, because the EV, due to high energy efficiency, qualifies for a big deduction in the registration tax and a low mo- tor vehicle tax. The EV Commission report also shows that it is difficult to obtain a significant con- tribution from passenger cars in 2030 without CO2 reductions being associated with significant socio-economic costs per tonne of CO2 reduced. For instance, the EV Commission estimates a marginal shadow price of DKK 3,800 per tonne of CO2 by 2030 with one million zero and low-emission cars in 2030, see table 12.', 'For instance, the EV Commission estimates a marginal shadow price of DKK 3,800 per tonne of CO2 by 2030 with one million zero and low-emission cars in 2030, see table 12. It should be added that this involves an annual tax increase of DKK 5,900 for an average conventional car, most of which will be vehicle registration tax, see table 12.Despite a greater phasing-in of zero and low-emission cars, it is expected that a substantial fleet of conventional cars will remain in 2030. Consequently, the Gov- ernment will work to reduce emissions from passenger cars by means of sustaina- ble fuels such as biofuels and RE fuels.', 'Consequently, the Gov- ernment will work to reduce emissions from passenger cars by means of sustaina- ble fuels such as biofuels and RE fuels. Heavy road haulage Heavy duty vehicles and vans are expected to account for 2.6 and 2.1 million tonnes of CO2 respectively in 2030. Transitioning heavy road haulage is technically more difficult than passenger transport due to the limited number of real alterna- tives to fossil-fuelled heavy duty vehicles in existence today, and the fuel infrastruc- ture can also be an obstacle. The electro technology is not sufficiently mature to meet heavy road haulage transport requirements, and at present there is no com- petitive green solution for the transition of heavy road haulage.', 'The electro technology is not sufficiently mature to meet heavy road haulage transport requirements, and at present there is no com- petitive green solution for the transition of heavy road haulage. However, a transition to more sustainable fuels could be a significant element of the solution, concurrent with the development and testing of future green solutions, as also indicated by the climate partnership for land transport. The Government’s focus on development of green fuels for the future, including both biogas and PtX, can support the transition of particularly the heavy segment of the transport sector for which the technology is not yet mature to facilitate electrification for longer dis- tances.', 'The Government’s focus on development of green fuels for the future, including both biogas and PtX, can support the transition of particularly the heavy segment of the transport sector for which the technology is not yet mature to facilitate electrification for longer dis- tances. The EV Commission’s models Stock of zero and low-emis- sion cars in 2030 Change in zero and low-emis- sion cars in 2030 compared to baseline trend Zero and low-emission car percentage of new sales in CO2 reduction in 2030 (million tonnes) Revenue change in 2030 (DKK billion) Socio-economic impact less CO2 (DKK billion) in 2030 Socio-economic impact includ- ing CO2 (DKK billion) in 2030* Shadow price (DKK per tonne Tax change for conventional cars (annual) Note: The changes are specified relative to baseline trend.', 'The EV Commission’s models Stock of zero and low-emis- sion cars in 2030 Change in zero and low-emis- sion cars in 2030 compared to baseline trend Zero and low-emission car percentage of new sales in CO2 reduction in 2030 (million tonnes) Revenue change in 2030 (DKK billion) Socio-economic impact less CO2 (DKK billion) in 2030 Socio-economic impact includ- ing CO2 (DKK billion) in 2030* Shadow price (DKK per tonne Tax change for conventional cars (annual) Note: The changes are specified relative to baseline trend. *The Commission for a Transition to Green Passenger Cars uses a CO2 price of DKK 363 per tonne of CO2 in 2030, see the Minis- try of Finance key figure catalogue.', '*The Commission for a Transition to Green Passenger Cars uses a CO2 price of DKK 363 per tonne of CO2 in 2030, see the Minis- try of Finance key figure catalogue. Economic impact and shadow prices are stated for the useful life of the 2030 new registration year.This means that research into green fuels and Power-to-X is a prioritised mission in the Government’s green research strategy. Green fuels can eventually help replace fossil fuels. Denmark can build on a research tradition in the area of hydrogen and electrolysis in particular to tap into a possibly large potential for a commercial posi- tion strength within PtX.', 'Denmark can build on a research tradition in the area of hydrogen and electrolysis in particular to tap into a possibly large potential for a commercial posi- tion strength within PtX. With its climate initiative for road transport, the Government will initiate work on es- tablishing mileage-based CO2-emission-differentiated road taxes for heavy duty ve- hicles from 2025 so that heavy duty vehicles are increasingly, and with more focus, taxed in relation to the cost of the damage they inflict on society, climate and envi- ronment, and eventually drive the transition to carbon-neutral heavy duty vehicles. In December, the Council is expected to adopt the directive amendment that will make differentiation mandatory in all EU road tax schemes with subsequent negoti- ations with the European Parliament.', 'In December, the Council is expected to adopt the directive amendment that will make differentiation mandatory in all EU road tax schemes with subsequent negoti- ations with the European Parliament. Thus, it is too soon to estimate the possible effects on a future Danish mileage-based road tax. The CO2 effect incorporated in the initiative is based on changed demand, with the road tax resulting in lower de- mand for road freight transport. A differentiation in which green vehicles pay rela- tively less than fossil vehicles will give hauliers an incentive to invest in green heavy duty vehicles, including heavy-duty vehicles fuelled by electricity, hydrogen or gas.', 'A differentiation in which green vehicles pay rela- tively less than fossil vehicles will give hauliers an incentive to invest in green heavy duty vehicles, including heavy-duty vehicles fuelled by electricity, hydrogen or gas. The effect of increasing the number of green vehicles in the total fleet is not included in the determination of the CO2e effect of the initiative. These effects will be assessed in more detail when the directive amendment is known and specific models have been prepared for the tax structure and rates in a mileage-based road tax for heavy duty vehicles on the Danish road network. Box 35 summarises the Government’s initiatives for addressing road transport emissions so far53.', 'Box 35 summarises the Government’s initiatives for addressing road transport emissions so far53. Overview of main initiatives for road transport Measures: · DKK 180 million for cancelling tax increases on electric vehicles and reducing the process energy tax on power for EVs. · DKK 25 million for introducing a deduction in the tax basis for green company cars to reduce the price of green driving on the job. · DKK 75 million for accelerating the transition to green buses. · DKK 100 million for promoting cycling and a pool of DKK 50 million from which municipalities can apply for bicycle project funding in return for 50% co-funding.', '· DKK 100 million for promoting cycling and a pool of DKK 50 million from which municipalities can apply for bicycle project funding in return for 50% co-funding. · Realisation of DKK 50 million for charging stations and DKK 24 million for promoting green heavy commercial transport and DKK 1 million for analysing the potential for transitioning domestic fer- ries to renewable energy as part of the realisation of the green transport pool in 2020 and an anal- ysis of the pricing structure for publicly accessible charging points.', '· Realisation of DKK 50 million for charging stations and DKK 24 million for promoting green heavy commercial transport and DKK 1 million for analysing the potential for transitioning domestic fer- ries to renewable energy as part of the realisation of the green transport pool in 2020 and an anal- ysis of the pricing structure for publicly accessible charging points. · Moving forward the remaining realisation of the green transport pool to 2020 and 2021 and an in- crease of the pool by DKK 50 million, resulting in total priorities of DKK 425 million in 2020 and 2020 for charging stations, promotion of green commercial carriage and transitioning to green fer- ries.', '· Moving forward the remaining realisation of the green transport pool to 2020 and 2021 and an in- crease of the pool by DKK 50 million, resulting in total priorities of DKK 425 million in 2020 and 2020 for charging stations, promotion of green commercial carriage and transitioning to green fer- ries. · The Government’s climate initiative for road transport defines the framework for the future regula- tion of road transport that will generate total reductions of one million tonnes of CO2e across initia- tives for passenger cars and heavy transport.Green fuels Biofuels With its climate initiative for road transport, the Government proposes a long-term, technologically neutral regulation of the use of RE fuels in the transport sector with focus on CO2 displacement.', '· The Government’s climate initiative for road transport defines the framework for the future regula- tion of road transport that will generate total reductions of one million tonnes of CO2e across initia- tives for passenger cars and heavy transport.Green fuels Biofuels With its climate initiative for road transport, the Government proposes a long-term, technologically neutral regulation of the use of RE fuels in the transport sector with focus on CO2 displacement. Depending on the approach, the regulation of biofuels and RE fuels can contribute to achieving the national 70% reduction target and the target for global CO2 emissions, including sustainability, food considerations, alter- native uses of production soils, social considerations, etc., and promoting the do- mestic production of new green fuels.', 'Depending on the approach, the regulation of biofuels and RE fuels can contribute to achieving the national 70% reduction target and the target for global CO2 emissions, including sustainability, food considerations, alter- native uses of production soils, social considerations, etc., and promoting the do- mestic production of new green fuels. The Government proposes replacing the current blend in requirement with a CO2e displacement requirement that will commit fuel suppliers to a percentage reduction of greenhouse gas per energy unit compared to the 2010-level. This will incentivise the sector to a technologically neutral use of the most sustainable fuels with a high global reduction effect. This means that sustainable fuels also include considera- tions outside the national emissions.', 'This means that sustainable fuels also include considera- tions outside the national emissions. A displacement requirement will also make it possible to include competing types of CO2e-reducing fuel measures, thereby tak- ing account of future developments of new fuels based on Power-to-X, etc. It is estimated that a national CO2 displacement requirement of 4.6% in 2022 for diesel, petrol and gas will cause fuel suppliers to apply the highest possible stand- ards for petrol and diesel (corresponding to an actual blending percentage of 6.6) and the RE requirement for use of advanced biofuels is estimated to be met until 2024. Higher requirements based on current prices and technologies are estimated to result in blending of HVO biodiesel which can replace diesel without restrictions due to its technical characteristics.', 'Higher requirements based on current prices and technologies are estimated to result in blending of HVO biodiesel which can replace diesel without restrictions due to its technical characteristics. Table 13 presents a number of examples of displacement requirements. It is noted that a considerable market development is assessed to be required to make it pos- sible for fuel suppliers to purchase the amount of diesel required to satisfy a CO2e displacement requirement of 30%, for instance. It is noted that estimates of the precise fuel composition are subject to considerable uncertainty as it is only possible to estimate the composition based on the current pricing and the current supply of fuels.', 'It is noted that estimates of the precise fuel composition are subject to considerable uncertainty as it is only possible to estimate the composition based on the current pricing and the current supply of fuels. The actual fuel composition will conse- quently depend on issues such as technological developments, which may impact the additional costs for the sector, CO2 reduction, etc. The Government’s measures to support further technological developments include the preparation of a strategy for further developing the market for RE fuels in Den- mark that can provide a transitional solution up to the phase-out of fossil fuel cars. Today, it is technically feasible to substitute all petrochemical diesel with HVO bio- diesel.', 'Today, it is technically feasible to substitute all petrochemical diesel with HVO bio- diesel. However, this is not considered practical at the moment, due to a limited mar- ket supply, among other factors.Estimation of consequences at various levels of CO2 displacement requirements Cost of different CO2 displacement requirements in 2030 Total CO2 effect, including behavioural ef- fect, millions tonnes of CO2 Increased price of diesel, DKK .00/litre Increased price of petrol, DKK/litre incl. VAT Note: The HVO biodiesel used in the computation example is based on rapeseed, a first- generation biofuel. 1: Behavioural effects are only incorporated in the form of less driving and cross-border trade. The cross-border trading effects are subject to great uncertainty, particularly in case of steep diesel price increases.', 'The cross-border trading effects are subject to great uncertainty, particularly in case of steep diesel price increases. The calculations do not take into account that a considerable unilateral price increase of diesel compared to petrol will, in isolation, increase the consumption of petrol and lower that of diesel due to a gradual shift from diesel cars to petrol cars. This effect is expected to result in even more biofuel having to be blended in diesel to achieve a given CO2 displace- ment requirement. 2: The figures are rounded to the nearest DKK 0.10 per litre. Sub- ject to great uncertainty, it is estimated that a CO2 displacement requirement may cause the price of petrol to decline slightly.', 'Sub- ject to great uncertainty, it is estimated that a CO2 displacement requirement may cause the price of petrol to decline slightly. Requirement of 100% biodiesel – example HVO is a special biodiesel that offers the same characteristics as fossil diesel. HVO is as sustainable as other bio- diesels as it can be produced using the same raw materials and can therefore be both first and second generation or advanced HVO biodiesel. It is technically feasible for diesel cars to run on 100% biodiesel. Today, 7% conventional biodiesel can be blended in, and it is thus possible, in theory, to blend an addi- tional 93% HVO biodiesel into petrochemical diesel.', 'Today, 7% conventional biodiesel can be blended in, and it is thus possible, in theory, to blend an addi- tional 93% HVO biodiesel into petrochemical diesel. This is roughly estimated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 7 million tonnes of CO2e in 2030, corresponding to the entire expected emissions from diesel in road transport. However, a requirement of 100% biodiesel is expected to cost the sector an additional DKK 16.5 billion a year. Based on the assumption that the additional costs follow the fuel, passing on the additional costs will result in substantial price increases for diesel vehicle owners in the form of a price increase of around DKK 6 per litre of diesel.', 'Based on the assumption that the additional costs follow the fuel, passing on the additional costs will result in substantial price increases for diesel vehicle owners in the form of a price increase of around DKK 6 per litre of diesel. The average annual diesel costs for a passenger car will thus increase by about DKK 7,000. In addition, there is a revenue loss of about DKK 1.5 billion for the state from the CO2 tax. This is an- other-factors-being-equal consideration without considering behavioural effects, increased cross-border trading, tax system changes (e.g. lapse of the countervailing charge), lower demand for diesel vehicles, etc.', 'lapse of the countervailing charge), lower demand for diesel vehicles, etc. It is also assessed that it will be practically impossible for fuel suppliers to purchase such quantities of HVO.Power-to-X It is not considered possible to phase out all fossil energy consumption in all sec- tors in coming decades. A promising perspective is, however, to convert green power from the coming energy islands to green fuels that can be used in those sec- tors, where the direct use of green power is not a fully viable solution. An example is heavy road haulage, shipping and aviation, where the direct use of electricity to- day can only satisfy a small portion of the transport energy demand.', 'An example is heavy road haulage, shipping and aviation, where the direct use of electricity to- day can only satisfy a small portion of the transport energy demand. The processes in which power from wind turbines and solar cells is converted into green fuels are collectively referred to as “PtX”. Both direct electrification and bio-based fuels have different limitations, notably in relation to battery capacity and sustainability. In this respect, Power-to-X stands out for being scalable without significant technical restrictions other than having suffi- cient access to RE-based power. However, to realize some of these potentials will require the use of carbon (CCU), which depends on the available carbon sources, see the section on CCS.', 'However, to realize some of these potentials will require the use of carbon (CCU), which depends on the available carbon sources, see the section on CCS. It is therefore necessary to develop cost-effective solu- tions for converting power from renewable energy sources into products that can be used to reduce emissions from segments of the transport and industrial sector where there are no broadly scalable alternatives to fossil energy. For transport alone, it is assessed that the CO2 displacement potential from the use of green fuels generated through Power-to-X will eventually be in the magnitude 0.5–3.5 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030 and, eventually, 1.5–7.5 million tonnes of CO2 (including 1–4 million tonnes of CO2 in international shipping and aviation which are not included in the 70% reduction target).', 'For transport alone, it is assessed that the CO2 displacement potential from the use of green fuels generated through Power-to-X will eventually be in the magnitude 0.5–3.5 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030 and, eventually, 1.5–7.5 million tonnes of CO2 (including 1–4 million tonnes of CO2 in international shipping and aviation which are not included in the 70% reduction target). Such potential is subject to un- certainty and should be assessed in more detail. The estimated potential includes both domestic and international transport, meaning that the potential cannot be di- rectly compared to the basis for the 70% reduction target for 2030.', 'The estimated potential includes both domestic and international transport, meaning that the potential cannot be di- rectly compared to the basis for the 70% reduction target for 2030. This potentials assessment assumes a comparatively large share of PtX-fuels in the transport segments that are difficult to electrify directly (shipping, aviation and parts of heavy road haulage). Wind and solar power must be converted into green fuels · Shell and Everfuel are behind a large-scale PtX installation project at Fredericia refinery. Ør- sted has entered into a partnership with other relevant actors and the City of Copenhagen to develop a large-scale PtX plant in Greater Copenhagen for generating sustainable fuels.', 'Ør- sted has entered into a partnership with other relevant actors and the City of Copenhagen to develop a large-scale PtX plant in Greater Copenhagen for generating sustainable fuels. Denmark and the Netherlands have also entered into bilateral cooperation on the sale of Dan- ish RE-shares (at least DKK 750 million and up to DKK 1.5 billion) to finance a subsidy scheme for PtX plants in Denmark.Public transportation Buses Public buses (approx. 3,300) are currently estimated to emit 190,000 tonnes of CO2 a year while private sector buses (6,235) have estimated emissions of 320,000 tonnes of CO2 a year. All public buses are anticipated to have been transitioned to clean fuels between 2035 and 2040 without additional initiatives.', 'All public buses are anticipated to have been transitioned to clean fuels between 2035 and 2040 without additional initiatives. The green transi- tion of the private bus market is extremely sluggish, however, and CO2 emissions are currently expected to remain largely unchanged by 2030 compared to today. One possible reason is that green buses are more expensive than conventional buses. In addition to the comparatively long private coach journeys for which transi- tioning to electricity is a particular challenge, private bus transport exhibits a differ- ent and less predictable driving pattern compared to public buses. On 22 April 2020, the parties behind the 2020 Finance Act entered into an agree- ment on Climate cooperation agreements for green public transport.', 'On 22 April 2020, the parties behind the 2020 Finance Act entered into an agree- ment on Climate cooperation agreements for green public transport. The agree- ment mandated the Minister for Transport to negotiate climate cooperation agree- ments with Denmark’s biggest municipalities which other municipalities and regions can join later on. The climate cooperation agreements were entered into on 25 June 2020 with six of Denmark’s biggest municipalities and mainly contribute by setting out an ambitious plan for the green transition of public bus transport, but they also contain commitments for the transition of the municipal vehicle fleet.', 'The climate cooperation agreements were entered into on 25 June 2020 with six of Denmark’s biggest municipalities and mainly contribute by setting out an ambitious plan for the green transition of public bus transport, but they also contain commitments for the transition of the municipal vehicle fleet. Once all six municipalities have transitioned their buses in accordance with these climate cooperation agreements, the total annual CO2 reduction is estimated to be almost 40,000 tonnes compared to the current annual level. Another two municipalities have subsequently joined the agreements and talks are ongoing with several other municipalities. In the autumn of 2020, the Minister for Transport will also negotiate climate cooperation agreements with the regions.', 'In the autumn of 2020, the Minister for Transport will also negotiate climate cooperation agreements with the regions. The parties behind the 2020 Finance Act also entered into an agreement on a Green bus pool for regional buses and islands. To distribute the bus pool funds of DKK 75 million appropriated in the 2020 Finance Act, an application pool has been set up to subsidise green regional bus lines and green buses on islands. Green buses comprise CO2 emission reducing technologies such as biogas, biodiesels, electricity or hydrogen. Taxis With the liberalisation of the taxi market, it is estimated that there will be around 6,000 taxis with expected annual emissions of 80,000 tonnes of CO2.', 'Taxis With the liberalisation of the taxi market, it is estimated that there will be around 6,000 taxis with expected annual emissions of 80,000 tonnes of CO2. By 2030, taxi emissions are expected to be reduced to 70,000 tonnes of CO2 a year. Energy re- quirements of taxis are currently regulated in Executive Order 1018 of 29 June 2020 which stipulates that taxis registered for the first time after 1 January 2021 must be class A++, which leaves a limited number of car makes suitable for taxi op- eration in the current car market, as it must at least be a simple hybrid car. Rail transport Rail transport currently emits 0.2 million tonnes of CO2 a year, corresponding to 2% of total transport sector emissions.', 'Rail transport Rail transport currently emits 0.2 million tonnes of CO2 a year, corresponding to 2% of total transport sector emissions. This includes CO2 emissions from both dieseland electric trains. CO2 emissions from train operation are estimated to make up 1% of the transport sector s CO2 emissions by 2030. This is mainly due to already decided and financed electrification initiatives. With the already decided and financed initiatives to electrify the main rail network, DSB’s entire railway operations will be based on electricity by 2030. The remaining diesel rail traffic on the state railways after 2030 will be regional traffic on branch lines in Central and West Jutland and on the Svendborgbanen line which is now or from late 2020 will be operated by Arriva.', 'The remaining diesel rail traffic on the state railways after 2030 will be regional traffic on branch lines in Central and West Jutland and on the Svendborgbanen line which is now or from late 2020 will be operated by Arriva. This part makes up 8% of the railway sector’s CO2 emissions. All of these diesel trains are expected to be replaced by CO2-neutral trains up to 2035. Domestic ferries Danish domestic ferries annually emit 249,000 tonnes of CO2e, 72,000 tonnes of which is attributable to public domestic ferries that do not serve the Faroe Islands. Emissions from public-transport ferries have declined by 85% compared to 1990. This is mainly due to discontinued ferry connections, including two routes across the Great Belt.', 'This is mainly due to discontinued ferry connections, including two routes across the Great Belt. Danish domestic ferry lines are dissimilar in terms of size, age of the tonnage, range and organisation. We have no specific data about costs or technological op- portunities for the green transition of Danish ferry connections. We do not yet have an overview of the economy and the fuels that will be most beneficial for the individual ferry routes in transition to a more climate-friendly ferry operation. We lack specific calculations for the transition of ferries that take account both of investments in the actual ferries and surrounding changes such as shore- power facilities and possible fuel savings. We also lack specific suggestions on how to best support the green transition of ferries.', 'We also lack specific suggestions on how to best support the green transition of ferries. There are only a limited number of development projects in Denmark that convert ferries into climate-friendlier opera- tion (such as the Ellen electrical ferry on the Ærø line and a coming hybrid ferry on the Fanø line).', 'There are only a limited number of development projects in Denmark that convert ferries into climate-friendlier opera- tion (such as the Ellen electrical ferry on the Ærø line and a coming hybrid ferry on the Fanø line). The Agreement on the realisation of the green transport pool in April 2020 provided for an analysis to examine which ferry connections are most suitable for transition- ing to renewable energy and how to best support the transition of ferries with fund- Replacement of regional diesel trains in state rail traffic – example It is deemed possible to expedite the replacement of diesel trains in state rail traffic in Central and West Jut- land and on the Svendborgbanen line to a CO2-neutral solution, e.g.', 'The Agreement on the realisation of the green transport pool in April 2020 provided for an analysis to examine which ferry connections are most suitable for transition- ing to renewable energy and how to best support the transition of ferries with fund- Replacement of regional diesel trains in state rail traffic – example It is deemed possible to expedite the replacement of diesel trains in state rail traffic in Central and West Jut- land and on the Svendborgbanen line to a CO2-neutral solution, e.g. battery or hydrogen-operated trains by 2030 at the latest, which provides total CO2 reductions of about 0.05 million tonnes by 2030.', 'battery or hydrogen-operated trains by 2030 at the latest, which provides total CO2 reductions of about 0.05 million tonnes by 2030. However, ad- vancing the shift to carbon-neutrality is estimated to entail additional cost as the trains must be replaced be- fore it is economically ideal to do so, i.e. before the end of the service lives of the trains.ing from the green transport pool. The possibility of making requirements of the in- dividual ferry routes will also be identified. The analysis is expected completed by the end of 2020.', 'The analysis is expected completed by the end of 2020. Aviation Aviation (emissions from air travel departing from Denmark) is overall expected to emit 3.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, of which domestic aviation, which is in- cluded in the 70% reduction target, is expected to emit 0.1 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, which will be a reduction of some 60% compared to 1990. This is due to reasons that include the establishment of the Great Belt Link which prompted pas- sengers to switch from air travel to cars, buses and train travel. Thus, domestic air traffic thus amounts to about 1% of the transport sector’s emissions.', 'Thus, domestic air traffic thus amounts to about 1% of the transport sector’s emissions. A major challenge for the green transition of aviation is that the production of com- petitive sustainable fuels is currently insufficient to allow it to be blended in aviation fuel. The increased use of CO2-neutral fuels in the aviation sector will therefore re- quire higher production in Denmark or increased import and that the fuel can be produced at prices that can compete with fossil aviation fuel. Sustainable aviation fuels are expected to be 2 to 5 times more expensive than fossil aviation fuel. The technology is not yet mature for aircraft to fly on 100% green energy such as elec- tricity.', 'The technology is not yet mature for aircraft to fly on 100% green energy such as elec- tricity. Another challenge is that air transport is also exempt from energy tax and VAT. This means that air transport is subject to a more favourable taxation compared to other consumption in general and particularly compared to private cars and public transport such as buses and trains. The COVID-19 crisis impacts the aviation sector in particular, with air traffic being reduced to a few percentage points of its usual level in the spring of 2020 and still only around 20% of its usual level of activity in August 2020. The time by when the activity will have returned to its usual level is subject to great uncertainty.', 'The time by when the activity will have returned to its usual level is subject to great uncertainty. Overall, the Government and the parties of the parliament ensure the launch of a number of measures for the green transition of the transport sector with the climate initiative for road transport54 and the 2020 Finance Act and the Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry, see box 35. Joint climate action The transport-policy industrial associations support the Climate Act targets. Both under the auspices of the Climate partnerships and as separate organisations, the sector has recommended targets and measures that could help achieve the climate targets. The Climate partnerships have outlined visions for the green transition of the transport sector which also contribute to reaching the target.', 'The Climate partnerships have outlined visions for the green transition of the transport sector which also contribute to reaching the target. Box 39 presents examples of the transport sector s contribution to the green transition of the transport sector. 54 Replaced by the Transport agreement of 4 December 2020.With the sector strategy for energy and industry, the Government has concurrently pushed the development of the future green solutions that also play a major role in the green transition of the transport sector, see box 40.', '54 Replaced by the Transport agreement of 4 December 2020.With the sector strategy for energy and industry, the Government has concurrently pushed the development of the future green solutions that also play a major role in the green transition of the transport sector, see box 40. Achieving the green transition of the transport sector requires development initia- tives, including the prioritisation of green fuels and Power-to-X in the green re- search strategy, as well as the EU efforts in the long term that will support the green transition of transport, see box 40.', 'Achieving the green transition of the transport sector requires development initia- tives, including the prioritisation of green fuels and Power-to-X in the green re- search strategy, as well as the EU efforts in the long term that will support the green transition of transport, see box 40. The transport sector’s initiatives and cooperation with the municipalities · The aviation sector invests in new fleet of aircraft and operational efficiency measures that can reduce fuel consumption, and the sector proposes production facilities for green fuels in combination with other business sectors and research in technologies for electrical and hy- drogen aircraft. · On 25 June, the Minister for Transport entered into climate cooperation agreements on green public bus transport.', '· On 25 June, the Minister for Transport entered into climate cooperation agreements on green public bus transport. Under the agreements, Denmark’s largest municipalities commit (at var- ying rates) to an ambitious transition of public bus transport. The cooperation with municipali- ties will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by 40,000 tonnes of CO2e – and this re- duction will increase as other municipalities and regions join. · Danish Ports has launched new, ambitious objectives for CO2-neutral ports that enable green connection of ships by 2030 at the latest. · The partnership for aviation works to increase the production and use of sustainable aviation fuels.', '· The partnership for aviation works to increase the production and use of sustainable aviation fuels. The partnership for land transport works to optimise logistics and will focus more in- tensely on the sector’s fuel consumption to generate efficiency improvements that can drive down greenhouse gas emissions. · The Blue Denmark partnership aims to secure Denmark’s position as an international leading nation for climate-friendly shipping. EU and international action for a green transition of the transport sector Strengthened pan-European regulation can contribute to a more cost-effective achievement of the Dan- ish 70% reduction target, for instance by means of a plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars and im- posing CO2 demands on light and heavy vehicles that can drive the technological development of zero- emission cars.', 'EU and international action for a green transition of the transport sector Strengthened pan-European regulation can contribute to a more cost-effective achievement of the Dan- ish 70% reduction target, for instance by means of a plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars and im- posing CO2 demands on light and heavy vehicles that can drive the technological development of zero- emission cars. · Road transport There is a need to significantly strengthen the green transition of the transport sector in the EU.', '· Road transport There is a need to significantly strengthen the green transition of the transport sector in the EU. The Government is working to ensure that the Commission presents an ambitious, broad-based strategy for how the EU can promote the green transition of the transport sector and the sec- tor s contribution to the climate-neutrality target by 2050 at the latest, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars. In the autumn of 2020, the Commission will present a strat- egy for sustainable and smart mobility which the Government is working to influence in an am- bitious direction in a range of areas.', 'In the autumn of 2020, the Commission will present a strat- egy for sustainable and smart mobility which the Government is working to influence in an am- bitious direction in a range of areas. The Government is advocating an adjustment of the European rules to support phasing out the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030, including stricter CO2 requirements for both light and heavy vehicles. The Government will also work to set up an alliance between like-mindedEU member states that can apply pressure to promote the phase-out agenda in the EU.', 'The Government will also work to set up an alliance between like-mindedEU member states that can apply pressure to promote the phase-out agenda in the EU. In addi- tion, the Government is working to ensure the necessary infrastructure at European level, for instance by a broad roll-out of charging points and filling stations for alternative fuels, promotion of alternative fuels, including Power-to-X, and maintaining the level of ambition in the strategic action plan for batteries. In addition, the Government works to strengthen and enlarge the EU ETS to also cover road transport emissions. Aviation The Government is also making an effort to reduce aviation sector emissions through European action.', 'Aviation The Government is also making an effort to reduce aviation sector emissions through European action. One of the challenges to the green transition of the aviation sector is to ensure that am- bitious Danish requirements will not only result in the emissions being moved to other EU coun- tries or to prevent ambitious European regulation from causing emissions to be moved non-EU countries. Parts of aviation are already subject to international regulation. This includes the EU emission trading system and the greenhouse gas emission regulation mechanism CORSIA (from 2021) whereas EU and ICAO rules define the framework for additional regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from aviation. The Government is advocating an ambitious and cost-effective regula- tion of this field.', 'The Government is advocating an ambitious and cost-effective regula- tion of this field. Among the Government’s initiatives are encouraging the European Commis- sion to propose pricing of aviation emissions, including possible taxes to ensure more sustaina- ble air transport, and to analyse the possibility of reducing free allowance allocation across sec- tors with a view to promoting the green transition of the sector without leading to carbon leak- age. Maritime transport Shipping emissions represent around 2–3% of greenhouse gas emissions. This means that there is a large potential for greenhouse gas reductions. The shipping sector is characterised by its global nature where shipping companies can freely choose the flag of registration for their vessels and change routes and ports of call on grounds of competition, which requires interna- tional regulation.', 'The shipping sector is characterised by its global nature where shipping companies can freely choose the flag of registration for their vessels and change routes and ports of call on grounds of competition, which requires interna- tional regulation. The Government is working for the UN International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to adopt global, flag-neutral and ambitious initiatives. The Government also works to en- sure that future maritime initiatives at EU level support a global solution under the auspices of the IMO, safeguard the European maritime sector’s competitiveness and create real reductions.7.4 Agricultural and forestry sector Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture will entail significant costs for the sector and/or the state, based on current knowledge.', 'The Government also works to en- sure that future maritime initiatives at EU level support a global solution under the auspices of the IMO, safeguard the European maritime sector’s competitiveness and create real reductions.7.4 Agricultural and forestry sector Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture will entail significant costs for the sector and/or the state, based on current knowledge. This means that the reduction effort must be organised in a cost-effective manner, expediently balancing develop- ment initiatives and decisions on short-term initiatives. The Government therefore pursues a multi-pronged approach to the efforts in the agricultural and forestry sector. On the one hand, specific short-term initiatives must be initiated.', 'On the one hand, specific short-term initiatives must be initiated. On the other, suffi- cient resources must be allocated to investments in ambitious research and devel- opment that focuses on new technologies in the agricultural and forestry sector with potential to generate greater, more cost-effective reductions in the longer term. The green transition must also be supported by common climate regulation of agriculture in the EU that defines equal competitive framework conditions for achieving addi- tional reductions in agriculture. Finally, the industry’s contributions, including the Cli- mate Partnership for Food and Agriculture, can qualify the green transition in the sector towards lower production emissions. The approach is illustrated in figure 31.', 'The approach is illustrated in figure 31. The sector’s greenhouse gas emissions In the absence of new initiatives, emissions from the agricultural and forestry sector are expected to amount to 16 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to more than one third of Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions, see figure 32. Figure 32 shows the source of the agricultural and forestry sector emissions. The Government’s approach to transition of the agricultural and forestry sectorThe agricultural industry has moved in a direction towards fewer greenhouse gas emissions over time, see figure 32. Since 1990, there has been a decoupling of pro- duction size from the scope of greenhouse gas emissions. From 1990 to 2017, pro- duction increased 35% while greenhouse gas emissions declined by 16%.', 'From 1990 to 2017, pro- duction increased 35% while greenhouse gas emissions declined by 16%. There is a considerable overlap between agricultural activities that result in nitrogen discharge to the aquatic environment and greenhouse gases. The reduction in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions of 18% (2.3 million tonnes of CO2e) from 1990 to 2010 is thus primarily attributable to a decline in nitrous oxide emissions from cultivating the land as a consequence of nitrogen regulation. The primary reduction in emissions took place in the period from 1990 to 2002, following which emissions from fertiliser on the fields have remained fairly unchanged.', 'The primary reduction in emissions took place in the period from 1990 to 2002, following which emissions from fertiliser on the fields have remained fairly unchanged. The reduction is due to a 50% decline in the use of chemical fertilisers, a number of environmental measures to reduce nitrogen leaching and developments in types of animal housing, manure manage- ment and environmental technology. The design of the climate initiative therefore offers obvious synergies between greenhouse gas reductions and satisfaction of en- vironmental directive obligations. Correspondingly, a reduction of greenhouse gases will reduce negative impacts on nature with potential synergy effects in relation to the nature area when the climate action involves setting aside intensively cultivated ag- ricultural land.', 'Correspondingly, a reduction of greenhouse gases will reduce negative impacts on nature with potential synergy effects in relation to the nature area when the climate action involves setting aside intensively cultivated ag- ricultural land. However, there are also a number of challenges for the green transition in the agri- cultural and forestry sector. Some degree of emission reduction in agriculture can be facilitated by introducing known technologies in the production, extraction of lowland soils,, afforestation, etc. However, the current production methods and technologies will also involve nitrous oxide losses in connection with fertilisation of crops and losses of methane from livestock production. The sector’s emissions of greenhouse gases have not been directly regulated, neither nationally or by the EU.', 'The sector’s emissions of greenhouse gases have not been directly regulated, neither nationally or by the EU. A number of existing measures can be used in the short term. However, we are not familiar with all the technological solutions that are capable of removing the sector’s emissions in terms of existing production systems. Agricultural production facilities have lengthy depreciation periods, meaning that it takes time to replace livestock Where will agricultural and forestry sector greenhouse gas emissions come from in 2030?housing systems and technologies. Therefore, a cost-effective reduction effort must be designed with a suitable balance between development initiatives and short term initiatives with documented effects in order to avoid imposing unnecessarily high costs on the sector or the state.', 'Therefore, a cost-effective reduction effort must be designed with a suitable balance between development initiatives and short term initiatives with documented effects in order to avoid imposing unnecessarily high costs on the sector or the state. However, there is a crucial need to develop and test new measures that are required in order to reduce agricultural emissions while considering agriculture’s competitive- ness at the same time. Furthermore, it is necessary to document the effect of existing climate measures so they can be included in the national emission inventory, but also to ensure a cost-effective green transition. Finally, basic knowledge of agricul- tural emissions must be improved and knowledge of the sector’s activity data needs to be widened.', 'Finally, basic knowledge of agricul- tural emissions must be improved and knowledge of the sector’s activity data needs to be widened. Initiatives in the agricultural sector should be seen in context of how the industry is being exposed to competition with a struggling operating economy. The food cluster in Denmark exports collectively for total DKK 150 billion and the cluster employs 110,000 people, particularly in rural districts. The agriculture sector’s economy is cur- rently vulnerable to fluctuating prices and interest rates, due to factors such as a large debt burden totalling DKK 350 billion, most of which is floating-rate debt. Many farms also operate with low earnings.', 'Many farms also operate with low earnings. Some climate initiatives, such as efficiency improvements and improved utilisation of feed, fertilisers and other resources, can both benefit agriculture’s economy and re- duce its climate impact. In addition, pan-EU regulation in the area can help reduce transition costs for the industry and lower the risk of greenhouse gas emission leak- age, see box 41. Greenhouse gas leakage in agriculture Reducing the production of food and/or wood will, ceteris paribus, lead to displacement of production/land use/logging, thereby increasing emissions abroad (carbon leakage/indirect land-use change) and lessen the actual climate impact globally in relation to the apparent, nominal reduction of emissions in Denmark.', 'Greenhouse gas leakage in agriculture Reducing the production of food and/or wood will, ceteris paribus, lead to displacement of production/land use/logging, thereby increasing emissions abroad (carbon leakage/indirect land-use change) and lessen the actual climate impact globally in relation to the apparent, nominal reduction of emissions in Denmark. Subject to great uncertainty, the actual global reduction is deemed to amount to only 25–73% of the national reduction, see the Danish Environmental Economic Council, equivalent to a leakage rate of 25–75%. Common EU regula- tion can level the playing field and reduce the risk of carbon leakage from Danish initiatives.', 'Common EU regula- tion can level the playing field and reduce the risk of carbon leakage from Danish initiatives. At the same time, early Danish action will demonstrate the reduction potentials and possibly lead to the development of new tech- nologies, production forms and exports with derivative effects on the global reduction. Source: The Danish Economic Councils Economy and Environment 2019, Chapter II Leakage of greenhouse gas emissions and Danish climate policy Greenhouse gas reductions in the agricultural and forestry sector Livestock production (manure management and methane from livestock digestion) In the absence of new initiatives, livestock production is expected to constitute 6.8 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to almost 42% of agricultural and forestry sector emissions.', 'Source: The Danish Economic Councils Economy and Environment 2019, Chapter II Leakage of greenhouse gas emissions and Danish climate policy Greenhouse gas reductions in the agricultural and forestry sector Livestock production (manure management and methane from livestock digestion) In the absence of new initiatives, livestock production is expected to constitute 6.8 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to almost 42% of agricultural and forestry sector emissions. The emissions primarily derive from methane generated by live- stock digestive processes and the management of manure in livestock housing andstorage. Currently available technologies could reduce the greenhouse gas emis- sions.', 'Currently available technologies could reduce the greenhouse gas emis- sions. For instance, slurry can be flushed from livestock housing faster, used in bio- gas plants for energy production, or it is possible to increase the fat content in feed rations for dairy cows and heifers, which would reduce emissions. In addition, several measures are currently used to reduce ammonia, which can have a climate effect. Significant reductions of livestock production emissions will require lower production activity, conversion to other production forms or the development of new technolo- gies. This requires massive investments in the development and testing of new measures that can help reduce emissions from livestock production.', 'This requires massive investments in the development and testing of new measures that can help reduce emissions from livestock production. Conversion of fertiliser and manure in the fields When applying nitrogen to fields in the form of chemical fertiliser or livestock manure to nourish crops, some of the nitrogen converts into nitrous oxide, for instance. In the absence of new initiatives, conversion of chemical fertiliser and manure in the fields is expected to constitute 2.7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to 25% of total agricultural and forestry sector emissions.', 'In the absence of new initiatives, conversion of chemical fertiliser and manure in the fields is expected to constitute 2.7 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to 25% of total agricultural and forestry sector emissions. This means that it is possible to opti- mise the spreading of fertiliser, but this must be done without jeopardising a contin- ued effective and competitive production, which depends on the application of nitro- gen under current production methods. In spring 2020, it was decided to introduce stricter exploitation requirements on ma- nure and reduce the nitrogen standards for crops cultivated on carbon-rich soils, see box 42 below. Nitrogen use is currently subject to targeted regulation and the river basin manage- ment plans that implement EU environmental standards.', 'Nitrogen use is currently subject to targeted regulation and the river basin manage- ment plans that implement EU environmental standards. Climate effects and syner- gies will be considered in the implementation of the new river basin management plans. This includes considering whether to increase the proliferation of climate-friendly crops, such as grasses, and enhance subsidised measures, such as biomass refin- ery plants. Also, efforts can be made to develop new mechanisms for reducing emis- sions related to fertiliser spreading. Land use Cultivation and management of soils and forests generate greenhouse gas emis- sions when the carbon balance in soils and biomass is altered. Conversely, the sec- tor can contribute to carbon sequestration when carbon is stored in soils and plants.', 'Conversely, the sec- tor can contribute to carbon sequestration when carbon is stored in soils and plants. Net emissions from forests and other land use are expected to amount to 5.3 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030, equivalent to 33% of total agricultural and forestry sector emissions. With the 2020 Finance Act, the Government has taken targeted action with a DKK 2 billion pool for restoration of peatlands that can reduce emissions by 270,000 tonnes of CO2e by 2030, see box 42 below. At the same time, the Government has allocated funding to establish a forest fund to secure increased afforestation in Denmark. Inaddition, funding for private afforestation under the rural development programme has doubled.', 'Inaddition, funding for private afforestation under the rural development programme has doubled. Compared with other measures, restoration of carbon-rich peatlands is a cost-effi- cient measure for achieving greenhouse gas reductions in the agricultural sector. There is an estimated current technical potential for setting aside 50,000 hectares of agricultural soils. The pool appropriated in the 2020 Finance Act enables the setting aside of the first 15,000 hectares. This leaves a technical potential for setting aside 35,000 additional hectares. It is estimated that the already initiated initiatives are ex- haustive for the set-aside potential under the current incentive structures.', 'It is estimated that the already initiated initiatives are ex- haustive for the set-aside potential under the current incentive structures. The reason is that after setting aside the first 15,000 hectares, there is probably no potential for purchasing additional land at the technically determined average market price of DKK 133,000/hectare (including land consolidation, compensation, feasibility studies, ad- ministration and capital expenditure). A voluntary pool only allows for paying the market price, which means that increasing the compensation to ensure more set-asides is not compatible with state aid rules. Therefore, setting aside the remaining technical potential would probably require other mechanisms to increase the incentive to sell.', 'Therefore, setting aside the remaining technical potential would probably require other mechanisms to increase the incentive to sell. This means that setting aside the remaining 35,000 hectares would result in a total one-off cost of at least DKK 4.5 billion in basic compensation. A set-aside of this magnitude is estimated to contribute 0.5 million tonnes of CO2e a year to greenhouse gas emission reductions. This could indicate that, compared to other agricultural initiatives, restoration of peatlands can still contribute cost-effective reductions towards the 70% reduction target and a number of other environmental objectives. However, the final assessment of further restoration of peatlands requires specific models for how to strengthen the incentive. Organic production The Government aims to double organic production levels and nurtures great ambi- tions for organic production.', 'Organic production The Government aims to double organic production levels and nurtures great ambi- tions for organic production. New data from Aarhus University have led to an appre- ciation of the climate effect of organic production per hectare from 0.6 tonnes of CO2e per hectare to 2 tonnes of CO2e per hectare. The reasons include more climate- friendly crops and less livestock per hectare. When consumers buy more organic products, they help pay some of the price of the agricultural green transition. At the same time, it is evident that while organic production has been subsidised over the years, the development of organic production must be market-driven. The production of organic food must meet the demand for organic products by Danish and global consumers.', 'The production of organic food must meet the demand for organic products by Danish and global consumers. Increasing the amount of organic farmland will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Table 14 below presents the estimated effects and costs of a number of known cli- mate measures in the agricultural and forestry sector. In addition, there are initiatives related to the restoration of peatland and initiatives for promoting organic production. It is noted that the initiatives are scalable and that the reduction effect depends on funding, among other issues. Thus, the initiatives in the table are examples only. All figures are subject to uncertainty.', 'All figures are subject to uncertainty. Measures in the 2020 Finance Act and other adopted and initiated actions The action adopted for the agricultural area in the current government period contributes a total reduction effect of 433,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. · Restoration of carbon-rich agricultural soils The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocates DKK 2 billion towards 2029 for restoration of carbon- rich agricultural soils. The implementation is expected to contribute to the setting aside of 15,000 ha of agricultural land. The expected climate effect is 270,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. · Afforestation The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocates DKK 100 million to establish a climate forest fund en- abling companies and individuals to contribute to the reduction effort.', '· Afforestation The 2020 Finance Act agreement allocates DKK 100 million to establish a climate forest fund en- abling companies and individuals to contribute to the reduction effort. The fund’s activities are ex- pected to realise greenhouse gas capture of 50,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. The imple- mentation of the 2021 rural development programme also includes a decision to double the fund- ing of the existing private afforestation aid scheme to a total of DKK 70 million. It is assessed that the implementation will result in some 2,000 ha of private afforestation. Afforestation of an addi- tional approximately 1,000 ha is assessed to increase greenhouse gas absorption by 5,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030.', 'Afforestation of an addi- tional approximately 1,000 ha is assessed to increase greenhouse gas absorption by 5,000 tonnes of CO2e a year by 2030. · Reduction of nitrogen losses It has been decided to introduce stricter exploitation requirements on manure and reduce the ni- trogen standards for crops cultivated on carbon-rich soils. In addition, a ban is introduced on spraying, fertilisation and conversion of section 3 areas. Together, the initiatives are expected to provide an annual climate effect of 90,000 tonnes of CO2e by 2030.', 'Together, the initiatives are expected to provide an annual climate effect of 90,000 tonnes of CO2e by 2030. · Farm accounts The sector strategy for energy and industry allocates DKK 5 million in 2021 to contribute to the development of climate accounts at farm level that will support a cost-effective regulation of agri- cultural greenhouse gas emissions, but a major research effort remains to be done to facilitate the preparation of true and fair climate accounts at farm level. · Research The Government has started ten research projects with a budget of DKK 90 million to help identify future solutions for reducing agriculture-related greenhouse gas emissions. The funding comes from the climate research programme and is allocated for the period 2019-21.', 'The funding comes from the climate research programme and is allocated for the period 2019-21. The Government s Green Development and Demonstration Programme (GUDP) also allocates DKK 23 million in 2020 to support three major new projects on creating plant-based protein products from Danish raw materials for future climate-friendly diets. The development of new technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food and agricultural production is also a mission in the Govern- ment’s green research strategy.Development and research efforts with reduction potential in a long-term per- spective The achievement of significant, long-term reductions in the agricultural and forestry sector requires targeted research and development actions that can reduce the cli- mate and environmental impact from both conventional and organic food production and farming and reduce derivative effects on nature.', 'The development of new technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food and agricultural production is also a mission in the Govern- ment’s green research strategy.Development and research efforts with reduction potential in a long-term per- spective The achievement of significant, long-term reductions in the agricultural and forestry sector requires targeted research and development actions that can reduce the cli- mate and environmental impact from both conventional and organic food production and farming and reduce derivative effects on nature. This can be affected by means of technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for sequestration of car- bon in soils and forests, biorefining and pyrolysis, new food and feed products with lower climate and environmental footprints, plant breeding and support of knowledge required with respect to effective regulation, including the documentation of emis- sions.', 'This can be affected by means of technologies and more circular and sustainable solutions for sequestration of car- bon in soils and forests, biorefining and pyrolysis, new food and feed products with lower climate and environmental footprints, plant breeding and support of knowledge required with respect to effective regulation, including the documentation of emis- sions. In its green research strategy, the Government consequently proposes prioritising a mission on a climate and environmentally friendly agriculture and food production in 2021 that will be carried out by means of green research and innovation partnerships.', 'In its green research strategy, the Government consequently proposes prioritising a mission on a climate and environmentally friendly agriculture and food production in 2021 that will be carried out by means of green research and innovation partnerships. A mission-driven research effort that can substantially support the development of new technologies and solutions that are expected to help reduce agriculture’s climate Economy and effect of possible measures Reduction Costs Shadow price Shadow price million tonnes DKK million DKK per tonne DKK per tonne Annual average up to 2030 (with side- effects) (without side- effects) Increased proportion of fat in feed for con- ventional dairy cows and heifers Current effort in targeted nitrogen regulation (3,500 tonnes of nitrogen reduction)3 Collective nitrogen measures4 (1,500 tonnes of nitrogen reduction) 1 The effort cannot be scaled beyond the eight-year profile with 200 ha/year as it is not deemed possible to obtain co-financing for this from municipalities and waterworks beyond the profile.', 'A mission-driven research effort that can substantially support the development of new technologies and solutions that are expected to help reduce agriculture’s climate Economy and effect of possible measures Reduction Costs Shadow price Shadow price million tonnes DKK million DKK per tonne DKK per tonne Annual average up to 2030 (with side- effects) (without side- effects) Increased proportion of fat in feed for con- ventional dairy cows and heifers Current effort in targeted nitrogen regulation (3,500 tonnes of nitrogen reduction)3 Collective nitrogen measures4 (1,500 tonnes of nitrogen reduction) 1 The effort cannot be scaled beyond the eight-year profile with 200 ha/year as it is not deemed possible to obtain co-financing for this from municipalities and waterworks beyond the profile. 2 The effort can be adjusted with additional hectares. However, the phasing-in profile remains fixed. 3 The effort can be increased.', '3 The effort can be increased. For instance, an additional effort corresponding to 1,000 tonnes of nitrogen reduction will ensure side- effects equivalent to almost 0.1 tonnes of CO2e. Increasing efforts will result in increasing shadow prices. It should be noted that the long-term effort of catch crops has not been taken into consideration. In a perspective of several decades, the accumulated climate im- pact (LULUCF) of catch crops will converge towards zero. The shadow price calculation only includes the positive initial effect of the measure and not the subsequent adverse effects. This means that the shadow price is underestimated. 4 It is assumed that only a very limited number of projects will be realised by 2025.', '4 It is assumed that only a very limited number of projects will be realised by 2025. The phasing-in corresponds to the expected phasing-in obtained in the second river-basin management plan period. The initiative covers several measures such as peatland, wetlands and pri- vate afforestation. The shadow price interval covers different measures as well as different time horizons for carbon sequestration (2050/2080). Reductions due to private afforestation are included in the 2020 Baseline Projection and are not included.and environmental impact. This includes emissions from livestock, fertiliser applica- tion and soils as well as the development of alternative sources of protein and new food products with lower climate and environmental footprints.', 'This includes emissions from livestock, fertiliser applica- tion and soils as well as the development of alternative sources of protein and new food products with lower climate and environmental footprints. Current research includes biorefining whereby biomass can be converted into bio- char, oil and gas through pyrolysis. The biochar is worked into the ground where the carbon sequestered in the biochar degrades very slowly, thus removing it from the atmosphere for many years. Subject to considerable uncertainty, DTU assesses that carbon sequestration from biochar has a technical reduction potential of up to 6 mil- lion tonnes of CO2e per year. The Danish Council on Climate Change assesses that a third of the potential can be realised by 2030 if the technology can be brought into play and scaled up.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change assesses that a third of the potential can be realised by 2030 if the technology can be brought into play and scaled up. The Climate Partnership for the Food and Agricultural Sector recommends developing biochar and emphasises the current SkyClean pyrolysis project which aims to upgrade gas for aviation fuel by adding hydrogen to the gas. The project is in the testing phase. To reduce methane emissions from farm animals’ digestive processes, research in development of feed additives is also being conducted. For instance, researchers have developed the substance “x”. The first trials of the substance indicate that me- thane emissions from cattle can be lowered by 35-40%.', 'The first trials of the substance indicate that me- thane emissions from cattle can be lowered by 35-40%. In September 2019, an ap- plication was also lodged for EU authorisation of the feed additive Bovaer, which is expected to be fed to conventional dairy cattle to reduce their methane emissions. The substance can potentially reduce methane emissions by up to 30% and is ex- pected to be marketed in 2030 after completing the EU authorisation process. Researchers also study meat and milk produced in a laboratory from individual ani- mal cells with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional meat and dairy production.', 'Researchers also study meat and milk produced in a laboratory from individual ani- mal cells with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional meat and dairy production. By way of example, the Government s climate research pro- gramme is behind the project "CleanMeat and CleanMilk" which examines and tests muscle cells and udder cells from livestock and sustainable protein sources for cul- turing the cells. The project is expected to be completed in the summer of 2022. It has been estimated that meat without livestock can reduce the requirement for agri- cultural land and water usage by up to 90% while energy consumption can be re- duced by up to 60%. The climate effect of meat produced without livestock depends on the final mode of action and efficiency, however.', 'The climate effect of meat produced without livestock depends on the final mode of action and efficiency, however. Another research area is biore- fining of grass into grass protein that can potentially replace imported protein feed for animals or protein in foodstuffs. The Government s Green Development and Demonstration Programme (GUDP) also allocates DKK 23 million in 2020 to support three new projects involving the creation of plant-based protein products from Danish produce. A project under the Government’s climate research programme is also working to develop a slurry additive (‘NoGas’) to reduce emissions from livestock manure. It is assumed that the substance will be able to reduce methane emissions from livestock housing and stores by up to 50%.', 'It is assumed that the substance will be able to reduce methane emissions from livestock housing and stores by up to 50%. Researchers are also currently studying a rangeof livestock housing technologies with ammonia-reducing effects to establish their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gases. Aarhus University is also conducting a research project to study the climate effect and environmental consequences of using so-called nitrification inhibitors, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2021. Nitrification inhibitors are a range of synthetic slurry additives that can potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from slurry by up to 50%. However, we must expect an overlap between the different feed additives and the various slurry and manure additives as well as several of the animal housing tech- nologies.', 'However, we must expect an overlap between the different feed additives and the various slurry and manure additives as well as several of the animal housing tech- nologies. Introduction of climate regulation of agriculture in the EU The agricultural sector is subject to strong international competition. This means that the best framework conditions can be obtained through common European legisla- tion. Accordingly, the Government is actively promoting that the EU’s climate policy must support the transition to more climate-friendly and competitive agricultural pro- duction through ambitious reduction commitments and a regulation that incentivises climate-improving activities for Member States and the individual farmer. The reform of the EU’s common agricultural policy is a central tool in supporting the Govern- ment s high ambitions for the green transition.', 'The reform of the EU’s common agricultural policy is a central tool in supporting the Govern- ment s high ambitions for the green transition. At present, the EU does not directly regulate greenhouse gas emissions in the agri- cultural sector. This significantly limits incentives to implement climate-improving ac- tivities in agriculture and is challenging in terms of distortion of competition and risk of carbon leakage. For these reasons, the Government is working for a common land sector pillar that can promote the agricultural green transition together with national climate initiatives. In this light, the Government sees potential in the European Com- mission’s idea of eventually establishing an AFULO sector that includes agriculture and emissions and removals from forests and soil.', 'In this light, the Government sees potential in the European Com- mission’s idea of eventually establishing an AFULO sector that includes agriculture and emissions and removals from forests and soil. The Government is also working to ensure that the reform of the EU’ common agricultural policy will increasingly be used to support common climate initiatives. For instance, it must become significantly easier to convert agricultural areas into nature areas, which would reduce green- house gas emissions. In addition, Denmark will promote the widening of the Indus- trial Emissions Directive to include greenhouse gas emissions from certain livestock productions. In May 2020, the European Commission launched the ‘Farm to Fork’ Strategy to ensure a comprehensive approach to a sustainable food system in Europe.', 'In May 2020, the European Commission launched the ‘Farm to Fork’ Strategy to ensure a comprehensive approach to a sustainable food system in Europe. Based on this strategy, the Government will work for regulation that encourages climate- improving activities. The Government will specifically work to establish mandatory fertilisation accounts across the EU based on a Danish model. New green business models are another focus area for the Farm to Fork Strategy where the Danish ex- perience of climate accounting at farmer level can help the EU move forward. The Government is also working for the introduction of EU-wide methane emission stand- ards.Future sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector Later in the year, the Government will present a sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector.', 'The Government is also working for the introduction of EU-wide methane emission stand- ards.Future sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector Later in the year, the Government will present a sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector. The structure of the content of the sector strategy will be based on challenges and opportunities in the respective areas (land use, fertilisation, live- stock production, see above). The framework for the coming strategy is set out in box 44 below. Joint climate action The Climate Partnership for the Food and Agricultural Sector emphasises that they consider the green transition as a future competition parameter and that the entire sector will promote the transition and contribute to achieving Denmark s objectives.', 'Joint climate action The Climate Partnership for the Food and Agricultural Sector emphasises that they consider the green transition as a future competition parameter and that the entire sector will promote the transition and contribute to achieving Denmark s objectives. To achieve the 70% reduction target, the partnership recommends initiatives such as restoration of carbon-rich peatland and increased afforestation. The partnership also recommends increasing the use of climate and eco-friendly livestock housing tech- nologies to reduce emissions from handling livestock manure in livestock housing. The recommendations also include preparing climate checks and action plans on the farms with clear rules and specification methods for greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The recommendations also include preparing climate checks and action plans on the farms with clear rules and specification methods for greenhouse gas emissions. Fi- nally, the partnership considers it essential to allocate sufficient resources for re- More ambitious EU regulation of agriculture At present, the EU does not directly regulate greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector as the area is managed by the member states with differentiated reduction targets for the non-ETS sector. This reduces the incentive for climate-improvement activities and is challenging in terms of risks of carbon leakage internally in the EU. At European level, the Government is therefore promoting a pan-European reduction commitment and strengthened agricultural regulation.', 'At European level, the Government is therefore promoting a pan-European reduction commitment and strengthened agricultural regulation. The Government is working to ensure that the EU agricultural reform is used to support common climate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector. Framework for coming sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector We must prevent Danish agriculture from being undermined so that food-production emissions are merely moved to other countries. Instead, we must develop Danish agriculture, and we need a strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector that unifies and boosts the achievement of ambitious climate and environ- mental objectives while ensuring the continued competitiveness of Danish agriculture.', 'Instead, we must develop Danish agriculture, and we need a strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector that unifies and boosts the achievement of ambitious climate and environ- mental objectives while ensuring the continued competitiveness of Danish agriculture. In consideration of the principles in the Climate Act, the actions should initially be based on known mech- anisms with documented effects. At the same time, the actions must focus on research as well as techno- logical development and maturation. The effort must also take account of economic and structural circum- stances that can create barriers to an efficient and successful green transition.', 'The effort must also take account of economic and structural circum- stances that can create barriers to an efficient and successful green transition. This includes focusing on transitioning Danish agriculture by means of an ongoing process so that the climate footprint of the existing production is reduced and developed as and when new production meth- ods with a lower climate impact gain ground. The sector strategy will thus aim for a continuous climate effort in the agricultural and forestry sector that will contribute long-term framework conditions and support the implementation of climate actions in consideration of the latest technological developments and the Climate Act principles.', 'The sector strategy will thus aim for a continuous climate effort in the agricultural and forestry sector that will contribute long-term framework conditions and support the implementation of climate actions in consideration of the latest technological developments and the Climate Act principles. This is expected to increase the reduction level up to 2030, which will be supported by the Government’s development efforts, expected increased climate regulation at EU level, etc.search in extraction of grass protein, biochar (SkyClean), biofilters and the feed ad- ditive X. The recommendations are part of the work on the coming sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector.', 'The recommendations are part of the work on the coming sector strategy for the agricultural and forestry sector. The food and agricultural sector’s climate ambitions The Climate Partnership for the Food and Agricultural Sector has made 24 recommendations that apply throughout the sector: from agriculture over aquaculture and forestry to processing, society and research. The partnership focuses particularly on restoration of peatlands and on R&D. The Danish food and agriculture sector has set a target of climate-neutrality by 2050. According to this vision, the Danish food industry must not emit more climate gases than it absorbs by 2050, and it must contribute green, sustainable energy.', 'According to this vision, the Danish food industry must not emit more climate gases than it absorbs by 2050, and it must contribute green, sustainable energy. At the same time, the industry has a vision of continuing to produce at least the same amount of food or more than today, also in the future.7.5 Climate-friendly behaviour Reducing Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions mainly involves investments in new technologies and transitions in Denmark’s transport, food and energy systems. An great part of the effort consequently focuses on production in Denmark. How- ever, climate-friendly behaviour can also contribute to the green transition and sup- port real reductions, such as by maturing the market for green solutions and in- creasing the demand for goods and services with lower climate footprints.', 'How- ever, climate-friendly behaviour can also contribute to the green transition and sup- port real reductions, such as by maturing the market for green solutions and in- creasing the demand for goods and services with lower climate footprints. This requires that consumers be willing and able to make climate-friendly choices. Consumers do not always have the prerequisites for choosing climate-friendly prod- ucts due to a lack of standardisation of information about what is climate friendly. Our consumption is also guided by habit. Greater awareness of the impact of our consumption can help change these habits. Therefore, the Government wishes to support climate-friendly behaviour and actively involve the general public in the green transition.', 'Therefore, the Government wishes to support climate-friendly behaviour and actively involve the general public in the green transition. Initiatives for making policy with private individuals The Government will ensure a broad embedment of the climate efforts. Accord- ingly, the Government has decided to continue the Youth Climate Council and has set up a national citizens’ assembly in the climate area together with the parties be- hind the Climate Act agreement. The Citizens’ Assembly consists of 99 private individuals with different backgrounds in terms of age, gender, geography, education and income.', 'The Citizens’ Assembly consists of 99 private individuals with different backgrounds in terms of age, gender, geography, education and income. The Citizens’ Assembly is tasked with discussing citizen-centric dilemmas associated with the green transi- tion and providing input and recommendations to the Government and the Parlia- ment’s Climate, Energy and Utilities Committee on the climate action plans and the green agenda in general. The first meeting of the assembly was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not yet known when it will be safe to hold the meet- ings of the Citizens’ Assembly.', 'It is not yet known when it will be safe to hold the meet- ings of the Citizens’ Assembly. At the meetings of the Citizens’ Assembly, relevant experts will present insights to citizens, who will discuss inputs and recommenda- tions with a view to presenting them to the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities and the Parliament’s Climate, Energy and Utilities Committee in November 2020. Initiatives to boost climate-friendly behaviour through diet About 60% of Danes want to follow a more climate-friendly diet but are unsure of how to do this. Towards this end, the Government has launched a number of pro- jects that focus on climate-friendly food.', 'Towards this end, the Government has launched a number of pro- jects that focus on climate-friendly food. A campaign for climate-friendly diets In August 2020, the Government launched a Campaign called “Food-loving Climate Tips” with specific and easy tips for how to make one’s diet more climate-friendly. The campaign offers 22 specific climate tips that help individuals lead more climate- friendly lives. DTU, Technical University of Denmark has assessed a considerable potential for reducing the climate footprint of Danish diets by composing meals of more climate-friendly alternatives from a food category. This could be choosing chicken instead of beef and potatoes instead of rice.', 'This could be choosing chicken instead of beef and potatoes instead of rice. The campaign will therefore support individuals’ possibilities of choosing more climate-friendly foods.Dietary recommendations with a climate perspective The current official dietary recommendations from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration provide guidance on how to compose the diet from a health and food culture perspective. It has been decided that the new official dietary recom- mendations should also provide advice on consuming food with a lower climate footprint. To realise this, the Government has started the preparation of new dietary recommendations that can also guide on the composition of climate-friendly meals. The Government is launching new dietary recommendations in November 2020 and initiating a campaign to heighten awareness of the dietary recommendations in early 2021.', 'The Government is launching new dietary recommendations in November 2020 and initiating a campaign to heighten awareness of the dietary recommendations in early 2021. Government-municipal partnership on climate-friendly meals The Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and the Ministry of Environment and Food have partnered with the City of Copenhagen and the City of Aarhus on cli- mate-friendly meals. The work focuses on: \uf0d7 Methods for determining the climate footprint of meals and food waste in pro- fessional kitchens. \uf0d7 Using procurement agreements as a tool to ensure more climate-friendly meals. \uf0d7 Communication about climate-friendly and organic meals, including climate and organic product targets, to individuals and employees.', '\uf0d7 Communication about climate-friendly and organic meals, including climate and organic product targets, to individuals and employees. Large kitchens and municipalities are expected to be motivated to raise their ambi- tions for serving climate-friendly meals when they have the methods to measure and thus render their effort visible. The methods and solutions can subsequently be dispersed throughout Denmark. Guide to canteens that want to become more climate-friendly The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities works with the Ministry of Envi- ronment and Food and the Danish Competition and Consumer Agency on prepar- ing a guide for canteens about behavioural initiatives that support more climate- friendly consumption. The guide will offer advice on behavioural initiatives that can make canteen users choose healthier, more climate-friendly meals.', 'The guide will offer advice on behavioural initiatives that can make canteen users choose healthier, more climate-friendly meals. National stop food waste day Denmark generates 700,000 tonnes of food waste every year. In March 2020, the Government presented an annual national stop food waste day to be held on 29 September. The date coincides with the UN s International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste. The aim is to engage Danes in the fight against food waste. A series of stakeholders help to highlight the day and focus on how both children and adults, consumers and professionals can help reduce food waste.', 'A series of stakeholders help to highlight the day and focus on how both children and adults, consumers and professionals can help reduce food waste. Initiatives to boost climate-friendly behaviour in companies Several Climate partnerships indicated that companies’ climate-friendly behaviour must be strengthened, and transparency about this can also influence consumer behaviour positively. The Government will ensure good framework conditions thatsupport companies’ transition to a green, circular economy and support the compa- nies’ utilisation of the commercial potential – nationally, in the EU and globally –by developing new products, services and business models, for instance.', 'The Government will ensure good framework conditions thatsupport companies’ transition to a green, circular economy and support the compa- nies’ utilisation of the commercial potential – nationally, in the EU and globally –by developing new products, services and business models, for instance. Together with the Danish Energy Agency, the Business Houses and Danish Standards, the Danish Business Authority is developing a new theme titled ‘Green and sustainable business’ for the Business Guide, which is a common public platform. The theme is a digital guidance universe that compiles information about the green transition tar- geted at companies. The theme aims to promote the green transition in companies throughout Denmark by motivating SMEs in particular to integrate green and circu- lar climate-oriented initiatives in all parts of their business.', 'The theme aims to promote the green transition in companies throughout Denmark by motivating SMEs in particular to integrate green and circu- lar climate-oriented initiatives in all parts of their business. The theme ‘Green and sustainable business’ presents clear and relevant information on how businesses can embark on the green transition, such as guidance with easy steps to become more climate-friendly, case scenarios from other companies that have introduced climate-oriented initiatives and circular business models, and specific examples of how the company can improve the efficiency of its energy consumption or reduce material waste.', 'The theme ‘Green and sustainable business’ presents clear and relevant information on how businesses can embark on the green transition, such as guidance with easy steps to become more climate-friendly, case scenarios from other companies that have introduced climate-oriented initiatives and circular business models, and specific examples of how the company can improve the efficiency of its energy consumption or reduce material waste. The Government also focuses on reducing food waste in the retail sector with the ‘Food waste hunters’ project that offers retailers assistance to reduce their food waste and by starting the development of an internationally accepted standard for determination of food loss and food waste.', 'The Government also focuses on reducing food waste in the retail sector with the ‘Food waste hunters’ project that offers retailers assistance to reduce their food waste and by starting the development of an internationally accepted standard for determination of food loss and food waste. The initiatives are part of the Govern- ment s growth plan for improving conditions for growth in the commerce and logis- tics industries throughout Denmark from January 2020. Initiatives to strengthen behavioural research The Government’s Green Research Strategy furthermore addresses the need to enhance knowledge of sustainable behaviour, including what it takes for individu- als, companies, institutions, etc., to change their behaviour in a greener direction and what the scope of behavioural change gains would be.', 'Initiatives to strengthen behavioural research The Government’s Green Research Strategy furthermore addresses the need to enhance knowledge of sustainable behaviour, including what it takes for individu- als, companies, institutions, etc., to change their behaviour in a greener direction and what the scope of behavioural change gains would be. This could be in relation to, e.g., the products and services we consume within food, transport, energy and textiles. Coming Strategy for Green Public Procurement It is important that the Danes have the proper tools for making more climate-friendly choices, such as when cooking or shopping. The public sector must take the lead in this field and ensure that green public procurement contributes to increasing the supply of green solutions.', 'The public sector must take the lead in this field and ensure that green public procurement contributes to increasing the supply of green solutions. Efficient procurement has been an area of focus for the public sector for many years. It still is, but the Government wants the public sector to help shift the market in a greener direction by means of procurement at the same time. Each year, the public sector in Denmark purchases goods and services for al- most DKK 200 billion, of which state purchases make up DKK 50 billion. The state and its large procurement capacity can contribute to driving the market in a greener direction by demanding green and climate-friendly products. This can eventually ensure new green and competitive products and services.', 'This can eventually ensure new green and competitive products and services. Therefore, the Government will launch Strategy for Green Public Procurement later this year. One focus area of the Government s strategy is to further develop guide- lines and tools for green procurement.8. Global strategy Climate change does not stop at the border. Neither does Danish climate efforts. The challenge is to bring the global society together in realising the Paris Agree- ment targets. This will require global ambition, action and financing. Denmark must be the small green cog that makes the large ones turn in the right solidary and green direction. This means that the Danish climate efforts must be ambitious and take on new, innovative solutions. Focus must be on the opportunities rather than problems.', 'Focus must be on the opportunities rather than problems. Denmark can make the greatest difference when our effort can inspire others. This is the guiding principle of the Government’s effort. From major global climate negotiations to the decisive common European measures, the Government is helping to push ambitions in the right direction. There is a straight line from the areas that the Government is working on at a national level to the ambitions that Denmark helps push forward in Europe and globally. The Government’s long-term strategy for global climate action A green and sustain- able world sets the course for the efforts across sectors and stakeholders. This is the first overarching strategy for Denmark’s global climate efforts.', 'This is the first overarching strategy for Denmark’s global climate efforts. The Government will activate all relevant areas of international policy and coordinate Denmark’s global efforts in an ambitious, persistent, multifaceted and integrated global effort. The Government will focus Denmark’s international climate effort on the Paris Agreement’s three overall targets: pursuing efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees increase the adaptability and foster resilience to the impacts of climate change, affecting the poorest most severely shift finance flows to support the transition to low emissions and resilience to climate change The global chapter in the Government’s climate programme materialises the Gov- ernment’s long-term strategy for global climate action into specific initiatives to be launched over the coming year in accordance with international milestones for the year.', 'The Government will focus Denmark’s international climate effort on the Paris Agreement’s three overall targets: pursuing efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees increase the adaptability and foster resilience to the impacts of climate change, affecting the poorest most severely shift finance flows to support the transition to low emissions and resilience to climate change The global chapter in the Government’s climate programme materialises the Gov- ernment’s long-term strategy for global climate action into specific initiatives to be launched over the coming year in accordance with international milestones for the year. The chapter describes how Denmark will play a part as a global driver of in- ternational climate policy.', 'The chapter describes how Denmark will play a part as a global driver of in- ternational climate policy. An ambitious and cost-effective climate effort in the EU is also a central part of the Government’s long-term strategy, and is described in chapter 6 of the climate programme. It is key for the Government to take leadership in the international climate efforts in a manner that is solidary, cooperative and with an eye for the special challenges faced by poorest and most fragile countries and populations. The Government is therefore setting a new ambitious green direction for development cooperation by proposing to set aside a total of approx. 2.9 billion on the 2021 Finance Bill pro- posal for climate and environment initiatives in developing countries in 2021.', '2.9 billion on the 2021 Finance Bill pro- posal for climate and environment initiatives in developing countries in 2021. In this connection, the Government will launch pioneer projects in Africa aimed at ensuring that far more Africans get access to clean water and clean energy while creating green jobs and apprenticeships – particularly for the many young people in Africa. The Government will set up green strategic partnerships and strengthen strategic sector cooperation and green export promotion. Finally, the Government has taken the initiative for a new foreign and security policy strategy that will also focus onglobal climate action.', 'Finally, the Government has taken the initiative for a new foreign and security policy strategy that will also focus onglobal climate action. The current development policy strategy and the settlement behind it expire in 2021, and the Government will therefore also initiate, over the coming year, a new development policy strategy together with the parties in the Danish Parliament, where increased aid to support climate and environmental pur- poses will be central. The global emissions that are attributable to Danish imports and consumption are not part of the current climate programme but will be described in more detail in the global reporting in April 2021 in connection with the annual climate status report and projection.', 'The global emissions that are attributable to Danish imports and consumption are not part of the current climate programme but will be described in more detail in the global reporting in April 2021 in connection with the annual climate status report and projection. The global reporting in April 2021 will illustrate the international ef- fects of the Danish climate efforts, including reductions in international shipping and aviation and reductions from exports of electricity from renewable energy sources. In addition, it can include the effects of the Danish bilateral energy partnerships with major CO2 emitters together with an investigation into the effects of Danish im- port and consumption. Danish aid in the climate area will also be reported on.', 'Danish aid in the climate area will also be reported on. Political milestones in the coming year 2020 is and has been an unusual year – also for the global climate cooperation. 2020 should have been the year in which the world, for the first time since the adoption of the Paris Agreement should have discussed increased ambitions level at the UN Climate Change Conference, COP26. Instead, COVID-19 and the eco- nomic crisis have dominated the picture. In the coming year, the recovery of the Danish, European and global economies will be central. Green transition and sup- port of green workplaces are among the main priorities for the Government.', 'Green transition and sup- port of green workplaces are among the main priorities for the Government. The Government will lead the way by integrating the green transition into the recovery after COVID-19, both globally and through the EU – we must Build Back Better and Greener. By leading the way with innovation, pioneering efforts and the power of example, Denmark can inspire the big ones to follow a green path of solidarity. Green Business Forum (Grønt Erhvervsforum), the Climate partnerships and re- start teams will also continue to be important platforms for dialogue. Furthermore, the Government has taken the initiative to promote a green recovery of the econ- omy globally, based on massive green investment in the green transition in Den- mark.', 'Furthermore, the Government has taken the initiative to promote a green recovery of the econ- omy globally, based on massive green investment in the green transition in Den- mark. This has happened, among other things, through ministerial meetings in the International Energy Agency – which Denmark co-initiated – and in the EU, includ- ing through a letter to the European Commission signed by 20 countries requesting that the EU Green Pact must play a key role in the recovery of the EU. To strengthen Danish green exports, the Government s Export and Job Creation Task Force will employ more green sector advisers, identify new green market op- portunities and create more green business promotions, based on recommenda- tions from the Danish business community, former growth teams and the Climate partnerships.', 'To strengthen Danish green exports, the Government s Export and Job Creation Task Force will employ more green sector advisers, identify new green market op- portunities and create more green business promotions, based on recommenda- tions from the Danish business community, former growth teams and the Climate partnerships. The Government’s global climate efforts focuses on the following milestones in the coming year: - COP26, which has been postponed until November 2021. The time must be used to create momentum in the negotiations, and the Government will,among other things, focus on finalising the Paris Agreement rules, in- creased mobilisation of climate financing and raising global climate ambi- tions working together with other countries, including the UK as the COP presidency, and other stakeholders.', 'The time must be used to create momentum in the negotiations, and the Government will,among other things, focus on finalising the Paris Agreement rules, in- creased mobilisation of climate financing and raising global climate ambi- tions working together with other countries, including the UK as the COP presidency, and other stakeholders. - The P4G summit in Seoul in 2021, which is a key stepping stone towards COP26 where the private sector and other actors must be mobilised to demonstrate green solutions. An important Danish message will be the need for increased public-private partnerships inspired by the Climate part- nerships. - The UN Secretary-General’s SDG7 summit, which is held in connection with the General Assembly in 2021.', '- The UN Secretary-General’s SDG7 summit, which is held in connection with the General Assembly in 2021. By taking leadership on Sustainable Development Goal 7 on sustainable energy for all, Denmark will contribute actively to the summit. - The 15th UN Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Di- versity (UNCBD), tentatively September/October 2021, at which new global nature goals are to be adopted. The goals also contribute to mitigating cli- mate change from natural disasters and improving nature-based climate change adaptation and thereby meeting the Paris Agreement. Denmark will work for a strengthened use of nature-based solutions and for new global nature goals to ensure that the oceans are resilient and robust to climate change.', 'Denmark will work for a strengthened use of nature-based solutions and for new global nature goals to ensure that the oceans are resilient and robust to climate change. The Government’s efforts in the coming year The Government is working for an ambitious international climate effort along five tracks that will structure the efforts in the coming year: - raise global climate ambitions. - reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition. - drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change. - shift global finance flows in a green direction. - collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference.', '- collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference. Raise global climate ambitions Through negotiations in the UN and a strengthened climate diplomatic effort, the Government will work to influence countries and non-state actors to commit them- selves to ambitious goals that contribute to limiting the global temperature rise. We will work to ensure an ambitious effort for climate adaptation and resilience, as well as for sustainable development. This must be done via the EU and in alliance and collaboration with countries and non-state actors. Therefore, in the coming year, Denmark will, among other things, advance the elements mentioned in Box 46.', 'Therefore, in the coming year, Denmark will, among other things, advance the elements mentioned in Box 46. Raise global climate ambitions Enter into green strategic partnerships with selected countries Denmark’s partnerships with other countries will support meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals with particular focus on the green transition and sustainable economic growth in the partner country whileReduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition Denmark will work to put the green transition into practice with focus on ensuring that the world’s largest emitters reduce their emissions and on sustainable develop- ment in developing countries. Denmark s priorities in the coming year therefore in- clude, among other things, the elements mentioned in Box 47. supporting the market positions of Danish companies and specific export opportunities.', 'Denmark s priorities in the coming year therefore in- clude, among other things, the elements mentioned in Box 47. supporting the market positions of Danish companies and specific export opportunities. The Government will work on new green strategic partnerships with India and South Africa as well as new green action plans for existing strategic partnerships with China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia and Mexico. Increase the number of Green Frontline Missions by adding five more embassies Denmark’s reinforced climate diplomacy will be expanded with additional Green Frontline Missions in Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy and the UK to raise their climate ambitions and spread Danish green solutions to the climate challenge.', 'Increase the number of Green Frontline Missions by adding five more embassies Denmark’s reinforced climate diplomacy will be expanded with additional Green Frontline Missions in Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy and the UK to raise their climate ambitions and spread Danish green solutions to the climate challenge. Promote more ambitious climate and environmental goals for the trade policy in the EU and WTO The Government will work to promote a green focus in all phases of the EU’s trade agreements as well as liberalisation of trade in green goods and services, phasing out subsidies for fossil fuels and increasing the use of green standards and labelling schemes.', 'Promote more ambitious climate and environmental goals for the trade policy in the EU and WTO The Government will work to promote a green focus in all phases of the EU’s trade agreements as well as liberalisation of trade in green goods and services, phasing out subsidies for fossil fuels and increasing the use of green standards and labelling schemes. Reinforcement of strategic partnerships and ambition coalitions The Government will strengthen international partnerships with, among others, the C40 Cities Climate Lead- ership Group, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the Getting to Zero coalition and Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals (P4G) with a view to raise climate ambitions and promote a green and fair re- covery in high-income countries, developing countries and emerging countries in Africa and Asia, etc.', 'Reinforcement of strategic partnerships and ambition coalitions The Government will strengthen international partnerships with, among others, the C40 Cities Climate Lead- ership Group, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the Getting to Zero coalition and Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals (P4G) with a view to raise climate ambitions and promote a green and fair re- covery in high-income countries, developing countries and emerging countries in Africa and Asia, etc. - The Government has already contributed DKK 67 million to cooperation with the C40 Cities in 2020.', '- The Government has already contributed DKK 67 million to cooperation with the C40 Cities in 2020. In addition, contributions in 2020 are expected to amount to: - DKK 30 million for the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) - DKK 15 million for the New Climate Economy - DKK 35 million for the NDC Partnership In the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal, the Government proposes allocating an additional DKK 50 million for the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Strengthened green public diplomacy in countries where Denmark is represented Denmark strengthens the effort for dialogue and debate on a green transition and marketing of sustainable Danish green solutions and know-how in close collaboration with Danish authorities, civil society and the pri- vate sector.', 'Strengthened green public diplomacy in countries where Denmark is represented Denmark strengthens the effort for dialogue and debate on a green transition and marketing of sustainable Danish green solutions and know-how in close collaboration with Danish authorities, civil society and the pri- vate sector. Promote international regulation of aviation From 2021, Denmark will participate in the voluntary phase of the international Carbon Offsetting and Reduc- tion Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Promote greener land-based transport globally Denmark will focus on the green transition across modes of transport in International Transport Forums (ITF) at the ministerial summit in 2021 and on knowledge-sharing and social and green requirements in connection with allocation of transport authorisations.', 'Promote greener land-based transport globally Denmark will focus on the green transition across modes of transport in International Transport Forums (ITF) at the ministerial summit in 2021 and on knowledge-sharing and social and green requirements in connection with allocation of transport authorisations. Work for a global chemicals strategy that supports climate initiatives The UN oversees negotiations on a global chemicals strategy for the safe management of chemicals and waste (SAICM beyond 2020) in which Denmark will work to link chemicals and climate initiatives to support the climate objective. Drive a European and global collaboration on plastic Together with the other Nordic countries, Denmark has taken leadership in the preparations towards a global agreement on plastics and marine waste at UNEA 5 in 2021.', 'Drive a European and global collaboration on plastic Together with the other Nordic countries, Denmark has taken leadership in the preparations towards a global agreement on plastics and marine waste at UNEA 5 in 2021. Take leadership in global sustainable food systems Denmark is working to take on a leading role in reducing food waste, which is a significant source of green- house gas emissions. Denmark organises World Food Summit 2021 as a stepping-stone to the UN Food Systems Summit 2021 (FSS).Drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change The Government wants to use its position as a green pioneer country to inspire in- ternationally, and drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the climate fight, both through development cooperation and export promotion efforts.', 'Denmark organises World Food Summit 2021 as a stepping-stone to the UN Food Systems Summit 2021 (FSS).Drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change The Government wants to use its position as a green pioneer country to inspire in- ternationally, and drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the climate fight, both through development cooperation and export promotion efforts. The Government wants Danish development cooperation to embrace far higher climate ambitions, with a stronger focus on adaptation and sustainable development in the poorest and most fragile developing countries, where more people must have access to clean energy and clean water and where more green jobs and apprenticeships Reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition Significantly strengthen energy collaboration with major greenhouse gas emitters The Government proposes allocating - DKK 310 million through the Climate Pool in the 2020 Finance Act and the 2021 Finance Bill Pro- posal for expanding energy cooperation with Indonesia, China, Mexico, South Africa and Vietnam, focusing on issues such as energy planning and improved framework conditions for renewable energy and energy efficiency.', 'The Government wants Danish development cooperation to embrace far higher climate ambitions, with a stronger focus on adaptation and sustainable development in the poorest and most fragile developing countries, where more people must have access to clean energy and clean water and where more green jobs and apprenticeships Reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition Significantly strengthen energy collaboration with major greenhouse gas emitters The Government proposes allocating - DKK 310 million through the Climate Pool in the 2020 Finance Act and the 2021 Finance Bill Pro- posal for expanding energy cooperation with Indonesia, China, Mexico, South Africa and Vietnam, focusing on issues such as energy planning and improved framework conditions for renewable energy and energy efficiency. - Concurrently initiates energy cooperation with Japan on offshore wind and coal phase out.', '- Concurrently initiates energy cooperation with Japan on offshore wind and coal phase out. - In addition, the Government proposes allocating, in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal, DKK 50 million for continued energy collaboration with Ethiopia and DKK 10 million towards initiating strategic sector cooperation in Africa with a view to improving access to clean energy. Strengthen the environmental cooperation’s focus on climate action The existing bilateral government cooperation within environment focus on intensifying environmental syner- gies with the climate effort. This work will include energy-efficiency improvements in water supply, reduction of greenhouse gases from water treatment, circularity in resource and waste flows and initiatives with concur- rent reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gases.', 'This work will include energy-efficiency improvements in water supply, reduction of greenhouse gases from water treatment, circularity in resource and waste flows and initiatives with concur- rent reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gases. Promote resource-efficient food production In the food area, Denmark will enter into bilateral government cooperation with China, Kenya, Vietnam, Mex- ico, Colombia, Indonesia and Nigeria to contribute to developing a global, sustainable food system focused on reducing the impact of food production on climate and environment. This will be put into effect by assisting in improving framework conditions for resource-efficient food production, among other things.', 'This will be put into effect by assisting in improving framework conditions for resource-efficient food production, among other things. Launch global catalyst contribution for energy in developing countries The Government proposes allocating DKK 15 million to the Climate Pool in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for a new, flexible contribution to supplement long-term collaboration projects with short-term and clearly defined actions in developing countries in need of specific, technical assistance that Denmark can provide. Promote green and sustainable international value chains The Government launches actions to power the transition to green and sustainable value chains with particu- lar focus on emerging and developing economies.', 'Promote green and sustainable international value chains The Government launches actions to power the transition to green and sustainable value chains with particu- lar focus on emerging and developing economies. The Government proposes allocating DKK 20 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal to promote green and more sustainable supply chains and decarbonisation of sectors. Increase support for multilateral cooperation on energy The Government proposes allocating additional funding in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for multilateral en- ergy initiatives, including - DKK 50 million for the work of the International Energy Agency (IEA) on energy efficiency and sus- tainable energy in emerging economies such as India, Indonesia and China. - DKK 90 million for the World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).', '- DKK 90 million for the World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). - DKK 100 million for the Sustainable Energy Fund under the African Development Bank (SEFA). In addition, Denmark has a strategic partnership with IRENA. Strengthen the international cooperation on coal phase out towards COP26. Through collaborative initiatives such as the Powering Past Coal Alliance, Denmark will influence other coun- tries, particularly in Asia, to phase out coal production. Halt support for export of coal technology The Government will work to promote the phasing out of coal globally and a halt to public export financing of coal-fired power plants, thermal coal extraction and thermal coal logistics.', 'Halt support for export of coal technology The Government will work to promote the phasing out of coal globally and a halt to public export financing of coal-fired power plants, thermal coal extraction and thermal coal logistics. In international negotiations, the Government will also intensify climate diplomatic pressure for a global phasing out of coal. Launch an action plan against deforestation Denmark will fight global deforestation and will in the autumn of 2020 launch an action plan with existing and new initiatives against deforestation.must be created. Through its export promotion efforts, the Government will advo- cate the global spread of Danish solutions for prevention and climate adaptation. Denmark’s priorities in the coming year therefore include the elements mentioned in Box 48.', 'Denmark’s priorities in the coming year therefore include the elements mentioned in Box 48. Shift global finance flows in a green direction Massive investment is needed to speed up the green transition. The Government will work to accelerate a shift to green, climate-friendly investments at all levels and Drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change Allocating a total of DKK 2.9 billion in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for climate and environmental efforts in developing countries in 2021 In total, in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal, the Government proposes adding an additional DKK 450 million in 2021 to climate and the green agenda, including maintaining the record level of the Climate Pool in 2021.', 'The Government will work to accelerate a shift to green, climate-friendly investments at all levels and Drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change Allocating a total of DKK 2.9 billion in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for climate and environmental efforts in developing countries in 2021 In total, in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal, the Government proposes adding an additional DKK 450 million in 2021 to climate and the green agenda, including maintaining the record level of the Climate Pool in 2021. The increased support will, among other things, go to climate change adaptation, green transition and access to clean energy and clean water in the least developed countries as well as actions targeting emissions re- ductions in emerging economies.', 'The increased support will, among other things, go to climate change adaptation, green transition and access to clean energy and clean water in the least developed countries as well as actions targeting emissions re- ductions in emerging economies. New development policy strategy The Government will prepare a new development policy strategy together with the political parties in parlia- ment in which climate and environmental support will be central. The strategy will come after the current strategy and the underlying settlement agreement which expire at the end of 2021. The Government wishes to contribute to developing countries’ sustainable development and socially just green recovery after the COVID-19 crisis. In specific terms, the Government will give priority to the green transition and promotion of resilience, particularly in Africa.', 'In specific terms, the Government will give priority to the green transition and promotion of resilience, particularly in Africa. The Government will, among other things, contribute to access to clean en- ergy and clean water focusing on creating green skilled jobs and apprenticeships. Strengthen efforts to secure access to clean water and clean energy, green jobs and apprenticeships and to promote biodiversity As part of the Government’s 2021 Finance Bill Proposal, it is proposed to allocate: DKK 149.5 million for the African Water Facility under the African Development Bank. DKK 130 million for UNICEF’s water programme in Ethiopia. DKK 80 million to promote decentralised solar power in Africa (NEFCO). DKK 40 million for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).', 'DKK 40 million for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Explore the options for determining the new global climate financing goal that applies after 2025 to enhance support for climate action in the least affluent countries. A new target of increased mobilisation of public and private climate financing for the developing countries’ climate action is crucial for all parties’ ability to deliver on the Paris Agreement. Progress in this area can lay the foundation for an improved negotiation climate and support an ambitious implementation of the Paris Agreement. Initiate a green initiative in local areas on climate change, conflict, displacement and irregular migra- tion with focus on Sahel and the horn of Africa.', 'Initiate a green initiative in local areas on climate change, conflict, displacement and irregular migra- tion with focus on Sahel and the horn of Africa. The Government is planning to launch a multiannual regional programme to reduce vulnerability and fragility and promote sustainable development focused on the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. The Government pro- poses setting aside DKK 200 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for this purpose as part of a multian- nual effort.', 'The Government pro- poses setting aside DKK 200 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal for this purpose as part of a multian- nual effort. Establish new collaboration on climate change adaptation with African environmental authorities The Government proposes allocating DKK 10 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal to establish one or two new strategic sector cooperation initiatives to bring strong Danish experiences of climate change adapta- tion into play and contribute to strengthening resilience against climate change and access to clean water in partner countries.', 'Establish new collaboration on climate change adaptation with African environmental authorities The Government proposes allocating DKK 10 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal to establish one or two new strategic sector cooperation initiatives to bring strong Danish experiences of climate change adapta- tion into play and contribute to strengthening resilience against climate change and access to clean water in partner countries. Strengthen cooperation with Danish civil society on climate and environment The Government will engage in dialogue with the civil society to help identify solutions for how to jointly boost Denmark’s international climate action, and enter into agreements on reduction targets for civil society work that can serve as global inspiration.', 'Strengthen cooperation with Danish civil society on climate and environment The Government will engage in dialogue with the civil society to help identify solutions for how to jointly boost Denmark’s international climate action, and enter into agreements on reduction targets for civil society work that can serve as global inspiration. Strengthen cooperation with the business community on climate and environment in development work The Government proposes allocating DKK 50 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal to establish climate development partnerships with the business community that can cooperate with other actors to contribute to increase access to, among other things, clean water and energy in developing countries.country groups.', 'Strengthen cooperation with the business community on climate and environment in development work The Government proposes allocating DKK 50 million in the 2021 Finance Bill Proposal to establish climate development partnerships with the business community that can cooperate with other actors to contribute to increase access to, among other things, clean water and energy in developing countries.country groups. The framework conditions for the financial markets and, for exam- ple, the energy market must be designed to support green investments from private and institutional investors and funds There is also a need to strengthen the mobili- sation of climate financing for the poorest and most fragile countries.', 'The framework conditions for the financial markets and, for exam- ple, the energy market must be designed to support green investments from private and institutional investors and funds There is also a need to strengthen the mobili- sation of climate financing for the poorest and most fragile countries. The Govern- ment will take the lead in efforts to incorporate the green transition in recovery packages after COVID-19, both globally and through the EU. Denmark’s priorities in the coming year therefore include, among other things, the elements mentioned in Box 49. Collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a dif- ference In Denmark, we benefit from strong cooperation between public authorities and businesses. This is a position of strength that we should uphold.', 'This is a position of strength that we should uphold. A successful global climate effort must include Denmark’s business community and ensure that Danish solutions deliver for the Danish population as well as around the world. Denmark s priorities in the coming year therefore include, among other things, the elements mentioned in Box 50.', 'Denmark s priorities in the coming year therefore include, among other things, the elements mentioned in Box 50. Shift global finance flows in a green direction Organise an investment conference in Copenhagen As part of the partnership Climate Investment Coalition between the Government, Insurance & Pension Den- mark, Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change and World Climate Foundation, an investment confer- ence will be organized in Copenhagen to disseminate Danish and international experiences with financing models in green energy infrastructure and structuring of political framework conditions that promote the green transition and private investors’ access to green investments.', 'Shift global finance flows in a green direction Organise an investment conference in Copenhagen As part of the partnership Climate Investment Coalition between the Government, Insurance & Pension Den- mark, Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change and World Climate Foundation, an investment confer- ence will be organized in Copenhagen to disseminate Danish and international experiences with financing models in green energy infrastructure and structuring of political framework conditions that promote the green transition and private investors’ access to green investments. Mobilise increased climate financing as a board member of the Green Climate Fund With the Government’s ambition to double the contribution to the Green Climate Fund to a total of DKK 800 million for the period 2020–2023, Denmark will, as a board member of the fund, promote increased climate financing for reduction and adaptation initiatives in developing countries and ensure systematic performance measurement of project efforts.', 'Mobilise increased climate financing as a board member of the Green Climate Fund With the Government’s ambition to double the contribution to the Green Climate Fund to a total of DKK 800 million for the period 2020–2023, Denmark will, as a board member of the fund, promote increased climate financing for reduction and adaptation initiatives in developing countries and ensure systematic performance measurement of project efforts. Denmark has also contributed to increasing mobilisation of climate financing with contributions of DKK 210 million in 2020 to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF).', 'Denmark has also contributed to increasing mobilisation of climate financing with contributions of DKK 210 million in 2020 to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF). Support the recommendations from the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures The recommendations aim to increase companies’ focus on how climate-related risks and opportunities can affect their business and thereby strengthen the incentive for a green transition and the related communica- tion to investors and the surrounding world.', 'Support the recommendations from the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures The recommendations aim to increase companies’ focus on how climate-related risks and opportunities can affect their business and thereby strengthen the incentive for a green transition and the related communica- tion to investors and the surrounding world. Launch concrete green ambitions in the multilateral development banks Through its board duties in multilateral development banks, the Government will advocate the phasing out of investments in and subsidies for fossil fuels, strengthening investments in renewable energy, annual growth rates of at least 10% in climate investments in the World Bank and the regional development banks in Africa, Latin America and Asia (measured in terms of their overall operations) and push for a common approach to how activities contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement targets.', 'Launch concrete green ambitions in the multilateral development banks Through its board duties in multilateral development banks, the Government will advocate the phasing out of investments in and subsidies for fossil fuels, strengthening investments in renewable energy, annual growth rates of at least 10% in climate investments in the World Bank and the regional development banks in Africa, Latin America and Asia (measured in terms of their overall operations) and push for a common approach to how activities contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement targets. In addition, the Government will initiate Nor- dic cooperation on strategies for energy investments and green action in the multilateral development banks.', 'In addition, the Government will initiate Nor- dic cooperation on strategies for energy investments and green action in the multilateral development banks. Create a distinctive green profile in IFU Through active ownership of the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU), the Government will en- sure more sustainable and responsible investments in developing countries, particularly in Africa and in the climate area. IFU must contribute to mobilising more private investors by leading the way with new invest- ments in the poorest countries as well. Promote green investments in developing countries through strategic sector cooperation The Government will launch three pilot projects in selected developing countries for the period 2020–2022 that will improve framework conditions for green investments and contribute to identifying specific new invest- ments.', 'Promote green investments in developing countries through strategic sector cooperation The Government will launch three pilot projects in selected developing countries for the period 2020–2022 that will improve framework conditions for green investments and contribute to identifying specific new invest- ments. The pilot projects build on lessons learnt from existing strategic sector cooperation within energy, wa- ter, urban development and food.Collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference Strengthen regulatory efforts for exports in the EU The Export Package allocates DKK 15 million a year in 2020 and 2021 to the Export and Job Creation Task Force, whose duties, among other things, include to ensure strengthened government effort aimed at secur- ing Danish companies’ participation in the EU recovery plans, including in a green direction, and removing barriers in the EU’s single market.', 'The pilot projects build on lessons learnt from existing strategic sector cooperation within energy, wa- ter, urban development and food.Collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference Strengthen regulatory efforts for exports in the EU The Export Package allocates DKK 15 million a year in 2020 and 2021 to the Export and Job Creation Task Force, whose duties, among other things, include to ensure strengthened government effort aimed at secur- ing Danish companies’ participation in the EU recovery plans, including in a green direction, and removing barriers in the EU’s single market. Strengthen green economic diplomacy and promote exports for both greenhouse gas reductions and climate adaptation Danish solutions for both greenhouse gas reductions and climate change adaptation must be brought even more into play globally.', 'Strengthen green economic diplomacy and promote exports for both greenhouse gas reductions and climate adaptation Danish solutions for both greenhouse gas reductions and climate change adaptation must be brought even more into play globally. The Government will strengthen green economic diplomacy as well as investment and export promotion with a broad range of measures, including the Government’s Export and Job Creation Task Force, the export and investment package, restart teams, employment of green sector advisers and green export promotion, initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthened cooperation with utilities in the export and sector cooperation and by using a new tool to promote green investments.', 'The Government will strengthen green economic diplomacy as well as investment and export promotion with a broad range of measures, including the Government’s Export and Job Creation Task Force, the export and investment package, restart teams, employment of green sector advisers and green export promotion, initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthened cooperation with utilities in the export and sector cooperation and by using a new tool to promote green investments. Influence the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance in a green direction The Government will actively participate in the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance in order shape the alliance in a green direction and pave the way for Danish businesses to be part of the green European value chains of the future.', 'Influence the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance in a green direction The Government will actively participate in the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance in order shape the alliance in a green direction and pave the way for Danish businesses to be part of the green European value chains of the future. Establish Denmark’s Green Future Fund With a total budget of DKK 25 billion, Denmark’s Green Future Fund will contribute to developing and spread of new technologies that contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as climate change adaptation and promotion of global exports of green technologies. This involves conversion of energy sys- tems to renewable energy, storage and efficient use of energy, etc., and promoting global exports of green technologies, particularly within wind.', 'This involves conversion of energy sys- tems to renewable energy, storage and efficient use of energy, etc., and promoting global exports of green technologies, particularly within wind. Strengthen the effort for research and development and for obtaining knowledge in the climate area The Government wishes to enter into cooperative agreements on research with the USA and South Korea on energy and climate, and will organize high-level meetings with South Africa, China and India to strengthen the green direction of the cooperation.9.', 'Strengthen the effort for research and development and for obtaining knowledge in the climate area The Government wishes to enter into cooperative agreements on research with the USA and South Korea on energy and climate, and will organize high-level meetings with South Africa, China and India to strengthen the green direction of the cooperation.9. The Danish Council on Climate Change’s recom- mendations and the Government’s position After presenting the Government’s climate policy, this chapter will explain the an- nual recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change on future climate efforts and summarise the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities’ position on the recommendations in accordance with the Climate Act.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change’s recom- mendations and the Government’s position After presenting the Government’s climate policy, this chapter will explain the an- nual recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change on future climate efforts and summarise the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities’ position on the recommendations in accordance with the Climate Act. The chapter is based on the recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change as summarised in box 1.1 in the Council’s report Known paths and new tracks to 70% reduction. Direction and measures for the next 10 years’ climate action in Denmark from March 2020.', 'Direction and measures for the next 10 years’ climate action in Denmark from March 2020. The presentation shows that the agreement on a sector strategy for energy and in- dustry implements some of the recommendations by the Council on Climate Change and that the remaining part of the 2020 Climate Action Plan will make fur- ther decisions on the Council recommendations. The Government’s working method Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: The government’s working method Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations Climate effect impact analyses should be made on all relevant bills, but also major public capital investments and other infra- structure decisions.', 'The Government’s working method Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: The government’s working method Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations Climate effect impact analyses should be made on all relevant bills, but also major public capital investments and other infra- structure decisions. The Government has implemented a screening for green ef- fects of the annual legislative programme, which subjects all relevant bills to an analysis of its climate impact. Socio-economic calculations supporting decisions on public-sector projects should apply a price to greenhouse gases that is consistent with the 70% target. The Coun- cil on Climate Change assesses that the price should be approximately DKK 1,500/tonne. This corresponds to the esti- mated marginal costs of the transition ele- ments required to reach the 70% target.', 'This corresponds to the esti- mated marginal costs of the transition ele- ments required to reach the 70% target. The CO2 price used for socio-economic calculations is based on technical considerations of the socio-economic costs of emitting greenhouse gases. The difference between the cal- culation price set today and the costs of decided reduction measures can be understood as the best available proxy for the political willingness to pay for reducing CO2. The Ministry of Finance finds it important to maintain this target for willing- ness to pay in relation to the 70% target. This means that there are no plans to change the determination method for the price of greenhouse gases currently in effect.', 'This means that there are no plans to change the determination method for the price of greenhouse gases currently in effect. However, it is deemed important to be able to evaluate initia- tives in relation to the 70% target in all contexts, even when initiatives are not initially conceived as part of a climate action plan. To support this consideration, the Ministry of Finance guidelines for socio-economic impact assessments introduce a requirement for reporting shadow prices in all socio-eco- nomic analyses and for presenting sensitivity calculations for the socio-economic result using other carbon prices than those recommended by the Ministry of Finance.', 'To support this consideration, the Ministry of Finance guidelines for socio-economic impact assessments introduce a requirement for reporting shadow prices in all socio-eco- nomic analyses and for presenting sensitivity calculations for the socio-economic result using other carbon prices than those recommended by the Ministry of Finance. This will facil- itate an assessment for all initiatives of whether they are a good investment relative to the 70% target.Research Greenhouse gas tax Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Research Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations We should focus on massive and strategic action in research and development as well as demonstration and market matura- tion of new technologies that can take us the rest of the way to the 2030 target, par- ticularly: carbon capture and storage in the agricultural and food sector, heavy road transport, ships, aircraft and industry.', 'This will facil- itate an assessment for all initiatives of whether they are a good investment relative to the 70% target.Research Greenhouse gas tax Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Research Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations We should focus on massive and strategic action in research and development as well as demonstration and market matura- tion of new technologies that can take us the rest of the way to the 2030 target, par- ticularly: carbon capture and storage in the agricultural and food sector, heavy road transport, ships, aircraft and industry. The Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry of 22 June 2020 proposes the strengthening of green technologies.', 'The Climate Agreement for Energy and Industry of 22 June 2020 proposes the strengthening of green technologies. The agreement allocates technology-neutral market-based funding of DKK 815 million a year for CCS and CCU projects that can further the technologies and ensure greenhouse gas reductions. The funding pool will be phased in from 2024 and is expected to result in estimated annual CO2 reductions of 0.9 million tonnes from 2030. In relation to PtX, the climate agreement parties also agree that the proceeds of an RE agreement with the Netherlands (at least DKK 750 million) will fund a subsidy scheme for PtX projects. No later than by 2030, two energy islands must be estab- lished with a total capacity of 5 GW, allowing for subsequent expansion.', 'No later than by 2030, two energy islands must be estab- lished with a total capacity of 5 GW, allowing for subsequent expansion. Renewable energy from the islands is intended to eventually also be used for hydrogen production and other PtX. The Government will also present an overall strategy for car- bon capture, utilisation and storage (CC(U)S) and PtX in Den- mark. Finally, the Government has presented a green research strategy that charts the strategic course for green research, innovation, development and demonstration. The strategy will ensure that the efforts best support the green transition in Denmark and around the world and that they help achieve Denmark’s climate targets.', 'The strategy will ensure that the efforts best support the green transition in Denmark and around the world and that they help achieve Denmark’s climate targets. The strategy includes among other things a mission-oriented approach, which will support a targeted, accelerated develop- ment of new solutions for the green transition of selected sec- tors for which specific challenges have been identified that cannot be efficiently managed with current technologies. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Greenhouse gas tax Recommendation The Minister’s position on the recommendations The climate and energy tax system should be reformed to redirect focus on green- house gases so that a future, uniform greenhouse gas tax will be significantly higher than the sum of the current energy and CO2 tax.', 'Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Greenhouse gas tax Recommendation The Minister’s position on the recommendations The climate and energy tax system should be reformed to redirect focus on green- house gases so that a future, uniform greenhouse gas tax will be significantly higher than the sum of the current energy and CO2 tax. The tax rate should be an- nounced now and phased in gradually over a number of years to enable busi- nesses and private individuals to adapt to the higher taxes early on. The Government shares the ambition for uniform taxation of CO2e emissions. It will require considerable development ef- forts to tax emissions that are currently not taxed, including tax-exempt emissions such as oil production and refining as well as agricultural non-energy related emissions.', 'It will require considerable development ef- forts to tax emissions that are currently not taxed, including tax-exempt emissions such as oil production and refining as well as agricultural non-energy related emissions. Against this background, the Government proposes that a green tax reform be divided into phases, where the first phase can be based on a higher and more uniform taxation of CO2e-emissions in the existing tax system, while subsequent phases may include extensions of the tax base to areas that are relatively well defined as well as areas that are not taxed today. Thus, companies and citizens will have the opportunity early on to adapt to the higher taxes.Energy, construction and industry Companies in industries exposed to tough international competition should have a basic deduction to limit carbon leakage.', 'Thus, companies and citizens will have the opportunity early on to adapt to the higher taxes.Energy, construction and industry Companies in industries exposed to tough international competition should have a basic deduction to limit carbon leakage. In some sectors, the basic deduction could benefit by being made production-depend- ent so that reducing production reduces the deduction. The deduction for these sectors should be counterbalanced by a corresponding tax on the consumption of the industry’s prod- ucts, regardless of whether they are made in Denmark or abroad. This can be particularly relevant for prod- ucts such as beef and cement that are traded internationally and leave a big cli- mate footprint. The Government will examine which initiatives might mitigate the consequences for companies in industries with tough in- ternational competition.', 'The Government will examine which initiatives might mitigate the consequences for companies in industries with tough in- ternational competition. Taxes and deductions must also apply to the agricultural sector when reasonably true and fair accounts have been prepared for the individual farm’s emissions. In the short term, the agricultural sector must be encouraged to more climate- friendly production by means of a simpler tax model or a broad range of measures such as requirements for specific green technologies and financial support for their implementation. Emission data from agriculture must be expanded and im- proved.', 'Emission data from agriculture must be expanded and im- proved. Together with the parties to the agreement on the sector strategy for energy and industry, the Government has allocated DKK 5 million to contribute to the development of climate accounts at farm level and to support a cost-effective regulation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. In presenting its annual climate pro- gramme, the Government should also esti- mate the required increase in the green- house gas tax if the development track ini- tiatives do not appear to provide the ex- pected effect. Such a tax rate can illustrate what is re- quired to reach the 70% target and instil credibility about the target,also if it re- quires tougher measures. There are many considerations to be made on the path to meeting the 70% target.', 'There are many considerations to be made on the path to meeting the 70% target. Other tools than taxes must also be considered. Additionally, it will require major development ef- forts to tax emissions that are currently not taxed. A given tax rate is therefore not a goal in itself, and the Government will thus not provide ongoing assessments of the tax level. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Energy, construction and industry sector Theme Recommendation The Minister s position on the recom- mendations Phasing out coal We should decide to stop burning coal for power and district heating production as soon as possible and by 2025, given the requirement for fast reductions and the comparatively low price of phasing out coal.', 'Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Energy, construction and industry sector Theme Recommendation The Minister s position on the recom- mendations Phasing out coal We should decide to stop burning coal for power and district heating production as soon as possible and by 2025, given the requirement for fast reductions and the comparatively low price of phasing out coal. This stop can be put into effect by means of an outright ban or other framework conditions that either make it impossible to continue using coal or make coal distinctly less attractive than the alternatives. The Energy Agreement from 2018 sets a target of phasing out coal from power pro- duction before 2030, which is expected to be met.', 'The Energy Agreement from 2018 sets a target of phasing out coal from power pro- duction before 2030, which is expected to be met. After Ørsted’s decision to phase out coal from their CHPs in 2030 and Fjernvarme Fyn’s decision to phase out coal in 2022, only Nordjyllandsværket is left, which has a plan to phase out coal by 2028. An accelerated phase-out is as- sessed to entail relatively high costs and technical challenges. Green power The public tender procedures for and commissioning of offshore wind farms adopted in pursuance of the 2018 energy agreement should be moved forward, and additional tender procedures for ini- tially 3 GW of offshore wind farms should be set in motion for commissioning as soon as possible.', 'Green power The public tender procedures for and commissioning of offshore wind farms adopted in pursuance of the 2018 energy agreement should be moved forward, and additional tender procedures for ini- tially 3 GW of offshore wind farms should be set in motion for commissioning as soon as possible. At the same time, ad- ditional tender procedures should be pre- pared to meet the increased consump- tion of power. The sector strategy for energy and indus- try has accommodated the recommenda- tions on the moving forward (of wind farm 2 from the 2018 energy agreement) and establishment of offshore wind power, and it also provides more resources for pro- cessing complaints about the establish- ment of renewable energy systems.', 'The sector strategy for energy and indus- try has accommodated the recommenda- tions on the moving forward (of wind farm 2 from the 2018 energy agreement) and establishment of offshore wind power, and it also provides more resources for pro- cessing complaints about the establish- ment of renewable energy systems. The strategy also continues the technol- ogy-neutral tender procedures and anThe current tender procedures for pro- jects involving onshore wind, coastal wind and solar power should continue in auctioning processes as long as signifi- cant capacity of each of the technologies is not being established on market terms. analysis of the need for continued subsi- dies. Finally, the sector strategy commits the Government to present initiatives that support the continued development of the power infrastructure.', 'Finally, the sector strategy commits the Government to present initiatives that support the continued development of the power infrastructure. Sufficient funding should be provided for the processing of complaints to prevent the process of expanding renewable en- ergy projects from being delayed by case processing. The Government should prepare a strat- egy for expanding energy storage and flexible power consumption that can safeguard the balance in the power sup- ply, contribute to safeguarding supplies in periods without sun and wind and sup- port a reduction of fuel-fired installations. The Government should prepare a new compensation model for transmission projects that can ensure popular ac- ceptance locally for the establishment of additional high-voltage overhead power lines.', 'The Government should prepare a new compensation model for transmission projects that can ensure popular ac- ceptance locally for the establishment of additional high-voltage overhead power lines. Green heating The tax on electricity used for heating should be lowered to DKK 0.10/kWh in 2022 and further to DKK 0.05/kWh in 2023 as a consequence of lower support for power production based on renewa- ble energy. The sector strategy for energy and indus- try accommodates several of the Council on Climate Change recommendations, in- cluding phasing out of the CHP require- ment and the fuel binding to natural gas and abolishment of the tax on certified ex- cess heat. The consumer binding to natu- ral gas will also be removed, and it is made less costly for private individuals to phase out their natural gas boilers.', 'The consumer binding to natu- ral gas will also be removed, and it is made less costly for private individuals to phase out their natural gas boilers. The agreement reduces the electrical heating tax to the EU’s minimum rates (DKK 0.08/kWh for households and DKK 0.04/kWh for businesses) already in 2021 to realise carbon reductions and so- cio-economic gains. The sector strategy adjusts the socio-economic requirement so that district heating projects can be ap- proved without having to compare them to fossil-fuelled alternatives. The power grid should have flexible tar- iffs with temporal and regional differenti- ation to reflect the actual costs of using both the transmission and the distribution grid. Following the two first items, the Council on Climate Change also recommends phasing out the CHP requirement and the fuel requirements in the district heat- ing area.', 'Following the two first items, the Council on Climate Change also recommends phasing out the CHP requirement and the fuel requirements in the district heat- ing area. The tax on certified excess heat should be abolished. The CO2 price in the socio-economic cal- culation prerequisites applied in the ap- proval of district heating projects must re- flect the costs of achieving the 70% tar- get. The rules binding certain heating cus- tomers to natural gas should be elimi- nated as soon as possible. The Government should look into the rules for disconnection from the natural gas grid to reduce the cost to private in- dividuals of phasing out their natural gas boilers. Energy efficiency improvements The industry’s energy-saving scheme, the so-called agreement scheme, should be reinstated with particular focus on CO2 emission savings.', 'Energy efficiency improvements The industry’s energy-saving scheme, the so-called agreement scheme, should be reinstated with particular focus on CO2 emission savings. The sector strategy for energy and indus- try allocates DKK 2.5 billion from 2020- 2030 targeted at CO2 reductions in busi- nesses and the industry, focusing on is- sues such as energy-efficiency improve- ments of production processes that can- not be readily electrified. With respect to the recommendation for compliance with the building regulations, a new analysis has been launched to map compliance before making a decision on the results. A targeted energy-efficiency improvement effort will also be made to contribute to taking the measures into the digital age The building regulation requirements of energy-efficiency improvements in recon- struction and renovation should be en- forced by sample checks combined with fines or orders in the event of non-com- pliance with the regulations.', 'A targeted energy-efficiency improvement effort will also be made to contribute to taking the measures into the digital age The building regulation requirements of energy-efficiency improvements in recon- struction and renovation should be en- forced by sample checks combined with fines or orders in the event of non-com- pliance with the regulations. Assistance should be provided for opti- mising technical installations in buildings, for instance by means of improved infor- mation about energy-savings potentials and offers on free energy checks. Financing solutions through Energy Ser- vice Companies (ESCO) should be pro-Waste sector moted, for instance by additional guid- ance about the scheme using examples from specific Danish cases. and support smart management of tech- nical installations in buildings. The Danish Energy Agency has already prepared an ESCO guidance that is avail- able at SparEnergi.dk.', 'The Danish Energy Agency has already prepared an ESCO guidance that is avail- able at SparEnergi.dk. The Government expects to begin talks with municipalities and regions on energy- renovation efforts and has cancelled the construction ceiling in 2020 and raised it extraordinarily in 2021. Requirements should be imposed on en- ergy renovation of municipal and re- gional buildings. At the same time, it should be examined whether invest- ments in energy-efficiency improvements and improved interior climate can be ex- empted from the construction ceiling if the investments are repaid within a given period. Biogas One or more biogas production tenders should be invited so that the total pro- duction increases to around 35 PJ by 2025. The sector strategy for energy and indus- try allocates DKK 12.8 billion over a 20- year period for tenders for biogas support.', 'The sector strategy for energy and indus- try allocates DKK 12.8 billion over a 20- year period for tenders for biogas support. The tender procedures will contribute to increased competition, lower costs and thus a reduced support level. It is as- sessed that this can increase utilisation of biogas with 10 PJ by 2030. The termina- tion of the existing biogas support schemes, under which existing installa- tions had to apply for acceptance before 1 July 2020, enables a mapping of the to- tal expected production of biogas. With regard to the recommended require- ment of reducing emission losses from bi- ogas plants, the statutory basis has been provided for making such requirements, and work is currently in process on meas- urement programmes to help define these requirements.', 'With regard to the recommended require- ment of reducing emission losses from bi- ogas plants, the statutory basis has been provided for making such requirements, and work is currently in process on meas- urement programmes to help define these requirements. The subsidy scheme for power produc- tion generated by biogas should be changed to provide the proper socio-eco- nomic incentives to only use biogas for power production when the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining. This could be in the form of reduced subsidies added to the market price of power cor- responding to the support for other, new renewable energy sources such as off- shore wind power. Requirements should be introduced to minimise emission losses from biogas plants as soon as possible, and only bio- gas plants meeting the requirements should qualify for support.', 'Requirements should be introduced to minimise emission losses from biogas plants as soon as possible, and only bio- gas plants meeting the requirements should qualify for support. Precise measurements of emission losses from the biogas plants must be performed so that Denmark can change the leakage rate stated in the official emission inventories for the EU and UN based on this specific documentation. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Waste sector Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations Companies should be required to either separate or manage their own waste or opt in to municipal waste schemes, sup- ported by the relevant statutory frame- work.', 'Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Waste sector Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations Companies should be required to either separate or manage their own waste or opt in to municipal waste schemes, sup- ported by the relevant statutory frame- work. The sector strategy on waste streamlines and increases the collection of public and private companies’ waste by introduc- ing a cost-effective reporting scheme for companies’ waste arrangements and requirements for companies to separate household-like waste according to the same separation crite- ria as households and comply with the environmental require- ments in force at any time. The scheme will take effect before the end of 2022.', 'The scheme will take effect before the end of 2022. A new model must be set up for waste su- pervision to ensure that the sector complies with existing re- quirements of source separation of recyclable waste. Small companies that generate waste whose composition and vol- ume correspond to households will be allowed to opt for mu- nicipal collection schemes for recyclable waste. New regulations should be put in place to ensure that plastic packaging is in fact recyclable. The sector strategy on waste collects and organises waste flows from households and businesses more uniformly. The framework conditions for the waste sector must be designed to facilitate investments in recycling plants rather than incin- eration plants in the future.', 'The framework conditions for the waste sector must be designed to facilitate investments in recycling plants rather than incin- eration plants in the future. The Executive Order on Waste will stipulate that by no later than 1 January 2022, municipali- ties must require in tender procedures for waste management that at least 60% of collected plastic waste is actually recy- cled.Transport sector A decision must be made in 2021 on the organisational model for the national implementation of the extended producer re- sponsibility for packaging and determination of the modular fees that will give producers the financial incentive to design packaging for recycling. Consideration should be given to whether the non-recyclable proportion of separated plastic can be stored in Denmark until the proper management of the plastic is ensured.', 'Consideration should be given to whether the non-recyclable proportion of separated plastic can be stored in Denmark until the proper management of the plastic is ensured. The recommendation is not deemed an appropriate measure as it risks sending a message to the industry and waste sector that could cause developments in the field to stagnate. The Government’s initiatives in the area aim to promote increased recycling of plastic, for instance through circular design, includ- ing in particular phasing out plastic packaging that cannot be readily recycled. The Government is also working to ensure that plastic waste must be managed within Europe.', 'The Government is also working to ensure that plastic waste must be managed within Europe. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Transport sector Recommendation The Minister’s position on the recommendations Announcement of initiatives to stop the sale of passenger cars that are fully or partially fuelled by petrol or diesel. The Government is working to discontinue sales of petrol and diesel car from 2030. However, implementing a complete ban on marketing, import or registration of new petrol and diesel cars in a member state is not compatible with the applicable EU type-approval legislation.', 'However, implementing a complete ban on marketing, import or registration of new petrol and diesel cars in a member state is not compatible with the applicable EU type-approval legislation. Therefore, the Government is working to ensure that the Commission presents an ambi- tious, broad-spectrum strategy for how the EU can promote the green transition of the transport sector, including a clear plan for phasing out petrol and diesel cars in the EU. The Government is also working to obtain stricter CO2 standards for light and heavy vehicles, inclusion of road transport in the ETS sector, promotion of the necessary infrastructure and al- ternative fuels, including Power-to-X, and an ambitious ap- proach to batteries.', 'The Government is also working to obtain stricter CO2 standards for light and heavy vehicles, inclusion of road transport in the ETS sector, promotion of the necessary infrastructure and al- ternative fuels, including Power-to-X, and an ambitious ap- proach to batteries. The Government will also work to set up an alliance between like-minded EU member states that can apply pressure to promote the phase-out agenda in the EU. In the short term, EVs and other zero- emission vehicles should be given a finan- cial boost. The current EV battery deduc- tion in the vehicle registration tax should be made permanent and scaled down as the prices of batteries decline. The pur- chase of an electric vehicle should trigger a fixed subsidy, regardless of car size.', 'The pur- chase of an electric vehicle should trigger a fixed subsidy, regardless of car size. The Government wants to secure good, stable framework conditions for motor vehicle taxes to enable as many Danes as possible to join the green transition while we preserve se- curity for car owners and mobility within society. It is important for the Government that the green transition is financially re- sponsible and provides the greatest CO2 reduction return on investment. The recommendations by the Council on Climate Change for changing car taxes and cash subsidies for purchases of EVs and PHEVs are deemed to involve significantly less state rev- enue and will be associated with significant costs per tonne of CO2 reduced by 2030.', 'The recommendations by the Council on Climate Change for changing car taxes and cash subsidies for purchases of EVs and PHEVs are deemed to involve significantly less state rev- enue and will be associated with significant costs per tonne of CO2 reduced by 2030. In addition, cash subsidies for EV pur- chases can result in a significant risk that vehicles will be ex- ported after the buyer has received the subsidy. Based on the EV Commission’s recommendations on taxes, the Government will work to set up a broadly based agree- ment that secure long-term framework conditions for the auto- motive industry and car owners as well as clarification of mo- tor vehicle taxes in the green transition of passenger cars.', 'Based on the EV Commission’s recommendations on taxes, the Government will work to set up a broadly based agree- ment that secure long-term framework conditions for the auto- motive industry and car owners as well as clarification of mo- tor vehicle taxes in the green transition of passenger cars. A package of initiatives should be put in place to ensure more transparency and competitiveness in the EV charging mar- ket. The package should address equal terms for electricity taxes for all EV owners and improved options and framework con- ditions for the installation of charging sta- tions. It should also ensure a sufficient charging infrastructure in all cities and on the motorway network.', 'It should also ensure a sufficient charging infrastructure in all cities and on the motorway network. This can be put into effect by means of a tender procedure The parties behind the 2018 energy agreement have decided to expend DKK 50 million from the green transport pool on charging stations. The parties behind the agreement on the sector strategy for energy and industry decided to increase this pool by DKK 50 million in 2020. At the same time, the payment of the remaining funds in the pool will be advanced to 2020 and 2021.', 'At the same time, the payment of the remaining funds in the pool will be advanced to 2020 and 2021. The EV Commission is also expected to provide recommendations for the charging infrastructure in their next report later in the year, after which the Government expects to discuss initiatives in the area together with the po- litical parties in the Danish Parliament.Agricultural and forestry sector Behaviour for fast and rapid chargers at specific loca- tions, resulting in either a fee to the state or support to the operator. Implementing environmental zones in ur- ban areas to promote sales of CO2-neutral heavy-duty vehicles should be considered. Stricter environmental zones have been implemented for heavy-duty vehicles.', 'Stricter environmental zones have been implemented for heavy-duty vehicles. Most vehicle owners comply with the rules by purchasing new vehicles, which means that environ- mental zones indirectly help renew the vehicle fleet with po- tentials for CO2 reductions. Together with the Ministry of Envi- ronment and Food and the City of Copenhagen, the Ministry of Transport and Housing have entered into a climate partner- ship to examine how to set up trial zero-emission zones. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Agricultural and forestry sector Recommendation The Minister s position on the recommendations The current restoration scheme for car- bon-rich peatlands must play a more sig- nificant role in the future. However, the scheme must be improved on an ongoing basis in order to make a serious impact.', 'However, the scheme must be improved on an ongoing basis in order to make a serious impact. We must improve our knowledge of emis- sions factors and actual land-use condi- tions as soon as possible. However, the setting aside of peatlands should not be suspended until this knowledge has been obtained. The restoration scheme should be organ- ised with sufficient flexibility to manage new knowledge of emissions factors in various types of soil as and as and when it is obtained. Restoration of carbon-rich peatlands is a significant measure for reducing agricultural emissions. The potential and the model for additional set-asides and restoration will be exam- ined and qualified in connection with the coming sector strat- egy for agriculture.', 'The potential and the model for additional set-asides and restoration will be exam- ined and qualified in connection with the coming sector strat- egy for agriculture. Taxes and deductions must also apply to agriculture when reasonably true and fair accounts have been prepared for the indi- vidual farm’s emissions. In the short term, agriculture must be incentivised towards more climate-friendly production pro- cesses by means of a simpler tax model or a broad range of measures such as re- quirements for specific green technologies and financial support for their implementa- tion. Emission data from agriculture must be expanded and im- proved.', 'Emission data from agriculture must be expanded and im- proved. Together with the parties to the agreement on the sector strategy for energy and industry, the Government has allocated DKK 5 million to contribute to the development of climate accounts at farm level and support a cost-effective regulation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Recommendations by the Danish Council on Climate Change: Climate-friendly behaviour Recommendation The Minister’s position on the recommendations All Danish municipalities and regions should prepare climate strategies with clear guidelines for climate-friendly choices in cafeterias, transport, construc- tion, procurement, etc. The strategies should be followed up by monitoring to make it clear whether the strategies are being followed and the targets achieved.', 'The strategies should be followed up by monitoring to make it clear whether the strategies are being followed and the targets achieved. The Government notes positively that all municipalities will potentially prepare a climate strategy and that this work is co- ordinated across municipalities, e.g. under the auspices of Local Government Denmark.The state should further develop guide- lines and tools for green procurement for municipalities and regions to use. An ex- ample is a tool for calculating the munici- pal climate footprint, both in and outside the municipality’s territory. With the Strategy for Green Public Procurement, the state shows the way in the form of strategies and initiatives for green procurement and tools for tracking developments in the green transition. The Government invites municipalities and regions to follow suit in the green direction.', 'The Government invites municipalities and regions to follow suit in the green direction. The strategy pro- vides for the development of a calculation model for determin- ing greenhouse gas emissions from public sector procure- ment, and it is an ambition for municipalities and regions to eventually be able to use the calculation model to determine the greenhouse gas emissions from their purchasing. Taxes on food with climate impacts Later in the year, the Government will propose a sector strat- egy for agriculture. Incentives for increased carpooling The Ministry of Transport regularly supports pilot schemes with funding from special state allocations. Frederikshavn, Hjørring and Aalborg have started cooperation projects with the GoMore share-riding service to encourage more people to combine public transport and carpooling, for instance.', 'Frederikshavn, Hjørring and Aalborg have started cooperation projects with the GoMore share-riding service to encourage more people to combine public transport and carpooling, for instance. Special allocation funds have also been granted for pilot testing in North Jutland involving an expansion of Journey Planner to also include private transport such as carpooling services.Annexes Annex 1: The Danish Climate Act, June 2020 Annex 2: A Green and Sustainable World: The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate action, October 2020The Danish Climate ActMinistry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, file no. 2019-2855 Climate Act This is an unofficial translation of the Climate Act. Only Danish laws published in the Danish Law Gazette (Lovtidende) have legal validity Purpose 1.', 'Only Danish laws published in the Danish Law Gazette (Lovtidende) have legal validity Purpose 1. The purpose of this Act is for Denmark to reduce green- house gas emissions in 2030 by 70% compared to the level of emissions in 1990, and for Denmark to achieve a climate-neu- tral society by 2050 at the latest, taking into account the Paris Agreement target of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. (2). Denmark must actively work for realisation of the Paris Agreement target of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. (3). The climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles: 1) The climate challenges are a global problem.', 'The climate effort must adhere to a number of guiding principles: 1) The climate challenges are a global problem. Therefore, Denmark must be a leading nation in the international cli- mate effort, a nation that can inspire and influence the rest of the world. Furthermore, Denmark has both a historical and a moral responsibility to take the lead. 2) The realisation of Denmark’s climate targets must be as cost effective as possible, taking into account the long- term green transition, sustainable business development and Danish competitiveness, sound public finances and employment, and that Danish business must be developed rather than diminished. 3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohe- sion and social balance are secured.', '3) Denmark must show that a green transition is possible while maintaining a strong welfare society, where cohe- sion and social balance are secured. 4) The initiatives to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emis- sions must result in real domestic reductions, but it must also be ensured that Danish measures do not simply relo- cate all of the greenhouse gas emissions outside of Den- mark’s borders. 2. At least once every five years, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must set a national climate target with a 10-year perspective. A new climate target must not be less ambitious than the most recently set target. (2).', 'A new climate target must not be less ambitious than the most recently set target. (2). At least once every five years, and as a minimum in connection with the setting of the climate targets, as referred to in paragraph 1, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must publish a climate action plan with a 10-year perspective. The Danish Council on Climate Change 3. To promote impartial advice on the climate effort, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities will be assisted by the The Danish Council on Climate Change. (2). The Danish Council on Climate Change assists the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities in setting national climate targets, as referred to in Article 2(1). 4.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change assists the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities in setting national climate targets, as referred to in Article 2(1). 4. The Danish Council on Climate Change must annually make recommendations to the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on the climate effort. In the recommendations, The Danish Council on Climate Change must observe the principles stated in Article 1(3). (2). In the recommendations, The Danish Council on Cli- mate Change must also assess whether the government’s climate efforts make it probable that the climate targets, as referred to in Articles 1(1) and 2(1), will be reached. (3). In connection with the recommendations, The Danish Council on Climate Change must provide a status update on Denmark’s international targets. 5.', 'In connection with the recommendations, The Danish Council on Climate Change must provide a status update on Denmark’s international targets. 5. The Danish Council on Climate Change must comment on the annual climate status and projection, as referred to in Article 6, and the Minister of Climate, Energy and Utilities’ annual climate programme, as referred to in Articles 7(1) and 7(2). (2). The Danish Council on Climate Change must prepare a catalogue of potential measures. (3). The Danish Council on Climate Change must con- tribute to the public debate. (4). The Danish Council on Climate Change may prepare analyses of, and recommendations on, the climate effort, etc.Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, file no. 2019-2855 Climate status and projection 6.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change may prepare analyses of, and recommendations on, the climate effort, etc.Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, file no. 2019-2855 Climate status and projection 6. The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must annually prepare a climate status and projection, which must at least contain the following: 1) Historic greenhouse gas emissions, overall and by sector. 2) Projections of greenhouse gas emissions, overall and by sector. 3) Global report on the international effects of the Danish climate effort. Climate programme, report to the Danish Parliament and obligation to act 7. The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must an- nually present a climate programme for the Danish Parliament. (2).', 'The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must an- nually present a climate programme for the Danish Parliament. (2). The climate programme must include the following: 1) A status report on fulfilment of the national climate tar- gets, as referred to in Articles 1(1) and 2(1). 2) The planned climate initiatives and measures, including short- and long-term effect and the projected future effect thereof. 3) A report on The Danish Council on Climate Change’s recommendations, as referred to in Article 4, and the po- sition of the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities on these recommendations. 4) A status report on research and development of new cli- mate initiatives. 5) A status report on developments in climate science, in- cluding the latest reports from the UN Climate Panel.', '5) A status report on developments in climate science, in- cluding the latest reports from the UN Climate Panel. 6) A description and status report on fulfilment of interna- tional climate targets. 7) A global climate strategy. (3). In the climate programme, the Minister for Climate, En- ergy and Utilities must provide an assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets mentioned in Articles 1(1) and 2(1) will be reached. (4).', 'In the climate programme, the Minister for Climate, En- ergy and Utilities must provide an assessment of whether it appears probable that the national climate targets mentioned in Articles 1(1) and 2(1) will be reached. (4). If it cannot be deemed probable that the national climate targets will be reached, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must in the climate programme present new initiatives with a reduction effect in the shorter term and initiatives with a reduction effect in the longer term, which together chart a path toward fulfilment of the national climate targets. 8. The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must pre- pare an annual report to the Danish Parliament on the effects of the overall climate policy after the publication of the climate programme. 9.', 'The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must pre- pare an annual report to the Danish Parliament on the effects of the overall climate policy after the publication of the climate programme. 9. The Danish Meteorological Institute is the government’s adviser on developments in climate science.Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, file no. 2019-2855 Organisation of The Danish Council on Climate Change 10. The Danish Council on Climate Change is an indepen- dent advisory body of experts. (2). The Danish Council on Climate Change consists of 1 chair and 8 other members. The Danish Council on Climate Change elects 1 candidate for each vacant post, who is sub- sequently appointed by the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities. (3).', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change elects 1 candidate for each vacant post, who is sub- sequently appointed by the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities. (3). The Danish Council on Climate Change is composed of experts with broad expertise and high level of climate-rel- evant academic knowledge relating to energy, buildings, transport, agriculture, environment, nature, economics, climate science research, and behavioural research of rele- vance to the climate field. (4). Two of the Climate Council’s other members will be appointed as deputy chairs. (5). The chair and the deputy chairs speak on behalf of the Climate Council. (6). The members of The Danish Council on Climate Change are appointed for a four-year term. Members may be reappointed once.', 'The members of The Danish Council on Climate Change are appointed for a four-year term. Members may be reappointed once. If the chair or one of the other mem- bers resigns from the Council before the expiry of the term, a new member may be appointed for less than four years in accordance with the procedure outlined in paragraph 2. (7). The Danish Council on Climate Change determines its rules of procedure. 11. The Danish Council on Climate Change is assisted by a secretariat. (2). The secretariat is headed by a head of secretariat, who is appointed by the chair of The Danish Council on Climate Change. 12.', 'The secretariat is headed by a head of secretariat, who is appointed by the chair of The Danish Council on Climate Change. 12. The Danish Council on Climate Change must estab- lish a climate dialogue forum, which is tasked with assisting The Danish Council on Climate Change in its work. (2). The members of the Climate Council’s climate dia- logue forum will be appointed by The Danish Council on Climate Change for a term of up to three years at a time. (3). The Danish Council on Climate Change and the cli- mate dialogue forum must convene at least once annually prior to the submission of the Climate Council’s annual re- port with recommendations, as referred to in Article 4(1), and prior to other significant publications by the Climate Council.', 'The Danish Council on Climate Change and the cli- mate dialogue forum must convene at least once annually prior to the submission of the Climate Council’s annual re- port with recommendations, as referred to in Article 4(1), and prior to other significant publications by the Climate Council. The discussions will be led by the chair. (4). The annual report with recommendations, as referred to in Article 4(1), and other significant publications from the Danish Council on Climate Change will be accompanied by a summary of views expressed in connection with the dis- cussions referred to in paragraph 3. (5). The Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities must set detailed rules on which organisations and institutions nominate members of the climate dialogue forum. Entry into force etc. 13.', 'Entry into force etc. 13. This Act will enter into force on the day after it is pub- lished in the Danish Law Gazette (Lovtidende). (2). The current chair and members of The Danish Coun- cil on Climate Change will continue in their posts until the expiry of the term for which they are appointed, and after the expiry of their first term they may be reappointed once for an additional four-year term. The chair of The Danish Council on Climate Change may decide that two of the members of The Danish Council on Climate Change upon the entry into force of this Act may, upon the expiry of their second term, be appointed for an additional two-year term. (3). Act no.', 'The chair of The Danish Council on Climate Change may decide that two of the members of The Danish Council on Climate Change upon the entry into force of this Act may, upon the expiry of their second term, be appointed for an additional two-year term. (3). Act no. 716 of 25 June 2014 on Climate Council, cli- mate policy report and setting of national climate targets is hereby abolished. 14. This Act is not applicable in the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.A Green and Sustainable World: The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate actionA Green and Sustainable World The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate actionUnofficial translation of the original Danish version.', 'This Act is not applicable in the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.A Green and Sustainable World: The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate actionA Green and Sustainable World The Danish Government s long-term strategy for global climate actionUnofficial translation of the original Danish version. In case of any differences in content, the Danish version is authoritativeA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Content Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will make Denmark a global green driving force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will raise the global climate ambitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition.', 'In case of any differences in content, the Danish version is authoritativeA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Content Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will make Denmark a global green driving force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will raise the global climate ambitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will shift global finance flows in a green direction .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We will shift global finance flows in a green direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Preface The climate challenge is one of the greatest global challenges of our times.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Preface The climate challenge is one of the greatest global challenges of our times. With the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2015, we have reached a global consensus on the need for a change of course to avoid a major rise in global temperatures and the irreparable damage such an increase would cause.', 'With the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2015, we have reached a global consensus on the need for a change of course to avoid a major rise in global temperatures and the irreparable damage such an increase would cause. Yet efforts to trans- late these goals into action have been insufficient. Significantly higher ambitions and action are needed if the world is to reach the 1.5 degree goal of the Paris Agreement. Action must be taken within the coming decade to ensure a sustainable planet for future generations. We must break the curve of global greenhouse gas emissions. Even if the world achieves the goals, we must intensify our efforts to prevent and adapt to the impacts of climate change.', 'Even if the world achieves the goals, we must intensify our efforts to prevent and adapt to the impacts of climate change. By doing so, we can avoid and minimise the damage from climate change as far as possible and prevent climate change from causing increased global inequ- ality. Climate changes are inevitable – and in many regions, such as Africa, they will be severe. We are already seeing the impacts today. Denmark is leading the way with the Danish Climate Act and unprecedented ambitious climate goals. But Denmark only accounts for 0.1% of global emissions, so it is essential that the rest of the world moves in the same direction.', 'But Denmark only accounts for 0.1% of global emissions, so it is essential that the rest of the world moves in the same direction. The COVID-19 pandemic has merely intensified the need for drastic measures in support of sustainable development and green transition as a means of creating a real and lasting economic recovery. We must use the Danish example to rebuild better and greener societies – Build Back Better and Greener. We must also use the green transition and efforts to ensure access to clean water and clean energy to create jobs and apprenticeships, particularly in developing countries.', 'We must also use the green transition and efforts to ensure access to clean water and clean energy to create jobs and apprenticeships, particularly in developing countries. The Government wants Denmark, as a green pioneer, to lead the global climate effort and a fair global transition to sustainable societies for the benefit of the world’s peoples – just as we have ensured a smooth transition to a green economy in Denmark over the past 50 years. We have a historic and moral responsibility to take the lead. We have the experience and we have the green solutions. We have shown that economic growth and green transition can go hand in hand. We now have a unique opportunity to contribute solutions to the global climate challenges.', 'We now have a unique opportunity to contribute solutions to the global climate challenges. Through bilateral and multilateral collaborations, as well as efforts via the EU, Denmark will be a global driving force in the international effort for a green and sustainable transition. Through stronger collabo- ration, dialogue and alliances with countries and non-state actors, we will inspire and influence others to raise ambitions in order to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and ensure sustainable development in line with the SDGs. We will work for a socially just green transition that creates growth and opportunities for all, and which fights inequality.', 'We will work for a socially just green transition that creates growth and opportunities for all, and which fights inequality. With the Government’s long-term strategy for global climate action, A Green and Sustainable World, a course is charted for Denmark’s international climate efforts spanning foreign, development, trade and sector policy, as well as export and invest- ment promotion. Success in our efforts for a green and sustainable transition globally will require political support at the highest level in all countries and comprehensive solutions involving all sectors and stakeholders. The Government will therefore activate all relevant areas of international policy and coordinate the Danish approach to ensure an ambitious, persistent, multifaceted and integratedA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION global climate effort.', 'The Government will therefore activate all relevant areas of international policy and coordinate the Danish approach to ensure an ambitious, persistent, multifaceted and integratedA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION global climate effort. The climate agenda must be pursued by all areas of the Government, from the technical to the highest political level – and it must be pursued consistently and without hesitation. The Government has therefore taken the initiative to establish the first ever comprehensive strategy for Denmark’s global climate efforts. We will work to raise global climate ambitions, reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, intensify the focus on climate adaptation and sustainable development, and increase the mobilisation of financing for climate efforts.', 'We will work to raise global climate ambitions, reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, intensify the focus on climate adaptation and sustainable development, and increase the mobilisation of financing for climate efforts. The Government wants to ensure that efforts to fight climate change and support sustainable development go hand in hand. Meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs serve as the framework for the Danish effort. When we strengthen our global efforts for green transition, it benefits Denmark beyond the mere fact that we are contributing to a greener, more sustainable and equal world. The spread of Danish green solutions also contributes to green exports, growth and employment in Denmark.', 'The spread of Danish green solutions also contributes to green exports, growth and employment in Denmark. Our commit- ment to global climate action can also contribute to the acquisition of knowledge, innovative techno- logy, solutions and investments, thus benefitting Denmark’s own green transition, future-proofing our positions of strength in business, and helping to meet our ambitious climate goals. It is also about solidarity. The Government wants to help the poorest countries, which are hardest hit by climate change. We will take the lead in support of a just green transition that creates skilled jobs – particularly in developing countries – and does not increase inequality. The framework for global climate action is constantly evolving. The Government’s internati- onal climate action will therefore expand as new challenges, opportunities and alliances arise.', 'The Government’s internati- onal climate action will therefore expand as new challenges, opportunities and alliances arise. In the global chapter of our annual climate programme, we will outline the Government’s initiatives in Denmark’s global climate action, aligned with the aims of the Government’s five-year strategy for global climate action. The Government is setting a course for Denmark’s global climate action with this strategy – and we are ready to take responsibility for realising these ambitions. Therefore, as we agreed in the Agree- ment on the Climate Act, we will prepare separate global reports on the international impacts of the Danish climate effort and the status of Denmark’s international obligations as part of the annual climate status and forecast in April.', 'Therefore, as we agreed in the Agree- ment on the Climate Act, we will prepare separate global reports on the international impacts of the Danish climate effort and the status of Denmark’s international obligations as part of the annual climate status and forecast in April. Among other things, the report will present the current status of reductions in international shipping and aviation, as well as reductions from exports of electricity from renewable energy sources. The effects of Danish bilateral energy collaborations with major carbon emitters can also be included, and the effects of Danish imports and consumption will be explored. Additionally, the report will provide a review of Danish development assistance relating to climate action.', 'Additionally, the report will provide a review of Danish development assistance relating to climate action. The Strategy was developed by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Food, Ministry of Higher Education and Science, and Ministry of Transport and Housing.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION We will make Denmark a global green driving force The global climate challenges must be addressed now The world and Denmark are in a climate crisis. We consume more of the Earth’s resources and emit more than the planet can withstand. These actions have consequences. The last four years are the warmest ever recorded on Earth.', 'The last four years are the warmest ever recorded on Earth. The planet’s oceans are rising at a record pace and we have set a new low for how little sea ice is left in the Arctic. The global green transition is one of the most important but also most difficult tasks the world is facing. If the whole world is to achieve the dream of enjoying the same standard of living as us, we must produce and consume in a different way. The green transition of society is a broad and deep process of change, often associated with social and economic changes that demand great political courage, collaboration and governmental capacity.', 'The green transition of society is a broad and deep process of change, often associated with social and economic changes that demand great political courage, collaboration and governmental capacity. To be a leading country, Denmark must show the way to a socially just and cost-effective transition that does not result in job losses, unequal redi- stribution and increased inequality, but rather in new green jobs and opportunities for more people. A concerted effort to train skilled workers with green competencies will be needed to ensure that job creation and the green transition go hand in hand in developing countries. Immediate action is needed.', 'A concerted effort to train skilled workers with green competencies will be needed to ensure that job creation and the green transition go hand in hand in developing countries. Immediate action is needed. Despite consensus on the Paris Agreement among the vast majority of the world’s nations, we are not yet on track to limit temperature increases to below 2 degrees or stri- ving for 1.5 degrees. We must break the curve of global greenhouse gas emissions. In order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees, the UN Climate Panel finds that global CO emissions must be 45% lower in 2030 than in 2010, combined with a significant reduction in other greenhouse gases. Man-made CO emissions must reach net zero by 2050 at the latest.', 'Man-made CO emissions must reach net zero by 2050 at the latest. By meeting the already adopted climate contributions, however, global tempera- tures will still rise by more than 3 degrees by the end of this century. In other words, significantly higher ambitions are needed. The majority of global emissions stem from a small group of major emitters, with China, the US and the EU in the top 3. This is where serious action must be taken so that the largest emitters commit to deliver more ambitious climate contributions. It is also important to maintain a focus on developing countries, and particularly emerging economies, which are already responsible for the majority of global emissions, and whose energy and resource needs will continue to grow, thus amplifying the trend of increased greenhouse gas emissions.', 'It is also important to maintain a focus on developing countries, and particularly emerging economies, which are already responsible for the majority of global emissions, and whose energy and resource needs will continue to grow, thus amplifying the trend of increased greenhouse gas emissions. Denmark will be a green pioneer in the global climate effort so that we can inspire and influence the rest of the world.', 'Denmark will be a green pioneer in the global climate effort so that we can inspire and influence the rest of the world. Denmark will once again take leadership in the green transition, contribute to significantly raising global ambitions for the climate, environment and nature, and actively advance the Paris Agreement and sustainable development in line with the SDGs.Graphic A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 7 * Unconditional Nationally Determined Contributions which countries will deliver without conditions attached ** Conditional Nationally Determined Contributions which countries will deliver contingent on support or if other conditions are met Scenarios for future global CO emissions Current policy scenario Unconditional NDC scenario* Conditional NDC scenario** Remaining gap to stay within 1,5o C limit Median estimate of level consistent e (range 22-31) range range range The graph shows different scenarios for future global CO emissions based on different policies.', 'Denmark will once again take leadership in the green transition, contribute to significantly raising global ambitions for the climate, environment and nature, and actively advance the Paris Agreement and sustainable development in line with the SDGs.Graphic A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 7 * Unconditional Nationally Determined Contributions which countries will deliver without conditions attached ** Conditional Nationally Determined Contributions which countries will deliver contingent on support or if other conditions are met Scenarios for future global CO emissions Current policy scenario Unconditional NDC scenario* Conditional NDC scenario** Remaining gap to stay within 1,5o C limit Median estimate of level consistent e (range 22-31) range range range The graph shows different scenarios for future global CO emissions based on different policies. Significantly higher global ambitions are needed if the world is to successfully limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees.', 'Significantly higher global ambitions are needed if the world is to successfully limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees. Depending on the political scenario (conditional or unconditional Nationally Determined Contributions), we still need to reduce global emissi- ons by, respectively, 32 and 29 gigaton CO . That is more than half of the current combined global emissions or about three times China’s annual emissions (2020 figures). Source: UNEP emission Gap rapport 2019. Adjusted by the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. In 2040, more than half of the increase in emis- sions will come from India and China. Meanwhile, approximately 550 million residents of sub-Sa- haran Africa still lacked access to electricity in 2018.', 'Meanwhile, approximately 550 million residents of sub-Sa- haran Africa still lacked access to electricity in 2018. When they gain access, the rising energy needs must be met by green rather than polluting sources of energy. In addition to the energy sector, sectors such as agriculture, transport and industrial manufactu- ring play a key role in the climate fight, as they account for a large and growing share of resource consumption and global greenhouse gas emissions. Green technologies, energy efficiency, effective use and reuse of resources, new methods of culti- vation and production in agriculture, reduced deforestation, innovation and new technologies are all necessary to counteract and adapt to climate change. Establishing a circular economy is thus also a core element of the green transition. Danish consumption and activity impact green- house gas emissions beyond Denmark’s borders.', 'Danish consumption and activity impact green- house gas emissions beyond Denmark’s borders. Danes consume goods produced in other coun- tries. The average climate footprint of Danes is therefore larger than what is produced nationally. Therefore, efforts by Danish companies to inte- grate sustainability into their value chains and to export green solutions are important elements of Denmark’s overall global action. The Government is also working for a reduction of global emissions through bilateral Strategic Sector Cooperation, including with a number of emerging economies. The reduction effort cannot stand alone. Even if the goals of the Paris Agreement are met, global warming will still have major consequences. All countries will face challenges in adapting to climate change and preventing its consequences.', 'All countries will face challenges in adapting to climate change and preventing its consequences. Global demand for methods and technologies for climate protection and adaptation is expected to rise as the impacts of climate change become increasingly evident. The strong competencies in these fields held by Danish public authorities and companies must be extended to the rest of the world and further developed.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION The least developed countries and small island states will be hardest hit by climate change, and also have the fewest resources to manage the challenge. Here, climate change has the potential to roll back decades of development progress and intensify problems relating to poverty, inequality, migration and displacement, conflict, security and instability, and shortages of, for example, water.', 'Here, climate change has the potential to roll back decades of development progress and intensify problems relating to poverty, inequality, migration and displacement, conflict, security and instability, and shortages of, for example, water. The Government wants to strengthen efforts to ensure that developing countries have opportuni- ties to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and achieve sustainable development in line with the SDGs. Establishing a sufficient level of ambition in the reduction and adaptation efforts will depend on shifting global finance flows from investments in fossil fuels to green solutions and adaptation measures. Green investments must be the answer for rebuilding the local and global economy, and for promoting economic growth and jobs.', 'Green investments must be the answer for rebuilding the local and global economy, and for promoting economic growth and jobs. Denmark as a green superpower Danish efforts are to a great extent carried out through the EU, multilateral and bilateral collabo- rations, and alliances with countries and non-state actors. With its high national ambitions and decades of experience in green transition and climate adap- tation, Denmark is a leading country with a unique platform for inspiring the rest of the world to adopt high ambitions and take action now. Danish climate diplomacy efforts must focus on the largest emitters, as well as other emerging economies and developing countries, which will be the source of increased greenhouse gas emissions in the future, and which have the fewest resources to meet the challenges of climate change.', 'Danish climate diplomacy efforts must focus on the largest emitters, as well as other emerging economies and developing countries, which will be the source of increased greenhouse gas emissions in the future, and which have the fewest resources to meet the challenges of climate change. We can help to inspire other countries and play a constructive role as bridge builders in international climate negotia- tions. We can demonstrate that green transition, growth, welfare, job creation and education go hand in hand. The Government will focus Denmark’s international climate effort on the three main goals of the Paris Agreement: • Pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. • Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change affecting the poorest most severely and foster climate resilience.', '• Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change affecting the poorest most severely and foster climate resilience. • Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emis- sions and climate-resilient development. Immediate action is needed to ensure sustainable global development. The Paris Agreement and the SDGs reflect that the challenges and the solutions must cut across all three dimensions of sustainable development: social, environmental and economic. To reach the goal of limiting the temperature rise, the global community must invest massively in the green transition. The global market for green tran- sition will only continue to grow. This is a unique opportunity for Danish businesses that must be seized.', 'This is a unique opportunity for Danish businesses that must be seized. Denmark must be known as a green entre- preneurial nation with strong knowledge institu- tions, and exports of green technology, solutions and consulting must be increased. A stronger effort will also contribute to attrac- ting knowledge, investment and collaborations in research and innovation to advance the develop- ment of tomorrow’s green positions of strength and support Denmark’s position as a green superpower. We cannot take action to achieve these goals alone. The Government’s climate diplomacy efforts must be conducted with the global community through alliances via the EU, with other countries and non-state actors.', 'The Government’s climate diplomacy efforts must be conducted with the global community through alliances via the EU, with other countries and non-state actors. Non-state actors play a crucial role, as their ambitions and development of green solutions increase the pressure on countries to commit to higher climate ambitions, while also demonstrating the availability of green solutions. Reading guide The following chapters present the strategic framework for Denmark’s climate diplomacy efforts, divided into the following aims: • We will raise the global climate ambitions. • We will reduce global greenhouse gas emis- sions by leading the way in the green transition. • We will drive adaptation and resilience initia- tives in the fight against climate change. • We will shift global finance flows in a green direction.', '• We will shift global finance flows in a green direction. • We will collaborate with the business commu- nity on green solutions that make a difference.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 9 We will raise the global climate ambitions We will ensure a robust framework in the negotiations The climate challenge can only be solved with common global solutions. The UN Climate Convention and the Paris Agreement comprise the common international framework for the global climate effort. The current level of ambi- tion is far from sufficient. Implementation of the Paris Agreement is too slow.', 'Implementation of the Paris Agreement is too slow. The polarisation in recent years between different groups of coun- tries, and particularly the impending US with- drawal from the Paris Agreement, weakens the overall framework for higher ambitions to reach the common goals of limiting the global tempe- rature rise, ensuring ambitious efforts in climate adaptation and sustainable development, and mobilising financing for both purposes. The Government wants to strengthen the UN Climate Convention, maintain the Paris Agree- ment as a global framework, and finalise nego- tiations on the provisions of the agreement to ensure the most ambitious framework possible. Trust in the negotiations must be restored. Denmark is working to make the Paris Agree- ment a well-functioning and credible framework that ensures continuous intensification of the global climate effort.', 'Denmark is working to make the Paris Agree- ment a well-functioning and credible framework that ensures continuous intensification of the global climate effort. This will send a clear signal about the will to take action, and it will support the green transition of businesses. Denmark must be a driving force in climate diplomacy The Government wants a new and strengthened Danish climate diplomacy effort to influence other countries to commit to ambitious goals and take action to meet these goals. We have much to offer, for example in the areas of nationally determined contributions, strategies for climate adapta- tion, national political and economic decisions. Denmark will work for comprehensive solutions and increased influence by all means available to the Government, including bilateral and multilateral efforts, and through the EU in coordinated efforts.', 'Denmark will work for comprehensive solutions and increased influence by all means available to the Government, including bilateral and multilateral efforts, and through the EU in coordinated efforts. We will work to ensure that international policy areas systematically support efforts to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs. Across the Government, we will raise the climate agenda in the dialogue with international partners, working closely with our Green Frontline Missions and the climate ambassador. Through negotiations in the UN and stronger climate diplomacy efforts, the Government will work to influence countries and non-state actors to commit to ambitious goals that contribute to limiting the global tempe- rature rise. We will work to ensure an ambitious effort for climate adap- tation and resilience, as well as for sustainable development.', 'We will work to ensure an ambitious effort for climate adap- tation and resilience, as well as for sustainable development. This will be done via the EU and in alliance and collaboration with countries and non-state actors.Graphic Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Denmark’s Green Frontline Missions Pretoria Mexico City Brasilia Washington Abu Dhabi Nairobi Cairo London New Delhi Hanoi Jakarta UN Mission in NY Beijing Seoul Tokyo Addis Ababa EU Representation in Brussels Berlin Rome Paris The climate diplomacy effort must be rooted in the Danish positions of strength and competencies, and we will connect the political dialogue with technical capacity building and the dissemination of green Danish solutions. The strong Danish compe- tencies in energy transition are key to achieving green and sustainable development.', 'The strong Danish compe- tencies in energy transition are key to achieving green and sustainable development. Denmark’s global leadership for SDG 7 on sustainable energy is thus a priority in the bilateral and multilateral climate diplomacy effort, with a focus on promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency and access to clean energy for all. We will also draw on Danish competencies to strengthen the climate effort in the areas of environment, waste, water, agriculture and food – also in relation to other greenhouse gases than CO , particularly methane and nitrous oxide, both of which have a high greenhouse effect. The climate diplomacy effort focuses on countries where Denmark has special opportunities for influence, and will vary according to the challenges and opportunities of the given country.', 'The climate diplomacy effort focuses on countries where Denmark has special opportunities for influence, and will vary according to the challenges and opportunities of the given country. The main Green strategic partnerships The green agenda is a main focus of Denmark’s strategic partnerships with China, South Korea, Japan, Mexico and Indonesia. The Government is working on new green strategic partnerships with India and South Africa. Many of these countries play key roles in meeting the aims of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement.', 'Many of these countries play key roles in meeting the aims of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement. The strategic partnerships are important levers for accelerating the partner country’s green transition, strengthening alliances in international negotiations on green agendas, while also creating new opportunities for the export of Danish green solutions.Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 11 challenge in countries with high emissions, OECD countries and emerging economies is to raise the level of ambition towards climate neutrality via sustainable transition in all sectors. The challenge among the least developed and most vulnerable countries and small island states is to ensure sustai- nable low-emission development and adaptation to climate change.', 'The challenge among the least developed and most vulnerable countries and small island states is to ensure sustai- nable low-emission development and adaptation to climate change. Green strategic partnerships with selected third countries is a key instrument in the Danish climate diplomacy effort. This is a coordinated approach that offers broad-spectrum collaboration with Danish authorities based on green Danish experiences and solutions, and which builds political relations, opens doors for Danish businesses, and invites alliances in international negotiations on common green agendas. The EU must lead by the power of the green example We will increase Denmark’s climate diplomacy influence by working harder through the EU. The EU must lead by the power of the green example.', 'The EU must lead by the power of the green example. Denmark is working for a more ambitious EU climate target of at least 55% by 2030, a cost-effe- ctive implementation, and an ambitious European climate law with goals of climate neutrality by 2050 for the EU and all member countries, which can put pressure on and inspire other countries and actors to raise their ambitions. The EU must lead the way globally and set an example that shows it is possible to create a successful democratic society with a well-designed green transition that is supported by citizens and civil society, and in partnership with businesses, investors, educational institutions and the research community.', 'The EU must lead the way globally and set an example that shows it is possible to create a successful democratic society with a well-designed green transition that is supported by citizens and civil society, and in partnership with businesses, investors, educational institutions and the research community. This will put the EU in a strong position to advocate for higher ambitions in the rest of the world – and Denmark will make a strong contribution to this effort. The Government will work to activate all instru- ments linked to the EU’s external diplomacy to promote green transition and an increase in EU alliances with non-state actors. EU development assistance must be a platform for promoting climate ambitions and supporting climate adaptation.', 'EU development assistance must be a platform for promoting climate ambitions and supporting climate adaptation. This increases opportunities for alliance formation with the poorest developing countries and small island states, which can help put pressure on large emerging economies to raise their ambitions. Meanwhile, EU trade policy must focus more on climate and environmental considerations, as well as commitments to implement the Paris Agreement. Trade in sustainable solutions must be promoted. Being green must provide competitive advantages. Denmark will therefore work – nationally and through the EU – to promote beneficial regulatory and competitive conditions for business that lead the way in the green transition. Denmark will also work to ensure that EU research and innovation policy contributes to reaching the goal of climate neutrality.', 'Denmark will also work to ensure that EU research and innovation policy contributes to reaching the goal of climate neutrality. We make advances through alliances and collaboration with countries and non-state actors Denmark will strengthen alliances, coalitions and partnerships with countries and non-state actors to raise global ambitions. International organisations, businesses, investors, knowledge institutions, civil society, labour and employer organisations, munici- palities and other non-state actors – not least those in Denmark – often lead the way with high climate ambitions and by demonstrating the global poten- tial of putting green solutions into practice. They thereby help to inspire and put pressure on coun- tries and other non-state actors to commit to higher climate ambitions. The Government will promote international coope- ration with and between these actors, including in sectors where the green transition is particularly challenging.', 'The Government will promote international coope- ration with and between these actors, including in sectors where the green transition is particularly challenging. The Government will support the business community’s own innovative partners- hips and green goals internationally, including as a lever for green jobs. The climate partnerships will play a key role in this respect.', 'The climate partnerships will play a key role in this respect. The Government will strengthen its climate agenda collaborations with civil society organisations, whose broad knowledge, global networks and partners in the Global South can play an important role as a mobilising force of Prioritised green EU areas • More ambitious EU climate targets: Climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 for all member states and a 2030 climate goal of at least 55% • Reform of the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) • More renewable energy in the EU and wind islands in the North Sea • Phasing out of petrol and diesel cars in the EU • Green reform of EU agricultural policy • 8th Environment Action Programme, including biodiversity strategy and circular economy • Global action, including green trade policyText box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Green policy for, with and by young people Young people are hard hit by climate change.', 'The Government will strengthen its climate agenda collaborations with civil society organisations, whose broad knowledge, global networks and partners in the Global South can play an important role as a mobilising force of Prioritised green EU areas • More ambitious EU climate targets: Climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 for all member states and a 2030 climate goal of at least 55% • Reform of the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) • More renewable energy in the EU and wind islands in the North Sea • Phasing out of petrol and diesel cars in the EU • Green reform of EU agricultural policy • 8th Environment Action Programme, including biodiversity strategy and circular economy • Global action, including green trade policyText box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Green policy for, with and by young people Young people are hard hit by climate change. At the same time, young people have an impor- tant voice in the climate debate – a voice that embraces new thinking.', 'At the same time, young people have an impor- tant voice in the climate debate – a voice that embraces new thinking. Denmark is leading the way in engaging and involving young people, both in Denmark and beyond. The Government is actively working in the global arena to ensure that young people participate in decision-making processes, and has, among other things, appointed two youth delegations to the UN that repre- sent the views of young people in the realm of international climate and environment policy. global ambition rooted in popular movements, as a green watchdog for socially just green transition, as a partner in the development of sustainable green solutions, and as a facilitator of information and debate on opportunities in green transition in partner countries.', 'global ambition rooted in popular movements, as a green watchdog for socially just green transition, as a partner in the development of sustainable green solutions, and as a facilitator of information and debate on opportunities in green transition in partner countries. Denmark’s climate diplomacy effort will also build on our role as a champion of democracy and human rights, where indigenous peoples in particular are affected by climate change. We will also promote civil engagement and democratic responsibility as driving forces of climate action, particularly among young people. It is a priority of the Government that all of society contributes to the climate effort. This includes the sectors and activities that are not part of the Paris Agreement, e.g.', 'This includes the sectors and activities that are not part of the Paris Agreement, e.g. international aviation and shipping, which account for 4-5% of global greenhouse gas emissions at present – a figure that is expected to rise going forward. The Government wants to raise climate ambitions globally in international shipping, aviation and land transport via relevant internati- onal agreements and global collaborations. In 2018, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a climate strategy in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. We have seen great willing- ness from the Danish maritime sector to contribute to the global climate effort, and combined with the EU goal of climate neutrality by 2050, there is a strong foundation for working with the rest of the EU to raise the ambitions of the IMO.', 'We have seen great willing- ness from the Danish maritime sector to contribute to the global climate effort, and combined with the EU goal of climate neutrality by 2050, there is a strong foundation for working with the rest of the EU to raise the ambitions of the IMO. Increased climate diplomacy in the maritime sector can help strengthen efforts to raise and implement climate goals for international shipping under the auspices of the IMO. As part of efforts to raise global ambi- tions in the transport sector, the Government will work to promote knowledge about urban mobility internationally, including cycling and studies of determining factors that drive citizen to choose cycling as a means of transport in larger cities.', 'As part of efforts to raise global ambi- tions in the transport sector, the Government will work to promote knowledge about urban mobility internationally, including cycling and studies of determining factors that drive citizen to choose cycling as a means of transport in larger cities. Finally, the Government will work to raise ambitions and accelerate action via international cooperation, agreements and measures to achieve synergies across efforts involving agriculture, deforesta- tion, water and air quality, land use, biodiversity, sustainable production and consumption, circular economy, nature-based solutions and marine environments.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 13 Strategic initiatives and efforts • The Government will work to ensure that the UN Climate Convention and the Paris Agreement serve as an effective and credible framework for the global climate effort that contributes to raising global ambitions.', 'Finally, the Government will work to raise ambitions and accelerate action via international cooperation, agreements and measures to achieve synergies across efforts involving agriculture, deforesta- tion, water and air quality, land use, biodiversity, sustainable production and consumption, circular economy, nature-based solutions and marine environments.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 13 Strategic initiatives and efforts • The Government will work to ensure that the UN Climate Convention and the Paris Agreement serve as an effective and credible framework for the global climate effort that contributes to raising global ambitions. In UN climate negotiations, the Government will seek to build alliances with all relevant groups, among others, the poorest and most vulnerable developing countries and small island states, with a focus on their special needs for securing access to climate financing and climate adap- tation.', 'In UN climate negotiations, the Government will seek to build alliances with all relevant groups, among others, the poorest and most vulnerable developing countries and small island states, with a focus on their special needs for securing access to climate financing and climate adap- tation. • The Government will work for an increase of the EU’s 2030 goal to at least 55%, a cost-effe- ctive implementation, an ambitious European climate law with a goal of climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest for the EU and member states, and a well-designed EU green transi- tion.', '• The Government will work for an increase of the EU’s 2030 goal to at least 55%, a cost-effe- ctive implementation, an ambitious European climate law with a goal of climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest for the EU and member states, and a well-designed EU green transi- tion. • The Government will, as part of an intensi- fied climate diplomacy effort, work to ensure that foreign, development, trade and relevant sector policies, as well as export and invest- ment promotion efforts, systematically support the Paris Agreement and the SDGs, and are part of a coordinated effort bilaterally, multi- laterally and via the EU. The Government will work to strengthen the EU’s climate diplomacy.', 'The Government will work to strengthen the EU’s climate diplomacy. • The Government will work for an economic recovery after the COVID-19 crisis that is in accordance with the Paris Agreement and the SDGs – we must Build Back Better and Greener. • The Government will work to ensure that EU trade policy has a greater focus on climate and environmental considerations, and to promote trade in sustainable solutions. • The Government will utilise Denmark’s leadership for SDG 7on sustainable energy with a focus on renewable energy, energy effi- ciency and access to energy to raise the level of global ambitions. In connection with these efforts, we will also work to ensure training of skilled workers with the right competencies in these areas.', 'In connection with these efforts, we will also work to ensure training of skilled workers with the right competencies in these areas. • The Government will work to raise climate ambitions and increase green transition efforts via green strategic partnerships and collaborations with selected third countries, and via dialogue with priority countries for development cooperation. • The Government will work to raise climate ambitions and promote action through collabo- ration with non-state actors, including munici- palities, businesses, international organisations and civil society. • The Government will work for a socially just global green transition in which civil societies – particularly vulnerable groups and young people – are involved in shaping the green future.', '• The Government will work for a socially just global green transition in which civil societies – particularly vulnerable groups and young people – are involved in shaping the green future. • The Government will strengthen synergy with the climate agenda in global cooperation to promote sustainable consumption and produc- tion, global recycling of plastic, and safe mana- gement of chemicals and waste. • The Government will work for ambitious new global nature goals under the UN Biodiversity Convention, including efforts to stop the loss of natural areas and promote the use of natu- re-based solutions, and will work for relevant international agreements to ensure the marine ecosystems are resilient to and robust in the face of climate change.', '• The Government will work for ambitious new global nature goals under the UN Biodiversity Convention, including efforts to stop the loss of natural areas and promote the use of natu- re-based solutions, and will work for relevant international agreements to ensure the marine ecosystems are resilient to and robust in the face of climate change. • The Government will work with other coun- tries and non-state actors to make global food systems more sustainable, for example through participation in coalitions and multilateral forums, and through the spread of sustainable solutions, among others, in nitrogen use, food waste and food loss.', '• The Government will work with other coun- tries and non-state actors to make global food systems more sustainable, for example through participation in coalitions and multilateral forums, and through the spread of sustainable solutions, among others, in nitrogen use, food waste and food loss. • The Government will adopt high ambitions in the regulation of international shipping and aviation through the UN International Mari- time Organization (IMO) and the UN Interna- tional Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and will work for the effective implementation of these ambitions.', '• The Government will adopt high ambitions in the regulation of international shipping and aviation through the UN International Mari- time Organization (IMO) and the UN Interna- tional Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and will work for the effective implementation of these ambitions. • The Government will work to raise ambitions and support the phasing out of petrol and diesel cars, both in its efforts via the EU and through relevant global collaborations in the area of land transport, including International Transport Forum (ITF).Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION We will reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition Denmark must take green leadership in the EU Denmark’s influence on the EU’s climate goals and regulations is a key means of reducing green- house gas emissions globally.', '• The Government will work to raise ambitions and support the phasing out of petrol and diesel cars, both in its efforts via the EU and through relevant global collaborations in the area of land transport, including International Transport Forum (ITF).Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION We will reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by leading the way in the green transition Denmark must take green leadership in the EU Denmark’s influence on the EU’s climate goals and regulations is a key means of reducing green- house gas emissions globally. The EU accounts for approximately 10% of global emissions, and robust EU regulations are helping to reduce that share, which can serve as inspiration for other countries.', 'The EU accounts for approximately 10% of global emissions, and robust EU regulations are helping to reduce that share, which can serve as inspiration for other countries. Ambitious and cost-effective regula- tion in the EU can also contribute to Denmark’s green transition. Under the current European Commission in 2020-2024, legislation will be considered on how the EU will increase and meet a higher greenhouse gas reduction goal by 2030 and transition to a climate-neutral society with a resource-efficient and competitive economy. Denmark will take proactive green leadership in the EU and work for an ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal with cost-effective climate regulation that contributes to a higher EU climate goal for 2030 of at least 55% and climate neutrality in the EU and in all member states by 2050 at the latest.', 'Denmark will take proactive green leadership in the EU and work for an ambitious implementation of the European Green Deal with cost-effective climate regulation that contributes to a higher EU climate goal for 2030 of at least 55% and climate neutrality in the EU and in all member states by 2050 at the latest. The Danish effort in the EU is crucial because it helps to advance the green transition at the national level, reduces the risk Elements of the European Green Deal • Climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 at the latest • Increasing the EU 2030 climate goal to at least 50% and up to 55% • Delivery of clean, affordable and safe energy • Mobilisation of the industry with a view to a clean and circular economy • Construction and renovation of buildings in an energy- and resource-efficient way • Ambition of zero pollution for a non-toxic environment • Preservation and restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity • From farm to table: A just, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system • Accelerating the transition to sustainable and intelligent mobility • Financing of the transition • No one is left behind (a just transition) Denmark will work to put the green transition into practice, with a focus on ensuring the world’s largest emitters reduce their emissions and on sustainable development in developing countries.Graphic Strategic Sector Cooperation as part of development assistance Strategic Sector Cooperation as part of the Energy Governance Partnerships A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 15 of job relocation, strengthens the competitive- ness of green Danish businesses and exports, and pushes for strong European climate regulation that can inspire globally.', 'The Danish effort in the EU is crucial because it helps to advance the green transition at the national level, reduces the risk Elements of the European Green Deal • Climate neutrality in the EU by 2050 at the latest • Increasing the EU 2030 climate goal to at least 50% and up to 55% • Delivery of clean, affordable and safe energy • Mobilisation of the industry with a view to a clean and circular economy • Construction and renovation of buildings in an energy- and resource-efficient way • Ambition of zero pollution for a non-toxic environment • Preservation and restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity • From farm to table: A just, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system • Accelerating the transition to sustainable and intelligent mobility • Financing of the transition • No one is left behind (a just transition) Denmark will work to put the green transition into practice, with a focus on ensuring the world’s largest emitters reduce their emissions and on sustainable development in developing countries.Graphic Strategic Sector Cooperation as part of development assistance Strategic Sector Cooperation as part of the Energy Governance Partnerships A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 15 of job relocation, strengthens the competitive- ness of green Danish businesses and exports, and pushes for strong European climate regulation that can inspire globally. We contribute to global reductions Denmark’s combined experience and competencies in green transition give us a unique opportunity to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in the rest of the world.', 'We contribute to global reductions Denmark’s combined experience and competencies in green transition give us a unique opportunity to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in the rest of the world. Danish public authorities have many decades of experience in creating the framework for a succes- sful green transition, and Danish businesses and other actors, such as knowledge institutions, are leaders in developing and implementing green solutions in areas such as renewable energy, district heating, energy efficiency improvements, clean drinking water, wastewater, efficient agricultural and food production, and biofuels. Bilateral Stra- tegic Sector Cooperation with public authorities in other countries and export promotion initia- tives allow for significant upscaling and gearing of Danish experiences and solutions. These activities contribute to reducing emissions outside of Denmark’s borders.', 'These activities contribute to reducing emissions outside of Denmark’s borders. In the Strategic Sector Cooperation with other countries, Danish experts and the Danish embassies engage in direct and extended cooperation with the partner country’s public authorities. For example, Danish and Chinese technical experts worked together to show how China’s future energy system can be designed so that China reduces its CO emis- sions by more than 7 billion tonnes of CO annually by 2050 – without increased energy costs. Through this unique Danish approach, we provide advice on downscaling high-emission activities while upsca- ling green solutions.', 'Through this unique Danish approach, we provide advice on downscaling high-emission activities while upsca- ling green solutions. The combination of solution-oriented Strategic Sector Collaboration with public authorities, commercial export advisory services, and strong Danish climate diplomacy represents a coordinated and multifaceted approach that strengthens the foundation for political and technical decisions in support of green and sustainable transitions in our partner countries and green solutions from Danish businesses. In a world where many countries are Strategic Sector Cooperation Mexico USA Germany the Netherlands Colombia Brazil Argentina Egypt Turkey Ukraine India Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam South Korea Japan Indonesia China Ethiopia Kenya South Africa 2-3 new ones in Africa Marocco Ghana Nigeria United KingdomText box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Strategic Sector Cooperation in Vietnam With annual CO emissions of 75 million tonnes, the Vietnamese industrial sector is among the sectors in Vietnam with the highest energy consumption.', 'In a world where many countries are Strategic Sector Cooperation Mexico USA Germany the Netherlands Colombia Brazil Argentina Egypt Turkey Ukraine India Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam South Korea Japan Indonesia China Ethiopia Kenya South Africa 2-3 new ones in Africa Marocco Ghana Nigeria United KingdomText box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Strategic Sector Cooperation in Vietnam With annual CO emissions of 75 million tonnes, the Vietnamese industrial sector is among the sectors in Vietnam with the highest energy consumption. As part of the Danish-Vietnamese Strategic Sector Cooperation in the area of energy, Danish experiences are being shared with Vietnamese industry to help achieve major energy savings in Vietnam. The climate effect of this increased energy efficiency is expected to be annual CO emissions reductions of three million tonnes over the next five years. This corresponds to 37% of the annual emissions from Danish energy consumption (2018 figures).', 'This corresponds to 37% of the annual emissions from Danish energy consumption (2018 figures). The Danish-Vietnamese dialogue is being conducted by the Danish Energy Agency and the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade, and is supported by the Danish Embassy in Vietnam. Denmark has contributed to the preparation of guidelines and a data-driven tool where Vietnamese provinces can enter their energy data and obtain an overview of attractive energy-saving measures, proposed local action plans, and reduction goals. The tool is part of the national action plan that has a goal of 5-7% increased energy efficiency in the period 2019-2025. raising their green ambitions, there is increased demand for Danish expertise and advice.', 'The tool is part of the national action plan that has a goal of 5-7% increased energy efficiency in the period 2019-2025. raising their green ambitions, there is increased demand for Danish expertise and advice. The Government will strengthen Danish advisory services through long-term and in-depth coope- ration, while also opening up for short-term colla- borations with a narrower focus in countries with specific needs that Denmark can help to meet. The world is facing major investments in infrastruc- ture in the coming decades as a result of higher climate ambitions and rising energy and resource needs. Denmark must work for green infrastructure that improves the possibility of reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'Denmark must work for green infrastructure that improves the possibility of reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement. This offers great opportu- nities for Danish companies – big and small – with established positions of strength in green techno- logies, including energy, water, environmental, and agricultural technologies, as well as in maritime businesses. These opportunities must be seized for the benefit of the global green transition, job creation and education, green exports and the future prosperity of Denmark. Via international agreements, partnerships and development coope- ration, we will also contribute to reducing the global climate footprint of Danish and global businesses relating to imports and consumption. The Government’s efforts for an upscaling of green solutions around the world must go hand in hand with a downscaling of high emission sectors and energy sources.', 'The Government’s efforts for an upscaling of green solutions around the world must go hand in hand with a downscaling of high emission sectors and energy sources. Phasing out coal and subsidies for fossil fuels globally are the most pressing global challenges to reach the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. In the EU, the phasing out of coal is being managed through the European Green Deal and the goal of a climate-neutral EU by 2050 at the latest. The Government wants to strengthen efforts to phase out coal, particularly in Asia and Africa, where the sharply increasing energy demand should be met with renewable energy or limited through energy-efficient measures.', 'The Government wants to strengthen efforts to phase out coal, particularly in Asia and Africa, where the sharply increasing energy demand should be met with renewable energy or limited through energy-efficient measures. We will also work to ensure that the green transition is socially just, and that new green opportunities are created in areas where fossil fuel industry jobs disappear. The green transition must serve as a tool for creating the jobs of tomorrow and a better society. Relevant education and training is critically important in this respect. Therefore, we will contribute to trai- ning more skilled workers in green sectors, with a particular focus on developing countries. A strong link between bilateral collaborations and efforts in multilateral forums can increase the impact of the overall Danish climate effort.', 'A strong link between bilateral collaborations and efforts in multilateral forums can increase the impact of the overall Danish climate effort. Through strong Danish climate diplomacy efforts in the EU and UN, as well as participation in international organisations, the Danish bilateral effort must be supported by the collective political pressure of larger groups of countries and the exchange of experiences.Graphic A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 17 Projection of global coal production Countries’ production plans & projections Production consistent with 2oC Production implied by climate pledges Production consistent with 1,5oC Source: UNEP (2019): Production Gap Report 2019.', 'Through strong Danish climate diplomacy efforts in the EU and UN, as well as participation in international organisations, the Danish bilateral effort must be supported by the collective political pressure of larger groups of countries and the exchange of experiences.Graphic A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 17 Projection of global coal production Countries’ production plans & projections Production consistent with 2oC Production implied by climate pledges Production consistent with 1,5oC Source: UNEP (2019): Production Gap Report 2019. The graphic shows projections of the global coal production according to different scenarios: continued current develop- ment (red), production implied by climate pledges (light red) and coal production consistent with, respectively, 2 and 1.5 degrees global temperature increases (blue and green).A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION • The Government will work for ambitious and cost-effective climate and environmental regu- lation in the EU that can ensure a green transi- tion towards an increased climate goal in 2030 of at least 55%, and towards a climate-neutral EU by 2050 at the latest.', 'The graphic shows projections of the global coal production according to different scenarios: continued current develop- ment (red), production implied by climate pledges (light red) and coal production consistent with, respectively, 2 and 1.5 degrees global temperature increases (blue and green).A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION • The Government will work for ambitious and cost-effective climate and environmental regu- lation in the EU that can ensure a green transi- tion towards an increased climate goal in 2030 of at least 55%, and towards a climate-neutral EU by 2050 at the latest. • The Government will strengthen bilateral Strategic Sector Cooperation with public authorities in other countries, as well as commercial export promotion efforts in the EU and globally, in order to reduce global green- house gas emissions.', '• The Government will strengthen bilateral Strategic Sector Cooperation with public authorities in other countries, as well as commercial export promotion efforts in the EU and globally, in order to reduce global green- house gas emissions. • The Government will strengthen Danish support for the multilateral efforts in support of a global green transition. • The Government will work to promote the phasing out of coal globally and a halt to public export financing of coal-fired power plants, thermal coal extraction and thermal coal logi- stics. In international negotiations, the Govern- ment will also intensify its climate diplomacy efforts for a global phasing out of coal. • The Government will work to support a reduc- tion of the global climate footprint of Danish and foreign businesses, with a focus on the value chain.', '• The Government will work to support a reduc- tion of the global climate footprint of Danish and foreign businesses, with a focus on the value chain. • The Government will strengthen responsible and deforestation-free value chains for agricul- tural goods in order to benefit the climate, biodiversity and social conditions in producer countries, and to reduce the Danish climate and environmental footprint. Strategic initiatives and effortsA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 19 We will drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change The Government wants to use its position as a green pioneer country internationally to inspire and drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the climate fight, both through development cooperation and export promotion efforts.', 'Strategic initiatives and effortsA GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 19 We will drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the fight against climate change The Government wants to use its position as a green pioneer country internationally to inspire and drive adaptation and resilience initiatives in the climate fight, both through development cooperation and export promotion efforts. The Government wants Danish development coope- ration to embrace far higher climate ambitions, with a stronger focus on adaptation and sustai- nable development in the poorest and most fragile developing countries, where more people must have access to clean energy and clean water. Through its export promotion efforts, the Government will advocate the global spread of Danish solutions for climate adaptation and resilience.', 'Through its export promotion efforts, the Government will advocate the global spread of Danish solutions for climate adaptation and resilience. Climate changes are being felt across the globe Extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts and floods have become the norm in many parts of the world. These developments require extensive investments. Most of the world’s large cities are located along coastlines or rivers and are threatened by rising water levels and floods, while global agricultural production is challenged by extreme weather phenomena. It is particularly concerning that climate change risks undermining the progress of recent decades in many developing coun- tries, thus making it impossible to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals. All countries must improve their resilience to climate changes. This is particularly true in the poorest and most fragile coun- tries.', 'This is particularly true in the poorest and most fragile coun- tries. Climate changes are severely impacting agricul- ture, and thus the livelihoods of the large share of the world’s population that depends on it. We must increase resilience in agriculture and ensure adapta- tion through alternative sources of income so that these groups are less vulnerable. We must contribute to preventing and reducing the risk of losses and damage as a result of climate change, and help with rebuilding efforts in the wake of climate disasters. We will thereby help to save human lives, reduce inequality, prevent conflict and displacement, and support positive economic devel- opment in the years to come. The foreign and security policy aspects of the climate challenge will be further elucidated in the Government’s foreign and security policy strategy.', 'The foreign and security policy aspects of the climate challenge will be further elucidated in the Government’s foreign and security policy strategy. Denmark has experience, know-how and solutions in prevention, resilience, climate adaptation and sustai- nable development, all of which must be put into play globally. Therefore, Danish authorities, utility compa- nies, businesses, civil society organisations and know- ledge institutions must strengthen their international engagement and cooperation. This will be to the benefit of our partner countries, Danish exports and employment, and further development of Danish positions of strength. We will ensure green development cooperation rooted in solidarity Climate changes are global, yet the impacts are skewed. The world’s poorest people and countries are the hardest hit.', 'The world’s poorest people and countries are the hardest hit. They also have the fewest resources for adapting to a warmer climate with changing preci- pitation patterns, elevated water levels and more frequent natural disasters. Without massive and rapid action, the climate crisis will undermine the possibility of reaching the SDGs, especially in Africa, while also putting past advances at risk. The climate crisis may also exacerbate existing poverty, fragility, inequality and conflicts – and lead to increased displacement and irregular migration. Denmark will therefore focus on prevention of, and adaptation to, the impacts of climate change, and the development of resilience in all efforts relating to the other SDGs. When we fight climate change, we must also fight inequality. The Government wants to increase the share of development assistance that supports climate-re- lated activities.', 'The Government wants to increase the share of development assistance that supports climate-re- lated activities. Development cooperation relating to climate activities must also target the diverse needs of developing countries and be rooted in local priori- ties and challenges. Reduction efforts in large emerging economies have the greatest impact on global emissions in the shortText box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION term. The poorest and most fragile countries have the greatest need for support in dealing with the conse- quences of climate change. There are also great opportunities for positive synergy between a green transition, climate adaptation and achieving the other SDGs, such as SDG 5 on gender equality.', 'There are also great opportunities for positive synergy between a green transition, climate adaptation and achieving the other SDGs, such as SDG 5 on gender equality. Investments in women’s and girls’ education and sexual and repro- ductive health and rights contribute to improving the inclusion of women in political and economic life and help to break the population curve. This also applies to SDG 8 on decent jobs and economic growth, where the green transition can be a tool for creating new green jobs, including by investing in more skilled workers with green skills. Developing countries are facing enormous challenges in creating jobs for millions of young people. At the same time, huge sums must be invested in new infra- structure, urban development, industry, sustainable agricultural production and water and energy supply.', 'At the same time, huge sums must be invested in new infra- structure, urban development, industry, sustainable agricultural production and water and energy supply. In sub-Saharan Africa, a large share of the population lacks access to clean energy and clean water. Access to water and better water resource management are requirements for stable food production. Access to water can also reduce tensions in regions where resources are scarce. Massive investments in new infra- structure will be required to achieve the SDGs. In this respect, the poorest countries have the opportunity to skip the fossil fuel-powered polluting phase and go directly to green solutions. New investments must be based on future climate scenarios, and thus adapted for a warmer world with increased risk of drought, flooding and heat waves.', 'New investments must be based on future climate scenarios, and thus adapted for a warmer world with increased risk of drought, flooding and heat waves. It is necessary to set a green agenda that adds a new dynamic to efforts to reach the SDGs, and which creates growth, education and green jobs and apprenticeships with green skills, particularly for the many young people in Africa. The green transition must not increase inequality. This will also prevent clima- te-driven displacement and irregular migration. There- fore, Denmark’s development cooperation will have a special focus on ensuring access to clean energy and clean water for millions in Africa. And, lastly, Denmark will work to promote initiatives combining climate, environment and biodiversity considerations.', 'And, lastly, Denmark will work to promote initiatives combining climate, environment and biodiversity considerations. We must ensure global access to clean water and clean energy Access to water and energy is the basis for life and sustainable development. But many millions of people, particularly in Africa, lack access. Therefore, the Government is working to ensure access to clean water and clean energy, particularly in Africa. • 844 million people worldwide lack access to water. The problem is particularly severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 40% of the population lacks access to water. • 789 million people worldwide lack access to energy. Most of these people – 70% – live in sub-Saharan Africa.', 'Most of these people – 70% – live in sub-Saharan Africa. Danish competencies and solutions must be applied The strong Danish competencies and solutions in climate adaptation and sustainable development must be actively applied in the rest of the world. Denmark’s Strategic Sector Cooperation with public authorities will contribute to supporting partner countries in preparing and implementing ambitious climate adaptation plans. These plans must be inte- grated in relevant national and local development plans and contribute to strengthening the resilience of these countries, and they must be coordinated with other Danish climate efforts, including in the area of financing. Strategic Sector Cooperation will also help to lay the groundwork for private investments in climate adaptation projects. This can create concrete opportunities for Danish businesses to export green technology solutions, project consulting and technical collaborations with other actors.', 'This can create concrete opportunities for Danish businesses to export green technology solutions, project consulting and technical collaborations with other actors. By the power of example, these solutions can show what is possible and help to inspire green growth and ambitious adaptation plans, and to mobilise capital from private investors. The close links between technical cooperation, devel- opment assistance, climate diplomacy and export promotion can form the basis for a more rapid green transition and adaptation in the rest of the world. This can be achieved through targeted energy, climate, food and environment collaborations in existing partner countries and in new countries, and strengthened green export promotion. Danish businesses already export climate adapta- tion solutions designed to prevent and mitigate the consequences of climate change to countries around the world.', 'Danish businesses already export climate adapta- tion solutions designed to prevent and mitigate the consequences of climate change to countries around the world. In the coming years, demand is expected to further increase as the impacts of climate change begin to accelerate and demand for sustainable solutions increases. This challenge will require innovative new solutions and further development of Danish positions of strength in green solutions for climate adaptation. The Government will support this development by intensifying the focus of export promotion efforts on sustainability and climate.', 'The Government will support this development by intensifying the focus of export promotion efforts on sustainability and climate. The Government will also support the development of a local green private sector in partner countries through development cooperation, which can also serve as a means of creating more green jobs.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 21 Strategic initiatives and efforts • The Government will ensure that Denmark once again becomes a leading green country when it comes to development assistance with a pioneer approach that inspires and creates tangible change for the world’s poorest. • The Government will prepare a new devel- opment policy strategy in which climate and environmental support are central and closely tied to efforts to fulfil the SDGs.', '• The Government will prepare a new devel- opment policy strategy in which climate and environmental support are central and closely tied to efforts to fulfil the SDGs. • The Government will prioritise the integra- tion of climate considerations into all relevant country strategies, organisation strategies and agreements with civil society, which comprise the strategic frameworks for Denmark’s devel- opment engagement with countries, organisa- tions and partners. • The Government will ensure that develop- ment cooperation activities advance efforts to meet the SDGs and the goals of the Paris Agre- ement, and that no Danish efforts counteract the ambitions of the Paris Agreement. • The Government will give special priority to green transition and promotion of resilience in Africa by ensuring access to clean energy and clean water, and by supporting sustai- nable food systems.', '• The Government will give special priority to green transition and promotion of resilience in Africa by ensuring access to clean energy and clean water, and by supporting sustai- nable food systems. In these efforts, we will also focus on creating green jobs and training skilled workers with green competencies, and on ensuring that the green transition does not increase inequality. • The Government will work to ensure that the UN is better at preventing conflicts and maintaining peace by addressing the securi- ty-related consequences of climate change, including in connection with the work of the UN Security Council. • The Government will work for initiatives that promote and coordinate climate, environment and biodiversity considerations. • The Government will strengthen Strategic Sector Cooperation in the area of climate adap- tation in developing countries, with a focus on Africa.', '• The Government will strengthen Strategic Sector Cooperation in the area of climate adap- tation in developing countries, with a focus on Africa. • The Government will intensify export promo- tion efforts in relation to green prevention and climate adaptation solutions. • The Government will expand the use of water alliances with utility companies, businesses, knowledge institutions and international part- ners to more countries.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION We will shift global finance flows in a green direction Massive investment is needed to speed up the green transition. The Government will work to accelerate a shift to green, climate-friendly investments at all levels and country groups.', 'The Government will work to accelerate a shift to green, climate-friendly investments at all levels and country groups. The framework conditions for the financial markets and, for example, the energy market must be designed to support green investment by private and institutional investors and funds. There is also a need to strengthen the mobilisation of climate financing for the poorest and most fragile countries. The Government will take the lead in efforts to incorporate the green transition in recovery packages after COVID-19, both globally and through the EU. Financial actors must contribute to the green transition Public and private investors have a responsibility to accelerate the green transition by investing in green solutions.', 'Financial actors must contribute to the green transition Public and private investors have a responsibility to accelerate the green transition by investing in green solutions. Denmark can build on past successes with the mobilisation of investors in the green transition by intensifying efforts to pull the EU and multilateral development banks in a greener direction. The Government therefore intends to work for the development of internati- onal frameworks for businesses and the financial sector that promote green and sustainable invest- ments. This will also support green investments in Denmark. The EU regulation on a classification system for sustainable economic activities is a step in the right direction, and the Government wants to make a positive contribution towards additional EU initiatives in the financial sector.', 'The EU regulation on a classification system for sustainable economic activities is a step in the right direction, and the Government wants to make a positive contribution towards additional EU initiatives in the financial sector. The Govern- ment will be a constructive partner in efforts to promote greater transparency in the financial sector in relation to climate risks. Denmark will therefore contribute to advancing common defi- nitions and transparency that can give investors and consumers the opportunity to “vote with their pocketbooks” by choosing sustainable alternatives. Denmark also supports the Task Force on Clima- te-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) initiative. The recommendations of TCFD are helping to create a common global frame of reference for climate reporting and increasing the incentive for businesses to embrace the green transition.', 'The recommendations of TCFD are helping to create a common global frame of reference for climate reporting and increasing the incentive for businesses to embrace the green transition. TCFD is thus contributing to shifting finance flows in accordance with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Public-private partnerships are an important tool for increasing private investments. For example, the Government and a group of private actors have established the Climate Investment Coali- tion, a public-private partnership with an aim of mobilising institutional investors internationally to increase their investments in the green transition between now and 2030. This sends a clear signal that investors are prepared to make investments if the countries raise their political ambitions and create the right framework conditions for green energy.', 'This sends a clear signal that investors are prepared to make investments if the countries raise their political ambitions and create the right framework conditions for green energy. Going forward, we will collaborate with investors and investor coalitions and other finan- cial actors that are driving the green transition. Investments must be channelled into the green transition and climate adaptation Massive investments in the green transition are needed. Annual investments in renewable energy alone must be nearly doubled, from approxima- tely 350 billion to approximately 650 billion USD annually, by 2050 if the global temperature rise is to be limited to 1.5 degrees1. In the short run, the economic crisis in the wake of COVID-19 is putting green investments under pressure.', 'In the short run, the economic crisis in the wake of COVID-19 is putting green investments under pressure. Despite the existence of developed green technologies that are 1 IRENA (2019): Holding the Line on Rising Global TemperaturesGraphic Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 23 Massive need for investments in renewable energy to reach the 1.5 degree goal Current plans Historical Projected Energy transformation The graph shows the need for average global annual investments in renewable energy capacity (electricity production) to reach the 1.5 degree goal. Annual investments in renewable energy need to be almost doubled from approximately 350 to approximately 650 billion USD annually until 2050 compared to current plans. Source: IRENA, 2019: Holding the Line on Rising Global Temperatures.', 'Source: IRENA, 2019: Holding the Line on Rising Global Temperatures. Adjusted by the Danish Ministry of Energy, Climate and Utilities. competitive with fossil technologies, investments in renewable energy and other green technologies are often seen as more financially risky, particularly in emerging economies and developing countries. This represents a challenge to efforts to advance the green transition. Therefore, Denmark is acti- vely engaging in efforts to improve the framework conditions for investments in the green transition, particularly in renewable energy, through the sharing of our own experiences. This is being done bilaterally through capacity building in Denmark’s partner countries, and multilaterally through international organisations such as the OECD, the World Bank and the UN.', 'This is being done bilaterally through capacity building in Denmark’s partner countries, and multilaterally through international organisations such as the OECD, the World Bank and the UN. The Government wants to ensure continued strong focus on the develop- ment of framework conditions as a prerequisite for accelerating global investments in the green transition. Investment partnerships between public and private actors, also called blended finance, can help improve opportunities to attract private inve- stors and realise projects in emerging economies and developing countries – projects that would otherwise lack financing because large investments in unfamiliar markets are often considered high risk. Denmark is leading the way in the mobilisation of financing from institutional investors for developing countries.', 'Denmark is leading the way in the mobilisation of financing from institutional investors for developing countries. For example, the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU) manages an investment fund to promote fulfilment of the SDGs, where private investors – primarily Danish pension funds Climate Investment Coalition The Climate Investment Coalition is working internationally to mobilise pension funds and private investors to increase their investments in green energy and climate solutions. The initia- tive stems from the 2019 UN Climate Summit, where Danish pension funds announced plans to make new green investments amounting to 350 billion DKK by 2030.', 'The initia- tive stems from the 2019 UN Climate Summit, where Danish pension funds announced plans to make new green investments amounting to 350 billion DKK by 2030. The coalition is a collabo- ration between the Danish Government, Insurance & Pension Denmark, Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) and World Climate Foundation.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION – have pledged to contribute 60% of the fund’s total capital of nearly 5 billion DKK. The fund can serve as inspiration for other areas and other countries. It is particularly challenging to mobilise finan- cing for the least developed and most vulnerable countries. This applies to investments for redu- cing greenhouse gas emissions and for climate adaptation.', 'This applies to investments for redu- cing greenhouse gas emissions and for climate adaptation. According to the UN, there is a need for 150-300 billion USD annually until 2050 for climate adaptation in developing countries. The Government wants to support private investment in the poorest developing countries and emerging economies. This requires new thinking in terms of alternative investments and new instruments that can supplement traditional development assistance. Another obstacle to green investments in devel- oping countries is a lack of projects that are ready for investment. Therefore, Denmark has taken the lead to establish Climate Investment Platform in collaboration with other multilateral actors. This initiative aims to connect investors with public authorities in developing countries to develop and expand climate projects to help make them ready for investment.', 'This initiative aims to connect investors with public authorities in developing countries to develop and expand climate projects to help make them ready for investment. The multilateral development banks, which are a cornerstone in the mobilisation of investment and financing, account for about half of all climate financing for emerging economies and the least developed countries. Thus it is crucial to fully inte- grate the climate agenda with the traditional and important development focus of these development banks.', 'Thus it is crucial to fully inte- grate the climate agenda with the traditional and important development focus of these development banks. The Government will work to promote and concretise the green ambitions in the development banks’ strategies and across projects, with a focus on increasing investments in renewable energy, upscaling of energy efficiency and access to energy, phasing out investments and subsidies for fossil fuels, strengthening environmental focus – inclu- ding circular economy, water and biodiversity – and climate financing for the poorest and most vulne- rable countries. We will work to bring the develop- ment banks’ ambitions and financing to the levels of the European Investment Bank, which decided in 2019 to phase out fossil energy investments from the end of 2021.', 'We will work to bring the develop- ment banks’ ambitions and financing to the levels of the European Investment Bank, which decided in 2019 to phase out fossil energy investments from the end of 2021. The Government will also strengthen its efforts in the multilateral climate and environmental funds, with a particular focus on those established as part of the Climate Convention. The Government will actively engage in strategy development and the awarding of funds from the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility. Over the next four years (2020-2023) Denmark has the opportu- nity to directly influence the board of the world’s largest climate fund, Green Climate Fund, to drive the global green transition forward with a focus on reduction and adaptation initiatives targeting the least developed countries and small island states.', 'Over the next four years (2020-2023) Denmark has the opportu- nity to directly influence the board of the world’s largest climate fund, Green Climate Fund, to drive the global green transition forward with a focus on reduction and adaptation initiatives targeting the least developed countries and small island states. The Government will ensure that Denmark contri- butes to the agreement to mobilise at least 100 billion USD annually in the period 2020-2025 from various sources, and we will work to ensure that the EU and the other developed nations do the same. It is especially important that the least developed countries receive a share of these funds. This will contribute to the vital aid to these countries, which are hardest hit by climate change, while also helping developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.', 'This will contribute to the vital aid to these countries, which are hardest hit by climate change, while also helping developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Climate assistance to developing coun- tries is a key element of the green transition in the poorest developing countries and meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. The Government will work to strengthen the efforts and commitment of ministries of finance to the green transition through the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. This coalition brings together more than 50 ministers of finance from around the world and serves as a forum for sharing experience and tools for integrating climate consi- derations in economic and fiscal policy.', 'This coalition brings together more than 50 ministers of finance from around the world and serves as a forum for sharing experience and tools for integrating climate consi- derations in economic and fiscal policy. Denmark will be particularly involved in sharing Danish expe- riences with integrating climate and green transi- tion into the Ministry of Finance’s economic models.A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 25 Strategic initiatives and efforts • The Government will work to ensure that the European Commission makes ambitious proposals that support development, standar- disation and acceleration of the markets for sustainable financing. • The Government will support recommen- dations on how businesses and the financial sector can work with climate-related risks and opportunities through the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosures.', '• The Government will support recommen- dations on how businesses and the financial sector can work with climate-related risks and opportunities through the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosures. • The Government will work to improve framework conditions for the green transition through bilateral and multilateral efforts. • The Government will mobilise more private capital for sustainable investments through innovative financing instruments and public-private partnerships. • The Government will, through active ownership of the Investment Fund for Devel- oping Countries (IFU), create a clear green profile in IFU’s investments. • The Government will work to promote and concretise the green ambitions in the multila- teral development banks’ strategies and across projects.', '• The Government will work to promote and concretise the green ambitions in the multila- teral development banks’ strategies and across projects. • The Government will strengthen its engage- ment in the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility to increase climate finan- cing and investments in sustainability for devel- oping countries, including the most vulnerable countries. • The Government will work for a greater inter- national focus on ensuring adequate climate financing for climate adaptation in the poorest and most vulnerable countries, where market financing is difficult to obtain.', '• The Government will work for a greater inter- national focus on ensuring adequate climate financing for climate adaptation in the poorest and most vulnerable countries, where market financing is difficult to obtain. • The Government will work to strengthen the role and capacity of ministries of finance in relation to climate action through the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action, with a particular emphasis on sharing Danish expe- riences with integrating climate and the green transition into macroeconomic models.Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION We collaborate with the business community on green solutions that make a difference In Denmark, we benefit from strong cooperation between public authorities and businesses. This is a great strength that we must value and uphold.', 'This is a great strength that we must value and uphold. A successful global climate effort must include businesses and ensure that Danish solutions deliver for Danes and people around the world. Danish businesses have a deep-seated commitment to creating solutions that make a difference in the world. The COVID-19 crisis has shown how quickly we as a society and our businesses can mobilise and adapt, and that the private sector can play an important role in solving key societal challenges. The Danish economy and welfare both depend on exporting solutions to neighbouring markets, the EU and globally.', 'The Danish economy and welfare both depend on exporting solutions to neighbouring markets, the EU and globally. We must maintain and expand the green positions of strength held by Danish businesses and increase exports for the benefit of the global green transition, and for the creation of green growth and green jobs in Denmark. The public and private sectors must collaborate on concrete solutions All areas of society must contribute in order to meet the global climate challenges. This includes colla- borations between public authorities and private sector businesses. Therefore, in collaboration with Danish businesses, the Government has established 13 climate partnerships in different sectors that cover most of the Danish business community.', 'Therefore, in collaboration with Danish businesses, the Government has established 13 climate partnerships in different sectors that cover most of the Danish business community. The climate partnerships focus on how businesses and the Government can work together to solve climate challenges in a way that also supports Danish competitiveness, exports, jobs, welfare and prospe- rity – without increasing inequality. Danish busi- nesses hold great potential for contributing through their own green transitions, as well as through green imports and exports, and by inspiring others with their ambitions. It is therefore positive that the climate partnerships also have a significant interna- tional outlook and point to initiatives that will also have reduction effects outside Denmark’s borders.', 'It is therefore positive that the climate partnerships also have a significant interna- tional outlook and point to initiatives that will also have reduction effects outside Denmark’s borders. It is a priority of the Government that Danish busi- nesses translate this potential into action so that they can contribute to meeting the ambitions of the Paris Agreement. We must export green solutions Denmark is an export-oriented economy where GDP growth is largely driven by exports. We have the opportunity to make a difference globally if businesses change the way they engage in trade in the global market. The green sector represents a position of strength for Danish businesses.', 'The green sector represents a position of strength for Danish businesses. With approximately 71,000 full- time workers and exports amounting to approximately Climate partnerships with an international outlook The climate partnerships have a significant international outlook and point to initiatives that will have reduction effects outside Denmark’s borders. For example, the Climate Partnership for Trade points to the potential for global reductions by recycling textiles, greener diets and reducing food waste.', 'For example, the Climate Partnership for Trade points to the potential for global reductions by recycling textiles, greener diets and reducing food waste. The Climate Partnership for “The Blue Denmark” (maritime sector) points to the potential of upscaling big data and eliminating waiting times in ports around the world to reduce the energy consumption of existing ships and lower greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 48 million tonnes of CO .Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 27 65 billion DKK2, this sector provides a basis for increased green growth in Denmark and contributions to the global green transition.', 'The Climate Partnership for “The Blue Denmark” (maritime sector) points to the potential of upscaling big data and eliminating waiting times in ports around the world to reduce the energy consumption of existing ships and lower greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 48 million tonnes of CO .Text box A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 27 65 billion DKK2, this sector provides a basis for increased green growth in Denmark and contributions to the global green transition. Therefore, Danish busi- nesses need favourable conditions for developing and exporting new green products and solutions, including access to export promotion initiatives and financing, as well as new incentives for research and devel- opment.', 'Therefore, Danish busi- nesses need favourable conditions for developing and exporting new green products and solutions, including access to export promotion initiatives and financing, as well as new incentives for research and devel- opment. The Government will work to ensure the spread of Danish businesses’ green solutions through a focused export promotion initiative and by further strengthening green economic diplomacy. Competition in the export markets is increasing as the market becomes more lucrative. Denmark remains the EU country with the highest export share of green goods. However, it is not a given that Denmark will maintain its leading position as a supplier of green solutions. Therefore, it is important that Danish businesses follow and contribute to global techno- logical developments so that Danish green solutions remain relevant in the global market.', 'Therefore, it is important that Danish businesses follow and contribute to global techno- logical developments so that Danish green solutions remain relevant in the global market. We must also address the barriers experienced by businesses when they export green goods and services, and improve the conditions under which businesses can carry out the necessary green transition. For example, by limiting tariffs on green goods and services, promoting green standards and relevant labelling schemes, ensuring better access to data for green transition, and creating opportunities for large-scale testing and demonstra- tion of innovative solutions. The positions of strength held by Danish businesses can help push for changes to global regulations and spread solutions globally. It is essential that we expand and maintain Danish positions of strength to reduce emissions from global industries.', 'It is essential that we expand and maintain Danish positions of strength to reduce emissions from global industries. We must take full advantage of our green positions of strength With the world’s fifth largest merchant fleet measured by operated tonnage and as the world’s seventh largest exporter of green maritime technologies, Denmark has a unique opportunity to influence the global rules for shipping. It is important to expand and maintain Danish positions of strength in energy efficiency and green fuels for maritime shipping, thus reducing emissions from a sector where a large share of Danish emissions occur outside of Denmark’s borders. We must adapt and develop new green solutions The Government’s ambitions must motivate busi- nesses to work for a more climate-friendly world.', 'We must adapt and develop new green solutions The Government’s ambitions must motivate busi- nesses to work for a more climate-friendly world. The Government wants to promote the establish- ment of new green growth businesses and Denmark as a workshop for the development of new green technologies. With the 2020 climate agreement on energy and industry, there is broad political support for Denmark taking the global lead in renewable energy and ensuring an ambitious green transition of industry.3 Denmark is facing an ambitious expan- sion of green energy and a significant investment in green technologies of the future, including carbon capture and Power-to-X. Denmark has entered into a partnership with the Netherlands, which will finance a subsidy scheme for Power-to-X plants with at least 750 million DKK.', 'Denmark has entered into a partnership with the Netherlands, which will finance a subsidy scheme for Power-to-X plants with at least 750 million DKK. The collaboration will help to collect experiences with large-scale production of green fuels for transport and industry, and strengthen international cooperation in the Power-to-X sector. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that capture and storage are necessary to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. These technologies will contribute to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, inclu- ding in sectors where it is currently difficult or not possible to reduce emissions. The expanded use of these technologies can also make a positive impact globally. We must seize this opportunity and engage in partnerships to spread these new technologies in the EU and globally.', 'We must seize this opportunity and engage in partnerships to spread these new technologies in the EU and globally. We must collect knowledge and investments for Denmark’s green transition Denmark is leading the way with an ambitious nati- onal green transition, and we can make great strides with established technologies and instruments. But there is also a need to develop technologies through cooperation with other countries and the international business community to attract know- ledge, innovation and investments from other coun- tries, businesses and actors. This can contribute to our domestic efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 and the goal of climate neutrality by 2050.', 'This can contribute to our domestic efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 and the goal of climate neutrality by 2050. The Government will work to attract green investments to Denmark and engage in international collaborations on innovation and research, which can strengthen the role of Danish knowledge institutions and accelerate the develop- ment of new green technologies that can contribute to maintaining Danish positions of strength. Intensi- fied climate diplomacy efforts can also contribute to these efforts. 2 Eurostat and calculations by the Ministry for Industry, Business and Financial Affairs (2017 figures). 3 2020 Climate Agreement on Energy and Industry etc. from 22 June 2020.', '3 2020 Climate Agreement on Energy and Industry etc. from 22 June 2020. (available in Danish GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD - THE DANISH GOVERNMENT S LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION Strategic initiatives and efforts • The Government will strengthen green economic diplo- macy and promote exports of green solutions. • The Government will work to attract more green invest- ments to Denmark. • The Government will contribute to helping Danish busi- nesses develop and re-establish themselves in export markets after the COVID-19 crisis, with a particular focus on sustainable and green exports. • The Government will, across all public authorities and through the 13 climate partnerships, cooperate with the Danish business community to create larger and more attractive markets for Danish solutions.', '• The Government will, across all public authorities and through the 13 climate partnerships, cooperate with the Danish business community to create larger and more attractive markets for Danish solutions. • The Government will work to strengthen the framework conditions nationally, in and through the EU, and multila- terally to ensure that businesses can carry out the neces- sary green transition and spread green solutions. • The Government will closely follow efforts with Euro- pean industrial alliances and actively join the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance to push it in a green direction and pave the way for Danish businesses to be part of tomorrow’s green European value chains. • The Government will collaborate with businesses and international actors to create green ecosystems and develop new green solutions and fuels.', '• The Government will collaborate with businesses and international actors to create green ecosystems and develop new green solutions and fuels. • The Government will spread Danish green solutions through Denmark’s Green Future Fund and, more broadly, strengthen the development of future green positions of strength and innovation. • The Government will work to increase collaboration in research and technology development and to attract knowledge, experience and solutions to Denmark, inclu- ding via the Danish innovation centres and Strategic Sector Cooperation.', '• The Government will work to increase collaboration in research and technology development and to attract knowledge, experience and solutions to Denmark, inclu- ding via the Danish innovation centres and Strategic Sector Cooperation. A key aim of these efforts will be to support the Government’s priorities in the Green Research Strategy.This page has been intentionally left blank.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Asiatisk Plads 2 E-mail: um@um.dk Design: The Danish Government s Communications Unit Layout: Kontrapunkt This publication can be found at www.regeringen.dk, www.um.dk, www.kefm.dk The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities Holmens Kanal 20 E-mail: kefm@kefm.dkThis page has been intentionally left blank.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Asiatisk Plads 2 E-mail: um@um.dk The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities Holmens Kanal 20 E-mail: kefm@kefm.dk']

en-US

DJI

Djibouti

1st NDC

2016-11-11 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-Djibouti_ENG.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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MENA

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['Republic of Djibouti Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of DjiboutiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Djibouti is an extension of the country’s commitments to fighting the effects of climate change. The process of drafting the INDC enabled a summary of all of the policies and programmes linked to climate change. It also provided an opportunity to reassess financing needs to fund the country’s adaptation. As an LDC and a coastal country of the Horn of Africa, the country’s vulnerability is considerably high. As a result, this contribution reflects both the country’s political will to participate in the worldwide reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the scope of its adaptation needs.', 'As a result, this contribution reflects both the country’s political will to participate in the worldwide reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the scope of its adaptation needs. The Republic of Djibouti has committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 40% by the year 2030, representing close to 2 Mt of CO2 e, compared to projections for that year according to the business- as-usual scenario. This commitment is an ambitious one for a country like the Republic of Djibouti. It can be attained through a combination of mitigation measures and the development of sustainable economic sectors like renewable energies. To fulfil that level of ambition, the Republic of Djibouti will need to invest more than US $3.8 billion, in collaboration with the international community.', 'To fulfil that level of ambition, the Republic of Djibouti will need to invest more than US $3.8 billion, in collaboration with the international community. An additional US $1.6 billion, conditional on new funding sources like the Green Climate Fund, along with international support, would enable the country to reduce its emissions by a further 20% by 2030. The total effort, under both the unconditional and conditional scenarios, would essentially entail maintaining the country’s emissions at roughly their level in 2010. In terms of adaptation, the Republic of Djibouti has undertaken numerous plans and programmes.', 'In terms of adaptation, the Republic of Djibouti has undertaken numerous plans and programmes. The priority objectives are also linked to the country’s social priorities: Reduction of vulnerability to drought; Protection against rising sea levels; Improvement of access to water; Protection of biodiversity; Reinforcement of the resilience of rural populations. The adaptation projects currently being implemented account for a budget of nearly €100 million. However, that sum represents just 12% of the total amount that will need to be invested in adaptation under the 2°C Scenario, and a mere 7.5% in the case of the 4°C Scenario. These figures show that investing in adaptation measures is a crucial issue for the Republic of Djibouti.', 'These figures show that investing in adaptation measures is a crucial issue for the Republic of Djibouti. The country will not be able to raise the necessary funds on its own. With this contribution, the Republic of Djibouti wants to reaffirm its belief in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and to call on the international community to mobilise in response to this decisive issue for all of humanity.NATIONAL CONTEXT The Republic of Djibouti is located in the Horn of Africa, at the intersection of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. The country has a semi-desert tropical climate characterised by recurring natural catastrophes and extended periods of drought.', 'The country has a semi-desert tropical climate characterised by recurring natural catastrophes and extended periods of drought. Its arable land, natural and mineral resources, and water resources are very low and are subject to strong pressure from climate change. With an estimated per capita gross national product (GNP) of US $1,030 in 2014, the Republic of Djibouti is one of the poorest countries in the world, and one of the most vulnerable to climate change. At COP19 in Warsaw, the Republic of Djibouti underscored the fact that climate change is a threat to the country’s food security and water resources, as well as to sustainable development.', 'At COP19 in Warsaw, the Republic of Djibouti underscored the fact that climate change is a threat to the country’s food security and water resources, as well as to sustainable development. With its arid climate and low level of social development, the Republic of Djibouti is vulnerable to various climate- related effects, including extreme drought, extreme temperatures, rising sea levels, flash floods and the salinization of soils and water. These phenomena have already been observed in the country and are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in the future, according to the various climate scenarios. In the case of an optimistic climate scenario, the cost of the damage is likely to exceed US $5 billion.', 'In the case of an optimistic climate scenario, the cost of the damage is likely to exceed US $5 billion. Implementing adaptation measures would make it possible to anticipate the effects of climate change. An investment of close to US $1 billion would enable a reduction of the total costs of the impact by two, account taken of residual damage. Annual Cost of Damage 2010-2060 2°C Scenario, excluding natural catastrophes US $5 billion 4-5°C Scenario, excluding natural catastrophes US $9 billion 10,000 year flood scenario US $65 million Source: PAGE model and FUND model The Republic of Djibouti has thus adopted a proactive position to handling climate change. It ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995.', 'It ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995. Pursuant to the provisions of Article 4 of that convention, the country developed a second national communication, which it submitted to the UNFCCC in 2014. Earlier, in 2006, the country had already identified a number of priority adaptation and resilience actions as part of a National Adaptation Programme of Action encompassing activities in the agricultural, forestry, water, livestock and coastal sectors. To combine the country’s fight against the effects of climate change with its economic development, the Republic of Djibouti is pursuing the objective of becoming a veritable economic crossroads and a showcase for sustainable development along the Red Sea.', 'To combine the country’s fight against the effects of climate change with its economic development, the Republic of Djibouti is pursuing the objective of becoming a veritable economic crossroads and a showcase for sustainable development along the Red Sea. To achieve that aim, several political plans are under development, including national strategies for a green economy, for biodiversity and on climate change. The Republic of Djibouti will work to contribute to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. This ambition will rely on the development of renewable energies such as geothermal, wind and solar power. But the country will need to focus its efforts on adaptation above all and seek out the support of the international community.', 'But the country will need to focus its efforts on adaptation above all and seek out the support of the international community. The present contribution is part of a dynamic process and may be reassessed in line with changes in the national and international contexts.DJIBOUTI’S CONTRIBUTION TO MITIGATION Objective and expected directions for 2030 General objectives By means of unconditional measures, the Republic of Djibouti is committed to preventing 1.8 Mt CO2 e of future GHG emissions, thus reducing its emissions by 40% compared to the business-as-usual scenario. The implementation of conditional measures would enable a further reduction in CO2 e emissions by 0.9 Mt, or 20% of GHG emissions compared to the business-as-usual scenario for 2030.', 'The implementation of conditional measures would enable a further reduction in CO2 e emissions by 0.9 Mt, or 20% of GHG emissions compared to the business-as-usual scenario for 2030. In this way, the conditional mitigation scenario would enable the Republic of Djibouti to maintain its volume of emissions at a level equivalent to that of 2010. Business-as-usual scenario The linear sectoral projection was used to estimate the GHG emissions level in 2030 without the implementation of any mitigation measures. In that case, 2030 GHG emissions would more than double their level in 2010. Nearly 55% of those emissions come from the “Energy” category, making it a priority sector for the implementation of mitigation options by the Republic of Djibouti.', 'Nearly 55% of those emissions come from the “Energy” category, making it a priority sector for the implementation of mitigation options by the Republic of Djibouti. Figure 1: With no mitigation measures, the GHG emissions level will double by 2030. * Compared to emissions levels according to the business-as-usual scenario. GHG emission projections through 2030 excluding the “Land Use” category Business-as-usual scenario Unconditional mitigation scenario Conditional mitigation scenarioEmissions - Business-as-usual scenario (in kt e) Emissions - Unconditional mitigation scenario (in kt of CO2 e) Emissions - Conditional mitigation scenario (in kt of CO2 e) * Compared to emissions levels according to the business-as-usual scenario. Assumptions and methodological approaches Model and methodology for estimating emissions The business-as-usual scenario was developed using the GACMO model and on linear sectoral projections.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches Model and methodology for estimating emissions The business-as-usual scenario was developed using the GACMO model and on linear sectoral projections. It is based on the 2000 inventory of GHG emissions, produced in accordance with the 1996 revised guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Gases covered The contribution of the Republic of Djibouti is based on estimated carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions across all economic sectors. Fluoride gas emissions were not counted, because they were deemed negligible at the national level. Geographic and sectoral scope The selected sectors were defined on the basis of the latest GHG inventory, as per the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, and cover the entire country.', 'Geographic and sectoral scope The selected sectors were defined on the basis of the latest GHG inventory, as per the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, and cover the entire country. In view of the uncertainty in respect of the level of carbon sequestration by forest land and of emissions in uncultivated areas, the “Land Use” category was not selected. List of selected categories and sub-categories: Energy \uf0a7 Electricity imports \uf0a7 Consumption of fossil fuels by the industrial, residential, commercial, agricultural and transport sectors. Agriculture \uf0a7 Enteric fermentation \uf0a7 Manure management \uf0a7 Agricultural soils Waste \uf0a7 Solid waste Industrial Processes \uf0a7 Cement productionBaseline year and data 2000 was taken as the baseline year. As a result, any mitigation measures implemented after that date are not included in the business-as-usual scenarios.', 'As a result, any mitigation measures implemented after that date are not included in the business-as-usual scenarios. The data were extracted from the latest national GHG inventory, published in 2014. Data for the “Energy” category were enhanced with more precise information collected by the Agence Djiboutienne pour la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADME) [Djibouti Energy Management Agency]. The GWP values used were those identified by the IPCC for the preparation of national emissions inventories in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8.', 'The GWP values used were those identified by the IPCC for the preparation of national emissions inventories in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8. Strategy and planning General strategy and evolution of the legislative and regulatory framework The Republic of Djibouti is preparing to launch its green economy strategy, the aims of which are to encourage the use of low carbon technologies that are resilient to climate change, to promote green jobs, and to take advantage of climate finance to raise funds nationally and internationally. This strategy will be developed for the economy’s key sectors, in line with the long-term vision for the country. In parallel, the Republic of Djibouti is in the process of developing a national strategy on climate change.', 'In parallel, the Republic of Djibouti is in the process of developing a national strategy on climate change. That strategy will draw on both the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), adopted in 2006. It will incorporate changes in regulations relating to buildings, air conditioners and refrigerators. These two complementary strategies should enable the Republic of Djibouti to attain its 2030 targets as set out herein. Presentation of unconditional mitigation measures Unconditional measures are scheduled or in-progress projects, all of whose funding has been defined. The information provided in the table below shows the budget forecast and is subject to re-evaluation over the course of each project.', 'The information provided in the table below shows the budget forecast and is subject to re-evaluation over the course of each project. Table 1: Presentation of funded mitigation measures 1st electrical tie line with Ethiopia Construction of a very high voltage line with a 50 MW capacity to import electricity from Ethiopia to Djibouti. 90% of Ethiopian electricity is generated from renewable energy sources. This project was completed in 2011. Funding: US $65 million, 95% financed by the African Development Bank and 5% by the Republic of Djibouti. Estimated reduction in emissions: 150 kt of CO2 e/year. Onshore wind farms Installation of 60 MW onshore wind turbines in Goubet. Those power plants are scheduled to be commissioned in 2025.', 'Those power plants are scheduled to be commissioned in 2025. Funding: Project financed by private investors, in partnership with the Republic of Djibouti. Estimated reduction in emissions: 100 kt of CO2 e/year. Photovoltaic plant Installation of three solar power plants in Petit Bara, Ali Sabieh and Goubet, withan estimated photovoltaic potential of 250 MW. Those power plants are scheduled to be commissioned in 2025. Funding: Project financed by private investors, in partnership with the Republic of Djibouti. Estimated reduction in emissions: 320 kt of CO2 e/year. Geothermal pump Exploitation of geothermal energy, whose potential is estimated at 1200 MW in the region around Lake Assal, Lake Abbé and North Goubet. The power plants are scheduled to be commissioned in 2030.', 'The power plants are scheduled to be commissioned in 2030. Funding: Assal project financed by a group of donors managed by the World Bank, in the amount of US $31 million. Other projects financed by private investors, in partnership with the Republic of Djibouti. Estimated reduction in emissions: 6,000 kt of CO2 e/year. New railway line Construction of a 752 km railway line between Djibouti City and Addis Ababa. It is scheduled to be put in service in October 2015. Funding: Project financed by private Chinese investors. Energy efficiency project on 10 buildings The primary objective of this two year project is to enable the Djibouti Energy Management Agency (ADME) to study the energy consumption of 10 buildings.', 'Energy efficiency project on 10 buildings The primary objective of this two year project is to enable the Djibouti Energy Management Agency (ADME) to study the energy consumption of 10 buildings. The project will also be used as a capacity-building tool for other government departments concerned by the issue of energy management, thanks to a South- South partnership with other countries that have made progress in that domain. Funding: Project financed by the UNDP. Reduction of energy consumption by public buildings The two year project aims to improve the energy efficiency of the old Cité Ministérielle building before the installation of a photovoltaic solar park on the roof of the building. The photovoltaic system will then be connected to the national grid.', 'The photovoltaic system will then be connected to the national grid. To significantly reduce the State’s energy bill, ADME will extend the project to all public buildings in the future. Funding: Project financed by the Republic of Djibouti. Global Climate Change Alliance+ project (2014- For a two year period beginning in May 2015, the Global Climate Change Alliance has undertaken to: \uf0a7 Build Djibouti’s capacity to actively participate in the fight against climate change; \uf0a7 Develop a favourable institutional framework for mitigating climate change in the energy sector. Funding: Project financed by the European Union, in the amount of US $3 million. Presentation of conditional mitigation measures Measures that are pending financing are being studied for the improvement of the country’s energy efficiency and to reduce land-use-related emissions.', 'Presentation of conditional mitigation measures Measures that are pending financing are being studied for the improvement of the country’s energy efficiency and to reduce land-use-related emissions. The fulfilment of all of the projects identified aspriorities for the country’s development (Table 2) would further reduce 2030 emissions by another 20%, in comparison to the business-as-usual scenario. Table 2: Presentation of priority mitigation measures under study or pending funding 2nd and 3rd electrical tie lines with Ethiopia Based on the first tie line created in 2011, construction of two more very high voltage lines with a combined capacity of 250 MW in order to import electricity from Ethiopia. Thermal rehabilitation of buildings Rehabilitation of 3,000 existing buildings (accommodation and service buildings) each year to improve their thermal performance by means of insulation.', 'Thermal rehabilitation of buildings Rehabilitation of 3,000 existing buildings (accommodation and service buildings) each year to improve their thermal performance by means of insulation. Distribution of 5 million low energy light bulbs Awareness raising on the use of energy saving lighting equipment (low energy bulbs) in residential areas. Audit of administrative buildings Diagnostic review of the lighting and air conditioning systems used in different administrative buildings. Reduction of energy consumption by public buildings Improvements to the energy efficiency of the old Cité Ministérielle building and installation of a photovoltaic solar park on the roof. Reforestation with silvopasture practices Reforestation of 1,000 hectares with the set-up of a silvopasture agricultural system. Reduction of fuel wood consumption for cooking Decrease in the consumption of wood for cooking, estimated at 56,100 tonnes each year, through the replacement of 1,000 units by systems that use LPG.', 'Reduction of fuel wood consumption for cooking Decrease in the consumption of wood for cooking, estimated at 56,100 tonnes each year, through the replacement of 1,000 units by systems that use LPG. Development and maintenance of motorized two wheel vehicles Set-up of a maintenance service for two wheel vehicles and awareness- raising about its use. Secondary measures, likewise awaiting financing, are also under study (Table 3). Table 3: Presentation of non-priority mitigation measures under study or pending funding Energy production from biomass Combined production plant for electricity using household waste. Supposed potential of 10 MW. Tidal power plant Energy production using tidal turbines in Goubet. Supposed potential of 5 MW. Additional onshore wind turbines Djibouti’s total wind power potential is estimated at 390 MW. Installation of 11 onshore wind turbines in Goubet, producing 30 MW.', 'Installation of 11 onshore wind turbines in Goubet, producing 30 MW. Accelerated replacement of air conditioners Incentives for households to replace their air conditioners at the end of their life cycles by other, more efficient (Class A) units. An average of approximately 3,000 annually. Accelerated replacement of refrigerators Incentives for households to replace their refrigerators at the end of their life cycles by other, more efficient (Class A) units. An average of approximately 4,500 annually. “Green Mosques” Implementation of energy efficiency and effectiveness solutions in the country’s mosques.Reforestation with agroforestry Installation of 1,000 hectares of agroforestry system. Restriction on imports of older model cars Elimination of the import of 10,000 old cars producing too much pollution.', 'Restriction on imports of older model cars Elimination of the import of 10,000 old cars producing too much pollution. Equity and ambition of the contribution of the Republic of Djibouti On a global scale, the IPCC calculated the quantity of GHGs as more than 49,000 Mt of CO2 e in 2004. As a result, the annual emissions produced by the Republic of Djibouti, estimated at close to 2 Mt e in 2010, represent less than 0.005% of the global volume. In other words, its emissions are non- significant compared with worldwide emissions. Nonetheless, the Republic of Djibouti has prepared this contribution to reaffirm its belief in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and to take unprecedented measures in response to this issue.', 'Nonetheless, the Republic of Djibouti has prepared this contribution to reaffirm its belief in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and to take unprecedented measures in response to this issue. As an LDC, it is vital for the Republic of Djibouti to reduce its emissions without significantly affecting the country’s economic and social development. This contribution guarantees an equitable commitment. In the case of the unconditional scenario, the level of GHG per GDP point will decrease from 2.5 in 2000 to 0.8 in 2030. In addition, the planned mitigation measures will support priority economic sectors like renewable energies and energy efficiency. On its own scale, the Republic of Djibouti is making significant contributions to reducing global emissions.', 'On its own scale, the Republic of Djibouti is making significant contributions to reducing global emissions. The planned unconditional level of emissions reductions, planned under the unconditional scenario, is 40% compared to the business-as-usual scenario for 2030. This ambitious commitment will support other country’s commitments so as to make a collective contribution to the global objective of limiting the global temperature rise to 2°C. For the Republic of Djibouti, upholding this objective will be essential, given the country’s heavy exposure to the impact of climate change.', 'For the Republic of Djibouti, upholding this objective will be essential, given the country’s heavy exposure to the impact of climate change. Adaptation and increased resilience will remain the priority for the country.DJIBOUTI’S CONTRIBUTION TO ADAPTATION Objectives, national priorities and long-term vision In recent years, climate change has already appeared in the form of increases in average global temperature and in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events like drought and flooding of oueds. For example, the minimum temperature recorded in Djibouti City has risen by close to 1.3°C in the space of 30 years. In addition, the geographical location of the Republic of Djibouti makes it directly vulnerable to the rising sea level, especially given that 88% of its population lives along the coastline.', 'In addition, the geographical location of the Republic of Djibouti makes it directly vulnerable to the rising sea level, especially given that 88% of its population lives along the coastline. These difficult conditions cause serious problems in terms of the availability of a sufficient quantity and quality of water resources, be it for the country’s human population, livestock or agriculture. The aquifer’s resources are no longer enough to meet the country’s multiple needs. The Republic of Djibouti also boasts relatively significant land-based biodiversity (mangroves, Day Forest and endemic species). However, it is stricken by the ongoing shrinkage of its arable land and its biodiversity due to rapid desertification, which will only be exacerbated with rising temperatures.', 'However, it is stricken by the ongoing shrinkage of its arable land and its biodiversity due to rapid desertification, which will only be exacerbated with rising temperatures. Likewise, in respect of marine ecosystems, more than half the coral cover is likely to disappear in the years to come. This deterioration could have a profound effect on the local populations that are dependent on those resources and who already live in poverty. The various impacts of climate change engender major financial and human losses, primarily in the nation’s capital but also in the rest of the country. As a result, national adaptation priorities have been defined for 2035, broken down into multiple strategies.', 'As a result, national adaptation priorities have been defined for 2035, broken down into multiple strategies. Concerning adaptation, this will entail: \uf0a7 Reducing vulnerability to drought; \uf0a7 Protecting against rising sea levels; \uf0a7 Improving access to water; \uf0a7 Protecting biodiversity; \uf0a7 Reinforcing the resilience of rural populations. Strategy and planning Funded adaptation measures Global Climate Change Alliance project Two projects have been carried out by means of the GCCA’s Intra-ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific) programme. They involved the mapping and implementation of a reuse plan for the water treated in Douda, as well as a study on the emission factor for the electrical power grid. Funding: GCCA donors.', 'They involved the mapping and implementation of a reuse plan for the water treated in Douda, as well as a study on the emission factor for the electrical power grid. Funding: GCCA donors. Support programme to reduce vulnerability in coastal fishing areas (PRAREV-PÊCHE) The programme’s overarching objective is to support the populations in rural coastal zones affected by climate change in order to improve their resilience, reduce their vulnerability to such changes and promote the co-management of marine resources. The rehabilitation of mangroves will enhance their role as a shield for coastal protection against the tidesand erosion. In addition, the restoration of coral reefs and mangroves will generate additional revenue through the development of ecotourism activities. Funding: International Fund for Agricultural Development.', 'Funding: International Fund for Agricultural Development. Implementation of priority NAPA actions to strengthen resilience in Djibouti’s most vulnerable coastal zones The project will adopt an integrated approach that combines local actions to improve the resilience of the communities and the ecosystems with central actions to remove any key political and institutional obstacles. The project includes activities grouped together into three components, corresponding to the priorities defined in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA): i) policy; ii) ecosystem rehabilitation; and iii) climate forecasts and the prevention of catastrophes. Launched in 2011, this project focuses on two rural coastal communities, Khor Angar and Damerjog. Funding: UNEP. Innovative desalination plant in Djibouti, fuelled by renewable energies This project aims to construct a desalination plant in the capital city in order to respond directly to drinking water supply needs.', 'Innovative desalination plant in Djibouti, fuelled by renewable energies This project aims to construct a desalination plant in the capital city in order to respond directly to drinking water supply needs. This new plant, which will have a capacity of 22,500 m3 daily, easily expandable to 45,000 m3, will be fuelled by renewable energy, which is expected to be provided by a wind farm planned for the second phase of the project. Funding: European Union. Rural Community Development and Water Mobilization Project (PRODERMO) The project’s objective is a participatory approach to managing water and agro-pastoral resources in general, in which the beneficiary communities will play an essential role in identifying, preparing, implementing, supervising, utilizing and maintaining community and sub- project investments. The main component of this project concerns surface water mobilization and sustainable land management.', 'The main component of this project concerns surface water mobilization and sustainable land management. This encompasses, among other activities, the repair and construction of tanks for drinking water and livestock, the construction of two small experimental dams, and sustainable land management with a view to protecting hydraulic infrastructure and regenerating plant cover in the surrounding area. Funding: World Bank. Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihood Programme of the Horn of Africa (DRSLP-HoA) This programme is a response to the severe water shortages and prolonged periods of drought affecting the country. It helps to reduce poverty, improve food security and accelerate economic development by increasing incomes in rural environments.', 'It helps to reduce poverty, improve food security and accelerate economic development by increasing incomes in rural environments. The area of intervention includes the Beyya Dader watershed in the Ali Sabieh Region, the Gaggade-Derela watershed in the Dkhil Region, and the Weima watershed in the Toudjourah-Obock Region. Funding: African Development Bank. SHARE - Drinking Water: Improving access to drinking This programme contributes to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by improving access to drinking water and through capacity-building in peri-urban areas in Djibouti and threewater regional administrative centres. This project will also conduct a preparatory study in advance of a rural action. Funding: European Union.', 'This project will also conduct a preparatory study in advance of a rural action. Funding: European Union. Water supply project between Djibouti and Ethiopia This cross-border project aims to build a water pumping plant and aqueducts for the conveyance of water from Ethiopia in order to supply the Ali Sabieh, Dikhil and Arta Regions, along with Djibouti City. It will have a capacity of 100,000 m3/day, or 1,157 l/sec, carried to the border between the two countries. A reservoir of 20,000 m3 will be built in Djibouti. The project’s objective is to provide the populations with access to affordable drinking water. Funding: Republic of Djibouti.', 'The project’s objective is to provide the populations with access to affordable drinking water. Funding: Republic of Djibouti. Development of agro- pastoral perimeters as a strategy for Djibouti’s poor rural communities’ adaptation to climate change The project’s objective is to diversify and bolster resilience to climate change among the agro-pastoral practices used in the rural regions of Djibouti. It is based on three components: \uf0a7 Long-term, guaranteed access to water resources within a context of climate change; \uf0a7 Shaded agro-pastoral perimeters to support and diversify the climate resilience of agro-pastoral systems; \uf0a7 Secure access to funding for climate resilience, in the interest of the development of agro-pastoral companies. Funding: UNDP.', 'It is based on three components: \uf0a7 Long-term, guaranteed access to water resources within a context of climate change; \uf0a7 Shaded agro-pastoral perimeters to support and diversify the climate resilience of agro-pastoral systems; \uf0a7 Secure access to funding for climate resilience, in the interest of the development of agro-pastoral companies. Funding: UNDP. Strategic Individual Sanitation Plan for the Dikhil Region This Strategic Individual Sanitation Plan aims to identify improved, sustainable sanitation solutions for populations without access to a collective sanitation service (sewer system) in: \uf0a7 Rural settings that are scattered, often nomadic, or just beginning to settle down; \uf0a7 The district administrative centres of Ali Sabieh, Dikhil, Arta-Wea, Tadjourah and Obock; \uf0a7 The peripheral neighbourhoods of Djibouti, particularly those to the west of Ambouli Oued. Funding: World Bank and UNICEF.', 'Funding: World Bank and UNICEF. Support for adaptation to climate change among rural communities in mountainous regions This project helps to strengthen the resilience of Aidalou Assamo populations in the face of shocks related to climate change. Funding: UNDP. Pastoral system security project – This project aims to boost the security of pastoral systems and strengthen the resilience of pastoral populations in the coastal district of Tadjourah to external shocks. This is based on the reinforcement ofpastoral communities’ livelihoods through investments in water and animal health, the diversification of sources of livelihoods, and institutional capacity-building for State services and the rural communities. Funding: European Union.', 'This is based on the reinforcement ofpastoral communities’ livelihoods through investments in water and animal health, the diversification of sources of livelihoods, and institutional capacity-building for State services and the rural communities. Funding: European Union. Set-up of pilot solar projects to fight poverty This project, steered by the Secretary of State in charge of National Solidarity and the ADDS (Djibouti Social Development Agency), provides solar electricity to rural areas as an instrument for poverty reduction. Various mechanisms have been rolled out in Djibouti City and in the countryside, including personal kits, street lights, a mini power plant, drinking water supply and solar-powered light bulbs. Funding: Republic of Djibouti.', 'Various mechanisms have been rolled out in Djibouti City and in the countryside, including personal kits, street lights, a mini power plant, drinking water supply and solar-powered light bulbs. Funding: Republic of Djibouti. Implementing Adaptation Technologies in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Tadjourah and Hanlé Plains The project’s objective is to set up climate change adaptation measures to protect and enhance the resilience of the local communities and the ecosystems in the Tadjourah and Hanlé Regions. \uf0a7 Component 1: Protection against water-related climate change; \uf0a7 Component 2: Rehabilitation of ecosystems (plant cover in Hanlé and Tadjourah, and mangroves in the coastal zone of Tadjourah); \uf0a7 Component 3: Sustainable, resistant means of subsistence; \uf0a7 Component 4: Incorporation of adaptation to climate change as part of the development and resilience of the communities. Funding: UNEP.', '\uf0a7 Component 1: Protection against water-related climate change; \uf0a7 Component 2: Rehabilitation of ecosystems (plant cover in Hanlé and Tadjourah, and mangroves in the coastal zone of Tadjourah); \uf0a7 Component 3: Sustainable, resistant means of subsistence; \uf0a7 Component 4: Incorporation of adaptation to climate change as part of the development and resilience of the communities. Funding: UNEP. Support project for the resilience of rural populations The funds allocated under the 11th European Development Fund (EDF) will target the following sectors: (a) Water and sanitation; (b) Food security. The actions planned for those two sectors will aim for the equitable development of the country’s rural and underprivileged areas, with an emphasis on strengthening the resilience of vulnerable populations. The proposed actions will be subject to climate change impact reduction requirements, dictated by strict environmental criteria.', 'The proposed actions will be subject to climate change impact reduction requirements, dictated by strict environmental criteria. As the country contains a number of already weakened ecosystems, any work done to improve food security and water resources management will need to endeavour to preserve the environment from a perspective of sustainable development. Funding: European Development Fund. Adaptation measures pending funding Creation of a second The creation of a single desalination plant will not suffice to meet thedesalination plant population’s drinking water needs, which totalled some 593 million m3 in 2011. As a result, the rapid launch of the construction of a second desalination plant could be envisaged. Repairs to water mains Water loss within the water supply network is estimated at more than 30%.', 'Repairs to water mains Water loss within the water supply network is estimated at more than 30%. This is a considerable loss, further aggravating water shortages. Bringing the mains up to standard therefore appears to be a vital step. Such an investment has not yet been costed, however. Construction of new dykes The safety of the coastal zone is crucial to Djibouti’s development. Faced with rising sea levels, many cities that are vulnerable to this threat, such as New York and the majority of Dutch cities, have already prepared dyke construction investment plans. This solution has not yet been studied for Djibouti, but it could certainly be considered.', 'This solution has not yet been studied for Djibouti, but it could certainly be considered. For informational purposes, the plans launched by the Netherlands amount to a total of more than €20 billion, for exposure similar to that of Djibouti. Construction project for a dam in the Ambouli watershed Djibouti City, the national capital, is regularly threatened by devastating floods from the Ambouli watershed, with the loss of human life and serious material and economic damage.', 'Construction project for a dam in the Ambouli watershed Djibouti City, the national capital, is regularly threatened by devastating floods from the Ambouli watershed, with the loss of human life and serious material and economic damage. The construction of a dam in that watershed could considerably reduce the effects of flooding and could also serve to restock the groundwater that supplies the capital.IMPLEMENTATION METHODS Capacity-building Given the weakness of its economic and financial capacities and the scale of its funding needs for poverty reduction, environmental management and sustainable development, Djibouti is one of the potential beneficiaries of this initiative.', 'The construction of a dam in that watershed could considerably reduce the effects of flooding and could also serve to restock the groundwater that supplies the capital.IMPLEMENTATION METHODS Capacity-building Given the weakness of its economic and financial capacities and the scale of its funding needs for poverty reduction, environmental management and sustainable development, Djibouti is one of the potential beneficiaries of this initiative. To be able to seize that opportunity, the country set itself the objective of developing a National Strategy for a Green Economy, which will enable it to better incorporate climate finance into its development, as well as a national strategy for preserving biodiversity and another on climate change in order to boost its resilience in respect of the harmful effects of climate change, whilst contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'To be able to seize that opportunity, the country set itself the objective of developing a National Strategy for a Green Economy, which will enable it to better incorporate climate finance into its development, as well as a national strategy for preserving biodiversity and another on climate change in order to boost its resilience in respect of the harmful effects of climate change, whilst contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Need for technology transfers The majority of the options presented above, such as the construction of a geothermal, wind or photovoltaic power plant, will necessitate major technological transfers. It is therefore crucial for the Republic of Djibouti to establish long-term partnerships with university centres or private companies capable of supplying those technologies.', 'It is therefore crucial for the Republic of Djibouti to establish long-term partnerships with university centres or private companies capable of supplying those technologies. At present, an important partnership with the German Cooperation is providing Djibouti with technical and financial support for the promotion of renewable energies. Funding needs In a 6% growth scenario, the investment required to maintain an emissions level similar to that of 2010 (conditional scenario) is more than US $5.5 billion. The unconditional scenario, which is already financed, either by means of the national budget or through the support of the international community, represents approximately 70% of that amount.', 'The unconditional scenario, which is already financed, either by means of the national budget or through the support of the international community, represents approximately 70% of that amount. For the measures forming the conditional scenario, whose cost is estimated at US $1.65 billion, it has yet to be determined the proportion of that investment that could be covered domestically. The national strategy for energy procurement and management, currently under development, should provide better visibility on this point. Nonetheless, considering the level of investment required, it is very likely that Djibouti will need to access international funding to cover a large proportion of that investment. The adaptation projects currently being implemented account for a budget of nearly €100 million.', 'The adaptation projects currently being implemented account for a budget of nearly €100 million. That sum represents just 12% of the total amount that will need to be invested in adaptation under the 2°C Scenario, and a mere 7.5% in the case of the 4°C Scenario. These figures show that investing in adaptation measures is a crucial issue for the Republic of Djibouti. The country will not be able to raise the necessary funds on its own. As a result, the mobilization of the international community will be vital. Details of the implementation methods are provided in a dedicated document entitled “Guide de mise en œuvre pour la Contribution Prévue Déterminée Nationale” (“Implementation Guide for the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution”).']

en-US

DMA

Dominica

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Commonwealth%20of%20Dominica-%20Intended%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contributions%20%28INDC%29.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/214f6560343be13bff639f8defe0e3aa0abc422f1ab99d29ff0b00751a2bbdfb.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Communicated to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the 30thSeptember, 2015 The Commonwealth of Dominica is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad- Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at the 21st meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris, a new legally-binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) appropriate and fair to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020 onwards.', 'INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Communicated to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the 30thSeptember, 2015 The Commonwealth of Dominica is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad- Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at the 21st meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris, a new legally-binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) appropriate and fair to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020 onwards. Dominica hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), in accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Article 2 of the Convention, which provides up-front information to facilitate the clarity, transparency and the understanding of the INDC.', 'Dominica hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), in accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Article 2 of the Convention, which provides up-front information to facilitate the clarity, transparency and the understanding of the INDC. Dominica is also pleased to provide additional accompanying information relating to mitigation, adaptation planning/management and support for implementation. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Dominica as a small island developing State is vulnerable to current and ongoing impacts from climate change. Facing ever escalating social, environmental and economic costs from such impacts, the priority of the Government of Dominica is to implement the comprehensive Strategic Program for Climate Resilience contained in the Dominica Low Carbon Climate Resilient Strategy (2012).', 'Facing ever escalating social, environmental and economic costs from such impacts, the priority of the Government of Dominica is to implement the comprehensive Strategic Program for Climate Resilience contained in the Dominica Low Carbon Climate Resilient Strategy (2012). For Dominica, there is little distinction between adaptation and mitigation measures – an integrated response is being implemented to build climate resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling Green Growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies. Recognising Dominica’s common but differentiated responsibility and limited capabilities to address climate change, Dominica commits to progressively reduce total gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions below 2014 levels (164.5 Ggs est.) at the following reduction rates: 17.9% by 2020; 39.2% by 2025; and 44.7% by 2030.', 'at the following reduction rates: 17.9% by 2020; 39.2% by 2025; and 44.7% by 2030. By 2030, total emission reductions per sector will be as follows: • Energy industries – 98.6% (principally from harnessing of geothermal resources); • Transport – 16.9%; • Manufacturing and construction – 8.8%; • Commercial/institutional, residential, agriculture, forestry, fishing – 8.1%; • Solid waste – 78.6%. Benefiting from sound management practices, Dominica forests will continue to sequester 100 Ggs of national GHG emissions on an annual basis during the period 2020 to 2030.', 'Benefiting from sound management practices, Dominica forests will continue to sequester 100 Ggs of national GHG emissions on an annual basis during the period 2020 to 2030. The commercial development and continued harnessing of Dominica’s geothermal resources will, from 2025 onwards, enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy (estimated to exceed 200 Ggs annually) to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe, thereby contributing to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. This contribution is conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer, and capacity building support for priority adaptation and mitigation measures.', 'This contribution is conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer, and capacity building support for priority adaptation and mitigation measures. Dominica’s INDC will remain provisional pending confirmation of timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer, and capacity building support for priority adaptation and mitigation measures detailed in this INDC. Dependent upon COP21 outcomes, Dominica reserves the right to revise the INDC.Country Context Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally given its susceptibility to natural disasters and its ecological and economic fragility.', 'Dependent upon COP21 outcomes, Dominica reserves the right to revise the INDC.Country Context Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally given its susceptibility to natural disasters and its ecological and economic fragility. Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many Small Island Developing States (SIDS), is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity such as terms of trade, impacts of globalisation (both positive and negative), financial crises, international conflicts, external debt, externalization of the benefits of foreign direct investment at the expense of the local population, and internal local conditions such as population growth, reliance of fossil fuel imports, incidence of poverty, inadequate social capital, unemployment, limited resource base for economic development, reduced social cohesion, and a widening gap between poor and rich, together with the interactions between them.', 'Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many Small Island Developing States (SIDS), is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity such as terms of trade, impacts of globalisation (both positive and negative), financial crises, international conflicts, external debt, externalization of the benefits of foreign direct investment at the expense of the local population, and internal local conditions such as population growth, reliance of fossil fuel imports, incidence of poverty, inadequate social capital, unemployment, limited resource base for economic development, reduced social cohesion, and a widening gap between poor and rich, together with the interactions between them. It is widely acknowledged that climate change exacerbates impacts from natural disasters with enormous human, environmental and economic costs.', 'It is widely acknowledged that climate change exacerbates impacts from natural disasters with enormous human, environmental and economic costs. Recognising the threats posed by climate change, Dominica has, over the last two decades, undertaken a number of initiatives to respond to this threat. Dominica has established a strong track record on climate change adaptation, and in this regards was one of the first countries in the Caribbean region to adopt a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002). Dominica was one of the few countries chosen to pilot adaptation measures under the Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC), and pioneer the development of a strategic programmatic approach to building climate resilience under the Pilot Program on Climate Resilience (PPCR).', 'Dominica was one of the few countries chosen to pilot adaptation measures under the Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC), and pioneer the development of a strategic programmatic approach to building climate resilience under the Pilot Program on Climate Resilience (PPCR). In 2012, the Cabinet-approved Dominica Low Carbon Climate Resilient Strategy was developed through broad-based stakeholder engagement and input, with support provided by the Climate Investment Funds (CIF). Additionally, as a collaborative initiative between the SPACC program and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded Sustainable Land Management (SLM) project, Dominica has pioneered: (a) the vulnerability mapping and “climate proofing” of National Parks Management Plans; and (b) community-based vulnerability mapping and the development, through community engagement and input, of community adaptation plans.', 'Additionally, as a collaborative initiative between the SPACC program and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded Sustainable Land Management (SLM) project, Dominica has pioneered: (a) the vulnerability mapping and “climate proofing” of National Parks Management Plans; and (b) community-based vulnerability mapping and the development, through community engagement and input, of community adaptation plans. Methodologies for adaptation planning and management developed by Dominica under these programs have been promoted as models of best practices by a number of international agencies.', 'Methodologies for adaptation planning and management developed by Dominica under these programs have been promoted as models of best practices by a number of international agencies. In the global context, until around 2005Dominica´s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions was nil, due to the small size of the country s economy and population, combined with the ability of the large expanse of the country’s forested areas (comprising 63% of the total land area) to sequester greenhouse gases at levels that exceeded national GHG emissions from anthropogenic activities. Nonetheless, Dominica is a country committed nationally and internationally to addressing climate change.', 'Nonetheless, Dominica is a country committed nationally and internationally to addressing climate change. Due to the exceptionally high level of vulnerability to climate impacts, Dominica´s national priority is to enhance community, ecosystem and national resilience to climate change and natural disasters, including through the implementation of viable sustainable energy and other mitigation measures, which reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, while building local resilience, capacity and self-sufficiency. In this regard, the harnessing of the country’s geothermal resources over the next decade will considerably reduce Dominica’s reliance on imported fossil fuels as the principal source for electricity, and will liberate considerable resources spent on fuel imports which can be directed to priority adaptation measures to build resilience in vulnerable communities and sectors.', 'In this regard, the harnessing of the country’s geothermal resources over the next decade will considerably reduce Dominica’s reliance on imported fossil fuels as the principal source for electricity, and will liberate considerable resources spent on fuel imports which can be directed to priority adaptation measures to build resilience in vulnerable communities and sectors. Continued expansion of Dominica’s geothermal resources from 2025 onwards will enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy to nearby countries, thereby contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ´Flood swamped villages, destroyed homes and wiped out roads. Some communities are no longer recognizable…´ ´The extent of the devastation is monumental. We have in essence to rebuild the country.´ Prime Minister, Hon.', 'We have in essence to rebuild the country.´ Prime Minister, Hon. Roosevelt Skerrit, describing the situation in Dominica in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Erika which left many people dead and injured, over 500 persons homeless, and devastated the country on the morning of 27th August, 2015, resulting in US$392.3 million in damages (representing 75.88% of GDP).Information on Dominica’s INDC Parameter Information Period of implementation Beginning in 2016 and ending in 2030 Type of commitment Absolute reduction from base year emissions Base year 2014 Scope and coverage Emissions reduction impact Emissions will be reduced by 44.7% from 2014 levels.', 'Roosevelt Skerrit, describing the situation in Dominica in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Erika which left many people dead and injured, over 500 persons homeless, and devastated the country on the morning of 27th August, 2015, resulting in US$392.3 million in damages (representing 75.88% of GDP).Information on Dominica’s INDC Parameter Information Period of implementation Beginning in 2016 and ending in 2030 Type of commitment Absolute reduction from base year emissions Base year 2014 Scope and coverage Emissions reduction impact Emissions will be reduced by 44.7% from 2014 levels. Sectors and conditional targets (Conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology and capacity building support) • Energy industries – 98.6% (principally from harnessing of geothermal resources); • Transport – 16.9%; • Manufacturing and construction – 8.8%; • Commercial/institutional, residential, agriculture, forestry, fishing – 8.1%; • Solid waste – 78.6%.', 'Sectors and conditional targets (Conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology and capacity building support) • Energy industries – 98.6% (principally from harnessing of geothermal resources); • Transport – 16.9%; • Manufacturing and construction – 8.8%; • Commercial/institutional, residential, agriculture, forestry, fishing – 8.1%; • Solid waste – 78.6%. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Geographical boundaries Whole country Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This INDC was prepared using the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory methodologies, and GHG emissions intensity factors from the Carbon Trust.', 'Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Geographical boundaries Whole country Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This INDC was prepared using the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory methodologies, and GHG emissions intensity factors from the Carbon Trust. Planning process This INDC has been developed through broad-based stakeholder consultation and input, and builds upon key national policies and strategies including: o National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002); o National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) (2004); o Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS); o Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy and compendium Strategic Program on Climate Resilience (SPCR) (2012); o Dominica’s National Energy Policy (draft) (2014); o Dominica’s Sustainable Energy Plan (draft) (2014).', 'Planning process This INDC has been developed through broad-based stakeholder consultation and input, and builds upon key national policies and strategies including: o National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002); o National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) (2004); o Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS); o Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy and compendium Strategic Program on Climate Resilience (SPCR) (2012); o Dominica’s National Energy Policy (draft) (2014); o Dominica’s Sustainable Energy Plan (draft) (2014). Intention to use market-based and non- market-based mechanisms to meet target Dominica intends to introduce market-based mechanisms to promote energy conservation/efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector principally through incentives to promote the import of hybrid vehicles.', 'Intention to use market-based and non- market-based mechanisms to meet target Dominica intends to introduce market-based mechanisms to promote energy conservation/efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector principally through incentives to promote the import of hybrid vehicles. Assumptions and Methodological Approaches When calculating or making reference to GHG emissions, the methodologies used to estimate those emissions in relevant sectors correspond to the 2006 IPCC Guidance for Conducting National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and assume Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a residence period in the atmosphere of 100 years pertaining to the Second Assessment report of the IPCC.', 'Assumptions and Methodological Approaches When calculating or making reference to GHG emissions, the methodologies used to estimate those emissions in relevant sectors correspond to the 2006 IPCC Guidance for Conducting National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and assume Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a residence period in the atmosphere of 100 years pertaining to the Second Assessment report of the IPCC. Carbon sequestration potential and emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, used the FAO s Global Forest Resource Assessment for Dominica and the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF.ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES, PRIORITY ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES, MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EQUITY National Circumstances Dominica is located at 15 degrees North and 61 degrees West, occupying a central position in the eastern Caribbean archipelago.', 'Carbon sequestration potential and emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, used the FAO s Global Forest Resource Assessment for Dominica and the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF.ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES, PRIORITY ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES, MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EQUITY National Circumstances Dominica is located at 15 degrees North and 61 degrees West, occupying a central position in the eastern Caribbean archipelago. The country is bordered by the French territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively. The island is approximately 750.6 square kilometers and is the largest in the Windward and Leeward groups of the Eastern Caribbean.', 'The island is approximately 750.6 square kilometers and is the largest in the Windward and Leeward groups of the Eastern Caribbean. Figure 1: Map of Dominica Dominica is volcanic in origin and is characterized by very rugged and steep terrain with approximately ninety miles of coastline. The northern half of the island is dominated by the country’s highest summit, Morne Diablotin, which is the highest and largest volcano in Dominica, and the second highest mountain in the Eastern Caribbean, measuring 22 km x 18 km at its base and towering to a height of 1447 meters.', 'The northern half of the island is dominated by the country’s highest summit, Morne Diablotin, which is the highest and largest volcano in Dominica, and the second highest mountain in the Eastern Caribbean, measuring 22 km x 18 km at its base and towering to a height of 1447 meters. A chain of mountains extends from the islands center to the south, and the topography is characterized by a number of ridges and steep river valleys with gently sloping lands being restricted to narrow coastal strips, particularly in the center and northeast of the island.', 'A chain of mountains extends from the islands center to the south, and the topography is characterized by a number of ridges and steep river valleys with gently sloping lands being restricted to narrow coastal strips, particularly in the center and northeast of the island. The islands volcanic natural history remains evident in continuing seismic activity, and in scenic attractions such as the Valley of Desolation and the Boiling Lake, which together with dense forests populated with an abundance of natural lakes and waterfalls, provide the basis for a growing eco-tourism industry. Dominica has a forest area of 45 000 hectares – more than half of the island’s 75 000 hectare over all land area.', 'Dominica has a forest area of 45 000 hectares – more than half of the island’s 75 000 hectare over all land area. Dominica has rich volcanic soil and is well served by over 365 streams and rivers. The high mountains and deep ravines are covered in rich tropical forests. Since 1975, an extensive system of national protected areas constitutes a significant carbon sink and provides protection for approximately 20% of the national territory. Protected areas include one marine park, two large forest reserves (Central and Northern), and the Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dominica is part of a group of 47 countries and territories that have been classified by the United Nations (UN) as Small Island Developing States (SIDS).', 'Dominica is part of a group of 47 countries and territories that have been classified by the United Nations (UN) as Small Island Developing States (SIDS). SIDS face a specific set of challenges and are especially highly vulnerable to the effects and impacts of climate change.Climate and Vulnerability Dominica’s climate is characterized as tropical maritime with dominant influences being the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the northeasterly trade winds. As a result of its mountainous terrain the island possesses a number of micro-climates. Rainfall is distributed between a dry season from December to May, and a rainy season from June to November.', 'Rainfall is distributed between a dry season from December to May, and a rainy season from June to November. The western Caribbean coast is in the rain shadow of the various mountain ranges and average rainfall along that coast is significantly less than in interior locations. Limitations in measuring equipment have restricted the ability to maintain meteorological records of interior areas. High rainfall makes the island susceptible to landslides, particularly in mountainous areas. Dominica’s rugged topography results in considerable amount of orographic rainfall.', 'Dominica’s rugged topography results in considerable amount of orographic rainfall. The island’s climate is characterized by consistently warm year-round temperatures with a daytime average of 26-27 degrees Celsius in coastal areas decreasing to 19-21 degrees Celsius in mountainous areas, while night-time temperatures vary from 18-22 degrees Celsius on the coast and 10-12 degrees Celsius at higher elevations. Rainfall patterns display considerable variability both on annual and locational basis. Nevertheless, Dominica’s mountainous terrain makes it the wettest island in the eastern Caribbean with annual rainfall totals exceeding 10,000mm (400 inches) in some of the higher elevations. The island experiences a dry season between the months of February to June, with November being statistically the wettest month.', 'The island experiences a dry season between the months of February to June, with November being statistically the wettest month. Relative humidity remains high throughout the year consistently averaging above 85% in mountainous interior areas. Generally rainfall is less on the islands western Leeward coast which, based on the prevailing winds, is within a rain-shadow of the mountainous interior. The island lies within the Atlantic hurricane belt. Since the late 1970s the island has been increasingly affected by a number of hurricanes and tropical storms. In 1979 Hurricane David caused extensive destruction particularly in the southern parts of the island.', 'In 1979 Hurricane David caused extensive destruction particularly in the southern parts of the island. In 1995, Hurricane Luis also caused wide- spread damage and in August 2007 Hurricane Dean struck the island causing widespread damage to agricultural outputs as well as to road infrastructure estimated at almost 20 percent of GDP. Tropical Storm Ophelia in 2011 and Tropical Storm Erika in August 2015 resulted in loss of life and property and devastated the island. Dominica was originally populated by Amerindian peoples, known as Kalinago, and is the only island in the Caribbean still to possess distinct communities of these indigenous people of the Caribbean.', 'Dominica was originally populated by Amerindian peoples, known as Kalinago, and is the only island in the Caribbean still to possess distinct communities of these indigenous people of the Caribbean. Population estimates for 2001 indicate that Dominica had a population of approximately 71,000 persons (a decline from 74,750 in 1994), including two thousand Kalinagos, the remaining survivors of the first inhabitants of the island. 27.0% of the Dominican households live below the poverty line (based on the latest available figures), Topographic conditions have forced human settlements onto narrow coastal areas particularly in the south and west with approximately 44,000 persons (62%) living along the coast. The largest community is Roseau (the capital city) and its environs with 14,847 persons representing almost 21% of the total population.', 'The largest community is Roseau (the capital city) and its environs with 14,847 persons representing almost 21% of the total population. Dominica, like its Caribbean neighbours, is among the most vulnerable regions to global climate change (IPCC, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2007). Sea level rise will combine a number of factors resulting in accelerated coastal erosion, increased flood risk and in some areas permanent loss of land. This may be exacerbated further by any increase in the destructiveness of tropical storms, the impacts of which will be greater due to sea-level rise even without increases in storm intensity. The impacts of sea-level rise will be further exacerbated by the loss of protective coastal systems such as coral reefs.', 'The impacts of sea-level rise will be further exacerbated by the loss of protective coastal systems such as coral reefs. The Caribbean has experienced widespread coral loss in recent decades due to a variety of interacting factors including bleaching, which has become more frequent due to higher ocean surface temperatures, a trend which will continue into the future as a result of climate change.', 'The Caribbean has experienced widespread coral loss in recent decades due to a variety of interacting factors including bleaching, which has become more frequent due to higher ocean surface temperatures, a trend which will continue into the future as a result of climate change. Impacts attributed to climate change in Dominica are: a change in average climate; sea-level rise; changing distribution of carriers of disease; increased incidence of hotdays; changes in rainfall patterns; more acidic oceans (less CO2 dissolved in warmer ocean water); a change in the incidence and intensity of extreme weather events (storm surge, flash floods and tropical hurricanes).Vulnerability of human settlements in Dominica to existing weather and climate change can be viewed in terms of risks from coastal processes, inland flooding, and landslides.', 'Impacts attributed to climate change in Dominica are: a change in average climate; sea-level rise; changing distribution of carriers of disease; increased incidence of hotdays; changes in rainfall patterns; more acidic oceans (less CO2 dissolved in warmer ocean water); a change in the incidence and intensity of extreme weather events (storm surge, flash floods and tropical hurricanes).Vulnerability of human settlements in Dominica to existing weather and climate change can be viewed in terms of risks from coastal processes, inland flooding, and landslides. A consistent feature of human settlements in Dominica is the vulnerability of roads and buildings to storm surge flooding and landslides. Inadequate planning controls are apparent in the continuing construction of buildings, critical infrastructure and other facilities in active wave inundation, flood- and landslide-prone areas.', 'Inadequate planning controls are apparent in the continuing construction of buildings, critical infrastructure and other facilities in active wave inundation, flood- and landslide-prone areas. Economy With GDP standing at US$517million (2014 - IMF estimates), the Dominica economy reflects many of the traditional features of a small open economy. This includes a high level of dependence on external trade as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP), dependence on single sector export products (in this case agriculture) and tourism revenue, high levels of underemployment and unemployment, and dependence on foreign capital (both public and private sector) for investment into productive sectors and for infrastructural development. Over the past 10 years, economic growth in Dominica averaged approximately 3.7% per annum, dropping to 1.5% over the past 5 years.', 'Over the past 10 years, economic growth in Dominica averaged approximately 3.7% per annum, dropping to 1.5% over the past 5 years. The population of the country has remained relatively unchanged over recent years (approximately 70,000), and is not expected to increase in the next 10-15 years. Since the year 2000, contributions to GDP have increased in the agricultural, private education and hospitality industries, with declining trends in manufacturing, real estate and banking. The vulnerability of Dominica’s agricultural sector – which together with tourism is the mainstay of the country’s economy - is manifested in the risks presented by natural disasters and climate extremes, as well as in the sectors vulnerability to climate variability and external economic shocks.', 'The vulnerability of Dominica’s agricultural sector – which together with tourism is the mainstay of the country’s economy - is manifested in the risks presented by natural disasters and climate extremes, as well as in the sectors vulnerability to climate variability and external economic shocks. The World Bank points out that Dominica’s real agricultural sector product and agriculture’s share of GDP has fallen consistently with each major natural disaster with the sector failing to recover to previous levels of relative importance. Most of this decline is attributable to the crop sector, and within that sector, to the decline in banana production. Otherwise there has been significant growth only within the small livestock sub-sector.', 'Otherwise there has been significant growth only within the small livestock sub-sector. The World Bank indicates that “the post disaster shift out of agriculture seems to be explained by a combination of a further reduction in larger scale production (failure to invest fully in replacement), a shift of small shareholders into employment in other sectors, and also off-island migration”. Agricultural production accounted for 12.2% of total GDP, and overall the sector is estimated to have declined by 10.6 percent in 2010 on the heels of a 1.5 percent growth rate for 2009. The performance of the crops sub-sector was severely affected by the extended drought in 2010. Agriculture’s decline has been particularly marked since Hurricane Hugo.', 'Agriculture’s decline has been particularly marked since Hurricane Hugo. Crop sector product in real terms in the late 1990s was 20% below the 1988 peak caused primarily by the decline of the banana industry, which has maintained this pattern during the 2000s. Agricultural access roads have been severely damaged or destroyed by Tropical Storm Erika in August 2015, which resulted in losses to the agriculture sector of US$30.83 million (est), creating additional challenge to the sector. For a country that could be self-sufficient and provide food to neighbouring countries, Dominica’s food imports constitute an increasing burden on the economy, and threaten food security. Impacts from climate change, affecting agricultural productivity, continue to aggravate this situation.', 'Impacts from climate change, affecting agricultural productivity, continue to aggravate this situation. With the rapid decline in the major cash crop (bananas), many farmers began moving into the fishing sector, which employs approximately 2000 registered fishermen (40% full-time). There is a much greater demand for fish at the present time as a major source of protein. Dominica’s fishery resources are relatively diverse including near-shore demersal and pelagic species, as well as deep-water pelagics and various crustaceans and other marine species. The Dominica fishing industry is small-scale and of an artisan nature. All the fish caught is for local consumption. Most fish landed in Dominica is sold directly to the public at the landing sites.', 'Most fish landed in Dominica is sold directly to the public at the landing sites. The damage caused by Hurricane Lenny in 1999 on the Roseau FisheriesComplex were very obvious during the following fishing season when there was a marked increase in tuna landings, however, the lack of storage facilities posed a major problem in terms of selling the catch. This resulted in wastage and the loss of revenue to fishermen. Already fishery resources face considerable stresses from a number of land based sources of pollution. Existing climate stresses especially hurricane/tropical storm systems and warming oceans present important challenges for the health and sustainability of the ecosystems that sustain the islands fisheries.', 'Existing climate stresses especially hurricane/tropical storm systems and warming oceans present important challenges for the health and sustainability of the ecosystems that sustain the islands fisheries. Climate change, including increasing ocean acidification and changes in sea temperatures, are affecting fisher resources and migration patterns with consequent impacts on the sustainability of Dominica’s fishery sector, livelihoods, human health and prospects for food security. Climate change impacts on Dominica’s vibrant diving and whale-watching industry are yet to be determined. The island has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. Economic developments, in particular, are significantly affected by both natural and man-made external factors as is increasingly evidenced by the negative impact on the local economy of changes associated with such international phenomenon as globalization and trade liberalization.', 'Economic developments, in particular, are significantly affected by both natural and man-made external factors as is increasingly evidenced by the negative impact on the local economy of changes associated with such international phenomenon as globalization and trade liberalization. The dependence of the economy on the constricting banana industry exposes its high economic vulnerability. Attempts to diversify are slow, however recent trends indicate that the island is moving towards tourism/ecotourism, as it markets its unique environment and culture. In doing so Dominica has become more acutely aware of the need to protect the environment and of the growing threat to its vulnerable natural resources presented by climate change.', 'In doing so Dominica has become more acutely aware of the need to protect the environment and of the growing threat to its vulnerable natural resources presented by climate change. The prevailing economic situation over the past twenty years has given rise to sluggish growth and little improvement in the levels of poverty. The present government was compelled to establish a programme of Economic Stabilization and Recovery in early 2001, which was aimed at, among other things maintaining fiscal stability and energizing economic growth. The stabilization programme, which imposes stringent austerity measures, is intended to reduce public sector expenditure to sustainable levels in line with required standards set by international agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB).', 'The stabilization programme, which imposes stringent austerity measures, is intended to reduce public sector expenditure to sustainable levels in line with required standards set by international agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). Now in 2015, while still facing social and economic challenges, there are indications that Dominica is making steady progress on the road to recovery. Energy and Carbon Footprint Dominica has no petroleum resources, and energy required to sustain development in the country is imported. Annual import costs for energy continue to rise and are currently EC$116.65 million (US$43.39 million) representing 11.92% of GDP (2014 – World Bank estimates).', 'Annual import costs for energy continue to rise and are currently EC$116.65 million (US$43.39 million) representing 11.92% of GDP (2014 – World Bank estimates). Electricity constitutes the primary source of commercial energy for industrial and other uses in Dominica, while approximately 8000 cubic meters of woodfuel are used domestically. The main end users of electricity are domestic, commercial and institutional customers and the pattern of consumption demonstrates the low energy use of industry and other non-domestic consumption at this time. The other main source of energy use in Dominica is in the road transport sector. As in most other developing countries road transport consumes an increasing amount of petroleum.', 'As in most other developing countries road transport consumes an increasing amount of petroleum. As with all other island states and territories in the Caribbean, Dominica is affected by the global crisis caused by its dependency on imported petroleum products with the constant fluctuations in prices. High electricity costs (the highest in the Caribbean), constitute a real obstacle for numerous sectors, with the direct and indirect consequence of curtailing growth and parallel activities linked to the country’s sustainable development.', 'High electricity costs (the highest in the Caribbean), constitute a real obstacle for numerous sectors, with the direct and indirect consequence of curtailing growth and parallel activities linked to the country’s sustainable development. Dominica recognises that current high costs associated with importation of fossil fuel-based energy is unsustainable, a draw on the economy, diverts much needed resources from priority poverty reduction and social development programs, and reduces the availability of funds needed to address impacts from climate change and natural disasters.Electricity Network and Demand The country presently (2014) has an installed capacity of 26.74 megawatts consisting of 6.64MW (28.5%) of hydropower and 20.1 MW of diesel powered units.', 'Dominica recognises that current high costs associated with importation of fossil fuel-based energy is unsustainable, a draw on the economy, diverts much needed resources from priority poverty reduction and social development programs, and reduces the availability of funds needed to address impacts from climate change and natural disasters.Electricity Network and Demand The country presently (2014) has an installed capacity of 26.74 megawatts consisting of 6.64MW (28.5%) of hydropower and 20.1 MW of diesel powered units. The generation mix is characterized by seasonal fluctuations in supply from hydro-generation as a result of changes in precipitation during the rainy season. Peak demand has averaged approximately 16 MW over the past three years, with average demand of 11.5 MW.', 'Peak demand has averaged approximately 16 MW over the past three years, with average demand of 11.5 MW. Minimum overnight demand has averaged 7.3 MW over the past 3 years, requiring approximately 8 MW of generation online (9.6% losses). From 2012 to 2014, minimum instantaneous demand has varied between 6MW and 8.5MW, averaging around 7.3MW for the past 3 years. Some large consumers of electricity (hotels, manufacturers, university) self-generate using diesel engines as this provides lower costs electricity than provided by the domestic electrical utility. The Independent Regulatory Commission (IRC) has established a limit of 1MW of grid connected intermitted renewable energy, of which approximately 0.5 MW has already been installed. An additional 125kw community renewable energy system is being considered.', 'An additional 125kw community renewable energy system is being considered. Electricity sales have grown on average 3.7% per annum over the past 10 years, with much of this between 2008 and 2010. Over the past 3 years there has been no growth due to the depressed economic climate. Corresponding to this has been a decline in electricity consumption in the domestic sector. The proportion of electricity sold in the commercial sector has increased, which reflects growth in the hospitality, tourism and higher education sectors. The 20 year forecasts for electrical sales provided by Dominica Electric Company (DOMLEC) indicates average growth rates of 1.3% and 0.8% for yearly electricity generation and peak demand respectively, based on assumed economic growth rate of 1.6%.', 'The 20 year forecasts for electrical sales provided by Dominica Electric Company (DOMLEC) indicates average growth rates of 1.3% and 0.8% for yearly electricity generation and peak demand respectively, based on assumed economic growth rate of 1.6%. Development of Alternative Energy Sources The Government of Dominica in seeking to reduce the increasing costs of electricity generation and ensure a cleaner, more environmentally friendly energy source is aggressively exploring the possibilities of alternative energy. While hydroelectric generation does occur (contributing up to ~ 38% of electricity generation), and Dominica has considerable additional potential, hydro-power development is severely affected by changing precipitation patterns association with climate change. Dominica, being a volcanic island has tremendous potential for geothermal energy.', 'Dominica, being a volcanic island has tremendous potential for geothermal energy. Site assessments, and feasibility studies have been carried out that indicate that the energy capacity in the Roseau Valley Geothermal Resource area is at least 300 MW, The current production capacity based on Wells already drilled is approximately 10 MW. Further generation capacity can be added with the drilling of additional production wells as assessed and necessary. A limited amount of solar and wind energy is used in Dominica, mainly at the residential and commercial levels for both water heating and electricity production. It is hoped that hydro, solar, wind, wave and biomass as alternative energy sources, will eventually be considered on a commercial scale.', 'It is hoped that hydro, solar, wind, wave and biomass as alternative energy sources, will eventually be considered on a commercial scale. Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development, National Energy Policy (draft) (2014), and Sustainable Energy Plan (draft) (2014) establishes indicative targets for renewable energy in Dominica. GHG Projections for 2015-2030 The Graph below depicts: • The Business as Usual (BAU) case from 2005 to 2030; • The total emissions from 2005 to 2030; • The emissions trends by Sector and year from 2005 to 2030. The BAU case used Table 2.6 from Dominica’s Second National Communication (SNC), which provides emission changes from 2000 to 2005, as its starting point. It provides emissions data on four of the five sectors.', 'It provides emissions data on four of the five sectors. The data for the fifth sector, solid waste, was also obtained from the SNC. The projections foremissions post 2014 for each sector were derived from the application of the energy intensity value for each of the mitigation measures analyzed and further breaking down this data by reporting year. The total emissions for each year were the total of the sector emissions for that year. Proposed Mitigation Measures to Enhance Resilience In order to achieve the GHG targets contained in this INDC, Dominica intends to implement the following measures to enhance resilience, which amounts to approximately US$99 million in costs. 1. New Geothermal Generation Plants.', '1. New Geothermal Generation Plants. It is the intention of the Government of Dominica to develop, with concessionary climate change financing provided under the Green Climate Fund or Clean Technology Fund, a geothermal generation plant to provide electricity to the domestic market. The first phase of this plant will comprise 2 X 3.5MWelectricity generation units, with the physical plant designed to accommodate another 3.5MW generator in the future. The first, 2 X 3.5MW plant is planned for operation before 2020, with the third 3.5MW 2025. The Government of Dominica seeks to harness geothermal resources in manner and at a cost that will ensure that electricity charges to consumers do not increase. Forecasted Emission Reductions: 39.3Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$75,000,000. 2.', 'Forecasted Emission Reductions: 39.3Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$75,000,000. 2. Energy Efficiency (EE) Programme This EE program will be country wide, and will include the Manufacturing, Commercial and Institutional sectors. Such programmes carried out in other jurisdictions in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have resulted in energy savings in the order of 15 to 20% of total energy usage, and should achieve similar results in Dominica. Market based mechanisms are to be introduced to enhance the uptake of these programmes. The EE programme for Dominica will be designed and implemented to address the specific issues of this country and shall focus on retrofitting of energy efficient lighting, air-conditioning, appliances, and a vigorous education and awareness drive.', 'The EE programme for Dominica will be designed and implemented to address the specific issues of this country and shall focus on retrofitting of energy efficient lighting, air-conditioning, appliances, and a vigorous education and awareness drive. Estimated installation costs have been based on the results of the audits of similar facilities in the LAC Region. Program Timing: 2016-2025; Forecasted Emissions Reduction: 5.2 Gg; Installation; Cost Estimate: US$2,300,000. 3. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) conversion program for Hotel Sector This sector includes hotels and guesthouses. There are approximately 29 such facilities in Dominica, but there is insufficient detail provided to determine size and individual energy usage.', 'There are approximately 29 such facilities in Dominica, but there is insufficient detail provided to determine size and individual energy usage. Estimates have been made to derive the quantity of systems that may be involved and anticipated GHG reductions based on lessons learned from similar conversions undertaken in the region. The solar PV programme will comprise the installation of solar PV panels and related equipment on the roofs (and in some cases, the grounds) of buildings in this sector. Program Timing: 2016-2025; Forecasted Emissions Reductions: 0.24Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$1,000,000. 4. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) conversion program for Commercial, Institutional and Manufacturing Facilities This program will include: schools, universities, hospitals, commercial buildings, manufacturing plants, government buildings, municipal facilities, etc.', 'Solar Photovoltaic (PV) conversion program for Commercial, Institutional and Manufacturing Facilities This program will include: schools, universities, hospitals, commercial buildings, manufacturing plants, government buildings, municipal facilities, etc. Estimates have been made to derive anticipated GHG reductions based on lessons learned from similar conversions undertaken in the region. Program Timing: 2017-2025; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 0.86Gg: Capital Cost Estimate: US$2,700,000. 5. Off-Grid Hybrid Micro-Hydro, Wind, Solar PV, DG Back-up for Ross University Ross University is the single largest electricity user in Dominica, with significant annual electricity charges.', 'Off-Grid Hybrid Micro-Hydro, Wind, Solar PV, DG Back-up for Ross University Ross University is the single largest electricity user in Dominica, with significant annual electricity charges. In order to compute possible emission reductions and estimate costs, 200kW of in-stream micro- hydro, 100kW of solar PV and 500kW of wind (assuming a site is available and a reasonable wind regime is available), and 500kW of back-up diesel generation, connected as a hybrid power plant in an off-grid mini-grid configuration have been calculated as being required to meet average projected power demand at the University. Program Timing: 2017-2022; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 1.71Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$3,300,000.6.', 'Program Timing: 2017-2022; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 1.71Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$3,300,000.6. Off-Grid Hybrid Wind, Solar, Biodiesel Generator Back-up in Off-grid Mini-Grid Configuration for South-East and East Coast of Dominica (three separate projects) Based on lessons learned from Tropical Storm Erika and other recent extreme events, this region of Dominica is particularly vulnerable to storm damage, and the power systems in this area are vulnerable to damaged rendering communities without electricity. Since the amount of remaining availability of grid connected intermitted renewable energy (IRE) systems is very limited, to increase power system reliability and reduce energy costs for the residents in these locations, off-grid mini-grids, powered with hybrid wind and solar PV power plants (and hydro if available), with bio-diesel generator back-up, are proposed as a possible viable alternative.', 'Since the amount of remaining availability of grid connected intermitted renewable energy (IRE) systems is very limited, to increase power system reliability and reduce energy costs for the residents in these locations, off-grid mini-grids, powered with hybrid wind and solar PV power plants (and hydro if available), with bio-diesel generator back-up, are proposed as a possible viable alternative. Three separate mini-grids, estimated at 500kW each, comprising 500kW of wind energy and 200kW of PV, with bio-diesel generator back-up for each, are proposed. Program Timing: 2017-2025; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 2.92Gg; Capital Cost Estimate: US$9,000,000. 7. Replace Streetlights in Portsmouth with Off-grid Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures. There are some 368, 100W HPS streetlights in Portsmouth at present. This project comprises the replacement of these with smaller, off-grid LED streetlights.', 'This project comprises the replacement of these with smaller, off-grid LED streetlights. Program Timing: 2016-2025; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 0.36Gg; Installation Cost Estimate: US$1,200,000. 8. Transport Sector Emissions 11,167 vehicles were imported into the country between 2005 and 2014. During that same period, 6,624 older vehicles were retired, for a net increase of 4,543 vehicles over this period. The largest percentage of these were sport utility vehicles (SUVs), with an increase of 2,950 of these during this period. Accordingly, GHG emissions during this period increased from 46.8Gg in 2005 to 71Gg in 2014. This is a very serious problem, which if not arrested, will prevent Dominica from adequately reducing GHG emissions in the future. Currently, import duties and charges amount to approximately 140% on motor vehicles imported into Dominica.', 'Currently, import duties and charges amount to approximately 140% on motor vehicles imported into Dominica. Additionally, there is an environmental tax added on imported vehicles, which ranges from 1% of the total value (including freight charges) on vehicles less than 5yrs, to EC$3,000 on vehicles older than 5yrs. Two priority steps are proposed, starting as soon as practically possible: (i) Introduce a policy that, all government vehicles, at their time of replacement, will be replaced by hybrids vehicles; (ii) Introduce market based mechanisms to motivate the private sector to buy hybrid vehicles when replacing current vehicles. It is expected that these actions will be implemented before 2020, and will continue to the end of the reporting period, 2030, and beyond. Program Timing: 2016-2030; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 12Gg 9.', 'Program Timing: 2016-2030; Forecasted Emission Reductions: 12Gg 9. Reduce Methane Emissions from Landfill Dominica’s existing landfill commenced operation in 2005. It is a modern, engineered landfill, with a liner, leachate collection, and capping. Methane collection vents were installed from the start, and have been venting the methane produced from the organic waste decomposition process ever since. This project will abate most of this methane by: (a) diverting organics from the waste stream that is currently deposited in the landfill; and (b) suitably preparing the landfill, and installing a flaring system. In addition, the present landfill needs to be expanded if it is expected to receive more waste within the next 5 years. The previous dumpsites that were closed off also need to be considered for methane collection and flaring system.', 'The previous dumpsites that were closed off also need to be considered for methane collection and flaring system. These are the Point Ronde and Stockfarm dumpsites which were closed when the new site was commissioned. In order to further reduce methane emissions and reach our target, the present volume oforganic waste brought into the landfill (40% of all waste) has to be reduced.', 'In order to further reduce methane emissions and reach our target, the present volume oforganic waste brought into the landfill (40% of all waste) has to be reduced. This can be done by implementing a fully integrated solid waste management program that involves the following: (i) Public awareness and extension program throughout the island; (ii) Curbside pickup of organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system); (iii) Curbside pickup of individual types of non-organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system); (iv) Material recovery facilities and composting facilities in selected regions on the island. Upgrading only the landfill will not solve the problem of methane gas emissions unless what is actually brought to the landfill is managed systematically.', 'Upgrading only the landfill will not solve the problem of methane gas emissions unless what is actually brought to the landfill is managed systematically. In order to achieve this goal, upgrades and equipment will be required to the amount of US$3,008,921.00. Program Timing: 2016-2021; Forecasted Emission Reductions: >11Gg; Capital Cost Estimates: $4,508,921 10. Other Measures The following are other high priority measures that will commence during the 2016-2020 period, as part of the energy efficiency program: • Education and awareness program, at school level, as well as an awareness building program for the general public; • Make energy efficient appliances more readily available, include their importance in the programs above; • Institutional strengthening at the government level, and capacity building for the private sector (e.g.', 'Other Measures The following are other high priority measures that will commence during the 2016-2020 period, as part of the energy efficiency program: • Education and awareness program, at school level, as well as an awareness building program for the general public; • Make energy efficient appliances more readily available, include their importance in the programs above; • Institutional strengthening at the government level, and capacity building for the private sector (e.g. contractors, maintenance personnel, and other personnel); • Develop and implement a climate resilient energy efficient building code (Green Building Code) including a training and capacity building program; • Sustainable Energy programs for private residences, including solar PV and solar thermal, using innovative financing mechanisms to offset capital costs for home owners; Measures to reduce GHG emissions from the Agriculture Sector including through the harnessing of biomass.', 'contractors, maintenance personnel, and other personnel); • Develop and implement a climate resilient energy efficient building code (Green Building Code) including a training and capacity building program; • Sustainable Energy programs for private residences, including solar PV and solar thermal, using innovative financing mechanisms to offset capital costs for home owners; Measures to reduce GHG emissions from the Agriculture Sector including through the harnessing of biomass. Building Climate Resilience (Adaptation) Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy provides an overview of the country circumstances, the development context and identifies climate change vulnerabilities in key sectors, for specifically vulnerable groups, for the private sector, important eco-systems and natural resources.', 'Building Climate Resilience (Adaptation) Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy provides an overview of the country circumstances, the development context and identifies climate change vulnerabilities in key sectors, for specifically vulnerable groups, for the private sector, important eco-systems and natural resources. It also provides an overview of linkages to existing development plans and programs, most importantly Dominica’s Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) and Dominica’s National Climate Change Adaptation Policy. Section 5 of Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy contains a policy, legal and institutional analysis that list key agencies involved in managing climate change risks, together with the associated legal/policy framework.', 'Section 5 of Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy contains a policy, legal and institutional analysis that list key agencies involved in managing climate change risks, together with the associated legal/policy framework. Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy and compendium Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR) were developed through an extensive consultative process that was supported under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) funded under the Climate Investment Funds (CIF). As part of the process to develop Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy and SPCR, various assessments and studies were undertaken and reviewed with and by national stakeholders to provide the technical foundation for the preparation of the Strategy and this compendium SPCR.', 'As part of the process to develop Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy and SPCR, various assessments and studies were undertaken and reviewed with and by national stakeholders to provide the technical foundation for the preparation of the Strategy and this compendium SPCR. Key steps in Dominica’s SPCR prioritization planning process included: (a) Document stocktaking, review and analysis including a critical review of Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Action Plan(2002) (endorsed by Cabinet in 2002) that was developed with support under the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project, and analysis ofcurrent and ongoing national development policies, programs and initiatives in particular the Government of Dominica’s Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) which articulates a medium-term strategy for growth and poverty reduction over the next five years and sets priorities to make poverty reduction the principal focus of Government’s economic and social policy; (b) Broad-based stakeholder climate change risk assessment (including prioritization and ranking of climate change risks affecting Dominica) adapted from the risk assessment approach/methodology/guidelines which were developed under the Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC) project and based on climate change trend analysis and projections contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication (INC) and Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC; (c) Critical review of Dominica’s National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) and an Adaptive Capacity Assessment (assessing institutional, systematic, individual capacity) for public and private sector, vulnerable communities/sectors that served to update and validate recommendations contained in the NCSA; (d) Community Surveys undertaken to identify climate change vulnerabilities, capacities and priority needs that built upon community vulnerability mapping and adaptive capacity assessments, undertaken under Dominica’s Sustainable Land Management project and Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) project; (e) Identification of priority needs and investment opportunities to facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a climate-resilient development path, that was undertaken during the SPCR National Consultative Workshop; (f) Cost-benefit Analysis of proposed SPCR investment opportunities that was undertaken with technical support/methodologies provided by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center (CCCCC) under Phase 1 of the regional track SPCR program.', 'Key steps in Dominica’s SPCR prioritization planning process included: (a) Document stocktaking, review and analysis including a critical review of Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Action Plan(2002) (endorsed by Cabinet in 2002) that was developed with support under the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project, and analysis ofcurrent and ongoing national development policies, programs and initiatives in particular the Government of Dominica’s Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) which articulates a medium-term strategy for growth and poverty reduction over the next five years and sets priorities to make poverty reduction the principal focus of Government’s economic and social policy; (b) Broad-based stakeholder climate change risk assessment (including prioritization and ranking of climate change risks affecting Dominica) adapted from the risk assessment approach/methodology/guidelines which were developed under the Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC) project and based on climate change trend analysis and projections contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication (INC) and Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC; (c) Critical review of Dominica’s National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) and an Adaptive Capacity Assessment (assessing institutional, systematic, individual capacity) for public and private sector, vulnerable communities/sectors that served to update and validate recommendations contained in the NCSA; (d) Community Surveys undertaken to identify climate change vulnerabilities, capacities and priority needs that built upon community vulnerability mapping and adaptive capacity assessments, undertaken under Dominica’s Sustainable Land Management project and Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) project; (e) Identification of priority needs and investment opportunities to facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a climate-resilient development path, that was undertaken during the SPCR National Consultative Workshop; (f) Cost-benefit Analysis of proposed SPCR investment opportunities that was undertaken with technical support/methodologies provided by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center (CCCCC) under Phase 1 of the regional track SPCR program. The climate change risk assessment built upon the Stocktaking and Institutional Analysis undertaken under the National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) and the vulnerability assessments undertaken to develop Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, Initial National Communication and Second National Communication (SNC).', 'The climate change risk assessment built upon the Stocktaking and Institutional Analysis undertaken under the National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) and the vulnerability assessments undertaken to develop Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, Initial National Communication and Second National Communication (SNC). The climate change risk assessment was modeled on the process outlined in the Risk Management Guidelines for Climate Change Adaptation Decision Making1.', 'The climate change risk assessment was modeled on the process outlined in the Risk Management Guidelines for Climate Change Adaptation Decision Making1. Using a multiple criteria analysis, each PPCR Technical Working Group (TWG) undertook a sector specific assessment as follows: (a) Identification of event risks and outcomes risks based on vulnerability assessments contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication, National Climate Change Adaptation Policy, and Second National Communication; (b) Ranking of event/outcome risks in terms of severity of social/ economic/ environmental/ impacts (11 indicators used for ranking); (c) Probability/frequency analysis on prioritized event/outcome risks that scored the highest in terms of severity of social/economic/environmental/impact; (d) Once each sector TWG had completed the sectoral risk assessment – stakeholders during the National Consultative Workshop verified the outcomes and developed the list of national priority risks based on top ranked risks for each sector.', 'Using a multiple criteria analysis, each PPCR Technical Working Group (TWG) undertook a sector specific assessment as follows: (a) Identification of event risks and outcomes risks based on vulnerability assessments contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication, National Climate Change Adaptation Policy, and Second National Communication; (b) Ranking of event/outcome risks in terms of severity of social/ economic/ environmental/ impacts (11 indicators used for ranking); (c) Probability/frequency analysis on prioritized event/outcome risks that scored the highest in terms of severity of social/economic/environmental/impact; (d) Once each sector TWG had completed the sectoral risk assessment – stakeholders during the National Consultative Workshop verified the outcomes and developed the list of national priority risks based on top ranked risks for each sector. 1Developed under the “Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change” and “Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean” (ACCC) projects funded by GEF/World Bank/CIDA.', '1Developed under the “Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change” and “Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean” (ACCC) projects funded by GEF/World Bank/CIDA. 2003.Through this climate change risk assessment, national stakeholders identified the following as priority risks from climate change: Table 1 - SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS Event Risks and Outcome Risks Ranking of Riskst) Increase in extreme events and climate variability (Cumulative Risks) - Physical damage to crops and agricultural access roads, impact on agricultural and fisheries productivity, increase of pests/disease, impact on livelihoods and food security Increase in extreme events -More frequent economic setbacks, prolonged recovery periods, stress on economy (including increase in loss of life, impact on tourism arrivals, impact on agricultural production, food security, forest cover, human health and social capital), and less attractive environment for foreign investment due to cumulative destruction of critical infrastructure for tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, trade Increase in extreme events (increased intensity of hurricanes, flooding, landslides) – Increased damage to houses, human settlements, critical infrastructure, forest resources, business and other properties Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Damage to coastal infrastructure (roads, ports, jetties, storage, processing, packing, landing sites) used for agricultural trade and access to markets Increased frequency of extreme events -Water shortages due to increased drought and storms (Note: includes loss to crops) Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Damage to coastal tourism facilities (beaches, hotels, airports, sea ports and cruise ship/ferry terminals) (NOTE: Includes impacts on Kalinago people and lost income to farmers) Sea level rise and storm surge - Loss of coral reefs – loss of protection to coastal areas and impact of marine ecosystem and associated effect on livelihoods and food security Climate variability -Loss and impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity which is key pillar for tourism Changes in rainfall intensity -Increased coastal marine habitat degradation (including corals) and damage to fisheries infrastructure Increased climate variability -Changes in fish and marine mammal migration patterns affecting food security and tourism Changes in rainfall patterns - Increased incidents of landslides affecting houses, human settlements and infrastructure, and forest resources, in addition to costs for insurance and building loans Increase in extreme events –Damage to coastal property and infrastructure due to storms surgesIncrease in extreme events -Reduced availability of international donor funding due to increased demand for emergency assistance from vulnerable countries Changes in national and local temperatures regimes -Increased damage to buildings and water cisterns from extreme dry conditions Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Increased costs for insurance, re-insurance and costs to banks providing loans for coastal infrastructure Increased climate variability - Increased land degradation (variation in temperature) (Note: impact on food production, water quality, health and nutrition) Changes in rainfall patterns - Impact on water quality/supply and costs of water treatment/delivery and damage to water/communication infrastructure (NOTE: hotels and restaurants at tipping point and loss of income due to lack of water could put them out of business) Increased climate variability - Decline in tourism visitor arrivals due to more mild conditions affecting winter tourism market Sea level rise and storm surge- Damage to coastal infrastructure from sea level rise and higher storm surges and associated impact on tourism (hotels, dive industry, yachting) (Note: Significant cultural loss in Carib Territory and loss of beaches for recreation) Increase in extreme events - Increase cost of coastal resources management 6 Increase in extreme events-Damage to water resources/infrastructure and impact on water quality and costs for water supply As part of the SPCR Adaptive Capacity Assessment, a National Adaptive Capacity Assessment was undertaken to evaluate national adaptation capacity needs/ priorities.', '2003.Through this climate change risk assessment, national stakeholders identified the following as priority risks from climate change: Table 1 - SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS Event Risks and Outcome Risks Ranking of Riskst) Increase in extreme events and climate variability (Cumulative Risks) - Physical damage to crops and agricultural access roads, impact on agricultural and fisheries productivity, increase of pests/disease, impact on livelihoods and food security Increase in extreme events -More frequent economic setbacks, prolonged recovery periods, stress on economy (including increase in loss of life, impact on tourism arrivals, impact on agricultural production, food security, forest cover, human health and social capital), and less attractive environment for foreign investment due to cumulative destruction of critical infrastructure for tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, trade Increase in extreme events (increased intensity of hurricanes, flooding, landslides) – Increased damage to houses, human settlements, critical infrastructure, forest resources, business and other properties Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Damage to coastal infrastructure (roads, ports, jetties, storage, processing, packing, landing sites) used for agricultural trade and access to markets Increased frequency of extreme events -Water shortages due to increased drought and storms (Note: includes loss to crops) Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Damage to coastal tourism facilities (beaches, hotels, airports, sea ports and cruise ship/ferry terminals) (NOTE: Includes impacts on Kalinago people and lost income to farmers) Sea level rise and storm surge - Loss of coral reefs – loss of protection to coastal areas and impact of marine ecosystem and associated effect on livelihoods and food security Climate variability -Loss and impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity which is key pillar for tourism Changes in rainfall intensity -Increased coastal marine habitat degradation (including corals) and damage to fisheries infrastructure Increased climate variability -Changes in fish and marine mammal migration patterns affecting food security and tourism Changes in rainfall patterns - Increased incidents of landslides affecting houses, human settlements and infrastructure, and forest resources, in addition to costs for insurance and building loans Increase in extreme events –Damage to coastal property and infrastructure due to storms surgesIncrease in extreme events -Reduced availability of international donor funding due to increased demand for emergency assistance from vulnerable countries Changes in national and local temperatures regimes -Increased damage to buildings and water cisterns from extreme dry conditions Sea level rise – combined with increased incidents of storm surges - Increased costs for insurance, re-insurance and costs to banks providing loans for coastal infrastructure Increased climate variability - Increased land degradation (variation in temperature) (Note: impact on food production, water quality, health and nutrition) Changes in rainfall patterns - Impact on water quality/supply and costs of water treatment/delivery and damage to water/communication infrastructure (NOTE: hotels and restaurants at tipping point and loss of income due to lack of water could put them out of business) Increased climate variability - Decline in tourism visitor arrivals due to more mild conditions affecting winter tourism market Sea level rise and storm surge- Damage to coastal infrastructure from sea level rise and higher storm surges and associated impact on tourism (hotels, dive industry, yachting) (Note: Significant cultural loss in Carib Territory and loss of beaches for recreation) Increase in extreme events - Increase cost of coastal resources management 6 Increase in extreme events-Damage to water resources/infrastructure and impact on water quality and costs for water supply As part of the SPCR Adaptive Capacity Assessment, a National Adaptive Capacity Assessment was undertaken to evaluate national adaptation capacity needs/ priorities. This assessment highlighted the fact that Dominica has made considerable progress in implementing Stage 1 adaptation measures.', 'This assessment highlighted the fact that Dominica has made considerable progress in implementing Stage 1 adaptation measures. However, the implementation of Stage 2 and Stage 3 measures have not been possible due to serious resource (human, technical, financial) constraints. The PPCR National Adaptive Capacity Assessment also identified considerable limitations in climate change risk management capacity at the systematic, institutional and individual levels, at the national, sectoral, district and local level, and within the public sector and civil society, highlighting the need for considerable capacity building.', 'The PPCR National Adaptive Capacity Assessment also identified considerable limitations in climate change risk management capacity at the systematic, institutional and individual levels, at the national, sectoral, district and local level, and within the public sector and civil society, highlighting the need for considerable capacity building. The National Adaptive Capacity Assessment confirmed the need for improved levels of earmarked financial resources for climate change risk management and resiliency building as articulated in the NCSA, and the need for improved coordination amongst key state and non-state actors involved in climate change risk management.', 'The National Adaptive Capacity Assessment confirmed the need for improved levels of earmarked financial resources for climate change risk management and resiliency building as articulated in the NCSA, and the need for improved coordination amongst key state and non-state actors involved in climate change risk management. Additionally, using the household survey piloted under the SLM/SPACC projects, a community survey was undertaken during the SPCR prioritization planning process which served to refine and validate the risks/needs of vulnerable communities as articulated during community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning undertaken during the SLM/SPACC projects.', 'Additionally, using the household survey piloted under the SLM/SPACC projects, a community survey was undertaken during the SPCR prioritization planning process which served to refine and validate the risks/needs of vulnerable communities as articulated during community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning undertaken during the SLM/SPACC projects. Building upon earlier analysis undertaken on climate change impacts on gender and other vulnerable segments of society (outlined in Section 9 and the Annex of Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy)thehousehold and community surveys highlighted concerns over food security, the urgent need to provide vulnerable communities with micro-insurance and micro-finance to address risks from climate change extreme events (floods, drought, landslides, crop damage, loss of fishery) affecting subsistence agriculture/fishery production, and the urgent need for community based early warning systems, community-based vulnerability/hazard mapping, community multi-use emergency shelters, and community risk management frameworks.', 'Building upon earlier analysis undertaken on climate change impacts on gender and other vulnerable segments of society (outlined in Section 9 and the Annex of Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy)thehousehold and community surveys highlighted concerns over food security, the urgent need to provide vulnerable communities with micro-insurance and micro-finance to address risks from climate change extreme events (floods, drought, landslides, crop damage, loss of fishery) affecting subsistence agriculture/fishery production, and the urgent need for community based early warning systems, community-based vulnerability/hazard mapping, community multi-use emergency shelters, and community risk management frameworks. Improved access to readily available financing to support priority community-based adaptation projects was also been highlighted as a priority.', 'Improved access to readily available financing to support priority community-based adaptation projects was also been highlighted as a priority. These investments are urgently needed to support transformational change in vulnerable communities whereby households and individuals assume the lead role in building resilient communities rather than relying on overstretched government resources. Lessons learned from Tropical Storm Erika that devastated Dominica in August 2015 has highlighted the need to implement these priority interventions which, despite US$20 million being secured under the SPCR program, remains largely unfunded.', 'Lessons learned from Tropical Storm Erika that devastated Dominica in August 2015 has highlighted the need to implement these priority interventions which, despite US$20 million being secured under the SPCR program, remains largely unfunded. By addressing the deficiencies identified during the SPCR priority planning process, SPCR interventions were intended to support the establishment of an appropriate enabling framework to guide and facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a low-carbon climate resilience development pathway that can serve as a model for other small island developing States in the region.', 'By addressing the deficiencies identified during the SPCR priority planning process, SPCR interventions were intended to support the establishment of an appropriate enabling framework to guide and facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a low-carbon climate resilience development pathway that can serve as a model for other small island developing States in the region. By positioning climate change as a development issue rather than an environmental issue, Dominica’s SPCR provides the opportunity to demonstrate viable interventions to address climate change risks within the context of a national development framework that establishes the country firmly on the path to a Green Economy.', 'By positioning climate change as a development issue rather than an environmental issue, Dominica’s SPCR provides the opportunity to demonstrate viable interventions to address climate change risks within the context of a national development framework that establishes the country firmly on the path to a Green Economy. SPCR interventions are to be sustained in the long-term by ensuring that climate change planning/management becomes an integral part of the national development planning process under Dominica’s Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) and Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy, the latter having been formulated during the SPCR planning process.', 'SPCR interventions are to be sustained in the long-term by ensuring that climate change planning/management becomes an integral part of the national development planning process under Dominica’s Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) and Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy, the latter having been formulated during the SPCR planning process. In supporting the transition from the situation whereby government is solely responsible for climate change risk management to a country where this is a shared responsibility, SPCR interventions have to opportunity to demonstrate a model for transformation changes that could benefit other developing countries.', 'In supporting the transition from the situation whereby government is solely responsible for climate change risk management to a country where this is a shared responsibility, SPCR interventions have to opportunity to demonstrate a model for transformation changes that could benefit other developing countries. Sustainability will be achieved by establishing effective partnerships with all stakeholders (public sector and civil society, technical and financial partners, local governments, vulnerable communities, grass-roots organizations) to transform Dominica to a low-carbon climate resilient country that will make a significant contribution to sustainable development in the country, and add value by ensuring that the SPCR is not a standalone activity, but becomes a responsibility assumed by all stakeholders.', 'Sustainability will be achieved by establishing effective partnerships with all stakeholders (public sector and civil society, technical and financial partners, local governments, vulnerable communities, grass-roots organizations) to transform Dominica to a low-carbon climate resilient country that will make a significant contribution to sustainable development in the country, and add value by ensuring that the SPCR is not a standalone activity, but becomes a responsibility assumed by all stakeholders. Priorities for Building Climate Resilience While there are several sectors and issues identified by national stakeholders as being important to address climate change risks in Dominica, there are a few that require priority attention if building of climate resilience is to be achieved.', 'Priorities for Building Climate Resilience While there are several sectors and issues identified by national stakeholders as being important to address climate change risks in Dominica, there are a few that require priority attention if building of climate resilience is to be achieved. Outlined below are the issues considered by national stakeholders during the SPCR planning process and INDC development process to be a priority for Dominica, that have not yet been funded or implemented, and which possess the greatest potential to contribute to the successful transformation of the country to a climate resilient low carbon development path.', 'Outlined below are the issues considered by national stakeholders during the SPCR planning process and INDC development process to be a priority for Dominica, that have not yet been funded or implemented, and which possess the greatest potential to contribute to the successful transformation of the country to a climate resilient low carbon development path. (a) Addressing climate change mitigation measures on the basis that savings in energy costs will allow Dominica to invest more in priority and much needed adaptation measures; (b) Establishing community off-grid mini-grid or micro-grid renewable energy electrical supply systems (backed up by emergency alternative energy systems (such bio-diesel generators, should local conditions allow for the operation to be efficiently established) in vulnerable communities on the east and south east coasts that are periodically without electricity as a consequence of storm and hurricane events;(c) Establishing early warning systems, multi-use disaster shelters (powered by renewable energy and back up bio-diesel generators) and emergency preparedness training programs in vulnerable communities; (d) Facilitating capacity building through education, awareness and training programs on climate change risks and resiliency measures in order to strengthen capacity at the community and sectoral level, within municipalities and local authorities, and the private sector; (e) Promotion of Food Security through Climate Resilient Agricultural/Fisheries Development to build climate resilient communities by strengthening capacity to address climate change risks to food security associated with changing precipitation patterns; (f) Establishing the enabling legal/institutional framework to facilitate coordination/implementation of priority climate change measures and the mainstreaming of climate change activities into national, sectoral and community planning/development; (g) Creating the supportive enabling framework whereby communities and vulnerable segments of society (women, youth, elderly, people with disabilities) can manage their own climate change risks, thereby addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable sectors (particularly agriculture, fisheries and water resources) and threats to food security, human health, poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and economic growth; (h) Establishing a sustainable financing mechanism to ensure timely and direct access to international climate change financing to implement priority climate change risks management measures by the private sector and vulnerable communities; (i) Legal establishment of the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development and the financing of key technical personnel needed to ensure effective and timely implementation and coordination of the SPCR program and other climate resilient programs under Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy, and to serve as National Implementing Entity (NIE) to facilitate direct access to and management of international climate change financing under the Green Climate Fund; (j) design and implementation of climate change adaptation and disaster risk management education and awareness program at all levels to be coordinated by the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development; (k) legal establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund in addition to US$5 million seed funding to the Climate Change Trust Fund to provide support to priority community climate change risks management measures identified through community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning and the establishment of micro-finance and micro-insurance for private sector and vulnerable segments of society (farmers, fisher-folk, women and vulnerable communities in particular the Kalinago people).', '(a) Addressing climate change mitigation measures on the basis that savings in energy costs will allow Dominica to invest more in priority and much needed adaptation measures; (b) Establishing community off-grid mini-grid or micro-grid renewable energy electrical supply systems (backed up by emergency alternative energy systems (such bio-diesel generators, should local conditions allow for the operation to be efficiently established) in vulnerable communities on the east and south east coasts that are periodically without electricity as a consequence of storm and hurricane events;(c) Establishing early warning systems, multi-use disaster shelters (powered by renewable energy and back up bio-diesel generators) and emergency preparedness training programs in vulnerable communities; (d) Facilitating capacity building through education, awareness and training programs on climate change risks and resiliency measures in order to strengthen capacity at the community and sectoral level, within municipalities and local authorities, and the private sector; (e) Promotion of Food Security through Climate Resilient Agricultural/Fisheries Development to build climate resilient communities by strengthening capacity to address climate change risks to food security associated with changing precipitation patterns; (f) Establishing the enabling legal/institutional framework to facilitate coordination/implementation of priority climate change measures and the mainstreaming of climate change activities into national, sectoral and community planning/development; (g) Creating the supportive enabling framework whereby communities and vulnerable segments of society (women, youth, elderly, people with disabilities) can manage their own climate change risks, thereby addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable sectors (particularly agriculture, fisheries and water resources) and threats to food security, human health, poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and economic growth; (h) Establishing a sustainable financing mechanism to ensure timely and direct access to international climate change financing to implement priority climate change risks management measures by the private sector and vulnerable communities; (i) Legal establishment of the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development and the financing of key technical personnel needed to ensure effective and timely implementation and coordination of the SPCR program and other climate resilient programs under Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy, and to serve as National Implementing Entity (NIE) to facilitate direct access to and management of international climate change financing under the Green Climate Fund; (j) design and implementation of climate change adaptation and disaster risk management education and awareness program at all levels to be coordinated by the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development; (k) legal establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund in addition to US$5 million seed funding to the Climate Change Trust Fund to provide support to priority community climate change risks management measures identified through community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning and the establishment of micro-finance and micro-insurance for private sector and vulnerable segments of society (farmers, fisher-folk, women and vulnerable communities in particular the Kalinago people). Costs for the abovementioned priority adaptation measures that are to be implemented over the next 5 years are US$25 million.', 'Costs for the abovementioned priority adaptation measures that are to be implemented over the next 5 years are US$25 million. Implementation Implementation of priority climate change programs is a joint responsibility led by the Ministry of Health and Environment. The Council for Environment, Climate Change and Development (CECCD) and the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development (currently the ECU) that are to be legally established under the proposed Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill 2015 (which has been developed through broad-based consultation and is to be presented for enactment before the end of 2015) will be responsible for coordinating climate change programming in Dominica.', 'The Council for Environment, Climate Change and Development (CECCD) and the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development (currently the ECU) that are to be legally established under the proposed Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill 2015 (which has been developed through broad-based consultation and is to be presented for enactment before the end of 2015) will be responsible for coordinating climate change programming in Dominica. It is proposed that the Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill be enacted prior to COP21 meeting in Paris as a demonstration of Government of Dominica’s commitment to the establishment of the enabling framework to mainstream climate change into national planning processes.', 'It is proposed that the Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill be enacted prior to COP21 meeting in Paris as a demonstration of Government of Dominica’s commitment to the establishment of the enabling framework to mainstream climate change into national planning processes. The Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development is to establish and manage the National Climate Change Trust Fundestablished under the Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill 2015, which together shall serve as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for climate change programs in Dominica.', 'The Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development is to establish and manage the National Climate Change Trust Fundestablished under the Climate Change, Environment and Development Bill 2015, which together shall serve as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for climate change programs in Dominica. Dominica will seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to facilitate direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation interventions.', 'Dominica will seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to facilitate direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation interventions. The Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development will report to the CECCD to provide regular reports on the implementation and administration of climate change programming in Dominica. Given the very substantial volume of climate change investments proposed and the additional institutional capacity required to undertake climate change programming, implementation capacity will be closely monitored and assessed periodically throughout implementation.', 'Given the very substantial volume of climate change investments proposed and the additional institutional capacity required to undertake climate change programming, implementation capacity will be closely monitored and assessed periodically throughout implementation. The Government of Dominica is committed to providing the necessary resources to ensure the timely and successful implementation of the Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy and compendium SPCR, which have been endorsed by the Hon. Roosevelt Skerrit - Prime Minister and Minister for Finance (letter of endorsement as of 5th April 2012) and approved by Cabinet on Tuesday, 11th April, 2012.', 'Roosevelt Skerrit - Prime Minister and Minister for Finance (letter of endorsement as of 5th April 2012) and approved by Cabinet on Tuesday, 11th April, 2012. However, when proposing its contribution, Dominica recognizes that the country faces its own challenges and its contribution has been assessed in parallel with, and subject to the country priorities in term of poverty alleviation, sustainable economic development and equitable GDP growth. In light of limited resources, the implementation of the climate change program outlined in this INDC is conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology and capacity building support for priority adaptation/mitigation measures.', 'In light of limited resources, the implementation of the climate change program outlined in this INDC is conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology and capacity building support for priority adaptation/mitigation measures. Equity In order to ensure the fair and equitable distribution to local communities of benefits from the harnessing of renewable resources to facilitate the transition to a low carbon development pat, the Government of Dominica will establish an appropriate royalty regime for the commercial exploitation of hydro and geothermal resources. To assure fair and equitable compensation for self-generation owners, the Government of Dominica will promote the establishment of a net metering program. This will assist in ensuring fair and equitable payment for excess power delivered to the grid from self-generators.', 'This will assist in ensuring fair and equitable payment for excess power delivered to the grid from self-generators. Dominica continues to suffer considerable economic, social and environmental loss and damage due to impacts from climate change. The sound and sustainable management of forests in Dominica has ensured that GHG emissions generated in the country have been sequestered, thereby making no net contribution to global greenhouse gas levels. As a developing country with limited economic output facing serious challenges to implement long-standing poverty eradication programs, Dominica cannot afford to continue financing the loss and damage resulting from global climate change.', 'As a developing country with limited economic output facing serious challenges to implement long-standing poverty eradication programs, Dominica cannot afford to continue financing the loss and damage resulting from global climate change. Having made no net contribution to global GHG emissions, and making every effort to harness geothermal resources in a manner that will permit the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy, Dominica seeks an equitable transfer of international climate change financing to sustain priority adaptation and mitigation programs that will support green growth, social development and poverty reduction in the country.']

en-US

DMA

Dominica

Updated NDC

2022-07-04 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2022-07/The%20Commonwealth%20of%20Dominica%20updated%20NDC%20July%204%20%2C.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7d528ee2b94788a899d17fc5d0af7772a2914e4f3047a849c7375b34318beed0.pdf

['The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Commonwealth of Dominica UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION For the Period 2020 to 2030 Communicated to the UNFCCC on JulyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions i Table Of Contents Content Page Number Acronyms iv Acknowledgements vi Message from the Honourable Minister Cozier Frederick vii 1 Summary of Updated NDC 1 3 Climate Action Timeline 11 4 Enhanced Transparency Framework 13 4.1 NDC Planning Process 13 4.3 NDC Implementation Plan 15 4.3.6 Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Groups 21 4.3.7 Culture and Community Development 22 Mitigation Component 29 5.1 Barriers to Progress 35 5.2 Sectoral Pathways to NDC Mitigation Targets 43 5.2.1.2 Land Degradation Neutrality-Target SettingThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions ii 5.2.4.2 Marine and Air Transport 53 Adaptation Component 77 6.2 Priority Adaptation Action 79 6.4 Coastal and Marine Resources 80 Resilience Component 85 7.1 Priority Resilient Action 85 List of Boxes Box 1: Cost of Climate Inaction and Priority Climate Mitigation Actions for Dominica 10 Box 2: Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap 26 Box 3: Regional and International Partnerships 27 Box 4: Green Financial Frameworks 28 Box 5: Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies within the Forestry Sector 37 Box 6: REDD+ Strategy 38 Box 7: Green Industrial Eco Park 39 Box 8: Electrification of the Transport Sector 41 Box 9: Kalinago Zero Waste Community Project 42 Box 10: Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience 88The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions iii List of Figures Figure 1: Comparison of Mitigation Action in Dominica’s 2015 and 2022 Figure 2: Dominica’s Updated NDC 3 Figure 3: Total and Sectoral GHG emissions scenarios from 2005 to 2030 32 Figure 4: Historical C Stocks before Hurricane Maria (2017) and Projected C Stocks recovery from 2018 to 2030 (tC) 49 List of Tables Table 1: Priority Climate Change Risks for Dominica 7 Table 2: Natural Hazard Risk Assessment for Dominica’s Protected Areas System 9 Table 3: Institutional, Regulatory and Systematic Frameworks in support of the NDC Implementation Plan 17 Table 4: Greenhouse gases included in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 31 Table 5: Estimated HFC phase-down schedule for the period 2024 to 2045 33 Table 6: Total aggregate GHG mitigation progress in relation to the 2020 target in relation to the updated baseline estimate and excluding the LULUCF sector 34 Table 7: Mitigation Progress in Forestry and Renewable Energy 34 Table 8: Forest-related net balance of GHG emissions and removals Table 9: Projected net GHG emissions and removals in LULUCF (tCO2 Table 10: Sub-Sectoral Mitigation Measures within the Energy sector 52 Table 11: Transport sector targets identified for implementation of the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project 56 Table 12: Summary of Climate Change Mitigation Activities contingent on financial support 61 Table 13: Information necessary to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of Dominica’s NDC 61 Table 14: Summary of Climate Change Adaptation Activities contingent on financial support 82 Table 15: Multi-Sectoral Targets and Initiatives to achieve Climate Table 16: Summary of Climate Change Resilience Initiatives, Lead Institutions and Financial Support Required 98The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions iv Acronyms AC Adaptation Communication AD Activity Data ADRM Agriculture Disaster Risk Management AFD Agence Française de Developpement BAU Business as Usual CAF Corporación Andina de Fomento CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOF Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum CBI Citizenship by Investment CCTF Climate Change Trust Fund CDB Caribbean Development Bank CFRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CIMH Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology CO Carbon Monoxide Carbon-Dioxide e Carbon-Dioxide Equivalent COP Conference of Parties CPACC Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change CRA Climate-Resilient Agriculture CREAD Climate Resilience Executing Agency for Dominica CRRP Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture CTF Clean Technology Fund DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSWMC Dominica Solid Waste Management Company DVRP Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project EDA Enhancing Direct Access EE Energy Efficiency EF Emission Factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electrical Vehicles FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FRL Forest Reference Level FOLU Forest and Other Land-Use GCAR Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GFCS Global Framework for Climate Services Gg Gigabyte GIEP Green Industrial Eco Park GIS Geographic Information System GMR Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon IDB International Development Bank IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture IMCM Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Mechanism INDC Intended nationally Determined Contributions INC Initial National Communication IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITMO Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome KFW Kreditanstalt für WiederaufbauThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions v LCCRDS Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy LCTD Low-Carbon Transport Dominica LDN-TSP Land Degradation Neutrality-Target Setting Programme LED Light-Emittting Diode LULUF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MACC Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change ME Monitoring and Evaluation MPG Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAC National Agriculture Council NAGP National Agriculture Policy NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCPAP National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NFI National Forest Inventory NFV National Financing Vehicle NMDM National Machinery for Decision-Making NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound NRDS National Resilience Development Strategy O Nitrous-Oxide NOx Nitrogen-Oxides OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PA Protected Areas PAHO Pan American Health Organisation PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PSIP Public Sector Investment Program PV Photo-voltaic RE Renewable Energy RMS Resource Mobilisation Strategy SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SCF Strategic Climate Fund SDG Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SLCP Short-Lived Climate Pollutants SLM Sustainable Land Management SNC Second National Communication Sulphur-Dioxide SPACC Special Program for Adaptation to Climate Change SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience TNC Third National Communication TWG Technical Working Group UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health Organisation WMO World Meteorological OrganisationThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions vi Acknowledgements The revision of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) for the Commonwealth of Dominica was led by the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in close collaboration with the Climate Resilience Executing Agency for Dominica.', 'The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Commonwealth of Dominica UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION For the Period 2020 to 2030 Communicated to the UNFCCC on JulyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions i Table Of Contents Content Page Number Acronyms iv Acknowledgements vi Message from the Honourable Minister Cozier Frederick vii 1 Summary of Updated NDC 1 3 Climate Action Timeline 11 4 Enhanced Transparency Framework 13 4.1 NDC Planning Process 13 4.3 NDC Implementation Plan 15 4.3.6 Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Groups 21 4.3.7 Culture and Community Development 22 Mitigation Component 29 5.1 Barriers to Progress 35 5.2 Sectoral Pathways to NDC Mitigation Targets 43 5.2.1.2 Land Degradation Neutrality-Target SettingThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions ii 5.2.4.2 Marine and Air Transport 53 Adaptation Component 77 6.2 Priority Adaptation Action 79 6.4 Coastal and Marine Resources 80 Resilience Component 85 7.1 Priority Resilient Action 85 List of Boxes Box 1: Cost of Climate Inaction and Priority Climate Mitigation Actions for Dominica 10 Box 2: Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap 26 Box 3: Regional and International Partnerships 27 Box 4: Green Financial Frameworks 28 Box 5: Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies within the Forestry Sector 37 Box 6: REDD+ Strategy 38 Box 7: Green Industrial Eco Park 39 Box 8: Electrification of the Transport Sector 41 Box 9: Kalinago Zero Waste Community Project 42 Box 10: Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience 88The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions iii List of Figures Figure 1: Comparison of Mitigation Action in Dominica’s 2015 and 2022 Figure 2: Dominica’s Updated NDC 3 Figure 3: Total and Sectoral GHG emissions scenarios from 2005 to 2030 32 Figure 4: Historical C Stocks before Hurricane Maria (2017) and Projected C Stocks recovery from 2018 to 2030 (tC) 49 List of Tables Table 1: Priority Climate Change Risks for Dominica 7 Table 2: Natural Hazard Risk Assessment for Dominica’s Protected Areas System 9 Table 3: Institutional, Regulatory and Systematic Frameworks in support of the NDC Implementation Plan 17 Table 4: Greenhouse gases included in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 31 Table 5: Estimated HFC phase-down schedule for the period 2024 to 2045 33 Table 6: Total aggregate GHG mitigation progress in relation to the 2020 target in relation to the updated baseline estimate and excluding the LULUCF sector 34 Table 7: Mitigation Progress in Forestry and Renewable Energy 34 Table 8: Forest-related net balance of GHG emissions and removals Table 9: Projected net GHG emissions and removals in LULUCF (tCO2 Table 10: Sub-Sectoral Mitigation Measures within the Energy sector 52 Table 11: Transport sector targets identified for implementation of the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project 56 Table 12: Summary of Climate Change Mitigation Activities contingent on financial support 61 Table 13: Information necessary to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of Dominica’s NDC 61 Table 14: Summary of Climate Change Adaptation Activities contingent on financial support 82 Table 15: Multi-Sectoral Targets and Initiatives to achieve Climate Table 16: Summary of Climate Change Resilience Initiatives, Lead Institutions and Financial Support Required 98The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions iv Acronyms AC Adaptation Communication AD Activity Data ADRM Agriculture Disaster Risk Management AFD Agence Française de Developpement BAU Business as Usual CAF Corporación Andina de Fomento CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOF Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum CBI Citizenship by Investment CCTF Climate Change Trust Fund CDB Caribbean Development Bank CFRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CIMH Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology CO Carbon Monoxide Carbon-Dioxide e Carbon-Dioxide Equivalent COP Conference of Parties CPACC Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change CRA Climate-Resilient Agriculture CREAD Climate Resilience Executing Agency for Dominica CRRP Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture CTF Clean Technology Fund DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSWMC Dominica Solid Waste Management Company DVRP Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project EDA Enhancing Direct Access EE Energy Efficiency EF Emission Factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electrical Vehicles FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FRL Forest Reference Level FOLU Forest and Other Land-Use GCAR Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GFCS Global Framework for Climate Services Gg Gigabyte GIEP Green Industrial Eco Park GIS Geographic Information System GMR Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon IDB International Development Bank IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture IMCM Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Mechanism INDC Intended nationally Determined Contributions INC Initial National Communication IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITMO Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome KFW Kreditanstalt für WiederaufbauThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions v LCCRDS Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy LCTD Low-Carbon Transport Dominica LDN-TSP Land Degradation Neutrality-Target Setting Programme LED Light-Emittting Diode LULUF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MACC Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change ME Monitoring and Evaluation MPG Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAC National Agriculture Council NAGP National Agriculture Policy NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCPAP National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NFI National Forest Inventory NFV National Financing Vehicle NMDM National Machinery for Decision-Making NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound NRDS National Resilience Development Strategy O Nitrous-Oxide NOx Nitrogen-Oxides OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PA Protected Areas PAHO Pan American Health Organisation PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PSIP Public Sector Investment Program PV Photo-voltaic RE Renewable Energy RMS Resource Mobilisation Strategy SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SCF Strategic Climate Fund SDG Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SLCP Short-Lived Climate Pollutants SLM Sustainable Land Management SNC Second National Communication Sulphur-Dioxide SPACC Special Program for Adaptation to Climate Change SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience TNC Third National Communication TWG Technical Working Group UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health Organisation WMO World Meteorological OrganisationThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions vi Acknowledgements The revision of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) for the Commonwealth of Dominica was led by the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in close collaboration with the Climate Resilience Executing Agency for Dominica. The Commonwealth of Dominica expresses its sincere gratitude to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the support received for the development of this updated NDC through its Climate Promise Initiative.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions vii Message from the Honourable Minister Cozier Frederick Minister for Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment The Commonwealth of Dominica, as a signatory to the Paris Agreement, remains committed to global efforts for climate action and ambition to achieve the ultimate objective of this Agreement – to limit global warming to well below 2\uf0b0C and to pursue efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels, through the periodic updating and enhancing of its Nationally Determined Contributions.', 'The Commonwealth of Dominica expresses its sincere gratitude to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the support received for the development of this updated NDC through its Climate Promise Initiative.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions vii Message from the Honourable Minister Cozier Frederick Minister for Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment The Commonwealth of Dominica, as a signatory to the Paris Agreement, remains committed to global efforts for climate action and ambition to achieve the ultimate objective of this Agreement – to limit global warming to well below 2\uf0b0C and to pursue efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels, through the periodic updating and enhancing of its Nationally Determined Contributions. Dominica, like many other Small Island Developing States, acknowledges its increased vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change and recognises that beyond our efforts to mitigate this threat, we must also adapt to and become resilient against its impacts.', 'Dominica, like many other Small Island Developing States, acknowledges its increased vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change and recognises that beyond our efforts to mitigate this threat, we must also adapt to and become resilient against its impacts. Recalling, the passage of hurricane Maria in 2017, which resulted in the destruction of over 90% of our island’s infrastructure and homes, as well as over 85% loss of forest cover, Dominica set on a path to become the World’s First Climate-Resilient Nation.', 'Recalling, the passage of hurricane Maria in 2017, which resulted in the destruction of over 90% of our island’s infrastructure and homes, as well as over 85% loss of forest cover, Dominica set on a path to become the World’s First Climate-Resilient Nation. Dominica has begun its journey to climate resilience, as evidenced by the establishment of the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica, passing of the Climate Resilience Act, development of the Climate Change and Natural Resource Development Bill, and the development of renewable (geothermal) energy resources, which together form the backbone for climate-resilience. This NDC update is holistic in nature through the development of targets for all three pillars of climate action – mitigation, adaptation and resilience; as a show of our commitment.', 'This NDC update is holistic in nature through the development of targets for all three pillars of climate action – mitigation, adaptation and resilience; as a show of our commitment. Mitigation actions are focused on the development of our geothermal energy resources, to support our target for 100% renewable energy by 2030, as well as enhanced forest and soil carbon sequestration. Adaptation actions are focused on preparing our agricultural, ecological, natural, health, social and economic systems to withstand the potential adverse impacts. Resilient actions are focused on rebuilding stronger: our communities, institutional systems, economy, homes, infrastructure, natural assets, mindsets, energy sector and agricultural sector through the establishment of Dominica as a Global Centre for AgriculturalThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions viii Resilience.', 'Resilient actions are focused on rebuilding stronger: our communities, institutional systems, economy, homes, infrastructure, natural assets, mindsets, energy sector and agricultural sector through the establishment of Dominica as a Global Centre for AgriculturalThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions viii Resilience. Recognising that our citizens will be affected not only by the impacts of climate change but also by the measures adopted to respond to it, our approach has been country- driven, gender-responsive and participatory with considerations for vulnerable groups and the Kalinago community, to allow just transition of the workforce and support the shift to sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient development.', 'Recognising that our citizens will be affected not only by the impacts of climate change but also by the measures adopted to respond to it, our approach has been country- driven, gender-responsive and participatory with considerations for vulnerable groups and the Kalinago community, to allow just transition of the workforce and support the shift to sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Dominicans have realised that we can achieve much more working together than working independently and now more than ever we will continue to stand together and repeat our mantra Dominicans, stronger together!', 'Dominicans have realised that we can achieve much more working together than working independently and now more than ever we will continue to stand together and repeat our mantra Dominicans, stronger together! _____________________________ Honourable Minister Cozier FrederickThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 1 Summary of Updated NDC By this submission, the Commonwealth of Dominica, communicates an updated and enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in acknowledgement of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement1, with a total greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 45% below 2014 levels by 2030. This updated NDC and its accompanying information replaces the 2015 NDC and as of the date of receipt by the Secretariat, will be considered as the current NDC.', 'This updated NDC and its accompanying information replaces the 2015 NDC and as of the date of receipt by the Secretariat, will be considered as the current NDC. Despite challenges, the commitment to enhanced action and ambition, as well as lessons learnt affords the nation the opportunity to still maintain, if not surpass its 2030 target. Dominica’s NDC is unique by the inclusion of targets for all three pillars of climate action: mitigation, adaptation and resilience. Figure 1 illustrates Dominica’s enhanced mitigation action in its updated NDC compared to its previous submission in 2015. As a display of its determination to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation, this NDC has been enhanced through strengthened and additional targets and actions across all three pillars, as shown in figure 2.', 'As a display of its determination to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation, this NDC has been enhanced through strengthened and additional targets and actions across all three pillars, as shown in figure 2. Climate change action is enshrined in law through the development of the Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill 2020, which provides the overarching enabling framework to facilitate Dominica’s transition to low-carbon climate-resilient development. This NDC in its entirety is conditional upon the receipt of timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building support for priority mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures.', 'This NDC in its entirety is conditional upon the receipt of timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building support for priority mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures. Recalling also Article 4.8 of the Agreement, as well as decision 4/CMA12 and its Annex I, the Commonwealth of Dominica also provides supplemental descriptive, explanative and contextual information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (table 13) of the updated NDC.', 'Recalling also Article 4.8 of the Agreement, as well as decision 4/CMA12 and its Annex I, the Commonwealth of Dominica also provides supplemental descriptive, explanative and contextual information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (table 13) of the updated NDC. The Commonwealth of Dominica has taken the decision for the adaptation and resilience components of the NDC to constitute a part of its official Adaptation Communication, along with the National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan, 2019-2024 (draft), which is intended to constitute Dominica’s National Action Plan (NAP) in compliance with Decision 9/CMA13.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Figure 1: Comparison of Mitigation Action in Dominica’s 2015 and 2022 NDCsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Mitigation, Adaptation and Resilience in the NDC Mitigation, adaptation and resilience represent the three overarching pillars in the national and global responses to climate change.', 'The Commonwealth of Dominica has taken the decision for the adaptation and resilience components of the NDC to constitute a part of its official Adaptation Communication, along with the National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan, 2019-2024 (draft), which is intended to constitute Dominica’s National Action Plan (NAP) in compliance with Decision 9/CMA13.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Figure 1: Comparison of Mitigation Action in Dominica’s 2015 and 2022 NDCsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Mitigation, Adaptation and Resilience in the NDC Mitigation, adaptation and resilience represent the three overarching pillars in the national and global responses to climate change. Mitigation refers to human interventions to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases, thereby slowing the rate of global warming.', 'Mitigation refers to human interventions to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases, thereby slowing the rate of global warming. Adaptation refers to all steps taken to cope with the adverse effects, including an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Resilience refers to the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, adapt to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. For Dominica, an integrated response is adopted with sectoral targets across all three pillars.', 'For Dominica, an integrated response is adopted with sectoral targets across all three pillars. The plans of action and commitments outlined under the mitigation, adaptation and resilience components towards achievement of the Paris Agreement, also support achievement of goals under other international frameworks and agreements including: \uf0a7 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 – Targets (a) to (e) and Priorities 1 to 4 Implementation of the NDC Dominica has established an institutional framework to manage and ensure successful decarbonization of the economy, support ambitious climate action, enhance adaptive capacity and strengthen resilience. A regulatory framework has also been developed, which includes legislation, policies, plans and strategies in response to climate change to enhance its capacity to effectively integrate low- emission and climate-resilient actions into national development, economic and social priorities and objectives.', 'A regulatory framework has also been developed, which includes legislation, policies, plans and strategies in response to climate change to enhance its capacity to effectively integrate low- emission and climate-resilient actions into national development, economic and social priorities and objectives. In addition, the Government recognises the essential roles of financial support, capacity building, technology transfer and just transition of the workforce, which successful implementation of the NDC hinges upon. A multi-sectoral Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) framework is currently being developed, alongside the Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework, as 45% Emissions Reduction by 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2 National Circumstances The Commonwealth of Dominica, located at 15\uf0b0 north latitude and 61\uf0b0 west longitude, occupies a central position between the French Territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively.', 'A multi-sectoral Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) framework is currently being developed, alongside the Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework, as 45% Emissions Reduction by 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2 National Circumstances The Commonwealth of Dominica, located at 15\uf0b0 north latitude and 61\uf0b0 west longitude, occupies a central position between the French Territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively. The island was formed by volcanic activity, which persists as evidenced by ongoing earthquakes, and the presence of sulphuric springs and steam vents. Known for its rich and diverse natural environment, Dominica has been nicknamed the “Nature Island of the Caribbean”.', 'Known for its rich and diverse natural environment, Dominica has been nicknamed the “Nature Island of the Caribbean”. Dominica is part of a group of 47 countries and territories which have been classified by the United Nations (UN) as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which face a multitude of unique challenges and are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Dominica’s climate is characterized as tropical maritime with characteristically warm temperatures and intense rainfall. Annually, the climate is distinguished only by rainfall amounts, with a dry season from December to May and a wet season from June to November.', 'Annually, the climate is distinguished only by rainfall amounts, with a dry season from December to May and a wet season from June to November. The island’s vegetation is lush and dense, owing to the topography and high rainfall amounts which has an annual average ranging from ~1,900 mm in coastal areas to ~5,000 mm in inland areas. The rugged topography results in considerable amounts of orographic rainfall, making it the wettest island in the eastern Caribbean with annual rainfall totals exceeding 10,000 mm (400 inches) in some of the higher elevations and rendering the island susceptible to landslides particularly in mountainous areas. The steep, mountainous terrain alters temperatures, winds and rainfall which results in a number of micro-climates.', 'The steep, mountainous terrain alters temperatures, winds and rainfall which results in a number of micro-climates. Dominica’s position within the Atlantic hurricane belt combined with its climate, makes it vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards. Dominica was originally populated by Amerindian peoples, known as Kalinago. This is the only island in the Caribbean that still possesses distinct communities of these indigenous people. There is a reserve in the eastern portion of the island referred to as the Kalinago Territory. The population consists mainly of African and mixed African/European descent, with European, Syrian and Kalinago minorities. Large expanses of mountainous topography have limited human settlements to narrow coastal areas particularly in the south and west with approximately 44,000 persons (62%) living along the coast prior to Hurricane Maria.', 'Large expanses of mountainous topography have limited human settlements to narrow coastal areas particularly in the south and west with approximately 44,000 persons (62%) living along the coast prior to Hurricane Maria. Dominica’s economy reflects many of the traditional features of a small open economy, which includes a high level of dependence on external trade as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), dependence on single sector export products (in this case agriculture) and tourism revenue. Dominica’s main export of agricultural goods include bananas, cereal and pellets, tropical fruits, cassava, citrus, beer, pasta, spices, and vegetables. Although the economy is described as predominantly agricultural, the country is actively exploring prospectsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions in tourism and is also developing the production of geothermal energy.', 'Although the economy is described as predominantly agricultural, the country is actively exploring prospectsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions in tourism and is also developing the production of geothermal energy. Despite a stable macroeconomic environment, growth has been limited by natural disasters and by international economic developments4. Economic growth in Dominica averaged approximately 3.7% per annum, dropping to 1.5% by 2015 before suffering further decline after Tropical Storm Erika (2015) and Hurricane Maria (2017) resulting in a 9.5 percent decline in GDP for 2017. Vulnerability Assessment Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. It has been classified among the world’s most vulnerable countries5, given its susceptibility to natural hazards – hydrometeorological and geophysical; as well as its ecological and economic fragility.', 'It has been classified among the world’s most vulnerable countries5, given its susceptibility to natural hazards – hydrometeorological and geophysical; as well as its ecological and economic fragility. Dominica is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and extreme weather events. These include the projected increased frequency and magnitude of tropical storms, extreme weather events (flood, drought and heatwaves), unfamiliar rainfall patterns (seasonality and total amounts), sea level rise and heightened storm surges; and the devastating multitude of impacts on lives and livelihoods. Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many other SIDS, is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity.', 'Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many other SIDS, is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity. This includes trade, (positive and negative) impacts of globalization, financial crises, international conflicts, external debt, as well as internal conditions such as population growth, poverty, political instability, unemployment, reduced social cohesion and a widening gap between the rich and poor and their interactions. Recognising the threats posed by climate change, Dominica has adopted several initiatives to respond to it. In this context, Dominica has established a strong record for climate change adaptation and was one of the few countries chosen to pilot adaptation measures under the Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC).', 'In this context, Dominica has established a strong record for climate change adaptation and was one of the few countries chosen to pilot adaptation measures under the Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC). Additionally, as a collaborative initiative between the SPACC program and the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) project funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Dominica has pioneered: i) vulnerability mapping and “climate proofing” of National Parks Management Plans, and ii) community-based vulnerability mapping and development of community-level adaptation plans, through community engagement and input.', 'Additionally, as a collaborative initiative between the SPACC program and the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) project funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Dominica has pioneered: i) vulnerability mapping and “climate proofing” of National Parks Management Plans, and ii) community-based vulnerability mapping and development of community-level adaptation plans, through community engagement and input. In addition, the National Adaptive Capacity Assessment under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), identified considerable multi-level limitations in climate change risk management capacity: a) systematic, institutional and individual; b) national, sectoral, district and local; c) and within the public sector and civil society.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Key challenges include: \uf076 Critical infrastructure in the country is vulnerable to significant loss and damage from extreme weather events, sea level rise and storm surges \uf076 Lack of systems, expertise and facilities to collect, store and analyse relevant information and data related to climate change (emissions, impacts, modelling etc.)', 'In addition, the National Adaptive Capacity Assessment under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), identified considerable multi-level limitations in climate change risk management capacity: a) systematic, institutional and individual; b) national, sectoral, district and local; c) and within the public sector and civil society.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Key challenges include: \uf076 Critical infrastructure in the country is vulnerable to significant loss and damage from extreme weather events, sea level rise and storm surges \uf076 Lack of systems, expertise and facilities to collect, store and analyse relevant information and data related to climate change (emissions, impacts, modelling etc.) \uf076 Inadequate knowledge and awareness of potential impact of climate change and lack of technical skills to address them \uf076 Policies, laws, rules and regulations related to climate change and disaster risk reduction need strengthening and the capacity to enforce these revised regulations need enhancement \uf076 Planning for coordinated response to climate change and disaster risk reduction activities need improvement Dominica’s SPCR is being implemented under the US$35 million Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project (DVRP) which was officially launched in September 2014.', '\uf076 Inadequate knowledge and awareness of potential impact of climate change and lack of technical skills to address them \uf076 Policies, laws, rules and regulations related to climate change and disaster risk reduction need strengthening and the capacity to enforce these revised regulations need enhancement \uf076 Planning for coordinated response to climate change and disaster risk reduction activities need improvement Dominica’s SPCR is being implemented under the US$35 million Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project (DVRP) which was officially launched in September 2014. The DVRP is funded by the World Bank, International Development Association (IDA), PPCR, Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. The total approved financing is US$39.5 million.', 'The total approved financing is US$39.5 million. Risk Assessment A climate change risk assessment was undertaken under the National Capacity Self- Assessment (NCSA) and the vulnerability assessments undertaken to develop Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy and National Communications. The climate change risk assessment was modelled on the process outlined in the Risk Management Guidelines for Climate Change Adaptation Decision Making6. Using a multiple criteria analysis7, each PPCR Technical Working Group (TWG) undertook a sector specific assessment as follows: Developed under the “Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change” and “Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean” projects funded by GEF/World Bank/CIDA. 2003.', 'Using a multiple criteria analysis7, each PPCR Technical Working Group (TWG) undertook a sector specific assessment as follows: Developed under the “Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change” and “Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean” projects funded by GEF/World Bank/CIDA. 2003. 7 The following criteria were considered by stakeholders to assess climate change risks: magnitude of impacts, timing of impacts, persistence and reversibility of impacts, likelihood (estimates of uncertainty) of impacts and vulnerabilities, and confidence in those estimates, potential for adaptation, distributional aspects of impacts and vulnerabilities, importance of the system(s) at risk.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions a) Identification of event risks and outcomes risks based on vulnerability assessments contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication, National Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Second National Communication b) Ranking of event-outcome risks in terms of severity of social, economic, environmental impacts (11 indicators used for ranking) c) Probability-frequency analysis on prioritized event-outcome risks that scored the highest in terms of severity of social, economic, environmental impact d) Once each sector TWG had completed the sectoral risk assessment – stakeholders during the National Consultative Workshop verified the outcomes and developed the list of national priority risks based on top ranked risks for each sector.', '7 The following criteria were considered by stakeholders to assess climate change risks: magnitude of impacts, timing of impacts, persistence and reversibility of impacts, likelihood (estimates of uncertainty) of impacts and vulnerabilities, and confidence in those estimates, potential for adaptation, distributional aspects of impacts and vulnerabilities, importance of the system(s) at risk.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions a) Identification of event risks and outcomes risks based on vulnerability assessments contained in Dominica’s Initial National Communication, National Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Second National Communication b) Ranking of event-outcome risks in terms of severity of social, economic, environmental impacts (11 indicators used for ranking) c) Probability-frequency analysis on prioritized event-outcome risks that scored the highest in terms of severity of social, economic, environmental impact d) Once each sector TWG had completed the sectoral risk assessment – stakeholders during the National Consultative Workshop verified the outcomes and developed the list of national priority risks based on top ranked risks for each sector. Through this climate change risk assessment, national stakeholders identified the following as priority climate change risks: Event-Outcome Risks Ranking Increase in extreme events and climate variability (Cumulative Risks) - physical damage to crops and agricultural access roads, impact on agricultural and fisheries productivity, increase of pests or diseases, impact on livelihoods and food security Increase in extreme events – more frequent economic setbacks, prolonged recovery periods, stress on economy (including increase in loss of life, impact on tourism arrivals, impact on agricultural production, food security, forest cover) and less attractive environment for foreign investment due to cumulative destruction of critical infrastructure for tourism, manufacturing, agriculture and trade Increase in extreme events (increased intensity of hurricanes, flooding, landslides) - increased damage to houses, human settlements, critical infrastructure, business and other properties Sea level rise, combined with increased incidents of storm surges - damage to coastal infrastructure (roads, ports, jetties, storage, processing, packing, landing sites) used for agricultural trade and access to markets Increased frequency of extreme events - water shortages due to increased drought and storms (including loss to crops) Sea level rise - combined with increased incidence of storm surges - damage to coastal tourism facilities: beaches, hotels, airports, cruise ship terminals (including impacts on Kalinago people and farmers’ income loss Sea level rise and storm surge - loss of coral reefs, loss of protection to coastal areas and impact of marine ecosystem and associated effect on livelihoods and food security Climate variability - loss and impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity, a key pillar of the tourism sector Changes in rainfall intensity - increased coastal marine habitat degradation and damage to fisheries infrastructure Table 1: Priority Climate Change Risks for DominicaThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Increased climate variability - changes in fish and marine mammal migration patterns affecting food security and tourism Changes in rainfall patterns - increased incidence of landslides affecting houses, human settlements and infrastructure, in addition to costs for insurance and building loans Increase in extreme events - damage to coastal property and infrastructure due to storm surges Increase in extreme events - reduced availability of international donor funding due to increased demand for emergency assistance from vulnerable countries Changes in national and local temperature regimes - increased damage to buildings and water cisterns from extreme dry conditions Sea level rise combined with increased incidence of storm surges - increased costs for insurance, re-insurance and costs to banks providing loans for coastal infrastructure Increased climate variability - increased land degradation (temperature variations) - impacts on food production, water quality, health and nutrition Changes in rainfall patterns - impact on water quality and supply; costs of water treatment and delivery; and damage to water and communication infrastructure (hotels and restaurants at tipping point and loss of income due to lack of water could put them out of business) Increased climate variability - decline in tourist arrivals due to more mild conditions affecting winter tourism market Sea level rise and storm surge - damage to coastal infrastructure from sea level rise and higher storm surges and associated impact on tourism (hotels, dive industry, yachting) (Significant cultural loss in Kalinago Territory and loss of beaches for recreation) Increase in extreme events - increased cost of coastal resources management 6 Increase in extreme events - damage to water infrastructure and impact on costs for water supply *Ranking is based on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the lowest and 10 the highest8.', 'Through this climate change risk assessment, national stakeholders identified the following as priority climate change risks: Event-Outcome Risks Ranking Increase in extreme events and climate variability (Cumulative Risks) - physical damage to crops and agricultural access roads, impact on agricultural and fisheries productivity, increase of pests or diseases, impact on livelihoods and food security Increase in extreme events – more frequent economic setbacks, prolonged recovery periods, stress on economy (including increase in loss of life, impact on tourism arrivals, impact on agricultural production, food security, forest cover) and less attractive environment for foreign investment due to cumulative destruction of critical infrastructure for tourism, manufacturing, agriculture and trade Increase in extreme events (increased intensity of hurricanes, flooding, landslides) - increased damage to houses, human settlements, critical infrastructure, business and other properties Sea level rise, combined with increased incidents of storm surges - damage to coastal infrastructure (roads, ports, jetties, storage, processing, packing, landing sites) used for agricultural trade and access to markets Increased frequency of extreme events - water shortages due to increased drought and storms (including loss to crops) Sea level rise - combined with increased incidence of storm surges - damage to coastal tourism facilities: beaches, hotels, airports, cruise ship terminals (including impacts on Kalinago people and farmers’ income loss Sea level rise and storm surge - loss of coral reefs, loss of protection to coastal areas and impact of marine ecosystem and associated effect on livelihoods and food security Climate variability - loss and impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity, a key pillar of the tourism sector Changes in rainfall intensity - increased coastal marine habitat degradation and damage to fisheries infrastructure Table 1: Priority Climate Change Risks for DominicaThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Increased climate variability - changes in fish and marine mammal migration patterns affecting food security and tourism Changes in rainfall patterns - increased incidence of landslides affecting houses, human settlements and infrastructure, in addition to costs for insurance and building loans Increase in extreme events - damage to coastal property and infrastructure due to storm surges Increase in extreme events - reduced availability of international donor funding due to increased demand for emergency assistance from vulnerable countries Changes in national and local temperature regimes - increased damage to buildings and water cisterns from extreme dry conditions Sea level rise combined with increased incidence of storm surges - increased costs for insurance, re-insurance and costs to banks providing loans for coastal infrastructure Increased climate variability - increased land degradation (temperature variations) - impacts on food production, water quality, health and nutrition Changes in rainfall patterns - impact on water quality and supply; costs of water treatment and delivery; and damage to water and communication infrastructure (hotels and restaurants at tipping point and loss of income due to lack of water could put them out of business) Increased climate variability - decline in tourist arrivals due to more mild conditions affecting winter tourism market Sea level rise and storm surge - damage to coastal infrastructure from sea level rise and higher storm surges and associated impact on tourism (hotels, dive industry, yachting) (Significant cultural loss in Kalinago Territory and loss of beaches for recreation) Increase in extreme events - increased cost of coastal resources management 6 Increase in extreme events - damage to water infrastructure and impact on costs for water supply *Ranking is based on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the lowest and 10 the highest8. Dominica’s Protected Areas (PAs) play a critical role in both disaster prevention and recovery by maintaining intact and healthy ecosystems necessary to mitigate natural disasters.', 'Dominica’s Protected Areas (PAs) play a critical role in both disaster prevention and recovery by maintaining intact and healthy ecosystems necessary to mitigate natural disasters. Intact habitats and vegetation help stabilize soils, reducing floods, drought, and landslide occurrences as well as sedimentation runoff and provide a physical barrier for coastal inundation. While Dominica’s national PAs are important contributors to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), PAs themselves are also at risk from climate change and natural hazards. A risk analysis of climate change and natural hazards to Dominica’s PAs is presented in table 2. Recently, Dominica was struck by two extreme events which severely tested the country’s climate change adaptation preparedness and resilience readiness. Tropical Storm Erika struck Dominica on August 27th, 2015 resulting in heavy rainfall, flooding, and landslides.', 'Tropical Storm Erika struck Dominica on August 27th, 2015 resulting in heavy rainfall, flooding, and landslides. In its wake, hundreds of homes were left uninhabitable and thousands of people were displaced. ThirtyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions people died across the island in the nation s worst disaster since Hurricane David. Tropical Storm Erika resulted in total damage and loss of EC$1.3 billion (US$483 million), equivalent to approximately 90% of Dominica’s GDP. Two years later, hurricane Maria made landfall in Dominica on September 18th, 2017 as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) - the most extreme hurricane to ever impact the island.', 'Two years later, hurricane Maria made landfall in Dominica on September 18th, 2017 as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) - the most extreme hurricane to ever impact the island. Hurricane Maria resulted in extensive damage to roads and public buildings, including schools, stores and churches, with the entire population being affected in some form. Hurricane Maria accounted for damage in the order of ~226% of GDP, which resulted in a 14.7% decline in GDP. Dominicans acknowledge that their strength is in the resiliency of their people and therefore remain committed in their climate ambition and action, recognising also that the cost of action outweighs the cost of loss and damage responses to inaction.', 'Dominicans acknowledge that their strength is in the resiliency of their people and therefore remain committed in their climate ambition and action, recognising also that the cost of action outweighs the cost of loss and damage responses to inaction. See Box 1 for further details on costs of action and inaction.', 'See Box 1 for further details on costs of action and inaction. Negligible Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Almost certain Landlsides, Floods Hurricanes & Storms Likely Possible Phreatic eruption Earthquakes Unlikely Sea-level rising, temperature increases Rare Pandemics Droughts Volcano eruption, Tsunami Risk Level Low Moderate High Extreme Likelihood Impact Table 2: Natural Hazard Risk Assessment for Dominica’s Protected Areas SystemThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Mitigation Initiative Cumulative Emissions Reduction (Gg) Cumulative Cost (US) Geothermal Power Plant 39.3 75,000,000 Energy Efficiency Programme 5.2 2,3000,000 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Programme for Hotel Sector 0.24 1,000,000 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Programme for Commercial, Institutional and Manufacturing Facilities Replace Streetlights in Portsmouth with Off-grid Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures Landfill Methane Emissions Reduction 11 4,500,000 Off-Grid Hybrid Wind, Solar, Biodiesel Generator Back-up in Off-grid Mini-grid Configuration for Dominica’s South-East and East Coasts COST OF CLIMATE INACTION According to Dominica’s CRRP, the cost of no action to reduce climate vulnerability at the national level would be loss and damage equivalent to 77% of GDP by 2100.', 'Negligible Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Almost certain Landlsides, Floods Hurricanes & Storms Likely Possible Phreatic eruption Earthquakes Unlikely Sea-level rising, temperature increases Rare Pandemics Droughts Volcano eruption, Tsunami Risk Level Low Moderate High Extreme Likelihood Impact Table 2: Natural Hazard Risk Assessment for Dominica’s Protected Areas SystemThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Mitigation Initiative Cumulative Emissions Reduction (Gg) Cumulative Cost (US) Geothermal Power Plant 39.3 75,000,000 Energy Efficiency Programme 5.2 2,3000,000 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Programme for Hotel Sector 0.24 1,000,000 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Programme for Commercial, Institutional and Manufacturing Facilities Replace Streetlights in Portsmouth with Off-grid Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures Landfill Methane Emissions Reduction 11 4,500,000 Off-Grid Hybrid Wind, Solar, Biodiesel Generator Back-up in Off-grid Mini-grid Configuration for Dominica’s South-East and East Coasts COST OF CLIMATE INACTION According to Dominica’s CRRP, the cost of no action to reduce climate vulnerability at the national level would be loss and damage equivalent to 77% of GDP by 2100. The cost of taking no concerted action to address the impacts of climate change for Dominica would be loss and damage equivalent to: 6.3% of GDP by 2025, 34.3% of GDP by 2050, 54.4% of GDP by 2075 and 77.3% of GDP by 2100.', 'The cost of taking no concerted action to address the impacts of climate change for Dominica would be loss and damage equivalent to: 6.3% of GDP by 2025, 34.3% of GDP by 2050, 54.4% of GDP by 2075 and 77.3% of GDP by 2100. This is significantly higher than the average projected cost in the Caribbean. Cost of Climate Inaction and Priority Climate Mitigation Actions for Dominica PROJECTED EMISSIONS REDUCTION AND COST OF PRIORITY MITIGATION CLIMATE ACTIONThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 3 Climate Action Timeline In 1994, the Commonwealth of Dominica ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)9, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”.', 'Cost of Climate Inaction and Priority Climate Mitigation Actions for Dominica PROJECTED EMISSIONS REDUCTION AND COST OF PRIORITY MITIGATION CLIMATE ACTIONThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 3 Climate Action Timeline In 1994, the Commonwealth of Dominica ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)9, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”. The ultimate objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; and within a sufficient timeframe to facilitate natural adaptation of ecosystems, ensure food security and sustainable economic development.', 'The ultimate objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; and within a sufficient timeframe to facilitate natural adaptation of ecosystems, ensure food security and sustainable economic development. In fulfilment of one of the obligations under Article 12 of the UNFCCC, Dominica committed to the submission of regular National Communications to the Conference of Parties (COP) through the UNFCCC Secretariat. The first such report, the Initial National Communication (INC) was submitted in 2001.', 'The first such report, the Initial National Communication (INC) was submitted in 2001. The INC included the following greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon-dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous-oxide O); and non-GHGs: non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and nitrogen- oxides (NOx ) and covered the following sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Land- Use and Forestry, and Waste. Dominica began its preparation for the Second National Communication (SNC) in 2006 and submitted in 2012. The SNC reported on the period from 2001 to 2005 and included all the GHGs previously reported in the INC, as well as: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), indirect GHGs: ) and non-GHGs: carbon-monoxide (CO), and NOx ). The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) was submitted in 2015, which later became Dominica’s NDC upon ratification of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) was submitted in 2015, which later became Dominica’s NDC upon ratification of the Paris Agreement. The INDC covered the following O and HFCs and covered the following sectors: Energy Industries; Transport; Manufacturing and Construction; Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing; and Solid Waste. The Third National Communication (TNC) submitted in 2020, reported on the period 2005 to 2017. The TNC included an emissions inventory for the following O, NMVOC, SO2 and HFCs during the reporting period, as well as climate mitigation and resilience measures. These were in part through measures to implement Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy (LCCRDS), including through building the legal and institutional capacity to manage impacts from climate change.', 'These were in part through measures to implement Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy (LCCRDS), including through building the legal and institutional capacity to manage impacts from climate change. The landmark Paris Agreement was reached at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21)10, aiming to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify actions and investments needed for a low-carbon future. The Paris Agreement, which builds upon the Convention, has an overall objective to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by limiting global temperature rise this century to well below 2\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels and to pursueThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5\uf0b0C through ambitious mitigation actions.', 'The Paris Agreement, which builds upon the Convention, has an overall objective to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by limiting global temperature rise this century to well below 2\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels and to pursueThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5\uf0b0C through ambitious mitigation actions. In addition, the Paris Agreement establishes measures to increase the ability of nations to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate-resilient development through consistent finance flows. The Paris Agreement was signed by the Government of Dominica in April 2016 and ratified in September of the same year, with the INDC now becoming the nation’s NDC.', 'The Paris Agreement was signed by the Government of Dominica in April 2016 and ratified in September of the same year, with the INDC now becoming the nation’s NDC. In 2015, in accordance with relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP1911 and 1/CP2012 towards achieving the ultimate objective of Article 2 of the Convention, the Government of Dominica committed through its INDC13, to a progressive reduction of total greenhouse gas emissions below 2014 levels at the following reduction rates: 17.9% by 2020, 39.2% by 2025 and 44.7% by 2030. Total emissions reduction per sector were outlined as follows: Energy Industries – 98.6% (principally from harnessing of geothermal resources); Transport – 100%; Manufacturing and Construction – 8.8%; Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing – 8.1%; and Solid Waste – 78.6%.', 'Total emissions reduction per sector were outlined as follows: Energy Industries – 98.6% (principally from harnessing of geothermal resources); Transport – 100%; Manufacturing and Construction – 8.8%; Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing – 8.1%; and Solid Waste – 78.6%. Dominica, as part of the INDC also included additional mitigation measures which included: continued carbon sequestration of ~100Gg annually during the period 2020 to 2030 due to sustainable management practices; and commercial development and continued harnessing of Dominica’s geothermal resources, which will, from 2025 onwards, enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy – estimated to exceed 200Gg annually, to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe; thereby contributing to the global stocktake under Article 14 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Dominica, as part of the INDC also included additional mitigation measures which included: continued carbon sequestration of ~100Gg annually during the period 2020 to 2030 due to sustainable management practices; and commercial development and continued harnessing of Dominica’s geothermal resources, which will, from 2025 onwards, enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy – estimated to exceed 200Gg annually, to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe; thereby contributing to the global stocktake under Article 14 of the Paris Agreement. This was communicated as a conditional submission, dependent upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer; and capacity building support for priority adaptation and mitigation measures.', 'This was communicated as a conditional submission, dependent upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology development and transfer; and capacity building support for priority adaptation and mitigation measures. These contributions highlighted that for Dominica, there is little distinction between adaptation and mitigation measures and therefore an integrated response would be implemented to build climate-resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling green growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4 Enhanced Transparency Framework In accordance with Decision 18/CMA.114 and its annex (the Katowice Climate Package), as well as Article 13 under the Paris Agreement, Dominica provides an updated NDC containing information under the Enhanced Transparency Framework15 (ETF), which details a set of Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) to build trust and confidence; and strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change.', 'These contributions highlighted that for Dominica, there is little distinction between adaptation and mitigation measures and therefore an integrated response would be implemented to build climate-resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling green growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4 Enhanced Transparency Framework In accordance with Decision 18/CMA.114 and its annex (the Katowice Climate Package), as well as Article 13 under the Paris Agreement, Dominica provides an updated NDC containing information under the Enhanced Transparency Framework15 (ETF), which details a set of Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) to build trust and confidence; and strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. The NDC planning process, progress in the development of the necessary frameworks for climate action and the NDC Implementation Plan are summarised in sections 4.1 and 4.2.', 'The NDC planning process, progress in the development of the necessary frameworks for climate action and the NDC Implementation Plan are summarised in sections 4.1 and 4.2. Further details on climate action: mitigation, adaptation and resilience, in light of the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 and also Article 7; and progress in NDC implementation are provided in chapters 5, 6 and 7. In addition, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Dominica’s NDC, and details on support received and needed in the context of climate change actions under Articles 4, 7 and 11 is also provided.', 'In addition, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Dominica’s NDC, and details on support received and needed in the context of climate change actions under Articles 4, 7 and 11 is also provided. 4.1 NDC Planning Process The review and updating of Dominica’s NDC was led by the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in close collaboration with the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD) and facilitated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under the Climate Promise initiative. The NDC planning process involved an assessment of the level of progress towards national and sectoral targets, identification of areas for enhanced climate ambition and action, priority capacity needs to support just transition of the workforce; and barriers to target achievement and implementation.', 'The NDC planning process involved an assessment of the level of progress towards national and sectoral targets, identification of areas for enhanced climate ambition and action, priority capacity needs to support just transition of the workforce; and barriers to target achievement and implementation. These assessments informed a national stakeholder capacity development exercise, which included an institutional capacity assessment to identify critical skills and knowledge gaps for NDC implementation. Regulatory, Institutional and Systematic Assessment This phase involved the identification of the existing or emerging regulatory, institutional and systematic frameworks to facilitate climate action and NDC implementation.', 'Regulatory, Institutional and Systematic Assessment This phase involved the identification of the existing or emerging regulatory, institutional and systematic frameworks to facilitate climate action and NDC implementation. In addition, the level of synergies and coherence between institutions and policies, as well as the level of mainstreaming and alignment with national processes and plans; and other global agreements agreementThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions were also assessed. An institutional capacity assessment was conducted to identify areas for capacity building. Capacity Assessment A comprehensive capacity gap assessment was undertaken under climate action and implementation at the individual, community, institutional, systematic and national levels. Stakeholders also provided feedback on capacity building requirements necessary for NDC action and implementation.', 'Stakeholders also provided feedback on capacity building requirements necessary for NDC action and implementation. Stakeholder Engagement Recognising the importance of increased national awareness and participation in the NDC process at all levels of society and stages of development, an inclusive approach was adopted. Stakeholder engagement included a broad range of individuals from the public sector, private sector, government officials, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs) and civil society. This process was achieved through the use of online surveys, individual key informant interviews and group consultations.', 'This process was achieved through the use of online surveys, individual key informant interviews and group consultations. These consultations afforded national stakeholders with an opportunity to report on relevant community-based, sectoral and national level initiatives and activities, provide input to the climate change negotiations, engage with members of the Government and negotiators whilst also suggesting ideas to government for filling of any gaps that may exist in Dominica’s approach to the Paris negotiations. It also provided an opportunity for stakeholders to engage in the work done on enhancing NDCs and provide their inputs on what targets they would like to be incorporated into the NDC and what should be put forward as Dominica’s contribution.', 'It also provided an opportunity for stakeholders to engage in the work done on enhancing NDCs and provide their inputs on what targets they would like to be incorporated into the NDC and what should be put forward as Dominica’s contribution. This process further enhanced the culture of a sustainable national dialogue, provided a platform for all stakeholders who have an interest in climate change negotiations and also serves to increase acceptance of implementation measures. Target Assessment and Revision An assessment of the level of progress in NDC implementation was conducted, as well as identification of barriers to progress.', 'Target Assessment and Revision An assessment of the level of progress in NDC implementation was conducted, as well as identification of barriers to progress. Experiences and lessons learnt, combined with technological advancements and new financial partnerships and collaborations led to the revision and updating of targets, to reflect the incorporation of new sectoral, sub-sectoral and non-sectoral targets, as well as opportunities for enhanced ambition with pre-existing targets.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Literature Review An extensive literature review was performed making use of sectoral, national and regional documents, as well as international communications. This included, inter alia, Acts, Bills, Policies, Plans and Strategies. 4.2 NDC Process and Covid-19 The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted lives and livelihoods globally, presenting Governments with new and intensified challenges.', '4.2 NDC Process and Covid-19 The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted lives and livelihoods globally, presenting Governments with new and intensified challenges. This has resulted in negative impacts not only on health and the economy but also on climate action under SDG 13 and the Paris Agreement. Significant funds necessary for financing climate action in developing countries has been diverted to combat the pandemic, resulting in climate action and NDC submission delays. The stakeholder engagement aspect of the NDC review and drafting process has also been affected by the pandemic, with all activities being performed virtually. 4.3 NDC Implementation Plan Driven by Dominica’s determination to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation, there have been significant advancements in the development of the supporting institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks for NDC implementation.', '4.3 NDC Implementation Plan Driven by Dominica’s determination to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation, there have been significant advancements in the development of the supporting institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks for NDC implementation. Successful NDC implementation requires inter-ministerial and inter-sectoral coordination, new or updated laws and policies, financial support and continuous monitoring and evaluation. The Government of Dominica has shown its commitment to climate action through the development of institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks, upon which successful NDC implementation hinges on.', 'The Government of Dominica has shown its commitment to climate action through the development of institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks, upon which successful NDC implementation hinges on. Dominica’s mainstreaming of climate change into national and sectoral development planning is evident in their strong track record of regulatory development and alignment with other global agreements, obligations and goals such as the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, institutional strengthening and project development. In addition, Dominica is in the process of expanding its Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for mitigation action and developing a Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) framework for adaptation and resilience.', 'In addition, Dominica is in the process of expanding its Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for mitigation action and developing a Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) framework for adaptation and resilience. 4.3.1 Institutional Bodies Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development (CECCD) Duties of the Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development include: Oversight of the implementation and periodic revision of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions and Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development StrategyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Co-ordinating environmental and natural resource planning and management Facilitating consultation and co-operation between government departments and the public in all environmental and natural resource management activities Directing the formulation of national policies on sustainable development, environmental protection and natural resource management Co-ordinating the integration of climate change considerations into the environmental impact assessment process Providing direction and guidance on the formulation and implementation of national and sector policies to support the transition to low carbon climate resilient development Monitoring and reviewing of, and reporting on national efforts to achieve the transition to low carbon climate resilient development and sustainable development National Climate Change Committee The Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development shall constitute the National Climate Change Committee, comprising: (a) The Director of the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development who shall be the Chairperson (b) The head or nominated representative from – - Department responsible for Agriculture - Department responsible for Fisheries - Department responsible for Forestry, Wildlife and Parks - Environmental Health Department - Government Meteorological Services - Office of Disaster Management - Physical Planning Department - Dominica Bureau of Standards - Ministry responsible for Kalinago Affairs - Ministry responsible for Energy - Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Justice, National Security and Immigration - Department of Environment, Climate Change and Development - Dominica Solid Waste Management Corporation - Dominica Water and Sewage Corporation - Dominica Electricity Services Limited - Dominica Association of Local Authorities - National Association of Youth in Agriculture - National Association of Non-Governmental Organisations - Invest Dominica AuthorityThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Operating as a statutory government agency, the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD) leads and coordinates strategic initiatives across sectors in the Commonwealth of Dominica with the goal of making the country the world’s first climate-resilient nation.', '4.3.1 Institutional Bodies Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development (CECCD) Duties of the Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development include: Oversight of the implementation and periodic revision of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions and Dominica’s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development StrategyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Co-ordinating environmental and natural resource planning and management Facilitating consultation and co-operation between government departments and the public in all environmental and natural resource management activities Directing the formulation of national policies on sustainable development, environmental protection and natural resource management Co-ordinating the integration of climate change considerations into the environmental impact assessment process Providing direction and guidance on the formulation and implementation of national and sector policies to support the transition to low carbon climate resilient development Monitoring and reviewing of, and reporting on national efforts to achieve the transition to low carbon climate resilient development and sustainable development National Climate Change Committee The Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development shall constitute the National Climate Change Committee, comprising: (a) The Director of the Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development who shall be the Chairperson (b) The head or nominated representative from – - Department responsible for Agriculture - Department responsible for Fisheries - Department responsible for Forestry, Wildlife and Parks - Environmental Health Department - Government Meteorological Services - Office of Disaster Management - Physical Planning Department - Dominica Bureau of Standards - Ministry responsible for Kalinago Affairs - Ministry responsible for Energy - Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Justice, National Security and Immigration - Department of Environment, Climate Change and Development - Dominica Solid Waste Management Corporation - Dominica Water and Sewage Corporation - Dominica Electricity Services Limited - Dominica Association of Local Authorities - National Association of Youth in Agriculture - National Association of Non-Governmental Organisations - Invest Dominica AuthorityThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Operating as a statutory government agency, the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD) leads and coordinates strategic initiatives across sectors in the Commonwealth of Dominica with the goal of making the country the world’s first climate-resilient nation. CREAD acts to bolster the ability of the business community, public services and social sector partners to build strong and resilient communities, develop adaptive infrastructure, accelerate economic growth, strengthen institutional systems, enhance Dominicans’ capacity to respond to the local impacts of global climate change, and set an example for the rest of the world on how to respond to the challenges of a changing climate.', 'CREAD acts to bolster the ability of the business community, public services and social sector partners to build strong and resilient communities, develop adaptive infrastructure, accelerate economic growth, strengthen institutional systems, enhance Dominicans’ capacity to respond to the local impacts of global climate change, and set an example for the rest of the world on how to respond to the challenges of a changing climate. Institutional Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development National Climate Change Committee Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Environmental Coordinating Unit Energy Conservation Unit Sustainable Development Tribunal National Green Certification Institute Public-Private Sector Investment Committee Regulatory Land Degradation Neutrality – Target Setting Programme NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap Medium Term National Agriculture Policy (2021-2030) NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap Climate Resilience Act National Resilience Development Strategy Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill Energy Conservation Policy and Action Plan Climate-Resilient Water Resource Management Policy Table (3): Institutional, Regulatory and Systematic Frameworks in support of the NDC Implementation PlanThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4.3.2 Economic Investment Dominica has prioritised sustainable development, as evidenced by the many projects in the pipeline to ensure achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.', 'Institutional Council on Environment, Climate Change and Development Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development National Climate Change Committee Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Environmental Coordinating Unit Energy Conservation Unit Sustainable Development Tribunal National Green Certification Institute Public-Private Sector Investment Committee Regulatory Land Degradation Neutrality – Target Setting Programme NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap Medium Term National Agriculture Policy (2021-2030) NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap Climate Resilience Act National Resilience Development Strategy Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill Energy Conservation Policy and Action Plan Climate-Resilient Water Resource Management Policy Table (3): Institutional, Regulatory and Systematic Frameworks in support of the NDC Implementation PlanThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4.3.2 Economic Investment Dominica has prioritised sustainable development, as evidenced by the many projects in the pipeline to ensure achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Climate change poses unique threats to sustainable development, however, Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) Program16 has been a crucial element in funding many of the projects that Climate-Resilient Forest Resource Management Plan Energy Conservation Policy and Action Plan National Energy Policy National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (2019-2024) Agriculture Disaster Risk Management Plan (2014-2019) Strategic Program for Climate Resilience Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy Public Sector Investment Programme National Strategy for Health Draft Gender Policy National Gender Equality Policy Tourism Policy Environmental and Planning Regulations for Renewable Energy (draft) Geothermal Development Bill (draft) Dominica Forestry Policy Disaster Management Plan National Emergency Management Policy National Shelter Policy Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Systematic Measurement, Reporting and Verification Framework Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making Public Sector Investment Programme Performance Management Framework Climate Change Trust Fund ResilienSEA Blue Economy Investment FundThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions have put them well on track to attain the SDGs and which also have climate change adaptation, resilience and mitigation co-benefits17.', 'Climate change poses unique threats to sustainable development, however, Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) Program16 has been a crucial element in funding many of the projects that Climate-Resilient Forest Resource Management Plan Energy Conservation Policy and Action Plan National Energy Policy National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (2019-2024) Agriculture Disaster Risk Management Plan (2014-2019) Strategic Program for Climate Resilience Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy Public Sector Investment Programme National Strategy for Health Draft Gender Policy National Gender Equality Policy Tourism Policy Environmental and Planning Regulations for Renewable Energy (draft) Geothermal Development Bill (draft) Dominica Forestry Policy Disaster Management Plan National Emergency Management Policy National Shelter Policy Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Systematic Measurement, Reporting and Verification Framework Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making Public Sector Investment Programme Performance Management Framework Climate Change Trust Fund ResilienSEA Blue Economy Investment FundThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions have put them well on track to attain the SDGs and which also have climate change adaptation, resilience and mitigation co-benefits17. 4.3.3 Data Management Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making Through the Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making, a dedicated Geographical Information Systems (GIS) unit within the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development will be established.', '4.3.3 Data Management Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making Through the Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience Decision-Making, a dedicated Geographical Information Systems (GIS) unit within the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development will be established. This will centralize the gathering of data (GIS and beyond), and institutionalize a data-driven approach to all key planning decisions. This unit will be critical to the finalization and implementation of the Resilient Dominica Physical Plan, including activities related to land management, hazard mapping and infrastructure planning. Enhanced Public Sector Performance Management Framework In order to achieve the Government’s climate-resilience vision, sectoral policies, strategies and budgets - notable the PSIP - must be synchronized to Dominica’s climate-resilience targets specified in the CRRP, along with globally-recognized SDGs.', 'Enhanced Public Sector Performance Management Framework In order to achieve the Government’s climate-resilience vision, sectoral policies, strategies and budgets - notable the PSIP - must be synchronized to Dominica’s climate-resilience targets specified in the CRRP, along with globally-recognized SDGs. This will require adjustments to the budget- setting process and criteria, to include the definition and weighting of resilience- and SDG-related indicators. It will also focus on putting into place efficient and effective organizational structures and operating procedures to enable delivery on resilience agenda. A public service where there is a culture of continuous improvement will be developed, public officers will better understand how they can and should contribute to strategic objectives and their performance will be measured so as to incentivize such outputs and outcomes.', 'A public service where there is a culture of continuous improvement will be developed, public officers will better understand how they can and should contribute to strategic objectives and their performance will be measured so as to incentivize such outputs and outcomes. Measurement, Reporting and Verification Measurement, Reporting and Verification systems play a significant role in effectively tracking and improving the implementation of mitigation goals and policies articulated under countries NDCs. MRVs are foundational to the national and global response to climate change and will enable Dominica to meet its international reporting requirements such as National Communications, Biennial Update Reports, and National GHG inventories. The initial phase involves the measurement and monitoring of data and information on greenhouse gas emission estimates, mitigation actions and support received.', 'The initial phase involves the measurement and monitoring of data and information on greenhouse gas emission estimates, mitigation actions and support received. This is followed by reporting of data collected through the development of national inventories. The final stage involves periodic verification of the data via an independent review and assessment to establish accuracy and reliability. TheThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions MRV system for the forestry sector was recently developed. Measurement and monitoring will take place using the Collect Earth tool for the annual assessment of land-use and land-use changes, the reporting process will be facilitated by the GHG inventory, which will be updated annually; and verification will be through the UNFCCC REDD+ Technical Assessment (refer to section 5.2.1.1 for further details).', 'Measurement and monitoring will take place using the Collect Earth tool for the annual assessment of land-use and land-use changes, the reporting process will be facilitated by the GHG inventory, which will be updated annually; and verification will be through the UNFCCC REDD+ Technical Assessment (refer to section 5.2.1.1 for further details). A MRV system for HFCs has also been developed to establish a usage baseline, update emissions estimates and formulate a phase-down plan. There are also plans for the development of a MRV system for the transportation sector under the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project (refer to Box 8 and table 12).', 'There are also plans for the development of a MRV system for the transportation sector under the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project (refer to Box 8 and table 12). Monitoring and Evaluation Dominica is also in the process of developing a Monitoring and Evaluation framework for all climate change adaptation and resilience actions under the Paris Agreement. This will support all projects under the Public Sector Investment Program. A ME framework for the agriculture sector has been developed through the National Agriculture Policy (NAGP), which will facilitate effective management and oversight of its implementation. Refer to section 7.2 for further details. A ME framework, within the context of climate change, is a tool to support the understanding and prioritization of adaptation and resilience actions to assist in decision-making.', 'A ME framework, within the context of climate change, is a tool to support the understanding and prioritization of adaptation and resilience actions to assist in decision-making. It facilitates the measurement and assessment of the performance of systems in place, in order to effectively manage development results, contributing to evidence-based decision-making. 4.3.4 Institutional Strengthening Well-designed and functioning institutional frameworks are the basis for successful decarbonization of the economy, to support ambitious climate action, enhance adaptive capacity and strengthen resilience. In this regard, the Government of Dominica has undertaken a national institutional capacity assessment to identify critical skills and knowledge gaps for NDC Implementation.', 'In this regard, the Government of Dominica has undertaken a national institutional capacity assessment to identify critical skills and knowledge gaps for NDC Implementation. This assessment will increase capacity in areas such as project management, intra- and inter-agency coordination, development of methodological procedures and guidelines, decision-support tools, stakeholder management, monitoring and evaluation skills and systems to support NDC implementation. 4.3.5 Just Transition To achieve its ambitious emissions reduction target and support the transition to low-emission, climate-resilient development, Dominica recognises that its workforce will be impacted. The transition to an environmentally sustainable economy and society presents major opportunities,The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions as well as challenges for the nation.', 'The transition to an environmentally sustainable economy and society presents major opportunities,The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions as well as challenges for the nation. As a result, the impacts18 of mitigation, adaptation and resilience policies and measures on the workforce and on the creation of decent work and quality jobs has been taken into consideration. Dominica strives for the transition towards an inclusive and low-carbon economy to be just and fair, while at the same time maximising opportunities for economic prosperity, social justice, rights and social protection for all, leaving no one behind. It is also recognised that just transition will help in the achievement of the sustainable development goals, specifically goals 1, 3 and 8.', 'It is also recognised that just transition will help in the achievement of the sustainable development goals, specifically goals 1, 3 and 8. In this regard, Dominica has undertaken a multi-sectoral capacity-gaps assessment for the whole of the economy in support of the just transition, as well as an assessment of the financial requirements to achieve this. Tables 13, 15 and 17 present some of the capacity gaps and the financial support required. 4.3.6 Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Groups Mainstreaming gender equality in support of a more inclusive approach to climate action offers Dominica a pathway to more effective, climate-resilient action. The Government of Dominica recognises that women, as well as vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled etc.)', 'The Government of Dominica recognises that women, as well as vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled etc.) are disproportionately affected by the negative impacts of climate change, while at the same time represent an underexploited and, in some instances, untapped resource. In this regard, important steps have been taken to harness the knowledge, strength and contributions of all people, understand the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change, empower all persons regardless of gender to manage and respond to climate risks through the development of a draft NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap (GMR). This GMR will guide the integration of gender across institutional and coordination mechanisms, which support NDC implementation among Ministries of the Commonwealth of Dominica (refer to Box 2 for further details).', 'This GMR will guide the integration of gender across institutional and coordination mechanisms, which support NDC implementation among Ministries of the Commonwealth of Dominica (refer to Box 2 for further details). The Government commits to build on previous resolutions and advance the commitments made within national, regional and international frameworks including the 2006 National Policy and Action Plan for Gender Equity and Equality, the Beijing Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender and Development, OAS/CIM Inter-American Commission on Women, CARICOM Plan of Action and the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'The Government commits to build on previous resolutions and advance the commitments made within national, regional and international frameworks including the 2006 National Policy and Action Plan for Gender Equity and Equality, the Beijing Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender and Development, OAS/CIM Inter-American Commission on Women, CARICOM Plan of Action and the Sustainable Development Goals. The approach recognises the need to take social and economic differences between men and women into account to ensure that proposed policies and programs have intended and fair results for men, women, boys and girls.', 'The approach recognises the need to take social and economic differences between men and women into account to ensure that proposed policies and programs have intended and fair results for men, women, boys and girls. The vulnerability of women and other vulnerable groups was a key determinant in adopting a focus on vulnerable communities, as identified within the Household and Vulnerability Communities 18 In the context of the impacts of climate change policies on employment, there are two types: quantitative impacts – number of jobs impacted and qualitative impacts – quality of jobs created or transformed.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Survey, the cornerstone of Dominica’s SPCR.', 'The vulnerability of women and other vulnerable groups was a key determinant in adopting a focus on vulnerable communities, as identified within the Household and Vulnerability Communities 18 In the context of the impacts of climate change policies on employment, there are two types: quantitative impacts – number of jobs impacted and qualitative impacts – quality of jobs created or transformed.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Survey, the cornerstone of Dominica’s SPCR. As outlined in Dominica’s LCCRDS, the key measures required to address the vulnerability of women to climate change impacts include: The construction of community emergency shelter Training in vulnerability assessment and risk management Provision of social safety nets in the form of micro-finance and micro-insurance to assist women in rebuilding homes, businesses and lives after an extreme event.', 'As outlined in Dominica’s LCCRDS, the key measures required to address the vulnerability of women to climate change impacts include: The construction of community emergency shelter Training in vulnerability assessment and risk management Provision of social safety nets in the form of micro-finance and micro-insurance to assist women in rebuilding homes, businesses and lives after an extreme event. Access to the CCTF – 40% to be reserved for women In addition, several strategies which Government will advance gender equality and inclusion through are found within the NRDS19 and the CRRP20.', 'Access to the CCTF – 40% to be reserved for women In addition, several strategies which Government will advance gender equality and inclusion through are found within the NRDS19 and the CRRP20. Projects developed under the CRRP will promote gender equality meaning that women, men, girls and boys enjoy the same human rights status, have equal opportunities, equal access and control over resources and equal participation in decision making. Delivery entities will apply the principles of equality to project design and operation.', 'Delivery entities will apply the principles of equality to project design and operation. Under the NRDS, gender equality will be enhanced through the following strategies: \uf0a7 Accelerate the approval of the National Policy and Action Plan for Gender Equity and Equality which makes special consideration for emerging and relevant gendered issues specific to the national context \uf0a7 Strengthen capacity-building opportunities for women, girls, and vulnerable groups to scale up their participation in decision making and in the labour market \uf0a7 Design gender-specific programs for men while ensuring these do not put women at a disadvantage \uf0a7 Ensure sustainability of efforts by promoting gender sensitivity education and training to build a society that champions gender issues \uf0a7 Reinforce priorities around poverty reduction, promotion of justice and economic and social empowerment of women and girls informal sector work and contraceptive use to ensure Sustainable Development \uf0a7 Strengthen mechanisms to improve the management of gender issues \uf0a7 Support gender sensitive research, analysis and development of a highly disaggregated statistical base and information for implementation strategies \uf0a7 Enhance capacity to monitor and assess progress in meeting gender equality commitments specified in international and regional treaties and conventions, as well as in the implementation of the recovery programThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4.3.7 Culture and Community Development Government recognises that delivery systems under the CRRP must be attuned to the challenges and obstacles faced by vulnerable, as well as, disadvantaged groups and take special measures to protect these.', 'Under the NRDS, gender equality will be enhanced through the following strategies: \uf0a7 Accelerate the approval of the National Policy and Action Plan for Gender Equity and Equality which makes special consideration for emerging and relevant gendered issues specific to the national context \uf0a7 Strengthen capacity-building opportunities for women, girls, and vulnerable groups to scale up their participation in decision making and in the labour market \uf0a7 Design gender-specific programs for men while ensuring these do not put women at a disadvantage \uf0a7 Ensure sustainability of efforts by promoting gender sensitivity education and training to build a society that champions gender issues \uf0a7 Reinforce priorities around poverty reduction, promotion of justice and economic and social empowerment of women and girls informal sector work and contraceptive use to ensure Sustainable Development \uf0a7 Strengthen mechanisms to improve the management of gender issues \uf0a7 Support gender sensitive research, analysis and development of a highly disaggregated statistical base and information for implementation strategies \uf0a7 Enhance capacity to monitor and assess progress in meeting gender equality commitments specified in international and regional treaties and conventions, as well as in the implementation of the recovery programThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 4.3.7 Culture and Community Development Government recognises that delivery systems under the CRRP must be attuned to the challenges and obstacles faced by vulnerable, as well as, disadvantaged groups and take special measures to protect these. Climate change will have severe impacts for the Kalinago people due to the vulnerability of the community.', 'Climate change will have severe impacts for the Kalinago people due to the vulnerability of the community. Government also recognizes that the Kalinago people have consistently remained the most significantly disadvantaged group in Dominica. The entire way of life and culture of the Kalinago is under threat from climate change, with impacts on the Territories economy and natural resources resulting in increased poverty and hardship. Government, therefore, acknowledges its responsibilities to the Kalinago peoples and is committed to working and supporting them in the realization of self-determination and other human rights as outlined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.', 'Government, therefore, acknowledges its responsibilities to the Kalinago peoples and is committed to working and supporting them in the realization of self-determination and other human rights as outlined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Government promises to pursue the integration of indigenous people’s perspectives, cultures and language into mainstream policies, plans and programs in order to reverse the factors that marginalize them in many contexts and systematically change their lives for the better.', 'Government promises to pursue the integration of indigenous people’s perspectives, cultures and language into mainstream policies, plans and programs in order to reverse the factors that marginalize them in many contexts and systematically change their lives for the better. Government takes notes of the successes and innovations of the Kalinago people, particularly their remarkable ability to preserve a culture which has been threatened in several contexts, demonstrating their history of resilience and have proposed specific strategies in the NRDS, which fall under capacity building, promotion of social justice and preservation of culture.', 'Government takes notes of the successes and innovations of the Kalinago people, particularly their remarkable ability to preserve a culture which has been threatened in several contexts, demonstrating their history of resilience and have proposed specific strategies in the NRDS, which fall under capacity building, promotion of social justice and preservation of culture. Priority climate change adaptation measures have been identified in collaboration with the Kalinago Group to reduce threats to the people, culture, livelihoods and existence of the Kalinago Territory: \uf0a7 Design and implementation of wide-spread education and awareness program to sensitize the Kalinago people to climate change risks and measures to address these risks \uf0a7 Establishment of a climate change ‘easy access trust fund’ specifically for the Kalinago people to assist in climate change measures to address threats to agriculture production, fishing and food security \uf0a7 Construction of community disaster shelters to house persons in time of disaster \uf0a7 Identification and construction of a landing site in the Territory for the fishermen who are unable to travel to Marigot and desperately want to maintain their families \uf0a7 Provision of training in food preservation and water management \uf0a7 Establishment of measures to address impacts on the resilience of natural resources \uf0a7 Prevention of construction of houses and roads in vulnerable areas and ensure buildings comply with building codes \uf0a7 Provision of training on climate change risk management measuresThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Comprehensive Risk Management Framework and Sustainable Climate Change Financing component of the SPCR, micro-finance and micro-insurance was established for the private sector and vulnerable segments of society including: farmers, fisherfolk, women and vulnerable communities in particular the Kalinago people.', 'Priority climate change adaptation measures have been identified in collaboration with the Kalinago Group to reduce threats to the people, culture, livelihoods and existence of the Kalinago Territory: \uf0a7 Design and implementation of wide-spread education and awareness program to sensitize the Kalinago people to climate change risks and measures to address these risks \uf0a7 Establishment of a climate change ‘easy access trust fund’ specifically for the Kalinago people to assist in climate change measures to address threats to agriculture production, fishing and food security \uf0a7 Construction of community disaster shelters to house persons in time of disaster \uf0a7 Identification and construction of a landing site in the Territory for the fishermen who are unable to travel to Marigot and desperately want to maintain their families \uf0a7 Provision of training in food preservation and water management \uf0a7 Establishment of measures to address impacts on the resilience of natural resources \uf0a7 Prevention of construction of houses and roads in vulnerable areas and ensure buildings comply with building codes \uf0a7 Provision of training on climate change risk management measuresThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Comprehensive Risk Management Framework and Sustainable Climate Change Financing component of the SPCR, micro-finance and micro-insurance was established for the private sector and vulnerable segments of society including: farmers, fisherfolk, women and vulnerable communities in particular the Kalinago people. 4.3.8 Financial Support Foreign Direct Investment Partners Attracting and engaging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important pillar of economic development particularly for developing countries.', '4.3.8 Financial Support Foreign Direct Investment Partners Attracting and engaging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important pillar of economic development particularly for developing countries. Dominica has been exemplary in leveraging support from major funding bodies, including, inter alia, Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Fund (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB). These funding bodies play a major role in supporting climate action and helping Dominica achieve its NDC commitments. Climate Change Trust Fund The Climate Change and Environment Trust Fund will be administered by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Development.', 'Climate Change Trust Fund The Climate Change and Environment Trust Fund will be administered by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Development. It will be used solely to finance: The implementation of: (i) Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy (iii) Dominica`s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time Community climate change adaptation and mitigation measures consistent with Dominica’s NDC, LCCRDS and Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time Development and implementation of policies formulated pursuant to section 14 of the Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill - “debt for nature” exchange programs Establishment of eco-tourism or private conservancy areas and schemes Protection of carbon sinks pursuant to the provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Expenses incurred in any environmental audit, inspection or monitoring including the retention of qualified specialists Expenses incurred in any alternate dispute resolution process that may be established under the provisions of this Act including the fees of any mediator, arbitrator of facilitator Costs of any environmental mediation under the provisions of this Act Environmental remediation or clean-up of any contaminated or polluted siteThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions ResilienSEA Economy Investment Fund This fund seeks to support the development of viable and sustainable businesses based on or linked to Dominica’s rich marine environment.', 'It will be used solely to finance: The implementation of: (i) Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy (iii) Dominica`s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time Community climate change adaptation and mitigation measures consistent with Dominica’s NDC, LCCRDS and Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time Development and implementation of policies formulated pursuant to section 14 of the Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill - “debt for nature” exchange programs Establishment of eco-tourism or private conservancy areas and schemes Protection of carbon sinks pursuant to the provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Expenses incurred in any environmental audit, inspection or monitoring including the retention of qualified specialists Expenses incurred in any alternate dispute resolution process that may be established under the provisions of this Act including the fees of any mediator, arbitrator of facilitator Costs of any environmental mediation under the provisions of this Act Environmental remediation or clean-up of any contaminated or polluted siteThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions ResilienSEA Economy Investment Fund This fund seeks to support the development of viable and sustainable businesses based on or linked to Dominica’s rich marine environment. It will tap private and social sector investment, steering it towards commercial or quasi-commercial ventures that support the overall climate resilience ambitions of the Government.', 'It will tap private and social sector investment, steering it towards commercial or quasi-commercial ventures that support the overall climate resilience ambitions of the Government. Managed by a dedicated, objective and credible Investment Committee with experience in high-impact investing in the blue economy, it will provide social, environmental and financial returns (that is, a triple bottom line) to meet the expectations of a range of investors. It will be complemented by a technical assistance fund to support the development or expansion of innovative business in the sector.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Dominica’s sustained commitment to gender equality is established by the acceptance of a 2006 National Gender Equality Policy and a 2019 Draft Gender Policy.', 'It will be complemented by a technical assistance fund to support the development or expansion of innovative business in the sector.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Dominica’s sustained commitment to gender equality is established by the acceptance of a 2006 National Gender Equality Policy and a 2019 Draft Gender Policy. The NDC Gender Mainstreaming Roadmap (GMR) for the Commonwealth of Dominica was constructed from rich strategic plans and policies generated by the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica to comprehensively guide the Climate Resilience strategy and gender equality goals of the society. Additional data were gathered from key consultations and interviews with sectoral representatives from Ministry officials, professionals working in disaster risk preparedness, climate-related projects and civil society on the island.', 'Additional data were gathered from key consultations and interviews with sectoral representatives from Ministry officials, professionals working in disaster risk preparedness, climate-related projects and civil society on the island. A first draft of the Roadmap was validated in May 2021 by representatives from the above categories and UNDP project personnel. Enabling Framework The Roadmap establishes the enabling environment, required outcomes for climate and gender goals, a baseline for measurement and management of the combined goals and the conceptual analysis of gender and gender mainstreaming, which allowed for the development of a customized gender and climate mainstreaming model for Dominica.', 'Enabling Framework The Roadmap establishes the enabling environment, required outcomes for climate and gender goals, a baseline for measurement and management of the combined goals and the conceptual analysis of gender and gender mainstreaming, which allowed for the development of a customized gender and climate mainstreaming model for Dominica. Aligning gender equality goals with the climate- resilient strategy of Dominica, the model proposed for achievement of both is an interlocking one, combining practical needs that focus on adaptation measures in the short and medium term, with strategic interests which address mitigation in the longer term. It sets out governance considerations, socio-economic, demographic and cultural details, as well as a gender analysis which will serve as valuable and necessary gender and climate capacity building tools for implementers of the Roadmap.', 'It sets out governance considerations, socio-economic, demographic and cultural details, as well as a gender analysis which will serve as valuable and necessary gender and climate capacity building tools for implementers of the Roadmap. Sectoral Framework The NDC Roadmap which is located within five sectors: Agriculture, Waste Management, Transport and Energy, Tourism and Finance. The Roadmap sets out the main steps required for the translation of gender and climate goals into actionable, clear and user friendly sector based activities. The Roadmap process actively builds on the policy, institutional and regulatory framework within Dominica while seeking to address the evolving challenges around public information and education, sex disaggregated data, monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems on gender and climate change. The Roadmap summarizes the key leveraging points and desired targets and indicators.', 'The Roadmap summarizes the key leveraging points and desired targets and indicators. The NDC implementation roadmap covers the time period 2021 to 2030. It proposes that the primary vehicle for taking forward the Roadmap implementation will be the National Machinery for Decision Making (NMDM) and CREAD, with coordination by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience, and Sustainable Development. Priority Areas Five priority areas have been identified for Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting on Gender Mainstreaming and Climate under the GMR. These are as follows: \uf0a7 Capacity-building, knowledge management and communication \uf0a7 Gender balance, participation and women’s leadership \uf0a7 Coherence \uf0a7 Gender-responsive implementation and means of implementation \uf0a7 Monitoring and reporting Gender Mainstreaming RoadmapThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Regional & International Partnerships Co-operation and partnerships are embodied in the Paris Agreement.', 'These are as follows: \uf0a7 Capacity-building, knowledge management and communication \uf0a7 Gender balance, participation and women’s leadership \uf0a7 Coherence \uf0a7 Gender-responsive implementation and means of implementation \uf0a7 Monitoring and reporting Gender Mainstreaming RoadmapThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Regional & International Partnerships Co-operation and partnerships are embodied in the Paris Agreement. In this context, Parties may pursue voluntary cooperation in the implementation of their NDC to facilitate enhanced ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions. The development of carbon markets and the use of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) in NDCs promote sustainable development, environmental integrity and transparency. Under Article 6.2, ITMOs count toward countries’ NDCs, support global mitigation efforts (under Article 6.4) and involve more substantial government participation than under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.', 'Under Article 6.2, ITMOs count toward countries’ NDCs, support global mitigation efforts (under Article 6.4) and involve more substantial government participation than under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. It is important to note that the use of carbon markets to further mitigation goals should only be an option for a buyer country who has a NDC which is fully aligned with a 1.5\uf0b0C trajectory. Partnerships To support the mission of a green economy and green energy development, Dominica has engaged in partnerships with donor organisations including the Green Climate Fund, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Caribbean Development Bank and the Clinton Foundation.', 'Partnerships To support the mission of a green economy and green energy development, Dominica has engaged in partnerships with donor organisations including the Green Climate Fund, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Caribbean Development Bank and the Clinton Foundation. Dominica’s Citizenship By Investment Programme has also played a pivotal role in the generation of foreign direct investment to propel their climate resilience agenda under the Paris Agreement and the SDGs. International Bilateral Agreements The Commonwealth of Dominica has signed a bilateral agreement with Switzerland at COP26 (inset above), enabling Dominica to sell its carbon credits in order to help Switzerland meet its Paris Agreement emissions pledge. The agreement was signed by Dominica’s Minister for the Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, the Honourable Cozier Frederick.', 'The agreement was signed by Dominica’s Minister for the Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, the Honourable Cozier Frederick. As signatories to these agreements, both nations set a standard for international climate projects which must meet strict environmental protection standards. Switzerland’s funding priorities for Dominica include the electrification of the transport sector and the development of a geothermal plant. The development of Dominica’s geothermal resources will not only reduce their fossil fuel dependency but will also facilitate its exchange and promoting economic growth. International financial support through this bilateral agreement, enables the Government of Dominica to build a clean and resilient energy system and reinforces their commitment to become the world’s first climate-resilient country.', 'International financial support through this bilateral agreement, enables the Government of Dominica to build a clean and resilient energy system and reinforces their commitment to become the world’s first climate-resilient country. Regional Bilateral Agreements A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD) and Kenesjay Green Ltd. (KGL) was signed by Chairman of KGL Philip Julien, to explore the development of green projects in Dominica. Under the MOU, CREAD and KGL have established a working partnership to facilitate collaborative development of a GIEP, green hydrogen production, carbon sequestration and green industries. KGL will serve as a private sector partner and project developer and work with CREAD to develop identified investment opportunities, in collaboration with bilateral, multilateral, and private sector partners.', 'KGL will serve as a private sector partner and project developer and work with CREAD to develop identified investment opportunities, in collaboration with bilateral, multilateral, and private sector partners. It will conduct a country assessment focused on identifying potential priority investments to accelerate the Dominica’s transition to a low-carbon economy. KGL together with CREAD, will pursue commercially viable investment opportunities based on the utilisation of geo-thermal reservoirs, applying breakthrough clean technology in upstream and downstream applications, to generate cost competitive green hydrogen and Power-to-X opportunities. There are also plans for KGL to assist in necessary capacity building for the business activities within the GEIP.', 'There are also plans for KGL to assist in necessary capacity building for the business activities within the GEIP. According to Mr. Julien, these investments will further develop the Caribbean regional grid infrastructure through the potential for export of green energy to supportThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Green Financial Frameworks National Conservation Trust Fund On November 23, 2021 the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica approved the establishment of a National Conservation Fund with start-up funds from the Caribbean Biodiversity Bank. The Ministry of Blue and Green Economy Fisheries and National Food Security is being assisted by the AG Chambers on the establishment of the NCTF.', 'The Ministry of Blue and Green Economy Fisheries and National Food Security is being assisted by the AG Chambers on the establishment of the NCTF. The core business of Fund wil be to mobilize finances from diverse sources—including international donors, national governments, and the private sector—and to direct these resources to multiple programs/projects on the ground through NGOs, community based-organizations and government agencies. Funding will be utilized to invest in areas of biodiversity, protected areas management, conservation, investment management, and financial and conservation related policies in support of national priorities and international commitments.', 'Funding will be utilized to invest in areas of biodiversity, protected areas management, conservation, investment management, and financial and conservation related policies in support of national priorities and international commitments. The action of the NCTF will have important implications form the NDC, as among other things will focus actions on protected area both terrestrial and marine serve as the biggest sources of carbon sequestration Climate Change Trust Fund Under the “Comprehensive Risk Management Framework and Sustainable Climate Change Financing” component of Dominica’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, a Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) is to be established. The CCTF is expected to provide support to priority community climate change risk management measures identified through community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning.', 'The CCTF is expected to provide support to priority community climate change risk management measures identified through community vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning. Climate Change and Environment Trust Fund will be administered by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Development. It will be used solely to finance: The implementation of: (i) Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy (iii) Dominica`s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time \uf0a7 Building capacity and capability to design, structure and finance sustainable projects \uf0a7 Providing concessional financing to sustainable projects and initiatives.', 'It will be used solely to finance: The implementation of: (i) Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) Dominica`s Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy (iii) Dominica`s Climate Change Adaptation Policy, as amended from time to time \uf0a7 Building capacity and capability to design, structure and finance sustainable projects \uf0a7 Providing concessional financing to sustainable projects and initiatives. Financing instruments will be defined and developed as part of the proposed Readiness Programme including: - Loans, grants and contingent grants for sustainable projects and initiatives - Loan guarantees for RE, EE, low carbon and blue economy investment projects - Risk-sharing support via subordinated/mezzanine debt and junior equity - Technical assistance structuring contracts with low carbon, and climate service companies - Grants and contingent grants for feasibility studies and sustainable projects and initiatives Caribbean Green Bond Listing The Jamaican Government is exploring the bond market as a source of debt capital to finance innovative and new business opportunities to enhance resilience, through the establishment of a GCF-funded Project: Caribbean Green Bond Listing on the Jamaica Stock Exchange (JSE).', 'Financing instruments will be defined and developed as part of the proposed Readiness Programme including: - Loans, grants and contingent grants for sustainable projects and initiatives - Loan guarantees for RE, EE, low carbon and blue economy investment projects - Risk-sharing support via subordinated/mezzanine debt and junior equity - Technical assistance structuring contracts with low carbon, and climate service companies - Grants and contingent grants for feasibility studies and sustainable projects and initiatives Caribbean Green Bond Listing The Jamaican Government is exploring the bond market as a source of debt capital to finance innovative and new business opportunities to enhance resilience, through the establishment of a GCF-funded Project: Caribbean Green Bond Listing on the Jamaica Stock Exchange (JSE). This green bond market has the potential to attract local, regional and international investors who can leverage support for climate resilience and low-carbon development.', 'This green bond market has the potential to attract local, regional and international investors who can leverage support for climate resilience and low-carbon development. JSE has the potential to be a primary regional financial institution, facilitating transformative low-carbon development regionally. The Commonwealth of Dominica has specifically expressed interest in collaborating with this readiness grant proposal and noted that the objectives of the proposal are fully aligned to the country’s priorities. Dominica’s LCCRDS calls for sustainable financing for low carbon technologies and energy conservation. The introduction of the green bond market has the potential to attract potential investors to support renewable energy initiatives, including use of geothermal energy.', 'The introduction of the green bond market has the potential to attract potential investors to support renewable energy initiatives, including use of geothermal energy. The optimal utilization of these for: (i) geothermal power production, interisland electricity export via undersea cable, the establishment of Green Industrial Eco Parks, electric transportation and other usage, is central to the success of its low carbon development pathway.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5 Mitigation Action The Government of Dominica has made a commitment to the progressive reduction of total GHG emissions at the following rates: 39% by 2025 and 45% by 2030 below 201421 levels. These overall targets do not include the LULUCF sector.', 'These overall targets do not include the LULUCF sector. Sectoral GHG emission reduction targets by 2030 have also been identified as shown below: Energy Industries: 98.6% Agriculture: 50% Solid Waste: 78.6% Industrial Processes: 8.8% Transport: 20% Shipping: 100% Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Fishing: 8.1% The Government of Dominica has set a target to reduce HFCs emissions by 10% by 2030, based on a recently completed baseline consumption and phase-down assessment. Additional non-greenhouse gas targets have also been identified for renewable energy (section 5.2.2), as well as the LULUCF (section 5.2.1) and Agriculture (section 5.2.3.1) sectors. For renewable energy, Dominica has set a target of 100% renewable energy usage by 2030, principally from the harnessing of geothermal resources, as well as synthetic fuels when it becomes feasible (refer to Box 7).', 'For renewable energy, Dominica has set a target of 100% renewable energy usage by 2030, principally from the harnessing of geothermal resources, as well as synthetic fuels when it becomes feasible (refer to Box 7). In addition, the commercial development of Dominica’s geothermal resources, will from 2027 onwards, facilitate export to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe (estimated to exceed 200Gg annually), contributing to the global stocktake under Article 14. This is projected to result in ~39.3Gg emissions reduction. For the LULUCF sector, the overall target has been defined as 980% increase in carbon sequestration above 201822 levels by 2030.', 'For the LULUCF sector, the overall target has been defined as 980% increase in carbon sequestration above 201822 levels by 2030. Benefitting from forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks as guided by the Warsaw framework for REDD+, it is projected that forests in Dominica will regenerate and will sequester ~648Gg carbon annually during the 21 The overall greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 45% by 2030 below the 2014 baseline estimate includes estimates from the following sectors: Energy, Agriculture, Waste and Industrial Processes, as well as contributions from additional sectors for which estimates are not yet available.', 'Benefitting from forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks as guided by the Warsaw framework for REDD+, it is projected that forests in Dominica will regenerate and will sequester ~648Gg carbon annually during the 21 The overall greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 45% by 2030 below the 2014 baseline estimate includes estimates from the following sectors: Energy, Agriculture, Waste and Industrial Processes, as well as contributions from additional sectors for which estimates are not yet available. 22 As the emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017 in the updated national GHG inventory for the LULUCF sector were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post-hurricane conditions are different, the historical average of emissions could not be used to represent the expected future emissions or removals.', '22 As the emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017 in the updated national GHG inventory for the LULUCF sector were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post-hurricane conditions are different, the historical average of emissions could not be used to represent the expected future emissions or removals. 2018 was therefore defined as the reference year for this sector.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions period 2020 to 2025 and ~621Gg during the period 2025 to 2030 assuming a return to BAU scenario23, with a total removal of -6,995Gg CO2 e by 2030.', '2018 was therefore defined as the reference year for this sector.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions period 2020 to 2025 and ~621Gg during the period 2025 to 2030 assuming a return to BAU scenario23, with a total removal of -6,995Gg CO2 e by 2030. Greenhouse Gases The GHGs covered by Dominica’s NDC include: o Carbon-dioxide (CO2 ) o Methane (CH4 ) o Nitrous-oxide (N2 O) o Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) o Sulphur-dioxide (SO2 ) o Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Greenhouse Gas O NMVOC SO2 HFCs Dominica’s TNC submitted in 2020 presented a GHG inventory with estimates for the period 2005 to 2017, as shown in table 4. These estimates were calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. However, default emission factors were used which presented a certain level of uncertainties in the estimates.', 'However, default emission factors were used which presented a certain level of uncertainties in the estimates. Figure 3 shows the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario for the period 2005 to 2030, total and sectoral emissions from 2005 to 2030. The BAU scenario was based on information presented in Dominica’s Second National Communication, which provided emission changes from 2000 to 2005 as the starting point. The projections for sectoral emissions post 2014, were derived from the application of the energy 23 Having lost most of its forest cover following the passage of hurricane Maria, Dominica’s efforts during the period 2020-2025 will be mainly focused on reforestation activities. However, it is anticipated that from 2025 when much of the forest has been restored, some level of sustainable deforestation may begin.', 'However, it is anticipated that from 2025 when much of the forest has been restored, some level of sustainable deforestation may begin. Table 4: Greenhouse gases included in the National Greenhouse Gas InventoryThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions intensity value for each of the mitigation measures analysed and further categorized according to the reporting year. Total emissions per year were the total of the sectoral emissions for each year. Hydrofluorocarbons In 2021, an HFC Assessment and Legislative Amendments for HFC Phase-down was conducted. This baseline assessment will support Dominica’s future NDC cycles, as well as support the ratification process for the Kigali Amendment.', 'This baseline assessment will support Dominica’s future NDC cycles, as well as support the ratification process for the Kigali Amendment. The objective of the HFC consumption study was to aid the country in the establishment of a consumption baseline, identify usage trends and identify the sectoral distribution of consumption. This study will also provide the country with a comprehensive overview of its national market by determining the sectoral consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and HFCs and legislative amendments required to control HFCs. Under the Kigali Amendment Obligations, Dominica has established a phase-down plan which will take place in three stages, using 2020 to 2022 as the baseline period.', 'Under the Kigali Amendment Obligations, Dominica has established a phase-down plan which will take place in three stages, using 2020 to 2022 as the baseline period. Figure 3: Total and Sectoral GHG emissions scenarios from 2005 to 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Year Phase-down % Max HFC Consumption (tCO2 ) Consumption Freeze 2024 - 22,446 These mitigation targets will be achieved through a comprehensive suite of sectoral mitigation measures, including the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources for local and commercial purposes and synthetic fuels (refer to Box 7), an aggressive reforestation program accompanied by sustainable forest management (refer to Box 6), capacity building activities, supported by the establishment of necessary regulatory, institutional and systematic frameworks.', 'Figure 3: Total and Sectoral GHG emissions scenarios from 2005 to 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Year Phase-down % Max HFC Consumption (tCO2 ) Consumption Freeze 2024 - 22,446 These mitigation targets will be achieved through a comprehensive suite of sectoral mitigation measures, including the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources for local and commercial purposes and synthetic fuels (refer to Box 7), an aggressive reforestation program accompanied by sustainable forest management (refer to Box 6), capacity building activities, supported by the establishment of necessary regulatory, institutional and systematic frameworks. This section presents the progress towards achieving the 2020 mitigation target of 17.9% greenhouse gas emissions reduction below 2014 levels. Dominica is still in the early stages of NDC implementation, which has been met with several challenges.', 'Dominica is still in the early stages of NDC implementation, which has been met with several challenges. Several mitigation measures have already been implemented, with further details provided in table 13. Based on preliminary estimates, the 2020 target has not been achieved. Table 6 below shows progress towards the 2020 target based on available data. Percentages have been calculated using the updated emissions baseline and GHG Inventory Data24 for the period 2015 to 2017. The GHG inventories for the period 2006 to 2017 were compiled using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as a component of the TNC.', 'The GHG inventories for the period 2006 to 2017 were compiled using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as a component of the TNC. The following direct GHG - carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), and partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) and the indirect GHGs - non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) were included.', 'The following direct GHG - carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), and partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) and the indirect GHGs - non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) were included. Table 5: Estimated HFC phase-down schedule for the period 2024 to 2045The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (6): Total aggregate GHG mitigation progress in relation to the 2020 target in relation to the updated baseline estimate and excluding the LULUCF sector Previous Baseline Updated Baseline Progress Table (7): Mitigation Progress in Forestry and Renewable Energy Element Target Progress LULUCF Carbon sequestration e by e annually) Carbon sequestration estimates for the LULUCF sector started at ~1296Gg CO2 e in 2020, with further annual estimates of ~648Gg e. Refer to section 5.2.1 for further details.', 'Table 5: Estimated HFC phase-down schedule for the period 2024 to 2045The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (6): Total aggregate GHG mitigation progress in relation to the 2020 target in relation to the updated baseline estimate and excluding the LULUCF sector Previous Baseline Updated Baseline Progress Table (7): Mitigation Progress in Forestry and Renewable Energy Element Target Progress LULUCF Carbon sequestration e by e annually) Carbon sequestration estimates for the LULUCF sector started at ~1296Gg CO2 e in 2020, with further annual estimates of ~648Gg e. Refer to section 5.2.1 for further details. Commercial geothermal resources development renewable energy annually - Geothermal Resources Development Bill is in the final stages of review before being presented to Parliament. - The regulatory framework for harnessing and export has been established. - Capacity development for harnessing and export has been completed.', '- Capacity development for harnessing and export has been completed. - Site assessments and feasibility studies have been carried out, which indicate that the energy capacity in the Roseau Valley Geothermal Resource area is at least 300 MW. The current production capacity based on wells already drilled is approximately 11 MW. - The geothermal resource potential of the Wotten Waven-Trafalgar-Laudat geothermal field was confirmed through exploratory and production well-drilling and a commercial production well with generation capacity of 11MW has been drilled.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.1 Barriers to Progress Despite efforts to implement commitments under the Multilateral Environmental Agreements, several barriers to progress in achieving mitigation targets of Dominica’s NDC have been identified. These include, inter alia, natural hazards, financing, technology transfer and capacity development.', 'These include, inter alia, natural hazards, financing, technology transfer and capacity development. Dominica experienced two extreme hydrometeorological events: Tropical Storm Erika in 2015 and Hurricane Maria in 2017, which resulted in damage and losses of ~90% and ~226% of GDP respectively. These events erased all traces of progress made towards the achievement of the SDGs and the Agreement but also highlighted gaps in the effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction measures. Lessons learnt from these experiences resulted in the development of a National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (NCCPAP), which updates elements of the National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002) and the LCCRDS (2012- 2020).', 'Lessons learnt from these experiences resulted in the development of a National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (NCCPAP), which updates elements of the National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002) and the LCCRDS (2012- 2020). Subsequent to finalisation through public consultation, it is expected that the NCCPAP will be approved by Cabinet and will constitute Dominica’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP). Emphasising that climate change resilience is no longer optional, these two experiences only fuelled the determination to become the first climate resilient nation in the world.', 'Emphasising that climate change resilience is no longer optional, these two experiences only fuelled the determination to become the first climate resilient nation in the world. In the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, which continues to be vulnerable to natural hazards, the devastation caused by Hurricane Erika in 2015 and Maria in 2017 has resulted in destruction of a major sink and unintentional release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which is a major setback with respect to carbon sequestration goals. The level of forest decline that has occurred as a result, has not only made the likelihood of attaining the goal unattainable but has resulted in increased emissions due to the change in the land cover.', 'The level of forest decline that has occurred as a result, has not only made the likelihood of attaining the goal unattainable but has resulted in increased emissions due to the change in the land cover. This emphasizes the importance of establishing synergies and co-benefits between climate change adaptation and mitigation. Refer to Boxes 5 and 6 for further information on this sector and Boxes 7 to 9 for further mitigation initiatives being undertaken. Specific barriers within the Energy sector and capacity gaps required for NDC implementation are outline in tables 5 and 6 below. With regards to the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources, Hurricane Maria introduced significant set-backs to the project timeline, delaying its completion from 2025 to 2027.', 'With regards to the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources, Hurricane Maria introduced significant set-backs to the project timeline, delaying its completion from 2025 to 2027. Financial challenges include: (i) high cost of insurance for such a large infrastructural project; (ii) availability of insurance for associated electricity transmission network; (iii) high mobilisation cost for specialist equipment and supplies; (iv) unfamiliarity of some lenders with Dominica and its risk profile; and (v) the insurance market has tightened in the Caribbean region due to recent losses from hurricane activity.', 'Financial challenges include: (i) high cost of insurance for such a large infrastructural project; (ii) availability of insurance for associated electricity transmission network; (iii) high mobilisation cost for specialist equipment and supplies; (iv) unfamiliarity of some lenders with Dominica and its risk profile; and (v) the insurance market has tightened in the Caribbean region due to recent losses from hurricane activity. Technical challenges include: (i) terrain constraints and mitigation costs, including – (a) transportation of drilling rig and large power plant components to the project site require improvement of the road network and constraints onThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions technical design; and (b) relatively high civil works costs; (ii) lack of economies of scale – limited base (relatively small power plant) for spreading operation and maintenance costs; and (iii) the need to upgrade the electricity transmission infrastructure.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies within the Forestry Sector The capacity of forests to act as both a large sink and source, which can be abruptly reversed, coupled to the lengthy time-scale of forestation and the short time-scale on which hazards occur, makes attainment of sustainable forest management a seemingly elusive target due to the inherent dynamicity of the elements involved.', 'Technical challenges include: (i) terrain constraints and mitigation costs, including – (a) transportation of drilling rig and large power plant components to the project site require improvement of the road network and constraints onThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions technical design; and (b) relatively high civil works costs; (ii) lack of economies of scale – limited base (relatively small power plant) for spreading operation and maintenance costs; and (iii) the need to upgrade the electricity transmission infrastructure.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies within the Forestry Sector The capacity of forests to act as both a large sink and source, which can be abruptly reversed, coupled to the lengthy time-scale of forestation and the short time-scale on which hazards occur, makes attainment of sustainable forest management a seemingly elusive target due to the inherent dynamicity of the elements involved. Dominica’s impressive forest resources have been acclaimed by various natural environment researchers, as one of the best remaining tropical rainforests in the Eastern Caribbean.', 'Dominica’s impressive forest resources have been acclaimed by various natural environment researchers, as one of the best remaining tropical rainforests in the Eastern Caribbean. More than half of the land area is designated as forest, of which ~20% is protected by the Forest Act of 1958 and the National Parks and Protected Areas Act, 1975, with major positive implications for carbon sequestration, eco-tourism and development of a thriving green economy. Hydrometeorological events which are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency due to climate change, continue to present a significant challenge to the efficient management of this important resource. Winds and intense rainfall associated with recent hurricane activity (Erika and Maria), produced widespread damage to the forest reserves.', 'Winds and intense rainfall associated with recent hurricane activity (Erika and Maria), produced widespread damage to the forest reserves. This not only resulted in the loss of valuable biodiversity and ecosystem resources but also the unintentional release of emissions into the atmosphere. In the global context, until ~2005 Dominica’s greenhouse gas emissions were nil, due to the small size of the economy and population, combined with the ability of the large expanse of forested areas to sequester CO2 at levels that exceeded national greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities. The Bali Action Plan adopted in COP13, proposed for forests in developing countries to be considered as a key tool in climate change mitigation.', 'The Bali Action Plan adopted in COP13, proposed for forests in developing countries to be considered as a key tool in climate change mitigation. The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ adopted in COP19 guides activities within the forestry sector to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.', 'The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ adopted in COP19 guides activities within the forestry sector to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Reforestation of priority areas in the forests which were impacted by storms, particularly Hurricane Maria using “Forest Enrichment Planting” of natural forests and with agro-forestry/silvopastoral systems mainly on degraded lands and adjacent agricultural farms, will not only aid in maintaining soil stability and fertility and enhancing other aspects of the forest ecosystem and biodiversity; but also opens the opportunity for increased community-tourism interaction in the form of farm-tours, increase in agriculture produce for the local, regional and international markets, large number and variety of fruits for agro-processing, and provision of work for community members through jobs created from the reforestation initiatives.', 'Reforestation of priority areas in the forests which were impacted by storms, particularly Hurricane Maria using “Forest Enrichment Planting” of natural forests and with agro-forestry/silvopastoral systems mainly on degraded lands and adjacent agricultural farms, will not only aid in maintaining soil stability and fertility and enhancing other aspects of the forest ecosystem and biodiversity; but also opens the opportunity for increased community-tourism interaction in the form of farm-tours, increase in agriculture produce for the local, regional and international markets, large number and variety of fruits for agro-processing, and provision of work for community members through jobs created from the reforestation initiatives. Dominica as a small island state understands that its best opportunities are in the conservation of its forests, as it has actually done so far, and it is where it has its best opportunities to enhance socio-economic development, while making significant contributions in the field of climate change mitigation.', 'Dominica as a small island state understands that its best opportunities are in the conservation of its forests, as it has actually done so far, and it is where it has its best opportunities to enhance socio-economic development, while making significant contributions in the field of climate change mitigation. Forests are important to both adaptation and mitigation so it is important to assess linkages between these strategies and identify opportunities to enhance the outcomes of both. The combined effect of synergies between adaptation and mitigation is greater than the combined effects if implemented separately.', 'The combined effect of synergies between adaptation and mitigation is greater than the combined effects if implemented separately. Adaptation and mitigation synergies can advance sustainable development, as they can effectively reduce the vulnerability of natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems; as well as maximise investment flows and contribute to enhancement of institutional capacity to manage climate change risks. While reforestation and protection will increase carbon sequestration, adaptive management of protected areas also leads to biodiversity conservation and reduced vulnerability to climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The REDD+ framework aims to cut emissions by providing financial incentives, backed by international funding, to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, promote forest conservation and sustainable management and enhance forest carbon stocks in developing countries.', 'While reforestation and protection will increase carbon sequestration, adaptive management of protected areas also leads to biodiversity conservation and reduced vulnerability to climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The REDD+ framework aims to cut emissions by providing financial incentives, backed by international funding, to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, promote forest conservation and sustainable management and enhance forest carbon stocks in developing countries. For Dominica, conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of carbon stocks are the key elements of the national REDD+ strategy. The National Land-Use policy and the National Forest policy have both been developed in alignment with the overall objectives of REDD+.', 'The National Land-Use policy and the National Forest policy have both been developed in alignment with the overall objectives of REDD+. The following elements will be developed under REDD+: National Strategy or Action Plan National forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level Robust and transparent national forest monitoring system System for providing information on safeguards Staff of the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, received training by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CFRN) to develop an updated National GHG inventory for the Forest and Other Land-Use (FOLU) sector to estimate annual GHG emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017.', 'The following elements will be developed under REDD+: National Strategy or Action Plan National forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level Robust and transparent national forest monitoring system System for providing information on safeguards Staff of the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, received training by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CFRN) to develop an updated National GHG inventory for the Forest and Other Land-Use (FOLU) sector to estimate annual GHG emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017. This GHG inventory includes all IPCC categories and subcategories at the national level, which includes land remaining in the same category and conversions to other land uses, considering all lands as managed (IPCC, 2006, 2019).', 'This GHG inventory includes all IPCC categories and subcategories at the national level, which includes land remaining in the same category and conversions to other land uses, considering all lands as managed (IPCC, 2006, 2019). Due to the forest reserves being in the early stages of regeneration, having lost most of it to recent hurricane activity, 2018-2020 is being used as the baseline/reference period. Forest emissions and removals projections will be done up to the year 2030, in the first instance. Under the ETF’s monitoring, reporting and verification system, Dominica has taken the decision to periodically update the national GHG inventory in alignment with the NDC cycle. Therefore, it is anticipated that by the next NDC reporting period ~2025, the FOLU-GHG inventory may be further updated to the year 2023.', 'Therefore, it is anticipated that by the next NDC reporting period ~2025, the FOLU-GHG inventory may be further updated to the year 2023. Dominica is also assessing the potential of the forestry sector as a market for carbon credit sales. However, this is highly dependent upon future occurrence of natural disasters, as well as rates of regeneration and conservation. Dominica has initiated the development of a new forest map using Rapideye images with a resolution of 3-5m, which will complement the information collected through the Collect Earth assessment on the land-use and land-use changes. A GEF-funded project “Dominica’s Protected Areas Estate: Establishment of Forest Reserves, National Parks and Proposed Buffer Zones, Forest Reserves and National Parks” is one of the initiatives under the REDD+ program.', 'A GEF-funded project “Dominica’s Protected Areas Estate: Establishment of Forest Reserves, National Parks and Proposed Buffer Zones, Forest Reserves and National Parks” is one of the initiatives under the REDD+ program. This project seeks to improve the sustainability of protected areas, improve management effectiveness of existing and new protected areas, mainstream biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into production landscapes, seascapes and sectors and increase in sustainably managed landscapes and seascapes which integrate biodiversity conservation in Dominica, using the Morne Trois Piton National Park as a model for replication across other national protected areas.', 'This project seeks to improve the sustainability of protected areas, improve management effectiveness of existing and new protected areas, mainstream biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into production landscapes, seascapes and sectors and increase in sustainably managed landscapes and seascapes which integrate biodiversity conservation in Dominica, using the Morne Trois Piton National Park as a model for replication across other national protected areas. Methodology The information on Activity Data (AD) was obtained from land-use and land-use change assessments, which were conducted on the basis of a sampling approach (IPCC, 2006, V4, Ch3, Approach 3), in which the land-use was determined for each year of the timeseries (2000-2017), derived using the FAO’s Collect Earth is a tool which enables data collection through Google Earth.', 'Methodology The information on Activity Data (AD) was obtained from land-use and land-use change assessments, which were conducted on the basis of a sampling approach (IPCC, 2006, V4, Ch3, Approach 3), in which the land-use was determined for each year of the timeseries (2000-2017), derived using the FAO’s Collect Earth is a tool which enables data collection through Google Earth. Information on Emission Factors (EFs) was obtained from regional research, scientific literature as well as default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and 2019 Adjustments to these guidelines. The GHG inventory was developed using the Foundational Platform calculation tool developed by CFRN.', 'The GHG inventory was developed using the Foundational Platform calculation tool developed by CFRN. This tool allows extraction of forest-related information from the GHG inventory to develop the Forest Reference Level (FRL) and update the NDC projections, using the same data, methods, assumptions and projections to ensure consistency in national reporting. This GHG inventory will be included in Dominica’s First Biennial Report or Biennial Transparency Report. This approach meets the requirements of Decisions REDD+ Strategy StrategyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of Dominica has taken another major step as a display of its determination and commitment towards becoming the world’s first climate-resilient country, through the visionary development of a Green Industrial Eco Park (GIEP).', 'This approach meets the requirements of Decisions REDD+ Strategy StrategyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of Dominica has taken another major step as a display of its determination and commitment towards becoming the world’s first climate-resilient country, through the visionary development of a Green Industrial Eco Park (GIEP). The GCF, in its efforts to support the paradigm shift to low-emission and climate-resilient development, has funded an Economic Feasibility Analysis of the GIEP under the Readiness and Preparatory Support Project. The GIEP will be an important vehicle and instrument through which Dominica will achieve key priorities outlined in their LCCRDS. These include: climate resilience, reducing GHG emissions, transition to a low- carbon industry, promotion of carbon sinks, promotion of green communities, development of energy efficiencies and low-carbon technologies, improved connectivity and waste management.', 'These include: climate resilience, reducing GHG emissions, transition to a low- carbon industry, promotion of carbon sinks, promotion of green communities, development of energy efficiencies and low-carbon technologies, improved connectivity and waste management. Green Industrialization The GIEP will represent a key component of Dominica’s transition to green industrialization through its creation as an investment platform to attract domestic, regional and international private sector business entities and multilateral climate finance institutions in a collaborative engagement in climate resilience and mitigation.', 'Green Industrialization The GIEP will represent a key component of Dominica’s transition to green industrialization through its creation as an investment platform to attract domestic, regional and international private sector business entities and multilateral climate finance institutions in a collaborative engagement in climate resilience and mitigation. For Dominica, green industrialization will be characterized by the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, green certification of industries, establishment of a National Green Certification Institute under the aegis of the National Bureau of Standards – to facilitate the paradigm shift, the implementation of green principles in business operations, including the use of appropriate equipment and machinery, improvement in production processes, effective environmental management and recycling, central management of waste, the use of steam and power.', 'For Dominica, green industrialization will be characterized by the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, green certification of industries, establishment of a National Green Certification Institute under the aegis of the National Bureau of Standards – to facilitate the paradigm shift, the implementation of green principles in business operations, including the use of appropriate equipment and machinery, improvement in production processes, effective environmental management and recycling, central management of waste, the use of steam and power. Its operation will focus on the principles of industrial ecology, circular economy, cradle to cradle and bio mimicry. As part of the low-carbon transition, fossil fuels will be replaced by synthetic fuels.', 'As part of the low-carbon transition, fossil fuels will be replaced by synthetic fuels. Dominica intends to be an important player in the regional and possibly international hydrogen supply chain, through the export of green ammonia in the first The first component is a geothermal resource mapping exercise will be undertaken in the town of Portsmouth, which will require twelve months of magnetolluric observations to facilitate production of the geothermal reservoir. This reservoir will serve as an on-site, dedicated and locally produced renewable energy source to enhance the economic viability of the GIEP. The second component will include: i) a comparative analysis for its optimal location, ii) identification of industries to anchor the park, iii) financial operational models and iv) establishment of national green certification standards and an Institute to facilitate the green industrial transformation.', 'The second component will include: i) a comparative analysis for its optimal location, ii) identification of industries to anchor the park, iii) financial operational models and iv) establishment of national green certification standards and an Institute to facilitate the green industrial transformation. Synergies with the Sustainable Development Goals The GIEP will promote achievement of the following Sustainable Development Goals: Just Transition, Gender and Youth Considerations For developing nations, technology transfer through Foreign Direct Investment among others is seen as essential. Green industrial parks will not only allow Dominica to meet development goals but also to compete and integrate in the global economy.', 'Green industrial parks will not only allow Dominica to meet development goals but also to compete and integrate in the global economy. Green industrialization will not only benefit society as a whole through the increased generation of jobs and welfare but also represents benefits for women, as a tool for gender empowerment and the youth as well. The main beneficiaries of the GEIP will be workers – increased opportunities for sustainable employment, private sector – significant opportunities for investment in renewable energy, households – increased disposable income and economic livelihood, Dominica State College – research, partnerships GREEN INDUSTRIAL ECO PARK (GIEP)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions instance and possibly liquid hydrogen and other synthetic fuels whenever it becomes feasible.', 'The main beneficiaries of the GEIP will be workers – increased opportunities for sustainable employment, private sector – significant opportunities for investment in renewable energy, households – increased disposable income and economic livelihood, Dominica State College – research, partnerships GREEN INDUSTRIAL ECO PARK (GIEP)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions instance and possibly liquid hydrogen and other synthetic fuels whenever it becomes feasible. The developmental model will begin in the northern region of the island and will be replicated elsewhere on the island, It will entail two and student development.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Electrification of the Transport Sector To achieve its road transport emissions reduction target of 20% by 2030, Dominica has taken important steps towards green electricity production, which has the potential to form the backbone of an electrified transport system.', 'The developmental model will begin in the northern region of the island and will be replicated elsewhere on the island, It will entail two and student development.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Electrification of the Transport Sector To achieve its road transport emissions reduction target of 20% by 2030, Dominica has taken important steps towards green electricity production, which has the potential to form the backbone of an electrified transport system. Dominica won a proposal with Grutter Consulting for support in the development of low-carbon transport premised upon the use of ITMOs. The co-financing from this support is critical for the sustainability and viability of the project to be developed with the Green Climate Fund (GCF).', 'The co-financing from this support is critical for the sustainability and viability of the project to be developed with the Green Climate Fund (GCF). In furtherance of this effort, the Government of Dominica has entered into a bilateral agreement with Switzerland for implementation of the Paris Agreement. Low Carbon Transport Dominica The Government of Dominica has engaged in a Readiness and Preparatory Support project funded by the GCF titled “Low Carbon Transport Dominica” (LCTD). The objective of this project is to identify a framework for Dominica’s transition to a sustainable low-carbon transportation system.', 'The objective of this project is to identify a framework for Dominica’s transition to a sustainable low-carbon transportation system. This Readiness Project will facilitate improved data collection for the sector (road and maritime) including emissions, important for reporting, identification of measures and monitoring; improved emission modelling (top-down and bottom-up) useful for reporting, analysis, projections (up to 2040), identification and assessment of low-carbon transport options, respective policies and business models, formulation of a low-carbon transport roadmap and development of financial instruments to access climate finance for implementation of low-carbon transport measures.', 'This Readiness Project will facilitate improved data collection for the sector (road and maritime) including emissions, important for reporting, identification of measures and monitoring; improved emission modelling (top-down and bottom-up) useful for reporting, analysis, projections (up to 2040), identification and assessment of low-carbon transport options, respective policies and business models, formulation of a low-carbon transport roadmap and development of financial instruments to access climate finance for implementation of low-carbon transport measures. Deliverables include a transport emission inventory and model, a report on low-carbon transport options for Dominica, including an in-depth assessment of the most promising options, a low-carbon transport roadmap and a The scope of works under LCTD include: \uf0a7 Development of an excel-based transport emissions model to capture energy usage, GHG and other pollutant emissions for roads and vessels, as well as the relative contributions from different vehicle categories.', 'Deliverables include a transport emission inventory and model, a report on low-carbon transport options for Dominica, including an in-depth assessment of the most promising options, a low-carbon transport roadmap and a The scope of works under LCTD include: \uf0a7 Development of an excel-based transport emissions model to capture energy usage, GHG and other pollutant emissions for roads and vessels, as well as the relative contributions from different vehicle categories. \uf0a7 Assessment of options to achieve low-carbon transport including: i) identification of options and impacts of fostering public transport, ii) options of non-motorised transport/transit-oriented development and micro- mobility schemes including shared mobility eg.', '\uf0a7 Assessment of options to achieve low-carbon transport including: i) identification of options and impacts of fostering public transport, ii) options of non-motorised transport/transit-oriented development and micro- mobility schemes including shared mobility eg. electric bicycles, scooters and motorcycles, iii) options for e- mobility for different vehicle categories including buses, cargo delivery vehicles, passenger cars and vessels, a systems analysis is made including vehicles, charging infrastructure, grid impacts and grid adjustments or upgrades required and options for (decentralized) renewable energy supply, assessment of the usage of EVs for increasing climate resilience to extreme weather events as back-up grid and storage, iv) options for hydrogen vessels including assessment of the entire hydrogen value chain (hydrogen production based on electrolysis using RE, hydrogen logistics, hydrogen filling stations and hydrogen vehicles) with a special focus on hydrogen-based vessels \uf0a7 Development of policy instruments and business models to incentivize low-carbon transportation options.', 'electric bicycles, scooters and motorcycles, iii) options for e- mobility for different vehicle categories including buses, cargo delivery vehicles, passenger cars and vessels, a systems analysis is made including vehicles, charging infrastructure, grid impacts and grid adjustments or upgrades required and options for (decentralized) renewable energy supply, assessment of the usage of EVs for increasing climate resilience to extreme weather events as back-up grid and storage, iv) options for hydrogen vessels including assessment of the entire hydrogen value chain (hydrogen production based on electrolysis using RE, hydrogen logistics, hydrogen filling stations and hydrogen vehicles) with a special focus on hydrogen-based vessels \uf0a7 Development of policy instruments and business models to incentivize low-carbon transportation options. This also includes the formulation of a low-carbon transportation and EV roadmap \uf0a7 Assessment of finance options for low-carbon transportation.', 'This also includes the formulation of a low-carbon transportation and EV roadmap \uf0a7 Assessment of finance options for low-carbon transportation. Finance options to be considered include upcoming e-mobility funds currently under design by the IDB and by a consortium of AFD, GIZ, KFW and CAF. Development of a concept note for an identified low-The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Kalinago Territory Zero Waste Community Project has a one-year life span (2021-2022). This project seeks to improve the current system of waste management within the Kalinago Territory and reduce marine pollution through a strong waste diversion program which fosters separation of recyclable and compostable material at the source. The overall goal of this project is the establishment of the Kalinago Territory as a Zero waste Community.', 'The overall goal of this project is the establishment of the Kalinago Territory as a Zero waste Community. This project is being implemented by the Dominica Solid Waste Management Corporation (DSWMC), with funding support by the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Commission under the Building Resilience in the Eastern Caribbean through Reduction in Marine Litter (ReMLit25). The ReMLit Project is funded by the Government of Norway through the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Context Poor waste management, including inappropriate storage, handling and disposal, plays a major role in the generation of marine litter. The Kalinago Territory, located on the east coast of Dominica, has a network of rivers, ravines and gullies which run directly into the Atlantic Ocean.', 'The Kalinago Territory, located on the east coast of Dominica, has a network of rivers, ravines and gullies which run directly into the Atlantic Ocean. These waterways act as a direct link for the transmission of illegal dumping and litter into the ocean. The method of waste collection within the territory is that of curb side, where bagged refuse is placed out for collection and ravaged by stray animals, dogs and vagrants, which lead to widespread littering within the territory and ultimately marine pollution. Both curbside waste collection arrangements and available storage for household waste are inadequate. These conditions are exacerbated by the absence of mechanisms for source separation, especially for recyclable waste and the diminishing lifespan of the landfill due to the volume of daily household garbage generated.', 'These conditions are exacerbated by the absence of mechanisms for source separation, especially for recyclable waste and the diminishing lifespan of the landfill due to the volume of daily household garbage generated. The immediate beneficiary of this project is the Kalinago community. Successful implementation will provide DSWMC and other governmental agencies with a replicable and scalable model which can be replicated and upscaled across the Commonwealth, as well as contributions to marine health.', 'Successful implementation will provide DSWMC and other governmental agencies with a replicable and scalable model which can be replicated and upscaled across the Commonwealth, as well as contributions to marine health. Project Activities o Public awareness and sensitisation o Conduct a situational analysis and needs assessment o Procurement of waste receptacles to facilitate waste separation at the household level o Establishment of composting facility/facilities o Establish monitoring and evaluation of the waste reduction and management system for enhanced sustainability SDG Alignment Kalinago Zero Waste Community ProjectThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2 Sectoral Pathways to NDC Mitigation Targets This updated NDC was guided by the most important identified and quantified benchmarks (consistent with global energy economic models26), for climate action to be taken by 2020-2025, associated with limiting global warming to 1.5\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels by 2030.', 'Project Activities o Public awareness and sensitisation o Conduct a situational analysis and needs assessment o Procurement of waste receptacles to facilitate waste separation at the household level o Establishment of composting facility/facilities o Establish monitoring and evaluation of the waste reduction and management system for enhanced sustainability SDG Alignment Kalinago Zero Waste Community ProjectThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2 Sectoral Pathways to NDC Mitigation Targets This updated NDC was guided by the most important identified and quantified benchmarks (consistent with global energy economic models26), for climate action to be taken by 2020-2025, associated with limiting global warming to 1.5\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels by 2030. These benchmarks are as follows: \uf0a7 Sustain the current growth rate of renewables and other zero and low-carbon power generation until \uf0a7 No new coal power plants, reduce emissions from existing coal fleet by 30% by 2025 \uf0a7 Last fossil fuel passenger car sold by 2035–2050 \uf0a7 Develop and agree on a 1.5°C - consistent vision for aviation and shipping \uf0a7 All new buildings fossil-free and near-zero energy by 2020 \uf0a7 Increase building renovation rates from less than 1% in 2015 to 5% by 2020 \uf0a7 All new installations in emissions-intensive sectors low-carbon after 2020, maximize material efficiency \uf0a7 Reduce emissions from forestry and other land use to 95% below 2010 levels by 2030, stop net deforestation by 2025 \uf0a7 Keep agriculture emissions at or below current levels, establish and disseminate regional best practice, ramp up research \uf0a7 Accelerate research and planning for negative emission technology deployment In order to achieve the total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in the time frame outlined above, the following sections identify sectoral measures which will be implemented to promote low-carbon, climate-resilient development conditional upon timely receipt of climate change financing.', 'These benchmarks are as follows: \uf0a7 Sustain the current growth rate of renewables and other zero and low-carbon power generation until \uf0a7 No new coal power plants, reduce emissions from existing coal fleet by 30% by 2025 \uf0a7 Last fossil fuel passenger car sold by 2035–2050 \uf0a7 Develop and agree on a 1.5°C - consistent vision for aviation and shipping \uf0a7 All new buildings fossil-free and near-zero energy by 2020 \uf0a7 Increase building renovation rates from less than 1% in 2015 to 5% by 2020 \uf0a7 All new installations in emissions-intensive sectors low-carbon after 2020, maximize material efficiency \uf0a7 Reduce emissions from forestry and other land use to 95% below 2010 levels by 2030, stop net deforestation by 2025 \uf0a7 Keep agriculture emissions at or below current levels, establish and disseminate regional best practice, ramp up research \uf0a7 Accelerate research and planning for negative emission technology deployment In order to achieve the total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in the time frame outlined above, the following sections identify sectoral measures which will be implemented to promote low-carbon, climate-resilient development conditional upon timely receipt of climate change financing. Table 12 details the ongoing and planned mitigation projects contingent upon climate finance.', 'Table 12 details the ongoing and planned mitigation projects contingent upon climate finance. Table 13 details the information required to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Dominica’s NDC. Human activities can influence terrestrial sinks through land use, land use change and forestry. The role of LULUCF activities in both climate change mitigation and adaptation has long been recognized. Sustainable management of activities in the LULUCF sector can contribute to mitigation through enhanced GHG removals from the atmosphere, reduction in GHG emissions through a reduced loss of carbon stocks, as well as adaptation co-benefits. The following sections describe targets and activities under the REDD+ Strategy and Land Degradation 26 Kuramochi et al.', 'The following sections describe targets and activities under the REDD+ Strategy and Land Degradation 26 Kuramochi et al. 2017 Ten key short-term sectoral benchmarks to limit warming to 1.5\uf0b0CThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Neutrality-Target Setting Programme (LDN-TSP), which represent mitigation efforts within the LULUCF sector. 5.2.1.1 REDD+ Strategy Deforestation and forest degradation accounts for approximately 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The forest sector accounts for such a large share of emissions that it is essential to the achievement of the 1.5\uf0b0C or 2\uf0b0C limit to atmospheric warming. The Paris Agreement delivered a strong message that REDD+ forms a critical and prominent component of the global goal of net-zero emissions by the end of the 21st century.', 'The Paris Agreement delivered a strong message that REDD+ forms a critical and prominent component of the global goal of net-zero emissions by the end of the 21st century. The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ adopted at COP 19, guides activities in the forest sector which reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. National REDD+ strategies define, inter alia, direct and indirect drivers of deforestation, baselines and forest monitoring systems, reference emissions levels, social and environmental safeguards.', 'National REDD+ strategies define, inter alia, direct and indirect drivers of deforestation, baselines and forest monitoring systems, reference emissions levels, social and environmental safeguards. Dominica has traditionally been considered as a ‘rainforest nation’ and a carbon sink up until 2017 following the passage of hurricane Maria, which resulted in the loss of ~85% to 95% forest (depending on the location and forest type) and ~100% grassland and crop cover. Based on the most recent land use and land use change assessment (2020) done by the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, Dominica now has ~57.664 ha of remaining forest, mostly montane rainforest (~28.271 ha) followed by semi-evergreen forest (~10.234 ha) and coastal forest (~12.150 ha).', 'Based on the most recent land use and land use change assessment (2020) done by the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, Dominica now has ~57.664 ha of remaining forest, mostly montane rainforest (~28.271 ha) followed by semi-evergreen forest (~10.234 ha) and coastal forest (~12.150 ha). The TNC submitted in 2020 which covered the period 2005 to 2017, included a GHG emissions inventory for LULUCF. However, prior to this, the last forest inventory was performed in 1987. As a result of the outdated dataset, the GHG inventory used was based on default values from the FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment data (FAO STAT).', 'As a result of the outdated dataset, the GHG inventory used was based on default values from the FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment data (FAO STAT). For the Emission Factors, Dominica fell into the category of having little or no country specific data available and thus Tier 1 was followed, using 2006 IPCC defaults values. It is important to note that the LULUCF sector was not included in the overall national target for the following reasons. Firstly, the LULUCF sector is particularly vulnerable to natural hazards and therefore there is a high level of uncertainty in future forest cover.', 'Firstly, the LULUCF sector is particularly vulnerable to natural hazards and therefore there is a high level of uncertainty in future forest cover. Additionally, this sector has the potential to be included in future carbon trading initiatives (based on rate of recovery) and therefore the Government of Dominica has taken the decision for it to not be included in the overall 2030 target, to ensure environmental integrity. As a result, the forestry targets identified under the LULUCF sector are conditional targets. Refer to Box 6 for further details on the REDD+ initiative.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions REDD+ Activities Definitions for the assessment of the Forest Reference Level (FRL) required defining key REDD+ terminologies within the Dominican national context.', 'Refer to Box 6 for further details on the REDD+ initiative.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions REDD+ Activities Definitions for the assessment of the Forest Reference Level (FRL) required defining key REDD+ terminologies within the Dominican national context. The definitions for forest and the three (3) REDD+ activities considered are: Forest Defined as forest lands with a canopy cover equal or higher than 60%, with a minimum area extension of 1 ha and woody vegetation of minimum 3m height or higher, including temporary unstocked areas with the potential to reach the forest definition. Conservation Defined as the areas of forest lands remaining forest lands under the Protected Areas System.', 'Conservation Defined as the areas of forest lands remaining forest lands under the Protected Areas System. Conservation also includes, as stated in the National Land Use Policy and Plan, any areas identified as sensitive zones for natural resources management that are considered as "specially conserved areas". The priority of the system of protected areas is to effectively manage forests to conserve the natural biodiversity and function, and contributes to the sustainable socio- economic development, resilience and well-being of all citizens and users27. However, since hurricane Maria in 2017, these areas were significantly affected and now these are prioritized for natural regeneration.', 'However, since hurricane Maria in 2017, these areas were significantly affected and now these are prioritized for natural regeneration. Sustainable management of forest Defined as the areas of forest lands remaining forest lands under management strategies, within the Protected Areas System, in particular in the two forest reserves (Central Forest Reserve and Northern Forest Reserve). Since hurricane Maria in 2017, these areas are prioritized for restoration, rehabilitation, and reforestation activities. Sustainable management of forest also refers to restoration, rehabilitation, and reforestation activities on farmlands and unallocated state lands28. Enhancement of forest carbon stock Defined as croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements and other lands converted to forest lands, as well as lands utilizing agroforestry practices that enhance forest carbon pools.', 'Enhancement of forest carbon stock Defined as croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements and other lands converted to forest lands, as well as lands utilizing agroforestry practices that enhance forest carbon pools. 27 Dominica Protected Areas System Plan Report 28 These are state lands where no specific land use has been assignedThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Deforestation Defined as forest lands converted to other lands (croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements, and other lands) and forest degradation, defined as forest land and remaining forest land affected by human disturbances (logging and fires) and natural disturbances (hurricanes). These were accounted for and reported for the years 2000 to 2017.', 'These were accounted for and reported for the years 2000 to 2017. The reason for excluding emissions reductions due to deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+ activities, is because in 2017 Dominica lost about 90% of their forest cover in forest lands29, due to hurricane Maria and the remaining 10% was still affected with mainly the understory being left behind. Therefore, currently Dominica’s efforts are mainly focused on restoring the forest lands. National Inventory The Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division has taken the initiative to lead and develop a national LULUCF GHG inventory, which includes GHG emissions and removals for all IPCC categories and sub-categories at the national level. The total land area is 750 km2 (75,000 ha).', 'The total land area is 750 km2 (75,000 ha). The country was divided into ten parishes and a systematic sampling grid of 1605 plots located 700m distance apart was used to allow national coverage of the island for the analysis. Data and Methods For the development of the inventory, land remaining in the same category and conversions to other land uses, considering all lands as managed were included. This includes the pools above- ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead wood and soil organic carbon. Harvested wood products were excluded due to lack of available information. Above-ground biomass was obtained from the National Forest Inventory from Saint Lucia (2009), as both islands share the same forest types and no recent forest inventory has taken place in Dominica.', 'Above-ground biomass was obtained from the National Forest Inventory from Saint Lucia (2009), as both islands share the same forest types and no recent forest inventory has taken place in Dominica. Below-ground biomass and dead organic matter were obtained from default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Soil organic carbon was obtained from the FAO Global Soil Organic Carbon Map-GSOC map, from FAO (2019). NDC projections for the 2020 to 2030 period include the carbon pools: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead organic matter, and soil organic carbon. Carbon-dioxide, methane and nitrous- oxide emissions from biomass burning in forest land categories are included.', 'Carbon-dioxide, methane and nitrous- oxide emissions from biomass burning in forest land categories are included. Emissions in carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2 e) are reported using the 100-year global warming potentials (GWPs) contained in IPCC’s Second Assessment Report (AR 2). Activity Data (AD) was obtained from land-use and land-use change assessments, which were conducted on the basis of a sampling approach (2006 IPCC, V4, Ch3 Approach 3), in which the 29 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Hurricane Maria September 18, 2017.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions land-use was determined for each year of the time series 2000 to 2017, derived using the FAO Collect Earth tool. Emission Factors (EFs) were obtained from regional research, scientific literature and default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and 2019 Refinements to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Emission Factors (EFs) were obtained from regional research, scientific literature and default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and 2019 Refinements to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. For the development of the FRL, Dominica selected a Land Based Approach, which means that the REDD+ activities were assessed altogether, and therefore, no specific FRLs were developed by activity, to ensure environmental integrity. Therefore, REDD+ results will be evaluated as an integral outcome of national activities. The GHG Inventory was developed using the Foundational Platform calculation tool developed by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. This tool allows extraction of the forest-related information from the GHG inventory to construct the FRL and update the NDC projections, using the same data, methods, assumptions and projections, which ensures full consistency among the reports.', 'This tool allows extraction of the forest-related information from the GHG inventory to construct the FRL and update the NDC projections, using the same data, methods, assumptions and projections, which ensures full consistency among the reports. Reference Period The case of Dominica is unique. After Hurricane Maria in 2017, the land use assessment indicated that depending on the location and forest type, about 85% to 95% of the forest was lost. Therefore, despite a historical annual analysis of GHG emissions and removals was developed, it cannot be used as benchmark. This means, that from an estimated 6.3 million tC of stock in the forest previous to the hurricane, it went down to approximated 600,000 tC of stock (figure 4).', 'This means, that from an estimated 6.3 million tC of stock in the forest previous to the hurricane, it went down to approximated 600,000 tC of stock (figure 4). As a result, all conditions prior to 2017 no longer applied and from 2018, forest lands presented new conditions due to the loss of the majority of the forest cover. Dominica acknowledges the importance of building the reference level based on the post-hurricane conditions in 2018, particularly, considering the remaining forest cover area, which was about 15% to 25% compared to 2017 before the hurricane. Definition of the NDC based on the Forest Reference Level Historical forest-related GHG emissions and removals average 1,103,640 tCO2 e from 2001 to 2017 (refer to table 8).', 'Definition of the NDC based on the Forest Reference Level Historical forest-related GHG emissions and removals average 1,103,640 tCO2 e from 2001 to 2017 (refer to table 8). However, this average does not represent future projected emissions and removals dynamics for Dominica, as prior to the hurricane, Dominica was a net sink with an e removals (averaging over the period 2001-2016). Due to the passage of hurricane Maria in 2017, where emissions were approximated 20 million tCO2 e, Dominica shifted from a sink to a source with more emissions than removals. In addition, as these emissions and removals were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post- hurricane conditions are now different, the historical average of emissions cannot be used to represent the projected future emissions or removals.', 'In addition, as these emissions and removals were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post- hurricane conditions are now different, the historical average of emissions cannot be used to represent the projected future emissions or removals. After the hurricane, some forest areas started to regenerate naturally, in other forest areas, restoration, rehabilitation and reforestation projects have been necessary, for which the Government has drafted multiple projects to support and enhance the forest recovery.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions As a result, the selected baseline considers the projected C removals for the period 2020-2025 only due to post-disturbance forest regrowth, as natural regeneration started in 2018, along with the expected C removals of lands converted to forest lands, using the historical average, e/yr.', 'After the hurricane, some forest areas started to regenerate naturally, in other forest areas, restoration, rehabilitation and reforestation projects have been necessary, for which the Government has drafted multiple projects to support and enhance the forest recovery.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions As a result, the selected baseline considers the projected C removals for the period 2020-2025 only due to post-disturbance forest regrowth, as natural regeneration started in 2018, along with the expected C removals of lands converted to forest lands, using the historical average, e/yr. It is assumed that the forests will undergo a continuous recovery until 2025 with no further disturbances.', 'It is assumed that the forests will undergo a continuous recovery until 2025 with no further disturbances. From the period 2025-2030, it is assumed that some forests would reach the pre-hurricane C stocks and that the BAU scenario calculated for the period 2000-2017 for deforestation might be applicable once the forests have recovered. Thus, the removals will be lower and there will be more emissions related to deforestation e/yr (refer to table 9). Therefore, Dominica will use the post- hurricane C stock of 606,778 tC as benchmark for assessing the country’s performance in implementing the REDD+ activities referred to in decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70.', 'Therefore, Dominica will use the post- hurricane C stock of 606,778 tC as benchmark for assessing the country’s performance in implementing the REDD+ activities referred to in decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70. Year Net balance emissions and removals e) Net balance emissions and removals in F>F (undisturbed) e) Net balance emissions and removals in F>F (disturbed) e) Net balance emissions and removals in land converted to F (tCO2 e) Net balance emissions and removals in F converted to other land uses e) Table 8: Forest related net balance of GHG emissions and removals 2001-2017 (tCO )The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Year Expected net removals in LULUCF (tCO2 e /yr) tC Historical Stocks [tC] 2000-2017 Expected stock recovery (BAU) Table 9: Projected net GHG emissions and removals in LULUCF (tCO2 e) Figure 4: Historical C Stocks before Hurricane Maria (2017) and Projected C Stocks recovery from 2018 to 2030 (tC)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2.1.2 Land Degradation Neutrality – Target Setting Programme The Government of Dominica has launched a Land Degradation Neutrality-Target Setting Programme (LDN-TSP) in 2017, in support of the three indicators of SDG target 15.3: land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon stocks, which correspond to the progress indicators adopted by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).', 'Year Net balance emissions and removals e) Net balance emissions and removals in F>F (undisturbed) e) Net balance emissions and removals in F>F (disturbed) e) Net balance emissions and removals in land converted to F (tCO2 e) Net balance emissions and removals in F converted to other land uses e) Table 8: Forest related net balance of GHG emissions and removals 2001-2017 (tCO )The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Year Expected net removals in LULUCF (tCO2 e /yr) tC Historical Stocks [tC] 2000-2017 Expected stock recovery (BAU) Table 9: Projected net GHG emissions and removals in LULUCF (tCO2 e) Figure 4: Historical C Stocks before Hurricane Maria (2017) and Projected C Stocks recovery from 2018 to 2030 (tC)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2.1.2 Land Degradation Neutrality – Target Setting Programme The Government of Dominica has launched a Land Degradation Neutrality-Target Setting Programme (LDN-TSP) in 2017, in support of the three indicators of SDG target 15.3: land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon stocks, which correspond to the progress indicators adopted by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Using the LDN scientific conceptual framework, analytical tools and methodological guidance developed by the UNCCD to support this process and building upon the LDN baseline, the country identified and specified significant relevant LDN targets and possible associated measures to address land degradation processes in Dominica.', 'Using the LDN scientific conceptual framework, analytical tools and methodological guidance developed by the UNCCD to support this process and building upon the LDN baseline, the country identified and specified significant relevant LDN targets and possible associated measures to address land degradation processes in Dominica. A proposal was developed which defines national targets, as well as sub-targets. These targets contribute to all three NDC components: mitigation, adaptation and resilience.', 'These targets contribute to all three NDC components: mitigation, adaptation and resilience. The national targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved by 2030 compared to 2015 - An additional 20% of degraded national lands are improved The sub-targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved in Saint Andrew and Saint David parishes (as areas where human activities (agriculture-based) exacerbated vulnerability to land degradation) in the country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline (no net loss) - Improve 20% productivity and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks in cropland and grasslands for the entire country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline\uf020 - Rehabilitate 75% of the degraded land in Saint Andrew and an additional 100 km2 in other parts of the country through the introduction of sustainable crop production by 2030 (based on results for areas with most degradation)\uf020 - Promotion of sustainable land management practices to improve productivity of the land through the restoration of 25% of degraded areas with 100 km2 of sustainable croplands and agroforestry (based on results of LPD degraded areas over land cover transitions)\uf020The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Incorporate LDN as an innovative land-use planning principle in Dominica (through a possible amendment of the National Land Use Plan and/or its incorporation in the planning activities of the Physical Planning Division)\uf020 - Strengthen the monitoring and enforcement regime of the Physical Planning Act through increased financial and human resources\uf020 As one of the few nations that can be considered “carbon-neutral” in light of the nation’s limited use of fossil fuels (~28% from renewable sources) and a significant system of protected carbon sinks, Dominica continues to enhance its green energy transformation.', 'The national targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved by 2030 compared to 2015 - An additional 20% of degraded national lands are improved The sub-targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved in Saint Andrew and Saint David parishes (as areas where human activities (agriculture-based) exacerbated vulnerability to land degradation) in the country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline (no net loss) - Improve 20% productivity and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks in cropland and grasslands for the entire country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline\uf020 - Rehabilitate 75% of the degraded land in Saint Andrew and an additional 100 km2 in other parts of the country through the introduction of sustainable crop production by 2030 (based on results for areas with most degradation)\uf020 - Promotion of sustainable land management practices to improve productivity of the land through the restoration of 25% of degraded areas with 100 km2 of sustainable croplands and agroforestry (based on results of LPD degraded areas over land cover transitions)\uf020The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Incorporate LDN as an innovative land-use planning principle in Dominica (through a possible amendment of the National Land Use Plan and/or its incorporation in the planning activities of the Physical Planning Division)\uf020 - Strengthen the monitoring and enforcement regime of the Physical Planning Act through increased financial and human resources\uf020 As one of the few nations that can be considered “carbon-neutral” in light of the nation’s limited use of fossil fuels (~28% from renewable sources) and a significant system of protected carbon sinks, Dominica continues to enhance its green energy transformation. Dominica’s LCCRDS not only serves as the programmatic nexus for capturing conventional and innovative sources of sustainable development and climate financing but will also facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a climate-resilient economy, while at the same time implementing, monitoring and building upon existing low-emission, climate-resilient development projects and programmes.', 'Dominica’s LCCRDS not only serves as the programmatic nexus for capturing conventional and innovative sources of sustainable development and climate financing but will also facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a climate-resilient economy, while at the same time implementing, monitoring and building upon existing low-emission, climate-resilient development projects and programmes. The Government has declared a national target of 100% renewable energy by 2030 and 98.6% GHG emissions reduction in Energy Industries, as an indication of its level of ambition to accelerate the transition from a dependence on imported fossil fuels to a more sustainable balance of national renewable energy resources. Refer to table 10 for a list of mitigation measures within the energy sector.', 'Refer to table 10 for a list of mitigation measures within the energy sector. Energy sources will include renewables: geothermal (main), solar, wind and hydro-power, as well as synthetic fuels: biofuels, hydrogen and ammonia. Increasing energy efficiency will further reduce energy costs and increase environmental sustainability. Dominica has also engaged the GCF for an Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Green Industrial Eco Park to advance these plans. Refer to Box 7 for further details.', 'Refer to Box 7 for further details. In addition, it is expected that the commercial development and continued harnessing of Dominica’s geothermal resources will, from 2027, enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy (estimated to exceed 200Gg annually) to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe, thereby further contributing to regional efforts and the global stocktake under Article 14 of the agreement. The Geothermal Resources Development Bill, which is in the final stages of review, makes provisions for the regulation of geothermal resources with the objective of ensuring the sustainable development of the resource and ensuring its allocation to the uses which are most economically beneficial to Dominica.', 'The Geothermal Resources Development Bill, which is in the final stages of review, makes provisions for the regulation of geothermal resources with the objective of ensuring the sustainable development of the resource and ensuring its allocation to the uses which are most economically beneficial to Dominica. Geothermal resource development has advanced considerably through the GCF-approved Sustainable Energy Facility for the Eastern Caribbean regional programme, which aims to address financial, technical and institutional barriers to development. The 10MW power plant will be based on binary cycle geothermal power plant technology, which is a closed-loop system withThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions near-zero emissions. A further 5MW is being planned for the domestic market, approximately four years following the commissioning of the first 10MW.', 'A further 5MW is being planned for the domestic market, approximately four years following the commissioning of the first 10MW. With the exception of an expanding hydro-power industry and political preference for geothermal energy development, growth and diversification of Dominica’s renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives have been limited mainly by regulatory barriers to adoption and marginal energy efficiency measures. However, Dominica has implemented several energy efficiency and renewable energy projects between 2007 and 2017.', 'However, Dominica has implemented several energy efficiency and renewable energy projects between 2007 and 2017. Table (10): Sub-Sectoral Mitigation Measures within the Energy sector Sub-Sector Mitigation Measure Energy Generation Use of renewable energy sources and energy saving measures (refer to previous section) Electricity Consumption Buildings - Building energy performance - installation and appliance efficiency with the objective of net-zero in new and renovated buildings; net-zero buildings with energy efficiency certification like Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Platinum certification and Passive House certification need to be introduced - Building Roofs and Walls: implementation of energy efficiency measures; natural lighting; design guidelines for new and retrofit buildings; green roofs - Natural Ventilation and Cooling: geo-exchange air- conditioning units O heating: solar water heaters - Lighting: Use of LED lamps, photo cells, motion sensors, automatic light level controllers Food preparation: Encouraged transition to RE use, energy conservation practices through public awareness campaigns Attire: Less formal/casual attire more suited to a tropical climate to reduce the need for air-conditioning units to be encouraged Playground Lighting: LED fixtures to replace halogen or metal halide versions destroyed by Hurricane Maria; solar PV Solid Waste: Significant improvements in waste management, particularly backyard and municipal composting, separation at source, and reduction and recycling of plastics will sharply reduce the amount of waste transported to the landfill.', 'Table (10): Sub-Sectoral Mitigation Measures within the Energy sector Sub-Sector Mitigation Measure Energy Generation Use of renewable energy sources and energy saving measures (refer to previous section) Electricity Consumption Buildings - Building energy performance - installation and appliance efficiency with the objective of net-zero in new and renovated buildings; net-zero buildings with energy efficiency certification like Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Platinum certification and Passive House certification need to be introduced - Building Roofs and Walls: implementation of energy efficiency measures; natural lighting; design guidelines for new and retrofit buildings; green roofs - Natural Ventilation and Cooling: geo-exchange air- conditioning units O heating: solar water heaters - Lighting: Use of LED lamps, photo cells, motion sensors, automatic light level controllers Food preparation: Encouraged transition to RE use, energy conservation practices through public awareness campaigns Attire: Less formal/casual attire more suited to a tropical climate to reduce the need for air-conditioning units to be encouraged Playground Lighting: LED fixtures to replace halogen or metal halide versions destroyed by Hurricane Maria; solar PV Solid Waste: Significant improvements in waste management, particularly backyard and municipal composting, separation at source, and reduction and recycling of plastics will sharply reduce the amount of waste transported to the landfill. Transport: Aggressive switch to green transportation, focusing on electric vehicles and possibly fuel cell vehicles.', 'Transport: Aggressive switch to green transportation, focusing on electric vehicles and possibly fuel cell vehicles. A few rapid charging stations can be setup around the island powered by hydro or wind to provide the daily charging requirement, with solar PV reserved for top-up at bus stops and parking garages. Walking/Cycling: A combination of improved public transportation, enhanced pedestrian walkways, routes and sidewalks, and public awareness on the cross benefit of exercise.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions For the agriculture sector, the Government of Dominica has set a target of 50% emissions reduction by 2030. Several areas have been identified where greenhouse gas mitigation measures can be achieved within this sector.', 'Several areas have been identified where greenhouse gas mitigation measures can be achieved within this sector. Transformational approaches will include: enhancing soil organic carbon, reducing soil erosion, mitigating N2 O emissions, eliminating short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), introducing manure management, continuing no tillage and replacing fossil fuel farm energy with biofuels and other forms of renewable energy. In addition, reduction or elimination of slash and burn practices, disposal of cuttings through burning, burning of grass or fibre by workers to repel biting insects and the burning of shrubs and weeds can further reduce emissions. Dominica has set a target of 50% increase in agroforestry farmers by 2030. Agroforestry systems offer opportunities for synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'Agroforestry systems offer opportunities for synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agroforestry will contribute to mitigation efforts through increased: (i) carbon sequestration – increased carbon storage in biomass above and below ground, as well as soil organic carbon; and (ii) reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A target of 20% emissions reduction by 2030 has been set for the transport sector. This emissions reduction target will be achieved mainly through initiatives for the road and marine sub-sectors. Globally, the transport sector contributes approximately a quarter of all energy- related GHG emissions. In Dominica, the transport sector accounted for the largest amount of emissions between 2006 and 2016, with a small decline in 2017.', 'In Dominica, the transport sector accounted for the largest amount of emissions between 2006 and 2016, with a small decline in 2017. Dominica has engaged in a GCF-funded project: Low-Carbon Transport Dominica, the objective of which is to identify a framework for Dominica’s transition to a sustainable low-carbon transportation network. Refer to Box 8 for further details on the Low Carbon Transport Dominica initiative and table 11 for targets under this project. 5.2.4.1 Road Transport As with most developing countries, road transport consumes an increasing amount of petroleum, particularly private cars and buses.', '5.2.4.1 Road Transport As with most developing countries, road transport consumes an increasing amount of petroleum, particularly private cars and buses. To mitigate this trend, two priority steps have been taken: (i) the introduction of a policy mandating that all government vehicles, at their time of replacement, be replaced with hybrid vehicles; (ii) the introduction of market-based mechanisms to motivate the private sector to purchase hybrid vehicles when replacing current vehicles. It is anticipatedThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions that these actions will continue beyond 2030 to bring about an estimated emissions reduction of ~12Gg. 5.2.4.2 Marine and Air Transport Dominica has set a target for 100% emissions reduction in the shipping sub-sector by 2030.', '5.2.4.2 Marine and Air Transport Dominica has set a target for 100% emissions reduction in the shipping sub-sector by 2030. Achievement of this will largely be based on the development of synthetic fuels. Refer to Box 7 for further details. Although Dominica does not own or operate any airline and has little influence on the fuel used by airplanes, Dominica Air and Sea Port Authority (DASPA) has embarked on a program to augment airport and sea port facilities with off-grid electricity using solar PV and possible hydro. 5.2.5 Solid Waste Globally, waste represents the fourth largest source sector of emissions, accounting for ~3.2% of total GHG emissions.', '5.2.5 Solid Waste Globally, waste represents the fourth largest source sector of emissions, accounting for ~3.2% of total GHG emissions. For Dominica, there has been little progress towards the emissions reduction target of 78.6% and emission increases in this sector have been largely attributed to the passage of hurricanes Erika and Maria, which further exacerbated efforts. The Government of Dominica recognises the important role of sustainable waste management in the circular economy. To achieve the communicated emissions reduction target of 78.6% for the waste sector, Dominica is committed to the transition to sustainable waste management and a circular economy by 2030. Refer to Box 9 for pilot project with the Kalinago Community.', 'Refer to Box 9 for pilot project with the Kalinago Community. To support the transition, the following needs have been identified: \uf0a7 Facility and equipment upgrades \uf0a7 Financing \uf0a7 Regulatory framework \uf0a7 Capacity-building for waste management technologies, data collection and inventory Designing a landfill to capture methane, such as a bioreactor landfill or use of waste-to-energy conversion technologies are also feasible options to address environmental, economical and societal sustainability. In addition to environmental and public health benefits, this also provides socio-economic benefits such as income creation. Dominica’s existing landfill is a modern, engineered landfill with a liner, leachate collection and capping. Methane collection vents were installed from the start and have been venting the methane produced from the organic waste decomposition process since 2005.', 'Methane collection vents were installed from the start and have been venting the methane produced from the organic waste decomposition process since 2005. This project will reduce most of the methane from the landfill by: (i) diverting organics from the waste stream that is currently deposited in the landfill; and (ii)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions suitably preparing the landfill and installing a flaring system. In addition, the present landfill needs to be expanded if it is expected to receive more waste within the next 4 years. The previous dumpsites that were closed also need to be considered for methane collection and flaring systems.', 'The previous dumpsites that were closed also need to be considered for methane collection and flaring systems. In order to further reduce methane emissions and reach NDC targets, the present volume of organic waste brought into the landfill (~40% of all waste) needs to be reduced.', 'In order to further reduce methane emissions and reach NDC targets, the present volume of organic waste brought into the landfill (~40% of all waste) needs to be reduced. This can be done by implementing a fully integrated solid waste management program that involves the following: \uf0a7 Public awareness and extension program throughout the island \uf0a7 Curb-side pickup of organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system) \uf0a7 Curb-side pickup of individual types of non-organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system) \uf0a7 Material recovery facilities and composting facilities in selected regions on the island Upgrading only the landfill will not solve the problem of methane gas emissions unless what is actually brought to the landfill is managed systematically.', 'This can be done by implementing a fully integrated solid waste management program that involves the following: \uf0a7 Public awareness and extension program throughout the island \uf0a7 Curb-side pickup of organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system) \uf0a7 Curb-side pickup of individual types of non-organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system) \uf0a7 Material recovery facilities and composting facilities in selected regions on the island Upgrading only the landfill will not solve the problem of methane gas emissions unless what is actually brought to the landfill is managed systematically. In order to achieve this goal, upgrades and equipment will be required with forecasted emission reductions estimated to be in excess of ~11Gg.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (11): Transport sector targets identified for implementation of the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project Outcomes Targets Outputs Activities Developed or enhanced strategic frameworks to address policy gaps, improve sectoral expertise, and enhance enabling environments for GCF programming in low-emission investment Development of transport emission inventories and models to facilitate reliable and detailed emission projections which can be used to assess and monitor quantitatively low-carbon transport options A bottom-up emission transport model including projections to - Collect data for emission modelling of the transport sector including but not limited to vehicle mileage, fuel type, emission standard, and vehicle characteristics.', 'In order to achieve this goal, upgrades and equipment will be required with forecasted emission reductions estimated to be in excess of ~11Gg.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (11): Transport sector targets identified for implementation of the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project Outcomes Targets Outputs Activities Developed or enhanced strategic frameworks to address policy gaps, improve sectoral expertise, and enhance enabling environments for GCF programming in low-emission investment Development of transport emission inventories and models to facilitate reliable and detailed emission projections which can be used to assess and monitor quantitatively low-carbon transport options A bottom-up emission transport model including projections to - Collect data for emission modelling of the transport sector including but not limited to vehicle mileage, fuel type, emission standard, and vehicle characteristics. Data collection is made for the road and the maritime sub-sector, including gender considerations - Develop an excel-based transport emission model to capture energy usage, GHG and local pollutant emissions from the road and the maritime sub-sectors - Train stakeholders from government and the private sector, including gender considerations, on the update and usage of the model Development of low-carbon transport options to produce a low-carbon transport roadmap, which serves as a policy guidance document and shall enable Dominica to achieve the NDC GHG transport target A cabinet-endorsed, low-carbon transport roadmap, which includes a detailed assessment of at least two low carbon transport measures - An initial assessment of low-carbon transport options considering technical, financial, social and economic components, with a focus on electric mobility, public transport, NMT, low-carbon logistics and low- carbon shipping (road and maritime sub-sectors) - Conduct a gender-based assessment of mitigation options - Develop the low-carbon roadmap including policies, incentives, objectives, targets, stakeholders, expected impacts (environmental, economic, social, gender), actions to implement, and financial means - Conduct a stakeholder consultation workshop (motorists, shipping interests, government officials, private sector and gender experts) to validate the proposed roadmap - Based on the initial assessment and the stakeholder consultation, the 2 most promising options will be selected for further development.', 'Data collection is made for the road and the maritime sub-sector, including gender considerations - Develop an excel-based transport emission model to capture energy usage, GHG and local pollutant emissions from the road and the maritime sub-sectors - Train stakeholders from government and the private sector, including gender considerations, on the update and usage of the model Development of low-carbon transport options to produce a low-carbon transport roadmap, which serves as a policy guidance document and shall enable Dominica to achieve the NDC GHG transport target A cabinet-endorsed, low-carbon transport roadmap, which includes a detailed assessment of at least two low carbon transport measures - An initial assessment of low-carbon transport options considering technical, financial, social and economic components, with a focus on electric mobility, public transport, NMT, low-carbon logistics and low- carbon shipping (road and maritime sub-sectors) - Conduct a gender-based assessment of mitigation options - Develop the low-carbon roadmap including policies, incentives, objectives, targets, stakeholders, expected impacts (environmental, economic, social, gender), actions to implement, and financial means - Conduct a stakeholder consultation workshop (motorists, shipping interests, government officials, private sector and gender experts) to validate the proposed roadmap - Based on the initial assessment and the stakeholder consultation, the 2 most promising options will be selected for further development. This may include technical assessment, impacts on energy sector, environmental/social/economic/ financial impacts, risks, business models, finance requirements, policy options, regulatory instruments and incentive instrumentsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions An increased number of quality concept notes developed and submitted Submission of a concept note to the GCF as a step towards implementation of the low- carbon roadmap Assessment of climate funding options for low-carbon transport - Assess various available climate finance options for low-carbon transport available to Dominica, including pros and cons of each option.', 'This may include technical assessment, impacts on energy sector, environmental/social/economic/ financial impacts, risks, business models, finance requirements, policy options, regulatory instruments and incentive instrumentsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions An increased number of quality concept notes developed and submitted Submission of a concept note to the GCF as a step towards implementation of the low- carbon roadmap Assessment of climate funding options for low-carbon transport - Assess various available climate finance options for low-carbon transport available to Dominica, including pros and cons of each option. Options include climate technology funds, GCF, emission trading under Article. 6, bilateral donors etc. Submission of a concept note for low-carbon transport to the GCF. The concept note will be based on the option the private sector interest is willing to advance and invest in.', 'The concept note will be based on the option the private sector interest is willing to advance and invest in. The options for other transport modalities will be used by Dominica to engage other potential investors - Develop a concept note to the GCF for low-carbon transport in Dominica, based on financing options selected for investment by private sector interests - Consultant to engage local stakeholders and potential investors further to advancing the other options developed for different transport modality.', 'The options for other transport modalities will be used by Dominica to engage other potential investors - Develop a concept note to the GCF for low-carbon transport in Dominica, based on financing options selected for investment by private sector interests - Consultant to engage local stakeholders and potential investors further to advancing the other options developed for different transport modality. To include elaboration of roadmap previously developed Development and dissemination of best practices with respect to institutional capacity building and coordination, direct access, and pipeline development to strengthen engagement by NDAs, DAEs and delivery partners with the GCF Increased awareness and knowledge on low carbon transport options of private and government stakeholders Inform local stakeholders on requirements (infrastructure, human resource, finance, training, economy of scale, and affordability for end users) for the establishment of low-carbon transport modalities - Organize and conduct two workshops on details listed under outputs, with multiple stakeholders (motorists, shipping interest, government officials, private sector and gender experts) on motorized transport, non-motorized transport, shipping low-carbon transport options - Development of training material on content detailed under outputs.', 'To include elaboration of roadmap previously developed Development and dissemination of best practices with respect to institutional capacity building and coordination, direct access, and pipeline development to strengthen engagement by NDAs, DAEs and delivery partners with the GCF Increased awareness and knowledge on low carbon transport options of private and government stakeholders Inform local stakeholders on requirements (infrastructure, human resource, finance, training, economy of scale, and affordability for end users) for the establishment of low-carbon transport modalities - Organize and conduct two workshops on details listed under outputs, with multiple stakeholders (motorists, shipping interest, government officials, private sector and gender experts) on motorized transport, non-motorized transport, shipping low-carbon transport options - Development of training material on content detailed under outputs. Training material will include printed materials, flyers and visual presentations.', 'Training material will include printed materials, flyers and visual presentations. Appropriate gender considerations and equality to be reflected in materials and flyersThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (12): Summary of Climate Change Mitigation Activities contingent on financial support30 MITIGATION ACTION Geothermal Energy Resources Development and Commercialisation Geothermal power plant design and construction, Capacity development: energy assessment, development and technologies Establishment of regulatory framework for harnessing/export Capacity development for harnessing/export Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private geothermal plants Viable geothermal technology options assessment Geothermal resources inventory development Solar Energy Resources Capacity development: solar energy conversions and technologies Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private solar power conversions Introduction of incentives for solar heating conversion Evaluation of viable photo-voltaic technology options Establishment of feed-in tariffs for solar producers Design and construction of pilot solar power facility and connection to electrical gridThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Wind Energy Resources Development of Wind Atlas Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private wind power conversions Capacity development: wind energy assessments, development and technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for wind producers Design and construction of wind farm on East coast and connection to electrical grid Hydro-Power Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: hydro-power assessments, development and technologies Development of inventory of hydro-energy potential and assessment of commercial viability of technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for hydro-power producers Development of pilot hydro-power plant and connection to electrical grid Biofuel Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: first- and second-generation biofuels technologies, processes and costs Feasibility assessment of viable first- and second-generation biofuels options Establishment of legislative support to facilitate introduction of biofuels for vehicles and generatorsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions GHG Emission Reduction Feasibility assessment of appropriate waste-to-energy technologies Greenhouse gas audits of waste landfills Upgrading of roads to improve connectivity, reduce travel time and vehicle emissions Implementation of pilot waste-to-energy technologies Capacity development: forest/agriculture inventory process including computerised forest monitoring technologies; viability assessment for protection of additional forest/agriculture land and marine areas Assessment of carbon uptake by forest/agriculture lands and marine areas; protection of new and additional carbon sinks Capacity development: greenhouse gas projections Low-Carbon Services and Technologies Capacity building workshops: energy auditing, greenhouse gas auditing, energy conversion, low-carbon technologies (installation and maintenance), appliances and equipment; including establishment of standards and certification programs.', 'Appropriate gender considerations and equality to be reflected in materials and flyersThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (12): Summary of Climate Change Mitigation Activities contingent on financial support30 MITIGATION ACTION Geothermal Energy Resources Development and Commercialisation Geothermal power plant design and construction, Capacity development: energy assessment, development and technologies Establishment of regulatory framework for harnessing/export Capacity development for harnessing/export Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private geothermal plants Viable geothermal technology options assessment Geothermal resources inventory development Solar Energy Resources Capacity development: solar energy conversions and technologies Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private solar power conversions Introduction of incentives for solar heating conversion Evaluation of viable photo-voltaic technology options Establishment of feed-in tariffs for solar producers Design and construction of pilot solar power facility and connection to electrical gridThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Wind Energy Resources Development of Wind Atlas Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private wind power conversions Capacity development: wind energy assessments, development and technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for wind producers Design and construction of wind farm on East coast and connection to electrical grid Hydro-Power Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: hydro-power assessments, development and technologies Development of inventory of hydro-energy potential and assessment of commercial viability of technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for hydro-power producers Development of pilot hydro-power plant and connection to electrical grid Biofuel Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: first- and second-generation biofuels technologies, processes and costs Feasibility assessment of viable first- and second-generation biofuels options Establishment of legislative support to facilitate introduction of biofuels for vehicles and generatorsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions GHG Emission Reduction Feasibility assessment of appropriate waste-to-energy technologies Greenhouse gas audits of waste landfills Upgrading of roads to improve connectivity, reduce travel time and vehicle emissions Implementation of pilot waste-to-energy technologies Capacity development: forest/agriculture inventory process including computerised forest monitoring technologies; viability assessment for protection of additional forest/agriculture land and marine areas Assessment of carbon uptake by forest/agriculture lands and marine areas; protection of new and additional carbon sinks Capacity development: greenhouse gas projections Low-Carbon Services and Technologies Capacity building workshops: energy auditing, greenhouse gas auditing, energy conversion, low-carbon technologies (installation and maintenance), appliances and equipment; including establishment of standards and certification programs. Professional certification of low-carbon management service/technology providers Green Communities and Infrastructure Commissioning of energy/GHG audits of cities, public infrastructure Establishment of soft financing for energy conservation and conversion to renewable energy technology Conversion to solar powered LED street lights Establishment of green areas in urban development Conversion of public buildings/infrastructure to low-carbon technologies in PortsmouthThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Establishment of vehicle upgrade and maintenance programs to phase in the conversion to fuel efficient and low-carbon vehicles (solar powered, electrical, biofuel powered, hydrogen powered) Climate Change Financing Expertise Capacity development: climate change finance acquisition Design and legal establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund for conversion to low-carbon technologies Assessment of viable options for conversion to low-carbon technologies using market-based instruments (carbon levies) Table (13): Information necessary to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of Dominica’s NDC Para Guidance provided by Decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU applicable to Dominica’s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Total GHG emissions reduction baseline: 2014 Forest carbon sequestration baseline: 2018 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions estimates for the 2014 reference year has been updated to ~219.71Gg, as reported in the updated National GHG Inventory of the TNC.', 'Professional certification of low-carbon management service/technology providers Green Communities and Infrastructure Commissioning of energy/GHG audits of cities, public infrastructure Establishment of soft financing for energy conservation and conversion to renewable energy technology Conversion to solar powered LED street lights Establishment of green areas in urban development Conversion of public buildings/infrastructure to low-carbon technologies in PortsmouthThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Establishment of vehicle upgrade and maintenance programs to phase in the conversion to fuel efficient and low-carbon vehicles (solar powered, electrical, biofuel powered, hydrogen powered) Climate Change Financing Expertise Capacity development: climate change finance acquisition Design and legal establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund for conversion to low-carbon technologies Assessment of viable options for conversion to low-carbon technologies using market-based instruments (carbon levies) Table (13): Information necessary to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of Dominica’s NDC Para Guidance provided by Decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU applicable to Dominica’s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Total GHG emissions reduction baseline: 2014 Forest carbon sequestration baseline: 2018 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions estimates for the 2014 reference year has been updated to ~219.71Gg, as reported in the updated National GHG Inventory of the TNC. Sectoral emissions estimates (Gg) for the reference year are as follows: Energy (~167.24); Industrial Processes (~0.05); Agriculture (~22.17) and Waste (~30.25).', 'Sectoral emissions estimates (Gg) for the reference year are as follows: Energy (~167.24); Industrial Processes (~0.05); Agriculture (~22.17) and Waste (~30.25). These values may be further adjusted in the future in accordance with section 1(f) below.', 'These values may be further adjusted in the future in accordance with section 1(f) below. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement or policies and measure as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Overall Emissions Reduction Targets Sectoral Emissions Reduction Targets \uf0a7 Energy Industries: 98.6% \uf0a7 Agriculture: 50%The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf0a7 Solid Waste: 78.6% \uf0a7 Industrial Processes: 8.8% \uf0a7 Transport: 20% \uf0a7 Shipping: 100% \uf0a7 Commercial/Institutional, Residential and Fishing: 8.1% Other Targets \uf0a7 100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources) \uf0a7 200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027 \uf0a7 ~648Gg forest carbon sequestration 2020-2025, ~621Gg 2025-2030 through REDD+ Strategy \uf0a7 50% increase in agroforestry farmers \uf0a7 10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Quantification of reference points are based on the National GHG Inventory reported in Dominica’s Third National Communication.', '(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement or policies and measure as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Overall Emissions Reduction Targets Sectoral Emissions Reduction Targets \uf0a7 Energy Industries: 98.6% \uf0a7 Agriculture: 50%The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf0a7 Solid Waste: 78.6% \uf0a7 Industrial Processes: 8.8% \uf0a7 Transport: 20% \uf0a7 Shipping: 100% \uf0a7 Commercial/Institutional, Residential and Fishing: 8.1% Other Targets \uf0a7 100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources) \uf0a7 200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027 \uf0a7 ~648Gg forest carbon sequestration 2020-2025, ~621Gg 2025-2030 through REDD+ Strategy \uf0a7 50% increase in agroforestry farmers \uf0a7 10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Quantification of reference points are based on the National GHG Inventory reported in Dominica’s Third National Communication. This was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'This was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Consistent with Decision 18/CMA1 paragraph 28, the GHG inventory will be periodically reviewed by technical experts. Values may therefore be updated or recalculated due to the inclusion of new sectors, methodological improvements or changes in the reporting format. Information on any updates will be reported in the Biennial Transparency Report.', 'Information on any updates will be reported in the Biennial Transparency Report. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', '2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Multi-year targets \uf0a7 Total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for 2025 and 2030 \uf0a7 Forest carbon sequestration projections for 2020-2025 and 2025-2030 (refer to 1d) Single-year target \uf0a7 Sectoral emissions reduction targets by 2030 \uf0a7 100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources) \uf0a7 200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027 \uf0a7 10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 3 Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target; This is a total emissions reduction target from the baseline year (2014) and involves progressive reduction of total greenhouse gases for each of the target years: - 100% renewable energy usage by 2030, mainly from geothermal sources, also from synthetic fuels - From 2027, 200Gg+ geothermal energy export to French Territories: Martinique, Guadeloupe - ~648Gg annual forest carbon sequestration from 2020-2025 and ~621Gg from 2025-2030 Geographical Scope: Nationwide and sectoral as described in 3(b) below (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Sectors - Energy Industries - Agriculture - Transport - Manufacturing & Construction - Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Fishing - Solid Waste - LULUCF Direct GHG Gases: - Carbon-dioxide (CO2 ) - Methane (CH4 ) - Nitrous-oxide (N2 O) - Partially fluorinated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Indirect GHG Gases: - Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) - Sulphur-dioxide (SO2 ) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks, and why any categories are excluded); Dominica continues to strive for the inclusion (and protection where applicable) of all sources and sinks in its NDC, as evidenced by the inclusion of both direct and indirect GHGs.', 'Multi-year targets \uf0a7 Total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for 2025 and 2030 \uf0a7 Forest carbon sequestration projections for 2020-2025 and 2025-2030 (refer to 1d) Single-year target \uf0a7 Sectoral emissions reduction targets by 2030 \uf0a7 100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources) \uf0a7 200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027 \uf0a7 10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 3 Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target; This is a total emissions reduction target from the baseline year (2014) and involves progressive reduction of total greenhouse gases for each of the target years: - 100% renewable energy usage by 2030, mainly from geothermal sources, also from synthetic fuels - From 2027, 200Gg+ geothermal energy export to French Territories: Martinique, Guadeloupe - ~648Gg annual forest carbon sequestration from 2020-2025 and ~621Gg from 2025-2030 Geographical Scope: Nationwide and sectoral as described in 3(b) below (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Sectors - Energy Industries - Agriculture - Transport - Manufacturing & Construction - Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Fishing - Solid Waste - LULUCF Direct GHG Gases: - Carbon-dioxide (CO2 ) - Methane (CH4 ) - Nitrous-oxide (N2 O) - Partially fluorinated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Indirect GHG Gases: - Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) - Sulphur-dioxide (SO2 ) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks, and why any categories are excluded); Dominica continues to strive for the inclusion (and protection where applicable) of all sources and sinks in its NDC, as evidenced by the inclusion of both direct and indirect GHGs. However, this is conditional upon the receipt of timely access to international finance, technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building support for implementation of priority mitigation measures.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'However, this is conditional upon the receipt of timely access to international finance, technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building support for implementation of priority mitigation measures.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The country has adopted an integrated approach to adaptation and mitigation to achieve climate resilience. There is considerable potential for mitigation co-benefits particularly in the forestry and agriculture sector (refer to Box 5), supported by relevant regulatory and institutional frameworks for achievement, which have been detailed in the accompanying text.', 'There is considerable potential for mitigation co-benefits particularly in the forestry and agriculture sector (refer to Box 5), supported by relevant regulatory and institutional frameworks for achievement, which have been detailed in the accompanying text. 4 Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; NDC Planning Process This was led by the National focal point in the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in conjunction with the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica, with technical support from UNDP.', '4 Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; NDC Planning Process This was led by the National focal point in the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in conjunction with the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica, with technical support from UNDP. Prior to the NDC revision, target progress and stakeholder capacity development assessments were performed. This involved an assessment of the institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks developed in support of climate action and NDC implementation, progress in NDC implementation, as well as capacity gaps and training requirements.', 'This involved an assessment of the institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks developed in support of climate action and NDC implementation, progress in NDC implementation, as well as capacity gaps and training requirements. Further details in section 4.1. NDC Revision Process Domestic Institutional Arrangements: Several cross-sectoral institutions have been established to ensure mainstreaming and alignment with national processes and plans; and to coordinate and implement initiatives in relation to climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience. Stakeholder Engagement: Recognising the importance of increased national awareness and participation in the NDC process at all levels and stages of development, an inclusive approach was adopted. This involved stakeholders at all levels of society: public sector, private sector, government officials, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs) and civil society.', 'This involved stakeholders at all levels of society: public sector, private sector, government officials, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs) and civil society. This was achieved mainly through online surveys, key informant interviews and virtual consultations, with support from staff and other consultants under UNDPs Climate Promise Initiative. These consultations provided stakeholders with an opportunity to engage with members of the Government and negotiators and provide their inputs on the climate change negotiations, whilst also suggesting ideas to government for filling up of any gaps that might exist on Dominica’s approach toThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions the Paris negotiations.', 'These consultations provided stakeholders with an opportunity to engage with members of the Government and negotiators and provide their inputs on the climate change negotiations, whilst also suggesting ideas to government for filling up of any gaps that might exist on Dominica’s approach toThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions the Paris negotiations. It also provided an opportunity for stakeholders to engage in the work done on enhancing NDCs, and provide their inputs on what they think should be put forward as Dominica’s contribution. It will further enhance the culture of a sustainable national dialogue and provides a platform for all stakeholders who have an interest in climate change negotiations and also increases acceptance of implementation measures.', 'It will further enhance the culture of a sustainable national dialogue and provides a platform for all stakeholders who have an interest in climate change negotiations and also increases acceptance of implementation measures. Community and Indigenous Persons, Gender Considerations: The Country Assessment report for the Commonwealth of Dominica - Enhancing Gender Visibility in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change in the Caribbean, provides insights on the extent to which mechanisms for climate change risk management effectively incorporates gender considerations. The study highlights key measures which are required to achieve gender equality in climate change risk management in Dominica which is fundamental for the survival and well-being of the country’s population.', 'The study highlights key measures which are required to achieve gender equality in climate change risk management in Dominica which is fundamental for the survival and well-being of the country’s population. It also supports the development of better public policies for climate change risk management that can help key stakeholders to anticipate and prevent the differentiated impact of hazards on each woman and other vulnerable segments of society. Dominica’s Government acknowledged its responsibilities to the Kalinago peoples and is committed to working and supporting them in the realization of self- determination and other human rights as outlined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Specific strategies have been proposed in the NRDS, which fall under capacity building, promotion of social justice and preservation of culture.', 'Specific strategies have been proposed in the NRDS, which fall under capacity building, promotion of social justice and preservation of culture. Priority climate change adaptation measures have been identified in collaboration with the Kalinago Group to reduce threats to the people, culture, livelihoods and existence of the Kalinago Territory. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography: The Commonwealth of Dominica, located at 15\uf0b0 north latitude and 61\uf0b0 west longitude, occupies a central position between the French Territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively.', '(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography: The Commonwealth of Dominica, located at 15\uf0b0 north latitude and 61\uf0b0 west longitude, occupies a central position between the French Territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively. At approximately 29 miles in length and 16 miles at its widest point, it represents the largest of the Windward islands to the west and the Leeward islands to the east. Known for its rich and diverse natural environment, Dominica has been nicknamed the “Nature Island of the Caribbean”. The island, home to some of the richest mountain rainforest, blue-green slopes, rushing streams, waterfalls and cloud-drenched mountain peaks rises to almost 5000 feet.', 'The island, home to some of the richest mountain rainforest, blue-green slopes, rushing streams, waterfalls and cloud-drenched mountain peaks rises to almost 5000 feet. The island was formed by volcanic activity, which persists as evidenced by ongoing earthquakes, and the presence of sulphuric springs and steam vents. These together with scenic attractions such as the Boiling Lake and the Valley of Desolation contribute largely to their growing eco-tourism industry. Dominica’s rugged landscape is attributed to its volcanic origins. The vulcanicity of the island makes it susceptibleThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions to geophysical hazards.', 'The vulcanicity of the island makes it susceptibleThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions to geophysical hazards. Dominica is part of a group of 47 countries and territories which have been classified by the United Nations (UN) as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which face a multitude of unique challenges and are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Vulnerability: Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. Dominica is particularly vulnerable to climate-related natural hazards, which are exacerbated due to climate change.', 'Dominica is particularly vulnerable to climate-related natural hazards, which are exacerbated due to climate change. These include increased frequency and magnitude of tropical storms, extreme weather events (flood, drought and heatwaves), unfamiliar rainfall patterns (seasonality and total amounts), sea level rise and heightened storm surges, as well as the devastating multitude of impacts on lives and livelihoods. Recent hurricane activity (2015, 2017) has highlighted the level of vulnerability and risk, setting Dominica on a path to becoming the world’s first climate-resilient nation. Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many other SIDS, is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity.', 'Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many other SIDS, is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity. This includes trade, (positive and negative) impacts of globalization, financial crises, international conflicts, external debt, as well as internal conditions such as population growth, poverty, political instability, unemployment, reduced social cohesion and a widening gap between the rich and poor and their interactions. Population: Dominica was originally populated by Amerindian peoples, known as Kalinago or Caribs. This is the only island in the Caribbean that still possesses distinct communities of these indigenous people.', 'This is the only island in the Caribbean that still possesses distinct communities of these indigenous people. Population estimates for 2011 indicate that Dominica had a population of approximately 71,293 persons (a decline from 74,750 in 1994), including two thousand Kalinago, the remaining survivors of the first inhabitants of the island. The total population comprises 36,411 males and 34,882 females. The population is mostly of African and mixed African/European descent, with European, Syrian and Indigenous minorities. Dominica ranks as one of the top five countries in the world with the highest net emigration, with the size of the Dominican diaspora more than double the country’s existing population.', 'Dominica ranks as one of the top five countries in the world with the highest net emigration, with the size of the Dominican diaspora more than double the country’s existing population. After the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, an estimated 20,000 persons left Dominica to seek education and employment in neighbouring countries. Large expanses of mountainous topography have limited human settlements to narrow coastal areas particularly in the south and west with approximately 44,000 persons (62%) living along the coast prior to Hurricane Maria. There are two primary population clusters: Portsmouth and the capital city Roseau and its environs, which is the largest community with 14,847 persons, representing almost 21% of the total population. In 2017, 40% of the population resided in rural areas.', 'In 2017, 40% of the population resided in rural areas. Biodiversity: Dominica boasts a rich, largely unexploited, multi-layered rain forest area of ~45,000 hectares, which constitutes more than half of the island’s 75,000-hectare land area overall. The island is rich in volcanic soil and having high rainfall amounts it is well-served by over 365 cascading streams, rivers and natural pools. Since 1975, an extensive system of national protected areas provides a significant carbon sink and affords protection for approximately 20% of the national territory. Protected areas include one marine park, two large forest reserves (Central and Northern) and the Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site.', 'Protected areas include one marine park, two large forest reserves (Central and Northern) and the Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. 25% of Dominica’s forest lands areThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions legally protected either as forest reserves or National Parks. The island has a rich and diverse flora and fauna, which are influenced by its geography and history. The natural forest is home to the most diverse assortment of rare wildlife species among the smaller Caribbean islands, which accounts for ~48% of local food supply. The country’s biodiversity provides the key natural resources to support the economy. Climate: Dominica’s climate is characterized as tropical maritime with characteristically warm temperatures and intense rainfall.', 'Climate: Dominica’s climate is characterized as tropical maritime with characteristically warm temperatures and intense rainfall. The day-time average of 26-27\uf0b0C in coastal areas decreases to 19- 21\uf0b0 in mountainous areas. Whereas night-time temperatures averages 18-22\uf0b0C along the coast and 10-12\uf0b0C at higher elevations. Relative humidity is consistently high throughout the year, averaging ~ 85% in mountainous interior areas. Excessive heat and humidity are tempered to an extent by the steady flow of the north-east trade winds. Annually, the climate is distinguished only by rainfall amounts, with a dry season from December to May and a wet season from June to November. The average yearly rainfall ranges from ~1,900 mm for coast areas to ~5,000 mm for inland areas.', 'The average yearly rainfall ranges from ~1,900 mm for coast areas to ~5,000 mm for inland areas. Generally, rainfall is less on the islands’ western leeward coast which, due to the prevailing winds, is within the rain-shadow of the mountainous interior. The steep, mountainous terrain alters temperatures, winds and rainfall which results in a number of micro-climates. The rugged topography results in considerable amounts of orographic rainfall, making it the wettest island in the eastern Caribbean with annual rainfall totals exceeding 10,000 mm (400 inches) in some of the higher elevations and rendering the island susceptible to landslides particularly in mountainous areas. Dominica’s position within the Atlantic hurricane belt combined with its climate, makes it vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards.', 'Dominica’s position within the Atlantic hurricane belt combined with its climate, makes it vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards. Economy: With gross domestic product (GDP) standing at US$517 million (2014 - IMF estimates), the Dominica economy reflects many of the traditional features of a small open economy. This includes a high level of dependence on external trade as a proportion of GDP, dependence on single sector export products (in this case agriculture) and tourism revenue, high levels of underemployment and unemployment, and dependence on foreign capital (both public and private sector) for investment into productive sectors and for infrastructural development.', 'This includes a high level of dependence on external trade as a proportion of GDP, dependence on single sector export products (in this case agriculture) and tourism revenue, high levels of underemployment and unemployment, and dependence on foreign capital (both public and private sector) for investment into productive sectors and for infrastructural development. Over the past 10 years, economic growth in Dominica averaged approximately 3.7% per annum, dropping to 1.5% by 2015 before suffering further decline after Tropical Storm Erika (2015) and Hurricane Maria (2017) resulting in a 9.5 percent decline in GDP for 2017. Prior to Hurricane Maria, the population of the country has remained relatively unchanged over recent years (approximately 70,000), and is not expected to increase in the next 10- 15 years.', 'Prior to Hurricane Maria, the population of the country has remained relatively unchanged over recent years (approximately 70,000), and is not expected to increase in the next 10- 15 years. Since the year 2000, contributions to GDP have increased in the agricultural, private education and hospitality industries, with declining trends in manufacturing, real estate and banking. In 2016, the top imports to Dominica were refined petroleum, soap, medical instruments, low voltage protection equipment, and gravel and crushed stone. Dominica’s main export of agricultural goods include bananas, cereal and pellets, tropical fruits, cassava, citrus, beer, pasta, spices, and vegetables.', 'Dominica’s main export of agricultural goods include bananas, cereal and pellets, tropical fruits, cassava, citrus, beer, pasta, spices, and vegetables. Although the economy is described as predominantly agricultural, the country is activelyThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions exploring prospects in tourism, and is also developing the production of geothermal energy. Sustainable Development: Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. Although economic growth was slowed by a myriad of unfavourable development activities, particularly with respect to trade, there were underlying weaknesses in the economy such as a reliance on one or two sectors. This lack of diversity exacerbated vulnerability to economic shocks and poor fiscal management led to unsustainable debt levels.', 'This lack of diversity exacerbated vulnerability to economic shocks and poor fiscal management led to unsustainable debt levels. Dominica has prioritised sustainable development and achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), as evidenced by the many projects in the pipeline to ensure these goals are met by 2030. Climate change poses unique threats to sustainable development, however, Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) Programme has been a crucial element in funding many of the projects that have put them well on track to attain the SDGs. Details of these projects can be found in Annex I. The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development has overall responsibility for national planning, coordination and monitoring of policies and plans in relation to the SDGs.', 'The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development has overall responsibility for national planning, coordination and monitoring of policies and plans in relation to the SDGs. In addition, an interim SDG Technical committee has been established and a national structure as the formalized oversight mechanism is in preparatory phase. In 2018, the National Resilience Development Strategy (NRDS) 2030 was approved by Dominica’s government. This long-term national plan which considers the unique challenges faced by SIDS, is grounded in the SDGs and the national vision of becoming the First Climate Resilient Country in the world, and is shaped by three strategic elements: environmental protection, social development and economic development and transformation. All sector plans have been developed and well-aligned to the SDGs and the nation’s vision.', 'All sector plans have been developed and well-aligned to the SDGs and the nation’s vision. The sector plans are medium- term (four-year) strategic plans which are further divided into yearly implementation plans. Furthermore, guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of projects which capture information that enhances the sustainability and resilience pursuits have been developed. A draft framework was crafted for Primary and Secondary level education to facilitate integration of the SDGs into the school curriculum. The Central Statistics Office has adopted Caribbean specific SDGs, with the selection of specific indicators that are relevant to the region to be monitored. In addition, a database is in the process of development to register the indicators, their definition and rationales, responsible stakeholders, level of completion and reporting methods.', 'In addition, a database is in the process of development to register the indicators, their definition and rationales, responsible stakeholders, level of completion and reporting methods. Dominica vowed to become the world’s first climate resilient country through a comprehensive program to “Build Back Better” as championed by the Island’s Prime Minister. A Climate Resilient Executive Agency, a Policy Advisory Board and a Public Private Sector Investment Committee were created to oversee the resilience building process and the new climate smart country branding.', 'A Climate Resilient Executive Agency, a Policy Advisory Board and a Public Private Sector Investment Committee were created to oversee the resilience building process and the new climate smart country branding. The cornerstone of the rebuilding process included several aspects as follows: Grant based reconstruction resources from a range of donors; insurance facilities and bilateral arrangements; debt reconstruction including debt forgiveness; strengthening of the citizen by investments programs; investment in climate resilient infrastructure; investment in critical social infrastructure; cost effective fiscal policies and reform; expenditure controls; controls on extending external debt; diaspora engagement; and establishing legal and regulatory frameworks to address the threats, causes and consequences of climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions b Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Tracking and Monitoring The government realises that there are several benefits to accurate tracking and monitoring of progress.', 'The cornerstone of the rebuilding process included several aspects as follows: Grant based reconstruction resources from a range of donors; insurance facilities and bilateral arrangements; debt reconstruction including debt forgiveness; strengthening of the citizen by investments programs; investment in climate resilient infrastructure; investment in critical social infrastructure; cost effective fiscal policies and reform; expenditure controls; controls on extending external debt; diaspora engagement; and establishing legal and regulatory frameworks to address the threats, causes and consequences of climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions b Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Tracking and Monitoring The government realises that there are several benefits to accurate tracking and monitoring of progress. These include: more effective and efficient use of financial and other resources allocated to implementation of climate change measures; greater visibility and better coordination among donors and climate investors; ability to develop new green technologies and obtain important lessons learned to enhance economic development.', 'These include: more effective and efficient use of financial and other resources allocated to implementation of climate change measures; greater visibility and better coordination among donors and climate investors; ability to develop new green technologies and obtain important lessons learned to enhance economic development. Dominica intends to adopt one of the top actions for tracking the progress and evaluating climate change policies – Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) under the ETF, that has been adopted as part of the Katowice Climate Package. In addition, the country intends to develop several databases to facilitate accurate collection, tracking and monitoring of quantitative and qualitative targets/indicators across various sectors.', 'In addition, the country intends to develop several databases to facilitate accurate collection, tracking and monitoring of quantitative and qualitative targets/indicators across various sectors. GHG Projections Dominica has used global data in the preparation of its national GHG inventory, which limits its ability to develop robust national-level emission projections. In addition, technological capacity is lacking to perform future assessments. The country is in the initial stages of development of its national GHG inventory and intends to build capacity in this area to facilitate development of projections.', 'The country is in the initial stages of development of its national GHG inventory and intends to build capacity in this area to facilitate development of projections. Mitigation, Adaptation and Resilience Dominica has been exemplary in its development of institutional and regulatory frameworks, as evidenced by its many policies, plans, institutions and committees to support the transition to a green economy; while at the same time promoting measures for adaptation, climate resilience and sustainable development. Considerable progress has also been made in achieving coherence among global goals: Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.', 'Considerable progress has also been made in achieving coherence among global goals: Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Dominica has been very successful in in securing international climate finance from several major funding bodies to support and scale-up its climate action in both mitigation and adaptation components, including capacity development. Experiences and lessons learnt from NDC implementation, as well as pursuit of other global goals and agreements, combined with technological advancements and new financial partnerships led to the revision and updating of targets, to reflect new sub-sectors and enhanced ambition for pre-existing targets.', 'Experiences and lessons learnt from NDC implementation, as well as pursuit of other global goals and agreements, combined with technological advancements and new financial partnerships led to the revision and updating of targets, to reflect new sub-sectors and enhanced ambition for pre-existing targets. c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris NAThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; NA (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Dominica, recognising that in managing the impacts of climate change, it may also be affected by the impact of response measures, and in its consideration of the economic and social consequences of response measures as part of the development of the updated NDC, has done the following: included the imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined development priorities; made all reasonable attempts to foster synergies and co-benefits between adaptation and mitigation measures; prioritised efforts at all levels from national to sub-national and cross-cutting (gender, vulnerable populations etc.)', 'c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris NAThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; NA (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Dominica, recognising that in managing the impacts of climate change, it may also be affected by the impact of response measures, and in its consideration of the economic and social consequences of response measures as part of the development of the updated NDC, has done the following: included the imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined development priorities; made all reasonable attempts to foster synergies and co-benefits between adaptation and mitigation measures; prioritised efforts at all levels from national to sub-national and cross-cutting (gender, vulnerable populations etc.) and has analysed the uneven distribution of impacts, risks and vulnerabilities across different groups of population.', 'and has analysed the uneven distribution of impacts, risks and vulnerabilities across different groups of population. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaption plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources water resources coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC), GEF-funded Sustainable Land Management (SLM) project, Vulnerability Mapping and “Climate-Proofing” of National Parks Management Plans, Community-based vulnerability mapping. Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy, INC, SNC, PPCR.', 'Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy, INC, SNC, PPCR. Establishment of a Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management legislation to establish the legal and institutional framework to support the transitions to a climate resilient, low carbon development path. 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removalsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; - GHG inventories were compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories based on IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) Global Warming Potentials (GWPs).', '5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removalsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; - GHG inventories were compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories based on IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) Global Warming Potentials (GWPs). Uncertainties in the inventory arise from both emission factors and activity data. Approved statistical adjustments were undertaken with activity data to facilitate accuracy and consistency in reporting.', 'Approved statistical adjustments were undertaken with activity data to facilitate accuracy and consistency in reporting. Since default emission factors were used, their uncertainties are those recommended in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. Refer to 3b for sectors and gases included in the GHG inventory and the emissions baseline estimate. - Uncertainties in the activity data were due mainly to the inconsistencies in the available datasets, either because records were not effectively maintained and/or not compiled at all. In such cases, statistical analysis was conducted. - Two methods were used to calculate CO2 emissions: the Reference Approach and the Sector Approach.', '- Two methods were used to calculate CO2 emissions: the Reference Approach and the Sector Approach. - For non-CO2 emissions, data was obtained from the CSO, Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica and trade import data for bitumen, personal care products, solvents and refrigeration and air- conditioning products. Default IPCC emission factors based on import data were then used to estimate NMVOC emissions following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 1 methodology was used to estimate the potential HFC emissions. The estimate was based on the number of different types of refrigeration and air-conditioning products and equipment. Data was obtained from the Customs and Excise Unit.', 'Data was obtained from the Customs and Excise Unit. - Data was available for 2014/2015/2017 from ECU (which manages an Ozone Depleting Substances Project) and extrapolated for the back years using import data for refrigeration and air conditioning units applying statistical adjustments for inconsistencies during some years. For fire protection, aerosols and other chemical use, import data was used with 2006 IPCC defaults factors to estimate the quantity of HFC’s material in each product and potential losses. Data for the quantity of road surface area paved or the amount of asphalt produced were not available. Hence, it was assumed that all the bitumen imported was used for road paving and that paving material contained 10% bitumen.', 'Hence, it was assumed that all the bitumen imported was used for road paving and that paving material contained 10% bitumen. The default emission factor for NMVOC emission for road paving was used. - Production data for brewery and alcoholic beverages products were obtained from the relevant companies, alcoholic production data was obtained from two main producers, and soap production from Dominica Coconut Products. Default emission factors offered under the IPCC workbooks were used in calculating the GHG emissions. Production data for bread and similar products were not available, therefore no emissions from bread making were estimated.', 'Production data for bread and similar products were not available, therefore no emissions from bread making were estimated. Energy Sector non- CO2 EmissionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Non-CO emissions generated by the energy sector in Dominica include emissions of methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and sulphur dioxide (SO ). The N2O, SO and HFC emissions are relatively small (less than 0.4 Gg) while the average annual CH4, and NMVOC emissions were 1.32 Gg and 0.45 Gg respectively.', 'The N2O, SO and HFC emissions are relatively small (less than 0.4 Gg) while the average annual CH4, and NMVOC emissions were 1.32 Gg and 0.45 Gg respectively. Industrial Sector non- CO2 Emissions Based on International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC 3.1 Section D- ISIC), Code 154 (manufacture of other food products-bakery products) constitutes the largest component, Code 55 (manufacture of beverages and distilled spirits) and ISIC Code 242 (manufacture of other chemical products - paints and varnish) were the products mainly produced in Dominica. The facilities that are sources of Non-CO Emissions are bakeries, Dominica Brewery and Beverage Limited, paints, personal care products and asphalt paving which give rise to NMVOC emissions. HFC’s are released from refrigeration and air conditioning, fire protection, aerosols, and other chemical use.', 'HFC’s are released from refrigeration and air conditioning, fire protection, aerosols, and other chemical use. - Solvent and other products Emissions from solvent and product use were calculated in the 2005 inventory. For this inventory, estimations of NMVOC emissions were estimated for products such as paints, varnishes, thinners, enamels and household product use. Estimates of the emissions from solvent and other product use are based on the amounts of products used and the percentage of NMVOC or N O that evaporates during use. Import data for paint products were obtained from the CSO and it was assumed that all imports were used in the same year. In addition, it was estimated that imported paints had the same solvent content limits as the US EPA solvent content limits.', 'In addition, it was estimated that imported paints had the same solvent content limits as the US EPA solvent content limits. The emission factors represent the use of household products in the US and no data on the use of these products in Dominica (i.e., country- specific emission factors) were available. The emission factor was multiplied by the population in each year to give the NMVOC emissions from household product use in each year. - Waste Sector The IPCC methodology for estimating CH emissions from SWDS is based on the First Order Decay (FOD) method. This method assumes that the degradable organic component (degradable organic carbon) in waste decays slowly throughout a few decades, during which CH and CO are formed.', 'This method assumes that the degradable organic component (degradable organic carbon) in waste decays slowly throughout a few decades, during which CH and CO are formed. If conditions are constant, the rate of CH production depends solely on the amount of carbon remaining in the waste. Indirect N O emissions from human sludge were estimated from the nitrogen content of human sludge which was based on the per capita protein consumption of an average person in Dominica and then byThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions applying a default IPCC emission factor (kg N O/kg human sludge N). A waste characterization study (DSWMC, 2006) conducted in 2002 provided country-specific estimates of the degradable organic carbon in waste.', 'A waste characterization study (DSWMC, 2006) conducted in 2002 provided country-specific estimates of the degradable organic carbon in waste. Data for waste received at the sanitary landfill during the months of 2012 were used to estimate the per capita waste generated. In addition, expert opinion from the landfill manager/s and it was estimated that the per capita waste generation in 2007 (21,000-25,000 kg annually) was the same in 2012- 2016. Population data obtained from the CSO and per capita solid waste disposal noted above were used to calculate total solid waste per year. Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites In 2000 there were a lot more solid waste disposal sites located all over the island as compared to the period 2006-2017.', 'Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites In 2000 there were a lot more solid waste disposal sites located all over the island as compared to the period 2006-2017. This explains the drop in CH4 emissions from the year 2000 and the revise 2006 IPCC guidelines accounts for some changes. - Emissions from Agriculture The IPCC Tier 1 approach was used to calculate methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management emissions using regional default IPCC emission factors and the country-specific populations for each category of livestock (data obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization- FAO website). N2 O emissions from soils, animal production and from the application of fertilizers are estimated based on the amounts of nitrogen input from synthetic fertilizers, animal waste, nitrogen fixing crops and crop residues.', 'N2 O emissions from soils, animal production and from the application of fertilizers are estimated based on the amounts of nitrogen input from synthetic fertilizers, animal waste, nitrogen fixing crops and crop residues. Direct and indirect N2O releases to the atmosphere were then estimated from these inputs using default IPCC emission factors. Animal population data from 2006- 2016 was obtained from FAO website, with 2017 estimated based on trends although the estimate for cattle appears high. The most recent agricultural census for Dominica was in 1995. Crop production data were obtained from FAO inclusive with some data from CSO. Annual import data from FAO and International Trade Center (Trade Maps) for synthetic fertilizer was used.', 'Annual import data from FAO and International Trade Center (Trade Maps) for synthetic fertilizer was used. Data Gaps: Based on difficulties encountered in the process of document collection and storage, and the analysis, compiling and assessment of relevant data set, several inputs necessary for calculating emission factors or relevant data for computing GHG emissions were either unavailable or incomplete. Considering these data issues and the uncertainties identified, default values of emission factors proposed by the IPCC were used in many instances to compute GHG emissions. These did not capture the local realities, were not country specific, and should be treated as estimates and/or approximations. The key data gaps by key areas for which additional information will be required areThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions summarised below.', 'The key data gaps by key areas for which additional information will be required areThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions summarised below. This is in addition to the current data gaps and uncertainties identified and reported in the previous GHG inventory which have not been addressed.', 'This is in addition to the current data gaps and uncertainties identified and reported in the previous GHG inventory which have not been addressed. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Refer to 5(a) (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Refer to 5(a) (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Refer to 5(a) (e) Sector-, category-or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Refer to 5(a) (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Any approach used will be consistent with IPCC 2006 guidelines and best practices.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Refer to 5(a) (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Refer to 5(a) (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Refer to 5(a) (e) Sector-, category-or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Refer to 5(a) (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Any approach used will be consistent with IPCC 2006 guidelines and best practices. The approach is embedded in the principles of sustainable land management to include emphasis on: minimizing soil erosion and soil acidification in particular while at the same time placing greater emphasis on increasing soil organic matter, fostering soil nutrient balance and cycles and increasing soil biodiversity.', 'The approach is embedded in the principles of sustainable land management to include emphasis on: minimizing soil erosion and soil acidification in particular while at the same time placing greater emphasis on increasing soil organic matter, fostering soil nutrient balance and cycles and increasing soil biodiversity. See Box 5 for further information.', 'See Box 5 for further information. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; NA (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; NA (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category-or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Refer to 5(a)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components as applicable; NA (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; NA (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; NA (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable; Dominica has engaged in a bilateral agreement with Switzerland, enabling the island to sell its carbon credits in an emissions trading deal, with the aim of generating offsets in Switzerland that can be used to help meet its Nationally Determined Contributions and generate internationally transferred mitigation outcomes.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; NA (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; NA (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category-or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Refer to 5(a)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components as applicable; NA (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; NA (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; NA (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable; Dominica has engaged in a bilateral agreement with Switzerland, enabling the island to sell its carbon credits in an emissions trading deal, with the aim of generating offsets in Switzerland that can be used to help meet its Nationally Determined Contributions and generate internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. Under the agreement, Switzerland will undertake a project to finance the electrification of the island’s transport sector and geothermal energy which will count towards Switzerland’s greenhouse gas reduction target.', 'Under the agreement, Switzerland will undertake a project to finance the electrification of the island’s transport sector and geothermal energy which will count towards Switzerland’s greenhouse gas reduction target. This will be done consistent with cooperative approaches outlined in Article 6.2 and Article 6.4, with constant project monitoring to ensure the specified criteria are met. In addition, the Government of Dominica intends to explore carbon-trading schemes under REDD+ for the Forestry sector when it becomes feasible.', 'In addition, the Government of Dominica intends to explore carbon-trading schemes under REDD+ for the Forestry sector when it becomes feasible. 6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Dominica like many other Caribbean SIDS, faces development challenges, which are exacerbated by the increasing levels of vulnerability, risk, loss and damage due to climate change.', '6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Dominica like many other Caribbean SIDS, faces development challenges, which are exacerbated by the increasing levels of vulnerability, risk, loss and damage due to climate change. As a developing country with limited economic output and facing considerable challenges to implementation of the SDGs, poverty eradication in particular, Dominica cannot afford to continue financing the loss and damage resulting from global climate change; having made no net contribution to global GHG emissions, and making every effort to harness geothermal resources in a manner that will permit the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy.', 'As a developing country with limited economic output and facing considerable challenges to implementation of the SDGs, poverty eradication in particular, Dominica cannot afford to continue financing the loss and damage resulting from global climate change; having made no net contribution to global GHG emissions, and making every effort to harness geothermal resources in a manner that will permit the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy. Dominica seeks an equitable transfer of international climate change financing to sustain priority mitigation, adaptation and resilience projects, which will support green growth, social development and poverty reduction in the country. Despite Dominica’s negligible contribution to emissions, the nation remains committed to being a major player in the achievement of global climate goals.', 'Despite Dominica’s negligible contribution to emissions, the nation remains committed to being a major player in the achievement of global climate goals. Dominica’s NDC is ambitious in all dimensions of climate action and the government has taken all practicable measures to align its actions with sectoral shifts in mitigation actions consistent with a trajectory that aligns with key benchmarks associated with limiting global warming to ~1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Climate action has been enhanced on all fronts, since the 2015 submission, particularly with respect to the mitigation component through the inclusion of additional sub-sectors and non-greenhouse gas targets.', 'Climate action has been enhanced on all fronts, since the 2015 submission, particularly with respect to the mitigation component through the inclusion of additional sub-sectors and non-greenhouse gas targets. Being a SIDS with increased vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change, Dominica has taken an integrated approach with little distinction between climate change adaptation and mitigation; to build climate resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling green growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies.', 'Being a SIDS with increased vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change, Dominica has taken an integrated approach with little distinction between climate change adaptation and mitigation; to build climate resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling green growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies. Considering that prior to 2005, Dominica’s greenhouse gas emissions were nil due to its large forestThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions expanse which was a key tool in climate change mitigation, and the current vulnerability of its forest reserves to hydrometeorological hazards, the country intends to engage in aggressive reforestation and protection activities.', 'Considering that prior to 2005, Dominica’s greenhouse gas emissions were nil due to its large forestThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions expanse which was a key tool in climate change mitigation, and the current vulnerability of its forest reserves to hydrometeorological hazards, the country intends to engage in aggressive reforestation and protection activities. In order to ensure fair and equitable distribution of benefits to local communities, from the harnessing of renewable resources to facilitate the transition to a low- development path, the Government of Dominica will establish an appropriate royalty regime for the commercial exploitation of hydro and geothermal resources. To ensure fair and equitable compensation for self-generation owners, the Government of Dominica will promote the establishment of a net metering program.', 'To ensure fair and equitable compensation for self-generation owners, the Government of Dominica will promote the establishment of a net metering program. This will assist in ensuring fair and equitable payment for excess power delivered to the grid from self-generators. The sound and sustainable management of forests in Dominica will continue to ensure continued carbon sequestration, resulting in no net contribution to global GHG emissions. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Refer to 6(a) (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; In light of national circumstances, this NDC submission is enhanced in all aspects of climate action relevant to developing countries/SIDS.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Refer to 6(a) (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; In light of national circumstances, this NDC submission is enhanced in all aspects of climate action relevant to developing countries/SIDS. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Refer to 6(c) (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Refer to 6(c) (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Refer to 6(c) 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Dominica’s updated NDC, through its sectoral single and multi-year emissions reduction targets, geothermal energy resources export, forest carbon sequestration projections, as well as the use of ITMOs, contributes not only to national level but also regional and international level efforts for achievement of the ultimate goal of the Convention.', 'Refer to 6(c) 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Dominica’s updated NDC, through its sectoral single and multi-year emissions reduction targets, geothermal energy resources export, forest carbon sequestration projections, as well as the use of ITMOs, contributes not only to national level but also regional and international level efforts for achievement of the ultimate goal of the Convention. This NDC, which is being implemented through sectoral approaches, is unique by its inclusion of climate action targets for three NDC pillars: mitigation, adaptation and resilience.', 'This NDC, which is being implemented through sectoral approaches, is unique by its inclusion of climate action targets for three NDC pillars: mitigation, adaptation and resilience. In addition, the renewable energy development target will contribute to the global stocktake under Article 14. This ambitious level of climate action, backed by an NDC Implementation Plan will be dependent upon the timely receipt of international climate financing to ensure its success. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Further to 7(a) above, the mitigation targets have been guided by sectoral shifts and benchmarks associated with limiting global warming to 1.5\uf0b0C above pre-industrial levels by 2030 in specific sectors consistent with global economic modelling scenarios as outlined in Kuramochi et al. 2017.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 Adaptation Action For Dominica, the ultimate objective of adaptation action is the integration of climate change considerations into the planning, development and implementation of all activities at all levels.', '2017.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 Adaptation Action For Dominica, the ultimate objective of adaptation action is the integration of climate change considerations into the planning, development and implementation of all activities at all levels. The main aims are to: Integrate climate change with development policies, plans and projects, as well as incorporate appropriate adaptive responses Ensure that adaptive responses are consistent with national social, economic and environmental developmental goals Take adaptive action where State property, resources and services are likely to be adversely affected by climate change This is necessary to ensure that adaptation activities serve wider development goals and objectives of reducing vulnerability to existing climate stresses and of promoting sustainable development.', 'The main aims are to: Integrate climate change with development policies, plans and projects, as well as incorporate appropriate adaptive responses Ensure that adaptive responses are consistent with national social, economic and environmental developmental goals Take adaptive action where State property, resources and services are likely to be adversely affected by climate change This is necessary to ensure that adaptation activities serve wider development goals and objectives of reducing vulnerability to existing climate stresses and of promoting sustainable development. Dominica is striving for multi-sectoral and multi-level adaptation across all segments of society, giving particular consideration to vulnerable groups - the poor, disabled, elderly and Kalinago community; as well as gender disparities.', 'Dominica is striving for multi-sectoral and multi-level adaptation across all segments of society, giving particular consideration to vulnerable groups - the poor, disabled, elderly and Kalinago community; as well as gender disparities. Recognising the threats posed by climate change, Dominica has over the last two decades, undertaken a number of initiatives to respond to this threat. The adaptation component has been revised to incorporate updated information on regional climate change projections and impacts on Caribbean SIDS. Climate considerations are now more explicitly incorporated to ensure alignment of the development pathway with climate action measures, to ensure climate-resilient and sustainable development. The new approach for the climate change response is holistic and comprehensive, cross- sectoral and inclusive.', 'The new approach for the climate change response is holistic and comprehensive, cross- sectoral and inclusive. This approach is grounded in the identification, selection, implementation and evaluation of strategies, programmes, projects and actions to reduce climate-related vulnerabilities in pursuit of Dominica’s sustainable development goals. The status of ongoing and planned adaptation initiatives has also been updated, including financial requirements (refer to table 14). Dominica developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy, formulated with support under the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) Project, which was adopted by the Cabinet in 2002. In January 2005, the Phase II Enabling Activity, under the UNFCCC was completed, which involved capacity building for climate change.', 'In January 2005, the Phase II Enabling Activity, under the UNFCCC was completed, which involved capacity building for climate change. The country has undertaken a number of adaptation projects, including: o Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) o Sustainable Land Management (SLM) o Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) o Strategic Program for Climate ResilienceThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.1 Adaptation Communication Article 7 of the Paris Agreement establishes the goal of climate change adaptation as a country- driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions, where appropriate.', 'The country has undertaken a number of adaptation projects, including: o Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) o Sustainable Land Management (SLM) o Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) o Strategic Program for Climate ResilienceThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.1 Adaptation Communication Article 7 of the Paris Agreement establishes the goal of climate change adaptation as a country- driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions, where appropriate. This details the Party´s priorities, implementation and support needs, as well as plans and actions for climate change adaptation.', 'This details the Party´s priorities, implementation and support needs, as well as plans and actions for climate change adaptation. The adaptation communication (AC) referred to in decision 9/CMA.131, has the objective of increasing the visibility and profile of adaptation and its balance with mitigation, strengthening adaptation action and support for developing countries, providing inputs to the global stocktake and enhancing learning and understanding of adaptation needs and actions. Dominica has taken the decision for its AC, which is flexible and country-driven, to constitute the adaptation and resilience components of its updated NDC, along with other national documents and international communications, including, inter alia, the National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (2019-2024), which is intended to constitute Dominica’s NAP and the NRDS and LCCRDS, in compliance with decision 9/CMA.1.', 'Dominica has taken the decision for its AC, which is flexible and country-driven, to constitute the adaptation and resilience components of its updated NDC, along with other national documents and international communications, including, inter alia, the National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (2019-2024), which is intended to constitute Dominica’s NAP and the NRDS and LCCRDS, in compliance with decision 9/CMA.1. 6.2 Priority Adaptation Action Dominica’s priority areas for adaptation action are largely based on the priority risks arising due to climate change presented in table 1. These risks include sea level rise, storm surge and climate variability, as well as increased frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events; and the impacts on property, infrastructure, agriculture, health and tourism sectors etc.', 'These risks include sea level rise, storm surge and climate variability, as well as increased frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events; and the impacts on property, infrastructure, agriculture, health and tourism sectors etc. Table 15 lists the in-progress and planned adaptation projects dependent upon financial support. Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation or the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems to help communities adapt to the impacts of climate change are being promoted in the context of tailor-made, national cost-effective measures, which are accessible to local communities and indigenous peoples in the areas of intervention.', 'Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation or the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems to help communities adapt to the impacts of climate change are being promoted in the context of tailor-made, national cost-effective measures, which are accessible to local communities and indigenous peoples in the areas of intervention. Such approaches include, for example, integrated water and coastal resources management, including restoration of riparian forests and mangroves sites located in protected areas and/or key ecosystems that use nature as a solution to reduce vulnerability to climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.4 Coastal and Marine Resources Four main pillars for adaptation have been identified for the Blue Economy: 1.', 'Such approaches include, for example, integrated water and coastal resources management, including restoration of riparian forests and mangroves sites located in protected areas and/or key ecosystems that use nature as a solution to reduce vulnerability to climate change.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.4 Coastal and Marine Resources Four main pillars for adaptation have been identified for the Blue Economy: 1. Sustainable development and diversification strategy - Sustainable fisheries development and diversification - Sustainable aquaculture development - Protecting food security - Monitoring, research and data 2. Sustainable Fishing Communities and Livelihoods Strategy - Safeguarding the vulnerable in the fishing industry - Introducing social safety nets - Adaptation, recovery and resilience to natural disasters - Developing skills - Training and guiding new entrants - Community outreach programmes 3.', 'Sustainable Fishing Communities and Livelihoods Strategy - Safeguarding the vulnerable in the fishing industry - Introducing social safety nets - Adaptation, recovery and resilience to natural disasters - Developing skills - Training and guiding new entrants - Community outreach programmes 3. Sustainable Resource Management Strategy - Sustainable inshore fisheries - Sustainable offshore fisheries - Integrated coastal zone management and protection of marine inshore habitats - Climate change adaptation 4. Governance and Institutional Development Strategy Following a national consultation on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to address climate actions for health, the Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment collaborated with other agencies to address the impacts of climate change on this sector.', 'Governance and Institutional Development Strategy Following a national consultation on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to address climate actions for health, the Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment collaborated with other agencies to address the impacts of climate change on this sector. \uf0a7 2014 - A national consultation on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) was performed to identify climate services for health under the work program of the World Meteorological Organization, including mainstreaming of climate change adaptation. \uf0a7 2015 – The Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment conducted a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for climate change and health.', '\uf0a7 2015 – The Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment conducted a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for climate change and health. The assessment was conducted by the World Meteorological Organization with funds from Environment Canada, Canada’s Health and Climate Office and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). An expert team including experts from Health Canada, World Meteorological Organisation/World Health Organisation (WMO/WHO) Climate and Health Office, PAHO,The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH) and the Ministry of Health, provided support for the assessment. \uf0a7 2016 – A Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum (CARICOF) took place in Dominica focused on discussions on health and climate change.', '\uf0a7 2016 – A Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum (CARICOF) took place in Dominica focused on discussions on health and climate change. This CARICOF brought together Caribbean Meteorologists, experts in health and climate, researchers and other members of the Caribbean Climate Scientific Community to discuss the climate outlook and to identify areas for building climate services for health. \uf0a7 Training for all district health care workers on the impacts of climate change on health was conducted by the Ministry of Health. This is in keeping with the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) Directing Council strategy and plan of action to build capacity among public health workers and leaders to address climate related conditions. \uf0a7 A national media campaign was conducted to highlight the health impact of climate change.', '\uf0a7 A national media campaign was conducted to highlight the health impact of climate change. Previously climate change was mostly regarded as an environmental phenomenon. \uf0a7 Dominica has been identified as the pilot country for the Health Exemplar under the GFCS. The agriculture sector has the potential to achieve climate action goals under all three components: mitigation – such as through better land-use management practices and land- based carbon sequestration (section 5.2.3), adaptation – such as through crop genetic diversity, increased soil organic matter which improves adaptive capacity by increasing soil water holding capacity and soil fertility, while also sequestering carbon (mitigation co-benefits); and resilience – such as improved pasture and grassland management (7.2).', 'The agriculture sector has the potential to achieve climate action goals under all three components: mitigation – such as through better land-use management practices and land- based carbon sequestration (section 5.2.3), adaptation – such as through crop genetic diversity, increased soil organic matter which improves adaptive capacity by increasing soil water holding capacity and soil fertility, while also sequestering carbon (mitigation co-benefits); and resilience – such as improved pasture and grassland management (7.2). Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) represents an integrated approach to achieving these, as well as food security through, inter alia, the management of landscapes, including cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries.', 'Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) represents an integrated approach to achieving these, as well as food security through, inter alia, the management of landscapes, including cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries. Table 14 details some of the ongoing and planned climate adaptation projects for the agriculture sector in Dominica under “Climate Smart Agriculture”.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (14): Summary of Climate Change Adaptation Activities contingent on Financial Support32 ADAPTATION ACTION Climate Smart Agriculture - Rehabilitation of trails and facilities within National Parks and Ecotourism sites - Ecosystem resilience - Amphibian Captive Breeding - Land suitability and capability mapping - Development of water resource inventory, water resource management plan for regulation of harvesting, conservation and export - Climate-smart crops; crop diversification programs; low-carbon agricultural technologies; improved agricultural production systems - Sustainable soil and land management; watershed protection; sustainable development of non-timber forest products and wildlife farming - Climate change impact management and resilience; institutional strengthening and capacity building within the agriculture and fisheries sector - Development of an Agricultural Information Management System - Establishment of an Integrated Coastal and Watershed Management Plan and supporting institutional framework - Product development, diversification and technological advancement within the marine environment - Aquaculture/silviculture research and developmentThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Climate Change Financing - Development of climate change risk management standard - Legal establishment of Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the SPCR and other programs under Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy; and to serve as National Implementing Entity under the GCF - Establishment of sustainable climate change and disaster risk financing mechanisms: \uf0a7 Establishment of CCTF \uf0a7 Micro-finance and micro-insurance for farmers, fisher folk, private sector, vulnerable communities, in particular the Kalinago community \uf0a7 Climate change and disaster risk management insurance for vulnerable communities: tourism, agriculture, fisheries \uf0a7 Climate resilience small grants facility – supported by NGOs Climate-Smart Ecosystems, Communities and Cities - Construction of coastal and river defences; slope stabilisation; retrofitting houses, roads, bridges and critical infrastructure - Improved transportation, processing and storage of agriculture/fisheries products - Retrofitting/construction of community multi-purpose emergency shelters - Implementation and enforcement of environmental protection legislation and climate-smart building codes - Establishment of community-based early warning systems, disaster risk management structures and monitoring - Improved, climate-smart drainage - Updating soil map and natural resource inventory - Community-based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and disaster risk management supported by education and awareness programsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Implementation of climate-smart building codes and development of effective monitoring capabilities to build resilience within the construction industry, including education and awareness at the community level, legislation and effective enforcement/monitoring of coastal erosion - Research, measurement and monitoring of coastal dynamics; enhanced protection of river banks and protected areas; climate change risk management capacity building in key infrastructure and water resource management agencies - Development of supporting enabling framework in response to climate change for communities and vulnerable sections of society: women, youth, elderly, persons with disabilities, to manage their specific risks to vulnerable sectors eg.', 'Table 14 details some of the ongoing and planned climate adaptation projects for the agriculture sector in Dominica under “Climate Smart Agriculture”.The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (14): Summary of Climate Change Adaptation Activities contingent on Financial Support32 ADAPTATION ACTION Climate Smart Agriculture - Rehabilitation of trails and facilities within National Parks and Ecotourism sites - Ecosystem resilience - Amphibian Captive Breeding - Land suitability and capability mapping - Development of water resource inventory, water resource management plan for regulation of harvesting, conservation and export - Climate-smart crops; crop diversification programs; low-carbon agricultural technologies; improved agricultural production systems - Sustainable soil and land management; watershed protection; sustainable development of non-timber forest products and wildlife farming - Climate change impact management and resilience; institutional strengthening and capacity building within the agriculture and fisheries sector - Development of an Agricultural Information Management System - Establishment of an Integrated Coastal and Watershed Management Plan and supporting institutional framework - Product development, diversification and technological advancement within the marine environment - Aquaculture/silviculture research and developmentThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Climate Change Financing - Development of climate change risk management standard - Legal establishment of Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the SPCR and other programs under Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy; and to serve as National Implementing Entity under the GCF - Establishment of sustainable climate change and disaster risk financing mechanisms: \uf0a7 Establishment of CCTF \uf0a7 Micro-finance and micro-insurance for farmers, fisher folk, private sector, vulnerable communities, in particular the Kalinago community \uf0a7 Climate change and disaster risk management insurance for vulnerable communities: tourism, agriculture, fisheries \uf0a7 Climate resilience small grants facility – supported by NGOs Climate-Smart Ecosystems, Communities and Cities - Construction of coastal and river defences; slope stabilisation; retrofitting houses, roads, bridges and critical infrastructure - Improved transportation, processing and storage of agriculture/fisheries products - Retrofitting/construction of community multi-purpose emergency shelters - Implementation and enforcement of environmental protection legislation and climate-smart building codes - Establishment of community-based early warning systems, disaster risk management structures and monitoring - Improved, climate-smart drainage - Updating soil map and natural resource inventory - Community-based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and disaster risk management supported by education and awareness programsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Implementation of climate-smart building codes and development of effective monitoring capabilities to build resilience within the construction industry, including education and awareness at the community level, legislation and effective enforcement/monitoring of coastal erosion - Research, measurement and monitoring of coastal dynamics; enhanced protection of river banks and protected areas; climate change risk management capacity building in key infrastructure and water resource management agencies - Development of supporting enabling framework in response to climate change for communities and vulnerable sections of society: women, youth, elderly, persons with disabilities, to manage their specific risks to vulnerable sectors eg. agriculture, fisheries, water resources; and impacts on eg.', 'agriculture, fisheries, water resources; and impacts on eg. human health, food security, poverty, economic growth and sustainable livelihoods - Effective waste and waste-water treatment management; maintenance of stormwater drainage and increased water storage and treatment capacity using renewable energy technologies - Establishment of Integrated Coastal Zone and Watershed Management Planning Framework including: \uf0a7 Surface and groundwater resources inventory \uf0a7 Water-balance assessment \uf0a7 Monitoring of water resources \uf0a7 Hydro-met monitoring stations \uf0a7 Protection of water catchments - Development of a central database to facilitate access of information - Establishment of zoning/land management plans for development in vulnerable areas - Development of natural wind breaks and soil erosion reduction through natural systemsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 7 Resilient Action Dominica has taken several steps towards its ultimate goal of becoming the world’s first climate- resilient nation.', 'human health, food security, poverty, economic growth and sustainable livelihoods - Effective waste and waste-water treatment management; maintenance of stormwater drainage and increased water storage and treatment capacity using renewable energy technologies - Establishment of Integrated Coastal Zone and Watershed Management Planning Framework including: \uf0a7 Surface and groundwater resources inventory \uf0a7 Water-balance assessment \uf0a7 Monitoring of water resources \uf0a7 Hydro-met monitoring stations \uf0a7 Protection of water catchments - Development of a central database to facilitate access of information - Establishment of zoning/land management plans for development in vulnerable areas - Development of natural wind breaks and soil erosion reduction through natural systemsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined ContributionsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 7 Resilient Action Dominica has taken several steps towards its ultimate goal of becoming the world’s first climate- resilient nation. The climate resilience vision is a developmental paradigm which seeks to climate-proof (to be resilient against the destructive impacts of extreme weather events) the key pillars of national policy, which are: economic diversification, sustainable and inclusive growth, employment creation and revenue generation, social development, social protection and poverty reduction, environmental management and cultural preservation.', 'The climate resilience vision is a developmental paradigm which seeks to climate-proof (to be resilient against the destructive impacts of extreme weather events) the key pillars of national policy, which are: economic diversification, sustainable and inclusive growth, employment creation and revenue generation, social development, social protection and poverty reduction, environmental management and cultural preservation. A multi-sectoral approach has been undertaken (refer to tables 15 and 16), which include several multi-targets, along with a multitude of donor-funded projects all aimed at enhancing national resilience. Several measures have been taken to increase public knowledge on resilience, as well as integrating climate- resilience and disaster risk management into national growth and development planning frameworks.', 'Several measures have been taken to increase public knowledge on resilience, as well as integrating climate- resilience and disaster risk management into national growth and development planning frameworks. To foster climate change resilience and empowerment, a decentralized approach was adopted utilizing four levels: household, community, district and national. These initiatives have been accompanied by capacity-building activities, supported by the establishment of necessary regulatory and institutional frameworks, as well as systematic frameworks for evaluation, monitoring, reporting and verification. 7.1 Priority Resilient Action While there are several sectors and issues identified by national stakeholders during the SPCR and INDC planning processes as being important to address climate change risks in Dominica, there are a few that require priority attention if climate resilience is to be achieved.', '7.1 Priority Resilient Action While there are several sectors and issues identified by national stakeholders during the SPCR and INDC planning processes as being important to address climate change risks in Dominica, there are a few that require priority attention if climate resilience is to be achieved. These priorities have been identified by national stakeholders during the SPCR planning process and INDC development process. They have not yet been funded or implemented under the DVRP and possess the greatest potential to contribute to the successful transformation of the country onto a climate-resilient, low-carbon development path.', 'They have not yet been funded or implemented under the DVRP and possess the greatest potential to contribute to the successful transformation of the country onto a climate-resilient, low-carbon development path. These include: (a) Addressing climate change mitigation measures on the basis that savings in energy costs will allow Dominica to invest more in priority and much needed adaptation measures (b) Establishment of community off-grid mini-grid or micro-grid renewable energy electrical supply systems (backed up by emergency alternative energy systems such bio-diesel generators should local conditions allow for the operation to be efficiently established) in vulnerable communities on the east and south east coasts that are periodically without electricity as a consequence of storm and hurricane eventsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (c) Establishing early warning systems, multi-use disaster shelters (powered by renewable energy and back up bio-diesel generators) and emergency preparedness training programs in vulnerable communities (d) Facilitating capacity building through education, awareness and training programs on climate change risk management and resiliency measures in order to strengthen capacity at the community and sectoral level, within municipalities, local authorities and the private sector (e) Promotion of food security through climate-resilient Agricultural/Fisheries Development to build climate resilient communities by strengthening capacity to address climate change risks to food security associated with changing precipitation patterns (f) Establishing the enabling legal/institutional framework to facilitate coordination/implementation of priority climate change measures and the mainstreaming of climate change activities into national, sectoral and community planning/development (g) Creating the supportive enabling framework whereby communities and vulnerable segments of society (women, youth, elderly, people with disabilities) can manage their own climate change risks, thereby addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable sectors (particularly agriculture, fisheries and water resources) and threats to food security, human health, poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and economic growth (h) Establishing a sustainable financing mechanism to ensure timely and direct access to international climate change financing to implement priority climate change risks management measures by the private sector and vulnerable communitiesThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Global Centre For Agricultural Resilience The agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in the achievement of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience.', 'These include: (a) Addressing climate change mitigation measures on the basis that savings in energy costs will allow Dominica to invest more in priority and much needed adaptation measures (b) Establishment of community off-grid mini-grid or micro-grid renewable energy electrical supply systems (backed up by emergency alternative energy systems such bio-diesel generators should local conditions allow for the operation to be efficiently established) in vulnerable communities on the east and south east coasts that are periodically without electricity as a consequence of storm and hurricane eventsThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (c) Establishing early warning systems, multi-use disaster shelters (powered by renewable energy and back up bio-diesel generators) and emergency preparedness training programs in vulnerable communities (d) Facilitating capacity building through education, awareness and training programs on climate change risk management and resiliency measures in order to strengthen capacity at the community and sectoral level, within municipalities, local authorities and the private sector (e) Promotion of food security through climate-resilient Agricultural/Fisheries Development to build climate resilient communities by strengthening capacity to address climate change risks to food security associated with changing precipitation patterns (f) Establishing the enabling legal/institutional framework to facilitate coordination/implementation of priority climate change measures and the mainstreaming of climate change activities into national, sectoral and community planning/development (g) Creating the supportive enabling framework whereby communities and vulnerable segments of society (women, youth, elderly, people with disabilities) can manage their own climate change risks, thereby addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable sectors (particularly agriculture, fisheries and water resources) and threats to food security, human health, poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and economic growth (h) Establishing a sustainable financing mechanism to ensure timely and direct access to international climate change financing to implement priority climate change risks management measures by the private sector and vulnerable communitiesThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Global Centre For Agricultural Resilience The agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in the achievement of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience. In this context, a mid-term National Agriculture Policy (NAGP) 2021-2030 was developed under the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) as part of the supporting regulatory framework.', 'In this context, a mid-term National Agriculture Policy (NAGP) 2021-2030 was developed under the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) as part of the supporting regulatory framework. This is complemented by the development of an Agriculture and Food Systems Transformation Roadmap to provide guidance on transformative actions required to increase the resilience of crops, livestock and fisheries farming systems in alignment with the goals and objectives of the NAGP. The NAGP addresses agricultural resilience for four critical dimensions: environmental, social, economic and institutional. It also provides the base for action on one of the CRRP’s ten critical high-impact climate-resilience initiatives – establishing Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience (GCAR).', 'It also provides the base for action on one of the CRRP’s ten critical high-impact climate-resilience initiatives – establishing Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience (GCAR). It is expected that the GCAR will facilitate the transformation of the country into a model for best practice regionally and internationally, working across the value chain from farmers to end-users. National Agriculture Policy The goal of the NAP is to promote a sustainable and resilient agriculture and food system which supports conservation and sustainable use of Dominica’s natural resources, preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, while ensuring food and nutrition security, wealth creation, employment, diversified livelihoods and rural development.', 'National Agriculture Policy The goal of the NAP is to promote a sustainable and resilient agriculture and food system which supports conservation and sustainable use of Dominica’s natural resources, preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, while ensuring food and nutrition security, wealth creation, employment, diversified livelihoods and rural development. The NAP has three main policy pillars: \uf0a7 Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems \uf0a7 Competitive and Innovative Agricultural Chains \uf0a7 Food Security and Nutrition An Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Mechanism (IMCM) will be established as an important platform for policy coordination, particularly for complementary existing and pipeline sectoral policies and for the mobilisation of resources for successful policy implementation.', 'The NAP has three main policy pillars: \uf0a7 Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems \uf0a7 Competitive and Innovative Agricultural Chains \uf0a7 Food Security and Nutrition An Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Mechanism (IMCM) will be established as an important platform for policy coordination, particularly for complementary existing and pipeline sectoral policies and for the mobilisation of resources for successful policy implementation. The IMCM will be complemented by a National Agriculture Council (NAC) at the sectoral level, which will be convened to provide oversight and coordination for policy implementation, including managing and tracking the technical and bilateral cooperation) and resources from the private sector and civil society, where applicable. Additionally, a Resource Mobilisation Strategy (RMS) will be developed to identify possible funding sources for activities.', 'Additionally, a Resource Mobilisation Strategy (RMS) will be developed to identify possible funding sources for activities. Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience Under the NAP, falls the mandate for the operationalization of Dominica as a Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience. Government considers the establishment of an institutional mechanism and protocols for decision-making and actions to guide and manage Dominica’s transition to a GCAR as essential. The transition is expected to be undertaken in two phases: \uf0a7 GCAR Operationalisation: The initial focus of the GCAR will be on climate and disaster risk resilience and management in primary production, the base of all agriculture value chains.', 'The transition is expected to be undertaken in two phases: \uf0a7 GCAR Operationalisation: The initial focus of the GCAR will be on climate and disaster risk resilience and management in primary production, the base of all agriculture value chains. The development of an Agricultural Climate Resilience Information System will necessitate a digital agriculture strategy involving: - Analytical software to enhance manipulation and analysis of climate data - Infrastructural capacities and systems to collect climate data and for storage management and information dissemination - Licenses to access climate and other related data - Efficient systems for data collection, with emphasis on information communication technologies and dissemination \uf0a7 Institutional Oversight and Coordinating Mechanism: Government shall work through the NAC and IMCM, along with its international development partners to determine an institutional mechanism to manage Dominica’s transition to a GCAR.', 'The development of an Agricultural Climate Resilience Information System will necessitate a digital agriculture strategy involving: - Analytical software to enhance manipulation and analysis of climate data - Infrastructural capacities and systems to collect climate data and for storage management and information dissemination - Licenses to access climate and other related data - Efficient systems for data collection, with emphasis on information communication technologies and dissemination \uf0a7 Institutional Oversight and Coordinating Mechanism: Government shall work through the NAC and IMCM, along with its international development partners to determine an institutional mechanism to manage Dominica’s transition to a GCAR. Critical success factors for determination of an institutional mechanism include: - Effective Governance: ability to provide independent oversight and direction - Financing: ability to develop models to ensure sustainable financing - Partnerships: ability to develop and maintainThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Dominica’s GDP is highly dependent on its agricultural sector.', 'Critical success factors for determination of an institutional mechanism include: - Effective Governance: ability to provide independent oversight and direction - Financing: ability to develop models to ensure sustainable financing - Partnerships: ability to develop and maintainThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Dominica’s GDP is highly dependent on its agricultural sector. As a result, particular emphasis has been placed on enhancing the adaptive capacity and resiliency of this sector, as evidenced by the intention to establish Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience (refer to Box 10 for further details). In this context, resilience refers to the ability of an agricultural system to anticipate and prepare for, as well as adapt to, absorb and recover from the impacts of changes in climate and extreme weather33.', 'In this context, resilience refers to the ability of an agricultural system to anticipate and prepare for, as well as adapt to, absorb and recover from the impacts of changes in climate and extreme weather33. Climate-Resilient Agriculture (CRA) represents an approach, which includes the sustainable use of natural resources through crop and livestock production systems, in order to achieve increased long-term productivity and farm incomes under a changing climate. The NRDS has developed critical indicators for the agricultural sector, which are aimed at tracking progress in the attainment of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs.', 'The NRDS has developed critical indicators for the agricultural sector, which are aimed at tracking progress in the attainment of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs. In the pursuit of climate-smart agricultural growth through modernization and diversification, the NRDS has identified the following as key indicators for the agricultural sector: \uf0a7 Greater use of organic input \uf0a7 Increased number of greenhouses in operation \uf0a7 Increased number of farmers involved in hydroponics and other non-soil agricultural technologies \uf0a7 Doubling of technology transfer from regional organizations and bilateral partners \uf0a7 Increased number of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) farmers \uf0a7 Higher number of irrigated farms in operation \uf0a7 Increased number of export crops and types (100% increase in number; 50% increase in variety) \uf0a7 Stable number of farm employment \uf0a7 Increase in the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP by 50% for 7 years \uf0a7 50% reduction in agricultural loss to extreme weather events - Reduction of root crop farms on sloped lands achieved \uf0a7 50% of agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops \uf0a7 Value chain of 3 root crops fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements \uf0a7 5 agricultural stations fully operational \uf0a7 Higher level of budget for research and development on climate-resilient crops and livestock breeds Agriculture has always been considered one of the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.', 'In the pursuit of climate-smart agricultural growth through modernization and diversification, the NRDS has identified the following as key indicators for the agricultural sector: \uf0a7 Greater use of organic input \uf0a7 Increased number of greenhouses in operation \uf0a7 Increased number of farmers involved in hydroponics and other non-soil agricultural technologies \uf0a7 Doubling of technology transfer from regional organizations and bilateral partners \uf0a7 Increased number of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) farmers \uf0a7 Higher number of irrigated farms in operation \uf0a7 Increased number of export crops and types (100% increase in number; 50% increase in variety) \uf0a7 Stable number of farm employment \uf0a7 Increase in the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP by 50% for 7 years \uf0a7 50% reduction in agricultural loss to extreme weather events - Reduction of root crop farms on sloped lands achieved \uf0a7 50% of agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops \uf0a7 Value chain of 3 root crops fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements \uf0a7 5 agricultural stations fully operational \uf0a7 Higher level of budget for research and development on climate-resilient crops and livestock breeds Agriculture has always been considered one of the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Recognising the pivotal role of the agriculture sector in the achievement of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience, an Agriculture Disaster Risk Management (ADRM) PlanThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2014-2019 and a mid-term NAGP 2021-2030 were developed as part of the supporting regulatory framework.', 'Recognising the pivotal role of the agriculture sector in the achievement of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience, an Agriculture Disaster Risk Management (ADRM) PlanThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2014-2019 and a mid-term NAGP 2021-2030 were developed as part of the supporting regulatory framework. The NAGP is complemented by the development of an Agriculture and Food Systems Transformation Roadmap to provide guidance on transformative actions required to increase the resilience of crops, livestock and fisheries farming systems in alignment with the goals and objectives of the NAGP.', 'The NAGP is complemented by the development of an Agriculture and Food Systems Transformation Roadmap to provide guidance on transformative actions required to increase the resilience of crops, livestock and fisheries farming systems in alignment with the goals and objectives of the NAGP. Both policies have several synergies with the national development agenda, specifically, the Growth and Social Protection Strategy, Dominica Low- Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy (2012 - 2020), the draft Food and Nutrition Policy and Plan of Action, the National Disaster Management Plan and draft legislation and all sectoral policies relevant to the agriculture sector. As agriculture represents a main sector of Dominica’s economy, there must be coherence between policies in the agriculture and forestry sectors, especially with regards to climate change.', 'As agriculture represents a main sector of Dominica’s economy, there must be coherence between policies in the agriculture and forestry sectors, especially with regards to climate change. The ADRM has three main objectives: food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and climate change adaptation. The ADRM was designed to: Improve the resilience of agriculture-based livelihoods, with specific focus on clear objectives such as strengthening technical capacities and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction (DRM) within the agriculture sector, while concurrently fostering efficient and effective restoration of livelihoods through a well-coordinated mechanism Improve decision-making and coordination for DRM among stakeholders at international, national, regional and local levels Establish a sustainable mechanism for integrated financial resource mobilization that facilitates continued implementation of DRM activities.', 'The ADRM was designed to: Improve the resilience of agriculture-based livelihoods, with specific focus on clear objectives such as strengthening technical capacities and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction (DRM) within the agriculture sector, while concurrently fostering efficient and effective restoration of livelihoods through a well-coordinated mechanism Improve decision-making and coordination for DRM among stakeholders at international, national, regional and local levels Establish a sustainable mechanism for integrated financial resource mobilization that facilitates continued implementation of DRM activities. Monitoring and Evaluation The Monitoring and Evaluation framework of the NAGP will facilitate effective management and oversight of its implementation. The ME framework outlines specific indicators, which establishes measures to track its performance.', 'The ME framework outlines specific indicators, which establishes measures to track its performance. This framework includes a combination of macro- level, value chain, farm management and natural resource management indicators, which will assist in tracking the contribution to economy, identify trends which need to be enhanced or reversed, identify investment options to improve performance of the overall sector and its sub- sectors and enable evidence-based decision-making.', 'This framework includes a combination of macro- level, value chain, farm management and natural resource management indicators, which will assist in tracking the contribution to economy, identify trends which need to be enhanced or reversed, identify investment options to improve performance of the overall sector and its sub- sectors and enable evidence-based decision-making. Indicator Framework Macro Indicators \uf076 Agriculture GDP (Percentage) \uf076 Agriculture GDP Growth (Percentage)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf076 Marine and Aquaculture Fisheries Production (tonnes) \uf076 Agricultural productivity (Percentage) \uf076 Persons (total, youth, male, female) employed in agriculture (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Growth in agricultural exports (Percentage, Value, Quantity) \uf076 Food imports as a percentage of domestic food consumption (Percentage) \uf076 Agriculture and Fisheries losses as a percentage of total losses (Percentage) \uf076 Annual public spending on agriculture as a percentage of total public expenditure (Percentage) \uf076 Annual public spending on Research and Development as a percentage of total public spending on agriculture (Percentage) Prioritised Agri-Businesses and Value Chains \uf076 Value chains fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements (Number) \uf076 Loans and credit facilities for value chain development (Number) \uf076 Domestic supply of agricultural raw materials for agro-based industries (Percentage) \uf076 Producer organisation fully operationalised (Number) \uf076 Industries driven by technology transfer (Number) Prioritised Farm Management and the Environment \uf076 Conversion of natural land to land-used for cultivation (Percentage) \uf076 Farmers and fishers adopting DRM strategies in overall operations (Percentage) \uf076 Non-soil agricultural farms (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Protected agriculture technology in active operation (Number) \uf076 Greenhouses in active operation (Number, area) \uf076 Farmers involved in organic agriculture (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Farmers adopting organic principles and standards (Percentage) \uf076 Agricultural land cultivated using organic principles and standards (Percentage) \uf076 Farmers certified DOMGAP (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Decrease in pest and diseases outbreaks (Percentage) \uf076 Total area that is irrigated (Percentage, Hectares) \uf076 Agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops (Percentage) \uf076 Resilient infrastructure across the agriculture sector (Number) Prioritised Fisheries and Aquaculture Management \uf076 Marine space under protection and management (Area-square kilometres) \uf076 Area under aquaculture production (Hectares) \uf076 Fish farmers involved in aquaculture production (Number)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf076 Four-stroke engines in operation (Number) \uf076 Fish Aggregating Devices in use (Number) \uf076 Resilient infrastructure across the fisheries sector (Number) Prioritised Farm Inputs and Natural Resources \uf076 Complete ban of Class I, restricted use of Class II, and % reduced use of Class III and IV pesticides \uf076 Farms basing agricultural inputs on analytical and diagnostic test/results (Number, Acres) \uf076 Organic inputs/facilities established (Number) \uf076 Area under improved pasture and alternative feed (Hectares) \uf076 Farmers and fishers adopting improved production practices through innovative technologies (Number) \uf076 Farms adopting Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) on sloped lands of more than \uf076 Farms adopting conservation and biodiversity practices (Percentage) Selected Programmatic Indicators \uf076 Agricultural stations fully operational (Number) \uf076 Women actively participating in sector programmes (Number)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Strong Communities - Reduced humanitarian impact of disasters - Improved capacity of communities for quick recovery - Reduced vulnerability and exposure of lives and livelihoods to future shocks - Advocacy and public awareness plan on resilience complete - 100% assessment of CERI in communities complete - 50% housing in compliance with building regulations - Updated national curriculum (with DRR and civics) – delivered to 20,000 children - Teachers trained in DRR and emergency readiness - Community Disaster Preparedness Plans 100% complete - 80% community health service functional within ~1-2 hours of a major event - < 10% of schools used as LT shelter - 100% vulnerable population in receipt of social protection post-disaster - 50% community disaster committees equipped with a communicated DMP and all resources ahead of hurricane season - 50% emergency shelters well- equipped, and with food and water supply for ~15 days stocked - 50% functioning and effective village councils - > 60% houses in compliance with building regulations - Zero climate-related fatalities - Capacity of communities to operate safely and independently for ~15 days - Capacity of individuals to revert to basic living standards within ~ 4 days - 90% housing built or retrofitted to resilient-standard building codes - 100% resettlement of persons living in vulnerable locations - 100% community health service functional within ~1-2 hours of a major event - < 5% of schools used as LT shelter - 100% community disaster committees equipped with a communicated DMP and all resources ahead of hurricane season - 100% emergency shelters well- equipped, and with food and water supply for ~15 days stocked - Community Emergency Readiness: Building communities that are mentally and physically equipped for disasters and extreme weather events - Modern Village Council: Building capacity at the community level in order to form a community management structure for enhancing resilience - Shelters covered under National Shelter Plan Community Food Stores: Ensuring communities have a food bank ahead of hurricane season - Responsible Land Stewardship: Resilient land use programme at the community level - Enhanced Social Safety Net: A welfare system that works for the most vulnerable – build base resilience - Each One Reach One: Youth Resilience Initiative to enhance everyday resilience and capacity - 100% Smart Health Centers - 100% Smart Schools - Resilient Housing: Transformation of the structural reliability of national housing to extreme weather Table (15): Multi-Sectoral Targets and Initiatives to achieve Climate ResilienceThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - 100% functioning and effective village councils - Development and Implementation of Resilient Dominica Physical Plan (see Well-Planned and Durable Infrastructure) Strengthened Institutional Systems - Resilience integrated into development and investment planning, supported by legislation, policies and regulations and enforcement mechanisms - Enhanced ability to respond to and recover from shocks - Physical plan drives 100% infrastructure projects and land use decisions - 100% relevant policies and regulations aligned to CRRP - Ministries’ strategic plans 90% delivered on time, on budget and aligned to CRRP - 100% Government entities capture and use relevant data as basis for strategic planning and decision-making - Government entities 90% structured and staffed with resources to deliver their climate resilience missions - ODM staffed to CDEMA recommendations - Building codes, resilient infrastructure, agriculture and tourism standards 70% enforced - 50% of national budget aligned to the CRRP - Building codes, resilient infrastructure, agriculture and tourism standards 100% enforced - Ministries’ strategic plans 100% delivered on time, on budget and aligned to CRRP - Government entities 100% structured and staffed with resources to deliver their climate resilience missions - 100% of national budgeting and policies in place and enforced.', 'Indicator Framework Macro Indicators \uf076 Agriculture GDP (Percentage) \uf076 Agriculture GDP Growth (Percentage)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf076 Marine and Aquaculture Fisheries Production (tonnes) \uf076 Agricultural productivity (Percentage) \uf076 Persons (total, youth, male, female) employed in agriculture (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Growth in agricultural exports (Percentage, Value, Quantity) \uf076 Food imports as a percentage of domestic food consumption (Percentage) \uf076 Agriculture and Fisheries losses as a percentage of total losses (Percentage) \uf076 Annual public spending on agriculture as a percentage of total public expenditure (Percentage) \uf076 Annual public spending on Research and Development as a percentage of total public spending on agriculture (Percentage) Prioritised Agri-Businesses and Value Chains \uf076 Value chains fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements (Number) \uf076 Loans and credit facilities for value chain development (Number) \uf076 Domestic supply of agricultural raw materials for agro-based industries (Percentage) \uf076 Producer organisation fully operationalised (Number) \uf076 Industries driven by technology transfer (Number) Prioritised Farm Management and the Environment \uf076 Conversion of natural land to land-used for cultivation (Percentage) \uf076 Farmers and fishers adopting DRM strategies in overall operations (Percentage) \uf076 Non-soil agricultural farms (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Protected agriculture technology in active operation (Number) \uf076 Greenhouses in active operation (Number, area) \uf076 Farmers involved in organic agriculture (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Farmers adopting organic principles and standards (Percentage) \uf076 Agricultural land cultivated using organic principles and standards (Percentage) \uf076 Farmers certified DOMGAP (Number, Percentage) \uf076 Decrease in pest and diseases outbreaks (Percentage) \uf076 Total area that is irrigated (Percentage, Hectares) \uf076 Agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops (Percentage) \uf076 Resilient infrastructure across the agriculture sector (Number) Prioritised Fisheries and Aquaculture Management \uf076 Marine space under protection and management (Area-square kilometres) \uf076 Area under aquaculture production (Hectares) \uf076 Fish farmers involved in aquaculture production (Number)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions \uf076 Four-stroke engines in operation (Number) \uf076 Fish Aggregating Devices in use (Number) \uf076 Resilient infrastructure across the fisheries sector (Number) Prioritised Farm Inputs and Natural Resources \uf076 Complete ban of Class I, restricted use of Class II, and % reduced use of Class III and IV pesticides \uf076 Farms basing agricultural inputs on analytical and diagnostic test/results (Number, Acres) \uf076 Organic inputs/facilities established (Number) \uf076 Area under improved pasture and alternative feed (Hectares) \uf076 Farmers and fishers adopting improved production practices through innovative technologies (Number) \uf076 Farms adopting Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) on sloped lands of more than \uf076 Farms adopting conservation and biodiversity practices (Percentage) Selected Programmatic Indicators \uf076 Agricultural stations fully operational (Number) \uf076 Women actively participating in sector programmes (Number)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Strong Communities - Reduced humanitarian impact of disasters - Improved capacity of communities for quick recovery - Reduced vulnerability and exposure of lives and livelihoods to future shocks - Advocacy and public awareness plan on resilience complete - 100% assessment of CERI in communities complete - 50% housing in compliance with building regulations - Updated national curriculum (with DRR and civics) – delivered to 20,000 children - Teachers trained in DRR and emergency readiness - Community Disaster Preparedness Plans 100% complete - 80% community health service functional within ~1-2 hours of a major event - < 10% of schools used as LT shelter - 100% vulnerable population in receipt of social protection post-disaster - 50% community disaster committees equipped with a communicated DMP and all resources ahead of hurricane season - 50% emergency shelters well- equipped, and with food and water supply for ~15 days stocked - 50% functioning and effective village councils - > 60% houses in compliance with building regulations - Zero climate-related fatalities - Capacity of communities to operate safely and independently for ~15 days - Capacity of individuals to revert to basic living standards within ~ 4 days - 90% housing built or retrofitted to resilient-standard building codes - 100% resettlement of persons living in vulnerable locations - 100% community health service functional within ~1-2 hours of a major event - < 5% of schools used as LT shelter - 100% community disaster committees equipped with a communicated DMP and all resources ahead of hurricane season - 100% emergency shelters well- equipped, and with food and water supply for ~15 days stocked - Community Emergency Readiness: Building communities that are mentally and physically equipped for disasters and extreme weather events - Modern Village Council: Building capacity at the community level in order to form a community management structure for enhancing resilience - Shelters covered under National Shelter Plan Community Food Stores: Ensuring communities have a food bank ahead of hurricane season - Responsible Land Stewardship: Resilient land use programme at the community level - Enhanced Social Safety Net: A welfare system that works for the most vulnerable – build base resilience - Each One Reach One: Youth Resilience Initiative to enhance everyday resilience and capacity - 100% Smart Health Centers - 100% Smart Schools - Resilient Housing: Transformation of the structural reliability of national housing to extreme weather Table (15): Multi-Sectoral Targets and Initiatives to achieve Climate ResilienceThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - 100% functioning and effective village councils - Development and Implementation of Resilient Dominica Physical Plan (see Well-Planned and Durable Infrastructure) Strengthened Institutional Systems - Resilience integrated into development and investment planning, supported by legislation, policies and regulations and enforcement mechanisms - Enhanced ability to respond to and recover from shocks - Physical plan drives 100% infrastructure projects and land use decisions - 100% relevant policies and regulations aligned to CRRP - Ministries’ strategic plans 90% delivered on time, on budget and aligned to CRRP - 100% Government entities capture and use relevant data as basis for strategic planning and decision-making - Government entities 90% structured and staffed with resources to deliver their climate resilience missions - ODM staffed to CDEMA recommendations - Building codes, resilient infrastructure, agriculture and tourism standards 70% enforced - 50% of national budget aligned to the CRRP - Building codes, resilient infrastructure, agriculture and tourism standards 100% enforced - Ministries’ strategic plans 100% delivered on time, on budget and aligned to CRRP - Government entities 100% structured and staffed with resources to deliver their climate resilience missions - 100% of national budgeting and policies in place and enforced. Government performance management framework informed by resilience targets - Updating existing policies and development of new policies and regulations - Enhancing budget-setting and public sector Performance Management Framework - Updating Government Continuity Plan - Centre of Excellence for Data in Resilience decision-making (refer to Well- Planned and Durable Infrastructure) - Enhanced Disaster Risk Management Agency - Government Continuity Plans (refer to Robust Economy section) - Completion of Resilient Dominica Physical Plan - Development of Digitalized Land Management SystemThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Robust Economy - Reduced economic losses due to disasters - Enhanced Government capacity for rapid response and recovery of economic infrastructure - Reduced vulnerability of the economy to future shocks - 100% registered hotels’ rooms certified - 50% businesses registered with continuity plans - 100% Government entities with continuity plans - Risk profiles for agricultural sector and assessment of crop and livestock resilience complete - Completed agricultural exports assessment - > 30% increase in climate- smart/resilient crops - 60% increase in agricultural exports - > 50% food import dependence ratio - < 7% increase in non- performing loans after disasters - < 25% decrease in GDP one year after disaster - < 20 days post event until cruise ship returns - < 6 months post event until overnight tourist numbers return to pre-event numbers - < 3 months until critical trade infrastructure functions at pre-event levels - Reduction in private sector activity < 15% - < 5% GDP in national damage/losses costs - < 50% agriculture/fisheries losses as a percentage of total losses - 100% functioning of critical GoCD and emergency services during and after an event - Ports and airports functioning within one week - 100% businesses registered with continuity plans - > 50% increase in climate- smart/resilient crops - 100% increase in agricultural exports - > 40% food import dependence ratio - < 5% increase in non- performing loans after disasters - < 5% decrease in GDP one year after disaster - < 7 days post event until cruise ship returns - Dominica as a Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience - Responsible Land Stewardship - Rehabilitation of Essential Oils Sector - Venture Capital Fund for Women in Agriculture - Support for Resilient Tourism - Development of High-Value Export Sector - Development of Knowledge and Technology Sector - MSME Capability Development and Support - Crowd Funding Platform for MSMEs - Unlocking local financing - Innovative Approach to Strengthen Insurance Solutions - Government Operational Continuity Plan, including comprehensive National Disaster Management Plan - Airports and Ports Operational Continuity Plans with appropriate resourcingThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - < 3 months post event until overnight tourist numbers return to pre-event numbers - < 1 month until critical trade infrastructure functions at pre- event levels - Reduction in private sector activity < 10% Enhanced Collective Consciousness - Enhanced community cohesion where every citizen is engaged in the journey to resilience, working together towards shared vision and goals - (4) Respect for All Initiative campaigns implemented - Completed public awareness campaign on resilience pillars and CRRP - 15% population directly involved in climate resilience initiatives (half women) - 70% population attend town hall meetings on community resilience (half women) - 30% of community DMCs with 1 State College volunteer - 90% of the population able to identify the pillars for resilience and at least one measure undertaken with specific focus on respect for people, planet and property; and law and order maintained following major disasters - Community Emergency Readiness (refer to Strong Communities section) - Respect for All - Koudmen Domnik National VolunteerThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Well-Planned and Durable Infrastructure - Reduced damage to infrastructure - Improved speed of rehabilitation and restoration of services after disaster - Complete Resilient Dominica Physical Plan - Complete full infrastructure assessment - Complete Digital Elevation Model, Hydrological Survey and Flood Risk Mapping - Approved resilient infrastructure standards - Establish Centre of Excellence for Data and GIS Unit - 25% of public infrastructure meeting resilience standards - < 7 days post event until 100% primary roads and bridges open - < 10 days post event until water and sanitation available to 60% of the population - < 7 days post event until power coverage restored to 90% of population - < 7 days post event until 100% main hospital and major clinic operational - < 5 months post even until all communication channels restored to 100% population - < 5% of school and healthcare facilities severely damaged or destroyed - 75% of public infrastructure meeting resilience standards - 100% primary roads and bridges open within 3 days - 60% water/sanitation available (as a % of the population) within 7 days - > 90% power coverage restored (as % of the population) within - 100% communications restored within 3 months - Resilient Dominica Physical Plan (RDPP) includes: i) Infrastructure Risk/Condition Assessment Report ii) Hydrological Survey & Flood/Landslide Risk Mitigation Plan iii) Standards for Resilient Infrastructure and Housing iv) Sector Master Plans (utilities, ports, roads/bridges/drainage, schools, health centres, shelters, coastal, rivers, housing) v) Asset Maintenance & Continuity Plan vi) Investment/Funding/Prioritisation Strategy vii) Roseau and Portsmouth Urbanisation Plans - National Disaster Management Plan includes: i) National Shelter Strategy (refer to Strong Communities section) ii) Community Disaster Risk Management and Climate Adaptation Plan (refer to Strong Communities section) iii) Community Training and Awareness (refer to Strong Communities section) - Centre of Excellence for Data Protected and Sustainably Leveraged Natural and Other Unique Assets - Reduced risk through more sustainable farming and fishing practices, leveraging income from, and boosting the protective function of, blue and green infrastructure and reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports - Completed forestry and ecosystem audit - Completed marine audit - Established system for measuring health of reefs - Established system for monitoring protected areas - Completed assessment of solid waste management - 40% agricultural land cultivated organically - 25% increased healthy coral reef cover compared to 2020 baseline - 50% total domestic renewable energy production - 65% protected forest areas - 50% reduction in landfill waste compared to 2020 baseline - 60% agricultural land cultivated sustainably and full ban on use of chemical pesticides in national parks and near rivers - 50% increase in healthy coral reef coverage to support increased fish stocks, protect coastlines and the eco-tourism industry - Carbon Neutrality achieved through 100% domestic renewable energy production and increase in forest areas to 67% of Dominica’s land mass - ResilienSEA Blue Economy Investment Fund - Geothermal Export to neighbouring islands - Debt for Nature Swap - Forestry/Ecosystem Audit and Protection Plans - National Tree Planting: 1 million trees - Marine Audit and Management Plans - Mangrove Stabilization - Waste Management and Recycling - Post Disaster Waste Management PlanThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (16): Summary of Climate Change Resilience Initiatives, Lead Institutions and Financial Support Required34 Initiative Lead Ministry/Agency Funding Requirements Enhanced Social Safety Net - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Health, Wellness and New Health Investment Capital: XCD 14-15 million Annual: XCD 2 million Community Emergency Readiness - Sports, Culture and Community Development - Office of Disaster Management - Local Government Authority - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica XCD 11 million Resilient Housing Scheme - Housing and Urban Development - Physical Planning Division - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica XCD 2.1 billion Koudmen Dominik – National Volunteer - Education, Human Resource Planning, Vocational Training and National Excellence - Dominica State College - Village Councils and Faith-based Organisations XCD 2.5 million 34 Further details on each of these initiatives can be found in the Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan - XCM50m increase in Blue Economy Investment - XCM10m increase in Green Bond - Public Communication Campaign on Littering - Renewable energy initiatives across public sector infrastructure and private sector - Museum/Knowledge Centre to document history of resilience from the Kalinago to Slavery to Modern day - Immersive 4-dimensional hurricane experience to tangibly capture the impact of Maria - Capture, codify and share lessons from Dominica’s journey (“Resilience in a Box”)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Resilient Dominica Physical Plan - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Public Works and The Digital Economy (Dominica Electricity Company & Dominica Water and Sewerage Authority) Capital: XCD 33.65 million Annual: XCD 100 million till 2030 Hydrology Survey & Flood/Landslide Risk Mitigation Plan - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment - Public Works and The Digital Economy (Dominica Water and Sewerage Authority) XCD 3.55 million Resilient Modern ICT Network - Public Works and The Digital Economy XCD 100 million Innovative Approach to Insurance - Finance and Investment - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Dominica as a Global Centre for Resilience in Agriculture - Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and National Food Security - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica XCD 200-500 million Revised PSIP Allocation Process & Enhanced Public Sector Performance Management Framework - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Finance and Investment - Governance, Public Service Reform, Citizen Empowerment, Social Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica Centre of Excellence in Data for Resilience Decision-Making - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development - Finance and Investment *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica XCD 6.75 million ResilienSEA Blue Economy Investment Fund - Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and National Food Security *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica XCD 5.5 millionThe Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions']

en-US

DOM

Dominican Republic

1st NDC

2017-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-RD%20Agosto%202015%20%28espa%C3%B1ol%29.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b5a19126fe2ccc0e67997864cad5cc19836575ca4c0d9593f2151dbdcb282de5.pdf

['REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA CONTRIBUCIÓN PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL INDC-RD La visión de la República Dominicana para el año 2030 establece que: “República Dominicana es un país próspero, donde las personas viven dignamente, apegadas a valores éticos y en el marco de una democracia participativa que garantiza el estado social y democrático de derecho y promueve la equidad, la igualdad de oportunidades, la justicia social que gestiona y aprovecha sus recursos para desarrollarse de forma innovadora, sostenible y territorialmente equilibrada e integrada y se inserta competitivamente en la economía global”. Para la concretización de esta visión, la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 (END) articula la política pública en varios ejes fundamentales del desarrollo.', 'Para la concretización de esta visión, la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 (END) articula la política pública en varios ejes fundamentales del desarrollo. En esta estrategia se fomenta la transformación de la sociedad a una cultura de producción y consumo sostenible, que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos, la protección del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales, y promueve una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático. Esto supone un enorme reto dadas las circunstancias nacionales, condiciones territoriales y las características ambientales que se suman y superponen a los desafíos del Cambio Climático.', 'Esto supone un enorme reto dadas las circunstancias nacionales, condiciones territoriales y las características ambientales que se suman y superponen a los desafíos del Cambio Climático. Por ser un país altamente vulnerable, la República Dominicana aspira al logro de un acuerdo mundial, basado en el consenso científico, que evite el incremento de la temperatura media mundial de 2\uf0b0C, con reducción progresiva hacia 1.5\uf0b0C. La Contribución Prevista y Determinada de la República Dominicana se ha diseñado en base a las capacidades nacionales, condiciones de financiamiento previstas y las circunstancias nacionales.Agosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 2 Nivel de Referencia El escenario utiliza el 2010 como año base donde las emisiones per cápita estimadas son 3.6 tCO2e.', 'La Contribución Prevista y Determinada de la República Dominicana se ha diseñado en base a las capacidades nacionales, condiciones de financiamiento previstas y las circunstancias nacionales.Agosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 2 Nivel de Referencia El escenario utiliza el 2010 como año base donde las emisiones per cápita estimadas son 3.6 tCO2e. Resumen cuantificable de Ambición Reducción de un 25% de las emisiones del año base para el 2030. Esto condicionado a que el apoyo sea favorable, previsible, se viabilicen los mecanismos de financiamiento climático, y se corrijan las fallas de los mecanismos de mercado existentes. Plazos y / o períodos de aplicación El período de aplicación es 2010-2030, con revisión cada 5 años. Las contribuciones post 2030, serán establecidas al concluir la END.', 'Las contribuciones post 2030, serán establecidas al concluir la END. Ámbito de aplicación y cobertura Sectores de Emisiones: - Energía - Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos - Agricultura - Residuos - Cambio de Uso de Suelo - Silvicultura y Forestal Gases de Efecto Invernadero - Dióxido de carbono (CO2) - Metano (CH4) - Oxido nitroso (N2O). Cobertura: A nivel nacional. Procesos de planificación Se fundamenta en la END, la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, el Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC) y el Plan de Acción Nacional de Adaptación (PANA- RD). Estos instrumentos articulan la política pública en torno a ejes estratégicos, donde se han establecido indicadores para la descarbonización de la economía y de la sociedad, y aspectos relevantes para una efectiva adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Estos instrumentos articulan la política pública en torno a ejes estratégicos, donde se han establecido indicadores para la descarbonización de la economía y de la sociedad, y aspectos relevantes para una efectiva adaptación al cambio climático. Además, en consultas multisectoriales se han identificado acciones específicas para la adaptación y la mitigación. Enfoques metodológicos y supuestos La metodología para el cálculo corresponde a las “Directrices del IPCC para la realización de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del 2006”; asumiendo los valores de los Potenciales de Calentamiento Global (GWP, por sus siglas en inglés) del Segundo Informe del IPCC para un período de residencia en la atmósfera de 100 años.', 'Enfoques metodológicos y supuestos La metodología para el cálculo corresponde a las “Directrices del IPCC para la realización de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del 2006”; asumiendo los valores de los Potenciales de Calentamiento Global (GWP, por sus siglas en inglés) del Segundo Informe del IPCC para un período de residencia en la atmósfera de 100 años. Tal y como se indica en la END en lo referente a la inserción competitiva del país en una economía global, se plantea la potencial participación en los mecanismos de mercado de carbono. El desarrollo del mercado de carbono debe garantizar la integridad ambiental tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.', 'El desarrollo del mercado de carbono debe garantizar la integridad ambiental tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. El Uso del Suelo y Cambio de Uso de Suelo tienen implicaciones en términos de emisiones y absorciones, cuya cuantificación será usada para lograr los objetivos propuestos dentro de la contribución nacional. Nivel de ambición El nivel propuesto es Ambicioso. La República Dominicana es un país de ingreso medio, sin embargo, tiene que hacer frente a una serie de desafíos al desarrollo, como son: la pobreza, educación, salud, seguridad, entre otros, que se superponen al desafío de la adaptación y al desacoplamiento de las emisiones de la economía. En términos de emisiones, la República Dominicana representa menos del 0.1% de las emisiones mundiales.', 'En términos de emisiones, la República Dominicana representa menos del 0.1% de las emisiones mundiales. Las emisiones per cápita están por debajo de la media de Latinoamérica y El Caribe (4.9 tCO2e), sin embargo, la tendencia de las emisiones de algunos sectores económicos son importantes, en especial, transporte, energía, manufactura y construcción, residuos y agropecuaria. Adaptación En la República Dominicana la adaptación es una prioridad constitucional. Los sectores identificados como más vulnerables son: Agua para Consumo Humano, Energía (componente de generaciónAgosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 3 eléctrica), Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Asentamientos Humanos y Turismo.', 'Los sectores identificados como más vulnerables son: Agua para Consumo Humano, Energía (componente de generaciónAgosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 3 eléctrica), Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Asentamientos Humanos y Turismo. Los bloques de planificación para el abordaje estratégico de la adaptación serán los siguientes: - Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas/Resiliencia Ecosistémica - Incremento de la Capacidad Adaptativa y Disminución de Vulnerabilidad Territorial/Sectorial - Manejo Integrado del Agua - Salud - Seguridad Alimentaria - Infraestructura - Inundaciones y Sequías - Costero-marino - Gestión de Riesgos y Sistemas de Alerta Temprana Pérdidas y Daños La República Dominicana por su condición de pequeño estado insular en desarrollo, y por encontrarse situado en una zona de intensa actividad ciclónica, se encuentra amenazada constantemente por eventos hidrometeorológicos como ondas tropicales, sequías, tormentas y huracanes, afectando asentamientos humanos y actividades productivas.', 'Los bloques de planificación para el abordaje estratégico de la adaptación serán los siguientes: - Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas/Resiliencia Ecosistémica - Incremento de la Capacidad Adaptativa y Disminución de Vulnerabilidad Territorial/Sectorial - Manejo Integrado del Agua - Salud - Seguridad Alimentaria - Infraestructura - Inundaciones y Sequías - Costero-marino - Gestión de Riesgos y Sistemas de Alerta Temprana Pérdidas y Daños La República Dominicana por su condición de pequeño estado insular en desarrollo, y por encontrarse situado en una zona de intensa actividad ciclónica, se encuentra amenazada constantemente por eventos hidrometeorológicos como ondas tropicales, sequías, tormentas y huracanes, afectando asentamientos humanos y actividades productivas. Los daños asociados a las actividades hidrometeorológicas en el curso de los años, han dejado una secuela de efectos cuya superación ha exigido esfuerzos importantes.', 'Los daños asociados a las actividades hidrometeorológicas en el curso de los años, han dejado una secuela de efectos cuya superación ha exigido esfuerzos importantes. El Huracán Georges del 1998, representó en términos de pérdidas y daños el equivalente al 14% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del 1997. Las tormentas tropicales Olga y Noel en el 2007 obligaron a replanificar la economía y las prioridades del gobierno, cuya sumatoria de daños y perdidas significaron el 1.2% del PIB y el 5.3% del presupuesto nacional. De igual manera, han ocurrido una secuela de desastres vinculados a inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierras y sequías que no han sido cuantificados.', 'De igual manera, han ocurrido una secuela de desastres vinculados a inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierras y sequías que no han sido cuantificados. El impacto de algunos eventos extremos han significado pérdidas económicas por el orden de USD 9,470 MM y los sectores más afectados han sido: agricultura, vialidad, energía, vivienda, educación, industria y comercio, saneamiento, drenajes, salud y medio ambiente. Estas estadísticas se refieren a eventos mayores que causan desastres, pero los eventos menores y recurrentes pueden causar grandes daños a bienes, medios de vida y cultivos. Sin embargo, persisten ciertas deficiencias en el registro histórico de eventos medianos y pequeños, y se estima que equivalen a la mitad de las pérdidas y daños de los eventos mayores.', 'Sin embargo, persisten ciertas deficiencias en el registro histórico de eventos medianos y pequeños, y se estima que equivalen a la mitad de las pérdidas y daños de los eventos mayores. Financiamiento Para el sector Agua, el costo incremental de la adaptación con referencia a un escenario tendencial para el período 2010-2030, alcanza un monto de USD 2,792.5 MM (Dólares del 2005), que representan en promedio el 0.48% del PIB proyectado para ese período. En el sector Turismo, que en los próximos años tendrá que enfrentar las consecuencias de fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, se ha estimado que los flujos financieros incrementales ascienden a un monto de USD 358.3 MM (Dólares del 2005) para el período 2005-2030.', 'En el sector Turismo, que en los próximos años tendrá que enfrentar las consecuencias de fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, se ha estimado que los flujos financieros incrementales ascienden a un monto de USD 358.3 MM (Dólares del 2005) para el período 2005-2030. En términos de mitigación, la implementación del DECCC tiene implicaciones de costos aproximados de USD 17,000 MM (Dólares del 2010) en los sectores energía, transporte, forestal, turismo, residuos sólidos y cemento para el período 2010 – 2030; para alcanzar reducciones de emisiones por el orden de 25 MtCO2e. Estos costos son los asociados a las medidas identificadas con potencial de mitigación, no de medidas estructurales para modificar o propiciar un ambiente habilitante en los sectores.', 'Estos costos son los asociados a las medidas identificadas con potencial de mitigación, no de medidas estructurales para modificar o propiciar un ambiente habilitante en los sectores. La Estrategia Nacional para Fortalecer los Recursos Humanos y las Habilidades para Avanzar hacia un Desarrollo Verde, con Bajas Emisiones y Resiliencia Climática identifica que las necesidades de financiamiento superarán los USD 1.5 MM anuales para proyectos de Educación Superior, Técnico- Vocacional y Especializaciones. Necesidades Se ha desarrollado una Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) en el país, donde se hanAgosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 4 Tecnológicas identificado una serie de medidas y tecnologías cuya implementación es compatible con la END, DECCC y el PANA-RD.', 'Necesidades Se ha desarrollado una Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) en el país, donde se hanAgosto 2015 INDC-RD CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONAL PREVISTA Y DETERMINADA DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA - INDC-DR 4 Tecnológicas identificado una serie de medidas y tecnologías cuya implementación es compatible con la END, DECCC y el PANA-RD. Construcción de Capacidades y Juventud Entendiendo el desafío que representa, en términos de desarrollo, una sociedad baja en emisiones y resiliente, la República Dominicana ha desarrollado una estrategia para el fortalecimiento de los recursos humanos, con énfasis en los más jóvenes y las futuras generaciones, articulada con la END. A la fecha ya se ha iniciado con la formación de multiplicadores (120) y docentes (1,200), con mediciones del impacto de la eficacia de la estrategia.', 'A la fecha ya se ha iniciado con la formación de multiplicadores (120) y docentes (1,200), con mediciones del impacto de la eficacia de la estrategia. Género Conscientes que, los efectos del cambio climático impactan de forma diferenciada a los grupos humanos vulnerables, la perspectiva de género es un aspecto transversal al modelo de desarrollo nacional. Por tanto, se reconoce el rol de la mujer como agente de cambio, y se fomenta su participación para la transformación de la sociedad hacia un desarrollo bajo en carbono y resiliente.']

es-ES

DOM

Dominican Republic

Updated NDC

2020-12-29 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Dominican%20Republic%20First%20NDC%20(Updated%20Submission).pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3463850eb35e615577510745e1257b87e4c4c75dc9016ea8635afc9b205d7eb1.pdf

['Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Contenido República Dominicana: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 5 Componente 1. Información sobre Mitigación 7 1. Información cuantificada sobre el punto de referencia (incluido, según corresponda, un año base, año tendencial, ambición y transparencia en las metas, otros) . 7 2. Plazos y/o periodos de tiempo para la implementación 10 3. Alcance y cobertura. . 10 4. Proceso de planificación . 13 5. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluidos aquellos para estimar y contabilizar las emisiones antropogénicas de GEI y las absorciones, según corresponda. 17 6. Como la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa según las circunstancias nacionales. . 25 7.', 'Como la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa según las circunstancias nacionales. . 25 7. Cómo contribuye la NDC para lograr el objetivo de la Convención como se establece en su Artículo 2. . 26 Componente 2. Información sobre Adaptación . 34 1. Adaptación al cambio climático, visión estratégica y objetivo; apoyo a los acuerdos institucionales y al marco de políticas . 34 2. Escenarios del cambio climático, impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades. 36 3. Prioridades nacionales y sectoriales de adaptación al cambio climático . 41 4. Adaptación al cambio climático: prioridades de inversión 46 5. Aplicación de medidas y planes de adaptación 48 6. Las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica, particularmente aquellos que conlleven beneficios secundarios de mitigación.', 'Las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica, particularmente aquellos que conlleven beneficios secundarios de mitigación. 56Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 7. El modo en que las medidas de adaptación contribuyen a otros marcos y/o convenciones internacionales. . 56 Componente 3. Medios de Implementación 56 1. Financiamiento climático 56 a. Pérdidas y daños . 58 2. Necesidades tecnológicas . 60 3. Creación de capacidades 62 Componente 4. Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE) 64 a. Educación 64 b. Capacitación . 66 c. Sensibilización de público . 69 d. Acceso público de información 70 e. Participación del público 72 f. Cooperación internacional 73 Componente 5.', 'Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE) 64 a. Educación 64 b. Capacitación . 66 c. Sensibilización de público . 69 d. Acceso público de información 70 e. Participación del público 72 f. Cooperación internacional 73 Componente 5. Elementos transversales . 75 a. Género 75 b. Juventud . 78 c. Rol de ciudades . 79 d. Derechos Humanos 82 e. Transición justa . 83 Componente 6. Gobernanza climática . 84 1. Marco regulatorio . 85Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 2. Marco de Producción de Información y Transparencia Climática 87 3. Claridad del mandato y la coordinación . 88 4. Mecanismo de asesoramiento de expertos independientes . 89 5. Investigación, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades 89 6. Arquitectura institucional para la financiación para la ejecución 90 Componente 7.', 'Arquitectura institucional para la financiación para la ejecución 90 Componente 7. Vinculación ODS 90 ANEXOS………………. . 95 Tabla de Contenido. 95 ANEXO I. Principales planes, programas y estrategias en materia de política pública de cambio climático y/o que incluyen acciones de cambio climático . 96 ANEXO II. Marco legal y normativo que hacen mención y/o relacionan con cambio climático (Publicadas/No derogadas). 99 ANEXO III. Síntesis de los principales marcos legales relacionados a la Acción Climática en estudio y/o aprobación (2019-2020). . 102 ANEXO IV. Insumos didácticos sobre la Acción Climática publicados nacionalmente con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/internacional (2010- 2020) y estudios relacionados a ACE para tener en cuenta (2010-2020).', 'Insumos didácticos sobre la Acción Climática publicados nacionalmente con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/internacional (2010- 2020) y estudios relacionados a ACE para tener en cuenta (2010-2020). . 104 ANEXO V. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven acciones de mitigación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2015-2020) para tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. 106 ANEXO VI. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven medidas de adaptación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2003-2020) a tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. . 111 ANEXO VII. Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010. 118 ANEXO VIII.', 'Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010. 118 ANEXO VIII. Formato narrativo y tabular para las opciones sectoriales de mitigación obtenidas de varios estudios (Asistencia Técnica) para el proceso de mejora y actualización de las NDC-RD 2020 para los sectores Energía e IPPU. 140Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 República Dominicana: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 La República Dominicana (RD) reafirma su compromiso con la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (UNFCCC por sus siglas en inglés).', '140Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 República Dominicana: Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 La República Dominicana (RD) reafirma su compromiso con la consecución de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (UNFCCC por sus siglas en inglés). En el proceso de mejora y actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de RD 2020 (NDC-RD 2020) se establecen los compromisos climáticos del país al 2030, los elementos que guiarán el plan nacional de acción climática y, al mismo tiempo, las estructuras y arreglos de gobernanza que permitirán avanzar hacia una economía baja en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y resiliente a los efectos e impactos del cambio climático.', 'En el proceso de mejora y actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de RD 2020 (NDC-RD 2020) se establecen los compromisos climáticos del país al 2030, los elementos que guiarán el plan nacional de acción climática y, al mismo tiempo, las estructuras y arreglos de gobernanza que permitirán avanzar hacia una economía baja en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y resiliente a los efectos e impactos del cambio climático. La NDC-RD 2020 se desarrolló en el marco de un proceso participativo, inclusivo, dinámico, transversal y multisectorial abordando las distintas miradas y visiones de todos los actores del territorio dominicano.', 'La NDC-RD 2020 se desarrolló en el marco de un proceso participativo, inclusivo, dinámico, transversal y multisectorial abordando las distintas miradas y visiones de todos los actores del territorio dominicano. Se establece un aumento de la ambición en todos los componentes que la integran, incorporando nuevos elementos y proporcionando mayor claridad y transparencia, todo esto abordado desde el marco de la planificación estratégica del país. La misma representa el instrumento que guía la acción climática nacional, contribuyendo a detener el aumento de la temperatura promedio global, de aumentar la resiliencia del país y del planeta, así como de movilizar inversiones públicas y privadas en la senda de un desarrollo sostenible, que considere las variables ambientales, sociales y económicas de manera equilibrada.', 'La misma representa el instrumento que guía la acción climática nacional, contribuyendo a detener el aumento de la temperatura promedio global, de aumentar la resiliencia del país y del planeta, así como de movilizar inversiones públicas y privadas en la senda de un desarrollo sostenible, que considere las variables ambientales, sociales y económicas de manera equilibrada. República Dominicana, en su NDC 2020, aumenta su ambición climática al comprometerse a la reducción de un 27 % de las emisiones de GEI con respecto al BAU o business as usual al 2030.', 'República Dominicana, en su NDC 2020, aumenta su ambición climática al comprometerse a la reducción de un 27 % de las emisiones de GEI con respecto al BAU o business as usual al 2030. Este con un objetivo de un 20 % condicionado a finanzas externas y un 7 % Incondicionado a finanzas domésticas, siendo este distribuido en un 5 % correspondiente al sector privado y un 2 % al sector público.', 'Este con un objetivo de un 20 % condicionado a finanzas externas y un 7 % Incondicionado a finanzas domésticas, siendo este distribuido en un 5 % correspondiente al sector privado y un 2 % al sector público. Se presentan 46 opciones de mitigación distribuidas en: 27 opciones identificadas y evaluadas para el sector de Energía (enfocadas en generación de electricidad, eficiencia energética y transporte carretero), 4 opciones identificadas y evaluadas para el sector de Uso de Productos y Procesos Industriales (IPPU), 10 opciones identificadas para los sectores de Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos del Suelo (AFOLU) y 5 para el sector Desechos.', 'Se presentan 46 opciones de mitigación distribuidas en: 27 opciones identificadas y evaluadas para el sector de Energía (enfocadas en generación de electricidad, eficiencia energética y transporte carretero), 4 opciones identificadas y evaluadas para el sector de Uso de Productos y Procesos Industriales (IPPU), 10 opciones identificadas para los sectores de Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos del Suelo (AFOLU) y 5 para el sector Desechos. El país propone lograr, a partir de opciones de mitigación evaluadas y propuestas, reducir 13,853.71 Gg CO2eq lo que representa 27.16 % con respecto al escenario BAU 2030 estimado en 51 mil Gg CO2eq , con una inversión requerida estimada de USD $ 8,916,950,000.00 expresada de forma condicionada e incondicionada.', 'El país propone lograr, a partir de opciones de mitigación evaluadas y propuestas, reducir 13,853.71 Gg CO2eq lo que representa 27.16 % con respecto al escenario BAU 2030 estimado en 51 mil Gg CO2eq , con una inversión requerida estimada de USD $ 8,916,950,000.00 expresada de forma condicionada e incondicionada. En cuanto a adaptación al cambio climático, se incorporan importantes ajustes incluyendo medidas en ámbitos de especial urgencia para construir un país más resiliente, incorporando metas medibles para los nuevos sectores priorizados. Las prioridades se presentan en 37 medidas distribuidas en losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 sectores de seguridad hídrica, seguridad alimentaria, salud, ciudades resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos), recursos costero- marinos, turismo y ecosistemas, biodiversidad y bosques.', 'Las prioridades se presentan en 37 medidas distribuidas en losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 sectores de seguridad hídrica, seguridad alimentaria, salud, ciudades resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos), recursos costero- marinos, turismo y ecosistemas, biodiversidad y bosques. El país estima una inversión ascendente requerida para adaptación al cambio climático a USD $ 8,715,787,193 expresada en inversiones, sobre todo en los sectores de seguridad hídrica, seguridad alimentaria y ciudades resilientes. Mientras que en los demás sectores se refleja una inversión menor y se fundamenta más en robustecer los marcos habilitantes para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación en el periodo 2021-2030.', 'Mientras que en los demás sectores se refleja una inversión menor y se fundamenta más en robustecer los marcos habilitantes para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación en el periodo 2021-2030. Los aspectos de inclusión y equidad de género, el rol de la juventud, el rol de las ciudades y los municipios, los derechos humanos y transición justa se resaltan como elementos transversales de la acción climática, esenciales para la exitosa implementación de la NDC país. Asimismo, se establece el diseño e implementación de una Estrategia Nacional de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE), la cual identifica 24 metas prioritarias para los seis elementos.', 'Asimismo, se establece el diseño e implementación de una Estrategia Nacional de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE), la cual identifica 24 metas prioritarias para los seis elementos. La NDC-RD 2020 hace gran énfasis en el fortalecimiento de su sistema de gobernanza doméstico, así como de capacidades de sus instituciones clave para habilitar la implementación efectiva de su descarbonización y objetivos de adaptación, para asegurar una estrecha integración entre el cambio climático y las prioridades de desarrollo.', 'La NDC-RD 2020 hace gran énfasis en el fortalecimiento de su sistema de gobernanza doméstico, así como de capacidades de sus instituciones clave para habilitar la implementación efectiva de su descarbonización y objetivos de adaptación, para asegurar una estrecha integración entre el cambio climático y las prioridades de desarrollo. Asimismo, reafirma los esfuerzos presentes y futuros del diseño, desarrollo e implementación del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climático Reforzado, con las bases del Decreto 541-20 (Establecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación [MRV] de GEI), a través del cual abarca y habilita todas las medidas de mitigación y adaptación ejecutadas en el país, transparentando sus resultados y eficacia.', 'Asimismo, reafirma los esfuerzos presentes y futuros del diseño, desarrollo e implementación del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climático Reforzado, con las bases del Decreto 541-20 (Establecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación [MRV] de GEI), a través del cual abarca y habilita todas las medidas de mitigación y adaptación ejecutadas en el país, transparentando sus resultados y eficacia. Respecto de los medios de implementación, se resalta la coherencia con los objetivos climáticos de largo plazo del país, procurando que la creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades, el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías, junto con el financiamiento climático, respondan a las prioridades establecidas a partir de los objetivos climáticos a largo plazo.', 'Respecto de los medios de implementación, se resalta la coherencia con los objetivos climáticos de largo plazo del país, procurando que la creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades, el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnologías, junto con el financiamiento climático, respondan a las prioridades establecidas a partir de los objetivos climáticos a largo plazo. La NDC-RD 2020 claramente señala la necesidad de alineación de los procesos de planificación nacional, de manera que se puedan relacionar las políticas, medidas y acciones para implementar la NDC y el cumplimiento de la agenda nacional de Desarrollo Sostenible a 2030 plasmada en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).', 'La NDC-RD 2020 claramente señala la necesidad de alineación de los procesos de planificación nacional, de manera que se puedan relacionar las políticas, medidas y acciones para implementar la NDC y el cumplimiento de la agenda nacional de Desarrollo Sostenible a 2030 plasmada en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). El país está en vías de desarrollo y tardará un tiempo prudencial para lograr metas más ambiciosas, sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Componente 1. Información sobre Mitigación 1.', 'El país está en vías de desarrollo y tardará un tiempo prudencial para lograr metas más ambiciosas, sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Componente 1. Información sobre Mitigación 1. Información cuantificada sobre el punto de referencia (incluido, según corresponda, un año base, año tendencial, ambición y transparencia en las metas, otros) Comprender todo el proceso sobre la comparabilidad de la NDC-2015 y la NDC-RD 2020, en cuanto a los aspectos de referencia, la mejora, la actualización, la meta, la ambición, la transparencia con respecto a los niveles de año base. a. Año (s) de referencia, año (s) base (s), período (s) de referencia u otro (s) punto (s) de inicio.', 'a. Año (s) de referencia, año (s) base (s), período (s) de referencia u otro (s) punto (s) de inicio. El año 2010 se toma de referencia para establecer los compromisos en la NDC-RD 2020 como se establece en la Ley 01-12 de la Estrategia de Nacional de Desarrollo (END). Se considera un escenario BAU (business as usual) de 51,000 GgCO2eq proyectado al 2030, reflejado en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011).', 'Se considera un escenario BAU (business as usual) de 51,000 GgCO2eq proyectado al 2030, reflejado en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011). La República Dominicana ha realizado un proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020 y ha expresado su voluntad en la clarificación en metas de GEI en niveles relativos, además metas No GEI enmarcadas en términos de objetivos tecnológicos o tipos de opciones de mitigación, con objetivos numéricos identificados y beneficios colaterales de mitigación de las acciones de adaptación o planes.', 'La República Dominicana ha realizado un proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020 y ha expresado su voluntad en la clarificación en metas de GEI en niveles relativos, además metas No GEI enmarcadas en términos de objetivos tecnológicos o tipos de opciones de mitigación, con objetivos numéricos identificados y beneficios colaterales de mitigación de las acciones de adaptación o planes. Incorporación de marcos habilitantes en las políticas y medidas de diversificación económica, para los sectores con potencialidad de mitigación, aumentando su ambición que busca lograr una reducción del 27 % de las emisiones respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU o business as usual) 2030 con objetivos condicionados e incondicionados.', 'Incorporación de marcos habilitantes en las políticas y medidas de diversificación económica, para los sectores con potencialidad de mitigación, aumentando su ambición que busca lograr una reducción del 27 % de las emisiones respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU o business as usual) 2030 con objetivos condicionados e incondicionados. b. Información cuantificable sobre los indicadores de referencia, sus valores en el (los) año (s) de referencia, año (s) base (s), período (s) de referencia u otro (s) punto (s) de inicio y, según corresponda, en el año objetivo. El país tiene un objetivo claro del año donde sus emisiones no deben crecer más e inicia un proceso de reducción de la intensidad de las emisiones con las acciones previstas.', 'El país tiene un objetivo claro del año donde sus emisiones no deben crecer más e inicia un proceso de reducción de la intensidad de las emisiones con las acciones previstas. Según los cálculos realizados en el cuarto Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) del país con el año base 2010 y una actualización del inventario para el periodo 2010-2015 en el primer Informe Bienal de Actualización (fBUR) tomando como último año de inventario 2015 publicado (UNFCCC-2020), las emisiones en elContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 país han seguido en incremento en correspondencia con el crecimiento económico, pero se observa una intensidad moderada en las emisiones totales.', 'Según los cálculos realizados en el cuarto Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) del país con el año base 2010 y una actualización del inventario para el periodo 2010-2015 en el primer Informe Bienal de Actualización (fBUR) tomando como último año de inventario 2015 publicado (UNFCCC-2020), las emisiones en elContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 país han seguido en incremento en correspondencia con el crecimiento económico, pero se observa una intensidad moderada en las emisiones totales. La diferencia observada entre la NDC-2015 y la NDC-RD 2020, en la última versión, se debe a la transición completa de las Directrices revisadas del Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 1996 a las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 (cambio metodológico), así como a los nuevos cálculos realizados como resultado del uso de metodologías de nivel superior, valores revisados de factores de emisión predeterminados y específicos del país, series de tiempo actualizadas a partir de datos de actividad y debido a la consideración en el INGEI publicado en el fBUR, identificación de nuevas categorías de emisiones y absorciones.', 'La diferencia observada entre la NDC-2015 y la NDC-RD 2020, en la última versión, se debe a la transición completa de las Directrices revisadas del Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 1996 a las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 (cambio metodológico), así como a los nuevos cálculos realizados como resultado del uso de metodologías de nivel superior, valores revisados de factores de emisión predeterminados y específicos del país, series de tiempo actualizadas a partir de datos de actividad y debido a la consideración en el INGEI publicado en el fBUR, identificación de nuevas categorías de emisiones y absorciones. Mientras en la NDC-2015 el compromiso fue en base per cápita de las emisiones tomando el año base 2010 de 36,000 , la NDC-RD 2020 expresa una voluntad sobre el compromiso en base relativa según las emisiones proyectadas en el Plan DECCC-2011 en 51,000 GgCO2eq al 2030, tomando en cuenta el crecimiento económico y desarrollo del país en la región.', 'Mientras en la NDC-2015 el compromiso fue en base per cápita de las emisiones tomando el año base 2010 de 36,000 , la NDC-RD 2020 expresa una voluntad sobre el compromiso en base relativa según las emisiones proyectadas en el Plan DECCC-2011 en 51,000 GgCO2eq al 2030, tomando en cuenta el crecimiento económico y desarrollo del país en la región. c. Para las estrategias, planes y acciones a que se refiere el Artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París, o las políticas y medidas como componentes de las NDC. El país preparará, comunicará y mantendrá sucesivas actualizaciones de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada según los objetivos previstos alcanzar.', 'El país preparará, comunicará y mantendrá sucesivas actualizaciones de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada según los objetivos previstos alcanzar. El país adoptará opciones nacionales de mitigación, con el objetivo de lograr una reducción de emisiones en correspondencia con el Artículo 4.2 del Acuerdo de París. Posteriormente se indicarán en los epígrafes posteriores y anexos, donde se podrán observar un conjunto de las opciones de mitigación sectoriales identificadas, evaluadas y validadas en un proceso inclusivo y participativo a nivel nacional para contribuir al objetivo planteado, así como medidas relacionadas con políticas con marcos habilitantes para contribuir a la implementación de las opciones. d. Objetivo relativo al indicador de referencia, expresado numéricamente, relacionado al porcentaje o cantidad de reducción.', 'd. Objetivo relativo al indicador de referencia, expresado numéricamente, relacionado al porcentaje o cantidad de reducción. La NDC 2015 publicada en la UNFCCC, tiene como planteamiento actual: El escenario utiliza el 2010 como año base donde las emisiones per cápita estimadas son 3.6 tCO2eq , con una reducción de un 25% de las emisiones del año base para el 2030.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 La NDC-RD 2020 plantea las reducciones relativas a un escenario BAU. El país puede reducir las emisiones de GEI en un 27 % implementado una serie de opciones de mitigación para el año 2030 con una reducción de emisiones . e. Información sobre las fuentes de datos utilizadas para cuantificar los puntos de referencia.', 'e. Información sobre las fuentes de datos utilizadas para cuantificar los puntos de referencia. Las circunstancias en las que el país puede actualizar los valores de los indicadores de referencia. Se ha tenido en cuenta para el proceso los siguientes instrumentos nacionales, según el orden de la fecha de publicación: el Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC-2011), la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) Ley-1-12, Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático (TCNCC-2017), Política Nacional de Cambio Climático Decreto 269-15 (PNCC-2015), Documento Inicial iNDC-2015, el Plan de Acción para la NDC para el periodo 2019-2021, el primer Informe Bienal de Actualización fBUR-2020, entre otros.', 'Se ha tenido en cuenta para el proceso los siguientes instrumentos nacionales, según el orden de la fecha de publicación: el Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC-2011), la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) Ley-1-12, Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático (TCNCC-2017), Política Nacional de Cambio Climático Decreto 269-15 (PNCC-2015), Documento Inicial iNDC-2015, el Plan de Acción para la NDC para el periodo 2019-2021, el primer Informe Bienal de Actualización fBUR-2020, entre otros. Posteriormente se realizó una revisión en los instrumentos de la política nacional en el tema del cambio climático; normas, herramientas legales y gubernamentales que hacen mención explícita del cambio climático; documentos legales relacionados con el cambio climático en estudio y aprobación; estudios y documentos técnicos públicos e inéditos relacionados con el cambio climático apoyados por la asistencia técnica internacional, entre otros1.', 'Posteriormente se realizó una revisión en los instrumentos de la política nacional en el tema del cambio climático; normas, herramientas legales y gubernamentales que hacen mención explícita del cambio climático; documentos legales relacionados con el cambio climático en estudio y aprobación; estudios y documentos técnicos públicos e inéditos relacionados con el cambio climático apoyados por la asistencia técnica internacional, entre otros1. La actualización de los INGEI se hace en virtud de una decisión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) y los Informes Bienales de Actualización (BUR) serán presentados cada dos años, los cuales incluirán una actualización del INGEI.', 'La actualización de los INGEI se hace en virtud de una decisión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) y los Informes Bienales de Actualización (BUR) serán presentados cada dos años, los cuales incluirán una actualización del INGEI. A partir de la actualización del plan de acción de la NDC se propone actualizar los inventarios cada dos años al menos para las categorías principales que ocurren en el país, en correspondencia con los Informes Bienales de Transparencia (BTR, en inglés) a partir del 2024.', 'A partir de la actualización del plan de acción de la NDC se propone actualizar los inventarios cada dos años al menos para las categorías principales que ocurren en el país, en correspondencia con los Informes Bienales de Transparencia (BTR, en inglés) a partir del 2024. El país debe incluir la necesidad de mejorar sistemáticamente (proceso continuo) la calidad del INGEI, incluso considerando los datos de actividad actualizados, los enfoques metodológicos de nivel superior disponibles en las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, la actualización de los factores de emisión específicos del país utilizados y las acciones 1 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 correctivas después de la implementación de los procesos asociados a control de la calidad y aseguramiento de la calidad (QA/QC por sus siglas en inglés).', 'El país debe incluir la necesidad de mejorar sistemáticamente (proceso continuo) la calidad del INGEI, incluso considerando los datos de actividad actualizados, los enfoques metodológicos de nivel superior disponibles en las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, la actualización de los factores de emisión específicos del país utilizados y las acciones 1 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 correctivas después de la implementación de los procesos asociados a control de la calidad y aseguramiento de la calidad (QA/QC por sus siglas en inglés). 2.', 'El país debe incluir la necesidad de mejorar sistemáticamente (proceso continuo) la calidad del INGEI, incluso considerando los datos de actividad actualizados, los enfoques metodológicos de nivel superior disponibles en las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, la actualización de los factores de emisión específicos del país utilizados y las acciones 1 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 correctivas después de la implementación de los procesos asociados a control de la calidad y aseguramiento de la calidad (QA/QC por sus siglas en inglés). 2. Plazos y/o periodos de tiempo para la implementación Comprender los parámetros de tiempo de la NDC-RD 2020 a. Marco de tiempo y/o período para la implementación, incluida la fecha de inicio y finalización, de acuerdo con cualquier otra decisión relevante adoptada por la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París (CMA).', 'Plazos y/o periodos de tiempo para la implementación Comprender los parámetros de tiempo de la NDC-RD 2020 a. Marco de tiempo y/o período para la implementación, incluida la fecha de inicio y finalización, de acuerdo con cualquier otra decisión relevante adoptada por la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París (CMA). La visión a mediano plazo (enero 2021-diciembre 2030) se define como parte de la etapa del proceso de implementación de la NDC el cual establece un plazo adicional de no más de un año (12 meses) para la actualización del Plan de Acción de la NDC en el 2021.', 'La visión a mediano plazo (enero 2021-diciembre 2030) se define como parte de la etapa del proceso de implementación de la NDC el cual establece un plazo adicional de no más de un año (12 meses) para la actualización del Plan de Acción de la NDC en el 2021. El mismo debe considerar marcos habilitantes y marcos jurídicos para indicar el inicio de las acciones, bajo la coordinación de un Comité Directivo Nacional integrado por el Ministerio de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo, Ministerio de Hacienda, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y con la colaboración de actores relevantes en las demás instituciones del sector público, el sector privado, la academia, la sociedad civil y la comunidad internacional.', 'El mismo debe considerar marcos habilitantes y marcos jurídicos para indicar el inicio de las acciones, bajo la coordinación de un Comité Directivo Nacional integrado por el Ministerio de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo, Ministerio de Hacienda, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y con la colaboración de actores relevantes en las demás instituciones del sector público, el sector privado, la academia, la sociedad civil y la comunidad internacional. El Plan de Acción de la NDC estará actualizándose a raíz de esta mejora y actualización en el 2021, con un periodo de revisión de tres años.', 'El Plan de Acción de la NDC estará actualizándose a raíz de esta mejora y actualización en el 2021, con un periodo de revisión de tres años. Asimismo, conllevará a una actualización de la NDC-RD en el 2025, en correspondencia con las prioridades y circunstancias nacionales, tomando en cuenta el Plan Plurianual de Inversión Pública del país para la articulación de las estrategias de financiamiento. b. Si se trata de un objetivo de un año o de varios años, según corresponda.', 'b. Si se trata de un objetivo de un año o de varios años, según corresponda. Los objetivos en mitigación son establecidos en correspondencia con el Plan de Acción de la NDC (actualización cada tres años) y habrá una actualización de la NDC-RD 2020 en el año 2025 en correspondencia con la implementación del sistema nacional de MRV establecido y con ajustes a los sectores/subsectores para un periodo de varios años. Se tendrá en cuenta cada una de las opciones de mitigación que fueron identificadas, evaluadas y validadas por los sectores de Energía, Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos, así como las opciones que fueron propuestas pendientes de evaluación y validación en los sectores AFOLU y Desechos para iniciar el proceso de implementación a nivel nacional.', 'Se tendrá en cuenta cada una de las opciones de mitigación que fueron identificadas, evaluadas y validadas por los sectores de Energía, Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos, así como las opciones que fueron propuestas pendientes de evaluación y validación en los sectores AFOLU y Desechos para iniciar el proceso de implementación a nivel nacional. 3. Alcance y cobertura. Comprender lo que cubre el objetivo mitigación en la NDC-RD 2020.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 a. Descripción general del objetivo. El objetivo corresponde a la reducción del 27 % de las emisiones con respecto al BAU a 2030, según el ítem 1-d. La cobertura geográfica es la misma que la que muestran los límites geopolíticos del país.', 'El objetivo corresponde a la reducción del 27 % de las emisiones con respecto al BAU a 2030, según el ítem 1-d. La cobertura geográfica es la misma que la que muestran los límites geopolíticos del país. La República Dominicana tiene la intención de contabilizar el 100 % de sus emisiones y absorciones nacionales de GEI, introduciendo procesos mejoras en su INGEI. El país propone una Nueva Ambición en la NDC-RD 2020: Reducción del 27 % de las emisiones de GEI con respecto al BAU 2030 con los siguientes objetivos, un 20 % condicionado a finanzas externas y un 7 % Incondicionado a finanzas domésticas (5 % al sector privado y 2 % sector público).', 'El país propone una Nueva Ambición en la NDC-RD 2020: Reducción del 27 % de las emisiones de GEI con respecto al BAU 2030 con los siguientes objetivos, un 20 % condicionado a finanzas externas y un 7 % Incondicionado a finanzas domésticas (5 % al sector privado y 2 % sector público). b. Sectores, gases, categorías y agrupaciones cubiertos por la NDC, incluidos, según corresponda, de conformidad con las directrices del IPCC. La República Dominicana tiene clasificados sus sectores para la mitigación según las Directrices IPCC-2006: Energía, IPPU, AFOLU y Desechos, donde identifica los siete gases (dióxido de carbono [CO2 ], metano [CH4], óxido nitroso [N2O], hidrofluorocarbonos [HFCs], perfluorocarbonos [PFCs], hexafluoruro de azufre [SF6s] y trifluoruro de ].', 'La República Dominicana tiene clasificados sus sectores para la mitigación según las Directrices IPCC-2006: Energía, IPPU, AFOLU y Desechos, donde identifica los siete gases (dióxido de carbono [CO2 ], metano [CH4], óxido nitroso [N2O], hidrofluorocarbonos [HFCs], perfluorocarbonos [PFCs], hexafluoruro de azufre [SF6s] y trifluoruro de ]. Como país en desarrollo según sus capacidades, la República Dominicana está en disposición de informar tres gases (CO2, CH4 y N2O) en el primer periodo de implementación de la NDC 2021-2025, y preparará sus capacidades con el apoyo del Programa Nacional de Protección de la Capa de Ozono (PRONAOZ), según las circunstancias nacionales, para informar de forma progresiva a partir de los INGEI en el 2025 al menos dos de los gases adicionales (HFC y PFC ) que están incluidas en la NDC de la Parte en virtud del Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París, y que estén cubiertas por alguna actividad en el país en virtud del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, los cuales no han sido informadas en los INGEI previamente.', 'Como país en desarrollo según sus capacidades, la República Dominicana está en disposición de informar tres gases (CO2, CH4 y N2O) en el primer periodo de implementación de la NDC 2021-2025, y preparará sus capacidades con el apoyo del Programa Nacional de Protección de la Capa de Ozono (PRONAOZ), según las circunstancias nacionales, para informar de forma progresiva a partir de los INGEI en el 2025 al menos dos de los gases adicionales (HFC y PFC ) que están incluidas en la NDC de la Parte en virtud del Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París, y que estén cubiertas por alguna actividad en el país en virtud del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, los cuales no han sido informadas en los INGEI previamente. Las categorías más relevantes que ocurren en el país cumplen con criterios tanto de nivel, como de tendencia, como es el caso de Actividades de quema de combustibles-Industrias de la energía, Actividades de quema de combustibles- Industria manufactureras y de la construcción, Actividades de quema de combustibles-Transporte terrestre, Industria de los minerales-Producción de cemento, Fermentación entérica y Eliminación de residuos sólidos.', 'Las categorías más relevantes que ocurren en el país cumplen con criterios tanto de nivel, como de tendencia, como es el caso de Actividades de quema de combustibles-Industrias de la energía, Actividades de quema de combustibles- Industria manufactureras y de la construcción, Actividades de quema de combustibles-Transporte terrestre, Industria de los minerales-Producción de cemento, Fermentación entérica y Eliminación de residuos sólidos. Para las fuentesContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 de emisión y sumideros dentro de AFOLU, la categoría principal más relevante por el método resultó ser Tierras forestales que permanecen como tales. c. Cómo la Parte ha tenido en cuenta los párrafos 31 (c) y (d) de la decisión 1 / CP.21.', 'c. Cómo la Parte ha tenido en cuenta los párrafos 31 (c) y (d) de la decisión 1 / CP.21. El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, a través de su Departamento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, con la participación de los sectores con potencialidades para la reducción y absorción de las emisiones de GEI, realizará un levantamiento de todas las categorías que ocurren en el país y que estén en correspondencia con las opciones de mitigación que se deben implementar, y tener previsto la identificación de nuevas categorías en cada actualización de los INGEI.', 'El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, a través de su Departamento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, con la participación de los sectores con potencialidades para la reducción y absorción de las emisiones de GEI, realizará un levantamiento de todas las categorías que ocurren en el país y que estén en correspondencia con las opciones de mitigación que se deben implementar, y tener previsto la identificación de nuevas categorías en cada actualización de los INGEI. El país deberá identificar todas las categorías principales del INGEI que ocurren en el país de acuerdo con los criterios de Nivel y Tendencia (N, TD), aplicando el Método 1, que considera las emisiones y absorciones de forma absoluta.', 'El país deberá identificar todas las categorías principales del INGEI que ocurren en el país de acuerdo con los criterios de Nivel y Tendencia (N, TD), aplicando el Método 1, que considera las emisiones y absorciones de forma absoluta. Si hay categorías o subcategorías que ocurren en el país y no se pueden cuantificar su data de actividad, se deberá abordar las causas y barreras que la suceden, para así proponer un plan de remoción para las mismas y poder cuantificar las emisiones resultantes a nivel nacional. d. Co-beneficios de mitigación resultantes de las acciones de adaptación de las Partes y/o planes de diversificación económica, incluida la descripción de proyectos, medidas e iniciativas específicas de las acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica de las Partes.', 'd. Co-beneficios de mitigación resultantes de las acciones de adaptación de las Partes y/o planes de diversificación económica, incluida la descripción de proyectos, medidas e iniciativas específicas de las acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica de las Partes. Según la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (Ley 1-12) y los encuentros de diálogo sectoriales ocurridos en el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC, la misma incluye co-beneficios de mitigación resultantes de las acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica del país, los cuales estarán alineados con las medidas de adaptación en los siguientes sectores y subsectores: - Agricultura: manejo sostenible del suelo (conservación, precisión, agricultura orgánica, etc.', 'Según la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (Ley 1-12) y los encuentros de diálogo sectoriales ocurridos en el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC, la misma incluye co-beneficios de mitigación resultantes de las acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica del país, los cuales estarán alineados con las medidas de adaptación en los siguientes sectores y subsectores: - Agricultura: manejo sostenible del suelo (conservación, precisión, agricultura orgánica, etc. ); promover sistemas de riego eficientes; promover la diversidad y la resiliencia de los cultivos agrícolas; mayor seguridad alimentaria; promover sistemas integrados de alimentos, agua y energía en una agricultura inteligente y resistente al cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Recursos hídricos: valoración de la evaluación de los recursos, aumento de la oferta y gestión eficiente de la demanda de agua, teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones sociales y de género; manejo de eventos extremos (inundaciones, sequías); tratamiento y reutilización eficaz del agua.', '); promover sistemas de riego eficientes; promover la diversidad y la resiliencia de los cultivos agrícolas; mayor seguridad alimentaria; promover sistemas integrados de alimentos, agua y energía en una agricultura inteligente y resistente al cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Recursos hídricos: valoración de la evaluación de los recursos, aumento de la oferta y gestión eficiente de la demanda de agua, teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones sociales y de género; manejo de eventos extremos (inundaciones, sequías); tratamiento y reutilización eficaz del agua. - Silvicultura: forestación/reforestación, promoción del enfoque ecosistémico en la adaptación de los bosques al cambio climático; promover prácticas agroforestales y silvopastoriles; gestión sostenible de bosques y servicios de los ecosistemas; restauración de materia orgánica en pastos degradados.', '- Silvicultura: forestación/reforestación, promoción del enfoque ecosistémico en la adaptación de los bosques al cambio climático; promover prácticas agroforestales y silvopastoriles; gestión sostenible de bosques y servicios de los ecosistemas; restauración de materia orgánica en pastos degradados. - Salud humana y Sistemas de Emergencia: mejora de los servicios de salud para grupos vulnerables de la población; mejorar la infraestructura de los hospitales para su puesta en funcionamiento según los estándares ecológicos; sistemas de prevención, alerta temprana, gestión y superación del impacto de eventos climáticos extremos (olas de frío y calor, inundaciones).', '- Salud humana y Sistemas de Emergencia: mejora de los servicios de salud para grupos vulnerables de la población; mejorar la infraestructura de los hospitales para su puesta en funcionamiento según los estándares ecológicos; sistemas de prevención, alerta temprana, gestión y superación del impacto de eventos climáticos extremos (olas de frío y calor, inundaciones). - Transporte: infraestructura urbana resiliente para reducir la exposición a los riesgos climáticos; aumentar la resiliencia climática de la infraestructura de transporte (carreteras, puentes, viaductos, ferrocarriles, vías); adopción de códigos y estándares de resiliencia climática; el acceso de la población rural a un sistema de carreteras resiliente al clima que tenga en cuenta las cuestiones sociales, de edad y de género.', '- Transporte: infraestructura urbana resiliente para reducir la exposición a los riesgos climáticos; aumentar la resiliencia climática de la infraestructura de transporte (carreteras, puentes, viaductos, ferrocarriles, vías); adopción de códigos y estándares de resiliencia climática; el acceso de la población rural a un sistema de carreteras resiliente al clima que tenga en cuenta las cuestiones sociales, de edad y de género. - Energía: promover la interacción agua-energía-tierra con fuentes de energía renovables; protección climática de la infraestructura del sistema energético; garantizar el funcionamiento de la infraestructura energética en cualquier condición climática, introducir mejores estándares de eficiencia energética en equipos e inmuebles.', '- Energía: promover la interacción agua-energía-tierra con fuentes de energía renovables; protección climática de la infraestructura del sistema energético; garantizar el funcionamiento de la infraestructura energética en cualquier condición climática, introducir mejores estándares de eficiencia energética en equipos e inmuebles. - Prioridades intersectoriales: mejorar la resiliencia de las comunidades de la República Dominicana a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones sociales y de género. 4.', '- Prioridades intersectoriales: mejorar la resiliencia de las comunidades de la República Dominicana a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones sociales y de género. 4. Proceso de planificación Comprender los procesos de planificación relevantes, los arreglos institucionales, las circunstancias nacionales u otros asuntos contextuales que están detrás de la NDC-RD 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 a. Información sobre los procesos de planificación que llevó a cabo la Parte para preparar su NDC y, si está disponible, sobre los planes de implementación de la Parte. El proceso de la preparación de la NDC-RD 2020 parte del documento de la NDC-2015 presentado y ratificado en el 2017.', 'El proceso de la preparación de la NDC-RD 2020 parte del documento de la NDC-2015 presentado y ratificado en el 2017. Adicionalmente, tomando como referencia el Plan de Acción de la NDC RD del NDC Partnership elaborado en el 2018 y a las diferentes ventanas de asistencia internacional para la implementación de la NDC, en junio de 2020 se inició formalmente el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, bajo el liderazgo del Comité Directivo Nacional liderado por el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) e integrado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, el Ministerio de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPYD) y el Ministerio de Hacienda (MH) con el apoyo del NDC Partnership y varios de sus socios de implementación, Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones (UNITAR), Banco Mundial, entre otros, contempló el proceso que se explica a continuación: La NDC-RD 2020 se desarrolló sobre la base analítica revisada en los documentos expresados anteriormente, así como otros documentos y estudios sectoriales que reflejan los resultados de las opciones de mitigación validadas y las propuestas, así como una revisión en los instrumentos de la política nacional en el tema del cambio climático como marcos habilitantes en análisis y aprobación.', 'Adicionalmente, tomando como referencia el Plan de Acción de la NDC RD del NDC Partnership elaborado en el 2018 y a las diferentes ventanas de asistencia internacional para la implementación de la NDC, en junio de 2020 se inició formalmente el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, bajo el liderazgo del Comité Directivo Nacional liderado por el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) e integrado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, el Ministerio de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPYD) y el Ministerio de Hacienda (MH) con el apoyo del NDC Partnership y varios de sus socios de implementación, Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones (UNITAR), Banco Mundial, entre otros, contempló el proceso que se explica a continuación: La NDC-RD 2020 se desarrolló sobre la base analítica revisada en los documentos expresados anteriormente, así como otros documentos y estudios sectoriales que reflejan los resultados de las opciones de mitigación validadas y las propuestas, así como una revisión en los instrumentos de la política nacional en el tema del cambio climático como marcos habilitantes en análisis y aprobación. A partir de la información revisada y los apoyos recibidos por la asistencia técnica para los sectores; se comenzó todo el proceso con una línea de tiempo a nivel nacional, iniciando con un taller de lanzamiento, posteriormente una serie de diálogos técnicos sectoriales con opciones de mitigación identificadas y propuestas en los sectores.', 'A partir de la información revisada y los apoyos recibidos por la asistencia técnica para los sectores; se comenzó todo el proceso con una línea de tiempo a nivel nacional, iniciando con un taller de lanzamiento, posteriormente una serie de diálogos técnicos sectoriales con opciones de mitigación identificadas y propuestas en los sectores. Las opciones identificadas, a partir de la asistencia técnica del Banco Mundial para el sector de Energía, fueron evaluadas mediante una metodología de ponderación innovadora establecida por el equipo coordinador en seis sesiones técnicas con los sectores del país, posteriormente se realizaron análisis con los sectores de forma bilateral; culminando con un proceso de discusión de los resultados al proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020 con los integrantes del Comité Directo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Las opciones de mitigación propuestas a partir del Plan DECCC-2011, para sectores de AFOLU y Desechos fueron revisadas, el primer sector tuvo un diálogo técnico con el Ministerio de Agricultura y el Ministerio de Ambiente y el segundo sector tuvo un análisis más general con el asesor del Ministro de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales para tales fines.', 'Las opciones identificadas, a partir de la asistencia técnica del Banco Mundial para el sector de Energía, fueron evaluadas mediante una metodología de ponderación innovadora establecida por el equipo coordinador en seis sesiones técnicas con los sectores del país, posteriormente se realizaron análisis con los sectores de forma bilateral; culminando con un proceso de discusión de los resultados al proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020 con los integrantes del Comité Directo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Las opciones de mitigación propuestas a partir del Plan DECCC-2011, para sectores de AFOLU y Desechos fueron revisadas, el primer sector tuvo un diálogo técnico con el Ministerio de Agricultura y el Ministerio de Ambiente y el segundo sector tuvo un análisis más general con el asesor del Ministro de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales para tales fines. El borrador de la NDC-RD 2020 se publicó para retroalimentación pública en <www.ndcrd.com> y fue validado por las autoridades nacionales en el taller final de consulta nacional realizado el 8 de diciembre de 2020, con la participación de todas las partes interesadas relevantes, incluidos representantes de las autoridades, academia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, entidades privadas, asociaciones empresariales, con un abordaje de los medios de implementación, elementos transversales y la alineación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible al componente de mitigación.', 'El borrador de la NDC-RD 2020 se publicó para retroalimentación pública en <www.ndcrd.com> y fue validado por las autoridades nacionales en el taller final de consulta nacional realizado el 8 de diciembre de 2020, con la participación de todas las partes interesadas relevantes, incluidos representantes de las autoridades, academia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, entidades privadas, asociaciones empresariales, con un abordaje de los medios de implementación, elementos transversales y la alineación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible al componente de mitigación. Elementos para tener en cuenta en el primer periodo de implementación: - Se prevé alcanzar los objetivos de la NDC-RD 2020 a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo hasta 2030, el Plan de DECCC y el Plan de Acción de la NDC como guía para su implementación el cual se actualizará en el primer trimestre de 2021 y una consecuente actualización cada tres años, para incorporar las opciones de mitigación validadas y propuestas en relación con los compromisos de reducción más claros y precisos en la NDC actualizada); En temas de compromisos incondicionados y condicionados: - Se prevé alcanzar el objetivo incondicional de NDC mediante la implementación de incentivos, reorientando las inversiones públicas hacia actividades menos carbono-intensivas, marcos habilitadores en políticas necesarias para las opciones, gastos públicos en profesionales y técnicos para el área climática, entre otros mecanismos financieros desde las alianzas público-privado;Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Con respecto al objetivo condicional de la NDC-RD 2020, se prevé el apoyo financiero de los mecanismos pertinentes, principalmente del Fondo Verde para el Clima (GCF), entre otros actores de fondos multilaterales, la banca privada nacional e internacional; se llevará a cabo una evaluación integral de la capacidad del país, las necesidades financieras y tecnológicas para implementar una serie de opciones de mitigación con la asistencia de los socios del Paquete para la Acción Climática Mejorada (CAEP por sus siglas en inglés); - Teniendo en cuenta las brechas y barreras existentes para involucrar al sector privado en la inversión climática, se desarrollará un conjunto de medidas para brindar desarrollo de capacidades y asistencia técnica al sector privado del país en temas de finanzas climáticas que incluye la inversión en proyectos bajo en emisiones y con mejoras en la resiliencia, siendo menos vulnerables.', 'Elementos para tener en cuenta en el primer periodo de implementación: - Se prevé alcanzar los objetivos de la NDC-RD 2020 a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo hasta 2030, el Plan de DECCC y el Plan de Acción de la NDC como guía para su implementación el cual se actualizará en el primer trimestre de 2021 y una consecuente actualización cada tres años, para incorporar las opciones de mitigación validadas y propuestas en relación con los compromisos de reducción más claros y precisos en la NDC actualizada); En temas de compromisos incondicionados y condicionados: - Se prevé alcanzar el objetivo incondicional de NDC mediante la implementación de incentivos, reorientando las inversiones públicas hacia actividades menos carbono-intensivas, marcos habilitadores en políticas necesarias para las opciones, gastos públicos en profesionales y técnicos para el área climática, entre otros mecanismos financieros desde las alianzas público-privado;Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Con respecto al objetivo condicional de la NDC-RD 2020, se prevé el apoyo financiero de los mecanismos pertinentes, principalmente del Fondo Verde para el Clima (GCF), entre otros actores de fondos multilaterales, la banca privada nacional e internacional; se llevará a cabo una evaluación integral de la capacidad del país, las necesidades financieras y tecnológicas para implementar una serie de opciones de mitigación con la asistencia de los socios del Paquete para la Acción Climática Mejorada (CAEP por sus siglas en inglés); - Teniendo en cuenta las brechas y barreras existentes para involucrar al sector privado en la inversión climática, se desarrollará un conjunto de medidas para brindar desarrollo de capacidades y asistencia técnica al sector privado del país en temas de finanzas climáticas que incluye la inversión en proyectos bajo en emisiones y con mejoras en la resiliencia, siendo menos vulnerables. b. Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que han llegado a un acuerdo para actuar conjuntamente de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 2, del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que acordaron actuar conjuntamente y los términos del acuerdo, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafos 16-18, del Acuerdo de París.', 'b. Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que han llegado a un acuerdo para actuar conjuntamente de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 2, del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que acordaron actuar conjuntamente y los términos del acuerdo, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafos 16-18, del Acuerdo de París. El país está en la revisión sobre la inclusión de las opciones de mitigación con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos de las contribuciones, identificando las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros. Es importante destacar que en la actualidad no existen compromisos asumidos por estos organismos de integración regional de conformidad al artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París.', 'Es importante destacar que en la actualidad no existen compromisos asumidos por estos organismos de integración regional de conformidad al artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París. El país actuará de forma conjunta en el marco de una organización regional de integración económica y junto a esa organización, la cual es Parte del Acuerdo de París, cada Estado miembro de esa organización regional de integración económica, en forma individual y juntamente con dicha organización, será responsable de su nivel de emisiones que figure en el acuerdo y evitará una doble contabilidad asumida en los compromisos nacionales. c. Cómo la preparación de la Parte de su NDC ha sido informada por los resultados del balance global, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 9, del Acuerdo de París;.', 'c. Cómo la preparación de la Parte de su NDC ha sido informada por los resultados del balance global, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 9, del Acuerdo de París;. El país comunicará la contribución nacionalmente determinada cada cinco años, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la decisión 1/CP.21.', 'El país comunicará la contribución nacionalmente determinada cada cinco años, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la decisión 1/CP.21. El país podrá establecer cada tres años en correspondencia con el Plan de Acción de la NDC un balance de la aplicación de las inversiones en mitigación y marcos habilitantes para determinar el avance para el cumplimiento de su propósito y de sus objetivos a largo plazo (compromiso global), y lo hará de manera conjunta entre las alianzasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 público-privada y de forma facilitadora, examinando las opciones de mitigación, los medios de aplicación y el apoyo, y de la mejor información científica disponible.', 'El país podrá establecer cada tres años en correspondencia con el Plan de Acción de la NDC un balance de la aplicación de las inversiones en mitigación y marcos habilitantes para determinar el avance para el cumplimiento de su propósito y de sus objetivos a largo plazo (compromiso global), y lo hará de manera conjunta entre las alianzasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 público-privada y de forma facilitadora, examinando las opciones de mitigación, los medios de aplicación y el apoyo, y de la mejor información científica disponible. El país propone, a partir de la implementación del Plan de Acción de la NDC, realizar un primer balance nacional en el año 2023 y a partir de entonces, lo hará cada tres años hasta finalizar el 2030, con una actualización de la NDC en 2025, teniendo como resultado del balance mundial que aportará información para que actualicen y mejoren la ambición del país, del modo que determinen a nivel nacional, sus medidas y su apoyo de conformidad con las necesidades nacionales, aumentando de forma progresiva la cooperación internacional en la acción relacionada con el clima.', 'El país propone, a partir de la implementación del Plan de Acción de la NDC, realizar un primer balance nacional en el año 2023 y a partir de entonces, lo hará cada tres años hasta finalizar el 2030, con una actualización de la NDC en 2025, teniendo como resultado del balance mundial que aportará información para que actualicen y mejoren la ambición del país, del modo que determinen a nivel nacional, sus medidas y su apoyo de conformidad con las necesidades nacionales, aumentando de forma progresiva la cooperación internacional en la acción relacionada con el clima. d. Cada Parte con una NDC que incluya acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica que resulten en co-beneficios de mitigación consistentes con el Artículo 4, párrafo 7. N/A.', 'd. Cada Parte con una NDC que incluya acciones de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica que resulten en co-beneficios de mitigación consistentes con el Artículo 4, párrafo 7. N/A. Serán reflejados en el Componente 2. Adaptación, acápite 3c. 5. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluidos aquellos para estimar y contabilizar las emisiones antropogénicas de GEI y las absorciones, según corresponda. Comprender la contabilidad de las NDC. A partir de la NDC-RD 2020, todas las partes deben usar la guía de contabilidad del NDC (4 / CMA.1, anexo II).', 'A partir de la NDC-RD 2020, todas las partes deben usar la guía de contabilidad del NDC (4 / CMA.1, anexo II). a. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI correspondientes a la NDC del país, de conformidad con la decisión 1 / CP.21, párrafo 31, y la orientación contable adoptada por la CMA La actualización de las proyecciones nacionales de emisiones y absorciones de GEI para reflejar los últimos datos y pronósticos disponibles proporciona una base cuantitativa donde se establecen las metas de reducción de GEI con mayor transparencia, tomando como referencia los cálculos del INGEI en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático publicada en UNFCCC 2018, tomando como último año del inventario 2010 y fueron revisados los datos de la actualización del INGEI publicado en el fBUR-2020, tomando como último año del inventario 2015.', 'a. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI correspondientes a la NDC del país, de conformidad con la decisión 1 / CP.21, párrafo 31, y la orientación contable adoptada por la CMA La actualización de las proyecciones nacionales de emisiones y absorciones de GEI para reflejar los últimos datos y pronósticos disponibles proporciona una base cuantitativa donde se establecen las metas de reducción de GEI con mayor transparencia, tomando como referencia los cálculos del INGEI en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático publicada en UNFCCC 2018, tomando como último año del inventario 2010 y fueron revisados los datos de la actualización del INGEI publicado en el fBUR-2020, tomando como último año del inventario 2015. Teniendo en cuenta ambos INGEI y el incremento de las emisiones GEI en el país, se considera un escenario de mejora y actualización «con opciones específicas», considerando los más recientes pronósticos de crecimiento del PIB, losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 supuestos tecnológicos y de costo asociados han sido evaluados para cada opción, y otros factores determinantes en las tendencias de emisiones, así como los impactos previstos de las políticas y medidas aprobadas (Marcos Habilitadores) y aplicadas para implementar las opciones en el país.', 'Teniendo en cuenta ambos INGEI y el incremento de las emisiones GEI en el país, se considera un escenario de mejora y actualización «con opciones específicas», considerando los más recientes pronósticos de crecimiento del PIB, losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 supuestos tecnológicos y de costo asociados han sido evaluados para cada opción, y otros factores determinantes en las tendencias de emisiones, así como los impactos previstos de las políticas y medidas aprobadas (Marcos Habilitadores) y aplicadas para implementar las opciones en el país. Este nuevo escenario permite ver al país un camino más claro para que se puedan cumplir los compromisos globales de reducción de emisiones vigentes con la intención de lograr evitar un aumento de la temperatura media global en 1.5 ° o 2 °C en un mediano y largo plazo.', 'Este nuevo escenario permite ver al país un camino más claro para que se puedan cumplir los compromisos globales de reducción de emisiones vigentes con la intención de lograr evitar un aumento de la temperatura media global en 1.5 ° o 2 °C en un mediano y largo plazo. De conformidad con las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, la República Dominicana continuará con un proceso de mejora continua para la presentación de informes de GEI en los sectores con mayor incertidumbre donde se incluyen AFOLU (específicamente Agricultura y Usos de Suelos) y Desechos, lo que implicará una capacitación continua a los actores involucrados y una propuesta de actualización a través de metodologías propias para la recolección de datos de actividad en las categorías que ocurren en el país e identificar las inversiones necesarias para dichos sectores.', 'De conformidad con las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, la República Dominicana continuará con un proceso de mejora continua para la presentación de informes de GEI en los sectores con mayor incertidumbre donde se incluyen AFOLU (específicamente Agricultura y Usos de Suelos) y Desechos, lo que implicará una capacitación continua a los actores involucrados y una propuesta de actualización a través de metodologías propias para la recolección de datos de actividad en las categorías que ocurren en el país e identificar las inversiones necesarias para dichos sectores. Para evitar el doble conteo de las emisiones de GEI, en 2020 la República Dominicana emitió el Decreto Presidencial 541-20 que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de los GEI de la República Dominicana, con el objetivo de contabilizar las emisiones del GEI y registrar todas las acciones de mitigación, así como el apoyo dado y recibido del financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas.', 'Para evitar el doble conteo de las emisiones de GEI, en 2020 la República Dominicana emitió el Decreto Presidencial 541-20 que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de los GEI de la República Dominicana, con el objetivo de contabilizar las emisiones del GEI y registrar todas las acciones de mitigación, así como el apoyo dado y recibido del financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas. La contabilidad parte de los procesos de inventarios sectoriales de GEI para cada una de las categorías que ocurren en el país, con un sistema de QA/QC establecido antes de iniciar el proceso. b. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar la implementación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en la NDC.', 'b. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar la implementación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en la NDC. La NDC-RD 2020 recoge un marco habilitante relacionado con los planes, las políticas y las medidas relevantes aplicadas o examinadas en el país o que deberían examinarse en función de las mejores prácticas disponibles.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se estudiaron listados de planes, políticas y medidas nacionales existentes para la implementación de opciones de mitigación en el país, así como las mejores prácticas descritas en otras fuentes, como las orientaciones específicas a cada sector tales como: - En la NDC 2015 no se tienen identificadas opciones específicas sobre Eficiencia Energética; Desechos, entre otros para contribuir a las metas, no existía un marco legal establecido para acompañar las metas, en la NDC- RD 2020 ya se cuenta con la «Ley general 225-20 sobre Gestión Integral y Coprocesamiento de Residuos Sólidos», que fortalecerá como política la implementación de acciones en el sector.', 'La NDC-RD 2020 recoge un marco habilitante relacionado con los planes, las políticas y las medidas relevantes aplicadas o examinadas en el país o que deberían examinarse en función de las mejores prácticas disponibles.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se estudiaron listados de planes, políticas y medidas nacionales existentes para la implementación de opciones de mitigación en el país, así como las mejores prácticas descritas en otras fuentes, como las orientaciones específicas a cada sector tales como: - En la NDC 2015 no se tienen identificadas opciones específicas sobre Eficiencia Energética; Desechos, entre otros para contribuir a las metas, no existía un marco legal establecido para acompañar las metas, en la NDC- RD 2020 ya se cuenta con la «Ley general 225-20 sobre Gestión Integral y Coprocesamiento de Residuos Sólidos», que fortalecerá como política la implementación de acciones en el sector. - En la NDC-RD 2020 se debe priorizar la aprobación de varios anteproyectos como son «Ley de Cambio Climático», el anteproyecto de Ley «Eficiencia Energética y Uso Racional de la Energía», entre otros, que fortalecerá como política la implementación de las opciones en el sector.', '- En la NDC-RD 2020 se debe priorizar la aprobación de varios anteproyectos como son «Ley de Cambio Climático», el anteproyecto de Ley «Eficiencia Energética y Uso Racional de la Energía», entre otros, que fortalecerá como política la implementación de las opciones en el sector. El país tendrá en cuenta el marco legal, incluyendo las políticas y los procedimientos normativos que ofrecen concreción y claridad respecto de las iniciativas que se van a poner en práctica en el marco de la NDC-RD 2020 ya que, por sí mismas, no ofrecen información acerca del impacto general en las emisiones de GEI. Sin embargo, son Marcos Habilitadores para implementar inversiones climáticas que conllevan a reducciones de emisiones cuantitativas.', 'Sin embargo, son Marcos Habilitadores para implementar inversiones climáticas que conllevan a reducciones de emisiones cuantitativas. c. Si corresponde, información sobre cómo el país tendrá en cuenta los métodos y la orientación existentes en virtud del Convenio para contabilizar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 14 del Acuerdo de París, según corresponda. En el contexto de la NDC-RD 2020, al consignar y aplicar las opciones de mitigación respecto de las emisiones y absorciones antropógenas, los métodos y orientaciones estarán alineados en el marco de la Convención promoviendo la integridad ambiental, la transparencia, la exactitud, la exhaustividad, la comparabilidad y la coherencia y evitando la doble contabilidad.', 'En el contexto de la NDC-RD 2020, al consignar y aplicar las opciones de mitigación respecto de las emisiones y absorciones antropógenas, los métodos y orientaciones estarán alineados en el marco de la Convención promoviendo la integridad ambiental, la transparencia, la exactitud, la exhaustividad, la comparabilidad y la coherencia y evitando la doble contabilidad. Este contexto fue mejorado en el Inventario de GEI tomando como último año de inventario 2015, publicado en el fBUR (UNFCCC-2020), el cual será aplicado en todos los INGEI que sucederán a futuro. d. Metodologías y métricas del IPCC utilizadas para estimar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI.', 'd. Metodologías y métricas del IPCC utilizadas para estimar las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI. Metodologías para la estimación de emisiones: utilización de las Directrices del IPCC-2006, teniendo en cuenta las futuras actualizaciones de las guías y mejores prácticas, tal como la refinación de la Directrices del IPCC-2019 para losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 sectores, siempre que sea posible.', 'Metodologías para la estimación de emisiones: utilización de las Directrices del IPCC-2006, teniendo en cuenta las futuras actualizaciones de las guías y mejores prácticas, tal como la refinación de la Directrices del IPCC-2019 para losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 sectores, siempre que sea posible. Enfoque para contabilizar en todos los sectores: la República Dominicana tiene la intención de incluir todas las categorías de emisiones de GEI por fuentes y absorciones por sumideros que ocurren en el territorio nacional, y todos los sumideros y gases, como se informa en el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones y Absorciones de GEI; contabilizar en cada sector las categorías y subcategorías, coherente con las Directrices del IPCC- 2006.', 'Enfoque para contabilizar en todos los sectores: la República Dominicana tiene la intención de incluir todas las categorías de emisiones de GEI por fuentes y absorciones por sumideros que ocurren en el territorio nacional, y todos los sumideros y gases, como se informa en el Inventario Nacional de Emisiones y Absorciones de GEI; contabilizar en cada sector las categorías y subcategorías, coherente con las Directrices del IPCC- 2006. Existen desafíos metodológicos y de recopilación de datos de actividad para estimar las emisiones y absorciones en algunos de los sectores tales como AFOLU, Desechos, Energía e IPPU específicamente las categorías relacionadas con transporte terrestre, por citar algunos que necesitan apoyo en el fortalecimiento de capacidades.', 'Existen desafíos metodológicos y de recopilación de datos de actividad para estimar las emisiones y absorciones en algunos de los sectores tales como AFOLU, Desechos, Energía e IPPU específicamente las categorías relacionadas con transporte terrestre, por citar algunos que necesitan apoyo en el fortalecimiento de capacidades. Métricas aplicadas: la República Dominicana tiene la intención de utilizar los valores de 100 años del Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP por sus siglas en inglés) a partir de la adopción que promueve la Convención a los países No Anexo 1, respecto a los instrumentos más apropiados que se estén actualizando tales como: Cuarto Informe de Evaluación (AR4); el Quinto Informe de Evaluación (AR5) del IPCC o el más reciente, según las circunstancias nacionales, las capacidades para calcular e informar sus totales equivalentes de CO2 en una serie de datos para el país.', 'Métricas aplicadas: la República Dominicana tiene la intención de utilizar los valores de 100 años del Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP por sus siglas en inglés) a partir de la adopción que promueve la Convención a los países No Anexo 1, respecto a los instrumentos más apropiados que se estén actualizando tales como: Cuarto Informe de Evaluación (AR4); el Quinto Informe de Evaluación (AR5) del IPCC o el más reciente, según las circunstancias nacionales, las capacidades para calcular e informar sus totales equivalentes de CO2 en una serie de datos para el país. La República Dominicana tendrá en cuenta las actualizaciones futuras de los valores de GWP por parte del IPCC para una mayor ambición en el proceso de elaboración de los inventarios.', 'La República Dominicana tendrá en cuenta las actualizaciones futuras de los valores de GWP por parte del IPCC para una mayor ambición en el proceso de elaboración de los inventarios. e. Supuestos, metodologías y enfoques específicos del sector, categoría o actividad, consistentes con la orientación del IPCC, e integración de los organismos nacionales con una base de datos de país. En su NDC, República Dominicana utilizará un enfoque específico de sector/actividad, dando prioridad a los datos de actividad previsto en las estadísticas nacionales en correspondencia con cada sector y las categorías evaluadas en los INGEI que ocurren en el país.', 'En su NDC, República Dominicana utilizará un enfoque específico de sector/actividad, dando prioridad a los datos de actividad previsto en las estadísticas nacionales en correspondencia con cada sector y las categorías evaluadas en los INGEI que ocurren en el país. Como ejemplo, en el sector energía se ha avanzado, donde se ha establecido específicamente para la categoría «Industria de la Energía» trabajar con los datos de actividad reportados por los sectores dentro del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN), publicado anualmente por la Comisión Nacional de Energía.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se han identificado organismos nacionales y sectoriales que apoyan todo el proceso del INGEI y que va en correspondencia con estadísticas nacionales según metodologías y enfoques necesarios: - Banco Central de República Dominicana (BC); - Consejo Nacional para Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL); - Centro de Exportación e Inversión de República Dominicana (ProDominicana); - Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE); - Corporación Dominicana de Empresas Eléctricas Estatales (CDEEE); - Dirección General de Aduanas (DGA); - Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII); - Instituto Dominicano de Aviación Civil (IDAC); - Instituto Nacional de Transporte Terrestre (INTRANT); - Instituto Dominicano para la Calidad (INDOCAL); - Ministerio de Agricultura (MA); - Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MEM); - Ministerio de Hacienda (MH); - Ministerio de Industria y Comercio y Mipymes (MICM); - Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Ministerio de Ambiente); - Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPyD); - Oficina para el Reordenamiento del Transporte (OPRET); - Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE); - Organismo Coordinador del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional Interconectado (OC-SENI); - Refinería Dominicana de Petróleo (REFIDOMSA-PDV); - Superintendencia de Electricidad (SIE);Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - La Academia a través de la Red Ambiental de Universidades Dominicanas (RAUDO) con las universidades, así como la Escuela Politécnica de las Fuerzas Armadas y Policía Nacional, asociado a temas de eficiencia energética y refrigeración.', 'Como ejemplo, en el sector energía se ha avanzado, donde se ha establecido específicamente para la categoría «Industria de la Energía» trabajar con los datos de actividad reportados por los sectores dentro del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN), publicado anualmente por la Comisión Nacional de Energía.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se han identificado organismos nacionales y sectoriales que apoyan todo el proceso del INGEI y que va en correspondencia con estadísticas nacionales según metodologías y enfoques necesarios: - Banco Central de República Dominicana (BC); - Consejo Nacional para Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL); - Centro de Exportación e Inversión de República Dominicana (ProDominicana); - Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE); - Corporación Dominicana de Empresas Eléctricas Estatales (CDEEE); - Dirección General de Aduanas (DGA); - Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII); - Instituto Dominicano de Aviación Civil (IDAC); - Instituto Nacional de Transporte Terrestre (INTRANT); - Instituto Dominicano para la Calidad (INDOCAL); - Ministerio de Agricultura (MA); - Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MEM); - Ministerio de Hacienda (MH); - Ministerio de Industria y Comercio y Mipymes (MICM); - Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Ministerio de Ambiente); - Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPyD); - Oficina para el Reordenamiento del Transporte (OPRET); - Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE); - Organismo Coordinador del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional Interconectado (OC-SENI); - Refinería Dominicana de Petróleo (REFIDOMSA-PDV); - Superintendencia de Electricidad (SIE);Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - La Academia a través de la Red Ambiental de Universidades Dominicanas (RAUDO) con las universidades, así como la Escuela Politécnica de las Fuerzas Armadas y Policía Nacional, asociado a temas de eficiencia energética y refrigeración. Con la ayuda de los organismos antes mencionados, se toman supuestos/enfoques/metodologías contables en ausencia de algunos datos de actividad, donde su recopilación se hace poco probable, y se establece la hoja de ruta a seguir para la obtención de datos sectoriales más apropiados.', 'Con la ayuda de los organismos antes mencionados, se toman supuestos/enfoques/metodologías contables en ausencia de algunos datos de actividad, donde su recopilación se hace poco probable, y se establece la hoja de ruta a seguir para la obtención de datos sectoriales más apropiados. Se tendrán en cuenta factores de conversión propios y los publicados por organismos internacionales que tengan afinidad con los parámetros propios de las industrias en la República Dominicana. También para escenarios tendenciales de emisiones se tomarán metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, entre otras, siempre y cuando estén aprobadas para cada categoría.', 'También para escenarios tendenciales de emisiones se tomarán metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, entre otras, siempre y cuando estén aprobadas para cada categoría. Cuando se trate de una modelación, se citará la metodología específica y si es posible la base de cálculo utilizada con claridad y transparencia, detallando todos los supuestos utilizados y todos los parámetros y fuentes de datos provistos.', 'Cuando se trate de una modelación, se citará la metodología específica y si es posible la base de cálculo utilizada con claridad y transparencia, detallando todos los supuestos utilizados y todos los parámetros y fuentes de datos provistos. Se tomará como línea base el último año del INGEI publicado o un estudio reciente para calcular inventarios por sectores específicos, que siguen la misma metodología de forma homogénea, si hay un cambio de parámetros según lo indicado en la metodología, a través del Ministerio de Ambiente con su Grupo Nacional del INGEI se procederá a realizar recálculos para años anteriores para tener una consistencia efectiva en los periodos evaluados.', 'Se tomará como línea base el último año del INGEI publicado o un estudio reciente para calcular inventarios por sectores específicos, que siguen la misma metodología de forma homogénea, si hay un cambio de parámetros según lo indicado en la metodología, a través del Ministerio de Ambiente con su Grupo Nacional del INGEI se procederá a realizar recálculos para años anteriores para tener una consistencia efectiva en los periodos evaluados. f. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la NDC y, si corresponde, estimar las emisiones y absorciones correspondientes, que incluyen: Con los insumos aportados en toda la línea de trabajo para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, a continuación, se describe brevemente el proceso de mesas de diálogos técnicos sectoriales, utilizando supuestos y enfoques metodológicos en el proceso de la NDC-RD 2020 para realizar una ponderación y contar con elementos claves para la descripción final de las opciones evaluadas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 I. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando corresponda, los niveles de referencia específicos del sector, la categoría o la actividad, incluidos, por ejemplo: parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados.', 'f. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la NDC y, si corresponde, estimar las emisiones y absorciones correspondientes, que incluyen: Con los insumos aportados en toda la línea de trabajo para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, a continuación, se describe brevemente el proceso de mesas de diálogos técnicos sectoriales, utilizando supuestos y enfoques metodológicos en el proceso de la NDC-RD 2020 para realizar una ponderación y contar con elementos claves para la descripción final de las opciones evaluadas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 I. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando corresponda, los niveles de referencia específicos del sector, la categoría o la actividad, incluidos, por ejemplo: parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados. II.', 'f. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la NDC y, si corresponde, estimar las emisiones y absorciones correspondientes, que incluyen: Con los insumos aportados en toda la línea de trabajo para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, a continuación, se describe brevemente el proceso de mesas de diálogos técnicos sectoriales, utilizando supuestos y enfoques metodológicos en el proceso de la NDC-RD 2020 para realizar una ponderación y contar con elementos claves para la descripción final de las opciones evaluadas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 I. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando corresponda, los niveles de referencia específicos del sector, la categoría o la actividad, incluidos, por ejemplo: parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados. II. Para las Partes con NDC que contienen componentes que no son GEI, información sobre supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según corresponda.', 'Para las Partes con NDC que contienen componentes que no son GEI, información sobre supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según corresponda. III. Para los forzadores climáticos incluidos en las NDC no cubiertos por las pautas del IPCC, información sobre cómo se estiman los forzadores climáticos. IV. Información técnica adicional, según sea necesario. Los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia al BAU, donde éste último se corresponde con lo expresado en el Plan DECCC-2011, cabe destacar que no fueron visualizados los parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados para el estudio de referencia, donde el plan de acción de la NDC deberá actualizar según las premisas recopiladas para realizar un seguimiento del compromiso en el escenario BAU propuesto.', 'Los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia al BAU, donde éste último se corresponde con lo expresado en el Plan DECCC-2011, cabe destacar que no fueron visualizados los parámetros clave, supuestos, definiciones, metodologías, fuentes de datos y modelos utilizados para el estudio de referencia, donde el plan de acción de la NDC deberá actualizar según las premisas recopiladas para realizar un seguimiento del compromiso en el escenario BAU propuesto. Se implementaron mesas de trabajo técnico-sectoriales con una participación y transparencia del proceso con diversos actores, realizando aportes a un documento mejorado, actualizado y clarificado, que corresponda con los nuevos planteamientos de metas más claras y objetivos más realistas para el fortalecimiento de las estrategias de acción climática del país.', 'Se implementaron mesas de trabajo técnico-sectoriales con una participación y transparencia del proceso con diversos actores, realizando aportes a un documento mejorado, actualizado y clarificado, que corresponda con los nuevos planteamientos de metas más claras y objetivos más realistas para el fortalecimiento de las estrategias de acción climática del país. Estos talleres de diálogo contaron con los ministerios sectoriales, actores del sector privado, funcionarios subnacionales, sociedad civil, academia, socios de cooperación internacional, consultores independientes y especialistas en temas relacionados, y estuvieron divididos en nueve mesas sectoriales. En cada mesa se tuvo una participación hasta 25 participantes presenciales, incluyendo el equipo coordinador y todas las mesas contaron con la participación de expertos, especialistas y técnicos desde la virtualidad.', 'En cada mesa se tuvo una participación hasta 25 participantes presenciales, incluyendo el equipo coordinador y todas las mesas contaron con la participación de expertos, especialistas y técnicos desde la virtualidad. Una vez organizados los talleres, se presentó una Matriz de Ponderación con 17 criterios a situar una ponderación de 0-5 puntos, claves de notación: No estimados (N/E) y No aplica (N/A), elaborada por el equipo coordinador de la NDC- RD 2020, según metodologías internacionales provista por World Resource Institute (WRI) para los sectores en las mesas antes mencionadas, para clasificar las opciones de mitigación y las medidas de adaptación en forma de transversal relacionado con los temas, para conocer el impacto de cada una en la otra y sus co-beneficios.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Iniciativa de Apoyo a la Acciones Nacionales de Planeación (SNAP) de la Coalición Clima y Aire Limpio (CCAC), mediante la herramienta de cálculo LEAP-IBC 2020.1.0.7 (32-Bit), presenta una caracterización que consta tanto de gases de efecto invernadero (dióxido de carbono [CO2 ] y metano [CH4 ]) como de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta CCVC (carbono negro [CN] y metano [CH4 ]) y otros contaminantes del aire (material particulado [PM2.5 ] ; óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx); dióxido de azufre (SO2 ); amoníaco (NH3 ); carbono orgánico (OC); compuestos orgánicos volátiles distintos del metano (COVNM) y monóxido de carbono (CO).', 'Una vez organizados los talleres, se presentó una Matriz de Ponderación con 17 criterios a situar una ponderación de 0-5 puntos, claves de notación: No estimados (N/E) y No aplica (N/A), elaborada por el equipo coordinador de la NDC- RD 2020, según metodologías internacionales provista por World Resource Institute (WRI) para los sectores en las mesas antes mencionadas, para clasificar las opciones de mitigación y las medidas de adaptación en forma de transversal relacionado con los temas, para conocer el impacto de cada una en la otra y sus co-beneficios.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Iniciativa de Apoyo a la Acciones Nacionales de Planeación (SNAP) de la Coalición Clima y Aire Limpio (CCAC), mediante la herramienta de cálculo LEAP-IBC 2020.1.0.7 (32-Bit), presenta una caracterización que consta tanto de gases de efecto invernadero (dióxido de carbono [CO2 ] y metano [CH4 ]) como de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta CCVC (carbono negro [CN] y metano [CH4 ]) y otros contaminantes del aire (material particulado [PM2.5 ] ; óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx); dióxido de azufre (SO2 ); amoníaco (NH3 ); carbono orgánico (OC); compuestos orgánicos volátiles distintos del metano (COVNM) y monóxido de carbono (CO). A partir de este estudio, se realizó una evaluación de las acciones de mitigación de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (CCVC), cuantificando el potencial para reducir estos CCVC y las emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos de 5 medidas de mitigación incluidas en planes y estrategias existentes en República Dominicana, las cuales se deben trabajar con mejor transparencia a partir del plan de acción de la NDC.', 'A partir de este estudio, se realizó una evaluación de las acciones de mitigación de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta (CCVC), cuantificando el potencial para reducir estos CCVC y las emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos de 5 medidas de mitigación incluidas en planes y estrategias existentes en República Dominicana, las cuales se deben trabajar con mejor transparencia a partir del plan de acción de la NDC. En general, la implementación de estas medidas podría reducir las emisiones de carbono negro en un 6 % en 2030 en comparación con un escenario de referencia, y las emisiones de metano en un 1 %. También se demostró que estas mismas acciones reducen sustancialmente las emisiones de CO2 y una variedad de otros contaminantes del aire.', 'También se demostró que estas mismas acciones reducen sustancialmente las emisiones de CO2 y una variedad de otros contaminantes del aire. Por lo tanto, son relevantes para su consideración en la actualización de la Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de la República Dominicana y pueden ser reportados a partir del 2025. g. La intención de utilizar la cooperación voluntaria bajo el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si corresponde. El país participa voluntariamente en enfoques cooperativos sobre resultados de mitigación a través de la transferencia internacional en sectores sobre todo energéticos e industriales, sin tener compromisos con la NDC-RD, y asegurará la ausencia de doble cómputo.', 'El país participa voluntariamente en enfoques cooperativos sobre resultados de mitigación a través de la transferencia internacional en sectores sobre todo energéticos e industriales, sin tener compromisos con la NDC-RD, y asegurará la ausencia de doble cómputo. La utilización de resultados de mitigación en los proyectos inscritos dentro del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio con transferencia internacional no será contabilizada dentro del cumplimiento de las NDC-RD nivel nacional, de fijar otro compromiso deberá ser autorizada por los países participantes en el proyecto.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Las reducciones de las emisiones que genere un mecanismo de mercado no serán utilizadas por el país para demostrar el cumplimiento de la NDC-RD, a no ser que el país que transfiere tecnología con mecanismos de mercado no las utiliza para demostrar el cumplimiento de su propia NDC.', 'La utilización de resultados de mitigación en los proyectos inscritos dentro del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio con transferencia internacional no será contabilizada dentro del cumplimiento de las NDC-RD nivel nacional, de fijar otro compromiso deberá ser autorizada por los países participantes en el proyecto.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Las reducciones de las emisiones que genere un mecanismo de mercado no serán utilizadas por el país para demostrar el cumplimiento de la NDC-RD, a no ser que el país que transfiere tecnología con mecanismos de mercado no las utiliza para demostrar el cumplimiento de su propia NDC. El país se encuentra en un proceso de preparación para crear un Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones Domésticas y que eventualmente ponderaría la integración con otros sistemas de comercio existentes, 6.', 'El país se encuentra en un proceso de preparación para crear un Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones Domésticas y que eventualmente ponderaría la integración con otros sistemas de comercio existentes, 6. Como la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa según las circunstancias nacionales. Comprender cómo la NDC es justa, ambiciosa y transparente. a. Cómo la Parte considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa según las circunstancias nacionales. El país refleja las opciones de mejora seleccionadas en su NDC, mediante metas de GEI adicionales o reforzadas, metas adicionales o reforzadas no vinculadas a los GEI, y/o políticas y medidas adicionales o reforzadas como marcos habilitadores.', 'El país refleja las opciones de mejora seleccionadas en su NDC, mediante metas de GEI adicionales o reforzadas, metas adicionales o reforzadas no vinculadas a los GEI, y/o políticas y medidas adicionales o reforzadas como marcos habilitadores. El país aumenta su compromiso más ambicioso sobre el 27 % de reducción de emisiones reforzadas y hace una integración con las políticas y medidas reforzadas para cumplir las metas cuantitativas previstas, así como objetivos condicionados y pone en manifiesto su aporte en los objetivos incondicionados a través de aporte de finanzas domésticas. b. Consideraciones de equidad, incluida una reflexión sobre la equidad. N/A. Se tomarán las recomendaciones referenciadas en el componente de elementos transversales. c. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 3, del Acuerdo de París.', 'c. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 3, del Acuerdo de París. El progreso de la NDC-RD 2020, con respecto a la NDC-1 2015, incrementa su ambición y mejora su claridad cuantitativa en varios aspectos relacionados con las opciones de mitigación validadas y otras identificadas, que conlleva una mejora y actualización con una claridad y transparencia a cumplir con los compromisos en cuanto a la reducción de un 27 % de las emisiones con respecto al escenario BAU. d. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París.', 'd. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París. El país mejora la contabilidad y se han introducido nuevas opciones con una mejor claridad para seguir mostrando los esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel nacional, con la respectiva aplicación del Sistema Nacional de MRV, con una desagregación en lo sectorial a nivel de país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 e. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 6 del Acuerdo de París.', 'El país mejora la contabilidad y se han introducido nuevas opciones con una mejor claridad para seguir mostrando los esfuerzos de mitigación a nivel nacional, con la respectiva aplicación del Sistema Nacional de MRV, con una desagregación en lo sectorial a nivel de país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 e. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 6 del Acuerdo de París. La República Dominicana se guía por la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (Ley 1-2012) y por el Plan de Desarrollo Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC-2011) para preparar y comunicar estrategias sectoriales, planes y medidas para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que reflejen sus circunstancias especiales al 2030 y su aspiración de carbono neutralidad al 2050. 7.', 'La República Dominicana se guía por la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (Ley 1-2012) y por el Plan de Desarrollo Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC-2011) para preparar y comunicar estrategias sectoriales, planes y medidas para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que reflejen sus circunstancias especiales al 2030 y su aspiración de carbono neutralidad al 2050. 7. Cómo contribuye la NDC para lograr el objetivo de la Convención como se establece en su Artículo 2. Cómo contribuye la NDC a los objetivos mundiales sobre el cambio climático (Convención, Acuerdo de París y descarbonización). Acciones específicas de mitigación y movilización de recursos financieros para implementación. a. Cómo contribuye la NDC a alcanzar el objetivo del Convenio establecido en su Artículo 2.', 'a. Cómo contribuye la NDC a alcanzar el objetivo del Convenio establecido en su Artículo 2. En correspondencia con el artículo 2, el país refuerza la transparencia en la NDC-RD 2020 con la respuesta mundial a la amenaza del cambio climático a partir de un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'En correspondencia con el artículo 2, el país refuerza la transparencia en la NDC-RD 2020 con la respuesta mundial a la amenaza del cambio climático a partir de un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La República Dominicana, en su NDC-RD mejorada y actualizada, pone en contexto una nueva ambición, se compromete a reducir sus emisiones de GEI incorporando un escenario incondicional con finanzas climáticas a nivel nacional, mostrar con mejor claridad los datos cuantitativos para la reducción de GEI y el estimado financiero para cada opción levantada, contribuyendo así a la estabilización de las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que evitaría la peligrosa interferencia antropogénica con el sistema climático, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos; no detener el crecimiento y el desarrollo económico sostenible del país y situar los flujos financieros en un nivel compatible con una trayectoria que conduzca a un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero hacia un escenario bajo en emisiones al 2050.', 'La República Dominicana, en su NDC-RD mejorada y actualizada, pone en contexto una nueva ambición, se compromete a reducir sus emisiones de GEI incorporando un escenario incondicional con finanzas climáticas a nivel nacional, mostrar con mejor claridad los datos cuantitativos para la reducción de GEI y el estimado financiero para cada opción levantada, contribuyendo así a la estabilización de las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que evitaría la peligrosa interferencia antropogénica con el sistema climático, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos; no detener el crecimiento y el desarrollo económico sostenible del país y situar los flujos financieros en un nivel compatible con una trayectoria que conduzca a un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero hacia un escenario bajo en emisiones al 2050. La República Dominicana ha identificado 27 opciones de mitigación en el sector de energía y 4 en el sector IPPU y continúa el trabajo con las demás opciones levantadas en los sectores, con un formato tabular que incluye: título de la opción, objetivo, organismo que monitorea la opción, meta cuantitativa de GEI y de no GEI, marco habilitadores, periodo de planificación e implementación, sectores y categorías evaluadas, gases GEI directos e indirectos, financiamiento estimado para inversiones, descripción de la opción, propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento, acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 A continuación, se muestran las 46 opciones de mitigación en los sectores potenciales, con una metodología a partir de criterios de ponderación antes expuestos con resultados sobre la información para cada una de ella, de las cuales quedaron evaluadas cuantitativamente 22 para Energía y 5 de forma cualitativa, estas llevadas a formato tabular, 4 evaluadas para el sector IPPU, llevadas a formato tabular.', 'La República Dominicana ha identificado 27 opciones de mitigación en el sector de energía y 4 en el sector IPPU y continúa el trabajo con las demás opciones levantadas en los sectores, con un formato tabular que incluye: título de la opción, objetivo, organismo que monitorea la opción, meta cuantitativa de GEI y de no GEI, marco habilitadores, periodo de planificación e implementación, sectores y categorías evaluadas, gases GEI directos e indirectos, financiamiento estimado para inversiones, descripción de la opción, propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento, acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 A continuación, se muestran las 46 opciones de mitigación en los sectores potenciales, con una metodología a partir de criterios de ponderación antes expuestos con resultados sobre la información para cada una de ella, de las cuales quedaron evaluadas cuantitativamente 22 para Energía y 5 de forma cualitativa, estas llevadas a formato tabular, 4 evaluadas para el sector IPPU, llevadas a formato tabular. Aún se encuentran 10 identificadas en AFOLU en proceso de evaluación y 5 opciones fueron tratadas en el sector Desechos sin contar con información correspondientes para ellas, ambos sectores no fueron llevados a formato tabular por falta de información correspondiente al cierre de la actualización del proceso de la NDC-RD 2020.', 'Aún se encuentran 10 identificadas en AFOLU en proceso de evaluación y 5 opciones fueron tratadas en el sector Desechos sin contar con información correspondientes para ellas, ambos sectores no fueron llevados a formato tabular por falta de información correspondiente al cierre de la actualización del proceso de la NDC-RD 2020. SECTOR ENERGÍA. 27 de opciones de mitigación: Generación eléctrica: 1. Conversión de unidades de generación de fueloil No. 6 del sistema eléctrico a gas natural con menor PCG. 2. Nuevos parques eólicos en la República Dominicana. 3. Nuevas instalaciones solares fotovoltaicas en la República Dominicana. 4. Plantas de generación de energía a pequeña escala a base de biomasa (agrícola y forestal), y residuos sólidos. 5. Aumento de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas. 6.', 'Aumento de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas. 6. Expansión de ciclo combinado. 7. Nueva planta de generación a base de gas natural. 8. Plantas de generación híbridas, gas natural + renovables no convencionales. (Cualitativa) Eficiencia energética: 9. Programa de recambio de acondicionadores de aire para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes. 10. Programas para la reconversión de refrigeradores domésticos para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 11. Nuevos estándares para introducir la Iluminación eficiente para áreas públicas y residenciales. 12. Nuevos estándares para la adquisición de motores eléctricos industriales. 13. Inversión en la reconversión de transformadores eficientes para el sistema eléctrico. 14.', 'Inversión en la reconversión de transformadores eficientes para el sistema eléctrico. 14. Introducción de estándares de eficiencia energética en nuevas construcciones. 15. Programa de destrucción de gases con alto PCG (HFC) en equipo de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire de baja eficiencia según protocolo de la Enmienda de Kigali. (Cualitativa) 16. Identificación de posibles bancos para el almacenamiento de energía eléctrica. (Cualitativa) Transporte carretero: 17. Líneas nuevas y adicionales del Metro de Santo Domingo. 18. Nueva línea de teleférico. 19. Creación y adecuación del sistema BRT en las grandes ciudades (Santo Domingo y Santiago de los Caballeros) 20. Renovación del parque de autobuses de diésel por unidades eléctricas 100 %. 21. Definición y aplicación de una política de renovación de taxis y conchos.', 'Definición y aplicación de una política de renovación de taxis y conchos. Modernización del parque vehicular público por unidades eléctricas e híbridas. 22. Diseño e implementación de la red de bus alimentadores, en complemento del transporte masivo y la red de bus principal. Nuevas unidades a gas natural. 23. Adecuación de un servicio de transporte escolar seguro y eficiente con buses eléctricos. 24. Introducción de marcos habilitantes para la modernización del parque de vehículos privados (sustitución por vehículos híbridos y 100 % eléctricos). 25. Adecuación de red para ciclo vías con la implementación de las bicicletas en las grandes ciudades. 26. Creación de líneas de bus express para grandes ciudades (carriles expresos). (Cualitativa) 27.', 'Creación de líneas de bus express para grandes ciudades (carriles expresos). (Cualitativa) 27. Implementación del programa de inspecciones técnicas a todos los vehículos en circulación (medición de parámetros). (Cualitativa) SECTOR USO DE PRODUCTOS y PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES (IPPU). 4 opciones de mitigación:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Producción de cementos: 28. Uso de combustibles alternativos (incluye biomasa) como sustituto de los combustibles fósiles convencionales (carbón/pet coke etc.). 29. Operación de planta de cemento optimizada con energía renovable. 30. Reducción adicional del contenido de clínker en el cemento dominicano. 31. Incremento reforestación de canteras y siembra de árboles endémicos en áreas de amortiguamiento en cementeras dominicanas. SECTOR AFOLU.', 'Incremento reforestación de canteras y siembra de árboles endémicos en áreas de amortiguamiento en cementeras dominicanas. SECTOR AFOLU. 10 opciones de mitigación identificadas por el Ministerio de Agricultura y el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, las cuales no fueron llevadas a formato tabular: 32. Acción Nacional Apropiada de Mitigación (NAMA)Porcina: reducción de las emisiones de GEI en granjas porcinas en la RD. El propósito es reducir las emisiones de GEI a través de la digestión anaeróbica en las granjas porcinas dominicanas. 33. Carbono azul, conservación y restauración de manglares de la República Dominicana (NS-189). (Cualitativa) 34.', 'Carbono azul, conservación y restauración de manglares de la República Dominicana (NS-189). (Cualitativa) 34. NAMA café: café bajo en carbono en República Dominicana (NS-256), 75,102 ha para 2035 de área cafetalera bajo manejo sostenible, producción de café bajo en carbono y resiliente al clima. Con potencial de reducción de emisiones de 5 MM tCO2eq 35. NAMA Cacao (agricultura climáticamente inteligente): desarrollo bajo en carbono y resiliente de los pequeños productores de cacao, intervención de 146,648 Ha, con un potencial de reducción de 2.2 MM , en un periodo de 10 años. 36.', 'NAMA Cacao (agricultura climáticamente inteligente): desarrollo bajo en carbono y resiliente de los pequeños productores de cacao, intervención de 146,648 Ha, con un potencial de reducción de 2.2 MM , en un periodo de 10 años. 36. Incrementando de la tasa de reforestación a 15,000 ha/año, mediante el plan gubernamental (aprobado de 43,750 ha hasta 2023 como meta inicial), así como el sector público-privado en áreas productoras y protectoras en el país, utilizando especies endémicas (forestales y frutales) más resistentes a plagas y enfermedades (incluida en las metas de REDD+ [reducción de las emisiones de la deforestación], se deja fuera como opción).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 37. Gana-Clima: promoviendo la gestión ganadera climáticamente Inteligente en la República Dominicana. (Cualitativa) 38.', 'Gana-Clima: promoviendo la gestión ganadera climáticamente Inteligente en la República Dominicana. (Cualitativa) 38. Proyecto Paisaje Productivo Integrado a través de la Planificación del Uso de Suelo, Restauración e intensificación Sostenible del Arroz, en las cuencas Yaque del Norte y Yuna. 39. Establecimiento de fincas ganaderas modelos con sistemas silvopastoriles para demostraciones de explotaciones amigables con el ambiente. (Cualitativa) 40. Evitar la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques, restauración y aumento de su cobertura, mediante la implementación del proyecto REDD+. 41. Reducción de emisiones en el cultivo de arroz a nivel nacional mediante el cambio de tecnología de producción, en 30,000 ha en un periodo de 30 años. SECTOR DESECHOS.', 'Reducción de emisiones en el cultivo de arroz a nivel nacional mediante el cambio de tecnología de producción, en 30,000 ha en un periodo de 30 años. SECTOR DESECHOS. 5 opciones de mitigación tratadas por actores del sector con información nula, lo cual no fue recomendable llevarla a formato tabular: 42. Desarrollar una Estrategia Nacional de Residuos Orgánicos, para aumentar la valorización de este tipo de residuo generado en las municipalidades, para reducir las emisiones de CH4 . 43. Captura y uso directo de metano proveniente de rellenos sanitarios para fines energéticos. 44. Reciclaje de nuevos desechos con valor agregado como subproductos con fines energéticos, compostaje (abonos orgánicos), otros. 45. Introducción de los procesos de Economía Circular (EC) en el sector Desechos.', 'Introducción de los procesos de Economía Circular (EC) en el sector Desechos. Establecer una hoja de ruta de EC a corto, mediano y largo plazo que genere métricas e indicadores para un sistema de MRV a nivel subsectorial. 46. Utilizar los residuos o desechos municipales, industriales y biológicos para los hornos de clínker en las cementeras.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 A continuación, un ejemplo en formato tabular de las opciones evaluadas2 con el ejercicio de ponderación antes mencionado con los sectores: Título de la opción: Nuevos parques eólicos en la República Dominicana. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de parque eólicos en el país.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de parque eólicos en el país. Entidad responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Inicio/Meta Sector y categorías (Identificar sector y categorías específicas) Gases (GEI) (Gases directos e indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones GgCO2eq. Instalados 477 MWp. Planificación Ejecución Energía, categoría: de la energía. principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Instalación de 477 MW de potencia eólica tomando un factor de capacidad del 34 % a partir de los estudios publicados en la Hoja de Ruta de Energía Renovables (IRENA 2016) y los planes de concesión provisional y definitiva presentada a la Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE).', 'principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Instalación de 477 MW de potencia eólica tomando un factor de capacidad del 34 % a partir de los estudios publicados en la Hoja de Ruta de Energía Renovables (IRENA 2016) y los planes de concesión provisional y definitiva presentada a la Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE). 2 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020: VIII-Formato narrativo y tabular para las opciones sectoriales de mitigaciónContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', '2 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020: VIII-Formato narrativo y tabular para las opciones sectoriales de mitigaciónContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (eólica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (eólica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología eólicas y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gastos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de los parques eólicos instalados, a partir del Decreto Nacional de MRV aprobado. b. Cómo contribuye la NDC al Artículo 2, párrafo 1 (a), y al Artículo 4, párrafo 1, del Acuerdo de París.', 'b. Cómo contribuye la NDC al Artículo 2, párrafo 1 (a), y al Artículo 4, párrafo 1, del Acuerdo de París. La República Dominicana, a través de los artículos referenciados, mejora y actualiza su NDC con respecto a lo planteado en el Acuerdo de París, incluido el logro de su objetivo más ambicioso de reducir el 27 % de las emisiones con respecto al escenario BAU 2030, expresando con mejor claridad su ambición en términos de inversiones climáticas para cumplir con el acuerdo global y sus indicadores.', 'La República Dominicana, a través de los artículos referenciados, mejora y actualiza su NDC con respecto a lo planteado en el Acuerdo de París, incluido el logro de su objetivo más ambicioso de reducir el 27 % de las emisiones con respecto al escenario BAU 2030, expresando con mejor claridad su ambición en términos de inversiones climáticas para cumplir con el acuerdo global y sus indicadores. En el Sector de Energía, según las opciones identificadas y evaluadas, a partir de la asistencia técnica del Banco Mundial, ONU Medio Ambiente, la Agencia Internacional de Energías Renovables (IRENA) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), se trabajaron los subsectores de generación de electricidad, eficiencia energética y transporte por carretera, donde se necesita movilizar USD$ 4,316,950,000.00, para reducir 5,778.85 GgCO2eq lo que corresponde al 11.33 % de reducción a las emisiones al 2030.', 'En el Sector de Energía, según las opciones identificadas y evaluadas, a partir de la asistencia técnica del Banco Mundial, ONU Medio Ambiente, la Agencia Internacional de Energías Renovables (IRENA) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), se trabajaron los subsectores de generación de electricidad, eficiencia energética y transporte por carretera, donde se necesita movilizar USD$ 4,316,950,000.00, para reducir 5,778.85 GgCO2eq lo que corresponde al 11.33 % de reducción a las emisiones al 2030. Adicionalmente para el Sector de Energía, según el “REMAP, IRENA-2016”, con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía, se pronostican escenarios en REMAP con un potencial estimado en parques eólicos de 2,304 MWp y para la instalación de paneles solares en espacios residenciales, de servicios y granjas solares un potencialContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 estimado de 1761 MWp en todo el territorio nacional.', 'Adicionalmente para el Sector de Energía, según el “REMAP, IRENA-2016”, con la participación de la Comisión Nacional de Energía, se pronostican escenarios en REMAP con un potencial estimado en parques eólicos de 2,304 MWp y para la instalación de paneles solares en espacios residenciales, de servicios y granjas solares un potencialContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 estimado de 1761 MWp en todo el territorio nacional. Y por último, se podrían desplazar 900 MWp a base de gas natural, el combustible fósil con menor poder de calentamiento global según las Informes del IPCC.', 'Y por último, se podrían desplazar 900 MWp a base de gas natural, el combustible fósil con menor poder de calentamiento global según las Informes del IPCC. Teniendo en cuenta la explicación antes citada, el país podría incrementar la identificación y evaluación de las opciones adicionales propuestas en eólica 954 MWp instalados, solar fotovoltaica 958 MWp instalados con factores de capacidad de 34 % y 18 % respectivamente y la reconversión o desplazamiento de 900MWp a gas natural en las plantas a base de fueloil No.', 'Teniendo en cuenta la explicación antes citada, el país podría incrementar la identificación y evaluación de las opciones adicionales propuestas en eólica 954 MWp instalados, solar fotovoltaica 958 MWp instalados con factores de capacidad de 34 % y 18 % respectivamente y la reconversión o desplazamiento de 900MWp a gas natural en las plantas a base de fueloil No. 6 y las plantas más obsoletas a base de carbón mineral en la generación eléctrica del país y un factor de capacidad de 70 %, tanto para el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional Interconectado (SENI), como las plantas que generan en sistemas aislados como el Consorcio Energético Punta Cana-Macao (CEPCM).', '6 y las plantas más obsoletas a base de carbón mineral en la generación eléctrica del país y un factor de capacidad de 70 %, tanto para el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional Interconectado (SENI), como las plantas que generan en sistemas aislados como el Consorcio Energético Punta Cana-Macao (CEPCM). Para dichas opciones, según el estudio de REMAP y la disminución de los precios para las tecnologías eólica y solar, se estima una inversión de USD $ 2,500,000,000.00 y una reducción de 3,207.86 GgCO2eq , lo que corresponde a un 6.29 % de reducción de emisiones al 2030. En resumen, en el sector Energía podría ser más ambicioso según los estudios relacionados, donde pueden ser evaluadas otras opciones adicionales para eficiencia energética y transporte en general.', 'En resumen, en el sector Energía podría ser más ambicioso según los estudios relacionados, donde pueden ser evaluadas otras opciones adicionales para eficiencia energética y transporte en general. El país necesita, a partir de las opciones evaluadas y las propuestas de renovables y gas natural, movilizar aproximadamente USD $ , lo cual representa el 17.62 % de reducción de las emisiones al escenario BAU 2030 de forma total en la NDC-RD 2020. El Sector IPPU, con las opciones evaluadas, tiene previsto movilizar aproximadamente USD $ 248,000,000.00 y podría al año 2030, lo que significa 1.43 % de reducción a la meta propuesta.', 'El Sector IPPU, con las opciones evaluadas, tiene previsto movilizar aproximadamente USD $ 248,000,000.00 y podría al año 2030, lo que significa 1.43 % de reducción a la meta propuesta. Tomando el Plan DECCC-2011 como referencia y los intercambios bilaterales con los sectores específicamente, se identificaron de forma cualitativa otras opciones en los sectores de AFOLU (reducción estimada de 2,013 GgCO2eq ) yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Desechos (reducción estimada de 2,112 GgCO2eq ) que pueden llegar a 4,135 GgCO2eq al año 2030, lo que puede significar un 8.11 % de reducción con respecto al BAU, y necesitaría movilizar una inversión estimada en USD $ 1,852,000,000.00, según las tecnologías evaluadas en los estudios supra indicados.', 'Tomando el Plan DECCC-2011 como referencia y los intercambios bilaterales con los sectores específicamente, se identificaron de forma cualitativa otras opciones en los sectores de AFOLU (reducción estimada de 2,013 GgCO2eq ) yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Desechos (reducción estimada de 2,112 GgCO2eq ) que pueden llegar a 4,135 GgCO2eq al año 2030, lo que puede significar un 8.11 % de reducción con respecto al BAU, y necesitaría movilizar una inversión estimada en USD $ 1,852,000,000.00, según las tecnologías evaluadas en los estudios supra indicados. El país propone lograr, a partir de opciones de mitigación evaluadas y propuestas, reducir 13,853.71 Gg CO2eq lo que representa 27.16 % con respecto al escenario BAU 2030 estimado en 51 mil Gg CO2eq , con una inversión estimada de 8,916,950,000.00 dólares americanos expresada de forma condicionada e incondicionada, teniendo presente que el país está en desarrollo y tardará un tiempo prudencial para lograr metas más ambiciosas, sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza.', 'El país propone lograr, a partir de opciones de mitigación evaluadas y propuestas, reducir 13,853.71 Gg CO2eq lo que representa 27.16 % con respecto al escenario BAU 2030 estimado en 51 mil Gg CO2eq , con una inversión estimada de 8,916,950,000.00 dólares americanos expresada de forma condicionada e incondicionada, teniendo presente que el país está en desarrollo y tardará un tiempo prudencial para lograr metas más ambiciosas, sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza. Componente 2. Información sobre Adaptación 1.', 'Componente 2. Información sobre Adaptación 1. Adaptación al cambio climático, visión estratégica y objetivo; apoyo a los acuerdos institucionales y al marco de políticas a. Arreglos institucionales, gobernanza y marco jurídico La base legal nacional3 que tiene la República Dominicana para trabajar los temas institucionales son los siguientes instrumentos y arreglos institucionales nacionales, además de condiciones habilitantes en proceso. Los instrumentos legales existentes en RD para trabajar temas de adaptación son: - Constitución de la República Dominicana - Artículo 194 - Ley No. 1-12 Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 de República Dominicana (Eje 4to está enfocado en la adaptación al Cambio Climático) - Ley No. 64-00 General sobre Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales - Ley No. 147-02. sobre Gestión de Riesgos - Ley Sectorial No. 202-04 de Áreas Protegidas - Ley Sectorial No.', '202-04 de Áreas Protegidas - Ley Sectorial No. 333-15 sobre Biodiversidad - Ley No. 158-01 sobre Fomento de Desarrollo Turístico 3 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020: VI. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven medidas de adaptación.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Ley 8-90 sobre Fomento de Zonas Francas - Ley No. 08 Ley de Agricultura - Ley Sectorial No. 57-18 Forestal de la República Dominicana - Ley No.', '57-18 Forestal de la República Dominicana - Ley No. 44-18 que establece pagos por Servicios Ambientales - Decreto 601-08 que crea el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) - Decreto 269-15 que establece la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC) - Decreto 23-16 que crea la Comisión Interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible - Decreto 541-20 que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición de Gases de Efectos Invernadero (Artículo I - Párrafo III) Documentos estratégicos para implementación y reporte de acciones de adaptación: - Plan Estratégico para el Cambio Climático (PECC) 2011-2030 en la República Dominicana - Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana (PNACC-RD) 2015-2030 - Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de la República Dominicana (TCNCC) 2017 - Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2019-2022 - Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector Agropecuario de la República Otras condiciones habilitantes necesarias y en proceso para el logro e implementación de medidas de adaptación son el proyecto de ley de aguas, proyecto de ley de ordenamiento territorial y la implementación de la reciente aprobada Ley 225-20 -Ley general de gestión integral y coprocesamiento de residuos de la República Dominicana.', '44-18 que establece pagos por Servicios Ambientales - Decreto 601-08 que crea el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) - Decreto 269-15 que establece la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC) - Decreto 23-16 que crea la Comisión Interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible - Decreto 541-20 que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición de Gases de Efectos Invernadero (Artículo I - Párrafo III) Documentos estratégicos para implementación y reporte de acciones de adaptación: - Plan Estratégico para el Cambio Climático (PECC) 2011-2030 en la República Dominicana - Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana (PNACC-RD) 2015-2030 - Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de la República Dominicana (TCNCC) 2017 - Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2019-2022 - Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector Agropecuario de la República Otras condiciones habilitantes necesarias y en proceso para el logro e implementación de medidas de adaptación son el proyecto de ley de aguas, proyecto de ley de ordenamiento territorial y la implementación de la reciente aprobada Ley 225-20 -Ley general de gestión integral y coprocesamiento de residuos de la República Dominicana. b. Adaptación al cambio climático, visión y meta La adaptación al cambio climático es una prioridad constitucional establecida en su artículo 194.', 'b. Adaptación al cambio climático, visión y meta La adaptación al cambio climático es una prioridad constitucional establecida en su artículo 194. La Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (Ley 1-12) establece en su eje 4 promover una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático. Asimismo, el PNACC tiene como visión el horizonte temporal del 2030, ya que es consecuente con los estudios,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 planes realizados en la RD, además de la Ley 01-12 de Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo; así como teniendo en cuenta de que un plan de esta naturaleza es un proceso continuo y que se reajustará a las nuevas y cambiantes realidades complejas que lo componen.', 'Asimismo, el PNACC tiene como visión el horizonte temporal del 2030, ya que es consecuente con los estudios,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 planes realizados en la RD, además de la Ley 01-12 de Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo; así como teniendo en cuenta de que un plan de esta naturaleza es un proceso continuo y que se reajustará a las nuevas y cambiantes realidades complejas que lo componen. En cuanto a objetivos nacionales de adaptación, el PNACC establece: - Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante la construcción de la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia.', 'En cuanto a objetivos nacionales de adaptación, el PNACC establece: - Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante la construcción de la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia. - Facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático, de manera coherente, en las políticas nuevas y existentes, programas y actividades, en particular los procesos y estrategias de planificación del desarrollo, dentro de todos los sectores pertinentes y en diferentes niveles, según proceda. Se establecieron seis ejes estratégicos cada uno con áreas de enfoque más específicas, objetivos y líneas de acción. Los ejes son: - Sector de Seguridad Hídrica (agua potable) y Sector de Seguridad Alimentaria (agricultura) - Sector Ciudades Climáticamente Resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos) - Sector Salud - Sector Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Bosques.', 'Los ejes son: - Sector de Seguridad Hídrica (agua potable) y Sector de Seguridad Alimentaria (agricultura) - Sector Ciudades Climáticamente Resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos) - Sector Salud - Sector Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Bosques. - Sector Turismo - Sector Recursos Costero-Marinos 2. Escenarios del cambio climático, impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades a. Proyecciones de cambios futuros en temperatura, precipitación e índices extremos El país cuenta con proyecciones climáticas realizadas por el Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) presentadas en la TCNCC. De igual forma, se añaden proyecciones realizadas por el Global Water Partnership (GWP) dentro de la iniciativa Paquete de Mejora de la Acción Climática (CAEP).', 'De igual forma, se añaden proyecciones realizadas por el Global Water Partnership (GWP) dentro de la iniciativa Paquete de Mejora de la Acción Climática (CAEP). Estos escenarios muestran proyecciones también sobre temperatura, deslizamientos, y sequía.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 En el marco de la TCNCC, el CATHALAC llevó a cabo la simulación de escenarios climáticos nacionales basado en modelos de las regiones del país seleccionadas, y análisis de la afectación de dichos escenarios a la seguridad hídrica, alimentaria y energética del país. Estos escenarios son proyecciones hacia 2050 y 2070.', 'Estos escenarios son proyecciones hacia 2050 y 2070. En cuanto a los escenarios de la TCNCC tenemos a modo general podemos indicar que: - Las temperaturas mínimas aumentarán de entre 1 °C y hasta 3 °C hacia 2050 y alcanzarán valores de cambio de entre 2 °C y hasta 6 °C hacia el 2070, donde sólo la provincia de Independencia (Jimaní) podrá presentar cambios negativos (temperaturas más frías) de entre -1 °C y -2 °C durante el periodo lluvioso. hacia el 2070, los cambios aumentarán más de entre 2 °C y hasta 6 °C, siendo más evidentes los cambios en las provincias de Barahona, Monte Plata, La Romana, Hato Mayor y San Juan, siendo este último el más extremo.', 'hacia el 2070, los cambios aumentarán más de entre 2 °C y hasta 6 °C, siendo más evidentes los cambios en las provincias de Barahona, Monte Plata, La Romana, Hato Mayor y San Juan, siendo este último el más extremo. - Las temperaturas máximas tendrán un incremento más marcado, generalizado y podrán aumentar de entre 2 °C y 3 °C hacia el 2050 y de 3 °C a 5 °C hacia el 2070. Existe la excepción de las provincias de Samaná e Independencia las cuales podrán mostrar cambios, pero con valores cercanos a su variabilidad natural, que hoy en día muestra cambios de entre 1 °C y 3 °C.', 'Existe la excepción de las provincias de Samaná e Independencia las cuales podrán mostrar cambios, pero con valores cercanos a su variabilidad natural, que hoy en día muestra cambios de entre 1 °C y 3 °C. Se destaca que serán las provincias de Barahona, Monte Plata, Distrito Nacional, Hato Mayor y San Juan donde podrán ser más notorios estos cambios. - La temporada de secas (diciembre-abril) podrá intensificarse aún más hacia el 2050 y 2070.', '- La temporada de secas (diciembre-abril) podrá intensificarse aún más hacia el 2050 y 2070. A nivel puntual y bajo cualquier tipo de forzamiento radiativo, los modelos coinciden mayormente en una disminución en la lluvia total de hasta 50 % respecto a los valores históricos en las provincias de Independencia, Puerto Plata, San Juan y Santiago, así como disminuciones de entre 10 y 30 % en provincias como Samaná, Distrito Nacional, La Altagracia, Barahona y Hato Mayor. - El inicio de las lluvias podría presentar un aumento súbito en la lluvia total acumulada tanto hacia el 2050 y 2070.', '- El inicio de las lluvias podría presentar un aumento súbito en la lluvia total acumulada tanto hacia el 2050 y 2070. Existe coincidencia en los resultados de los modelos en ambos horizontes de tiempo de presentar incrementos de más del 100 % (principalmente en Herrera, Barahona y San Juan). Este resultado es coherente con la ocurrencia de un ciclo diurno más intensificado y con mayor capacidad para presentar eventos extremos de lluvias.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - La precipitación total anual hacia el 2050 disminuirá un 15 % al promediar en todo el territorio nacional, agravándose a valores de 17 % hacia el 2070, en comparación con los valores históricos de 1961-1990.', 'Este resultado es coherente con la ocurrencia de un ciclo diurno más intensificado y con mayor capacidad para presentar eventos extremos de lluvias.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - La precipitación total anual hacia el 2050 disminuirá un 15 % al promediar en todo el territorio nacional, agravándose a valores de 17 % hacia el 2070, en comparación con los valores históricos de 1961-1990. La consistencia de los resultados entre los modelos bajo un forzamiento radiativo de 8.5 W/m2 es del 87 %. - Las provincias del sur y oeste del país serán las más afectadas por la disminución en las precipitaciones hacia el 2050 y 2070, mientras que las provincias del este y norte podrían inclusive mostrar hasta pequeños cambios positivos.', '- Las provincias del sur y oeste del país serán las más afectadas por la disminución en las precipitaciones hacia el 2050 y 2070, mientras que las provincias del este y norte podrían inclusive mostrar hasta pequeños cambios positivos. La condición de disminución en la precipitación total anual podría acentuarse aún más hacia el %/18 %) y Cibao Sur (15 %/17 %). Las demás regiones podrían experimentar cambios menores a 15 %. Solo un modelo muestra valores positivos hacia el 2050 en Cibao Noroeste (1.3 %), Cibao Norte (0.9 %) y Yuma (0.1 %) donde incluso sólo se incrementa en Yuma (4.5 %) hacia el 2070.', 'Solo un modelo muestra valores positivos hacia el 2050 en Cibao Noroeste (1.3 %), Cibao Norte (0.9 %) y Yuma (0.1 %) donde incluso sólo se incrementa en Yuma (4.5 %) hacia el 2070. Relacionados a los escenarios climáticos desarrollados bajo la iniciativa CAEP por GWP podemos mencionar los siguientes resultados claves: Relacionado a los mapas de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos de tierra: - Generalmente alta susceptibilidad al noreste de las islas en la mayoría de los escenarios, que pueden ser el resultado de la combinación de dos factores principales, es decir, la lluvia en pendiente y relieve cae de los vientos cargados de humedad del Atlántico. - El noroeste del país mantuvo bajos valores de susceptibilidad en todos los cinco menos uno.', '- El noroeste del país mantuvo bajos valores de susceptibilidad en todos los cinco menos uno. Relacionado con el riesgo por deslizamiento tenemos que: - Alta correlación con áreas de alta densidad de población y construcción y susceptibilidad. - Los valores más altos se observan en las cercanías de la capital, Santo Domingo y Puerto Plata. Relacionado con las proyecciones de precipitación:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - Índices de precipitación extrema: las predicciones del modelo para 2030 y 2070 reflejan un nivel dominante de susceptibilidad en Santo Domingo. - En 2030, la susceptibilidad a inundaciones muy alta es visible en el sureste de RD en ambos modelos.', '- En 2030, la susceptibilidad a inundaciones muy alta es visible en el sureste de RD en ambos modelos. los - El modelo HadGEM45 R99 refleja una susceptibilidad muy alta en ambas épocas: o Cuando la vegetación natural es reemplazada por una superficie impermeable en estas regiones, altera el ciclo hidrológico, lo que aumenta la escorrentía de aguas pluviales y reduce la recarga de aguas subterráneas. o Se pronostican más precipitaciones en estas regiones aumentando así las escorrentías superficiales, la infiltración capacidad y el agua fluye hacia los ríos cercanos. o La ubicación de la vegetación y las áreas boscosas al oeste de la isla es más probable que produzca una menor susceptibilidad que las zonas urbanizadas.', 'o La ubicación de la vegetación y las áreas boscosas al oeste de la isla es más probable que produzca una menor susceptibilidad que las zonas urbanizadas. - Las áreas comunes para experimentar más eventos de inundaciones son Santo Domingo y La Romana. - Aunque las áreas muy altamente susceptibles se encuentran en la región oriental para modelos, la distribución espacial varía. - El modelo PWHadGEM85 2030 proyecta mayores cantidades de lluvia aumentando así la susceptibilidad de las zonas urbanas a las inundaciones. - La influencia de las áreas urbanizadas puede explicar los dos distintos tipos de susceptibilidad muy alta regiones de la región sureste.', '- La influencia de las áreas urbanizadas puede explicar los dos distintos tipos de susceptibilidad muy alta regiones de la región sureste. El área de alta susceptibilidad al noroeste de la isla es en conjunto con más lluvias que conduce a más susceptibles a inundaciones. Estos escenarios desarrollados por GWP son proyecciones para 2030, 2050 y 2070. b. Cambio Climático. Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades El país cuenta con análisis de vulnerabilidad de sectores priorizados como el de seguridad alimentaria (agricultura) y costeros marinos.', 'Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades El país cuenta con análisis de vulnerabilidad de sectores priorizados como el de seguridad alimentaria (agricultura) y costeros marinos. La Agencia de Desarrollo Francesa (AFD) y el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, bajo la iniciativa Adapt’Action, han trabajado estudios de vulnerabilidad climática en los sectores de seguridad alimentaria y agricultura.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El proyecto “Apoyo al sector agrícola de la República Dominicana en un contexto de cambio climático”, financiado por la AFD a través de la facilidad Adapt’Action, realizó un estudio de vulnerabilidad del sector agrícola en la República Dominicana, con un enfoque particular en seis Sistemas de Producción Agrícolas (SPA) estratégicos.', 'La Agencia de Desarrollo Francesa (AFD) y el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, bajo la iniciativa Adapt’Action, han trabajado estudios de vulnerabilidad climática en los sectores de seguridad alimentaria y agricultura.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El proyecto “Apoyo al sector agrícola de la República Dominicana en un contexto de cambio climático”, financiado por la AFD a través de la facilidad Adapt’Action, realizó un estudio de vulnerabilidad del sector agrícola en la República Dominicana, con un enfoque particular en seis Sistemas de Producción Agrícolas (SPA) estratégicos. Los seis SPA analizados fueron los siguientes: (1) El banano en la región noroeste, provincias de Valverde, Montecristi, Dajabón y Santiago Rodríguez; (2) El arroz en la región noroeste, provincias de Valverde, Montecristi, Dajabón y Santiago Rodríguez; (3) La habichuela en la región sudoeste, provincia de San Juan; (4) El cacao en la región noroeste, provincias Duarte, Sánchez Ramírez, Samaná y Hermanas Mirabal; (4) El café en la cordillera Septentrional entre Solimán y Hermanas Mirabal en la región norte; y (5) El plátano en la región sur, provincias de Barahona, Bahoruco, Independencia y Pedernales.', 'Los seis SPA analizados fueron los siguientes: (1) El banano en la región noroeste, provincias de Valverde, Montecristi, Dajabón y Santiago Rodríguez; (2) El arroz en la región noroeste, provincias de Valverde, Montecristi, Dajabón y Santiago Rodríguez; (3) La habichuela en la región sudoeste, provincia de San Juan; (4) El cacao en la región noroeste, provincias Duarte, Sánchez Ramírez, Samaná y Hermanas Mirabal; (4) El café en la cordillera Septentrional entre Solimán y Hermanas Mirabal en la región norte; y (5) El plátano en la región sur, provincias de Barahona, Bahoruco, Independencia y Pedernales. Referente al sector de ciudades resilientes (asentamientos humanos), RD cuenta con el Índice de Vulnerabilidad ante Choques Climáticos (IVACC), previamente conocido como el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Medioambiental de Hogares (IVAM), diseñado por la Vicepresidencia de la República, a través del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).', 'Referente al sector de ciudades resilientes (asentamientos humanos), RD cuenta con el Índice de Vulnerabilidad ante Choques Climáticos (IVACC), previamente conocido como el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Medioambiental de Hogares (IVAM), diseñado por la Vicepresidencia de la República, a través del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). El IVACC es un índice que calcula la probabilidad de que un hogar sea vulnerable ante la ocurrencia de un fenómeno climático como huracanes, tormentas e inundaciones, dadas ciertas características socioeconómicas y geográficas del hogar. Para ello, utiliza datos de una encuesta aplicada a hogares con la información suministrada por el Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN).', 'Para ello, utiliza datos de una encuesta aplicada a hogares con la información suministrada por el Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN). Este sistema tiene una cobertura de 8,579,852 personas, equivalente al 85.5 % de la población proyectada por la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas (ONE) para el país en el 2015. Las cifras del IVACC para República Dominicana dan una idea clara del tipo de información agregada que permite reflejar. La siguiente información puede obtenerse a la escala de detalle de municipio o comunidad. El IVACC promedio para la República Dominicana es de 0.524. El 48.5 % de los hogares está por encima del nivel nacional y el 30.4 % de los hogares tiene un IVACC mayor a 0.70.', 'El 48.5 % de los hogares está por encima del nivel nacional y el 30.4 % de los hogares tiene un IVACC mayor a 0.70. En el país, los hogares con mayor vulnerabilidad ambiental son aquellos dirigidos por personas entre 16 y 17 años, con un promedio de 0.591. A esos siguen aquellos hogares dirigidos por personas mayores (66 años o más) que tienen una vulnerabilidad promedio de 0.549.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 3. Prioridades nacionales y sectoriales de adaptación al cambio climático a. Prioridades adaptativas transversales al cambio climático República Dominicana cuenta con su Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático 2015-2030 (PNACC-RD) donde promueve la sinergia entre la mitigación y la adaptación. En este documento se establecieron siete líneas estratégicas transversales (LT): Línea T 1.', 'En este documento se establecieron siete líneas estratégicas transversales (LT): Línea T 1. Manejo político-administrativo del tema del cambio climático para facilitar la integración de la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático en las políticas sectoriales y nacionales y planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial. Implementación o mejora de la legislación para integrar las cuestiones del cambio climático, la integración de la adaptación, teniendo en cuenta todas las partes interesadas. Elaborar Planes Sectoriales de Adaptación. Fortalecimiento de las instancias de gestión de riesgo, revisión y mejora de marcos institucionales y legales de gestión de riesgos. Línea T 2.', 'Fortalecimiento de las instancias de gestión de riesgo, revisión y mejora de marcos institucionales y legales de gestión de riesgos. Línea T 2. Reducción del riesgo climático: la implementación de iniciativas que reduzcan la vulnerabilidad a la variabilidad y al cambio climático a través de las medidas sectoriales de gestión de riesgos y aumento de la resiliencia enfocados en pérdidas y daños. Línea T 3. Coordinación intersectorial e interinstitucional: incidencia política en el ámbito nacional, regional e internacional para el abordaje efectivo del cambio climático.', 'Coordinación intersectorial e interinstitucional: incidencia política en el ámbito nacional, regional e internacional para el abordaje efectivo del cambio climático. La creación de vínculos entre las instituciones, la participación de los interesados en el diálogo y la toma de decisiones, fortalecer la comunidad de práctica sobre el cambio climático y el uso de la investigación para la difusión y la formulación de políticas (redes de investigación y observatorios). Asegurar que las medidas de adaptación de un sector no amenacen la resiliencia de otro. Línea T 4. Investigación en vulnerabilidad, adaptación e impactos y escenarios climáticos: generando información y métricas para fomentar el conocimiento de los factores condicionantes, manifestaciones, impactos y respuestas del cambio climático. Desarrollo y actualización de mapas de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. Línea T 5.', 'Desarrollo y actualización de mapas de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. Línea T 5. Fortalecimiento de los sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación, incluyendo la capacidad local. Fortalecer el sistema de estadísticas, mejorar el sistema de indicadores, nuevos y existentes, incluidos los indicadores principalesContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 de la vulnerabilidad como una herramienta para informar la toma de decisiones. Generar Sistemas de Alerta Temprana (SAT), que incluyan proyecciones de cambio climático. Línea T 6. Comunicación, información y educación para enfrentar el cambio climático y la variabilidad. Fortalecer las capacidades para enfrentar el riesgo climático incluyendo la reducción de riesgos de desastres, desarrollar programas de capacitación en instituciones públicas y privadas a nivel nacional y local. Línea T 7.', 'Fortalecer las capacidades para enfrentar el riesgo climático incluyendo la reducción de riesgos de desastres, desarrollar programas de capacitación en instituciones públicas y privadas a nivel nacional y local. Línea T 7. Integración de la perspectiva de género: conscientes que, los efectos del cambio climático impactan de forma diferenciada a los grupos humanos vulnerables, la perspectiva de género es un aspecto transversal al modelo de desarrollo nacional. Por tanto, se reconoce el rol de la mujer como agente de cambio y se fomenta su participación para la transformación de la sociedad hacia un desarrollo bajo en carbono y resiliente.', 'Por tanto, se reconoce el rol de la mujer como agente de cambio y se fomenta su participación para la transformación de la sociedad hacia un desarrollo bajo en carbono y resiliente. b. Prioridades de adaptación a medio plazo del Proceso Nacional de Planificación de Adaptación Asimismo, el PNACC establece seis ejes estratégicos, cada uno con áreas de enfoque más específicas, objetivos y líneas de acción. Los ejes establecidos son los siguientes: - Eje Estratégico 1: Mejorando la seguridad hídrica y la seguridad alimentaria. - Eje Estratégico 2: Fomentando el entorno construido y la infraestructura a prueba del clima (ciudades climáticamente resilientes). - Eje Estratégico 3: Promoviendo comunidades saludables y resilientes. (Salud) - Eje Estratégico 4: Incrementando la resiliencia de ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y los bosques.', '(Salud) - Eje Estratégico 4: Incrementando la resiliencia de ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y los bosques. - Eje Estratégico 5: Habilitando la competitividad empresarial (sectores productivos como el turismo) a través de la sostenibilidad ambiental y la resiliencia climática. - Eje Estratégico 6: Conservando y usando sosteniblemente los recursos costero-marinos, aumentando la resiliencia frente al cambio y la variabilidad climáticos. c. Prioridades de adaptación al cambio climático específicas por sector El país cuenta con las prioridades nacionales en cada sector del PNACC antes descritas. Estas fueron recopiladas en las consultas sectoriales realizadas, además de los documentos de planificación de las distintas sectoriales. Las prioridades de adaptación por sector suman 37 medidas, distribuidas de la siguiente manera:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Seguridad Hídrica 1.', 'Las prioridades de adaptación por sector suman 37 medidas, distribuidas de la siguiente manera:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Seguridad Hídrica 1. Contribuir a asegurar la oferta y disponibilidad de fuentes de agua potable, implementando proyectos de reabastecimiento y disminuyendo las fugas. 2. Mejorar la calidad de los ecosistemas productores de agua que sirven de fuentes de suministro a los sistemas de abastecimiento; incluyendo mejorar las condiciones de los servicios de saneamiento. 3. Gestionar el riesgo de inundaciones y control de avenidas de agua mediante el control de riberas, protegiendo así la zona costero-marina. 4. Fortalecer (por lo menos dos) alianzas público-privadas y/o mecanismos para la gestión del sector agua. 5.', 'Fortalecer (por lo menos dos) alianzas público-privadas y/o mecanismos para la gestión del sector agua. 5. Facilitar el acceso a un sistema de seguros para daños ligados a eventos climáticos. Seguridad Alimentaria 6. Eficientizar el uso de agua para la producción de alimentos, se incluyen aquí las medidas de cambios de cultivos y calendario de siembra. (Sector Riego) 7. Proyecto Paisaje Productivo Integrado a través de la Planificación del Uso de Suelo, Restauración e intensificación Sostenible del Arroz, en las cuencas Yaque del Norte y Yuna. 8. Gestionar la oferta de agua mediante la mejora y construcción de infraestructura y equipamiento hidráulico. (Sector Riego) 9. Promover la gestión ganadera climáticamente Inteligente en la República Dominicana. 10.', 'Promover la gestión ganadera climáticamente Inteligente en la República Dominicana. 10. Promover la adopción de Sistemas Silvopastoriles en fincas ganaderas y otras prácticas mejoradas para Demostraciones de Explotaciones Amigables con el Ambiente. Sector Salud 11. Realizar un mapeo de vulnerabilidades nacionales de salud. 12. Realizar investigaciones para determinar enfermedades sensitivas al clima, no solo las transmitidas por vectores sino también de la piel, respiratorias y del agua.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 13. Preparar las evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad y adaptación de los sistemas de salud, el capítulo de salud para ser adscrito al Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático o documentos equivalentes. Sector Ciudades Resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos) 14.', 'Sector Ciudades Resilientes (infraestructuras, asentamientos humanos) 14. Mejorar la planificación urbana y uso de suelo para garantizar que los desarrollos nuevos y existentes, la infraestructura, los edificios y la gestión de la tierra, promuevan la resiliencia climática a largo plazo, incluyendo la capacidad de recuperación de los ecosistemas. 15. Mejorar normas actuales de construcción para la integración del riesgo climático. 16. Promover la evaluación ambiental estratégica integrando el riesgo climático. 17. Fortalecer la capacidad de los profesionales e instituciones relacionadas con la planificación para prevenir y mitigar la exposición al riesgo de cambio climático. 18. Facilitar el acceso a un sistema de seguro para daños ligados a eventos climáticos para las diferentes estructuras y componentes de los asentamientos humanos. 19.', 'Facilitar el acceso a un sistema de seguro para daños ligados a eventos climáticos para las diferentes estructuras y componentes de los asentamientos humanos. 19. Mejorar el sistema de alerta temprana para eventos hidro-meteorológicos, perfeccionando las capacidades de previsión de eventos climáticos, de manera que se reduzca la necesidad de llevar a cabo respuestas de emergencia. Sector Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Bosques. 20. Incorporar la Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas (ABE) en los planes de adaptación al cambio climático sectoriales, la biodiversidad y las políticas de desarrollo sostenible. 21. Adoptar el enfoque de paisaje.', 'Adoptar el enfoque de paisaje. Mapear, evaluar y realizar modelos de los servicios ecosistémicos, para las prioridades de conservación, restauración y para la evaluación de diferentes escenarios y proyecciones que permitan recomendar medidas de adaptación y gestión teniendo en cuenta el enfoque de paisaje.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 22. Evitar el cambio de uso de la tierra, deforestación y degradación. Implementar programas de reforestación y reforestación de bosques, promoviendo el enfoque de REDD+. 23. Promover la conectividad de hábitats, especies, comunidades y procesos ecológicos (enlace de paisaje) y la continuidad de gradientes altitudinales, así como la ampliación y/o el establecimiento de nuevas áreas destinadas a reducir la vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático en la biodiversidad. 24.', 'Promover la conectividad de hábitats, especies, comunidades y procesos ecológicos (enlace de paisaje) y la continuidad de gradientes altitudinales, así como la ampliación y/o el establecimiento de nuevas áreas destinadas a reducir la vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático en la biodiversidad. 24. Procurar la incorporación del tema variabilidad y cambio climático en los instrumentos de regulación, gestión de áreas protegidas/no protegidas y el manejo forestal. 25. Estimular prácticas y tecnologías apropiadas favorables a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Sector Recursos Costero-Marinos 26. Zonificación y planificación de los sistemas costero-marinos teniendo en cuenta la adaptación y resiliencia frente al cambio climático. 27. Fomentar la infraestructura costera resiliente, favoreciendo la infraestructura verde según proceda teniendo en cuenta un enfoque ecosistémico. 28.', 'Fomentar la infraestructura costera resiliente, favoreciendo la infraestructura verde según proceda teniendo en cuenta un enfoque ecosistémico. 28. Manejo sostenible y seguro de las costas con un enfoque de cambio climático. 29. Establecimiento de estructuras institucionales que fortalezcan la investigación, la gestión y monitoreo (estaciones mareográficas, climáticas y de observación del medio marino) de especies y ecosistemas costero-marinos y su vulnerabilidad al cambio y variabilidad climática. 30. Prevención, mitigación y remediación de contaminación de las costas y playas con especial atención al cumplimiento y fiscalización para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumento de la resiliencia de los sistemas costero/marinos. 31.', 'Prevención, mitigación y remediación de contaminación de las costas y playas con especial atención al cumplimiento y fiscalización para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumento de la resiliencia de los sistemas costero/marinos. 31. Gestionar un fondo para la recuperación de manglares, estuarios y arrecifes coralinos y otros ecosistemas y especies costero-marinos, que contribuya a incrementar la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático y la variabilidad.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 32. Promover la producción de datos marinos, productos y metadatos para hacer más disponibles para los usuarios públicos y privados que dependen de datos marinos, estandarizado y armonizado con garantía de calidad. Sector Turismo 33.', 'Promover la producción de datos marinos, productos y metadatos para hacer más disponibles para los usuarios públicos y privados que dependen de datos marinos, estandarizado y armonizado con garantía de calidad. Sector Turismo 33. Determinar y establecer la capacidad de carga de los ecosistemas costero-marinos o su límite de cambio aceptable ante usos recreativos según su adaptación al cambio climático. 34. Mantenimiento y restauración de los ecosistemas costeros marinos (manglares, arrecifes, dunas). 35. Ordenar el territorio turístico con enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático: calles bien conectadas, paseos peatonales, senderos bien mantenidos y ciclovías, arborización con especies nativas, entre otras medidas. 36. Definir la actividad turística del país bajo en marco de la sostenibilidad ambiental, sociocultural y económica, con enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático. 37.', 'Definir la actividad turística del país bajo en marco de la sostenibilidad ambiental, sociocultural y económica, con enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático. 37. Promover destinos turísticos resilientes: diversificar la oferta turística de sol y playa hacia otros segmentos como el turismo de aventura, de naturaleza, ecoturismo y turismo de salud. 4. Adaptación al cambio climático: prioridades de inversión a. Implementación de adaptación al cambio climático: necesidades, prestación y disposición de apoyo Se han revisado varios documentos y estudios publicados referentes a la evaluación de flujos de inversión y financieros para los sectores con prioridades en la adaptación. A partir de estos documentos se ha realizado un levantamiento para estimar las necesidades financieras acorde a las inversiones para mejorar la resiliencia climática.', 'A partir de estos documentos se ha realizado un levantamiento para estimar las necesidades financieras acorde a las inversiones para mejorar la resiliencia climática. República Dominicana se ve en la necesidad de movilizar recursos financieros para la implementación4 de las medidas identificadas en la NDC-RD 2020 en los siguientes sectores: 4 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020: VII. Iniciativas de adaptación a nivel nacional y regionalContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 En el sector de seguridad hídrica (las medidas uno y dos), se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 670,822,568.00 al año 2030, fundamentalmente dirigidos a proyectos de inversión para contribuir al mejoramiento del acceso al agua potable y saneamiento.', 'Iniciativas de adaptación a nivel nacional y regionalContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 En el sector de seguridad hídrica (las medidas uno y dos), se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 670,822,568.00 al año 2030, fundamentalmente dirigidos a proyectos de inversión para contribuir al mejoramiento del acceso al agua potable y saneamiento. En el sector de seguridad alimentaria desde la medida sexta a la décima, se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 4,736,170,000.00 al año 2030, fundamentalmente dirigidos a todo el desarrollo de proyectos de riego relacionados áreas agrícolas y sistemas de seguridad alimentaria en ambientes controlados.', 'En el sector de seguridad alimentaria desde la medida sexta a la décima, se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 4,736,170,000.00 al año 2030, fundamentalmente dirigidos a todo el desarrollo de proyectos de riego relacionados áreas agrícolas y sistemas de seguridad alimentaria en ambientes controlados. En el sector de salud las tres medidas identificadas, se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 1,935,000.00 al año 2030, fundamentalmente dirigidos a estudios de línea base, como lo son estudios de vulnerabilidad del sector salud. En el sector de ciudades resilientes en la medida uno se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 3,113,827,790.59 al año 2030, principalmente dirigidas a obras de infraestructuras de puentes y vías terrestres para mejorar las rutas de comunicación entre ciudades y comunidades.', 'En el sector de ciudades resilientes en la medida uno se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 3,113,827,790.59 al año 2030, principalmente dirigidas a obras de infraestructuras de puentes y vías terrestres para mejorar las rutas de comunicación entre ciudades y comunidades. Los sectores que se enuncian a continuación las inversiones previstas indican un robustecimiento de marcos habilitantes y políticas sectoriales para la implementación de acciones que conlleven a un resultado positivo de las medidas identificadas.', 'Los sectores que se enuncian a continuación las inversiones previstas indican un robustecimiento de marcos habilitantes y políticas sectoriales para la implementación de acciones que conlleven a un resultado positivo de las medidas identificadas. En el sector de ecosistemas, biodiversidad y bosques en las medidas se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 106,686,662.14 al año 2030, esencialmente para la gestión oportuna de las áreas protegidas, tomando en cuenta la adaptación basada en ecosistemas, el apropiado uso de la tierra, evitando su degradación y deforestación, con un enfoque de paisaje que fomente la conectividad ecológica implementando programas con el enfoque de REDD+.', 'En el sector de ecosistemas, biodiversidad y bosques en las medidas se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 106,686,662.14 al año 2030, esencialmente para la gestión oportuna de las áreas protegidas, tomando en cuenta la adaptación basada en ecosistemas, el apropiado uso de la tierra, evitando su degradación y deforestación, con un enfoque de paisaje que fomente la conectividad ecológica implementando programas con el enfoque de REDD+. En el sector de recursos costero-marinos, para la implementación de las medidas se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 7,200,630.94 al año 2030, fundamentalmente para el fomento del manejo sostenible de los sistemas costeros-marinos, tomando en cuenta su zonificación y planificación, propiciando el establecimiento de infraestructura resiliente y de estructuras institucionales que fortalezcan la investigación, la gestión y monitoreo,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en busca del incremento del acceso a datos relativos a resiliencia climática y promover la pronta recuperación ecosistémica costero.', 'En el sector de recursos costero-marinos, para la implementación de las medidas se proyecta una movilización de USD $ 7,200,630.94 al año 2030, fundamentalmente para el fomento del manejo sostenible de los sistemas costeros-marinos, tomando en cuenta su zonificación y planificación, propiciando el establecimiento de infraestructura resiliente y de estructuras institucionales que fortalezcan la investigación, la gestión y monitoreo,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en busca del incremento del acceso a datos relativos a resiliencia climática y promover la pronta recuperación ecosistémica costero. En el sector turismo, la calidad de las infraestructuras turísticas depende en gran medida de que se disponga de financiación para realizar inversiones públicas y privadas.', 'En el sector turismo, la calidad de las infraestructuras turísticas depende en gran medida de que se disponga de financiación para realizar inversiones públicas y privadas. En muchos países en desarrollo, el acceso al crédito resulta sumamente costoso, y el gasto público en la construcción y la modernización de infraestructuras suele ser muy limitado. Así pues, las políticas deben facilitar el acceso al crédito, especialmente a las pymes, que son la espina dorsal de la industria turística. Esto obliga a que los bancos reconsiderar su manera de evaluar las inversiones ecológicamente racionales. Aunque tales inversiones conllevan un costo, sus períodos de amortización pueden ser relativamente cortos y generar ahorros que las hagan viables económicamente y atractivas.', 'Aunque tales inversiones conllevan un costo, sus períodos de amortización pueden ser relativamente cortos y generar ahorros que las hagan viables económicamente y atractivas. El país estima una inversión ascendente a USD $ 8,715,787,192.7 expresada en inversiones, sobre todo en los sectores de seguridad hídrica, seguridad alimentaria y ciudades resilientes. Mientras que en los demás sectores se refleja una inversión menor y se fundamenta más en robustecer los marcos habilitantes para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación en el periodo 2021-2030. Todo esto sobre la base de la equidad de género, en un contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza lo que conlleva a un aumento de resiliencia climática.', 'Todo esto sobre la base de la equidad de género, en un contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza lo que conlleva a un aumento de resiliencia climática. La inversión por parte privada específicamente por organización no gubernamentales (ONG) han priorizados la inversión en los sectores de seguridad hídricas, seguridad alimentaria, ciudades resilientes (infraestructura- asentamientos humanos). 5. Aplicación de medidas y planes de adaptación a. Progreso y resultados en adaptación.', 'Aplicación de medidas y planes de adaptación a. Progreso y resultados en adaptación. Relacionado con esfuerzos en adaptación, RD cuenta con su Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana 2015-2030 (PNACC-RD).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El Plan constituye una actualización del PANA anterior (Ministerio Ambiente, 2008) y define dos objetivos principales: 1) reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante adaptación y resiliencia; e 2) integrar la adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal en todas las políticas y sectores. De manera coherente con los demás instrumentos desarrollados en el tema, se establecen como sistemas prioritarios los siguientes: recursos hídricos; turismo; agricultura y seguridad alimentaria; salud; biodiversidad; bosques; recursos costero-marinos; infraestructuras y asentamientos humanos; energía.', 'De manera coherente con los demás instrumentos desarrollados en el tema, se establecen como sistemas prioritarios los siguientes: recursos hídricos; turismo; agricultura y seguridad alimentaria; salud; biodiversidad; bosques; recursos costero-marinos; infraestructuras y asentamientos humanos; energía. La Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector agropecuario de la República Dominicana establece los elementos necesarios para identificar, articular y orientar los instrumentos de política, así como las acciones y medidas necesarias para fortalecer las capacidades de adaptación del sector agropecuario.', 'La Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector agropecuario de la República Dominicana establece los elementos necesarios para identificar, articular y orientar los instrumentos de política, así como las acciones y medidas necesarias para fortalecer las capacidades de adaptación del sector agropecuario. Conjuntamente cuenta con el Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (2019-2022), que tiene el objetivo de guiar la ejecución de las acciones estratégicas concebidas y definidas por las instituciones del sector, siguiendo los lineamientos políticos de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para un periodo de cuatro años, inicialmente 2019-2022.', 'Conjuntamente cuenta con el Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (2019-2022), que tiene el objetivo de guiar la ejecución de las acciones estratégicas concebidas y definidas por las instituciones del sector, siguiendo los lineamientos políticos de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para un periodo de cuatro años, inicialmente 2019-2022. Relacionado con proyectos en el Sector de Ciudades Resilientes (infraestructura) tenemos los siguientes: - Boca de Cachón, en Jimaní, proyecto de reubicación debido a inundaciones de la zona donde se reubicaron 546 familias con un monto de inversión de USD $ 24.4 millones (más de mil millones de pesos).', 'Relacionado con proyectos en el Sector de Ciudades Resilientes (infraestructura) tenemos los siguientes: - Boca de Cachón, en Jimaní, proyecto de reubicación debido a inundaciones de la zona donde se reubicaron 546 familias con un monto de inversión de USD $ 24.4 millones (más de mil millones de pesos). - La Nueva Barquita, en Santo Domingo: consistió en la construcción de una urbanización ubicada en la margen norte del río Ozama, e incluyó la recuperación del hábitat ribereño en el sector de La Barquita, este, ambas zonas son de alto riesgo de inundaciones y deslizamiento de tierra.', '- La Nueva Barquita, en Santo Domingo: consistió en la construcción de una urbanización ubicada en la margen norte del río Ozama, e incluyó la recuperación del hábitat ribereño en el sector de La Barquita, este, ambas zonas son de alto riesgo de inundaciones y deslizamiento de tierra. Reubicando 1,787 familias, con un costo DOP $ 4,834.8 millones (USD $ 100.2 millones).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - En el barrio Domingo Savio (La Ciénaga y Los Guandules) en la ribera oeste del río Ozama, serán reubicadas 1,300 viviendas y otras obras, trabajos en los que se invertirán DOP $ 2,400.0 (USD $ 46.0 millones) aproximadamente.', 'Reubicando 1,787 familias, con un costo DOP $ 4,834.8 millones (USD $ 100.2 millones).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 - En el barrio Domingo Savio (La Ciénaga y Los Guandules) en la ribera oeste del río Ozama, serán reubicadas 1,300 viviendas y otras obras, trabajos en los que se invertirán DOP $ 2,400.0 (USD $ 46.0 millones) aproximadamente. - La Presa de Monte Grande es una obra para control de inundaciones en la cuenca baja del río Yaque del Sur con un monto de DOP $ 3,335.9 millones (USD $ 69.2 millones). - El Gobierno está invirtiendo DOP $ 748 millones en proyectos agroforestales en la cordillera Central y las sierras de Neiba y Bahoruco. b. Esfuerzo de adaptación para el reconocimiento.', 'b. Esfuerzo de adaptación para el reconocimiento. República Dominicana cuenta con reconocimientos para el esfuerzo en implementación de medidas que contribuyan a la adaptación. Entre ellos podemos mencionar los siguientes: - La Ley No. 44-18 Pago por Servicios Ambientales para promover la gobernanza, la inversión en infraestructura verde, ordenar la planificación territorial, fortalecer derechos de propiedad bajo un enfoque ecosistémico y contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida. - Proyectos con enfoque de Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas (ABE)5. Dichos proyectos utilizan la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos como parte de una estrategia más amplia que ayude a las personas a adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Dichos proyectos utilizan la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos como parte de una estrategia más amplia que ayude a las personas a adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático. Su objetivo es reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y las poblaciones aprovechando las oportunidades que brindan la gestión sostenible, la conservación y la restauración de los ecosistemas. Dentro de este tipo de proyectos se diseñó una herramienta llamada Biodiveristy Check para el sector turismo, donde esta herramienta práctica funciona como un medio para mejorar la gestión de la biodiversidad en la empresa. De igual forma, el país cuenta con reconocimientos por la gestión ambiental de sus playas a través del programa Bandera Azul, así como numerosas iniciativas para restaurar ecosistemas de corales y mangles.', 'De igual forma, el país cuenta con reconocimientos por la gestión ambiental de sus playas a través del programa Bandera Azul, así como numerosas iniciativas para restaurar ecosistemas de corales y mangles. 5 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD 2020: VII. Iniciativas de adaptación a nivel nacional y regional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 c. La cooperación para mejorar la adaptación en los planos nacional, regional e internacional, según proceda. República Dominicana es parte de varias iniciativas de adaptación a nivel regional a través de instituciones nacionales de diversos tipos como ministerios, organizaciones no gubernamentales (fundaciones, academias, entre otras) así como también el sector privado.', 'República Dominicana es parte de varias iniciativas de adaptación a nivel regional a través de instituciones nacionales de diversos tipos como ministerios, organizaciones no gubernamentales (fundaciones, academias, entre otras) así como también el sector privado. Dentro de estas podemos mencionar las siguientes: «Incrementando la resiliencia climática en los países CARIFORUM» es un programa que busca apoyar el desarrollo compatible con el clima de los países del CARIFORUM para combatir los impactos negativos del cambio climático, al tiempo que se exploran las oportunidades presentadas.', 'Dentro de estas podemos mencionar las siguientes: «Incrementando la resiliencia climática en los países CARIFORUM» es un programa que busca apoyar el desarrollo compatible con el clima de los países del CARIFORUM para combatir los impactos negativos del cambio climático, al tiempo que se exploran las oportunidades presentadas. Los objetivos específicos son mejorar las redes de observación y seguimiento del clima en el CARIFORUM para mejorar la planificación sectorial y del desarrollo; mejorar la infraestructura de agua resistente al clima del Caribe; elaborar un programa de desarrollo de capacidades, educación y divulgación; elaborar un marco de gestión de riesgos climáticos en los Estados miembros del CARIFORUM. El CNCCMDL es el ente coordinador nacional de dicho proyecto.', 'El CNCCMDL es el ente coordinador nacional de dicho proyecto. Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas y medidas transformacionales para aumentar la resiliencia al cambio climático en el Corredor Seco Centroamericano y las Zonas Áridas de la República Dominicana es un proyecto el cual va a iniciar con el Fondo Verde del Clima. Esta propuesta abordará estos impactos a nivel de paisaje y de hogares en cuencas prioritarias mediante la promoción de: i) Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas; y ii) tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales.', 'Esta propuesta abordará estos impactos a nivel de paisaje y de hogares en cuencas prioritarias mediante la promoción de: i) Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas; y ii) tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales. Estas soluciones serán apoyadas a través de: i) creación de capacidades para los gobiernos locales, las instituciones financieras y las comunidades; ii) préstamos y microfinanzas para actividades de ABE y pequeños negocios basados en recursos naturales; y iii) integración de AbE en políticas y creación de incentivos. Los países de proyecto son Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana, tiene estipulado una duración de siete años.', 'Los países de proyecto son Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana, tiene estipulado una duración de siete años. El Corredor Biológico del Caribe (CBC) fue un proyecto con fondos de la Unión Europea implementado por ONU Ambiente desde 2012/2015 a través del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Como resultado, se consolidó el CBC definiendo su demarcación inicial y definiendo y formalizando su sistema de funcionamiento y gobernanza. Además, se realizaron numerosas investigaciones y proyectos piloto en el terreno. Las bases de esaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 cooperación tripartita constituyen el soporte tecnológico necesario para el desarrollo de capacidades, la recuperación de áreas naturales, la lucha contra la pobreza y por el aumento de la calidad de vida.', 'Las bases de esaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 cooperación tripartita constituyen el soporte tecnológico necesario para el desarrollo de capacidades, la recuperación de áreas naturales, la lucha contra la pobreza y por el aumento de la calidad de vida. El CBC, una plataforma creada en 2007 entre República Dominicana, Cuba y Haití, a la que se unió Puerto Rico en 2016, busca coordinar acciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad del Caribe insular y facilita la relación ser humano- naturaleza en un espacio geográfico determinado. Su principal objetivo es reducir la pobreza haciendo así más resiliente a la población contra el cambio climático.', 'Su principal objetivo es reducir la pobreza haciendo así más resiliente a la población contra el cambio climático. Además, está el proyecto con apoyo de la Cooperación Española (ARAUCLIMA), «Gestión de riesgos vinculados al cambio climático en las costas de América Latina y el Caribe» es ejecutado en 17 países de América Latina y el Caribe miembros de la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC). Este tiene como objetivo contribuir al cumplimiento de las metas establecidas por los 17 países con costa de la región latinoamericana en la Agenda 2030, el Acuerdo de París de lucha contra el cambio climático, las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) al mismo, y el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres.', 'Este tiene como objetivo contribuir al cumplimiento de las metas establecidas por los 17 países con costa de la región latinoamericana en la Agenda 2030, el Acuerdo de París de lucha contra el cambio climático, las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) al mismo, y el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. El Programa de Cooperación Binacional Haití- República Dominicana, apoyado por la Unión Europea ha trabajado lo siguiente: programa de Desarrollo Local Transfronterizo, Comercio, Medio Ambiente, Diálogo Binacional (compuesto por dos subcomponentes: Apoyo a la Comisión Mixta Bilateral y el Observatorio Binacional para Medio Ambiente, Migración, Educación y Comercio [OBMEC] y Visibilidad y Comunicaciones del Programa Binacional). Dicho proyecto lo implementa la GIZ a través del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.', 'Dicho proyecto lo implementa la GIZ a través del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. De igual modo, el país es parte del proyecto regional «Biodiversidad y Negocios en América Central y República Dominicana», apoyado por Ministerio Federal Alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) e implementado por la Cooperación Alemana para el Desarrollo (GIZ) a través del Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.', 'De igual modo, el país es parte del proyecto regional «Biodiversidad y Negocios en América Central y República Dominicana», apoyado por Ministerio Federal Alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) e implementado por la Cooperación Alemana para el Desarrollo (GIZ) a través del Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Dicho proyecto tiene una duración desde 2014 al 2024, con el objetivo de que el sector privado asuma un mayor compromiso en Centroamérica y en la República Dominicana en el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad aumentando así su resiliencia al cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 d. Barreras, desafíos y lagunas relacionadas con la planificación y la aplicación de la adaptación Dentro de los vacíos/barreras generales encontrados en el área de adaptación para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación existe lo siguiente: - Barreras institucionales.', 'Dicho proyecto tiene una duración desde 2014 al 2024, con el objetivo de que el sector privado asuma un mayor compromiso en Centroamérica y en la República Dominicana en el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad aumentando así su resiliencia al cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 d. Barreras, desafíos y lagunas relacionadas con la planificación y la aplicación de la adaptación Dentro de los vacíos/barreras generales encontrados en el área de adaptación para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación existe lo siguiente: - Barreras institucionales. Existen problemas de definición de funciones ya sea por falta de marco legal o institucionalidad.', 'Existen problemas de definición de funciones ya sea por falta de marco legal o institucionalidad. Por ejemplo, la carencia de una ley de ordenamiento territorial que impide una correcta planificación del uso de suelo y de sus recursos con un enfoque principal con especial enfoque en los temas de: manejo de residuos sólidos; fomento del reciclaje, reúso y reducción; transporte; agricultura; infraestructuras de drenaje y transporte; entre otros. Además de la promoción de reorganización institucional por la transversalidad del tema cambio climático. Así como la falta de capacidad de los gobiernos locales para la implantación de medidas de adaptación y la brecha entre la planificación del gobierno central y los gobiernos locales. En el área de gestión de riesgo existen duplicidad de funciones dentro de su gobernanza.', 'En el área de gestión de riesgo existen duplicidad de funciones dentro de su gobernanza. - Barreras tecnológicas. Es imprescindible hacer una transición de tecnología para lograr muchas de las medidas de adaptación. Un ejemplo de esto es la eficiencia de los sistemas de riego por medio del rediseño y cambio de tecnología actual. De igual forma, la tecnología que debe ser utilizada en los sistemas de abastecimiento. Otro ejemplo es el cambio de tecnología que debe realizarse en el sector turismo para el consumo racional de agua. También la falta de datos que muestre con claridad el riesgo climático en todos los sectores productivos del país, así como sus vulnerabilidades. - Barrera financiera.', 'También la falta de datos que muestre con claridad el riesgo climático en todos los sectores productivos del país, así como sus vulnerabilidades. - Barrera financiera. No existe sostenibilidad financiera de las instituciones y los proyectos de implementación de las medidas de adaptación, lo que limita la continuidad de estas acciones. Además de que se necesita un apalancamiento financiero para realizar cambio de tecnología. El pago por servicio de agua aplica tarifas extremadamente reducidas que no permiten un retorno de la inversión para reemplazar la infraestructura.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 e. Buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas República Dominicana ha realizado iniciativas de adaptación con sectores de la sociedad civil, sector privado y gubernamentales.', 'El pago por servicio de agua aplica tarifas extremadamente reducidas que no permiten un retorno de la inversión para reemplazar la infraestructura.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 e. Buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas República Dominicana ha realizado iniciativas de adaptación con sectores de la sociedad civil, sector privado y gubernamentales. Muchas de las iniciativas relacionadas a la adaptación son en su mayoría de las veces a nivel comunitario y realizadas por organizaciones no gubernamentales vinculadas con el sector público/privado como a la cooperación internacional6. Las alianzas público-privadas (APP) en áreas protegidas son casos exitosos que han resultados en beneficios a la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Las alianzas público-privadas (APP) en áreas protegidas son casos exitosos que han resultados en beneficios a la adaptación al cambio climático. Se pueden resaltar algunos acuerdos de co-manejo en áreas protegidas, como son los casos de: Reserva Científica Ébano Verde, Santuario del Sureste, Damajagua, Quita Espuela, así como el manejo de la temporada de Ballenas, santuario de mamíferos marinos. En todos estos casos, las APP ha dado resultados positivos para conservación de biodiversidad y procesos ecológicos vitales y ecosistémicos, que proveen servicios ambientales de diferentes tipos, reguladores, bienes, hídricos y otros. De igual forma el país realiza a través de la sociedad civil en conjunto con las autoridades nacionales proyectos de adaptación basada en ecosistemas en áreas protegidas.', 'De igual forma el país realiza a través de la sociedad civil en conjunto con las autoridades nacionales proyectos de adaptación basada en ecosistemas en áreas protegidas. Puesto que la República Dominicana es un país ubicado en la trayectoria de huracanes tiene un historial en sus esfuerzos para adaptarse a dichos eventos desde el enfoque de gestión de riesgos. Podemos mencionar los siguientes: Redes Comunitarias de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta (RCPMR). Equipo de gestión de riesgos comunitario, integrado por personas de la comunidad que han sido formadas en temas puntuales, equipadas con herramientas básicas y organizadas para desarrollar acciones de prevención, mitigación, preparación, respuesta y recuperación en su comunidad. Se encarga de hacer planes a nivel comunitario de contingencia y de emergencias.', 'Se encarga de hacer planes a nivel comunitario de contingencia y de emergencias. Guía para la elaboración de planes escolares de gestión de riesgos. Programa de prevención de desastres y Gestión de riesgos. Con esta Guía se pretende instaurar las conductas seguras en la población estudiantil activa en el sistema 6 Más información en ANEXO NDC-RD: VII. Iniciativas de adaptación a nivel nacional y regional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 educativo nacional, para lograr que los actores adquieran destrezas de respuesta inmediata y positiva con acciones que puedan salvar sus vidas y las de sus semejantes ante cualquier tipo de evento de desastre. Plan Estratégico de Gestión Ambiental y de Riesgos al año. Formulado en 2009, actualizado el año 2011 y en 2020.', 'Formulado en 2009, actualizado el año 2011 y en 2020. Apoyar el proceso de construcción social de una cultura dominicana que incorpore la Gestión Ambiental y de Riesgos (GAR) en su sistema de valores, actitudes y prácticas a partir de la vida escolar y promover el desarrollo de una infraestructura escolar más segura, inclusiva, resiliente y sostenible. Sistema Integrado Nacional de Información (SINI). Es un moderno centro de monitoreo que tiene por finalidad sistematizar el conocimiento de las amenazas, vulnerabilidades y riesgos, con miras a diagnosticar la capacidad de respuesta de las instituciones que actúan en caso de desastres.', 'Es un moderno centro de monitoreo que tiene por finalidad sistematizar el conocimiento de las amenazas, vulnerabilidades y riesgos, con miras a diagnosticar la capacidad de respuesta de las instituciones que actúan en caso de desastres. Esta herramienta cuenta con servidores de última generación con capacidad para almacenar y procesar de manera centralizada datos geográficos que producen las instituciones que forman parte del SINI, a través de nodos alimentadores. Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños para la República Dominicana (SIRED-RD). Consiste en una plataforma con diferentes herramientas para recopilar, estandarizar, evaluar y analizar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por los desastres. Es un sistema que permite recopilar y llevar el control de la información para la evaluación de los daños ocasionados por desastres naturales.', 'Es un sistema que permite recopilar y llevar el control de la información para la evaluación de los daños ocasionados por desastres naturales. Los daños son capturados mediante una aplicación que se instala en dispositivos móviles. f. Sistema de Monitoreo y Evaluación de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (M&E) En materia de monitoreo y evaluación (M&E), la República Dominicana cuenta con el decreto 541-20 que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. En su Artículo I Párrafo III indica: “Todos los sistemas de información nacional, regionales o sectoriales que contengan información relevante al cambio climático, estudios de vulnerabilidad y de gestión de riesgo pueden operar en conjunto y enriquecer el Sistema Nacional del MRV”.', 'En su Artículo I Párrafo III indica: “Todos los sistemas de información nacional, regionales o sectoriales que contengan información relevante al cambio climático, estudios de vulnerabilidad y de gestión de riesgo pueden operar en conjunto y enriquecer el Sistema Nacional del MRV”. En este sentido, los esfuerzos para desarrollar el Sistema de M&E de la Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el país se concentran mayormente en los esfuerzos de los proyectos Iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción ClimáticaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Componente Adaptación (ICAT-A) y el proyecto Desarrollando Capacidades para Avanzar en el Proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación en la República Dominicana.', 'En este sentido, los esfuerzos para desarrollar el Sistema de M&E de la Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el país se concentran mayormente en los esfuerzos de los proyectos Iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción ClimáticaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Componente Adaptación (ICAT-A) y el proyecto Desarrollando Capacidades para Avanzar en el Proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación en la República Dominicana. Estas iniciativas desarrollarán las directrices y herramientas de seguimiento y revisión de los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático en el país.', 'Estas iniciativas desarrollarán las directrices y herramientas de seguimiento y revisión de los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático en el país. Asimismo, busca el fortalecimiento de capacidades humanas e institucionales, así como del sistema en general, apoyando la creación de un Sistema Nacional Integrado de Planificación y Control de Cambio Climático y el fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental. Hasta la fecha, los sectores con mayor avance han sido el sector agrícola enfocado en el banano y próximamente en el sector turismo. Estos esfuerzos permitirán evaluar las medidas de adaptación, determinando su efectividad y eficiencia, así como buenas prácticas de manera transparente. 6. Las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica, particularmente aquellos que conlleven beneficios secundarios de mitigación. N/A.', 'Las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica, particularmente aquellos que conlleven beneficios secundarios de mitigación. N/A. Ver en Componente 1. de Mitigación, acápite 3.d 7. El modo en que las medidas de adaptación contribuyen a otros marcos y/o convenciones internacionales. Las medidas de adaptación expuestas anteriormente contribuyen en los temas otros marcos internacionales donde la República Dominicana es signataria. Como por ejemplo la Agenda 2030 (ODS) y el Marco de Sendai, Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, RAMSAR, Biodiversidad. Actualmente el Plan de Acción de la NDC 2019-2021 tiene resultados con alto impacto con los ODS 13, 6, 15, 11 y 7.', 'Actualmente el Plan de Acción de la NDC 2019-2021 tiene resultados con alto impacto con los ODS 13, 6, 15, 11 y 7. Así como todas las acciones de gestión de riesgo responde al Marco de Sendai, y las medidas de seguridad alimentaria a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación. Componente 3. Medios de Implementación 1. Financiamiento climático La implementación del compromiso climático nacional requiere de mecanismos y herramientas financieras que permitan la movilización de recursos para la inversión identificada.', 'Financiamiento climático La implementación del compromiso climático nacional requiere de mecanismos y herramientas financieras que permitan la movilización de recursos para la inversión identificada. En este contexto, el país a partir del 2021 estará investido en la revisión de sus procesos nacionales de planificación, administración presupuestaria e inversión públicaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en materia de cambio climático para cumplir con sus compromisos bajo la NDC-RD 2020 y desarrollo sostenible, para mejorar la eficiencia del gasto en su economía. De esta manera, se fortalecerá la toma de decisiones sobre la asignación del presupuesto y optimización de los recursos para mitigar los retos impuestos por el cambio climático al crecimiento socioeconómico nacional. Adicionalmente, permitirá el seguimiento y monitoreo de las acciones climáticas propuestas.', 'Adicionalmente, permitirá el seguimiento y monitoreo de las acciones climáticas propuestas. El país está orientando estos esfuerzos para el diseño de su Estrategia Nacional de Financiamiento Climático, el cual tendrá como elementos principales para ayudar al cumplimiento de las finanzas domésticas e internacionales: ⮚ Generar información, datos y análisis para movilizar los flujos de capital bajo un marco institucional de políticas y medidas coherentes con los objetivos climáticos del país, las prioridades de crecimiento económico, la responsabilidad fiscal y el desarrollo sostenible con una visión de largo plazo.', 'El país está orientando estos esfuerzos para el diseño de su Estrategia Nacional de Financiamiento Climático, el cual tendrá como elementos principales para ayudar al cumplimiento de las finanzas domésticas e internacionales: ⮚ Generar información, datos y análisis para movilizar los flujos de capital bajo un marco institucional de políticas y medidas coherentes con los objetivos climáticos del país, las prioridades de crecimiento económico, la responsabilidad fiscal y el desarrollo sostenible con una visión de largo plazo. ⮚ Desarrollar e implementar evaluaciones de riesgo macroeconómico y fiscal; marcos presupuestarios y fiscales a mediano y largo plazo; la identificación, evaluación y selección de programas y proyectos de inversión; documentos presupuestarios anuales; compra pública; ejecución presupuestaria informes y estados financieros ⮚ Promover el diseño e implementación de instrumentos de financiamiento verde que impulsen el mercado nacional de sectores económicos resilientes al clima y bajos en emisiones de carbono.', '⮚ Desarrollar e implementar evaluaciones de riesgo macroeconómico y fiscal; marcos presupuestarios y fiscales a mediano y largo plazo; la identificación, evaluación y selección de programas y proyectos de inversión; documentos presupuestarios anuales; compra pública; ejecución presupuestaria informes y estados financieros ⮚ Promover el diseño e implementación de instrumentos de financiamiento verde que impulsen el mercado nacional de sectores económicos resilientes al clima y bajos en emisiones de carbono. ⮚ Promover la cooperación público-privada de largo plazo en cuanto a la comprensión y gestión de los riesgos y oportunidades asociados al cambio climático, para la toma de decisiones por parte de los actores del sector financiero local.', '⮚ Promover la cooperación público-privada de largo plazo en cuanto a la comprensión y gestión de los riesgos y oportunidades asociados al cambio climático, para la toma de decisiones por parte de los actores del sector financiero local. ⮚ Fortalecer la arquitectura país ante el Fondo Verde para el Clima (FVC), que permita:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ✔ Actualizar la metodología de evaluación y priorización de proyectos a presentar al FVC, a la luz de las prioridades actuales y futuras del país. Esto asegurando que los proyectos priorizados estén alineados con la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo y con los objetivos y compromisos de la NDC. ✔ Estandarización de las convocatorias para proyectos públicos y privados.', '✔ Estandarización de las convocatorias para proyectos públicos y privados. Lo anterior, con miras a identificar un portafolio de proyectos que sea compatible con la meta de neutralidad de emisiones de GEI al 2050. El país propone lograr a partir de opciones de mitigación evaluadas y propuestas movilizar una inversión estimada de USD $ 8,916,950,000.00 expresada de forma condicionada e incondicionada. Asimismo, se estima una inversión para la adaptación ascendente a USD $ 8,634,707,651.67 para los sectores de seguridad hídrica, seguridad alimentaria y ciudades resilientes. Mientras que en los demás sectores se refleja una inversión menor y se fundamenta más en robustecer los marcos habilitantes para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación en el periodo 2021-2030.', 'Mientras que en los demás sectores se refleja una inversión menor y se fundamenta más en robustecer los marcos habilitantes para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación en el periodo 2021-2030. Estas propuestas consideran que el país está en desarrollo y tardará un tiempo prudencial para lograr metas más ambiciosas, sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza y aumento de resiliencia climática. a. Pérdidas y daños La República Dominicana, por su condición de pequeño estado insular en desarrollo, y por encontrarse situado en una zona de intensa actividad ciclónica, se encuentra amenazada constantemente por eventos hidrometeorológicos, como ondas tropicales, sequías, tormentas y huracanes.', 'a. Pérdidas y daños La República Dominicana, por su condición de pequeño estado insular en desarrollo, y por encontrarse situado en una zona de intensa actividad ciclónica, se encuentra amenazada constantemente por eventos hidrometeorológicos, como ondas tropicales, sequías, tormentas y huracanes. Esto representa serios retos y amenazas a los sectores socioeconómicos claves como agua, turismo, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria, salud humana, biodiversidad, bosques, recursos costeros marinos, infraestructura y energía. El país ha trabajado la realización de escenarios para eventos hidrometeorológico que muestran una tendencia hacia el aumento de eventos extremos.', 'El país ha trabajado la realización de escenarios para eventos hidrometeorológico que muestran una tendencia hacia el aumento de eventos extremos. Las proyecciones del Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) prevén temporadas de secas (diciembre-abril) intensificadas aún más hacia el 2050 y 2070, con una disminución en la lluvia total de hasta 50% respecto a los valores históricos en las provincias de Independencia,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Puerto Plata, San Juan y Santiago, así como disminuciones de entre 10 y 30% en provincias como Samaná, Distrito Nacional, Altagracia, Barahona y Hato Mayor.', 'Las proyecciones del Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) prevén temporadas de secas (diciembre-abril) intensificadas aún más hacia el 2050 y 2070, con una disminución en la lluvia total de hasta 50% respecto a los valores históricos en las provincias de Independencia,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Puerto Plata, San Juan y Santiago, así como disminuciones de entre 10 y 30% en provincias como Samaná, Distrito Nacional, Altagracia, Barahona y Hato Mayor. Por su parte, las proyecciones del Global Water Partnership muestran escenarios con altas susceptibilidad a lluvias extremas, inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra, particularmente en el noreste del país y en el Gran Santo Domingo.', 'Por su parte, las proyecciones del Global Water Partnership muestran escenarios con altas susceptibilidad a lluvias extremas, inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra, particularmente en el noreste del país y en el Gran Santo Domingo. De cara a entender el impacto y alcance de las pérdidas y daños generadas por estos eventos, el país ha buscado fortalecer sus capacidades de recopilar y evaluar perdidas. Junto al Banco Mundial, el país ha realizado estimaciones que muestran que daños asociados a los choques climáticos a través de los años han dejado una secuela de efectos cuya superación ha exigido esfuerzos importantes. Entre 1961 y 2014, el impacto económico de los desastres provocados por fenómenos naturales equivale al 0.69% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB).', 'Entre 1961 y 2014, el impacto económico de los desastres provocados por fenómenos naturales equivale al 0.69% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB). El huracán George, en 1998, provocó pérdidas por USD $ 2,624 millones (14 % del PIB), siendo el de mayores daños en términos absolutos. Mientras que el huracán Jeanne, en el 2004, provocó daños por USD $ 417 millones (1.3 % del PIB). Las tormentas Noel y Olga, ocurridas en 2007, provocaron daños por un valor de 437 millones de dólares, obligando a replanificar la economía y las prioridades del gobierno, cuya sumatoria de daños y pérdidas significaron el 1.2 % del PIB.', 'Las tormentas Noel y Olga, ocurridas en 2007, provocaron daños por un valor de 437 millones de dólares, obligando a replanificar la economía y las prioridades del gobierno, cuya sumatoria de daños y pérdidas significaron el 1.2 % del PIB. Tan solo debido a choques climáticos, las lluvias de noviembre de 2016 y abril 2017 produjeron pérdidas directas estimadas de DOP $ 41,135.1 millones (USD $ 862 millones). Esto representó un 6.6 % del gasto público presupuestado para el 2017 y el 1.1 % del PIB del 2017. De igual forma, para septiembre del 2017, el país fue impactado por los huracanes Irma y María, los cuales provocaron daños estimados ascendientes a unos DOP $ 8,702.4 millones (USD $ 182.4 millones).', 'De igual forma, para septiembre del 2017, el país fue impactado por los huracanes Irma y María, los cuales provocaron daños estimados ascendientes a unos DOP $ 8,702.4 millones (USD $ 182.4 millones). Esto representa un 1.6 % del gasto público del 2017, y el 0.3 % del PIB de 2017. Debido a esta realidad, el país en el 2019 estableció el Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños para la República Dominicana (SIRED-RD), alojado en el Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPYD), el cual consiste en una plataforma con diferentes herramientas para recopilar, estandarizar, evaluar y analizar las pérdidas económicas ocasionados por desastres naturales.', 'Debido a esta realidad, el país en el 2019 estableció el Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños para la República Dominicana (SIRED-RD), alojado en el Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPYD), el cual consiste en una plataforma con diferentes herramientas para recopilar, estandarizar, evaluar y analizar las pérdidas económicas ocasionados por desastres naturales. Asimismo, contribuirá a la reducción del impacto negativo de losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ciclones y tormentas en las zonas más vulnerables, principalmente las regiones costeras (sur, suroeste, nordeste y el litoral urbano del Gran Santo Domingo) y fomentar la resiliencia física y fiscal ante el riesgo de desastres y mejorar la planificación sectorial para la transformación de un país resiliente.', 'Asimismo, contribuirá a la reducción del impacto negativo de losContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ciclones y tormentas en las zonas más vulnerables, principalmente las regiones costeras (sur, suroeste, nordeste y el litoral urbano del Gran Santo Domingo) y fomentar la resiliencia física y fiscal ante el riesgo de desastres y mejorar la planificación sectorial para la transformación de un país resiliente. Metas: • Generación de información y data a través del fortalecimiento del Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños para la República Dominicana (SIRED-RD).', 'Metas: • Generación de información y data a través del fortalecimiento del Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños para la República Dominicana (SIRED-RD). De igual forma, se prevé el fortalecimiento de los análisis de vulnerabilidad ante desastres en conjunto con el Sistema Integrado Nacional de Información de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias • Fortalecer las capacidades de manejo de eventos de lento desarrollo, en particular en el caso de la sequía.', 'De igual forma, se prevé el fortalecimiento de los análisis de vulnerabilidad ante desastres en conjunto con el Sistema Integrado Nacional de Información de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias • Fortalecer las capacidades de manejo de eventos de lento desarrollo, en particular en el caso de la sequía. Actualmente el Grupo Técnico Interinstitucional de Desertificación y Sequia trabaja en el establecimiento de un Sistema de Alerta Temprana Sequía que permita identificar detonantes para agilizar la comunicación y la activación de medidas de prevención y preparación • Con el fin de fortalecer el sistema de gobernanza de gestión de riesgos, el país está trabajando actualmente legislaciones integrales sobre cambio climático y gestión de riesgos que incluyen reformas institucionales de gran alcance y buscan eliminar redundancias en responsabilidades del Sistema Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta • Fortalecer los sistemas de financiación a perdidas y daños a través del establecimiento de sistemas de préstamos y reubicación de fondos ante emergencias, como los acuerdos de desembolso diferido ante catástrofes con el Banco Mundial o la institucionalización del Fondo Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta 2.', 'Actualmente el Grupo Técnico Interinstitucional de Desertificación y Sequia trabaja en el establecimiento de un Sistema de Alerta Temprana Sequía que permita identificar detonantes para agilizar la comunicación y la activación de medidas de prevención y preparación • Con el fin de fortalecer el sistema de gobernanza de gestión de riesgos, el país está trabajando actualmente legislaciones integrales sobre cambio climático y gestión de riesgos que incluyen reformas institucionales de gran alcance y buscan eliminar redundancias en responsabilidades del Sistema Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta • Fortalecer los sistemas de financiación a perdidas y daños a través del establecimiento de sistemas de préstamos y reubicación de fondos ante emergencias, como los acuerdos de desembolso diferido ante catástrofes con el Banco Mundial o la institucionalización del Fondo Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta 2. Necesidades tecnológicas La NDC 2015 plantea que el país ha desarrollado una Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) año de publicación 2013, donde se han identificado una serie de medidas y tecnologías cuya implementación es compatible con la END, DECCC y el PANA-RD.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Del 2013 a la fecha no se han realizado nuevas ENT, por lo que el país plantea en la NDC-RD 2020 que, a partir del año 2021, inicie un proceso de desarrollar una ENT para la implementación de la NDC.', 'Necesidades tecnológicas La NDC 2015 plantea que el país ha desarrollado una Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) año de publicación 2013, donde se han identificado una serie de medidas y tecnologías cuya implementación es compatible con la END, DECCC y el PANA-RD.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Del 2013 a la fecha no se han realizado nuevas ENT, por lo que el país plantea en la NDC-RD 2020 que, a partir del año 2021, inicie un proceso de desarrollar una ENT para la implementación de la NDC. Se han identificado los sectores prioritarios en el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC, y con ella la identificación de las tecnologías relevantes que deben ser evaluadas: ● Generación de energía y eficiencia energética (estudios ENT para las tecnologías a partir de fuentes renovables en toda la cadena para inversión; eficiencia energética partiendo de los estándares mínimos de eficiencia y etiquetado en equipos más eficientes, evaluación de bancos de almacenamiento para energía eléctrica; otros).', 'Se han identificado los sectores prioritarios en el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC, y con ella la identificación de las tecnologías relevantes que deben ser evaluadas: ● Generación de energía y eficiencia energética (estudios ENT para las tecnologías a partir de fuentes renovables en toda la cadena para inversión; eficiencia energética partiendo de los estándares mínimos de eficiencia y etiquetado en equipos más eficientes, evaluación de bancos de almacenamiento para energía eléctrica; otros). ● Transporte (evaluación de estaciones de carga para vehículos eléctricos a partir de fuentes renovables; evaluación de un parque automotriz a partir de una matriz de vehículos híbridos y 100 % eléctricos; otros). ● Procesos industriales (estudios ENT para las tecnologías en la industria de minerales. Ej. ferroníquel, cal, otros).', '● Procesos industriales (estudios ENT para las tecnologías en la industria de minerales. Ej. ferroníquel, cal, otros). ● Agricultura (variedades de cultivos y razas de ganado resistentes al clima, eficiencia en el uso del agua y sistemas agrícolas integrados; otros). ● Gestión del agua (modelado del agua, mapeo de los recursos hídricos y almacenamiento y recolección de agua, para el riego es necesario evaluar diseños de sistemas de agua potable para una distribución más eficiente, otros). ● Infraestructura y vivienda (infraestructura: evaluación de nuevas vías de circulación y puentes más resilientes ante eventos externos; planificación del uso de suelo específico para zonas verdes; vivienda: diseño de edificios con nuevos códigos de eficiencia energética; otros).', '● Infraestructura y vivienda (infraestructura: evaluación de nuevas vías de circulación y puentes más resilientes ante eventos externos; planificación del uso de suelo específico para zonas verdes; vivienda: diseño de edificios con nuevos códigos de eficiencia energética; otros). ● Desechos (evaluación de una estrategia para incorporar elementos de economía circular a partir de la nueva Ley General de Gestión Integral y Co-procesamiento de Residuos de la República Dominicana; evaluación de tecnología para proyectos en vertederos municipales con potencialidades energéticas y co-beneficios ambientales; otros) ● Turismo (estudios relacionados con ENT en el sector hotelero con el fin de implementar acciones de eficiencia energética y los procesos de economía circular en las instalaciones del sector, otros)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El país pretende diseñar un Sistema de Inventario de Tecnologías Climáticas para ser transferidas que contemple la generación local, como también, la adopción de tecnologías existentes a nivel mundial.', '● Desechos (evaluación de una estrategia para incorporar elementos de economía circular a partir de la nueva Ley General de Gestión Integral y Co-procesamiento de Residuos de la República Dominicana; evaluación de tecnología para proyectos en vertederos municipales con potencialidades energéticas y co-beneficios ambientales; otros) ● Turismo (estudios relacionados con ENT en el sector hotelero con el fin de implementar acciones de eficiencia energética y los procesos de economía circular en las instalaciones del sector, otros)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El país pretende diseñar un Sistema de Inventario de Tecnologías Climáticas para ser transferidas que contemple la generación local, como también, la adopción de tecnologías existentes a nivel mundial. 3.', '● Desechos (evaluación de una estrategia para incorporar elementos de economía circular a partir de la nueva Ley General de Gestión Integral y Co-procesamiento de Residuos de la República Dominicana; evaluación de tecnología para proyectos en vertederos municipales con potencialidades energéticas y co-beneficios ambientales; otros) ● Turismo (estudios relacionados con ENT en el sector hotelero con el fin de implementar acciones de eficiencia energética y los procesos de economía circular en las instalaciones del sector, otros)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 El país pretende diseñar un Sistema de Inventario de Tecnologías Climáticas para ser transferidas que contemple la generación local, como también, la adopción de tecnologías existentes a nivel mundial. 3. Creación de capacidades La República Dominicana, para lograr una exitosa implementación de su NDC, ha identificado necesidades y vacíos orientados a la creación y fortalecimiento de sus capacidades nacionales, tanto humanas como institucionales.', 'Creación de capacidades La República Dominicana, para lograr una exitosa implementación de su NDC, ha identificado necesidades y vacíos orientados a la creación y fortalecimiento de sus capacidades nacionales, tanto humanas como institucionales. La Tercera Comunicación Nacional reflejó que, para apoyar la adopción de políticas públicas que se enfoquen en la implementación de la NDC, así como generar conciencia climática, es imperativo: a) fortalecer la coordinación con los gobiernos locales; b) promover el desarrollo y la transferencia de tecnología; c) uso de fuentes de energía renovables; y d) creación de capacidad para negociaciones internacionales. Además, se identificó la necesidad de fortalecer las capacidades para desarrollar escenarios climáticos confiables al realizar los INGEI en el país.', 'Además, se identificó la necesidad de fortalecer las capacidades para desarrollar escenarios climáticos confiables al realizar los INGEI en el país. Paralelamente, el proyecto Information Matters apoyado por la GIZ, se enfocó fortaleciendo las capacidades institucionales relacionadas a la medición, reporte y verificación (MRV) de los GEI. Este proyecto acompañó el proceso de instrumentación del INGEI para la Tercera Comunicación Nacional, capacitando a las instituciones participantes en cuanto a la metodología para los cálculos, tipo de información requerida, data serial y uso del software para los cálculos del IPCC para generar los mismos.', 'Este proyecto acompañó el proceso de instrumentación del INGEI para la Tercera Comunicación Nacional, capacitando a las instituciones participantes en cuanto a la metodología para los cálculos, tipo de información requerida, data serial y uso del software para los cálculos del IPCC para generar los mismos. El impacto más grande de este proyecto en cuanto a la creación de capacidades fue sensibilizar a las instituciones sobre la relevancia de un Sistema MRV, su alcance y sus instrumentos, tales como las comunicaciones nacionales y los informes bienales de actualización (BUR).', 'El impacto más grande de este proyecto en cuanto a la creación de capacidades fue sensibilizar a las instituciones sobre la relevancia de un Sistema MRV, su alcance y sus instrumentos, tales como las comunicaciones nacionales y los informes bienales de actualización (BUR). La Iniciativa para la Transparencia en la Acción Climática (ICAT) en RD, específicamente para el sistema de MRV, genera la creación y fortalecimiento capacidades nacionales para contribuir a las unidades de estadísticas y sus procesos según la CMNUCC y generación de datos dentro de las instituciones clave. En cuanto al M&E, el país inició sus esfuerzos en estandarizar un sistema de monitoreo para cuantificar medidas de adaptación en conjunto con las de mitigación y poder fortalecer el compromiso interinstitucional de transparencia.', 'En cuanto al M&E, el país inició sus esfuerzos en estandarizar un sistema de monitoreo para cuantificar medidas de adaptación en conjunto con las de mitigación y poder fortalecer el compromiso interinstitucional de transparencia. Particularmente, la Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE), necesita el fortalecimiento de sus recursos humanos e institucionales para controlar la calidad de los datos, en función a los lineamientos y metodologías del IPCC para el cálculo de emisiones de GEI.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estas necesidades identificadas asegurarán la calidad de los datos de emisiones de GEI por sector, con el fortalecimiento institucional a través de arreglos institucionales para el establecimiento de los procesos y para la correcta identificación de las acciones de adaptación y mitigación a reflejar en los informes bienales de transparencia y las comunicaciones nacionales.', 'Particularmente, la Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE), necesita el fortalecimiento de sus recursos humanos e institucionales para controlar la calidad de los datos, en función a los lineamientos y metodologías del IPCC para el cálculo de emisiones de GEI.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estas necesidades identificadas asegurarán la calidad de los datos de emisiones de GEI por sector, con el fortalecimiento institucional a través de arreglos institucionales para el establecimiento de los procesos y para la correcta identificación de las acciones de adaptación y mitigación a reflejar en los informes bienales de transparencia y las comunicaciones nacionales. A través del Fondo de Iniciativa para la Creación de Capacidades para la Transparencia (CBIT), la República Dominicana trabajará en los vacíos y barreras que limitan el cumplimiento al Acuerdo de París.', 'A través del Fondo de Iniciativa para la Creación de Capacidades para la Transparencia (CBIT), la República Dominicana trabajará en los vacíos y barreras que limitan el cumplimiento al Acuerdo de París. En particular, el proyecto CBIT ayudará al país a desarrollar una sólida capacidad para generar información climática de buena calidad con la amplitud, periodicidad, relevancia y precisión necesarias. Estos datos climáticos mejorados servirán a su vez para mejorar la revisión periódica de la NDC de la República Dominicana e implementarla y monitorearla en los años siguientes.', 'Estos datos climáticos mejorados servirán a su vez para mejorar la revisión periódica de la NDC de la República Dominicana e implementarla y monitorearla en los años siguientes. Con la elaboración del Plan de Acción para la NDC RD 2015, instrumento para mejorar la coordinación intersectorial y con los socios de la cooperación internacional en torno a cuatro objetivos centrales para la implementación de la NDC del país en el periodo 2019-2021, en su objetivo IV) Desarrollar la capacidad y fortalecer los elementos transversales de la NDC de la República Dominicana: fue identificada la necesidad de estudios de viabilidad (social, técnica, económica), aumento de la capacidad humana, herramientas y guías, intercambio de conocimientos y necesidades de formación en cualquiera de las otras áreas/secciones.', 'Con la elaboración del Plan de Acción para la NDC RD 2015, instrumento para mejorar la coordinación intersectorial y con los socios de la cooperación internacional en torno a cuatro objetivos centrales para la implementación de la NDC del país en el periodo 2019-2021, en su objetivo IV) Desarrollar la capacidad y fortalecer los elementos transversales de la NDC de la República Dominicana: fue identificada la necesidad de estudios de viabilidad (social, técnica, económica), aumento de la capacidad humana, herramientas y guías, intercambio de conocimientos y necesidades de formación en cualquiera de las otras áreas/secciones. Con las distintas consultas técnicas sectoriales realizadas a propósito del Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020, han sido identificadas otras necesidades de capacidades nacionales como son: ● El país necesita fortalecer las capacidades nacionales para dejar establecido la implementación de las Directrices IPCC 2006 de forma homogénea para todos los sectores, según la información de los AR GWP actualizados y realizar los cálculos con el sistema más actualizado en el Inventory Software IPCC, según la versión más reciente disponible.', 'Con las distintas consultas técnicas sectoriales realizadas a propósito del Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020, han sido identificadas otras necesidades de capacidades nacionales como son: ● El país necesita fortalecer las capacidades nacionales para dejar establecido la implementación de las Directrices IPCC 2006 de forma homogénea para todos los sectores, según la información de los AR GWP actualizados y realizar los cálculos con el sistema más actualizado en el Inventory Software IPCC, según la versión más reciente disponible. ● La implementación de la NDC de RD requiere incorporar las consideraciones climáticas en su planificación y presupuesto nacional.', '● La implementación de la NDC de RD requiere incorporar las consideraciones climáticas en su planificación y presupuesto nacional. Se han identificado las brechas y necesidades de capacidad técnica e institucional enContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 áreas tales como contabilidad de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, investigación y observación sistemática, recopilación de datos, modelado de riesgos y evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad. ● Capacidades humanas e institucionales para el desarrollo de propuestas de proyectos para las diferentes fuentes de fondos climáticos. ● La falta de recursos humanos en las instituciones clave, además de las rigurosas directrices y requisitos, hacen que se retrase la ejecución de acciones concretas de mitigación y adaptación.', '● La falta de recursos humanos en las instituciones clave, además de las rigurosas directrices y requisitos, hacen que se retrase la ejecución de acciones concretas de mitigación y adaptación. ● Es importante resaltar que estas brechas y necesidades no solo se identifican en el nivel macro, sino que también se han identificado para los gobiernos locales y las comunidades, particularmente para la vinculación de las acciones municipales a la acción climática, el incremento de la resiliencia municipal y capacidad de mitigación ● Así como también la necesidad de incrementar las capacidades para el sector privado y la sociedad civil por su rol en la implementación de la NDC mejorada y actualizada.', '● Es importante resaltar que estas brechas y necesidades no solo se identifican en el nivel macro, sino que también se han identificado para los gobiernos locales y las comunidades, particularmente para la vinculación de las acciones municipales a la acción climática, el incremento de la resiliencia municipal y capacidad de mitigación ● Así como también la necesidad de incrementar las capacidades para el sector privado y la sociedad civil por su rol en la implementación de la NDC mejorada y actualizada. El desarrollo del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climático Reforzado, el cual abarca y habilita todas las medidas de mitigación y adaptación ejecutadas en el país, transparentando sus resultados y eficacia.', 'El desarrollo del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climático Reforzado, el cual abarca y habilita todas las medidas de mitigación y adaptación ejecutadas en el país, transparentando sus resultados y eficacia. En ese sentido se estableció recientemente el Sistema Nacional de MRV de GEI, a través del Decreto 541-20, estructurando el proceso para el reporte de las emisiones, acciones de mitigación y apoyo y financiamiento disponibles para la acción climática. Este Marco Nacional de Transparencia se complementa con el desarrollo de los indicadores de monitoreo y evaluación trabajados por ICAT-A, en sus sectores priorizados.', 'Este Marco Nacional de Transparencia se complementa con el desarrollo de los indicadores de monitoreo y evaluación trabajados por ICAT-A, en sus sectores priorizados. Otro proyecto para la creación de capacidades en etapa de planificación es el Proyecto Desarrollando Capacidades para Avanzar en el Proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación en la República Dominicana, el cual capacitará al personal técnico de las instituciones gubernamentales pertinentes en el uso de estas directrices a nivel nacional y local. Componente 4. Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE) a. Educación La República Dominicana, a través de distintos esfuerzos, ha promovido, facilitado, desarrollado e implementado líneas de acción encaminadas a alcanzar educación climática formal, las cuales se evidencian más abajo en esteContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 esquema.', 'Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE) a. Educación La República Dominicana, a través de distintos esfuerzos, ha promovido, facilitado, desarrollado e implementado líneas de acción encaminadas a alcanzar educación climática formal, las cuales se evidencian más abajo en esteContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 esquema. Con el desarrollo y la implementación de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012) fueron identificadas y están siendo implementadas en distinta medida: ● Acciones prioritarias de corto plazo para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades y habilidades individuales ● Acciones prioritarias para el fortalecimiento del aprendizaje sobre cambio climático en sectores prioritarios ● Acciones para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sistema de educación y formación para entregar aprendizaje A través del «Programa Formativo para el Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en Cambio Climático», desarrollado en el ámbito del proyecto Alianza para el Aprendizaje sobre el Cambio Climático de la ONU (UN CC: Learn por sus siglas en inglés), han sido capacitados más de 3,500 docentes del nivel básico y medio para niños y niñas dominicanas, esfuerzo que ha continuado con financiamiento público nacional.', 'Con el desarrollo y la implementación de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012) fueron identificadas y están siendo implementadas en distinta medida: ● Acciones prioritarias de corto plazo para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades y habilidades individuales ● Acciones prioritarias para el fortalecimiento del aprendizaje sobre cambio climático en sectores prioritarios ● Acciones para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sistema de educación y formación para entregar aprendizaje A través del «Programa Formativo para el Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en Cambio Climático», desarrollado en el ámbito del proyecto Alianza para el Aprendizaje sobre el Cambio Climático de la ONU (UN CC: Learn por sus siglas en inglés), han sido capacitados más de 3,500 docentes del nivel básico y medio para niños y niñas dominicanas, esfuerzo que ha continuado con financiamiento público nacional. En el ámbito de la TCNCC, un componente clave ha sido el fortalecimiento de capacidades y la educación, como ejes transversales para el desarrollo de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'En el ámbito de la TCNCC, un componente clave ha sido el fortalecimiento de capacidades y la educación, como ejes transversales para el desarrollo de acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Con la recientemente promulgada Ley de Educación y Comunicación Ambiental, la República Dominicana se ha propuesto promover programas de educación climática formal en todas sus modalidades en distintos niveles y a través de distintas instituciones en materia de acción climática.', 'Con la recientemente promulgada Ley de Educación y Comunicación Ambiental, la República Dominicana se ha propuesto promover programas de educación climática formal en todas sus modalidades en distintos niveles y a través de distintas instituciones en materia de acción climática. Esta contempla un cambio en los diferentes niveles, ciclos, grados, modalidades y etapas del sistema escolar y superior dominicano, en centros docentes públicos y privados; así como, de forma transversal y articulada, en todas las modalidades de enseñanza formal, no formal e informal, a fin de procurar la sensibilización y concienciación ambiental en toda la sociedad dominicana. Metas:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 1.', 'Metas:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 1. Al 2030, incluir la educación climática en los diferentes niveles, ciclos, grados, modalidades y etapas del sistema escolar, en centros educativos públicos y privados; así como, de forma transversal y articulada. 2. Al 2030, se ha de asegurar que todos los estudiantes universitarios tengan la oportunidad de tomar un módulo relacionado con ciencias ambientales y cambio climático antes de graduarse. 3. Al 2030, incluir la temática de educación climática en el sistema nacional de profesionalización, así como en la capacitación del personal técnico, administrativo y docente de todos los niveles del sistema educativo nacional. 4.', 'Al 2030, incluir la temática de educación climática en el sistema nacional de profesionalización, así como en la capacitación del personal técnico, administrativo y docente de todos los niveles del sistema educativo nacional. 4. Al 2030, haber creado y aplicado la especialización en educación climática en las carreras de magisterio que se imparten en el país, a través de la formación curricular que norma el Ministerio de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología. 5. Para 2024, capacitar 200 maestros para realizar un abordaje oportuno sobre el cambio climático en las aulas.', 'Para 2024, capacitar 200 maestros para realizar un abordaje oportuno sobre el cambio climático en las aulas. b. Capacitación En materia de capacitación, la República Dominicana cuenta con una Evaluación de las Necesidades de Aprendizaje y las Capacidades de Oferta sobre Cambio Climático, la cual fue base para el desarrollo y la implementación de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012); esta contempló dentro de sus valores básicos la equidad y la inclusión considerando los aspectos de género, poblaciones vulnerables, inequidad inter e intra generacional, y un enfoque metodológico sin distinción de aspectos étnicos, religiosos o de cualquier otro tipo.', 'b. Capacitación En materia de capacitación, la República Dominicana cuenta con una Evaluación de las Necesidades de Aprendizaje y las Capacidades de Oferta sobre Cambio Climático, la cual fue base para el desarrollo y la implementación de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012); esta contempló dentro de sus valores básicos la equidad y la inclusión considerando los aspectos de género, poblaciones vulnerables, inequidad inter e intra generacional, y un enfoque metodológico sin distinción de aspectos étnicos, religiosos o de cualquier otro tipo. A través de distintas instituciones gubernamentales, desde el sector público y en alianza con otros sectores de la sociedad, han sido desarrollados materiales de formación de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales como son: ● Guía Escolar para el estudio de Ecosistemas de Agua Dulce: ríos y lagos (CNCCMDL, CNDU, 2017) ● Fascículos didácticos - Plan LEA (Listín Diario, CNCCMDL, entre otros, 2016 al 2019) ● Cambio Climático en el Aula: Curso para docentes de secundaria en educación sobre el cambio climático para el desarrollo sostenible (UNESCO, CNCCMDL, 2013)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Guía para la elaboración de planes escolares de gestión de riesgos: Programa de prevención de desastres y gestión de riesgos (DGODT, MINERD, BID, 2013) ● Guía institucional de buenas prácticas compatibles con el clima (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ, 2019) ● Insumos para el módulo de Capacitación en Cambio Climático para MIPYMES Agropecuarias y de Comercio y Servicios (Fundación Reservas del País, Embajada Británica en Santo Domingo, 2019)7 ● Selección de Lecturas para la cobertura periodística del cambio climático (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ, Así como también un conjunto de Infografías interactivas virtuales sobre: recursos hídricos y cambio climático, agropecuaria y cambio climático, planificación y cambio climático (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ)8.', 'A través de distintas instituciones gubernamentales, desde el sector público y en alianza con otros sectores de la sociedad, han sido desarrollados materiales de formación de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales como son: ● Guía Escolar para el estudio de Ecosistemas de Agua Dulce: ríos y lagos (CNCCMDL, CNDU, 2017) ● Fascículos didácticos - Plan LEA (Listín Diario, CNCCMDL, entre otros, 2016 al 2019) ● Cambio Climático en el Aula: Curso para docentes de secundaria en educación sobre el cambio climático para el desarrollo sostenible (UNESCO, CNCCMDL, 2013)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Guía para la elaboración de planes escolares de gestión de riesgos: Programa de prevención de desastres y gestión de riesgos (DGODT, MINERD, BID, 2013) ● Guía institucional de buenas prácticas compatibles con el clima (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ, 2019) ● Insumos para el módulo de Capacitación en Cambio Climático para MIPYMES Agropecuarias y de Comercio y Servicios (Fundación Reservas del País, Embajada Británica en Santo Domingo, 2019)7 ● Selección de Lecturas para la cobertura periodística del cambio climático (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ, Así como también un conjunto de Infografías interactivas virtuales sobre: recursos hídricos y cambio climático, agropecuaria y cambio climático, planificación y cambio climático (CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ)8. Con la implementación de líneas de acción de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012) a través de distintas colaboraciones con la sociedad civil (ONG y Academias) y el sector privado se han realizado esfuerzos en generar programas de capacitación enfocados en el cambio climático.', 'Con la implementación de líneas de acción de la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012) a través de distintas colaboraciones con la sociedad civil (ONG y Academias) y el sector privado se han realizado esfuerzos en generar programas de capacitación enfocados en el cambio climático. Con el «Programa Formativo para el Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en Cambio Climático», desarrollado en el ámbito del proyecto UN CC: Learn, han sido capacitados 300 formadores de formadores, mientras que, en coordinación con RAUDO, se formaron 150 profesores universitarios.', 'Con el «Programa Formativo para el Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en Cambio Climático», desarrollado en el ámbito del proyecto UN CC: Learn, han sido capacitados 300 formadores de formadores, mientras que, en coordinación con RAUDO, se formaron 150 profesores universitarios. A través de distintos esfuerzos conjuntos de las academias, el sector público y organizaciones no gubernamentales han sido desarrolladas e impartidas propuestas de diplomados sobre acción climática, por ejemplo, los de la Cátedra de Responsabilidad Social y Empresarial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra: ● Diplomado Soluciones para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y el Aumento de la Resiliencia a Nivel de Comunidad (2019).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Diplomado Políticas Públicas y el Cambio Climático (2018).', 'A través de distintos esfuerzos conjuntos de las academias, el sector público y organizaciones no gubernamentales han sido desarrolladas e impartidas propuestas de diplomados sobre acción climática, por ejemplo, los de la Cátedra de Responsabilidad Social y Empresarial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra: ● Diplomado Soluciones para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y el Aumento de la Resiliencia a Nivel de Comunidad (2019).Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Diplomado Políticas Públicas y el Cambio Climático (2018). En 2019, desde el departamento de comunicaciones del Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, con apoyo de varias organizaciones, fueron realizados esfuerzos para capacitar 229 especialistas y estudiantes de comunicación/periodismo para dar cobertura oportuna a noticias sobre el cambio climático.', 'En 2019, desde el departamento de comunicaciones del Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, con apoyo de varias organizaciones, fueron realizados esfuerzos para capacitar 229 especialistas y estudiantes de comunicación/periodismo para dar cobertura oportuna a noticias sobre el cambio climático. Desde la Dirección de Educación Ambiental del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales se realizan eventos y capacitaciones con temática ambiental y climática.', 'Desde la Dirección de Educación Ambiental del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales se realizan eventos y capacitaciones con temática ambiental y climática. En 2020, a través de esta instancia se llevó a cabo el primer Congreso Medioambiental para Educadores, con una duración de 3 días bajo la modalidad virtual, dirigido a docentes, coordinadores y directores de inicial , primaria, secundaria y educación superior con la finalidad de fortalecer los conocimientos en materia del medio ambiente en general y el cambio climático; dentro del congreso, la conferencia sobre cambio climático tuvo la participación de 649 docentes, coordinadores y directores académicos. Metas: 6. Fortalecimiento de capacidades de los negociadores nacionales para las negociaciones internacionales de cambio climático. 7.', 'Fortalecimiento de capacidades de los negociadores nacionales para las negociaciones internacionales de cambio climático. 7. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de comunicadores sociales para la difusión del cambio climático. 8. Fortalecimiento de capacidades de planificadores y profesionales de ciencias económicas y afines para la adopción de prácticas económicas sostenibles y la creación de empleos verdes. 9. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de adaptación de actores de la sociedad civil al cambio climático de las zonas más vulnerables. 10. Fortalecimiento de capacidades del sector empresarial para implementar medidas de producción limpia y eficiencia energética para la reducción de GEI. 11.', 'Fortalecimiento de capacidades del sector empresarial para implementar medidas de producción limpia y eficiencia energética para la reducción de GEI. 11. Revisión de la implementación de las acciones prioritarias para el fortalecimiento del aprendizaje sobre cambio climático en sectores prioritarios identificadas en la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursosContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012).', 'Revisión de la implementación de las acciones prioritarias para el fortalecimiento del aprendizaje sobre cambio climático en sectores prioritarios identificadas en la estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursosContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática (2012). c. Sensibilización de público La República Dominicana, a través del Informe Final de la Encuesta del Nivel de Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el Tema de Cambio Climático (CNCCMDL, GALLUP, TNC, PNUD, USAID, 2012), estableció un línea base sobre el nivel de conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el tema de cambio climático, en particular sobre elementos relacionados con los riesgos, la vulnerabilidad, las necesidades de adaptación a los efectos adversos al cambio climático y las opciones de mitigación.', 'c. Sensibilización de público La República Dominicana, a través del Informe Final de la Encuesta del Nivel de Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el Tema de Cambio Climático (CNCCMDL, GALLUP, TNC, PNUD, USAID, 2012), estableció un línea base sobre el nivel de conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el tema de cambio climático, en particular sobre elementos relacionados con los riesgos, la vulnerabilidad, las necesidades de adaptación a los efectos adversos al cambio climático y las opciones de mitigación. Con este levantamiento y de manera reforzada y focalizada, a través de distintas instituciones públicas, en colaboración con las municipalidades, la sociedad civil (grupos religiosos, academias y ONG) y el sector privado se realizan programas continuos de conciencia pública a través de distintos mecanismos.', 'Con este levantamiento y de manera reforzada y focalizada, a través de distintas instituciones públicas, en colaboración con las municipalidades, la sociedad civil (grupos religiosos, academias y ONG) y el sector privado se realizan programas continuos de conciencia pública a través de distintos mecanismos. Los mensajes desarrollados se concentran en simplificar y encauzar a las personas a tomar medidas climáticas y desarrollar e implementar campañas de acción para alentar a las personas a hacer cosas pequeñas y fáciles que pueden conducir a un cambio duradero. Estos mensajes son llevados a través de los medios de sensibilización y comunicación tradicionales (periódicos, televisión, radio, etc.)', 'Estos mensajes son llevados a través de los medios de sensibilización y comunicación tradicionales (periódicos, televisión, radio, etc.) y nuevos medios (redes sociales y plataformas digitales), así como también a través de campañas de acción ciudadana y de los componentes de sensibilización de distintos proyectos, prácticas y medidas del accionar climático nacional. Metas: 12. Al 2022, haber desarrollado y ejecutado una campaña estratégica de concienciación pública a través de medios de difusión tradicionales y digitales explicando sobre la NDC y sus componentes. 13. Al 2030, haber agotado un programa de publicidad, a través de las redes sociales y los eventos públicos para promover la adecuada adaptación al cambio climático y fomentar la mitigación.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 14.', 'Al 2030, haber agotado un programa de publicidad, a través de las redes sociales y los eventos públicos para promover la adecuada adaptación al cambio climático y fomentar la mitigación.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 14. Al 2022, haber desarrollado y ejecutado una campaña de concienciación pública y empoderamiento con distintos actores sectoriales de la acción climática para empoderarse de su rol en el cumplimiento de lo establecido en esta NDC. 15. Sensibilización a tomadores de decisiones en todos los niveles en instituciones claves del gobierno, el sector privado y medios de comunicación para priorizar el cambio climático en la agenda nacional. 16. Sensibilización pública y formación de multiplicadores comunitarios para aumentar las capacidades de gestión de riesgos climáticos y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Sensibilización pública y formación de multiplicadores comunitarios para aumentar las capacidades de gestión de riesgos climáticos y adaptación al cambio climático. d. Acceso público de información A través del marco legal instituido con la promulgación de la Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública Ley 200-04 y el Decreto No.', 'd. Acceso público de información A través del marco legal instituido con la promulgación de la Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública Ley 200-04 y el Decreto No. 130-05 que crea el reglamento de la ley, desde la Oficina de Acceso a la Información instalada en el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, se garantiza el acceso público a la información y datos relacionados con su estructura, integrantes, normativas de funcionamiento, proyectos, informes de gestión, base de datos; así como también informaciones solicitadas proyectos en curso y culminados, buenas prácticas, iniciativas de cambio climático, políticas y resultados de acciones.', '130-05 que crea el reglamento de la ley, desde la Oficina de Acceso a la Información instalada en el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, se garantiza el acceso público a la información y datos relacionados con su estructura, integrantes, normativas de funcionamiento, proyectos, informes de gestión, base de datos; así como también informaciones solicitadas proyectos en curso y culminados, buenas prácticas, iniciativas de cambio climático, políticas y resultados de acciones. A través del Decreto 541-20, es creado el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV), con el objeto de contabilizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y ejecutar acciones de mitigación para garantizar el financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas.', 'A través del Decreto 541-20, es creado el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV), con el objeto de contabilizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y ejecutar acciones de mitigación para garantizar el financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas. La finalidad del Sistema Nacional de MRV es establecer un esquema de medición, reporte y verificación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, que debe estar compuesto por registros estadísticos certeros que reflejen sus fluctuaciones, promoviendo la ejecución de acciones climáticas puntuales.', 'La finalidad del Sistema Nacional de MRV es establecer un esquema de medición, reporte y verificación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, que debe estar compuesto por registros estadísticos certeros que reflejen sus fluctuaciones, promoviendo la ejecución de acciones climáticas puntuales. El mismo da cabida a que todos los sistemas de información nacional, regionales o sectoriales que contengan información relevante al cambio climático, estudios de vulnerabilidad y de gestión de riesgo puedan operar en conjunto y enriquecer el Sistema Nacional de MRV.', 'El mismo da cabida a que todos los sistemas de información nacional, regionales o sectoriales que contengan información relevante al cambio climático, estudios de vulnerabilidad y de gestión de riesgo puedan operar en conjunto y enriquecer el Sistema Nacional de MRV. Al 2020, la República Dominicana ha publicado tres Comunicaciones Nacionales, siendo estas el principal mecanismo de reporte nacional como país miembro de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para transparentar los avances en la implementación de la Convención (acciones de mitigación,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 adaptación, entre otros.)', 'Al 2020, la República Dominicana ha publicado tres Comunicaciones Nacionales, siendo estas el principal mecanismo de reporte nacional como país miembro de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para transparentar los avances en la implementación de la Convención (acciones de mitigación,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 adaptación, entre otros.) Las Comunicaciones Nacionales suponen la principal fuente de información y conocimiento técnico para apoyar la toma de decisiones de las instituciones, los sectores, las regiones y otros interesados, sobre los potenciales efectos del cambio climático.', 'Las Comunicaciones Nacionales suponen la principal fuente de información y conocimiento técnico para apoyar la toma de decisiones de las instituciones, los sectores, las regiones y otros interesados, sobre los potenciales efectos del cambio climático. Con la publicación del primer Informe Bienal de Actualización (BUR, por sus siglas en inglés) (fBUR-DR), la República Dominicana fue asistida en la preparación para cumplimiento de sus compromisos con la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (UNFCCC). A través de este reporte fue realizada una actualización del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana, así como las brechas existentes, limitaciones y circunstancias nacionales, sirviendo como un importante insumo informativo de datos climáticos nacionales.', 'A través de este reporte fue realizada una actualización del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana, así como las brechas existentes, limitaciones y circunstancias nacionales, sirviendo como un importante insumo informativo de datos climáticos nacionales. El país cuenta con el Sistema de Información Ambiental (SIA) del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de la República Dominicana, el cual proporciona al usuario informaciones sobre la diversidad biológica, localización y distribución de los recursos naturales y sobre el estado del medio ambiente, las informaciones proceden de investigaciones y estudios técnicos realizados por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, representados en documentos, estadísticas y una base de datos de más de 200 mapas.', 'El país cuenta con el Sistema de Información Ambiental (SIA) del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de la República Dominicana, el cual proporciona al usuario informaciones sobre la diversidad biológica, localización y distribución de los recursos naturales y sobre el estado del medio ambiente, las informaciones proceden de investigaciones y estudios técnicos realizados por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, representados en documentos, estadísticas y una base de datos de más de 200 mapas. Existe también el Observatorio Cambio Climático y Resiliencia, una entidad conformada como bien público para proveer un espacio para la información, la investigación y la transferencia tecnológica sobre cambio climático.', 'Existe también el Observatorio Cambio Climático y Resiliencia, una entidad conformada como bien público para proveer un espacio para la información, la investigación y la transferencia tecnológica sobre cambio climático. Esto es vital para tener ciudadanos más conscientes, comunidades más resilientes, lograr metas nacionales de desarrollo y avanzar hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Este cuenta con bases de datos de variables climáticas, boletines, conexión a redes nacionales e internacionales, transmisión del Foro Regional del Clima, herramientas de investigación y análisis, biblioteca digital, opciones de voluntariado y capacitación, entre otras funciones. Metas:Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 17. Continuar propiciando información completa, precisa y accesible relacionada con el cambio climático a través de las vías a nivel nacional. 18.', 'Continuar propiciando información completa, precisa y accesible relacionada con el cambio climático a través de las vías a nivel nacional. 18. Traducir al español documentos clave sobre el cambio climático, incluidos acuerdos internacionales, informes de evaluación y otros informes del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático. e. Participación del público La República Dominicana cuenta con un Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL), creado por el Decreto No. 601-08, el cual tiene por objetivo de articular y aunar esfuerzos desde las diferentes instituciones que integran los sectores de desarrollo del país para combatir el problema global del cambio climático.', '601-08, el cual tiene por objetivo de articular y aunar esfuerzos desde las diferentes instituciones que integran los sectores de desarrollo del país para combatir el problema global del cambio climático. Este es presidido por el presidente de la República Dominicana y lo integran los titulares de los Ministerios de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo; de Agricultura; de Relaciones Exteriores; de Hacienda; de Industria y Comercio y de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social.', 'Este es presidido por el presidente de la República Dominicana y lo integran los titulares de los Ministerios de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo; de Agricultura; de Relaciones Exteriores; de Hacienda; de Industria y Comercio y de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. También del Banco Central de la República Dominicana, la Comisión Nacional de Energía, la Oficina para el Reordenamiento del Transporte, la Superintendencia de Electricidad, la Corporación Dominicana de Empresas Eléctricas Estatales, la Asociación de Bancos de la República Dominicana, la Asociación de Industrias de la República Dominicana, los generadores privados del sector energético nacional, el Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada y representantes de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.', 'También del Banco Central de la República Dominicana, la Comisión Nacional de Energía, la Oficina para el Reordenamiento del Transporte, la Superintendencia de Electricidad, la Corporación Dominicana de Empresas Eléctricas Estatales, la Asociación de Bancos de la República Dominicana, la Asociación de Industrias de la República Dominicana, los generadores privados del sector energético nacional, el Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada y representantes de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. A través de esta institución se realizan alianzas con los distintos sectores de la sociedad para fomentar la participación ciudadana con el fin buscar soluciones que conduzcan a resultados medibles y adaptados a la realidad nacional.', 'A través de esta institución se realizan alianzas con los distintos sectores de la sociedad para fomentar la participación ciudadana con el fin buscar soluciones que conduzcan a resultados medibles y adaptados a la realidad nacional. Los procesos y diálogos liderados por este Consejo y las instituciones que lo conforman apelan a la participación ciudadana, tal es el caso del Proceso de Actualización y Mejora de la NDC RD 2020, participativo y abierto al público, que promueve la responsabilidad compartida de la acción climática e invita a los actores de la sociedad dominicana a jugar su función dentro de los objetivos climáticos nacionales.', 'Los procesos y diálogos liderados por este Consejo y las instituciones que lo conforman apelan a la participación ciudadana, tal es el caso del Proceso de Actualización y Mejora de la NDC RD 2020, participativo y abierto al público, que promueve la responsabilidad compartida de la acción climática e invita a los actores de la sociedad dominicana a jugar su función dentro de los objetivos climáticos nacionales. Existe también el Foro Dominicano de Cambio Climático, como parte de una alianza estratégica de 28 instituciones no gubernamentales y del sector privado que busca impulsar un espacio de diálogo activo entre todos los sectoresContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 de la sociedad civil que permita la identificación, discusión informada y consenso sobre políticas, estrategias y acciones prioritarias para dar respuesta a los efectos generados por el cambio climático.', 'Existe también el Foro Dominicano de Cambio Climático, como parte de una alianza estratégica de 28 instituciones no gubernamentales y del sector privado que busca impulsar un espacio de diálogo activo entre todos los sectoresContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 de la sociedad civil que permita la identificación, discusión informada y consenso sobre políticas, estrategias y acciones prioritarias para dar respuesta a los efectos generados por el cambio climático. Con esta iniciativa se busca conocer las acciones que realizan en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, promover las alianzas público- privadas para apoyar la implementación de los programas de respuesta en todos los niveles, y promocionar el mejoramiento de las capacidades para enfrentar de manera directa su impacto en la sociedad, entre otros lineamientos. Metas: 19.', 'Con esta iniciativa se busca conocer las acciones que realizan en mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, promover las alianzas público- privadas para apoyar la implementación de los programas de respuesta en todos los niveles, y promocionar el mejoramiento de las capacidades para enfrentar de manera directa su impacto en la sociedad, entre otros lineamientos. Metas: 19. Desarrollar una Estrategia Nacional de ACE que contemple consultas con partes interesadas públicas, privadas y de la sociedad civil. 20. Establecer un consejo de consulta ciudadana sobre cambio climático con equilibrio de género para garantizar un foro de participación ciudadana que incida en el desarrollo de instrumentos de políticas climáticas.', 'Establecer un consejo de consulta ciudadana sobre cambio climático con equilibrio de género para garantizar un foro de participación ciudadana que incida en el desarrollo de instrumentos de políticas climáticas. f. Cooperación internacional A nivel internacional en materia de colaboración y negociaciones en ACE, la República Dominicana forma parte del G-77 (o Grupo de los 77) y de la Alianza de Pequeños Estados Insulares (AOSIS por sus siglas en inglés). Estos son grupos de países unificados bajo las premisas de similitudes nacionales para ayudarse, sustentarse y apoyarse mutuamente en las deliberaciones ante las Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Dentro de estos grupos de negociación, se desarrollan a la vez actividades dentro del alcance de ACE para mejorar la capacidad colectiva de los países.', 'Dentro de estos grupos de negociación, se desarrollan a la vez actividades dentro del alcance de ACE para mejorar la capacidad colectiva de los países. La República Dominicana forma parte del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA) el cual tiene por objetivo fundamental la realización de la integración de Centroamérica, para constituirla como región de paz, libertad, democracia y desarrollo.', 'La República Dominicana forma parte del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA) el cual tiene por objetivo fundamental la realización de la integración de Centroamérica, para constituirla como región de paz, libertad, democracia y desarrollo. En este contexto, a través de la Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD) y Coordinación Educativa y Cultural Centroamericana (CECC) del SICA, se realizan distintos esfuerzos y actividades para promover ACE a nivel regional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 A través del CNCCMDL, la República Dominicana forma parte de la Plataforma LEDS LAC9, una red de organizaciones e individuos que trabajan en la promoción, diseño e implementación de LEDS en Latinoamérica y el Caribe.', 'En este contexto, a través de la Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD) y Coordinación Educativa y Cultural Centroamericana (CECC) del SICA, se realizan distintos esfuerzos y actividades para promover ACE a nivel regional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 A través del CNCCMDL, la República Dominicana forma parte de la Plataforma LEDS LAC9, una red de organizaciones e individuos que trabajan en la promoción, diseño e implementación de LEDS en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Este espacio de encuentro regional para representantes de gobiernos, agencias de cooperación, organizaciones no gubernamentales, academia y sector privado que están facilitando el avance de las LEDS en la región, buscando: ● Abrir oportunidades para la cooperación, la colaboración y las sinergias entre redes.', 'Este espacio de encuentro regional para representantes de gobiernos, agencias de cooperación, organizaciones no gubernamentales, academia y sector privado que están facilitando el avance de las LEDS en la región, buscando: ● Abrir oportunidades para la cooperación, la colaboración y las sinergias entre redes. ● Desarrollar y fortalecer capacidades promoviendo el aprendizaje conjunto, el intercambio de información y mejores prácticas. ● Sistematizar y difundir información, herramientas y recursos para el diseño e implementación de LEDS. La República Dominicana forma parte del Programa de Mejoramiento de la Resiliencia Climática en los países del CARIFORUM, el cual busca apoyar a los países de la región del Caribe a reducir significativamente su huella de carbono, al tiempo que canalizan esfuerzos para la construcción de resiliencia.', 'La República Dominicana forma parte del Programa de Mejoramiento de la Resiliencia Climática en los países del CARIFORUM, el cual busca apoyar a los países de la región del Caribe a reducir significativamente su huella de carbono, al tiempo que canalizan esfuerzos para la construcción de resiliencia. Sus objetivos específicos son: • OE1: Mejorar las redes de observación y seguimiento del clima en el CARIFORUM para mejorar el desarrollo y la planificación sectorial. • OE2: Mejorar la infraestructura de agua resiliente. • OE3: Elaborar un programa de capacitación, educación y divulgación. • OE4: Elaborar un marco de gestión de riesgos climáticos en Estados miembros del CARIFORUM.', '• OE4: Elaborar un marco de gestión de riesgos climáticos en Estados miembros del CARIFORUM. La República Dominicana recientemente se unió al programa EUROCLIMA+, el cual acompaña a los países latinoamericanos en el fortalecimiento de su gobernanza climática y el diseño, actualización e implementación de políticas climáticas, que les permitan tener una legislación y planes o NDC adaptadas a sus realidades y acceso a la financiación. Además, fortalece las capacidades del personal de la administración pública, así como de otros actores 9 Estrategias de Desarrollo Resiliente y Bajo en Emisiones (LEDS, por sus siglas en inglés) de Latinoamérica y el Caribe.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 involucrados, incluyendo a la sociedad civil.', 'Además, fortalece las capacidades del personal de la administración pública, así como de otros actores 9 Estrategias de Desarrollo Resiliente y Bajo en Emisiones (LEDS, por sus siglas en inglés) de Latinoamérica y el Caribe.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 involucrados, incluyendo a la sociedad civil. EUROCLIMA+ brinda apoyo a la implementación y/o actualización de las NDC en el ámbito nacional, regional y plurinacional en América Latina, con un enfoque común. EUROCLIMA+ actúa mediante seis líneas de acción, alineadas con el Acuerdo de París sobre el Cambio Climático: Planes y políticas; Coordinación intersectorial, multinivel y múltiples interesados; Finanzas climáticas; Acción para el empoderamiento climático; Transparencia; Género y grupos vulnerables.', 'EUROCLIMA+ actúa mediante seis líneas de acción, alineadas con el Acuerdo de París sobre el Cambio Climático: Planes y políticas; Coordinación intersectorial, multinivel y múltiples interesados; Finanzas climáticas; Acción para el empoderamiento climático; Transparencia; Género y grupos vulnerables. A través del Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo, específicamente de su Viceministerio de Cooperación Internacional, el país cuenta con un mecanismo de Sistematización de Experiencias Nacionales10 para compartir con los distintos países documentos respecto de lecciones aprendidas y buenas prácticas donde son recopiladas experiencias en ACE. Metas: 21.', 'A través del Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo, específicamente de su Viceministerio de Cooperación Internacional, el país cuenta con un mecanismo de Sistematización de Experiencias Nacionales10 para compartir con los distintos países documentos respecto de lecciones aprendidas y buenas prácticas donde son recopiladas experiencias en ACE. Metas: 21. Mantener actualizado el nombramiento del punto focal nacional para ACE, para reforzar el intercambio directo y la colaboración en ACE con otros puntos focales nacionales ACE alrededor del mundo, así como con la CMNUCC, UNESCO, UNITAR y otras agencias de la ONU, y participar en diálogos anuales ACE y oportunidades de capacitación para ACE puntos focales. 22. Continuar participando e identificar nuevas plataformas y mecanismos de colaboración para compartir buenas prácticas sobre todos los elementos de ACE 23. 23.', 'Continuar participando e identificar nuevas plataformas y mecanismos de colaboración para compartir buenas prácticas sobre todos los elementos de ACE 23. 23. Al 2021, ser la sede de la Semana del Clima Regional de América Latina y el Caribe, un espacio en que individuos y organizaciones se convierten en parte del impulso creado por el Acuerdo de París. Componente 5.', 'Al 2021, ser la sede de la Semana del Clima Regional de América Latina y el Caribe, un espacio en que individuos y organizaciones se convierten en parte del impulso creado por el Acuerdo de París. Componente 5. Elementos transversales a. Género La Constitución Política de la República Dominicana (2010) incorpora elementos importantes para el avance de la igualdad de género, al declarar que el Estado debe promover la igualdad de derechos entre mujeres y hombres 10 Sistema Nacional de Sistematización de Experiencias Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 (artículo 39), la maternidad y la paternidad responsables y la valoración del trabajo doméstico (artículo 55), así como también sancionar la violencia doméstica y de género (artículo 42).', 'Elementos transversales a. Género La Constitución Política de la República Dominicana (2010) incorpora elementos importantes para el avance de la igualdad de género, al declarar que el Estado debe promover la igualdad de derechos entre mujeres y hombres 10 Sistema Nacional de Sistematización de Experiencias Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 (artículo 39), la maternidad y la paternidad responsables y la valoración del trabajo doméstico (artículo 55), así como también sancionar la violencia doméstica y de género (artículo 42). Así mismo se ratifica en el Artículo 12 de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END 2030), la cual establece el Enfoque de Género como una política transversal que manda a incorporar este enfoque en todos los planes, programas, proyectos y políticas públicas.', 'Así mismo se ratifica en el Artículo 12 de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END 2030), la cual establece el Enfoque de Género como una política transversal que manda a incorporar este enfoque en todos los planes, programas, proyectos y políticas públicas. Adicionalmente, la «Estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática» (2012) contempla dentro de sus valores básicos la equidad y la inclusión considerando los aspectos de género, poblaciones vulnerables, inequidad inter e intra generacional, y un enfoque metodológico sin distinción de aspectos étnicos, religiosos o de cualquier otro tipo.', 'Adicionalmente, la «Estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática» (2012) contempla dentro de sus valores básicos la equidad y la inclusión considerando los aspectos de género, poblaciones vulnerables, inequidad inter e intra generacional, y un enfoque metodológico sin distinción de aspectos étnicos, religiosos o de cualquier otro tipo. Los principios rectores de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático reconocen la integralidad: se debe tomar en consideración la pertenencia cultural, étnica y de género en el diseño de los proyectos relativos al cambio climático.', 'Los principios rectores de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático reconocen la integralidad: se debe tomar en consideración la pertenencia cultural, étnica y de género en el diseño de los proyectos relativos al cambio climático. La Tercera Comunicación Nacional para la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) incluye aspectos relacionados con la promoción de la igualdad de género (páginas 149-172). El Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana 2015-2030 (PANCC-RD) constituye una actualización del PANA anterior (Ministerio Ambiente, 2008) y define dos objetivos principales: 1) reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante adaptación y resiliencia; e 2) integrar la adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal en todas las políticas y sectores.', 'El Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana 2015-2030 (PANCC-RD) constituye una actualización del PANA anterior (Ministerio Ambiente, 2008) y define dos objetivos principales: 1) reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante adaptación y resiliencia; e 2) integrar la adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal en todas las políticas y sectores. Cuenta con siete líneas estratégicas transversales: manejo político-administrativo del tema del cambio climático, reducción del riesgo climático, coordinación intersectorial e interinstitucional, investigación en vulnerabilidad, adaptación e impactos y escenarios climáticos, fortalecimiento de los sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación, comunicación, información y educación e integración de la perspectiva de género.', 'Cuenta con siete líneas estratégicas transversales: manejo político-administrativo del tema del cambio climático, reducción del riesgo climático, coordinación intersectorial e interinstitucional, investigación en vulnerabilidad, adaptación e impactos y escenarios climáticos, fortalecimiento de los sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación, comunicación, información y educación e integración de la perspectiva de género. Esta última línea estratégica transversal dicta T 7: Integración de la perspectiva de Género: Conscientes que, los efectos del cambio climático impactan de forma diferenciada a los grupos humanos vulnerables, la perspectiva de género es un aspecto transversal al modelo de desarrollo nacional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Por tanto, se reconoce el rol de la mujer como agente de cambio, y se fomenta su participación para la transformación de la sociedad hacia un desarrollo bajo en carbono y resilientes.', 'Esta última línea estratégica transversal dicta T 7: Integración de la perspectiva de Género: Conscientes que, los efectos del cambio climático impactan de forma diferenciada a los grupos humanos vulnerables, la perspectiva de género es un aspecto transversal al modelo de desarrollo nacional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Por tanto, se reconoce el rol de la mujer como agente de cambio, y se fomenta su participación para la transformación de la sociedad hacia un desarrollo bajo en carbono y resilientes. El Plan de Acción de Género y Cambio Climático de la República Dominicana (PAGCC-RD) surge en atención a los lineamientos levantados en los instrumentos anteriormente mencionados y en respuesta a los acuerdos tomados en la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes (COP20) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), donde se aprobó el Programa de Trabajo de Lima sobre Género.', 'El Plan de Acción de Género y Cambio Climático de la República Dominicana (PAGCC-RD) surge en atención a los lineamientos levantados en los instrumentos anteriormente mencionados y en respuesta a los acuerdos tomados en la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes (COP20) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), donde se aprobó el Programa de Trabajo de Lima sobre Género. Este Programa promueve la igualdad de género, mediante su inclusión en las decisiones de las cumbres de cambio climático, y en las políticas nacionales en materia de cambio climático, con el fin de poder enfrentar de mejor manera los fenómenos climáticos extremos.', 'Este Programa promueve la igualdad de género, mediante su inclusión en las decisiones de las cumbres de cambio climático, y en las políticas nacionales en materia de cambio climático, con el fin de poder enfrentar de mejor manera los fenómenos climáticos extremos. El PAGCC contempla objetivos, acciones e indicadores para nueve sectores priorizados: energía + transporte + infraestructura, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria, residuos, forestal, agua, salud, costero marino, turismo y gestión de riesgo.', 'El PAGCC contempla objetivos, acciones e indicadores para nueve sectores priorizados: energía + transporte + infraestructura, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria, residuos, forestal, agua, salud, costero marino, turismo y gestión de riesgo. A través del Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género 2020-2030 (PLANEG III) del Ministerio de la Mujer de la República Dominicana, se establece la transversalidad de género, basada en lo que dispone la Constitución de la República, con la finalidad de superar las desigualdades de derechos entre hombres y mujeres y lograr la equidad de género.', 'A través del Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género 2020-2030 (PLANEG III) del Ministerio de la Mujer de la República Dominicana, se establece la transversalidad de género, basada en lo que dispone la Constitución de la República, con la finalidad de superar las desigualdades de derechos entre hombres y mujeres y lograr la equidad de género. En el PLANEG III, desarrolla siete temas nacionales: educación para la igualdad, salud integral de las mujeres, autonomía económica, ciudadanía, democracia y participación política y social, igualdad de género y medio ambiente (con enfoque de cambio climático), violencia de género contra las mujeres y tecnologías digitales para la autonomía de las mujeres.', 'En el PLANEG III, desarrolla siete temas nacionales: educación para la igualdad, salud integral de las mujeres, autonomía económica, ciudadanía, democracia y participación política y social, igualdad de género y medio ambiente (con enfoque de cambio climático), violencia de género contra las mujeres y tecnologías digitales para la autonomía de las mujeres. Es importante destacar el rol de las Unidades de Igualdad de Género (Decreto 974-01) para asegurar y monitorear la integración de la perspectiva de género en cada institución. Metas: 1. Fomentar la implementación de las acciones identificadas en el Plan de Acción de Género para los nueve sectores priorizados: energía + transporte + infraestructura, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria, residuos, forestal, agua, salud, costero marino, turismo y gestión de riesgo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 2.', 'Fomentar la implementación de las acciones identificadas en el Plan de Acción de Género para los nueve sectores priorizados: energía + transporte + infraestructura, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria, residuos, forestal, agua, salud, costero marino, turismo y gestión de riesgo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 2. Desarrollar herramientas metodológicas para incorporar el enfoque de igualdad de género dentro de los instrumentos del Sistema Nacional de Planificación e Inversión Pública, y en la planificación local, particularmente en el ámbito del medio ambiente, la adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión de riesgos.', 'Desarrollar herramientas metodológicas para incorporar el enfoque de igualdad de género dentro de los instrumentos del Sistema Nacional de Planificación e Inversión Pública, y en la planificación local, particularmente en el ámbito del medio ambiente, la adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión de riesgos. b. Juventud A partir del 2010, la Constitución de la República establece, en su artículo 55, párrafo 13, que «se reconoce el valor de las y los jóvenes como actores estratégicos en el desarrollo de la Nación. El Estado garantiza y promueve el ejercicio efectivo de sus derechos, a través de políticas y programas que aseguren de modo permanente su participación en todos los ámbitos de la vida nacional y, en particular, su capacitación y acceso al primer empleo».', 'El Estado garantiza y promueve el ejercicio efectivo de sus derechos, a través de políticas y programas que aseguren de modo permanente su participación en todos los ámbitos de la vida nacional y, en particular, su capacitación y acceso al primer empleo». Igualmente, el artículo 56, párrafo 3, dispone que «las y los adolescentes son sujetos activos del proceso de desarrollo. El Estado, con la participación solidaria de las familias y la sociedad, creará oportunidades para estimular su tránsito productivo hacia la vida adulta». Con la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) 2010-2030, se establece una participación social de la juventud al más alto nivel, tomando en cuenta al Consejo Nacional de Juventud, poniendo en manifiesto a la población joven como parte del proceso de desarrollo nacional.', 'Con la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) 2010-2030, se establece una participación social de la juventud al más alto nivel, tomando en cuenta al Consejo Nacional de Juventud, poniendo en manifiesto a la población joven como parte del proceso de desarrollo nacional. En el año 2000 fue promulgada la Ley General de Juventud (Ley 49-00) que define el marco jurídico, político e institucional orientando las acciones del Estado y la sociedad en general, hacia la construcción de políticas públicas centradas en la satisfacción de las necesidades y expectativas de la población joven de la nación, así como una efectiva participación de los jóvenes en los procesos de toma de decisiones.', 'En el año 2000 fue promulgada la Ley General de Juventud (Ley 49-00) que define el marco jurídico, político e institucional orientando las acciones del Estado y la sociedad en general, hacia la construcción de políticas públicas centradas en la satisfacción de las necesidades y expectativas de la población joven de la nación, así como una efectiva participación de los jóvenes en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Con esta ley se crea la Secretaría de Estado de la Juventud, hoy Ministerio de la Juventud, y se sientan las bases para una mayor inclusión y desarrollo de la juventud dominicana.', 'Con esta ley se crea la Secretaría de Estado de la Juventud, hoy Ministerio de la Juventud, y se sientan las bases para una mayor inclusión y desarrollo de la juventud dominicana. La consideración de inter e intra generacional se contempla por igual en la «Estrategia nacional para fortalecer los recursos humanos y las habilidades para avanzar hacia un desarrollo verde, con bajas emisiones y resiliencia climática» (2012). Plan Nacional de Juventudes 2020-2030. Instrumento de política pública para la planificación estratégica que busca ser un recurso técnico que responda a las necesidades de las juventudes desde una mirada participativa, construidaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 con y desde las y los jóvenes.', 'Instrumento de política pública para la planificación estratégica que busca ser un recurso técnico que responda a las necesidades de las juventudes desde una mirada participativa, construidaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 con y desde las y los jóvenes. Pretende profundizar las políticas públicas de juventud con una visión de largo plazo y dar continuidad a los esfuerzos que se han alcanzado hasta la fecha. Este plan está estructurado en seis ejes: educación, empleo y emprendimiento, salud integral, medio ambiente sano (con enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático), justicia y seguridad ciudadana y participación e inclusión social y política.', 'Este plan está estructurado en seis ejes: educación, empleo y emprendimiento, salud integral, medio ambiente sano (con enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático), justicia y seguridad ciudadana y participación e inclusión social y política. Desde el gobierno dominicano y desde distintas organizaciones de la sociedad civil cada vez más se realizan esfuerzos continuos en los cuales las juventudes son los actores clave para su desarrollo, estos esfuerzos incluyen distintas iniciativas de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático, participación en eventos nacionales e internacionales, brindando distintas especies de apoyo. Metas: 1. Asegurar la participación de la juventud a nivel nacional e internacional en los espacios de toma de decisión sobre cambio climático. 2.', 'Asegurar la participación de la juventud a nivel nacional e internacional en los espacios de toma de decisión sobre cambio climático. 2. Desarrollar, crear e implementar una Red Nacional de Juventudes y Cambio Climático, que permita integrar la perspectiva de las juventudes dentro de los instrumentos de políticas climáticas nacionales. 3. Asegurar la educación, la sensibilización y la capacidad de las personas jóvenes para sostener estilos de vida en armonía con la naturaleza, y para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, la reducción de sus efectos y la alerta temprana. 4. Asegurar la movilidad sostenible, segura y saludable de las personas jóvenes, que satisfaga sus necesidades en armonía con el medio ambiente sano. 5.', 'Asegurar la movilidad sostenible, segura y saludable de las personas jóvenes, que satisfaga sus necesidades en armonía con el medio ambiente sano. 5. Fortalecer las capacidades institucionales para la inclusión del enfoque de juventudes en el diseño e implementación de planes, políticas y programas relacionados a la preservación de los recursos naturales y la mitigación y adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático c. Rol de ciudades A través de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 (END 2030), la Ley No. 1-12 procura el establecimiento de un país desarrollado y una sociedad cohesionada al 2030.', '1-12 procura el establecimiento de un país desarrollado y una sociedad cohesionada al 2030. Adicional a los objetivos perseguidos y sus líneas de acción, la END propone siete políticas transversales que deberán ser incorporadas en todos los planes, programas yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 proyectos. La cuarta política propuesta es Incorporar la dimensión de la cohesión territorial y asegurar la necesaria coordinación y articulación entre las políticas públicas, a fin de promover un desarrollo territorial más equilibrado mediante la dotación de infraestructura, servicios y capacidades necesarias para impulsar el desarrollo de las regiones y los municipios menos prósperos y la promoción de estrategias regionales de desarrollo y competitividad que aprovechen la diversidad regional, con el Ley de Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030.', 'La cuarta política propuesta es Incorporar la dimensión de la cohesión territorial y asegurar la necesaria coordinación y articulación entre las políticas públicas, a fin de promover un desarrollo territorial más equilibrado mediante la dotación de infraestructura, servicios y capacidades necesarias para impulsar el desarrollo de las regiones y los municipios menos prósperos y la promoción de estrategias regionales de desarrollo y competitividad que aprovechen la diversidad regional, con el Ley de Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030. Destaca el Tercer Eje Estratégico de la END que postula: Una economía territorial y sectorialmente integrada, innovadora, diversificada, plural, orientada a la calidad y ambientalmente sostenible, que crea y desconcentra la riqueza, genera crecimiento alto y sostenido con equidad y empleo digno, y que aprovecha y potencia las oportunidades del mercado local y se inserta de forma competitiva en la economía global.', 'Destaca el Tercer Eje Estratégico de la END que postula: Una economía territorial y sectorialmente integrada, innovadora, diversificada, plural, orientada a la calidad y ambientalmente sostenible, que crea y desconcentra la riqueza, genera crecimiento alto y sostenido con equidad y empleo digno, y que aprovecha y potencia las oportunidades del mercado local y se inserta de forma competitiva en la economía global. En la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático se reconoce la necesidad de articulación entre el sistema de gestión de riesgos y el de cambio climático.', 'En la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático se reconoce la necesidad de articulación entre el sistema de gestión de riesgos y el de cambio climático. En ese sentido, en el marco del Plan Nacional Plurianual del Sector Público se recomendó que deben desarrollarse las acciones requeridas para mejorar la articulación entre las políticas de gestión de riesgos y de adaptación al cambio climático; de igual manera, las acciones correspondientes a fortalecer el rol de los municipios dentro de los esquemas de gobernanza del cambio climático.', 'En ese sentido, en el marco del Plan Nacional Plurianual del Sector Público se recomendó que deben desarrollarse las acciones requeridas para mejorar la articulación entre las políticas de gestión de riesgos y de adaptación al cambio climático; de igual manera, las acciones correspondientes a fortalecer el rol de los municipios dentro de los esquemas de gobernanza del cambio climático. Con la publicación de la «Guía Metodológica para la Formulación del Plan Municipal de Ordenamiento Territorial» se provee un punto de apoyo a la creación de capacidades para mejorar la planificación y la calidad de la gestión del desarrollo en el territorio.', 'Con la publicación de la «Guía Metodológica para la Formulación del Plan Municipal de Ordenamiento Territorial» se provee un punto de apoyo a la creación de capacidades para mejorar la planificación y la calidad de la gestión del desarrollo en el territorio. Esta guía es el resultado de un proceso de consultas nacionales con diversos actores institucionales y de la sociedad civil, incluidos representantes de gobiernos locales, gobierno central y de la cooperación internacional, bajo la coordinación del Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo. Tiene como base una visión integral del territorio. La Guía incluye mecanismos para la transversalización del enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático, la equidad de género, la gestión de riesgos y la reducción de la pobreza en los procesos de planificación territorial.', 'La Guía incluye mecanismos para la transversalización del enfoque de adaptación al cambio climático, la equidad de género, la gestión de riesgos y la reducción de la pobreza en los procesos de planificación territorial. A través de la Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Asociación Internacional de Gestión de Ciudades (ICMA, por sus siglas en inglés), la Agencia Española para laContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), con el apoyo de la Federación Dominicana de Municipios (FEDOMU) fue desarrollado el Programa Planificación para la Adaptación Climática, mediante el cual se sistematizaron estrategias básicas de adaptación que integran, a escala municipal-regional, los enfoques presentes en la adaptación dominicana poniendo énfasis en la no ocupación de zonas vulnerables, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y la adaptación basada en ecosistemas.', 'A través de la Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Asociación Internacional de Gestión de Ciudades (ICMA, por sus siglas en inglés), la Agencia Española para laContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), con el apoyo de la Federación Dominicana de Municipios (FEDOMU) fue desarrollado el Programa Planificación para la Adaptación Climática, mediante el cual se sistematizaron estrategias básicas de adaptación que integran, a escala municipal-regional, los enfoques presentes en la adaptación dominicana poniendo énfasis en la no ocupación de zonas vulnerables, la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y la adaptación basada en ecosistemas. Los municipios trabajados fueron el Distrito Nacional, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macorís y Las Terrenas, Neiba y Polo.', 'Los municipios trabajados fueron el Distrito Nacional, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macorís y Las Terrenas, Neiba y Polo. Estas estrategias se convierten en directrices en torno a las cuales los ayuntamientos pueden elaborar sus planes de adaptación enfocados en problemáticas esenciales, tanto climáticas como ambientales, abordando las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de sus territorios a partir de sus componentes que se enlazan con los instrumentos de la planificación. Otros ejemplos de acción climática desarrollados desde las municipalidades son la declaratoria de Jarabacoa, La Vega, para convertirse un municipio resiliente y carbono neutral; el proyecto se apoya en los atributos que posee esta demarcación, a través de su planificación y la voluntad de las autoridades, entidades académicas y de la sociedad civil.', 'Otros ejemplos de acción climática desarrollados desde las municipalidades son la declaratoria de Jarabacoa, La Vega, para convertirse un municipio resiliente y carbono neutral; el proyecto se apoya en los atributos que posee esta demarcación, a través de su planificación y la voluntad de las autoridades, entidades académicas y de la sociedad civil. Otros proyectos destacables son los proyectos basura cero del distrito municipal de Las Placetas, San José de las Matas y el proyecto Mao Basura Cero; se logró separar los residuos desde los domicilios, se llevaron a la planta para hacer abono mediante un piloto y se hizo una campaña de concienciación.', 'Otros proyectos destacables son los proyectos basura cero del distrito municipal de Las Placetas, San José de las Matas y el proyecto Mao Basura Cero; se logró separar los residuos desde los domicilios, se llevaron a la planta para hacer abono mediante un piloto y se hizo una campaña de concienciación. Dentro de los esfuerzos enmarcados en los apoyos del Paquete de Mejora de la Acción Climática (CAEP, en inglés) destacan múltiples ejemplos de medidas y opciones de acción climática y sus elementos transversales potenciadas y realizadas desde los gobiernos municipales como, por ejemplo: El Convenio Asociación Dominicana de Regidores (ASODORE) y la iniciativa ICLEI-Gobiernos Locales por la Sostenibilidad, que busca crear mecanismos para hacer los municipios más sustentables y climáticamente resilientes.', 'Dentro de los esfuerzos enmarcados en los apoyos del Paquete de Mejora de la Acción Climática (CAEP, en inglés) destacan múltiples ejemplos de medidas y opciones de acción climática y sus elementos transversales potenciadas y realizadas desde los gobiernos municipales como, por ejemplo: El Convenio Asociación Dominicana de Regidores (ASODORE) y la iniciativa ICLEI-Gobiernos Locales por la Sostenibilidad, que busca crear mecanismos para hacer los municipios más sustentables y climáticamente resilientes. Entre los municipios pilotos participantes están: Santo Domingo Este, Nigua, Sabana Grande de Boyá, Jimaní, Monte Plata, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Consuelo e Higüey.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Durante los talleres de diálogos técnicos y posteriores discusiones del Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020, fueron identificados metas generales y marcos habilitantes de la acción climática para los municipios, como son: ● Creación e implementación de planes municipales de ordenamiento territorial y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Entre los municipios pilotos participantes están: Santo Domingo Este, Nigua, Sabana Grande de Boyá, Jimaní, Monte Plata, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Consuelo e Higüey.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Durante los talleres de diálogos técnicos y posteriores discusiones del Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020, fueron identificados metas generales y marcos habilitantes de la acción climática para los municipios, como son: ● Creación e implementación de planes municipales de ordenamiento territorial y adaptación al cambio climático. ● Fomento de normativas e iniciativas que propicien la movilidad sostenible en las municipalidades. ● Fomento del establecimiento de áreas verdes. ● Desarrollar e implementar campañas de capacitación y sensibilización en la acción climática desde los gobiernos municipales.', '● Desarrollar e implementar campañas de capacitación y sensibilización en la acción climática desde los gobiernos municipales. ● Incrementar los esfuerzos para la gestión de residuos de manera integral siguiendo los principios de los modelos de economía circular y consumo sostenible. d. Derechos Humanos La Constitución de la República define a la Nación como un Estado social y democrático de derechos, garantizando a su población un conjunto de derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales, culturales, deportivos, colectivos y medioambientales. El Estado debe adoptar políticas para promover y proteger el ejercicio de estos derechos y para ello debe desarrollar o fortalecer sus capacidades técnicas, administrativas y financieras.', 'El Estado debe adoptar políticas para promover y proteger el ejercicio de estos derechos y para ello debe desarrollar o fortalecer sus capacidades técnicas, administrativas y financieras. El cambio climático es uno de los desafíos más importantes y urgentes que enfrenta la humanidad en el siglo 21, cuyos impactos ponen en peligro el desarrollo institucional, económico, social y ambiental de los países en vías de desarrollo, en particular los Pequeños Estados Insulares como la República Dominicana, cuyas vulnerabilidades a los eventos climáticos extremos se han acentuado en las últimas décadas.', 'El cambio climático es uno de los desafíos más importantes y urgentes que enfrenta la humanidad en el siglo 21, cuyos impactos ponen en peligro el desarrollo institucional, económico, social y ambiental de los países en vías de desarrollo, en particular los Pequeños Estados Insulares como la República Dominicana, cuyas vulnerabilidades a los eventos climáticos extremos se han acentuado en las últimas décadas. Asumiendo este desafío, la Constitución también declara en su Artículo 194 que: Es prioridad del Estado la formulación y ejecución, mediante ley, de un plan de ordenamiento territorial que asegure el uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Nación, acorde con la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Asumiendo este desafío, la Constitución también declara en su Artículo 194 que: Es prioridad del Estado la formulación y ejecución, mediante ley, de un plan de ordenamiento territorial que asegure el uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Nación, acorde con la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático. A través de la Constitución, y como queda plasmado en Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, se reconoce que el régimen económico debe orientarse hacia la búsqueda del desarrollo humano y fundamentarse en el crecimientoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 económico, la redistribución de la riqueza, la justicia social, la equidad, la cohesión social y territorial y la sostenibilidad ambiental, en un marco de libre competencia, igualdad de oportunidades, responsabilidad social, participación y solidaridad.', 'A través de la Constitución, y como queda plasmado en Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, se reconoce que el régimen económico debe orientarse hacia la búsqueda del desarrollo humano y fundamentarse en el crecimientoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 económico, la redistribución de la riqueza, la justicia social, la equidad, la cohesión social y territorial y la sostenibilidad ambiental, en un marco de libre competencia, igualdad de oportunidades, responsabilidad social, participación y solidaridad. La Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 (END 2030),Ley No. 1-12, procura el establecimiento de un país desarrollado y una sociedad cohesionada al 2030. Adicional a los objetivos perseguidos y sus líneas de acción, la END propone siete políticas transversales que deberán ser incorporadas en todos los planes, programas y proyectos.', 'Adicional a los objetivos perseguidos y sus líneas de acción, la END propone siete políticas transversales que deberán ser incorporadas en todos los planes, programas y proyectos. La primera política propuesta es el Enfoque de derechos humanos, a fin de identificar situaciones de discriminación hacia grupos vulnerables de la población y adoptar acciones que contribuyan a la equidad y cohesión social. En materia de derechos humanos destacan los ejes: ● El Primer Eje Estratégico plantea la conformación de: Un Estado social y democrático de derecho, con instituciones que actúan con ética, transparencia y eficacia al servicio de una sociedad responsable y participativa, que garantiza la seguridad y promueve la equidad, la gobernabilidad, la convivencia pacífica y el desarrollo nacional y local.', 'En materia de derechos humanos destacan los ejes: ● El Primer Eje Estratégico plantea la conformación de: Un Estado social y democrático de derecho, con instituciones que actúan con ética, transparencia y eficacia al servicio de una sociedad responsable y participativa, que garantiza la seguridad y promueve la equidad, la gobernabilidad, la convivencia pacífica y el desarrollo nacional y local. ● El Segundo Eje Estratégico postula la construcción de: Una sociedad con igualdad de derechos y oportunidades, en la que toda la población tiene garantizada educación, salud, vivienda digna y servicios básicos de calidad, y que promueve la reducción progresiva de la pobreza y la desigualdad social y territorial.', '● El Segundo Eje Estratégico postula la construcción de: Una sociedad con igualdad de derechos y oportunidades, en la que toda la población tiene garantizada educación, salud, vivienda digna y servicios básicos de calidad, y que promueve la reducción progresiva de la pobreza y la desigualdad social y territorial. ● El Cuarto Eje Estratégico propone: Una sociedad con cultura de producción y consumo sostenibles, que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos y la protección del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales y promueve una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático.', '● El Cuarto Eje Estratégico propone: Una sociedad con cultura de producción y consumo sostenibles, que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos y la protección del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales y promueve una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático. La República Dominicana se ha comprometido con el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030, para lo cual ha estado realizando un proceso de vinculación de las metas y objetivos de los ODS y la END a través de distintos mecanismos.', 'La República Dominicana se ha comprometido con el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030, para lo cual ha estado realizando un proceso de vinculación de las metas y objetivos de los ODS y la END a través de distintos mecanismos. e. Transición justa Con la publicación del Plan de la República Dominicana para el Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011) se identificó que en caso de implementar los planes de acción de este instrumento deContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 políticas públicas en los sectores identificados (energía, transporte y forestal), se proporcionarán beneficios de desarrollo, tales como la creación de más de 100,000 nuevos empleos fijos y la generación de un impacto económico de 2 mil millones de dólares por año en forma de ahorros provenientes de un menor consumo de electricidad y combustibles, y en ingresos internacionales de mecanismos tales como REDD+ y MDL, particularmente en el sector forestal.', 'e. Transición justa Con la publicación del Plan de la República Dominicana para el Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011) se identificó que en caso de implementar los planes de acción de este instrumento deContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 políticas públicas en los sectores identificados (energía, transporte y forestal), se proporcionarán beneficios de desarrollo, tales como la creación de más de 100,000 nuevos empleos fijos y la generación de un impacto económico de 2 mil millones de dólares por año en forma de ahorros provenientes de un menor consumo de electricidad y combustibles, y en ingresos internacionales de mecanismos tales como REDD+ y MDL, particularmente en el sector forestal. El abordaje de esta temática en las mesas de diálogos técnicos sectoriales y otros talleres para el Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020 evidenció las siguientes necesidades: ● Se propone la actualización e implementación del Plan DECCC identificando mecanismos para monitorear este incremento en los empleos.', 'El abordaje de esta temática en las mesas de diálogos técnicos sectoriales y otros talleres para el Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC RD 2020 evidenció las siguientes necesidades: ● Se propone la actualización e implementación del Plan DECCC identificando mecanismos para monitorear este incremento en los empleos. ● Se propone evaluar la diversificación económica social en el contexto de descarbonización propia de la acción climática a través de extender este plan a los sectores priorizados en el Proceso de Mejora y Actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, tanto para adaptación como mitigación. ● Es importante reconocer a través de las instancias gubernamentales que regulan el ámbito laboral los empleos verdes y justos. Componente 6.', '● Es importante reconocer a través de las instancias gubernamentales que regulan el ámbito laboral los empleos verdes y justos. Componente 6. Gobernanza climática El cambio climático exige acciones en todos los sectores de la economía y la sociedad, lo que requiere una acción coordinada entre múltiples partes interesadas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. El marco de tiempo extendido durante el cual se desarrollarán los impactos climáticos requiere la capacidad de planificar, implementar y mantener un compromiso creíble con políticas cada vez más ambiciosas en múltiples ciclos políticos. Para abordar estos desafíos, todos los países necesitan instituciones transversales sólidas que apoyen la acción eficaz en sectores específicos (por ejemplo, energía, transporte, agricultura, entre otros).', 'Para abordar estos desafíos, todos los países necesitan instituciones transversales sólidas que apoyen la acción eficaz en sectores específicos (por ejemplo, energía, transporte, agricultura, entre otros). Las instituciones nacionales sólidas también apoyan el compromiso de un país con la acción internacional contra el cambio climático. En este contexto, la República Dominicana coloca gran énfasis en el fortalecimiento de su sistema de gobernanza doméstico, así como de capacidades de sus instituciones clave para habilitar la implementación efectiva de su descarbonización y objetivos de adaptación, tal y como se encuentra establecidoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en la NDC y para asegurar una estrecha integración entre el cambio climático y las prioridades de desarrollo.', 'En este contexto, la República Dominicana coloca gran énfasis en el fortalecimiento de su sistema de gobernanza doméstico, así como de capacidades de sus instituciones clave para habilitar la implementación efectiva de su descarbonización y objetivos de adaptación, tal y como se encuentra establecidoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en la NDC y para asegurar una estrecha integración entre el cambio climático y las prioridades de desarrollo. La mejora y actualización de la NDC se elaboró teniendo en cuenta las estrechas sinergias con los ODS, la cual también se aplicará a la implementación de esta. Desde la adopción del Acuerdo de París en el año 2015, la República Dominicana ha avanzado en desarrollar su marco regulatorio e institucional.', 'Desde la adopción del Acuerdo de París en el año 2015, la República Dominicana ha avanzado en desarrollar su marco regulatorio e institucional. En este sentido, el país está planificando adoptar una ley marco de cambio climático. Esta Ley de Cambio Climático contempla que la NDC conlleve a una planificación integral del Estado para que, desde los diferentes sectores y esferas, haya una coordinación holística que permita trazar metas y lograr el cumplimiento de estas en torno a la acción climática, incluyente del sector privado, gobiernos municipales, sociedad civil y academia.', 'Esta Ley de Cambio Climático contempla que la NDC conlleve a una planificación integral del Estado para que, desde los diferentes sectores y esferas, haya una coordinación holística que permita trazar metas y lograr el cumplimiento de estas en torno a la acción climática, incluyente del sector privado, gobiernos municipales, sociedad civil y academia. Adicionalmente, otros actores no estatales, como el sector privado, han demostrado tener un alto interés en el cumplimiento con el Acuerdo de París, la NDC y otros acuerdos en materia de transparencia a nivel nacional e internacional.', 'Adicionalmente, otros actores no estatales, como el sector privado, han demostrado tener un alto interés en el cumplimiento con el Acuerdo de París, la NDC y otros acuerdos en materia de transparencia a nivel nacional e internacional. Este interés ha sido manifestado en el proceso de «Articulación Empresarial para la Acción Climática», bajo la cual este sector se compromete a incrementar la transparencia en la contabilidad de emisiones y su reducción, esfuerzos de adaptación y como consecuencia la actualización de los reportes nacionales establecidos por la CMNUCC. 1. Marco regulatorio La Constitución de la República garantiza a su población un conjunto de derechos fundamentales, entre ellos a un medio ambiente sano, y reconoce como prioridad la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Marco regulatorio La Constitución de la República garantiza a su población un conjunto de derechos fundamentales, entre ellos a un medio ambiente sano, y reconoce como prioridad la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático. Los inicios de la gobernanza climática en República Dominicana comenzaron con la creación del Consejo Nacional de Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, bajo el Decreto 601-08 (septiembre 2008), como el ente de coordinación interinstitucional y formulación de política pública sobre cambio climático de manera transversal a nivel nacional entre multisectoriales y partes interesadas. Este consejo está integrado por representantes del gobierno, sector privado, sociedad civil y academia, encabezado por el Presidente de la República Dominicana. En 2012, el Estado establece, a través de la Ley No.', 'En 2012, el Estado establece, a través de la Ley No. 1-12, la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030 (END 2030), metas específicas que procuran: ● Eje 3: Una economía sostenible orientada a la calidad ambiental, específicamente a través de las energías renovables y el aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos naturales. ● Eje 4: Una sociedad de producción y consumo, ambientalmente sostenible, que se adapta al cambio climático.” Tras la presentación de su primera NDC al Acuerdo de París en 2015, la República Dominicana adoptó en 2015 la «PolíticaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Nacional de Cambio Climático», que proporciona el marco para la programación y planificación nacional sobre el cambio climático y establece disposiciones para la integración del cambio climático en políticas sectoriales.', '● Eje 4: Una sociedad de producción y consumo, ambientalmente sostenible, que se adapta al cambio climático.” Tras la presentación de su primera NDC al Acuerdo de París en 2015, la República Dominicana adoptó en 2015 la «PolíticaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Nacional de Cambio Climático», que proporciona el marco para la programación y planificación nacional sobre el cambio climático y establece disposiciones para la integración del cambio climático en políticas sectoriales. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación de 2015 establece que para el año 2030 el país habrá mejorado su capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia ante el cambio climático.', 'El Plan Nacional de Adaptación de 2015 establece que para el año 2030 el país habrá mejorado su capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia ante el cambio climático. La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático se completa con el Plan para el Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011) y el Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático (PANCC- RD 2015); y el Plan de Acción de la República Dominicana para alcanzar sus compromisos internacionales como parte del Acuerdo de París asociado con el NDC Partnership (2018); planes de acción para el género y el cambio climático (2018) y para el desarrollo de capacidades sobre desarrollo verde, resiliente y bajo en carbono (2012).', 'La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático se completa con el Plan para el Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (DECCC-2011) y el Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático (PANCC- RD 2015); y el Plan de Acción de la República Dominicana para alcanzar sus compromisos internacionales como parte del Acuerdo de París asociado con el NDC Partnership (2018); planes de acción para el género y el cambio climático (2018) y para el desarrollo de capacidades sobre desarrollo verde, resiliente y bajo en carbono (2012). En 2016, a través del Decreto 23-16, se crea la Comisión de Alto Nivel para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, dependiente del Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo, para trazar la hoja de ruta para la implementación de los ODS dentro de la planificación nacional con alcance transversal y alinear con los objetivos del país de cambio climático.', 'En 2016, a través del Decreto 23-16, se crea la Comisión de Alto Nivel para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, dependiente del Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo, para trazar la hoja de ruta para la implementación de los ODS dentro de la planificación nacional con alcance transversal y alinear con los objetivos del país de cambio climático. El logro más reciente ha sido el establecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación de los gases de efecto invernadero, creado bajo el Decreto 541-20 de octubre 2020. Metas: La República Dominicana está trabajando actualmente en una legislación integral sobre el cambio climático que convertirá en ley las características clave del sistema nacional de gobernanza climática, incluidas reformas institucionales de gran alcance que fortalezcan los organismos existentes.', 'Metas: La República Dominicana está trabajando actualmente en una legislación integral sobre el cambio climático que convertirá en ley las características clave del sistema nacional de gobernanza climática, incluidas reformas institucionales de gran alcance que fortalezcan los organismos existentes. Los elementos principales que se trabajarán en el proyecto de ley son: ● Metas de mitigación y adaptación en acuerdo con la NDC; ● Procesos para asegurar la gestión de riesgo; ● Mecanismo de asesoramiento y evaluación de experto independiente; ● Clarificación de roles y coordinación interinstitucional;Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Participación de actores subnacionales; ● Financiamiento para la implementación; ● Participación pública; ● Transparencia y rendición de cuentas, a través de la aplicación del Sistema Nacional de MRV y otros instrumentos.', 'Los elementos principales que se trabajarán en el proyecto de ley son: ● Metas de mitigación y adaptación en acuerdo con la NDC; ● Procesos para asegurar la gestión de riesgo; ● Mecanismo de asesoramiento y evaluación de experto independiente; ● Clarificación de roles y coordinación interinstitucional;Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Participación de actores subnacionales; ● Financiamiento para la implementación; ● Participación pública; ● Transparencia y rendición de cuentas, a través de la aplicación del Sistema Nacional de MRV y otros instrumentos. Igualmente, se desarrollan regulaciones sectoriales para mejorar el involucramiento del sector privado, en base a la creación de mecanismos de inversión y seguridad jurídica. 2.', 'Igualmente, se desarrollan regulaciones sectoriales para mejorar el involucramiento del sector privado, en base a la creación de mecanismos de inversión y seguridad jurídica. 2. Marco de Producción de Información y Transparencia Climática En octubre de 2020 la República Dominicana estableció el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (MRV). El Sistema MRV tiene el objetivo de contabilizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y ejecutar acciones de mitigación para garantizar el financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas, un logro normativo clave que proporciona una base sólida para orientar el desarrollo del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática.', 'El Sistema MRV tiene el objetivo de contabilizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y ejecutar acciones de mitigación para garantizar el financiamiento orientado a impulsar acciones climáticas, un logro normativo clave que proporciona una base sólida para orientar el desarrollo del Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática. Metas: De cara al futuro, República Dominicana seguirá desarrollando el Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática e invirtiendo esfuerzos en mejorar la producción y calidad de información para asegurar la implementación del Sistema MRV y demás componentes del Marco Nacional Reforzado de Transparencia Climática, dando cumplimiento al Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París.', 'Metas: De cara al futuro, República Dominicana seguirá desarrollando el Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática e invirtiendo esfuerzos en mejorar la producción y calidad de información para asegurar la implementación del Sistema MRV y demás componentes del Marco Nacional Reforzado de Transparencia Climática, dando cumplimiento al Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París. Es de importancia relevante el proceso de control y aseguramiento de la calidad de la información (QA/QC), como mecanismo para certificar la información y el procedimiento abordado como bueno y válido, garantizando la efectividad del sistema.', 'Es de importancia relevante el proceso de control y aseguramiento de la calidad de la información (QA/QC), como mecanismo para certificar la información y el procedimiento abordado como bueno y válido, garantizando la efectividad del sistema. Se continúa realizando un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación para las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático implementadas, bajo el Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática, en complemento al ya existente Sistema MRV.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Adicionalmente, los esfuerzos hacia la implementación del marco de transparencia persiguen integrar el Sistema de Transparencia al Sistema de Calificación Institucional de Administración Pública con el propósito de fiscalizar instituciones que cumplan con su rol dentro del Sistema MRV. 3.', 'Se continúa realizando un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación para las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático implementadas, bajo el Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática, en complemento al ya existente Sistema MRV.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Adicionalmente, los esfuerzos hacia la implementación del marco de transparencia persiguen integrar el Sistema de Transparencia al Sistema de Calificación Institucional de Administración Pública con el propósito de fiscalizar instituciones que cumplan con su rol dentro del Sistema MRV. 3. Claridad del mandato y la coordinación La coordinación efectiva horizontalmente, entre agencias en cada nivel de gobierno, y verticalmente, a través de los niveles de gobierno nacionales, regionales y locales, es fundamental para garantizar la implementación de la NDC y garantizar una respuesta gubernamental completa al cambio climático en todo el proceso de diseño e implementación de políticas y evaluación.', 'Claridad del mandato y la coordinación La coordinación efectiva horizontalmente, entre agencias en cada nivel de gobierno, y verticalmente, a través de los niveles de gobierno nacionales, regionales y locales, es fundamental para garantizar la implementación de la NDC y garantizar una respuesta gubernamental completa al cambio climático en todo el proceso de diseño e implementación de políticas y evaluación. El Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio actúa como un organismo de coordinación horizontal de alto nivel sobre el cambio climático en la República Dominicana. El Consejo está presidido por el presidente de la República y está integrado por ministerios de línea clave, así como por el Banco Central y las empresas eléctricas estatales.', 'El Consejo está presidido por el presidente de la República y está integrado por ministerios de línea clave, así como por el Banco Central y las empresas eléctricas estatales. Metas: El Presidente de la República Dominicana, durante la primera reunión del pleno del Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático enfatizó el mandato de planificación interinstitucional para transversalizar la política de cambio climático y ejecutar la acción climática, la cual da cumplimiento a la NDC. La coordinación estará alineada con este mandato. Para aterrizar esta coordinación desde el gobierno central hacia las sectoriales, se propone desarrollar planes estratégicos institucionales que contemplen como las mismas contribuyen a la acción climática.', 'Para aterrizar esta coordinación desde el gobierno central hacia las sectoriales, se propone desarrollar planes estratégicos institucionales que contemplen como las mismas contribuyen a la acción climática. Estos planes deben de lograr: ● Aclarar y cerrar brechas en cuanto a los roles de las instituciones y fortalecer la coordinación interinstitucional, incluyendo a través de la Ley de Cambio Climático; ● Desarrollar mecanismos para asegurar que las estrategias sectoriales sean implementadas por las instituciones dentro de cada sector; (p. e., guías y lineamientos prácticos y otros incentivos); ● Crear un mecanismo de seguimiento en el que se haga referencia a la NDC en la revisión de las metas presidenciales; ● Considerar las medidas de las metas presidenciales para determinar la contribución de estas a la NDC.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 4.', 'Estos planes deben de lograr: ● Aclarar y cerrar brechas en cuanto a los roles de las instituciones y fortalecer la coordinación interinstitucional, incluyendo a través de la Ley de Cambio Climático; ● Desarrollar mecanismos para asegurar que las estrategias sectoriales sean implementadas por las instituciones dentro de cada sector; (p. e., guías y lineamientos prácticos y otros incentivos); ● Crear un mecanismo de seguimiento en el que se haga referencia a la NDC en la revisión de las metas presidenciales; ● Considerar las medidas de las metas presidenciales para determinar la contribución de estas a la NDC.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 4. Mecanismo de asesoramiento de expertos independientes Un elemento clave para el desarrollo e implementación de políticas de descarbonización y adaptación es la disponibilidad de conocimientos y datos científicos y expertos específicos del país, y el uso de esta información para la toma de decisiones.', 'Mecanismo de asesoramiento de expertos independientes Un elemento clave para el desarrollo e implementación de políticas de descarbonización y adaptación es la disponibilidad de conocimientos y datos científicos y expertos específicos del país, y el uso de esta información para la toma de decisiones. La República Dominicana ha logrado un progreso significativo en el desarrollo de una base de expertos nacionales en áreas relevantes. Metas: En este sentido, es necesario crear un mecanismo de asesoramiento y evaluación independiente con un rol formal e insumos determinados, en la Ley de Cambio Climático, en el proceso de: ● Determinación de metas; ● Estrategias y políticas de implementación; ● Evaluación periódica del progreso. 5.', 'Metas: En este sentido, es necesario crear un mecanismo de asesoramiento y evaluación independiente con un rol formal e insumos determinados, en la Ley de Cambio Climático, en el proceso de: ● Determinación de metas; ● Estrategias y políticas de implementación; ● Evaluación periódica del progreso. 5. Investigación, educación y fortalecimiento de capacidades El Observatorio de Cambio Climático y Resiliencia del Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC) actúa como fuente de insumos académicos e investigación sobre cambio climático en la República Dominicana. El Observatorio ha realizado esfuerzos en el desarrollo de investigaciones y producción de información relevante para realizar proyecciones del cambio climático y evaluar la efectividad de las políticas ya existentes y establecidas.', 'El Observatorio ha realizado esfuerzos en el desarrollo de investigaciones y producción de información relevante para realizar proyecciones del cambio climático y evaluar la efectividad de las políticas ya existentes y establecidas. La Carrera Nacional de Investigación del Ministerio de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología (MESCyT) ofrece fondos para investigación a sus miembros. El MEPyD también patrocina concursos de investigación, los cuales pueden fomentar que sigan el lineamiento de generar capacidades e impulsar la investigación y educación relacionada al cambio climático. Metas: El país coordinará el fortalecimiento institucional, la delimitación de temas prioritarios para la investigación y habilitar la participación de investigadores mediante concursos.', 'Metas: El país coordinará el fortalecimiento institucional, la delimitación de temas prioritarios para la investigación y habilitar la participación de investigadores mediante concursos. Es importante desarrollar programas de maestría y doctorado con componentes de investigación sobre medición de variables climáticas y formación de masa crítica para transparencia.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ● Fortalecer la base de evidencia sobre cambio climático, por ejemplo, una entidad tercera para: o Fortalecimiento institucional; o Delimitación de temas prioritarios para la investigación; o Participación de investigadores mediante concursos. ● Desarrollo de programas de maestría y doctorado con componente de investigación relacionados con la medición de variables climáticas y formación de masa crítica para la transparencia. 6.', '● Desarrollo de programas de maestría y doctorado con componente de investigación relacionados con la medición de variables climáticas y formación de masa crítica para la transparencia. 6. Arquitectura institucional para la financiación para la ejecución El Sistema MRV establece mediante el Registro de Apoyo y de Financiamiento la arquitectura institucional para rastrear el financiamiento y apoyo requerido para implementar acciones climáticas, incluyendo la inversión pública, la inversión del sector privado y la cooperación internacional reembolsable y no reembolsable. Metas: La República Dominicana fortalecerá la arquitectura institucional para poner en práctica mecanismos y herramientas financieras que permitan la movilización de recursos para la inversión compatible con los objetivos climáticos.', 'Metas: La República Dominicana fortalecerá la arquitectura institucional para poner en práctica mecanismos y herramientas financieras que permitan la movilización de recursos para la inversión compatible con los objetivos climáticos. A partir del 2021, el país estará inmerso en la revisión de la gobernanza financiera, sus procesos nacionales de planificación, administración presupuestaria, inversión y compra pública en materia de cambio climático para cumplir con sus compromisos bajo la NDC-RD 2020 y desarrollo sostenible para mejorar la eficiencia del gasto en su economía, atendiendo los siguientes asuntos: ● El rastreo del gasto público en cambio climático, con el fin de mejorar la transparencia y la toma de decisiones sobre la asignación del presupuesto y optimizar la acción pública en atender los retos que impone el cambio climático y la protección del medio ambiente.', 'A partir del 2021, el país estará inmerso en la revisión de la gobernanza financiera, sus procesos nacionales de planificación, administración presupuestaria, inversión y compra pública en materia de cambio climático para cumplir con sus compromisos bajo la NDC-RD 2020 y desarrollo sostenible para mejorar la eficiencia del gasto en su economía, atendiendo los siguientes asuntos: ● El rastreo del gasto público en cambio climático, con el fin de mejorar la transparencia y la toma de decisiones sobre la asignación del presupuesto y optimizar la acción pública en atender los retos que impone el cambio climático y la protección del medio ambiente. Componente 7. Vinculación ODS La acción climática y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) pueden verse como dos procesos paralelos.', 'Vinculación ODS La acción climática y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) pueden verse como dos procesos paralelos. Sin embargo, ambos necesitan la alineación de los procesos de planificación nacional de manera que se puedan relacionar las políticas, medidas y acciones para implementar la NDC y el cumplimiento de la Agenda Nacional de Desarrollo Sostenible a 2030 plasmada en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. De esta manera,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 podremos maximizar los esfuerzos de recursos, así como identificar claramente la integralidad y potencial de impacto en los sectores priorizados.', 'De esta manera,Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 podremos maximizar los esfuerzos de recursos, así como identificar claramente la integralidad y potencial de impacto en los sectores priorizados. Lograr las metas de la NDC, así como los ODS requieren de una transformación en todos los niveles del país y estas deben de estar reflejadas y monitoreadas en su estrategia de desarrollo nacional a corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'Lograr las metas de la NDC, así como los ODS requieren de una transformación en todos los niveles del país y estas deben de estar reflejadas y monitoreadas en su estrategia de desarrollo nacional a corto, mediano y largo plazo. El Plan de Acción para la NDC de la República Dominicana para el periodo 2019-2021 basado en la NDC-2015, a través de la metodología sin publicar diseñada por la Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) (cuyo propósito original es la evaluación de la contribución de los proyectos de desarrollo financiados por la entidad a las NDC y las Estrategias ODS de los países miembros), identificó que a través de sus 27 resultados y entregables contribuye a avanzar en la consecución de 15 de los 17 ODS.', 'El Plan de Acción para la NDC de la República Dominicana para el periodo 2019-2021 basado en la NDC-2015, a través de la metodología sin publicar diseñada por la Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) (cuyo propósito original es la evaluación de la contribución de los proyectos de desarrollo financiados por la entidad a las NDC y las Estrategias ODS de los países miembros), identificó que a través de sus 27 resultados y entregables contribuye a avanzar en la consecución de 15 de los 17 ODS. Asimismo, los 27 resultados estratégicos del Plan contribuyen como mínimo, con la consecución de 1 ODS. Algunos resultados son más transversales, en el sentido de involucrar a través de su ejecución 4 y 5 ODS.', 'Algunos resultados son más transversales, en el sentido de involucrar a través de su ejecución 4 y 5 ODS. Desde la perspectiva de las calificaciones, los ODS a los que más contribuye el Plan de Acción son, en orden descendente: ODS 13 (Acción por el clima); ODS 17 (Alianzas para lograr los objetivos); ODS 8 (Trabajo económico y decente); ODS 7 (Energía sostenible y no contaminante) y ODS 12 (Producción y consumo responsables). En el proceso de mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, la vinculación ODS con las metas indicadas sigue teniendo una fuerte correlación. En la actualización del Plan de Acción a partir de la NDC-RD 2020, se procederá a reflejar la conexión entre ambas agendas para mayor transparencia de este.', 'En la actualización del Plan de Acción a partir de la NDC-RD 2020, se procederá a reflejar la conexión entre ambas agendas para mayor transparencia de este. Inicialmente, los siguientes vínculos fueron encontrados analizando los indicadores ODS con las metas NDC-RD 2020 en sus áreas pertinentes: ODS Área directa de vinculación NDC-RD 2020 Justificación ODS.4 (Educación de calidad) ACE, Medios de implementación Alineación con el aseguramiento de que todos los alumnos adquieran los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos necesarios para promover el desarrollo sostenible, entre otras cosas mediante la educación para el desarrollo sostenible y los estilos de vida sostenibles y la contribución de la cultura al desarrollo sostenible.', 'Inicialmente, los siguientes vínculos fueron encontrados analizando los indicadores ODS con las metas NDC-RD 2020 en sus áreas pertinentes: ODS Área directa de vinculación NDC-RD 2020 Justificación ODS.4 (Educación de calidad) ACE, Medios de implementación Alineación con el aseguramiento de que todos los alumnos adquieran los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos necesarios para promover el desarrollo sostenible, entre otras cosas mediante la educación para el desarrollo sostenible y los estilos de vida sostenibles y la contribución de la cultura al desarrollo sostenible. ODS.5 (Igualdad de género) Elementos transversales Alineación con el aseguramiento de la participación plena y efectiva de las mujeres y la igualdad de oportunidades de liderazgo a todos los niveles decisorios en la vida política, económica y pública en torno a la Acción Climática Nacional.', 'ODS.5 (Igualdad de género) Elementos transversales Alineación con el aseguramiento de la participación plena y efectiva de las mujeres y la igualdad de oportunidades de liderazgo a todos los niveles decisorios en la vida política, económica y pública en torno a la Acción Climática Nacional. Promoviendo además políticas para el empoderamiento de todas las mujeres y las niñas a todos los niveles de la acción climática.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ODS No. 6 (Agua Limpia y saneamiento) Adaptación Alineación con las medidas del sector de seguridad hídrica de este documento referidas a la mejora de la calidad de agua de los ecosistemas para el abastecimiento dentro de las medidas de adaptación presentadas. ODS No.', '6 (Agua Limpia y saneamiento) Adaptación Alineación con las medidas del sector de seguridad hídrica de este documento referidas a la mejora de la calidad de agua de los ecosistemas para el abastecimiento dentro de las medidas de adaptación presentadas. ODS No. 7 (Energía asequible y No Contaminante) Mitigación Alineación con las opciones referida a la eficiencia energética para su implementación en equipos y procesos más eficientes y la energía renovable podrán lograr resultados más favorables en el sector eléctrico con una penetración cada vez mayor en la matriz nacional y en los sistemas aislados. ODS No.', '7 (Energía asequible y No Contaminante) Mitigación Alineación con las opciones referida a la eficiencia energética para su implementación en equipos y procesos más eficientes y la energía renovable podrán lograr resultados más favorables en el sector eléctrico con una penetración cada vez mayor en la matriz nacional y en los sistemas aislados. ODS No. 8 (Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) Alineación con crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenido puede impulsar el progreso del país (aumento del PIB y por consiguiente moderar la intensidad de las emisiones de GEI), acompañada de los co-beneficios donde se crean empleos decentes para todos y mejorar los estándares de vida de las personas. ODS No.', '8 (Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) Alineación con crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenido puede impulsar el progreso del país (aumento del PIB y por consiguiente moderar la intensidad de las emisiones de GEI), acompañada de los co-beneficios donde se crean empleos decentes para todos y mejorar los estándares de vida de las personas. ODS No. 9 (Industria, innovación e infraestructura) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) Aumento de las fuerzas económicas dinámicas y competitivas que generan el empleo y los ingresos en los procesos industriales que pueden incidir en mayor reducción de emisiones GEI e inversiones climáticas. Estas desempeñan un papel clave a la hora de introducir y promover nuevas tecnologías, facilitar el comercio internacional y pueden permitir el uso eficiente de los recursos.', 'Estas desempeñan un papel clave a la hora de introducir y promover nuevas tecnologías, facilitar el comercio internacional y pueden permitir el uso eficiente de los recursos. La innovación y el progreso tecnológico son claves para descubrir soluciones duraderas para los desafíos económicos y medioambientales. La inversión en investigación y desarrollo es clave en los países menos desarrollados. ODS No. 11 (Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) La rápida urbanización está dando como resultado un número creciente de habitantes en barrios pobres, infraestructuras y servicios inadecuados y sobrecargados (como la recogida de residuos y los sistemas de agua y saneamiento, carreteras y transporte), lo cual está empeorando la contaminación del aire y el crecimiento urbano incontrolado. ODS No.', '11 (Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) La rápida urbanización está dando como resultado un número creciente de habitantes en barrios pobres, infraestructuras y servicios inadecuados y sobrecargados (como la recogida de residuos y los sistemas de agua y saneamiento, carreteras y transporte), lo cual está empeorando la contaminación del aire y el crecimiento urbano incontrolado. ODS No. 12 (Producción y consumo responsable) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) El consumo y la producción sostenibles consisten en hacer más y mejor con menos. También se trata de desvincular el crecimiento económico de la degradación medioambiental, aumentar la eficiencia de recursos y promover estilos de vida sostenibles.', 'También se trata de desvincular el crecimiento económico de la degradación medioambiental, aumentar la eficiencia de recursos y promover estilos de vida sostenibles. El consumo y la producción sostenibles también pueden contribuir de manera sustancial a la mitigación de la pobreza y a la transición hacia economías verdes y con bajas emisiones de carbono.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ODS No. 13 (Acción por el clima) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación) Gobernanza Implementar sinergia con todos los artículos del Acuerdo de París (Artículos 2; 3; 4; 6 y 13) que conlleven a una ambición mayor en las NDC. Teniendo en cuenta la capacidad de los países para lidiar con los efectos del cambio climático mediante flujos financieros apropiados, un nuevo marco tecnológico y un marco de desarrollo de la capacidad mejorado.', 'Teniendo en cuenta la capacidad de los países para lidiar con los efectos del cambio climático mediante flujos financieros apropiados, un nuevo marco tecnológico y un marco de desarrollo de la capacidad mejorado. Se incorporan medidas relativas al cambio climático en las políticas, estrategias y planes nacionales. En ese sentido, se promueven a la vez mecanismos para aumentar la capacidad para la planificación y gestión eficaces en relación con el cambio climático. ODS No. 14 (Vida marina) Adaptación Existe una vinculación entre el sector Recursos Costeros Marinos en las medidas propuestas de este documento y los indicadores de este ODS en cuanto a la gestión sostenible y conservación de los ecosistemas marinos y costeros para lograr un aumento en su resiliencia climática. ODS No.', '14 (Vida marina) Adaptación Existe una vinculación entre el sector Recursos Costeros Marinos en las medidas propuestas de este documento y los indicadores de este ODS en cuanto a la gestión sostenible y conservación de los ecosistemas marinos y costeros para lograr un aumento en su resiliencia climática. ODS No. 15 (Vida de ecosistemas terrestres) Adaptación Existe un nexo entre el sector Recursos Ecosistema Biodiversidad y Bosques y los objetivos específicos del ODS 15 en cuanto a la rehabilitación de tierras y suelos degradados donde este documento lo enfoca como cambio de uso de suelo. ODS 16.', '15 (Vida de ecosistemas terrestres) Adaptación Existe un nexo entre el sector Recursos Ecosistema Biodiversidad y Bosques y los objetivos específicos del ODS 15 en cuanto a la rehabilitación de tierras y suelos degradados donde este documento lo enfoca como cambio de uso de suelo. ODS 16. (Paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación), Gobernanza, ACE Crear a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces y transparentes que rindan cuentas, de manera que el país pueda participar en las instituciones de gobernanza mundial, tales como la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático.', '(Paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación), Gobernanza, ACE Crear a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces y transparentes que rindan cuentas, de manera que el país pueda participar en las instituciones de gobernanza mundial, tales como la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. En ese sentido, garantizar el acceso público a la información, de conformidad con las leyes nacionales y los acuerdos internacionales, así como lo hace factible el Marco Nacional de Transparencia Climática y el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de los gases de efecto invernadero. Por lo tanto, promover y aplicar leyes y políticas no discriminatorias en favor del desarrollo sostenible.', 'Por lo tanto, promover y aplicar leyes y políticas no discriminatorias en favor del desarrollo sostenible. Los esfuerzos en Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático están alineados a garantizar la adopción en todos los niveles de decisiones inclusivas, participativas y representativas, así como también, a garantizar el acceso público a la información y proteger las libertades fundamentales, de conformidad con las leyes nacionales y los acuerdos internacionales. ODS 17. (Alianzas para lograr los Objetivos) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación), Gobernanza Fortalecer la movilización de recursos internos, incluso mediante la prestación de apoyo internacional, con el fin de mejorar la capacidad nacional de recaudar ingresos fiscales y de otra índole, de manera que se pueda mejorar la coherencia de las políticas para el desarrollo sostenible, así como la ejecución de la acción climática.', '(Alianzas para lograr los Objetivos) Integral (Mitigación/adaptación), Gobernanza Fortalecer la movilización de recursos internos, incluso mediante la prestación de apoyo internacional, con el fin de mejorar la capacidad nacional de recaudar ingresos fiscales y de otra índole, de manera que se pueda mejorar la coherencia de las políticas para el desarrollo sostenible, así como la ejecución de la acción climática. Se trabaja tambiénContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en alianzas para respetar el margen normativo y el liderazgo del país para establecer y aplicar políticas de erradicación de la pobreza y desarrollo sostenible.', 'Se trabaja tambiénContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 en alianzas para respetar el margen normativo y el liderazgo del país para establecer y aplicar políticas de erradicación de la pobreza y desarrollo sostenible. Asimismo, se fomentan y promueven la constitución de alianzas eficaces en las esferas pública, público-privada y de la sociedad civil, aprovechando la experiencia y las estrategias de obtención de recursos de las alianzas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXOS Tabla de Contenido ANEXO I. Principales planes, programas y estrategias en materia de política pública de cambio climático y/o que incluyen acciones de cambio climático 96 ANEXO II. Marco legal y normativo que hacen mención y/o relacionan con cambio climático (Publicadas/No derogadas). . 99 ANEXO III.', 'Marco legal y normativo que hacen mención y/o relacionan con cambio climático (Publicadas/No derogadas). . 99 ANEXO III. Síntesis de los principales marcos legales relacionados a la Acción Climática en estudio y/o aprobación (2019-2020). . 102 ANEXO IV. Insumos didácticos sobre la Acción Climática publicados nacionalmente con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/internacional (2010-2020) y estudios relacionados a ACE para tener en cuenta (2010-2020). . 104 ANEXO V. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven acciones de mitigación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2015- 2020) para tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. 106 ANEXO VI.', '. 104 ANEXO V. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven acciones de mitigación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2015- 2020) para tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. 106 ANEXO VI. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven medidas de adaptación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2003- 2020) a tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. . 111 ANEXO VII. Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010. . 118 ANEXO VIII.', 'Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010. . 118 ANEXO VIII. Formato narrativo y tabular para las opciones sectoriales de mitigación obtenidas de varios estudios (Asistencia Técnica) para el proceso de mejora y actualización de las NDC- RD 2020 para los sectores Energía e IPPU. . 140Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO I. Principales planes, programas y estrategias en materia de política pública de cambio climático y/o que incluyen acciones de cambio climático Área directa de vinculación Instrumento Año Descripción ACE Plan Nacional de Juventudes 2020-2030 2020 Instrumento de política pública para la planificación estratégica que busca ser un recurso técnico, que responda a las necesidades de las juventudes desde una mirada participativa, construida con y desde las y los jóvenes.', '. 140Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO I. Principales planes, programas y estrategias en materia de política pública de cambio climático y/o que incluyen acciones de cambio climático Área directa de vinculación Instrumento Año Descripción ACE Plan Nacional de Juventudes 2020-2030 2020 Instrumento de política pública para la planificación estratégica que busca ser un recurso técnico, que responda a las necesidades de las juventudes desde una mirada participativa, construida con y desde las y los jóvenes. Pretende profundizar las políticas públicas de juventud con una visión de largo plazo y dar continuidad a los esfuerzos que se han alcanzado hasta la fecha.', 'Pretende profundizar las políticas públicas de juventud con una visión de largo plazo y dar continuidad a los esfuerzos que se han alcanzado hasta la fecha. Este plan está estructurado en seis ejes: educación; empleo y emprendimiento; salud integral; medio ambiente sano (con enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático); justicia y seguridad ciudadana y participación e inclusión social y política. ACE / Elementos transversales Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género 2020-2030 (PLANEG III) 2019 Establece la transversalidad de género, basada en lo que dispone la Constitución de la República y que tiene como finalidad superar las desigualdades de derechos entre hombres y mujeres y lograr la equidad de género.', 'ACE / Elementos transversales Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equidad de Género 2020-2030 (PLANEG III) 2019 Establece la transversalidad de género, basada en lo que dispone la Constitución de la República y que tiene como finalidad superar las desigualdades de derechos entre hombres y mujeres y lograr la equidad de género. El plan se desarrolla a través de siete temas nacionales: educación para la igualdad, salud integral de las mujeres, autonomía económica, ciudadanía, democracia y participación política y social, igual de género y medio ambiente (con enfoque climático), violencia de género contra las mujeres y tecnologías digitales para la autonomía de las mujeres.', 'El plan se desarrolla a través de siete temas nacionales: educación para la igualdad, salud integral de las mujeres, autonomía económica, ciudadanía, democracia y participación política y social, igual de género y medio ambiente (con enfoque climático), violencia de género contra las mujeres y tecnologías digitales para la autonomía de las mujeres. Elementos transversales Plan Acción de Género y Cambio Climático (PAGCC) 2018 Orienta y promueve la acción del Estado para que las distintas entidades, con competencia en las tareas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, diseñen e implementen acciones que contribuyan a que mujeres y hombres tengan las mismas oportunidades para afrontar este fenómeno y avanzar hacia el desarrollo sostenible.', 'Elementos transversales Plan Acción de Género y Cambio Climático (PAGCC) 2018 Orienta y promueve la acción del Estado para que las distintas entidades, con competencia en las tareas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, diseñen e implementen acciones que contribuyan a que mujeres y hombres tengan las mismas oportunidades para afrontar este fenómeno y avanzar hacia el desarrollo sostenible. Adaptación Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana 2015- 2016 El Plan constituye una actualización del PANA anterior (Ministerio Ambiente, 2008) y define dos objetivos principales: 1) reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante adaptación y resiliencia; e 2) integrar la adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal en todas las políticas y sectores.', 'Adaptación Plan de Adaptación Nacional para el Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana 2015- 2016 El Plan constituye una actualización del PANA anterior (Ministerio Ambiente, 2008) y define dos objetivos principales: 1) reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, mediante adaptación y resiliencia; e 2) integrar la adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal en todas las políticas y sectores. De manera coherente con los demás instrumentos desarrollados en el tema, se establecen como sistemas prioritarios los siguientes: recursos hídricos; turismo; agricultura y seguridad alimentaria; salud; biodiversidad; bosques; recursos costero-marinos; infraestructuras y asentamientos humanos; energía.', 'De manera coherente con los demás instrumentos desarrollados en el tema, se establecen como sistemas prioritarios los siguientes: recursos hídricos; turismo; agricultura y seguridad alimentaria; salud; biodiversidad; bosques; recursos costero-marinos; infraestructuras y asentamientos humanos; energía. Cuenta con seis líneas estratégicas transversales: Manejo político-administrativo del tema del cambio climático, reducción del riesgo climático, coordinación intersectorial e interinstitucional, investigación en vulnerabilidad, adaptación e impactos y escenarios climáticos, fortalecimiento de los sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación, comunicación, información y educación e integración de la perspectiva de género. PNACC.pdfContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Integral Estrategia Nacional Saneamiento 2016 Propuesta de Estrategia Nacional de Saneamiento. Que contempla los ejes estratégicos: Acceso Universal a Agua y Saneamiento con Calidad; Sostenibilidad Económica-Financiera; Desarrollo Institucional con Participación Social; Sostenibilidad Ambiental; Prácticas Ciudadanas, Educación Sanitaria e Higiene.', 'Que contempla los ejes estratégicos: Acceso Universal a Agua y Saneamiento con Calidad; Sostenibilidad Económica-Financiera; Desarrollo Institucional con Participación Social; Sostenibilidad Ambiental; Prácticas Ciudadanas, Educación Sanitaria e Higiene. Integral Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional (INDC RD, por sus siglas en inglés) 2015 Fundamentada en el Plan DECCC y la END, la INDC RD reafirma la meta al 2030 de mitigar las emisiones de GEI del 25% respecto a la línea base del 2010. A la vez, en términos de adaptación, identifica como prioritarios los siguientes sectores: Agua para Consumo Humano, Energía, Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Asentamientos Humanos, y Turismo.', 'A la vez, en términos de adaptación, identifica como prioritarios los siguientes sectores: Agua para Consumo Humano, Energía, Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Asentamientos Humanos, y Turismo. Además, contempla la adaptación al cambio climático y contempla elementos transversales de la acción climática como: perdidas y daños, financiamiento, necesidades tecnológicas, construcción de capacidades y juventud y género. Integral Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) (Ley 2012 Establece la adaptación como uno de los ejes de intervención de la política del país en tema de cambio climático. Define la meta de mitigación al 2030 de una reducción del 25%, respecto a la línea base del 2010, de las emisiones per cápita nacionales de GEI, fijando líneas guía para alcanzarla.', 'Define la meta de mitigación al 2030 de una reducción del 25%, respecto a la línea base del 2010, de las emisiones per cápita nacionales de GEI, fijando líneas guía para alcanzarla. El documento contiene también líneas guía para la adaptación al cambio climático, a articularse con otros ejes, tales como la sostenibilidad ambiental, la gestión de riesgos, la cohesión territorial y la equidad de género.', 'El documento contiene también líneas guía para la adaptación al cambio climático, a articularse con otros ejes, tales como la sostenibilidad ambiental, la gestión de riesgos, la cohesión territorial y la equidad de género. Así como un eje de igualdad social que contempla temas transversales de la acción climática y los ODS como son: educación de calidad, igualdad de derechos y oportunidades, entre otros de-desarrollo.pdf Integral Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático 2012 Basada en el PANA-RD, el Plan DECCC y la END, en el documento se priorizan el sector Energía para la mitigación y los sectores Agua, Turismo y Forestal para la adaptación. Se promueven múltiples medidas de educación, capacitación y sensibilización.', 'Se promueven múltiples medidas de educación, capacitación y sensibilización. ACE Estrategia Nacional para Fortalecer los Recursos Humanos y las Habilidades para Avanzar hacia un Desarrollo Verde, con Bajas Emisiones y Resiliencia Climática (Estrategia Nacional ACE) 2012 Esta estrategia prioriza los sectores energía, turismo, recursos hídricos, agropecuaria y forestal, los que están directamente relacionados con la acción climática y plantea líneas de educación formal e informal y el desarrollo de capacidades. También, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sistema de educación y formación para entregar aprendizaje de acuerdo con las necesidades individuales e institucionales, la formación de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación en la difusión de información de cambio climático, y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades con la finalidad de acceder a fondos internacionales para proyectos de cambio climático.', 'También, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sistema de educación y formación para entregar aprendizaje de acuerdo con las necesidades individuales e institucionales, la formación de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación en la difusión de información de cambio climático, y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades con la finalidad de acceder a fondos internacionales para proyectos de cambio climático. Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Integral Acciones Nacionalmente Apropiadas de Mitigación (NAMAs, por sus siglas en inglés). 2011 Desde su primera NAMA en 2011, la República Dominicana cuenta con 8 NAMAs registradas (dos de ellas en fase de registro ante la CMNUCC. Dichas acciones están orientadas a la implementación del Plan DECCC y contemplan en distinta proporción elementos transversales de la acción climática.', 'Dichas acciones están orientadas a la implementación del Plan DECCC y contemplan en distinta proporción elementos transversales de la acción climática. Integral Plan Estratégico para el Cambio Climático (PECC) 2011-2030 en la República Dominicana 2011 Contiene el marco orientador de las acciones en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en el país. Contiene 3 ejes estratégicos: Institucional (dividido en 4 componentes y un total de 22 líneas de acción); Adaptación (dividido en 8 componentes y un total de 39 líneas de acción); y Mitigación (dividido en 7 componentes y un total de 28 líneas de acción). Integral Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC).', 'Integral Plan de Desarrollo Económico Compatible con el Cambio Climático (Plan DECCC). 2011 Contiene la meta al 2030 de duplicar el PIB, a la vez, en el mismo plazo, de reducir las emisiones de GEI. Mitigación Plan Energético Nacional (PEN) (CNE, 2010). 2010 El Plan reconoce la importancia de reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles e introduce entre sus lineamientos estratégicos el desarrollo de las fuentes de energía renovable. Importante destacar que dentro de sus líneas de acción para desarrollar los programas de eficiencia energética contemple un componente de educación e información. Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO II. Marco legal y normativo que hacen mención y/o relacionan con cambio climático (Publicadas/No derogadas).', 'Marco legal y normativo que hacen mención y/o relacionan con cambio climático (Publicadas/No derogadas). Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV) 2020 Ley 225-20 Ley sobre Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en la República Dominicana 2020 Ley 94-20 Que crea la Ley sobre Educación y Comunicación Ambiental 2018 Ley 44-18 Establece Pagos por Servicios Ambientales 2017 Decreto 26-17 Crea la Comisión interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible CDS Aprueba el Acuerdo de París suscrito por República Dominicana el 22 de abril de 2016, adoptado en París el 12 de diciembre de 2015, en la Vigesimoprimera Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, aprobada en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992.', 'Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV) 2020 Ley 225-20 Ley sobre Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en la República Dominicana 2020 Ley 94-20 Que crea la Ley sobre Educación y Comunicación Ambiental 2018 Ley 44-18 Establece Pagos por Servicios Ambientales 2017 Decreto 26-17 Crea la Comisión interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible CDS Aprueba el Acuerdo de París suscrito por República Dominicana el 22 de abril de 2016, adoptado en París el 12 de diciembre de 2015, en la Vigesimoprimera Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, aprobada en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992. G. O.', 'Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV) 2020 Ley 225-20 Ley sobre Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en la República Dominicana 2020 Ley 94-20 Que crea la Ley sobre Educación y Comunicación Ambiental 2018 Ley 44-18 Establece Pagos por Servicios Ambientales 2017 Decreto 26-17 Crea la Comisión interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible CDS Aprueba el Acuerdo de París suscrito por República Dominicana el 22 de abril de 2016, adoptado en París el 12 de diciembre de 2015, en la Vigesimoprimera Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, aprobada en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992. G. O. No.', 'Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Que crea el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de la República Dominicana (MRV) 2020 Ley 225-20 Ley sobre Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en la República Dominicana 2020 Ley 94-20 Que crea la Ley sobre Educación y Comunicación Ambiental 2018 Ley 44-18 Establece Pagos por Servicios Ambientales 2017 Decreto 26-17 Crea la Comisión interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible CDS Aprueba el Acuerdo de París suscrito por República Dominicana el 22 de abril de 2016, adoptado en París el 12 de diciembre de 2015, en la Vigesimoprimera Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, aprobada en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992. G. O. No. 10882 del 4 de mayo de 2017.', '10882 del 4 de mayo de 2017. 2017 Ley 63-17 Movilidad, Transporte Terrestre, Tránsito y Seguridad Vial. Instruye la Comisión Interinstitucional de Alto Nivel para el Desarrollo Sostenible, encargada de trazar la ruta para la implementación de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Aprueba la Enmienda de DOHA al Protocolo de Kioto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, adoptada en la Conferencia de las Partes, en fecha 8 de diciembre de 2012, en Doha, Qatar. G. O. No.10852 del 29 de julio de 2016.', 'G. O. No.10852 del 29 de julio de 2016. 2016 Ley 589-16 Ley sobre Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (Ley SSAN) Establece la política nacional de cambio climático con el objetivo de “gestionar la variabilidad climática atribuida, directa o indirectamente, a la actividad humana y a los efectos que genera sobre la población y el territorio nacional” Constitución de la República Dominicana. Plan de ordenamiento territorial.', '2016 Ley 589-16 Ley sobre Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (Ley SSAN) Establece la política nacional de cambio climático con el objetivo de “gestionar la variabilidad climática atribuida, directa o indirectamente, a la actividad humana y a los efectos que genera sobre la población y el territorio nacional” Constitución de la República Dominicana. Plan de ordenamiento territorial. “Es prioridad del Estado la formulación y ejecución, mediante ley, de un plan de ordenamiento territorial que asegure el uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Nación, acorde con la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático” Establece en su Artículo 1 la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, la cual se inspira en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y en el Protocolo de Kioto.', '“Es prioridad del Estado la formulación y ejecución, mediante ley, de un plan de ordenamiento territorial que asegure el uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Nación, acorde con la necesidad de adaptación al cambio climático” Establece en su Artículo 1 la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, la cual se inspira en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y en el Protocolo de Kioto. Dicha política es coherente con la Visión de la Nación a Largo Plazo, establecida en la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030. Transforma el Banco Nacional de Fomento de la Vivienda y la Producción (BNV), en el Banco Nacional de las Exportaciones (BANDEX). En su Art.', 'Transforma el Banco Nacional de Fomento de la Vivienda y la Producción (BNV), en el Banco Nacional de las Exportaciones (BANDEX). En su Art. 4 se especifica que una de sus operaciones consiste en brindar apoyo a la ejecución de proyectos ligados a las exportaciones que contribuyan a la preservación del medio ambiente y, por tanto, a mitigar el cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Integra en el Artículo 8.', '4 se especifica que una de sus operaciones consiste en brindar apoyo a la ejecución de proyectos ligados a las exportaciones que contribuyan a la preservación del medio ambiente y, por tanto, a mitigar el cambio climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Integra en el Artículo 8. La Comisión Nacional para otorgar Licencias de Técnicos de Refrigeración y Acondicionamiento de Aire (CONALTRAA), el cual tendrá como objetivo trabajar en coordinación con el Programa Nacional de Protección de la Capa Ozono (PRONAOZ), del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, en favor de la protección de la Capa de Ozono y la mitigación del cambio climático. Crea el Instituto Geográfico Nacional “José Joaquín Hungría Morell”. G. O. No.', 'Crea el Instituto Geográfico Nacional “José Joaquín Hungría Morell”. G. O. No. 10760 del 30 de junio de 2014. Entre sus considerandos, en el segundo dice que: Que es necesario que la República Dominicana alcance el desarrollo y la adecuada utilización de las metodologías, técnicas e instrumentos de la geografía, cartografía y geodesia con sus diferentes especialidades, dada su importancia para alcanzar los objetivos estratégicos de reducción de vulnerabilidad y gestión de riesgo, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de la pobreza.', 'Entre sus considerandos, en el segundo dice que: Que es necesario que la República Dominicana alcance el desarrollo y la adecuada utilización de las metodologías, técnicas e instrumentos de la geografía, cartografía y geodesia con sus diferentes especialidades, dada su importancia para alcanzar los objetivos estratégicos de reducción de vulnerabilidad y gestión de riesgo, ordenamiento territorial y reducción de la pobreza. Establece el reglamento operativo de la red nacional de producción más limpia y uso eficiente y sostenible, considera en el Artículo 10 de la Ley No.1-12, de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030, haciendo referencia al cuarto eje, que procura una sociedad de producción y consumo ambientalmente sostenible que adapta al cambio climático; una sociedad con cultura de producción y consumo sostenible, que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos y la protección del medioambiente y los recursos naturales y promueve una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Establece el reglamento operativo de la red nacional de producción más limpia y uso eficiente y sostenible, considera en el Artículo 10 de la Ley No.1-12, de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo 2030, haciendo referencia al cuarto eje, que procura una sociedad de producción y consumo ambientalmente sostenible que adapta al cambio climático; una sociedad con cultura de producción y consumo sostenible, que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos y la protección del medioambiente y los recursos naturales y promueve una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático. Dicta el reglamento de aplicación de la ley orgánica No. 1-12, que establece la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo de la República Dominicana 2030.', '1-12, que establece la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo de la República Dominicana 2030. En su artículo 52 describe los indicadores asociados al cuarto Eje Estratégico, que procura una Sociedad de Producción y Consumo Ambientalmente Sostenible que se Adapta al Cambio Climático, establecidos en el Artículo 28, de la Ley No.1-12. 2013 Decreto 337-13 Crea la Red Nacional de Producción más limpia y Uso Eficiente y Sostenible de los Recursos. Crea la red nacional de producción más limpia y uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos, coordinada por los Ministerios de Medio Ambiente y recursos naturales, de Industria y Comercio, y de Agricultura, considera el tercer y cuarto eje de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo sobre la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Crea la red nacional de producción más limpia y uso eficiente y sostenible de los recursos, coordinada por los Ministerios de Medio Ambiente y recursos naturales, de Industria y Comercio, y de Agricultura, considera el tercer y cuarto eje de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo sobre la adaptación al cambio climático. Ley de Incentivo a la Importación de Vehículos de Energía No Convencional. Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) 2030[1]: Proclamada el 26 de enero de 2012 y publicada en G.O. 10656. En sus cuatro ejes contiene líneas estratégicas relacionadas con el CC. Primer eje: Estado social democrático de derecho. Segundo eje: Sociedad con igualdad de derechos y oportunidades.', 'Segundo eje: Sociedad con igualdad de derechos y oportunidades. Tercer eje: Economía sostenible, integradora y competitiva y Cuarto eje: Sociedad de producción y consumo ambientalmente sostenible que se adapta al cambio climático. 2012 Decreto 364-12 La Escuela Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, adscrita a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y a la Defensa Civil. La Ley sobre el Fortalecimiento de la Capacidad Recaudatoria del Estado para la Sostenibilidad Fiscal y el Desarrollo Sostenible. G. O. No. 10697 del 13 de noviembre de 2012, la cual introduce el impuesto al carbono en la importación de vehículos.', '10697 del 13 de noviembre de 2012, la cual introduce el impuesto al carbono en la importación de vehículos. Creación del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo Forestal y la Unidad de Monitoreo Forestal y conformación de la Comisión sobre Monitoreo de Bosques del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Crea la Dirección General de Riesgos Agropecuarios (DIGERA) que es una plataforma para garantizar la inversión agropecuaria en el país. 2009 Decreto 874-2009 Reglamento de aplicación de la Ley 147-02 sobre gestión del riesgo que deroga los Capítulos 1,2,3,4 y 5 del Decreto No. 932-03. 2008 Decreto 601-08 Crea el Consejo para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio.', '2008 Decreto 601-08 Crea el Consejo para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Establece que el Estado fomentará el aprovechamiento y manejo de los residuos sólidos, la biomasa y los líquidos derivados de estos, exigiendo la adopción complementaria de prácticas de tratamiento adecuado, contempladas en las disposiciones de la Ley No. 64-00 Fomenta el uso de energía no convencional y Fuentes renovables que incluye incluyen los residuos urbanos, agrícolas e industriales derivados de la biomasa. Establece la organización, competencia, funciones y recursos de las municipalidades y le asigna al ayuntamiento competencias relacionadas con la gestión de riesgos.', 'Establece la organización, competencia, funciones y recursos de las municipalidades y le asigna al ayuntamiento competencias relacionadas con la gestión de riesgos. Su Artículo 20 le asigna atribuciones de carácter obligatorio a ayuntamientos o alcaldías en temas relacionados, como la protección y defensa civil, planeamiento urbano y la extinción de incendios Incentivo a las Energías Renovables y Regímenes Especiales, mayo 2007.Reglamento de Aplicación de la Ley No. 57-07, de Incentivo al Desarrollo de Fuentes Renovables de Energía y de sus Regímenes Especiales, aprobado por Decreto No. 202-08. Está relacionado con la Mitigación al cambio climático, pero se considera como parte de la sinergia entre adaptación-mitigación por favorecer la resiliencia del sector energético. Ley de Incentivos a las Fuentes Renovables de Energía y sus Regímenes Especiales (Ley No.', 'Ley de Incentivos a las Fuentes Renovables de Energía y sus Regímenes Especiales (Ley No. 57-07) el año 2012 incluye una serie de medidas para impulsar el desarrollo de las energías renovables y también objetivos específicos para que el sector eléctrico incremente su cuota de renovables a un 10.00% y 25.00% en la matriz de generación de electricidad para 2015 y 2025 respectivamente. Crea Autoridad Nacional de Asuntos Marítimos para proveer al Estado Dominicano las herramientas técnicas, científicas y jurídicas necesarias para la investigación, conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos vivos y no vivos del mar, existentes en nuestros espacios marítimos.', 'Crea Autoridad Nacional de Asuntos Marítimos para proveer al Estado Dominicano las herramientas técnicas, científicas y jurídicas necesarias para la investigación, conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos vivos y no vivos del mar, existentes en nuestros espacios marítimos. Crea la Secretaria de Estado de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo (hoy Ministerio) establece en las atribuciones y funciones de la institución a través del Articulo 3b: Ser el Órgano Rector del Sistema Nacional de Planificación e Inversión Pública y del Ordenamiento del territorio 2004 Ley 307-04 Crea el Consejo Dominicano de Pesca y Acuicultura 2004 Ley 200-04 Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública.', 'Crea la Secretaria de Estado de Economía Planificación y Desarrollo (hoy Ministerio) establece en las atribuciones y funciones de la institución a través del Articulo 3b: Ser el Órgano Rector del Sistema Nacional de Planificación e Inversión Pública y del Ordenamiento del territorio 2004 Ley 307-04 Crea el Consejo Dominicano de Pesca y Acuicultura 2004 Ley 200-04 Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública. 2004 Decreto 786-04 Decreto Presidencial que crea la Oficina Nacional de Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo LimpioContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Año Instrumento Legal Descripción Crea el Sistema Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta. Asigna la responsabilidad de su creación y operatividad a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias.', 'Asigna la responsabilidad de su creación y operatividad a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. Los instrumentos de la política de gestión de riesgos: a) El Sistema Nacional de PMR; b) El Plan Nacional de Gestión Integral de Riesgos a Desastres; c) El Plan Nacional de Emergencia; d) El Sistema Integrado Nacional de Información; y e) El Fondo Nacional de Prevención, Mitigación y Respuesta ante Desastres, es el instrumento de financiamiento del CNPMR para acciones de prevención y respuesta ante desastres. 2001 Resolución 141-01 Firma y ratificación del Protocolo de Kioto De Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología de la República Dominicana 2001 Ley 42-01 Gestión de riesgo en salud.', '2001 Resolución 141-01 Firma y ratificación del Protocolo de Kioto De Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología de la República Dominicana 2001 Ley 42-01 Gestión de riesgo en salud. 2001 Ley 158-01 Fomenta el Desarrollo Turístico en los Polos de escaso y nuevos desarrollos en provincias y localidades de gran potencialidad Ley General de Electricidad. Estableció el marco normativo sobre el cual opera el mercado eléctrico dominicano y promueve el uso racional de la energía véase Promulgada el 18 de agosto del 2000 y publicada en G.O. 10056 en su Capitulo IV, Sección I y Artículo 17 crea la Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (hoy Ministerio), como organismo rector de la gestión del medio ambiente y de los recursos naturales.', '10056 en su Capitulo IV, Sección I y Artículo 17 crea la Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (hoy Ministerio), como organismo rector de la gestión del medio ambiente y de los recursos naturales. Es a partir de este marco legal que se dispone de un amplio número de reglamentos sobre contaminación de calidad de aire y control de emisiones, calidad agua, entre otras. 2000 Ley No. 49-00 Que crea la Secretaría de Estado de la Juventud 2000 Ley 41-00 Que crea la Secretaría de Estado de Educación Ley de Hidrocarburos, la cual establece un impuesto al consumo de combustibles fósiles y derivados del petróleo despachados a través de la Refinería Dominicana de Petróleo. Véase 1999* Ley Núm.', '49-00 Que crea la Secretaría de Estado de la Juventud 2000 Ley 41-00 Que crea la Secretaría de Estado de Educación Ley de Hidrocarburos, la cual establece un impuesto al consumo de combustibles fósiles y derivados del petróleo despachados a través de la Refinería Dominicana de Petróleo. Véase 1999* Ley Núm. 86-99 Que crea la Secretaría de Estado de la Mujer. 1998* Resolución 182-98 Firma y ratificación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Ley General de Educación de la República Dominicana mediante la Ley 66, por primera vez introduce lineamientos relacionados con la gestión del riesgo a desastres y el manejo del ambiente. Crea la Oficina de Defensa Civil con jurisdicción nacional.', 'Crea la Oficina de Defensa Civil con jurisdicción nacional. Principales atribuciones asistencia y socorro a las comunidades afectadas por eventos naturales, especialmente durante la temporada de ciclones *: Estos instrumentos legales han sido considerados por su alta relevancia con la temática, aunque salen del rango predeterminado para este levantamiento. ANEXO III. Síntesis de los principales marcos legales relacionados a la Acción Climática en estudio y/o aprobación (2019-2020). Clasificación Estado Descripción Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de AguaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial Proyecto-Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de Cambio Climático Proyecto-Ley En revisión y aprobación Una legislación prevista para la Eficiencia Energética y Uso Racional de la Energía.', 'Clasificación Estado Descripción Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de AguaContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial Proyecto-Ley En revisión y aprobación Ley de Cambio Climático Proyecto-Ley En revisión y aprobación Una legislación prevista para la Eficiencia Energética y Uso Racional de la Energía. Resolución En revisión y aprobación Revisión de la Enmienda de Kigali Proyecto-Ley En revisión y aprobación Una legislación prevista es el Pacto De Electricidad que tiene como objetivo aumentar la competitividad de la nación y mejorar el nivel de vida de los dominicanos. El Pacto Eléctrico debería haber sido aprobado en diciembre de 2017 por el presidente de República Dominicana.', 'El Pacto Eléctrico debería haber sido aprobado en diciembre de 2017 por el presidente de República Dominicana. Resolución Convenio firmado, pendiente proceso de ratificación y promulgación Acuerdo de EscazúContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO IV. Insumos didácticos sobre la Acción Climática publicados nacionalmente con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/internacional (2010-2020) y estudios relacionados a ACE para tener en cuenta (2010-2020). Material didáctico / autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción La Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático y su potencial transformador en América Latina. Programa EUROCLIMA+, Dirección General de Desarrollo y Cooperación – EuropeAid. Comisión Europea El estudio tiene como objetivo presentar el estado del arte en América Latina en materia de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático.', 'Comisión Europea El estudio tiene como objetivo presentar el estado del arte en América Latina en materia de Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático. Facilita elementos e información acerca de instrumentos relevantes para articular capacidades, diseñar e implementar acciones de educación, formación y sensibilización social, de participación ciudadana y de acceso público a la información en toda la región. EUROCLIMA.pdf Guía institucional de buenas prácticas compatibles con el clima CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ Guía Institucional de Buenas Prácticas Compatibles con el Clima, para el cuidado integral del espacio laboral, como un ejercicio y expresión de compromiso institucional para enfrentar el cambio climático y contribuir a alcanzar las metas nacionales relativas a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).', 'EUROCLIMA.pdf Guía institucional de buenas prácticas compatibles con el clima CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ Guía Institucional de Buenas Prácticas Compatibles con el Clima, para el cuidado integral del espacio laboral, como un ejercicio y expresión de compromiso institucional para enfrentar el cambio climático y contribuir a alcanzar las metas nacionales relativas a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Su implementación impacta el objetivo #3, relativo a la Salud y el Bienestar; el objetivo #7, sobre Energía Asequible y No Contaminante; el objetivo #12, sobre Producción y Consumo Responsables; el objetivo #13, alusivo a la Acción por el Clima, y el objetivo #15, sobre Vida de Ecosistemas Terrestres.', 'Su implementación impacta el objetivo #3, relativo a la Salud y el Bienestar; el objetivo #7, sobre Energía Asequible y No Contaminante; el objetivo #12, sobre Producción y Consumo Responsables; el objetivo #13, alusivo a la Acción por el Clima, y el objetivo #15, sobre Vida de Ecosistemas Terrestres. SELECCIÓN DE LECTURAS para la Cobertura Periodística del Cambio Climático CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ, UNESCO Selección de Lecturas para la Cobertura Periodística del Cambio Climático, tomadas en parte del Manual para Periodistas de la UNESCO. Informe sobre el Cambio Climático y el Desarrollo Sostenible en Asia y el Pacífico. (UNESCO 2018: Getting the Message Across. Reporting on Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific: A Handbook for Journalists).', 'Reporting on Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific: A Handbook for Journalists). Si bien en esta Selección de Lecturas aparecen muchos ejemplos que se refieren al contexto de la región Asia–Pacífico, pueden ser extrapolados a cualquier otra región. Aquellas referencias a particularidades de esa zona del mundo que no son generalizables fueron eliminadas Guía Escolar para el estudio de Ecosistemas de Agua Dulce: Ríos y Lagos CNCCMDL, CNDU La guía busca concienciar sobre el cambio climático en países del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA). Fortalecer la enseñanza sobre los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas de agua dulce: ríos y lagos.', 'Fortalecer la enseñanza sobre los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas de agua dulce: ríos y lagos. Fomentar el pensamiento crítico y la toma de decisiones, así como la acción para el bien colectivo sobre los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas de agua dulce. Capacitar y empoderar a las y los participantes en temas y acciones para el cambio climático y que se conviertan en agentes de cambio en sus instituciones educativas. Promover la integración de la comunidad (líderes comunitarios), con el fin de empoderarla en el cuidado y preservación de ríos y lagos como ecosistemas indispensables para el desarrollo sostenible.', 'Promover la integración de la comunidad (líderes comunitarios), con el fin de empoderarla en el cuidado y preservación de ríos y lagos como ecosistemas indispensables para el desarrollo sostenible. Reforzar las acciones de formación y sensibilización de los participantes mediante la integración y uso de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), favoreciendo la innovación educativa. Fascículos plan LEA Listin Diario, CNCCMDL, entre otros. Fascículos educativos con enfoque climático para estudiantes de los niveles básicos y medio, desarrollos en el marco de las colaboraciones de la Semana de la Geografía del Plan LEA.', 'Fascículos educativos con enfoque climático para estudiantes de los niveles básicos y medio, desarrollos en el marco de las colaboraciones de la Semana de la Geografía del Plan LEA. Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Original “Climate Change in the Classroom: Secondary teacher Education Course on Climate Change Education for Sustainable Development” / español: “Cambio Climático en el Aula: Curso para docentes de secundaria en educación sobre el cambo climático para el desarrollo sostenible” UNESCO/CNCCMDL Original Español Concretamente este curso está diseñado para facultar a los docentes de las diferentes asignaturas para insertar la educación sobre el cambio climático para el desarrollo sostenible (ECCDS) en todo el currículo escolar. Los docentes afrontan una tarea exigente.', 'Los docentes afrontan una tarea exigente. Necesitan comprender qué y cómo enseñar sobre las complejas fuerzas que impulsan al cambio climático, así como, sus efectos sobre la cultura, la seguridad, el bienestar y las perspectivas de desarrollo. Guía para la elaboración de planes escolares de gestión de riesgos Programa de prevención de desastres y Gestión de riesgos (1708/oc-dr) DGODT; MINERD; BID; Con esta Guía se pretende instaurar las conductas seguras en la población estudiantil activa en el Sistema Educativo Nacional, para lograr que los actores adquieran destrezas de respuesta inmediata y positiva con acciones que puedan salvar sus vidas y las de sus semejantes ante cualquier tipo de evento de desastre.', 'Guía para la elaboración de planes escolares de gestión de riesgos Programa de prevención de desastres y Gestión de riesgos (1708/oc-dr) DGODT; MINERD; BID; Con esta Guía se pretende instaurar las conductas seguras en la población estudiantil activa en el Sistema Educativo Nacional, para lograr que los actores adquieran destrezas de respuesta inmediata y positiva con acciones que puedan salvar sus vidas y las de sus semejantes ante cualquier tipo de evento de desastre. de-riesgos.pdf Nivel de Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el Tema de Cambio Climático - Informe Final CNCCMDL – GALLUP – TNC - PNUD - USAID Resultados finales de la investigación "Nivel De Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el tema Cambio climático" realizado por Gallup.', 'de-riesgos.pdf Nivel de Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el Tema de Cambio Climático - Informe Final CNCCMDL – GALLUP – TNC - PNUD - USAID Resultados finales de la investigación "Nivel De Conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre el tema Cambio climático" realizado por Gallup. Captura el nivel de conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre tema de cambio climático, en particular sobre elementos relacionados a los riesgos, la vulnerabilidad, las necesidades de adaptación a los efectos adversos al cambio climático, y las opciones de mitigación. Experiencias de educación, formación y sensibilización del público para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres en América Latina y el Caribe CNCCMDL; CMNUCC; ISDR; Gobierno de España; FUNGLODE El documento recopila experiencias de educación, formación y sensibilización del público, como otros elementos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres en América Latina y el Caribe.', 'Captura el nivel de conocimiento y la percepción de la población dominicana sobre tema de cambio climático, en particular sobre elementos relacionados a los riesgos, la vulnerabilidad, las necesidades de adaptación a los efectos adversos al cambio climático, y las opciones de mitigación. Experiencias de educación, formación y sensibilización del público para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres en América Latina y el Caribe CNCCMDL; CMNUCC; ISDR; Gobierno de España; FUNGLODE El documento recopila experiencias de educación, formación y sensibilización del público, como otros elementos de la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático y la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres en América Latina y el Caribe. Infografías interactivas: Recursos Hídricos y Cambio Climático; Agropecuaria y Cambio Climático; Planificación y Cambio Climático CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ No identifica da Conjunto de infografías virtuales e impresas con definiciones básicas con las temáticas: Recursos Hídricos y Cambio Climático, Agropecuaria y Cambio Climático y Planificación y Cambio Climático.', 'Infografías interactivas: Recursos Hídricos y Cambio Climático; Agropecuaria y Cambio Climático; Planificación y Cambio Climático CNCCMDL, DIGECOOM, UE, GIZ No identifica da Conjunto de infografías virtuales e impresas con definiciones básicas con las temáticas: Recursos Hídricos y Cambio Climático, Agropecuaria y Cambio Climático y Planificación y Cambio Climático. Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO V. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven acciones de mitigación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2015- 2020) para tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020.', 'ANEXO V. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven acciones de mitigación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2015- 2020) para tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. Clasificación Estado/Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Publicado 2015 GIZ-CNCCMDL Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional (iNDC RD, por sus siglas en inglés) Fundamentada en el Plan DECCC y la END, la INDC RD reafirma la meta al 2030 de reducir las emisiones de GEI del 25% respecto a la línea base del 2010.Información sobre la Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional INDC-RD.', 'Clasificación Estado/Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Publicado 2015 GIZ-CNCCMDL Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional (iNDC RD, por sus siglas en inglés) Fundamentada en el Plan DECCC y la END, la INDC RD reafirma la meta al 2030 de reducir las emisiones de GEI del 25% respecto a la línea base del 2010.Información sobre la Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional INDC-RD. Véase: Documents/Dominican Republic/1/INDC-RD Agosto 2015 (español).pdf Estudio Publicado 2017 IRENA- CNE (2016) Renewable Energy Prospects: Dominican Republic, REmap 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi, renovables-Republica-Dominicana.', 'Véase: Documents/Dominican Republic/1/INDC-RD Agosto 2015 (español).pdf Estudio Publicado 2017 IRENA- CNE (2016) Renewable Energy Prospects: Dominican Republic, REmap 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi, renovables-Republica-Dominicana. Informe Publicado 2019 BID Establecimiento de la línea de base para la realización de un plan conceptual para la inclusión social de recicladores informales en el contexto del vertedero duquesa y la mancomunidad del Gran Santo Domingo (Política para la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos Municipales).', 'Informe Publicado 2019 BID Establecimiento de la línea de base para la realización de un plan conceptual para la inclusión social de recicladores informales en el contexto del vertedero duquesa y la mancomunidad del Gran Santo Domingo (Política para la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos Municipales). El informe final definido así en los términos de referencia tiene los siguientes objetivos: • “Caracterización del mercado, aspectos logísticos, de infraestructura y operativos de la actividad del reciclaje y su articulación con el servicio público de aseo, en el cual se analizará la dinámica comercial de la actividad de reciclaje: mercado (oferta/demanda): tipo y cantidad de material recuperado/día, formas de comercialización, clientes, precios, tipo de transporte (y costos asociados) y tipo de entrega (embalado, lavado, etc.).', 'El informe final definido así en los términos de referencia tiene los siguientes objetivos: • “Caracterización del mercado, aspectos logísticos, de infraestructura y operativos de la actividad del reciclaje y su articulación con el servicio público de aseo, en el cual se analizará la dinámica comercial de la actividad de reciclaje: mercado (oferta/demanda): tipo y cantidad de material recuperado/día, formas de comercialización, clientes, precios, tipo de transporte (y costos asociados) y tipo de entrega (embalado, lavado, etc.). Se identificarán los procesos llevados a cabo, la infraestructura, equipos y maquinaria existentes y requeridos”.', 'Se identificarán los procesos llevados a cabo, la infraestructura, equipos y maquinaria existentes y requeridos”. • “Establecimiento de la red de flujo de recursos en la cadena de valor de los residuos que llegan a Duquesa y de ser posible los que se desvían durante el proceso de recolección” • • “Determinar cualquier tipo de interés que pueda obstaculizar o impedir el éxito del Proyecto Culminado 2018 GEF/PNUD-CNCCMDL & Ministerio de Ambiente Tercera Comunicación Nacional de la República Dominicana para la Convención Marco de la Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estudio Culminado 2018 UNEP DTU Partnership -CNCCMDL Elaboración del mapa de ruta para la actualización que parte de la NDC de RD aprobada y ratificada con la firma del Acuerdo de París en 2015, Publicado por CNCCMDL 2018.', '• “Establecimiento de la red de flujo de recursos en la cadena de valor de los residuos que llegan a Duquesa y de ser posible los que se desvían durante el proceso de recolección” • • “Determinar cualquier tipo de interés que pueda obstaculizar o impedir el éxito del Proyecto Culminado 2018 GEF/PNUD-CNCCMDL & Ministerio de Ambiente Tercera Comunicación Nacional de la República Dominicana para la Convención Marco de la Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estudio Culminado 2018 UNEP DTU Partnership -CNCCMDL Elaboración del mapa de ruta para la actualización que parte de la NDC de RD aprobada y ratificada con la firma del Acuerdo de París en 2015, Publicado por CNCCMDL 2018. Documento relacionado con un nuevo planteamiento y planificación a nivel sectorial para convertir sus contribuciones en acciones de mitigación y medidas de adaptación según correspondan a las circunstancias nacionales actualizadas.', 'Documento relacionado con un nuevo planteamiento y planificación a nivel sectorial para convertir sus contribuciones en acciones de mitigación y medidas de adaptación según correspondan a las circunstancias nacionales actualizadas. Plan Estratégico Publicado 2017 Ministerio de la Presidencia Plan Dominicana Limpia. Implica desde la educación ciudadana, la recolección y disposición final de los residuos sólidos y el establecimiento de puntos limpios y centros de acopio, hasta la compra de equipos para los ayuntamientos, la intervención de los vertederos y el reciclaje con un enfoque de las 3Rs: reducir, reutilizar y recicla. Plan Estratégico Publicado 2017 Dpto. de Planificación y Desarrollo. INTRANT Plan estratégico del INTRANT para el periodo 2018-2020, el cual tiene un mandato legal de transformación de movilidad y de consolidación institucional que se desprende de la Ley 63-17.', 'INTRANT Plan estratégico del INTRANT para el periodo 2018-2020, el cual tiene un mandato legal de transformación de movilidad y de consolidación institucional que se desprende de la Ley 63-17. Plan Estratégico Publicado 2019 Banco Central Información sobre todos los sectores relacionados con la mitigación a partir del Balance Anual publicado por el Banco Central. Estudio Inédito 2019* ONU Medio Ambiente- Ministerio de Ambiente & MEM Estudios realizados por ONU Medio Ambiente (Iniciativa In lighting, Caribbean Cooling Initiative (C- COOL)- United for Efficiency (U4E), KCEP) específicamente el documento Estrategia Nacional de Refrigeración y Acondicionamiento de Aire en República Dominicana (ENRAA-RD) asistencia técnica Proyecto “C-COOL-U4E ONU Medio Ambiente-2019” Informe Nacional Publicado 2019 DGII e INTRANT Informe sobre el Parque Vehicular con cierre 2018. Dirección General de Impuestos Internos.', 'Dirección General de Impuestos Internos. Gerencia de estudios económicos y tributarios. Se puede apreciar la clasificación del parque vehicular en circulación en el país. Estudio En proceso BID e INTRANT Plan de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible del Gran Santo Domingo-2019. Plan de Acción Publicado 2019 PNUD-CNCCMDL & Ministerio de Ambiente Plan de Acción sobre Género y Cambio Balance Nacional Publicado 2019 Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) Publicación de datos en unidades propias sobre los consumos energéticos para varios sectores de la economía en RD.', 'Plan de Acción Publicado 2019 PNUD-CNCCMDL & Ministerio de Ambiente Plan de Acción sobre Género y Cambio Balance Nacional Publicado 2019 Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) Publicación de datos en unidades propias sobre los consumos energéticos para varios sectores de la economía en RD. Balance Nacional de Energía Neta correspondiente al año 2018 (BNEN-Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Proyecto Culminado 2019 GIZ-ZACK & CNCCMDL Proyecto de Apoyo a la implementación del Plan DECCC de República Dominicana: Sectores Cemento y Residuos Sólidos. Plan de Acción Publicado 2019 NDC Partnership- CNCCMDL & MEPyD Documento base para seguir una hora de ruta para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, estableciendo objetivos claves, sectores, tareas y la alineación con los Proyecto Culminado 2020 UNEP DTU Partnership & CNCCMDL Iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT) - Proyecto de mitigación, esta asociación está trabajando en la creación de un instrumento legal (Decreto Presidencial) para el establecimiento del sistema MRV, incluido el apoyo.', 'Balance Nacional de Energía Neta correspondiente al año 2018 (BNEN-Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Proyecto Culminado 2019 GIZ-ZACK & CNCCMDL Proyecto de Apoyo a la implementación del Plan DECCC de República Dominicana: Sectores Cemento y Residuos Sólidos. Plan de Acción Publicado 2019 NDC Partnership- CNCCMDL & MEPyD Documento base para seguir una hora de ruta para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, estableciendo objetivos claves, sectores, tareas y la alineación con los Proyecto Culminado 2020 UNEP DTU Partnership & CNCCMDL Iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT) - Proyecto de mitigación, esta asociación está trabajando en la creación de un instrumento legal (Decreto Presidencial) para el establecimiento del sistema MRV, incluido el apoyo. Informe Nacional Publicado 2020 Dpto. de Planificación y Desarrollo.', 'Informe Nacional Publicado 2020 Dpto. de Planificación y Desarrollo. INTRANT Informe del Programa Operacional de Actividades (POA) para las actividades de transporte terrestre para el periodo julio-diciembre 2019. Estudio Inédito 2020* GIZ Proyecto de Transición Energética & Ministerio de Ambiente. Grupo Nacional del Clima. Actualización del Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero para la subcategoría Industrias de la Energía (1.A.1) Periodo 2015-2018. Fueron implementada las Directrices del IPCC 2006 y la recolección de la data partió del Balance Neto Energético Nacional (BNEN- CNE, 2019) Estudio Publicado 2020 PNUD- CMNUCC Factor de emisión para la red eléctrica en la República Dominicana. ASB0047-2020. Grid Emision Factor for the Dominican Republic.', 'Grid Emision Factor for the Dominican Republic. (February 2020-2023) Proyecto Publicado 2020 GEF/PNUD- Ministerio de Ambiente Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización relacionados con los Inventarios de GEI, las políticas y acciones de mitigación, el diseño de un sistema de MRV para las acciones de mitigación, así como un programa de transparencia y comunicación. fBUR Dominican Republic-2020.', '(February 2020-2023) Proyecto Publicado 2020 GEF/PNUD- Ministerio de Ambiente Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización relacionados con los Inventarios de GEI, las políticas y acciones de mitigación, el diseño de un sistema de MRV para las acciones de mitigación, así como un programa de transparencia y comunicación. fBUR Dominican Republic-2020. Estudio En proceso UNFCC Centro Regional St. George y Panamá & CNCCMDL Precio del Carbono- Iniciativa “Instrumentos Colaborativos para la Acción Climática Ambiciosa”(CI-ACA): evaluar los posibles instrumentos de fijación de precios del carbono para implementar el NDC, actualmente se trabaja para desarrollar las modalidades de los instrumentos de fijación de precios del carbono identificado.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estudio En proceso ONU Medio Ambiente/OMM & CNCCMDL Un inventario integrado de contaminantes climáticos de corta duración, contaminantes del aire y gases de efecto invernadero para República Dominicana: estimaciones de emisiones nacionales para 2010- 2018.', 'Estudio En proceso UNFCC Centro Regional St. George y Panamá & CNCCMDL Precio del Carbono- Iniciativa “Instrumentos Colaborativos para la Acción Climática Ambiciosa”(CI-ACA): evaluar los posibles instrumentos de fijación de precios del carbono para implementar el NDC, actualmente se trabaja para desarrollar las modalidades de los instrumentos de fijación de precios del carbono identificado.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Estudio En proceso ONU Medio Ambiente/OMM & CNCCMDL Un inventario integrado de contaminantes climáticos de corta duración, contaminantes del aire y gases de efecto invernadero para República Dominicana: estimaciones de emisiones nacionales para 2010- 2018. Se resumen en una evaluación integrada sobre el carbono negro y el ozono troposférico.', 'Se resumen en una evaluación integrada sobre el carbono negro y el ozono troposférico. Estudio En proceso Banco Mundial & CNCCMDL Vías de descarbonización RD: en el marco de la revisión de la NDC, se actualizarán los datos utilizados para la línea de base del subsector eléctrico y transporte, así como para el sector AFOLU (2018), desarrollará una curva MAC para identificar la reducción potencial de emisiones por sector y propondrá una hoja de ruta para la implementación de NDC para 2030 y 2050.', 'Estudio En proceso Banco Mundial & CNCCMDL Vías de descarbonización RD: en el marco de la revisión de la NDC, se actualizarán los datos utilizados para la línea de base del subsector eléctrico y transporte, así como para el sector AFOLU (2018), desarrollará una curva MAC para identificar la reducción potencial de emisiones por sector y propondrá una hoja de ruta para la implementación de NDC para 2030 y 2050. Estudio En proceso Banco Mundial & Ministerio de Ambiente Preparación para REDD + FCPF, con el objetivo de ayudar al diseño y llevar a cabo las actividades de preparación mediante el apoyo a la estrategia REDD+ del receptor (incluyendo financiamiento adicional) a través de un proceso participativo e inclusivo.', 'Estudio En proceso Banco Mundial & Ministerio de Ambiente Preparación para REDD + FCPF, con el objetivo de ayudar al diseño y llevar a cabo las actividades de preparación mediante el apoyo a la estrategia REDD+ del receptor (incluyendo financiamiento adicional) a través de un proceso participativo e inclusivo. Proyecto En proceso* GIZ-Ministerio de Ambiente & MEM Asistencia técnica a través del proyecto de Transición Energética para el fomento de energías renovables para implementar los objetivos climáticos en República Dominicana. Proyecto Fase Inicial* BID- MEPyD & Ministerio de Hacienda A través de su plataforma "NDC Invest", el banco está trabajando actualmente en los TdR para la evaluación del gasto climático del presupuesto nacional. Proyecto En proceso* ONU Medio Ambiente- Asociación de Hoteles de Playa Dorada- Ministerio de Turismo- Ministerio d Ambiente, Ministerio de Industria y Comercio & CNCCMDL.', 'Proyecto En proceso* ONU Medio Ambiente- Asociación de Hoteles de Playa Dorada- Ministerio de Turismo- Ministerio d Ambiente, Ministerio de Industria y Comercio & CNCCMDL. Transformando las cadenas de valor del turismo en los países y pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, para acelerar la resiliencia, el uso eficiente de los recursos y disminuir el nivel de emisión de carbono. “Hoja de ruta para un sector hotelero bajo en carbono y con un uso eficiente de los recursos en República Dominicana – Noviembre 2019” Estudio En proceso* Fundación Bariloche- OLADE & CNE-MEM Plan Indicativo de Generación Eléctrica para la Republica Dominicana.', '“Hoja de ruta para un sector hotelero bajo en carbono y con un uso eficiente de los recursos en República Dominicana – Noviembre 2019” Estudio En proceso* Fundación Bariloche- OLADE & CNE-MEM Plan Indicativo de Generación Eléctrica para la Republica Dominicana. Plan de Acción Publicado 2016 Ayuntamiento de Santo Domingo Oeste- DGODT- Unión Europea & PASCAL Este Plan Municipal contiene en su objetivo 5.4 el “Garantizar la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos y el Aprovechamiento de estos para la Generación de Energía Limpia”.', 'Plan de Acción Publicado 2016 Ayuntamiento de Santo Domingo Oeste- DGODT- Unión Europea & PASCAL Este Plan Municipal contiene en su objetivo 5.4 el “Garantizar la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos y el Aprovechamiento de estos para la Generación de Energía Limpia”. Se comprende de 7 proyectos de los cuales 4 contienen componentes de gestión de residuos sólidos que contribuyen a la reducción deContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 DGO-OESTE.pdf Agenda Publicado 2018 Ciudad Alternativa- COPADEBA- ACOPRO & Unión Europea La Agenda de Prioridades de SDN, en el tema Medio Ambiente, busca contribuir con la consecución del Eje 4 de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo.', 'Se comprende de 7 proyectos de los cuales 4 contienen componentes de gestión de residuos sólidos que contribuyen a la reducción deContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 DGO-OESTE.pdf Agenda Publicado 2018 Ciudad Alternativa- COPADEBA- ACOPRO & Unión Europea La Agenda de Prioridades de SDN, en el tema Medio Ambiente, busca contribuir con la consecución del Eje 4 de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo. El objetivo del tema Medio Ambiente es: Impulsar una articulación intersectorial para la gestión medioambiental del municipio de cara a una ciudadanía cuidada y comprometida con el cuidado y protección de los recursos naturales que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos.', 'El objetivo del tema Medio Ambiente es: Impulsar una articulación intersectorial para la gestión medioambiental del municipio de cara a una ciudadanía cuidada y comprometida con el cuidado y protección de los recursos naturales que gestiona con equidad y eficacia los riesgos. SANTO-DOMINGO-NORTE.pdf Plan de Acción Publicado 2018 IDAC- OACI &Unión Europea Plan de Acción para Reducción de Emisiones de CO2 (PARE-CO2) Provenientes de la Aviación Civil Internacional en República Dominicana. Estudio Publicado 2017 IDAC- OACI &Unión Europea Estudio de Viabilidad del uso de Combustibles de Aviación Sostenibles tiene un enfoque integral del conjunto de medidas para la reducción de las emisiones, incluida la tecnología y la normalización, los combustibles de aviación sostenibles (SAF).', 'Estudio Publicado 2017 IDAC- OACI &Unión Europea Estudio de Viabilidad del uso de Combustibles de Aviación Sostenibles tiene un enfoque integral del conjunto de medidas para la reducción de las emisiones, incluida la tecnología y la normalización, los combustibles de aviación sostenibles (SAF). Declaración Publicado 2016 IDAC- Ministerio Ambiente- JAC- CNE & CNCCMDL La Declaración de Punta Cana es una declaración para la implementación de una hoja de ruta presentada en el informe sobre el Estudio de Viabilidad del Uso de Combustibles de Aviación Sostenibles, firmada en el tercer seminario sobre “Creación de capacidad para la mitigación de las emisiones de CO2 procedentes de la aviación civil internacional”, en Punta Cana. Página 34, es el Anexo II en Plan de Acción En Fase Inicial* INTRANT & MEM Plan Movilidad Eléctrica.', 'Página 34, es el Anexo II en Plan de Acción En Fase Inicial* INTRANT & MEM Plan Movilidad Eléctrica. *Los documentos inéditos, en proceso y fase inicial no se le sitúan fuentes de consultas para no confundir hasta la culminación de los estudios y que sean aprobados por los sectores y actores involucrados en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO VI. Estudios y documentos relacionados con la NDC que conlleven medidas de adaptación publicados e inéditos con el apoyo de asistencia técnica nacional/ internacional (2003- 2020) a tener en cuenta en la NDC-RD 2020. Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Plan Estratégico de Gestión Ambiental y de Riesgos al año 2020 MINERD; DIGAR Formulado en 2009, actualizado el año 2011 y en 2020.', 'Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Plan Estratégico de Gestión Ambiental y de Riesgos al año 2020 MINERD; DIGAR Formulado en 2009, actualizado el año 2011 y en 2020. Apoyar el proceso de construcción social de una cultura dominicana que incorpore la GAR en su sistema de valores, actitudes y prácticas a partir de la vida escolar y promover el desarrollo de una infraestructura escolar más segura, inclusiva, resiliente y sostenible. DRR.pdf Plan de Acción de la NDC Media Ambiente, CNCCMDL, MEPYD Documento base para seguir una hora de ruta para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, con la asistencia de NDC Partnership, el CNCCMDL y el MEPyD estableciendo objetivos claves, sectores, tareas y la alineación con los ODS.', 'DRR.pdf Plan de Acción de la NDC Media Ambiente, CNCCMDL, MEPYD Documento base para seguir una hora de ruta para la mejora y actualización de la NDC-RD 2020, con la asistencia de NDC Partnership, el CNCCMDL y el MEPyD estableciendo objetivos claves, sectores, tareas y la alineación con los ODS. D.pdf Proyecto Iniciativa de transparencia para la acción climática (ICAT) – Componente Adaptación CNCCMDL; UNEP Tiene el objetivo general de fortalecer la capacidad de los países para implementar, monitorear y evaluar acciones de adaptación efectivas y eficientes de manera transparente en los sectores identificados como prioritarios. Fue realizado un piloto para el sector banano orgánico Final Report: Planning for Climate Adaption Program.', 'Fue realizado un piloto para el sector banano orgánico Final Report: Planning for Climate Adaption Program. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic USAID, ICMA, FEDOMU, INTEC, ICF USAID otorgó el Programa de Planificación para la Adaptación Climática de cuatro años a ICMA, con el objetivo de aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades en la República Dominicana (RD) a los impactos del cambio climático al mejorar la participación la planificación del uso del suelo. ICMA, colaboro con FEDOMU como el brazo implementador local, INTEC como desarrollador y administrador de la mayoría de las actividades de capacitación, e ICF International como el experto en planificación de la adaptación.', 'ICMA, colaboro con FEDOMU como el brazo implementador local, INTEC como desarrollador y administrador de la mayoría de las actividades de capacitación, e ICF International como el experto en planificación de la adaptación. Este programa se llevó a cabo en el Distrito Nacional (capital de la República Dominicana) y en tres municipios: Santiago, Las Terrenas y San Pedro de Macorís.', 'Este programa se llevó a cabo en el Distrito Nacional (capital de la República Dominicana) y en tres municipios: Santiago, Las Terrenas y San Pedro de Macorís. Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático para RD Media Ambiente, CNCCMDL, MEPyD, PNUD La TCNCC se presenta en 2017, contiene el Inventario Nacional de GEI actualizado al año base ¨2010¨, Estrategias de Mitigación con Revisión del Plan de Desarrollo Económico, Compatible con el Cambio Climático (PLAN DECCC), Modelación de nuevos Escenarios Climáticos, Análisis de Vulnerabilidad en Sectores Claves, y adaptación en sectores y sistemas priorizados, incluyendo la actualización del Plan de Adaptación Nacional. Este además incluye información sobre la Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático de la República Dominicana. Protocolo Nacional de actuación para la Protección Social Frente a Choques Climáticos.', 'Protocolo Nacional de actuación para la Protección Social Frente a Choques Climáticos. Vice- Presidencia de la Republica, PNUD Diseñado por la Vicepresidencia de la Republica, a través del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). Este programa se enfocó en la medición y cuantificación de la probabilidad de que un hogar sea vulnerable a huracanes, tormentas y sequias, dadas ciertas condiciones socioeconómicas, de ingreso, estructura física de la vivienda, cercanía al rio, cercanía al mar, etc. Para realizar la medición y cuantificación, se utilizaron variables espaciales, estructurales, socioeconómicas, demográficas de salubridad, resiliencia, entre otras.', 'Para realizar la medición y cuantificación, se utilizaron variables espaciales, estructurales, socioeconómicas, demográficas de salubridad, resiliencia, entre otras. El Índice de Vulnerabilidad Medioambiental de Hogares – IVAM-Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción uesclimaticos.pdf Clima Futuro en la República Dominica. Santo Domingo INTEC/USAID Documento síntesis del Proyecto Programa de información climática de USAID donde se presentan información hidro- climática de Republica Dominicana. Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2019-2022 Ministerio de La Presidencia El propósito básico del Plan Nacional SSAN es guiar la ejecución de las acciones estratégicas concebidas y definidas por las instituciones del sector, siguiendo los lineamientos políticos de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para un periodo de cuatro años, inicialmente 2019-2022.', 'Plan Nacional para la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2019-2022 Ministerio de La Presidencia El propósito básico del Plan Nacional SSAN es guiar la ejecución de las acciones estratégicas concebidas y definidas por las instituciones del sector, siguiendo los lineamientos políticos de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para un periodo de cuatro años, inicialmente 2019-2022. En la dimensión de gobernanza, concebida como transversal, se identifican cuatro áreas de intervención estratégica, que permean las demás dimensiones. Éstas son: i) producción sostenible de alimentos y desarrollo rural; ii) comercialización, distribución y consumo de alimentos; iii) información y educación alimentaria y nutricional, y iv) sostenibilidad ambiental y climática para la producción de alimentos.', 'Éstas son: i) producción sostenible de alimentos y desarrollo rural; ii) comercialización, distribución y consumo de alimentos; iii) información y educación alimentaria y nutricional, y iv) sostenibilidad ambiental y climática para la producción de alimentos. Plan Nacional Plurianual del Sector Público Está fundamentado en el concepto de "cadena de valor público", en base al cual la producción de bienes y servicios entregados a la sociedad por el sector público se enmarca en los ejes estratégicos de la END. Prevé un mecanismo de seguimiento y evaluación de resultados y metas alcanzadas. El cambio climático es considerado uno de los mayores desafíos para el desarrollo del país y el Capítulo XV del Plan está específicamente dedicado a "Una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático".', 'El cambio climático es considerado uno de los mayores desafíos para el desarrollo del país y el Capítulo XV del Plan está específicamente dedicado a "Una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático". Política de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (PCID) de la República Dominicana Fundamentada en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los instrumentos de política nacional correspondientes, la PCID postula la coordinación de múltiples actores e "inserta a la cooperación entre estados como parte de una política internacional contributiva al logro de una sostenibilidad basada en la cohesión económica, social, territorial e institucional del país, y como un instrumento de la Política Exterior que promueva una inserción internacional que coadyuve a la mejora del Índice de Presencia Global (IPG) del país".', 'Política de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (PCID) de la República Dominicana Fundamentada en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los instrumentos de política nacional correspondientes, la PCID postula la coordinación de múltiples actores e "inserta a la cooperación entre estados como parte de una política internacional contributiva al logro de una sostenibilidad basada en la cohesión económica, social, territorial e institucional del país, y como un instrumento de la Política Exterior que promueva una inserción internacional que coadyuve a la mejora del Índice de Presencia Global (IPG) del país". Estudios, levantamiento y diagnostico para la regeneración de playas en las Republica Dominicana ATTECO, EUROCONSULT, CEIZTUR Se realizan levantamientos y diagnósticos para la regeneración de ocho playas en las Republica Dominicana. Estudios geomorfológicos y soluciones.', 'Estudios, levantamiento y diagnostico para la regeneración de playas en las Republica Dominicana ATTECO, EUROCONSULT, CEIZTUR Se realizan levantamientos y diagnósticos para la regeneración de ocho playas en las Republica Dominicana. Estudios geomorfológicos y soluciones. Este documento en conjunto con el de QUATRE/DPPP, siguiente y el de los Puntos críticos de USAID/IDDI/PLENITUD 2013, constituirán la línea de base para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad.', 'Este documento en conjunto con el de QUATRE/DPPP, siguiente y el de los Puntos críticos de USAID/IDDI/PLENITUD 2013, constituirán la línea de base para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad. Diálogo de la Sociedad Civil y comunidades locales rumbo a la Conferencia del Clima de París (Sociedad Civil RD, 2015) El documento fue fruto de un espacio de análisis y discusión donde, en conjunto con representantes de instituciones pública, sector privado, mundo académico y organismos de cooperación internacional, más de 80 organizaciones de la sociedad civil y comunidades locales analizaron la situación de República Dominicana frente al cambio climático y formularon una posición para la COP 21, la cual fue parte de la documentación presentada por el país en la Conferencia del Clima.', 'Diálogo de la Sociedad Civil y comunidades locales rumbo a la Conferencia del Clima de París (Sociedad Civil RD, 2015) El documento fue fruto de un espacio de análisis y discusión donde, en conjunto con representantes de instituciones pública, sector privado, mundo académico y organismos de cooperación internacional, más de 80 organizaciones de la sociedad civil y comunidades locales analizaron la situación de República Dominicana frente al cambio climático y formularon una posición para la COP 21, la cual fue parte de la documentación presentada por el país en la Conferencia del Clima. El documentoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción contiene propuestas de líneas de acción en términos de mitigación, adaptación y recuperación, financiamiento, transferencia y desarrollo de tecnología, desarrollo de capacidades y transparencia de las accione y apoyo.', 'El documentoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción contiene propuestas de líneas de acción en términos de mitigación, adaptación y recuperación, financiamiento, transferencia y desarrollo de tecnología, desarrollo de capacidades y transparencia de las accione y apoyo. Environmental Security in the Dominican Republic: Promise or Peril? Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability Enfoque a la Seguridad Ambiental. Este es el informe de un estudio sobre la seguridad ambiental en la República Dominicana realizado por la Fundación para la Seguridad Ambiental y Sostenibilidad (FESS) para avanzar en el conocimiento y proporcionar soluciones prácticas para el medio ambiente preocupaciones que presentan riesgos para la seguridad nacional, regional y global. Climate Change And Coastal Zones. An Annex to the USAID Climate-Resilient Development Framework.', 'An Annex to the USAID Climate-Resilient Development Framework. March 2015 Prepared for: USAID, Global Climate Change Office, Climate Change Resilient Development project Washington DC. El propósito de este documento es identificar los factores estresantes que afectan la zona costera y proporcionar una visión general de las acciones de adaptación que pueden ayudar a los profesionales del desarrollo a integrar las preocupaciones climáticas en las estrategias, programas y proyectos en la zona costera. Para aquellos que administran, planifican o financian proyectos en la zona costera, comprender las implicaciones de la variabilidad y el cambio climáticos, denominados colectivamente aquí como “impactos climáticos”, es importante para el éxito a largo plazo.', 'Para aquellos que administran, planifican o financian proyectos en la zona costera, comprender las implicaciones de la variabilidad y el cambio climáticos, denominados colectivamente aquí como “impactos climáticos”, es importante para el éxito a largo plazo. Informe Final Simulación Escenarios Climáticos Proyecto Tercera Comunicación Nacional de la República Dominicana CATHALAC Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) llevó a cabo la Simulación de escenarios climáticos nacionales basado en modelos de las regiones del país seleccionadas, y análisis de la afectación de dichos escenarios a la seguridad hídrica, alimentaria y energética del país.', 'Informe Final Simulación Escenarios Climáticos Proyecto Tercera Comunicación Nacional de la República Dominicana CATHALAC Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) llevó a cabo la Simulación de escenarios climáticos nacionales basado en modelos de las regiones del país seleccionadas, y análisis de la afectación de dichos escenarios a la seguridad hídrica, alimentaria y energética del país. Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector Agropecuario de la República Dominicana 2014-2020 (Ministerio de Agricultura, 2014) El documento define e impulsa "procesos de innovación e investigación agrícola mediante la utilización de un modelo que permita ajustar, reducir y lograr una mayor capacidad de resiliencia de los sistemas de producción ante la vulnerabilidad y los efectos del cambio climático".', 'Estrategia Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el sector Agropecuario de la República Dominicana 2014-2020 (Ministerio de Agricultura, 2014) El documento define e impulsa "procesos de innovación e investigación agrícola mediante la utilización de un modelo que permita ajustar, reducir y lograr una mayor capacidad de resiliencia de los sistemas de producción ante la vulnerabilidad y los efectos del cambio climático". Mapa de la Pobreza en la República Dominicana MEPYD/UAAES/SIUBEN/ONE/DGODT Es un instrumento del sistema nacional de planificación y de la política social de gran relevancia para la identificación de los microespacios geográficos del territorio donde predomina la pobreza. El paquete contiene un conjunto de 35 documentos: un Informe general, un Apéndice estadístico y un Atlas de la pobreza que, a su vez, abarca un subconjunto de 33 documentos.', 'El paquete contiene un conjunto de 35 documentos: un Informe general, un Apéndice estadístico y un Atlas de la pobreza que, a su vez, abarca un subconjunto de 33 documentos. El Informe general es un documento de carácter técnico en el que se presentan los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados en la medición de la pobreza multidimensional y el análisis de los resultados. El Índice de Vulnerabilidad Medioambiental de Hogares – IVAM- Diseñado por la Vicepresidencia de la Republica, a través del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).', 'El Índice de Vulnerabilidad Medioambiental de Hogares – IVAM- Diseñado por la Vicepresidencia de la Republica, a través del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). Este programa se enfocó en la medición y cuantificación de la probabilidad de que un hogar sea vulnerable a huracanes, tormentas y sequias, dadas ciertas condiciones socioeconómicas, de ingreso, estructura física de la vivienda, cercanía al rio, cercanía al mar, etc. Para realizar la medición yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción cuantificación, se utilizaron variables espaciales, estructurales, socioeconómicas, demográficas de salubridad, resiliencia, entre otras.', 'Para realizar la medición yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción cuantificación, se utilizaron variables espaciales, estructurales, socioeconómicas, demográficas de salubridad, resiliencia, entre otras. Estado del Arte en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria de la República Dominicana Ministerio de Agricultura, Programa de Investigación CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS) , Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano (CAC) Incluye el marco gubernamental y actores involucrados en torno a esta temática. En el documento se evidencia como los efectos del cambio climático han afectado el campo dominicano en gran parte de sus cultivos y como el gobierno ha venido enfatizando esfuerzos para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y aumentar su resiliencia mediante políticas públicas y acciones integrales.', 'En el documento se evidencia como los efectos del cambio climático han afectado el campo dominicano en gran parte de sus cultivos y como el gobierno ha venido enfatizando esfuerzos para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y aumentar su resiliencia mediante políticas públicas y acciones integrales. Puntos críticos para la vulnerabilidad a la variabilidad y al cambio climático en la República Dominicana y su adaptación al mismo (USAID/TNC/IDDI/PLENITUD) Se analizaron seis sectores prioritarios a nivel provincial para la RD: Agricultura, para las inundaciones y para la sequía, Agua para consumo humano, Energía, Sistemas de Áreas Protegidas, Asentamientos humanos y Turismo. Se realiza a través de indicadores biofísicos y socioeconómicos, se realiza un Índice de vulnerabilidad y se presentan a nivel nacional por provincias.', 'Se realiza a través de indicadores biofísicos y socioeconómicos, se realiza un Índice de vulnerabilidad y se presentan a nivel nacional por provincias. El objetivo es sentar las bases para la comprensión del sistema climático y sus dinámicas, con énfasis en el análisis de vulnerabilidad y la identificación de puntos clave para sugerir medidas que puedan orientar el diseño y la ejecución de las actividades de adaptación al cambio climático (USAID/TNC/IDDI/PLENITUD). Este documento en conjunto con el de ATTECO/CEIZTUR 2016 y el del análisis geo ambiental de playas de QU4TRE, Departamento de Proyectos y Planificación (DPP)constituirán la línea de base para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad.', 'Este documento en conjunto con el de ATTECO/CEIZTUR 2016 y el del análisis geo ambiental de playas de QU4TRE, Departamento de Proyectos y Planificación (DPP)constituirán la línea de base para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad. Dominican Republic Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report African And Latin American Resilience To Climate Change- ARCC- (TetraTech/USAID) El enfoque general del reporte de la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático tiene seis pasos: a) un examen teórico de toda la literatura relevante, una visita de alcance; b) una fase de evaluación de campo; c) recopilación de datos y análisis; d) una presentación de los resultados; e) un análisis participativo; y f) definición de opciones de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Dominican Republic Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report African And Latin American Resilience To Climate Change- ARCC- (TetraTech/USAID) El enfoque general del reporte de la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático tiene seis pasos: a) un examen teórico de toda la literatura relevante, una visita de alcance; b) una fase de evaluación de campo; c) recopilación de datos y análisis; d) una presentación de los resultados; e) un análisis participativo; y f) definición de opciones de adaptación al cambio climático. EL objetivo de la evaluación fue mejorar la información y conocimiento existente sobre los impactos del cambio climático en las cuencas hidrográficas y los recursos costeros -, así como las personas que dependen de ellos – en los cuatro puntos sensibles al clima identificados en los objetivos de evaluación El Plan de Contingencia Agropecuario Ministerio de Agricultura, COE, Defensa Civil El Plan de Contingencia Agropecuario (2013), es un plan orientado a la reducción de vulnerabilidades, por medio de la prevención y mitigación, a la vez se desarrollan estrategias para atender las emergencias agropecuarias que se puedan dar en el país, es una herramienta de trabajo para reducir los factores de vulnerabilidad, estos esfuerzos son coordinados por el Ministerio de Agricultura a través de su Departamento de Gestión de Riesgo y Cambio Climático, y por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Defensa Civil.', 'EL objetivo de la evaluación fue mejorar la información y conocimiento existente sobre los impactos del cambio climático en las cuencas hidrográficas y los recursos costeros -, así como las personas que dependen de ellos – en los cuatro puntos sensibles al clima identificados en los objetivos de evaluación El Plan de Contingencia Agropecuario Ministerio de Agricultura, COE, Defensa Civil El Plan de Contingencia Agropecuario (2013), es un plan orientado a la reducción de vulnerabilidades, por medio de la prevención y mitigación, a la vez se desarrollan estrategias para atender las emergencias agropecuarias que se puedan dar en el país, es una herramienta de trabajo para reducir los factores de vulnerabilidad, estos esfuerzos son coordinados por el Ministerio de Agricultura a través de su Departamento de Gestión de Riesgo y Cambio Climático, y por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y Defensa Civil. Plan de Acción de Necesidades Tecnológicas - ENT- para la Adaptación de la RD Ministerio de Medioambiente y Recursos Naturales/PLENITUD/PNUMA RISOE El desarrollo del plan de acción tecnológico para la adaptación conllevó a, de una parte, organizar las prioridades respecto a cada medida agrupada, establecer las metas e hitos clave para el desarrollo de la tecnología, describir las medidas que habilitarían el entorno para la transferencia y difusión, así como las entidades responsables de llevar a cabo los procesos y los requerimientos financieros.', 'Plan de Acción de Necesidades Tecnológicas - ENT- para la Adaptación de la RD Ministerio de Medioambiente y Recursos Naturales/PLENITUD/PNUMA RISOE El desarrollo del plan de acción tecnológico para la adaptación conllevó a, de una parte, organizar las prioridades respecto a cada medida agrupada, establecer las metas e hitos clave para el desarrollo de la tecnología, describir las medidas que habilitarían el entorno para la transferencia y difusión, así como las entidades responsables de llevar a cabo los procesos y los requerimientos financieros. Se realiza el Plan de Acción para tecnologías priorizadas para el sector hídrico, sistema forestal y del sector turismo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía (PAN-LCD) El Programa presenta las acciones que deben implementarse en el país, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo para enfrentar el problema de degradación de la tierra y mitigar los efectos de la desertificación y sequía, con énfasis en las zonas más afectadas del país.', 'Se realiza el Plan de Acción para tecnologías priorizadas para el sector hídrico, sistema forestal y del sector turismo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía (PAN-LCD) El Programa presenta las acciones que deben implementarse en el país, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo para enfrentar el problema de degradación de la tierra y mitigar los efectos de la desertificación y sequía, con énfasis en las zonas más afectadas del país. Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático Ministerio Ambiente Basada en el PANA RD, el Plan DECCC y la END, en el documento se priorizan el sector Energía para la mitigación y los sectores Agua, Turismo y Forestal para la adaptación.', 'Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas (ENT) para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático Ministerio Ambiente Basada en el PANA RD, el Plan DECCC y la END, en el documento se priorizan el sector Energía para la mitigación y los sectores Agua, Turismo y Forestal para la adaptación. Diagnóstico de Capacidades para Enfrentar los Desafíos de Adaptación al Cambio Climático. (Programa REDD CCAD/GIZ) Se identifican y determinan las prioridades para la mitigación y adaptación y transferencia de tecnología para enfrentar el cambio climático.', '(Programa REDD CCAD/GIZ) Se identifican y determinan las prioridades para la mitigación y adaptación y transferencia de tecnología para enfrentar el cambio climático. Su aplicación permitirá al país a lograr la equidad en el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente, propiciar la baja en las emisiones y reducir la vulnerabilidad, estrategias que deben ponerse en práctica para acelerar la investigación y el desarrollo, el despliegue y la difusión de tecnologías, y las necesidades de recursos y actividades a realizar: planes de acción tecnológica, se formularon 18 perfiles de proyectos, 14 proyectos de adaptación y 4 de Mitigación de varias instituciones nacionales. Climate Change Risk Profile for The Dominican Republic AusAID/ DFID CARIBSAVE.', 'Climate Change Risk Profile for The Dominican Republic AusAID/ DFID CARIBSAVE. The Caribsave Climate Change Risk Atlas (Cccra) Enfoques intersectoriales basados en la evidencia para examinar los riesgos del cambio climático, la vulnerabilidad y la capacidad de adaptación; y desarrollar estrategias de respuesta pragmáticas para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia. Análisis, clasificación y propuestas de gestión geo ambiental de las playas de República Dominicana El estudio consistió en una evaluación geo ambiental de las playas del país, con el fin de determinar el estado de conservación, uso y gestión de estas.', 'Análisis, clasificación y propuestas de gestión geo ambiental de las playas de República Dominicana El estudio consistió en una evaluación geo ambiental de las playas del país, con el fin de determinar el estado de conservación, uso y gestión de estas. Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron: 1) Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del litoral arenoso de las zonas costeras del país; 2) Determinar y evaluar las perturbaciones más importantes que afectan el litoral arenoso; 3) Análisis de medidas de gestión y elaboración de propuestas de gestión para la conservación holística del litoral arenoso.', 'Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron: 1) Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del litoral arenoso de las zonas costeras del país; 2) Determinar y evaluar las perturbaciones más importantes que afectan el litoral arenoso; 3) Análisis de medidas de gestión y elaboración de propuestas de gestión para la conservación holística del litoral arenoso. Evaluación de Necesidades de Transferencia de Tecnología para la Adaptación en los sistemas forestal, agua y turismo y para la Mitigación en el sector energético- ENT RD- Se identifican y determinan las prioridades para la mitigación y adaptación y transferencia de tecnología para enfrentar el cambio climático.', 'Evaluación de Necesidades de Transferencia de Tecnología para la Adaptación en los sistemas forestal, agua y turismo y para la Mitigación en el sector energético- ENT RD- Se identifican y determinan las prioridades para la mitigación y adaptación y transferencia de tecnología para enfrentar el cambio climático. Su aplicación permitirá al país a lograr la equidad en el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente, así como después de un camino de bajas emisiones y acciones bajas vulnerabilidad, estrategias que deben ponerse en práctica para acelerar la investigación y el desarrollo, el despliegue y la difusión de tecnologías, y las necesidades de recursos y actividades a realizar: planes de acción tecnológica se formularon. 18 perfiles de proyectos, 14 proyectos de adaptación y 4 de Mitigación de varias instituciones nacionales.', '18 perfiles de proyectos, 14 proyectos de adaptación y 4 de Mitigación de varias instituciones nacionales. Indicadores de la Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres en República Dominicana: Desafíos Pendientes y Acciones para el avance Análisis de situación específico: (i) Identificación del riesgo, (ii) Reducción del riesgo, (iii) Manejo de desastres, (iv) Gobernabilidad y, (v) Protección financiera.', 'Indicadores de la Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres en República Dominicana: Desafíos Pendientes y Acciones para el avance Análisis de situación específico: (i) Identificación del riesgo, (ii) Reducción del riesgo, (iii) Manejo de desastres, (iv) Gobernabilidad y, (v) Protección financiera. Se argumenta que tanto el marco legal actual como la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) y su propia misión, justifican que el MEPyD juegue un rol preponderante en la coordinación, orientación yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción DGODT/ PDGR/MEPYD/BID financiamiento para la incorporación de la gestión de riesgo en la planificación de sectores, ministerios e instituciones, y asuma una posición de liderazgo en la implementación de las recomendaciones que se proponen en este informe.', 'Se argumenta que tanto el marco legal actual como la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo (END) y su propia misión, justifican que el MEPyD juegue un rol preponderante en la coordinación, orientación yContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción DGODT/ PDGR/MEPYD/BID financiamiento para la incorporación de la gestión de riesgo en la planificación de sectores, ministerios e instituciones, y asuma una posición de liderazgo en la implementación de las recomendaciones que se proponen en este informe. Plan Estratégico Sectorial de Desarrollo Ministerio de Agricultura El documento presenta como eje transversal de intervención la promoción de la sostenibilidad agroecológica, en línea con la END, la cual establece un manejo sostenible del medio ambiente y una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Plan Estratégico Sectorial de Desarrollo Ministerio de Agricultura El documento presenta como eje transversal de intervención la promoción de la sostenibilidad agroecológica, en línea con la END, la cual establece un manejo sostenible del medio ambiente y una adecuada adaptación al cambio climático. En esta área, está orientado a impulsar la transformación del tipo de gestión ambiental del territorio para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y enfrentar otros retos ambientales.', 'En esta área, está orientado a impulsar la transformación del tipo de gestión ambiental del territorio para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y enfrentar otros retos ambientales. El Plan Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Desastres Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, AECID Basado en la Ley 147-02, tiene como propósito definir los lineamientos de política y principios básicos que deben desarrollar las instituciones de los sectores público y privado, así como las organizaciones sociales, para la ejecución de programas y acciones dirigidos a reducir el riesgo de desastres, garantizar mejores condiciones de seguridad de la población y proteger su patrimonio económico, social, ambiental y cultural.', 'El Plan Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Desastres Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, AECID Basado en la Ley 147-02, tiene como propósito definir los lineamientos de política y principios básicos que deben desarrollar las instituciones de los sectores público y privado, así como las organizaciones sociales, para la ejecución de programas y acciones dirigidos a reducir el riesgo de desastres, garantizar mejores condiciones de seguridad de la población y proteger su patrimonio económico, social, ambiental y cultural. Evaluación de los flujos de inversión y financieros para la mitigación en el sector energético y la adaptación en los sectores agua y turismo de la Republica Dominicana PNUD/CNCCMDL/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Desarrollado con el objetivo de: a) mostrar los resultados de las evaluaciones sectoriales de FI&FF, realizadas con el fin de cuantificar los flujos de fondos potenciales en adaptación/mitigación (A/M) en función de las necesidades nacionales de desarrollo sostenible; b) contar con un punto de referencia que permita definir posiciones en la CMNUCC, mediante la determinación de los flujos de recursos existentes y los costos incrementales para implementar las medidas de A/M y, c) identificar las categorías de fuentes de financiamiento en ambos casos.', 'Evaluación de los flujos de inversión y financieros para la mitigación en el sector energético y la adaptación en los sectores agua y turismo de la Republica Dominicana PNUD/CNCCMDL/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Desarrollado con el objetivo de: a) mostrar los resultados de las evaluaciones sectoriales de FI&FF, realizadas con el fin de cuantificar los flujos de fondos potenciales en adaptación/mitigación (A/M) en función de las necesidades nacionales de desarrollo sostenible; b) contar con un punto de referencia que permita definir posiciones en la CMNUCC, mediante la determinación de los flujos de recursos existentes y los costos incrementales para implementar las medidas de A/M y, c) identificar las categorías de fuentes de financiamiento en ambos casos. Estas evaluaciones contribuyen al conocimiento de la sociedad dominicana acerca de puntos relevantes, tales como, cuáles son las opciones de adaptación/mitigación en el largo plazo – 25 años -, quienes son los inversionistas en el sector, así como cuáles son las variaciones en los flujos y las necesidades adicionales de flujos de I&F.', 'Estas evaluaciones contribuyen al conocimiento de la sociedad dominicana acerca de puntos relevantes, tales como, cuáles son las opciones de adaptación/mitigación en el largo plazo – 25 años -, quienes son los inversionistas en el sector, así como cuáles son las variaciones en los flujos y las necesidades adicionales de flujos de I&F. pdf Revisión del Estado de la Situación de Riesgo Climático y su Gestión en República Dominicana IISD Se realizó un análisis general de los elementos más relevantes de la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo climático, con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento del estado de la situación de riesgo climático y gobernabilidad en RD. Dos enfoques, territorial y sectorial.', 'pdf Revisión del Estado de la Situación de Riesgo Climático y su Gestión en República Dominicana IISD Se realizó un análisis general de los elementos más relevantes de la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo climático, con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento del estado de la situación de riesgo climático y gobernabilidad en RD. Dos enfoques, territorial y sectorial. A) riesgos en núcleos urbanos; b) riesgos relacionados con áreas rurales de baja resiliencia socioeconómica, donde existe riesgo de crisis humanitaria compleja y c) riesgos sobre zonas de alto valor estratégico. Plan estratégico de desarrollo de capacidades nacionales para la gestión ambiental 2008- SEMARENA/PNUD/GEF Los lineamientos de este plan están basados en tres niveles: el sistémico, el institucional y el individual.', 'Plan estratégico de desarrollo de capacidades nacionales para la gestión ambiental 2008- SEMARENA/PNUD/GEF Los lineamientos de este plan están basados en tres niveles: el sistémico, el institucional y el individual. Está conformado por cinco componentes con sus respectivas líneas de acción: 1) Información y conocimiento, 2) Participación de las partes interesadas, 3) Planificación y política, 4) Organización y aplicación y por último 5) Monitoreo y Evaluación.', 'Está conformado por cinco componentes con sus respectivas líneas de acción: 1) Información y conocimiento, 2) Participación de las partes interesadas, 3) Planificación y política, 4) Organización y aplicación y por último 5) Monitoreo y Evaluación. Se identificaron necesidades de capacidad en los tres diferentes niveles de las cuales se destacan las siguientes: capacitación e integración institucional, formación y concienciación del público a todos los niveles, continuidad con los programas de políticas públicas, cumplimiento de leyes ambientales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Estrategia de Reducción de la Pobreza (ERP) ONOPLAN Elaborada en 2003 por ONAPLAN plantea una serie de programas por sectores sociales para fomentar el bienestar social, contempla la reforma y modernización del sector agua, el mantenimiento de los sistemas de agua potable, el manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad, manejo de cuencas, la sensibilización y educación ambiental.', 'Se identificaron necesidades de capacidad en los tres diferentes niveles de las cuales se destacan las siguientes: capacitación e integración institucional, formación y concienciación del público a todos los niveles, continuidad con los programas de políticas públicas, cumplimiento de leyes ambientales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Instrumento/ autor y/o asistencia Año Descripción Estrategia de Reducción de la Pobreza (ERP) ONOPLAN Elaborada en 2003 por ONAPLAN plantea una serie de programas por sectores sociales para fomentar el bienestar social, contempla la reforma y modernización del sector agua, el mantenimiento de los sistemas de agua potable, el manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad, manejo de cuencas, la sensibilización y educación ambiental. En 2007 fueron actualizados los criterios de priorización de la ERP contemplando cuatro grandes áreas estratégicas, incluyendo la gestión de riesgos sociales y ambientales, desarrollando un esquema de implementación y el proceso de demanda y asignación de recursos a las principales entidades sociales claves que conforman la estructura organizativa de la ERP.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO VII.', 'En 2007 fueron actualizados los criterios de priorización de la ERP contemplando cuatro grandes áreas estratégicas, incluyendo la gestión de riesgos sociales y ambientales, desarrollando un esquema de implementación y el proceso de demanda y asignación de recursos a las principales entidades sociales claves que conforman la estructura organizativa de la ERP.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO VII. Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010.', 'Otras iniciativas de Adaptación a nivel nacional y regional con año base 2010. Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Estudio Estudio de factibilidad para un programa de gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y de protección social adaptativa en la cuenca del rio Yaque del Sur Pendiente (prevista en septiembre de 2020 hasta Oct Pendiente Realizar un estudio de viabilidad y estudios complementarios para un programa de gestión resistente de la cuenca del río Yaque del Sur, basado en un sistema de gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos (GIRH) y en la aplicación de mecanismos de protección social adaptables (PSA). Proyecto Proyecto para el Fortalecimiento de la Gestión de Riesgos ante Desastres en la República Dominicana En proceso 2020 COE DIGECOM Busca Fortalecimiento Institucional con proyección regional Infraestructura críticas y vulnerabilidad (Escuelas Más Seguras, Índice de Seguridad Hospitalaria, Índice de Acueductos Seguros y Albergues). /Fortalecimiento Comunitario, gobernabilidad local, incidencia y conciencia pública.', '/Fortalecimiento Comunitario, gobernabilidad local, incidencia y conciencia pública. RESULTADOS: R1. El Sistema Nacional Integrado de Información y la Escuela Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres son fortalecidos y proyectados a nivel regional. R2. Mejorada la resiliencia de las infraestructuras críticas y promovidas campañas regionales y metodologías para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad en sectores clave como hospitales, escuelas y sistemas de agua, teniendo en cuenta las herramientas desarrolladas por proyectos anteriores de DIPECHO Y FED.R3. Desarrollado un programa para mejorar la gobernabilidad local, aumentar las capacidades de la comunidad y aumentar la conciencia pública sobre la lógica de intervención de reducción de riesgo de desastres, tomando en cuenta las especificidades del país.', 'Desarrollado un programa para mejorar la gobernabilidad local, aumentar las capacidades de la comunidad y aumentar la conciencia pública sobre la lógica de intervención de reducción de riesgo de desastres, tomando en cuenta las especificidades del país. Apoyo técnico Soporte sensibilizaciones - PROSOLI En proceso 2020 CNCCMDL PROSOLI Proporcionar conocimientos sobre Cambio Climático y Recuperación de Riesgos a Desastres para crear conciencia y vinculación comunitaria en relación con la prevención y respuesta a desastres naturales o emergencias./Capacitar a las organizaciones comunitarias, personal Prosoli y familiasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción participantes del Programa para prevenir riesgos de desastres en sus hogares y las comunidades donde habitan./Compartir herramientas que permitan conocer sobre el abordaje correspondiente ante situaciones de emergencia.', 'Apoyo técnico Soporte sensibilizaciones - PROSOLI En proceso 2020 CNCCMDL PROSOLI Proporcionar conocimientos sobre Cambio Climático y Recuperación de Riesgos a Desastres para crear conciencia y vinculación comunitaria en relación con la prevención y respuesta a desastres naturales o emergencias./Capacitar a las organizaciones comunitarias, personal Prosoli y familiasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción participantes del Programa para prevenir riesgos de desastres en sus hogares y las comunidades donde habitan./Compartir herramientas que permitan conocer sobre el abordaje correspondiente ante situaciones de emergencia. /Contribuir con la sinergia entre las organizaciones de la Red Social del Prosoli y las instituciones de gestión de riesgos de desastres en el país.', '/Contribuir con la sinergia entre las organizaciones de la Red Social del Prosoli y las instituciones de gestión de riesgos de desastres en el país. Proyecto Apoyo a la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático al nivel municipal Pendiente (prevista en agosto de AFD Pendiente Fortalecer la capacidad de los gobiernos municipales de la República Dominicana para planificar e implementar medidas locales de adaptación al cambio climático, reduciendo la vulnerabilidad de sus habitantes, incrementando su resiliencia climática y contribuyendo a la implementación de la Contribución Nacional Determinada del país.', 'Proyecto Apoyo a la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático al nivel municipal Pendiente (prevista en agosto de AFD Pendiente Fortalecer la capacidad de los gobiernos municipales de la República Dominicana para planificar e implementar medidas locales de adaptación al cambio climático, reduciendo la vulnerabilidad de sus habitantes, incrementando su resiliencia climática y contribuyendo a la implementación de la Contribución Nacional Determinada del país. Proyecto Aumento de las Reservas Forestales de Carbono en los Países en Desarrollo (REDD+) En proceso 2020 Banco Mundial, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente Preparación para REDD + FCPF, con el objetivo de ayudar al diseño y llevar a cabo las actividades de preparación mediante el apoyo a la estrategia REDD+ del receptor (incluyendo financiamiento adicional) a través de un proceso participativo e inclusivo.', 'Proyecto Aumento de las Reservas Forestales de Carbono en los Países en Desarrollo (REDD+) En proceso 2020 Banco Mundial, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente Preparación para REDD + FCPF, con el objetivo de ayudar al diseño y llevar a cabo las actividades de preparación mediante el apoyo a la estrategia REDD+ del receptor (incluyendo financiamiento adicional) a través de un proceso participativo e inclusivo. Apoyo técnico Análisis de vulnerabilidad en un marco de toma de decisiones bajo incertidumbre (Blue spot Análisis) En proceso Agosto 2019 BID/ MOPC El Gobierno de RD a través del MOPC solicitó apoyo del BID para fortalecer las herramientas de planificación y gestión de riesgos sobre la infraestructura de transporte teniendo en cuenta la variable de Cambio Climático. El objetivo es Herramienta/plataforma de gestión y modelación de riesgos para visualizar la vulnerabilidad de infraestructura.', 'El objetivo es Herramienta/plataforma de gestión y modelación de riesgos para visualizar la vulnerabilidad de infraestructura. Proyecto Proyecto Soporte para la Revisión de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad de la República Dominicana JICA Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana. La Acción abordará específicamente el desarrollo y la integración de las estrategias de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en la planificación y programación del desarrollo nacional y subnacional.', 'La Acción abordará específicamente el desarrollo y la integración de las estrategias de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en la planificación y programación del desarrollo nacional y subnacional. Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como lasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción (PNUMA/ Ministerio Ambiente) capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático.', 'Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como lasContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción (PNUMA/ Ministerio Ambiente) capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático. Proyecto Plan de desarrollo comunal Masizo de La Selle, Haití, frontera Pedernales En Proceso Nov 2019 / PNUD/CATIE Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Haití El objetivo del proyecto es la gestión y configuración de cuencas hidrográficas y zonas costeras fronterizas de Haití "a fin de fortalecer la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y las comunidades vulnerables al cambio climático y las amenazas antropogénicas" Proyecto Conservación de la biodiversidad y medios de vida resilientes en áreas costeras amenazadas por el cambio climático, el turismo intensivo, la pesca tradicional y el desarrollo de infraestructura en parques nacionales y áreas protegidas de Montecristi, República Dominicana (NPPA- M) y el Parque Nacional Three Bays, República de Haití En Proceso ReefCheck Dominicana Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de la Frontera, Inc. (Agrofrontera) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM) Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Caribbean Harvest Foundation (CHF) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Unión Europea (UE) Salvaguardar la biodiversidad globalmente significativa de República Dominicana y Haití, asegurando la conservación de la biodiversidad en áreas costeras ecológicamente importantes amenazadas por el cambio climático, la floreciente industria del turismo y el desarrollo físico asociado, y las prácticas pesqueras insostenibles.', 'Proyecto Plan de desarrollo comunal Masizo de La Selle, Haití, frontera Pedernales En Proceso Nov 2019 / PNUD/CATIE Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Haití El objetivo del proyecto es la gestión y configuración de cuencas hidrográficas y zonas costeras fronterizas de Haití "a fin de fortalecer la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y las comunidades vulnerables al cambio climático y las amenazas antropogénicas" Proyecto Conservación de la biodiversidad y medios de vida resilientes en áreas costeras amenazadas por el cambio climático, el turismo intensivo, la pesca tradicional y el desarrollo de infraestructura en parques nacionales y áreas protegidas de Montecristi, República Dominicana (NPPA- M) y el Parque Nacional Three Bays, República de Haití En Proceso ReefCheck Dominicana Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de la Frontera, Inc. (Agrofrontera) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM) Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Caribbean Harvest Foundation (CHF) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Unión Europea (UE) Salvaguardar la biodiversidad globalmente significativa de República Dominicana y Haití, asegurando la conservación de la biodiversidad en áreas costeras ecológicamente importantes amenazadas por el cambio climático, la floreciente industria del turismo y el desarrollo físico asociado, y las prácticas pesqueras insostenibles. Proyecto Manglares para el desarrollo: Asegurar los medios de vida y la resiliencia climática en el Caribe En Proceso Enero 2020 / Fondo de Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas EbA del Fondo de Biodiversidad del Caribe (CBF) Oro Verde Reducir los riesgos climáticos y fortalecer la resiliencia ecológica, social y económica en los paisajes marino-costeros y la matriz terrestre adyacente en la provincia de Monte Cristi.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Agro Frontera, ORC Consultores, UASD Proyecto Desarrollando la resiliencia en un gradiente montañoso-costero a través de la adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) y la reducción del riesgo de desastres basado en ecosistemas (Eco- RRD) para aumentar la adaptación.', 'Proyecto Manglares para el desarrollo: Asegurar los medios de vida y la resiliencia climática en el Caribe En Proceso Enero 2020 / Fondo de Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas EbA del Fondo de Biodiversidad del Caribe (CBF) Oro Verde Reducir los riesgos climáticos y fortalecer la resiliencia ecológica, social y económica en los paisajes marino-costeros y la matriz terrestre adyacente en la provincia de Monte Cristi.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Agro Frontera, ORC Consultores, UASD Proyecto Desarrollando la resiliencia en un gradiente montañoso-costero a través de la adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) y la reducción del riesgo de desastres basado en ecosistemas (Eco- RRD) para aumentar la adaptación. "El Seibo Resiliente" En proceso 2020/ Dic 2024 Unión Europea (donante) GIZ Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana.', '"El Seibo Resiliente" En proceso 2020/ Dic 2024 Unión Europea (donante) GIZ Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana. La Acción abordará específicamente el desarrollo y la integración de las estrategias de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en la planificación y programación del desarrollo nacional y subnacional. Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como las capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático.', 'Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como las capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático. Proyecto Proyecto de Desarrollo de Capacidades en Manejo y Conservación Integral de la Biodiversidad en la Región del SICA En Proceso En el caso de República Dominicana es el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y de manera específica los Viceministerios de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad y de Recursos Costeros y Marinos.', 'Proyecto Proyecto de Desarrollo de Capacidades en Manejo y Conservación Integral de la Biodiversidad en la Región del SICA En Proceso En el caso de República Dominicana es el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y de manera específica los Viceministerios de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad y de Recursos Costeros y Marinos. Fondo para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (CBF) La institucionalidad regional y gobernanza para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su uso sostenible en la región SICA son fortalecidas Proyecto Aumento de la capacidad de adaptación ecosistémica en las Reservas de Biosfera Fronterizas en la República de Haití y la República En Proceso Junio 2014 / Noviembre PNUMA Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países Los ecosistemas protegidos y de uso sostenible en la región fronteriza domínico-haitiana de las Reservas de la Biosfera ofrecen a la población mejores condiciones para la adaptación al cambio climáticoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Dominicana (CAReBios) Proyecto Islas Resilientes En Proceso Junio Implementadores: The Nature Conservancy Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja Cruz Roja Dominicana Financiador: Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de Alemania (BMU, como parte de la iniciativa IKI) El Gobierno y las comunidades de República Dominicana, Jamaica y Granada incorporan el enfoque de adaptación integrada basada en el ecosistema, en sus decisiones a escala local, nacional y regional para priorizar e invertir en enfoques para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad e impulsar las capacidades de adaptativas.', 'Fondo para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (CBF) La institucionalidad regional y gobernanza para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su uso sostenible en la región SICA son fortalecidas Proyecto Aumento de la capacidad de adaptación ecosistémica en las Reservas de Biosfera Fronterizas en la República de Haití y la República En Proceso Junio 2014 / Noviembre PNUMA Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países Los ecosistemas protegidos y de uso sostenible en la región fronteriza domínico-haitiana de las Reservas de la Biosfera ofrecen a la población mejores condiciones para la adaptación al cambio climáticoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Dominicana (CAReBios) Proyecto Islas Resilientes En Proceso Junio Implementadores: The Nature Conservancy Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja Cruz Roja Dominicana Financiador: Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de Alemania (BMU, como parte de la iniciativa IKI) El Gobierno y las comunidades de República Dominicana, Jamaica y Granada incorporan el enfoque de adaptación integrada basada en el ecosistema, en sus decisiones a escala local, nacional y regional para priorizar e invertir en enfoques para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad e impulsar las capacidades de adaptativas. Proyecto Fondo de Desarrollo Verde para la Región SICA/Restauración de Ecosistemas y Paisajes en Centro América y Republica Dominicana En proceso Apr-18/May-22 GIZ Programa de Desarrollo Agroforestal, congregación de Hermanas Dominicas de Monteils General: Aumentar la adaptabilidad ante los efectos del cambio climático y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente en los países del SICA Especifico: Incrementar la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas vulnerables en Centro América y Republica Dominicana, apoyando la implementación de los NDC y planes nacionales, integrando la restauración de paisajes forestales y el enfoque ecosistémico y movilizando inversiones a nivel local.', 'Proyecto Fondo de Desarrollo Verde para la Región SICA/Restauración de Ecosistemas y Paisajes en Centro América y Republica Dominicana En proceso Apr-18/May-22 GIZ Programa de Desarrollo Agroforestal, congregación de Hermanas Dominicas de Monteils General: Aumentar la adaptabilidad ante los efectos del cambio climático y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente en los países del SICA Especifico: Incrementar la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas vulnerables en Centro América y Republica Dominicana, apoyando la implementación de los NDC y planes nacionales, integrando la restauración de paisajes forestales y el enfoque ecosistémico y movilizando inversiones a nivel local. Proyecto Cooperación binacional en favor de las relaciones dominico- haitianas: componente de medio ambiente, cambio climático y reducción de riesgo de desastres (CRIS En Proceso GIZ Entidades oficiales de medio ambiente, CC y GRD de ambos países: Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países. Defensa Civil y Protección Civil. CNCCMDL y Dirección CC.', 'Defensa Civil y Protección Civil. CNCCMDL y Dirección CC. Aumentar la capacidad de cooperación binacional para la reducción de riesgos de desastres y la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales, mediante medidas de adaptación al cambio climático Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana.', 'Aumentar la capacidad de cooperación binacional para la reducción de riesgos de desastres y la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales, mediante medidas de adaptación al cambio climático Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana. La Acción abordará específicamente el desarrollo y la integración de las estrategias de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en la planificación y programación del desarrollo nacional y subnacional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como las capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático Proyecto Programa de USAID y REDDOM de seguro de índice y cambio climático (CRII) Terminado 2013-2015 USAID/REDDOM El proyecto USAID/RED fue diseñado para apoyar a los pequeños productores y procesadores de productos agrícolas y forestales para diversificar y ampliar su producción con el fin de que puedan ser más competitivos en los mercados globales.', 'La Acción abordará específicamente el desarrollo y la integración de las estrategias de adaptación y de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) en la planificación y programación del desarrollo nacional y subnacional.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Además, fortalecerá el conocimiento sobre los impactos del cambio climático, especialmente con respecto a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, así como las capacidades de los sectores económicos y del gobierno en los municipios costeros vulnerables de El Seibo para desarrollar y aplicar medidas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y resiliencia al cambio climático Proyecto Programa de USAID y REDDOM de seguro de índice y cambio climático (CRII) Terminado 2013-2015 USAID/REDDOM El proyecto USAID/RED fue diseñado para apoyar a los pequeños productores y procesadores de productos agrícolas y forestales para diversificar y ampliar su producción con el fin de que puedan ser más competitivos en los mercados globales. Plataforma de Información Climática (CLIMARED) Proyecto Vulnerabilidad de las Zonas Costeras al Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana En ejecución Nov 2019- AFD DAI-Fundación Plenitud MITUR Evaluar la vulnerabilidad e impactos potenciales del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros de la República Dominicana, priorizar zonas y formular medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en estas zonas, para apoyar la estrategia y las inversiones del Estado dominicano para el sector turístico costero en los próximos años.', 'Plataforma de Información Climática (CLIMARED) Proyecto Vulnerabilidad de las Zonas Costeras al Cambio Climático en la República Dominicana En ejecución Nov 2019- AFD DAI-Fundación Plenitud MITUR Evaluar la vulnerabilidad e impactos potenciales del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros de la República Dominicana, priorizar zonas y formular medidas de adaptación al cambio climático en estas zonas, para apoyar la estrategia y las inversiones del Estado dominicano para el sector turístico costero en los próximos años. Proyecto Iniciativa de transparencia para la acción climática (ICAT) Terminado Agosto 2017 - CNCCMDL Ministerio de Agricultura Tiene el objetivo general de fortalecer la capacidad de los países para implementar, monitorear y evaluar acciones de adaptación efectivas y eficientes de manera transparente en los sectores agua, agricultura, salud a través de zonas costeras y el manejo y reducción de desastres.', 'Proyecto Iniciativa de transparencia para la acción climática (ICAT) Terminado Agosto 2017 - CNCCMDL Ministerio de Agricultura Tiene el objetivo general de fortalecer la capacidad de los países para implementar, monitorear y evaluar acciones de adaptación efectivas y eficientes de manera transparente en los sectores agua, agricultura, salud a través de zonas costeras y el manejo y reducción de desastres. Proyecto Movilizar Capital para Financiar la Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas Cuencas Verdes En Proceso 2018-2022 Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear y Oro Verde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Nacionales: Socio Político: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Internacionales: Pronatura (México), Fundación Defensores de la Naturaleza Desarrollar mecanismos financieros innovadores para promover políticas públicas medidas de adaptación basadas en ecosistemas y aumentar la resiliencia de los bosques y los servicios ecosistémicos, especialmente hídricos.', 'Proyecto Movilizar Capital para Financiar la Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas Cuencas Verdes En Proceso 2018-2022 Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear y Oro Verde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Nacionales: Socio Político: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Internacionales: Pronatura (México), Fundación Defensores de la Naturaleza Desarrollar mecanismos financieros innovadores para promover políticas públicas medidas de adaptación basadas en ecosistemas y aumentar la resiliencia de los bosques y los servicios ecosistémicos, especialmente hídricos. Ejecución en Cuba, Guatemala, México y República Dominicana.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción (Guatemala), Centro Naturaleza (República Dominicana), Unidad Presupuestada de Servicios Ambientales (Cuba) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Ministerio federal alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) Proyecto UN CC: Learn en la República Dominicana CNCCMDL MINERD Elaborar una estrategia nacional de educación de cambio climático, incluir el tema en el currículum de educación primaria y formar multiplicadores de esa información, específicamente profesores y comunicadores.', 'Ejecución en Cuba, Guatemala, México y República Dominicana.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción (Guatemala), Centro Naturaleza (República Dominicana), Unidad Presupuestada de Servicios Ambientales (Cuba) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Ministerio federal alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) Proyecto UN CC: Learn en la República Dominicana CNCCMDL MINERD Elaborar una estrategia nacional de educación de cambio climático, incluir el tema en el currículum de educación primaria y formar multiplicadores de esa información, específicamente profesores y comunicadores. Proyecto Adaptación basada en los ecosistemas (AbE) y restauración forestal en comunidades rurales vulnerables del Corredor Biológico del Caribe (Republica Dominicana; Haití; Cuba) (AbE-CBC) En proceso Abril 2020 - República Dominicana: Centro para la Educación y Acción Ecológica - Naturaleza, ENDA Dominicana; en Cuba: Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Autoridad de la Zona Protegida de Guantánamo (UPSA); en Haití: Concertación y acción para el desarrollo (Concert- Action); + AgroAcciónAlemana (WELTHUNGERHILFE) El proyecto contribuye a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y aumento de la resiliencia para mantener al largo plazo los medios de vida.', 'Proyecto Adaptación basada en los ecosistemas (AbE) y restauración forestal en comunidades rurales vulnerables del Corredor Biológico del Caribe (Republica Dominicana; Haití; Cuba) (AbE-CBC) En proceso Abril 2020 - República Dominicana: Centro para la Educación y Acción Ecológica - Naturaleza, ENDA Dominicana; en Cuba: Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Autoridad de la Zona Protegida de Guantánamo (UPSA); en Haití: Concertación y acción para el desarrollo (Concert- Action); + AgroAcciónAlemana (WELTHUNGERHILFE) El proyecto contribuye a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y aumento de la resiliencia para mantener al largo plazo los medios de vida. Los medios de vida y la biodiversidad son asegurados en las comunidades rurales dentro del corredor biológico del caribe mediante medidas de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) y su replicación por otros actores en los tres países.', 'Los medios de vida y la biodiversidad son asegurados en las comunidades rurales dentro del corredor biológico del caribe mediante medidas de adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) y su replicación por otros actores en los tres países. Proyecto Iniciativa de transparencia para la acción climática (ICAT) Adaptación - Segunda Fase CNCCMDL La Iniciativa para la Transparencia de la Acción Climática (ICAT) es un fondo neutral de múltiples donantes que tiene como objetivo ayudar a los países a evaluar los impactos de sus políticas climáticas y acciones, y el cumplimiento de sus disposiciones de transparencia. El proyecto ICAT-A cubre la inclusión y expansión del apoyo a los acuerdos de transparencia centrados en la adaptación bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC).', 'El proyecto ICAT-A cubre la inclusión y expansión del apoyo a los acuerdos de transparencia centrados en la adaptación bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Tiene el objetivo general de fortalecer laContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción capacidad de los países para planificar, implementar, monitorear, y evaluar acciones de adaptación efectivas y eficientes de manera transparente. Proyecto Acuerdo de Escazú CNCCMDL Fomentar la ratificación estatal del Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales para América Latina y el Caribe fue adoptado el 4 de marzo del 2018, en Escazú, Costa Rica.', 'Proyecto Acuerdo de Escazú CNCCMDL Fomentar la ratificación estatal del Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales para América Latina y el Caribe fue adoptado el 4 de marzo del 2018, en Escazú, Costa Rica. Este es considerado el primer tratado vinculante en política ambiental de la región, que contiene disposiciones para proteger a los defensores de derechos humanos en asuntos ambientales Apoyo técnico a Iniciativa en curso Plan LEA MINERD Apoyo del CNCCMDL Contribuir con los procesos de formación continua de los docentes y estudiantes, entusiasmarlos para que tomen conciencia sobre la gravedad y consecuencias de la contaminación ambiental y de la urgencia de cambiar nuestros hábitos cotidianos para encontrar soluciones que favorezcan a las presentes y futuras generaciones.', 'Este es considerado el primer tratado vinculante en política ambiental de la región, que contiene disposiciones para proteger a los defensores de derechos humanos en asuntos ambientales Apoyo técnico a Iniciativa en curso Plan LEA MINERD Apoyo del CNCCMDL Contribuir con los procesos de formación continua de los docentes y estudiantes, entusiasmarlos para que tomen conciencia sobre la gravedad y consecuencias de la contaminación ambiental y de la urgencia de cambiar nuestros hábitos cotidianos para encontrar soluciones que favorezcan a las presentes y futuras generaciones. Actividades: -Talleres de capacitación y entrenamiento para los técnicos y docentes de las áreas de Naturales y de Sociales del MINERD y de colegios privados.', 'Actividades: -Talleres de capacitación y entrenamiento para los técnicos y docentes de las áreas de Naturales y de Sociales del MINERD y de colegios privados. -Capacitar a través de conferencias-talleres a los docentes y técnicos representantes de las 18 regionales que conforman el sistema educativo dominicano para crearles la motivación y que sean verdaderos promotores del evento en sus regionales educativas; además de darles soporte técnico y académico, para que el contenido de los cuadernillos sea abordado, recreado y asimilado por los estudiantes de una manera adecuada. -Cinco expertos autorizados (CNCCMDL incluido) colaboran en la producción del contenido para facilitar a la comunidad educativa un material actualizado y útil.', '-Cinco expertos autorizados (CNCCMDL incluido) colaboran en la producción del contenido para facilitar a la comunidad educativa un material actualizado y útil. Proyecto Propuesta de Proyecto CBF - educación Manglares y Género Proceso de Propuesta N/A N/A Construir y fortalecer capacidades en Adaptación al Cambio Climático basada en Ecosistemas en tomadores de decisiones y expertos de distintas sectoriales, con enfoque de género y juventud.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Propiciar la Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas en el territorio nacional a través de proyectos en comunidades costeras vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático, con enfoque de género y juventud. Empoderar a la población nacional sobre adaptación basada en ecosistemas. Proyecto Apoyo al sector agrícola de la Republica Dominicana en un contexto de cambio climático En ejecución 2019- ¿?', 'Proyecto Apoyo al sector agrícola de la Republica Dominicana en un contexto de cambio climático En ejecución 2019- ¿? Salvaterra-REDDOM-Guakia Ambiente C1: evaluar la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de seis (6) sistemas de producción agrícola y regiones priorizados en la República Dominicana y después seleccionar solo dos (2) sistemas de producción agrícola y regiones para los cuales medidas de adaptación al cambio climático serán propuestas con planes de inversión que permitan la formulación ulterior de dos proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Salvaterra-REDDOM-Guakia Ambiente C1: evaluar la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de seis (6) sistemas de producción agrícola y regiones priorizados en la República Dominicana y después seleccionar solo dos (2) sistemas de producción agrícola y regiones para los cuales medidas de adaptación al cambio climático serán propuestas con planes de inversión que permitan la formulación ulterior de dos proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático. C2: realizar una evaluación de los servicios climáticos para la agricultura (la inclusión de la ganadería será confirmada al lanzamiento del apoyo) en la República Dominicana y proponer una hoja de ruta estructurada y detallada para su desarrollo operativo Proyecto Fondo de Desarrollo Verde para la Región SICA/Restauración de Ecosistemas y Paisajes en Centro América y Republica Dominicana GIZ Programa de Desarrollo Agroforestal, congregación de Hermanas Dominicas de Monteils Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Punto Focal: Dirección de Cambio Climático, Puntos focales para ejecución: Dirección de Biodiversidad y Viceministerio de Recursos Forestales General: Aumentar la adaptabilidad ante los efectos del cambio climático y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente en los países del SICA Especifico: Incrementar la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas vulnerables en Centro América y Republica Dominicana, apoyando la implementación de los NDC y planes nacionales, integrando la restauración de paisajes forestales y el enfoque ecosistémico y movilizando inversiones a nivel local.', 'C2: realizar una evaluación de los servicios climáticos para la agricultura (la inclusión de la ganadería será confirmada al lanzamiento del apoyo) en la República Dominicana y proponer una hoja de ruta estructurada y detallada para su desarrollo operativo Proyecto Fondo de Desarrollo Verde para la Región SICA/Restauración de Ecosistemas y Paisajes en Centro América y Republica Dominicana GIZ Programa de Desarrollo Agroforestal, congregación de Hermanas Dominicas de Monteils Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Punto Focal: Dirección de Cambio Climático, Puntos focales para ejecución: Dirección de Biodiversidad y Viceministerio de Recursos Forestales General: Aumentar la adaptabilidad ante los efectos del cambio climático y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente en los países del SICA Especifico: Incrementar la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático en ecosistemas vulnerables en Centro América y Republica Dominicana, apoyando la implementación de los NDC y planes nacionales, integrando la restauración de paisajes forestales y el enfoque ecosistémico y movilizando inversiones a nivel local. Proyecto Plan de desarrollo comunal Masizo de La Selle, Haiti, frontera Pedernales PNUD/CATIE Ninguno Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Haití El objetivo del proyecto es la gestión y configuración de cuencas hidrográficas y zonas costeras fronterizas de Haití "a fin de fortalecer la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y las comunidades vulnerables al cambio climático y las amenazas antropogénicas"Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Manglares para el desarrollo: Asegurar los medios de vida y la resiliencia climática en el Caribe Fondo de Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas EbA del Fondo de Biodiversidad del Caribe (CBF) AgroFrontera, ORC Consultores, UASD Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Reducir los riesgos climáticos y fortalecer la resiliencia ecológica, social y económica en los paisajes marino-costeros y la matriz terrestre adyacente en la provincia de Monte Cristi.', 'Proyecto Plan de desarrollo comunal Masizo de La Selle, Haiti, frontera Pedernales PNUD/CATIE Ninguno Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Haití El objetivo del proyecto es la gestión y configuración de cuencas hidrográficas y zonas costeras fronterizas de Haití "a fin de fortalecer la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y las comunidades vulnerables al cambio climático y las amenazas antropogénicas"Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Manglares para el desarrollo: Asegurar los medios de vida y la resiliencia climática en el Caribe Fondo de Adaptación Basada en Ecosistemas EbA del Fondo de Biodiversidad del Caribe (CBF) AgroFrontera, ORC Consultores, UASD Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Reducir los riesgos climáticos y fortalecer la resiliencia ecológica, social y económica en los paisajes marino-costeros y la matriz terrestre adyacente en la provincia de Monte Cristi. Proyecto Movilizar Capital para Financiar la Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas Cuencas Verdes Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear y Oro Verde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Nacionales: Socio Político: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Internacionales: Pronatura (México), Fundación Defensores de la Naturaleza (Guatemala), Centro Naturaleza (República Dominicana), Unidad Presupuestada de Servicios Ambientales (Cuba) Oro Verde Desarrollar mecanismos financieros innovadores para promover políticas públicas medidas de adaptación basadas en ecosistemas y aumentar la resiliencia de los bosques y los servicios ecosistémicos, especialmente hídricos.', 'Proyecto Movilizar Capital para Financiar la Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas Cuencas Verdes Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear y Oro Verde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Nacionales: Socio Político: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Internacionales: Pronatura (México), Fundación Defensores de la Naturaleza (Guatemala), Centro Naturaleza (República Dominicana), Unidad Presupuestada de Servicios Ambientales (Cuba) Oro Verde Desarrollar mecanismos financieros innovadores para promover políticas públicas medidas de adaptación basadas en ecosistemas y aumentar la resiliencia de los bosques y los servicios ecosistémicos, especialmente hídricos. Ejecución en Cuba, Guatemala, México y República Dominicana.', 'Ejecución en Cuba, Guatemala, México y República Dominicana. Proyecto Islas Resilientes Vigente 06-2017/ 06- Financiador: Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de Alemania (BMU, como parte de la iniciativa IKI) Implementadores: The Nature Conservancy Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja Cruz Roja Dominicana Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climatico y el Mecanismo para El Gobierno y las comunidades de República Dominicana, Jamaica y Granada incorporan el enfoque de adaptación integrada basada en el ecosistema, en sus decisiones a escala local, nacional y regional para priorizar e invertir en enfoques para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad e impulsar las capacidades de adaptativas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción el Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) Proyecto Aumento de la capacidad de adaptación ecosistémica en las Reservas de Biosfera Fronterizas en la República de Haití y la República Dominicana (CAReBios) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Ministerio federal alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países Los ecosistemas protegidos y de uso sostenible en la región fronteriza domínico- haitiana de las Reservas de la Biosfera ofrecen a la población mejores condiciones para la adaptación al cambio climáticoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Proyecto Soporte para la Revisión de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad de la República Dominicana (PNUMA/ Ministerio Ambiente) PNUMA _ Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Revisar, evaluar la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad y Plan de Acción (2011-2020) de la República Dominicana, identificar los vacíos existentes en la implementación de la ENBPA e integrar los sectores productivos a la conservación de la Biodiversidad Proyecto Proyecto de Desarrollo de Capacidades en Manejo y Conservación Integral de la Biodiversidad en la Región del SICA JICA En el caso de República Dominicana es el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y de manera específica los Viceministerios de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad y de Recursos Costeros y Marinos.', 'Proyecto Islas Resilientes Vigente 06-2017/ 06- Financiador: Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de Alemania (BMU, como parte de la iniciativa IKI) Implementadores: The Nature Conservancy Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja Cruz Roja Dominicana Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climatico y el Mecanismo para El Gobierno y las comunidades de República Dominicana, Jamaica y Granada incorporan el enfoque de adaptación integrada basada en el ecosistema, en sus decisiones a escala local, nacional y regional para priorizar e invertir en enfoques para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad e impulsar las capacidades de adaptativas.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción el Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) Proyecto Aumento de la capacidad de adaptación ecosistémica en las Reservas de Biosfera Fronterizas en la República de Haití y la República Dominicana (CAReBios) Implementación: GIZ Financiamiento: Ministerio federal alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ) Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países Los ecosistemas protegidos y de uso sostenible en la región fronteriza domínico- haitiana de las Reservas de la Biosfera ofrecen a la población mejores condiciones para la adaptación al cambio climáticoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Proyecto Soporte para la Revisión de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad de la República Dominicana (PNUMA/ Ministerio Ambiente) PNUMA _ Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Revisar, evaluar la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad y Plan de Acción (2011-2020) de la República Dominicana, identificar los vacíos existentes en la implementación de la ENBPA e integrar los sectores productivos a la conservación de la Biodiversidad Proyecto Proyecto de Desarrollo de Capacidades en Manejo y Conservación Integral de la Biodiversidad en la Región del SICA JICA En el caso de República Dominicana es el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y de manera específica los Viceministerios de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad y de Recursos Costeros y Marinos. Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de países SICA-CCAD La institucionalidad regional y gobernanza para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su uso sostenible en la región SICA son fortalecidas Proyecto Conservación de la biodiversidad y medios de vida resilientes en áreas costeras amenazadas por el cambio climático, el turismo intensivo, la pesca tradicional y el desarrollo de infraestructura en parques nacionales y áreas protegidas de Montecristi, Fondo para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (CBF) ReefCheck Dominicana Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de la Frontera, Inc. (Agrofrontera) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM) Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Salvaguardar la biodiversidad globalmente significativa de República Dominicana y Haití, asegurando la conservación de la biodiversidad en áreas costeras ecológicamente importantes amenazadas por el cambio climático, la floreciente industria del turismo y el desarrollo físico asociado, y las prácticas pesqueras insosteniblesContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción República Dominicana (NPPA- M) y el Parque Nacional Three Bays, República de Haití Caribbean Harvest Foundation (CHF) Proyecto Cooperación binacional en favor de las relaciones dominico- haitianas: componente de medio ambiente, cambio climático y reducción de riesgo de desastres (CRIS Implementación: GIZ, Financiamiento: Unión Europea (UE) Entidades oficiales de medio ambiente, CC y GRD de ambos países: Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países.', 'Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de países SICA-CCAD La institucionalidad regional y gobernanza para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su uso sostenible en la región SICA son fortalecidas Proyecto Conservación de la biodiversidad y medios de vida resilientes en áreas costeras amenazadas por el cambio climático, el turismo intensivo, la pesca tradicional y el desarrollo de infraestructura en parques nacionales y áreas protegidas de Montecristi, Fondo para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (CBF) ReefCheck Dominicana Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de la Frontera, Inc. (Agrofrontera) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM) Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM) ForestFinest Consulting GmbH Salvaguardar la biodiversidad globalmente significativa de República Dominicana y Haití, asegurando la conservación de la biodiversidad en áreas costeras ecológicamente importantes amenazadas por el cambio climático, la floreciente industria del turismo y el desarrollo físico asociado, y las prácticas pesqueras insosteniblesContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción República Dominicana (NPPA- M) y el Parque Nacional Three Bays, República de Haití Caribbean Harvest Foundation (CHF) Proyecto Cooperación binacional en favor de las relaciones dominico- haitianas: componente de medio ambiente, cambio climático y reducción de riesgo de desastres (CRIS Implementación: GIZ, Financiamiento: Unión Europea (UE) Entidades oficiales de medio ambiente, CC y GRD de ambos países: Ministerios de Medio Ambiente de ambos países. Defensa Civil y Protección Civil.', 'Defensa Civil y Protección Civil. CNCCMDL y Dirección CC. Aumentar la capacidad de cooperación binacional para la reducción de riesgos, de desastres y la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales, mediante, medidas de adaptación al cambio climático Proyecto Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas y medidas transformacionales para aumentar la resiliencia al cambio climático en el Corredor Seco Centroamericano y las Zonas Áridas de la República Dominicana. Duracion 7 años. Fondo Verde del Clima El Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica (BCIE) ONU Medio Ambiente Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales /MEPYD Este proyecto propuesto abordará estos impactos a nivel de paisaje y de hogares en cuencas prioritarias mediante la promoción de: i) Adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas; y ii) tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales.', 'Fondo Verde del Clima El Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica (BCIE) ONU Medio Ambiente Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales /MEPYD Este proyecto propuesto abordará estos impactos a nivel de paisaje y de hogares en cuencas prioritarias mediante la promoción de: i) Adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas; y ii) tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales. Estas soluciones serán apoyadas a través de: i) creación de capacidades para los gobiernos locales, las instituciones financieras y las comunidades; ii) préstamos y microfinanzas para actividades de AbE y pequeños negocios basados en recursos naturales; y iii) integración de AbE en políticas y creación de incentivos.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Agua por el Futuro Aprobado 01-2020/ 12- Coca Cola Company Implementador The Nature Conservancy Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Plan Sierra Inc. PRONATURA Asociación de Agricultores Nuevo Milenio (ASANUMI) Devolver a la naturaleza una cantidad de agua equivalente a los volúmenes utilizados en la elaboración de sus bebidas terminadas Proyecto Agua para el planeta Finalizado 09-2020/ 12- PepsiCo Implementador The Nature Conservancy Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Invertir en desarrollo de iniciativas de conservación de cuenca a escala regional (5 países de Latinoamérica y Caribe) para alcanzar un impacto positivo en el agua y las personas Proyecto Incrementando la resiliencia climática en San Cristóbal, República Dominicana, Programa de Gestión Integral de Recursos Hídricos y Desarrollo Rural.', 'Estas soluciones serán apoyadas a través de: i) creación de capacidades para los gobiernos locales, las instituciones financieras y las comunidades; ii) préstamos y microfinanzas para actividades de AbE y pequeños negocios basados en recursos naturales; y iii) integración de AbE en políticas y creación de incentivos.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Agua por el Futuro Aprobado 01-2020/ 12- Coca Cola Company Implementador The Nature Conservancy Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Plan Sierra Inc. PRONATURA Asociación de Agricultores Nuevo Milenio (ASANUMI) Devolver a la naturaleza una cantidad de agua equivalente a los volúmenes utilizados en la elaboración de sus bebidas terminadas Proyecto Agua para el planeta Finalizado 09-2020/ 12- PepsiCo Implementador The Nature Conservancy Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Invertir en desarrollo de iniciativas de conservación de cuenca a escala regional (5 países de Latinoamérica y Caribe) para alcanzar un impacto positivo en el agua y las personas Proyecto Incrementando la resiliencia climática en San Cristóbal, República Dominicana, Programa de Gestión Integral de Recursos Hídricos y Desarrollo Rural. 5 años Fondo de Adaptación IDDI/INAPA Medio Ambiente Aumentar la resiliencia y la capacidad adaptativa de los medios de subsistencia rurales a los impactos climáticos y los riesgos sobre los recursos hídricos en la Provincia de San Cristóbal.', '5 años Fondo de Adaptación IDDI/INAPA Medio Ambiente Aumentar la resiliencia y la capacidad adaptativa de los medios de subsistencia rurales a los impactos climáticos y los riesgos sobre los recursos hídricos en la Provincia de San Cristóbal. Proyecto Proyecto Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+). Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) BM Medio Ambiente Promover las actividades de preparación de implementación clave para desarrollar una estrategia nacional de REDD +Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Promoviendo la Ganadería Climáticamente Inteligente en RD.', 'Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) BM Medio Ambiente Promover las actividades de preparación de implementación clave para desarrollar una estrategia nacional de REDD +Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Promoviendo la Ganadería Climáticamente Inteligente en RD. GEF FAO/GEF CONALECHE Proyecto “Fortalecimiento de la Capacidad Institucional para la Gestión Integral de los Residuos Sólidos a Nivel Nacional en la República Dominicana Fase 2” JICA Liga Municipal Dominicana LMD, Federación Dominicana de Municipios FEDOMU, Federación Dominicana de Distritos Municipales FEDODIM, Ministerio de Salud Pública MSP y Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo MEPyD Ministerio de Medio Ambiente/ Dirección de Gestión Ambiental Municipal se mejora la capacidad de MARENA e instituciones. claves involucradas para coordinar, guiar y apoyar a las municipalidades y asociaciones municipales para diseño, construcción. Operación, rehabilitación y cierre de sitios de disposición final(SDF).', 'Operación, rehabilitación y cierre de sitios de disposición final(SDF). Proyecto Fortalecimiento del Corredor Biológico en El Caribe En Ejecución 8 de julio de julio de 2021 Unión Europea (UE) Secretaría del Corredor Biológico con Sede en RD/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Oficina Regional del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA- Panamá/ ORPALC)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Tercera comunicación nacional de cambio climático En Ejecución 1 de enero de diciembre de Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Consejo Nacional de Cambio Climático Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales / Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático PD Proyecto Establecimiento de Red de Observ ación en el Caribe para la Acidificación de los Océanos y sus efectos sobre efloraciones de algas nocivas, utilizando Técnicas de Investigación Nucleares (NIF)/RLA- Finalizado 2 de enero de enero de 2017 Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency/Ministerio de Energía y Minas PD Proyecto Elaboración de Atlas Marino del Caribe (Fase II) Finalizado 28 de diciembre de diciembre de Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (INVEMAR) de Colombia Comisión Oceanográfica intergubernamental (COI/IODE) de la UNESCO/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Conservando la Biodiversidad en las Áreas Costeras Amenazadas por el Rápido Desarrollo del Turismo y la Infraestructura Física (Conocido también como Proyecto Conservación de la Biodiversidad Costera y Turismo) En Ejecución 1 de enero de enero de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto CLME+: Catalizar la Implementación del Programa de Acciones Estratégicas para el Manejo Sostenible de los Recursos Marinos Vivos Compartidos de Los Grandes Ecosistemas Marinos del Caribe y de la Plataforma del Norte de Brasil Aprobado PD/ PD Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/ Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (ONUSP)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Desarrollo de la Evaluación inicial del Convenio de Minamata en América Latina y Caribe Aprobado 1 de junio de diciembre de Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Centro Coordinador Convenio Basilea- Centro Regional Convenio de Estocolmo para América Programa de las Naciones PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Proyecto Integración de Agua, Suelo y Manejo de Ecosistemas en la Cuenca del Río Higüamo (A) PD 4 de febrero de febrero de Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Unidad Ejecutora del Proyecto (Consultores) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Neutralidad de la degradación de las tierras (Siglas en inglés LDN) PD 26 de octubre julio de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Mecanismo Mundial de la de la CNULCD/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Elaboración del Sexto Informe País en el marco de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas para la Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía (UNCCD) PD 1 de enero de enero de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN)/ Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Proyecto Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación Forestal (REDD+) del Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) PD 6 de octubre junio de 2019 Banco Mundial (BM) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Banco Mundial (BM)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes productivos de montaña boscosas amenazadas PD PD/ PD Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Proyecto Global Fortalecimiento de recursos humanos, marcos legales y capacidades institucionales para implementar el Protocolo de Nagoya PD 1 de mayo de mayo de 2019 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes productivos de montaña boscosas amenazadas GEF Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y PNUD PD Integrar la conservación de la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas en las políticas y prácticas públicas para amortiguar con eficacia las amenazas actuales y futuras a través de los paisajes productivos de montaña, en tres sitios pilotos: Cuencas Ozama y Ocoa y la Sierra de Neiba.', 'Proyecto Fortalecimiento del Corredor Biológico en El Caribe En Ejecución 8 de julio de julio de 2021 Unión Europea (UE) Secretaría del Corredor Biológico con Sede en RD/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Oficina Regional del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA- Panamá/ ORPALC)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Tercera comunicación nacional de cambio climático En Ejecución 1 de enero de diciembre de Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Consejo Nacional de Cambio Climático Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales / Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático PD Proyecto Establecimiento de Red de Observ ación en el Caribe para la Acidificación de los Océanos y sus efectos sobre efloraciones de algas nocivas, utilizando Técnicas de Investigación Nucleares (NIF)/RLA- Finalizado 2 de enero de enero de 2017 Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency/Ministerio de Energía y Minas PD Proyecto Elaboración de Atlas Marino del Caribe (Fase II) Finalizado 28 de diciembre de diciembre de Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (INVEMAR) de Colombia Comisión Oceanográfica intergubernamental (COI/IODE) de la UNESCO/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Conservando la Biodiversidad en las Áreas Costeras Amenazadas por el Rápido Desarrollo del Turismo y la Infraestructura Física (Conocido también como Proyecto Conservación de la Biodiversidad Costera y Turismo) En Ejecución 1 de enero de enero de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto CLME+: Catalizar la Implementación del Programa de Acciones Estratégicas para el Manejo Sostenible de los Recursos Marinos Vivos Compartidos de Los Grandes Ecosistemas Marinos del Caribe y de la Plataforma del Norte de Brasil Aprobado PD/ PD Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/ Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (ONUSP)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Desarrollo de la Evaluación inicial del Convenio de Minamata en América Latina y Caribe Aprobado 1 de junio de diciembre de Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Centro Coordinador Convenio Basilea- Centro Regional Convenio de Estocolmo para América Programa de las Naciones PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Proyecto Integración de Agua, Suelo y Manejo de Ecosistemas en la Cuenca del Río Higüamo (A) PD 4 de febrero de febrero de Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Unidad Ejecutora del Proyecto (Consultores) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Neutralidad de la degradación de las tierras (Siglas en inglés LDN) PD 26 de octubre julio de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Mecanismo Mundial de la de la CNULCD/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Elaboración del Sexto Informe País en el marco de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas para la Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía (UNCCD) PD 1 de enero de enero de 2017 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN)/ Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal (CEDAF) Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Proyecto Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación Forestal (REDD+) del Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) PD 6 de octubre junio de 2019 Banco Mundial (BM) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) Banco Mundial (BM)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes productivos de montaña boscosas amenazadas PD PD/ PD Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PD Proyecto Proyecto Global Fortalecimiento de recursos humanos, marcos legales y capacidades institucionales para implementar el Protocolo de Nagoya PD 1 de mayo de mayo de 2019 Fondo Global del Medio Ambiente (Siglas en inglés GEF)/PND) Ministerio Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PDContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes productivos de montaña boscosas amenazadas GEF Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y PNUD PD Integrar la conservación de la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas en las políticas y prácticas públicas para amortiguar con eficacia las amenazas actuales y futuras a través de los paisajes productivos de montaña, en tres sitios pilotos: Cuencas Ozama y Ocoa y la Sierra de Neiba. Proyecto Desarrollando la resiliencia en un gradiente montañoso-costero a través de la adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) y la reducción del riesgo de desastres basado en ecosistemas (Eco- RRD) para aumentar la adaptación.', 'Proyecto Desarrollando la resiliencia en un gradiente montañoso-costero a través de la adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) y la reducción del riesgo de desastres basado en ecosistemas (Eco- RRD) para aumentar la adaptación. "El Seibo Resiliente" PD PD/ PD Unión Europea GIZ, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana.', '"El Seibo Resiliente" PD PD/ PD Unión Europea GIZ, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades y medios de vida ante el cambio climático y los desastres a nivel nacional y subnacional en la República Dominicana. Proyecto Integrando la gestión del agua, la tierra y los ecosistemas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe (IWEco) GEF PNUMA y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover la gestión integrada del agua, la tierra y los ecosistemas en los SIDs del Caribe.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Adaptación basada en los ecosistemas (AbE) y restauración forestal en comunidades rurales vulnerables del Corredor Biológico del Caribe (Republica Dominicana; Haití; Cuba) (AbE-CBC) - Proyecto Regional (República Dominicana, Haití, Cuba) AgroAcciónAlemana (WELTHUNGERHILFE) y OroVerde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Centro para la Educación y Acción Ecológica - Naturaleza, ENDA Dominicana PD Contribuir a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y el aumento de la resiliencia para mantener al largo plazo los medios de vida.', 'Proyecto Integrando la gestión del agua, la tierra y los ecosistemas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe (IWEco) GEF PNUMA y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover la gestión integrada del agua, la tierra y los ecosistemas en los SIDs del Caribe.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Adaptación basada en los ecosistemas (AbE) y restauración forestal en comunidades rurales vulnerables del Corredor Biológico del Caribe (Republica Dominicana; Haití; Cuba) (AbE-CBC) - Proyecto Regional (República Dominicana, Haití, Cuba) AgroAcciónAlemana (WELTHUNGERHILFE) y OroVerde Fundación del Bosque Tropical Centro para la Educación y Acción Ecológica - Naturaleza, ENDA Dominicana PD Contribuir a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y el aumento de la resiliencia para mantener al largo plazo los medios de vida. Proyecto Programa "Agricultura resiliente y gestión integral de los recursos naturales en las cuencas del río Yaque del Norte y Ozama-Isabela" PD En ejecución Banco Mundial MEPyD y otras instituciones nacionales PD Promover el manejo integral de dos cuencas prioritarias del país.', 'Proyecto Programa "Agricultura resiliente y gestión integral de los recursos naturales en las cuencas del río Yaque del Norte y Ozama-Isabela" PD En ejecución Banco Mundial MEPyD y otras instituciones nacionales PD Promover el manejo integral de dos cuencas prioritarias del país. Proyecto ABE y medidas transformacionales para aumentar la resiliencia al cambio climático en el Corredor Seco Centroamericano y las Zonas Áridas de la República Dominicana. Fondo Verde del Clima Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y MEPyD PD Promover AbE a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas, y tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Proyecto Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+) Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) Banco Mundial y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover las actividades de preparación de implementación clave para desarrollar una estrategia nacional de REDD+.', 'Fondo Verde del Clima Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y MEPyD PD Promover AbE a través de bosques y sistemas agroforestales en cuencas priorizadas, y tecnologías eficientes en agua en las comunidades rurales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Clasificación Nombre Estado Año Asistencia Técnica/autor Descripción Proyecto Proyecto Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+) Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono de los Bosques (FCPF) Banco Mundial y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover las actividades de preparación de implementación clave para desarrollar una estrategia nacional de REDD+. Proyecto Desarrollo de capacidades de actores involucrados en el uso de la tierra en la República Dominicana Banco Mundial Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover las actividades de preparación de implementación clave para desarrollar una estrategia nacional de REDD+. Proyecto Paisajes productivos integrados a través de la planificación del uso del suelo, restauración e intensificación sostenible de los cultivos de arroz en las cuencas Yaque del Norte y Yuna.', 'Proyecto Paisajes productivos integrados a través de la planificación del uso del suelo, restauración e intensificación sostenible de los cultivos de arroz en las cuencas Yaque del Norte y Yuna. PD Concept note aprobada/ PD Banco Mundial Ministerio de Medio Ambiente PD Promover la implementación de una planificación integrada de uso del suelo en las cuencas Yaque del Norte y Yuna. Fuente: Recopilación interna entre varias instituciones como el Fondo de Medio Ambiente (Fondo Marena) , Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio ( CNCCMDL) , Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO VIII.', 'Fuente: Recopilación interna entre varias instituciones como el Fondo de Medio Ambiente (Fondo Marena) , Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio ( CNCCMDL) , Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 ANEXO VIII. Formato narrativo y tabular para las opciones sectoriales de mitigación obtenidas de varios estudios (Asistencia Técnica) para el proceso de mejora y actualización de las NDC- RD 2020 para los sectores Energía e IPPU. SECTOR ENERGÍA: GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD Título de la opción: Conversión de unidades de generación de Fuel Oil No. 6 del sistema eléctrico a Gas Natural.', '6 del sistema eléctrico a Gas Natural. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico, a través del programa de reconversión de las unidades de Fuel Oil (centrales térmicas) a plantas a base de gas natural con menor poder de calentamiento global. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 7428.06 Gg CO2eq. Instalados 951 MWp. Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.)', 'Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Se inició un proceso de reconversión de las unidades de Fuel oil No.6 a Centrales a base de Gas Natural en el país. Primera Etapa 700 MWp, y Segunda Etapa 58 MWp (Orígenes y Sultana del Este 153 MWp), para un total 911 MWp. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nuevos Parques Eólicos en la República Dominicana.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nuevos Parques Eólicos en la República Dominicana. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de parque eólicos en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 8057.12 Gg MWp.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de parque eólicos en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 8057.12 Gg MWp. Planificación Ejecución Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.)', 'Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Instalación de 477 MW de potencia eólica tomando un factor de capacidad del 34% a partir de los estudios publicados en la Hoja de Ruta de Energía Renovable (IRENA 2016) y los planes de concesión provisional y definitiva presentada a la Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE). Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Eólica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Eólica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología eólicas y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de los parques eólicos instalados, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nuevas Instalaciones Solares Fotovoltaicas en la República Dominicana.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología eólicas y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de los parques eólicos instalados, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nuevas Instalaciones Solares Fotovoltaicas en la República Dominicana. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de paneles solares en el sector residencial, sector de servicios y parques fotovoltaicos en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 4268.15 Gg CO2eq.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de paneles solares en el sector residencial, sector de servicios y parques fotovoltaicos en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 4268.15 Gg CO2eq. Instalados 479 MWp. Planificación Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.)', 'Planificación Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Instalación de 479 MW de potencia solar fotovoltaica tomando un factor de capacidad del 18% a partir de los estudios publicados en la Hoja de Ruta de Energía Renovable (IRENA 2016) y los planes de concesión provisional y definitiva presentada a la Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) para instalaciones residenciales, en inmuebles de servicios y granjas solares. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Solar Fotovoltaica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Solar Fotovoltaica) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología en los paneles solares según las instalaciones previstas en el territorio nacional y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar las instalaciones en cada sitio, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Plantas de generación de energía a pequeña escala a base de biomasa (agrícola y forestal), y residuos sólidos.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector público-privado para la importación de la tecnología en los paneles solares según las instalaciones previstas en el territorio nacional y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar las instalaciones en cada sitio, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Plantas de generación de energía a pequeña escala a base de biomasa (agrícola y forestal), y residuos sólidos. Objetivo Reducción de GEI e inversión en plantas a pequeña escala (5MWp) para la generación de energía (Electricidad y calor para procesos propios) a partir de biomasa y residuos sólidos.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI e inversión en plantas a pequeña escala (5MWp) para la generación de energía (Electricidad y calor para procesos propios) a partir de biomasa y residuos sólidos. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 4114.20 Gg CO2eq. Instalación de 93 MWp. Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.)', 'Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calorContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Breve descripción de la opción Montaje de tecnologías maduras para la producción de energía, específicamente en los procesos industriales de las industrias alimentarias que tienen calderas, gasificadores y otras tecnologías para producir energía propia, así como las diferentes tecnologías para la utilización del biogás. Incluir en la cadena el proceso de economía circular en los subproductos con potencial para ello. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe establecer un sistema de control de datos a nivel nacional entre el sector de agricultura, sector industrial y sector energético para evitar la doble contabilidad de los datos. Puede ser el mismo BNEN que utiliza la Comisión Nacional de Energía.', 'Puede ser el mismo BNEN que utiliza la Comisión Nacional de Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado en la construcción de elementos tecnológicos para la industria nacional e importación de materias primas para sistemas de biomasas (Calderas, Biodigestores, Gasificadores, Plantas de tratamiento de Biomasa, otras tecnologías) y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de las instalaciones de subproductos con valor agregado (Implementar Procesos de Economía Circular), a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de GEI .', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado en la construcción de elementos tecnológicos para la industria nacional e importación de materias primas para sistemas de biomasas (Calderas, Biodigestores, Gasificadores, Plantas de tratamiento de Biomasa, otras tecnologías) y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de las instalaciones de subproductos con valor agregado (Implementar Procesos de Economía Circular), a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de GEI . Título de la opción: Aumento de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas.', 'Título de la opción: Aumento de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico y la implementación de un programa de inversión para el montaje de centrales hidroeléctricas en el país. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 483.77Gg CO2eq. Instalados 21 MWp. Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.)', 'Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Instalación de 21 MW de potencia en centrales hidráulicas a pequeña y mediana escala tomando un factor de capacidad del 50% a partir de los estudios publicados en la Hoja de Ruta de Energía Renovable (IRENA 2016) y los planes de concesión provisional y definitiva presentada a la Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE). Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Hidro) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) e información a partir de los datos de producción de electricidad de fuentes renovables (Hidro) del Organismo Coordinador (OC) en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado en la construcción de elementos tecnológicos para la industria nacional (Obras Constructivas) e importación de motores y agregados para sistemas para la mini hidráulica según las necesidades tecnológicas (Motores de Potencia, y agregados tecnológicos) y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de las instalaciones hidráulica, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado en la construcción de elementos tecnológicos para la industria nacional (Obras Constructivas) e importación de motores y agregados para sistemas para la mini hidráulica según las necesidades tecnológicas (Motores de Potencia, y agregados tecnológicos) y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar los gatos financieros y las emisiones de GEI que provienen de las instalaciones hidráulica, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. .Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Expansión de Ciclo Combinado.', '.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Expansión de Ciclo Combinado. Objetivo Reducción de emisiones de GEI e inversión en tecnologías para producir electricidad a partir de ciclo combinado Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 4603.68Gg CO2eq. Instalados 100 MWp. Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Inversión prevista en el plan de expansión de ciclo combinado con el aprovechamiento de las turbinas gas de Los Mina, en la provincia de Santo Domingo.', 'principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Inversión prevista en el plan de expansión de ciclo combinado con el aprovechamiento de las turbinas gas de Los Mina, en la provincia de Santo Domingo. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público-privado en la expansión de ciclo combinado con tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones de Gas Natural a partir del ciclo combinado, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nueva Planta de Generación a base de Gas Natural.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público-privado en la expansión de ciclo combinado con tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones de Gas Natural a partir del ciclo combinado, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Nueva Planta de Generación a base de Gas Natural. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico e inversión en nuevas plantas a base de gas natural con menor poder de calentamiento global con respecto a sistemas menos eficiente.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 140MWp.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector eléctrico e inversión en nuevas plantas a base de gas natural con menor poder de calentamiento global con respecto a sistemas menos eficiente.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 140MWp. Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Inversión done está en proceso la entrada de una Unidad Móvil para la generación de electricidad a base de Gas Natural en el país, con mayores estándares de eficiencia.', 'Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor Breve descripción de la opción Inversión done está en proceso la entrada de una Unidad Móvil para la generación de electricidad a base de Gas Natural en el país, con mayores estándares de eficiencia. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía.', 'Recolección de los datos del Balance Nacional de Energía Neta (BNEN) a partir de unidades propias y través de los factores conversión del gas natural llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la Industria de la Energía. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público-privado en el acondicionamiento del sitio para la nueva planta a base de gas natural en Santo Domingo y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada por gas natural que provienen de la instalación más eficiente, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Plantas de Generación Híbridas; Gas Natural + Renovables no convencionales (Cualitativa).', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público-privado en el acondicionamiento del sitio para la nueva planta a base de gas natural en Santo Domingo y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada por gas natural que provienen de la instalación más eficiente, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. . Título de la opción: Plantas de Generación Híbridas; Gas Natural + Renovables no convencionales (Cualitativa). Objetivo Reducción de emisiones de GEI e inversiones en el sector privado a partir del parque integrados.', 'Objetivo Reducción de emisiones de GEI e inversiones en el sector privado a partir del parque integrados. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas N/D Planificación (2021-2023) Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía.', 'Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas N/D Planificación (2021-2023) Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. principal Producción de electricidad y calor O N/DContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Breve descripción de la opción Identificación de inversiones desde el sector privado para el montaje de parques integrales para la producción de energía eléctrica a partir de fuentes renovables y gas natural (Combustible con menor PCG) Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento N/D Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Realizar un estudio a nivel nacional para identificar el potencial posible y revisar el marco legal para introducir incentivos a las plantas de generación híbridas en los marcos habilitantes posibles.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 SECTOR ENERGÍA: Eficiencia Energética.', 'principal Producción de electricidad y calor O N/DContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Breve descripción de la opción Identificación de inversiones desde el sector privado para el montaje de parques integrales para la producción de energía eléctrica a partir de fuentes renovables y gas natural (Combustible con menor PCG) Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento N/D Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Realizar un estudio a nivel nacional para identificar el potencial posible y revisar el marco legal para introducir incentivos a las plantas de generación híbridas en los marcos habilitantes posibles.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 SECTOR ENERGÍA: Eficiencia Energética. Título de la opción: Programa de recambio de acondicionadores de aire para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes.', 'Título de la opción: Programa de recambio de acondicionadores de aire para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes. Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa habilitante que conlleve al cambio de equipos más eficientes. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Dominicano de la Calidad (INDOCAL) Dirección General de Aduanas PONAOZ Reducción de emisiones Habilitadores para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox.', 'Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Dominicano de la Calidad (INDOCAL) Dirección General de Aduanas PONAOZ Reducción de emisiones Habilitadores para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox. 689,389 Unidades) Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional y Gases Fluorados Breve descripción de la opción Programa habilitador orientado a la introducción de los Estándares Mínimos de Eficiencia (MEPs) y el etiquetado en los equipos más eficientes (Menor consumo eléctrico y gases ecológicos) en el país. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación (Aduanas), aplicación de las normas y estándares en los equipos más eficientes (INDOCAL); Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas.', 'Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación (Aduanas), aplicación de las normas y estándares en los equipos más eficientes (INDOCAL); Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética, así como un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos y gases refrigerantes utilizados en los equipos para el sector residencial y de servicios incluido la cadena de turismo con la reposición de equipos de alta eficiencia, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética, así como un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos y gases refrigerantes utilizados en los equipos para el sector residencial y de servicios incluido la cadena de turismo con la reposición de equipos de alta eficiencia, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. .Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Programas para la reconversión de refrigeradores domésticos para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes.', '.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Programas para la reconversión de refrigeradores domésticos para todos los sectores de consumo y servicios a partir de nuevos estándares más eficientes. Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa habilitante que conlleve al cambio de equipos más eficientes. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Dominicano de la Calidad (INDOCAL) Dirección General de Aduanas PRONAOZ Reducción de emisiones 1289.13 Gg CO2eq. Marcos habilitadores para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox.', 'Marcos habilitadores para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox. 742,977 Unidades) Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional y Gases Fluorados Breve descripción de la opción Programa habilitador orientado a la introducción de los Estándares Mínimos de Eficiencia (MEPs) y el etiquetado en los equipos más eficientes (Menor consumo eléctrico y gases ecológicos) en el país en refrigeradores domésticos. No se incluyen los Cuartos de Frío de uso industrial. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación (Aduanas), aplicación de las normas y estándares en los equipos más eficientes (INDOCAL); Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas.', 'Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación (Aduanas), aplicación de las normas y estándares en los equipos más eficientes (INDOCAL); Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética, así como un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos y gases refrigerantes utilizados en los equipos para el sector residencial y de servicios incluido la cadena de turismo con la reposición de equipos de alta eficiencia, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética, así como un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos y gases refrigerantes utilizados en los equipos para el sector residencial y de servicios incluido la cadena de turismo con la reposición de equipos de alta eficiencia, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Nuevos estándares para introducir la Iluminación eficiente para áreas públicas y residenciales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa habilitante que conlleve al de iluminación y sistemas inteligentes más eficientes para el alumbrado.', 'Título de la opción: Nuevos estándares para introducir la Iluminación eficiente para áreas públicas y residenciales.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa habilitante que conlleve al de iluminación y sistemas inteligentes más eficientes para el alumbrado. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Instituto Dominicano de la Calidad (INDOCAL) Dirección General de Aduanas Reducción de emisiones 118.6 Gg CO2eq. Marco habilitador para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox.', 'Marco habilitador para un programa para el recambio de unidades. (Aprox. 378,057 bombillas) Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional y Gases Fluorados Breve descripción de la opción Implementación de un plan de políticas y estrategias de sensibilización para recambios en la Iluminación eficiente para áreas públicas y residenciales (incluye sistemas de controles inteligentes y el sector de servicios), tomando en cuenta que el sector residencial tiene 5.5 bombillas en sus inmuebles. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación, aplicación de las normas e incentivos para la adquisición de luminarias más eficientes; Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas.', 'Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación, aplicación de las normas e incentivos para la adquisición de luminarias más eficientes; Ventas de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética correspondientes a la iluminación en espacios públicos y residenciales, potenciar un sistema de medición en ahorros eléctricos según el consumo (kw) y la iluminación (lúmenes) de las lámparas, a partir del Decreto Nacional de MRV aprobado.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan el uso de tecnologías y hábitos de consumo orientados a la mejora continua de la eficiencia energética correspondientes a la iluminación en espacios públicos y residenciales, potenciar un sistema de medición en ahorros eléctricos según el consumo (kw) y la iluminación (lúmenes) de las lámparas, a partir del Decreto Nacional de MRV aprobado. Título de la opción: Nuevos estándares para la adquisición de motores eléctricos industriales.', 'Título de la opción: Nuevos estándares para la adquisición de motores eléctricos industriales. Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa habilitante que conlleve a la sustitución de motores más eficientes en la cadena industrial del país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas Ministerio de Industria Instituto Dominicano de la Calidad (INDOCAL) Reducción de emisiones 643.63 Gg CO2eq. Marco habilitador para la reducción del 10% del consumo promedio por año en motores industriales).', 'Marco habilitador para la reducción del 10% del consumo promedio por año en motores industriales). Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional Breve descripción de la opción Implementación de un plan para la sensibilización a partir de políticas adecuadas que conlleve la adquisición de motores más eficientes en las tecnologías para servicios y procesos industriales (incluye sector público y privado, tanto los servicios básicos, como para el sector industrial. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación, aplicación de las normas e incentivos para la adquisición de motores más eficientes; comercialización de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas o Ministerio de Industria.', 'Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir de los actores que entran en la Cadena de Importación, aplicación de las normas e incentivos para la adquisición de motores más eficientes; comercialización de equipos en el mercado nacional (Suplidores y Ventas), lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas o Ministerio de Industria. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para incentivos adecuados para la importación de motores más eficientes, así como el diseño e implementación de un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos de los motores, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear las normas para incentivos adecuados para la importación de motores más eficientes, así como el diseño e implementación de un sistema para la medición neta de consumos eléctricos de los motores, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Inversión en la reconversión de transformadores eficientes para el sistema eléctrico. Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa de inversión que conlleve a la sustitución de transformadores más eficientes para el sistema eléctrico del país.', 'Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa de inversión que conlleve a la sustitución de transformadores más eficientes para el sistema eléctrico del país. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Ministerio de Energía y Minas Reducción de emisiones 63.47 Gg CO2eq. Inversión para buscar la reducción de pérdidas al sistema). Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional y Gases Fluorados Breve descripción de la opción Inversión prevista para la adquisición de transformadores eficientes para el sistema eléctrico tanto el sistema interconectado, como para los sistemas aislados en el país.', 'Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional y Gases Fluorados Breve descripción de la opción Inversión prevista para la adquisición de transformadores eficientes para el sistema eléctrico tanto el sistema interconectado, como para los sistemas aislados en el país. Dicha opción ayuda a reducir pérdidas en los sistemas eléctricos. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Establecer una metodología para los cambios tecnológicos establecidos a partir de evaluaciones de necesidades tecnológicas según corresponda, lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas.', 'Establecer una metodología para los cambios tecnológicos establecidos a partir de evaluaciones de necesidades tecnológicas según corresponda, lo cual esté alineado bajo el Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los mecanismos y requerimientos necesarios para la fabricación de partes y piezas de los transformadores más eficientes en la industria nacional, así como el diseño e implementación de un sistema para la medición para reducción de pérdidas en los sistemas eléctricos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Introducción de estándares de eficiencia energética en nuevas construcciones.', 'Título de la opción: Introducción de estándares de eficiencia energética en nuevas construcciones. Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI y diseñar e implementar un código de construcción más eficiente para reducir el consumo energético en los inmuebles del país. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones. Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Reducción de emisiones 731.7 Gg CO2eq. Programa habilitador para reducir el 10% del consumo promedio por año de nuevas construcciones).', 'Programa habilitador para reducir el 10% del consumo promedio por año de nuevas construcciones). Energía, 1.A.4 Otros sectores: Sub categorías: 1.A.4.a Comercial / Institucional Breve descripción de la opción Introducción de un nuevo código de construcción para instalaciones en edificios públicos y residenciales con estándares mejorados en el país. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir del sector de la construcción con el nuevo código de construcciones verdes, lo cual esté alineado bajo el MOPC.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Establecer una metodología para la obtención de datos a partir del sector de la construcción con el nuevo código de construcciones verdes, lo cual esté alineado bajo el MOPC. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear marcos habilitadores para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan construcciones verdes, con mejor eficiencia y confort, para desarrollar un sistema de monitoreo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Establecer los instrumentos de políticas públicas y crear marcos habilitadores para el desarrollo de actividades que promuevan construcciones verdes, con mejor eficiencia y confort, para desarrollar un sistema de monitoreo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Programa de Destrucción de Gases con alto PCG (HFC) en equipo de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire de baja eficiencia según protocolo de la Enmienda de Kigali. (CUALITATIVO) Objetivo Reducir gases GEI e implementar protocolos para la destrucción de gases con alto PCG (HFC) en equipo de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire de baja eficiencia.', '(CUALITATIVO) Objetivo Reducir gases GEI e implementar protocolos para la destrucción de gases con alto PCG (HFC) en equipo de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire de baja eficiencia. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales PRONAOZ N/D Planificación (2023-2025) Sector IPPU, Gases Fluorados N/D Breve descripción de la opción Implementación de programas elaborados por el Programa Nacional de Ozono (PRONAOZ) para la destrucción segura de GEI y su adecuado repositorio. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Aplicar la metodología para la obtención de datos a partir del Programa Nacional de Ozono (PRONAOZ), bajo el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Serán establecidas por PRONAOZ según su experiencia en el Protocolo de Montreal y los requerimientos que serán establecidos en la Enmienda de Kigali ratificada por el país en 2020. Título de la opción: Identificación de posibles Bancos para el Almacenamiento de Energía Eléctrica.', 'Título de la opción: Identificación de posibles Bancos para el Almacenamiento de Energía Eléctrica. (Cualitativo)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Objetivo Reducir emisiones del GEI e implementar un programa de inversión en Banco de Almacenamiento para el sistema eléctrico del país. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) Ministerio de Energía y Minas N/D Planificación (2023- Energía, categoría: (1.A.1.a.) Industrias de la energía. (1.A.1.a.) Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Estudio e inversión en Bancos de Almacenamiento donde los sistemas interconectados y sistemas aislados lo permitan.', 'Actividad principal Producción de electricidad y calor O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Estudio e inversión en Bancos de Almacenamiento donde los sistemas interconectados y sistemas aislados lo permitan. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento N/D Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Iniciar estudios relacionados con una evaluación de necesidades tecnológicas relacionada con los Bancos de Almacenamiento para la energía eléctrica en el país.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 SECTOR ENERGÍA: Transporte Carretero. Título de la opción: Líneas nuevas y adicionales del metro en Santo Domingo. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en nuevas líneas de metro de Santo Domingo en tramos de alta demanda de pasajeros.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en nuevas líneas de metro de Santo Domingo en tramos de alta demanda de pasajeros. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 1997.44 Gg CO2eq. (A partir de la electricidad aportada por el SENI) Inversiones previstas 42 Km de líneas de metros y todo el sistema. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en varias subcategorías.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en varias subcategorías. Breve descripción de la opción Ampliación y nuevos recorridos para 42 kilómetros de líneas para el sistema de Metro en Santo Domingo alimentados con energía eléctrica para llegar a transporta 700,000 pasajeros por día como promedio de dos viajes diarios. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina del metro de Santo Domingo informando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido. Informar al Instituto Nacional de Tránsito y Transporte Terrestre (INTRANT) como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre.', 'Informar al Instituto Nacional de Tránsito y Transporte Terrestre (INTRANT) como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público en la expansión y nuevas líneas para el metro a partir de tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones del metro de Santo Domingo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público en la expansión y nuevas líneas para el metro a partir de tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones del metro de Santo Domingo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Nueva línea del teleférico.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en una nueva línea de teleférico en tramos de alta demanda de pasajeros.', 'Título de la opción: Nueva línea del teleférico.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en una nueva línea de teleférico en tramos de alta demanda de pasajeros. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 1066.17 Gg CO2eq. (A partir de la electricidad aportada por el SENI) Inversiones previstas 11 Km de teleférico. Ejecución Prevista (2025- Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en varias subcategorías.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en varias subcategorías. Breve descripción de la opción Inversión en 11 kilómetros para nuevas líneas en el sistema de teleférico en Santo Domingo alimentados con energía eléctrica para llegar a transporta 72,000 pasajeros por día como promedio de dos viajes diarios en 12 horas de trabajo diario Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina del metro de Santo Domingo informando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre.', 'Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público en nuevas líneas para el teleférico a partir de tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones del metro de Santo Domingo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público en nuevas líneas para el teleférico a partir de tecnologías maduras en el mercado y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen de las instalaciones del metro de Santo Domingo, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Creación y adecuación del sistema BRT en las grandes ciudades (Santo Domingo y Santiago de los Caballeros) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en nuevo Sistema de BRT para ciudades de alta demanda de pasajeros.', 'Título de la opción: Creación y adecuación del sistema BRT en las grandes ciudades (Santo Domingo y Santiago de los Caballeros) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en nuevo Sistema de BRT para ciudades de alta demanda de pasajeros. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 2816.11 Gg CO2eq. Inversiones previstas en un nuevo sistema de BRT. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: 1.A.3b Transporte carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones. y O Breve descripción de la opción Adquisición de 500 Bus híbrido rígido tiene un valor aproximado de US$ 176,000.00 y 350 buses híbridos articulados a un costo estimado de US$ 250,000.00 para la integración en un sistema de BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) en ciudades con más de 2 millones de habitantes. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina la OMSA en Santo Domingo informando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido por tipo de autobús.', 'Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina la OMSA en Santo Domingo informando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido por tipo de autobús. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Transformar la movilidad terrestre predominante en la República Dominicana hacia una de mayor énfasis en el transporte público masivo y de mayor integración con el desarrollo urbano y entre modos de transporte. Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.', 'Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público para un nuevo sistema de transporte rápido (BRT) a partir de experiencias internacionales (Ej. Transmilenio en Colombia) y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada que provienen del BRT en las grandes ciudades, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Renovación del parque de autobuses de Diesel por unidades eléctricas 100%.', 'Título de la opción: Renovación del parque de autobuses de Diesel por unidades eléctricas 100%. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversión en un parque de autobuses 100% eléctrico con recargas a partir de fuentes renovables para ciudades de alta demanda de pasajeros. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 2390.94 Gg CO2eq. Inversiones previstas en 300 autobuses 100% eléctricos. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: 1.A.3b Transporte carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones. Breve descripción de la opción Renovación de 300 buses del parque de entidades públicas y privadas que transportan trabajadores por buses eléctricos con alta eficiencia y estándares de mejoras de calidad de vida con un costo de US$ 300,000.00/Unidad. Incorporando sus unidades de carga eléctrica en sitios determinados a partir de fuentes renovables.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina la Autobuses en las ciudades correspondiente según el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido para autobuses eléctricos 100%.', 'Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina la Autobuses en las ciudades correspondiente según el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido para autobuses eléctricos 100%. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Transformar la movilidad terrestre predominante en la República Dominicana hacia una de mayor énfasis en el transporte público masivo y de mayor integración con el desarrollo urbano y entre modos de transporte hacía una descarbonización del sector. Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.', 'Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público en autobuses 100% eléctricos a partir de tecnologías maduras y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autobuses recargados a partir de fuentes renovables, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Definición y aplicación de una política de renovación de taxis y conchos. Modernización del parque vehicular público por unidades eléctricas e híbridas.', 'Modernización del parque vehicular público por unidades eléctricas e híbridas. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e introducción de políticas para la modernización de un parque automotor de taxis en base a 100% eléctrico e híbridos con recargas a partir de fuentes renovables para ciudades de alta demanda de pasajeros. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 1516.94 Gg CO2eq. Introducción de Marcos Habilitantes para la reposición hasta 20,000 autos, entre eléctricos e híbridos. Ejecución Prevista (2023- Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en la subcategoría de autos.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en la subcategoría de autos. Breve descripción de la opción Definir políticas de gestión de la demanda de transporte que incentiven y prioricen el uso de modos sostenibles (transporte público de taxis con autos híbridos y eléctricos) y también conduzcan a una mejor gestión del transporte de pasajeros en el entornoContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 metropolitano. Donde se debe sustituir un 25% de la flota actual a través del 15% de autos eléctricos y un 10% de autos híbridos al 2030. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina de control perteneciente a la Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII) y los sindicatos de taxistas informando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido para taxis eléctricos e híbridos. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autos 100% eléctricos e híbridos a partir de marcos habilitantes que flexibilicen las inversiones a los propietarios y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autos eléctricos/híbridos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autos 100% eléctricos e híbridos a partir de marcos habilitantes que flexibilicen las inversiones a los propietarios y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autos eléctricos/híbridos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Diseño e implementación de la red de Bus Alimentadores, en complemento del transporte masivo y la red de bus principal. Nuevas unidades a Gas Natural.', 'Título de la opción: Diseño e implementación de la red de Bus Alimentadores, en complemento del transporte masivo y la red de bus principal. Nuevas unidades a Gas Natural. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, con un diseño e inversión piloto en un parque de autobuses a gas natural. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 175.83 Gg CO2eq. Inversiones previstas en 130 autobuses a base de gas natural. Ejecución Prevista (2023- Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones. Breve descripción de la opción Diseño de un estrategia y montaje de un piloto de 130 buses con estándares mejorados en parques de entidades públicas y privadas por buses gas natural. El costo estimado evaluado para 130 autobuses rígidos (155,000.00 USD/Bus) a gas natural de bajo consumo de energía, con Wi-Fi de cortesía, emisión de boletos móviles e información de llegada del vehículo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'El costo estimado evaluado para 130 autobuses rígidos (155,000.00 USD/Bus) a gas natural de bajo consumo de energía, con Wi-Fi de cortesía, emisión de boletos móviles e información de llegada del vehículo.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la oficina la Autobuses en los ayuntamientos y empresas que utilizaran este medio, contabilizando el número de viajes por día/pasajeros transportados/km recorrido para autobuses a gas natural. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre.', 'Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Transformar la movilidad terrestre predominante en la República Dominicana hacia una de mayor énfasis en el transporte público masivo y de mayor integración con el desarrollo urbano y entre modos de transporte. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autobuses a gas natural para el sector empresarial y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autobuses a gas natural, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autobuses a gas natural para el sector empresarial y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autobuses a gas natural, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Adecuación de un servicio de transporte escolar seguro y eficiente con buses eléctricos. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, con un diseño e inversión de un piloto en un parque de autobuses 100% eléctricos para el transporte escolar.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, con un diseño e inversión de un piloto en un parque de autobuses 100% eléctricos para el transporte escolar. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 31.44 Gg CO2eq. Inversiones previstas eléctricos. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: 1.A.3b Transporte carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en las subcategorías de Buses y Camiones. Breve descripción de la opción Diseño de un estrategia y montaje de un piloto de 80 buses 100% eléctricos con estándares mejorados para los servicios escolares. Se tiene proyectado el cambio 80 buses eléctrico de para 12 capacidades cuesta aproximadamente US$ 155,000.00.', 'Se tiene proyectado el cambio 80 buses eléctrico de para 12 capacidades cuesta aproximadamente US$ 155,000.00. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos desde las empresas que utilizaran este medio con fines escolares, contabilizando el número de viajes por día/estudiantes transportados/km recorrido para autobuses eléctricos. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre.', 'Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autobuses eléctricos para el transporte escolar y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autobuses 100% eléctricos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover la participación ciudadana en el proceso de transformación de la movilidad terrestre hacia una condición de mayor integración, eficiencia y adecuada atención de las necesidades de la población.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autobuses eléctricos para el transporte escolar y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autobuses 100% eléctricos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Introducción de Marcos Habilitantes para la modernización del parque de vehículos privados (Sustitución por vehículos híbridos y 100 % eléctricos) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e introducción de políticas para la reposición de un parque automotor privado 100% eléctrico e híbridos con recargas a partir de fuentes renovables.', 'Título de la opción: Introducción de Marcos Habilitantes para la modernización del parque de vehículos privados (Sustitución por vehículos híbridos y 100 % eléctricos) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e introducción de políticas para la reposición de un parque automotor privado 100% eléctrico e híbridos con recargas a partir de fuentes renovables. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC- (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 3444.73 Gg CO2eq. Marcos Habilitantes para la reposición hasta 240,000 autos 100% eléctricos e híbridos. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: 1.A.3b Transporte carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en la subcategoría de autos.', 'La opción sustituye combustibles en la subcategoría de autos. Breve descripción de la opción Definir políticas de gestión de la demanda de transporte que incentiven y prioricen el uso de modos sostenibles (transporte privado más eficiente con autos híbridos y eléctricos) y también conduzcan a una mejor gestión del transporte de pasajeros en el entorno metropolitano con mayor afluencia de movimientos. En una primera fase el desplazamiento de 100,000 unidades donde 75% de vehículos eléctricos y el 25% híbridos y una segunda fase 120,000 unidades adicionales, asumiendo la misma métrica. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos de la Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII) y la dirección de planificación de INTRANT para contabilizar el número de viajes por día y km recorrido para autos privados tomando como base un conductor por vehículo en autos eléctricos e híbridos. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre.', 'Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover el uso de modos masivos de movilidad terrestre frente a modos individualizados, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible y reducir los taponamientos en las ciudades.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover el uso de modos masivos de movilidad terrestre frente a modos individualizados, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible y reducir los taponamientos en las ciudades. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autos 100% eléctricos e híbridos a partir de marcos habilitantes que flexibilicen las inversiones a los propietarios privados y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autos eléctricos/híbridos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Adecuación de red para ciclo vías con la implementación de las bicicletas en las grandes ciudades.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector privado para la posibilidad adquirir autos 100% eléctricos e híbridos a partir de marcos habilitantes que flexibilicen las inversiones a los propietarios privados y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada, que provienen de autos eléctricos/híbridos, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Adecuación de red para ciclo vías con la implementación de las bicicletas en las grandes ciudades. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversiones para implementar ciclo vías en las ciudades que los carriles lo permitan.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte e inversiones para implementar ciclo vías en las ciudades que los carriles lo permitan. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT Reducción de emisiones 78.64 Gg CO2eq. Inversiones para la adecuación de ciclo vías en ciudades. Ejecución Prevista Sector Energía, Categoría: 1.A.3b Transporte carretero. La opción sustituye combustibles en la subcategoría de autos privados. Breve descripción de la opción Promover el uso masivo de movilidad en bici en distancia menor a 8 Km de cada trayecto, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible para ciclo vías.', 'Breve descripción de la opción Promover el uso masivo de movilidad en bici en distancia menor a 8 Km de cada trayecto, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible para ciclo vías. Implementar e incentivar un programa de 8,500 usuarios diarios de bicicleta en una primera fase y una segunda fase 15,000 usuarios en las ciudades que así lo permitan. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Se debe utilizar el sistema de control de datos desde la dirección de planificación de INTRANT y los Ayuntamientos para contabilizar el número de usuarios que se mueven diario en bici/km/día tomando como sustitución un vehículo en el mismo recorrido. Informar a INTRANT como organismo nacional coordinador del transporte terrestre. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover el uso de modos masivos de movilidad terrestre frente a modos individualizados, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Promover el uso de modos masivos de movilidad terrestre frente a modos individualizados, para lograr un uso más eficiente de la infraestructura vial disponible. Se requiere el apoyo de mecanismos financieros para el sector público y acondicionar las vías para los ciclos y priorizar estudios para el establecimiento del sistema de medición de las emisiones de GEI generada sustituidas en las Bici por autos de combustión interna, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Título de la opción: Creación de líneas de Bus Express para grandes ciudades (Carriles expresos).', 'Título de la opción: Creación de líneas de Bus Express para grandes ciudades (Carriles expresos). (Cualitativa) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, con un diseño e inversión de un piloto en una línea de Bus Express. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD)Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 INTRANT N/D Planificación (2021-2023) Ejecución Prevista N/D Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Se pretende crear líneas de buses expresos en otras ciudades de la República Dominicana para promover el transporte público más eficiente con mejor calidad de vida.', 'O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Se pretende crear líneas de buses expresos en otras ciudades de la República Dominicana para promover el transporte público más eficiente con mejor calidad de vida. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento N/D Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París N/D Título de la opción: Implementación del programa de inspecciones técnicas a todos los vehículos en circulación (Medición de parámetros). (Cualitativa) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, implementación de estándares técnicos a partir de una inspección vehicular eficiente de todo el parque vehicular del país.', '(Cualitativa) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector transporte, implementación de estándares técnicos a partir de una inspección vehicular eficiente de todo el parque vehicular del país. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Sector y Categorías según (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) INTRANT N/D Planificación (2021-2023) Ejecución Prevista N/D Sector Energía, Categoría: carretero. O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Implementar un servicio de inspección técnica especializada para todo vehículo de motor que circule en el país, con estándares eficientes en cuanto al estado técnico del vehículo y medición de sus gases.', 'O N/D Breve descripción de la opción Implementar un servicio de inspección técnica especializada para todo vehículo de motor que circule en el país, con estándares eficientes en cuanto al estado técnico del vehículo y medición de sus gases. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento N/D Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París N/DContribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 USO DE PRODUCTOS y PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES (IPPU): Producción de Cementos. Título de la opción: Uso de Combustibles alternativos (incluye biomasa) como sustituto de los combustibles fósiles convencionales (Carbon/pet-coke etc.). Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, a través del programa de reconversión de combustibles fósiles a combustibles alternativos.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, a través del programa de reconversión de combustibles fósiles a combustibles alternativos. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) ADOCEM Reducción de emisiones IPPU, categoría: (2.A.) Industrias de Minerales. (2.A.1.) Producción de Cementos USD$ 7Millones por planta, para un estimado USD$ 56 Millones Breve descripción de la opción El reemplazo por un combustible fósil con menor potencial de calentamiento global, tomando como base el Carbon/pet-coke y sustituido por Diesel /gas natural /en una combinación biomasa pura.', 'Producción de Cementos USD$ 7Millones por planta, para un estimado USD$ 56 Millones Breve descripción de la opción El reemplazo por un combustible fósil con menor potencial de calentamiento global, tomando como base el Carbon/pet-coke y sustituido por Diesel /gas natural /en una combinación biomasa pura. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos.', 'Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Operación de planta de cemento optimizada con energía renovable.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Operación de planta de cemento optimizada con energía renovable. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, a través de la mejora de diferentes procesos a partir de energía renovable.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, a través de la mejora de diferentes procesos a partir de energía renovable. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción,) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) ADOCEM Reducción de IPPU, categoría: (2.A.) Industrias de Minerales. (2.A.1.)', 'Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción,) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) ADOCEM Reducción de IPPU, categoría: (2.A.) Industrias de Minerales. (2.A.1.) Producción de Cementos USD$ 180 Millones Total Industria Breve descripción de la opción Optimización del proceso mediante la eficiencia sistema auxiliar de aire, la molienda de cemento con molinos de rodillos verticales y prensas de rodillos, aumentar el rendimiento del cemento por optimización de la distribución del tamaño de partícula y todo esto para implementar la operación de planta de cemento optimizada a partir de energía renovable mayormente paneles solares Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Producción de Cementos USD$ 180 Millones Total Industria Breve descripción de la opción Optimización del proceso mediante la eficiencia sistema auxiliar de aire, la molienda de cemento con molinos de rodillos verticales y prensas de rodillos, aumentar el rendimiento del cemento por optimización de la distribución del tamaño de partícula y todo esto para implementar la operación de planta de cemento optimizada a partir de energía renovable mayormente paneles solares Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos.', 'Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Reducción adicional del contenido de Clinker en el cemento dominicano.', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Reducción adicional del contenido de Clinker en el cemento dominicano. Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, e implementación del uso de ceniza volante, puzolanas naturales u otros materiales.', 'Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector de procesos industriales, e implementación del uso de ceniza volante, puzolanas naturales u otros materiales. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) ADOCEM Reducción de IPPU, categoría: (2.A.) Industrias de Minerales. (2.A.1.) Producción de Cementos Industria Breve descripción de la opción Reducción adicional del contenido de Clinker en el cemento mediante el uso de ceniza volante y el uso de puzolanas naturales, así como otros materiales. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Viabilizar importación de residuos como escorias siderúrgicas y otros que puedan ser aplicados como puzolanas, así como materiales alternativos al Clinker (ej. Arcillas calcinadas).', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Viabilizar importación de residuos como escorias siderúrgicas y otros que puedan ser aplicados como puzolanas, así como materiales alternativos al Clinker (ej. Arcillas calcinadas). Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Incremento reforestación de canteras y siembra de árboles endémicos en áreas de amortiguamiento en cementeras dominicanas.', 'Se requiere el apoyo de los diferentes mecanismos financieros a largo plazo para el sector privado para la implementación de procesos tecnológicos más eficientes y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada 2020 - NDC-RD 2020 Título de la opción: Incremento reforestación de canteras y siembra de árboles endémicos en áreas de amortiguamiento en cementeras dominicanas. (Cualitativa) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector AFOLU, e implementación de un programa de reforestación en las tierras de explotación mineras en áreas cementeras.', '(Cualitativa) Objetivo Reducción de GEI en el sector AFOLU, e implementación de un programa de reforestación en las tierras de explotación mineras en áreas cementeras. Entidad Responsable (Institución que monitorea, reporta y verifica la opción) Tipo de Instrumento (Meta GEI, Meta No GEI y Marco Habilitante) Estado (En planificación, aprobado, en ejecución) Año inicio/Meta Sector y Categorías según IPCC-2006 (Identificar sector y categorías especificas) Gases (GEI) (Gases Directos e Indirectos reportados) Financiamiento estimado (Expresado en USD) ADOCEM Reducción de emisiones AFOLU, categoría: (2.B.1) Tierras Forestales. (3.B.1.b) Tierra Convertida en tierra forestal (3.B.1.b.V) Otras tierras convertidas en tierras forestales USD$ 1000 reforestar X Hectáreas. Breve descripción de la opción Adaptabilidad (selección) de especies forestales adecuadas de rápido crecimiento y bajo consumo de agua, según zona de intervención del proyecto.', 'Breve descripción de la opción Adaptabilidad (selección) de especies forestales adecuadas de rápido crecimiento y bajo consumo de agua, según zona de intervención del proyecto. Propuesta de metodologías y/o métodos para realizar seguimiento El enfoque metodológico es coherente con las Directrices de 2006 del IPCC para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Recolección de los datos por planta cementera llevadas a unidades de energía (TJ) para homogeneizar toda la información en el sistema de cálculo para los INGEI en la categoría producción de cementos. Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Reconocimiento gubernamental del proyecto como medio de compensación a las emisiones generadas en la industria (certificación).', 'Acciones requeridas para su adecuación a lo establecido bajo el Acuerdo de París Reconocimiento gubernamental del proyecto como medio de compensación a las emisiones generadas en la industria (certificación). Se tomarán acciones sociales con respecto a la reforestación popular en el país y estudios para el establecimiento del sistema para medir y reportar el programa de reforestación, a partir de la emisión del Decreto 541-20 que establece el Sistema Nacional de Medición, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.']

es-ES

ECU

Ecuador

1st NDC

2019-03-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Primera%20NDC%20Ecuador.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7ece11e8c011d98bca41996868fdb91a1ec32b5d007ef769675bacdc3a2547d0.pdf

['REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOGLOSARIO DE SIGLAS Acrónimo Descripción AME Asociación de Municipalidades Ecuatorianas CICC Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente CONGOPE Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador COPFP Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas COVNM Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles No Metanosos DA Datos de Actividad ENCC Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático ENOS El Niño-Oscilación del Sur ESCOs Empresas de Gestión de la Energía ESPAC Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua FAOSTAT Base de Datos Estadísticos Corporativos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación GACMO Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GAD Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado GBP Guía de Buenas Prácticas GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GLP Gas Licuado de Petróleo GWP Potencial de Calentamiento Global INEC Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático LEAP Sistema de Planificación de Alternativas Energéticas de Largo Alcance MAE Ministerio del Ambiente MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería MERNNR Ministerio de Recursos MIDUVI Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda MSP Ministerio de Salud Pública MTOP Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas NDC Contribución Determinada a nivel nacional PDOT Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNA Plan Nacional de Adaptación REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal SENAGUA Secretaría Nacional del Agua SENPLADES Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo SNAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SNI Sistema Nacional Interconectado SOTE Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano TCN Tercera Comunicación Nacional USCUSS Uso de Suelo, Cambio de Uso de Suelo y SilviculturaTABLA DE CONTENIDO GLOSARIO DE SIGLAS . 2 PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 4 1.', 'REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOGLOSARIO DE SIGLAS Acrónimo Descripción AME Asociación de Municipalidades Ecuatorianas CICC Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente CONGOPE Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador COPFP Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas COVNM Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles No Metanosos DA Datos de Actividad ENCC Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático ENOS El Niño-Oscilación del Sur ESCOs Empresas de Gestión de la Energía ESPAC Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua FAOSTAT Base de Datos Estadísticos Corporativos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación GACMO Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GAD Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado GBP Guía de Buenas Prácticas GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GLP Gas Licuado de Petróleo GWP Potencial de Calentamiento Global INEC Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático LEAP Sistema de Planificación de Alternativas Energéticas de Largo Alcance MAE Ministerio del Ambiente MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería MERNNR Ministerio de Recursos MIDUVI Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda MSP Ministerio de Salud Pública MTOP Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas NDC Contribución Determinada a nivel nacional PDOT Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNA Plan Nacional de Adaptación REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal SENAGUA Secretaría Nacional del Agua SENPLADES Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo SNAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SNI Sistema Nacional Interconectado SOTE Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano TCN Tercera Comunicación Nacional USCUSS Uso de Suelo, Cambio de Uso de Suelo y SilviculturaTABLA DE CONTENIDO GLOSARIO DE SIGLAS . 2 PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 4 1. Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 4 1.1 Circunstancias físicas . 4 1.1 Circunstancias económicas y sociales . 6 1.2 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 7 2.', 'Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 4 1.1 Circunstancias físicas . 4 1.1 Circunstancias económicas y sociales . 6 1.2 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 7 2. Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París. 12 3. Componente de mitigación 13 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado 13 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia 14 3.3 Periodos de implementación . 16 3.4 Alcance y cobertura 16 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. 23 4.', 'Componente de mitigación 13 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado 13 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia 14 3.3 Periodos de implementación . 16 3.4 Alcance y cobertura 16 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. 23 4. Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 26 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales . 26 4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad . 27 4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas . 30 4.4 Necesidades de apoyo e implementación. 37 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 37 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento . 37 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación 40 5.', '37 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 37 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento . 37 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación 40 5. Información sobre cómo el país considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa, a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales . 42PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 1. Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal 1.1 Circunstancias físicas El Ecuador es un país andino ubicado en el hemisferio occidental, al noroeste de América del Sur, con una extensión total de 256.370 km2 que cubren tanto la superficie continental, compuesta por 3 regiones: Costa, Sierra y Amazonía, como la región Insular.', 'Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal 1.1 Circunstancias físicas El Ecuador es un país andino ubicado en el hemisferio occidental, al noroeste de América del Sur, con una extensión total de 256.370 km2 que cubren tanto la superficie continental, compuesta por 3 regiones: Costa, Sierra y Amazonía, como la región Insular. El país cuenta con una notable variedad ecosistémica e inmensa riqueza en patrimonio natural. El 20% del territorio corresponde a áreas protegidas de distintas categorías, destacando sitios como el Parque Nacional Yasuní y el archipiélago de las Galápagos, únicos en el mundo por su invaluable y endémica biodiversidad.', 'El 20% del territorio corresponde a áreas protegidas de distintas categorías, destacando sitios como el Parque Nacional Yasuní y el archipiélago de las Galápagos, únicos en el mundo por su invaluable y endémica biodiversidad. El Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas agrupa al conjunto de áreas naturales que garantizan la cobertura y conectividad de ecosistemas importantes en los niveles terrestre, marino, y marino - costero, así como de sus recursos culturales y de las principales fuentes hídricas. En el período 2008-2014 la tasa de cambio de la cobertura boscosa en el Ecuador continental fue de -0,37%, que se traduce en una deforestación neta promedio de 47.497 ha/año.', 'En el período 2008-2014 la tasa de cambio de la cobertura boscosa en el Ecuador continental fue de -0,37%, que se traduce en una deforestación neta promedio de 47.497 ha/año. El país dispone además de 376.018 hm3 de recursos hídricos anuales, de los cuales 361.747 hm3 son superficiales mientras que el 56.556 hm3 son subterráneos. El volumen medio anual para las regiones del país, Costa, Sierra y Amazonía es de 70.046 hm3, también a su geografía, Ecuador posee múltiples climas y microclimas que varían a muy cortas distancias, y van desde cálido hasta frío glaciar.', 'El volumen medio anual para las regiones del país, Costa, Sierra y Amazonía es de 70.046 hm3, también a su geografía, Ecuador posee múltiples climas y microclimas que varían a muy cortas distancias, y van desde cálido hasta frío glaciar. Dada su condición de país en vías de desarrollo, Ecuador es altamente vulnerable a factores externos de diversa índole, incluyendo desde eventos de origen natural o antrópicos, hasta impactos del mercado externo, principalmente por su condición de economía primaria-exportadora.', 'Dada su condición de país en vías de desarrollo, Ecuador es altamente vulnerable a factores externos de diversa índole, incluyendo desde eventos de origen natural o antrópicos, hasta impactos del mercado externo, principalmente por su condición de economía primaria-exportadora. El cambio climático ha exacerbado la vulnerabilidad del país, que es crítica en diversas zonas, por ejemplo, en la zona litoral, donde los cambios en las dinámicas costeras exigen la implementación de medidas de adaptación ante el ascenso del nivel medio del mar, el retroceso de la línea de costa, el aumento de la temperatura del agua, la acidificación, la desprotección ante eventos meteorológicos extremos y las pérdidas humanas y económicas.', 'El cambio climático ha exacerbado la vulnerabilidad del país, que es crítica en diversas zonas, por ejemplo, en la zona litoral, donde los cambios en las dinámicas costeras exigen la implementación de medidas de adaptación ante el ascenso del nivel medio del mar, el retroceso de la línea de costa, el aumento de la temperatura del agua, la acidificación, la desprotección ante eventos meteorológicos extremos y las pérdidas humanas y económicas. Aunque no existen previsiones contrastables sobre el aumento del nivel del mar en Ecuador, los datos manejados a nivel mundial prevén elevaciones que permiten considerar a este fenómeno como una amenaza con incidencia significativa, fundamentalmente en las zonas más bajas, que pueden dar lugar no solo al 1 Datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, (SENAGUA, 2016).incremento de las inundaciones, sino a una aceleración de la erosión costera y a la salinización de acuíferos y tramos finales de los ríos.', 'Aunque no existen previsiones contrastables sobre el aumento del nivel del mar en Ecuador, los datos manejados a nivel mundial prevén elevaciones que permiten considerar a este fenómeno como una amenaza con incidencia significativa, fundamentalmente en las zonas más bajas, que pueden dar lugar no solo al 1 Datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, (SENAGUA, 2016).incremento de las inundaciones, sino a una aceleración de la erosión costera y a la salinización de acuíferos y tramos finales de los ríos. Asimismo, la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad natural, como El Niño - Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), que es uno de los principales fenómenos que afectan la región y el país, y que presenta un ciclo de ocurrencia de 3, 5 y 7 años, genera alteraciones principalmente por incrementos de las precipitaciones (Fase El Niño) y por déficits de precipitación (Fase la Niña)2.', 'Asimismo, la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad natural, como El Niño - Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), que es uno de los principales fenómenos que afectan la región y el país, y que presenta un ciclo de ocurrencia de 3, 5 y 7 años, genera alteraciones principalmente por incrementos de las precipitaciones (Fase El Niño) y por déficits de precipitación (Fase la Niña)2. Este fenómeno desencadena severas sequías e inundaciones que históricamente han afectado al territorio nacional, incluyendo la zona litoral, ocasionando daños significativos que se traducen en pérdidas de vidas humanas, socio-económicas y ambientales.', 'Este fenómeno desencadena severas sequías e inundaciones que históricamente han afectado al territorio nacional, incluyendo la zona litoral, ocasionando daños significativos que se traducen en pérdidas de vidas humanas, socio-económicas y ambientales. Entre los principales cambios observados en precipitación, temperatura media y temperaturas máximas y mínimas absolutas en el Ecuador en el periodo 1960-2010 se aprecia un incremento de temperatura y variaciones espaciales y estacionales de la precipitación todo el territorio nacional. En las Islas Galápagos, reconocidas como Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad, se observa un cambio positivo de las temperaturas media, máxima y mínima absolutas de 1,4°C, 1°C y 1,1°C, respectivamente. En promedio, los volcanes del país han perdido cerca del 50% de su superficie glaciar durante el último medio siglo.', 'En promedio, los volcanes del país han perdido cerca del 50% de su superficie glaciar durante el último medio siglo. Las proyecciones de clima futuro realizadas en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador, muestran que, de mantenerse la tendencia actual de la temperatura, el cambio que podría esperarse en el Ecuador sería de aproximadamente un aumento de 2°C hasta fin de siglo; e, incluso, la Amazonía y Galápagos presentarían incrementos superiores a este valor.', 'Las proyecciones de clima futuro realizadas en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador, muestran que, de mantenerse la tendencia actual de la temperatura, el cambio que podría esperarse en el Ecuador sería de aproximadamente un aumento de 2°C hasta fin de siglo; e, incluso, la Amazonía y Galápagos presentarían incrementos superiores a este valor. Considerando un abordaje sectorial a la temática de la adaptación, cabe mencionar que el sector denominado Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca, es uno de los sectores priorizados por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, en razón a los efectos que los cambios de la temperatura y las alteraciones en los regímenes de las precipitaciones causan sobre la producción de alimentos (consumo interno y exportación) y las repercusiones que ello tiene sobre los precios, el acceso de las poblaciones a los productos, entre otros.', 'Considerando un abordaje sectorial a la temática de la adaptación, cabe mencionar que el sector denominado Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca, es uno de los sectores priorizados por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, en razón a los efectos que los cambios de la temperatura y las alteraciones en los regímenes de las precipitaciones causan sobre la producción de alimentos (consumo interno y exportación) y las repercusiones que ello tiene sobre los precios, el acceso de las poblaciones a los productos, entre otros. A su vez los Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos y el Sector de Asentamientos Humanos son muy vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático, debido a potenciales impactos en el comercio, en el transporte y en la infraestructura urbana y rural.', 'A su vez los Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos y el Sector de Asentamientos Humanos son muy vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático, debido a potenciales impactos en el comercio, en el transporte y en la infraestructura urbana y rural. Grupos y asentamientos humanos vulnerables a los eventos extremos del clima, verían incrementados los factores de riesgo debido a las cada vez más frecuentes e intensas precipitaciones y temperaturas extremas. En el ámbito del sector Salud se prevén incrementos de enfermedades y epidemias exacerbados por las alteraciones climáticas, pues se espera ampliación en la distribución de transmisores de enfermedades que se adaptarían a nuevos pisos altitudinales (cada vez a cotas superiores).', 'En el ámbito del sector Salud se prevén incrementos de enfermedades y epidemias exacerbados por las alteraciones climáticas, pues se espera ampliación en la distribución de transmisores de enfermedades que se adaptarían a nuevos pisos altitudinales (cada vez a cotas superiores). En el caso de los sectores de Patrimonio Hídrico y Patrimonio Natural, ellos son particularmente sensibles ante la ocurrencia de cambios en las precipitaciones y temperatura, y se verían fuertemente afectados al acentuarse las condiciones de déficit y 2 Ecuador: Referencias básicas para la Gestión de Riesgos, 2014.superávit de agua en las cuencas hídricas y alterarse las condiciones ambientales en los ecosistemas del país, caracterizados mayormente por ser muy frágiles.', 'En el caso de los sectores de Patrimonio Hídrico y Patrimonio Natural, ellos son particularmente sensibles ante la ocurrencia de cambios en las precipitaciones y temperatura, y se verían fuertemente afectados al acentuarse las condiciones de déficit y 2 Ecuador: Referencias básicas para la Gestión de Riesgos, 2014.superávit de agua en las cuencas hídricas y alterarse las condiciones ambientales en los ecosistemas del país, caracterizados mayormente por ser muy frágiles. Desde el punto de vista de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero que genera el país, corresponde indicar que las emisiones totales del INGEI 2012 del Ecuador ascienden a 80 627,16 Gg de CO2eq, de los cuales el sector Energía genera el mayor aporte con 46,63% de dichas emisiones, seguido del sector USCUSS, con 25,35% de las emisiones totales netas (valor neto resultante de las emisiones menos las absorciones).', 'Desde el punto de vista de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero que genera el país, corresponde indicar que las emisiones totales del INGEI 2012 del Ecuador ascienden a 80 627,16 Gg de CO2eq, de los cuales el sector Energía genera el mayor aporte con 46,63% de dichas emisiones, seguido del sector USCUSS, con 25,35% de las emisiones totales netas (valor neto resultante de las emisiones menos las absorciones). El sector Agricultura ocupa el tercer lugar con 18,17% de los GEI emitidos a la atmósfera. Los sectores Procesos industriales y Residuos representan, en conjunto, aproximadamente 10% de las emisiones del país, registrando 5,67% y 4,19%.', 'Los sectores Procesos industriales y Residuos representan, en conjunto, aproximadamente 10% de las emisiones del país, registrando 5,67% y 4,19%. Los resultados de las estimaciones de emisiones derivadas de las fuentes y absorciones por sumideros de los GEI a nivel nacional para el año 2012 y el análisis de la serie temporal 1994-2012 fueron realizadas acorde las directrices del IPCC. Los GEI evaluados fueron los siguientes: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), halocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), compuestos orgánicos volátiles no metanosos (COVNM) y dióxido de azufre (SO2) no controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal.', 'Los GEI evaluados fueron los siguientes: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), halocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), compuestos orgánicos volátiles no metanosos (COVNM) y dióxido de azufre (SO2) no controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal. Para fines de reporte, las emisiones/remociones se expresan en unidades de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2-eq) para hacerlas comparables entre sí. 1.2 Circunstancias económicas y sociales El Ecuador tiene 17.267.986 habitantes (INEC, proyecciones de población para 2019), de los cuales el 50,5% corresponden a mujeres. Se identifican pueblos y nacionalidades: mestizos, montubios, indígenas (14 pueblos, 18 nacionalidades y 3 grupos en aislamiento voluntario), afro-ecuatorianos, blancos y otros. Según la caracterización del Censo 2010, el 72% de la población se reconoce como mestizo.', 'Según la caracterización del Censo 2010, el 72% de la población se reconoce como mestizo. Para el 2019 se espera que el 63,9% de la población viva en zonas urbanas (proyección de la población ecuatoriana, por años calendario, según regiones, provincias y sexo). De acuerdo a los datos publicados por el INEC, el nivel de analfabetismo de la población en 2017 fue de 5,9%. La tasa neta de asistencia a educación general básica llegó en 2017 al 96,06%, mientras que la tasa de bachillerato alcanzó el 70,8% en el mismo año (tabulados de educación de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU).', 'La tasa neta de asistencia a educación general básica llegó en 2017 al 96,06%, mientras que la tasa de bachillerato alcanzó el 70,8% en el mismo año (tabulados de educación de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU). En cuanto al acceso a servicios básicos, en 2017 el 88,5% de la población nacional tuvo acceso al agua potable (los hogares urbanos con acceso a la red de agua potable representan el 96,6% del total de hogares urbanos y el 69,8% de los hogares rurales).', 'En cuanto al acceso a servicios básicos, en 2017 el 88,5% de la población nacional tuvo acceso al agua potable (los hogares urbanos con acceso a la red de agua potable representan el 96,6% del total de hogares urbanos y el 69,8% de los hogares rurales). A 2017, el 89,4% de los hogares a nivel nacional cuentan con un sistema adecuado de eliminación de excretas, el 88,1% de hogares cuenta con servicio de recolección de basura, y el 99,1% de los hogares tienen acceso a electricidad (tabulados de vivienda de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo- ENEMDU).', 'A 2017, el 89,4% de los hogares a nivel nacional cuentan con un sistema adecuado de eliminación de excretas, el 88,1% de hogares cuenta con servicio de recolección de basura, y el 99,1% de los hogares tienen acceso a electricidad (tabulados de vivienda de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo- ENEMDU). A diciembre de 2018, la pobreza por ingresos se ubicó en 23,2%, la cual, en comparación con el año 2015 (23,3%), ha disminuido en 0,1 puntos porcentuales, y representa una reducción notable en relación al año 2010 (9,6 puntos porcentuales).', 'A diciembre de 2018, la pobreza por ingresos se ubicó en 23,2%, la cual, en comparación con el año 2015 (23,3%), ha disminuido en 0,1 puntos porcentuales, y representa una reducción notable en relación al año 2010 (9,6 puntos porcentuales). En el mismo año, la pobreza urbana se ubicó en 15,3% y la rural fue de 40%; la pobreza extrema por ingresos fue de 8,4%, teniendo mayor incidencia en el área rural (17,7%).El Coeficiente de Gini, reportado a diciembre de 2018, fue de 0,469 frente a 0,505 reportado para el año 2010 (indicadores de pobreza y desigualdad de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU).', 'En el mismo año, la pobreza urbana se ubicó en 15,3% y la rural fue de 40%; la pobreza extrema por ingresos fue de 8,4%, teniendo mayor incidencia en el área rural (17,7%).El Coeficiente de Gini, reportado a diciembre de 2018, fue de 0,469 frente a 0,505 reportado para el año 2010 (indicadores de pobreza y desigualdad de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU). En 2014, el 41,4% de la población poseía algún tipo de seguro de salud y se habían reducido, con relación a 2006. Algunas de las principales causas de mortalidad infantil (niños menores a 1 año) son: dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido (14,68%) y neumonía (6,24%) (INEC). Entre 2010 y 2017, el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real presentó un crecimiento promedio del 3,38%.', 'Entre 2010 y 2017, el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real presentó un crecimiento promedio del 3,38%. A 2017, el PIB nominal de Ecuador alcanzó los 104.296 millones de dólares. La previsión del PIB nominal para el 2018 fue de 109.454 millones de dólares, y para el año 2019 de 113.097 millones de dólares. Las principales exportaciones del país están centradas en petróleo (44%) y productos del mar elaborados (25%) (Información macroeconómica del Banco Central del Ecuador). 1.3 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal Mediante Decreto Legislativo 0 (cero) publicado en el Registro Oficial 449 del 20 de octubre de 2008 se expidió la Constitución de la República del Ecuador.', '1.3 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal Mediante Decreto Legislativo 0 (cero) publicado en el Registro Oficial 449 del 20 de octubre de 2008 se expidió la Constitución de la República del Ecuador. La Carta Magna establece en su Artículo 3, numerales 1 y 7 como deberes primordiales del Estado, el garantizar sin discriminación alguna el efectivo goce de los derechos establecidos en la Constitución y en los instrumentos internacionales, en particular la educación, la salud, la alimentación, la seguridad social y el agua para sus habitantes y la protección del patrimonio natural y cultural del país, mientras que las personas tienen el derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano, ecológicamente equilibrado, libre de contaminación y en armonía con la naturaleza, según el numeral 27 del Artículo 66.', 'La Carta Magna establece en su Artículo 3, numerales 1 y 7 como deberes primordiales del Estado, el garantizar sin discriminación alguna el efectivo goce de los derechos establecidos en la Constitución y en los instrumentos internacionales, en particular la educación, la salud, la alimentación, la seguridad social y el agua para sus habitantes y la protección del patrimonio natural y cultural del país, mientras que las personas tienen el derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano, ecológicamente equilibrado, libre de contaminación y en armonía con la naturaleza, según el numeral 27 del Artículo 66. En el Artículo 14 se reconoce el derecho de la población a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que garantice la sostenibilidad y el buen vivir, Sumak Kawsay y se declara de interés público la preservación del ambiente, la conservación de los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y la integridad del patrimonio genético del país, la prevención del daño ambiental y la recuperación de los espacios naturales degradados; para lo cual el Estado; según el Artículo 15, deberá promover, en el sector público y privado, el uso de tecnologías ambientalmente limpias y de energías alternativas no contaminantes y de bajo impacto.', 'En el Artículo 14 se reconoce el derecho de la población a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que garantice la sostenibilidad y el buen vivir, Sumak Kawsay y se declara de interés público la preservación del ambiente, la conservación de los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y la integridad del patrimonio genético del país, la prevención del daño ambiental y la recuperación de los espacios naturales degradados; para lo cual el Estado; según el Artículo 15, deberá promover, en el sector público y privado, el uso de tecnologías ambientalmente limpias y de energías alternativas no contaminantes y de bajo impacto. El Artículo 389 de la Constitución establece que el Estado protegerá a las personas, colectividades y la naturaleza frente a los efectos negativos de los desastres de origen natural o antrópico mediante la prevención ante el riesgo, la mitigación de desastres, la recuperación y mejoramiento de las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales, con el objetivo de minimizar la condición de vulnerabilidad.', 'El Artículo 389 de la Constitución establece que el Estado protegerá a las personas, colectividades y la naturaleza frente a los efectos negativos de los desastres de origen natural o antrópico mediante la prevención ante el riesgo, la mitigación de desastres, la recuperación y mejoramiento de las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales, con el objetivo de minimizar la condición de vulnerabilidad. El Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos está compuesto por las unidades de gestión de riesgos de todas las instituciones públicas y privadas en los ámbitos local, regional y nacional.', 'El Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos está compuesto por las unidades de gestión de riesgos de todas las instituciones públicas y privadas en los ámbitos local, regional y nacional. De acuerdo al Artículo 414, el Estado deberá adoptar medidas adecuadas y transversales para la mitigación del cambio climático, mediante la limitación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de la deforestación y de la contaminación atmosférica;tomará medidas para la conservación de los bosques y la vegetación y protegerá a la población en riesgo y promulga la necesidad de promover la eficiencia energética, la energía renovable y el uso de tecnologías limpias de bajo impacto que no pongan en riesgo la soberanía alimentaria ni el equilibrio ecológico de los ecosistemas (Art. 413).', 'De acuerdo al Artículo 414, el Estado deberá adoptar medidas adecuadas y transversales para la mitigación del cambio climático, mediante la limitación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de la deforestación y de la contaminación atmosférica;tomará medidas para la conservación de los bosques y la vegetación y protegerá a la población en riesgo y promulga la necesidad de promover la eficiencia energética, la energía renovable y el uso de tecnologías limpias de bajo impacto que no pongan en riesgo la soberanía alimentaria ni el equilibrio ecológico de los ecosistemas (Art. 413). Asimismo, la Política Nacional Ambiental, el Decreto Ejecutivo que declara como política de Estado a la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático (2009), la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), y, los Decretos Ejecutivos relativos a la creación y conformación y funcionamiento del CICC (2009, 2010, 2017) son parte sustantiva de las políticas públicas para la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Asimismo, la Política Nacional Ambiental, el Decreto Ejecutivo que declara como política de Estado a la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático (2009), la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), y, los Decretos Ejecutivos relativos a la creación y conformación y funcionamiento del CICC (2009, 2010, 2017) son parte sustantiva de las políticas públicas para la gestión del cambio climático. En adición se dispone de varios Acuerdos Ministeriales, expedidos por la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental (Ministerio del Ambiente), que actúa además como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y tiene a su cargo la Presidencia del CICC y, por intermedio de la Subsecretaría de Cambio Climático, la Secretaría Técnica de dicho Comité.', 'En adición se dispone de varios Acuerdos Ministeriales, expedidos por la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental (Ministerio del Ambiente), que actúa además como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y tiene a su cargo la Presidencia del CICC y, por intermedio de la Subsecretaría de Cambio Climático, la Secretaría Técnica de dicho Comité. En este contexto, Ecuador firmó el Acuerdo de París en Nueva York, en julio de 2016 y su ratificación está establecida mediante Decreto Ejecutivo Nro. 98 del 27 de julio de 2017.', '98 del 27 de julio de 2017. El Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017) actualiza, complementa y aclara la normativa establecida en Ecuador para la gestión del cambio climático, y representa una herramienta fundamental para facilitar la articulación interinstitucional e intersectorial y permitir la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo a escala local de parte de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados. Ecuador reconoce también, a través de su Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas (COPFP, 2010), que en el diseño e implementación de los programas y proyectos de inversión pública se promoverá la incorporación de acciones favorables al ecosistema, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y a la gestión de vulnerabilidades y riesgos naturales y antrópicos.', 'Ecuador reconoce también, a través de su Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas (COPFP, 2010), que en el diseño e implementación de los programas y proyectos de inversión pública se promoverá la incorporación de acciones favorables al ecosistema, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y a la gestión de vulnerabilidades y riesgos naturales y antrópicos. El Reglamento a la Ley de Seguridad Pública y del Estado, en su Artículo 3, determina que el órgano rector y ejecutor del Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos es la Secretaría Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, encargada de asegurar que todas las instituciones públicas y privadas incorporen obligatoriamente, y en forma transversal, la gestión de riesgos en su planificación y gestión.', 'El Reglamento a la Ley de Seguridad Pública y del Estado, en su Artículo 3, determina que el órgano rector y ejecutor del Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos es la Secretaría Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, encargada de asegurar que todas las instituciones públicas y privadas incorporen obligatoriamente, y en forma transversal, la gestión de riesgos en su planificación y gestión. En lo que refiere a la política internacional, el Ecuador ratificó la CMNUCC en 1994 (mediante su promulgación en el Registro Oficial N. º 562) y trabaja en una adecuación progresiva de su gobernanza e institucionalidad para reforzar la gestión del cambio climático en el territorio nacional.', 'En lo que refiere a la política internacional, el Ecuador ratificó la CMNUCC en 1994 (mediante su promulgación en el Registro Oficial N. º 562) y trabaja en una adecuación progresiva de su gobernanza e institucionalidad para reforzar la gestión del cambio climático en el territorio nacional. En consonancia, Ecuador adoptó la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible como una política de Estado mediante Decreto Ejecutivo N° 371 en abril de 2018. Si bien las pérdidas de vidas y medios de vida causadas por desastres naturales no climáticos se han mantenido estables, aquellas causadas por desastres meteorológicos han aumentado dramáticamente durante las últimas tres décadas como efecto delcambio climático.', 'Si bien las pérdidas de vidas y medios de vida causadas por desastres naturales no climáticos se han mantenido estables, aquellas causadas por desastres meteorológicos han aumentado dramáticamente durante las últimas tres décadas como efecto delcambio climático. Por lo tanto, la brecha global de protección de riesgos estimada, debido a fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, es de USD 1.7 trillones, lo que vuelve la reducción del riesgo de desastres una prioridad en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Con base en este escenario el Ecuador signatario del Marco de Sendai, marco que manifiesta la importancia de integrar la reducción del riesgo de desastres en la sostenibilidad y reconoce la importancia de abordar el cambio climático como uno de los motores del riesgo de desastres.', 'Con base en este escenario el Ecuador signatario del Marco de Sendai, marco que manifiesta la importancia de integrar la reducción del riesgo de desastres en la sostenibilidad y reconoce la importancia de abordar el cambio climático como uno de los motores del riesgo de desastres. En este contexto, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021 “Toda Una Vida” está alineado con la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Cabe indicar que el Plan de Desarrollo establece los ejes, objetivos, políticas y metas que orientan la gestión del gobierno, posicionando a cada ecuatoriano como sujeto de derechos, durante todo el ciclo de vida. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) 2017-2021, instrumento de planificación nacional propone 3 ejes vinculados con la gestión del cambio climático: Eje 1.', 'El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) 2017-2021, instrumento de planificación nacional propone 3 ejes vinculados con la gestión del cambio climático: Eje 1. Derechos para todos durante toda la vida y sus 3 objetivos; Eje 2. Economía al servicio de la sociedad; Eje 3. Más sociedad, mejor Estado. La Estrategia Nacional Territorial (ETN) representa parte constitutiva del PND, cuyas determinaciones tendrán el carácter de vinculante y serán de obligatorios cumplimiento para todas las instituciones del Servicio Nacional Descentralizado de Planificación Participativa (SNDPP).', 'La Estrategia Nacional Territorial (ETN) representa parte constitutiva del PND, cuyas determinaciones tendrán el carácter de vinculante y serán de obligatorios cumplimiento para todas las instituciones del Servicio Nacional Descentralizado de Planificación Participativa (SNDPP). Adicionalmente, se debe mencionar a la Estrategia Territorial Nacional, como expresión de la política pública nacional en el territorio e instrumento de ordenamiento territorial a escala nacional, que comprende criterios, directrices y guías de actuación sobre el ordenamiento del territorio y orienta la gestión de los recursos naturales, su infraestructura, asentamientos humanos, actividades económicas, equipamientos y protección del patrimonio natural y cultural sobres la base de los objetivos y políticas del PND Por otro lado, La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) 2012-2025 a través de Acuerdo Ministerial 95, publicado en el Registro Oficial Edición Especial 9 de 17 de junio del 2013, es el documento que establece los sectores priorizados para la adaptación (Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca; Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; Salud; Patrimonio Hídrico; Patrimonio Natural; Grupos de atención prioritaria; Asentamientos humanos; y Gestión de Riesgos) y la mitigación del cambio climático (Agricultura; Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso del Suelo y Silvicultura; Energía; Manejo de desechos sólidos y líquidos; y Procesos industriales).', 'Adicionalmente, se debe mencionar a la Estrategia Territorial Nacional, como expresión de la política pública nacional en el territorio e instrumento de ordenamiento territorial a escala nacional, que comprende criterios, directrices y guías de actuación sobre el ordenamiento del territorio y orienta la gestión de los recursos naturales, su infraestructura, asentamientos humanos, actividades económicas, equipamientos y protección del patrimonio natural y cultural sobres la base de los objetivos y políticas del PND Por otro lado, La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) 2012-2025 a través de Acuerdo Ministerial 95, publicado en el Registro Oficial Edición Especial 9 de 17 de junio del 2013, es el documento que establece los sectores priorizados para la adaptación (Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca; Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; Salud; Patrimonio Hídrico; Patrimonio Natural; Grupos de atención prioritaria; Asentamientos humanos; y Gestión de Riesgos) y la mitigación del cambio climático (Agricultura; Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso del Suelo y Silvicultura; Energía; Manejo de desechos sólidos y líquidos; y Procesos industriales). El órgano de decisión política es el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático (CICC), creado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo Nro.', 'El órgano de decisión política es el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático (CICC), creado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo Nro. 495 en 2010 y reformado en 2017 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 064.', '495 en 2010 y reformado en 2017 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 064. El CICC constituye la instancia de índole política que direcciona la gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional en el marco de los acuerdos internacionales vigentes sobre la temática, y está conformado por las instituciones encargadas del ambiente, relaciones exteriores, agricultura y ganadería, electricidad y energía renovable energía, industrias y productividad, agua, gestión de riesgos, la Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador y el Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador.Los Grupos Técnicos de trabajo adscritos al CICC, conformados acorde a necesidades específicas, brindan asistencia técnica e insumos para la toma de decisiones y constituyen en la práctica órganos que permiten la participación ampliada de actores públicos, privados, académicos, investigadores, gremiales y otros, según corresponda en cada caso.', 'El CICC constituye la instancia de índole política que direcciona la gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional en el marco de los acuerdos internacionales vigentes sobre la temática, y está conformado por las instituciones encargadas del ambiente, relaciones exteriores, agricultura y ganadería, electricidad y energía renovable energía, industrias y productividad, agua, gestión de riesgos, la Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador y el Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador.Los Grupos Técnicos de trabajo adscritos al CICC, conformados acorde a necesidades específicas, brindan asistencia técnica e insumos para la toma de decisiones y constituyen en la práctica órganos que permiten la participación ampliada de actores públicos, privados, académicos, investigadores, gremiales y otros, según corresponda en cada caso. Otras instancias de carácter técnico y local para la gestión del cambio climático a escala local, en las cuales participan Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del nivel provincial y municipal, son el Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía, el Grupo de Liderazgo Climático (C40), y el Proyecto de Acción Provincial frente al Cambio Climático.', 'Otras instancias de carácter técnico y local para la gestión del cambio climático a escala local, en las cuales participan Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del nivel provincial y municipal, son el Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía, el Grupo de Liderazgo Climático (C40), y el Proyecto de Acción Provincial frente al Cambio Climático. Las Universidades y Escuelas Politécnicas participan a través de esquemas generados para la coordinación con la academia. El Ecuador, no escatima esfuerzos para sumarse a la lucha global para combatir el cambio climático de acuerdo a sus capacidades, a pesar de que es responsable de un porcentaje mínimo de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera a nivel mundial.', 'El Ecuador, no escatima esfuerzos para sumarse a la lucha global para combatir el cambio climático de acuerdo a sus capacidades, a pesar de que es responsable de un porcentaje mínimo de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera a nivel mundial. En este sentido presenta su Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional, en cumplimiento con las obligaciones que emanan del Acuerdo de París. Es así que desde mediados del 2017, el Ecuador inició el proceso de recopilación y procesamiento de información, mapeo de actores y roles, identificación de iniciativas sectoriales y arreglos institucionales necesarios, construcción de escenarios incondicional y condicionado, y planteamiento / priorización de medidas y líneas de acción para la construcción de su primera NDC.', 'Es así que desde mediados del 2017, el Ecuador inició el proceso de recopilación y procesamiento de información, mapeo de actores y roles, identificación de iniciativas sectoriales y arreglos institucionales necesarios, construcción de escenarios incondicional y condicionado, y planteamiento / priorización de medidas y líneas de acción para la construcción de su primera NDC. El proceso participativo de la NDC ha sido diseñado con tres principios rectores: 1. Facilitar la participación de las y los actores como agentes de cambio y fomentar su compromiso con el proceso de formulación de la NDC. 2. Transversalizar el enfoque de género en cada fase del proceso. 3. Generar mecanismos de mejora constante de los resultados y actividades de la NDC.', 'Generar mecanismos de mejora constante de los resultados y actividades de la NDC. Con el fin de llevar a cabo una adecuada incorporación del enfoque de género y su transversalización en la formulación de la NDC, una de las estrategias implementadas en la metodología participativa consiste en contar con la asesoría técnica y acompañamiento permanente de actores relevantes en la temática a nivel nacional como el Consejo para la Igualdad de Género. La transversalización de género implica la integración del enfoque de género desde la preparación, el diseño, la implementación, el seguimiento y la evaluación de políticas, medidas reguladoras e iniciativas, con el objetivo de promover la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres y combatir la discriminación.', 'La transversalización de género implica la integración del enfoque de género desde la preparación, el diseño, la implementación, el seguimiento y la evaluación de políticas, medidas reguladoras e iniciativas, con el objetivo de promover la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres y combatir la discriminación. En el proceso participativo, principalmente se han presentado los principios rectores de la integración del enfoque de género y la generación de recursos didácticos para la reflexión conjunta sobre los aspectos sociales y de género relacionados al cambio climático, enfocados a generar capacidades, pero también un compromiso de los actores involucrados para la incorporación del análisis de género en cada una de las instancias de su trabajo diario.', 'En el proceso participativo, principalmente se han presentado los principios rectores de la integración del enfoque de género y la generación de recursos didácticos para la reflexión conjunta sobre los aspectos sociales y de género relacionados al cambio climático, enfocados a generar capacidades, pero también un compromiso de los actores involucrados para la incorporación del análisis de género en cada una de las instancias de su trabajo diario. Los resultados, en este sentido se verán con el tiempo en la medida en que se generen procesos continuos en términos de indicadores sensibles al género e indicadores transformadores de género.', 'Los resultados, en este sentido se verán con el tiempo en la medida en que se generen procesos continuos en términos de indicadores sensibles al género e indicadores transformadores de género. Esta fase, es el inicio de un trabajo sobre género que espera ser desarrollado de manera continua y mejorado a lo largo del tiempo.La evaluación del desarrollo del proceso se basa en el pensamiento sistémico y respalda la innovación mediante la recopilación y el análisis de datos en tiempo real de manera que conduce a la toma de decisiones informada y continua como parte del proceso de diseño, desarrollo e implementación.', 'Esta fase, es el inicio de un trabajo sobre género que espera ser desarrollado de manera continua y mejorado a lo largo del tiempo.La evaluación del desarrollo del proceso se basa en el pensamiento sistémico y respalda la innovación mediante la recopilación y el análisis de datos en tiempo real de manera que conduce a la toma de decisiones informada y continua como parte del proceso de diseño, desarrollo e implementación. Es importante recalcar el gran involucramiento de actores gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, academia, sector privado, gobiernos locales, etc durante toda la construcción de este instrumento asegura su validez y fortaleza técnica Este proceso ha tomado aproximadamente un año y medio desde sus inicios.', 'Es importante recalcar el gran involucramiento de actores gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, academia, sector privado, gobiernos locales, etc durante toda la construcción de este instrumento asegura su validez y fortaleza técnica Este proceso ha tomado aproximadamente un año y medio desde sus inicios. Es así que en los primeros meses de 2019 se realizó el proceso oficial de validación técnica y política del documento de la NDC con instituciones involucradas en su proceso de formulación. A continuación se detalla los datos relevantes de la formulación de la NDC del Ecuador. Descripción Resultados Número de talleres realizados 30 Número de reuniones bilaterales con instituciones sectoriales Más de 75 Números de personas involucradas 1000 (dato aproximado) Número de instituciones involucradas Más de 150 entidades del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y organismos internacionales.', 'Descripción Resultados Número de talleres realizados 30 Número de reuniones bilaterales con instituciones sectoriales Más de 75 Números de personas involucradas 1000 (dato aproximado) Número de instituciones involucradas Más de 150 entidades del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y organismos internacionales. Participación equitativa 50% hombres y 50% mujeres (dato aproximado) Es necesario recordar que el cambio climático es el resultado histórico de un modelo de producción y desarrollo que se sustenta en la explotación indiscriminada de la naturaleza como proveedora de recursos naturales, afectando a las personas y destruyendo el entorno natural lo cual pone en riesgo a las futuras generaciones.', 'Participación equitativa 50% hombres y 50% mujeres (dato aproximado) Es necesario recordar que el cambio climático es el resultado histórico de un modelo de producción y desarrollo que se sustenta en la explotación indiscriminada de la naturaleza como proveedora de recursos naturales, afectando a las personas y destruyendo el entorno natural lo cual pone en riesgo a las futuras generaciones. No es ajeno el hecho de que las negociaciones en el ámbito del cambio climático son unas de las más contenciosas en el concierto internacional y es el reflejo de los intereses que se ciernen alrededor del tema.', 'No es ajeno el hecho de que las negociaciones en el ámbito del cambio climático son unas de las más contenciosas en el concierto internacional y es el reflejo de los intereses que se ciernen alrededor del tema. Por lo tanto este esfuerzo global, debe estar acompañado de la provisión de los medios de implementación oportunos y adecuados mediante la provisión de financiamiento, la transferencia de tecnología y el desarrollo de capacidades y sobre todo, a través del liderazgo de la acción climática con la ratificación de la Enmienda de Doha para cubrir el vacío jurídico del período pre -2020, sin lo cual no habrá bases sólidas para conseguir las medas del Acuerdo de París.', 'Por lo tanto este esfuerzo global, debe estar acompañado de la provisión de los medios de implementación oportunos y adecuados mediante la provisión de financiamiento, la transferencia de tecnología y el desarrollo de capacidades y sobre todo, a través del liderazgo de la acción climática con la ratificación de la Enmienda de Doha para cubrir el vacío jurídico del período pre -2020, sin lo cual no habrá bases sólidas para conseguir las medas del Acuerdo de París. Cabe resaltar que la implementación de las líneas de acción y medidas que se contemplan en esta NDC, tanto en materia de mitigación como adaptación, son de aplicación nacional y su ejecución contemplará la participación del sector público, privado, gobiernos subnacionales, la academia y la sociedad en general.', 'Cabe resaltar que la implementación de las líneas de acción y medidas que se contemplan en esta NDC, tanto en materia de mitigación como adaptación, son de aplicación nacional y su ejecución contemplará la participación del sector público, privado, gobiernos subnacionales, la academia y la sociedad en general. El detalle de la implementación de estas medidas se incluirá en los reportes que se presenten en conformidad con las disposiciones del Acuerdo de París.2 Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París.', 'El detalle de la implementación de estas medidas se incluirá en los reportes que se presenten en conformidad con las disposiciones del Acuerdo de París.2 Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París. El Ecuador está comprometido en la lucha contra el cambio climático, y como un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos, debe hacer el mejor uso de los mecanismos e instrumentos internacionales y nacionales para el diseño e implementación de políticas ,planes y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación que a su vez operacionalicen las disposiciones de la Constitución, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y las políticas nacionales vinculadas a la gestión del cambio climático.', 'El Ecuador está comprometido en la lucha contra el cambio climático, y como un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos, debe hacer el mejor uso de los mecanismos e instrumentos internacionales y nacionales para el diseño e implementación de políticas ,planes y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación que a su vez operacionalicen las disposiciones de la Constitución, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y las políticas nacionales vinculadas a la gestión del cambio climático. Adicionalmente, la lucha contra el cambio climático en el Ecuador se ve informada y guiada por los instrumentos internacionales vigentes y relevantes, incluyendo la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de Paris y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Marco de Sendai, que forman el marco bajo el cual el Ecuador diseña e implementa una serie de acciones en la materia, incluyendo su NDC Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de la NDC para el Ecuador es implementar políticas, acciones y esfuerzos que promuevan la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento de la resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Adicionalmente, la lucha contra el cambio climático en el Ecuador se ve informada y guiada por los instrumentos internacionales vigentes y relevantes, incluyendo la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de Paris y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Marco de Sendai, que forman el marco bajo el cual el Ecuador diseña e implementa una serie de acciones en la materia, incluyendo su NDC Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de la NDC para el Ecuador es implementar políticas, acciones y esfuerzos que promuevan la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento de la resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán guiados por las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento.', 'Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán guiados por las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento. A través de la implementación de esta NDC, el Ecuador busca cumplir con las obligaciones del Acuerdo de París para coadyuvar al logro de su objetivo general y sus objetivos específicos como están estipulados en su artículo 2.', 'A través de la implementación de esta NDC, el Ecuador busca cumplir con las obligaciones del Acuerdo de París para coadyuvar al logro de su objetivo general y sus objetivos específicos como están estipulados en su artículo 2. Esto implica generar arreglos y diseñar acciones y esfuerzos para implementar de mejor manera todos los compromisos estipulados en el artículo 4 de la Convención, así como los objetivos específicos del Acuerdo de París relacionados a a) limitar el aumento de temperatura global muy por debajo de los 2 grados centígrados por encima de niveles preindustriales, b) aumentar la habilidad de adaptarse a los impactos adversos del cambio climático y aumentar la resiliencia alimentaria de una forma que no amenace la producción alimenticia y c) hacer que los flujos financieros sean consistentes con un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al clima.', 'Esto implica generar arreglos y diseñar acciones y esfuerzos para implementar de mejor manera todos los compromisos estipulados en el artículo 4 de la Convención, así como los objetivos específicos del Acuerdo de París relacionados a a) limitar el aumento de temperatura global muy por debajo de los 2 grados centígrados por encima de niveles preindustriales, b) aumentar la habilidad de adaptarse a los impactos adversos del cambio climático y aumentar la resiliencia alimentaria de una forma que no amenace la producción alimenticia y c) hacer que los flujos financieros sean consistentes con un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al clima. Estas acciones deben estar guiadas en todos los países por los principios y provisiones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y del Acuerdo de París.', 'Estas acciones deben estar guiadas en todos los países por los principios y provisiones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y del Acuerdo de París. En este contexto, se recuerda que el Acuerdo de París (Artículo 3 y artículo 4, párrafo 2) requiere que cada país Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga las sucesivas contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) que pretende cumplir y que en ellas incluya medidas de mitigación domésticas que reflejen la ambición del país de reducir las emisiones y adaptarse a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias y capacidades internas.', 'En este contexto, se recuerda que el Acuerdo de París (Artículo 3 y artículo 4, párrafo 2) requiere que cada país Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga las sucesivas contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) que pretende cumplir y que en ellas incluya medidas de mitigación domésticas que reflejen la ambición del país de reducir las emisiones y adaptarse a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias y capacidades internas. En lo referente a mitigación, en términos generales, se ha acordado que los países deben llegar a un pico de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “lo más pronto posible”, reconociendo que el pico de emisiones tomará más tiempo para países en desarrollo, sinestablecer años o periodos en específico.', 'En lo referente a mitigación, en términos generales, se ha acordado que los países deben llegar a un pico de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “lo más pronto posible”, reconociendo que el pico de emisiones tomará más tiempo para países en desarrollo, sinestablecer años o periodos en específico. Ecuador realizará, a través de esta primera NDC, sus esfuerzos iniciales hacia este fin.', 'Ecuador realizará, a través de esta primera NDC, sus esfuerzos iniciales hacia este fin. En lo que refiere al marco general para la adaptación, Ecuador resalta que el Acuerdo de París establece un objetivo global de mejorar la capacidad adaptativa, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y así contribuir al desarrollo sostenible; este objetivo es primordial para el país en su calidad de país en desarrollo, por lo que un gran componente de la NDC del país tiene el objetivo de determinar acciones en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que aporten a su consecución, tomando en cuenta la prioridad para el país de la adaptación en la lucha contra el cambio climático y los compromisos de países desarrollados de canalizar recursos financieros para la adaptación en países vulnerables como el Ecuador.', 'En lo que refiere al marco general para la adaptación, Ecuador resalta que el Acuerdo de París establece un objetivo global de mejorar la capacidad adaptativa, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y así contribuir al desarrollo sostenible; este objetivo es primordial para el país en su calidad de país en desarrollo, por lo que un gran componente de la NDC del país tiene el objetivo de determinar acciones en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que aporten a su consecución, tomando en cuenta la prioridad para el país de la adaptación en la lucha contra el cambio climático y los compromisos de países desarrollados de canalizar recursos financieros para la adaptación en países vulnerables como el Ecuador. Por esta razón, el Ecuador ha optado por presentar a la primera comunicación de adaptación del país como componente de adaptación de su primera NDC, en línea con las guías adoptadas en la COP24.', 'Por esta razón, el Ecuador ha optado por presentar a la primera comunicación de adaptación del país como componente de adaptación de su primera NDC, en línea con las guías adoptadas en la COP24. 3 Componente de mitigación El objetivo específico de la NDC en materia de mitigación es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del cambio climático en el país.', '3 Componente de mitigación El objetivo específico de la NDC en materia de mitigación es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del cambio climático en el país. A través de estas acciones, se pretende implementar el literal a) del artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París, que estipula como uno de los objetivos del Acuerdo: “Mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, reconociendo que ello reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático”.', 'A través de estas acciones, se pretende implementar el literal a) del artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París, que estipula como uno de los objetivos del Acuerdo: “Mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, reconociendo que ello reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático”. Para apoyar la consecución de dicho objetivo global, el Ecuador a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, ha planteado crear las condiciones favorables para la adopción de medidas que reduzcan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar los sumideros de carbono en los sectores estratégicos.', 'Para apoyar la consecución de dicho objetivo global, el Ecuador a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, ha planteado crear las condiciones favorables para la adopción de medidas que reduzcan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar los sumideros de carbono en los sectores estratégicos. 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado Ecuador ha diseñado su NDC considerando una serie de esfuerzos en líneas de acción correspondientes con un potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, sobre la base de un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector Uso de Suelo y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) ha sido analizado de manera separa debido a la diferencia en la metodología aplicada en los sectores.', 'El sector Uso de Suelo y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) ha sido analizado de manera separa debido a la diferencia en la metodología aplicada en los sectores. Tanto para el análisis agregado como para el sector USCUSS se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: i) uno derivado de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicional); y, ii) otro escenario que se podría lograr con el apoyo internacional (condicional).', 'Tanto para el análisis agregado como para el sector USCUSS se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: i) uno derivado de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicional); y, ii) otro escenario que se podría lograr con el apoyo internacional (condicional). El potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para el análisis agregado se lo establece en comparación al escenario tendencial y para el sector USCUSS en comparación al nivel de referencia de emisiones forestales por deforestación (2000-2008).Dentro del proceso de formulación de la NDC, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático del Ecuador 2012-2025 (ENCC): Energía Procesos Industriales Agricultura Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso de la Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) Residuos Los ejes transversales en la NDC son la: intersectorialidad, participación y el enfoque de género; mismos que son desarrollados en relación a los principios descritos en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático que hacen referencia a la articulación regional e internacional, consistencia con principios internacionales sobre cambio climático, énfasis en la implementación local, integridad ambiental, participación ciudadana, proactividad, protección de grupos y ecosistemas vulnerables, responsabilidad intergeneracional y transversalidad e integralidad.', 'El potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para el análisis agregado se lo establece en comparación al escenario tendencial y para el sector USCUSS en comparación al nivel de referencia de emisiones forestales por deforestación (2000-2008).Dentro del proceso de formulación de la NDC, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático del Ecuador 2012-2025 (ENCC): Energía Procesos Industriales Agricultura Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso de la Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) Residuos Los ejes transversales en la NDC son la: intersectorialidad, participación y el enfoque de género; mismos que son desarrollados en relación a los principios descritos en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático que hacen referencia a la articulación regional e internacional, consistencia con principios internacionales sobre cambio climático, énfasis en la implementación local, integridad ambiental, participación ciudadana, proactividad, protección de grupos y ecosistemas vulnerables, responsabilidad intergeneracional y transversalidad e integralidad. De de esta forma, en el proceso participativo basado en el enfoque de género, se buscó la reflexión y formulación de propuestas que promuevan el involucramiento de mujeres y hombres de la sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias y privadas y representantes de los diferentes niveles de la administración pública.', 'De de esta forma, en el proceso participativo basado en el enfoque de género, se buscó la reflexión y formulación de propuestas que promuevan el involucramiento de mujeres y hombres de la sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias y privadas y representantes de los diferentes niveles de la administración pública. Tanto los ejes transversales como los principios, están orientados al uso de mecanismos de participación ciudadana que promuevan los derechos e igualdad de oportunidades en la construcción de medidas para la reducción de GEI.', 'Tanto los ejes transversales como los principios, están orientados al uso de mecanismos de participación ciudadana que promuevan los derechos e igualdad de oportunidades en la construcción de medidas para la reducción de GEI. Junto con mitigar sus emisiones de GEI, Ecuador aspira a reducir la pobreza, disminuir la inequidad y continuar avanzando hacia un desarrollo sostenible en armonía con la naturaleza, competitivo, inclusivo, resiliente y bajo en carbono, promoviendo el respeto y aplicación de los derechos de la naturaleza estipulados en su Constitución. Para enfrentar estos desafíos, el país deberá utilizar todas sus capacidades nacionales y las alianzas internacionales tendrán un rol esencial para disminuir la relación positiva entre crecimiento económico y crecimiento de las emisiones de GEI.', 'Para enfrentar estos desafíos, el país deberá utilizar todas sus capacidades nacionales y las alianzas internacionales tendrán un rol esencial para disminuir la relación positiva entre crecimiento económico y crecimiento de las emisiones de GEI. 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia Para el establecimiento de los parámetros de referencia se consideró la calidad y cantidad de información, así como las políticas nacionales e internacionales. Los parámetros utilizados para la formulación del escenario tendencial y de referencia son los siguientes: ● Año base 2010 para los sectores Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. ● Año de referencia 2008 para el sector USCUSS.', '● Año de referencia 2008 para el sector USCUSS. ● Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de las emisiones: Nacional ● Año de Proyección: 2025 ● Periodo de análisis: ■ 2010-2025 (sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos) ■ 2008-2025 (sector USCUSS)Tanto para el escenario tendencial como para el nivel de referencia se ha establecido un análisis ex-ante, es decir una representación de línea base hacia el futuro, en función de la información existente al momento de realizar la proyección. Tabla 1. Parámetros considerados para la construcción del escenario tendencial y de referencia.', 'Parámetros considerados para la construcción del escenario tendencial y de referencia. SECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS Variables consideradas Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) Población Intensidad Energética Producto Interno Bruto Tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual (compuesta) Número de cabezas de animales Producción de cultivos Superficie de cosechas Uso de fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados Tasa promedio de deforestación bruta del bosque nativo, periodo Fuentes de datos utilizados Estadísticas Energéticas Balance Energético Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética Plan Maestro de Electricidad Plan de Desarrollo OGE información complementaria actualizada Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (año Proyección de Crecimiento de la Población Ecuatoriana Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Estadísticas: FAOSTAT, INEC (ESPAC) Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales por Deforestación de Ecuador Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones IPCC 1996 Para mantener la consistencia con las variables consideradas, las fuentes de datos usadas, la metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones , la métrica, los GEI considerados IPCC 2003 Métrica Potencial de Calentamiento Global a 100 años(GWP-100), Valores IPCC AR2 GEI considerados en las contribuciones O O Herramienta utilizada para la proyección de LEAP System (Software de Planificación Energética a largo Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) Hojas de cálculo preparadas para la estimación de N/ASECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS las emisiones plazo) Invernadero) emisiones de GEI basada en la Metodología IPCC versión revisada de acompañamiento de las GBP 2000 Circunstancia s bajo las que el país podría actualizar los indicadores y puntos de referencia.', 'SECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS Variables consideradas Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) Población Intensidad Energética Producto Interno Bruto Tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual (compuesta) Número de cabezas de animales Producción de cultivos Superficie de cosechas Uso de fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados Tasa promedio de deforestación bruta del bosque nativo, periodo Fuentes de datos utilizados Estadísticas Energéticas Balance Energético Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética Plan Maestro de Electricidad Plan de Desarrollo OGE información complementaria actualizada Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (año Proyección de Crecimiento de la Población Ecuatoriana Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Estadísticas: FAOSTAT, INEC (ESPAC) Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales por Deforestación de Ecuador Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones IPCC 1996 Para mantener la consistencia con las variables consideradas, las fuentes de datos usadas, la metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones , la métrica, los GEI considerados IPCC 2003 Métrica Potencial de Calentamiento Global a 100 años(GWP-100), Valores IPCC AR2 GEI considerados en las contribuciones O O Herramienta utilizada para la proyección de LEAP System (Software de Planificación Energética a largo Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) Hojas de cálculo preparadas para la estimación de N/ASECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS las emisiones plazo) Invernadero) emisiones de GEI basada en la Metodología IPCC versión revisada de acompañamiento de las GBP 2000 Circunstancia s bajo las que el país podría actualizar los indicadores y puntos de referencia. Cambios significantes en las variables consideradas para la proyección tendencial de emisiones, escenarios de mitigación.', 'Cambios significantes en las variables consideradas para la proyección tendencial de emisiones, escenarios de mitigación. Efectos climáticos extremos o situaciones imprevistas, que impidan el cumplimiento de las medidas y acciones dentro de las líneas de acción. Actualización de la metodología (IPCC 2006). Nuevo nivel de referencia de emisiones por deforestación Actualización de la metodología Nota: La información presentada de manera resumida en la presente tabla ha sido tomada de los informes técnicos sectoriales para el establecimiento del escenario tendencial y nivel de referencia, respectivamente. 3.3 Periodos de implementación El periodo de implementación de la NDC cubre el periodo 2020-2025. En este periodo el país implementará líneas de acción identificadas a partir del proceso participativo intersectorial multinivel con múltiples actores de distinto niveles.', 'En este periodo el país implementará líneas de acción identificadas a partir del proceso participativo intersectorial multinivel con múltiples actores de distinto niveles. Al año 2025 se evaluará el avance de la implementación de las líneas de acción identificadas. 3.4 Alcance y cobertura La NDC del Ecuador presenta el compromiso del país en líneas de acción por sector, cuyo aporte de mitigación ha sido incluido en una estimación agregada para los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector USCUSS fue analizado de manera separada.', 'El sector USCUSS fue analizado de manera separada. Los resultados se muestran en las ilustraciones 1 y 2 respectivamente.Ilustración 1 - Escenarios de emisiones de GEI: tendencial, incondicional y condicional agregado de los sectores Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Ilustración 2 Nivel de referencia y escenarios de mitigación incondicional y condicional para el sector USCUSS. Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Las líneas de acción y las iniciativas identificadas corresponden a un potencial de reducción de emisiones a través de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicionado), así como con el apoyo internacional (condicionado), y se presentan en la Tabla 2 y 3.', 'Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Las líneas de acción y las iniciativas identificadas corresponden a un potencial de reducción de emisiones a través de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicionado), así como con el apoyo internacional (condicionado), y se presentan en la Tabla 2 y 3. Para mayor comprensión de la presente sección se plantean las siguientes definiciones: %Líneas de acción: Se conciben como estrategias de orientación y organización de diferentes iniciativas, de tal forma que se pueda promover la articulación, integración y continuidad de esfuerzos para apoyar la mitigación del cambio climático. Iniciativas: Son planes, programas, proyectos, acciones y medidas identificadas que aportan en la mitigación del cambio climático.', 'Iniciativas: Son planes, programas, proyectos, acciones y medidas identificadas que aportan en la mitigación del cambio climático. Escenario incondicional: Se refiere a las medidas y acciones que el país puede implementar en función de sus propios recursos y dentro de sus propias capacidades (UNEP DTU PARTNERSHIP, 2015)3. Escenario condicional: Es aquel que va más allá de la contribución incondicional, y que el país está dispuesto a emprender si se dispone de medios de apoyo desde la cooperación internacional (UNEP DTU PARTNERSHIP, 2015). Estos escenarios se obtendrán a través de la implementación de las siguientes líneas de acción e iniciativas. Tabla 2 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario incondicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Impulsar al uso de la energía renovable.', 'Tabla 2 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario incondicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Impulsar al uso de la energía renovable. Fortalecer la eficiencia energética y el cambio de conducta del consumo. Fomentar e implementar la movilidad sostenible. Iniciativas Descripción Desarrollo de Centrales Hidroeléctricas - Aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico para generación de electricidad. Programa de Eficiencia Energética - Optimización de Generación Eléctrica y Eficiencia Energética (OGE&EE) - Reducción de la quema de gas asociado en antorcha. - Utilización del gas asociado al petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica y producción de GLP. Energía Renovable No Convencional - Potenciación de la energía eólica, solar y biogás de rellenos sanitarios.', 'Energía Renovable No Convencional - Potenciación de la energía eólica, solar y biogás de rellenos sanitarios. Programa de Cocción Eficiente - Reemplazo de cocinas de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) por cocinas de inducción - Transporte Público Eficiente - Operación del Metro de Quito (22 km) y Tranvía de Cuenca (12km). - 3 UNEP DTU Partnership (2015). Guidance note: Development INDCs on mitigation.SECTOR AGRICULTURA Líneas de acción Desarrollar investigación y generación de sistemas de información para fortalecer la gestión del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario. Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional.', 'Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional. Iniciativas Descripción Prácticas de ganadería climáticamente inteligente (promoción del manejo ganadero climáticamente inteligente, integrando la reversión de la degradación de tierras y reduciendo los riesgos de desertificación en provincias vulnerables) - Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional que reduzcan emisiones de GEI, aporten a la resiliencia del cambio climático e incrementen la productividad. SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Líneas de acción Disminuir las emisiones de GEI mediante adiciones en la producción de cemento. Iniciativas Descripción Reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector cementero - Sustitución de clínker en el cemento por adiciones. SECTOR RESIDUOS Líneas de acción Promover la captura activa de metano en rellenos sanitarios. Iniciativas Descripción Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de El Inga (Quito). - Captura activa y quema de biogás.', '- Captura activa y quema de biogás. Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de Pichacay (Cuenca) SECTOR USCUSS Líneas de acción Conservar el patrimonio natural. Fortalecer el manejo forestal sostenible. Fortalecer la restauración del patrimonio natural. Fortalecer e incrementar el establecimiento y manejo de las plantaciones forestales comerciales sostenibles. Fortalecer el control forestal. Fortalecer el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas.', 'Fortalecer el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Iniciativas Descripción Programa Integral Amazónico de Conservación de Bosques y Producción - Vinculación de los esfuerzos nacionales de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero con las agendas prioritariasSostenible (PROAmazonía) del país y las políticas de los sectores productivos para reducir las causas y agentes de la deforestación, así como promover un manejo sostenible e integrado de los recursos naturales, en el marco del Plan de Acción REDD+ del Ecuador “Bosques para el Buen Vivir” 2016-2025. Tabla 3 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario condicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Incorporar, reformular y actualizar normativa que impulse el uso de energía sostenible y eficiencia energética de forma incluyente en cada uno de los subsectores. Desarrollar e implementar el transporte seguro y sostenible.', 'Desarrollar e implementar el transporte seguro y sostenible. Promover el uso y desarrollo de energía renovable, garantizando plena accesibilidad. Promover el uso y desarrollo de eficiencia energética y cambio de conducta de consumo. Promover la investigación para la implementación de soluciones energéticas, reduciendo la brecha de género. Iniciativas Descripción Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética - Proyectos de identificación de usos finales de la energía en los sectores residencial, comercial y público. - Programa de recambio de equipos en el sector industrial y residencial. - Normativa de Eficiencia Energética (ISO - Cogeneración en la industria. - Desarrollo y promoción de un mercado de Empresas de Gestión de la Energía (ESCOs).', '- Desarrollo y promoción de un mercado de Empresas de Gestión de la Energía (ESCOs). Programa de Eficiencia Energética - Optimización de Generación Eléctrica y Eficiencia Energética (OGE&EE) - Reducción de la quema de gas asociado en antorcha - Utilización del gas asociado al petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica y producción de GLP. (Ampliación del Programa). Energías Renovables - Bloque de Proyectos de Renovables no convencionales. - Energía Geotermia. - Hidroenergía: Santiago I, II NAMA de transporte de carga y pasajeros - Acciones de reducción de emisiones de GEI en transporte de carga. - Acciones de reducción de emisiones de GEI en transporte de pasajeros en Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca. -Eficiencia energética en el sector de Hidrocarburos - Recambio de motores del Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano (SOTE). - Ciclo Combinado en Refinería.', '- Ciclo Combinado en Refinería. - Conexión al Sistema Nacional Interconectado (SNI). - SECTOR AGRICULTURA Líneas de acción Desarrollar investigación y generación de sistemas de información para fortalecer la gestión del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario. Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional. Desarrollar e implementar sistemas agroproductivos sostenibles (agrícola pecuario y forestal) a nivel nacional. Iniciativas Descripción Proyecto Nacional de Ganadería Sostenible Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional. Plan de Implementación de Medidas y Acciones REDD+ para la reducción de la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques en ganadería sostenible Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional que reduzcan la deforestación. SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Líneas de acción Disminuir las emisiones de CO2 mediante adiciones en la producción de cemento. Promover la investigación sobre medidas de mitigación para el sector Procesos Industriales.', 'Promover la investigación sobre medidas de mitigación para el sector Procesos Industriales. Apoyar la generación; el intercambio y la difusión de información para impulsar acciones de mitigación en el sector de Procesos Industriales. Iniciativas Descripción Reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector cementero Sustitución de clínker en el cemento por adiciones (ampliación). SECTOR RESIDUOS Líneas de acción Generar alianzas público-privadas para la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero en la gestión de residuos (sólidos y líquidos), mediante la implementación de medidas de mitigación. Impulsar campañas inclusivas de sensibilización a la población e industria en la gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, hacia una economía circular. Iniciativas Descripción Captura activa de metano en relleno sanitario de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Captura activa y quema de biogás (ampliación).', 'Captura activa y quema de biogás (ampliación). Captura activa de metano en relleno sanitario de Ambato.Compostaje con aireación forzada. Compostaje de residuos orgánicos de mercados y residuos de jardinería. SECTOR USCUSS Líneas de acción Fortalecer e incrementar la superficie de zonas bajo mecanismos de conservación. Fortalecer el manejo forestal sostenible. Impulsar acciones para la restauración del patrimonio natural. Fortalecer e incrementar el establecimiento y manejo de las plantaciones forestales comerciales sostenibles. Fortalecer el control forestal. Fortalecer la prevención de incendios forestales. Fortalecer e incrementar la superficie de áreas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Conservar las zonas de importancia hídrica.', 'Conservar las zonas de importancia hídrica. Iniciativas Descripción Plan de Acción REDD+ del Ecuador “Bosques para el Buen Vivir” 2016-2025 Contribuir a los esfuerzos nacionales para la reducción, monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la deforestación y degradación de los bosques a través de la conservación, manejo forestal sostenible, y la optimización de otros usos de suelo para reducir la presión sobre los bosques, aportando de esta forma a la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociada. Iniciativas adicionales que sean cuantificables en reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero podrán presentarse para apoyar la mitigación del cambio climático en el periodo de implementación de esta NDC tanto en el escenario incondicional como en el escenario condicional. Estas deberán estar articuladas a las líneas de acción descritas anteriormente.', 'Estas deberán estar articuladas a las líneas de acción descritas anteriormente. Finalmente, en cumplimiento de lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París y como resultado del proceso participativo intersectorial, con múltiples actores de distinto niveles de la formulación de la NDC, las líneas de acción que se han identificado y que contribuyen con la mitigación del cambio climático en los sectores de Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos dan por resultado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI estimado que corresponde a un 9% en comparación al escenario tendencial para el 2025. Así mismo, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI del 20,9% al mismo periodo, sujeto al apoyo de la cooperación internacional para implementar las líneas de acción establecidas en este escenario condicional.', 'Así mismo, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI del 20,9% al mismo periodo, sujeto al apoyo de la cooperación internacional para implementar las líneas de acción establecidas en este escenario condicional. Esto daría paso a un incremento de ambición en materia de mitigación de un 11,9% en referencia al escenario tendencial al año 2025. Con respecto al sector USCUSS y las líneas de acción establecidas a partir de los esfuerzos nacionales, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEIdel 4% en comparación a nivel de referencia al año 2025.', 'Con respecto al sector USCUSS y las líneas de acción establecidas a partir de los esfuerzos nacionales, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEIdel 4% en comparación a nivel de referencia al año 2025. Sin embargo, en el caso de contar con apoyo de la cooperación internacional para desarrollar las líneas de acción del escenario condicional de este sector, se contaría con un potencial adicional de mitigación de 16%, es decir, una reducción total de emisiones de GEI del 20% en comparación al nivel de referencia para el año 2025. 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones.', '3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. El Ecuador, a través del Ministerio del Ambiente, como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), lideró un proceso participativo que contó con el apoyo y participación de alrededor de 150 instituciones provenientes del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y la cooperación internacional para la formulación de la NDC, lo cual ha proporcionado legitimidad al proceso y sus resultados asociados. Para el componente de mitigación de la NDC del Ecuador se ha realizado un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos.', 'Para el componente de mitigación de la NDC del Ecuador se ha realizado un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector USCUSS ha sido analizado de manera separada debido a las diferencias en las metodologías aplicadas en los sectores; y se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: uno condicional y uno incondicional, en comparación a un escenario tendencial y nivel de referencia, respectivamente. Para el análisis agregado, los escenarios tendencial, incondicional y condicional se establecieron mediante la aplicación del Modelo de Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GACMO, siglas en inglés) en base a las metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kioto.', 'Para el análisis agregado, los escenarios tendencial, incondicional y condicional se establecieron mediante la aplicación del Modelo de Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GACMO, siglas en inglés) en base a las metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kioto. Las principales variables utilizadas (generales) son la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta, el PIB, factores de emisión del IPCC y nacionales. A nivel sectorial se aplicaron metodologías que responden a las necesidades y características de cada uno de los sectores analizados para el componente de mitigación. A continuación se presenta una descripción de las suposiciones y enfoques metodológicos usados: Sector Energía Para el diseño y construcción de los escenarios del sector Energía se utilizó la información de las Estadísticas Económicas y Energéticas Nacionales.', 'A continuación se presenta una descripción de las suposiciones y enfoques metodológicos usados: Sector Energía Para el diseño y construcción de los escenarios del sector Energía se utilizó la información de las Estadísticas Económicas y Energéticas Nacionales. La principal información levantada es en base a las variables de Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), crecimiento poblacional y los consumos energéticos. Adicionalmente, se recopiló información de los consumos energéticos para las categorías y subcategorías de los Inventarios Nacionales de GEI con el objetivo de desagregar la información para las iniciativas. El modelo LEAP de planificación energética a largo plazo permitió realizar las proyecciones de las variables en base a los datos históricos levantados.', 'El modelo LEAP de planificación energética a largo plazo permitió realizar las proyecciones de las variables en base a los datos históricos levantados. El modelo LEAP utilizó los factores de emisión del IPCC 2006 para estimar las emisiones de GEI y determinar las emisiones por cada iniciativa.Sector Agricultura Las emisiones del escenario tendencial del sector Agricultura se calcularon año a año considerando como punto de partida el 2010 y como meta el 2025.', 'El modelo LEAP utilizó los factores de emisión del IPCC 2006 para estimar las emisiones de GEI y determinar las emisiones por cada iniciativa.Sector Agricultura Las emisiones del escenario tendencial del sector Agricultura se calcularon año a año considerando como punto de partida el 2010 y como meta el 2025. Para el cálculo se emplearon los Datos de Actividad (DA) y la metodología descrita en el Reporte del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (NIR) de Ecuador del año 2010, que corresponde a un nivel 1 de las Directrices del IPCC revisadas en 1996 y Factores de Emisión (FE) por defecto para todas las categorías de fuente, en acompañamiento de las Guías de Buena Prácticas del IPCC (GBP) del 2000 y Directrices del IPCC del 2006.', 'Para el cálculo se emplearon los Datos de Actividad (DA) y la metodología descrita en el Reporte del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (NIR) de Ecuador del año 2010, que corresponde a un nivel 1 de las Directrices del IPCC revisadas en 1996 y Factores de Emisión (FE) por defecto para todas las categorías de fuente, en acompañamiento de las Guías de Buena Prácticas del IPCC (GBP) del 2000 y Directrices del IPCC del 2006. Los gases de efecto invernadero considerados en este cálculo fueron: metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O), para la transformación a CO2 equivalente se utilizaron los potenciales de calentamiento global (GWP) del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR2).', 'Los gases de efecto invernadero considerados en este cálculo fueron: metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O), para la transformación a CO2 equivalente se utilizaron los potenciales de calentamiento global (GWP) del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR2). La estimación de los datos de mitigación en las iniciativas condicionadas e incondicionadas del sector Agricultura se realizó utilizando la serie histórica de emisiones del escenario tendencial junto con el potencial de mitigación de las medidas priorizadas, tomando en cuenta su nivel de implementación. Cabe indicar que durante el proceso de formulación se registraron iniciativas que contribuyen a la mitigación del cambio climático en el sector.', 'Cabe indicar que durante el proceso de formulación se registraron iniciativas que contribuyen a la mitigación del cambio climático en el sector. Sector Procesos Industriales Dentro del sector Procesos Industriales, las principales fuentes de información para el diseño de los escenarios se derivan del Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador, el cual incluye los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero calculados a partir de las directrices del IPCC 1996. Adicionalmente se considera el modelo económico, con la proyección del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del Ecuador (PNUD, 2018), y la información utilizada en el modelo GACMO donde se ingresó información proporcionada directamente por la industria cementera. Para la construcción de los mencionados escenarios, el Modelo GACMO relaciona las variables del sector.', 'Para la construcción de los mencionados escenarios, el Modelo GACMO relaciona las variables del sector. Es decir, las Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), que se toman del inventario del año base correspondiente (2010) y se relacionan con el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), para los períodos: 2010-2020; 2020-2025, considerando que el crecimiento del sector procesos industriales está directamente relacionado con esta variable. Sector Residuos Las emisiones de GEI han sido cuantificadas utilizando factores de emisión del IPCC, usando la metodología 1996. Esta información se la obtuvo del Inventario Nacional de GEI presentado dentro del Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización. Para el diseño del escenario tendencial se usó el modelo GACMO, usando como variable de apoyo la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta.', 'Para el diseño del escenario tendencial se usó el modelo GACMO, usando como variable de apoyo la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta. En relación a la estimación cuantitativa de la mitigación de las iniciativas incondicionales y condicionales del sector Residuos se usaron datos reales (históricos)para el primer caso (Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de El Inga - Quito), y para el segundo (Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de Pichacay - Cuenca): datos definidos en estudios técnicos referenciales. Cabe mencionar que dentro del proceso de formulación se registraron algunas iniciativas de carácter no cuantificable en términos de mitigación de GEI.', 'Cabe mencionar que dentro del proceso de formulación se registraron algunas iniciativas de carácter no cuantificable en términos de mitigación de GEI. Sector USCUSS El sector USCUSS cuenta con características únicas, por lo cual se optó por tratar el sector de manera distinta al resto de sectores reportados en el INGEI. Existen dos métodos principales para realizar la contabilidad en este sector: 1. Enfoque basado en las tierras: evalúa las emisiones de categorías de uso de tierra específicas (tierras forestales, agrícolas, pastizales, humedales, asentamientos, otras). 2. Enfoque basado en la actividad: donde se evalúan las emisiones de las actividades de uso de tierras específicas (deforestación, degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, entre otros).', 'Enfoque basado en la actividad: donde se evalúan las emisiones de las actividades de uso de tierras específicas (deforestación, degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, entre otros). El enfoque adoptado en este análisis es el basado en la actividad, dado que es consistente con los avances que el país está realizando en la implementación de REDD+. Además, este método de contabilidad resulta conveniente porque permite al país adoptar un enfoque progresivo para incluir actividades adicionales de uso de tierras basadas en la disponibilidad de datos y de capacidad. En relación a la metodología de cálculo para los escenarios de emisiones, se ha utilizado la metodología del INGEI del sector USCUSS.', 'En relación a la metodología de cálculo para los escenarios de emisiones, se ha utilizado la metodología del INGEI del sector USCUSS. Esta metodología se basa en la orientación del IPCC sobre las buenas prácticas para el uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura, publicada en el año 2003. Los datos de actividad provienen de la serie temporal histórica de mapas de cobertura y uso de la tierra, elaborados por el MAE para los años 2000 y 2008. Los datos sobre las reservas forestales de carbono para los nueve tipos de bosques naturales fueron generados por el país a partir de los resultados del Inventario Nacional Forestal del Ecuador.', 'Los datos sobre las reservas forestales de carbono para los nueve tipos de bosques naturales fueron generados por el país a partir de los resultados del Inventario Nacional Forestal del Ecuador. La información incluye los siguientes depósitos de carbono: biomasa aérea, biomasa subterránea, madera muerta y hojarasca (MAE, 2015)4. Las emisiones de GEI se calcularon multiplicando el dato de actividad (deforestación bruta de cada estrato de bosque nativo) por su respectivo factor de emisión (reservas de carbono). Se considera además, que la biomasa inmediatamente después de la deforestación es cero, de acuerdo a lo planteado en el nivel metodológico 1 de la “Orientación sobre las buenas prácticas para uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura” del IPCC 2003. 4 MAE. (2015).', 'Se considera además, que la biomasa inmediatamente después de la deforestación es cero, de acuerdo a lo planteado en el nivel metodológico 1 de la “Orientación sobre las buenas prácticas para uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura” del IPCC 2003. 4 MAE. (2015). Ecuador’s Forest Reference Emission Level for Deforestation. Quito.Las otras actividades de REDD+ relacionadas con emisiones y remociones (degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, conservación y manejo forestal sostenible) se incorporarán de forma gradual en la medida en que se cuente con financiamiento internacional y se den las circunstancias nacionales adecuadas. 4.', 'Quito.Las otras actividades de REDD+ relacionadas con emisiones y remociones (degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, conservación y manejo forestal sostenible) se incorporarán de forma gradual en la medida en que se cuente con financiamiento internacional y se den las circunstancias nacionales adecuadas. 4. Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales Una síntesis que brinda el contexto sobre el avance de las acciones frente a la problemática del cambio climático en Ecuador, específicamente en lo relativo a la adaptación al cambio climático, se muestra a través de los siguientes aspectos clave, detectados durante la preparación de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (2017) y en las fases de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador y del Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA), entre 2017 y 2018: Experiencia institucionalizada en el análisis de la gestión del riesgo (climático y no climático) a nivel local y nacional, desde una perspectiva prospectiva y reactiva a eventos naturales extremos, incluyendo disponibilidad de políticas públicas, metodologías y mecanismos para la gestión planificada del riesgo.', 'Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales Una síntesis que brinda el contexto sobre el avance de las acciones frente a la problemática del cambio climático en Ecuador, específicamente en lo relativo a la adaptación al cambio climático, se muestra a través de los siguientes aspectos clave, detectados durante la preparación de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (2017) y en las fases de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador y del Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA), entre 2017 y 2018: Experiencia institucionalizada en el análisis de la gestión del riesgo (climático y no climático) a nivel local y nacional, desde una perspectiva prospectiva y reactiva a eventos naturales extremos, incluyendo disponibilidad de políticas públicas, metodologías y mecanismos para la gestión planificada del riesgo. Información cuantitativa y cualitativa actualizada, a 2015, sobre evidencias del cambio climático, y sobre los impactos y acciones de adaptación implementadas para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Información cuantitativa y cualitativa actualizada, a 2015, sobre evidencias del cambio climático, y sobre los impactos y acciones de adaptación implementadas para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático. Lecciones aprendidas de modelos de gestión utilizados en proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático co-ejecutados con comunidades, gobiernos locales y entidades sectoriales. Procesos piloto desarrollados para la incorporación del cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo de gobiernos locales desde 2014. Coordinación mantenida con la institución rectora de la planificación y desarrollo del país, para la implementación de mecanismos articuladores que faciliten la incorporación de consideraciones climáticas en los instrumentos de la planificación local y/o sub-nacional (en proceso).', 'Coordinación mantenida con la institución rectora de la planificación y desarrollo del país, para la implementación de mecanismos articuladores que faciliten la incorporación de consideraciones climáticas en los instrumentos de la planificación local y/o sub-nacional (en proceso). Proyecciones de cambio climático adaptadas a las condiciones de clima, relieve y demás características del país, generadas tomando como referencia la metodología e información del IPCC en marco al Quinto Reporte de Evaluación. Identificación de mecanismos (técnicos, administrativos y políticos) que permiten la generación, manejo, tratamiento y difusión de datos meteorológicos, hidrológicos y climáticos, como política estatal.', 'Identificación de mecanismos (técnicos, administrativos y políticos) que permiten la generación, manejo, tratamiento y difusión de datos meteorológicos, hidrológicos y climáticos, como política estatal. Existencia de proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático financiados con recursos fiscales, fondos de la cooperación internacional, banca multilateral, recursos de la cooperación bilateral y financiamiento mixto (fondos nacionales e internacionales), a través de mecanismos innovadores, para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los medios de vida, la población y ecosistemas. Evolución de la política pública, marco jurídico e instrumentos de planificación para la gestión adecuada de la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Evolución de la política pública, marco jurídico e instrumentos de planificación para la gestión adecuada de la adaptación al cambio climático. Institucionalización de la gestión del cambio climático a través del Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático, Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, y Libro IV sobre Cambio Climático del Código Orgánico Ambiental. Actores privados, públicos y comunitarios con interés en fortalecer sus capacidades y replicar sus experiencias exitosas en iniciativas vinculadas con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático. Experiencias pioneras realizadas en desarrollo de metodologías para la identificación y estimación de co-beneficios de mitigación vinculados con acciones de adaptación. 4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Ecuador es muy sensible a factores externos de índole diversa, como mencionado en la sección 1 de este documento.', '4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Ecuador es muy sensible a factores externos de índole diversa, como mencionado en la sección 1 de este documento. Adicionalmente, el cambio climático y la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad climática natural, como El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), irrefutablemente inciden sobre el desarrollo del país, pues su ubicación geográfica, accidentada orografía y características atmosféricas imperantes en esa zona de América del Sur, favorecen el acaecimiento de tales amenazas climáticas, cada vez con mayor frecuencia, ocasionando impactos severos sobre su economía. Sin duda, el cambio climático constituye uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta Ecuador.', 'Sin duda, el cambio climático constituye uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta Ecuador. Los datos que se incluyen a continuación muestran el comportamiento histórico de la precipitación y la temperatura media para el período de referencia 1960 – 20105: En la región costa de Ecuador, se evidencia un incremento del 33% de la lluvia y un aumento de 0.6ºC de la temperatura media. En la sierra se evidencia un aumento del 13% de la precipitación y un aumento de 1.1ºC de la temperatura media. En la Amazonía, se observa una reducción de la precipitación de 1% y un incremento en la temperatura media de 0.9ºC.', 'En la Amazonía, se observa una reducción de la precipitación de 1% y un incremento en la temperatura media de 0.9ºC. Para la región insular (estación de San Cristóbal) se evidencia un aumento del 66% en la precipitación y un aumento de 1.4ºC de la temperatura media. Eventos extremos pasados, relacionados a las precipitaciones, son representados en Ecuador por el área inundable que implican, y tienen el potencial de alcanzar un total de 40.860 km2, es decir el 15,9% de la superficie nacional, en la cual se asentaba, a 2010, una población de 7,17 millones de habitantes, que equivalía al 49,5% de la población total del país.', 'Eventos extremos pasados, relacionados a las precipitaciones, son representados en Ecuador por el área inundable que implican, y tienen el potencial de alcanzar un total de 40.860 km2, es decir el 15,9% de la superficie nacional, en la cual se asentaba, a 2010, una población de 7,17 millones de habitantes, que equivalía al 49,5% de la población total del país. Por otra parte, sequías intensas han llegado a afectar el área agrícola en 2,03 millones de ha, que constituyen el 66,7% del área agrícola total del país.', 'Por otra parte, sequías intensas han llegado a afectar el área agrícola en 2,03 millones de ha, que constituyen el 66,7% del área agrícola total del país. El área de pastos cultivados, afectada por la sequía, alcanzó los 2,10 millones de ha, es decir el 53,7% de la superficie total de pastos (datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, 2016). Durante el primer trimestre de 2019, se han registrado precipitaciones que superan ampliamente las “medias históricas”, constituyendo por tanto anomalías significativas, lo que ha motivado que se declare en alerta naranja por inundaciones a las provincias de Guayas, El Oro, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas y Esmeraldas.', 'Durante el primer trimestre de 2019, se han registrado precipitaciones que superan ampliamente las “medias históricas”, constituyendo por tanto anomalías significativas, lo que ha motivado que se declare en alerta naranja por inundaciones a las provincias de Guayas, El Oro, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas y Esmeraldas. Para el futuro, las proyecciones climáticas disponibles para el territorio nacional6, muestran que, de mantenerse las actuales tendencias, el incremento de la temperatura media variará, hasta el año 2040, en al menos 0,5 °C a 1 °C, con respecto a la 5 Información del INAMHI, tomada de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (MAE, 2017).', 'Para el futuro, las proyecciones climáticas disponibles para el territorio nacional6, muestran que, de mantenerse las actuales tendencias, el incremento de la temperatura media variará, hasta el año 2040, en al menos 0,5 °C a 1 °C, con respecto a la 5 Información del INAMHI, tomada de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (MAE, 2017). 6 Datos generados a partir de información de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador – Escenario RCP 4.5, período 2011 - 2040.temperatura media observada en el período 1981 – 2005, y ese comportamiento se mantendrá hasta finales de siglo, previéndose para entonces incrementos no menores a 2°C en casi todo el territorio continental ecuatoriano y, aumentos aún mayores, en las islas Galápagos.', '6 Datos generados a partir de información de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador – Escenario RCP 4.5, período 2011 - 2040.temperatura media observada en el período 1981 – 2005, y ese comportamiento se mantendrá hasta finales de siglo, previéndose para entonces incrementos no menores a 2°C en casi todo el territorio continental ecuatoriano y, aumentos aún mayores, en las islas Galápagos. Las alteraciones de los regímenes espaciales y temporales de las lluvias igualmente agravarán las condiciones de déficit y superávit hídrico, a nivel nacional.', 'Las alteraciones de los regímenes espaciales y temporales de las lluvias igualmente agravarán las condiciones de déficit y superávit hídrico, a nivel nacional. Algunos de los impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades más representativos, se muestran a continuación desde una perspectiva sectorial (referida a los seis sectores prioritarios para la adaptación, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático): Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Patrimonio Natural La biodiversidad y las funciones ecosistémicas (servicios provistos por los ecosistemas), son altamente sensibles al cambio climático. Tomando en cuenta que Ecuador es un país mega diverso, se esperan potenciales impactos y daños al patrimonio natural.', 'Tomando en cuenta que Ecuador es un país mega diverso, se esperan potenciales impactos y daños al patrimonio natural. Ecosistemas de alta montaña como los páramos, costeros como los manglares, toda la Amazonía ecuatoriana, así como la región insular con las Islas Galápagos son altamente frágiles y en consecuencia altamente vulnerables a los impactos esperados del cambio climático, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Las especies que habitan estos ecosistemas son especialmente vulnerables a las amenazas climáticas debido a que se producen modificaciones en sus hábitats, lo cual les fuerza a desaparecer o modificar su comportamiento adquirido a través del proceso evolutivo de miles o millones de años.', 'Las especies que habitan estos ecosistemas son especialmente vulnerables a las amenazas climáticas debido a que se producen modificaciones en sus hábitats, lo cual les fuerza a desaparecer o modificar su comportamiento adquirido a través del proceso evolutivo de miles o millones de años. Por ejemplo, se conoce que los biomas andinos mostrarán desplazamiento vertical ascendente, siendo el páramo el bioma que sufra la mayor pérdida de su área actual de distribución. Los resultados reportados para el grupo de especies de plantas y aves presentan un patrón similar.', 'Los resultados reportados para el grupo de especies de plantas y aves presentan un patrón similar. Patrimonio Hídrico7 El Ecuador, a pesar de ser un país con abundante agua, factores como el acaparamiento, redistribución y la actualización (bajo escenarios de cambio climático) de las autorizaciones de uso y aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico, podrían desencadenar potenciales conflictos y competencia por parte de los usuarios. Por otro lado, el exceso de agua podría causar inundaciones y deslizamientos. Nótese que el 88% de la población ecuatoriana se aloja en la cuenca del Pacífico, pero en esta zona la disponibilidad del agua es limitada y solo el 31% de los recursos hídricos se encuentran allí.', 'Nótese que el 88% de la población ecuatoriana se aloja en la cuenca del Pacífico, pero en esta zona la disponibilidad del agua es limitada y solo el 31% de los recursos hídricos se encuentran allí. De igual manera, a nivel nacional el 80% de la población 7 De acuerdo a la Constitución del Ecuador (2008) Art.', 'De igual manera, a nivel nacional el 80% de la población 7 De acuerdo a la Constitución del Ecuador (2008) Art. 318 “El agua es patrimonio nacional […]”, lo cual se ve reflejado en la Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua (LORHUyA 2014), que establece a los recursos hídricos como dominio hídrico público, el cual tendrá una planificación para su gestión integrada e integral, respetando el orden de prelación entre los diferentes destinos o funciones del recurso hídrico, los cuales son a) Consumo humano; b) Riego que garantice la soberanía alimentaria c) Caudal ecológico; y, d) Actividades productivas.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad nacional tiene acceso al agua y el 64.5% tiene algún tipo de saneamiento, sin embargo, en el promedio rural, estas cifras disminuyen llegando a coberturas de menos del 40% en comunidades menores a 200 familias.', '318 “El agua es patrimonio nacional […]”, lo cual se ve reflejado en la Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua (LORHUyA 2014), que establece a los recursos hídricos como dominio hídrico público, el cual tendrá una planificación para su gestión integrada e integral, respetando el orden de prelación entre los diferentes destinos o funciones del recurso hídrico, los cuales son a) Consumo humano; b) Riego que garantice la soberanía alimentaria c) Caudal ecológico; y, d) Actividades productivas.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad nacional tiene acceso al agua y el 64.5% tiene algún tipo de saneamiento, sin embargo, en el promedio rural, estas cifras disminuyen llegando a coberturas de menos del 40% en comunidades menores a 200 familias. Se espera que el cambio climático exacerbe estas condiciones, agravando el acceso al agua de la población, en especial en las zonas más vulnerables.', 'Se espera que el cambio climático exacerbe estas condiciones, agravando el acceso al agua de la población, en especial en las zonas más vulnerables. Se prevé que impactos relacionados al exceso de precipitación extrema se podrían manifestar en la región costera y andina, principalmente en la zona centro y sur, mientras que aquellos relacionados al periodo de escasez de precipitación se acentuarían en la zona central de la Costa y en las zonas central y sur de la Sierra. Otro impacto asociado a los recursos hídricos, es el retroceso de glaciares, los cuales han perdido más del 50% de su superficie en los últimos 50 años, causando repercusiones significativas a los usuarios del agua, en comunidades andinas, especialmente relacionadas a riesgos de deslizamientos.', 'Otro impacto asociado a los recursos hídricos, es el retroceso de glaciares, los cuales han perdido más del 50% de su superficie en los últimos 50 años, causando repercusiones significativas a los usuarios del agua, en comunidades andinas, especialmente relacionadas a riesgos de deslizamientos. Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca Sequías, heladas y eventos meteorológicos extremos han causado en el pasado, y podrían causar en el futuro reducción y/o pérdidas en la producción agrícola, pesquera y acuícola, prefigurando los potenciales impactos que eventualmente se intensificarían con la amenaza del cambio climático. Los impactos continuarán incrementándose, especialmente aquellos asociados al Fenómeno del Niño, prolongando los períodos de escasez de precipitación en la zona central de los Andes y la Costa, e incrementando inundaciones en las Costa hacia la zona sur de los Andes.', 'Los impactos continuarán incrementándose, especialmente aquellos asociados al Fenómeno del Niño, prolongando los períodos de escasez de precipitación en la zona central de los Andes y la Costa, e incrementando inundaciones en las Costa hacia la zona sur de los Andes. Salud Una combinación directa e indirecta de los impactos relacionados al cambio climático (especialmente incremento de temperatura y periodos prolongados de precipitación extrema) se esperan en el futuro cercano, por lo que sus efectos en las condiciones de salud pública incluyen lo siguiente: reducción del acceso a alimentación, condiciones favorables para enfermedades respiratorias (olas de intenso frío y cambios abruptos en la temperatura durante el día), proliferación de enfermedades tropicales transmitidas por mosquitos y cambios en la calidad de agua para consumo humano.', 'Salud Una combinación directa e indirecta de los impactos relacionados al cambio climático (especialmente incremento de temperatura y periodos prolongados de precipitación extrema) se esperan en el futuro cercano, por lo que sus efectos en las condiciones de salud pública incluyen lo siguiente: reducción del acceso a alimentación, condiciones favorables para enfermedades respiratorias (olas de intenso frío y cambios abruptos en la temperatura durante el día), proliferación de enfermedades tropicales transmitidas por mosquitos y cambios en la calidad de agua para consumo humano. El 70% del territorio ecuatoriano se localiza en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, por lo que cuenta con hábitats favorables para el desarrollo y propagación de vectores trasmisores de enfermedades como por ejemplo dengue, malaria y leishmaniasis (se ha detectado presencia de Aedes aegypti hasta los 1650 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la cordillera oriental).', 'El 70% del territorio ecuatoriano se localiza en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, por lo que cuenta con hábitats favorables para el desarrollo y propagación de vectores trasmisores de enfermedades como por ejemplo dengue, malaria y leishmaniasis (se ha detectado presencia de Aedes aegypti hasta los 1650 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la cordillera oriental). Las poblaciones que viven en la Costa y Amazonía ecuatoriana son especialmente vulnerables a este tipo de cambios en el clima, así también las áreas localizadas en la zona pie de monte en los Andes ecuatorianos, que atraviesan de norte a sur el país.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Sectores productivos y estratégicos Dentro de los Sectores Estratégicos, se encuentran los subsectores de infraestructura (vías, puertos, facilidades de producción minera e petrolera, entre otros) y producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente aquellas que se encuentran en la Costa y en las cuencas hidrográficas del Paute, Coca, y Pastaza, son altamente vulnerables debido al incremento de la frecuencia e intensidad de las amenazas climáticas y eventos extremos, ambos en términos de déficit y exceso de precipitación (por ejemplo generando deslizamientos, o trayendo mayor cantidad de sedimentos hacia reservorios).', 'Las poblaciones que viven en la Costa y Amazonía ecuatoriana son especialmente vulnerables a este tipo de cambios en el clima, así también las áreas localizadas en la zona pie de monte en los Andes ecuatorianos, que atraviesan de norte a sur el país.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Sectores productivos y estratégicos Dentro de los Sectores Estratégicos, se encuentran los subsectores de infraestructura (vías, puertos, facilidades de producción minera e petrolera, entre otros) y producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente aquellas que se encuentran en la Costa y en las cuencas hidrográficas del Paute, Coca, y Pastaza, son altamente vulnerables debido al incremento de la frecuencia e intensidad de las amenazas climáticas y eventos extremos, ambos en términos de déficit y exceso de precipitación (por ejemplo generando deslizamientos, o trayendo mayor cantidad de sedimentos hacia reservorios). Situación similar se prevé en los Sub-sectores: agricultura, agro- industrial y servicios.', 'Situación similar se prevé en los Sub-sectores: agricultura, agro- industrial y servicios. Asentamientos Humanos Los asentamientos humanos y las ciudades del Ecuador son particularmente vulnerables frente a las amenazas climáticas. La infraestructura habitacional con características inadecuadas y localizadas en áreas de riesgo (aspectos típicos de asentamientos informales) incrementa los niveles de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático. Ciudades como Quito y Guayaquil y otras ciudades medianas y pequeñas, especialmente en la Costa, presentan este tipo de asentamientos irregulares y en condiciones de riesgo. Ecuador tiene un análisis de viviendas precarias, con carencias de servicios básicos, con posesión irregular de la propiedad (ausencia de títulos y/o escrituras) y, en algunos casos, ubicadas en zonas de riesgo. Fuentes: Documento de Proyecto del PNA (2019) e información del sector hídrico provista por SENAGUA (2019).', 'Fuentes: Documento de Proyecto del PNA (2019) e información del sector hídrico provista por SENAGUA (2019). No obstante a lo señalado en el numeral 4.1, considerando las condiciones sociales y económicas predominantes en el país, y teniendo en cuenta que en Ecuador aún está muy poco desarrollada la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas humanos y naturales asentados en el territorio nacional, es posible colegir que, en general, el país mantiene un estatus de vulnerabilidad alto frente a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, siendo por tanto fundamental abordar esta problemática desde una perspectiva que incremente la capacidad adaptativa como vía primaria para el incremento de la resiliencia y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de dichos sistemas.', 'No obstante a lo señalado en el numeral 4.1, considerando las condiciones sociales y económicas predominantes en el país, y teniendo en cuenta que en Ecuador aún está muy poco desarrollada la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas humanos y naturales asentados en el territorio nacional, es posible colegir que, en general, el país mantiene un estatus de vulnerabilidad alto frente a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, siendo por tanto fundamental abordar esta problemática desde una perspectiva que incremente la capacidad adaptativa como vía primaria para el incremento de la resiliencia y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de dichos sistemas. 4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas Los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), son: a) Asentamientos Humanos; b) Patrimonio Hídrico; c) Patrimonio Natural; d) Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; e) Salud; y, f) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca.La gestión de riesgos y la prioridad para los grupos de atención prioritaria son enfoques prioritarios transversales a los seis sectores.', '4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas Los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), son: a) Asentamientos Humanos; b) Patrimonio Hídrico; c) Patrimonio Natural; d) Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; e) Salud; y, f) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca.La gestión de riesgos y la prioridad para los grupos de atención prioritaria son enfoques prioritarios transversales a los seis sectores. Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, el objetivo específico que se persigue con la NDC de Ecuador es contribuir, a escala nacional, sub nacional y local, con los esfuerzos globales de incrementar la capacidad de adaptación, promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, en un contexto de equidad, desarrollo sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza, respetando el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y en concordancia con las capacidades del país.', 'Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, el objetivo específico que se persigue con la NDC de Ecuador es contribuir, a escala nacional, sub nacional y local, con los esfuerzos globales de incrementar la capacidad de adaptación, promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, en un contexto de equidad, desarrollo sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza, respetando el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y en concordancia con las capacidades del país. La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada será progresiva y se implementará mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, basado en la realidad nacional y tomando en cuenta aspectos como: La necesidad de reducir las brechas de género; La incidencia de la adaptación sobre grupos de atención prioritaria; La necesidad de información científica con suficiente rigor; y, La consideración de conocimientos tradicionales / ancestrales de actores locales.', 'La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada será progresiva y se implementará mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, basado en la realidad nacional y tomando en cuenta aspectos como: La necesidad de reducir las brechas de género; La incidencia de la adaptación sobre grupos de atención prioritaria; La necesidad de información científica con suficiente rigor; y, La consideración de conocimientos tradicionales / ancestrales de actores locales. Se prevé que la contribución se integre paulatinamente en la planificación del desarrollo de Ecuador a escala intersectorial y local, plasmándose en medidas, “alineadas con o insertas en” políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, proyectos, procesos e iniciativas de índole social, económica, ambiental u otra naturaleza, que se desarrollen en el país.', 'Se prevé que la contribución se integre paulatinamente en la planificación del desarrollo de Ecuador a escala intersectorial y local, plasmándose en medidas, “alineadas con o insertas en” políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, proyectos, procesos e iniciativas de índole social, económica, ambiental u otra naturaleza, que se desarrollen en el país. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación8 constituirá herramienta que facilite la implementación de las medidas (contribuciones) de adaptación y contribuirá en la generación de instrumentos útiles para la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador. Los objetivos del Plan Nacional de Adaptación son: a) Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, a través del incremento de la capacidad adaptativa y construcción de resiliencia en los sectores priorizados establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Los objetivos del Plan Nacional de Adaptación son: a) Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, a través del incremento de la capacidad adaptativa y construcción de resiliencia en los sectores priorizados establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. b) Facilitar la integración coherente de la adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación al desarrollo, políticas y estrategias en los seis sectores priorizados para la adaptación en Ecuador, así como en programas y proyectos nuevos o existentes que contribuyan a la adaptación.', 'b) Facilitar la integración coherente de la adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación al desarrollo, políticas y estrategias en los seis sectores priorizados para la adaptación en Ecuador, así como en programas y proyectos nuevos o existentes que contribuyan a la adaptación. La construcción del Plan Nacional de Adaptación busca construir las condiciones habilitantes para la integración del riesgo climático en la planificación al desarrollo a través de: a) Mejoramiento de las proyecciones climáticas, riesgo climático y análisis de vulnerabilidad e impactos en sistemas humanos y naturales, en términos de cobertura y resolución espacial y temporal, bajo una perspectiva de género; 8 El Proyecto del Plan Nacional de Adaptación de Ecuador arrancará en abril de 2019, previéndose que las condiciones habilitantes para la adaptación al cambio climático y el propio Plan Nacional de Adaptación estarán disponibles en 2022.b) Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a través de documentos guías (estándares, guías técnicas, entre otros), regulaciones (a nivel nacional y local), métodos estandarizados y herramientas para facilitar el manejo del riesgo climático, utilizando la perspectiva de género; c) Entrenamiento a personal clave, pares técnicos y actores estratégicos (públicos y privados) para facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo, en la implementación de acciones, y presupuestos a nivel sectorial, territorial y local.', 'La construcción del Plan Nacional de Adaptación busca construir las condiciones habilitantes para la integración del riesgo climático en la planificación al desarrollo a través de: a) Mejoramiento de las proyecciones climáticas, riesgo climático y análisis de vulnerabilidad e impactos en sistemas humanos y naturales, en términos de cobertura y resolución espacial y temporal, bajo una perspectiva de género; 8 El Proyecto del Plan Nacional de Adaptación de Ecuador arrancará en abril de 2019, previéndose que las condiciones habilitantes para la adaptación al cambio climático y el propio Plan Nacional de Adaptación estarán disponibles en 2022.b) Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a través de documentos guías (estándares, guías técnicas, entre otros), regulaciones (a nivel nacional y local), métodos estandarizados y herramientas para facilitar el manejo del riesgo climático, utilizando la perspectiva de género; c) Entrenamiento a personal clave, pares técnicos y actores estratégicos (públicos y privados) para facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo, en la implementación de acciones, y presupuestos a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. d) Diseño de mecanismos para medición, reporte y verificación para el proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, y para las acciones de adaptación implementadas por actores estratégicos, incorporando el enfoque de género.', 'd) Diseño de mecanismos para medición, reporte y verificación para el proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, y para las acciones de adaptación implementadas por actores estratégicos, incorporando el enfoque de género. e) Formulación de estrategias para asegurar que el financiamiento, sostenibilidad, escalamiento y réplica de las acciones de adaptación al cambio climático cumplan los requerimientos establecidos. Como resultado de los acuerdos y compromisos asumidos durante el proceso de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador (2019), los ministerios sectoriales directamente vinculados con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático, son: Sectores Instituciones (Ministerios, Secretarias9) Estratégicos: Hidrocarburos, Minería y Electricidad. Transporte.', 'Como resultado de los acuerdos y compromisos asumidos durante el proceso de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador (2019), los ministerios sectoriales directamente vinculados con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático, son: Sectores Instituciones (Ministerios, Secretarias9) Estratégicos: Hidrocarburos, Minería y Electricidad. Transporte. Ministerio de Energía y Recursos Naturales no Renovables (MERNNR) Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) Patrimonio Natural Ministerio del Ambiente (MAE) Patrimonio Hídrico Secretaría del Agua (SENAGUA) Asentamientos Humanos Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda (MIDUVI) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura y Ganadería. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) Salud Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Sobre la base de este trabajo, se han identificado y priorizado las siguientes medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, desde una perspectiva sectorial.', 'Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) Salud Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Sobre la base de este trabajo, se han identificado y priorizado las siguientes medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, desde una perspectiva sectorial. Cabe resaltar que, con excepción de las medidas que se prevén implementar solamente bajo un escenario condicional, con apoyo internacional disponible, el resto de medidas están incluidas tanto de manera condicional como de manera incondicional, con un grado de implementación diferente.', 'Cabe resaltar que, con excepción de las medidas que se prevén implementar solamente bajo un escenario condicional, con apoyo internacional disponible, el resto de medidas están incluidas tanto de manera condicional como de manera incondicional, con un grado de implementación diferente. 9 En principio, está previsto que otras entidades colaboren con la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático, entre las cuales se incluye: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana, Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo, Banco del Estado, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, Consorcio de Gobiernos Autónomos Provinciales, Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador, Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético, PETROAMAZONAS EP, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Fondos de Agua e Instituciones de Educación Superior.Sector Patrimonio Natural Nivel macro Mejoramiento de instrumentos de política pública de patrimonio natural que incorporan la adaptación al cambio climático.', '9 En principio, está previsto que otras entidades colaboren con la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático, entre las cuales se incluye: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana, Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo, Banco del Estado, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, Consorcio de Gobiernos Autónomos Provinciales, Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador, Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético, PETROAMAZONAS EP, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Fondos de Agua e Instituciones de Educación Superior.Sector Patrimonio Natural Nivel macro Mejoramiento de instrumentos de política pública de patrimonio natural que incorporan la adaptación al cambio climático. Nivel operativo Incremento de la superficie de bosques, cobertura de vegetación natural remanente y ecosistemas marinos y costeros conservados o con manejo sostenible, para mantener su funcionalidad ecosistémica en escenarios de cambio climático.', 'Nivel operativo Incremento de la superficie de bosques, cobertura de vegetación natural remanente y ecosistemas marinos y costeros conservados o con manejo sostenible, para mantener su funcionalidad ecosistémica en escenarios de cambio climático. Implementación de prácticas sostenibles de uso de los recursos naturales en zonas de influencia de áreas bajo diferentes estatus de conservación, vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. Establecimiento de corredores de conservación y restauración de bosques secundarios y zonas de amortiguamiento para mantener la conectividad del paisaje, reducir impactos (actuales y esperados) del cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia ecosistémica. Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades sobre cambio climático y gestión del patrimonio natural en actores sociales, académicos, investigadores y gubernamentales.', 'Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades sobre cambio climático y gestión del patrimonio natural en actores sociales, académicos, investigadores y gubernamentales. ** Sector Patrimonio Hídrico Nivel macro Fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional Estratégico del Agua como mecanismo de coordinación e interacción sectorial para incrementar la capacidad adaptativa del sector hídrico en territorio. ** Nivel operativo Implementación de un sistema nacional de información para el sector hídrico como herramienta de apoyo a la gestión, monitoreo y evaluación de los efectos del cambio climático. Formulación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de cultura del agua, que incluya prácticas y saberes de los pueblos ancestrales, como mecanismo que contribuya a la sensibilización local de los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Formulación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de cultura del agua, que incluya prácticas y saberes de los pueblos ancestrales, como mecanismo que contribuya a la sensibilización local de los efectos del cambio climático. ** Generación e implementación de mecanismos para la valoración económica y social de los impactos del cambio climático en el sector hídrico. ** Incorporación de criterios de cambio climático en estrategias y planes nacionales y sectoriales del sector hídrico. ** Inclusión de variables de cambio climático en las viabilidades técnicas y en la normativa de regulación y control del recurso hídrico. ** Gestión de la oferta y demanda hídrica nacional integrando variables de cambio climático, con énfasis en zonas con estrés hídrico.', '** Gestión de la oferta y demanda hídrica nacional integrando variables de cambio climático, con énfasis en zonas con estrés hídrico. **Sector Patrimonio Hídrico Implementación de programas de comunicación, divulgación y fortalecimiento de capacidades que permitan la sensibilización de actores del sector hídrico y usuarios del agua, sobre los efectos del cambio climático. Generación y establecimiento de mecanismos de conservación de fuentes hídricas e implementación de sus planes de manejo para asegurar, a futuro, agua en cantidad y calidad. Diseño e implementación de acciones que contribuyan a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de la infraestructura hidráulica (existente y nueva) de uso múltiple. ** Salud Nivel macro Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud.', '** Salud Nivel macro Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Nivel operativo Generación de conocimiento y estudios científicos sobre los efectos del cambio climático en la salud y las interacciones entre los cambios del clima y la dinámica de las patologías vectoriales. ** Fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales, gobiernos locales y ciudadanías en la implementación de respuestas ante los impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud.', 'Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Desarrollo de un Registro Único de Afectados y Damnificados de impactos del cambio climático e implementación de un programa de simulaciones y simulacros, vinculados a amenazas climáticas sobre la salud, que faciliten la atención y respuesta efectiva de la población. Generación de análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climáticos a nivel nacional que permitan la implementación de un sistema de alerta temprana para enfrentar los impactos del cambio climático. Estrategias para la implementación de un sistema integrado de vigilancia y monitoreo de la salud ambiental y riesgos epidemiológicos sobre la salud en un contexto de cambio climático.', 'Estrategias para la implementación de un sistema integrado de vigilancia y monitoreo de la salud ambiental y riesgos epidemiológicos sobre la salud en un contexto de cambio climático. Sector Asentamientos Humanos Nivel macro Desarrollo e implementación de la política pública de hábitat, ordenamiento territorial, planificación territorial y gestión de suelo, con criterios de adaptación frente a riesgos climáticos.Desarrollo de políticas y estrategias frente a la migración temporal o permanente de la población por condiciones vinculadas al cambio climático. ** Nivel operativo Reducción del riesgo climático de la población mediante la validación de suelo seguro, promoción y dotación de vivienda digna, accesible y asequible en zonas con baja exposición a amenazas climáticas.', '** Nivel operativo Reducción del riesgo climático de la población mediante la validación de suelo seguro, promoción y dotación de vivienda digna, accesible y asequible en zonas con baja exposición a amenazas climáticas. Desarrollo de instrumentos locales de política pública para la acción climática, que prioricen medidas de adaptación frente a los efectos del cambio climático. Diseño y dotación de sistemas públicos de soporte resilientes frente a la ocurrencia de amenazas climáticas. ** Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gobernanza multiactor y multinivel para la gestión del riesgo climático en los asentamientos humanos a nivel nacional y local, fomentando la participación de la sociedad civil. Generación de líneas de investigación para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos humanos frente a efectos adversos de cambio climático.', 'Generación de líneas de investigación para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos humanos frente a efectos adversos de cambio climático. Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos Nivel macro Inclusión de la variable climática en políticas públicas e instrumentos de gestión de riesgos y de la planificación sectorial (Sectores de Hidrocarburos, Minería, Electricidad y Energía Renovable). ** Integración de las proyecciones climáticas en el desarrollo de nuevos estudios de infraestructura vial. Reducción del Riesgo Climático en las cadenas de valor de la industria petrolera y minera, y en la infraestructura eléctrica de generación, trasmisión, distribución y comercialización, mediante el desarrollo de estudios de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo Climático específicos del sector, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático.', 'Reducción del Riesgo Climático en las cadenas de valor de la industria petrolera y minera, y en la infraestructura eléctrica de generación, trasmisión, distribución y comercialización, mediante el desarrollo de estudios de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo Climático específicos del sector, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático. ** Nivel operativo Generación de estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para la infraestructura vial, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático en las fases de diseño, construcción, operación y mantenimiento de proyectos de infraestructura vial.', '** Nivel operativo Generación de estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para la infraestructura vial, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático en las fases de diseño, construcción, operación y mantenimiento de proyectos de infraestructura vial. ** Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pescaSoberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca Nivel macro Diseño e implementación de política pública para fortalecer la resiliencia climática de los sistemas agroalimentarios. Promoción de gobernanza responsable sobre el uso y manejo del suelo que asegure producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Promoción de gobernanza responsable sobre el uso y manejo del suelo que asegure producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Nivel operativo Emisión de regulaciones y normativa técnica para la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo a escala sectorial (sectores agrícola y pecuario) y local (a nivel de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados). Promoción de iniciativas orientadas al consumo responsable de producción agropecuaria resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Desarrollo, promoción e implementación de modelos y tecnologías de producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Desarrollo, promoción e implementación de modelos y tecnologías de producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales del sector agropecuario (incluido el uso sostenible del suelo), a través de metodologías de aprendizaje participativo con enfoque de sostenibilidad ambiental y resiliencia ante amenazas climáticas. Fortalecimiento de capacidades e investigación científica para la generación de información relacionada con producción agropecuaria resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Generación de información para fortalecer la gestión de riesgos agroclimáticos, que permita establecer estrategias de alerta temprana ante eventos climáticos extremos. ** Transversales a todos los sectores Promoción de mecanismos, instrumentos y herramientas financieras que permitan gestionar recursos para la implementación de acciones de adaptación frente a los impactos del cambio climático.', '** Transversales a todos los sectores Promoción de mecanismos, instrumentos y herramientas financieras que permitan gestionar recursos para la implementación de acciones de adaptación frente a los impactos del cambio climático. Actualización y fortalecimiento de los programas de generación, procesamiento, control de calidad, difusión y libre acceso de los datos meteorológicos e hidrológicos, como soporte a los procesos de adaptación a los efectos negativos del cambio climático. Incremento de capacidades del sistema financiero nacional para el manejo de recursos provenientes de la cooperación internacional, destinados a la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Incremento de capacidades del sistema financiero nacional para el manejo de recursos provenientes de la cooperación internacional, destinados a la gestión del cambio climático. Notas: Según lo establecido por SENPLADES las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático se clasifican en estratégicas o de nivel macro y de nivel operativo o de gestión.Las medidas marcadas con ** son aquellas que inicialmente se considera corresponden exclusivamente al escenario condicional. 4.4 Necesidades de apoyo e implementación. Conforme el cuadro de medidas de adaptación priorizadas, se ha previsto recursos financieros, asistencia técnica y tecnología bajo el escenario incondicionado que permita implementar acciones efectivas orientadas a reducir el riesgo al cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia de sistemas naturales y humanos vinculados a los sectores prioritarios de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador.', 'Conforme el cuadro de medidas de adaptación priorizadas, se ha previsto recursos financieros, asistencia técnica y tecnología bajo el escenario incondicionado que permita implementar acciones efectivas orientadas a reducir el riesgo al cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia de sistemas naturales y humanos vinculados a los sectores prioritarios de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador. Sin embargo, la implementación de las citadas medidas, bajo el escenario condicionado, sólo será posible si se cuenta con los medios de implementación relativos al financiamiento, fortalecimiento de capacidades y transferencia de tecnología que provengan de los países desarrollados.', 'Sin embargo, la implementación de las citadas medidas, bajo el escenario condicionado, sólo será posible si se cuenta con los medios de implementación relativos al financiamiento, fortalecimiento de capacidades y transferencia de tecnología que provengan de los países desarrollados. Una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación será realizada conforme los lineamientos y metodologías que para ello se dispongan establecidos en el marco de implementación del Acuerdo de París y en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades de apoyo e implementación para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación será realizada conforme los lineamientos y metodologías que para ello se dispongan establecidos en el marco de implementación del Acuerdo de París y en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades de apoyo e implementación para la adaptación al cambio climático. Como conclusión del proceso para el componente de adaptación de la NDC se evidencia que las capacidades actuales no son suficientes para implementar las medidas estipuladas de manera integral, frente a ello se verá limitada la implementación y cumplimiento de la NDC, afectando la capacidad nacional para cumplir el objetivo enmarcado en el Artículo 2 literal b del Acuerdo de París.', 'Como conclusión del proceso para el componente de adaptación de la NDC se evidencia que las capacidades actuales no son suficientes para implementar las medidas estipuladas de manera integral, frente a ello se verá limitada la implementación y cumplimiento de la NDC, afectando la capacidad nacional para cumplir el objetivo enmarcado en el Artículo 2 literal b del Acuerdo de París. 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento a. Avances en la legislación aplicable (el caso del COA) Un hito trascendental en la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador es la incorporación explícita de la temática en el Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017), que permite disponer de un marco normativo amplio, moderno y eficaz para integrar la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo sectorial y local del país, e impulsar el desarrollo de acciones efectivas por parte de los distintos actores, públicos y privados, orientadas al incremento de la resiliencia y la disminución de la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas humanos y naturales del país.', '4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento a. Avances en la legislación aplicable (el caso del COA) Un hito trascendental en la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador es la incorporación explícita de la temática en el Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017), que permite disponer de un marco normativo amplio, moderno y eficaz para integrar la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo sectorial y local del país, e impulsar el desarrollo de acciones efectivas por parte de los distintos actores, públicos y privados, orientadas al incremento de la resiliencia y la disminución de la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas humanos y naturales del país. Un resumen que indica y describe de manera general los principales artículos de dicho código se incluye a continuación.TITULO I. DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I: Disposiciones generales Artículo Menciona que el propósito del libro IV del COA es establecer el marco legal e institucional para la planificación, articulación, coordinación y monitoreo de las políticas públicas orientadas a diseñar, gestionar y ejecutar a nivel local, regional y nacional, acciones de adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal, oportuna, eficaz, participativa, coordinada y articulada con los instrumentos internacionales ratificados por el Estado y al principio de la responsabilidad común pero diferenciada.', 'Un resumen que indica y describe de manera general los principales artículos de dicho código se incluye a continuación.TITULO I. DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I: Disposiciones generales Artículo Menciona que el propósito del libro IV del COA es establecer el marco legal e institucional para la planificación, articulación, coordinación y monitoreo de las políticas públicas orientadas a diseñar, gestionar y ejecutar a nivel local, regional y nacional, acciones de adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal, oportuna, eficaz, participativa, coordinada y articulada con los instrumentos internacionales ratificados por el Estado y al principio de la responsabilidad común pero diferenciada. Las medidas y acciones para la gestión del cambio climático, considerarán prioritariamente reducir y minimizar las afectaciones causadas a las personas en situación de riesgo, grupos de atención prioritaria y con niveles de pobreza, a la infraestructura, proyectos nacionales y estratégicos, a los sectores productivos, a los ecosistemas y a la biodiversidad.', 'Las medidas y acciones para la gestión del cambio climático, considerarán prioritariamente reducir y minimizar las afectaciones causadas a las personas en situación de riesgo, grupos de atención prioritaria y con niveles de pobreza, a la infraestructura, proyectos nacionales y estratégicos, a los sectores productivos, a los ecosistemas y a la biodiversidad. Capitulo II. Instrumentos para la gestión del cambio climático La gestión del cambio climático se realizará conforme a la política y la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, y sus instrumentos que deberán ser dictados y actualizados por la Autoridad Ambiental Nacional. Deberán incorporarse obligatoriamente criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación, planes, programas, proyectos específicos y estrategias de los diferentes niveles de gobierno y sectores del Estado. TITULO II.', 'Deberán incorporarse obligatoriamente criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación, planes, programas, proyectos específicos y estrategias de los diferentes niveles de gobierno y sectores del Estado. TITULO II. DE LA ADAPTACION Y MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I. Disposiciones generales para las medidas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático Se crearán y fortalecerán las capacidades del país para afrontar los impactos del cambio climático, con énfasis en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y de acuerdo a las prioridades establecidas por la Autoridad Ambiental Nacional. El Estado priorizará la inversión para la adaptación al cambio climático con especial énfasis en la prevención de desastres, en zonas vulnerables o de alto riesgo.Criterios para el desarrollo de la adaptación: 1. Precautelar la calidad de vida de la población y de los ecosistemas; 2.', 'Precautelar la calidad de vida de la población y de los ecosistemas; 2. Considerar los escenarios actuales y futuros del cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación territorial, el desarrollo de infraestructura, el desarrollo de actividades productivas y de servicios, los asentamientos humanos y la protección de los ecosistemas; 3. Establecer escenarios óptimos y aceptables, derivados de los modelos de variabilidad climática actual y futura que deberán incluirse en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacionales y de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados para garantizar la calidad de vida de la población y la naturaleza. Capitulo II.', 'Establecer escenarios óptimos y aceptables, derivados de los modelos de variabilidad climática actual y futura que deberán incluirse en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacionales y de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados para garantizar la calidad de vida de la población y la naturaleza. Capitulo II. Medidas mínimas para adaptación y mitigación La Autoridad Ambiental Nacional, coordinará con las entidades sectoriales priorizadas para el efecto y en base a las capacidades locales, lo siguiente: Elaboración y difusión del mapa nacional de vulnerabilidades frente al cambio climático; Definición de los lineamientos y criterios sostenibles para la gestión de cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial; Rehabilitación y protección de las zonas vulnerables a inundaciones, sequías, heladas, y degradación del suelo, de acuerdo a la priorización que se dicte para el efecto; Manejo de forma integral de la zona marino costera, así como la promoción de su capacitad adaptativa a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático; Diseño y promoción de programas de capacitación, educación, sensibilización y concienciación sobre la gestión del cambio climático considerando, los idiomas oficiales de relación intercultural; Impulso a la implementación de acciones preventivas y de control sobre las enfermedades derivadas de los efectos del cambio climático; Promoción de la restauración de zonas y ecosistemas degradados y afectados e impulso y articulación de medidas que protejan los bosques naturales.', 'Medidas mínimas para adaptación y mitigación La Autoridad Ambiental Nacional, coordinará con las entidades sectoriales priorizadas para el efecto y en base a las capacidades locales, lo siguiente: Elaboración y difusión del mapa nacional de vulnerabilidades frente al cambio climático; Definición de los lineamientos y criterios sostenibles para la gestión de cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial; Rehabilitación y protección de las zonas vulnerables a inundaciones, sequías, heladas, y degradación del suelo, de acuerdo a la priorización que se dicte para el efecto; Manejo de forma integral de la zona marino costera, así como la promoción de su capacitad adaptativa a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático; Diseño y promoción de programas de capacitación, educación, sensibilización y concienciación sobre la gestión del cambio climático considerando, los idiomas oficiales de relación intercultural; Impulso a la implementación de acciones preventivas y de control sobre las enfermedades derivadas de los efectos del cambio climático; Promoción de la restauración de zonas y ecosistemas degradados y afectados e impulso y articulación de medidas que protejan los bosques naturales. b. Avances en la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo local (el caso de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial).La integración de la dimensión climática, incluidos los temas de adaptación, representó desde 2014 prioridad para el ente rector de la gestión del cambio climático.', 'b. Avances en la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo local (el caso de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial).La integración de la dimensión climática, incluidos los temas de adaptación, representó desde 2014 prioridad para el ente rector de la gestión del cambio climático. En ese sentido, en tal año se emprendió un proceso piloto a escala nacional que proveyó de instrumentos técnicos a los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del país para incorporar la variable del cambio climático en sus Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT) y para la preparación de Planes de Cambio Climático.', 'En ese sentido, en tal año se emprendió un proceso piloto a escala nacional que proveyó de instrumentos técnicos a los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del país para incorporar la variable del cambio climático en sus Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT) y para la preparación de Planes de Cambio Climático. Desde entonces, más de 60 gobiernos locales, de los diferentes niveles (provincial, cantonal y parroquial) emprendieron en tal esfuerzo y disponen a la fecha de instrumentos de planificación útiles para los propósitos de la adaptación a escala sub- nacional. Esta iniciativa tuvo carácter voluntario.', 'Esta iniciativa tuvo carácter voluntario. Posteriormente, a partir de 2018, la iniciativa se incorpora al proceso que lleva adelante la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), en su calidad de ente rector del ordenamiento territorial, para la actualización de Guías para Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial para los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados provinciales, cantonales y parroquiales, y la generación de una Caja de Herramientas, constituida por un conjunto de insumos que permitan que los GAD aplique las mencionadas Guías en el proceso de planificación territorial. A marzo de 2019 este proceso se halla en curso.', 'A marzo de 2019 este proceso se halla en curso. 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación Las principales barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador giran en torno a “condiciones limitadas para la incorporación de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local, y están compuestas por: i) Falta de políticas y estándares técnicos que permitan integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo. ii) Limitada resolución de las proyecciones climáticas disponibles y baja cobertura territorial relativa a los análisis de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'ii) Limitada resolución de las proyecciones climáticas disponibles y baja cobertura territorial relativa a los análisis de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático. iii) Insuficiente formación y capacidades limitadas para desarrollar análisis de riesgo climático (bajo el marco conceptual y metodológico del 5to Reporte del IPCC) a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. iv) Limitadas capacidades y alta rotación del equipo técnico (público y privado) para integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo. v) Insuficiente coordinación e involucramiento entre los Ministerios Sectoriales y los distintos niveles de Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (GAD) para la implementación en territorio de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático y su incorporación en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local.', 'v) Insuficiente coordinación e involucramiento entre los Ministerios Sectoriales y los distintos niveles de Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (GAD) para la implementación en territorio de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático y su incorporación en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. vi) Escasa información sobre los impactos el cambio climático en la región marino costera del país. Adicionalmente se han identificado otras barreras, desafíos y vacíos tales como: Insuficiente difusión de regulaciones existentes relacionadas a la gestión y desarrollo de la planificación de la adaptación al cambio climático. Falta de presupuesto para asumir las responsabilidades y funciones inherentes a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Falta de presupuesto para asumir las responsabilidades y funciones inherentes a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático. Débil capacidad tecnológica (por ejemplo, estaciones hidrológicas y meteorológicas, equipamiento, software, y sistemas de medición, reporte y verificación para la adaptación al cambio climático, entre otros). Insuficiente calidad y cantidad de información (por ejemplo, información climática de base, información para análisis de riesgo climático, entre otros). Baja difusión y aplicación de hallazgos científicos relativos a los impactos del cambio climático, sumada a la escasa comunicación que recibe la sociedad civil sobre esta problemática. Desconocimiento de los costos y efectos de no realizar acciones de adaptación, o de realizar “mala adaptación”, y de las repercusiones de ello sobre la economía o las comunidades.', 'Desconocimiento de los costos y efectos de no realizar acciones de adaptación, o de realizar “mala adaptación”, y de las repercusiones de ello sobre la economía o las comunidades. 4.6 Información de cómo las acciones de adaptación previstas contribuyen con el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. El gráfico que se muestra a continuación muestra algunas de las principales interacciones que se vislumbran entre las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, previstas de implementarse en el marco de la NDC de Ecuador, y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019)La NDC de Ecuador incluye medidas concretas para enfrentar los impactos causados por el cambio climático.', 'Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019)La NDC de Ecuador incluye medidas concretas para enfrentar los impactos causados por el cambio climático. El enfoque aplicado durante la formulación del componente de adaptación de la NDC, permitió alinear las iniciativas y medidas con las metas del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “Toda una Vida” y con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. Asimismo, las NDC pretender constituirse en un mecanismo que contribuya al cumplimiento de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, establecidos en la Agenda 2030 que, en general, tienen por finalidad erradicar la pobreza, proteger el planeta y asegurar la prosperidad para todos los seres humanos.', 'Asimismo, las NDC pretender constituirse en un mecanismo que contribuya al cumplimiento de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, establecidos en la Agenda 2030 que, en general, tienen por finalidad erradicar la pobreza, proteger el planeta y asegurar la prosperidad para todos los seres humanos. A manera de ejemplo, las medidas que conforman la NDC del Sector Patrimonio Hídrico promueven la generación de información de calidad y el fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales y de capital humano, para contribuir a la conservación y manejo responsable del recurso hídrico, y asegurar así, la disponibilidad del agua para la población en un contexto de cambio climático. En este contexto, las medidas de las NDC contribuyen al ODS 4, ODS 6, ODS 12, ODS 13, ODS 15 y ODS 17. 5.', 'En este contexto, las medidas de las NDC contribuyen al ODS 4, ODS 6, ODS 12, ODS 13, ODS 15 y ODS 17. 5. Información sobre cómo el país considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa, a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales El proceso de NDC del Ecuador representa un esfuerzo de una ambición sin precedente en el país para el diseño e implementación de política de cambio climático, en particular frente a sus circunstancias nacionales. El Ecuador es un país con necesidades marcadas de desarrollo sostenible y urgencias apremiantes para resolver problemáticas sociales que limitan su nivel de vida en comparación con países desarrollados. Hasta 2018 la pobreza a nivel nacional se ubicó en el 23,2% y la pobreza extrema en 8.4%.', 'Hasta 2018 la pobreza a nivel nacional se ubicó en el 23,2% y la pobreza extrema en 8.4%. La pobreza urbana llegó al 15,3% y la pobreza rural de 40%, con niveles de pobreza extrema en el 17,7%. En ese año, el coeficiente de Gini a nivel nacional fue de 0,469. La pobreza multidimensional fue de 37,9% a nivel nacional; con 23,9% en el área urbana y 67,7% en el sector rural. (INEC, En lo que refiere a las tasas relevantes al empleo, en 2018 se registró un 16,5% de subempleo, un 9,9% de empleo no remunerado y un 28,8% de empleo no pleno con un desempleo nacional del 3,7% y de trabajo infantil del 8,56%.', '(INEC, En lo que refiere a las tasas relevantes al empleo, en 2018 se registró un 16,5% de subempleo, un 9,9% de empleo no remunerado y un 28,8% de empleo no pleno con un desempleo nacional del 3,7% y de trabajo infantil del 8,56%. (INEC, 2018) De igual forma, las tasas netas de la población que logra obtener un bachillerato se mantienen hasta 2017 a nivel nacional en un 70,8%, a nivel urbano en un 75,65% y a nivel rural en un 62,77%.', '(INEC, 2018) De igual forma, las tasas netas de la población que logra obtener un bachillerato se mantienen hasta 2017 a nivel nacional en un 70,8%, a nivel urbano en un 75,65% y a nivel rural en un 62,77%. (INEC, 2018) Todas estas circunstancias, entre otras, suman a las limitaciones de la capacidad de la población para acceder a servicios básicos, a educación básica y bachillerato, a reducir tasas de mortalidad infantil y materna y generan a nivel general consecuencias sociales adversas, incluyendo circunstancias de hacinamiento, desnutrición infantil, analfabetismo y pobreza.Pese a estas condiciones, el Ecuador está comprometido con la lucha contra el cambio climático, enmarcada en sus esfuerzos de erradicación de la pobreza, de garantizar la soberanía alimentaria e hídrica, el acceso a servicios básicos y sobre la base de los compromisos internacionales vigentes.', '(INEC, 2018) Todas estas circunstancias, entre otras, suman a las limitaciones de la capacidad de la población para acceder a servicios básicos, a educación básica y bachillerato, a reducir tasas de mortalidad infantil y materna y generan a nivel general consecuencias sociales adversas, incluyendo circunstancias de hacinamiento, desnutrición infantil, analfabetismo y pobreza.Pese a estas condiciones, el Ecuador está comprometido con la lucha contra el cambio climático, enmarcada en sus esfuerzos de erradicación de la pobreza, de garantizar la soberanía alimentaria e hídrica, el acceso a servicios básicos y sobre la base de los compromisos internacionales vigentes. Entre estos compromisos, el Ecuador reitera su voluntad de implementar todas las disposiciones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París que se deriva de ella, incluyendo todo lo que se refiere al desarrollo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, la formulación, implementación y actualización de programas y medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, el manejo, conservación y fortalecimiento de sumideros de carbono, la generación de esfuerzos para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, entre otros.', 'Entre estos compromisos, el Ecuador reitera su voluntad de implementar todas las disposiciones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París que se deriva de ella, incluyendo todo lo que se refiere al desarrollo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, la formulación, implementación y actualización de programas y medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, el manejo, conservación y fortalecimiento de sumideros de carbono, la generación de esfuerzos para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, entre otros. Sin embargo, Ecuador resalta que el cumplimiento de estas acciones y compromisos derivados de los acuerdos internacionales están vinculados al cumplimiento de compromisos de toda la comunidad internacional, en particular aquellos que se refieren a la provisión de recursos financieros por parte de países desarrollados en línea con los artículos 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 y 4.7 de la Convención y los artículos 9, 10 y 11 del Acuerdo de París.', 'Sin embargo, Ecuador resalta que el cumplimiento de estas acciones y compromisos derivados de los acuerdos internacionales están vinculados al cumplimiento de compromisos de toda la comunidad internacional, en particular aquellos que se refieren a la provisión de recursos financieros por parte de países desarrollados en línea con los artículos 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 y 4.7 de la Convención y los artículos 9, 10 y 11 del Acuerdo de París. La implementación conjunta de todos estos compromisos por la comunidad internacional permitirá al Ecuador hacer uso de su máximo potencial en la lucha global contra el cambio climático, aprovechando todas las oportunidades identificadas en esta NDC para reducir y limitar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero e implementar medidas y acciones para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'La implementación conjunta de todos estos compromisos por la comunidad internacional permitirá al Ecuador hacer uso de su máximo potencial en la lucha global contra el cambio climático, aprovechando todas las oportunidades identificadas en esta NDC para reducir y limitar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero e implementar medidas y acciones para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. No obstante, pese a las circunstancias nacionales y a la conjunción necesaria de los compromisos internacionales, el Ecuador ha mantenido un proceso de proporciones sin precedentes a nivel nacional para el diseño de su primera NDC. Se ha consultado a actores de sectores público, privado, académico, no gubernamental, de investigación, entre otros.', 'Se ha consultado a actores de sectores público, privado, académico, no gubernamental, de investigación, entre otros. Se han mantenido diálogos, talleres y reuniones técnicas para identificar aquellos aspectos que requieren de recursos financieros adicionales para su implementación pero también aquellos que están dentro de la capacidad nacional para implementarse sin recursos adicionales y como producto, se han definido medidas y metas que serán implementadas con la participación de entidades sectoriales, empresas privadas, gobiernos subnacionales y una serie de acciones que serán mapeadas en el plan de implementación de la NDC, esperado para 2020. Adicionalmente, cabe resaltar que las acciones que han sido identificadas como parte de la NDC tienen una cobertura nacional y se visualiza que su implementación incluya a actores a todos los niveles del estado.', 'Adicionalmente, cabe resaltar que las acciones que han sido identificadas como parte de la NDC tienen una cobertura nacional y se visualiza que su implementación incluya a actores a todos los niveles del estado. Al mismo tiempo, estas acciones han sido desagregadas por sectores en línea con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, lo que ha implicado un compromiso por parte de los actores sectoriales a varios niveles, posicionando la temática de cambio climático en la agenda de todas instancias.', 'Al mismo tiempo, estas acciones han sido desagregadas por sectores en línea con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, lo que ha implicado un compromiso por parte de los actores sectoriales a varios niveles, posicionando la temática de cambio climático en la agenda de todas instancias. Por estas razones, y por la serie de medidas y líneas de acción identificada, esta primera NDC del Ecuador es sin duda ambiciosa y justa frente a sus circunstancias nacionalescomo un país en desarrollo, sus compromisos y responsabilidades internacionales y da un paso robusto hacia una implementación de medidas de mediano y largo plazo en el país para la lucha contra el cambio climático.']

es-ES

ECU

Ecuador

Updated NDC

2019-03-29 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Primera%20NDC%20Ecuador.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7ece11e8c011d98bca41996868fdb91a1ec32b5d007ef769675bacdc3a2547d0.pdf

['REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOGLOSARIO DE SIGLAS Acrónimo Descripción AME Asociación de Municipalidades Ecuatorianas CICC Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente CONGOPE Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador COPFP Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas COVNM Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles No Metanosos DA Datos de Actividad ENCC Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático ENOS El Niño-Oscilación del Sur ESCOs Empresas de Gestión de la Energía ESPAC Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua FAOSTAT Base de Datos Estadísticos Corporativos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación GACMO Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GAD Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado GBP Guía de Buenas Prácticas GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GLP Gas Licuado de Petróleo GWP Potencial de Calentamiento Global INEC Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático LEAP Sistema de Planificación de Alternativas Energéticas de Largo Alcance MAE Ministerio del Ambiente MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería MERNNR Ministerio de Recursos MIDUVI Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda MSP Ministerio de Salud Pública MTOP Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas NDC Contribución Determinada a nivel nacional PDOT Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNA Plan Nacional de Adaptación REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal SENAGUA Secretaría Nacional del Agua SENPLADES Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo SNAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SNI Sistema Nacional Interconectado SOTE Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano TCN Tercera Comunicación Nacional USCUSS Uso de Suelo, Cambio de Uso de Suelo y SilviculturaTABLA DE CONTENIDO GLOSARIO DE SIGLAS . 2 PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 4 1.', 'REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOGLOSARIO DE SIGLAS Acrónimo Descripción AME Asociación de Municipalidades Ecuatorianas CICC Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente COA Código Orgánico del Ambiente CONGOPE Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador COPFP Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas COVNM Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles No Metanosos DA Datos de Actividad ENCC Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático ENOS El Niño-Oscilación del Sur ESCOs Empresas de Gestión de la Energía ESPAC Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua FAOSTAT Base de Datos Estadísticos Corporativos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación GACMO Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GAD Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado GBP Guía de Buenas Prácticas GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GLP Gas Licuado de Petróleo GWP Potencial de Calentamiento Global INEC Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos INGEI Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático LEAP Sistema de Planificación de Alternativas Energéticas de Largo Alcance MAE Ministerio del Ambiente MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería MERNNR Ministerio de Recursos MIDUVI Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda MSP Ministerio de Salud Pública MTOP Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas NDC Contribución Determinada a nivel nacional PDOT Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNA Plan Nacional de Adaptación REDD+ Reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal SENAGUA Secretaría Nacional del Agua SENPLADES Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo SNAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas SNI Sistema Nacional Interconectado SOTE Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano TCN Tercera Comunicación Nacional USCUSS Uso de Suelo, Cambio de Uso de Suelo y SilviculturaTABLA DE CONTENIDO GLOSARIO DE SIGLAS . 2 PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 4 1. Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 4 1.1 Circunstancias físicas . 4 1.1 Circunstancias económicas y sociales . 6 1.2 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 7 2.', 'Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 4 1.1 Circunstancias físicas . 4 1.1 Circunstancias económicas y sociales . 6 1.2 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal . 7 2. Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París. 12 3. Componente de mitigación 13 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado 13 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia 14 3.3 Periodos de implementación . 16 3.4 Alcance y cobertura 16 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. 23 4.', 'Componente de mitigación 13 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado 13 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia 14 3.3 Periodos de implementación . 16 3.4 Alcance y cobertura 16 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. 23 4. Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 26 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales . 26 4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad . 27 4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas . 30 4.4 Necesidades de apoyo e implementación. 37 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 37 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento . 37 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación 40 5.', '37 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 37 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento . 37 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación 40 5. Información sobre cómo el país considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa, a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales . 42PRIMERA CONTRIBUCIÓN DETERMINADA A NIVEL NACIONAL (NDC) PARA EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS BAJO LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 1. Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal 1.1 Circunstancias físicas El Ecuador es un país andino ubicado en el hemisferio occidental, al noroeste de América del Sur, con una extensión total de 256.370 km2 que cubren tanto la superficie continental, compuesta por 3 regiones: Costa, Sierra y Amazonía, como la región Insular.', 'Circunstancias nacionales, arreglos institucionales y marco legal 1.1 Circunstancias físicas El Ecuador es un país andino ubicado en el hemisferio occidental, al noroeste de América del Sur, con una extensión total de 256.370 km2 que cubren tanto la superficie continental, compuesta por 3 regiones: Costa, Sierra y Amazonía, como la región Insular. El país cuenta con una notable variedad ecosistémica e inmensa riqueza en patrimonio natural. El 20% del territorio corresponde a áreas protegidas de distintas categorías, destacando sitios como el Parque Nacional Yasuní y el archipiélago de las Galápagos, únicos en el mundo por su invaluable y endémica biodiversidad.', 'El 20% del territorio corresponde a áreas protegidas de distintas categorías, destacando sitios como el Parque Nacional Yasuní y el archipiélago de las Galápagos, únicos en el mundo por su invaluable y endémica biodiversidad. El Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas agrupa al conjunto de áreas naturales que garantizan la cobertura y conectividad de ecosistemas importantes en los niveles terrestre, marino, y marino - costero, así como de sus recursos culturales y de las principales fuentes hídricas. En el período 2008-2014 la tasa de cambio de la cobertura boscosa en el Ecuador continental fue de -0,37%, que se traduce en una deforestación neta promedio de 47.497 ha/año.', 'En el período 2008-2014 la tasa de cambio de la cobertura boscosa en el Ecuador continental fue de -0,37%, que se traduce en una deforestación neta promedio de 47.497 ha/año. El país dispone además de 376.018 hm3 de recursos hídricos anuales, de los cuales 361.747 hm3 son superficiales mientras que el 56.556 hm3 son subterráneos. El volumen medio anual para las regiones del país, Costa, Sierra y Amazonía es de 70.046 hm3, también a su geografía, Ecuador posee múltiples climas y microclimas que varían a muy cortas distancias, y van desde cálido hasta frío glaciar.', 'El volumen medio anual para las regiones del país, Costa, Sierra y Amazonía es de 70.046 hm3, también a su geografía, Ecuador posee múltiples climas y microclimas que varían a muy cortas distancias, y van desde cálido hasta frío glaciar. Dada su condición de país en vías de desarrollo, Ecuador es altamente vulnerable a factores externos de diversa índole, incluyendo desde eventos de origen natural o antrópicos, hasta impactos del mercado externo, principalmente por su condición de economía primaria-exportadora.', 'Dada su condición de país en vías de desarrollo, Ecuador es altamente vulnerable a factores externos de diversa índole, incluyendo desde eventos de origen natural o antrópicos, hasta impactos del mercado externo, principalmente por su condición de economía primaria-exportadora. El cambio climático ha exacerbado la vulnerabilidad del país, que es crítica en diversas zonas, por ejemplo, en la zona litoral, donde los cambios en las dinámicas costeras exigen la implementación de medidas de adaptación ante el ascenso del nivel medio del mar, el retroceso de la línea de costa, el aumento de la temperatura del agua, la acidificación, la desprotección ante eventos meteorológicos extremos y las pérdidas humanas y económicas.', 'El cambio climático ha exacerbado la vulnerabilidad del país, que es crítica en diversas zonas, por ejemplo, en la zona litoral, donde los cambios en las dinámicas costeras exigen la implementación de medidas de adaptación ante el ascenso del nivel medio del mar, el retroceso de la línea de costa, el aumento de la temperatura del agua, la acidificación, la desprotección ante eventos meteorológicos extremos y las pérdidas humanas y económicas. Aunque no existen previsiones contrastables sobre el aumento del nivel del mar en Ecuador, los datos manejados a nivel mundial prevén elevaciones que permiten considerar a este fenómeno como una amenaza con incidencia significativa, fundamentalmente en las zonas más bajas, que pueden dar lugar no solo al 1 Datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, (SENAGUA, 2016).incremento de las inundaciones, sino a una aceleración de la erosión costera y a la salinización de acuíferos y tramos finales de los ríos.', 'Aunque no existen previsiones contrastables sobre el aumento del nivel del mar en Ecuador, los datos manejados a nivel mundial prevén elevaciones que permiten considerar a este fenómeno como una amenaza con incidencia significativa, fundamentalmente en las zonas más bajas, que pueden dar lugar no solo al 1 Datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, (SENAGUA, 2016).incremento de las inundaciones, sino a una aceleración de la erosión costera y a la salinización de acuíferos y tramos finales de los ríos. Asimismo, la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad natural, como El Niño - Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), que es uno de los principales fenómenos que afectan la región y el país, y que presenta un ciclo de ocurrencia de 3, 5 y 7 años, genera alteraciones principalmente por incrementos de las precipitaciones (Fase El Niño) y por déficits de precipitación (Fase la Niña)2.', 'Asimismo, la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad natural, como El Niño - Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), que es uno de los principales fenómenos que afectan la región y el país, y que presenta un ciclo de ocurrencia de 3, 5 y 7 años, genera alteraciones principalmente por incrementos de las precipitaciones (Fase El Niño) y por déficits de precipitación (Fase la Niña)2. Este fenómeno desencadena severas sequías e inundaciones que históricamente han afectado al territorio nacional, incluyendo la zona litoral, ocasionando daños significativos que se traducen en pérdidas de vidas humanas, socio-económicas y ambientales.', 'Este fenómeno desencadena severas sequías e inundaciones que históricamente han afectado al territorio nacional, incluyendo la zona litoral, ocasionando daños significativos que se traducen en pérdidas de vidas humanas, socio-económicas y ambientales. Entre los principales cambios observados en precipitación, temperatura media y temperaturas máximas y mínimas absolutas en el Ecuador en el periodo 1960-2010 se aprecia un incremento de temperatura y variaciones espaciales y estacionales de la precipitación todo el territorio nacional. En las Islas Galápagos, reconocidas como Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad, se observa un cambio positivo de las temperaturas media, máxima y mínima absolutas de 1,4°C, 1°C y 1,1°C, respectivamente. En promedio, los volcanes del país han perdido cerca del 50% de su superficie glaciar durante el último medio siglo.', 'En promedio, los volcanes del país han perdido cerca del 50% de su superficie glaciar durante el último medio siglo. Las proyecciones de clima futuro realizadas en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador, muestran que, de mantenerse la tendencia actual de la temperatura, el cambio que podría esperarse en el Ecuador sería de aproximadamente un aumento de 2°C hasta fin de siglo; e, incluso, la Amazonía y Galápagos presentarían incrementos superiores a este valor.', 'Las proyecciones de clima futuro realizadas en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador, muestran que, de mantenerse la tendencia actual de la temperatura, el cambio que podría esperarse en el Ecuador sería de aproximadamente un aumento de 2°C hasta fin de siglo; e, incluso, la Amazonía y Galápagos presentarían incrementos superiores a este valor. Considerando un abordaje sectorial a la temática de la adaptación, cabe mencionar que el sector denominado Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca, es uno de los sectores priorizados por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, en razón a los efectos que los cambios de la temperatura y las alteraciones en los regímenes de las precipitaciones causan sobre la producción de alimentos (consumo interno y exportación) y las repercusiones que ello tiene sobre los precios, el acceso de las poblaciones a los productos, entre otros.', 'Considerando un abordaje sectorial a la temática de la adaptación, cabe mencionar que el sector denominado Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca, es uno de los sectores priorizados por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, en razón a los efectos que los cambios de la temperatura y las alteraciones en los regímenes de las precipitaciones causan sobre la producción de alimentos (consumo interno y exportación) y las repercusiones que ello tiene sobre los precios, el acceso de las poblaciones a los productos, entre otros. A su vez los Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos y el Sector de Asentamientos Humanos son muy vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático, debido a potenciales impactos en el comercio, en el transporte y en la infraestructura urbana y rural.', 'A su vez los Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos y el Sector de Asentamientos Humanos son muy vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático, debido a potenciales impactos en el comercio, en el transporte y en la infraestructura urbana y rural. Grupos y asentamientos humanos vulnerables a los eventos extremos del clima, verían incrementados los factores de riesgo debido a las cada vez más frecuentes e intensas precipitaciones y temperaturas extremas. En el ámbito del sector Salud se prevén incrementos de enfermedades y epidemias exacerbados por las alteraciones climáticas, pues se espera ampliación en la distribución de transmisores de enfermedades que se adaptarían a nuevos pisos altitudinales (cada vez a cotas superiores).', 'En el ámbito del sector Salud se prevén incrementos de enfermedades y epidemias exacerbados por las alteraciones climáticas, pues se espera ampliación en la distribución de transmisores de enfermedades que se adaptarían a nuevos pisos altitudinales (cada vez a cotas superiores). En el caso de los sectores de Patrimonio Hídrico y Patrimonio Natural, ellos son particularmente sensibles ante la ocurrencia de cambios en las precipitaciones y temperatura, y se verían fuertemente afectados al acentuarse las condiciones de déficit y 2 Ecuador: Referencias básicas para la Gestión de Riesgos, 2014.superávit de agua en las cuencas hídricas y alterarse las condiciones ambientales en los ecosistemas del país, caracterizados mayormente por ser muy frágiles.', 'En el caso de los sectores de Patrimonio Hídrico y Patrimonio Natural, ellos son particularmente sensibles ante la ocurrencia de cambios en las precipitaciones y temperatura, y se verían fuertemente afectados al acentuarse las condiciones de déficit y 2 Ecuador: Referencias básicas para la Gestión de Riesgos, 2014.superávit de agua en las cuencas hídricas y alterarse las condiciones ambientales en los ecosistemas del país, caracterizados mayormente por ser muy frágiles. Desde el punto de vista de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero que genera el país, corresponde indicar que las emisiones totales del INGEI 2012 del Ecuador ascienden a 80 627,16 Gg de CO2eq, de los cuales el sector Energía genera el mayor aporte con 46,63% de dichas emisiones, seguido del sector USCUSS, con 25,35% de las emisiones totales netas (valor neto resultante de las emisiones menos las absorciones).', 'Desde el punto de vista de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero que genera el país, corresponde indicar que las emisiones totales del INGEI 2012 del Ecuador ascienden a 80 627,16 Gg de CO2eq, de los cuales el sector Energía genera el mayor aporte con 46,63% de dichas emisiones, seguido del sector USCUSS, con 25,35% de las emisiones totales netas (valor neto resultante de las emisiones menos las absorciones). El sector Agricultura ocupa el tercer lugar con 18,17% de los GEI emitidos a la atmósfera. Los sectores Procesos industriales y Residuos representan, en conjunto, aproximadamente 10% de las emisiones del país, registrando 5,67% y 4,19%.', 'Los sectores Procesos industriales y Residuos representan, en conjunto, aproximadamente 10% de las emisiones del país, registrando 5,67% y 4,19%. Los resultados de las estimaciones de emisiones derivadas de las fuentes y absorciones por sumideros de los GEI a nivel nacional para el año 2012 y el análisis de la serie temporal 1994-2012 fueron realizadas acorde las directrices del IPCC. Los GEI evaluados fueron los siguientes: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), halocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), compuestos orgánicos volátiles no metanosos (COVNM) y dióxido de azufre (SO2) no controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal.', 'Los GEI evaluados fueron los siguientes: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), halocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), compuestos orgánicos volátiles no metanosos (COVNM) y dióxido de azufre (SO2) no controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal. Para fines de reporte, las emisiones/remociones se expresan en unidades de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2-eq) para hacerlas comparables entre sí. 1.2 Circunstancias económicas y sociales El Ecuador tiene 17.267.986 habitantes (INEC, proyecciones de población para 2019), de los cuales el 50,5% corresponden a mujeres. Se identifican pueblos y nacionalidades: mestizos, montubios, indígenas (14 pueblos, 18 nacionalidades y 3 grupos en aislamiento voluntario), afro-ecuatorianos, blancos y otros. Según la caracterización del Censo 2010, el 72% de la población se reconoce como mestizo.', 'Según la caracterización del Censo 2010, el 72% de la población se reconoce como mestizo. Para el 2019 se espera que el 63,9% de la población viva en zonas urbanas (proyección de la población ecuatoriana, por años calendario, según regiones, provincias y sexo). De acuerdo a los datos publicados por el INEC, el nivel de analfabetismo de la población en 2017 fue de 5,9%. La tasa neta de asistencia a educación general básica llegó en 2017 al 96,06%, mientras que la tasa de bachillerato alcanzó el 70,8% en el mismo año (tabulados de educación de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU).', 'La tasa neta de asistencia a educación general básica llegó en 2017 al 96,06%, mientras que la tasa de bachillerato alcanzó el 70,8% en el mismo año (tabulados de educación de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU). En cuanto al acceso a servicios básicos, en 2017 el 88,5% de la población nacional tuvo acceso al agua potable (los hogares urbanos con acceso a la red de agua potable representan el 96,6% del total de hogares urbanos y el 69,8% de los hogares rurales).', 'En cuanto al acceso a servicios básicos, en 2017 el 88,5% de la población nacional tuvo acceso al agua potable (los hogares urbanos con acceso a la red de agua potable representan el 96,6% del total de hogares urbanos y el 69,8% de los hogares rurales). A 2017, el 89,4% de los hogares a nivel nacional cuentan con un sistema adecuado de eliminación de excretas, el 88,1% de hogares cuenta con servicio de recolección de basura, y el 99,1% de los hogares tienen acceso a electricidad (tabulados de vivienda de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo- ENEMDU).', 'A 2017, el 89,4% de los hogares a nivel nacional cuentan con un sistema adecuado de eliminación de excretas, el 88,1% de hogares cuenta con servicio de recolección de basura, y el 99,1% de los hogares tienen acceso a electricidad (tabulados de vivienda de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo- ENEMDU). A diciembre de 2018, la pobreza por ingresos se ubicó en 23,2%, la cual, en comparación con el año 2015 (23,3%), ha disminuido en 0,1 puntos porcentuales, y representa una reducción notable en relación al año 2010 (9,6 puntos porcentuales).', 'A diciembre de 2018, la pobreza por ingresos se ubicó en 23,2%, la cual, en comparación con el año 2015 (23,3%), ha disminuido en 0,1 puntos porcentuales, y representa una reducción notable en relación al año 2010 (9,6 puntos porcentuales). En el mismo año, la pobreza urbana se ubicó en 15,3% y la rural fue de 40%; la pobreza extrema por ingresos fue de 8,4%, teniendo mayor incidencia en el área rural (17,7%).El Coeficiente de Gini, reportado a diciembre de 2018, fue de 0,469 frente a 0,505 reportado para el año 2010 (indicadores de pobreza y desigualdad de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU).', 'En el mismo año, la pobreza urbana se ubicó en 15,3% y la rural fue de 40%; la pobreza extrema por ingresos fue de 8,4%, teniendo mayor incidencia en el área rural (17,7%).El Coeficiente de Gini, reportado a diciembre de 2018, fue de 0,469 frente a 0,505 reportado para el año 2010 (indicadores de pobreza y desigualdad de la encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo-ENEMDU). En 2014, el 41,4% de la población poseía algún tipo de seguro de salud y se habían reducido, con relación a 2006. Algunas de las principales causas de mortalidad infantil (niños menores a 1 año) son: dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido (14,68%) y neumonía (6,24%) (INEC). Entre 2010 y 2017, el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real presentó un crecimiento promedio del 3,38%.', 'Entre 2010 y 2017, el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real presentó un crecimiento promedio del 3,38%. A 2017, el PIB nominal de Ecuador alcanzó los 104.296 millones de dólares. La previsión del PIB nominal para el 2018 fue de 109.454 millones de dólares, y para el año 2019 de 113.097 millones de dólares. Las principales exportaciones del país están centradas en petróleo (44%) y productos del mar elaborados (25%) (Información macroeconómica del Banco Central del Ecuador). 1.3 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal Mediante Decreto Legislativo 0 (cero) publicado en el Registro Oficial 449 del 20 de octubre de 2008 se expidió la Constitución de la República del Ecuador.', '1.3 Arreglos institucionales y marco legal Mediante Decreto Legislativo 0 (cero) publicado en el Registro Oficial 449 del 20 de octubre de 2008 se expidió la Constitución de la República del Ecuador. La Carta Magna establece en su Artículo 3, numerales 1 y 7 como deberes primordiales del Estado, el garantizar sin discriminación alguna el efectivo goce de los derechos establecidos en la Constitución y en los instrumentos internacionales, en particular la educación, la salud, la alimentación, la seguridad social y el agua para sus habitantes y la protección del patrimonio natural y cultural del país, mientras que las personas tienen el derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano, ecológicamente equilibrado, libre de contaminación y en armonía con la naturaleza, según el numeral 27 del Artículo 66.', 'La Carta Magna establece en su Artículo 3, numerales 1 y 7 como deberes primordiales del Estado, el garantizar sin discriminación alguna el efectivo goce de los derechos establecidos en la Constitución y en los instrumentos internacionales, en particular la educación, la salud, la alimentación, la seguridad social y el agua para sus habitantes y la protección del patrimonio natural y cultural del país, mientras que las personas tienen el derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano, ecológicamente equilibrado, libre de contaminación y en armonía con la naturaleza, según el numeral 27 del Artículo 66. En el Artículo 14 se reconoce el derecho de la población a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que garantice la sostenibilidad y el buen vivir, Sumak Kawsay y se declara de interés público la preservación del ambiente, la conservación de los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y la integridad del patrimonio genético del país, la prevención del daño ambiental y la recuperación de los espacios naturales degradados; para lo cual el Estado; según el Artículo 15, deberá promover, en el sector público y privado, el uso de tecnologías ambientalmente limpias y de energías alternativas no contaminantes y de bajo impacto.', 'En el Artículo 14 se reconoce el derecho de la población a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que garantice la sostenibilidad y el buen vivir, Sumak Kawsay y se declara de interés público la preservación del ambiente, la conservación de los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y la integridad del patrimonio genético del país, la prevención del daño ambiental y la recuperación de los espacios naturales degradados; para lo cual el Estado; según el Artículo 15, deberá promover, en el sector público y privado, el uso de tecnologías ambientalmente limpias y de energías alternativas no contaminantes y de bajo impacto. El Artículo 389 de la Constitución establece que el Estado protegerá a las personas, colectividades y la naturaleza frente a los efectos negativos de los desastres de origen natural o antrópico mediante la prevención ante el riesgo, la mitigación de desastres, la recuperación y mejoramiento de las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales, con el objetivo de minimizar la condición de vulnerabilidad.', 'El Artículo 389 de la Constitución establece que el Estado protegerá a las personas, colectividades y la naturaleza frente a los efectos negativos de los desastres de origen natural o antrópico mediante la prevención ante el riesgo, la mitigación de desastres, la recuperación y mejoramiento de las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales, con el objetivo de minimizar la condición de vulnerabilidad. El Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos está compuesto por las unidades de gestión de riesgos de todas las instituciones públicas y privadas en los ámbitos local, regional y nacional.', 'El Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos está compuesto por las unidades de gestión de riesgos de todas las instituciones públicas y privadas en los ámbitos local, regional y nacional. De acuerdo al Artículo 414, el Estado deberá adoptar medidas adecuadas y transversales para la mitigación del cambio climático, mediante la limitación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de la deforestación y de la contaminación atmosférica;tomará medidas para la conservación de los bosques y la vegetación y protegerá a la población en riesgo y promulga la necesidad de promover la eficiencia energética, la energía renovable y el uso de tecnologías limpias de bajo impacto que no pongan en riesgo la soberanía alimentaria ni el equilibrio ecológico de los ecosistemas (Art. 413).', 'De acuerdo al Artículo 414, el Estado deberá adoptar medidas adecuadas y transversales para la mitigación del cambio climático, mediante la limitación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de la deforestación y de la contaminación atmosférica;tomará medidas para la conservación de los bosques y la vegetación y protegerá a la población en riesgo y promulga la necesidad de promover la eficiencia energética, la energía renovable y el uso de tecnologías limpias de bajo impacto que no pongan en riesgo la soberanía alimentaria ni el equilibrio ecológico de los ecosistemas (Art. 413). Asimismo, la Política Nacional Ambiental, el Decreto Ejecutivo que declara como política de Estado a la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático (2009), la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), y, los Decretos Ejecutivos relativos a la creación y conformación y funcionamiento del CICC (2009, 2010, 2017) son parte sustantiva de las políticas públicas para la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Asimismo, la Política Nacional Ambiental, el Decreto Ejecutivo que declara como política de Estado a la adaptación y la mitigación del cambio climático (2009), la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), y, los Decretos Ejecutivos relativos a la creación y conformación y funcionamiento del CICC (2009, 2010, 2017) son parte sustantiva de las políticas públicas para la gestión del cambio climático. En adición se dispone de varios Acuerdos Ministeriales, expedidos por la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental (Ministerio del Ambiente), que actúa además como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y tiene a su cargo la Presidencia del CICC y, por intermedio de la Subsecretaría de Cambio Climático, la Secretaría Técnica de dicho Comité.', 'En adición se dispone de varios Acuerdos Ministeriales, expedidos por la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental (Ministerio del Ambiente), que actúa además como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y tiene a su cargo la Presidencia del CICC y, por intermedio de la Subsecretaría de Cambio Climático, la Secretaría Técnica de dicho Comité. En este contexto, Ecuador firmó el Acuerdo de París en Nueva York, en julio de 2016 y su ratificación está establecida mediante Decreto Ejecutivo Nro. 98 del 27 de julio de 2017.', '98 del 27 de julio de 2017. El Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017) actualiza, complementa y aclara la normativa establecida en Ecuador para la gestión del cambio climático, y representa una herramienta fundamental para facilitar la articulación interinstitucional e intersectorial y permitir la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo a escala local de parte de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados. Ecuador reconoce también, a través de su Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas (COPFP, 2010), que en el diseño e implementación de los programas y proyectos de inversión pública se promoverá la incorporación de acciones favorables al ecosistema, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y a la gestión de vulnerabilidades y riesgos naturales y antrópicos.', 'Ecuador reconoce también, a través de su Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas (COPFP, 2010), que en el diseño e implementación de los programas y proyectos de inversión pública se promoverá la incorporación de acciones favorables al ecosistema, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y a la gestión de vulnerabilidades y riesgos naturales y antrópicos. El Reglamento a la Ley de Seguridad Pública y del Estado, en su Artículo 3, determina que el órgano rector y ejecutor del Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos es la Secretaría Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, encargada de asegurar que todas las instituciones públicas y privadas incorporen obligatoriamente, y en forma transversal, la gestión de riesgos en su planificación y gestión.', 'El Reglamento a la Ley de Seguridad Pública y del Estado, en su Artículo 3, determina que el órgano rector y ejecutor del Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión de Riesgos es la Secretaría Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, encargada de asegurar que todas las instituciones públicas y privadas incorporen obligatoriamente, y en forma transversal, la gestión de riesgos en su planificación y gestión. En lo que refiere a la política internacional, el Ecuador ratificó la CMNUCC en 1994 (mediante su promulgación en el Registro Oficial N. º 562) y trabaja en una adecuación progresiva de su gobernanza e institucionalidad para reforzar la gestión del cambio climático en el territorio nacional.', 'En lo que refiere a la política internacional, el Ecuador ratificó la CMNUCC en 1994 (mediante su promulgación en el Registro Oficial N. º 562) y trabaja en una adecuación progresiva de su gobernanza e institucionalidad para reforzar la gestión del cambio climático en el territorio nacional. En consonancia, Ecuador adoptó la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible como una política de Estado mediante Decreto Ejecutivo N° 371 en abril de 2018. Si bien las pérdidas de vidas y medios de vida causadas por desastres naturales no climáticos se han mantenido estables, aquellas causadas por desastres meteorológicos han aumentado dramáticamente durante las últimas tres décadas como efecto delcambio climático.', 'Si bien las pérdidas de vidas y medios de vida causadas por desastres naturales no climáticos se han mantenido estables, aquellas causadas por desastres meteorológicos han aumentado dramáticamente durante las últimas tres décadas como efecto delcambio climático. Por lo tanto, la brecha global de protección de riesgos estimada, debido a fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, es de USD 1.7 trillones, lo que vuelve la reducción del riesgo de desastres una prioridad en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Con base en este escenario el Ecuador signatario del Marco de Sendai, marco que manifiesta la importancia de integrar la reducción del riesgo de desastres en la sostenibilidad y reconoce la importancia de abordar el cambio climático como uno de los motores del riesgo de desastres.', 'Con base en este escenario el Ecuador signatario del Marco de Sendai, marco que manifiesta la importancia de integrar la reducción del riesgo de desastres en la sostenibilidad y reconoce la importancia de abordar el cambio climático como uno de los motores del riesgo de desastres. En este contexto, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021 “Toda Una Vida” está alineado con la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Cabe indicar que el Plan de Desarrollo establece los ejes, objetivos, políticas y metas que orientan la gestión del gobierno, posicionando a cada ecuatoriano como sujeto de derechos, durante todo el ciclo de vida. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) 2017-2021, instrumento de planificación nacional propone 3 ejes vinculados con la gestión del cambio climático: Eje 1.', 'El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) 2017-2021, instrumento de planificación nacional propone 3 ejes vinculados con la gestión del cambio climático: Eje 1. Derechos para todos durante toda la vida y sus 3 objetivos; Eje 2. Economía al servicio de la sociedad; Eje 3. Más sociedad, mejor Estado. La Estrategia Nacional Territorial (ETN) representa parte constitutiva del PND, cuyas determinaciones tendrán el carácter de vinculante y serán de obligatorios cumplimiento para todas las instituciones del Servicio Nacional Descentralizado de Planificación Participativa (SNDPP).', 'La Estrategia Nacional Territorial (ETN) representa parte constitutiva del PND, cuyas determinaciones tendrán el carácter de vinculante y serán de obligatorios cumplimiento para todas las instituciones del Servicio Nacional Descentralizado de Planificación Participativa (SNDPP). Adicionalmente, se debe mencionar a la Estrategia Territorial Nacional, como expresión de la política pública nacional en el territorio e instrumento de ordenamiento territorial a escala nacional, que comprende criterios, directrices y guías de actuación sobre el ordenamiento del territorio y orienta la gestión de los recursos naturales, su infraestructura, asentamientos humanos, actividades económicas, equipamientos y protección del patrimonio natural y cultural sobres la base de los objetivos y políticas del PND Por otro lado, La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) 2012-2025 a través de Acuerdo Ministerial 95, publicado en el Registro Oficial Edición Especial 9 de 17 de junio del 2013, es el documento que establece los sectores priorizados para la adaptación (Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca; Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; Salud; Patrimonio Hídrico; Patrimonio Natural; Grupos de atención prioritaria; Asentamientos humanos; y Gestión de Riesgos) y la mitigación del cambio climático (Agricultura; Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso del Suelo y Silvicultura; Energía; Manejo de desechos sólidos y líquidos; y Procesos industriales).', 'Adicionalmente, se debe mencionar a la Estrategia Territorial Nacional, como expresión de la política pública nacional en el territorio e instrumento de ordenamiento territorial a escala nacional, que comprende criterios, directrices y guías de actuación sobre el ordenamiento del territorio y orienta la gestión de los recursos naturales, su infraestructura, asentamientos humanos, actividades económicas, equipamientos y protección del patrimonio natural y cultural sobres la base de los objetivos y políticas del PND Por otro lado, La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) 2012-2025 a través de Acuerdo Ministerial 95, publicado en el Registro Oficial Edición Especial 9 de 17 de junio del 2013, es el documento que establece los sectores priorizados para la adaptación (Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca; Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; Salud; Patrimonio Hídrico; Patrimonio Natural; Grupos de atención prioritaria; Asentamientos humanos; y Gestión de Riesgos) y la mitigación del cambio climático (Agricultura; Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso del Suelo y Silvicultura; Energía; Manejo de desechos sólidos y líquidos; y Procesos industriales). El órgano de decisión política es el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático (CICC), creado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo Nro.', 'El órgano de decisión política es el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático (CICC), creado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo Nro. 495 en 2010 y reformado en 2017 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 064.', '495 en 2010 y reformado en 2017 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 064. El CICC constituye la instancia de índole política que direcciona la gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional en el marco de los acuerdos internacionales vigentes sobre la temática, y está conformado por las instituciones encargadas del ambiente, relaciones exteriores, agricultura y ganadería, electricidad y energía renovable energía, industrias y productividad, agua, gestión de riesgos, la Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador y el Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador.Los Grupos Técnicos de trabajo adscritos al CICC, conformados acorde a necesidades específicas, brindan asistencia técnica e insumos para la toma de decisiones y constituyen en la práctica órganos que permiten la participación ampliada de actores públicos, privados, académicos, investigadores, gremiales y otros, según corresponda en cada caso.', 'El CICC constituye la instancia de índole política que direcciona la gestión del cambio climático a nivel nacional en el marco de los acuerdos internacionales vigentes sobre la temática, y está conformado por las instituciones encargadas del ambiente, relaciones exteriores, agricultura y ganadería, electricidad y energía renovable energía, industrias y productividad, agua, gestión de riesgos, la Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador y el Consorcio de Gobiernos Provinciales del Ecuador.Los Grupos Técnicos de trabajo adscritos al CICC, conformados acorde a necesidades específicas, brindan asistencia técnica e insumos para la toma de decisiones y constituyen en la práctica órganos que permiten la participación ampliada de actores públicos, privados, académicos, investigadores, gremiales y otros, según corresponda en cada caso. Otras instancias de carácter técnico y local para la gestión del cambio climático a escala local, en las cuales participan Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del nivel provincial y municipal, son el Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía, el Grupo de Liderazgo Climático (C40), y el Proyecto de Acción Provincial frente al Cambio Climático.', 'Otras instancias de carácter técnico y local para la gestión del cambio climático a escala local, en las cuales participan Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del nivel provincial y municipal, son el Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía, el Grupo de Liderazgo Climático (C40), y el Proyecto de Acción Provincial frente al Cambio Climático. Las Universidades y Escuelas Politécnicas participan a través de esquemas generados para la coordinación con la academia. El Ecuador, no escatima esfuerzos para sumarse a la lucha global para combatir el cambio climático de acuerdo a sus capacidades, a pesar de que es responsable de un porcentaje mínimo de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera a nivel mundial.', 'El Ecuador, no escatima esfuerzos para sumarse a la lucha global para combatir el cambio climático de acuerdo a sus capacidades, a pesar de que es responsable de un porcentaje mínimo de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera a nivel mundial. En este sentido presenta su Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional, en cumplimiento con las obligaciones que emanan del Acuerdo de París. Es así que desde mediados del 2017, el Ecuador inició el proceso de recopilación y procesamiento de información, mapeo de actores y roles, identificación de iniciativas sectoriales y arreglos institucionales necesarios, construcción de escenarios incondicional y condicionado, y planteamiento / priorización de medidas y líneas de acción para la construcción de su primera NDC.', 'Es así que desde mediados del 2017, el Ecuador inició el proceso de recopilación y procesamiento de información, mapeo de actores y roles, identificación de iniciativas sectoriales y arreglos institucionales necesarios, construcción de escenarios incondicional y condicionado, y planteamiento / priorización de medidas y líneas de acción para la construcción de su primera NDC. El proceso participativo de la NDC ha sido diseñado con tres principios rectores: 1. Facilitar la participación de las y los actores como agentes de cambio y fomentar su compromiso con el proceso de formulación de la NDC. 2. Transversalizar el enfoque de género en cada fase del proceso. 3. Generar mecanismos de mejora constante de los resultados y actividades de la NDC.', 'Generar mecanismos de mejora constante de los resultados y actividades de la NDC. Con el fin de llevar a cabo una adecuada incorporación del enfoque de género y su transversalización en la formulación de la NDC, una de las estrategias implementadas en la metodología participativa consiste en contar con la asesoría técnica y acompañamiento permanente de actores relevantes en la temática a nivel nacional como el Consejo para la Igualdad de Género. La transversalización de género implica la integración del enfoque de género desde la preparación, el diseño, la implementación, el seguimiento y la evaluación de políticas, medidas reguladoras e iniciativas, con el objetivo de promover la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres y combatir la discriminación.', 'La transversalización de género implica la integración del enfoque de género desde la preparación, el diseño, la implementación, el seguimiento y la evaluación de políticas, medidas reguladoras e iniciativas, con el objetivo de promover la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres y combatir la discriminación. En el proceso participativo, principalmente se han presentado los principios rectores de la integración del enfoque de género y la generación de recursos didácticos para la reflexión conjunta sobre los aspectos sociales y de género relacionados al cambio climático, enfocados a generar capacidades, pero también un compromiso de los actores involucrados para la incorporación del análisis de género en cada una de las instancias de su trabajo diario.', 'En el proceso participativo, principalmente se han presentado los principios rectores de la integración del enfoque de género y la generación de recursos didácticos para la reflexión conjunta sobre los aspectos sociales y de género relacionados al cambio climático, enfocados a generar capacidades, pero también un compromiso de los actores involucrados para la incorporación del análisis de género en cada una de las instancias de su trabajo diario. Los resultados, en este sentido se verán con el tiempo en la medida en que se generen procesos continuos en términos de indicadores sensibles al género e indicadores transformadores de género.', 'Los resultados, en este sentido se verán con el tiempo en la medida en que se generen procesos continuos en términos de indicadores sensibles al género e indicadores transformadores de género. Esta fase, es el inicio de un trabajo sobre género que espera ser desarrollado de manera continua y mejorado a lo largo del tiempo.La evaluación del desarrollo del proceso se basa en el pensamiento sistémico y respalda la innovación mediante la recopilación y el análisis de datos en tiempo real de manera que conduce a la toma de decisiones informada y continua como parte del proceso de diseño, desarrollo e implementación.', 'Esta fase, es el inicio de un trabajo sobre género que espera ser desarrollado de manera continua y mejorado a lo largo del tiempo.La evaluación del desarrollo del proceso se basa en el pensamiento sistémico y respalda la innovación mediante la recopilación y el análisis de datos en tiempo real de manera que conduce a la toma de decisiones informada y continua como parte del proceso de diseño, desarrollo e implementación. Es importante recalcar el gran involucramiento de actores gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, academia, sector privado, gobiernos locales, etc durante toda la construcción de este instrumento asegura su validez y fortaleza técnica Este proceso ha tomado aproximadamente un año y medio desde sus inicios.', 'Es importante recalcar el gran involucramiento de actores gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, academia, sector privado, gobiernos locales, etc durante toda la construcción de este instrumento asegura su validez y fortaleza técnica Este proceso ha tomado aproximadamente un año y medio desde sus inicios. Es así que en los primeros meses de 2019 se realizó el proceso oficial de validación técnica y política del documento de la NDC con instituciones involucradas en su proceso de formulación. A continuación se detalla los datos relevantes de la formulación de la NDC del Ecuador. Descripción Resultados Número de talleres realizados 30 Número de reuniones bilaterales con instituciones sectoriales Más de 75 Números de personas involucradas 1000 (dato aproximado) Número de instituciones involucradas Más de 150 entidades del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y organismos internacionales.', 'Descripción Resultados Número de talleres realizados 30 Número de reuniones bilaterales con instituciones sectoriales Más de 75 Números de personas involucradas 1000 (dato aproximado) Número de instituciones involucradas Más de 150 entidades del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y organismos internacionales. Participación equitativa 50% hombres y 50% mujeres (dato aproximado) Es necesario recordar que el cambio climático es el resultado histórico de un modelo de producción y desarrollo que se sustenta en la explotación indiscriminada de la naturaleza como proveedora de recursos naturales, afectando a las personas y destruyendo el entorno natural lo cual pone en riesgo a las futuras generaciones.', 'Participación equitativa 50% hombres y 50% mujeres (dato aproximado) Es necesario recordar que el cambio climático es el resultado histórico de un modelo de producción y desarrollo que se sustenta en la explotación indiscriminada de la naturaleza como proveedora de recursos naturales, afectando a las personas y destruyendo el entorno natural lo cual pone en riesgo a las futuras generaciones. No es ajeno el hecho de que las negociaciones en el ámbito del cambio climático son unas de las más contenciosas en el concierto internacional y es el reflejo de los intereses que se ciernen alrededor del tema.', 'No es ajeno el hecho de que las negociaciones en el ámbito del cambio climático son unas de las más contenciosas en el concierto internacional y es el reflejo de los intereses que se ciernen alrededor del tema. Por lo tanto este esfuerzo global, debe estar acompañado de la provisión de los medios de implementación oportunos y adecuados mediante la provisión de financiamiento, la transferencia de tecnología y el desarrollo de capacidades y sobre todo, a través del liderazgo de la acción climática con la ratificación de la Enmienda de Doha para cubrir el vacío jurídico del período pre -2020, sin lo cual no habrá bases sólidas para conseguir las medas del Acuerdo de París.', 'Por lo tanto este esfuerzo global, debe estar acompañado de la provisión de los medios de implementación oportunos y adecuados mediante la provisión de financiamiento, la transferencia de tecnología y el desarrollo de capacidades y sobre todo, a través del liderazgo de la acción climática con la ratificación de la Enmienda de Doha para cubrir el vacío jurídico del período pre -2020, sin lo cual no habrá bases sólidas para conseguir las medas del Acuerdo de París. Cabe resaltar que la implementación de las líneas de acción y medidas que se contemplan en esta NDC, tanto en materia de mitigación como adaptación, son de aplicación nacional y su ejecución contemplará la participación del sector público, privado, gobiernos subnacionales, la academia y la sociedad en general.', 'Cabe resaltar que la implementación de las líneas de acción y medidas que se contemplan en esta NDC, tanto en materia de mitigación como adaptación, son de aplicación nacional y su ejecución contemplará la participación del sector público, privado, gobiernos subnacionales, la academia y la sociedad en general. El detalle de la implementación de estas medidas se incluirá en los reportes que se presenten en conformidad con las disposiciones del Acuerdo de París.2 Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París.', 'El detalle de la implementación de estas medidas se incluirá en los reportes que se presenten en conformidad con las disposiciones del Acuerdo de París.2 Descripción de objetivos generales de la NDC – implementación de los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París. El Ecuador está comprometido en la lucha contra el cambio climático, y como un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos, debe hacer el mejor uso de los mecanismos e instrumentos internacionales y nacionales para el diseño e implementación de políticas ,planes y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación que a su vez operacionalicen las disposiciones de la Constitución, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y las políticas nacionales vinculadas a la gestión del cambio climático.', 'El Ecuador está comprometido en la lucha contra el cambio climático, y como un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos, debe hacer el mejor uso de los mecanismos e instrumentos internacionales y nacionales para el diseño e implementación de políticas ,planes y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación que a su vez operacionalicen las disposiciones de la Constitución, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y las políticas nacionales vinculadas a la gestión del cambio climático. Adicionalmente, la lucha contra el cambio climático en el Ecuador se ve informada y guiada por los instrumentos internacionales vigentes y relevantes, incluyendo la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de Paris y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Marco de Sendai, que forman el marco bajo el cual el Ecuador diseña e implementa una serie de acciones en la materia, incluyendo su NDC Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de la NDC para el Ecuador es implementar políticas, acciones y esfuerzos que promuevan la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento de la resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Adicionalmente, la lucha contra el cambio climático en el Ecuador se ve informada y guiada por los instrumentos internacionales vigentes y relevantes, incluyendo la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de Paris y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Marco de Sendai, que forman el marco bajo el cual el Ecuador diseña e implementa una serie de acciones en la materia, incluyendo su NDC Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de la NDC para el Ecuador es implementar políticas, acciones y esfuerzos que promuevan la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento de la resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán guiados por las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento.', 'Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán guiados por las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento. A través de la implementación de esta NDC, el Ecuador busca cumplir con las obligaciones del Acuerdo de París para coadyuvar al logro de su objetivo general y sus objetivos específicos como están estipulados en su artículo 2.', 'A través de la implementación de esta NDC, el Ecuador busca cumplir con las obligaciones del Acuerdo de París para coadyuvar al logro de su objetivo general y sus objetivos específicos como están estipulados en su artículo 2. Esto implica generar arreglos y diseñar acciones y esfuerzos para implementar de mejor manera todos los compromisos estipulados en el artículo 4 de la Convención, así como los objetivos específicos del Acuerdo de París relacionados a a) limitar el aumento de temperatura global muy por debajo de los 2 grados centígrados por encima de niveles preindustriales, b) aumentar la habilidad de adaptarse a los impactos adversos del cambio climático y aumentar la resiliencia alimentaria de una forma que no amenace la producción alimenticia y c) hacer que los flujos financieros sean consistentes con un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al clima.', 'Esto implica generar arreglos y diseñar acciones y esfuerzos para implementar de mejor manera todos los compromisos estipulados en el artículo 4 de la Convención, así como los objetivos específicos del Acuerdo de París relacionados a a) limitar el aumento de temperatura global muy por debajo de los 2 grados centígrados por encima de niveles preindustriales, b) aumentar la habilidad de adaptarse a los impactos adversos del cambio climático y aumentar la resiliencia alimentaria de una forma que no amenace la producción alimenticia y c) hacer que los flujos financieros sean consistentes con un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al clima. Estas acciones deben estar guiadas en todos los países por los principios y provisiones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y del Acuerdo de París.', 'Estas acciones deben estar guiadas en todos los países por los principios y provisiones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y del Acuerdo de París. En este contexto, se recuerda que el Acuerdo de París (Artículo 3 y artículo 4, párrafo 2) requiere que cada país Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga las sucesivas contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) que pretende cumplir y que en ellas incluya medidas de mitigación domésticas que reflejen la ambición del país de reducir las emisiones y adaptarse a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias y capacidades internas.', 'En este contexto, se recuerda que el Acuerdo de París (Artículo 3 y artículo 4, párrafo 2) requiere que cada país Parte prepare, comunique y mantenga las sucesivas contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) que pretende cumplir y que en ellas incluya medidas de mitigación domésticas que reflejen la ambición del país de reducir las emisiones y adaptarse a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias y capacidades internas. En lo referente a mitigación, en términos generales, se ha acordado que los países deben llegar a un pico de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “lo más pronto posible”, reconociendo que el pico de emisiones tomará más tiempo para países en desarrollo, sinestablecer años o periodos en específico.', 'En lo referente a mitigación, en términos generales, se ha acordado que los países deben llegar a un pico de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “lo más pronto posible”, reconociendo que el pico de emisiones tomará más tiempo para países en desarrollo, sinestablecer años o periodos en específico. Ecuador realizará, a través de esta primera NDC, sus esfuerzos iniciales hacia este fin.', 'Ecuador realizará, a través de esta primera NDC, sus esfuerzos iniciales hacia este fin. En lo que refiere al marco general para la adaptación, Ecuador resalta que el Acuerdo de París establece un objetivo global de mejorar la capacidad adaptativa, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y así contribuir al desarrollo sostenible; este objetivo es primordial para el país en su calidad de país en desarrollo, por lo que un gran componente de la NDC del país tiene el objetivo de determinar acciones en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que aporten a su consecución, tomando en cuenta la prioridad para el país de la adaptación en la lucha contra el cambio climático y los compromisos de países desarrollados de canalizar recursos financieros para la adaptación en países vulnerables como el Ecuador.', 'En lo que refiere al marco general para la adaptación, Ecuador resalta que el Acuerdo de París establece un objetivo global de mejorar la capacidad adaptativa, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y así contribuir al desarrollo sostenible; este objetivo es primordial para el país en su calidad de país en desarrollo, por lo que un gran componente de la NDC del país tiene el objetivo de determinar acciones en materia de adaptación al cambio climático que aporten a su consecución, tomando en cuenta la prioridad para el país de la adaptación en la lucha contra el cambio climático y los compromisos de países desarrollados de canalizar recursos financieros para la adaptación en países vulnerables como el Ecuador. Por esta razón, el Ecuador ha optado por presentar a la primera comunicación de adaptación del país como componente de adaptación de su primera NDC, en línea con las guías adoptadas en la COP24.', 'Por esta razón, el Ecuador ha optado por presentar a la primera comunicación de adaptación del país como componente de adaptación de su primera NDC, en línea con las guías adoptadas en la COP24. 3 Componente de mitigación El objetivo específico de la NDC en materia de mitigación es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del cambio climático en el país.', '3 Componente de mitigación El objetivo específico de la NDC en materia de mitigación es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del cambio climático en el país. A través de estas acciones, se pretende implementar el literal a) del artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París, que estipula como uno de los objetivos del Acuerdo: “Mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, reconociendo que ello reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático”.', 'A través de estas acciones, se pretende implementar el literal a) del artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París, que estipula como uno de los objetivos del Acuerdo: “Mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, reconociendo que ello reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático”. Para apoyar la consecución de dicho objetivo global, el Ecuador a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, ha planteado crear las condiciones favorables para la adopción de medidas que reduzcan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar los sumideros de carbono en los sectores estratégicos.', 'Para apoyar la consecución de dicho objetivo global, el Ecuador a través de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, ha planteado crear las condiciones favorables para la adopción de medidas que reduzcan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar los sumideros de carbono en los sectores estratégicos. 3.1 Descripción del enfoque adoptado Ecuador ha diseñado su NDC considerando una serie de esfuerzos en líneas de acción correspondientes con un potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, sobre la base de un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector Uso de Suelo y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) ha sido analizado de manera separa debido a la diferencia en la metodología aplicada en los sectores.', 'El sector Uso de Suelo y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) ha sido analizado de manera separa debido a la diferencia en la metodología aplicada en los sectores. Tanto para el análisis agregado como para el sector USCUSS se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: i) uno derivado de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicional); y, ii) otro escenario que se podría lograr con el apoyo internacional (condicional).', 'Tanto para el análisis agregado como para el sector USCUSS se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: i) uno derivado de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicional); y, ii) otro escenario que se podría lograr con el apoyo internacional (condicional). El potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para el análisis agregado se lo establece en comparación al escenario tendencial y para el sector USCUSS en comparación al nivel de referencia de emisiones forestales por deforestación (2000-2008).Dentro del proceso de formulación de la NDC, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático del Ecuador 2012-2025 (ENCC): Energía Procesos Industriales Agricultura Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso de la Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) Residuos Los ejes transversales en la NDC son la: intersectorialidad, participación y el enfoque de género; mismos que son desarrollados en relación a los principios descritos en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático que hacen referencia a la articulación regional e internacional, consistencia con principios internacionales sobre cambio climático, énfasis en la implementación local, integridad ambiental, participación ciudadana, proactividad, protección de grupos y ecosistemas vulnerables, responsabilidad intergeneracional y transversalidad e integralidad.', 'El potencial de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para el análisis agregado se lo establece en comparación al escenario tendencial y para el sector USCUSS en comparación al nivel de referencia de emisiones forestales por deforestación (2000-2008).Dentro del proceso de formulación de la NDC, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático del Ecuador 2012-2025 (ENCC): Energía Procesos Industriales Agricultura Uso del Suelo, Cambio de Uso de la Suelo y Silvicultura (USCUSS) Residuos Los ejes transversales en la NDC son la: intersectorialidad, participación y el enfoque de género; mismos que son desarrollados en relación a los principios descritos en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático que hacen referencia a la articulación regional e internacional, consistencia con principios internacionales sobre cambio climático, énfasis en la implementación local, integridad ambiental, participación ciudadana, proactividad, protección de grupos y ecosistemas vulnerables, responsabilidad intergeneracional y transversalidad e integralidad. De de esta forma, en el proceso participativo basado en el enfoque de género, se buscó la reflexión y formulación de propuestas que promuevan el involucramiento de mujeres y hombres de la sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias y privadas y representantes de los diferentes niveles de la administración pública.', 'De de esta forma, en el proceso participativo basado en el enfoque de género, se buscó la reflexión y formulación de propuestas que promuevan el involucramiento de mujeres y hombres de la sociedad civil, organizaciones comunitarias y privadas y representantes de los diferentes niveles de la administración pública. Tanto los ejes transversales como los principios, están orientados al uso de mecanismos de participación ciudadana que promuevan los derechos e igualdad de oportunidades en la construcción de medidas para la reducción de GEI.', 'Tanto los ejes transversales como los principios, están orientados al uso de mecanismos de participación ciudadana que promuevan los derechos e igualdad de oportunidades en la construcción de medidas para la reducción de GEI. Junto con mitigar sus emisiones de GEI, Ecuador aspira a reducir la pobreza, disminuir la inequidad y continuar avanzando hacia un desarrollo sostenible en armonía con la naturaleza, competitivo, inclusivo, resiliente y bajo en carbono, promoviendo el respeto y aplicación de los derechos de la naturaleza estipulados en su Constitución. Para enfrentar estos desafíos, el país deberá utilizar todas sus capacidades nacionales y las alianzas internacionales tendrán un rol esencial para disminuir la relación positiva entre crecimiento económico y crecimiento de las emisiones de GEI.', 'Para enfrentar estos desafíos, el país deberá utilizar todas sus capacidades nacionales y las alianzas internacionales tendrán un rol esencial para disminuir la relación positiva entre crecimiento económico y crecimiento de las emisiones de GEI. 3.2 Información cuantificable sobre punto de referencia Para el establecimiento de los parámetros de referencia se consideró la calidad y cantidad de información, así como las políticas nacionales e internacionales. Los parámetros utilizados para la formulación del escenario tendencial y de referencia son los siguientes: ● Año base 2010 para los sectores Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. ● Año de referencia 2008 para el sector USCUSS.', '● Año de referencia 2008 para el sector USCUSS. ● Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de las emisiones: Nacional ● Año de Proyección: 2025 ● Periodo de análisis: ■ 2010-2025 (sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos) ■ 2008-2025 (sector USCUSS)Tanto para el escenario tendencial como para el nivel de referencia se ha establecido un análisis ex-ante, es decir una representación de línea base hacia el futuro, en función de la información existente al momento de realizar la proyección. Tabla 1. Parámetros considerados para la construcción del escenario tendencial y de referencia.', 'Parámetros considerados para la construcción del escenario tendencial y de referencia. SECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS Variables consideradas Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) Población Intensidad Energética Producto Interno Bruto Tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual (compuesta) Número de cabezas de animales Producción de cultivos Superficie de cosechas Uso de fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados Tasa promedio de deforestación bruta del bosque nativo, periodo Fuentes de datos utilizados Estadísticas Energéticas Balance Energético Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética Plan Maestro de Electricidad Plan de Desarrollo OGE información complementaria actualizada Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (año Proyección de Crecimiento de la Población Ecuatoriana Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Estadísticas: FAOSTAT, INEC (ESPAC) Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales por Deforestación de Ecuador Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones IPCC 1996 Para mantener la consistencia con las variables consideradas, las fuentes de datos usadas, la metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones , la métrica, los GEI considerados IPCC 2003 Métrica Potencial de Calentamiento Global a 100 años(GWP-100), Valores IPCC AR2 GEI considerados en las contribuciones O O Herramienta utilizada para la proyección de LEAP System (Software de Planificación Energética a largo Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) Hojas de cálculo preparadas para la estimación de N/ASECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS las emisiones plazo) Invernadero) emisiones de GEI basada en la Metodología IPCC versión revisada de acompañamiento de las GBP 2000 Circunstancia s bajo las que el país podría actualizar los indicadores y puntos de referencia.', 'SECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS Variables consideradas Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) Población Intensidad Energética Producto Interno Bruto Tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual (compuesta) Número de cabezas de animales Producción de cultivos Superficie de cosechas Uso de fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados Tasa promedio de deforestación bruta del bosque nativo, periodo Fuentes de datos utilizados Estadísticas Energéticas Balance Energético Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética Plan Maestro de Electricidad Plan de Desarrollo OGE información complementaria actualizada Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (año Proyección de Crecimiento de la Población Ecuatoriana Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Estadísticas: FAOSTAT, INEC (ESPAC) Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización del Ecuador Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales por Deforestación de Ecuador Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones IPCC 1996 Para mantener la consistencia con las variables consideradas, las fuentes de datos usadas, la metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones , la métrica, los GEI considerados IPCC 2003 Métrica Potencial de Calentamiento Global a 100 años(GWP-100), Valores IPCC AR2 GEI considerados en las contribuciones O O Herramienta utilizada para la proyección de LEAP System (Software de Planificación Energética a largo Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Modelo GACMO (Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) Hojas de cálculo preparadas para la estimación de N/ASECTOR PARAMETROS ENERGÍA PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES RESIDUOS AGRICULTURA USCUSS las emisiones plazo) Invernadero) emisiones de GEI basada en la Metodología IPCC versión revisada de acompañamiento de las GBP 2000 Circunstancia s bajo las que el país podría actualizar los indicadores y puntos de referencia. Cambios significantes en las variables consideradas para la proyección tendencial de emisiones, escenarios de mitigación.', 'Cambios significantes en las variables consideradas para la proyección tendencial de emisiones, escenarios de mitigación. Efectos climáticos extremos o situaciones imprevistas, que impidan el cumplimiento de las medidas y acciones dentro de las líneas de acción. Actualización de la metodología (IPCC 2006). Nuevo nivel de referencia de emisiones por deforestación Actualización de la metodología Nota: La información presentada de manera resumida en la presente tabla ha sido tomada de los informes técnicos sectoriales para el establecimiento del escenario tendencial y nivel de referencia, respectivamente. 3.3 Periodos de implementación El periodo de implementación de la NDC cubre el periodo 2020-2025. En este periodo el país implementará líneas de acción identificadas a partir del proceso participativo intersectorial multinivel con múltiples actores de distinto niveles.', 'En este periodo el país implementará líneas de acción identificadas a partir del proceso participativo intersectorial multinivel con múltiples actores de distinto niveles. Al año 2025 se evaluará el avance de la implementación de las líneas de acción identificadas. 3.4 Alcance y cobertura La NDC del Ecuador presenta el compromiso del país en líneas de acción por sector, cuyo aporte de mitigación ha sido incluido en una estimación agregada para los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector USCUSS fue analizado de manera separada.', 'El sector USCUSS fue analizado de manera separada. Los resultados se muestran en las ilustraciones 1 y 2 respectivamente.Ilustración 1 - Escenarios de emisiones de GEI: tendencial, incondicional y condicional agregado de los sectores Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Ilustración 2 Nivel de referencia y escenarios de mitigación incondicional y condicional para el sector USCUSS. Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Las líneas de acción y las iniciativas identificadas corresponden a un potencial de reducción de emisiones a través de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicionado), así como con el apoyo internacional (condicionado), y se presentan en la Tabla 2 y 3.', 'Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) Las líneas de acción y las iniciativas identificadas corresponden a un potencial de reducción de emisiones a través de esfuerzos nacionales (incondicionado), así como con el apoyo internacional (condicionado), y se presentan en la Tabla 2 y 3. Para mayor comprensión de la presente sección se plantean las siguientes definiciones: %Líneas de acción: Se conciben como estrategias de orientación y organización de diferentes iniciativas, de tal forma que se pueda promover la articulación, integración y continuidad de esfuerzos para apoyar la mitigación del cambio climático. Iniciativas: Son planes, programas, proyectos, acciones y medidas identificadas que aportan en la mitigación del cambio climático.', 'Iniciativas: Son planes, programas, proyectos, acciones y medidas identificadas que aportan en la mitigación del cambio climático. Escenario incondicional: Se refiere a las medidas y acciones que el país puede implementar en función de sus propios recursos y dentro de sus propias capacidades (UNEP DTU PARTNERSHIP, 2015)3. Escenario condicional: Es aquel que va más allá de la contribución incondicional, y que el país está dispuesto a emprender si se dispone de medios de apoyo desde la cooperación internacional (UNEP DTU PARTNERSHIP, 2015). Estos escenarios se obtendrán a través de la implementación de las siguientes líneas de acción e iniciativas. Tabla 2 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario incondicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Impulsar al uso de la energía renovable.', 'Tabla 2 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario incondicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Impulsar al uso de la energía renovable. Fortalecer la eficiencia energética y el cambio de conducta del consumo. Fomentar e implementar la movilidad sostenible. Iniciativas Descripción Desarrollo de Centrales Hidroeléctricas - Aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico para generación de electricidad. Programa de Eficiencia Energética - Optimización de Generación Eléctrica y Eficiencia Energética (OGE&EE) - Reducción de la quema de gas asociado en antorcha. - Utilización del gas asociado al petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica y producción de GLP. Energía Renovable No Convencional - Potenciación de la energía eólica, solar y biogás de rellenos sanitarios.', 'Energía Renovable No Convencional - Potenciación de la energía eólica, solar y biogás de rellenos sanitarios. Programa de Cocción Eficiente - Reemplazo de cocinas de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) por cocinas de inducción - Transporte Público Eficiente - Operación del Metro de Quito (22 km) y Tranvía de Cuenca (12km). - 3 UNEP DTU Partnership (2015). Guidance note: Development INDCs on mitigation.SECTOR AGRICULTURA Líneas de acción Desarrollar investigación y generación de sistemas de información para fortalecer la gestión del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario. Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional.', 'Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional. Iniciativas Descripción Prácticas de ganadería climáticamente inteligente (promoción del manejo ganadero climáticamente inteligente, integrando la reversión de la degradación de tierras y reduciendo los riesgos de desertificación en provincias vulnerables) - Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional que reduzcan emisiones de GEI, aporten a la resiliencia del cambio climático e incrementen la productividad. SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Líneas de acción Disminuir las emisiones de GEI mediante adiciones en la producción de cemento. Iniciativas Descripción Reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector cementero - Sustitución de clínker en el cemento por adiciones. SECTOR RESIDUOS Líneas de acción Promover la captura activa de metano en rellenos sanitarios. Iniciativas Descripción Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de El Inga (Quito). - Captura activa y quema de biogás.', '- Captura activa y quema de biogás. Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de Pichacay (Cuenca) SECTOR USCUSS Líneas de acción Conservar el patrimonio natural. Fortalecer el manejo forestal sostenible. Fortalecer la restauración del patrimonio natural. Fortalecer e incrementar el establecimiento y manejo de las plantaciones forestales comerciales sostenibles. Fortalecer el control forestal. Fortalecer el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas.', 'Fortalecer el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Iniciativas Descripción Programa Integral Amazónico de Conservación de Bosques y Producción - Vinculación de los esfuerzos nacionales de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero con las agendas prioritariasSostenible (PROAmazonía) del país y las políticas de los sectores productivos para reducir las causas y agentes de la deforestación, así como promover un manejo sostenible e integrado de los recursos naturales, en el marco del Plan de Acción REDD+ del Ecuador “Bosques para el Buen Vivir” 2016-2025. Tabla 3 Líneas de acción de mitigación del escenario condicional SECTOR ENERGÍA Líneas de acción Incorporar, reformular y actualizar normativa que impulse el uso de energía sostenible y eficiencia energética de forma incluyente en cada uno de los subsectores. Desarrollar e implementar el transporte seguro y sostenible.', 'Desarrollar e implementar el transporte seguro y sostenible. Promover el uso y desarrollo de energía renovable, garantizando plena accesibilidad. Promover el uso y desarrollo de eficiencia energética y cambio de conducta de consumo. Promover la investigación para la implementación de soluciones energéticas, reduciendo la brecha de género. Iniciativas Descripción Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética - Proyectos de identificación de usos finales de la energía en los sectores residencial, comercial y público. - Programa de recambio de equipos en el sector industrial y residencial. - Normativa de Eficiencia Energética (ISO - Cogeneración en la industria. - Desarrollo y promoción de un mercado de Empresas de Gestión de la Energía (ESCOs).', '- Desarrollo y promoción de un mercado de Empresas de Gestión de la Energía (ESCOs). Programa de Eficiencia Energética - Optimización de Generación Eléctrica y Eficiencia Energética (OGE&EE) - Reducción de la quema de gas asociado en antorcha - Utilización del gas asociado al petróleo para la generación de energía eléctrica y producción de GLP. (Ampliación del Programa). Energías Renovables - Bloque de Proyectos de Renovables no convencionales. - Energía Geotermia. - Hidroenergía: Santiago I, II NAMA de transporte de carga y pasajeros - Acciones de reducción de emisiones de GEI en transporte de carga. - Acciones de reducción de emisiones de GEI en transporte de pasajeros en Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca. -Eficiencia energética en el sector de Hidrocarburos - Recambio de motores del Sistema de Oleoductos Transecuatoriano (SOTE). - Ciclo Combinado en Refinería.', '- Ciclo Combinado en Refinería. - Conexión al Sistema Nacional Interconectado (SNI). - SECTOR AGRICULTURA Líneas de acción Desarrollar investigación y generación de sistemas de información para fortalecer la gestión del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario. Promover el desarrollo pecuario sostenible a nivel nacional. Desarrollar e implementar sistemas agroproductivos sostenibles (agrícola pecuario y forestal) a nivel nacional. Iniciativas Descripción Proyecto Nacional de Ganadería Sostenible Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional. Plan de Implementación de Medidas y Acciones REDD+ para la reducción de la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques en ganadería sostenible Implementación de prácticas pecuarias sostenibles a nivel nacional que reduzcan la deforestación. SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Líneas de acción Disminuir las emisiones de CO2 mediante adiciones en la producción de cemento. Promover la investigación sobre medidas de mitigación para el sector Procesos Industriales.', 'Promover la investigación sobre medidas de mitigación para el sector Procesos Industriales. Apoyar la generación; el intercambio y la difusión de información para impulsar acciones de mitigación en el sector de Procesos Industriales. Iniciativas Descripción Reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector cementero Sustitución de clínker en el cemento por adiciones (ampliación). SECTOR RESIDUOS Líneas de acción Generar alianzas público-privadas para la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero en la gestión de residuos (sólidos y líquidos), mediante la implementación de medidas de mitigación. Impulsar campañas inclusivas de sensibilización a la población e industria en la gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, hacia una economía circular. Iniciativas Descripción Captura activa de metano en relleno sanitario de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Captura activa y quema de biogás (ampliación).', 'Captura activa y quema de biogás (ampliación). Captura activa de metano en relleno sanitario de Ambato.Compostaje con aireación forzada. Compostaje de residuos orgánicos de mercados y residuos de jardinería. SECTOR USCUSS Líneas de acción Fortalecer e incrementar la superficie de zonas bajo mecanismos de conservación. Fortalecer el manejo forestal sostenible. Impulsar acciones para la restauración del patrimonio natural. Fortalecer e incrementar el establecimiento y manejo de las plantaciones forestales comerciales sostenibles. Fortalecer el control forestal. Fortalecer la prevención de incendios forestales. Fortalecer e incrementar la superficie de áreas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Conservar las zonas de importancia hídrica.', 'Conservar las zonas de importancia hídrica. Iniciativas Descripción Plan de Acción REDD+ del Ecuador “Bosques para el Buen Vivir” 2016-2025 Contribuir a los esfuerzos nacionales para la reducción, monitoreo, reporte y verificación de la deforestación y degradación de los bosques a través de la conservación, manejo forestal sostenible, y la optimización de otros usos de suelo para reducir la presión sobre los bosques, aportando de esta forma a la reducción de emisiones de GEI asociada. Iniciativas adicionales que sean cuantificables en reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero podrán presentarse para apoyar la mitigación del cambio climático en el periodo de implementación de esta NDC tanto en el escenario incondicional como en el escenario condicional. Estas deberán estar articuladas a las líneas de acción descritas anteriormente.', 'Estas deberán estar articuladas a las líneas de acción descritas anteriormente. Finalmente, en cumplimiento de lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París y como resultado del proceso participativo intersectorial, con múltiples actores de distinto niveles de la formulación de la NDC, las líneas de acción que se han identificado y que contribuyen con la mitigación del cambio climático en los sectores de Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos dan por resultado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI estimado que corresponde a un 9% en comparación al escenario tendencial para el 2025. Así mismo, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI del 20,9% al mismo periodo, sujeto al apoyo de la cooperación internacional para implementar las líneas de acción establecidas en este escenario condicional.', 'Así mismo, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEI del 20,9% al mismo periodo, sujeto al apoyo de la cooperación internacional para implementar las líneas de acción establecidas en este escenario condicional. Esto daría paso a un incremento de ambición en materia de mitigación de un 11,9% en referencia al escenario tendencial al año 2025. Con respecto al sector USCUSS y las líneas de acción establecidas a partir de los esfuerzos nacionales, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEIdel 4% en comparación a nivel de referencia al año 2025.', 'Con respecto al sector USCUSS y las líneas de acción establecidas a partir de los esfuerzos nacionales, se ha identificado un potencial de reducción de emisiones de GEIdel 4% en comparación a nivel de referencia al año 2025. Sin embargo, en el caso de contar con apoyo de la cooperación internacional para desarrollar las líneas de acción del escenario condicional de este sector, se contaría con un potencial adicional de mitigación de 16%, es decir, una reducción total de emisiones de GEI del 20% en comparación al nivel de referencia para el año 2025. 3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones.', '3.5 Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluyendo aquellos para estimar y contabilizar emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero, y de ser el caso, remociones. El Ecuador, a través del Ministerio del Ambiente, como punto focal técnico ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), lideró un proceso participativo que contó con el apoyo y participación de alrededor de 150 instituciones provenientes del sector público, privado, academia, sociedad civil y la cooperación internacional para la formulación de la NDC, lo cual ha proporcionado legitimidad al proceso y sus resultados asociados. Para el componente de mitigación de la NDC del Ecuador se ha realizado un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos.', 'Para el componente de mitigación de la NDC del Ecuador se ha realizado un análisis agregado que incluye a los sectores: Energía, Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Residuos. El sector USCUSS ha sido analizado de manera separada debido a las diferencias en las metodologías aplicadas en los sectores; y se plantean dos escenarios de mitigación: uno condicional y uno incondicional, en comparación a un escenario tendencial y nivel de referencia, respectivamente. Para el análisis agregado, los escenarios tendencial, incondicional y condicional se establecieron mediante la aplicación del Modelo de Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GACMO, siglas en inglés) en base a las metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kioto.', 'Para el análisis agregado, los escenarios tendencial, incondicional y condicional se establecieron mediante la aplicación del Modelo de Costo de Abatimiento de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GACMO, siglas en inglés) en base a las metodologías del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kioto. Las principales variables utilizadas (generales) son la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta, el PIB, factores de emisión del IPCC y nacionales. A nivel sectorial se aplicaron metodologías que responden a las necesidades y características de cada uno de los sectores analizados para el componente de mitigación. A continuación se presenta una descripción de las suposiciones y enfoques metodológicos usados: Sector Energía Para el diseño y construcción de los escenarios del sector Energía se utilizó la información de las Estadísticas Económicas y Energéticas Nacionales.', 'A continuación se presenta una descripción de las suposiciones y enfoques metodológicos usados: Sector Energía Para el diseño y construcción de los escenarios del sector Energía se utilizó la información de las Estadísticas Económicas y Energéticas Nacionales. La principal información levantada es en base a las variables de Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), crecimiento poblacional y los consumos energéticos. Adicionalmente, se recopiló información de los consumos energéticos para las categorías y subcategorías de los Inventarios Nacionales de GEI con el objetivo de desagregar la información para las iniciativas. El modelo LEAP de planificación energética a largo plazo permitió realizar las proyecciones de las variables en base a los datos históricos levantados.', 'El modelo LEAP de planificación energética a largo plazo permitió realizar las proyecciones de las variables en base a los datos históricos levantados. El modelo LEAP utilizó los factores de emisión del IPCC 2006 para estimar las emisiones de GEI y determinar las emisiones por cada iniciativa.Sector Agricultura Las emisiones del escenario tendencial del sector Agricultura se calcularon año a año considerando como punto de partida el 2010 y como meta el 2025.', 'El modelo LEAP utilizó los factores de emisión del IPCC 2006 para estimar las emisiones de GEI y determinar las emisiones por cada iniciativa.Sector Agricultura Las emisiones del escenario tendencial del sector Agricultura se calcularon año a año considerando como punto de partida el 2010 y como meta el 2025. Para el cálculo se emplearon los Datos de Actividad (DA) y la metodología descrita en el Reporte del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (NIR) de Ecuador del año 2010, que corresponde a un nivel 1 de las Directrices del IPCC revisadas en 1996 y Factores de Emisión (FE) por defecto para todas las categorías de fuente, en acompañamiento de las Guías de Buena Prácticas del IPCC (GBP) del 2000 y Directrices del IPCC del 2006.', 'Para el cálculo se emplearon los Datos de Actividad (DA) y la metodología descrita en el Reporte del Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (NIR) de Ecuador del año 2010, que corresponde a un nivel 1 de las Directrices del IPCC revisadas en 1996 y Factores de Emisión (FE) por defecto para todas las categorías de fuente, en acompañamiento de las Guías de Buena Prácticas del IPCC (GBP) del 2000 y Directrices del IPCC del 2006. Los gases de efecto invernadero considerados en este cálculo fueron: metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O), para la transformación a CO2 equivalente se utilizaron los potenciales de calentamiento global (GWP) del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR2).', 'Los gases de efecto invernadero considerados en este cálculo fueron: metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O), para la transformación a CO2 equivalente se utilizaron los potenciales de calentamiento global (GWP) del Segundo Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR2). La estimación de los datos de mitigación en las iniciativas condicionadas e incondicionadas del sector Agricultura se realizó utilizando la serie histórica de emisiones del escenario tendencial junto con el potencial de mitigación de las medidas priorizadas, tomando en cuenta su nivel de implementación. Cabe indicar que durante el proceso de formulación se registraron iniciativas que contribuyen a la mitigación del cambio climático en el sector.', 'Cabe indicar que durante el proceso de formulación se registraron iniciativas que contribuyen a la mitigación del cambio climático en el sector. Sector Procesos Industriales Dentro del sector Procesos Industriales, las principales fuentes de información para el diseño de los escenarios se derivan del Primer Informe Bienal del Ecuador, el cual incluye los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero calculados a partir de las directrices del IPCC 1996. Adicionalmente se considera el modelo económico, con la proyección del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del Ecuador (PNUD, 2018), y la información utilizada en el modelo GACMO donde se ingresó información proporcionada directamente por la industria cementera. Para la construcción de los mencionados escenarios, el Modelo GACMO relaciona las variables del sector.', 'Para la construcción de los mencionados escenarios, el Modelo GACMO relaciona las variables del sector. Es decir, las Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), que se toman del inventario del año base correspondiente (2010) y se relacionan con el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), para los períodos: 2010-2020; 2020-2025, considerando que el crecimiento del sector procesos industriales está directamente relacionado con esta variable. Sector Residuos Las emisiones de GEI han sido cuantificadas utilizando factores de emisión del IPCC, usando la metodología 1996. Esta información se la obtuvo del Inventario Nacional de GEI presentado dentro del Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización. Para el diseño del escenario tendencial se usó el modelo GACMO, usando como variable de apoyo la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta.', 'Para el diseño del escenario tendencial se usó el modelo GACMO, usando como variable de apoyo la tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual compuesta. En relación a la estimación cuantitativa de la mitigación de las iniciativas incondicionales y condicionales del sector Residuos se usaron datos reales (históricos)para el primer caso (Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de El Inga - Quito), y para el segundo (Captura activa de metano y generación eléctrica del relleno sanitario de Pichacay - Cuenca): datos definidos en estudios técnicos referenciales. Cabe mencionar que dentro del proceso de formulación se registraron algunas iniciativas de carácter no cuantificable en términos de mitigación de GEI.', 'Cabe mencionar que dentro del proceso de formulación se registraron algunas iniciativas de carácter no cuantificable en términos de mitigación de GEI. Sector USCUSS El sector USCUSS cuenta con características únicas, por lo cual se optó por tratar el sector de manera distinta al resto de sectores reportados en el INGEI. Existen dos métodos principales para realizar la contabilidad en este sector: 1. Enfoque basado en las tierras: evalúa las emisiones de categorías de uso de tierra específicas (tierras forestales, agrícolas, pastizales, humedales, asentamientos, otras). 2. Enfoque basado en la actividad: donde se evalúan las emisiones de las actividades de uso de tierras específicas (deforestación, degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, entre otros).', 'Enfoque basado en la actividad: donde se evalúan las emisiones de las actividades de uso de tierras específicas (deforestación, degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, entre otros). El enfoque adoptado en este análisis es el basado en la actividad, dado que es consistente con los avances que el país está realizando en la implementación de REDD+. Además, este método de contabilidad resulta conveniente porque permite al país adoptar un enfoque progresivo para incluir actividades adicionales de uso de tierras basadas en la disponibilidad de datos y de capacidad. En relación a la metodología de cálculo para los escenarios de emisiones, se ha utilizado la metodología del INGEI del sector USCUSS.', 'En relación a la metodología de cálculo para los escenarios de emisiones, se ha utilizado la metodología del INGEI del sector USCUSS. Esta metodología se basa en la orientación del IPCC sobre las buenas prácticas para el uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura, publicada en el año 2003. Los datos de actividad provienen de la serie temporal histórica de mapas de cobertura y uso de la tierra, elaborados por el MAE para los años 2000 y 2008. Los datos sobre las reservas forestales de carbono para los nueve tipos de bosques naturales fueron generados por el país a partir de los resultados del Inventario Nacional Forestal del Ecuador.', 'Los datos sobre las reservas forestales de carbono para los nueve tipos de bosques naturales fueron generados por el país a partir de los resultados del Inventario Nacional Forestal del Ecuador. La información incluye los siguientes depósitos de carbono: biomasa aérea, biomasa subterránea, madera muerta y hojarasca (MAE, 2015)4. Las emisiones de GEI se calcularon multiplicando el dato de actividad (deforestación bruta de cada estrato de bosque nativo) por su respectivo factor de emisión (reservas de carbono). Se considera además, que la biomasa inmediatamente después de la deforestación es cero, de acuerdo a lo planteado en el nivel metodológico 1 de la “Orientación sobre las buenas prácticas para uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura” del IPCC 2003. 4 MAE. (2015).', 'Se considera además, que la biomasa inmediatamente después de la deforestación es cero, de acuerdo a lo planteado en el nivel metodológico 1 de la “Orientación sobre las buenas prácticas para uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura” del IPCC 2003. 4 MAE. (2015). Ecuador’s Forest Reference Emission Level for Deforestation. Quito.Las otras actividades de REDD+ relacionadas con emisiones y remociones (degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, conservación y manejo forestal sostenible) se incorporarán de forma gradual en la medida en que se cuente con financiamiento internacional y se den las circunstancias nacionales adecuadas. 4.', 'Quito.Las otras actividades de REDD+ relacionadas con emisiones y remociones (degradación, aumento de reservas de carbono, conservación y manejo forestal sostenible) se incorporarán de forma gradual en la medida en que se cuente con financiamiento internacional y se den las circunstancias nacionales adecuadas. 4. Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales Una síntesis que brinda el contexto sobre el avance de las acciones frente a la problemática del cambio climático en Ecuador, específicamente en lo relativo a la adaptación al cambio climático, se muestra a través de los siguientes aspectos clave, detectados durante la preparación de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (2017) y en las fases de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador y del Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA), entre 2017 y 2018: Experiencia institucionalizada en el análisis de la gestión del riesgo (climático y no climático) a nivel local y nacional, desde una perspectiva prospectiva y reactiva a eventos naturales extremos, incluyendo disponibilidad de políticas públicas, metodologías y mecanismos para la gestión planificada del riesgo.', 'Componente de adaptación – Primera Comunicación de Adaptación del Ecuador 4.1 Circunstancias nacionales Una síntesis que brinda el contexto sobre el avance de las acciones frente a la problemática del cambio climático en Ecuador, específicamente en lo relativo a la adaptación al cambio climático, se muestra a través de los siguientes aspectos clave, detectados durante la preparación de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (2017) y en las fases de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador y del Plan Nacional de Adaptación (PNA), entre 2017 y 2018: Experiencia institucionalizada en el análisis de la gestión del riesgo (climático y no climático) a nivel local y nacional, desde una perspectiva prospectiva y reactiva a eventos naturales extremos, incluyendo disponibilidad de políticas públicas, metodologías y mecanismos para la gestión planificada del riesgo. Información cuantitativa y cualitativa actualizada, a 2015, sobre evidencias del cambio climático, y sobre los impactos y acciones de adaptación implementadas para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Información cuantitativa y cualitativa actualizada, a 2015, sobre evidencias del cambio climático, y sobre los impactos y acciones de adaptación implementadas para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático. Lecciones aprendidas de modelos de gestión utilizados en proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático co-ejecutados con comunidades, gobiernos locales y entidades sectoriales. Procesos piloto desarrollados para la incorporación del cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo de gobiernos locales desde 2014. Coordinación mantenida con la institución rectora de la planificación y desarrollo del país, para la implementación de mecanismos articuladores que faciliten la incorporación de consideraciones climáticas en los instrumentos de la planificación local y/o sub-nacional (en proceso).', 'Coordinación mantenida con la institución rectora de la planificación y desarrollo del país, para la implementación de mecanismos articuladores que faciliten la incorporación de consideraciones climáticas en los instrumentos de la planificación local y/o sub-nacional (en proceso). Proyecciones de cambio climático adaptadas a las condiciones de clima, relieve y demás características del país, generadas tomando como referencia la metodología e información del IPCC en marco al Quinto Reporte de Evaluación. Identificación de mecanismos (técnicos, administrativos y políticos) que permiten la generación, manejo, tratamiento y difusión de datos meteorológicos, hidrológicos y climáticos, como política estatal.', 'Identificación de mecanismos (técnicos, administrativos y políticos) que permiten la generación, manejo, tratamiento y difusión de datos meteorológicos, hidrológicos y climáticos, como política estatal. Existencia de proyectos de adaptación al cambio climático financiados con recursos fiscales, fondos de la cooperación internacional, banca multilateral, recursos de la cooperación bilateral y financiamiento mixto (fondos nacionales e internacionales), a través de mecanismos innovadores, para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los medios de vida, la población y ecosistemas. Evolución de la política pública, marco jurídico e instrumentos de planificación para la gestión adecuada de la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Evolución de la política pública, marco jurídico e instrumentos de planificación para la gestión adecuada de la adaptación al cambio climático. Institucionalización de la gestión del cambio climático a través del Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático, Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, y Libro IV sobre Cambio Climático del Código Orgánico Ambiental. Actores privados, públicos y comunitarios con interés en fortalecer sus capacidades y replicar sus experiencias exitosas en iniciativas vinculadas con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático. Experiencias pioneras realizadas en desarrollo de metodologías para la identificación y estimación de co-beneficios de mitigación vinculados con acciones de adaptación. 4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Ecuador es muy sensible a factores externos de índole diversa, como mencionado en la sección 1 de este documento.', '4.2 Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Ecuador es muy sensible a factores externos de índole diversa, como mencionado en la sección 1 de este documento. Adicionalmente, el cambio climático y la intensificación de fenómenos de la variabilidad climática natural, como El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), irrefutablemente inciden sobre el desarrollo del país, pues su ubicación geográfica, accidentada orografía y características atmosféricas imperantes en esa zona de América del Sur, favorecen el acaecimiento de tales amenazas climáticas, cada vez con mayor frecuencia, ocasionando impactos severos sobre su economía. Sin duda, el cambio climático constituye uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta Ecuador.', 'Sin duda, el cambio climático constituye uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta Ecuador. Los datos que se incluyen a continuación muestran el comportamiento histórico de la precipitación y la temperatura media para el período de referencia 1960 – 20105: En la región costa de Ecuador, se evidencia un incremento del 33% de la lluvia y un aumento de 0.6ºC de la temperatura media. En la sierra se evidencia un aumento del 13% de la precipitación y un aumento de 1.1ºC de la temperatura media. En la Amazonía, se observa una reducción de la precipitación de 1% y un incremento en la temperatura media de 0.9ºC.', 'En la Amazonía, se observa una reducción de la precipitación de 1% y un incremento en la temperatura media de 0.9ºC. Para la región insular (estación de San Cristóbal) se evidencia un aumento del 66% en la precipitación y un aumento de 1.4ºC de la temperatura media. Eventos extremos pasados, relacionados a las precipitaciones, son representados en Ecuador por el área inundable que implican, y tienen el potencial de alcanzar un total de 40.860 km2, es decir el 15,9% de la superficie nacional, en la cual se asentaba, a 2010, una población de 7,17 millones de habitantes, que equivalía al 49,5% de la población total del país.', 'Eventos extremos pasados, relacionados a las precipitaciones, son representados en Ecuador por el área inundable que implican, y tienen el potencial de alcanzar un total de 40.860 km2, es decir el 15,9% de la superficie nacional, en la cual se asentaba, a 2010, una población de 7,17 millones de habitantes, que equivalía al 49,5% de la población total del país. Por otra parte, sequías intensas han llegado a afectar el área agrícola en 2,03 millones de ha, que constituyen el 66,7% del área agrícola total del país.', 'Por otra parte, sequías intensas han llegado a afectar el área agrícola en 2,03 millones de ha, que constituyen el 66,7% del área agrícola total del país. El área de pastos cultivados, afectada por la sequía, alcanzó los 2,10 millones de ha, es decir el 53,7% de la superficie total de pastos (datos del Plan Nacional de la Gestión Integrada e Integral de los Recursos Hídricos de las cuencas y microcuencas hidrográficas del Ecuador, 2016). Durante el primer trimestre de 2019, se han registrado precipitaciones que superan ampliamente las “medias históricas”, constituyendo por tanto anomalías significativas, lo que ha motivado que se declare en alerta naranja por inundaciones a las provincias de Guayas, El Oro, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas y Esmeraldas.', 'Durante el primer trimestre de 2019, se han registrado precipitaciones que superan ampliamente las “medias históricas”, constituyendo por tanto anomalías significativas, lo que ha motivado que se declare en alerta naranja por inundaciones a las provincias de Guayas, El Oro, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas y Esmeraldas. Para el futuro, las proyecciones climáticas disponibles para el territorio nacional6, muestran que, de mantenerse las actuales tendencias, el incremento de la temperatura media variará, hasta el año 2040, en al menos 0,5 °C a 1 °C, con respecto a la 5 Información del INAMHI, tomada de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (MAE, 2017).', 'Para el futuro, las proyecciones climáticas disponibles para el territorio nacional6, muestran que, de mantenerse las actuales tendencias, el incremento de la temperatura media variará, hasta el año 2040, en al menos 0,5 °C a 1 °C, con respecto a la 5 Información del INAMHI, tomada de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador (MAE, 2017). 6 Datos generados a partir de información de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador – Escenario RCP 4.5, período 2011 - 2040.temperatura media observada en el período 1981 – 2005, y ese comportamiento se mantendrá hasta finales de siglo, previéndose para entonces incrementos no menores a 2°C en casi todo el territorio continental ecuatoriano y, aumentos aún mayores, en las islas Galápagos.', '6 Datos generados a partir de información de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Ecuador – Escenario RCP 4.5, período 2011 - 2040.temperatura media observada en el período 1981 – 2005, y ese comportamiento se mantendrá hasta finales de siglo, previéndose para entonces incrementos no menores a 2°C en casi todo el territorio continental ecuatoriano y, aumentos aún mayores, en las islas Galápagos. Las alteraciones de los regímenes espaciales y temporales de las lluvias igualmente agravarán las condiciones de déficit y superávit hídrico, a nivel nacional.', 'Las alteraciones de los regímenes espaciales y temporales de las lluvias igualmente agravarán las condiciones de déficit y superávit hídrico, a nivel nacional. Algunos de los impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades más representativos, se muestran a continuación desde una perspectiva sectorial (referida a los seis sectores prioritarios para la adaptación, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático): Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Patrimonio Natural La biodiversidad y las funciones ecosistémicas (servicios provistos por los ecosistemas), son altamente sensibles al cambio climático. Tomando en cuenta que Ecuador es un país mega diverso, se esperan potenciales impactos y daños al patrimonio natural.', 'Tomando en cuenta que Ecuador es un país mega diverso, se esperan potenciales impactos y daños al patrimonio natural. Ecosistemas de alta montaña como los páramos, costeros como los manglares, toda la Amazonía ecuatoriana, así como la región insular con las Islas Galápagos son altamente frágiles y en consecuencia altamente vulnerables a los impactos esperados del cambio climático, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Las especies que habitan estos ecosistemas son especialmente vulnerables a las amenazas climáticas debido a que se producen modificaciones en sus hábitats, lo cual les fuerza a desaparecer o modificar su comportamiento adquirido a través del proceso evolutivo de miles o millones de años.', 'Las especies que habitan estos ecosistemas son especialmente vulnerables a las amenazas climáticas debido a que se producen modificaciones en sus hábitats, lo cual les fuerza a desaparecer o modificar su comportamiento adquirido a través del proceso evolutivo de miles o millones de años. Por ejemplo, se conoce que los biomas andinos mostrarán desplazamiento vertical ascendente, siendo el páramo el bioma que sufra la mayor pérdida de su área actual de distribución. Los resultados reportados para el grupo de especies de plantas y aves presentan un patrón similar.', 'Los resultados reportados para el grupo de especies de plantas y aves presentan un patrón similar. Patrimonio Hídrico7 El Ecuador, a pesar de ser un país con abundante agua, factores como el acaparamiento, redistribución y la actualización (bajo escenarios de cambio climático) de las autorizaciones de uso y aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico, podrían desencadenar potenciales conflictos y competencia por parte de los usuarios. Por otro lado, el exceso de agua podría causar inundaciones y deslizamientos. Nótese que el 88% de la población ecuatoriana se aloja en la cuenca del Pacífico, pero en esta zona la disponibilidad del agua es limitada y solo el 31% de los recursos hídricos se encuentran allí.', 'Nótese que el 88% de la población ecuatoriana se aloja en la cuenca del Pacífico, pero en esta zona la disponibilidad del agua es limitada y solo el 31% de los recursos hídricos se encuentran allí. De igual manera, a nivel nacional el 80% de la población 7 De acuerdo a la Constitución del Ecuador (2008) Art.', 'De igual manera, a nivel nacional el 80% de la población 7 De acuerdo a la Constitución del Ecuador (2008) Art. 318 “El agua es patrimonio nacional […]”, lo cual se ve reflejado en la Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua (LORHUyA 2014), que establece a los recursos hídricos como dominio hídrico público, el cual tendrá una planificación para su gestión integrada e integral, respetando el orden de prelación entre los diferentes destinos o funciones del recurso hídrico, los cuales son a) Consumo humano; b) Riego que garantice la soberanía alimentaria c) Caudal ecológico; y, d) Actividades productivas.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad nacional tiene acceso al agua y el 64.5% tiene algún tipo de saneamiento, sin embargo, en el promedio rural, estas cifras disminuyen llegando a coberturas de menos del 40% en comunidades menores a 200 familias.', '318 “El agua es patrimonio nacional […]”, lo cual se ve reflejado en la Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua (LORHUyA 2014), que establece a los recursos hídricos como dominio hídrico público, el cual tendrá una planificación para su gestión integrada e integral, respetando el orden de prelación entre los diferentes destinos o funciones del recurso hídrico, los cuales son a) Consumo humano; b) Riego que garantice la soberanía alimentaria c) Caudal ecológico; y, d) Actividades productivas.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad nacional tiene acceso al agua y el 64.5% tiene algún tipo de saneamiento, sin embargo, en el promedio rural, estas cifras disminuyen llegando a coberturas de menos del 40% en comunidades menores a 200 familias. Se espera que el cambio climático exacerbe estas condiciones, agravando el acceso al agua de la población, en especial en las zonas más vulnerables.', 'Se espera que el cambio climático exacerbe estas condiciones, agravando el acceso al agua de la población, en especial en las zonas más vulnerables. Se prevé que impactos relacionados al exceso de precipitación extrema se podrían manifestar en la región costera y andina, principalmente en la zona centro y sur, mientras que aquellos relacionados al periodo de escasez de precipitación se acentuarían en la zona central de la Costa y en las zonas central y sur de la Sierra. Otro impacto asociado a los recursos hídricos, es el retroceso de glaciares, los cuales han perdido más del 50% de su superficie en los últimos 50 años, causando repercusiones significativas a los usuarios del agua, en comunidades andinas, especialmente relacionadas a riesgos de deslizamientos.', 'Otro impacto asociado a los recursos hídricos, es el retroceso de glaciares, los cuales han perdido más del 50% de su superficie en los últimos 50 años, causando repercusiones significativas a los usuarios del agua, en comunidades andinas, especialmente relacionadas a riesgos de deslizamientos. Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca Sequías, heladas y eventos meteorológicos extremos han causado en el pasado, y podrían causar en el futuro reducción y/o pérdidas en la producción agrícola, pesquera y acuícola, prefigurando los potenciales impactos que eventualmente se intensificarían con la amenaza del cambio climático. Los impactos continuarán incrementándose, especialmente aquellos asociados al Fenómeno del Niño, prolongando los períodos de escasez de precipitación en la zona central de los Andes y la Costa, e incrementando inundaciones en las Costa hacia la zona sur de los Andes.', 'Los impactos continuarán incrementándose, especialmente aquellos asociados al Fenómeno del Niño, prolongando los períodos de escasez de precipitación en la zona central de los Andes y la Costa, e incrementando inundaciones en las Costa hacia la zona sur de los Andes. Salud Una combinación directa e indirecta de los impactos relacionados al cambio climático (especialmente incremento de temperatura y periodos prolongados de precipitación extrema) se esperan en el futuro cercano, por lo que sus efectos en las condiciones de salud pública incluyen lo siguiente: reducción del acceso a alimentación, condiciones favorables para enfermedades respiratorias (olas de intenso frío y cambios abruptos en la temperatura durante el día), proliferación de enfermedades tropicales transmitidas por mosquitos y cambios en la calidad de agua para consumo humano.', 'Salud Una combinación directa e indirecta de los impactos relacionados al cambio climático (especialmente incremento de temperatura y periodos prolongados de precipitación extrema) se esperan en el futuro cercano, por lo que sus efectos en las condiciones de salud pública incluyen lo siguiente: reducción del acceso a alimentación, condiciones favorables para enfermedades respiratorias (olas de intenso frío y cambios abruptos en la temperatura durante el día), proliferación de enfermedades tropicales transmitidas por mosquitos y cambios en la calidad de agua para consumo humano. El 70% del territorio ecuatoriano se localiza en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, por lo que cuenta con hábitats favorables para el desarrollo y propagación de vectores trasmisores de enfermedades como por ejemplo dengue, malaria y leishmaniasis (se ha detectado presencia de Aedes aegypti hasta los 1650 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la cordillera oriental).', 'El 70% del territorio ecuatoriano se localiza en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, por lo que cuenta con hábitats favorables para el desarrollo y propagación de vectores trasmisores de enfermedades como por ejemplo dengue, malaria y leishmaniasis (se ha detectado presencia de Aedes aegypti hasta los 1650 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la cordillera oriental). Las poblaciones que viven en la Costa y Amazonía ecuatoriana son especialmente vulnerables a este tipo de cambios en el clima, así también las áreas localizadas en la zona pie de monte en los Andes ecuatorianos, que atraviesan de norte a sur el país.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Sectores productivos y estratégicos Dentro de los Sectores Estratégicos, se encuentran los subsectores de infraestructura (vías, puertos, facilidades de producción minera e petrolera, entre otros) y producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente aquellas que se encuentran en la Costa y en las cuencas hidrográficas del Paute, Coca, y Pastaza, son altamente vulnerables debido al incremento de la frecuencia e intensidad de las amenazas climáticas y eventos extremos, ambos en términos de déficit y exceso de precipitación (por ejemplo generando deslizamientos, o trayendo mayor cantidad de sedimentos hacia reservorios).', 'Las poblaciones que viven en la Costa y Amazonía ecuatoriana son especialmente vulnerables a este tipo de cambios en el clima, así también las áreas localizadas en la zona pie de monte en los Andes ecuatorianos, que atraviesan de norte a sur el país.Sector Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidad Sectores productivos y estratégicos Dentro de los Sectores Estratégicos, se encuentran los subsectores de infraestructura (vías, puertos, facilidades de producción minera e petrolera, entre otros) y producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente aquellas que se encuentran en la Costa y en las cuencas hidrográficas del Paute, Coca, y Pastaza, son altamente vulnerables debido al incremento de la frecuencia e intensidad de las amenazas climáticas y eventos extremos, ambos en términos de déficit y exceso de precipitación (por ejemplo generando deslizamientos, o trayendo mayor cantidad de sedimentos hacia reservorios). Situación similar se prevé en los Sub-sectores: agricultura, agro- industrial y servicios.', 'Situación similar se prevé en los Sub-sectores: agricultura, agro- industrial y servicios. Asentamientos Humanos Los asentamientos humanos y las ciudades del Ecuador son particularmente vulnerables frente a las amenazas climáticas. La infraestructura habitacional con características inadecuadas y localizadas en áreas de riesgo (aspectos típicos de asentamientos informales) incrementa los niveles de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático. Ciudades como Quito y Guayaquil y otras ciudades medianas y pequeñas, especialmente en la Costa, presentan este tipo de asentamientos irregulares y en condiciones de riesgo. Ecuador tiene un análisis de viviendas precarias, con carencias de servicios básicos, con posesión irregular de la propiedad (ausencia de títulos y/o escrituras) y, en algunos casos, ubicadas en zonas de riesgo. Fuentes: Documento de Proyecto del PNA (2019) e información del sector hídrico provista por SENAGUA (2019).', 'Fuentes: Documento de Proyecto del PNA (2019) e información del sector hídrico provista por SENAGUA (2019). No obstante a lo señalado en el numeral 4.1, considerando las condiciones sociales y económicas predominantes en el país, y teniendo en cuenta que en Ecuador aún está muy poco desarrollada la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas humanos y naturales asentados en el territorio nacional, es posible colegir que, en general, el país mantiene un estatus de vulnerabilidad alto frente a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, siendo por tanto fundamental abordar esta problemática desde una perspectiva que incremente la capacidad adaptativa como vía primaria para el incremento de la resiliencia y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de dichos sistemas.', 'No obstante a lo señalado en el numeral 4.1, considerando las condiciones sociales y económicas predominantes en el país, y teniendo en cuenta que en Ecuador aún está muy poco desarrollada la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas humanos y naturales asentados en el territorio nacional, es posible colegir que, en general, el país mantiene un estatus de vulnerabilidad alto frente a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, siendo por tanto fundamental abordar esta problemática desde una perspectiva que incremente la capacidad adaptativa como vía primaria para el incremento de la resiliencia y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de dichos sistemas. 4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas Los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), son: a) Asentamientos Humanos; b) Patrimonio Hídrico; c) Patrimonio Natural; d) Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; e) Salud; y, f) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca.La gestión de riesgos y la prioridad para los grupos de atención prioritaria son enfoques prioritarios transversales a los seis sectores.', '4.3 Prioridades nacionales de adaptación, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas Los sectores prioritarios para la adaptación al cambio climático, establecidos por la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (2012), son: a) Asentamientos Humanos; b) Patrimonio Hídrico; c) Patrimonio Natural; d) Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos; e) Salud; y, f) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca.La gestión de riesgos y la prioridad para los grupos de atención prioritaria son enfoques prioritarios transversales a los seis sectores. Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, el objetivo específico que se persigue con la NDC de Ecuador es contribuir, a escala nacional, sub nacional y local, con los esfuerzos globales de incrementar la capacidad de adaptación, promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, en un contexto de equidad, desarrollo sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza, respetando el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y en concordancia con las capacidades del país.', 'Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, el objetivo específico que se persigue con la NDC de Ecuador es contribuir, a escala nacional, sub nacional y local, con los esfuerzos globales de incrementar la capacidad de adaptación, promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, en un contexto de equidad, desarrollo sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza, respetando el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y en concordancia con las capacidades del país. La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada será progresiva y se implementará mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, basado en la realidad nacional y tomando en cuenta aspectos como: La necesidad de reducir las brechas de género; La incidencia de la adaptación sobre grupos de atención prioritaria; La necesidad de información científica con suficiente rigor; y, La consideración de conocimientos tradicionales / ancestrales de actores locales.', 'La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada será progresiva y se implementará mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, basado en la realidad nacional y tomando en cuenta aspectos como: La necesidad de reducir las brechas de género; La incidencia de la adaptación sobre grupos de atención prioritaria; La necesidad de información científica con suficiente rigor; y, La consideración de conocimientos tradicionales / ancestrales de actores locales. Se prevé que la contribución se integre paulatinamente en la planificación del desarrollo de Ecuador a escala intersectorial y local, plasmándose en medidas, “alineadas con o insertas en” políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, proyectos, procesos e iniciativas de índole social, económica, ambiental u otra naturaleza, que se desarrollen en el país.', 'Se prevé que la contribución se integre paulatinamente en la planificación del desarrollo de Ecuador a escala intersectorial y local, plasmándose en medidas, “alineadas con o insertas en” políticas, estrategias, planes, programas, proyectos, procesos e iniciativas de índole social, económica, ambiental u otra naturaleza, que se desarrollen en el país. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación8 constituirá herramienta que facilite la implementación de las medidas (contribuciones) de adaptación y contribuirá en la generación de instrumentos útiles para la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador. Los objetivos del Plan Nacional de Adaptación son: a) Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, a través del incremento de la capacidad adaptativa y construcción de resiliencia en los sectores priorizados establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Los objetivos del Plan Nacional de Adaptación son: a) Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático, a través del incremento de la capacidad adaptativa y construcción de resiliencia en los sectores priorizados establecidas en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. b) Facilitar la integración coherente de la adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación al desarrollo, políticas y estrategias en los seis sectores priorizados para la adaptación en Ecuador, así como en programas y proyectos nuevos o existentes que contribuyan a la adaptación.', 'b) Facilitar la integración coherente de la adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación al desarrollo, políticas y estrategias en los seis sectores priorizados para la adaptación en Ecuador, así como en programas y proyectos nuevos o existentes que contribuyan a la adaptación. La construcción del Plan Nacional de Adaptación busca construir las condiciones habilitantes para la integración del riesgo climático en la planificación al desarrollo a través de: a) Mejoramiento de las proyecciones climáticas, riesgo climático y análisis de vulnerabilidad e impactos en sistemas humanos y naturales, en términos de cobertura y resolución espacial y temporal, bajo una perspectiva de género; 8 El Proyecto del Plan Nacional de Adaptación de Ecuador arrancará en abril de 2019, previéndose que las condiciones habilitantes para la adaptación al cambio climático y el propio Plan Nacional de Adaptación estarán disponibles en 2022.b) Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a través de documentos guías (estándares, guías técnicas, entre otros), regulaciones (a nivel nacional y local), métodos estandarizados y herramientas para facilitar el manejo del riesgo climático, utilizando la perspectiva de género; c) Entrenamiento a personal clave, pares técnicos y actores estratégicos (públicos y privados) para facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo, en la implementación de acciones, y presupuestos a nivel sectorial, territorial y local.', 'La construcción del Plan Nacional de Adaptación busca construir las condiciones habilitantes para la integración del riesgo climático en la planificación al desarrollo a través de: a) Mejoramiento de las proyecciones climáticas, riesgo climático y análisis de vulnerabilidad e impactos en sistemas humanos y naturales, en términos de cobertura y resolución espacial y temporal, bajo una perspectiva de género; 8 El Proyecto del Plan Nacional de Adaptación de Ecuador arrancará en abril de 2019, previéndose que las condiciones habilitantes para la adaptación al cambio climático y el propio Plan Nacional de Adaptación estarán disponibles en 2022.b) Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a través de documentos guías (estándares, guías técnicas, entre otros), regulaciones (a nivel nacional y local), métodos estandarizados y herramientas para facilitar el manejo del riesgo climático, utilizando la perspectiva de género; c) Entrenamiento a personal clave, pares técnicos y actores estratégicos (públicos y privados) para facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo, en la implementación de acciones, y presupuestos a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. d) Diseño de mecanismos para medición, reporte y verificación para el proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, y para las acciones de adaptación implementadas por actores estratégicos, incorporando el enfoque de género.', 'd) Diseño de mecanismos para medición, reporte y verificación para el proceso del Plan Nacional de Adaptación, y para las acciones de adaptación implementadas por actores estratégicos, incorporando el enfoque de género. e) Formulación de estrategias para asegurar que el financiamiento, sostenibilidad, escalamiento y réplica de las acciones de adaptación al cambio climático cumplan los requerimientos establecidos. Como resultado de los acuerdos y compromisos asumidos durante el proceso de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador (2019), los ministerios sectoriales directamente vinculados con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático, son: Sectores Instituciones (Ministerios, Secretarias9) Estratégicos: Hidrocarburos, Minería y Electricidad. Transporte.', 'Como resultado de los acuerdos y compromisos asumidos durante el proceso de formulación de la NDC de Ecuador (2019), los ministerios sectoriales directamente vinculados con la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático, son: Sectores Instituciones (Ministerios, Secretarias9) Estratégicos: Hidrocarburos, Minería y Electricidad. Transporte. Ministerio de Energía y Recursos Naturales no Renovables (MERNNR) Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) Patrimonio Natural Ministerio del Ambiente (MAE) Patrimonio Hídrico Secretaría del Agua (SENAGUA) Asentamientos Humanos Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda (MIDUVI) Soberanía Alimentaria, Agricultura y Ganadería. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) Salud Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Sobre la base de este trabajo, se han identificado y priorizado las siguientes medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, desde una perspectiva sectorial.', 'Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) Salud Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Sobre la base de este trabajo, se han identificado y priorizado las siguientes medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, desde una perspectiva sectorial. Cabe resaltar que, con excepción de las medidas que se prevén implementar solamente bajo un escenario condicional, con apoyo internacional disponible, el resto de medidas están incluidas tanto de manera condicional como de manera incondicional, con un grado de implementación diferente.', 'Cabe resaltar que, con excepción de las medidas que se prevén implementar solamente bajo un escenario condicional, con apoyo internacional disponible, el resto de medidas están incluidas tanto de manera condicional como de manera incondicional, con un grado de implementación diferente. 9 En principio, está previsto que otras entidades colaboren con la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático, entre las cuales se incluye: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana, Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo, Banco del Estado, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, Consorcio de Gobiernos Autónomos Provinciales, Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador, Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético, PETROAMAZONAS EP, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Fondos de Agua e Instituciones de Educación Superior.Sector Patrimonio Natural Nivel macro Mejoramiento de instrumentos de política pública de patrimonio natural que incorporan la adaptación al cambio climático.', '9 En principio, está previsto que otras entidades colaboren con la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático, entre las cuales se incluye: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana, Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo, Banco del Estado, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos, Consorcio de Gobiernos Autónomos Provinciales, Asociación de Municipalidades del Ecuador, Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético, PETROAMAZONAS EP, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Fondos de Agua e Instituciones de Educación Superior.Sector Patrimonio Natural Nivel macro Mejoramiento de instrumentos de política pública de patrimonio natural que incorporan la adaptación al cambio climático. Nivel operativo Incremento de la superficie de bosques, cobertura de vegetación natural remanente y ecosistemas marinos y costeros conservados o con manejo sostenible, para mantener su funcionalidad ecosistémica en escenarios de cambio climático.', 'Nivel operativo Incremento de la superficie de bosques, cobertura de vegetación natural remanente y ecosistemas marinos y costeros conservados o con manejo sostenible, para mantener su funcionalidad ecosistémica en escenarios de cambio climático. Implementación de prácticas sostenibles de uso de los recursos naturales en zonas de influencia de áreas bajo diferentes estatus de conservación, vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. Establecimiento de corredores de conservación y restauración de bosques secundarios y zonas de amortiguamiento para mantener la conectividad del paisaje, reducir impactos (actuales y esperados) del cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia ecosistémica. Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades sobre cambio climático y gestión del patrimonio natural en actores sociales, académicos, investigadores y gubernamentales.', 'Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades sobre cambio climático y gestión del patrimonio natural en actores sociales, académicos, investigadores y gubernamentales. ** Sector Patrimonio Hídrico Nivel macro Fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional Estratégico del Agua como mecanismo de coordinación e interacción sectorial para incrementar la capacidad adaptativa del sector hídrico en territorio. ** Nivel operativo Implementación de un sistema nacional de información para el sector hídrico como herramienta de apoyo a la gestión, monitoreo y evaluación de los efectos del cambio climático. Formulación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de cultura del agua, que incluya prácticas y saberes de los pueblos ancestrales, como mecanismo que contribuya a la sensibilización local de los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Formulación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de cultura del agua, que incluya prácticas y saberes de los pueblos ancestrales, como mecanismo que contribuya a la sensibilización local de los efectos del cambio climático. ** Generación e implementación de mecanismos para la valoración económica y social de los impactos del cambio climático en el sector hídrico. ** Incorporación de criterios de cambio climático en estrategias y planes nacionales y sectoriales del sector hídrico. ** Inclusión de variables de cambio climático en las viabilidades técnicas y en la normativa de regulación y control del recurso hídrico. ** Gestión de la oferta y demanda hídrica nacional integrando variables de cambio climático, con énfasis en zonas con estrés hídrico.', '** Gestión de la oferta y demanda hídrica nacional integrando variables de cambio climático, con énfasis en zonas con estrés hídrico. **Sector Patrimonio Hídrico Implementación de programas de comunicación, divulgación y fortalecimiento de capacidades que permitan la sensibilización de actores del sector hídrico y usuarios del agua, sobre los efectos del cambio climático. Generación y establecimiento de mecanismos de conservación de fuentes hídricas e implementación de sus planes de manejo para asegurar, a futuro, agua en cantidad y calidad. Diseño e implementación de acciones que contribuyan a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de la infraestructura hidráulica (existente y nueva) de uso múltiple. ** Salud Nivel macro Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud.', '** Salud Nivel macro Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Nivel operativo Generación de conocimiento y estudios científicos sobre los efectos del cambio climático en la salud y las interacciones entre los cambios del clima y la dinámica de las patologías vectoriales. ** Fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales, gobiernos locales y ciudadanías en la implementación de respuestas ante los impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud.', 'Emisión de políticas públicas, basadas en la mejor información disponible, que permitan enfrentar impactos del cambio climático sobre la salud. Desarrollo de un Registro Único de Afectados y Damnificados de impactos del cambio climático e implementación de un programa de simulaciones y simulacros, vinculados a amenazas climáticas sobre la salud, que faciliten la atención y respuesta efectiva de la población. Generación de análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climáticos a nivel nacional que permitan la implementación de un sistema de alerta temprana para enfrentar los impactos del cambio climático. Estrategias para la implementación de un sistema integrado de vigilancia y monitoreo de la salud ambiental y riesgos epidemiológicos sobre la salud en un contexto de cambio climático.', 'Estrategias para la implementación de un sistema integrado de vigilancia y monitoreo de la salud ambiental y riesgos epidemiológicos sobre la salud en un contexto de cambio climático. Sector Asentamientos Humanos Nivel macro Desarrollo e implementación de la política pública de hábitat, ordenamiento territorial, planificación territorial y gestión de suelo, con criterios de adaptación frente a riesgos climáticos.Desarrollo de políticas y estrategias frente a la migración temporal o permanente de la población por condiciones vinculadas al cambio climático. ** Nivel operativo Reducción del riesgo climático de la población mediante la validación de suelo seguro, promoción y dotación de vivienda digna, accesible y asequible en zonas con baja exposición a amenazas climáticas.', '** Nivel operativo Reducción del riesgo climático de la población mediante la validación de suelo seguro, promoción y dotación de vivienda digna, accesible y asequible en zonas con baja exposición a amenazas climáticas. Desarrollo de instrumentos locales de política pública para la acción climática, que prioricen medidas de adaptación frente a los efectos del cambio climático. Diseño y dotación de sistemas públicos de soporte resilientes frente a la ocurrencia de amenazas climáticas. ** Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la gobernanza multiactor y multinivel para la gestión del riesgo climático en los asentamientos humanos a nivel nacional y local, fomentando la participación de la sociedad civil. Generación de líneas de investigación para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos humanos frente a efectos adversos de cambio climático.', 'Generación de líneas de investigación para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos humanos frente a efectos adversos de cambio climático. Sectores Productivos y Estratégicos Nivel macro Inclusión de la variable climática en políticas públicas e instrumentos de gestión de riesgos y de la planificación sectorial (Sectores de Hidrocarburos, Minería, Electricidad y Energía Renovable). ** Integración de las proyecciones climáticas en el desarrollo de nuevos estudios de infraestructura vial. Reducción del Riesgo Climático en las cadenas de valor de la industria petrolera y minera, y en la infraestructura eléctrica de generación, trasmisión, distribución y comercialización, mediante el desarrollo de estudios de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo Climático específicos del sector, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático.', 'Reducción del Riesgo Climático en las cadenas de valor de la industria petrolera y minera, y en la infraestructura eléctrica de generación, trasmisión, distribución y comercialización, mediante el desarrollo de estudios de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo Climático específicos del sector, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático. ** Nivel operativo Generación de estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para la infraestructura vial, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático en las fases de diseño, construcción, operación y mantenimiento de proyectos de infraestructura vial.', '** Nivel operativo Generación de estudios de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para la infraestructura vial, que permitan identificar, proponer e implementar medidas de adaptación ante los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático en las fases de diseño, construcción, operación y mantenimiento de proyectos de infraestructura vial. ** Soberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pescaSoberanía alimentaria, agricultura, ganadería, acuacultura y pesca Nivel macro Diseño e implementación de política pública para fortalecer la resiliencia climática de los sistemas agroalimentarios. Promoción de gobernanza responsable sobre el uso y manejo del suelo que asegure producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Promoción de gobernanza responsable sobre el uso y manejo del suelo que asegure producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Nivel operativo Emisión de regulaciones y normativa técnica para la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo a escala sectorial (sectores agrícola y pecuario) y local (a nivel de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados). Promoción de iniciativas orientadas al consumo responsable de producción agropecuaria resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Desarrollo, promoción e implementación de modelos y tecnologías de producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Desarrollo, promoción e implementación de modelos y tecnologías de producción agropecuaria sostenible y resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales del sector agropecuario (incluido el uso sostenible del suelo), a través de metodologías de aprendizaje participativo con enfoque de sostenibilidad ambiental y resiliencia ante amenazas climáticas. Fortalecimiento de capacidades e investigación científica para la generación de información relacionada con producción agropecuaria resiliente a los efectos del cambio climático. Generación de información para fortalecer la gestión de riesgos agroclimáticos, que permita establecer estrategias de alerta temprana ante eventos climáticos extremos. ** Transversales a todos los sectores Promoción de mecanismos, instrumentos y herramientas financieras que permitan gestionar recursos para la implementación de acciones de adaptación frente a los impactos del cambio climático.', '** Transversales a todos los sectores Promoción de mecanismos, instrumentos y herramientas financieras que permitan gestionar recursos para la implementación de acciones de adaptación frente a los impactos del cambio climático. Actualización y fortalecimiento de los programas de generación, procesamiento, control de calidad, difusión y libre acceso de los datos meteorológicos e hidrológicos, como soporte a los procesos de adaptación a los efectos negativos del cambio climático. Incremento de capacidades del sistema financiero nacional para el manejo de recursos provenientes de la cooperación internacional, destinados a la gestión del cambio climático.', 'Incremento de capacidades del sistema financiero nacional para el manejo de recursos provenientes de la cooperación internacional, destinados a la gestión del cambio climático. Notas: Según lo establecido por SENPLADES las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático se clasifican en estratégicas o de nivel macro y de nivel operativo o de gestión.Las medidas marcadas con ** son aquellas que inicialmente se considera corresponden exclusivamente al escenario condicional. 4.4 Necesidades de apoyo e implementación. Conforme el cuadro de medidas de adaptación priorizadas, se ha previsto recursos financieros, asistencia técnica y tecnología bajo el escenario incondicionado que permita implementar acciones efectivas orientadas a reducir el riesgo al cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia de sistemas naturales y humanos vinculados a los sectores prioritarios de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador.', 'Conforme el cuadro de medidas de adaptación priorizadas, se ha previsto recursos financieros, asistencia técnica y tecnología bajo el escenario incondicionado que permita implementar acciones efectivas orientadas a reducir el riesgo al cambio climático e incrementar la resiliencia de sistemas naturales y humanos vinculados a los sectores prioritarios de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador. Sin embargo, la implementación de las citadas medidas, bajo el escenario condicionado, sólo será posible si se cuenta con los medios de implementación relativos al financiamiento, fortalecimiento de capacidades y transferencia de tecnología que provengan de los países desarrollados.', 'Sin embargo, la implementación de las citadas medidas, bajo el escenario condicionado, sólo será posible si se cuenta con los medios de implementación relativos al financiamiento, fortalecimiento de capacidades y transferencia de tecnología que provengan de los países desarrollados. Una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación será realizada conforme los lineamientos y metodologías que para ello se dispongan establecidos en el marco de implementación del Acuerdo de París y en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades de apoyo e implementación para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación será realizada conforme los lineamientos y metodologías que para ello se dispongan establecidos en el marco de implementación del Acuerdo de París y en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades de apoyo e implementación para la adaptación al cambio climático. Como conclusión del proceso para el componente de adaptación de la NDC se evidencia que las capacidades actuales no son suficientes para implementar las medidas estipuladas de manera integral, frente a ello se verá limitada la implementación y cumplimiento de la NDC, afectando la capacidad nacional para cumplir el objetivo enmarcado en el Artículo 2 literal b del Acuerdo de París.', 'Como conclusión del proceso para el componente de adaptación de la NDC se evidencia que las capacidades actuales no son suficientes para implementar las medidas estipuladas de manera integral, frente a ello se verá limitada la implementación y cumplimiento de la NDC, afectando la capacidad nacional para cumplir el objetivo enmarcado en el Artículo 2 literal b del Acuerdo de París. 4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento a. Avances en la legislación aplicable (el caso del COA) Un hito trascendental en la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador es la incorporación explícita de la temática en el Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017), que permite disponer de un marco normativo amplio, moderno y eficaz para integrar la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo sectorial y local del país, e impulsar el desarrollo de acciones efectivas por parte de los distintos actores, públicos y privados, orientadas al incremento de la resiliencia y la disminución de la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas humanos y naturales del país.', '4.5 Acciones y planes de implementación 4.5.1 Esfuerzos de adaptación de países en desarrollo para su reconocimiento a. Avances en la legislación aplicable (el caso del COA) Un hito trascendental en la gestión de adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador es la incorporación explícita de la temática en el Código Orgánico Ambiental (2017), que permite disponer de un marco normativo amplio, moderno y eficaz para integrar la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo sectorial y local del país, e impulsar el desarrollo de acciones efectivas por parte de los distintos actores, públicos y privados, orientadas al incremento de la resiliencia y la disminución de la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas humanos y naturales del país. Un resumen que indica y describe de manera general los principales artículos de dicho código se incluye a continuación.TITULO I. DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I: Disposiciones generales Artículo Menciona que el propósito del libro IV del COA es establecer el marco legal e institucional para la planificación, articulación, coordinación y monitoreo de las políticas públicas orientadas a diseñar, gestionar y ejecutar a nivel local, regional y nacional, acciones de adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal, oportuna, eficaz, participativa, coordinada y articulada con los instrumentos internacionales ratificados por el Estado y al principio de la responsabilidad común pero diferenciada.', 'Un resumen que indica y describe de manera general los principales artículos de dicho código se incluye a continuación.TITULO I. DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I: Disposiciones generales Artículo Menciona que el propósito del libro IV del COA es establecer el marco legal e institucional para la planificación, articulación, coordinación y monitoreo de las políticas públicas orientadas a diseñar, gestionar y ejecutar a nivel local, regional y nacional, acciones de adaptación del cambio climático de manera transversal, oportuna, eficaz, participativa, coordinada y articulada con los instrumentos internacionales ratificados por el Estado y al principio de la responsabilidad común pero diferenciada. Las medidas y acciones para la gestión del cambio climático, considerarán prioritariamente reducir y minimizar las afectaciones causadas a las personas en situación de riesgo, grupos de atención prioritaria y con niveles de pobreza, a la infraestructura, proyectos nacionales y estratégicos, a los sectores productivos, a los ecosistemas y a la biodiversidad.', 'Las medidas y acciones para la gestión del cambio climático, considerarán prioritariamente reducir y minimizar las afectaciones causadas a las personas en situación de riesgo, grupos de atención prioritaria y con niveles de pobreza, a la infraestructura, proyectos nacionales y estratégicos, a los sectores productivos, a los ecosistemas y a la biodiversidad. Capitulo II. Instrumentos para la gestión del cambio climático La gestión del cambio climático se realizará conforme a la política y la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, y sus instrumentos que deberán ser dictados y actualizados por la Autoridad Ambiental Nacional. Deberán incorporarse obligatoriamente criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación, planes, programas, proyectos específicos y estrategias de los diferentes niveles de gobierno y sectores del Estado. TITULO II.', 'Deberán incorporarse obligatoriamente criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de planificación, planes, programas, proyectos específicos y estrategias de los diferentes niveles de gobierno y sectores del Estado. TITULO II. DE LA ADAPTACION Y MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO Capítulo Artículo Compendio Capítulo I. Disposiciones generales para las medidas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático Se crearán y fortalecerán las capacidades del país para afrontar los impactos del cambio climático, con énfasis en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y de acuerdo a las prioridades establecidas por la Autoridad Ambiental Nacional. El Estado priorizará la inversión para la adaptación al cambio climático con especial énfasis en la prevención de desastres, en zonas vulnerables o de alto riesgo.Criterios para el desarrollo de la adaptación: 1. Precautelar la calidad de vida de la población y de los ecosistemas; 2.', 'Precautelar la calidad de vida de la población y de los ecosistemas; 2. Considerar los escenarios actuales y futuros del cambio climático en los instrumentos de planificación territorial, el desarrollo de infraestructura, el desarrollo de actividades productivas y de servicios, los asentamientos humanos y la protección de los ecosistemas; 3. Establecer escenarios óptimos y aceptables, derivados de los modelos de variabilidad climática actual y futura que deberán incluirse en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacionales y de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados para garantizar la calidad de vida de la población y la naturaleza. Capitulo II.', 'Establecer escenarios óptimos y aceptables, derivados de los modelos de variabilidad climática actual y futura que deberán incluirse en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacionales y de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados para garantizar la calidad de vida de la población y la naturaleza. Capitulo II. Medidas mínimas para adaptación y mitigación La Autoridad Ambiental Nacional, coordinará con las entidades sectoriales priorizadas para el efecto y en base a las capacidades locales, lo siguiente: Elaboración y difusión del mapa nacional de vulnerabilidades frente al cambio climático; Definición de los lineamientos y criterios sostenibles para la gestión de cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial; Rehabilitación y protección de las zonas vulnerables a inundaciones, sequías, heladas, y degradación del suelo, de acuerdo a la priorización que se dicte para el efecto; Manejo de forma integral de la zona marino costera, así como la promoción de su capacitad adaptativa a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático; Diseño y promoción de programas de capacitación, educación, sensibilización y concienciación sobre la gestión del cambio climático considerando, los idiomas oficiales de relación intercultural; Impulso a la implementación de acciones preventivas y de control sobre las enfermedades derivadas de los efectos del cambio climático; Promoción de la restauración de zonas y ecosistemas degradados y afectados e impulso y articulación de medidas que protejan los bosques naturales.', 'Medidas mínimas para adaptación y mitigación La Autoridad Ambiental Nacional, coordinará con las entidades sectoriales priorizadas para el efecto y en base a las capacidades locales, lo siguiente: Elaboración y difusión del mapa nacional de vulnerabilidades frente al cambio climático; Definición de los lineamientos y criterios sostenibles para la gestión de cambio climático en los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial; Rehabilitación y protección de las zonas vulnerables a inundaciones, sequías, heladas, y degradación del suelo, de acuerdo a la priorización que se dicte para el efecto; Manejo de forma integral de la zona marino costera, así como la promoción de su capacitad adaptativa a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático; Diseño y promoción de programas de capacitación, educación, sensibilización y concienciación sobre la gestión del cambio climático considerando, los idiomas oficiales de relación intercultural; Impulso a la implementación de acciones preventivas y de control sobre las enfermedades derivadas de los efectos del cambio climático; Promoción de la restauración de zonas y ecosistemas degradados y afectados e impulso y articulación de medidas que protejan los bosques naturales. b. Avances en la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo local (el caso de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial).La integración de la dimensión climática, incluidos los temas de adaptación, representó desde 2014 prioridad para el ente rector de la gestión del cambio climático.', 'b. Avances en la integración de la adaptación en la planificación del desarrollo local (el caso de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial).La integración de la dimensión climática, incluidos los temas de adaptación, representó desde 2014 prioridad para el ente rector de la gestión del cambio climático. En ese sentido, en tal año se emprendió un proceso piloto a escala nacional que proveyó de instrumentos técnicos a los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del país para incorporar la variable del cambio climático en sus Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT) y para la preparación de Planes de Cambio Climático.', 'En ese sentido, en tal año se emprendió un proceso piloto a escala nacional que proveyó de instrumentos técnicos a los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados del país para incorporar la variable del cambio climático en sus Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT) y para la preparación de Planes de Cambio Climático. Desde entonces, más de 60 gobiernos locales, de los diferentes niveles (provincial, cantonal y parroquial) emprendieron en tal esfuerzo y disponen a la fecha de instrumentos de planificación útiles para los propósitos de la adaptación a escala sub- nacional. Esta iniciativa tuvo carácter voluntario.', 'Esta iniciativa tuvo carácter voluntario. Posteriormente, a partir de 2018, la iniciativa se incorpora al proceso que lleva adelante la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), en su calidad de ente rector del ordenamiento territorial, para la actualización de Guías para Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial para los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados provinciales, cantonales y parroquiales, y la generación de una Caja de Herramientas, constituida por un conjunto de insumos que permitan que los GAD aplique las mencionadas Guías en el proceso de planificación territorial. A marzo de 2019 este proceso se halla en curso.', 'A marzo de 2019 este proceso se halla en curso. 4.5.2 Barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de adaptación Las principales barreras, desafíos y vacíos relacionados a la implementación de la adaptación al cambio climático en Ecuador giran en torno a “condiciones limitadas para la incorporación de la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local, y están compuestas por: i) Falta de políticas y estándares técnicos que permitan integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo. ii) Limitada resolución de las proyecciones climáticas disponibles y baja cobertura territorial relativa a los análisis de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'ii) Limitada resolución de las proyecciones climáticas disponibles y baja cobertura territorial relativa a los análisis de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático. iii) Insuficiente formación y capacidades limitadas para desarrollar análisis de riesgo climático (bajo el marco conceptual y metodológico del 5to Reporte del IPCC) a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. iv) Limitadas capacidades y alta rotación del equipo técnico (público y privado) para integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo. v) Insuficiente coordinación e involucramiento entre los Ministerios Sectoriales y los distintos niveles de Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (GAD) para la implementación en territorio de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático y su incorporación en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local.', 'v) Insuficiente coordinación e involucramiento entre los Ministerios Sectoriales y los distintos niveles de Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (GAD) para la implementación en territorio de acciones de adaptación al cambio climático y su incorporación en la planificación al desarrollo a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. vi) Escasa información sobre los impactos el cambio climático en la región marino costera del país. Adicionalmente se han identificado otras barreras, desafíos y vacíos tales como: Insuficiente difusión de regulaciones existentes relacionadas a la gestión y desarrollo de la planificación de la adaptación al cambio climático. Falta de presupuesto para asumir las responsabilidades y funciones inherentes a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Falta de presupuesto para asumir las responsabilidades y funciones inherentes a la gestión de la adaptación al cambio climático. Débil capacidad tecnológica (por ejemplo, estaciones hidrológicas y meteorológicas, equipamiento, software, y sistemas de medición, reporte y verificación para la adaptación al cambio climático, entre otros). Insuficiente calidad y cantidad de información (por ejemplo, información climática de base, información para análisis de riesgo climático, entre otros). Baja difusión y aplicación de hallazgos científicos relativos a los impactos del cambio climático, sumada a la escasa comunicación que recibe la sociedad civil sobre esta problemática. Desconocimiento de los costos y efectos de no realizar acciones de adaptación, o de realizar “mala adaptación”, y de las repercusiones de ello sobre la economía o las comunidades.', 'Desconocimiento de los costos y efectos de no realizar acciones de adaptación, o de realizar “mala adaptación”, y de las repercusiones de ello sobre la economía o las comunidades. 4.6 Información de cómo las acciones de adaptación previstas contribuyen con el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. El gráfico que se muestra a continuación muestra algunas de las principales interacciones que se vislumbran entre las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, previstas de implementarse en el marco de la NDC de Ecuador, y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019)La NDC de Ecuador incluye medidas concretas para enfrentar los impactos causados por el cambio climático.', 'Fuente y elaboración: Ministerio del Ambiente (2019)La NDC de Ecuador incluye medidas concretas para enfrentar los impactos causados por el cambio climático. El enfoque aplicado durante la formulación del componente de adaptación de la NDC, permitió alinear las iniciativas y medidas con las metas del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “Toda una Vida” y con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. Asimismo, las NDC pretender constituirse en un mecanismo que contribuya al cumplimiento de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, establecidos en la Agenda 2030 que, en general, tienen por finalidad erradicar la pobreza, proteger el planeta y asegurar la prosperidad para todos los seres humanos.', 'Asimismo, las NDC pretender constituirse en un mecanismo que contribuya al cumplimiento de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, establecidos en la Agenda 2030 que, en general, tienen por finalidad erradicar la pobreza, proteger el planeta y asegurar la prosperidad para todos los seres humanos. A manera de ejemplo, las medidas que conforman la NDC del Sector Patrimonio Hídrico promueven la generación de información de calidad y el fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales y de capital humano, para contribuir a la conservación y manejo responsable del recurso hídrico, y asegurar así, la disponibilidad del agua para la población en un contexto de cambio climático. En este contexto, las medidas de las NDC contribuyen al ODS 4, ODS 6, ODS 12, ODS 13, ODS 15 y ODS 17. 5.', 'En este contexto, las medidas de las NDC contribuyen al ODS 4, ODS 6, ODS 12, ODS 13, ODS 15 y ODS 17. 5. Información sobre cómo el país considera que su NDC es justa y ambiciosa, a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales El proceso de NDC del Ecuador representa un esfuerzo de una ambición sin precedente en el país para el diseño e implementación de política de cambio climático, en particular frente a sus circunstancias nacionales. El Ecuador es un país con necesidades marcadas de desarrollo sostenible y urgencias apremiantes para resolver problemáticas sociales que limitan su nivel de vida en comparación con países desarrollados. Hasta 2018 la pobreza a nivel nacional se ubicó en el 23,2% y la pobreza extrema en 8.4%.', 'Hasta 2018 la pobreza a nivel nacional se ubicó en el 23,2% y la pobreza extrema en 8.4%. La pobreza urbana llegó al 15,3% y la pobreza rural de 40%, con niveles de pobreza extrema en el 17,7%. En ese año, el coeficiente de Gini a nivel nacional fue de 0,469. La pobreza multidimensional fue de 37,9% a nivel nacional; con 23,9% en el área urbana y 67,7% en el sector rural. (INEC, En lo que refiere a las tasas relevantes al empleo, en 2018 se registró un 16,5% de subempleo, un 9,9% de empleo no remunerado y un 28,8% de empleo no pleno con un desempleo nacional del 3,7% y de trabajo infantil del 8,56%.', '(INEC, En lo que refiere a las tasas relevantes al empleo, en 2018 se registró un 16,5% de subempleo, un 9,9% de empleo no remunerado y un 28,8% de empleo no pleno con un desempleo nacional del 3,7% y de trabajo infantil del 8,56%. (INEC, 2018) De igual forma, las tasas netas de la población que logra obtener un bachillerato se mantienen hasta 2017 a nivel nacional en un 70,8%, a nivel urbano en un 75,65% y a nivel rural en un 62,77%.', '(INEC, 2018) De igual forma, las tasas netas de la población que logra obtener un bachillerato se mantienen hasta 2017 a nivel nacional en un 70,8%, a nivel urbano en un 75,65% y a nivel rural en un 62,77%. (INEC, 2018) Todas estas circunstancias, entre otras, suman a las limitaciones de la capacidad de la población para acceder a servicios básicos, a educación básica y bachillerato, a reducir tasas de mortalidad infantil y materna y generan a nivel general consecuencias sociales adversas, incluyendo circunstancias de hacinamiento, desnutrición infantil, analfabetismo y pobreza.Pese a estas condiciones, el Ecuador está comprometido con la lucha contra el cambio climático, enmarcada en sus esfuerzos de erradicación de la pobreza, de garantizar la soberanía alimentaria e hídrica, el acceso a servicios básicos y sobre la base de los compromisos internacionales vigentes.', '(INEC, 2018) Todas estas circunstancias, entre otras, suman a las limitaciones de la capacidad de la población para acceder a servicios básicos, a educación básica y bachillerato, a reducir tasas de mortalidad infantil y materna y generan a nivel general consecuencias sociales adversas, incluyendo circunstancias de hacinamiento, desnutrición infantil, analfabetismo y pobreza.Pese a estas condiciones, el Ecuador está comprometido con la lucha contra el cambio climático, enmarcada en sus esfuerzos de erradicación de la pobreza, de garantizar la soberanía alimentaria e hídrica, el acceso a servicios básicos y sobre la base de los compromisos internacionales vigentes. Entre estos compromisos, el Ecuador reitera su voluntad de implementar todas las disposiciones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París que se deriva de ella, incluyendo todo lo que se refiere al desarrollo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, la formulación, implementación y actualización de programas y medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, el manejo, conservación y fortalecimiento de sumideros de carbono, la generación de esfuerzos para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, entre otros.', 'Entre estos compromisos, el Ecuador reitera su voluntad de implementar todas las disposiciones de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París que se deriva de ella, incluyendo todo lo que se refiere al desarrollo de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, la formulación, implementación y actualización de programas y medidas para mitigar el cambio climático, el manejo, conservación y fortalecimiento de sumideros de carbono, la generación de esfuerzos para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, entre otros. Sin embargo, Ecuador resalta que el cumplimiento de estas acciones y compromisos derivados de los acuerdos internacionales están vinculados al cumplimiento de compromisos de toda la comunidad internacional, en particular aquellos que se refieren a la provisión de recursos financieros por parte de países desarrollados en línea con los artículos 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 y 4.7 de la Convención y los artículos 9, 10 y 11 del Acuerdo de París.', 'Sin embargo, Ecuador resalta que el cumplimiento de estas acciones y compromisos derivados de los acuerdos internacionales están vinculados al cumplimiento de compromisos de toda la comunidad internacional, en particular aquellos que se refieren a la provisión de recursos financieros por parte de países desarrollados en línea con los artículos 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 y 4.7 de la Convención y los artículos 9, 10 y 11 del Acuerdo de París. La implementación conjunta de todos estos compromisos por la comunidad internacional permitirá al Ecuador hacer uso de su máximo potencial en la lucha global contra el cambio climático, aprovechando todas las oportunidades identificadas en esta NDC para reducir y limitar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero e implementar medidas y acciones para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'La implementación conjunta de todos estos compromisos por la comunidad internacional permitirá al Ecuador hacer uso de su máximo potencial en la lucha global contra el cambio climático, aprovechando todas las oportunidades identificadas en esta NDC para reducir y limitar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero e implementar medidas y acciones para reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. No obstante, pese a las circunstancias nacionales y a la conjunción necesaria de los compromisos internacionales, el Ecuador ha mantenido un proceso de proporciones sin precedentes a nivel nacional para el diseño de su primera NDC. Se ha consultado a actores de sectores público, privado, académico, no gubernamental, de investigación, entre otros.', 'Se ha consultado a actores de sectores público, privado, académico, no gubernamental, de investigación, entre otros. Se han mantenido diálogos, talleres y reuniones técnicas para identificar aquellos aspectos que requieren de recursos financieros adicionales para su implementación pero también aquellos que están dentro de la capacidad nacional para implementarse sin recursos adicionales y como producto, se han definido medidas y metas que serán implementadas con la participación de entidades sectoriales, empresas privadas, gobiernos subnacionales y una serie de acciones que serán mapeadas en el plan de implementación de la NDC, esperado para 2020. Adicionalmente, cabe resaltar que las acciones que han sido identificadas como parte de la NDC tienen una cobertura nacional y se visualiza que su implementación incluya a actores a todos los niveles del estado.', 'Adicionalmente, cabe resaltar que las acciones que han sido identificadas como parte de la NDC tienen una cobertura nacional y se visualiza que su implementación incluya a actores a todos los niveles del estado. Al mismo tiempo, estas acciones han sido desagregadas por sectores en línea con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, lo que ha implicado un compromiso por parte de los actores sectoriales a varios niveles, posicionando la temática de cambio climático en la agenda de todas instancias.', 'Al mismo tiempo, estas acciones han sido desagregadas por sectores en línea con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático, lo que ha implicado un compromiso por parte de los actores sectoriales a varios niveles, posicionando la temática de cambio climático en la agenda de todas instancias. Por estas razones, y por la serie de medidas y líneas de acción identificada, esta primera NDC del Ecuador es sin duda ambiciosa y justa frente a sus circunstancias nacionalescomo un país en desarrollo, sus compromisos y responsabilidades internacionales y da un paso robusto hacia una implementación de medidas de mediano y largo plazo en el país para la lucha contra el cambio climático.']

es-ES

EGY

Egypt

1st NDC

2017-06-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/725efe3512f37718c301cc77a009ee9997afe1ecfdb72168a3d50cc1ef141a40.pdf

['| P a g e| P a g e The Arab Republic of Egypt Intended Nationally Determined Contributions as per United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Arab Republic of Egypt hereby submits its report on the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) towards achieving the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) set forth in Article 2 thereof. The report provides information which enhances clarity, transparency, and understanding of Egypt s INDC. INDC Definition: Measures determined and intended to be applied by the country to face climate change in terms of adaptation (to climate change impacts) and mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions). The INDC Report includes the following elements: 1.', 'The INDC Report includes the following elements: 1. National circumstances that address general economic conditions, including economic and population growth rates, major sustainable development goals, and political circumstances. 2. National efforts implemented to combat climate change in Egypt, in terms of treating impacts in different sectors (agriculture, water resources, coastal zones, etc.) or efforts made to reduce GHGs emissions in different sectors (energy, transportation, industry, etc.). 3. Required implementation mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the plan (funding, capacity building, and technology transfer). Summary of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions are presented in the following sections. 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES The Egyptian environment is influenced by many national, regional, and global factors.', 'NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES The Egyptian environment is influenced by many national, regional, and global factors. National factors include, but are not limited to, the following: 2.1 Population Growth Globally, Egypt ranks 16th in terms of population estimated at 89 million (August 2015). Between 1990 and 2015, the population grew by 30 million inhabitants, with an annual growth rate of 2.2%, and a total increase of 30% compared to 1990 census. UN population prospect reports anticipate that the annual growth rate will remain over2% until 2040, where The Egyptian population is estimated to reach 116 million| P a g e inhabitants. As per the World Bank, the population density was estimated at 82.43 inhabitant/km2. In 1990, the population density was 58.1 inhabitant/km2.', 'In 1990, the population density was 58.1 inhabitant/km2. Rural population, as a percentage of total population, was 56 %, 57% and 57%, in 1990, 2000, and 2010 respectively. High population growth rates and densities impose huge pressure on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. 2.2 Economic Conditions Economic Situation during FY 2014/2015 2014/2015 Fiscal Year (FY) witnessed a significant improvement in the real economic growth rate, which increased during the first nine month of this year to reach 4.7%. The growth rate is expected to reach 4% by the end of FY 2014/2015 with a major contribution from the service sector.', 'The growth rate is expected to reach 4% by the end of FY 2014/2015 with a major contribution from the service sector. The net direct foreign investment reached $6.4 billion during FY 2014/2015 compared to about $4.1 billion last year, which represents an increase of approximately 55%. Moreover, the recent efforts and reform simplemindedly the government were successful in improving and stabilizing the credit rating of Egypt. In addition, the unemployment rate has fallen in the period April-June 2015 from 13.3% to 12.7% compared with the same period during the two previous years. The foreign debts decreased by the end of July 2015 to $47.1 billion compared to $48.1 billion in June 2015.', 'The foreign debts decreased by the end of July 2015 to $47.1 billion compared to $48.1 billion in June 2015. Despite the noticeable improvement in the economic indicators, the Egyptian economy is still facing certain ongoing challenges. These challenges include the high inflation rate and the trade deficit caused by the decline in petroleum exports as a result of the falling world oil prices, along with the increase in the balance of payments on commodity imports. Planned Economic Situation during FY 2015/2016 The Economic and Social Development Plan for FY 2015/2016 aims at increasing the real economic growth rate to reach 5.5% and puts special emphasis on national mega projects.', 'Planned Economic Situation during FY 2015/2016 The Economic and Social Development Plan for FY 2015/2016 aims at increasing the real economic growth rate to reach 5.5% and puts special emphasis on national mega projects. Planned Economic Situation up to 2030 In light of the current global trend towards the adoption of post-2015 sustainable development goals, Egypt has developed the "Sustainable Development Strategy; Egypt s Vision 2030" which serves as a roadmap for the country to achieve its desired sustainable development goals during the next 15 years. This strategy promotes the optimum use of available resources, enhancement of Egypt s competitiveness and revival of its historic leading role in the region. Moreover, such strategy aims at fulfilling the aspirations of the Egyptian people regarding their right to a decent standard of living.', 'Moreover, such strategy aims at fulfilling the aspirations of the Egyptian people regarding their right to a decent standard of living. The goals outlined in the strategy are in line with the global sustainable development goals (SDGs).| P a g e 2.3 National Objectives and Priorities \uf0a7 Create an enabling and favorable environment for local and foreign private investment, redistribute investments in a manner, which ensures geographical balance, develop the State s administrative apparatus and fight corruption. \uf0a7 Improve the living standards of citizens, empower the youth through the provision of decent and productive job opportunities and build their skills in order to keep up with the demands of the competitive labor market.', '\uf0a7 Improve the living standards of citizens, empower the youth through the provision of decent and productive job opportunities and build their skills in order to keep up with the demands of the competitive labor market. \uf0a7 Create an enabling infrastructure for the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) and provide substantial support to vocational education and training. \uf0a7 Focus efforts on controlling population growth. \uf0a7 Support the current production base and remove barriers. \uf0a7 Focus on marginalized social groups, and those mostly affected by economic reform policies. \uf0a7 Combat all forms of corruption, apply required restructuring measures, and enforce the new Civil Service Law no. 18/2015. \uf0a7 Implement economic structural reforms to increase productivity, provide job opportunities, and generate income for different community sectors.', '\uf0a7 Implement economic structural reforms to increase productivity, provide job opportunities, and generate income for different community sectors. \uf0a7 Provide protection to the poor, the low-income groups and the middle class.', '\uf0a7 Provide protection to the poor, the low-income groups and the middle class. National Mega Projects Planned in the Near Future: Development of Suez Canal Axis Project Reclamation of One and a Half Million Feddan Project as part of a long-term plan to reclaim 4 million Feddans One Million Housing Units Project, within the framework of social housing program New Development Axis Mega Storage and Logistics Centers Golden Triangle of Mineral Wealth in South Egypt Fourth and fifth phases of the underground metro Development of priority areas including Sinai/the Western North Coast and its desert hinterland/South Egypt Construction of the new administrative capital National Objectives and Priorities are further elaborated in the “Egyptian National Strategy for Sustainable Development" and include the following: Competitiveness and diversity Expanding the scope of sustainable growth Activating Egypt’s role in the global economy and improving its ability to adapt to global changes Increasing the real per capita GDP to reach the same level of middle-income countries Improve the legislation and legal frameworks promoting the dynamics of sustainable and decentralization development.| P a g e 2.4 Political and Social Context Egypt has witnessed many positive developments during the past year with regards to political stability.', 'National Mega Projects Planned in the Near Future: Development of Suez Canal Axis Project Reclamation of One and a Half Million Feddan Project as part of a long-term plan to reclaim 4 million Feddans One Million Housing Units Project, within the framework of social housing program New Development Axis Mega Storage and Logistics Centers Golden Triangle of Mineral Wealth in South Egypt Fourth and fifth phases of the underground metro Development of priority areas including Sinai/the Western North Coast and its desert hinterland/South Egypt Construction of the new administrative capital National Objectives and Priorities are further elaborated in the “Egyptian National Strategy for Sustainable Development" and include the following: Competitiveness and diversity Expanding the scope of sustainable growth Activating Egypt’s role in the global economy and improving its ability to adapt to global changes Increasing the real per capita GDP to reach the same level of middle-income countries Improve the legislation and legal frameworks promoting the dynamics of sustainable and decentralization development.| P a g e 2.4 Political and Social Context Egypt has witnessed many positive developments during the past year with regards to political stability. In January 2014, a new constitution was adopted and in May 2014 President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected as President of the Republic.', 'In January 2014, a new constitution was adopted and in May 2014 President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected as President of the Republic. Moreover, holding the parliamentary elections set for October and November 2015 is the final step in the implementation of the country s political roadmap. Concerning social justice, the government seeks to achieve the following goals: o Expand social security allocations to include self-employed farmers who own more than one Feddan and expand their medical insurance. o Launch a cash transfer programme and increase the number of beneficiaries. o Establish logistic centers for grain trade and storage to achieve food security. o Replace traditional ration books with smart cards, adopt a new rationing system and apply the new bread supply system.', 'o Replace traditional ration books with smart cards, adopt a new rationing system and apply the new bread supply system. Upon assuming office, President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi announced a wide range of projects and reform plans. During Egypt Economic Development Conference (EEDC) that was held 13-15 March 2015, the Government launched its economic reform program designed to restore fiscal stability, drive growth rates, and attract domestic and international investors in key sectors. Egypt has witnessed significant improvement in a number of social indicators over the past two decades. However, Egypt still seeks to increase human development rates. Children death rates and malnutrition cases have been reduced by 50%.In the meantime, life expectancy has risen from 64 to 71 years during the same period. 3.', 'Children death rates and malnutrition cases have been reduced by 50%.In the meantime, life expectancy has risen from 64 to 71 years during the same period. 3. NATIONAL EFFORTS in ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION 3.1 Egypt s Adaptation Efforts 3.1.1 Adaptation Challenges (Climate Change Risks) The vulnerability of Egypt s water resources to climate change depends on Nile flows, rainfall, and ground water. In the agricultural sector, climate change studies expect that the productivity of two major crops in Egypt - wheat and maize –will be reduced by 15% and 19%, respectively, by 2050. Losses in crop productivity are mainly attributed to frequent temperature increase, irrigation water deficit, and pests and plant disease.', 'Losses in crop productivity are mainly attributed to frequent temperature increase, irrigation water deficit, and pests and plant disease. In addition, 12% to 15% of the most fertile arable land in Nile Delta is negatively affected by sea level rise and salt water intrusion. In terms of livestock production, current evidence shows that temperature rise leads to harmful heat stress, which negatively impacts livestock productivity. New animal| P a g e diseases have emerged in Egypt, which have strong negative impacts on livestock production. These include bluetongue disease and rift valley fever, which are both attributed to significant changes in the Egyptian climate. Climate change is expected to increase seawater temperature, shifting fish distributions northwards to live in deeper waters.', 'Climate change is expected to increase seawater temperature, shifting fish distributions northwards to live in deeper waters. In addition, increased water salinity in the coastal lakes in Egypt is expected to negatively affect fish species. Coastal zones are expected to suffer from climate change direct impacts. These include sea level rise and the overflow of low-level land. Estimations indicate that sea level rise by 50 cm leads to serious impacts on low-level lands in Delta and adjacent highly populated cities such as Alexandria and Port Said. Consequently, this will result in a more significant challenge, which is the migration of people from the affected areas to other areas, thus affecting the efficiency of different services and increasing the financial cost required for their development.', 'Consequently, this will result in a more significant challenge, which is the migration of people from the affected areas to other areas, thus affecting the efficiency of different services and increasing the financial cost required for their development. As forth tourism sector, coral reefs which constitute a major attraction in Red Sea resorts are highly vulnerable to climate change. In urban areas, heat islands1formed by hot air arising from the increasing use of energy in buildings represent the main concern in hot arid climates. In addition, one of the most significant potential negative impacts of climate change is the harm inflicted on national heritage as result of temperature rise, sandy winds and ground water. However, this is not just a national concern.', 'However, this is not just a national concern. Instead, it is a global challenge since this heritage is part of the human heritage. In health sector, climate change increases direct and indirect negative impacts on public health in Egypt. For example, in 2015 the negative impacts are represented in higher death rate due to heat stress. In the energy sector, the increase in temperature negatively affects the efficiency of conventional power plants and photovoltaic cells. Moreover, the sea level rise threatens the electric power plants and networks located along the coasts. Also, the negative impact of climate change on rainfall rates and rain distribution across different regions negatively affects power generation from hydropower plants.', 'Also, the negative impact of climate change on rainfall rates and rain distribution across different regions negatively affects power generation from hydropower plants. This, of course, is in addition to the increased electricity consumption rates as a result of the use of air conditioners. 1 Heat island is a meteorological phenomenon which happens in cities. Spaces between high buildings from different sides traps heat, which affects weather in cities.| P a g e 3.1.2 Egypt s Intended Actions to Promote Resilience a. Water Resources Several measures are currently being considered to adapt to decreasing water resources or increasing Nile flows.', 'Water Resources Several measures are currently being considered to adapt to decreasing water resources or increasing Nile flows. These primarily include: - Maintaining water level in Lake Nasser - Increasing water storage capacity - Improving irrigation and draining systems - Changing cropping patterns and farm irrigation systems - Reducing surface water evaporation by redesigning canal cross sections - Developing new water resources through upper Nile projects - Rain water harvesting - Desalination - Treated wastewater recycling - Increased use of deep groundwater reservoirs In addition, public awareness is being raised on the need for rationalizing water use, enhancing precipitation measurement networks in upstream countries of the Nile Basin, encouraging data exchange between Nile Basin countries, and developing Circulation Models to predict the impact of climate change on local and regional water resources. b.', 'These primarily include: - Maintaining water level in Lake Nasser - Increasing water storage capacity - Improving irrigation and draining systems - Changing cropping patterns and farm irrigation systems - Reducing surface water evaporation by redesigning canal cross sections - Developing new water resources through upper Nile projects - Rain water harvesting - Desalination - Treated wastewater recycling - Increased use of deep groundwater reservoirs In addition, public awareness is being raised on the need for rationalizing water use, enhancing precipitation measurement networks in upstream countries of the Nile Basin, encouraging data exchange between Nile Basin countries, and developing Circulation Models to predict the impact of climate change on local and regional water resources. b. Agricultural Security Changing sowing dates and good management practices are among the important adaptation measures oriented to mitigate climate change.', 'Agricultural Security Changing sowing dates and good management practices are among the important adaptation measures oriented to mitigate climate change. Changing cultivars to those that are more tolerant to heat, salinity and pests, and changing crop pattern are the most promising adaptation measures at the national level. Moreover, using different multi-level combinations of improved surface irrigation systems and applying deficit irrigation are successful means of increasing surface irrigation system capacity in traditional lands to overcome the negative impacts of climate change. Concerning livestock, improving the current low productivity of cattle in addition to improving feeding programs are being considered. No clear adaptation options are defined for fishery wealth.', 'No clear adaptation options are defined for fishery wealth. There is a dire need for further studies on the impacts and adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector in order to develop an adaptation strategy, which overcomes the barriers to implementing adaptation measures. These barriers include limited scientific information and strategic visions, and lack of financial support. c. Coastal Zones Adaptation options for coastal zones are highly site-dependent. However, changes in land use, integrated coastal zone management, and proactive planning for protecting coastal zones are necessary adaptation policies.', 'However, changes in land use, integrated coastal zone management, and proactive planning for protecting coastal zones are necessary adaptation policies. Providing job opportunities in safe areas (in locations that are not impacted by climate change) is an important priority to successfully absorb affected population.| P a g e d. Additional Adaptation Policies and Measures Egyptian authorities are currently focusing on the following additional policies and procedures: - Building institutional capacities of comprehensive collection and analysis of monitoring and observations and geographic data; - Identifying indicators and conducting full assessment of vulnerable sectors and stakeholders; - Enforcing environmental regulations; - Identifying and applying protection measures of vulnerable touristic and archaeological sites and roads against extreme natural phenomena such as floods, dust storms and extreme weather conditions; - Building capacities for using regional water circulation models - Proactive planning and integrated coastal zone management - Risk reduction; and - Increasing awareness of stakeholders for energy and water utilization 3.1.3 Adaptation Action Packages Coastal Zones: 1.', 'Providing job opportunities in safe areas (in locations that are not impacted by climate change) is an important priority to successfully absorb affected population.| P a g e d. Additional Adaptation Policies and Measures Egyptian authorities are currently focusing on the following additional policies and procedures: - Building institutional capacities of comprehensive collection and analysis of monitoring and observations and geographic data; - Identifying indicators and conducting full assessment of vulnerable sectors and stakeholders; - Enforcing environmental regulations; - Identifying and applying protection measures of vulnerable touristic and archaeological sites and roads against extreme natural phenomena such as floods, dust storms and extreme weather conditions; - Building capacities for using regional water circulation models - Proactive planning and integrated coastal zone management - Risk reduction; and - Increasing awareness of stakeholders for energy and water utilization 3.1.3 Adaptation Action Packages Coastal Zones: 1. Reduce climate change associated risks and disasters.', 'Reduce climate change associated risks and disasters. 2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to climate change and associated risks and disasters. 3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to climate change and the reduction of associated risk. Water Resources and Irrigation: 1- Increase investments in modern irrigation systems. 2- Cooperate with Nile Basin countries to reduce water evaporation and increase river capacity. 3- Develop national policies to encourage citizens on water use rationalization. Agricultural Sector: 1- Build an effective institutional system to manage climate change associated crises and disasters at the national level. 2- Activate genetic diversity of plant species with maximum productivity.', '2- Activate genetic diversity of plant species with maximum productivity. 3- Achieve biological diversity of all livestock, fishery, and poultry elements to protect them and ensure food security. 4- Develop agro-economic systems and new structures to manage crops, fisheries and animal production, which are resilient to climate changes. 5- Increase the efficiency of irrigation water use, while maintaining crop productivity and protecting land from degradation.| P a g e 6- Review of new and existing land use policies and agricultural expansion programs to take into account possibilities of land degradation in Delta and other affected areas resulting from Mediterranean Sea level rise.', '5- Increase the efficiency of irrigation water use, while maintaining crop productivity and protecting land from degradation.| P a g e 6- Review of new and existing land use policies and agricultural expansion programs to take into account possibilities of land degradation in Delta and other affected areas resulting from Mediterranean Sea level rise. 7- Develop systems, programs and policies to protect rural community and support its adaptive capacity to the expected trend in land use change, plant and animal production, and internal migration due to climate change. Health Sector: 1- Identify potential health risks as a result of climate change. 2- Raise community awareness about climate change risks and means of adaptation.', '2- Raise community awareness about climate change risks and means of adaptation. 3- Increase the efficiency of healthcare sector and improve the quality of health services in dealing with climate change. 4- Support Ministry of Health efforts to improve the social and economic status and population characteristics. Rural Areas, Population, and Roads 1- Draw a baseline scenario for the optimal regional distribution of population and economic activities within the geographical boundaries of Egypt up to the year 2100, taking climate change into consideration. Tourism Sector 1- Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas. 2- Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy. 3- Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies. 4- Raise environmental awareness. 5- Cooperate with international bodies.', '5- Cooperate with international bodies. 6- Incorporate disaster risks within the plans to promote sustainable tourism in Egypt. 7- Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas. Energy Sector 1- Conduct comprehensive studies to assess the impact of climate change on the energy sector, propose appropriate adaptation measures, and estimate the economic cost of the proposed adaptation measures. In addition, these studies should determine the safe locations for the construction of power generation projects. 2- Build institutional and technical capacities of different units in the energy sector in climate change issues.', '2- Build institutional and technical capacities of different units in the energy sector in climate change issues. 3- Support research and technological development to enable the electricity sector to deal properly with climate change.| P a g e 3.2 Mitigation Policies and Measures 3.2.1 Mitigation Policies The key for Egypt to mitigate GHGs emissions is to provide appropriate foundations for the development of low carbon energy systems.', '3- Support research and technological development to enable the electricity sector to deal properly with climate change.| P a g e 3.2 Mitigation Policies and Measures 3.2.1 Mitigation Policies The key for Egypt to mitigate GHGs emissions is to provide appropriate foundations for the development of low carbon energy systems. Pathways to achieving high CO2 mitigation levels comprise the following: Widespread diffusion of locally-appropriate low-carbon energy production technologies, with substantial reductions in energy intensity Comprehensive mitigation efforts covering all major sources of emissions Locally-appropriate technology transfer and financial flows from industrialized countries (Annex I countries) to support carbon emission abatement according to the UNFCCC principles, which acknowledges that developed countries should provide required support to developing countries in this regard.', 'Pathways to achieving high CO2 mitigation levels comprise the following: Widespread diffusion of locally-appropriate low-carbon energy production technologies, with substantial reductions in energy intensity Comprehensive mitigation efforts covering all major sources of emissions Locally-appropriate technology transfer and financial flows from industrialized countries (Annex I countries) to support carbon emission abatement according to the UNFCCC principles, which acknowledges that developed countries should provide required support to developing countries in this regard. Policies targeting development that is more sustainable rely upon five main pillars: 1. More efficient use of energy, especially by end users; 2. Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable energy sources; 3. Use of advanced locally-appropriate and more-efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting, in addition to new generations of nuclear power; 4.', 'Use of advanced locally-appropriate and more-efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting, in addition to new generations of nuclear power; 4. Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth; and 5. Reform energy subsidies. This policy is implemented using four pillars, namely: set different prices for petroleum products based on energy generation efficiency; increase the efficiency of energy use; provide support to certain sectors to promote switching from conventional energy sources to clean energy sources; and apply the fuel subsidy smartcard system to ensure that subsidies are received by target beneficiaries. The degree to which efficiency improvements can limit energy demand growth is one of the main distinguishing characteristics of greenhouse gas reduction pathways.', 'The degree to which efficiency improvements can limit energy demand growth is one of the main distinguishing characteristics of greenhouse gas reduction pathways. Energy efficiency could be improved radically through a combination of behavioral changes and rapid introduction of stringent efficiency regulations, technology standards, and environmental externality pricing, which mitigates rebound effects. Renewable energy technologies, which are relevant to the local context, will play a very important role in reducing GHG emissions, but they would not suffice to keep climate change manageable. However, renewable energy may provide a number of opportunities since it also addresses sustainable and equitable economic development, energy access, secure energy supply, and reduced local environmental and health impacts.| P a g e In addition, efforts in Egypt should focus on replacing or upgrading obsolete infrastructure e.g.', 'However, renewable energy may provide a number of opportunities since it also addresses sustainable and equitable economic development, energy access, secure energy supply, and reduced local environmental and health impacts.| P a g e In addition, efforts in Egypt should focus on replacing or upgrading obsolete infrastructure e.g. upgrading old fossil fuel power plants with locally appropriate technologies to increase its capacity. This needs increase financial support from Annex I parties in addition to technology transfer and local capacity building.', 'This needs increase financial support from Annex I parties in addition to technology transfer and local capacity building. There are four key technology-related requirements essential for transformation: (i) continued support of energy conversion efficiencies, (ii) carbon capture and storage “CCS” as a technology alternative that can be used in the future if proven economically feasible,(iii) co-utilization of fossil fuel and biomass in the same plants, and (iv) utilization of co-generation plants. Using advanced generations of nuclear reactors could be important to fill the gap between reducing fossil fuel dependence and the deployment of renewable energy. In addition, nuclear energy can be an important contributor in the future energy mix to stabilize CO2 levels as energy demand continues to grow.', 'In addition, nuclear energy can be an important contributor in the future energy mix to stabilize CO2 levels as energy demand continues to grow. Additional mitigation measures include the increase of the country’s CO2 absorptive capacity through plantation, maintaining suitable types of trees along road sides, the middle-island of inter-city and urban roads, and on irrigation and drainage canal banks. In addition, wood forests should use treated wastewater for irrigation. 3.2.2 Mitigation Actions The two following tables present the most important mitigation actions across different sectors at the national level. [ Table 2.', '3.2.2 Mitigation Actions The two following tables present the most important mitigation actions across different sectors at the national level. [ Table 2. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures in Different Energy Sub-Sectors Energy Saving or Reduction due to Non-Fugitive GHGs Emissions Mitigation Measures implementation in dif sectors (Scenario 3 compared to Scenario 1 or BAU - 2029/2030 ) Sector Transportation Agriculture Petroleum Industry Enery Savings/Reduction ( Total Passengers Freight Res.& Comm. Electricity Energy efficiency improvements Energy efficiency improvements Energy efficiency improvements Utilization of solar energy for water heating Energy efficiency improvements Nuclear energy use for power generation Renewable energy use for power generation Utilization of solar energy for water heating Energy efficiency improvements Increase Share of Railways Pass. Transport Increase Share of Buses Pass. Transport Mitigation measure Energy efficiency improvements Increase Share of Microbuses Pass. Transport Increase Share of River Pass.', 'Transport Increase Share of River Pass. Transport Improve road transport efficiency Switch from road to river transport Switch from road to rail transport| P a g e Table 3. GHGs Emissions Reduction Actions in Non-Energy Sectors Sector Mitigation Measure Agriculture Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation Agricultural soils Field burning of agricultural residues Waste Solid waste Wastewater Incineration Industrial Processes Encourage waste management and recycling Optimize the production of cement, lime, iron and steel, ammonia not used in urea, nitrogenous fertilizers and nitric acid. Oil and Natural Gas Production and processing Venting and flaring (waste heat) 4. NEW MARKET MECHANISMS A national market for carbon trading may be established. This national market may further be developed into a regional market, which can attracting foreign direct investment in national carbon credit transactions, especially in the Arab and African region. 5.', 'This national market may further be developed into a regional market, which can attracting foreign direct investment in national carbon credit transactions, especially in the Arab and African region. 5. NEED FOR STRONG ECONOMIC APPROACH Within this context, Egypt needs to develop and implement a strong economically feasible mitigation program in the near future, which would achieve the proposed emission reduction for 2030 at the lowest cost to the national economy. Hence, an Egyptian comprehensive emission reduction program should be based on three main initiatives: 1. Stimulate mitigation actions through a portfolio of strong and coordinated policies for the efficient reduction of GHGs across industry sectors and different geographic areas. 2.', 'Stimulate mitigation actions through a portfolio of strong and coordinated policies for the efficient reduction of GHGs across industry sectors and different geographic areas. 2. Pursue energy efficiency and low-cost options through the following: • Fast development of the infrastructure required for low-carbon energy systems; and| P a g e • Encouraging research and development in promising technologies, which are suitable for the local context and stimulate their deployment. 3. Develop a national monitoring, reporting, and verification system. The initial total estimated cost of implementing adaptation measures aiming at mitigating the negative impacts of climate change and the national endeavors aiming at contributing to the efforts made by the international community to reduce GHG emissions during the period 2020-2030 is estimated at USD 73 billion.', 'The initial total estimated cost of implementing adaptation measures aiming at mitigating the negative impacts of climate change and the national endeavors aiming at contributing to the efforts made by the international community to reduce GHG emissions during the period 2020-2030 is estimated at USD 73 billion. This figure is adapted to inflation rates and change in currency exchange rate for this period. 6. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Implementation of INDCs requires sustainable international support from reliable resources through financial flows, capacity building, and technology transfer as relevant to the local context. Preliminary estimates of the financial contributions required for implementing the INDCs for both adaptation and mitigations estimated at approximately73.04 billion USD can be increased.', 'Preliminary estimates of the financial contributions required for implementing the INDCs for both adaptation and mitigations estimated at approximately73.04 billion USD can be increased. In addition, transfer of technology appropriate to the local context and national capacity building are needed. Thus, Article 4 of the UNFCCC, which states that developed parties shall provide support to developing countries in applying their liabilities, should be enacted. Hence, Egyptian national efforts alone will not be able to fulfill the State aspirations in contributing to the international climate change abatement efforts. Depending only on local financial resources, along with the large development aspirations of Egypt, will limit this contribution.']

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